^e i. H. ItU ICtbrara 14700.3 This book may be kept out TWO WEEKS ONLY, and is subject to a fine of FIVE CENTS a day thereafter. It is due on the day indicated below: BOTANY OF CALIFORNIA VOL. I. (lnifoum with the publications op the) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CALIFORNIA. J. D. WHITNEY, State Geologist. BOTANY VOLUME I. POLYPETAL.^, By W. H. brewer and SERENO WATSON. GAMOPETALJE, By ASA GRAY. CAMBRIDCxE, MASS. : WELCH, BIGELOW, & CO., UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1876. Names of the gentlemen hy the aid of whose contributions the jniblicati of this volume has been seeured : — LELAND STANFORD. D. O. MILLS. LLOYD TEVIS. J. C. FLOOD. CHARLES McLaughlin. R. B. WOODWARD. WILLIAM NORRIS. JOHN 0. EARL. HENRY PIERCE. OLIVER ELDREDGE. S. CLINTON HASTINGS. 147003 INTRODUCTION, rpHE Act of the Legislature, passed in 18G0, authorizing a geological Survey of the State of California, required, among other tilings, a " full and scientific description of its botanical productions." In accordance with this requisition, the material necessary for such a description was assiduously collected by the Geological Corps, whenever and wherever it was possible to carry on this work in addition to the other more pressing duties of the Survey proper. During the years from 1860 to 1864, the botanical collect- ing was entirely under the charge of, and mostly performed by, Professor W. H. Brewer. It was under his supervision that the bulk of the material was accumulated, the elaboration of which has formed the basis of the present volume. Professor Brewer having left California in 1864, no farther continuous and systematic collecting was attempted by the Survey. ]\Ir. H. N. Bolander was, however, engaged for a few months in 1866 and 1867 in making a more thorough botanical exploration of portions of the Sierra • Nevada than had before been possible ; and he also made a trip through the Coast Ranges, north of the Bay of San Francisco, in which he was assisted from the funds of the Survey, then, as always, entirely inadequate to a Vigorous prosecution of the work in all its branches. Dr. J. G. Cooper, Zoological Assistant of the Survey, during a winter spent at Fort Mohave, and on the way thither and back, made important additions to the botanical collections. On the return of Professor Brewer to the East, in 1864, arrange- ments were commenced for working up the collections, with a view to the publication of a Flora of California, or a systematic description of the plants growing spontaneously over that wide area of between 150,000 and 160,000 square miles.* The total number of species thus included was estimated at * In point of fact, in the present volume the botany of the whole eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, and of the ranges adjacent to it on the east, from Arizona to Northern Nevada, and of Southern Oregon, has been fully worked up, and a considerable number of species included which have not yet been found within the borders of the State of California, although many of them, in all probability, will be. IXTEODITCTION. two thousand, and it was thought that the work of determining and describ- ing tliem ^^■ould not occupy more than a year or two. The co-operation of distinguished speciahsts throughout the country was secured, and various portions of the collections placed in their hands to be worked up. It is, however, at the Herbarium of Harvard University, and under the supervision of Professor A. Gray, that most of the material has thus far been elaborated. The coUections made by the Survey were there arranged by Professor Brewer, and the new species of the Polypctalce and Gamo- pdaloi were described by Professor Gray in various communications made to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and published in their Proceedings.* In this work it was necessary that the material which had accumulated during tlie many years in which California had been botanicaUy explored by various Government expeditions, both American and foreign, and by numerous private collectors, should he passed under review. It was equally necessary that the mass of literature already accumulated in relation to this Flora, and scattered through hundreds of volumes, which in many cases are not to be obtained except with great difficulty, should be thoroughly ex- amined. Much the largest portion of this material, both of books and plants, was accessible at the Herbarium in Cambridge ; and, where the collec- tions in this country were deficient, both Dr. Gray and Dr. Engelmann were enabled to supply deficiencies and make the necessary comparisons, during visits to Europe, and especially to the great storehouse of the world's botany at KeM^ While this work of description and comparison went on, much new material was constantly coming in, chiefly through several zeal- ous private collectors, who of course had to send tlieir plants to Cambridge for determination. Thus it happened, that, as the amount of material to be worked over was constantly increasing, so the time required for the work was also greatly expanded. The Survey not being able to pay any one for devoting his whole time to this investigation, the year 1874 had been reached and the printing had not been begun. The Legislature of 1873 - 74 put an end to the work by refusing any further appropriations for the Survey, and the present volume would have remained unpublished, had it not been for the generosity of a few citizens of San Francisco, who came forward and jjlaced in the hands of the late State Geologist a sum sufficient * See Proceedings Am. Acad. Vol. VI. 519, and VII. 327. INTRODUCTION. j^ to insure the publication of one volume of the Flora of California. The names of these gentlemen will be found on the page following the title. As soon as possible after this munificent act, an arrangement was made with Mr. Sereno Watson, late Botanist of the Fortieth Parallel Survey, to under- take the necessary revision of the Polypdalce, previously prepared by Pro- fessor Brewer, but which needed still further elaboration. Professor Gray, in accordance with prevdous arrangement, was ready with the Gamopdaloe, and, to insure greater uniformity, all the ordinal characters of the volume have also been written by him. There has been no interruption in the work since the necessary funds were raised for its continuance. It is not neces- sary to insist on the reasons why the preparation of this volume has involved a much larger amount of labor and of time than was originally expected. Botanists will not fail to appreciate the magnitude of the task thus under- taken, and will recognize the great difference between a work like the present one and even the most complete of the botanical reports which have hitherto accompanied or formed a part of the reports of Government expeditions. It only remains for me to thank those who have contributed to this volume either intellectually or pecuniarily, and to express my sincere regi-et that the Legislature of California has just adjourned without having made any pro- vision for the continuance of the Botany, or for bringing before the world other portions of the results of the Survey already in process of publication, or nearly ready for it, at the time the work was suspended l)y the Legislature of 1873-74 Should the means be secured for the publication of the second ^•olume of the Botany of California, it will contain the remaining exogenous (the Apetala2 and the Gymnospcrmcc), the endogenous, and the cryptogamous orders. It is proposed also to add an accented list of generic names with their derivations ; and a chronological list of botanical collectors on the west coast of America, together with an index to the genera and species of the entire Flora, and a glossary of the botanical terms used. J. D. WHITXF.Y. Cambiudge, Ma.s.s., April 15, 1876. NOTE The following Keys are designed to facilitate the reference of any plant to its proper Order ; and it is hoped that the one may so supplement the other that in most cases little difficulty will be found. A S}Tiopsis is likewise given of the genera under each order, and of the species in most of the larger and more difficult genera. All the more important .synonymy is cited, including references to the principal figures. The geographical range is indicated as nearly as our present knowledge permits, but the habitats of many of the rare or local species will doubtless be much extended as the State is more thoroughly explored. Additional species will also be discovered, and the descriptions of the know-n species here given may prove in some cases to be defective or erroneous. In- formation in regard to any additions or corrections is solicited for an appendix to the second volume, or for a future supplement. It has not been possible to give here, introductory to the Flora, that preliminaiy botanical instruction which is necessary to its use. To supply the need, a brief Introduction to Sys- tematic Botany will probably be included in the volume which is to follow, and reference may be made meanwhile to the ordinary text-books upon the subject, such as Gray's " Les- sons in Botany." ANALYTICAL AETIFICIAL KEY TO THE OEDEES AND ANOMALOUS GENEEA IN THIS VOLUME. Division I. POLYPETALiE : calyx and corolla both present ; the latter of separate petals. A. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10 and more than double the number of the petals, 1. HypocjTjnous, i. e. on the receptacle free from the ovary and calyx. Pistils few to many distinct carpels, or rarely only one. Calyx mostly deciduous : juice of herbage colorless. PiAXUNCULACEiE, 1. Calyx early deciduous : juice yellowish. Platystemon in Pai'Avkilvcic.e, 5. Calyx persistent : leaves peltate. Nvmi'Iikai i:.e, 3. Pistil a single simple carpel, forming a pod. Acacia in Ijoglmino.sj-:, 31. Pistil compound : cells, placenta;, or stigmas more than one. Petals more numerous than the sepals. Indefinitely numerous, small, and persistent : aquatic. Nympit.«ace.«, 3. ,]iist twin' as many (4 or 6), and both usually caducous. PArAVERACE.E, 5. I''i\c tci l(i iind more numerous than the persistent sepals. Portulacace^, 16. Pctiils (if tlic same number as the sepals, Four, and both deciduous. Capparidace^, 8. Four or less, but cleft, and calyx persistent. llESEDACEiE, 9. Five, and the calyx persistent. Sepals valvate in the bud : stamens monadelphous. Malvace.e, 20. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Leaves opposite, entire, pellucid-punctate. Hypericace^, 19. Leaves alternate, not pellucid-punctate, plane. Corolla ephemeral : two outer sepals small and bract-like. Cistace.e, 10. Corolla gamopetalous, tubular : sepals round. Fouquicra in Tamariscine^, 17. Leaves all radical, hollow pitchers. SARRACENiACEiE, 4. 2. Perigynous or epigynous, borne on the (either free or adnate) calyx. CACTACEiE, 43. FicoiDE^, 44. PORTULACACE^, 16. CALTCANTHACEiE, 33. SaxifragacejE, 34. EoSACEiE, 32. Crossosoma in Ranuxculace^, 1. DATISCACEiE, 42. LoASACEiE, 40. Leafless mostly prickly fleshy plants : ovary 1 -celled. Leafy fleshy plants, with 3 or more cells to the ovary. Leafy fleshy herbs, with 1-celled ovary. Not fleshy. Leaves opposite, simple : sepals and petals numerous. Leaves opposite, simple : sepals and petals 4 or 5. Leaves alternate, with stipules. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Carpels 2 or more, superior, becoming follicles. Ovary inferior, with 3 or more parietal placentc-e. Flowers mainly dicecious : petals minute or none. Flowers perfect : petals conspicuous : leaves rough. B. Stamens 10 or less, or if more not exceeding tAvice the number of the petals, or sepals the petals are wanting. 1. Ovary or ovaries superior or mainly so (but sometimes enclosed in the calyX-tubc). * Pistils more than one and distinct. Pistils of just the same number as petals and as sepals. Leaves simple, fleshy. Ckassulace/E, 35. Leaves pinnate. (Styles partly united.) Limnanthes in Geraniace.i:, 24. Pistils not corresponding in number with petals or sepals. Stamens borne on the receptacle. Ranunculace.e, 1. Stamens borne on the calyx. Stipules persistent : leaves alternate. Ro.sace.e, 32. Stipules caducous : leaves opposite, compound. Staphylea in Sapindace^:, 29. Stipules none or indistinct. Saxifragace/E, 34. when Xll ANALYTICAL ARTIFICIAL KEY. * * Pistil only one, Sinn.le, i. e. of one carpel, as s1io^\ti by the single style, stigma, and cell (the latter sometimes with a false division in Astragalus). Berberidace^, 2. Leguminos^, 31. polygalace>e, 12. Anthers opening by uplifted valves or transversely. Anthers opening lengthwise or at the top. Flowers irregular, or leaves twice i^nuate : iruit a legume. Flowers irregular : leaves simi)le. Flowers regular. . Leaves opposite, punctate. Cneoridmm in Rutace^, 2o. Leaves alternate, not punctate, mostly stipulate. Fruit a drupe or akene. , , . Kosace^, 61. Fruit a coriaceous follicle. Glossopetalon in Sapindace^, 29. -i- -i- Pistil compound, as shown by the number of cells or placent;e, styles or stigm; Ovary 1 -celled, with (2 to 4 or rarely more) parietal placentre. Petals (long-clawed) and teeth of long-tubular calyx 4 or 5. Petals and sepals or lobes of the cleft calyx 5. Corolla irregular ; lower petal spurred. Corolla regular or nearly so. Styles or sessile stigmas entire. Styles 3, each 2-parted : placentse 3. Petals 2, but persistent sepals 4 : flower irregular. Petals 4, but bract-like sepals 2 : flower irregular. Petals 4 or 6 : sepals half as many, caducous. Petals and sepals each 4 : stamens 6. Ovary and pod 2-celled : 2 placentie parietal : stamens tetradynamous, Ovary and capsule 1-celled, several -many-seeded on a central placenta. Truly so, the partitions wanting or very incomplete. Sepals 2 : leaves often alternate. Sepals or calyx-lobes 5 or sometimes 4 : leaves all opposite.^ Here may be sought the apetalous G Apparently so ; the partitions at length vanishing. Stipules" between the opposite leaves. No stipules. Ovary and fruit 1-celled with a single seed on a stalk from the base. Shrubs : styles or stigmas 3 : fruit drupe-like. Herbs : fruit a utricle. Style at most 2-cleft : stipules scarious. Styles 5 : calyx scarious. Ovary more than 1-celled : seeds attached to the axis, or base, or summit. Flowers very irregular : ovary 2-celled : cells 1-seeded. Flowers regular or nearly so. No green foliage. Monotropea?, &:c., in Ericace^, 54 Frankeniaceje, 13. ViOI.ACEiE, 11. Saxifragace^e, 34. Droseraceje, 36. Resedace^, 9. Fumariace^e, 6. Papaverace^, 5. CapparidacEjE, 8. CRUCIFERiE, 7. Portulacace^, 16 Caryophyllace^, Glaux in Primulace^, 57. elatinace.e, 18. LythracEjE, 37. Anacardiace^e, 30. illecebrace.s!, 15. Plumbaginace^, 56. POLYGALACEiE, 12. hinks at the end. Foliage pellucid-punctate : strong-scented shrubi Foliage not pellucid-punctate. Anthers opening by terminal pores or Anthers opening lengthwise. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, i. e. alter- nate with the calyx-lobes, These valvate in the bud. These small or obsolete : petals valvate. Stamens when just as many as petals alternate with them. Strong-scented shrub : leaves opposite, 2-foliolate. Strong-scented herbs : leaves lobed or compound. Herbs, not strong-scented. Ovules 1 to 4 in each cell. Leaves all simple and entire. Leaves all opposite, compound, and leaflets entire. Leaves alternate or opposite, the latter with divisions or leaflets not entire. Ovules numerous. Stamens on the calyx : style 1. Stamens on the calyx : styles 2 or 3. Stamens on the receptacle : leaves opposite, simple. Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, 2 or 5 RUTACE^, 25. Ericace^, 54. RUAMNACE.^, 27. VITACE.E, 28. Zygopiiyllace.e, 23. Geraniace^, 24. LiNACE.E, 22. ZYGOPHYLLACE.E, 23. GERANIACEiE, 24. Lythrace^e, 37. saxifragace.e, 34. Elatinace^, 18. Cells fewer than the sepals, 3. Mollugo in F1COIDE.E, 44. ANALYTICAL ARTIFICIAL KEY. Xlll Slinibs or trees with ojipositc simple leaves, riiuiati'ly veined, not lobed. Palniately veined, lobed. Shrubs or trees with alternate lobed leaves. Shrubs or trees with opposite compound leaves. Stamens 4 to 8. Stamens 2 or rarely 3. 2. Ovary and fruit inferior or mainly so. Tendril-bearing herbs : flowers monoecious or dicecious. Ai^uatic herbs : flowers dicecious or monandrous. Shrubs with catkin -like drooping spikes : flowers dioecious. Garrya in Shrubs or herbs, not tendril-bearing nor dioecious, nor umbelliferous. Stamens as many as the small or unguiculate petals and opposite them : calyx valvate. Stamens if of the number of the petals alternate with them. Styles 2 to 5, distinct or united below. Fruit a few-seeded pome. Fruit a many-seeded (or rarely 3-5-celled 3-5-seeded) cajisule. Fruit a 1 -celled many-seeded berry. Kibes in Style 1, undivided : stigmas 1 to 4. Flowers in cymes or a glomerate cluster. Flowers racemose, spicate, or axillary. Ovary 1 -celled : herbage scabrous. Ovary 2 - 5-, mostly 4-celled. Herbs : flowers in umbels : styles 2 : fruit dry. Herbs or shrubs : flowers in umbels : styles 4 or 5 : fruit berry-like. Celastrace.*;, 26. SAl'INDACEiE, 29. Steuuuliace^, 21. Sapixdaoe^, 29. Oleace^, 59. cucukbitace^, 41. Halouage^, 38. coiixace^, 47. RllAMNACE^, 27. Rosacea, 32. Saxifragace^, 34. Saxifragace^, 34. CORNACEiE, 47. LOASACE-E, 40. OiNAGRACE^, 39. Umbellifer^, 45. araliace.e, 46. Division II. GAMOPETAL^ : petals more or less united into one piece. A. Ovary inferior, or at least largely so. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla, 8 or 1 0, Distinct and free from it, or nearly so. Monadelphous on its tube. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla (5 rarely 4), sj-ngenesious. Flowers in an involucrate head. Flowers separate, racemose or spicate. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, or at.least 4, distinct. Nearly or quite free from corolla : leaves alternate : no stiiiules. Stamens distinct. Stamens more or less united. Inserted on the corolla : leaves opposite or whorled, With stipules, or else in whorls, quite entire. Without stipules, opposite. Stamens only 3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Leaves opposite : stamens distinct. Leaves alternate : stamens often united. Ericaceae, 54. Styracace^, 58. CoMPOSITiE, 51. LOBELIACE^, 52. CAMPANULACEa;, 53. Nemacladus in Lobeliace.e, 52. RUBIACE.E, 49. CAPRlFOLIACEiE, 48. Valerianace^;, 50. cucurbitace.e, 41. B. Ovary superior (free), or mainly so. 1. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. Pistil single and simple : leaves compound. Leguminos^, 31. Pistils several and simple : leaves simple, fleshy. Crassulace^ 3.5 Pistil compound, with 3 styles. Fouquiera in TAMARisciNEi, 17. Pistil compound, with one undivided style. Ovary 3-10-celled : stamens distinct. Ericace.'e, 54. Ovary partly or at length 1 -celled : stamens monadelphous. Styracace.e, 58. 2. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla and opposite them. Styles 5 : ovary and fruit 1-ovuled, 1-seeded. Plumbaginace^e, 56 Style 1 : ovary and capsule several - many-seeded. Pkimulace^, 57. 3. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer. * No green herbage. Corolla regular : stamens free : seeds very many and minute. JIoxotrope.e, 54. Corolla regular : stamens in its throat : fruit 10 - 20-celled. Lenxoace.b, 55. Corolla regular : stamens on the tube : fruit 2-celled. Cuscuta in Convolvulace^b, 66. Corolla irregular : stamens didynamous : cai^sule 1-celled, many-seeded. Orobaxciiace^, 69. ANALYTICAL ARTIFICIAL KEY. * * With ordinaiy green Corolla regular or nearly so : stamens not didynamous. Plantaginace^, /5. Corolla scarious and veinless : stemless herbs. Corolla more or less veiny. Stamens 2 or 3, but i)arts of corolla 4 or 5. Stamens 5, sometimes 4, as many as the corolla-lobes. Pollen in solid waxy masses : fruit a pair of follicles. Pollen in powdery grains. 0^■aries 2 : fruit a pair of follicles. Ovary 4-lobed, forming 4 separate or separable seed-like nutlets. Ovary single and entire. Style 3-cleft at apex : capsule 3-celled : corolla convolute. Styles or stigmas 2 or 1. Ovules and seeds at most 4, large, with large embryo and little or no albumen : peduncles axillary. Ovules few or numerous : embryo small, in albumen. Leaves all ojiposite or whorled and entire : capsule 1-celled : corolla convolute in the bud. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate : leaflets entire : corolla in- duplicate : flowers racemose. Menyanthes in Gentianace.e, 62. Leaves various, mainly alternate. Styles 2, or 1 and 2-cleft (except in Romanzoffia) : cap- sule 1 - 2-celled. HYcr.opHYLLACE^, Style only 1 : stigma usually 1 : capsule or berry 2-celled, or rarely more, many-seeded. Solanace^, 67. See also Vcrbascum & Limosella in SciiornuLAniACE^^ -t- +- Corolla irregular : stamens (with anthers) only 4 and didynamous, or 2 : style 1 Ovary and capsule 2-celled, few - many-seeded. Seeds small, mostly indefinite : embryo small in copious albumen. Seeds larger in proportion, filled by the flat embryo. Numerous in a long capsule, winged, on a partition which sepa- rates from the valves. Few, on hooked processes of the placenta. Ovary and capsule 1-celled, with many-seeded placenta; in the axis. Ovary 4-parted, in fruit as many seed-like nutlets. Ovary undivided : fruit s])litting into 2 or 4 one-seeded nutlets (oi berry-like with as many stones). Oleace^, 59. asclepiadace^, 61. Apocynace^, 60. BoURAGINACEiE, 65. POLEMONIACE^, 63. CoNVOLVULACEiE, Gentianace^, 62 SCKOPHULAllIACE^, 68. BiGKONIACEii:, 71. ACANTHACEJE, 72. LENTIBULARIEiE, 70. Labiate, 73. VEUBEXACEiE, 74. Apetalous Fop.ms in Polypetalous and Gamopetalous Orders. Carpels several or numerous and distinct : stamens hypogynous. RANUNCULACEiE, 1. Carpels single and simple : calyx also wanting. Achlys in Berberidace^, 2. Carpels 1 or 2, rarely 3, distinct and free : stamens on the calyx. Rosace^e, 32. Carpel single and simple : stamen epigynous. _ _ Hippuris m Halorage^e, 38. Carpels combined into a compound ovary, which is One-celled and 1 - 2-ovuled. Herbs with scarious stipules. ^. . . iLLECEBRACEiE, 15 Shrubs without stipules. Pistacia m Anacardiace/e, 30. Two - four-celled, with one or at most two ovules in each cell. Aquatic herbs. TeiTestrial herbs, 2-seeded. Myriophyllum in HALORAGEiE, 38. Lepidium in CruciferjE, 7. Shrubs or trees. With alternate simple leaves and fleshy fruit. With opposite compound or lobed leaves, and Single 1-celled 1 -seeded samara for fruit A pair of samaras. One-celled and many-ovuled : herbs. Placenta; 3, parietal : ovary inferior. Placenta; 2, parietal : ovary partly superior. Placenta 1, central or basal : leaves mostly opposite. Style and stigma one. Styles or at least stigmas 3, or rarely more. Two - five-celled and many-ovuled. Herbs, with free calyx and green herbage. Herbs, with adnate calyx and green herbage. Herbs destitute of green herbage. Shrub, with alternate lobed leaves. RHAMNACEiE, 27. Fraxinus in Oleace^, 59. Acer & Negundo in SAPiNDACEiE, 29. DATISCACEiE, 42. Saxifragace^, 34. Glaux in Primulace^, 57. CARY'OPHYLLACEiE, 14. FicoiDE^, 44. Ludwigia in Onagrace^, 39. AUotropa in Ericace/e, 54. SXERCULIACEiE, 21. II. SYNOPTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS, &c. Divisiox I. POLYPETALiE. Petals distinct, or nearly so (sometimes wanting). A. Stamens hypogynous (free both from the calyx and from the superior ovary). * Carpels solitary or distinct, -f- Sepals and petals deciduous (rarely persistent in No. 1). Leaves alternate (opposite in climb- ers), or radical : stipules none. 1. Ranunculaceae, p. 2. Sepals (4 or more), petals (as many and alternate with them, when present), stamens (usually numerous), and carpels (1 to many) all distinct and free. Fruit akenes or follicles (in Actcea a solitary berry). Mostly herbs. 2. Berberidaceae, p. 14. Parts of the flower in threes, in opposite ranks, distinct (sepals and petals wanting in Achlys, and stamens 9). Carpel solitary (a berry in Berberis). An- thers opening by valves. Perennial herbs or shrubs, with compound leaves. Carpels several, soon distinct, becoming linear torulose several-seeded pods. Sepals .3 : petals 6 : stamens many. Annual ; leaves entire, mostly opposite. Platystemon in Pcqmvcracecc. Carpel solitary, becoming a spinose pubescent 1-seeded nut. Flowers irregular : sepals and pet- als, 5 : stamens 4. Pubescent shrubs, with simple leaves. KuAMEiilA in Pohjgalacccc. -f- +- Sepals persistent ; petals deciduous. Carpel solitary, becoming a globose drupe. Flowers 4-merous. Smooth shrub, with opposite entire pungent leaves. CNEOUiimiM in RutacecE. Carpel solitary, becoming a few- to many-seeded 2-valved or indehiscent pod. Flowers 5-merous : stamens 10 or many. Small trees, with bipinnate leaves and small flowers in spikes or heads. Mimose^ in Leguminoscc. Follicles several. Fleshy plants, with stamens nearly hypogynous. CkassulacejE. Follicles 2. Anthers attached to the stigma. ^ Herbs ; leaves opposite, entire. AscLEPiADACEiE. -i- -i- -i- Sepals and petals persistent. Carpels becoming indehiscent 1 - 2-seeded pods. Sepals and petals 3 or 4 : stamens many. Per- ennial acjuatic, with peltate leaves. Brasenia in Nymphceaccce. * * Ovary compound, with parietal placentte or seeds covering the cell-walls. +- Capsule many-celled, indehiscent. Sepals and petals persistent. 3. Nymphaeaceee, p. 16. Parts of the flower indefinite, mostly numerous. Seeds numerous, covering the walls of the cells. Perennial aquatic, with cordate entire leaves and soli- tary flowers. -i- +- Valves separating from the persistent placentae. Sepals (2 or 4) and petals deciduous. ++ Seeds albuminous. 5. Papaveraceae, p. 18. Sepals 2 or 3, caducous : petals twice as many, alike : stamens nu- merous. Capsule 2 - several-valved, 1 -celled (several-celled in .ftom?in/«). Herbs (very rarely shrubby), with mostly alternate leaves, no stipules, and often colored juice. 6. Fumariaceae, p. 23. Flowers very irregular : sepals 2, small : ))ctals 4, in dissimilar pairs : stamens 6, diadelphous. Pod 1 -celled, 2-valved, several - many-seeded. Perennial herbs, with alternate dissected leaves and no stipules. ++ ++ Seeds without albumen. Flowers regular. 7. Cruciferae, p. 25. Sepals and petals 4 : stamens 6, tetradynamous (rarely 4, 2, or none). Pod 2-celled, 2-valved, 2 - many-seeded (rarely 1-celled and indehiscent). Herbs, with alternate leaves and no stipules. 8. Capparidaceae, -p. 49. Sepals and petals 4 : stamens 6 or more, nearly equal. Pod 2-valved, 1 - 2-celled, 1 - several-seeded. Mostly annual herbs {Zsomei-is shrubby), with alternate compound leaves, often stipulate. ^yi SYNOPTICAL KEY. +. ^ +. Capsule 1 cellt'd, several-carpelled, the valves not separating from the placenta. Calyx persistent. ++ Flowers irregular. 9. Resedaceee, p. 53. Sepals 4 : petals 2 or 4, cleft or entire : stamens few to many. Cap- sule 3-6-beaked, many-seeded. Herbs; leaves alternate, entire ; stipules glandular. 11. Violaceae, p. 54. Sepals and petals 5 : anthers 5, coherent : style 1, clavate. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. Low herbs, with alternate or radical stipulate leaves. ++ ++ Flowers regular. Stipules none. 10. Cistaceae, p. 54. Sepals andPpetals 5, two of the sepals minute : stamens many : style 1. ('apsule 3-valved, few -many-seeded. Herbs or woody at base ; leaves entire, alternate. 36. Droseraceae, p. 212. Flowers 5-merous, but styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule 3-valved, many- scedud. Low marsh herbs ; leaves radical, reddish, entire, beset with gland-tipped hairs. 13. Frankeniaceae, p. 60. Stamens 4 to 7 : style 2 - 4-cleft. Caimile 2-4- valved, enclosed in the tubular furrowed 4 - 5-lobed calyx. Low woody-based herbs, with opjwsite entire leaves and small flowers. Flowers 5-merous : stamens indefinite : styles 3. Capsule 3-valved. Low herbs, with opposite entire punctate leaves. HyPEiacuM in Hypcricacece. Flowers 4-merous : petals united at base, bearing a broad gland. Capsule 2-valved, few -many- seeded. Smooth biennials, with ox)posite or whorled leaves. Feaseua. in Gentianacece. * * * Ovary compound (of 2 to several carpels), with central placentae. Stamens mostly strictly hypogynous. Sepals persistent. •h- Flowers very irregular. 12. Polygalaceae, p. 58. Capsule compressed, narrowly winged, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Stamens 6 to 8, united ; anthers l-celled, opening at the "top. Low woody-based perennials, with alternate entire leaves, and no stipules. -J- +- Flowers regular. Capsule l-celled, with free central placenta. Leaves entire. ++ Embryo curved around central albumen. 14. Caryophyllaceae, p. 61. Flowers mostly 5-merous: petals sometimes none: stamens 10 or fewer : styles 3 to 5, the capsule opening by as many or twice as many valves. Seeds numerous. Herbs, rarely woody at base, with opposite leaves, and mostly no stipules. 15. lUecebraceae, p. 71. Fruit a 1 -seeded utricle included in the calyx. Petals none : sta- mens perigynous : style bifid. Low herbs, with opposite leaves, scarious stipules, and sessile axillary flowers. 16. Portulacacae, p. 73. Capsule 2 - 3-valved or circumscissile. Sepals 2 (4 to 8 in Lcivlsia) : ])etals 2 to 5 or more : stamens few or many : style 2 - 3-cleft. Seeds few or manJ^ Succulent herbs, with opposite or alternate or radical leaves, often stipulate. ++ ++ Embryo straight in albumen. Petals united at hase : stamens opposite them. Utricle 1 -seeded, enclosed in the scarious calyx. Flowers 5-merous. Perennial acaulescent mari- time herbs. Plumbaginace^. Capsule 5- valved, few - many-seeded. Flowers mostly 5-merous: style 1. Herbs with mostly opposite leaves, or acaulescent. Some Primulace^. -i- -i- -J- Flowers regular. Ovary 2 - several-celled. ++ Capsule not lobed nor winged. (a.) Stamens distinct or nearly so, not fascicled. 4. Sarraceniaceae, p. 17. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Sejials and petals 5, persistent : stamens many : style 5-lobed. Acaulescent marsh perennials, with pitcher- shaped leaves and solitary flowers. 18. Elatinaceae p. 79. Capsule 2 -5-celled, many-seeded. Flowers 2- or 5-merous: styles distinct. Low annuals, with opposite leaves, membranous stipules, and axillary flowers. 22. Linaceae, p. 88. Capsule 2 -5-valved, 4-10-celled and -seeded. Flowers 5-merous : styles 2 to 5. Low herbs, with entire opposite or alternate leaves, often with stipular glands, and panicled flowers. Capsule 3-celled, several-seeded. Flowers 5-merous : petals none : styles 3. Prostrate annual, with entire verticillate leaves and axillary flowers. Mollugo in Ficoidcm. Capsule 5-celled, several seeded. Low herbs, with sour juice and alternate or radical 3-foliolate leaves. Oxalis in Geraniacece. Capsule 5-10-celled, many-seeded. Stamens 10, rarely fewer ; anther-cells opening by a terminal pore or chink. Scaly-bracted herbs without gi-een foliage (or Ledum an evergreen shrub, with alternate exstipulate leaves). Some Eiucace^. SYNOPTICAL KEY. ^^- Capsule woody, 5-celled, 5-seeded. Flowers 5-merous. Seeds winged. A leafless spinose shmlj C'ANOTiA ill Rosaccce. Ovary 3-celled : fruit a large leathery 3-valved 1-seeded pod. Trees, with opposite digitate serrate leaves, uo stipules, and showy panicled iiiegular flowers. .(E.sCLri.us in Sapindacew. (b.) Stamens clustered in fascicles or united into a tube. 19. Hypericaceae, p. 80. Stamens numerous in 3 sets. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. Sepals and petals 5 : styles 3. Perennial herbs, with opposite entire punctate leaves, no stipules, and yellow cjTiiose flowers. 20. Malvaceae, p. 81. Stamens numerous, united into a tube : anthers 1 -celled. Carpels either in a ring, 1 - few-seeded and at length separating, or forming a .5 - lO-ccUed many-seeded capsule. Calyx valvate : petals 5, united at base. Herbs or shrabs, with alternate _ stipulate leaves. 21. Sterculiaceae, p. 87. Stamens 5, united into a tube : anthers 2-celled. Capsule 4 - 5-celled, few-seeded. Flowers 5-merous : calyx imbricate : petals none. Shrub, with alternate leaves, and showy flowers. ■H- ++ Fruit lobed or winged. Seeds 1 or 2 in the cells, pendulous : albumen little or none. 23. Zygophyllaceae, p. 91. Capsule 5-10-lobed, -celled, and -seeded. Flowers 5-merous: stamens 10 : style 1, short : sepals mostly deciduous. Herbs or shrubs, \vith opposite stipulate compound leaves (leaflets entire), and solitarv flowers. 24. Geraniaceas, p. 92. Capsule 5-parted, -celled, and -s( .■.led. Flowers 5-merous : stamens mostly 10 : styles coherent to an axis, at Ln-tli separating from it. Herbs, with lobed or compound toothed leaves, — opposite and stipulate, the carpels long-beaked, or alter- nate and without stipules, the carpels not beaked. 25. Rutaceae, p. 96. Fruit 2-celled, an orbicular samara or didymous capsule. Flowers 4-me- rous : style 1. Shrubs, with aromatic dotted alternate leaves, and no stipules. 29. Sapindaceae, 105. Fruit a double samara. Floweis .lineious or polygamous, often apeta- lous. Trees, with palmately lobed or pinnate opposite serrate leaves, and no stipules. Fruit a simple samara, usually 1-celled and 1-seeded. Flowers 4-rnerous, perfect or dia>cious : petals ofteu none : stamens often 2 : style 1. Trees, with opposite pinnate leaves, and no stipules. Fraxinus in Oleacece. * * * * Ovary compound, with central placentae. Stamens upon. a more or less perigTnous disk. Flowers mostly polygamous or diajcious. Calyx persistent or the limb "deciduous. Cells 1 -few-seeded. Seeds mostly erect or ascending and albuminous. 26. Celastraceae, p. 98. Capsule 2 -5-celled and -lobed. Flowers perfect, 4 -5-merous : style very short. Seeds arillate. Shrubs, with simple opposite pinnately veined leaves, and no stipules. 27. Rhamnaceae, p. 99. Fruit beiTy- or drupe-like, or diy, 1 - 4-celled. Calyx valvate, the 4 or 5 lobes alternate with as many stamens, deciduous : petals often none : style 2-4- cleft or lobed. Shrubs, with simple alternate or opposite leaves, and small stipules. 28. Vitaceae, p. 105. Fruit a 2-celled 2-4-seeded berry. Flowers 4 -5-merous: calyx mi- nute : petals valvate : the stamens opposite them. Woody vines, climbing by ten- drils : leaves alternate, lobed. 30. Anacardiaceae, p. 109. Drupes 1-celled, 1-seeded. Flowers mostly 5-merous : stigmas 3. Shrubs, with milky resinous juice, alternate simple or compound leaves, and no stipules. Albumen little or none. Fruit a bladdery 3-lohed several-seeded capsule. Flowers perfect, 5-merous. Shrubs with oppo- site compound stipulate leaves. Staphtlea in Sapindaccce. B. Stamens perigynous (upon the calyx), or epigynous. * Ovary superior or nearly so. (See last gi-oup.) -f- Carpels solitary or distinct. Seed very rarely albuminous. 31. Leguminosae, p. 111. Carpel solitary becoming a legume. Flowers mo.stly irregular (papili- onaceous) : stamens 10 (rarely fewer), mostly monadelphous or diadelphous. Herbs, shrulis, or trees, with alternate stipulate simple or compound leaves. 32. Rosaceae, p. 164. Carpels one to many, becoming akenes or sometimes 1 -2-seeded dni]ies (or coherent \\'ith the calyx into a 2 - several-celled pome). Flowers regular, mo.stly 5-merous, or the stamens usually numerous. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate mostly stipulate simple or compound leaves. 33. Calycanthaceae, p. 190. Carpels numerous, becoming akenes within a hollow r.eceptacle. Sepals, petals, and stamens indefinite. Aromatic shrubs, with opjwsite eiitii-e leaves, and no stipules. SYNOPTICAL KEY. XVlll ■1 o ^ ^ T, „„^;^rr trinnv c:ppflpfl follicks. Seccl albuminous. Sepals and petals 5, persist- CaT,els2^to^5, b^coming^manys^^^^^^^^^^ -th alternate entire leaves, and no stip.ales. Crossosoma in /^«;«"^cJ6jacca^ „eanlescent herbs. Saxifraga in Saxifragacece. KS rT^rour SiSU'^^^^^^^^^ leaves. Some Crassu'.ack.. CW soUtar^ be oming an ovoid 1-2-seeded follicle Flowers 4-merous. _ Low spmescent Carpel solitary,^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^_ Glossopetalon in Saptndaccce. H_ H- Cnrpels nior.. or less imited. Seeds mostly albuminous. Leaves simple : stipules none. srSaxifra^ace^, p. 192. Carpels 2 to 5, foi-ming a 1-celled or 2 - 5-celled many-seeded cap- s,d m nA.rly distinct. Flowers 5-merous : stamens rarely numerous : styles 2 to 5, u nllv distinct. Herbs or shrubs ; leaves alternate (opposite m Hydrangece) or radical. 35 Crassuiacei, 1 208. Carpels 3 to 5, becoming 1 -many-seeded follicles, distinct or con- 30. t^rassuiacece,^^!.^ Flowers 3- or 5-merous: stamens nearly hypogynous. Thick fleshy 1. lints mostlv herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves. , . ,^ , , , 37 Lythrace^ p 213. Capsule 2 - 4-celled, many-seeded enclosed m the tubular or campan- ulate calyx. Flowers 4- or 6-merous : style 1. Herbs, with entire mostly opposite leaves and axillary flowers. No albumen. . ^ -,■,-, -r, ■. Fruit a 1 2-s;edS utricle, included in the calyx. Style 2-cleft. Low herbs, .vith opposite entire leaves. Illecebrace^. • ■. ti Camels 2 with distinct styles, enclosed in the at length fleshy calyx and becoming berry-like. Carpels A^witn ^^^^^^.^^^ y^^^;^^^ ^^^^^^ evergreen leaves and minute stipules. Heteromeles Capsule 3"- 5-celleX many-seeded, circumscissile. Flowers 5-merous : petals none : styles 3 to 5. Fleshy herbs, with opposite entire leaves. Sesuvium 111 Ftcoulm. Capsule 2-celled, several-seeded, adnate at base to the calyx. Flowers m-egular : petals as well ^ as filaments, somewhat united. Slender annual, with alternate leaves and milky juice. Nemacladus in Lobeliaccce. ., t ^^ . Fniit flesliv becoming diy, 3-valved, 1-celled and 1 -seeded. Petals about 5, united at base : sta- niens 10, moliadelphous : style 1. Shrub, with alternate entire leaves. Styracace^. * * Ovaiy wholly inferior. ^ Fruit with central placentae. Herbs, with few stamens, not trailing, and flowers not in um- bels : stipules none. 38 Haloraee^, P. 214. Fruit indehiscent and nut-like, 1 - 4-celled and -seeded. Seeds sus- p.iuled, albuminous. Aquatic herbs, ynth verticillate or opposite leaves, and mcon- siiicnnus often apetalous sessile axillary flowers. 39 Onaeracece, p. 216. Capsule 2- or 4-celled, sometimes indehiscent, mostly many-seeded. Flowers 2 - 4-merous : style 1 : calyx valvate. Herbs, rarely woody at base, with mostly alternate leaves ; flowers often showy. No albumen. „ . -n Capsule 1-celled, 1-seeded. Flowers 5-merous : style 1. Seed suspended, exalbummous. Fer- eunial herbs, with simple alternate tenaciously scabrous leaves. Petalonyx m Loa- saceoc. -K -^ Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Tendril-bearing herbs. Stamens few. 41 Cucurbitace^, p. 238. Flowers monrecious or dioecious, often gamopetalous. Fruit 1- sfveral-celled. Leaves alternate, palmately veined or lobed, without stipules. Seeds without albumen. +- Hh -i- Fruit with parietal placentae, several - many-seeded. Stamens many (except in Rihcs). Stipules none. ++ Herbs, not fleshy. Capsule 1-celled. 40. Loasace^, p. 23.5. Flowers perfect, conspicuous : style 3 - 5-cleft : placenta; as many. Li fives rough with tenacious hairs, simple. 42. Datiscaceee, p! 242. Flowers mostly dioecious : petals minute or none : styles 8. Leaves smooth, pinnately compound. Fruit a berry. Flowers 4 -5-merous : styles 2 to 4, more or less united. Shrubs, often spiny, with simple alternate palmately veined and lobed leaves. GRossuLACEiE in Saxifragacece. ++ ++ Thick fleshy plants. Capsule 1 - several-celled. 43. Cactaceee, p. 24. Fruit fleshy, 1-celled. Sepals and petals numerous. Leafless prickly Iiiivmiials, sometimes woody. 44. Ficoideae, p. 250. Capsule 3 -5-celled. Sepals few, mostly 5. Unarmed herbs, with mostly opposite leaves. SYNOPTICAL KEY. XIX H- ^ ^_ ^- Fruit indehiscent dry or berry- or drupe-like, 2- (rarely 3 - 5-) o.-lled the cells ^vitl, one suspended seed. Ovary with an epigynous disk (wanting in Garrljay ++ Flowers in umbels. Herbs, mostly with alternate and compound leaves. il' aSuIcS'^' ^97?\.?T^' rf- f'^Y ^ ■ ^V"it '^^y- Umbels mostly compound. 4b. Araliaceae, p. 2/3. Carpels and styles 4 or 5, iorming a berry-like fruit. Umbels panicled. ++ +. Flowers in cymes or aments. Shrubs (rarely herbaceous) with opposite entire leaves. 47. Cornace^, p. 274. Drupes baccate, 1 -2-celled. Flowers perfect and cymose, or dioecious and in aments, 4 - 5-merous : petals valvate, distinct : style 1. ^ "icetious Baccate drupes containing 1 to 5 seed-like nutlets. Flowers perfect, cymose, 5-merous • rietik mibncate, united. Shrubs with simple or pinnate leaves. SamL^eI in SrL£i^ Fruit a berry or drupe contaming 2 to 5 thin 1 - 2-celled carpels or nutlets ovarieT 2 i ^3 caipel, ascending Flowers 5-merous : stamens 10 or 20 : petals unbricate, distinct Shrubs or trees, with simple alternate stipulate leaves. Pomaces in Hosacece. Division II. GAMOFETAL^. Petals united above their base (very rarely wantin-). Calyx generally persistent (sometimes minute). ^ A. Ovary inferior. * Filaments and anthers distinct. Leaves opposite. 48. Caprifoliaceae, p. 277. Fruit a 1 - 5-celled, 1 - few-seeded berry or capsule. Stamens 4 or fti, n? ^ Tn"- • ''™^' ^"^^ ^'''^ ""'"P"'")' ^^t^ ^^"'Pl« 01- ^""i'lte leaves and no stipules, heed albuminous. 49. Rubiaceae, p. 281 Fruit dry, indehiscent, 2-4-celled, 2-4-seeded. Flowers recr„lar 4 --5-merous : style 1, .ntnv „r .l.ft. Shrubs with capitate flowers, or herbs with flowers rn Tr 1 • ^ •'^™°''' ' ^'''''^''" '"""■' "I'I'osite and stipulate, or verticillate. Seed allniminous 50. Valenanaceae, p. 286. Ovary .i-oll.d, becoming a 1-celled 1-seeded akene-like fnllt Stai mens 3, fewer than the corolla-lobes. Flowers in-egnlar. Herbs, with oi.posite simple or pmnate leaves, without stipules. Albumen none. ^ * * Anthers or filaments (5) united into a tube around the 2-cleft or entire style. No stipules. 51. Compositae, p. 288. Fruit an akene. Flowers in an involucrate head : calvK reduced to ro T t- ''^,.t''^l'l'"« or wanting : filaments mostly distinct. Albumen none. 52. Lobehaceae, p. 443. Capsule 1 - 2-celled, many-seeded, more or less inferior. Flow.'is irn'gular, scattered or racemose : filaments united ; anthers sometimes distinct. Herbs with alternate simple leaves. Seeds albuminous. * * * Stamens distinct. Leaves alternate, without stipules. 53. Campanulaceae, p. 445. Capsule 2 - 5-celled, many-seeded, with central placentfc. Flow- ers regular, 5-merous : style 1,2- 5-lobed. Herbs ; leaves sinnde. Seeds albuminous beny many-seeded, 4 - 5-celled. Flowers regular, 4 - 5-merous : anthers opening by terminal . fl pores : style 1. Shrubs, with simple leaves. Vaccinium in AV/cac«e. Iniit fleshy, indehiscent. Flowers moncecious or dicecious : stamens commonly united. Tendril- bearing trailing herbs. Cucurbitage^. B. Ovary superior or nearly so, compound. (Stipules none.) * Corolla regular. Stamens not didynamous, ■+- Fruit 5 - many-celled. 54. Ericaceae, p. 448. Fruit beny-like or capsular, 5 - 10-celled, 5 - many-seeded, with central (rarely parietal) placental. Flowers 4 -5-merous : style 1 : anther-cells opening by a tei-miiial i)ore or chink. Shrubs, with simple alternate leaves (ojiposite in Kalmia), or scaly bracted herbs without green foliage. 55. Lennoaceae, p. 464. Fruit drupaceous, 12 - 20-celled and -seeded. Parts of the flower 5 to 10 : style 1 : anthers opening lengthwise. Fleshy scaly herbs, without gi'eeu herbage. +- HH Fruit 1 - 4-celled. ++ Fruit 1-celled, with a central basal placenta. 56. Plumbaginaceae, p. 465. Capsule a 1-seeded utricle inclosed in the scarious calyx. Flowers 5-meious : petals nearly distinct. Maritime acaulescent herbs, with entire leaves. 57. Primulaceae, p. 466. Capsule 5-valved or cinnimscissile, few - many-seeded : placenta basal. Flowers mostly 5-merous : stamens oi)posite the lobes of the corolla, which is wanting in Glaux : style 1. Herbs, with mostly entire alternate leaves. XX SY2T0PTICAL KEY. 58. Styraceae, i>. 470. Fruit fleshy, becoming dry, 3-valved, 1-seeded. Calyx trancate : pet- als 4 to 8, nearly distinct : "stamens 10, mouadelphous : style 1. Shrub, with alternate entire leaves. 59. Oleaceae, p. 471. Fruit a simple samara, usually 1-celled and 1-seeded (or a 2-celled drupe or capsule). Flowers 4-merous, perfect or dioecious : petals often none : stamens usually 2 : style 1. Shrubs or trees, with opposite pinnate or simple leaves. ++ ++ Carpels 2, iinited by their styles or stigmas, becoming distinct follicles with numerous comose seeds. Perennial herbs, with milky juice, and opposite entire leaves : flowers 5-merous. 60. Apocynaceae, p. 472. Corolla convolute in the bud. Anthers nearly free : pollen powdery. 61. Asclepiadaceae, p. 474. Corolla and calyx nearly valvate. Anthers attached to the stig- ma ; pollen in waxy masses. ++ ++ ++ Fruit 1-celled : placentae 2, parietal (sometimes united in the axis). 62. Gentianaceae, p. 478. Capsule septicidal, few - many-seeded. Flowers 4 -5-merous : style 1 or none ; stigmas 1 or 2. Glabrous herbs, with simple and opposite or 3-foliolate and alteiiiate leaves : inflorescence not scorpioid. 64. Hydrophyllaceae, p. 501. Capsule loculicidal, few - many-seeded. Flowers 5-merous: styles 2, usually more or less distinct. Herbs {Eriodictyon shrubby), often rough-hairy, with alternate (rarely opposite) often compound leaves, and mostly scorpioid inflorescence. ++ ++ ++ ++ Fruit 2 - 4-celled, with centi-al placentce. 75. Plantaginaceae, p. 610. Capsule 2-celled 2 - few-seeded, circumscissile. Flowers 4-me- rous : stamens 2 or 4 : style 1 : corolla scarious. Acaulescent herbs. 66. Convolvulaceae, p. 532. Capsule 2-celled, 1 - 4-seeded, 2-valved or circumscissile. Flow- ers mostly 5-merous : styles 1 or 2. Herbs, mostly tvraning, with alternate leaves, or parasitic and without green herbage. 65. Borraginaceae, p. 518. Ovary 4-celled and mostly 4-lobed, maturing usually as many 1-seeded nutlets. Flowers 5-merous : style single. Herbs, mostly rough-hairy, with alternate (or the lower opposite) entire leaves, and scorpioid inflorescence. 63. Polemoniaceae, p. 485. Capsule 3-celled, 3 - many-seeded, loculicidal. Flowers 5-merous : style 3-eleft. Herbs (rarely woody at base), with ox)posite or alternate simple or com- pound leaves. 67. Solanaceae, p. 537. Fruit a berry or capsule, 2-celled (rarely more), many-seeded. Flowers 5-merous : style simple : corolla valvate or plaited in the bud. Herbs (rank-scented) or shrubs, with alternate simple or pinnate leaves. Capsule didymous, mostly 2-parted, circumscissile, 2 - 4-seeded. Stamens 2 or 3 : style 1. Nearly herbaceous, .with mostly opposite sessile leaves. Menodora in Oleacece. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. Flowers 5-merous : style single : corolla irregular, imbricate. Herbs with alternate leaves and racemose flowers. Vkkbascum hi Scrophulariacece. Capside imperfectly 3-celled, several-seeded. Flowers 5-merous : stamens 10 or more : styles 3. Seeds thin, winged or comose. Small spinescent trees. Fouquiera in Tajnariscinecc. * * Flowers ii-regular. Fei-tile stamens 4 and didynamous, sometimes 2. -i- Fruit capsular, 1 - 2-celled : style 1. ++ Seeds albuminous. 68. Scrophulariaceae, p. 546. Capsule 2-celled, with central placentse, few - many-seeded. Corolla imliricated. Herbs or sometimes woody, with alternate or opposite leaves. 69. Orobauchaceae, p. 583. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, with 2 - 4 parietal placenta-, many- weeded. Parasitic herbs, without gi'een foliage : .scales alternate. ++ ++ Seeds without albumen. 70. Lentibularieae, p. 586. Capsule 1-celled, vrith central placentae, bursting irregularly, many- seeded. Stamens 2 ; anthers 1-celled. Floating herbs, with capillary dissected leaves. 71. Bignoniaceas, p. 586. Capsule (linear) 1 - 2-('elled, 2-valved, with numerous winged and tultcil sci'ils. Shrubs, with linear entire opposite or alternate leaves. 72. Acanthaceae, \^. 587. Capsule clavate, 2-celled with central placentte, 4-seeded : seeds on hook-like processes of the placentae. Stamens mostly 2. Herbs or shrubs ; leaves opposite. ■i- -h- Fruit of 2 or 4 distint;t or united 1-seeded mrtlets. 73. Labiatae, ]>. 589. Ovary 4-lobed around the 2-cleft style, forming as many distinct nutlets. Stamens 4 or 2. Mostly aromatic herbs or woody at base, with square stems, and o]iposite simple leaves. 74. Verbenaceae, p. 607. Ovary not lobed, 2 -4-celled; fruit -splitting into as many nutlets. Stamens 4 : style 1. Herbs or shrubby, rarely aromatic ; leaves opposite or whorled. BOTANY CALIFORNIA Series I. PH^NOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS. Plants bearing true flowers, that is, having stamens and pistils, and producing wliich contain an embryo. Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stems consisting of a pith in the centre, of bark on the outside, and these sepa- rated by one or more layers of fibrous or woody tissue, which, when the stem lives from year to year, increases by the addition of new layers to the outside next the bark. Embryo usually with two opposite cotyledons, or rarely with several in a whorl. Subclass I. ANGIOSPERM^. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary which contains the ovules and forms the fruit. Cotyledons two. Division I. POLYPETALiE. Floral envelopes consisting usually of both calyx and corolla; the petals not united with each other, in some cases wanting. 1 D. H. HILL LIBRARY North Carolina State College RANUNCULACE.E. Clematis. Order I. RANUNCULACE^. Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby i^lants, with colorless and usually acrid juice ; distinguished by the polyandrous and often polygynous flowers ; the numerous sta- mens hypogynous (perigynous in Crossosoma) ; the sepals, petals, stamens, and few or numerous (in Adcea solitary) pistils all distinct and free. Sepals very commonly colored and petaloid. Petals in many wanting or in the form of nectaries. Anthers short. Seeds sohtary or several, with minute embryo in firm-fleshy albumen. — Foliage various : stipules none. An order of 31 genera, several of which are numerous in species, widely distributed over the world, but most largely represented in the northern temperate and frigid zones. Several are used in medicine ; some (like Aconite) are acrid poisons ; and many are cultivated for ornament. Our thirteen genera belong to six tribes, which need not be recapitulated, as their characters may be more easily apprehended from a simple key. Synopsis of Genera. * Sepals petal-like, valvate-induplicate in the bud, deciduous : leaves all opposite. 1. Clematis. Half-woody, climbing by the petioles. Petals none or minute. Fruit a head of hairy-tailed akenes. * * Sepals petal-like or sometimes greenish, imbricated in the bud, deciduous: herbs. Hh Carpels numerous, 1-ovuled, in fruit becoming akenes. ++ Leaves on the stem opposite or whorled on or below 1 -flowered peduncles. 2. Anemone. Sepals 4 to 20, petal-like. Petals none. Akenes in a head. ++ ++ Leaves all alternate. 3. Thalictrum. Flowers mostly diojcious, pauicled. Petals none. Akenes several in a head. 4. Myosurus. Flowers perfect, solitary on a scape. Sepals spurred at base. Petals slender. AkriiL's very numerous in a long slender spike. 5. Ranunculus. Flowers perfect. Sepals not spurred. Petals generally broad and conspic- uous (rarely minute). Akenes numerous in a globular or oblong head. -i- +- Carpels few, several-ovuled, becoming follicles (pods) in fruit. ++ Flowers regular. 6. Caltha. Petals none : leaves simple and round-reniform : carpels 5 to 12. 7. Isopyrum. Petals none : leaves ternately compound : carpels 3 to 6. 8. Aquiiegia. Petals 5, all spurred backward : leaves ternately compound : carpels 5. ++ ++ Flowers irregular. 9. Delphinium. Upper sepal produced backward into a spur : carpels 1 to 5. 10. Aconitum. Upper sepal arched into a hood : carpels 3 to 5. -1- -i- 4- Carpel one, many-ovuled, in fruit a berry. 11. Actaea. Sepals caducous : petals smaU. Leaves ternately compound. Puaceme short. * * * Sepals herbaceous, imbricated in the bud, persistent : petals conspicuous : carpels few, becoming many-seeded follicles in fruit : leaves alternate. 1 2. Pgeonia. Herbs, with compound leaves. Seeds not arillate. 13. Crossosoma. Shrubs, with simple entire leaves. Seeds arillate. Stamens perigynous. 1. CLEMATIS, Linn. Sepals 4 (sometimes more in foreign species), colored and petal-like, valvate in the bud. Petals none or small. Pistils numerous : styles persistent, and (in our species) becoming long feathery awns in fruit. Akenes numerous, in a head. — Half-woody climbers or perennial herbs, with opposite leaves. A genus of about 100 species, belonging to temperate and warm climates of both hemispheres. Many have much beauty, and a few are cultivated for ornament. Our species are long, woody (or half-woody) vines, climbing by the petioles, with compound leaves and showy flowers. Anemone. RANUNCULACE.E; o § 1. Petals none. — Clematis proper. 1 . C. ligusticifolia, Nutt. Nearly glabrous : stems elongated (sometimes 30 feet long) : leaves 5-foliulate ; leaflets broadly ovate to lanceolate, 1 ^ to 3 inches long, acute or acuminate, 3-lobed and coarsely toothed, rarely entire or 3-parted : flowers dioecious, paniculate : sepals thin, silky, white, 4 to 6 lines long : akenes pubescent ; tails 1 to 2 inches long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 9. Var. Californica, Watson. Leaves silky-tomentose beneath, often small. The typical form ranges from Oregon to the Saskatchewan and New Mexico, entering Cali- fornia on the northeast ; the variety from San Diego to the Sacramento, and to Arizon'a. 2. C. lasiantha, Nutt. 1. c. Silky tomentose : stems elongated, stout : leaflets 3, ovate, 1 to U inches long, acute, coarsely toothed or 3-lobed or the terminal 3-parted : flowers dioecious, solitary, on rather stout 1 - 2-bracted peduncles : sepals obtuse, thickish, 6 to 10 lines long : akenes pubescent. Santa Barbara to Napa Co., and m the Sierra Nevada to Plumas Co., Mrs. M. E. Palsifer Ames. 3. C. pauciflora, Nutt. 1. c. Somewhat silky-pubescent : stems more slender, short-jointed : leaves short and fascicled ; leaflets 3 to 5, only 3 to 'J lines long, cuneate-obovate to cordate, mostly 3-toothed or -lobed : flowers solitary or few and panicled, on slender pedicels : sepals thin, 4 to 6 lines long : akenes glabrous. San Diego, Nuttall, Cooi^r, Cleveland. C. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray, a similar species, but with long-petioled and not fascicled leaves, — leaflets lanceolate to ovate, long-acuminate and 3-lobed ; akenes pubescent, with tails 2 to 4 inches long, — probably enters S. E. California from Arizona and Sonora. § 2. Some of the outer filaments enlarging to small sjmtulate jietals. — Atragene, DC. 4. C. verticillaris, DC. A slender climber, almost glabrous : leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate or subcordate, pointed : flowers solitary, bluish-purple, 2 or 3 inches across : the outer stamens enlarging to narrow petals. Shaded rocky places in mountains, Cajje JMendocino {Douglas) ; east to Maine, and nortli to British America. Leaflets 2 inches long, commonly entire ; but sometimes those on sterile stems are 1 - 3-toothed or lobed. Peduncles 3 to 6 inches long, the flower commonly nodding. 2. ANEMONE, Linn. Sepals 4 to 20, colored and petal-like, imbricated in the bud. Petals none. Pistils numerous : style short : stigma lateral. Ovule suspended. Akenes in a headj compressed, pointed, or ending in long feathery awns. — Erect perennial herbs with lobed or divided leaves, which are all radical except those which form an involucre, usually some distance below the flower. Species about 70, mostly belonging to the mountains of the north temperate and arctic zones. Of the 15 North American species half a dozen are also found either in the Old World or in the Andes of South America. * Styles long and hairy, at length forming plumose tails. — Pulsatilla, Tourn. 1. A. OCCidentalis, "Watson. More or less silky-villous, aljune : stems stout, i to H feet high, 1-flowered : radical leaves large, long-petioled, biternate and pin- nate, the lateral primary divisions nearly sessile, the segments pinnatihd with nar- row laciniately toothed lobes : involucral leaves similar, nearly sessile about the middle of the stem : sepals 6 or 7, 6 to 9 lines long, white or purplish at base : receptacle conical, becoming much elongated, sometimes 1^ inches long: akenes linear-oblong, the tails at length 1^^- inches long, reflexed. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 121. A. aljyina, Hook. Fl. i. 5, not Linn. Mt. Shasta {Breivcr) ; Lassen's Peak (Lemmon) ; and northward to the British boundary. Perhaps it is also the A. alpina of arctic collectors from Kotzebue Sound and the Gulf of St. 4 RANUNCULACE.E. Anemone. Lawrence. It differs from A. alinna of Europe and the Caucasus in its more finely and narrowly dissected leaves, with the lateral primaiy divisions not long-petiolulate, and in its lengthened receptacle, which in the Old World species is small and hemispherical, even in fruit. * * Styles short and nearly naked, not becoming elongated. — Anemone proper, -i- Carpels very numerous, in a close head, densely villous. 2. A. multifida, DC. Alpine or subalpine, somewhat silky-villous : stems 3 to 15 inches high, 1 - 3-iiowered : radical leaves long-petioled, nearly semicircular in outline, ternate, the sessile divisions deeply lobed with cleft linear segments : invo- lucral leaves similar, shortly petioled : sepals 5 to 8, red or whitish, 4 to G lines long, villous externally : receptacle oblong, the head in fruit globular to oblong, 5 to 12 lines long : akenes very densely woolly, ovate-oblong, Avith a straight beak. Sierra Co. (Lemmon) ; on the Columbia (Douglas) ; and frequently in the mountains eastward, ranging to the Saskatchewan, Lake Superior, and N. New York. Also South American. -5- -i~ Carpels fewer, pubescent only : stems 1- 3. A. nemorosa, Linn. Smooth or somewhat villous : stems from a slender rootstock, 3 to 12 inches high, without radical leaves : involucre of three petioled ter- nate leaves, the divisions cuneate-oblong to ovate, incisely toothed or lobed, or the lat- eral ones 2-parted, about an inch long : peduncle equalling the involucre : sepals 4 to 7, oval, white or pinkish : akenes 12 to 20, oblong, 2 lines long, with a hooked beak. Under redwoods near the coast {Bigelow, Bolander) ; Sierra Co. {Lcinmon) ; and northward to the British Boundary. It is common on the eastern side of the continent, in Europe and N. Asia. Popularly known as Wood- Anemone. A. DELTOiDEA, Hook. Fl. i. 6, t. 3, A., is a closely allied species in Oregon. It is 10 to 15 inches high, slender : radical leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets rhomboid, serrate : involucre of rhom- boid or rhomboid-ovate and undivided leaves on very short petioles, serrate and sometimes 3-lobed. It has not yet been found in California. 3. THALICTRUM, Tourn. Sepals 4 to 7, either greenish or petal-like, imbricated in the bud. Petals none. Pistils 4 to 15. Ovule suspended. Akenes in a head. — Perennial herbs with alternate leaves which are 2 or 3 times ternately compound ; the leaflets stalked. Flowers in corymbs or panicles. A genus of about 50 species, belonging mostly to northern climates. They are of delicate and graceful habit. Our species are dioecious, and not abundant. 1. T. Fendleri, Engelm. Dioecious: leaves 2-3-ternate; the leaflets usually more or less 3-lobed, sometimes toothed or cut at the apex into several lobes, the base entire, and varying in shape from cordate to cuneate : sepals broadly ovate : filaments very numerous, slender : anthers pointed : carpels 5 to 15, compressed, oblique, with about three ribs on each side, sometimes reticulated. — PI. Fendl. 5. Rocky or shaded places, Napa Valley and southward ; New Mexico and the Rocky Mountains. The whole plant is smooth, erect, 12 to 30 inches high. Flowers in a terminal panicle. Leaflets 6 to 9 lines long and about as wide. T. occiDENTALE, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 372, from Oregon to Montana, is very like T. Fendleri, except in the akenes, which are nearly half an inch long, narrow, long-acuminate, and less curved than in that. Perhaps to be found in N. California. 4. MYOSURUS, Linn. Mouse-tail. Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, linear, on a slender claw, with a pit at its summit. Stamens 5 to 20. Akenes very numerous, crowded on a long and slen- der spike-like receptacle. Seed suspended. — Very small annual herbs, with a tuft of linear or spatulate entire radical leaves, and solitary flowers on simple scapes. Ranunculus. RANUNCULACE^. e A small genus of only two or three species, widely dispersed over the globe. They are known by the English name of Mouse-tail, trom the very long and narrow receptacle of the flower densely covered with the small akenes, the whole very like a mouse's tail. ' 1. M. minimus, Linn. Eeceptacle in fruit slender, 1 or 2 inches long : akenes blunt. Wet places in Sacramento Valley {Hartwcg), and alkaline soil near Livermore Pass {Brcvxr) ■ east to Kentucky ; also Australia, Northern Europe, and Asia. A small annual, 2 to 6 inches high, with a tuft of narrow radical leaves which are usually shorter than the naked scapes. Each scape is but one-flowered, but the receptacle is so long and slender that it seems very like' a scaly spike 9 to 18 lines long, with the small sepals, petals, and stamens spreading from the base. Although so widely spread, it is apparently nowhere an abundant plant. 2. M. aristatus, Benth. Eeceptacle in fruit oblong or linear, 2 to 8 lines long : akenes long-beaked. In the shade of sage-brush, Carson and Sien-a Valleys to Utah ; also Chili. A small plant, less than two inches high. 5. RANUNCULUS, Linn. Crowfoot. Buttercup. Sepals usually 5. Petals 3 to 15, each with a small scale or pit at the base inside. Pistils numerous. Akenes in a head, usually flattened, beaked with the persistent style. — Herbs, mostly perennial, of somewhat varied habit. Flowers either solitary or somewhat corymbed. Leaves various. A genus of about 160 species, inhabitants of all parts of the world, but most abundant north of the tropics. Most of the species are acrid, and some are poisonous. The name Crou-foot was originally applied to species with lobed or divided leaves, and Buttercup to those with yellow flowers, but both names are now more loosely used. § 1. Aquatic herbs, commonly perennial, but sometimes annual, ivith the submersed leaves, if any, finely divided : petals tvhite, tuith a pit at the base, the claw yellow : akenes transversely ivrinkled. — Batrachium, DC. 1. R. hederaceus, Linn., var. Glabrous : stems floating, 6 to 12 inches long : leaves commonly all floating, 3 to 8 lines wide, deeply 3-lobed, truncate or cordate at the base ; the lobes equal, oval or oblong, the lateral ones usually Avith a broad notch in the apex ; submersed leaves none, or rudimentary and resembling adven- titious roots : peduncles opposite the upper leaves, thicker than the petioles, 6 to 8 lines long : sepals a line long : petals 2 lines, obovate-oblong : stamens commonly 6 (5 to 9) : akenes commonly 4 (4 to 6), about a line long : receptacle smooth. — ^. hydrocharis, var. Lobbii, Hiern. In shallow water, Marin Co. {Bigelow), and Russian River {Bolandcr) ; and Oregon {Lohb), the var. Lobbii (R. hijdrocharis, var. Lobbii), Hiern, in Seemann's Jour. Bot. ix. 66, t. 114.— The description is for this variety only, which is confined to the Pacific coast. There is much difficulty in determining the species of this section ; as many as 75 have been described, but au- thors differ widely as to their limitations. Hiern, after a long examination, unites all under one aggregate species, arranging them under 35 main varieties. 2. R. aquatilis, Linn., var. trichophyllus, Chaix. Stems long and coarsely Hliform, growing in water : leaves all submersed and cut into numerous capil- lary segments which are 4 to 10 lines long : peduncles 1 or 2 inches long : flowers 3 to 5 lines in diameter : akenes numerous in a close globular head, wliich is 2 or 3 lines in diameter : receptacle hairy. — R. hydrocharis, var. trichophyllus, Hiern, 1. c. Var. caespitOSUS. Stems short, growing in mud : segments of leaves ligulate, a line or more long : flowers 2 or 3 lines in diameter. — R. hydrocharis, var. cxvspito- sus, Hiern, 1. c. The first form is rather common in ponds and streams ; the second is much more rare. Long Valley, Mendocino County (Kel/ogg), Sonoma, Brewer. Both forms extend to the Eastern States ; also to Europe, Asia, and Australia. g RAXUNCULACE.E. Ranunculus. § 2. Terrestrial herbs, until the leaves all undivided : sejmls large and petal-like : pet- als minute, u'itk a nectariferous pit at the base of the blade : akenes smooth, tapering. — Aphanostemma, St. Hilaii'e. 3. R. hystriculus, Gray. Glabrous : the scape-like stem 6 to 10 inches, usually 1-flowered uiul lealieas : leaves broadly cordate or reniform, ohowi 5-lobed, deeply crenately toothed : sepals 5 to 6, white and petal-like, 4 to 5 lines long, deciduous : petals inconspicuous, consisting of a minute fleshy blade (having a nectariferous pit at its base) raised upon a narrow claw of twice its length, the whole scarcely 2 lines long : akenes 2 to 3 lines long, slender and tapering to a long hooked beak, and forming a compact ovate head. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 328, Foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, Forest Hill and Newcastle {Bolander), and near Placemlle, Rattan. This little plant has more the look of an Anemone than a Ranunculus, but tlie truit distin ^ince, and it is prolialde that the specimen may have got into the Californian colkitiun tVdiii the ( hilian, or else that the species was once introduced but failed to survive. R. MURicATUS, L., a low coarse annual species from Europe, with large very rough akenes, and flat stout recurved beaks, has been reported from " the streets of San Francisco " (Bolander's Catalogue, 3). 6. CALTHA, Linn. Sepals 5 to 1 2, deciduous, colored, and looking like petals. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Pistils 5 to 12, each with several ovules, becoming follicles in fruit, which at ripening are spreading, flattened, and several-seeded. — Glabrous perennial herbs, witli broad cordate undivided leaves. A small genus of about 9 species, belonging to the cooler parts of both hemispheres. 1. C. leptosepala, DC. Stems erect, 1-flowered and scape-like, 3 to 12 inches high, and exceeding the leaves ; leaves all radical, cordate. Swamps near head of King's River, at 8,000 feet (Breiim-), near Lassen's Peak, Lemmon ; also alpine stations from New Mexico and the Rocky Mountains to Alaska. Californian specimens have the leaves 2 or 3 inches across, cordate-orbicular, margins nearly entire ; sepals greenish- white, 6 to 10 lines long, and 4 or 5 lines broad, and rather blunt. Rocky Mountain speci- mens have sepals usually narrower, often bluish ; the leaves ovate, cordate, and more or less cre- nate. Sometimes the stems bear a second and smaller flower, and the species appears to pass into C. biflora. 7. ISOPYRUM, Linn. Sepals usually 5, white and petal-like, deciduous. Petals, in our species none (in foreign species 5, minute). Stamens 10 to 40. Pistils usually 3 to 6, but in- definite ; becoming follicles in fruit, which are several-seeded, oblong or ovate, and pointed with the persistent style. — Smooth, slender herbs, -with 2 - 3-ternatcly compound leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. Species 7, belonging the North Temperate zone of both continents. 1. I. OCCidentale, Hook. & Arn. Stems several-flowered : follicles 7-9-seeded. — Bot. Beech. 316. Near Forest Hill, on light soil among shrubs {Bolandcr), (where Dour/las found it is not stated). A glabrous herb, 6 to 10 inches, branching above, its delicate habit suggesting Thalidrum. Root of thickened fibres. Leaflets 4 to 8 lines long and cut into 2 or 3 broad, blunt lobes, glau- cous beneath. Flowers 6 to 9 lines in diameter, white. Follicles or pods 6 lines long and 2 wide, flattened, obliquely pointed, transversely veined. 8. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. Columbine. Sepals 5, regular, colored and petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, all alike, 'with a short, spreading lip, and produced backwards into a long tubular spur. Stamens numerous, the outer ones long and exserted, the inner ones reduced to thin scales. Pistils 5 ; styles slender ; ovaries several-ovuled, becoming pointed, several-seeded 10 RANUNCULACE^. Aquilegia. follicles iu fruit.— Glabrous perennial branching herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately com- pound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers showy, terminatmg the branches. Many species have been described, which some authorities now reduce to half a dozen or less. They belong mostly to the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere. 1 A. truncata, Fisch. & Mey. Stems 1 to 2 feet high : flowers 1 to 2| inches in diameter, red tinged with orange or yeUow : sepals spreading or reflexed : petals truncate, the very short limb not at aU produced; spurs thick and blunt, b to 9 lines long. — Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1843, 8. Eegel, Sert. Petrop. 1852, t.^k fol 11. A. Canadensis, Torr. Pacif. R. Eep. iv. 62. A. Calif arnica, Lindl. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 328. A. eximia, Van Houtte, Fl. Serres, 1857, t. 1188. Shady places by streams. Very variable as to size, foliage, and color of flowers. A variety near New Idria has silvery margins to the leaves. A. FORMOSA, Fisch., of Oregon and eastward, is very similar, but has the limb of the petals longer and produced upward on the outer side. 2. A. C^rulea, James. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, sparingly branched : leaflets usually sessile : flowers blue or white, very large, the sepals spreading 2 to 3 inches : petals longer than the stamens and style ; spurs slender, and U to 2 inches long. — Long's Exped. ii. 15. A. leptocera, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phil. vii. 9. A. macrantha, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 317, t. 72. On wooded slopes in the SieiTa Nevada at 8,000 to 12,000 feet {Brcicer, Bolandcr), rare in this State, to the Rocky Mountains, where it is very abundant. 9. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. Larkspur. Sepals 5, colored and petal-like, very irregular, the upper one prolonged back- wards at the base into a long spur. Petals 2 to 4, irregular ; when 4 the upper 2 developed backwards into a spur which is enclosed in the spurs of the calyx. Sta- mens many. Pistils 1 to 5. Fruit of 1 to 5 dehiscent, many-seeded follicles. — Erect herbs, with palmately-cleft, lobed, or dissected leaves, and racemose flowers. The species of this genus are variable in so many directions that it is difficult to satisfactorily limit or define them. Accordingly, some authors recognize 100 or more species, others 40 or less. They all belong to the north temperate zone. Our species are all perennials, with showy flowers, some of great beauty. * Flowers blue, purple, or violet, or at least not red. +- Mostly loio : roots a cluster of thick fleshy fibres or tubercles. 1. D. simplex, Dougl. Canescent throughout with a fine short somewhat woolly pubescence, rarely nearly glabrous : stem stout and strict, rather tail, 1 to 2 J feet high, leafy : leaves all much dissected, with linear obtuse lobes, on stout erect petioles : racemes usually dense and many-flowered, the pedicels often short and nearly erect : flowers small, blue, varying to nearly white or yellowish ; sepals 4 to 5 lines long, usually about equalHng the stout straight spur, rarely much spreading : ovaries and capsule pubescent. — Hook. Fl. i. 25. In the Coast Ranges from San Diego northward to Washington Territory and Idaho ; Knight's Ferry, Biydow. Much resembling i>. aziircum of the eastern plains, which difl"ers in its less strict habit, and looser racemes of larger and more open flowers. 2. D. variegatum, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent with straight spreading or often reflexed hairs, the pubescence above sometimes tomentose or rarely nearly want- ing, sometimes tomentose throughout or short and appressed : stems 1 to 2 feet high, sparingly leafy: leaves all 'dissected with oblong or linear, obtuse or acutish lobes : flowers large, on long pedicels in a short open raceme, deep blue or rarely white ; sepals broad, spreading, 6 to 10 liues long ; the spur usually comparatively short and stout ; upper petals not purple-veined (in dried specimens) : ovary and capsule pubescent. — Fl. i. 32. Delphinium. RANUNCULACEyE. -. -. In the Coast Ranges from Santa Barbara {Brexver) to Punta de los Reyes, Bimlow. A freouent and showy species, vaiying m its colors. Distinguished IVoni D. decorum, to which it haa usually been referred, by its hairy ovaries, leaves all dissected, an.l greater pubescence. D. Menziesii, DC, is a similar species, glabrous below, at least at the very base, pubescent above with spreading hairs, especially the inflorescence : flowers lai-ge, deep blue • the ur.i>er petals veined with purple ; the spur long and slender. - From Puget Sound to Mont'aua and the Blue Moimtams of Oregon, apparently not entering California. K.^ported also from Kotzebue bound Ihe D. Mcnzicsn of the Colorado Flora is D. bicolok, Xutt. {D. Menziesii, var Utah- eM5e Watson, Bot. King Exp. 12), very similar and perhaps only a variety, but it has uniformly smaller flowers and is glabrous throughout (including the ovaries), or occasionally somewhat tomentose-pubescent. •' 3. D. decorum, Fisch. & Mey. More or less pubescent with spreading hairs, but usually nearly glabrous : stem 6 to 15 inches high : lower leaves 5-lobed, spar- ingly toothed, the upper with narrow linear divisions : flowers large, deep blue, long-pedicelled in an open raceme ; sepals broad, 6 to 9 lines long, spreading ; spur usually long and narrow : ovary and capsule glabrous. — Torr. & Gray, Fl i GGl £>. patens, Eenth. PI. Hartw. 296. Var. Nevadense, Watson. Scarcely differing but in the smaller flowers and leaves often all liuear-lobed. — L. Menziesii, Watson, 1. c, excl var. In the Coast Ranges from Santa Barbara {Brewer, and perhaps from San Diego, Parnj) to Men- docino Co. The variety is found in the central Sierra I^ evada, and is frequent on the mountains and foot-hills of W. Nevada. Often glabrous excepting the ciliate bracts and somewhat villous flowers. 4. D. depauperatum, Xutt. Perhaps only a form of the last variety, with the ovaries puljescfiit. Most of the specimens, however, are very slender and few- fiowered, the lower leaves reniform iu outline, 3 - 5-parted, the rather broad lobes entire or few-cleft. The pubescence of the inflorescence is usually straight and spreading. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 33. Watson, Bot. King Exp. 12. In the Sierra Nevada from the head of the Kern {Rothrock) to the Blue ilountains, Oregon, and eastward in the mountains of Nevada {IVatson). ° -i- -f- Stout and tall : root perennial but not tvherous. 5. D. Californicum, Torr. & Gray. Stems nearly or quite smooth below : leaves large, 3 to 5 cleft, the divisions variously lobed : raceme strict, close-flowered above: pedicels and flowers densely velvety pubescent, — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 31. D. exaltatum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 317. Dry soils near the coast. Stems stout, 2 or more feet high. Lower leaves 3 to 5 inches in diameter, usually deeply 5-cleft, the divisions cuneate at base and laciniately toothed or lobed. Flowers commonly a light but dull blue, often more or less tinged with violet. 6. D. scopulorum. Gray. Stems tall, smooth or puberulent : lower leaves on long petioles which are dilated at the base, 3 -5-parted, the divisions laciniately lobed, the lobes sharp-pointed : raceme rather strict : flowers sparingly pilose with- out. —PL Wright, ii. 9. Big Tree Road {Brcver) ; Sierra Valley {Lemmon') ; a stout form, 5 to 6 feet high, differing from that prevalent in the mountains of Colorado in the less narrowly di\'ided leaves and nearly glabrous inflorescence. It is still less like D. elatum, var. (?) occidcntalc, of the mountains cast- ward, which with very similar habit and foliage has the raceme densely pubescent with straight spreading subviscid hairs, stout pedicels, and usually larger flowers with longer curved spiu-s. The pubescence in D. scopulorum is shorter, more woolly and appressed, and the pedicels are slender. 7. D. troUiifolium, Gray. Glabrous throughout or slightly villous : leaves large, long-petioled, 5 - 7-lobed, the lobes laciniately cleft and toothed with acumi- nate segments : raceme loosely few-flowered, with long pedicels : flowei-s bright blue, 1 1 inches broad, the spur as long as the sepals: capsules glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 275. Oregon, Hall. Specimens collected by Kellocjg in Mendocino Co. seem referable to this species. 12 RANUNCULACE.E. Delphinium. Flowers red. 8 D. nudicaule, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or slightly villous : stem 1 to 2 feet hi^^h or more : leaves mostly near the base of the stem, 1 to 3 inches m diam- eter, 3 - 5-lobed, the lobes more or less deeply 3 - 7-toothed with broad obtuse mucronulate segments: flowers 1 to 1^ inches long, including the straight spur, which is longer than the sepals, usually light scarlet with more or less of orange ; sepals but iTttle spreading; petals usually ciliate or somewhat villous ent or smooth. — Fl. i. 33 & 661 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5819. carpels pubescent or smooth, — i^l. i. A6 ^ Obi ; nooK. i^ot. ivitig. u uoi^. Var. elatius, Thompson. The taller form with more leafy stems, the flowers with rather longer and more slender spurs than in the typical state. — Garden, in. 477. D. sarcophijllum. Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 317. In the Coast Ranges from Mendocino Co. to San Francisco ; Plumas Co., Mrs. Pulsifer Ames. 9 D cardinale, Hook. Tall and stout, nearly glabrous : leaves large, 5-7- lobed nearly to the base, the divisions deeply 3 - 5-cleft with narrow long-acumi- nate segments : flowers as in the last, but larger and more open, bright scarlet with yellow centre, petals somewhat hairy : carpels smooth. — Bot. Mag. t. 4bb7 ; Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. 30, t. 2. D. coccmeum, Torrey, Pacif R. Eep. iv. 62. Apparently confined to the mountains of S. California ; Los Angeles ( IFallace) to San Diego. 10. ACONITUM, Tourn. Monkshood. Sepals 5, colored and petal-like, very irregular ; the upper one arched into a hood or helmet. Petals 2 to 5 ; the upper 2 with long claws and irregular spur-like blades concealed within the hood ; the lower 3 either very minute or obsolete. Pistils 3 to 5. Fruit of 3 to 5 dehiscent, many-seeded follicles. — Herbs with palmately- lobed leaves. Species 18, mostly belonging to the mountains of the Northern Hemisphere. Some (all ?) of them are poisonous. 1. A. Fischeri, Reichenb. Leaves palmately 3 -5-cleft; the divisions broadly cuneated and laciniately toothed or cut into acute lobes : flowers in a loose terminal raceme, often somewhat panicled : follicles usually 3. — 111. Sp. Aconiti Gen. fol. i. 22. A. nasutum, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. I., 26. A. Columhianum, Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 34. Moist places in the Coast Ranges north of Clear Lake, the Sierra Nevada at 4 to 8,000 feet ; also the Rocky Mountains, Alaska, Kamtsohatka, and Siberia. Stems smooth below and either smooth or xvith short pubescence above. Leave 3 to 5 inches in diameter. Spe^cimens from near the coast are identical with the Siberian plant, the stems 2 to 3 f et high, sometimes weak at the base, either smooth or sparingly pubescent above, the flowers blue or purple In the Sierra Nevada and eastward a larger form occurs, 3 to 6 feet high, more pubescent above, the sepals larger and pale blue or white, and the petals smaller. Rather rare. 11. ACT.ffiA, Linn. Baxkberry. Sepals 4 to 6, nearly equal, petal-like, faUing off early. Petals 4 to 10, small. Stamens numerous. Pistils single ; stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Seeds smooth, flattened, packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennial herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves. Root usually tuberous or thickened. Flowers in a terminal short raceme. Species perhaps 2, belonging to the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere. 1. A. spicata, Linn., var. arguta, Torr. Fruit either white or red, in a loose more elongated raceme. — A. arguta, Xutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 35. Shadv ravines of the Coast Ranges north of San Francisco. Rare in this State but^a widely spread species, extending north to Alaska east to New England and LJn^^^^ ? also to Japan ; Siberia, and Northern Europe. A smooth herb with graceful habit, 1 to 2 feet high, ihe stem Orossosoma. BERBERIDACE^. bears one or two leaves wliich are really ternately decompound, but very often each tornnnil division IS stalked and again ternate y divided, wliile the lateral ones are scLile a"id onh too ?' or lobed, thus making the last division pinnately 5-foliolate. LeaHets 1 to 2 inches lo . do 1 or unequally serrate. In our variety the raceme is short and capitate in flower becom'inL' 3 u. ^::^::^^mJ::^:^' '''''''- ^^""'^^' ''- ^-^-- -- -"-^ -^ « to in^sVng" 12. P^ONIA, Linn. Sepals 5, herbaceous, persistent, imbricated in the bud. Petals 5 to 10. Sta- mens numerous, inserted on a fleshy disk. Pistils 2 to 5. Fruit of 2 to 5 leathery several-seeded follicles. — Perennial herbs with ternately or pinnately compound leaves and showy flowers. Species 3 to 6, according to the different views of different authorities, all belonging to the ^;n^::^Z.ert'''^ '''''''''' ''-''''' ''''' '' '''-' varieties) are in common culVationVr 1. P. Brownii Dougl. Leaves thick, 1 - 2-ternately compound, the leaflets ter- nately and pinnately lobed : follicles 3 to 5. —Hook. PI. Bor -Am i 97 p rn/; fornica, Xutt. ; Torr. & Gray, PI. i. 41. 1 „^f ^ Bernardino to Vancouver and Western Utah, but rare east of the Sierra Nevada Stems 10 to 18 indies high smooth, striate, erect when growing but gradually bending over until matu- rity, when the follicles rest on the ground. Leaves glauSous beneath, either glaucous or"lab?ous above. Sepals green, sometimes quite unequal in size. Petals scarcely larger than the sepals, thick and leathery, dull, dark red. Follicles very leathery, smooth, erect, 1 to U inches Ion- Ihis plant endures a great range of station and climate, from wet to very dry soils" and from the liot plains of Southern California to near the confines of perpetual snow on the mountains. 13. CROSSOSOMA, Nutt. ^ Sepals 5, orbicular, imbricated in the bud, unequal, persistent, scariously mar- gined, united at base into a short turbinate tube. Petals 5, not clawed. Stamens numerous (12 to 30), inserted with the petals in 2 or 3 irregular series upon the somewhat thickened base of the calyx, persistent : anthers attached dorsally a little above the base, dehiscing longitudinally down the sides. Carpels 2 to 6, distinct, sessile upon a short stipe, coriaceous, folHcular, many-seeded. Seeds in 2 rows, with a large fringed arillus, globose-reniform, black and shining : embryo strongly curved in the thick fleshy albumen and nearly as long, the narrowly oblong cotyledons exceeding the radicle.— Smooth shrubs with alternate simple entire mucronulate leaves, and solitary flowers terminating the branchlets. A genus anomalous among the PMnuncidaccce on account of its perigraous stamens, arilled seeds, the characters of the embryo, &c It is referred doubtfully by Bentham and Hooker to the UiUcniaeece. 1 he following are the only known species. 1. C. Californicum, Xntt. A stout difi-use shrub, 4 feet hi-h, with Avhitish wood and gray bitter bark : leaves oblong, 1 to 3 inches long, attenuate to a very short petiole : flowers large, on long stout peduncles ; petals orbicular, 6 to 9 lines long : carpels oblong, 8 to 12 lines long, 20 - 25-seeded : seeds over a line in diame- ter, with a shming crustaceous testa, covered with the brown fringe of the arillus. — PI. Gamb. 150, t. 22 ; Torr. Pacif. E. Rep. iv. t. 1, fig. 1, only. Catalina Island {Gamhel, Wallace, D'lU) ; Guadalupe Island, growing in the crevices of high clitls, Palmer. Flowers in February, ripening its seeds in April ; stamens 25 to 30. 2. C. Bigelovii, Watson. Low and more slender : leaves glaucous, 3 to 6 lines long, somewhat fascicled : pedicels shorter : petals purple or white, spatulate-obloug, 6 lines long : stamens 15 to 25 : carpels 10- 12-seeded, h inch long. Pruc. Am.' Acad. xi. 122. C. Californicum, Torr. in Pacif. R. Pep. iv. 63, t. l^excl. lig. 1. Canons near the mouth of Bill Williams River {Bigeloic) ; east of San Bernardino, Parry. 14 BERBERIDACE^E. Berheris. Order II. BERBERIDACE-SI. Shrubs or herbs, mostly with compound or divided alternate leaA'es, and no stip- ules ; the flowers all perfect, with the parts distinct and hypogynous, remarkable for having the bracts, sepals, petals, and stamens (in ours six) before each other instead of alternating (an anomaly which comes from there being two whorls of each, three pieces in a whorl), and the 2-celled anthers opening by uplifted valves, hinged at the top. — Calyx and corolla imbricated in the bud, deciduous, both usually colored. Pistil one, simple, i. e. of a single carpel : style short or none. Seeds anatropous, with a small or minute embryo in copious firm-fleshy or horny albumen. — Achlt/s is a most exceptional genus, having no calyx nor corolla, and 9 or more stamens. A small order of a dozen genera (and half as many more of the LardizabuUce appended to it, not here taken into view), of which only Berberis is numerous in species, most of the others having only one or two species each, chiefly natives of temperate regions, and of the northern hemisphere, with a few in S. America. The juice is watery, but the inner bark and wood of tlie Barberry yellow. No active properties, except in Podoph!/Unm of the Atlantic States, the root of which yields podophyllin, a powerful cathartic. The fruits, when berries, are innocent and edible, but sometimes acid. * Flowers complete : stamens 6, mostly short. 1. Berberis. Flowers yellow, in clustered racemes. Fruit a few-seeded berry. Shrubs with rigid leaves, in ours odd-pinnate. 2. Vancouveria. Flowers whitish, in a raceme or panicle. Fruit a follicle. Herb, with ter- nately compound leaves all radical. * * Flowers naked : stamens 9 or more, slender. 3. Achlys. Flowers spicate on a scape, without bracts, sepals, or petals. Herb, with only radical 3-parted leaves. 1. BERBERIS, Linn. Sepals 6, petal-like, with 3 or 6 closely appressed bractlets in 1 or 2 rows. Petals 6, opposite the sepals, usually 2-glaudular at base. Stamens 6. Carpel 1 : stigma circular and peltate. Fruit a berry, with 1 to 3 erect seeds. — Smooth shrubs with yellow wood, pinnate or fascicled simple leaves, yellow flowers in clus- tered bracteate racemes, and oblong or globose acid berries. A genus of about 50 species, belonging to both continents, but largely S. American. In Berberis Tprojier, of which B. vulgaris, Linn., the common Barberry, is the type, tlie primary leaves are reduced to mere spines, in the axils of wdiich are fascicles of actual simple leaves with jointed petioles. All our species belong to the section Mahonia, Nutt., which has evergreen uneijually pinnate leaves, sessile spiuulosely dentate leaflets, and dark blue globose berries. * Leaflets pinnately veined. 1. B. repens, Lindl. A low somewhat procumbent shrub, less than a foot high : leaflets 3 to 7, ovate, acute, not acuminate, 1 to 2J inches long, not shiny above: racemes few, terminating the stems, 1 to U inches long. — Eot. Peg. t. 1176. B. Aquifoiium, Pursh, mainly, and of numerous authors. "Throughout the State," extending northward to British Columbia and eastward to Colorado and New Mexico. 2. B. Aquifoiium, Pursh. A shrub 2 to 6 feet high : leaflets usually 7, but often more, the lower pair distant from the stem, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1| to 4 inches long, acuminate, green and shining above, sinuately dentate with numer- ous spinose teeth : racemes 1| to 2 inches long, clustered chiefly in the subter- minal axils: fruit nearly globose. ^ — Lindl. Eot. Peg. t. 1425. -AcMys. BERBERIDACE^. -^^ Fmiuent ill Oregon and northward, where it is known as the "Oregon Grape," and renort.-l southward in tlie coast ranges even to Monterey. i>ursh's description and ficnire belou" inaiidv to ±>. rcpens. o o j 3. B. pinnata, Lag. Very much like the last species, but the leaves mcjre crowded and mure nearly sessile, the lower pair of leaflets being approximate to the base of the petiole ; leaflets usually 5 to 7 : racemes more frequently lateral upon the branches ; fruit oblong-ovoid, 4 lines long. — Gen. & Spec. 14. Mahonia fasci- cularis, DC. ; Deless. Icon. -Sel. 2. 2, t. 3. Hills about San Francisco Bay and southward to San Diego, thence east to New Mexico h ruit pleasant to the taste and known to the Mexicans as Lena amarilla. There has always been much confusion and is still some uncertainty respecting this species and its allies. Lagasca's original description (published in 1803) professedly included specimens both from Monterey and from Vancouver Island, while the plant cultivated in the gardens from his seed, and figured under this name, appears to have been wholly the Oregon form, which Pursh afterwards in.duded w-ith the low B. rcprns in his description and figure of B. Aquifolium. Humboldt and lioiudaiid afterward applied the name B. pinnata to a Mexican plant, figured by them, and DeCandolle at length included all, the Mexican, Californian, and Oregon together, under the name MahonUt fascicularis. The question of synonymy is most conveniently solved by retaining what has become the ordinary application of the names, B. fascicularis being limited to the Mexican spe- cies, which seems distinguishable from the Californian B. pinnata by its more numerous, more acuminate, and less shining leaflets. * * Leaflets palmately nerved. 4. B. nervosa, Pursh. Stems simple, but a few inches high ; petioles and peduncles springing from the apex, accompanied by dry glumaceous rigidly acu- minate bracts : leaves 1 to 2 feet long, of 11 to 17 ovate acuminate leaflets": racemes elongated ; pedicels short : fruit larger than in the preceding species, 3 to 4 lines in diameter. — Fl. 219, t. 5, excluding flowers. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3949. Mahonia glumacea, DC. Near the coast from Monterey to Vancouver Island. 2. VANCOUVERIA, Jlorren & Decaisne. Sepals 6, obovate, reflexed, caducous with the 6 to 9 oblong membranaceous bractlets. Petals 6, shorter than the sepals and opposite them, linear-spatulate, nectary -like, reflexed. Stamens 6. Carpel 1, the stigma slightly dilated, cup- shaped : ovules 10 or less, in 2 rows upon the ventral suture. Capsule dehiscing by a dorsal valve attached by the base and persistent, usually 2 - 6-seeded. Seed oblong, somewhat curved, with a broad attachment and prominent fleshy arillus : embryo minute. — A slender perennial herb, with radical 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, and white flowers in an open paniculate raceme upon a naked scape. A genus of a single species, scarcely separable from Epimcdium of the Old World. 1. V. hexandra, Morr, & Decaisne. More or less villous with brownish hairs, \ to 2 feet high : root creeping : leaves diffuse, long-petioled ; the leaflets 1 to 2 inches broad, petiolulate, subcordate, obtusely 3-lobed, the lobes emarginate ; the margin thickened and often undulate : scape exceeding the leaves : pedicels elon- gated, recurved : sepals 2. to 3 lines long : capsule half an inch long, gibbous-lanceo- late, with a slender beak : arillus 2-lobe(l, more than half covering the seed. — Ann, Sci. iS^at. 2 ser. ii. 351. Epimedium hexandrum. Hook. Fl. i. 31, t. 13. Shady woods near the coast from Santa Cruz to Vancouver Island. The chaructei-s of the fruit and seed are those of Epimcdium. 3. ACHLYS, DC. Sepals and petals none. Stamens 9, in 3 rows; filaments slender, the outer dilated at the summit ; anthers short. Carpel 1 : stigma sessile, dilated : ovule IQ NTMPH^ACE^. Achlys. solitary, erect. Fruit pulpy, becoming dry, indehiscent, reniform, the rounded dorsal portion subcartilaginous, the ventral side strongly concave, membranaceous, with a fleshy central ridge. Seed erect, straight : embryo very small. — A smooth perennial herb, with radical trifoholate leaves, the flowers crowded in a naked spike terminating the scape. A second species in Japan closely resembles the following. 1. A. triphylla, DC. Eoot creeping : leaf on petioles a foot long or more, soli- tary from a scaly base, the leaflets broadly cuneate, 3 to 5 inches long, palmately nerved, the outer margin irregularly and coarsely sinuate : scape solitary, equalling the leaf; spike 2 to 3 inches long ; flowers small, white, fragrant : fruit 2 Mnes long. — Syst. ii. 35. Hook. Fl. i. 30, t. 12. Shady woods near Mendocino {Bolandcr) and northward to Vancouver Island. Sometimes known as May-A;pi)le. Order III. NYMPH^ACE-aS. Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal trunk-like rootstocks or sometimes tubers, which have rather an endogenous than exogenous internal structure ; the leaves peltate or deeply cordate and involute from both margins in the bud ; solitary axillary perfect flowers on long peduncles ; ovules remarkable for being on the back or sides of the carpels (instead of the ventral edge) ; embryo small at base of fleshy albumen enclosed in a fleshy bag ! Stamens numerous. — Comprises almost half as many suborders as genera. The Water- Lilies, and their relatives, of few species and wide geographical dispersion, comprise 8 genera under three subqrders. The Water-Shield is the type of the first. Water- Lihes of the second, and the Ndumbium or Indian Lotus, the sole genus of the third (Nehcmboncce), which differs from the character of the rest in the great embryo without albumen, and the nut-like carpels separately immersed in hollows of a top-shaped receptacle. To this belongs the Nelumbo of Eastern America and the Indian Lotus or Sacred Bean of Asia. There are no true Water-Lilies (Nymphcea) in North America west of the Mississippi region, but one Nuphar reaches California ; where also the Water-Shield is a solitary representative of the first suborder, Cabombece. The two genera are briefly contrasted thus : 1. Brasenia. Pistils 4 to 18 in a cluster, pod-like, 1 - 2-seeded. Leaves on slender stems, entire, centrally peltate. 2. Nuphar. Pistil many-celled, many-seeded, free. Leaves all from the rootstock, deeply cordate. 1. BRASENIA, Schreber. Water-Shield. Sepals and petals nearly alike, narrowly oblong, dull purple, hypogynous, each 3 or sometimes 4, persistent. Stamens 12 to 18, hypogynous : filaments slender : anthers oblong-linear. Carpels 4 to 18, distinct, tipped with a linear and one-sided large stigma, ripening into a kind of indehiscent 1 - 2-seeded pods. — A single species. 1. B. peltata, Pursh. Leaves floating (2 to 4 inches long), elliptical and cen- trally peltate on the slender petioles, which are alternate on the filiform ascend- ing stems, bright green above, reddish-brown beneath : flower small, half an inch long. — Gray, Gen. 111. t. 39. In Clear Lake (Bolandcr) and Pit Eiver (Brewer) ; thence to Puget Sound. Known at few Pacific stations, while from Canada to Texas it abounds, extending to Cuba. It also occurs in Japan, Eastern India, Australia, and at one known station in tropical Western Africa ! The stems and stalks are coated with a clear jelly. The "tuberous" rootstocks are collected by the Californian Indians for food. Darlingtonia. SARRACEXIACEyE. 27 2. NUPHAR, Smith. Yellow Pond-Lily. Sepals 5 to 12, thick, roundish, persistent, free, colored (generally yellow) within, partly green outside. Petals and stamens short and numerous, hypogynous, dciLsely crowded around the ovary, at length recurving, persistent ; the former sometimes resembling sterile stamens, sometimes more dilated and conspicuous, but always small. Filament very short : anther truncate at apex, the two linear cells adnate, introrse. Ovary oblong or ovate, 8 - 20-celled, its truncate top occupied by the 8 - 20-radiate stigma, ripening (usually above water) into an ovoid or flask-shaped indehiscent fruit with a firm rind and a fleshy or pulpy interior ; the cells many- seeded. Xo arillus to the oval seeds. — Herbs of shallow waters (4 or 5 species of the northern temperate zone), sending up large and mostly rather leathery cordate leaves (either upright or floating) and stout 1-flowered peduncles from a long and thick trunk-like creeping rootstock in tlie mud beneath : flowering all summer. 1. N. polysepalum, Engelm. Larger than the Atlantic N. advena : leaves 6 to 12 inches long and three fourths as wide, rounded above, deeply cordate at base : sepals 8 to 12 : petals 12 to 18, dilated and unlike the stamens, yellow, often tinged with red : fruit globular, 2 inches long or less. — Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 282. iV. advena, J^e wherry in Pacif. E. Eep. vi. G7. Rare south of Mt. Shasta, more abundant thence to British Cohmibia and east to and beyond the Rocky IVfountains. Klamath Marsh is half covered with the floating leaves, and the large seeds form an important article of food among the Indians, who collect great (luantities for whiter use. "The seed tastes like that of Broom-Corn, and is apparently very nutritious." This species has the largest fruit and flowers of any of the genus, some of the flowers being 5 inches in diameter and borne on scapes 1 or 2 feet high. The leaves are floatiug if there be sufficient water, otherwise erect. Order IV. SARRACENIACE^. Bog-plants with pitcher-shaped or tubular and hooded leaves, and perfect polyan- drous hypogynous flowers, the persistent sepals, petals, and cells of the ovary each 5 (with one exception). Fruit a many-seeded capsule. Embryo small in fleshy albumen. — Eepresented in the Atlantic United States by several species of Sarra- cenia, in the mountains of Guiana by the little-known apetalous Ileliamphora, in California by the peculiar genus, 1. DARLINGTONIA, Torn Calyx without bracts, of 5 imbricated narrowly oblong sepals, persistent. Petals 5, ovate-oblong, erect, with a small ovate tip answering to the blade, and a larger oblong lower portion answering to the claw. Stamens 12 to 15 in a single row: filaments subulate: anthers oblong, of two unequal cells, turned edgewise by a twisting of the filament, so that the smaller cell faces the ovary. Ovary somewhat top-shaped, the broad summit being truncate or concave and abruptly dilated, higher than the stamens, 5-celled ; the cells opposite the petals : style short, 5- lobed ; the lobes short-linear or club-shaped, recurving : stigmas thickish, introrsely terminal. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds very numerous, obovate-clavate, thickly beset with soft slender projections. — A single species. 1. D. Californica, Torr. A perennial herb, of greenish yellow hue, with long and rather slender horizontal rootstocks clothed with the bases of older decayed Jg PAPAVERACE.E. Darlimjtonia. leaves ; these tubular, gradually enlarging upwards to a vaulted ventricose hood, which terminates in a 2-forked deliexed appendage under which is the contracted rounded orifice, the ventral edge w^inged : scape bearing several membranous scaly- bracts, the upper ones crowded near the nodding purplish flower. — Smithsonian Contrib. vi. 4, t. 1, & Bot. Wilkes Exped. 221. Mountain swamps and borders of brooks, at 1,000 to 6,000 feet, from Truckee Pass to the borders of Oregon ; first collected near Mount Shasta, by Jf^. D. Brackenridge of the Wilkes Exploring Expedition party, with foliage and vestiges of fruit, and next in blossom by Dr. G. JF. Hulsc. The "pitchers" are 18 to 34 inches high, and an inch or less in diameter, except near the top, tapering downward, and spirally twisted about half a revolution, the twist being most often to the left. Expanding near the summit it is vaulted into an inflated sac or hood 2 to 4 inches across, with a circular opening an inch or less in diameter on the under side. The dome of this hood is spotted with large thin translucent areola;, which are usually colored some- what orange or yellow. A wing 2 to 4 lines wide mns along the inner side of the pitcher, clasp- ing the rootstoc'k below and entering the orifice above. At the upper and outer edge of the orifice, a blade or appendage arises which is narrow at its base, but rajiidly widens and divides into two equal and divergent lobes. It is something like a fish-tail in shape, spreading 3 or 4 inches, pointing downward, and beset with short and sharp stiff hairs, all pointing toward the orifice, the lobes twisted outward about half a revolution. The green of this blade is variously blotched with red and yellow. The interior of the pitcher is polished above, but the lower part is beset with stiff sharp slender transparent hairs pointing downwards at a sharp angle. Within and about the orifice and on the colored "fish-tail" there is a sweet secretion very attractive to insects. A line of this honey has sometimes been found to extend along the wing from the orifice down to the ground. The base of the pitcher contains a clear secreted liquid. This whole con- trivance constitutes one of the most curious natural fly-traps known. An insect roaming over the outside soon finds the wing like a fence to guide him 'to the orifice, and a line of honey enticing him that way. The blade at the opposite side is mottled and gayly colored to catch the eye and fancy of the flying insect. The lobes are so twisted that he may alight on the outside and by travelling along the blade find himself within. It is a broad and open road at first, curving and narrowing as the two lobes converge, and leading directly into the orifice. Moreover, the sharp bristles in the path all pointing one way make that the natural direction to travel, and the honey sweetens the path where the dangerous opening yawns above the narrowed way. The "honey pastures " just within the orifice now tempt him, and are next visited. When satiated and lie would leave, the translucent areola; above, like numerous lighted windows in the roof, entice him away from the darker door in the floor by which he entered. Tlie captive sees no way of escape, and from the shape of the pitcher and the needle-like hairs pointing ever downwards, his destruction is sure. By this elaborate contrivance he was first attracteil to the plant, then enticed within, then imprisoned and ultimately consigned to the lake in the bottom of the pit. From the experiments of Dr. Hooker, and from some interesting homologies, it is not difficult to believe that this liquid digests the insect for the nourishment of the plant. The fragmentary remains of dead insects in great variety are always found in the mature healthy leaves, often filling the tube to the height of several inches and tainting the air with their decay. From the observations of the entomologist Edwards, it seems that more species of flies are caught than of other insects. But bees, hornets, butterflies, dragon-flies, beetles, gi-asshoppers, &c., and even snails are entrapped. For fuller details of the behavior of this "insectivorous plant," see Proc. Am. Assoc. 1874, B, 64, and Proc. Calif. Acad. 1875. The secretion upon the edge of the wing was detected by Mrs. n. M. Austin, of Butterfly Valley. The plant is gregarious, and the hoods and blades are strikingly conspicuous when seen in the briglit sunshine of their places-of growth, strongly suggesting the unromantic name Calf's Head, by which the local mountaineers know it. Order V. PAPAVERACE^. Herbaceous plants, in one instance shrubby, usually with milky or orange-yellow juice, of narcotic or also acrid properties ; the flowers perfect, with sepals, petals, and stamens hypogynous and not in fives ; the former 2 or 3 and caducous (falling when the corolla opens) ; the petals twice as many, in two sets, and early decidu- ous ; the stamens indefinite ; the pistil with a 1 -celled ovary with parietal placentae, in fruit capsular ; the seeds numerous or several, anatropous, with a minute embryo in copious albumen. — Leaves mostly alternate, destitute of stipules. Peduncles Platystemon. PAPAVERACEJE. in usually l-flowered and the flower-bud drooping before expansion. Petals imbricated and commonly crumpled in the bud. Valves of the capsule in most cases separat- ing from the slender placentae, which remain as a kind of frame. — Dendromeconia the sole shrubby plant of the order. Platystemon is exceptional in having the sev- eral carpels all distinct, or at least early separating, and forming as many torulose pods, and the upper leaves are disposed to be opposite or in whorls. Eschsr.holtzia has the two sepals united into a calyptra which falls oflT Avhole, and the juice is color- less ; it is nearly so in Bomneya, in which the capsule is several-celled, more truly than in a poppy, by the placenta3 reaching the centre. And Ardomecon has per- sistent petals ! An order of 17 genera and about 50 species, mostly inhabitants of the temperate and wann parts of the northern heniispliere. Many have showy flowers, and are cultivated for ornament. Opium is derived from the milky juice of the poppy (mostly F. sunuiifcriun, Linn.), and several other species have reputed medicinal value. Papaver somniferum, Linn., extensively cultivated for opium, and familiar in gardens as an ornamental annual, is not unlikely to occur spontaneously in some places. P. Rhceas, Linn., the Corn Poppy of Europe, might also have been expected in grain-fields, but it has not been reported. The genus is known by the radiate sessile crown of stigmas, forming a cap over the summit of the ovary and capsule, the latter opening only by pores under the margin of the crown. * Herbs : sepals 2 or 3 and distinct. -{- Annuals, with entire leaves, the uppermost opposite or whorled. 1. Platystemon, Filaments very broad. Carpels few to many, in a circle, distinct or soon becoming so, forming as many slender torulose pods, tipped with the linear stigmas. 2. Platystigma. Filaments slightly dilated or filiform. Ovary with 3 placentae, tipped with 3 broad and flat or linear stigmas, becoming a 3-valved capsule. -i- +- Perennials, with lobed or toothed leaves, all alternate. 3. Romneya. Sepals 3, winged. Stigmas several, oblong. Capsule bristly, several-celled, several-valved from the top. Leaves divided. 4. Arctomecon. Sepals mostly 2 : petals 4, persistent. Stigma thiekish, 4 - 6-lobed. Cap- sule smooth, 1-celled, 4-6-valved at the top. Leaves few-toothed. -i- -1- -f- Annuals, with lobed or divided leaves. {Papaver would belong here.) 5. Argemone. Stigma 3- 4-lobed, almost sessile. Capsule bristly or prickly. Leaves simple, priekly-toothed. 6. Meconopsis. Stigma 4 - 8-lobed on a club-shaped style. Capsule unarmed and smooth. Leaves pinnately divided, unarmed. * * Shrub with entire leaves or nearly so. 7. Deudromecon. Stigmas 2, short and erect on a short style. Capsule linear, grooved, 2-valved. * * ♦ Annual herbs : sepals completely united into a narrow pointed cap (calj'ptra), which falls off entire from a dilated top-shaped receptacle. 8. Eschscholtzia. Stigma-lobes 4 to 6, subulate, unequal : style very short : capsule linear, grooved, 2-valved. 1. PLATYSTEMON, Benth. Sepals 3. Petals 6. Stamens many, with flattened filaments and linear anthers. Carpels 6 to 25, at first united : stigmas linear, free. Fruit of as many distinct linear indehiscent torulose pods, 3 - S-seeded, finally breaking transversely between the seeds. — A low villous pale-green annual, with entire linear opposite leaves (the lower alternate), and long-peduncled yellow flowers. 1. P. Californicus, Benth. Slender, branching, 6 to 12 inches high, villous with spreading hairs : leaves 2 to 4 inches long, sessile or clasping, broadly linear, obtuse : peduncles 3 to 8 lines long, erect : the sepals villous ; petals pale yellow shading to orange in the centre, 3 to 6 lines long: carpels 6 to 25, aggregated 20 PAP AVERAGES. Platy stigma. into an oblong head, smooth or somewhat hairy, 5 to 10 lines long, beaked with the linear persistent stigmas, the 1-seeded divisions a line long : seeds smooth. — Trans. Hort. Soc. 2 ser. i. 405. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3579 & 3750. Very common in early spring on the lower hills and in the valleys from Mendocino County to S. California, and also eastward through Arizona to S. Utah. Sometimes called Cream-Cups. 2. PLATYSTIGMA, Benth. Sepals 3 (rarely 2). Petals 4 to 6. Stamens few to many, with narrow filaments and oblong or Hnear-oblong anthers. Ovary 3-angled, oblong or linear: stigmas 3, distinct, ovate to linear. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, dehiscent to the base, many- seeded. Seeds small, smooth and shining. — Low slender annuals, resembling Platystemon in habit, with pale-green entire opposite or verticillate leaves, and long-peduncled pale-yellow flowers. Only the following species. * Capsule ovoid-oblong: stamens many ; anthers linear-ohlong ; filaments dilated: stigmas broad : villous, short-stemmed. — Platystigma proper. 1. P. lineare, Benth. Somewhat villous with spreading hairs, 6 to 12 inches high, the stem usually very short and leafy : leaves linear, 1 to 3 inches long : j)eduncles erect : flowers an inch or less in diameter : capsule half an inch long. — Trans. Hort. Soc. 2 ser. i. 407. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3575. Valleys and low hUls from Salinas Valley to Oregon ; common in early spring. * >:= C'ajyside linear: stamens feiv; anthers oblong; filaments filiform: stigmas narrow : glabrous, long-stemmed. — Meconella. [Meconella, Xutt.) 2. P. Californicum, Benth. & Hook. Yery slender, with long-jointed dichoto- mous stems : leaves ovate-spatulate to oblanceolate or the upper ones linear, ^^ to 1 inch long, acute : flowers 3 to 12 lines broad : stamens 10 to 12 : capsule narrowly linear, 9 "to 15 lines long. — Gen. PL i. 51. Meconella Calif or nica, Torr. in Frem. Eep. 312. Central California, San Mateo to Sonoma counties, and eastward to the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. P. OreOxANUM, Benth. & Hook., a smaller ])lant with smaller flowers, 4 to 6 stamens, and shorter capsules, inhabiting Oregon and Washington Territory, may be looked for in Northern California. 3. ROMNEYA, Harvey. Sepals 3, with a broad membranaceous dorsal wing. Petals G. Stamens very numerous, with filiform filaments thickened above, and oblong anthers. Ovary oblong, densely setose, more or less completely several-celled by the intrusion of the many-ovuled placentas: stigmas free, oblong, fleshy. Capsule completely 7- 11- celled, dehiscing to the middle, the valves separating by their margins from the firm persistent placentas. Seeds numerous, finely tuberculate. — A smooth stout peren- nial, with colorless bitter juice, pinnately cut or divided alternate leaves, and very large white flowers. 1. R. Coulteri, Harv. Leaves glaucous, thickish, petioled, 3 to 5 inches long, the lower ones pinnatifid, the upper ones pinnately cut or toothed ; the petioles and margins often sparingly ciliate with rigid spinose bristles : flowers Avhite, sometimes nearly 6 inches in diameter ; petals broadly obovate : filaments half an inch long, purple at base : capsule oblong, 1 to H inches long, obscurely many-angled, hispid with appressed bristles and crowned with the persistent stigmas : seeds black, a line or less long. — Loud. Jour. Bot. iv. 74, t. 3. Meconopsis. PAP AVERAGES. 21 Borders of streams near San Diego. The plant is probably several feet high, the stems erect, branching and flexuous, but whether entirely herbaceous or half woody at the base has not been definitely stated. 4. ARCTOMECON, Torrey. Sepals mostly 2. Petals 4, persistent. Stamens numerous, with filaments slightly thickened upward, and linear anthers. Ovary smooth, 4 - 6-carpelled, with nerve-like placentas, rather few-ovuled : style very short : stigmas 4 to 6, short and thick. Capsule obovoid, 1-celled, 4 - 6-angled, dehiscent above, the 4 to 6 valves separating from the firm persistent placental ribs. Seeds few, shining, very finely lined longitudinally. — A low somewhat hairy biennial or perennial ; with alternate leaves, few-toothed at the apex, and rather large white flowers. 1. A. Californicum, Torr. Erect and somewhat cespitose, the stems 4 to 12 inches high, more or less villous below with long bristly hairs, nearly glabrous above : leaves long-cuneate or oblanceolate, 1 to 2 inches long, 3 - several-toothed (sometimes lobed) at the apex, or the upper entire, crowded at base ; the teeth bristle-tipped : petals oblong-oval to orbicular, 6 to 10 lines long : capsule 3 to 5 lines long : seeds nearly straight, li lines long, — Frem. Eep. 312, t. 2. Parry, Am. I^aturalist, ix. 139. Discovered by Fremont on the banks of a creek in sterile soil near the southeastern border of the State, but probably in Nevada. It has since been collected only by Farry in S. Utah. 5. ARGEMONE, Linn. Sepals 2 or 3, spinosely beaked. Petals 4 to 6. Stamens numerous, Avitli fili- form filaments and linear anthers. Ovary oblong, with 3 to 6 nerve-like placentas : stigmas nearly sessile, dilated, radiating. Capsule oblong or ovoid, prickly, 1-celled, opening at the top, the 3 to 6 valves separating from the firm parietal ribs. Seeds many, ovoid-globose, pitted, slightly crested on the rhaphe. Stout glaucescent annuals ; with sinuately pinnatifid prickly-toothed leaves, large white or yellow short-pedicelled flowers, and yellow juice. A genus of about half a dozen species, all natives of the warmer parts of America. 1. A. hispida, Gray. Erect, 1 to 2|- feet high, hispid throughout or armed with rigid bristles or prickles :. leaves 3 to 6 inches long, the lower attenuate to a winged petiole, the upper sessile or auriculate-clasping : flowers white, 2 to 4 inches in diameter: capsule oblong, 1-|- inches long, very prickly: seeds a line in diameter. — PL Fendl. 5. A. miuiita, Durand & Hilgard, Pacif. Pt. Eep. v. 5, t. 1. A. Mexicana, var. hisjnda, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. 31. Dry hillsides and valleys through Central California, and eastward to Colorado and New Mex- ico. In Southern California it is known as Chicalote. The foliage is pale but not spotted. A. Mexicana, Linn., is very similar but is smoother, the leaves arc blotched with wliite, and the flowers are usually yellow. It is native from Texas and Northern Mexico to ( 'cntial Ainerica, but as a weed has spread to almost all warm countries and may have reached Southern California. 6. MECONOPSIS, Viguier. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with filiform filaments and oblong anthers. Ovary 1-celled ; placentas 4 to 8, nerve-like or somewhat intruded : style distinct : stigma 4 - 8-lobed. Capsule oblong to ovoid, dehiscing by sliort rounded valves which separate from the stout parietal ribs. Seeds numerous, small, obscurely pitted. — Herbs with yellow juice, dissected leaves, and long-pedicelled flowers. A genus of 8 species, 6 of which belong to the Himalaya region, and 1 to Western Europe. 22 PAPAVERACE^. ' Meconopsis. 1. M. heterophylla, Benth. Annual, smooth, slender, 1 to 2 feet high : lower leaves long-petioled, pinnately divided, the segments oval to linear and 2 to 12 lines long ; upper leaves sessile, the segments usually narrow : flowers scarlet to orange, the petals 2 to 12 lines long ; peduncles elongated : capsules smooth, ohovate-oblong or top-shaped, truncate, narrowed below, 6 to 8 lines long, strongly ribbed ; the persistent style a line long. — Trans. Hort. Soc. 2 ser. : i. 408. Hook. Ic. PI. t. 272. M. crassifolia, Benth. 1. c. A very variable species, in dry soils from San Diego to Clear Lake, flowering in early summer. 7. DENDROMECON, Benth. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with short filiform filaments and linear anthers. Ovary linear, with 2 nerve-like placentas : style short : stigmas 2, short and erect. Capsule linear, nerved, 1-celled, dehiscent the whole length by 2 valves separating from the placental ribs, many-seeded. Seeds oblong or globose, finely pitted, carunculate. — A smooth branching shrub ; with alternate vertical entire thick and rigid leaves, and showy yellow flowers. The only truly woody plant belong- ing to the order. 1. D. rigidum, Benth. A shrub 2 to 8 feet high, with many slender branches and whitish bark : leaves ovate to linear-lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, very acute or mucronate, sessile or nearly so, twisted upon the base so as to become vertical, reticulately veined, the margin rough or denticulate : flowers bright yellow, 1 to 3 inches in diameter, on pedicels 1 to 4 inches long : capsules curved, attenuate above into the short stout style, 1| to 2| inches long: seeds large, IJ lines long. — Trans. Hort. Soc. 2 ser. i. 407. Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 3. D. Harfordii, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad, v, 102. Dry rocky hills of the Coast Ranges from San Diego to Clear Lake, most abundant south of Point Conception ; Santa Kosa Island, Harford. Very variable in its foliage and m the size of the flowers, but all the forms seem referable to a single species. 8. ESCHSCHOLTZIA, Cham. Sepals coherent into a narrow pointed hood, deciduous from within a dilated top- shaped torus. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with short filaments and linear anthers. Ovary linear, with 2 nerve-like placentas : style very short : stigmas divided into 4 to 6 linear unequal divergent lobes. Capsules elongated, strongly lO-nerved, 1-celled, dehiscent the whole length by 2 valves separating from the placental ribs, many-seeded. Seeds globose, reticulate or rough-tuberculate. — Smooth glaucous slender annuals ; with colorless bitter juice, finely dissected alter- nate petioled leaves, and bright orange or yellow flowers. The very variable Californian plant, first collected by Chamisso, and published by him in 1820, has since been described under niunerous names, and has usually been considered as afford- ing basis for 4 or 5 or more distinct species ; but the difi"erences in habit, foliage, and flowers seem to be of too little moment or too inconstant for a recognition of more than varieties among tlie various fomis. There are indications, however, that the seeds may afford characters upon which some of the following varieties may be re-established as species. Mature fruiting speci- mens are at present too rare in our collections to permit a positive determination of the tjuestion. 1. E. Californica, Cham. Usually 1 to 1| feet high and rather stout, branch- ing : flowers large, 2 to 4 inches in diameter, usually brilliant orange in the centre ; torus dilated and often broadly rimmed : capsule 2| inches long, curved : seeds two thirds of a line in diameter, reticulated ; rhaphe obscure. — Hor. Pliys. Berol. 73, t. 15. E. crocea, Benth. Dicentra. FUMAPJACE^. 93 Var. Douglasii, Gray. Eather more slender and the leaves more finely dividend ; flowers smaller, 1 to 2 inches in diameter, more yellow ; torus with a narrower limb or simply turbinate: seed tuberculate ; rhaphe well marked. — E. Doiifjlasii, Benth. PI. ITartw. 296. Var. hypecoides, Gray. Still more slender, 4 to 12 inches high, the stems leafy: flowers i to 1 inch in diameter, with cylindrical torus: capisulc 1^ inches long. — E. hi/pecoides, Benth. Trans. Hort. Soc. 2 ser. i. 408. Var. csespitosa, Brewer. Stems very short : leaves mostly subradical, shorter than the scapedike peduncles ; the lobes narrowly linear, acute : flowers ^ to an inch broad: torus cylindrical: capsule 1 J- to 2 inches long: seeds more densely tuberculate. — E. ccespitosa and temdfolia, Bentli. 1. c. Sunny exposures, particiilarly valleys and low hills, throughout the State and to Wasliington Territory, often in great abundance. The typical form seems confined to California. Some of the latter reduced forms are found eastward through Arizona to New Mexico and S. Utali, but rarely. This is the most conspicuous flower of the State, flora, and sometimes large areas are made pain- fully brilliant by its intense glow in the bright sunshine. The color varies from deep orange to light sulphur-yellow, or even pure white. The larger-flowered varieties are common in culti- vation under various names. 2. E. minutiflora, Watson. Slender, branching, a foot high : flowers 3 lines in diameter or less : torus without border : capsule IJ inches long, very narrow : seeds smaller (hardly half a line in diameter), nearly smooth. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 122. E. Calif oruica, var. temdfolia. Gray in Bot. Ives Colorado Exp. 5, in part. E. Calif ornica, vav. hypecoides, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 14. Peculiar to the interior basin, ranging from Northwestern Nevada ( Watson) to Sitgreaves Pass in Western Arizona {Neicberrij) and Southern Utah, Parry. Order VI. PUMARIACE^. Tender herbs, with watery and bland juice, dissected compound leaves, and per- fect irregular hypogynous flowers with the parts in twos, except the diadelphous stamens, which are 6 ; the ovary and capsule one-celled with two parietal placenta?. Seeds, &c., as in Papaveracece, to which, being a small group of about 6 genera, it has been united. Like that order, the petals are double the number of the sepals, viz. four in two series. The main characters are given under the genera. 1. Dicentra. Corolla flattened, heart-shaped or 2-spurred at the base. 2. Corydalis. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. 1. DICENTRA, Borkh. Sepals 2, small and scale-like, sometimes caducous. Corolla flattened and cordate, at least at base, of 2 pairs of petals ; the outer pair larger, saccate or spurred at base, the tips spreading ; the inner much narrower, spoon-shaped, mostly carinate or crested on the back ; the small hollowed tips lightly united at the apex, the two forming a cavity which contains the anthers and stigma. Stamens 6, in two sets, viz. tliree before each of the outer petals and slightly adhering to their base, their elongated filaments more or less united : the middle anther 2-celled ; the lateral ones l-celled. Style slender, persistent : stigma 2-lobed, each lobe sometimes 2-crested or horned. Capsule narrow, l-celled, with 2 filiform parietal placenta% from which the valves at maturity separate. Seeds several or numerous, somewhat reniform, with or without a crest. — Perennials, sometimes with tuberifemus or granuliferous subterranean base or shoots ; with ternately or pinnately compound 24 FUMARIACE^. • Dicenira. or decompoimd leaves, wholly glalDrous, and racemose or paniculate flowers ; the corolla often withering-persistent. A genus of about a dozen species, divided between North America and Eastern Asia with the Himalayas ; one large and showy species from Northern China, D. spcdahilis, now common in gardens. § 1. Flou'ers on a scape : filaments liglitly united: seeds shining, with a loose carun- cle or crest at the hihnn. 1. D. formosa, DC. Leaves and scapes from the apex of thickish and almost naked creeping rootstocks, a span to a foot or two in height ; the former twice or thrice ternately componnd ; the ultimate divisions narrow and incisely pinnatifid : flowers compound-racemose at the summit of the naked scape : corolla rose-colored, ovate-cordate, with short spreading tips to the larger petals. — Fumaria formosa, Andr. Bot. Eep. vi. t. 393. In the Sierra Nevada at 3,000 to 9,000 feet, and through Oregon to Fraser River. A graceful plant ; the scapes rather later than the leaves. Base of the corolla sometimes deeply, sometimes slightly cordate. Nearly related to D. eximia of the Alleghanies. 2. D. uniflora, Kellogg. Leaves and scape from a fasciculate fleshy root sur- mounted by a bulbdike cluster of fleshy grains, 3 to 5 inches high : the blade of the former ternately or somewhat pinnately divided, broadly or narrowly ovate in outline, glaucous ; the 3 to 7 divisions pinnatifid into a few linear-oblong or spatu- late lobes : scape 2 - 3-bracted, 1 -flowered : corolla flesh-colored, narrowly oblong- cordate ; the two outer petals tapering above, at length recurved-spreading. — Proc. Calif. Acad. iv. 141 ; Porter in Hayden Eep. 1872, 760. Sierra Nevada in the alpine region, near Cisco and northward, Kdlogcj, Lcmmon. Also in the Wahsatch Mountains above Ogden and northward, C'hadbourne, Coulter, &c. D. CucuiXARiA, DC, of Eastern North America, occurs in the woods of Oregon, and may extend to the borders of California. It is distinguished by its simple or nearly simple raceme of cream-colored flowers, with the sacs of the outer petals extended into divergent spurs. § 2. Floivers lo7ig and narroiv, compound-racemose or panicled on a leafy stem : Maments diadelj)hous nearly to the top : seeds dull, a'estle^s. — Chrysocapnos, Torr. 3. D. chrysantha, Hook. & Arn. Pale and glaucous, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves twice pinnate, the larger a foot long or more ; the divisions cleft into a few narrow lobes: racemose panicle terminal, a foot or two long: sepals caducous: corolla linear-oblong or clavate, bright golden-yellowT, over half an inch long, the base slightly cordate : capsule oblong-ovate or narroAver. — Bot. Beechey, 320. t. 73 ; Torr. i3ot. Mex. Bound, 32. Capnorchis chrysantha, Planchon, Fl. Serr. viii. 193, t. 820. On arid hills, &c., from Lake Co. to San Diego. Plant of stiff and rather coarse habit, but the flowers brilliant. 2. CORYDALIS, Vent. Corolla one-spurred at the base on the upper side, deciduous. Otherwise mainly as in Di centra. A rather large genus, of wide geogi'aphical distribution, most abundant in the Old World, only a single and a rare species known in California. Two others are not uiilikely to occur on the north- ern border, viz. C. AUREA, AVilld., var. occidextalis (otherwise called G. monta/na), Engelm., a low biennial species with golden yellow blossoms. C. ScouLERi, Hook. Fl. t. 14. of the woods of Oregon, a thick-rooted perennial, with one or two large .3 or 4 times pinnate leaves on the stem, and loose spreading racemes of long-spurred rose-colored flowers, — to which the following is somewhat related. 1. C. Caseana, Gray. Perennial, pale'and slightly glaucous, branching, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves twice or thrice pinnate ; leaflets obovate or oblong, nearly CRUCIFER.E. 25 (about half an incli in length), some of them more or less confluent : racemes erect densely many-flowered, 3 to 5 inches long : corolla white or cream-color wSTbl S tips; the straight spur half an inch long, horizontal or ascending, very obtuse exceeding he res of the flower: capsule oval or oblong, turgid; ipped witha slender style : seeds shining, crestless. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 69. Moist and shady ravines in the Sierra Nevada, near Truckee '{Bolander) : thence to Plumas Co., E. L. Case (for whom it is named), Lcmmon, &c. Also in S. Colorado, ^Braw^ce Order VII. CRUCIFER^. Herbs, with a pungent watery juice, cruciform corolla, tetradynamous stamens, a 2-celled pod (silicle) with 2 parietal placenta?, and an embryo hUing the seed, with cotyledons (accuiiibently or incumbeutly) applied against the radicle. — Flowers per- fect, hypogynous. Calyx of 4 sepals, deciduous. Petals 4, usually with narrowed base or claw, and the lamina spreading, so forming a cross, rarely wanting. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down on the receptacle and shorter than the other four. Ovary 2-celled by a partition whicli stretches across from the placenta;, rarely 1-celled by its abortion. Style undivided or none : stigma entire or 2-lobcd. Fruit the peculiar capsule or pod named a s^■%Me, or when short Si dlicle ; the 2 valves falling away from the placenta3 and partition, which persist, forming 'what is called a repliim, in a few genera indehiscent. Ovules few or numerous, sometimes solitary, campylotropous. Seeds with a smooth coat ; albumen none. Cotyledons either accumbent (i. e. applied edgewise to the radicle) or incumbent (i. e. with the radicle against the back of one of them), usually plane, sometimes (as in Mustard) folded or wrapped around the radicle. Flowers generally in racemes and the pedicels without any bract. Leaves alternate, without stipules : no glandular pubescence distS/rteS^S-^^^^^ aie staple articles of food. The order is so strictly natural that generic dlstinctbns are difficult!' I. Pod regularly dehiscent, 2-valved. * Pod strongly compressed parallel with the broad partition: cotvledons aconnihent. +- Pod short ; valves nerveless or faintly 1-nerved : flowers white or vellow. winSf'T^V ^°? ^"°'' '''^T^^^ 8 - 12-seeded; valves flat, nerveless. Seeds broa.lly 2 Alvs^ni vf glabrous annual, with 1-flowered scapes: flowers small, white. ^ '■ ^'^^^^^^t^r^^^:;,^'^^ -^- — ' ^^- Seeds wingless. '• ''''^J:'{T:t^ri.Z:r'^ few-many-seeded; valves flat or convex. Seeds ■i — H Pod elongated. ^* ^""^"^l^rrT^"'"'' replum thickened: seeds wingless: flowers white or rose-color, mostly large : leaves all petroled : stems usually from running rootstocks or small tubers. ,"*^?i^" ^°'^ ^^*^' elongated beak and very stout replum. Seed turgid. Stem few-leaved neai the summit : raceme short : glabrous. 5. Cardamine. Pod moderately beaked or pointed, less stout. Seed more flattened. Stems leaty, with elongated racemes. ++ ++ Valves 1-nerved ; replum thin : seeds flat, often winged or margined : flowci-s white to purple (yellow m one species of CheirantJms) : leaves entire or toothed, tlie cauline sessile : root perpendicular. 6. Arabis. Anthers short, scarcely emargiuate at base. Petnls with a flat blade and claw. Calyx short or narrow, rarely colored. Seetls in 1 or 2 rows. 26 CRUCIFER^E. 7 Streptanthus. Anthers elongated, sagittate at base. Petals often without a dilated blade, more or less twisted or undulate, the claw channelled. Calyx dilated and usually colored. Seeds in one row. 8. Cheiranthus. Petals with a broad flat limb and long claw. Calyx large, not colored. Seeds in one row, not margined. * * Pod terete or 4-angled, slightly or not at all compressed : seeds not margined ; cotyledons incumbent or more or less oblique. ■i- Pod long-linear (1 to 4 inches) ; valves 1 -nerved : seeds in 1 row, oblong, somewhat flattened; cotyledons mostly more or less oblique : anthers linear. Stout biennials or perennials. T+ Flowers white to purple : anthers sagittate. 9. Caulanthus. Petals with a broad claw, somewhat dilated above and undulate, little longer than the broad sepals, usually purple. Filaments included. Stigma nearly sessile, some- what '2-lobed. Pod sessile, 3 inches long or more. 10. Thelypodium. Petals with narrow claw and flat linear to rounded limb, much exceeding the narrow sepals, white or rose-color. Filaments often exserted. Style short ; stigma mostly entire. Pod shorter, sessile or short-stipitate. ++ ++ Flowers yellow. 11. Stanleya. Pod somewhat terete, long-stipitate. Stigma sessile, entire. Anthers not sagittate, spirally coiled. Leaves petioled, entire or pinnatifid. 12. Erysimum. Pod 4-angled, sessile. Stigma 2-lobed. Anthers sagittate, not coiled. Leaves narrow, entire or repandly toothed. +■ +■ Pod linear, mostly less than an inch long, more or less 4-angled ; valves 1 - 3-nerved : seeds globose to oblong, smaller and less flattened, in one row (except one species of Sisijmbriuin): anthers oblong to linear-oblong : flowers yellow (white in Hmcloicslaa) : at least the lower leaves pinnatifid. 13. Brassica. Pod nearly terete, with a long stout beak. Seed globose ; cotyledons infolding the radicle. Anthers long, sagittate. 14. Barbarea. Pod pointed, somewhat 4-angled. Seeds oblong ; cotyledons nearly accumbent. Anthers short, oblong. Leaves lyrately pinnatifid. A smooth marsh perennial. 15. Sisymbrium. Pod nearly terete, short-pointed or obtuse. Seeds small, oblong ; cotyle- dons incumbent. Anthers linear-oblong, sagittate. Mostly annual, often with finely dis- sected leaves. ^, _ ••,■■, 16. Smelowskia. Pod short, 4-angled, pointed at each end. Flowers white or pinkish. Alpine perennials with narrowly pinnatifid leaves ; otherwise as Sisi/mbrium. ^ ^ +. Pod oblong-cylindric to globose ; valves strongly convex, nerveless : seeds in 2 rows ; cotyledons accumbent. 17. Nasturtium. Pod oblong or short-linear. Flowers white or yellow. Smooth or somewhat 18. Vesicaria. Pod ovate to globose. Seed flattened. Flowers yellow. Densely stellate- canescent. * * * Pod more or less obcompressed, i. e. flattened contrary to the partition, which is narrower than the valves : seeds not winged. -i- Valves 1 -nerved or obtusely carinate, not winged : cells several-seeded : cotyledons incumbent : flowers white (or yellow in Tropidoc.arjmm). 19. Subularia. Pod ovoid, slightly obcompressed. A dwarf stemless aquatic, smooth, with tufted subulate leaves. 20. Tropidocarpum. Pod linear, often 1 -celled by the disappearance of the narrow partition. Slender hirsute annuals with pinnatifid leaves and axillary flowers. 21. Capsella. Pod obcordate or oblong, much compressed, many-seeded ; valves carinate. K early smooth annuals. -i- +- Valves acutely carinate or winged ; cells few- (1 - 5-) seeded : cotyledons accumbent and flowers white (or in LqncUnm cotyledons mostly incumbent and in one species the flowers yellow). 22. Lyrocarpa. Pod fiddle-shaped, flattened, somewhat acutely carinate ; cells 5-seeded. Pubescent annuals. 23. Thlaspi. Pod cuneate-oblong ; valves sharply carinate ; cells 2-4 seeded. A smooth alpine perennial ; leaves entire. 24. Lepidium. Pod orbicular or obovate, 2-winged at the summit ; cells 1 - 2-seeded. 4_ 4_ 4_ Valves inflated, nerveless : cells several-seeded : cotyledons accumbent : flowers yellow. Draha CRUCIFER.E. 27 25. Physaria. Pod didymous ; cells nearly globular. Stellate-canescent perennials, with entire leaves. n. Pod of 2 indehiscent cells, separating at maturity from the persistent axis. 26. Senebiera. Cells small, globose, rugose or tuberculate. Seed turgid ; cotyledons incum- bent. Flowers white, minute, in racemes opposite to the pinnatilid leaves. 27. Biscutella. Cells flat, nearly orbicular. Seeds flat. Flowers rather large. Stigma dilated or conical, nearly sessile. III. Pod indehiscent, 1-celled or transversely jointed. 28. Thysanocarpus. Pod small, iilano-convex, orbicular, winged or margined, 1-seeded. Slender annuals. , , , 29. Raphanus. Pod elongated, terete or necklace-fonn, attenuated above, several-seeded. Coarse introduced annuals or biennials. 1. PLATYSPERMXJM, Hook. Pod orbicular, flat, with flat nerveless valves and hyaline partition. Seeds few, orbicular, flat and broadly margined with a thin wing; cotyledons accumbent. Sepals equal, spreading. Petals obovate, scarcely clawed. — A low delicate annual ; with radical simple or pinnatifid leaves, and several slender 1-flowered scapes; flowers small, white. 1. P. scapigerum, Hook. Glabrous: leaves usually runcinately pinnatilid: scapes 2 to 3 inches high : flowers erect or nodding : pod 8 - 1 2-seeded. — Fl. i. G8, t. 18. On dry hillsides in the shade of lai-ger plants, in early spring ; of short duration. Sierra Co. (Lemmon) ; Steamboat Springs, Nevada ( Watson) ; and northward to the Columbia. 2. ALYSSUM, Tourn. Pod oval or orbicular, compressed ; valves convex and nerveless. Seeds I or 2 in each cell; cotyledons accumbent. Sepals equal. Petals white or yellow. Longer filaments often toothed. — Low herbs, stellate-canescent, mostly with simide leaves. A large genus of the Eastern Continent, a few of its species widely naturalized weeds or readily escaping from cultivation. L A. calycinum, Linn. Annual, branching from the root, the stems mostly simple, decumbent at base, | to 1 foot high : leaves entire, linear-spatulate, 6 to 12 lines long : flowers small, in slender racemes, the white or pale yellow petals but little exceeding the short sepals : pods orbicular, with a thin margin, slightly emar- ginate above, 1| lines in diameter, a little exceeding the persistent sepals, pubescent, 4-seeded, on spreading pedicels a line long : style half a line long, A native of Southern Europe, sparingly naturalized about the Bay of San Francisco. 2. A. maritimum, Linn. Perennial, somewhat canescent with appresscd silky hairs, tlio muuerous stems branching, a foot high or less, ascending or decumbent : leaves lanceolate-spatulate, entire : flowers 2 lines long, the broad white petals twice lonf^er than the deciduous sepals : pod orbicular, a line broad, nearly smooth, pointed with the slender style, 2-seeded : pedicels slender, 3 to 4 hues long, spread- ing horizontally. Often cultivated for its fragrant flowers under the name of Siccct Ahjssum. Native about the Mediterranean ; sparingly naturalized near Oakland. 3. DRABA, Linn. Pod oval to oblong or linear, flat ; valves nearly flat, nerveless or faintly 1 -nerved. Seeds few to many, in 2 rows in each cell, wingless ; cotyledons accumbent. Sepals 28 CRUCIFER^. Draha. equal. Filaments mostly flattened, without teeth. Anthers rounded or oval. — Low annual or perennial herbs ; Avith entire or toothed leaves and white or yeUow flowers, A large genus, of nearly a hundred or more species, mostly inhabitants of cool climates, and many alpine or arctic. The limits of many of the species are with difficulty defined, and author- ities difier much in their views respecting them. * Annual or biennial, ivith leafy stems : 2>etk % Leaflets fetv, larger : 2^erennials, iisually smooth. 3. C. paucisecta, Benth. Smooth or slightly pubescent : stems from small deep-seated tubers, rather stout, erect, 10 to 18 inches high, simple or branched Arabis. CRUCIFEII.E. above: lower leaves often simple, subcordate-orbicular, 1 to 2i inches broad 5-7 nerved, repand ; the uj)per deeply lobed or pinnately 5-foliulate, the leaflets o'vate to oblong more or less irregularly toothed or entire : petals 6 to 9 lines Ion" wliite or pinkish : pods 1 to li inches long, as many lines wide, pointed at each end an.l tippe.1 with a style 1 to 11 lines long: pedicels spreading, i to U inches lon-'.- 1 1 Hartw. 297 C. purpurea, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 6G7. Dentaria integrifolia Sc Cabformca, Nutt. in lorr. & Gray, Fl. i. 88. C. anrjulata, Torr. in Pacif. li Rep IV. 6o, &c. ^ ■ 1.1 the Coast Ranges from San Diego to Mendocino County. Specimens have also been received from the northern Sierra Nevada (Mrs. Avies, Lemvion, kc), which appear to belon- to this sne cies, though in the early state with all the habit of a Dentaria. The tubers, as usual have a jjuugent taste, and the leaves are often marked with purple. 4. C. Breweri, Watson. Glabrous or slightly pubescent at base : stems from a running rootstock, flexuous, decumbent at base, 6 to 18 inches high, usually simple : leaflets 1 or 2 pairs, rounded or oblong, the terminal much tlie hirgest, 1 to an inch or more long, entire or coarsely sinuate-tootlied or lobed, obtuse, often cor- date at base ; radical leaves mostly simple and cordate-reniform : petals 2 lines Ion", white : pods 8 to 15 lines long, obtuse or scarcely beaked with a short style, ascend- ing on pedicels 3 to 4 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 339. In the Sierra Nevada, from Sonora Pass northward (Brewer, Anderson) ; Oregon (Hall), and in the mountains eastward to Wyoming. C. ANGULATA, Hook., and C. cordifolia. Gray, both of this group, are found in Ore^^on and may reac'h the northern limits of the State. The first has tall slender simple stems ; le° ves all ternate, the leaflets cuneate-ovate or -oblong, with 3 or rarely 5 lobes or coarse teeth ; Howers few white, 3 to 4 lines long, on slender ascending pedicels ; pods short. The latter is stouter, with simple cordate-orbicular or -ovate leaves, the margin sinuate ; flowers white, 4 to 6 lines l.^u" ; pods an inch long, attenuate above, on rather short pedicels. This species ranges to Colorado and New Mexico. Both have running rootstocks. 6. ARABIS, Linn. Pod linear, flattened ; valves 1 -nerved, not strongly. Seeds in one or two rows, flattened and usually winged; cotyledons accumbent. Sepals short or narrow, rarely colored. Petals with a narrow claw and flat blade, white, rose-colored, or purple. Anthers short, ovate or oblong, scarcely emarginate at base. Stigma entire or somewhat 2-lobed.— Erect, with perpendicular roots, and undivided leaves, the cauline sessile and usually clasping and auricled at base. A large genus of perhaps 100 species, most abundant in Europe and Northern Asia There are 20 or more species in North America. =.^ Annual: pod reflexed, long-beaked : leaves narrowed at base. 1. A. longirostris, Watson. Glabrous, glaucous, slender, a foot high or more, branched: radical leaves ovate-spatulate, entire or sparingly toothed; the cauline linear-lanceolate, an inch long : racemes loose ; flowers small, few, light pink ; petals 11 hues long, narrow, a little exceeding the calyx : pods l.V to 2 inches lomr, pen- dent on short pedicels ; beak 3 lines long, narrow : seeds' in one row, narrowlv winged. — ■ Bot. King Exp. 1 7, t. 2. In alkaline soil in the valleys of N. W. Nevada, and on the islands in Salt Lake (Watson) ; b. Utah, Parry : doubtless in Northeastern California. * * Biennials : jwds straight, strictly erect, narrowly linear : flowers small, white or nearly so. 2. A. perfoliata, Lam. Glaucous : stem stout, usually simple, 2 to 4 feet high, mostly glabrous but often somewhat hirsute with spreading liairs toward the b:u,e : lower leaves spatulate, 2 to 4 inches long, sinuate-pinnatifld or tootlied, ciHate at 32 CRUCIFER^. Arahis. least on the petioles ; tlie cauline entire, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the sagittate base : petals 2 to 3 lines long, little exceeding the sepals : pods erect and usually appressed, 2 to 4 inches long, less than a line wide, nearly straight, on ped- icels 3 to 4 lines long; style short; stigma 2-lobed : seeds in two rows, narrowly winged or wingless. ■ — Turritis glabra, Linn., and T. maerocarjja, Isutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 78. Ill the mountains from San Diego to the British Bouudaiy and northwaixl, and east across the continent ; also in Europe and N. Asia. A. HIKSUTA, Scop., has not been certainly found in California, but is frequent in the Columbia Valley and northward, and also east to Colorado and the Atlantic. It is usually more slender and hirsute than the last, 1 to 2 feet high, the stems often clustered and Avith slender strict branches above ; leaves often rosulate at the base, 1 to 2 inches long, the cauline ovate to oblong or lanceolate ; pod shorter, 1 to 2 inches long, narrower, the wingless seeds strictly in one row. A. sPATHTJLATA, Nutt., is another nearly allied species, but little known, which may occur in the State, having been found in Oregon and W. Nevada (if No. 67 Watson be correctly referred to it). It appears to be a low slender plant, much like small foi-ms of A. Mrsuta, but with fewer leaves, those upon the stem scattered and entire ; pedicels spreading ; pods still narrower, less than an inch long, beaked with a narrow style. =A >:: V: Mostly 2><^'>'(nnials : ^jocZa- erect or ascending : floivers mostly larger, deeper colored. 3. A. Lyallii, AVatson. Bright green or glaucous and glabrous, or usually somewhat villous below with spreading hairs, especially on the margin of the peti- oles, rarely more or less canescent with stellate pubescence : stems slender from a branching perennial base, 2 to 15 inches high : radical leaves oblanceolate, on slender petioles, acute, entire ; cauline oblong-lanceolate, clasping and sagittate at base : petals light pink, about 3 lines long, twice longer than the sepals : style none : pods straight, narrowly linear, 1 to 3 inches long : seeds in 2 rows, narrowly winged. ■ — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 122. A. Drummo7idii, var. alpina, "Watson, Bot. King Exp. 18. In the high Sierra Nevada from Mono Pass to Washington Territory, and also eastward to Utah and W. Wyoming ; often aljiine and dwarf. A somewhat variable subalpine and alpine species, distinguished by its perennial root from A. Drammoadii, which seems not to occur west of the Eocky Mountains. A. CANESCENS, Nutt., of the mountains in E. Nevada and Wyoming, is like smaller forms of A. Lyallii, but is densely stellate-tomentose, the somewhat broader pods reliexed and often secuiid, and the seeds in one row and more broadly winged. 4. A. platysperma, Gray. Canescent with a short stellate pubescence : stems several ii-uni a perennial base, slender, 4 to 12 inches high : leaves entire, the lower oblanceolate or spatulate, an inch long ; the cauline oblong-lanceolate, sessile but not auricled at base, 4 to 10 lines long : petals rose-colored, 2 to 3 lines long : pods straight, erect, 1 to 2 inches long and 2 lints wide, acuminate, without style, loosely reticulated : seeds in one row, with a bruad thin wing. — Proc. Am. Acad, vi. 519 ; "Watson, Bot. King Exp. 16. Alpine or subalpine in the SieiTa Nevada from the Yosemite to Mt. Shasta ; in the East Hum- boldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson. 5. A. blepharophylla, Hook. & Arn. Smooth or slightly villous, the stems often tufted, 4 to 12 indies high: leaves strongly ciliate, entire or sparingly sinuate- toothed, the lower obovate or broadly spatulate, 1 to 2 inches long, the cauline oblong, sessile, obtuse or acutish : flowers large ; sepals generally colored ; petals bright purple, 6 to 9 lines long: pods 1 to 1|^ inches long and as many lines broad, beaked with the short stout style, loosely spreading : seeds in one row, a line in diameter, wingless or narrowly margined. — Bot. Beechey, 321 ; Bot. INIag. t. 6087. On low hills near the coast, from San Francisco to JMonterey. Blooming in early spring and " superb in cultivation." 6. A. repanda, "V\^atson. Biennial, pubescent especially below with loose branched hairs : stem rather stout and coarse, 2 feet high, and with the spreading Streptanthus. CRUCIFER^. oo branches somewhat flexuous : leaves oblanceolate, 3 to 4 inches long, obtuse coarsely sinuate-toothed, attenuate to a winged subclasping base, on the'' branches narrower and acutish : calyx pubescent, somewhat membranaceous, 1 to U lines long, the pinkish petals a little longer : pods 3 inches long, a line Avide, ascendiii", falcate, somewhat pubescent, tipped with a very short style : seeds in one row,' broadly winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 122. Yosemite Valley, Bolandcr, n. 4881. A well-marked species. * % % % Mostly x>erennials : j)ods imially curved, more or less reflexed, or arcuate doivmvard : style none : seeds in 1 or 2 rows. 7. A. Holbollii, Hornem. ]More or less stellate-pubescent, rarely hirsute, or even glabrous : stem erect, | to 2 feet high, simple or branching : lower leaves spatulate, entire or denticulafe ; cauline oblong-lanceolate, sagittate and clasping at base, I to 1 inch long or more : petals twice longer than the calyx, 3 to 4 lines long, white or rose-color or rarely purple, becoming reflexed : pods 1 to 4 inches long, I to 1 line wide, strongly reflexed : seeds wingless or narrowly margined. — n. Dan. xi, t. 1879, A. retrofracta, Grab. ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 18. ^Tuirltis patula, Grab. Sisijmhrium rejlexuvi, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 101, fig. 29. Frequent in the Sierra Nevada from the Yosemite Valley northward, and east to New Mexico and the Saskatchewan ; it ranges to the Arctic Circle and Greenland. Very variable, especially in its pubescence, which is usually densely stellate, rarely tomentose, sometimes extending to the calyx and even to the jjods. 8. A. arcuata, Gray. Canescently villous or tomentose with branching hairs, the pubescence of the inflorescence short, branched and entangled : stems rather stout, erect from a branching perennial base, 1 to 2 feet high or more : lower leaves numerous, oblanceolate, on slender petioles ; tlie cauline oblong- or linear-lanceolate, 1 to 2 inches long, auricled at base, acute ; all sparingly sinuate-toothed, sometimes entire : flowers erect ; petals purple or deep violet, 4 to 6 lines long, the sepals half as long and often colored : pods 3 to 4 inches long, scarcely a line wide, spreading and recurved: seeds narrowly winged or wingless. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 187° Watson, 1. c. Streptanthus arcuatus, Xutt. From Santa Barbara {Nuttall) and the mountains near Tejon {JFaUace) northward in the Sierra Nevada to tlie North Fork of the American River. What is probably the same is also found in Nortliwestern Nevada {Anderson, Watson), but more glabrous above and with the calvx and pods a little shorter. _ 9. A. Breweri, Watson. Cespitose, canescent with dense stellate pubescence, villous above with spreading straightish and nearly simple hairs: stems simple from a branching perennial base, 2 to 10 inches high : radical leaves spatulate, an inch long or less, shortly petioled, entire ; cauline ovate-oblong, sessile but not sagittate, acute, 6 to 9 lines long : petals deep rose-color, 1 to 4 lines long, twice longer than the purplish sepals : pods spreading or recurved, 1-| to 11 inches long, a line wide : seeds narrowly winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 123*! From Mt. Diablo {Brewer, Bolander) to Lake Co. {Greene) and Mendocino Co., Bolandcr. 7. STREPTANTHUS, Nutt. Pod linear, flat ; valves 1 -nerved. Seeds in one row, flattened, more or less Avinged ; cotyledons accumbent. Petals often without a dilated blade, more or less twisted or undulate, the claw channelled. Sepals broad and usually colored. Longer filaments sometimes connate. Anthers elongated, sagittate at base. Stigma simple. — Mostly annual or biennial ; leaves usually sagittate and clasping, toothed or entire or rarely pinnatifid. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 182. AVatson, Bot. King Exp. 19 & 429. A genus of a dozen or more species, confined to Western North America. 34. CRUCIFER^. Streptanthus. ¥< Glabrous or f/lmicons : stem-leaves broad and clasping hy a cordate or sagittate base : a broad torus at the base of the ovary. 1. S. cordatus, Xutt. Perennial : stems simple, 1 to 2 feet high, rather stout: leaves thick, usually repandly toothed toward the apex, the teeth often setosely tipped ; lower leaves spatulate-ovate or obovate, the petioles sparingly ciliate ; cau- line leaves cordate to oblong or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, with a broad round- auricled base : sepals broad, colored, 3 to 4 lines long, somewhat obtuse, the petals about half longer, greenish yellow to purple : pods broadly linear, 2 to 4 inches long, 2 lines broad or more, nearly straight, loosely spreading : seeds broadly winged. — Torr. & Gray, FL i. 77 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 19. Rare at high elevations in the Sierra Nevada, Ebbett's and Sonora Passes {Brewer) ; and east- ward in the mountains of Nevada and Arizona to Colorado. 2. S. tortuosus, Kellogg. Annual, 1 to 3 feet high, with slender virgate branches : lower leaves oblong, narrowed to a winged base, 2 to 3 inches long, repandly toothed; the upper rounded, | to li inches in diameter, clasping by a deep closed sinus, entire : llowers subsecund ; sepals broad, long-acuminate, yellow- ish or purplish, 3 to G lines long, the purplish petals a little longer : pods 2 to 6 inches long, a line wide, falcately recurved : seeds narrowly winged or often wing- less. —Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 152, fig. 46. Common in the Sierra Nevada at 4,000 to 11,000 feet altitude, in dry sunny places, from the Yosemite to Yuba Co. and Jit. Shasta. 3. S. Bre"weri, Gray. Annual, branched from near the base, 1 to 2 feet high : lowest leaves broadly oval or obovate, nearly sessile, dentate ; cauliue leaves ovate and clasping, the uppermost lanceolate and acuminate, entire or denticulate : flowers purple ; sepals acuminate, 2 to 3 lines long, somewhat pubescent or glabrous, the petals half longer : pods 1| to 2i inches long, less than a line wide, erect or as- cending, straight or somewhat incurved : seeds not margined. — Proc. Calif. Acad, iii. 101, & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 184. In the Mt. Diablo Eange, on dry summits of San Carlos Mountain and near the head of Arroyo del Puerto, Brewer. ;.. .v.. Qlabroris : stem-leaves very narrowly linear : sepals very unequal. 4. S. polygaloides, Gray. Annual : stems 1 to 2 feet high, virgate, with simple branches : stem-leaves 1 to 2 inches long, folded or involute and apparently filiform : sepals yellow, the outer rounded and subcordate, 3 lines in diameter, somewhat scarious, the inner oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, about equalling the purple petals : pods 1 to 1| inches long, half a line wide, reflexed and somewhat secund on very short pedicels, straight or nearly so, attenuate upward to the short style : seeds narrowly winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 519. A rare and remarkable species; lower leaves unknown. On dry barren magnesian soil near Jacksonville on the Tuolumne {Brewer), and on Mt. Bullion, Bolanckr. -k ■•:: ^ More or less hispid rvith simple hairs : flowers purple or red. 5. S. glandulosus, Hook. Annual, more or less hispid with spreading hairs, I to 2 feet high, branched : radical leaves spatulate, sinuately toothed ; stem-leaves narrow to oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 6 inches long, auricled at base, sparingly repand or laciniately denticulate, the teeth with somewhat thickened tips : petals bright purplish-red, 6 to 8 lines long, half longer than the acutish sepals : pods 2 to 3 inches long, a line wide, ascending or spreading, straight or somewhat curved : stigma sessile, dilated : seeds narrowly winged. — Ic. PI. t. 40 ; Bot. Beechey, 322. On dry hillsides from C'lear Lake to San Luis Obispo. 6. S. heterophyllus, Nutt. Glabrous above, branching, 3 to 5 feet high : leaves gash-pinnatifid, tlie stem-leaves sagittate : flowers pendulous ; sepals deep purple ; Cheirantlms. CRUCIFER.E. qc petals linear, purple or whitish : pods 3 to 5 inches long, very narrow, pendulous • pedicels 4 lines long : seeds half a line long, narrowly winged. — Torr. & Gray Fl' i. 77 & QQQ. ^' Annual or biennial, known only from Nuttall's description and the specimen in herb Hooker Bushy lulls near San Diego ; distinguished from other species of the genus by its pendent nods' A specimen collected by Bolander, probably in the same region, seems referable here though simple and but U feet high : sepals narrow, acute, deep purple, 3 lines long ; petals narrow pur- ple-veined, nearly twice as long ; style short, with dilated stigma. 7. S. hispidus, Gray. Annual, hirsute throughout, simple or branched, 2 to 5 inches high : leaves obovate-oblong or cuneate, coarsely toothed or incised above, the teeth obtuse ; stem-leaves sessile, scarcely at all clasping : raceme short, loosely flowered, the flowers spreading or at length recurved ; sepals somewhat membrana- ceous, purplish, acutish, 2 to 3 lines long, half as long as the bright purplish-red petals: pods hispid, 1| to 2 inches long, aline wide, straight, erect: style none: seeds winged. — Proc. CaHf. Acad. iii. 101 ; Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 186. On the dry summit of Mt. Diablo, Brewer, Bolander. * * * * Pilose with simple hairs : leaves not sagittate nor clasping : flowers yellow. 8. S. flavescens, Hook. Annual : stems simple, erect, a foot high : radical leaves linear-oblung, nearly 2 inches long, sinuate-pinnatind or -toothed, petioled, the cauline scarcely an inch long : flowers erect ; petals yellowish, hnear, nearly twice longer than the oblong acute sepals : pods erect, hirsute, beaked with the slender style. ^Ic. PI. t. 44; Hook. & Arn. Eot. Beechey, 322. Near Monterey, Douglas. Mature fj-uit unknown. S. REPANDXJS, Nutt. Hirsute, especially below : stems simple, about 2 feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, elongated, clasping, angularly toothed or repand above : petals white, linear, about equalling the linear sejials : pedicels shorter than the calyx. Santa Barbara. — Only known from Nuttall's imperfect description. It may be a species of Arabis. 8. CHEIRANTHUS, Linn. Pod elongated, compressed; valves l-iierv(id or somewliat carinate. Seeds in one row, flattened, not winged ; cotyledons accumbent or rarely oblique. Petals with elongated claw and flat limb. Calyx large, not colored, the outer sepals strongly gibbous. Stigma with two spreading lobes. — Perennial or biennial, more or less canescent with stellate or appressed 2-parted pubescence; leaves entire or nearly so ; flowers large, purple or yellow. A genus of perhaps a dozen species of the northern hemisphere, distinguished from Erysimum by the more flattened pods and accumbent cotyledons. Besides the arctic C. pycjmiietis only the two following species are found in America. 1. C. Menziesii, Benth. & Hook. Perennial with a thick long-persistent brandling rootstock : the stems simple, smooth, scape-like, G to 8 inches "high : rad- ical leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, densely covered with a short stellate pubescence, obtuse or acutish, attenuate into a winged petiole ; cau- line bract-like, half an inch long, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, clasping : calyx 2 lines long ; petals bright purple, 4 to 5 lines long : anthers short, oblong : pods spread- ing, broad, 1 to 2 inches long, not carinate, attenuate to the slender style : stigma scarcely lobed. — Gen. PI. i. 68 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 14. Hesperis Menziesii, Hook. ; Bot. Beechey, 322, t. 75. Phoenicaulis cheiratithoides, Nutt. 1. c. i. 89. In the mountains, from Ebbett's Pass in the Sierra Nevada (Brcivcr), to the Columbia River {JDourjlas), and in Northwestern Nevada, Watson. 2. C, asper, Cham. &,Schlecht. Eatlier sparingly pubescent with appressed 2-parted liairs : stem simple from an apparently biennial root, erect, leafy, 3 to 18 inches high : leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, the lower long-petioled, tlie cauline og CRUCIFER.E. Caulanthus. more or less attenuate to the base, 1 to 2 inclies long, entire or usually sinuate- toothed : sepals broad, 4 to 6 lines long, half the length of the bright yellow or oi'ange petals : anthers long, sagittate : pods 1^ to 2 inches long, 1|- lines Avide, somewhat carinate, spreading on rather stout pedicels : stigma 2-lobed : cotyledons accumbent or slightly oblique. — Linnosa, i. 14 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 32. C. capi- tatus, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. i. 38. Erysimum grandijiorum, Kutt. On the sea-shore from Monterey to Mendocino Co., usually stunted and the base of the stems crowded with the persistent petioles of old leaves. It seems also to extend to sandy hills a few miles from the coast, where it is taller and more slender, having much the habit of Erysimum asperum, with which immature specimens may be confounded. 9. CAULANTHUS, Watson. Pod terete, elongated, sessile upon the receptacle ; valves 1 -nerved. Seeds in one row, oblong, somewhat flattened, scarcely or not at all margined ; cotyledons more or less incumbent. Sepals large, nearly equally saccate at base. Petals but little longer, undulately crisped, the blade only a somewhat dilated rhomboidal extension of the broad claw. Anthers linear, sagittate at base, curved : filaments included. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed. • — Stout biennials ; with pinnatifid or toothed leaves, and purple or greenish- white flowers. — Bot. King Exp. 27. A genus peculiar to California and the interior basin. A fifth species, C. hastatus, Watson, L c, t. 23, is found hi the mountains of Utah. 1. C. procerus, Watson, 1. c. Glabrous or glaucous throughout : stems 4 to 7 feet high, stout, branching : lower leaves petioled, coarsely laciniate-pinnatifid, 4 to 12 inches long ; the upper lanceolate, sessile, acuminate : flowers greenish white, 4 to 5 lines long, on ascending pedicels half as long : pod terete, very slender, 3 to 5 inches long, less than a line broad, pointed, erect or somewhat spreading : stigma nearly entixe. — Streptanthus Jlavescens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 186, in part. S. procerus, Brewer, in same, vi. 519. Rich clay soils from Monte Diablo to Pacheco Pass ; locally known as "Wild Cabbage" and sometimes used as a poor potherb. 2. C. Coulteri, Watson, 1. c. Mostly hispid : stems rather slender, 1 to 2 feet high, simple or branched : leaves mostly dentate, sessile, the radical broadly spatu- late and sinuately toothed ; cauline oblong-lanceolate, clasping with a cordate base ; the uppermost entire : sepals 3 to 4 lines long, broad, acute, hispid : pod straight, terete, 3 to 4 inches long, nearly 1| hues broad, pendent upon the hispid pedicel, beaked by the stout style : stigma 2-lobed. — Streptanthus heterophyllus, Gray, 1. c, in part, not of Nuttall. • Southern California {Coulter) ; Fort Tejon, Xantus. 3. C. pilosus, Watson, 1. c. Somewhat pilosely hispid, at least at base : stout, erect, branching, 3 to 4 feet high : leaves petioled, lyrate-pinnatihd ; lobes sparingly angular-toothed : flowers spreading, in a loose raceme, greenish white, the oblong petals narrowed above, 4 lines long ; calyx slightly hairy : pod slender, 3 to 5 inches long : stigma slightly 2-lobed, nearly sessile. Truckee and Humboldt Valleys, W^. Nevada {Watson), and probably occurring in the low valleys of Northeastern California. 4. C. crassicaulis, Watson, 1. c. Glabrous, glaucous : stem hollow, inflated, erect, 2 to 3 feet high, rarely branched : leaves mostly radical, petioled, runcinate or runcinate-pinnatifid : flowers 6 lines long, dark purple ; calyx very woolly : pod terete, 3 to 5 inches long, \\ lines broad, ascending on very short pedicels : stigma 2-lobed, sessile. — Streptanthus crassicaulis, Torrey, Stansb. Eep. 384, t. 1. From the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada to Utah, on dry foot-hills ; also known as " Wild Cabbase " and at times used for food. Thelypodium. CRUCIFERJ5. Q»7 10. THELYPODIUM, Endl. Pod linear or elongated, terete or slightly coniprcssed, sessile or short-stipitate ; valves strongly 1 -nerved. Seeds in one row, oblong, somewhat flattened, not winged ; cotyledons more or less incumbent. Sepals narrow, equal at base. Petals with a narrow claw and flat linear to orbicular limb, exserted, white or rose-color. Anthers linear, sagittate at base, curved ; filaments often exserted. Stigma mostly entire. — Probably all biennials, mostly stout and coarse. — Watson, P>ot. King Exp. 25. Pachypodium, Kutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 96 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. i. 81. A genus of ten recognized species, chiefly confined to the western coast and interior basin, a single species occurring in Texas and the Atlantic States. The ilexican flora probably includes some others. * Leaves all entire : stipe obsolete or very short : filaments scarcely exserted : glabrous. 1. T. integrifolium, Endl. Stout, 3 to 6 feet high, branched at the summit, often corymbosely : radical leaves large (often a foot long or more), oblong-elliptical, long-petioled ; cauline leaves mostly narrowly lanceolate, 1 to 2 inches long, sessile, ascending, the uppermost linear : flowers crowded and almost corymbose at the end of the branches; sepals 1| to 2i lines long; petals spatulate-obovate, pale rose- color : fruiting racemes short and crowded ; pod 6 to 15 lines long, somewhat toru- lose, acuminate with the slender style. — Watson, 1. c. Pachypodium integrifolium, Nutt. 1. c. ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 321, t. 74. Edge of the Mohave Desert {Hecrmann), and frequent on the eastern side of the Sierra Xevada from Oregon to the Upper Missouri and New Mexico. 2. T. sagittatum, Endl. Stems weak, rarely erect, 12 to 18 inches high, loosely braixclied : leaves somewhat glaucous, the radical long-petioled, lanceolate, 3 to 4 inches long ; cauline leaves sagittate and clasping : petals pale pink, 3 to 5 lines long, twice longer than the purplish calyx : the loose raceme elongated in fruit : pod 1 to 2 inches long, somewhat torulose, acuminate Avith the rather long style, spreading, on pedicels 3 to 6 lines long : cotyledons often nearly incumbent. — Watson, 1. c. Pachypodium sagittatum, Nutt. 1. c. Under bushes in alkaline localities, from Carson and Truckee Valleys, Nevada, to Western Wyoming ; doubtless in the northeastern portion of the State. 3. T. Nuttallii, AVatson, 1. c. Eesembling the last, but stouter and more erect, 3 to 5 feet high : radical leaves ovate, long-petioled, often 6 to 8 inches long ; the cauline lanceolate, sagittate : petals and calyx bright purple, rarely whitish : seed flatter and cotyledons nearly accumbent. — Streptanthus sagittatus, Xutt. In similar localities, from the Blue Mts., Oregon (Nevius), and Southern Idaho (XiMall) to Nevada and Utah ( JFatson) and Arizona, Ives. * * At least the radical leaves toothed or pinnatifid : stipe manifest : filaments long- exserted {except in No. 6 and 7) : hirsute at base {glabrous in No. 5). 4. T. brachycarpum, Torr. Stem usually erect, virgate, rarely branching, 1 to 5 feet high : leaves smooth or somewhat hairy, the radical oblanceolate or spatulate, pinnatifid or toothed; stem-leaves erect, narrow, sagittate and clasping, entire or sparingly toothed : flowers in a long crowded raceme : petals narrowly linear, white, 3 to 4 lines long : pod 9 to 12 lines long, acuminate with the slender style, ascend- ing on short pedicels. — Bot. Wilkes Exp. 231, t. 1. Mono Pass and near Mono Lake (Brewer) and northward to the Truckee 'RWqv {Torrcy, Bailcii) ; first collected by Pickering, probably on the Upper Sacramento. 5. T. laciniatum, Endl. Glabrous : stem stout, erect, 1 to 5 feet high, simple or branching : leaves all petioled, 3 to 6 inches long or more, lanceolate to broadly 38 CRUCIFEE^. Thehj podium. oblong, laciniately pinnatifid or coarsely and unequally sinuate-toothed : raceme long and crowded: petals linear, 3 to 5 lines long, nearly white: pod 1-^- to 2^ inches long, pointed with the slender style, on short stout divaricately spreading pedicels. — Macropodium laciniatiim, Houk. Bot. Misc. i. 341, t. 68. Pacliypodium, Xutt. 1. c. From Carson and Truckee Valleys to the Columbia River. 6. T. longifolium, Watson, 1. c. Erect, ratjjer slender, 1 to 2 feet high : lower leaves oblant:eulate, 2 to 3 inches long, petioled, sinuately toothed, the upper linear and entire : flowers scattered, on slender pedicels : sepals purplish, broad, obtuse, 2 lines long, a little shorter than the purple petals : filaments not exserted : anthers short : pod terete, 1 to 1| inches long, very narrow, acute -with the very short style, ascending. — Streptanthus longifoiius, Benth. PL Hartw. 10. S. micranthits, Gray, PL Fendl. 7. Huevis Valley, W. Arizona {Bkjeloiv), to New JMexico and southward ; probably in S. E. Cali- fornia. 7. T. flavescens, Watson, 1. c. Pilose : lower leaves sinuately toothed ; the upper sessile and entire, not auricled at base : sepals and pedicels hairy : pod 1^ inches long, nearly terete, sparsely hirsute, beaked with the long slender style, strictly erect. — Btreptantlms flavescens, Torrey in Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 65, not Hook. A little known species, collected only by Bigclow near Benicia ; said to have yellowish flowers. An imperfect fruiting specimen, collected by Cooper at Fort Mohave, is probably to be referred to this genus rather than to Sisymhrimn, — Avell marked but not according with any known species of either genus. It is glabrous above, with narrow entire leaves, sagittate at base and clasping ; pods few and scattered, strongly reflexed on short pedicels, an inch long, terete and rather stout, beaked with a slender style ; seed-coat gelatinous on boiling. The lower part of the stem is wanting. 11. STANLEYA, Nutt. Pod linear, elongated, terete, long-stipitate ; valves 1-nerved. Seeds in one row, oblong, not winged ; cotyledons linear, incumbent. Sepals equal at base, narrow, spreading, yellow. Petals yellow, narrow, with long connivent claws. Anthers linear, not sagittate, at length closely coiled ; filaments much elongated. Stigma sessile, entire. — Stout perennials with large flowers in elongated racemes. A genus of but three species, confined to the interior of the continent, a single one reaching the southern portions of the State. 1. S. pinnatifida, Xutt. Glabrous : stems several from a perennial woody base, 1 to 8 IVet higli, simple : lower leaves coarsely lyrate-pinnatilid with few oblong segments ; the upper entire, lanceolate, narrowed to a slender petiole : calyx 3 to 4 lines long : petals half longer, the claws and stipe of the ovary somewhat pubescent : pod 2 inches long, a line wide, curved, attenuate into a slender stipe 6 to 9 lines long, exceeding tlie spreading or horizontal pedicels. — Gray, C4en. 111. i. 154, t. 65. S. integrifolia, James. S. heterophylla & fruiicosa, Xutt. Pose Creek (Heermmin) ; Santa Barbara Co. (Torrey) ; Fort Mohave (Cooper) ; and north and eastward through the interior to the Snake Eiver, the Upper Missouri and New Mexico. Califor- nian specimens have the leaves all narrow and entire, and the pods horizontally reciu-ved, corre- sponding to the figure of the Arizona plant in Sitgreaves Eep. t. 1. S. VIRIDIFLORA, Nutt., is known by its lanceolate sessile and clasping stem-leaves, the radical ones obovate or lanceolate, entire or with a few runcinate teeth toward the base ; calj'x and petals greenish yellow ; pod torulose. It is found in the valleys of Northern Nevada and north and eastward, and may occur in Northeastern California. 12. ERYSIMUM, Linn. Pod 4-angled by the prominent midnerve of the valves, not stipitate. Seeds in one row, oblong, not margined; cotyledons incumbent or oblique. Sepals erect, Brassica. CRUCIFER^. 39 the alternate ones strongly gibbous at base. Petals long-clawed, with a fiat blade. Anthers sagittate at base, not coiled. Stigma 2-lobed, dilated. — Biennials or per- ennials ; with narrow entire or repandly toothed leaves, not clasping ; the Howers often large, yellow or orange, or occasionally purple. A rather large genus of the northern hemisphere, most numerously represented in the Old World. Bat two or three species are found in America. 1. E. asperum, DC. Biennial, canescent with short appressed hairs: stems solitary and simjjle, rarely branched abo\'e, 1 to 3 feet high, or less : leaves oblan- ceolate or narrowly spatulate ; the cauline linear to linear-lanceolate, entire or spar- ingly repand with short acute teeth, 1 to 3 inches long : sepals narrow, 4 to 6 lines long, strongly gibbous : petals 8 to 12 lines long, light yellow to deep orange or purple : pods 1 to 4 inches long, a line wide, beaked with a stout style, ascending on stout spreading pedicels 3 lines long. — Hook. Fl. i. 64, t. 22. Var. (?) pumilum, Watson. A low form, the stem branching from the base ; blossoming in early spring. — Bot. King Exp. 24. Var. (1) inconspicuum, Watson, 1. c. Tall and slender, the flowers smaller, light yellow, the petals narrow and claw scarcely exserted. A variable species, widely diffased, ranging from Mexico to British America, and from the Pacific to Texas and Ohio, — and in elevation from the low hot valleys of the interior to above the forest line in the Sierra Nevada. Alpine specimens are much dwarfed. The flowers are very showy and usually fragrant. The low variety referred to, from sandy hillsides in the Washoe j\Iountains near Carson City, Nevada {Watson), much resembles the Colorado E. pumilum of Nuttall, which is, however, a decided perennial, withsimple stems from a branching rootstock, though in the original description it is said to be an annual. The var. incoiispicuum ranges from Northern Nevada to the Saskatchewan and is likely to be found in N. California. 13. BRASSICA, Linn. Mllstakd, &c. Pod linear, nearly terete or somewhat 4-sided, pointed with a long conical beak, not stipitate ; valves 1 - 3-nerved. Seeds in one row, globose, not margined ; coty- ledons infolding the radicle. Lateral sepals usually gibbous at base. Petals yellow. Anthers long, sagittate at base. — Coarse erect herbs ; lower leaves mostly pinnate or lyrate with a large terminal lobe. — Sinapis, Linn. A large genus of nearly 100 species or more, natives of the Eastern Continent, but many widely naturalized as weeds or extensively cultivated. Among the latter, B. olcracca in its several vari- eties gives the Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower, Kale, Kohlrabi, &c. ; B. campcstrLs, the Turnip, Rutabaga, Rape, &c. ; while the AVhite and Black ilustards and Charlock belong to distinct species. 1. B. nigra, Boiss. Glabrous or with some scattered spreading hairs, annual, branching, ^V to 12 feet high : leaves all petioled, the lower lyrate with tlie terminal segment very large and deeply lobed ; upper leaves lobed or entire : petals 3 to 4 lines long, twice the length of the yellowish sepals : pods closely appressed, 4-angled, 6 to 9 lines long, sharply beaked with the long style : seeds dark brown. Black ]\Iustard, a most troublesome weed and difficult to eradicate, covering large areas, par- ticularly in the more fertile valleys of the southern half of the State, sometimes formmg aMense growth. The seeds are more pungent than the White ilustard {B. alba, readily distinguished by its hirsute pods), and have been exported in large quantities. 2. B. campestris, Linn. Annual or sometimes biennial, smooth, 2 to 3 feet high : lower leaves more or less glaucous, pinnately divided witli a large terminal lobe ; the upper leaves oblong or lanceolate with a broad clasping auriculate base : flowers 3 to 4 lines long : pods nearly terete, 2 inches long or more, 2 linos wide, ascending on spreading pedicels ; the stout beak 8 to 10 lines long. Much less troublesome than the last, but rather common in fields near the^Bay of San Fran- cisco and occasionally met with elsewhere. The wild state shows little resemblance to the culti- vated forms. 40 CKUCIFEK^. Brassica. 3. B. Sinapistrum, Boiss. Annual, rough with spreading hairs, 2 to 5 feet high : lower leaves usually with a large coarsely toothed terminal lobe and a few smaller ones upon the rhachis ; the upper leaves often undivided, oblong or lanceo- late : pods somewhat torulose, 1 to 1 ^ inches long, more than a third occupied by the stout 2-edged beak ; valves often ribbed by the prominent nerves. — Sinapis arvensis, Linn. The Charlock of the Eastern States and Europe, where it is often a troublesome weed in grain- fields. Sparingly naturalized in Southern California. 14. BARBAREA, K. Brown. Winter Ceess. Pod Imear, somewhat flattened, pointed ; valves somewhat carinate. Seeds in one row, oblong, turgid, marginless ; cotyledons slightly oblique. Petals yellow. — Glabrous erect branching biennials or perennials, with angled stems and entire or pinnatifid leaves. A small genus of temperate regions, some of the species widely distributed. The only one native to America is the following. 1. B. vulgaris, E. Br. Perennial, 1 to 3 feet high: lower leaves lyrate-pin- natitid (the radical pinnate), with a large rounded terminal lobe and 1 to 5 pairs of lateral ones, oblong in the cauline leaves ; upper leaves obovate, more or less pin- natihd at base : flowers 2 to 3 lines long : anthers short, oblong : pods erect, often appressed, 1 to Ih inches long, somewhat angled when mature, about 25-seeded, beaked witli the rather slender style. — (xray, Gen. 111. i. 148, t. 62. Var. arcuata, Koch. Pods and pedicels spreading. Inhabiting marshes and damp places. Only the variety seems to have been collected in Cali- fornia, near San Francisco and northward to Sitka, though the typical form is common in Oregon and eastward ; the species ranges nearly round the world. 15. SISYMBRIUM, Linn. Hedge MrsxARD. Pod linear, terete or nearly so, short-pointed or obtuse ; valves somewhat 1-3- nerved. Seeds usually in one row, small, oblong and teretish, not margined ; coty- ledons incumbent. Sepals scarcely gibbous at base. Petals yellow or yellowish. Anthers mostly linear-oblong, sagittate. — Erect herbs, with small floAvers, the leaves (in our species) not clasping or auriculate at base, rarely entire, often finely dissected. A large genus of rather difficult definition, principally confined to the northern temperate zone. The American species, less than a dozen, belong to the region west of the ]\Iississippi, S. caries- cens alone ranging farther eastward. * Seeds in two roivs : leaves usually finely dissected. 1. S. canescens, Xutt. Annual, canescent with short branching hairs : stems branched, J to 2| feet high : leaves 1 - 2-pinnate, the segments more or less deeply pinnatifid or toothed : petals light yellow, equalling the sepals, usually a line long or less : pods oblong to linear, 3 to 6 lines long, a line broad or less, acute at each end and beaked with the very short style, shorter than the slender spread- ing pedicels : seeds ovate-oblong, a third of a line long. — Gray, Gen. 111. i. 152, t. 64 ; Fournier, Sisymb. 65 ; AYatson, Bot. King Exp. 23. In dry soils from Monterey southward, and very abundant in the valleys on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, where its seeds are collected by the Indians. The species ranges in the interior from the Arctic Circle to Mexico, and as fiir eastward as New York and Pennsylvania. The *S'. hrachycarpum cited by Fournier as from San Diego is probably but a form of this, as is certainly the northern plant so named by Richardson. The species is quite variable, especially in the section of the leaves and length of the pod. Sisymbrium. CRUCIFER^. ^-i * * Seeds in one row. ■f- Leaves idnnate or hipinnate. 2. S. incisum, Engelm. Annual ; pubescence sliort, more or less glandular : stems branched, 1 to 4 feet high : leaves pinnate, the segments linear to ovate- oblong, more or less deeply pinnatiiid, sometimes entire : petals yellow, about 1 \ lines long : pods narrowly linear, usually pointed at both ends, half an inch lon<' and 8-1 2-seeded, or sometimes much shorter and few-seeded, mostly exceeding tlie spreading pedicels. — Gray, PI. Fendl. 8. Smeloivskia (1) Califomica, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 520. Sisymbrium Californicum, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 23, fide Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. iii. 150. Var. filipes, Gray. A form with divaricate pedicels, 6 to 8 lines long, exceed- ing the pods. — PI. Fendl. 8. S. longepedicellatum, Fourn. Sisymb. 59, excl. syn. Var. HartTvegianum, Watson, has the rather short pods on somewhat appressed or nearly erect pedicels about 2 lines long. — ^S*. Hartwegianum, Fourn. 1. c. &%. In dry soils in the SieiTa Nevada at 6,000 to 10,000 feet elevation {Brewer), and in the moun- tains northward and eastward to Wasiiington Territory, Winnipeg Valley, and New Mexico. The var. filipes occurs both from Oregon {Spalding), perfectly glabrous, and from Arizona {Palmer), canescent with a fine dense pubescence. Frequent intermediate forms connect var. Hartwegi- anum with the typical state. A peculiar type, perhaps distinct, with short clavate almost pointless pods, 2 to 3 lines long, on still shorter pedicels, was collected by Tolmie in the " Snake Country " (,S'. Irachyearpum of Bot. Beechey, not Richardson), and more recently by Dr. Gray in Humboldt Valley, Nevada. It will probably be found in Northeastern California. -I- Jr- Leaves pinnatifid or sometimes entire. 3. S. reflexum, Nutt. Annual, with scattered simple hairs : stems rather slen- der, often siinple, i to 2 feet high : leaves 2 to 4 inches long, pinnatifid with divari- cate toothed segments, the upper often only sinuate-toothed : petals rose-color, Avhite or yellowish, 1^ to 2| Hues long : pod slender, 1 to 2 inches long, half a line wide, terete, strongly deflexed, straight or somewhat curved, on short pedicels. — PI. Gam- bel. 183. Turritis (1) lasiophylla, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 321. S. deflexura, Harv. ; Torrey, Pacif. R. Eep. iv. 66 ; Fournier, 1. c. 108. From the Columbia River to S. California, mostly near the coast ; Guadalupe Island {Palmer) ; S. Utah, Parry. Characterized by its deflexed pods. 4. S. junceum, Bieb. Perennial, glabrous, glaucous : stems branched, 1 to 1 1 feet high : leaves narrowly oblanceolate or linear, 1 to 2 inches long, attenuate to a narrow base, entire or sometimes pinnatifid with a few narrow segments : petals light yellow, 3 lines long: pods ascending on short spreading pedicels, 10 to 15 lines long, half a line broad ; style short and thick ; stigma broad and 2-lobed. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 91; Watson, 1. c. S. pygmoitim & linifolium, Xutt. ; Torr, & Gray, Fl. i. 91. Erysimum (1) glaberrimiim. Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 323. Oregon to Montana ; Snake Country {Tolmie) ; East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada {Watson) : will probably be found in Northeastern California. It is also native to Siberia. 5. S. acutangulum, DC. Annual, hirsute with scattered simple hairs : stems 1 to 2 feet high, with ascending branches : leaves petioled, runcinate-pinnatifid, 2 to 6 inches long : petals yellow or yellowish, 1 to 2 lines long : pods terete, 1 to 1 \ inches long, less than a line wide, erect or ascending on very sliort pedicels. A native of S. Europe, naturalized near the older towns from San Francisco to Los Angeles. 6. S. ofScinale, Scop. Annual or biennial, sparingly hirsute, divaricately branched : leaves runcinately pinnatifid, 3 to 6 inches long : flowers small, light yellow : pods terete, half an inch long, a line wide, tapering from the base to a sharp point, nearly sessile, closely appressed in a long slender raceme. A homely weed, originally from Europe, rare in California but very fre■ Less common than the last, ranging from the Sacramento to S. California and eastward in Arizona ; the variety sometimes known as Fringe-pod. i-d^twaiu m _ 3. T. radians, Benth. Glabrous, 1 to li feet high : radical leaves runciuate- pmnatihd, the caulme ovate-lanceolate and auriculate-clasping : petals about e.mal- Img the sepals : pods round, 4 to 5 lines in diameter, tomentose or smooth, scarcely emarginate, with a broad entire translucent wing conspicuously marked by radiatin^r nerves : style very short : pedicels G to 8 lines long, recurved. — PI. Hartw. 297. ** Valleys and low hills in Central California, mnch less freciuent than the precedhig. 4. T, pusillus, Hook. Roughly pubescent throughout, 3 to 12 inches hi"h • lower leaves broadly oblanceolate, entire or remotely dentate, -|- to 1 inch lon<^ shortly petioled ; cauline leaves similar but smaller, usually entire, sessile but not clasping: flowers barely a line long, sometimes apetalous: pods obovate to orbicular a line long or less, hirsute with hooked hairs, scarcely or not at all emarginate' style short : pedicels 1 to 2 lines long, at length reflexed. — Ic. PI. t. 43 ; Hook & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 324. T. oMo7igif alius, A^utt. in Torr. & Gray, FL i. 118. Common on low dry hills from Los Angeles to Vancouver Island. T. ERECTUS, Watson is an additional species from Guadalupe Lsland, Palmer. Glabrous and leafy: eaves oblong to oblanceolate, auriculate-clasi.ing, sinuately dentate : fruit on erect pedicds minutely pubescent, the wing entire, not nerved nor perforated. peaiceis, 29. RAPHANUS, Linn. Eadisii. Pod indehiscent, elongated, terete, attenuated above, 2-jointed ; lower joint often seedless, the upper inflated or constricted between the several seeds. Style long and stout. Cotyledons enfolding the radicle. — Coarse introduced annuals or biennials. The species are now reduced to half a dozen or less, all natives of the Eastern Continent. 1. R. sativus, Linn. More or less hispid : flowers purple or rose-color, 8 to 10 lines long : pod iiiHated, long-pointed, 1 to 2^ inches Ion- usi The ordinary Radish, common in fields in various parts of the State ; the root not fleshy but usually 2-seeded. 7 J. •" rni' *" '-v-ivici ill vaiiuiia |>etl IS Ul l'^" ^* tough and stringy. There are numerous varieties in cultivation R. Raphanistrum Linn Petals yellow, veined, becoming whitish or purplish : pods neck- lace-shaped long-beaked, 1-9-seeded, breaking easily between the seeds. Ivnowli as Wild Radish, and naturalized in various parts of the world as a troublesome weed in cultivated fields, io be expected m Calitornia. Order VIII. CAPPARIDACEiE. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and perfect hypogynous flowers; related to Cruciferce, having the sepals or lobes of the calyx and petals (with claws) 4, the stamens commonly 6, and a pod with a pair of parietal placentae from which the valves fall away ; but the embryo is incurved rather than folded, and the juice or herbage, although sometimes pungent (as in Capers), is generally nauseous or bitter. — Stamens sometimes numerous, when 6 nearly equal in length, or not distinctly 50 CAPPARIDACE^. Isomeris. tetradynamous. Style and stigma one. Ovary and fruit commonly raised on a stipe, 1-celled, sometimes 2-celled, few - many-seeded. Seeds globose-reniform. Leaves either simple or palmately compound. Pedicels commonly bracteate. An order of 24 gcuera and about 300 species, of warm-temperate and tropical regions, liere characterized from that portion of it which has capsular fruit, only 2 placentte, and few stamens, the tribe Cleome*. But the larger part of the order in warm regions, of the tribe Cappare^ (of which the Caper-plant is the type), consists of shrubs or trees, with fleshy fruit, sometimes with several placentiu and numerous stamens. Of the six genera here admitted, one is peculiar to the coast-district of California ; the others belong to the dry interior region and barely reach the eastern borders of the State. Atamisquea emap.gikata, Miers, a shrub, with a fleshy 1-2-seeded fruit, native of Chili or Buenos A}Tes, is said to be in Coulter's Californian collection ; but we find no trace of it in the State nor in Arizona. * Shrubby, with racemose flowers and an inflated capsular fruit. 1. Isomeris. Calyx 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla yellow. Stamens 6. Ovaiy long-stipitate. * * Herbs, with racemose flowers. +- Fruit pod-like, 1-celled, several - many-seeded. 2. Polanisia. Stamens 8 to 32. Flowers whitish or purple. Pod elongated. 3. Cleome. Stamens 6. Flowers yellow or pink-purple. Pod oblong or linear. 4. Cleomella. Stamens 6. Flowers yellow. Pod rhomboidal, 2-horned, or globular, few-seeded. -}- -i- Fruit didymous, 2-celled ; the cells separating as small 1-seeded nutlets ! 5. Wislizenia. Stameiis 6. Style filiform. Nutlets open at the scar. 6. Oxystylis. Style becoming subulate and spinesceut. Nutlets closed. 1. ISOMERIS, Nutt. Calyx persistent, 4-cleft, the lohes ovate, acuminate. Petals sessile, oblong, equal. Torus fleshy, dilated above, somewhat produced on the upper side. Sta- mens 6, on the torus, at length long-exserted. Pod large, inflated, coriaceous, long-stipitate, 1-celled, many-seeded : style very short : stigma minute. Seeds large, smooth. — A low ill-scented shrub ; with puberulent branches, trifoliolate petioled leaves, aiid large yellow flowers, axillary or in bracteate racemes. 1. I. arborea, ISTutt. Stout, much branched, 3 to 5 feet high : leaves gland ular- puberulent or nearly smooth, the uppermost and the floral bracts 1-foliolate ; leaflets thickish, narrowly oblong or elliptical, | to 1 inch long, entire, mucronate, nearly sessile : pedicels equalling the leaves : petals 5 to 8 Hues long, twice longer than the calyx : pod 1 to U inches long, abruptly acute above, attenuate at base into a stipe nearly as long. — Torr. & Gray, PL i. 124; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3842; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 4. Common in dry soils from Santa Barbara to San Diego. The wood is hard, brittle, and yellow. 2. POLANISIA, Eaf. Sepals 4, deciduous, lanceolate, sometimes connate at base. Petals unguiculate or sessile, equal or unequal. Torus small, depressed. Stamens 8 or more, inserted below the torus. Pod membranaceous, very shortly stipitate, elongated, compressed or cylindrical, many-seeded. Seeds rounded-reniform, rugose or reticulated. — Annual herbs, ill-scented and mostly glandiilar ; with simple or 3 - 9-foliolate peti- oled leaves, and yellowish, rose-colored or white flowers in leafy-bracted racemes ; pods erect on spreading pedicels. A genus of about a dozen species of tropical and warm regions, of which the following reaches the eastern borders of the State. GleomeUa, CAPPARIDACE^. ci 1. P. trachysperma Torr. & Gray. Glandular-pubescent, erect, i to 2 feet high: leaves 3-luhokte ; leaflets lanceolate, i to 2 inches long, acute, about equal- ling he petioles, nearly sessile; floral bracts mostly simple, ovate to lanceolate, shortly petiolecl : petals 3 to 5 lines long, Mdth slender claws as long as the sepals and an emargmate blade : stamens 12 to IG ; lilaments exserted : style 2 to 3 lines long : pod 1 to 21- inches long, very rarely on a short slender stipe : seeds finelv pitted and often warty. -Fl. i. 669; Gray, Gen. 111. i. 182, t. ll F. uninlanl ulosa, lor. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 67 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 34. From the Columbia River to Kaiisas and southward to N. Nevada and Texas. The P. unmlaruL ulosa, Cav., of Mexico and New Mexico, to which it has been referred, difiers in its niSiCr flowers, greatly elongated sty e, arger pods upon a stout terete stipe, and smooth seeds. The eastern P. graveolens may be distinguished by its smaller flowers, shorter style, fewer and shorter stamens, and smoother seeds ; its leaves are also mostly obtuse or obtusish. 3. CLEOME, Linn. Sepals 4, sometimes united at base. Petals with claws or sessile. Stamens 6, upon the small torus. Pod (in our species) linear or oblong, stipitate, many-seeded : style short or none. Seeds globose-reniform to ovate. — Our species are all erect branching annuals; with palmately 3 - 7-foliolate leaves (leaflets entire), and yeUow or purple flowers, in bracteate racemes ; pods pendent on spreading pedicels. About 70 species, inhabitants of hot and dry regions, chiefly of America and Africa. The fol- lowing species approach the eastern or southern borders of the State. 1. C. lutea, Hook. Smooth or slightly pubescent, 1 to 2 feet high : leaflets 5, mear- to oblong-lanceolate, one or two inches long, acute, short-petiolulate, equal- ling the petioles; stipules setaceous, caducous; bracts simple, bristle-tipped: flowers Showv. brio-lit. vollnw fnTirmlinoQ +K^ ,,r,^^. „1 „ i-_ 1 •_ p -, , / <^ . , ,. ines „ /. , , —i^-^^v... ....^.vv^^v/uo, v.ciu.u^.uuo, uiavis siiupie, orisiie-tippea : no^ showy, briglit yellow, corymbose, the raceme elongated in fruit : petals 3 to 4 1 long, much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate sepals : stamens much exserted : pod 6 to 15 lines long, about 2 lines broad, acute at each end : style less than a line lon^^ • the stipe and pedicel each about half an inch long. — PI. i. 70 t 25 • Lindl Bot Reg. xxvii. t. 67. C. aurea, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 122 ; Watson, 1. c.'32. * to Cdorado* ''^ ^^^ ^''^^'^^^ of Northwestern Nevada, thence northward to the Columbia and east 2. C. platycarpa, Torr. With the habit and characters of the last, but pubes- cent and somewhat glandular : leaflets 3, broadly oblong to lanceolate, 6 to 8 lines long, obtuse or acutish : sepals linear-setaceous : pod 9 lines long, about 4 lines broad, 10-12-seeded : style 2 lines long. — Bot. Wilkes Exp. 235, t. 2. Klamath River, N. California (Pickering) ■ Blue Mountains, Oregon, Nevius. 3. C. sparsifolia, Watson. Smooth, diffusely branched, a foot hioh • leaves much scattered, simple or 3-foliolate ; leaflets 2 or 3 lines long, oblanceolate, acute ; stipules fimbriate, caducous : flowers few, in a loose raceme : sepals ovate : petals with a nectariferous scale at base, 3 lines long, exceeding the stamens : pods 9 lines long, narrow, acutish, very shortly stipitate. — Bot. King Exp. 32, t. 5. In dry sand, near Ragtown, Carson Desert, Nevada, Watson. C. SoNOR^, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 16, is a tall slender glabrous species, with trifoliolate almost sessile leaves and Imear leaflets ; flowers small, in loose racemes; pods half an inch Ion"; style very short. From Northwestern Sonora to S. Colorado, and may enter S. California. 4. CLEOMELLA, DC. Characters nearly as in Cleome, but the few-seeded pod small and ovoid-globose or rhomboidal, or with the valves often laterally produced. — Erect branching annuals ; flowers yellow, racemose ; leaves 3-foliolate. A genus of half a dozen species, confined to the interior region of North America. 52 CAPPAEIDACE^. Cleomella. * Stipe longer than the pod. 1. C. longipes, Tom Eather stout, 1 or 2 feet high, glabrous : leaflets narrowly obovate to spatulute, obtuse or retuse, -^ to 1 inch long : sepals ovate, acute : petals 2 or 3 lines long : stamens long-exserted : pods nearly triangular in outline, acute at base, 2 li^es high, 3 to 5 in breadth, the valves being more or less strongly horned : style half a line long or less ; stipe 4 to 7 lines long, about equalling the pedicel. — Gray, PI. Wright, i. 1 1 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 33. Var. C?) grandiflora, AVatson, 1. c. Leaflets and bracts narrowly obovate to orbicular : sepals long-acuminate : style about a line long. Valleys and foothills iu N. W. Nevada {Anderson, Watson) ; New Mexico ( IVriijM) ; stouter and larger leaved forms than the original ilexiean specimens of Gregg and Berlandier. 2. C. obtusifolia, Torr. Somewhat pubescent, branching, a foot high or more : leaflets oval or oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, equalling the petioles, glabrous above ; stipules long and fimbriate : flowers small, in leafy racemes : sepals ovate, lacerate- ciliate : petals 1 or 2 lines long : pods 2 to 5 lines broad, the valves acutely and often narrowly horned : style very slender, 2 lines long : stipe 3 hnes long, reflexed upon the equal pedicel. — Frem. Eep, 311. Near Sacramento ? {Fremont) ; Soda Lake on the ]\Iohave River {Cooixr) ; Arizona, Wheeler. 3. C. plocasperma, W^atson. Low, glabrous, diff'usely branching : leaflets linear-oblong, 3 to G lines long; bracts mostly small : petals 1| lines long : stamens short or exserted : pods short-rhombic, the valves somewhat dilated : style short ; stipe once or twice the length of the pod, usually equalling the pedicel : seeds minutely tessellated under the microscope. ■ — ■ Bot. King Exp. 33, Valleys of Northern Nevada, Watson, liev. It. Burgess. 4. C. OOCarpa, Gray. Very similar : leaves and flowers slightly larger : pods ovate, the valves not dilated : seeds smooth. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 72. Saline valleys of Humboldt Co., Nevada {Torrey, Gray) ; S. W. Colorado, Brandcgee. * >!= Stipe shorter than the jjod. 5. C. parviflora, Gray. Low and slender, decumbently branched, smooth : leaflets and bracts linear, half an inch long : flowers rather few : petals scarcely a line long, equalling the stamens : pods on long slender pedicels ; valves slightly horned : style and stipe almost none. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 520 ; Watson, 1. c. At Camp Cady on the Mohave (Cooper) ; Northern Nevada, Anderson, Watson. 5. WISLIZENIA, Engehn. Characters nearly as in the preceding, but the pod didymous ; valves contracted upon the solitary seeds and deciduous with them, nutlike, nerved or reticulated, open at the scar : style elongated. — Smooth erect branching annuals ; with yellow racemose flowers and 1 - 3-foliolate leaves. The following are the only species. 1. W. refracta, Engelm. One to two feet high, widely branching: leaflets 3, oblanceolate to obovate, 5 to 9 lines long, usually exceeding the petioles : flowers in dense racemes, at length elongated : petals a line long : stamens and ovary exserted : cells of the ovaiy 2-ovuled : fruit 1| lines broad or more; the divergent obovate reticulated valves separated by a perforated partition : style filiform, 1 to 2 lines long : stipe 2 to 3 lines long, strongly refracted upon the rather longer pedicel. — Wisliz. Eep. 14; Gray, PI. Wright. 1. 11, t. 2. Mohave Valley {Newberry) ; Colorado Desert {Blake) ; thence to Sonora and New Mexico. 2. W. Palmeri, Gray. With the habit of the last : leaves simple (lowest unknown), linear, H inches long, very shortly petioled : racemes fewer-flowered: Olujomeris. RESEDACE^. Kg petals 2 lines long : fruit 3 to 4 lines broad ; the oblong-obovate valves nerved and surrounded at the truncate extremity by a row of stout blunt tubercles : stylo 3 lines long : stipe 3 to 4 lines long, refracted. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. G28. On the Lower Colorado Kiver, Palmer. 6. OXYSTYLIS, Terr. Distinguished (so far as known) from Widizenia by the subulate persistent at length spinescent style, and by the ovoid-globose 1-2-seeded valves completely closed at the scar. — A smooth annual, with 3-foliolate leaves, and small yellow flowers in capitate axillary racemes. 1. O. lutea, Torr. Eather stout, erect, 12 to 15 inches high: leaflets 1 to 1^- inches long, obtuse : heads of flowers half an inch in diameter, not elongated in fruit : petals 2 lines long. — Frem. Eep. 264 & 313. Known only from specimens collected by Fremont in April, 1844, in a single locality in the valley of the Armagosa River near its bend. Order IX. RESEDACE^. A small order of herbs, or slightly shrubby plants, related only to the preceding ; with alternate leaves, merely glands for stipules, and terminal racemes or spikes of small and rather inconspicuous flowers ; these both irregular and unsymmetrical, the stamens not covered in the bud, the one-celled ovary and capsule 3 - 6-beaked and Avith as many parietal placentae. — Flowers perfect, bracteate. Calyx 4 - 7-parted, herbaceous, hypogynous, persistent. Petals 2 to 7, mostly with broad and thickened nectariferous claws, and the blade cleft. Stamens 3 to 40, usually on a more or less one-sided hypogynous disk. Stigmas 3 to 6, terminating the diverging beaks of the ovary. Ovules numerous, campylotropous. Seeds renifonu, and with a crustaceous coat, filled by the incumbently incurved embryo. The family belongs to the Old World, mainly to the Mediterranean and adjacent wann regions; the watery juice is destitute of pungency and generally of active pro[)erties. Reseda Luteola, Linn., the Dyer's Weed or Weld, however, has been used for dyeing yellow. It is the only species of the genus which has become spontaneous in the United States. Having been foimd in the streets of Oakland, it may become a naturalized weed of roadsides, as in the Atlantic States. The genus may be kni>wn by the several-lobed or parted petals, and tlie 10 to 40 stamens borne on the inside of a fleshy disk, which projects on the upper side of tlie flower: and this species is a stout erect herb, 2 or 3 feet high, with lanceolate leaves, greenish-yellow iiowers in a long and narrow raceme, 4 petals, and a short small capsule. R. ODORATA, Linn., the common Sweet Mignonette, cultivated as an annual for its fragrant flowers, may also escape from cultivation. 1. OLIGOMERIS Cambess. Sepals 4, lateral. Petals 2, next to the axis, free or united at base, entire or 2-3-lobed, persistent. Disk none. Stamens 3 to 8 ; filaments united at base. Ovary sessile, 4-angled, 4-beaked. Capsule 4-sulcate, many-seeded, opening at tho summit. — Low branching herbs ; with numerous linear entire leaves, and small white flowers in terminal spikes. A genus of only 5 species, four confined to S. Africa, the fiftli ranging from the Canar)' Islands to India, and also seemingly indigenous to N. America. 1. O. subulata, Boiss. Annual, glabrous, 5 to 10 inches high, branching from r i CISTACE^. Helianthemum. the root : leaves somewhat succulent, often fascicled, i to 1 inch long : flowers minute, subtended by small bracts : capsules in long loose spikes, depressed-globose, about 1| lines in diameter, angled and sulcate, shortly 4-beaked. — ]\Ilill. in DC. Prodr. 16^ 587. 0. glmicescens, Cambess. in Jacquem. Voy. 4. 24, t. 25. Ellimia ruderalis, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 125. San Diego (NutMl); Mohave Desert (Newberry); Colorado Desert (Blake, Coulter); Guadalupe Island (Palmer); and in the interior to New Mexico and Mexico. Order X. CISTACE-Sl. Distinguished from the other orders with free one-celled ovary, parietal placenta?, and hypogynous petals and stamens, by the orthotropous ovules on slender stalks, and the slender more or less curved or convolute embryo in mealy albumen. — Flowers perfect and regular. Sepals persistent, usually 5 ; and two of them smaller, wholly exterior, and bract-like. Petals usually ephemeral. Stamens indefinite or in some flowers few, with filiform filaments : anthers short. Style one. Ovules with 3 parietal placentae. Capsule 3-valved ; the seeds borne on the middle of the valve, few or numerous. — Herbs or low shrubs, with opposite or alternate simple and entire leaves ; chiefly of the Mediterranean region, but several in the Atlantic United States, none in the interior, only one on the Pacific coast. 1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tomn. Petals 5, broad. Stamens usually numerous. Style short, articulated with the ovary : stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 1 -celled, 3-valved, few- many-seeded. Em- bryo curved or hooked. — Low branching herbs, or somewhat woody; flowers yellow, often showy, opening only once, in sunshine. A genus of from 30 to 150 species according to the views of authors, principally native to the Mediterranean region and Western Asia. Five species are found in the Atlantic States and the following in California. 1. H. scoparium, Nutt. Perennial (i), woody at base, much branched, pubes- cent with stellate hairs or glabrate, a foot high ; the upper branches gi'een and slender: leaves narrowly hnear, 4 to 12 lines long, alternate: flowers on slender pedicels, sohtary or subcorymbose at the ends of the branchlets : sepals 3 lines long, acuminate, the outer ones linear and shorter : petals 4 lines long : stamens about 20 : style short : capsule equalling the calyx, often, with the other parts of the flower, much reduced. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 152; Lindl. in Jour. Hort. Soc. v. 79. Linum trisepalum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 42, fig. 10. Rather common on dry hills from Lake Co. to San Diego. Order XI. VIOLACEiE. Herbs (at least those of temperate climates and the northern hemisphere), dis- tinguished by the somewhat irregular one-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 stamens, adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, which has a single club-shaped style with a one-sided stigma, a one-celled ovary with 3 parietal several-ovuled placentae ; the ovules anatropous ; the rather large seeds with a smooth hard coat, and a large and straight embryo in fleshy albumen ; its cotyledons broad and Viola. VIOLACEiE. gg flat. — Flowers perfect. Sepals (persistent) and petals imbricated in the bud, hypo- gynous. Capsule 3-valved ; the valves bearing the seeds along their middle ; each, after dehiscence, in drying tirmly folds together lengthwise, and by its increasing pressure projects the obovate seeds. — Represented only by the familiar genus 1. VIOLA, Liim. Violet. Sepals unequal, more or less auricled at base. Petals unequal, the lower spurred at base. Anthers broad, nearly sessile, often coherent, the connectives of the two lower bearing spurs which project into the spur of the petal. — Mostly perennial herbs ; with alternate leaves, foliaceous persistent stipules, and 1-flowered axillary peduncles. Flowers usually dimorphous ; the earlier ones perfect and conspicuous, but often sterile; the later (near the ground in the stemless species) with small and rudimentary petals, fertilized in the bud and producing numerous seeds. A large genus of 100 species or more, largely belonging to the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, but 30 species are found in the mountains of S. America, and a verj' few occur in S. Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The North American species number about 30, half of which belong to the western side of the continent. Many of tliem are very variable and their limits not easily defined. Some of the foreign species are favorites everywhere for their fragrance or beauty. The Californian are as a whole very showy, but generally not sweet-scented. Some, however, have a peculiar and rather agi'eeable fragrance, very unlike the typical "odor of violets." .* Stemless, the leaves and scapes all from a suhterranean rootstock : leaves not lohed nor parted : floivers white or purple. 1. V. blanda, Willd. Eootstock creeping and at length producing runners : leaves rounded-cordate or reniform, J to 2 inches in diameter, minutely and spar- ingly pubescent or glabrous, obscurely crenate-toothed : peduncles 2 to 4 inches high : flowers wliite, the lower petals veined with purple, nearly beardless, usually 3 or 4 lines long ; spur short and blunt. "Wet places in the Sierra Nevada, at 6,000 to 9,000 feet altitude, rather rare : common east- ward to the Atlantic. V. PALUSTRis, Linn., very similar, but with pale lilac flowers, does not certainly occur in Cali- fornia. It is found from the British boundary northward, on Mt. Washington in New Hamp- shire, and perhaps also in the Rocky ]\Iountains. 2. V. CUCullata, Ait. Rootstock thick and branching, not producing runners : leaves long-petioled, smooth or more or less pubescent, cordate with a broad sinus, the lowest often reniform and the later acute or acuminate, crenately toothed, the sides rolled inward when young : peduncles 3 to 10 inches high : flowers deep or pale violet or purple (sometimes white) ; petals .5 to 8 lines long, the lateral and often the lower ones bearded ; spur short and thick. Cucamonga, San Bernardino Co. {Bigdow) ; above Carson City and in Sierra Co. {Anderson, Lemmon) ; and more common northward and eastward to the Atlantic States, where it is the most common of all the species, and very variable. V. ODORATA, Linn., the well-known Sweet or English Violet, has been collected "among the redwoods " {Holder), doubtless escaped from cultivation. * * Leafy stems at length elongated, from short or running rootstocJcs : sjmr very short, except in the first species. -{- Stems leafy throughout, erect or ascending : leaves all imdivided. -i-i- Floivers purple, or not bright yellow. 3. V. canina, Linn., var. adunca, Gray, Puberulent or nearly glabrous, low (usually 3 to 4 inches high), at length sending out runners: leaves ovate, often rg VIOLACE^. T^oZo. somewhat cordate at base, acute or obtuse, i to IJ inches long, obscurely crenate : stipules foUaceous, narrowly lanceolate, lacerately toothed : flowers violet or purple, rather large ; lateral petals bearded ; spur as long as the sepals, rather slender, obtuse, hooked or curved. — V. adunca, Smith, in Eees Cyc. Var longipes, Watson. Very similar, but the stout and obtuse spur is nearly straight. — r. (o)'ffipes, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 140. V. adunca, Hook. Fl. i. 79, in part. Yar. oxyceras, Watson. Flowers rather smaller 5 spur slender, nearly equaUmg the petals, acute and curved. The first two forms of this very variable species are common in the Coast Eanges, in meadows and moist places, from San Francisco to Washington Territory, apparently extending into the Sierra Nevada Nearly identical forms are found eastward in the Kocky Mountains and to A\ in- nir)e<^ Valley The var. oxyccras has heen collected only in the Sierra Nevada, m Yosemite Val- lev {Brewer 'Gray), and near Conner Pass, Torrcy. The species to which these are all referred is distributed throughout the northern zones around the world. The var. stjlvestnsoi the Atlantic Coast, from the Northern States to Greenland, is glabrous, with more deeply cordate or renilonn leaves, the spur straight and obtuse. 4 V. ocellata, Torr. & Gray. ^More or less pubescent with spreading hairs, rarely olabrous : stems nearly erect, 6 to 12 inches high : leaves cordate to cordate- ovate, "acutish, conspicuously crenate, 1 or 2 inches long ; stipules small, scarious, entire or slightly lacerate : petals 5 to 7 lines long, the upper ones white withm, deep pnrple-brown without, the others pale-yeUow veined with purple, the lateral ones with a purple spot near the base and slightly bearded on the claw. — il. 1. 142; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 325. From Monterey northward to Mendocino Co., in wooded districts. V TRICOLOR Linn., the Pansy or Hearfs-ease of the gardens, often escapes from ciiltivation and becomes wild. It is a native of Europe and Siberia, erect, with angled stems large loliaceous divided stipules, rather small cordate or ovate or even lanceolate leaves, and flowers variously colored with purple, violet, yellow and white. Nature furnishes several varieties and art has produced many more. ^^ 4-+ Flowers yellow, more or less veined or tinged with 2mrple. 5 V. pedunculata, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous or somewhat puberulent, the 'ascendin^■ stems 2 to 6 inches high from a slender decumbent or procumbent base : leaves '"rhombic-cordate, with base usually truncate or abruptly cuneate, obtuse, 1 to U inches long, often small, coarsely crenate : stipules foliaceous, narrowly lanceolate, entire or gashed : peduncles much exceeding the leaves : flowers showy, deep yellow, usually large : sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute : petals 6 to 9 lines long, the upper more or less tinged with brown on the outside, the others veined Avith purple ; lateral petals bearded : capsule oblong-ovate, 5 to 6 lines long, glabrous. — Fl. i. 141 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 325 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 506l.^ In the Coast Eanges from Southern California to San Francisco, and probably northward. 6 V aurea Kellogg. More or less pubescent with short spreadmg hairs : the stems ascending from a straight rootstock, 2 to G inches high : leaves ovate to lan- ceolate, cuneate or sometimes truncate at base, obtuse, 1 to 1-|- inches long, coarsely crenate : stipules foliaceous, lanceolate, laciniate : peduncles a little longer than the leaves: sepals linear, acuminate: petals 4 to 6 lines long, as m tlie last but lighter yellow : capsule nearly globular, 3 lines long, pubescent. — Proc. Calit. A^cad ii 185, fig. 54. V. Nuttallii & prasmorsa, Benth. PI. Hartw. 298. V. pedunculata, Torr. in Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 68, in part. F. lYuttallii, var. prcemorsa, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 35. Var. venosa, AVatson. Alpine and more slender ; flowers rather smaller^; leaves often purple-veined. — V. purpurea, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 56. F. Nuttallii, var. (1) venosa, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 35. y^ola. VIOLACEiE. r^r 0/ In the Coast Ranges from Santa Barbara and Fort Tejon to Mendocino Co. : also in the Sierm Nevada at an altituae of 5,000 to 6,000 feet ; Yoseinite Valley (Bolandcr) ; above Cai-son Citl Anderson, JVatson. The variety more alpine, at altitudes of 8,000 to 10,500 feet from Jit' Brewer to Donner Pass, and m the high mountains eastward to the Wahsatch. 7. V. Nuttallii, Pursh. From densely pubescent with spreading hairs tu nearly glabrous : stems ascending from a straight rootstock, usually low, often very short : leaves oblong-ovate to oblong, attenuate into the long petiole, obtuse, 1 to 3 inches long, entire or obscurely sinuate; stipules mostly narrow, entire: ^jed uncles usually shorter than the leaves : petals half an inch long, yellow, tinged more or less with brown or purple : capsule ovate, smooth. — Hook. Fl. i. 29, t. 7G ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 141. V. prcemorsa, Dougl. ; LindL Bot. Eeg. xv, t. 1254. From Washington Territory and Oregon to the Saskatchewan and Colorado ; proljalily to 1^ found in the northern or northeastern parts of the State. ■+- -{- Stems leafy jirostrate stolons : leaves undivided : floivers yellow. 8. V. sarmentosa, Dougl. Slightly pubescent : leaves rounded-cordate, reni- form, or sometimes ovate, | to 1| inches broad, finely crenate, dark green above, often rusty below, usually punctate with numerous dark dots : peduncles mostly exceeding the leaves : flowers rather small, light yellow. — Hook. Fl. i. 80 : Torr & Gray, Fl. i. 143. Near the sea, commonly in woods, from Monterey to British Columbia. At the north it ranges farther inland. ° -H -i- -{- Stems erect, naked heloio, or nearly so : Jloivers yelloio. ++ Leaves undivided. 9. V. glabella, J^utt. Minutely pubescent or glabrous : stems slender from a creeping rootstock, naked or sparingly leafy below, 5 to 12 inches high: radical leaves on elongated petioles, the upper shortly petioled, reniform-cordate to cordate, acute, crenately toothed or crenulate, 1 to 4 inches broad ; stipules usually small and membranaceous, entire or serrulate : flowers bright yellow, half an inch long : petals more or less veined with purple, the lateral ones bearded : capsule ovate- oblong, 3 to 4 lines long, abruptly beaked. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 142. V. Cana- densis, var. Sitchensis, Bongard. V. biflora, var. Sitchensis, Kegel. F. puhescens, var. scabriusciUa, Gray, Manual, 79. In shady places, ]\Iendocino Co. {Bolandcr) ; Mariposa Grove {Mrs. S. P. Monks) ; Sierra Co. (Lemmon) ; northward to Alaska and eastward across the continent. -i-i- -}--!- Leaves usually lobed or parted. 10. V. lobata, Benth. Finely pubescent or nearly glabrous : stems rather stout, 8 to 12 inches high, from an erect rootstock: leaves glabrous above, cordate or reniform in outline, 2 to 4 inches broad, the cauline shortly petioled, more or less deeply palmate into 5 to 9 narroAvly oblong lobes, the central lobe usually more elongated ; some of the radical leaves occasionally less lobed, or entire and coarsely toothed : stipules foliaceous, often large, toothed or entire : petals 6 to 8 lines long, yellow, the upper brownish purple externally, the others veined or tinged, and the lateral slightly bearded : stigma bearded on each side : capsule 5 to G lines long, acute. — PL Hartw. 298; Torr. in Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 68. Y. Sequoiensis, Kellogg, Proc. Calif Acad. ii. 185, fig. 55. Var. integrifolia, Watson. Leaves not at all lobed, coarsely toothed, acuminate. From San Diego to ]\It. Shasta, most common in the central Sierra Nevada at 3,000 to 5,000 feet altitude, but not abundant even there : the variety in Sierra Co., Lemmon. Very variable in its foliage and pubescence. As in the last species, the upper and later joints of the stem are short and the leaves approximate. V. Hallii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 377, from Oregon, is a similar but more slender species; glabrous ; leaves 3-parted, the narrow segments 1 - 3-lobed ; lower jx;tals yellow, the upper deep violet ; stigma surrounded by hairs. 58 POLYGALACE^. Viola. * * % Stems very short, visually clustered, from a deep subterranean rootstock : leaves all divided : Jiowers yellow ; spur very short. 11. V. chrysantha, Hook. More or less pubescent with short spreading hairs: leaves bipinnatitid with narrow oblong or hnear segments; stipules lanceolate, entire or toothed : peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves, 2 to 5 inches long : flowers usually large : petals 5 to 9 lines long, bright yellow, the upper brown- purple on the outside, the others veined, the lateral ones not bearded : stigma slightly hairy below the rounded summit : capsule 5 lines long, acute : seeds large. — Ic. PI. t. 49 ; Hook. & Ai-n. Bot. Beechey, 32.5 ; Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 229, fig. 72. In dry soil on low hills from Monterey (Douglas) and Knight's Ferry (Bigdow) to Llendocino Co. (Bolander) and northward ; Snake Coxmtry, Tolmic. 12. V. BeckTvithii, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or pubescent : leaves broadly cordate in outline, 3-parted ; the divisions lobed and cleft into linear or oblong seg- ments : peduncles about equalling the leaves : petals 4 to 7 lines long, very broad, the upper purple, the others yellow with purple veins, the lateral ones bearded and the lower deeply emarginate : stigma lightly bearded at the sides : capsule obtuse. — Pacif. E. Eep. ii. 119, t. 1. F. montana, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 56. In the central Sierra Nevada upon both sides of the range, from Alpine Co. {Anderson) to Sierra Co. (Lcmmon) : Diamond JMountains, N. Nevada, Beckwith. 1 3. V. Sheltonii, Torr. Glabrous or nearly so : leaves as in the last : petals rather smaller, narrower, all yellow, veined with purple, the lateral ones and the stigma glabrous ; lower petal not emarginate. — Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 67, t. 2. In the northern Sierra Nevada, in Plumas, Sierra, and Nevada counties, Rev. Mr. Shelton, Bige- low, Lemmon, Mrs. Pulsifer Ames. Order XII. POLYGALACE^. Herbs or shrubs, with simple entire leaves and no stipules, remarkable for the papiUonaceous-looking flowers (but of structure unlike the papihonaceous corolla), monadelphous or diadelphous stamens coherent with the petals, and one-celled anthers opening at the top ; — an order not closely related to any other, to which is appended the very peculiar genus Krameria. 1. POLYGALA, Tourn. Sepals 5, very unequal, the 2 lateral ones large and petal-like (called wings). Pet- als 3, united to each other and to the stamen-tube, the middle one (or heel) hooded above and often crested or beaked. Stamens 6 to 8, the filaments united below into a split sheath, adnate at base to the petals : anthers 1-celled, often cupshaped, opening at the apex. Ovary 2-ceUed : ovides solitary, pendulous, anatropous : style long, curved, dilated above: stigma terminal or apparently lateral. Capsule membranaceous, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, rounded and often notched above, loculicidal at the margin. Seed carunculate at the hilum : embryo large, straight, with thin albumen. — Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby ; with simple entire leaves, and racemose or spicate flowers. The Californian species are perennials with a woody base, alternate leaves, and few large flowers in terminal racemes. A genus of some 200 species, of the temperate and warmer zones, represented by 30 or more species in the region east of the Rocky Mountains. A bitter principle is common to the genus, of medicinal value in some instances. Krameria. POLYGALACE^. ^^ 59 1. P. CUCuUata, Benth. Stems slender from a woody base, 2 to 8 inches lii^h mostly simple, puberulent above : leaves glabrous or sliglitly pubescent, oblon-'-huu-e- olate or sometimes ovate-elliptical, 1 to 1 inch long, acute or obtuse, cuneate^at base and very shortly petioled : flowers rose-colored, on pedicels 1 to 3 lines Ion- with out bracts : sepals glabrous or nearly so ; the outer 2,^ lines long, rounded-sa'cate at base; the wings rather broadly spatulate, 4 to 6 lines long: lateral petals linear-lanco- olate, somewhat ciliate, equalling the broad obtuse more or less curved beak of the rounded hood : fruit mostly from apetalous flowers near the root ; capsule glabrous broadly ovate, 2| to 3 lines long, retuse above, nearly sessile, narrowly margined' '• seed 2 lines long, somewhat pubescent ; the caruncle vesicular and wrinkled cafyntra- like, half the length of the seed. — PI. Hartw. 299. P. Nutkana, Torrey, Bot Mex. Bound, 49, t. 12. ' j> • From Santa Barbara to Ukiah, on dry hillsides. This has usually been confounded witli the next, and with it referred to P. Nutkana, Jlocjino, which however is doubtless a Mexican plant and the same as P. ovalifolia, DC. ^ 2. P. Californica, Nutt. Much resembling the last ; but stems more shrubby, stouter and more branched, | to 1 foot high or more : flowers greenish white, usually fruiting : sepals all densely tomentose ; the wings oblong, scarcely narrowed at base : lateral petals only equalhng the hood, which bears a straight narrow erect beak : capsule ovate, 4 lines long, emarginate or retusely 2-toothed at the apex, narrowly winged : seed 3 lines long, densely hairy ; the caruncle firm and terete, with a thin lateral wmg partially covering the body of the seed.— Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 671. P. Nutkana, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. P. cucullata, Newberry, Pacif. E. Eep. vi 70 P. cormita, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 61. In the Sierra Nevada, from El Dorado Co. to Oregon {Ncwherry) ; in pine forests. Possibly Nuttall included both species under his description, but specimens ticketed by him belong to the present form. Dr. Torrey ticketed specimens of his own collection as from Santa Barbara, prob- ably by mistake. ^ 3. P. subspinosa, Watson. Glabrous or more or less pubescent : the stems numerous, 2 to 8 inches high, branched above, the branches often spinose : leaves I to an inch long, oblong or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, attenuate to a narrow base : bracts narrow, scarious; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long, at length usually deflexed : sepals glabrous or cihate ; the outer narrow, rounded-saccate at base ; the oblong rose-colored wings 4 to 5 hues long : lateral petals linear, equalling the broad rounded beak of the yellow keel : capsule obovate, emarginate, narrow at base, 3 lines long : seed liairy, 2 lines long ; the short caruncle with membranous lateral wings more than half the length of the seed. — Am. Naturalist, vii. 299. On dry hills near Silver City, Nevada, Kellogg : Southern Utah, from several collections, and Arizona, Palmer. The only other species of the inner basin is P. acanthoclada, Gray, collected by Brandegce in S. Colorado, similar to this but more Avoody and with much smaller scattered whitish flowers. P. Xanti, Gray, of Lower California, is also a low perennial, pubescent throughout ; leaves oval, shortly petioled ; flowers recurved, 3 lines long, white tinged with yellow and purple, the keel not beaked or crested ; capsule ovate, 3 lines long, deeply emarginate, densely pubescent : seed with a short thick caruncle. 2. KRAMERIA, Linn. Sepals 5, somewhat unequal, more or less petal-like. Petals 5 ; the 3 upper similar, long-clawed, approximate, the lower short, sessile and fleshy. Stamens 4, united below : anthers 2-celled, dehiscing obliquely at the apex. Ovary simple, silky : ovules 2, pendulous from toward the apex of the cell : style simple, straight, obliquely terminal, acutish : stigma terminal. Capsule globose, coriaceous, inde- hiscent, spinose or muricate, 1-seeded. Seed naked, without albumen : embryo straight, the cotyledons auriculate at base and including the radicle. — Small shrubs gQ FRANKENIACE^. Krameria. or somewhat woody perennial herbs, silky-tomentose and often prostrate ; with alternate and entire narrow leaves ; flowers sohtary, on axillary bracted peduncles, purplish. A genus of about a dozen species, confined to the warmer portions of America, three or four indigenous on the southern border of the United States. 1. K. parvifolia, Benth. A rigid diffusely branched shrub, 1 or 2 feet high, with silky appressed pubescence, the slender divaricate branchlets often spinose : leaves linear, 4 to 8 lines long ; the lower obtuse (often small and ovate to oblong), the upper aculeately tipped and, with the inflorescence, usually sprinkled with short rigid gland-bearing hairs : flowers 2 to 4 lines long ; peduncles with 2 or 3 pairs of leaf-like bracts : the ovate silky sepals purple within : petals with claws united nearly to the top, the middle blade narrow : stamens nearly free : fruit with numer- ous very slender prickles retrorsely barbed their whole length, cordate-globose, 4 lines long, shortly acuminate, obscurely ridged on each side. — Bot. Sulph. 6, t. 2 ; Gray, PL Wright, i. 41 ; Berg, Bot. Zeit. xiv. 766. From San Diego {Cleveland) to Fort Mohave (Cooper) and Souora (Thurbcr), and eastward to New Mexico ; southward on the coast to Magdalena Bay. 2. K. canescens, Gray. Yery similar in habit and foliage : pubescence short and tomentose : leaves lanceolate to linear : peduncles shorter, 2-bracted : sepals lanceolate, the smaller one linear : capsule ovate-globose, tipped with the stout curved style, and armed with slender prickles barbed at the apex. — PI. Wright, i. 42 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 49, t. 13. "Desert west of the Colorado " (Anfisell), and New Mexico. K. LANCEOLATA, Torr., is a more eastern species, from Tucson, Arizona (Palmer), to Florida. It is silky-villous, with 2-bracted peduncles, the fruit armed with stout and straight retrorsely scabrous spines. Order XIII. FRANKENIACE^. Low perennial herbs or undershrubs, with opposite entire leaves and no stipules ; distinguished from the first tribe of the following order mainly by the parietal pla- centse, and oval or oblong anatropous seeds with a straight embryo j — of a single genus. 1. FRANKENIA, Linn. Calyx tubular or prismatic, furrowed ; the 4 or 5 lobes valvate and induplicate in the bud. Petals 4 or 5, hypogynous ; the blade tapering into a claw, which bears an appendage (crown) on its inner face. Stamens 4 to 7 or rarely more, hypo- gynous. Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 to 4 few- to several-ovuled parietal placentae : style 2 - 4-cleft into fihform divisions : stigmas unilateral. Capsule included in the per- sistent calyx, 2 - 4-valved ; the few or several seeds attached by filiform stalks to the margin of the valves. — Leaves small, mostly crowded and also fascicled in the axils, sessile or nearly so, the pair often united by a membranous somewhat sheath- ing base : flowers small, perfect, solitary and sessile in the forks of the stem, or by the reduction of the upper leaves to bracts becoming cymose-clustered on the branches : corolla pink or purplish. A widely diffused genus, of 30 or more species, only three of them North American, and these all southwestern. 1. F. grandifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. Smooth or somewhat pirbescent with short spreading hairs, rather woody at base, erect or prostrate, 6 inches high, leafy : Franhenia. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 61 leaves thickish, obovate to linear-oblanceolate, 3 to G lines lon^% the margin revo- lute : calyx 3 lines long, linear, very strongly furrowed, the hibcs short and acute : petals exserted 1 to 1| lines, the blade oblong, erose at the sumniit, the appendage bifid : stamens 4 to 7 : style 3-cleft : capsule linear, angled, shorter than the calyx : seeds numerous. — Linnsea, i. 35 ; Torrey, Bot. Mex. Jiound. 36, t. 5. Sea-shore from San Francisco to San Diego and southward, and eastward in the desert to Ari- zona and S. Nevada. F. Palmeri, Watson, collected by Dr. E. Palmer on the eastern side of Lower California, is a rather slender shrub, a foot high, the numerous fascicled leaves only 1 or 2 lines long, thick and strongly revolute, canescent with a white encrustation : calyx 1^ lines long : ])etals linear, a little exserted : stamens 4 : style bifid : capsule 2-seeded. — ProC Am. Acad. xi. \ii. F. Jamesii, Torr. (Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 622), is a more eastern speckles, of Colorado and New Mexico, with the habit of F. grandifolia, but more pubescent, leaves narrower and witli revolute margins, flowers larger, and ovary 3-ovuled. Order XIV. CARYOPHYLLACE^. Herbs, sometimes suffrutescent at base, bland and inert, with regular and mostly perfect flowers, persistent calyx, its parts and the petals 4 or 5 and imbricated or the latter sometimes convolute in the bud, the distinct stamens commonly twice as many as the petals (when of the same number alternate with them, sometimes fewer), ovary 1 -celled with a free central placenta, bearing many or several campylo- tropous ovules ; the reniform seeds with a slender embryo coiled around the outside of farinaceous albumen. — Stems usually swollen at the nodes. Leaves often united at the base by a transverse line, in one group with interposed scarious stii> nles. Petals sometimes Avanting. Stamens mostly hypogynous around an annular disk, sometimes perigynous by its cohesion -with the base of the calyx. Styles 2 to 5, mostly distinct, and with stigma running down the inner face, in the last genera more or less united into one. Fruit a capsule opening by valves, or by teeth at the summit. Flowers terminal or in the forks, or in cymes. A large order, found in every part of the world, but abounding in temperate and frigid regions, of a thousand or more species, under about 35 genera, of no important properties or uses, excejjt that many are cultivated for ornament, such especially as Pinks, Lychnis, &c. JIuch more largely represented in Western North America than upon the Atlantic side. Tribe L SILENE^. Sepals united into a 4 - 5-toothed or lobed calyx. Petals commonly ■with an appendage (crown) on the base of the blade within, narrowed below into a con- spicuous claw ; these and the stamens borne on a stipe under the ovary. Styles distinct. Capsule dehiscent at the summit by as many or twice as many teeth as styles. Stipules none. Flowers comparatively large. 1. Silene. Styles 3. (Lychnis, with 4 or 5 styles, not yet found in California.) Tribe II. ALSINE^E. Sepals distinct to the base or nearly so. Petals without crown or distinct claw, inserted with the stamens on the margin of the hypogynous or sometimes perigynous disk under the sessile ovary, not rarely wanting or inconspicuous. * Stipules none. 2. Cerastium. Capsule cylindric, dehiscent with twice as many equal teeth as styles : petals cmarginate or bifid : styles 5, rarely 3 or 4, opposite to as many sepals. 3. Stellaria. Capsule globose to oblong, with as many valves as styles, bifid or 2-parted : petals bitid : styles 3 (rarely 2, 4, or 5), opposite to as many sepals. 4. Arenaria. Petals entire or wanting ; styles 3 (rarely 2, 4, or 5), opposite to as many sepals : capsule globose to oblong, with as many valves as styles, these entire or bifid or 2-parto(I. 5. Sagina. Petals entire or wanting : styles as many as the sepals, alternate with them and with the entire valves of the capsule. 62 CARYOPHYLLACE^. Silene. ♦ * Stipules scarious or setifonn. +- Petals conspicuous : styles distinct. 6. Spergula. Styles 5, alternate with the sepals and with the entire valves of the capsule. 7. Lepigonum. Styles and valves of the capsule 3. +- +- Petals inconspicuous or minute : styles united below. 8. Polycarpon. Sepals and petals entire. Leaves ovate or oblong : stipules scarious. 9. Loeflingia. Sepals rigid and with a setiform tooth on each side. Leaves subulate or seta- ceous : the setiform rigid stipules adnate to each margin. Drymaeia, Willd., is represented by one or two species in Lower California and by others in Arizona. They have the aspect of Chickweeds {SteUaria), small and scarious stipules, and 2-6- cleft petals. 1. SILENE, Linn. Catchfly. Campion. Calyx tubular, cylindro-clavate to campanulate, 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Petals 5, with narrow claws; the blade mostly 2 - many-cleft, and usually crowned with 2 scales at the base. Stamens 10, borne with the petals upon the stipe of the ovary. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled : styles 3. Capsule dehiscent by 6, rarely 3, short teeth. Seed opaque, tuberculate or echinate, attached marginally : embryo peri- pherical. — Annual or mostly perennial herbs, of various habit. — Eohrbach, Monog. Silene, and in Lnina?a, xxxvi. 170; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 430, and Proc. Am. Acad. x. 3-iO. A genus of 300 or more species, most abundant in the northern temperate regions of the Old World. Of the 25 American species, the larger number is confined to the Rocky Mountains and the region westward. * Annuals : flowers small. Glabrous : flowers in an open naked dichotomous panicle. 4. S. antirrhina. Villous : flowers racemose or spicate : leaves spatulate. 3. S. Gallica. * * Perennials : calyx campanulate, inflated : flowers few. Glandular-puberulent : flowers nodding : blade 4-parted ; claws and fila- ments pubescent. 1- ». campantlata. Mostly glabrous : flowers erect : blade bifid ; claws narrow, naked. 2. b. Lyallii. Puberulent : calyx somewhat inflated : flowers erect : blade bifid ; claws broader. 1^- *• Douglasii. * * * Perennials': calyx oblong-cylindric or clavate. Usually low : inflorescence leafy. Flowers wbite, small : blade bifid, without crown. 5. S. Menzi.esii. Flowers large, pale pink : blade 4 - 6-parted : tomentose above. Flowers large, deep scarlet : blade 4-parted : glandular-pubescent or puberulent. Taller : floral bracts small and narrow. Blade of the petals 4-parted or 4-cleft. Flowers large, bright scarlet : blade deeply 4-cleft : leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear. 8. S. lacixiata. Slender, subglabrous : calyx short : blade equally 4-parted : capsule neariy sessile. 9- S. Lemmoxi. Stout and tall, glandular : calvx long : blade deeply 4-cleft ; claw narrow, villous : stipe 'long. 10. S. occidentalis. Slender, pTiberulent : calyx long : blade 4-cleft ; claw naked ; auri- cles and crown lacerate : stipe long. 11. S. moktaxa. Slender, puberulent : calyx and petals short : blade narrowly 4-parted ; narrow claw and filaments villous : stipe short. 12. S. Palmeri. Blade of the petals bifid, mostly light rose-color ; lobes mostly oblong. Stout, glandular : calyx-teeth long, lanceolate : petals purplish ; claw narrow, not auricled. 13. S. pectixata. Tall, lax : leaves broadly lanceolate : claw narrowly auricled : stipe short : seed not tubercled. 14. S. incompta. 6. S. Hookeri. 7. S. Californica. '^'^^«^- CARYOPHYLLACEJi. go Low : leaves narrow : claw narrowly auricled : stipe short : seed strongly tuberculate on the back. 15 S VERFPirvnA Puberulent : leaves narrow ; claw broadly auricled : stipe rather lone • ' ' '""''"''''^■ seed tubercled. 17 S Do Petals white, very narrow ; lobes linear : styles long-exserted. U. S. BRrDjE^s^i"' § 1. Cali/x campamdate, inflated: floivers few m a loose panicle or paniculate raceme: j)erennials, _ 1. S. campanulata, Watson. Glandular-puberulent : stems erect, 6 to 10 inche^ high, simple or dichotomously branclied at the summit : leaves lanceolate 1 to 11 inches long, acute or acuminate : flowers solitary or few, on short noddin" pedicels : calyx 5 to 6 lines long, finely net-veined, the teeth broad and acute or acutish : petals pale flesh-color, 9 lines long ; claws pubescent, narrowly auricled • blade 4-parted, the lobes bifid or the lateral ones entire or notched ; appendages ob- long, entire : filaments pubescent, exserted : ovary subglobose, shortly stipitate — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 342. Red ]\Iountain, Mendocmo County, Bolander, Kellogg. 2. S. Lyallii, Watson. Glabrous except the subglandular puberulent inflores- cence : stems slender, ascending : leaves linear-oblanceolate, 1 to 2 inches lon--^ : flowers few in a dichotomous cyme, erect on slender pedicels : calyx 4 lines Ioikt* net-vemed above ; teeth broad, obtuse : petals brownish purple, 7 lines long ; blade oblong, shortly bifid ; claw naked, scarcely auricled ; appendages oblong, entire • anthers included : ovary narrowly oblong. — Proc. Am, Acad, x, 342, TeStory,*^ZyS' ^"""^ ^''™ ^''"'^'' ^''"'''' *^'°''°*^' ^^'""^^'^- Cascade Mountains, Washington What appears to be another species of this group, with pendulous flowers, has been collected in the Sierra Nevada above Cisco, but the material is too meagi-e for a specific description. The flowers are clustered on short pedicels; calyx greenish, 4 to 5 lines long; blade shortly bifid, obscurely toothed at the side, and with short entire appendages ; inflorescence puberulent. S. MONANTHA, Watson 1. c the one other western species with inflated calyx, has been found on y at the fal s of the Columbia. It is distinguished by weak elongated stems, the long-pedun culate flowers terminal and solitary, not deflexed, and the limb of the petals bifid. § 2. Calyx ohlong-cylindric or clavate, becoming expanded by the enlarging ovary. * Annuals: floivers small, solitary, racemose or panicled : capsule ovoid, very shortly stipitate, 3 to 4 lines long. 3. S. Gallica, Linn. ViUous-pubescent : leaves spatulate, 1 to L^ inches loner • flowers on very short pedicels, racemose, 4 to 5 lines long, the rose-colored petals little exceeding the calyx. A European species now widely distributed. Abundant in many localities near the coast. 4. S. antirrhina, Linn. Glabrous, with a part of each joint viscid, erect, slen- der, 1 to 21 feet high : leaves lanceolate or linear : flowers in a naked dichotomous panicle, on long pedicels: petals obovate, minutely appendaged, equaUing the calyx, — liohrb. in Mart. Fl. Bras, xiv.^ 292, t. m. -a o j Throughout California, but apparently rare, ranging north to British Columbia and eastward across the continent. * * Perennials, spreading or decumbent, usually low : inflorescence leafy. 5. S, Menziesii, Hook. Glandular-puberulent : stems numerous, weak and ascending, dichotomously branched, 6 to 12 inches high, leafy : leaves ovate-lanceo- late or -oblong, acute or acuminate at each end, an inch or two long : peduncles 1 -flowered, lateral and terminal, equalling the leaves : petals bifid, without crown, 3 or 4 lines long, exceeding the ovate calyx, white : capsule ovate-oblong, shortly stipitate : seeds minutely tuberculate, at length nearly black and shining. — Hook. Fl. i. 99, t. 30. S. Dorrii, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 44, fig. 12. g^ CARYOPHYLLACE^. SiUne. From Mono Lake to tlie British boundary and frequent in the mountains eastward, from Slave Lake to New Alexieo. 6. S. Hookeri, Nutt. Somewhat wliite-tomentose, especially aljove, the leafy •stems s'to lU inches high from a deep perpendicular root: leaves spatulate, acute, an inch or two long : flowers 1 to 5, large, erect, on pedicels 1^ inches long : calyx ohlong-clavate, 8 to 10 lines long : petals pale-pink, twice longer than the calyx, the broad claw ciliate below, the cuneate blade 4 - 6-parted with lanceolate or linear entire or bifid segments ; appendages lanceolate, decurrent upon the claw : ovary nearly sessile. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 193; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6051. S. Bol- anderi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 330. Melandryum Hookeri & M. Bolanden, Eohrb. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 254. Wooded hillsides, from Plumas and Mendocino counties to the Columbia Pdver. 7. S. Californica, Durand. Glandular-pubescent or puberulent : stems | to 2 feet'high, lax, leaty, somewhat branched above : leaves oblanceolate to ovate, 1^ to 4 inches 'long, acute or acuminate : flowers large, deep scarlet, few at the ends of the branches : pedicels short, the lower deflected in fruit : calyx 7 to 10 lines long : petals deeply parted, with bifid segments, the lobes 2 - 3-toothed or entire, with often a linear lateral one ; appendages oblong-lanceolate : capsule ovate, ^ inch long, ra,ther shortly stipitate. — PL Pratten. 83. S. laciniata, var. Californica, Gray ; Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 341. Melandryuyn Calif ornicum, Rohrb. L c. 252. From ]\Iendocino and Placer counties to Santa Cruz, Fort Tejon, and the Mariposa Grove. It probably extends southward in the Coast Ranges to San Diego. The flowers much resemble those of the next species, to which it has been referred. * * * Erect perennials, luith the floivers in a jmnicle or racemose-panicidate, the floral bracts small and narrow. -{- Petals i-jmrted or A-cleft. 8. S. laciniata, Cav. Pubescent with more or less viscid hairs or puberulent : stems erect or ascending from a thick woody rootstock, 1 to 1| feet high : leaves narrowly oblanceolate to linear, 2 to 3 inches long : flowers one or few on the elon- gated branches, large, bright scarlet, on pedicels l to 3 inches long, not reflexed in fruit : petals deeply 4-cleft with linear acute lobes, the lateral ones spreading and shorter ; appendages ovate : capsule oblong, shortly stipitate, not greatly distending the calyx : seed strongly tuberculate on the back. — Icon. vi. 44, t. 564 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xvii. t. 1444. Li/ch7m jndchra, Cham. & Schlecht. Melandryum lacim- atum, Rohrb. 1. c. From the Sacramento southward into IMexico, and eastward to New Mexico. 9. S. Lemmoni, Watson. Glabrous or puberulent, the inflorescence glandular : stems erect from a decumbent perennial branching base, slender, 8 to 12 inches high, branched : lea\'^s mostly on the young shoots, an inch long, spatulate to oblong-lanceolate, acute : flowers in an open panicle, erect or at length deflexed, on slender pedicels 4 to 9 lines long : calyx ovate-cylindric, 4 lines long, the teeth acutely triangular : petals rose-colored, 6 to 8 lines long ; the broad blade 4-cleft nearly to the base, with linear entire or notched lobes ; the lanceolate appendages entire and the villous claw narrowly auricled : ovary oblong, very shortly stipitate. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 342. Webber Lake Valley, Sierra Co., Lcmmon. 10. S. OCCidentalis, Watson. Glandular-puberulent, or below somewhat tomen- tose : stems often stout, erect from a vertical rootstock, 1| to 2 feet high, simple or branching : leaves oblanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, acute, the lower ciliate at base : flowers in an open panicle, erect or sometimes nodding, on slender pedicels 6 to 15 lines long : calyx cylindrical, 6 to 8 lines long, the teeth ovate and obtuse : petals deep purple, one half longer, deeply 4-cleft into nearly equal lobes or the lateral Saene. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 65 ones shorter ; appendages linear, entire, half the length of the limb ; claw slightly villous, without auricles : filaments slightly exserted : stipe 3 lines long, as Ion" as the oblong ovary. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 343. Big Meadows, Phimas Co., Lemmon. 11. S. montana, Watson. Puberulent : the stems slender, from a decumbent branching perennial base, mostly simple, a foot high : leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 1|^ to 2 inches long, acuminate : fiowers in a narrow panicle, erect upon usually short pedicels : calyx cylindrical, 7 to 9 lines long, the oblong teeth acutish : petals ■ apparently rose-colored, scarcely longer ; the broad blade deeply 4-cleft into linear entire equal segments ; claws naked, the auricles and broad ovate appendages some- what lacerate : capsule oblong, the stipe 2 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 343. Near Carson City {Anderson), and in Sierra Valley, Sierra County, Lemmon. A perhaps dis- tinct form from the Blue Mountains, Oregon, has the short quadrate limb barely notched, the coronal appendages and auricles entire or nearly so, and the stipe shorter. 12. S. Palmeri, Watson. Puberulent with short spreading hairs, the inflores- cence glandular : sti^ms slender, a foot high, from a branching rootstock : leaves oblanceolate, an inch long : flowers purplish, on slender pedicels in an open panicle : calyx four lines long ; teeth short : petals very narrow, half an inch long ; blade 4-parted into linear entire or bifid lobes ; appendages linear ; claw not auricleil, and with the filaments very villous : styles and stamens much exserted : cajjsule oblong, exceeding the calyx ; stipe about a line long : seeds tuberculate, not crested. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 124. Cuiamaca Mountains, San Diego Co., Dr. Edward Pabmr. S. OrectANA, Watson, also from the Blue Mts., Oregon, may extend into California. It has its petals 2-parted, with filiform bifid segments, very narrow claws with the auricles produced up- ward, and a long-stipitate capsule. +- ■¥- Petals bifid. 13. S. pectinata, Watson. Viscidly pubescent : stems erect, stout, simple or branched, 1 to 1^- feet liigh, several from a stout perpendicular root : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 1| to 2^ inches long, the radical long-petioled : flowers in a narrow strict or spreading panicle, erect on pedicels ^ to 1 inch long : calyx oblong, 6 to 9 lines long, cleft nearly to the middle into narrow acute teeth : petals dark rose-color or purple, about an inch long ; claw naked, not auricled ; blade broadly oblong, deeply bifid with obtuse segments ; appendages lanceolate, entire : ovary oblong, nearly sessile : seeds finely tuberculate. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 344. Near Carson City {Anderson) ; Walker's Meadows {Brewer) ; Plumas and Sierra counties, Mrs. M. E. P. Ames and Lemmon. 14. S. incompta, Gray. Viscidly puberulent or pubescent : stems tall and lax, simple or somewhat branched : leaves broadly lanceolate, acute, 1| to 2h inches long: flowers on slender rather short pedicels loosely racemose : calyx oblong-cj'lindric, six lines long, the oblong teeth acute : petals a half longer, light rose-color ; lobes ovate-oblong, often toothed ; claws naked, very narrowly auricled ; appendages short, toothed : capsule ovate, not exceeding the calyx, very shortly stipitate : seeds smaU, not tuberculate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 330. S. Engehnaiuii, Rohrb. 1. c. 264. Mount Bullion and Yosemite Valley, Bolander, Torrcy. 15. S. verecunda, Watson. Glandular-pubescent: stems low, clustered, erect, simple, 8 to 10 inches high : leaves oblanceolate, acute, an inch or two long : flowers few in a loose panicle, erect upon stout and mostly elongated pedicels ^ to an inch long : calyx oblong-cylindric, half an inch long ; teeth acutish, triangular : petals rose-color, a half longer ; blade oblong, cleft to the middle into linear entire lobes ; appendages notched at the apex; claw naked, narrowly auricled : filaments included: ovary oblong, shortly stipitate : capsule oblong-ovate, exceeding the calyx : seeds 66 CARYOPHYLLACEiE. Silene. strongly tubercled on the back. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 344. aS'. Enyelmanni, var. Behrii, Eohxb. in Linnsea, xxxvi. 264. Kocky liills near Mission Dolores, Bolander, BeJir. 1 6. S. Bridgesii, Eolirbach. Finely pubescent below and viscid above : stems simple, slender, erect, a foot high or more : leaves rather narrowly oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, an inch or two long : flowers simply racemose, on slender spreading pedicels 3 to 6 lines long : calyx oblong-cylindric, 4 to 5 lines long, with rather nar- row acute teeth : petals white, very narrow, 8 lines long, the claw scarcely auricled and lobes narrowly linear ; appendages very small : styles greatly elongated : capsule equalling the calyx, ovate. — Ind. Sem. Berol. 18G7, & Monogr. Silene, 204. Ill Yosemite Valley aud at Clark's on the Merced, Bridges, Gray. 17. S. Douglasii, Hook. Finely puberulent throughout, and rarely somewhat glandular above : stems erect or ascending from a branching decumbent rootstock, slender, 6 to 15 inches high, simple, few-flowered : leaves narrowly oblanceolate to linear, an inch or two long : flowers erect, on slender pedicels : calyx oblong-cylindric, often somewhat inflated, 5 to 7 lines long, with broad acutish teeth : petals rose- color or nearly white, 8 to 10 lines long, with broad obtuse lobes, a broadly auricled claw, and narrow appendages : capsule oblong-ovate, equalling the calyx, rather long- stipitate : seeds strongly tubercled on the back.- — Fl. i. 88 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 190. S. multicaulis, Nutt.; Torr. k Gray, Fl. i. 192. From Washington Territory and Montana to the Sacramento River, Donner Pass in the Sierra Nevada, and the Wahsatch Mts. ; the most frequent of all the species. Scanty specimens, doubt- fully referred here, were collected by Palmer in the Cuyamaca Mts. , San Diego Co. S. ScouLEKl, Hook., and S. Spaldixgii, Watson, both from beyond the limits of the State northward, but perhaps to be found on its northern borders, belong to a group of stout perennials with tlie flowers shortly pedicelled and often fascicled in the axils of the rather leaf-like bracts. The first has conspicuous petals, the broad bifid limb with notched lobes and appendages ; claw auricled ; capsule ovate, long-stipitate ; leaves narrow, distant. The latter is viscidly pubescent throughout, with numerous lanceolate leaves ; petals with a very broad claw, but short aud obtuse emarginate limb, and four short distinct appendages ; capsule oblong, short-stipitate. One or two dwarf alpine species occur in the Sierra Nevada, apparently undescribed, but the mate- rial collected is too scanty for satisfactory description. Specimens from Alt. Dana {Brewer), near Ebbett's Pass {Brewer, n. 2081), and from some locality farther north {Lemmon), are alike in habit, having mostly 1-flowered stems, linear leaves, a short subcampanulate calyx and short bifid petals, but differ in pubescence and in some of the characters of the flower. They are closely allied to that group of the genus Lychnis which includes L. affinis, triflora, aiKtala, &c., ■ — alpine and arctic species of doubtful limitation, — none of which seem to have been found in California, though some occur farther north and in the Rocky Mountains. 2. CERASTIUM, Linn. Moitse-ear Chickweed. Sepals 5, not carinate nor 3-nerved. Petals 5, emarginate or bifid. Stamens 10. Styles 5, rarely 4 or 3. Capsule cylindric or cylindric-conic, often incurved, 1-celled, many-seeded, dehiscent by twice as many equal teeth as there are styles. Seed sub- reniform-globose, usually granulate. — Mostly pubescent or hirsute low herbs ; leaves rarely subulate ; flowers white, in terminal leafy or scariously bracted dichotomous cymes. Distinguished from Arenaria and Stellaria by habit, as well as by the form and dehiscence of the capsule. A genus of perhaps 100 species, widely distributed, but sjjaringly represented in America. 1. C. nutans, Eaf. Annual, viscid-pubescent, erect, usually branched at the base, about a span high : leaves narrowly oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute, clasping, I to H inches long, the lowest spatulate : cyme open, rather many-flowered ; pedi- cels often nodding or reflexed in fruit : calyx 1| to 2 lines long, the petals slightly longer : capsule 4 to 6 lines long, curved. — Gray, Gen. 111. ii. 40, t. 114. Stdlaria. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 57 From the Atlantic States to "Washington Territory, Utah, and Northern Mexico ; collected by Anderson in the mountains above Carson City, Nevada. 2. C. arvense, Linn. Perennial, downy with refiexed hairs, cespitoso ; stems erect, 3 to 12 inches high: leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 4 to 12 lines long, acute, clasping : cyme few-flowered, usually narrow ; pedicels mostly long, erect or nod- ding : calyx 1|^ to 3 lines long, the petals nearly twice longer : capsule little ex- ceeding the calyx, nearly straight. Northern States and westward in the mountains to Colorado and Washington Territory : also European and Asiatic. Found but sparingly in California, at the Russian Colony, and by Bolander in Mendocino County at Noyo, in sandy fields among shrubs, and on the East Fork of Eel River. The latter specimens might be referred to C. oblongifolium, Torrey, which seems to be but a form of C. arvense with the capsule a half longer than the calyx. 3. C. pilosum, Ledeb. Perennial, erect, rather stout, more or less densely pilose, glandular-pubescent above : leaves oblong-lanceolate, |- to an inch long, 1 to 6 lines broad, acute, almost sheathing at base : flowers large, few : calyx 3 to 4 Hues long, the petals half longer: capsule 6 to 10 lines long, the slender teeth at length circinate. — Icon. Eoss. t. 351. C. stellarioides, Mo^ino, Icon. Ined. t. 54.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 187. Alaska and Siberia ; Punta de los Reyes {Bigdow), referred to C. ohlongifoUum in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 70. 3. STELLARIA, Linn. Ciiickweed. Sepals 5, rarely 4, Petals as many, 2-cleft, rarely none. Stamens 10, or fewer by abortion. Styles 3, or rarely 2, 4, or 5, opposite to as many sepals. Capsule globose to oblong, many-seeded, dehiscent to below the middle into twice as many valves as styles. Seeds reniform-globose or laterally compressed, — Low herbs, mostly diffuse ; leaves rarely subulate ; flowers white, solitary or cymose, terminal or becoming lateral ; stems mostly 4-angled. Including 70 species or more, widely distributed, especially in the temperate and colder regions ; about 20 North American. * Leaves ovate, petioled : stems marked hij a pubescent line : petals shorter than the calyx : annual or nearly so, introduced. 1. S. media, Linn. Weak and spreading, rooting at the lower joints : leaves 3 to 9 lines long, on hairy petioles, or the uppermost sessile : flowers on slender pedi- cels, deflexed in fruit, with foliaceous bracts : calyx pubescent : stamens 3 to 10 : capsule oblong-ovate, 2 to 3 lines long, equalling or exceeding the calyx. A common introduced weed, in shady places, native of Europe. % * Leaves linear to lanceolate, sessile : j'^erennials, excepting the first. -§- Bracts small and scariotcs ; petals small or wanting, or often exceeding the calyx in the last. 2. S. nitens, Xutt. Annual, slender : stems 3 to 6 inches high, erect or spread- ing, smooth and shining, often slightly hairy at base : leaves lanceolate,_ 3 to G hues long, acute, the lower shortly petiolate : flowers erect, on short pedicels : sepals 3-nerved, narrow, acuminate, shining, two lines long, twice longer than the deeply lobed petals, which are sometimes wanting : capsule oblong, shorter than the calyx, rather few-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 185 ; Torr. in Pacif R. Pep. iv. 69. Valleys and foot-hills from Los Angeles northward to the British boundary ; Guadalupe Island, Palmer. 3. S, umbellata, Turcz. Glabrous : stems very slender, ascending, from slen- der creeping rootstocks, which are covered with orbicular scale-like colorless bracts : leaves spreading, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, 4 to 8 hues long : 68 CARYOPHYLLACE^. Stellaria. flowers in a simple or compound open umbel-like few-rayed cyme ; pedicels elon- gated : sepals ovate-lanceolate, 1 -nerved, 1 to 1|^ lines long: petals none: capsule at first ovate, at length nearly twice longer than the calyx. — Ledeb. Fl. Eoss. i. 394 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 38. Eocky Mountains of Colorado ; in the Wahsatch ( JVcUson) ; at Peregoy's above the Yosemite, Gray. Identical with the Asiatic form. 4. S. longipes, Goldie. Smooth and shining or glaucous, erect or ascending, 2 to 18 inches high: leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, |^ to 1| inches long, 1 to 1| lines wide, acute, rather rigid and usually ascending : flowers few, on long slender erect pedicels, the scarious bracts often Avauting in the less developed specimens : .sepals scarcely nerved, H to 2| lines long : petals about equalling or exceeding the calyx : capsule ovate-oblong, at length exserted, usually dark-colored at maturity : seed smooth. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exp. 245. In the Sierra Nevada from the Yosemite northward, ranging to the Arctic Sea and eastward to Maine and Labrador : also Asiatic. 5. KiNGil, Watson, Bot. King Exj). 39, t. 6, of the mountains of Nevada, may be found in California : stems low, from a woody base, strict, glandular-pubescent ; leaves linear, rigid, short ; capsule half longer than the calyx. -{- ■¥- Brads foliaceous : 2^etals exceeding the calyx, or ivanting in the first. 5. S. borealis, Bigelow. Glabrous : stems usually weak, erect or spreading, branched, ^ to H feet high : leaves linear-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, i^ to 2 inches long, 1 to 5 lines wide, acute, usually spreading : flowers in dichotomous cymes, on pedicels | inch long, at length spreading or deflexed : sepals ovate to lanceolate, a line or two long, usually short : petals 2-parted, included, 2 to 5, or more usually wanting: capsule ovate, l|to 2 lines long: seeds .smooth. Wet places in Mendocino County, Bolandcr ; the form -w-ith larger calyx. A common species northward, and in the mountains, across the continent ; also in the Old World. The variety alpestris. Gray (var. corollina, Fenzl), with the bracts small and partly scarious, and with roughish seeds, occurs in Oregon and may be found in California. G. S. Jamesii, Torrey. Somewhat viscidly pubescent, rather stout, ascending, branched, a foot or two high : leaves linear- to ovate-lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, 3 to 9 lines wide, acuminate, dark green : pedicels divaricate, rather short, at length deflexed : sepals oblong, acute, 2 or 3 lines long, the bifid petals mostly twice longer : capsule ovate, shorter than the calyx : seed smooth. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 183; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 38. In the Sierra Nevada {Bolandcr, Mrs. Aims), and in the mountains eastward to Colorado and New Mexico. 7. S. littoralis, Torrey. Pubescent throughout, ascending, a foot high, rather stout : leaves ovate, an inch long, acute, rounded at base, rather thick : flowers in a terminal compound cyme : sepals lanceolate, acute, obscurely 3-nerved, 2 line? long, a little shorter than the 2-parted petals : styles sometimes 4 : capsule shorter than the calyx. — Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 69. Sea-shore, Punta de los Pieyes, Bigcloiv. 4. ARENARIA, Linn. Sandwort. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as manj', entire or rarely emarginate, or wanting. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely more or fewer, opposite to as many sepals. Capsule globose or short-oblong, dehiscent into as many entire, 2-cleft, or 2-parted valves as there are styles, few - many-seeded. Seed reniform-globose or laterally compressed. — Mostly low annuals or perennials, usually tufted ; with sessile leaves, often subulate and more or less rigid, without stipules ; flowers white, cymosely panicled or capitate. A large genus of about 130 species, veiy widely dispersed, many of them arctic or alpine. ^renaria. CARYOPHYLLACE^. ^.n § 1. The 3 valves of the capsule 2-cleft or parted : seeds not appendaged at the hilum ■ cesjntose pereimials, mostly scarious-hr acted. — Arenaria proper. 1. A. congesta, Nutt. Smooth, glaucous, 4 to 12 inches high- leaves very narrowly subulate, scabrous on the margin, often pungent, the lower 1 to 2' inches long, the caulme \ to 1 inch long : flowers in 1 to 3 dense subumbellate llscicles with large dilated membranous bracts : sepals ovate-oblong, stronrdy concave scari' ously margined, obscurely 3-nerved, 11 to 2^ lines long, acute : petals narrowlv oblong, nearly twice as long as the calyx : stigmas capitellate : capsule equallin«r the calyx. — Torr & Gray, Fl. i. 178 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 39. Brewerina suffra- tescens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 620. Var. subcongesta, Watson. Flowers less densely fascicled and somewhat cymose. — A. Fendleri, var. subcongesta, Watson in Bot. King Exp. 40. /J^*^''?T^*'^'"^^™'^^^''^''^""S^°'^ Territory to Colorado; at Summit in the Sierra Nevada {Bolander) ; above Carson City, Anderson. The variety in the northern Sierra Nevada (Lemmon) and eastward. The typical form has the flowers nearly sessile in close heads. Brewerina suf- fridescois, (^va.j, is a form somewhat woody at base and with the flowers upon longer nearly equal pedicels. The remarkable character of capiteUate or somewhat capitellate stigmas it has in com- mon with A. Fcndlcri, and they are also found in A. capillaris and A. Franklinii. 2. A. capillaris, Poir. More or less glandular-pubescent above, erect, 3 to 12 inches high : leaves linear-subulate, 1 to 2 inches long, pungent ; the cauline few, short and erect : flowers few, in an open cyme ; bracts small, lanceolate : sepals ovate, acute, U to 2 lines long, 3-nerved, membran ously margined: petals half longer: capsule somewhat exceeding the calyx. — Including A. nardifolia, Ledeb. (Hook. Fl. 1. 98, t. 32), and some other Asiatic forms. A. formosa, Torr Bot Wilkes Exp. 243 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 39. In the mountains from the British boundary southward ; Donner Pass {Torrcy) ■ Silver Jloun- tain, at 11,000 feet altitude, Brewer. The more typical glabrous form seems not to occur here. 3. A. pungens, Nutt. Pubescent throughout, cespitose, 2 to 3 inches hif^h • leaves Imear-subulate, 3 to 5 lines long, pungent, crowded : flowers in an open cyme, leafy-bracted : sepals lanceolate, acuminate, pungent, 11 to 3 lines long, rather obscurely 3-nerved : petals about equalling the calyx : the capsule shorter'; very few, smooth. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 179 ; Watson, 1. c. In the Sierra Nevada, above the Big Tree Grove {Bolander) ; Silver Mountain, at 11,000 feet {Brewei-) ; above Carson City {Anderson) ; and eastward to Colorado. A. Franklinii, Dough, is of similar habit, but stouter and less pubescent ; stems leafv at base • flowers fascicled ma rather close cyme : sepals 3 to 5 lines long, smooth and shining, scariouslv margined, as also the large bracts : petals as long, and capsule shorter. — Oregon to Colorado and perhaps to be expected in the mountains of California. § 2. The 3 valves of the capsule entire : seeds not appendaged at the hilum : low annuals with foliaceous bracts {the Californian sjJecies). — Alsixe. 4. A. Douglasii, Torr. & Gray. Sparingly pubescent with spreading hairs or glabrous, slender, much branched, 3 to 6 inches high : leaves filiform, i to 1 inch long : flowers rather large, on long slender pedicels : sepals oblong-ovate, acute, 3-nerved, li lines long: petals obovate, 2 lines long or more: capsule globose, equalling the calyx : seeds large, flat, smooth, acutely margined. — Fl. i. 674. Dry hillsides, throughout California, The very similar A. tenella, Nutt., of Oregon and AVashington Territory, is distinguished by narrower and more strongly nerved sepals, oblong capsule, and small minutely roughened seeds. 5. A. Californica, Brewer. Glabrous, very slender, branching, 2 to 6 inches high : leaves lanceolate, 1 to 2 lines long, obtusish : flowers small, on slender pe»li- cels: sepals oblong-ovate, acute, 3-nerved, 1 to U lines long; petals spatulate, about a half longer : capsule oblong : seeds small, sharply muriculate. — Bolander, Cat. 6. A. brevifolia, var. (1) Californica, Gray, Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 101. Sonoma County to Santa Cruz and eastward ; Auburn, Bolander. YQ CARYOPHYLLACE^. Arenaria. 6. A. palustris, Watson. Apparently annual, smooth, the stems weak, simple, 4 to 8 inches high : leaves linear, flaccid, | to 1 inch long, acute : flowers few, large, on long pedicels : sepals elliptic, obtuse, li to 2 lines long, herbaceous, not nerved : petals oblong, twice longer : capsule oblong, shorter than the calyx : seeds numer- ous. — ^^smej^a^ws^m, KeUogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 61. Swamps near San Francisco, Bolander, Kellogg. 5 3. Parts of the floivers sometimes in fours : valves of the cajosule bifid ; the young ovary 'i-ceUed : seed appendaged at the hilum with a small caruncle. — M(EHR1NGIA. 7 A. macrophylla, Hook. Perennial, with running rootstocks ; stems ascend- iBg,'3 to 8 inches high, mostly simple, leafy, puberulent above : leaves 3 to 4 pairs, narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, 1 to 2 inches long, thin, bright green : flowers few, on slender pedicels : sepals ovate-oblong, acuminate, 1^ to 2 J lines long, 1-nerved, exceeding the obtuse petals : capsule ovoid, nearly equalling the calyx : seeds several, smooth, rather large. — Fl. i. 102, t. 37. Moehringia umbrosa, Gray, PI. Fendl. 13, not Fenzl. M. macrophylla, Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 246. From Washington Territory to California (Bigelow) ; Sierra County, Lemmm. Also in New Mexico Fendler. Another species of this section, A. lateriflora, Lmn., with broader obtuse leaves and exserted petals, occurs in Oregon and is of wide range northward and eastward. 5. SAGINA, Linn. Peaklwort. Sepals 4 to 5. Petals as many, entire or .slightly emarginate, often minute or wanting. Stamens as many as the petals, rarely twice as many or fewer. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled : the styles alternate with the sepals, and as many. Capsule dehiscent to the base by entire valves alternate with the sepals. — Low gxeen herbs, with' subulate or filiform leaves without stipules, and smaU terminal usually long- pedicelled flowers. A small genus, inhal)iting moist places in temperate and frigid regions, chiefly of the northern hemisphere. 1 S. OCCidentalis, Watson. Annual, glabrous, very slender and dehcate, 2 to 6 inches hioh decumbent at base or ascending : leaves not fascicled, 3 to 6 lines loner punoent : flowers pentamerous, on elongated straight pedicels : sepals obtuse or acutislC a line long : petals nearly equaUing the sepals : stamens 10 : capsule exceeding the calyx. —Proc. Am. Acad. x. 345. S. procumbens, Bolander, Cat. b. Valleyslnd borders of salt-marshes from San Francisco to Washington Territory. 2 S Linn^i, Presl. Biennial or perennial, glabrous, densely matted and de- cumbent 1 or 2 inches high : leaves somewhat fascicled, 3 to 6 lines long, pungent : flowers on long pedicels, at length nodding : sepals a line long, obtuse, exceeding the petals: stamens 10: capsule at length nearly twice longer than the calyx. — Spergida saginoides, Linn. Webber Lake, Lemmon. Arctic America and southward in the Eocky Jlountains to New Mexico ; also in the Old World. 6. SPERGULA, Linn. CoRX-SruRRET. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10, rarely 5. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled : styles 5, alternate with the sepals. Capsule 5-valved, the entire valves opposite to the sepals. Seeds laterally compressed, acutely margined or winged : embryo spiral. — Annuals, dichotomously or fasciculately branched; with subulate fascicled or apparently whorled leaves, and small scarious stipules ; flowers pedicelled, in dicho- tomous cymes. A genus of 2 or 3 species, of Europe and Asia, widely naturalized as weeds in cultivated fields. Loeflingia. CARYOPHYLLACE^. irj 1. S. arvensis, Linn. Smooth ; stems several, a foot or two high : leaves fili- form, numerous in apparent whorls, 1 or 2 inches long ; stipules small : flowers white, the long pedicels at length reflexed : sepals oblong to ovate, 2 or 3 lines long, equalling the petals, a little shorter than the broadly ovoid capsule : seeds rough, acutely margined. Sparingly natui-calized ; near San Francisco (Turrcy) ; Mark West Creek, Bolander. 7. LEPIGONUM, Fries. Sand-Spurrey. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, rarely fewer or none. Stamens 10, or fewer by abor- tion. Ovary 1 -celled, many-ovuled : styles 3, or rarely 5. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds winged or naked : embryo annular. — Low herbs, usually diffuse ; with seta- ceous or linear fascicled leaves and scarious stipules ; flowers white or pink, pedi- celled, in at length subracemose cymes. — Kindberg, Monog. Lepig. A genus (known also as Spergularia) of 5 or 6 species, chiefly confined to the sea-coast or saline locaUties ; widely distributed through the temperate zones. Species of rather difficult definition. \. L. macrothecum, Fischer & Meyer. Perennial, rather stout, often a foot high, decumbent at base, glabrous below, pubescent above, the calyx more or less tomentose : leaves fleshy, i to 2 inches long, with large ovate stipules : flowers large, subracemose; pedicels 4 to 12 lines long, becoming reflexed: sepals 3 lines long or more, equalling or exceeding the petals : capsule ovoid, a little exceeding the calyx: seeds smooth, narrowly winged. — Kindberg, 1. c. 16, t. 1, fig. 1. Sper- gularia rubra, Torr. in Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 70. In salt-marshes from Marin County to San Diego. 2. L. medium, Fries. More slender and diffiisely branched than the last, an- nual or biennial (sometimes perennial X), more or less pubescent or often nearly glabrous : leaves fleshy, J to 1 inch long or more ; stipules short : pedicels | to 6 lines long, often short, reflexed : flowers smaller ; calyx 1 to 2 lines long : seeds smaller, smooth, wingless or narrowly winged. In saline localities from San Diego to Puget Sound and across the continent ; also European and Asiatic. A very variable species as at present received. 8. POLYCARPON, Linn. Sepals entire, scarious upon the margin. Petals small, hyaline. Stamens 3 to 5. Ovary 1-ceUed : style short, 3-cleft. Capsule 3-valved, several-seeded. — Low dif- fuse dichotomously branched annuals ; leaves flat ; stipules small, scarious ; flowers small, cymose. Half a dozen species, in the temperate and warmer regions of both hemispheres. 1. P. depressum., ]^utt. Very small and much branched, scarcely an inch high, slender and glabrous : leaves narrowly spatulate, in pairs ; stipules small and narrow : flowers minute, in loose cymes, the pedicels with small bracts : petals nar- row, much shorter than the sepals, entire: capsule globose, C-12-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 174. On bare sand-hills near San Diego {Nuttall) ; near San Bernardino, Lenimon. P. TETRAPHYLLUM, Linn, f., is found around the world, but is not yet known from California. It is a larger plant in every way, the broad leaves sometimes apparently in fours, and the stipules and bracts often conspicuous. 9. LCEFLINGIA, Linn. Sepals 5, rigid and carinate, the margin scarious ; the three outer 'snth a narrow tooth upon each side. Petals very small or none. Stamens 3 to 5. Ovary 1-celled : 72 ILLECEBRACE^. Loeflingia. style very short or none. Capsule 3-valvecl, several-seeded. — Low rigid dichoto- mous annuals ; leaves subulate, with adnate and connate setaceous stipules ; flowers small, sessile in the axils. A genus of perhaps five species, of the Mediterranean region and Central Asia, with the follow- ing from North America. 1. L. squarrosa, Nutt. Glandular-pubescent, much branched, the stems 2 to 6 inches long : leaves and sepals subulate- setaceous, rigid and squarrose, the leaves 2 or 3 lines long, exceeding the flowers : capsule triangular, at length exserted, many-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 174 ; Gray, Gen. lU. ii. 24, t. 106. L. Texana, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 285. San Diego {Nuttall), and eastward to Texas. Order XV. ILLECEBRACEJE. Distinguished from the scarious-stipulate CaryopliyllacecK only by the solitary or sometimes geminate ovules, undivided or 2-cleft style, and one-seeded utricular or akene-Hke fruit ; the petals wholly wanting or reduced to mere filaments ; these and the stamens usually more perigynous. Closely related on the other hand to Amarantacece and other apetalous orders. Here represented by only two plants, but several species of other genera are found in the Atlantic States. \ Pentaccena. Calyx of 5 unequal awni-tipped sepals : stamens inserted on their base i. Achyronychia. Calyx 5-cleft, with a 10-nerved tube and blunt silvery-scarious lobes : sta- mens inserted on the throat. 1. PENTAC^NA, Bartling. Sepals 5, nearly distinct, hooded, unequal, terminating in a short divergent spine, the inner more shortly awned. Petals minute, scale-like. Stamens 3 to 5, inserted at the base of the sepals ; staminodia none. Style very short, bifid. Utricle included in the rigid connivent calyx. — Low densely tufted perennials ; leaves subu- late, densely crowded on the branches ; stipules dry and sUvery ; flowers sessile, clustered in the axils. A genus of 2 or 3 species, of S. America and Mexico, only one reaching our western coast. 1 P ramosissima Hook. & Am. Prostrate and matted, the stem 2 to 18 inches ImKs somewhat woolly: leaves 3 to 5 Hnes long, pungently awned, at length recurved ;"stipules lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the leaves, 1-nerved : calyx- tube nearly a line long, the divergent outer lobes twice longer : s^tamens usually 5 : stigmas subsessile: utricle apiculate. - Hook. Bot. Misc.iu 338. Pavonychm rmnodsdma, DC. Paronych. 12, t. 4; Torr. & Gray 11. i. 172. AcanthonycUa ramosissima, Rohrb. in Mart. PL Bras, xiv.^ 249, t. 56. On the sea-coast from Oregon to Southern California and Mexico, forming large patches on the drifting sands about San Frtncisco. Also on the South American coast from Chili to Patagonia, and in S. Brazil. 2. ACHYRONYCHIA, Torr. & Gray. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the turbinate 10-nerved tube at length cylindrical and coriaceous ; lobes oval, obtuse, thickened at base, silvery-scarious above and nerve- less. Petals none. Filaments or staminodia 15, in one row at the summit of the tube, filiform, only 1 or 2 antheriferous. Style short, bifid. Ovules 2, on very short funicles, one abortive. Utricle thin, included. Seed oblong- pyriform. — A Portulaca. PORTULACACE^. YS depressed annual ; with opposite spatulate leaves, large hyaline stipules, and llowers in dense axillary cymose clusters. 1. A. Cooperi, Torr. & Gray. Slender, glabrous, the stems 2 or 3 inches Ion" ; leaves rather thick, ;,veinless, ^ to 1 inch long, the alternate ones only half as lon° ' attenuate to a slender base : stipules interpetiolar, ovate or rounded, entire or lace'r- ate : calyx 1 to 1^ lines long, the tube at length equalling the lobes, apparently 5-toothed by the herbaceous bases of the conspicuous white-scarious lobes : tilaments very slender, much shorter than the lobes : ovary liattened at the top : utricle equal- ling the tube, bursting irregularly at the apex. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 331. Southeastern California, in the Colorado Desert (Schotf.) and near Camp Cady {Cooper), growing in dry sand ; also collected in Southern Arizona or Sonora. Order XVI. PORTULACACE-SJ. More or less succulent herbs, Avith simple and entire leaves (either opposite or alternate), and regular but unsymmetrical perfect flowers ; the sepals (except in Lewisia) only 2, while the petals are from 2 to 5 or more ; the stamens opposite the petals when of the same number or fewer ; the ovary 1-celled with few or many campylotropous or amphitropous ovules on a free central placenta, in fruit becoming capsular ; the seeds with a slender embryo curved or coiled on the outside of farina- ceous albumen, as in Caryophyllaceoe. — Ovary free and the parts of the flower l^ypogynous, except in Portulaca. Stamens sometimes indefinitely numerous, com- monly adhering to the base of the petals ; these sometimes united at base. Style 2 - 8-cleft ; the stigmas occupying the inner face of the lobes. Stipules none, or scarious, or reduced to hairs. Flowers open only in sunshine or bright daylight, in many ephemeral, in some opening for two or three days. Comprises 15 genera and over 100 species, the gi-eater part American (and many more western than eastern), some in frigid and others in torrid regions, a few ^\'idely dispersed over the world. * Sepals 2, united below and adherent to the ovary, the free upper portion at length deciduous. 1. Portulaca. Stamens 7 to 20. Flowers solitary, red or yellow. Capsule opening by a Ud. * * Sepals 2, distinct, persistent : ovary free. +- Style 3-cleft : capsule 3-valved : sepals equal. 2. Calandrinia. Stamens more than 5. Petals 5 or more. Seeds mostly smooth and shininc. 3. Claytonia. Stamens 5. Petals 5, equal. Seeds smooth and sinning. ° 4. Montia. Stamens usually 3. Petals unequal. Seeds dull, tuberculate. +- +- Style 2-cleft : capsule 2-valved : sepals unequal, hyaline. 5. Spraguea. Stamens 3. Petals 4. Stems simple, scape-like. 6. Calyptridium. Stamen 1. Petals 2. Stems branching, leafy. * * * Sepals 4 to 8, distinct, much imbricated. 7. Lewisia. Stamens many. Style 3 -8-cleft. Petals 8 to 16. Scapes 1 -flowered. 1. PORTULACA, Tourn. Purslane. Sepals 2, coherent at base into a tube and adnate to the ovary, the free limb deciduous. Petals 4 to 6. Stamens 7 to 20, perigynous with the petals. Style deeply 3 - 8-cleft. Capside opening by a lid. Seeds numerous, small. — Fleshy diff"use or ascending annuals ; with entire leaves, and axillary or terminal ephemeral yellow or rose-colored flowers. 74 PORTULACACE^. Portulaca. Species about 16, belonging to warm and tropical regions, chiefly American, a few widely- naturalized as weeds in temperate countries. 1. P. oleracea, Linn. Prostrate, glabrous, purplish : leaves flat, obovate to spatulate, rounded at the summit : sepals acute, cariuate : petals yellow, 1^ to 2 lines long : stigmas 5 : capsule 3 to 5 lines long : seeds black, dull, finely tuberculate. The common Purslane, from Europe, naturalized as a weed in gardens and cultivated grounds. 2. P. retusa, Engelm. Like the last, but greener and the stems more ascending, sometimes covering a space several feet in diameter : leaves usually smaller : sepals obtuse, broadly carinate- winged : petals yellow : stigmas 3 or 4 : capsule 2| or 3 lines long, broader in proportion : seeds more strongly tuberculate. — PI. Lindh. 154 ; Sclilecht. in Bot. Zeit. xi. 739. Along the Colorado {Newberry) and eastward to Texas. 3. P. pilosa, Linn. Prostrate or ascending, with tufts of long hairs in the axils of the linear more or less terete leaves : sepals membranaceous, not keeled, acute : petals bright red, 2 or 3 lines long : stamens 15 to 25 : stigmas 5 or 6 : seeds black, tuberculate.— Engelm. 1. c. 155 ; Lindl. Bot. Pteg. t. 792 ; Eohrb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. xiv.2 303. Dry sandy soil near Soda Springs on the Upper Sacramento {Brewer), which is the only reported Californian locality : New Mexico, Texas, and through Tropical America to Brazil. P. GRANDIFLORA, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2885, from Brazil, is much cultivated for its large bright flowers of various colors, and sometimes escapes from gardens. Its leaves are terete, stamens numerous, and the seeds ash-colored and shining. 2. CALANDRINIA, HBK. Sepals 2, green, pers^ tent. Petals mostly 5 (3 to 10). Stamens 5 to 15, indef- inite. Ovary free, many-ovuled : style 3-cleft, short. Capsule globose or ovoid, membranaceous, 3-valved. Seeds black, usually shining, smooth or minutely tuber- culate. — Low succulent herbs ; with alternate or radical leaves, and purplish ephem- eral flowers in bracteate racemes or panicles, or few upon short scape-like stems. A genus of about 60 species, all South American and Australian, with the exception of the fol- lowing. The closely allied genus Talinum, differing in its deciduous sepals and carunculate seeds, has half a dozen or more species chiefly eastward or south of the Rocky Mountains, a single one {T. spinescens, Torr.) occurring in Washington Territory. None are likely to be found in California. % Cmdescent annuals, of the plains and foot-hills : flowers in racemes : petals 3 to 5 : seeds minutely tuberculate. 1. C. Menziesii, Hook. Glabrous or slightly pubescent, branching from the base, the stems ascending : leaves linear to oblanceolate, the lower on slender petioles, 1 to 3 inches long : racemes simple ; peduncles erect or ascending : sepals keeled, the calyx 4-angled in bud : petals broadly obovate, red to purple, 2 to 6 lines long : capsule ovate, acute or acuminate, 2 to 4 lines long, about equalling or a little exceeding the ovate acute or acuminate sepals : seeds shining, minutely tuber- culate, i to 1 line broad. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 197. Talinum Menziesii, Hook. Fl. i. 223, t. 70. G. speciosa, Lindl. Bot. Pteg. xix. t. 1598. Abundant in winter and early spring, in the valleys and on sunny hillsides, from Vancouver Island to Lower California. Very variable in height, and in the size and color of the flowers. Cattle are fond of it. 2. C. Breweri, Watson. Much resembling the last : peduncles divaricately spreading or deflexed : sepals triangular-ovate : capsule 4 to 5 lines long, conical, blunt, exceeding the sepals : seeds half a line broad, not shining, more strongly tuberculate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 124. C. Menziesii, var. viacrocarpa. Gray in Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 102. Claytonia. PORTULACACE^. wr Santa luez Mountains, near Santa Barbara, Breiver. The specimens collected are a foot tall or more, the racemes elongated. 3. C. maritima, Xutt. Glaucous : stems spreading, 3 or 4 inches hi"h, with small bract-like leaves above the base : lower leaves obovate or obovate-spatulate, an inch long, fleshy, obtuse : flowers in a loose dichotomous terminal panicle, on slender pedicels, " red, rather large and showy " : sepals ovate, acute : capsule oblong-ovate, 2 lines long, exceeding the sepals, acutish. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 197. San Diego (JVuUall) ; Coronados Islands, Thurber. A little known species. * * Alpine plants ivith thick fusiform roots, the scape-like mostly 1-floivered stems shorter than the leaves: j^etals Q to d> : seeds black and shining, not tuberculate. 4. C. pygmsea, Gray. Smooth : leaves all radical, linear, 1 or 2 inches long, with broad scariously winged underground petioles : scapes mostly simple, 1 or"2 inches high, with a pair of small scarious bracts: sepals suborbicular, glandular- dentate, 2 or 3 lines long : petals red : ovules 15 to 20 : capsule obtuse, nearly equalhng the calyx. — Proc. Am, Acad. viii. 623. Talimim pygmceum. Gray in Am, Jour, Sci. 2 ser. xxxiii. 407 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp, 42, in part. - In the Sierra Nevada on the Yosemite Trail, at 8,000 feet v^ltitn&a {Bolandcr) \ Mt. Lyell {Muir) ; northward to Washington Territory, and in the mountains eastward to Colorado and Southern Utah. 5. C. Nevadensis, Gray, 1. c. Closely resembling the last, but somewhat larger : scapes 1 to 3 inches high, with a pair of larger leafy bracts, 1 - 3-flowered : sepals entire, 3 or 4 lines long : petals white : ovules 30 to 40, — Taliiium pygmceiim, Watson, 1. c, in part. In the Sierra Nevada ; Cisco {Kellogg) ; Summit {Bolandcr) ; Plumas Co. {Mrs. Pulsifer Ames) ; and eastward in the E. Humboldt and Wahsatch IVIountains, Watson. 3. CLAYTONIA, Linn. Sepals 2, persistent. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 5. Ovary free, few-ovuled : style 3-cleft. Capsule membranaceous, globose or ovoid, 3-valved. Seeds few, black and shining. — Low glabrous succulent herbs ; with opposite or alternate leaves, and delicate white or rose-colored flowers in loose terminal or axillary, simple or compound naked racemes, or sometimes umbellate, lasting more than one day, A genus of about 20 species, belonging principally to the cooler portions of North America and northeastern Asia, The species are most numerous in western North America, * Annuals, with fihrons roots. •i- Stems simple, hearing a single pair of leaves ivhich are often connate. 1. C. perfoliata, Donn. Stems 2 to 12 inches high : radical leaves long- petioled, broadly rhomboidal, or deltoid, or deltoid-cordate, i to 3 inches broad, obtuse ; the cauline pair more or less united upon one or both"sides, usually forming a single somewhat orbicular perfoliate leaf, -| to 2 inches in diameter, concave above : racemes simple or compound, usually nearly sessile and loosely flowered, the short pedicels often secund : petals a line or two long : capsule about 3-seeded. — Bot, Mag, t, 1336. C. Cuhensis, Bonpl. PI. ^quin. t. 26, Var, parviflora, Torr. Eadical leaves all linear or linear-spatulate ; the cauline perfohate, — Pacif R. Ptep, iv, 71, C. parvijlora, Dough; Hook. FL i. 225, t. 73. C. gypsophiloides, Fischer & Meyer; Sweet, Brit. FL Gard. 2 ser. t. 375. Kegel, Sert. Petrop. t. 34. Var. spathulata, Torr. 1. c. Low and often very slender : radical leaves linear; the cauline pair distinct or partially united on one side, ovate to lanceolate, usually much shorter than the raceme. — G. spathulata. Dough; Hook. Fl. i. 225, t. 74. Y6 PORTULACACE^. Clmjtonia. Var. exigua, Torr. 1. c. Low ; radical leaves narrowly linear or filiform ; the cauline distinct, linear, usually exceeding the short raceme. — C. exigua & tennifoUa, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 200. Abundant on the western coast, ranging from Alaska to S. California, and in the interior through Nevada to the Wahsatch and Southern Utah. It is also found in Cuba and Mexico and is naturalized in Europe. The larger forms from shadier or damper localities have usually- white or pale rose-colored flowers ; in drier and more exposed situations they are often deeper- colored. The succulent leaves are in popular use as a potherb. 2. C. Sibirica, Linn. Stems 6 to 15 inches high : radical leaves lanceolate to rhombic-ovate or nearly orbicular, an inch or two long, long-petioled ; the cauline pair ovate (varying from lanceolate to spatulate-obovate), sessile, distinct, \ to '2 inches long : raceme very loose, the flowers on long pedicels : petals 2 to 4 lines long, white or rose-colored. — Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2243. C. alsinoides, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1309, C. Unalaschkensis, Fischer. C. asarifolia, Bongard. In cool woods and swamps, from Bolinas Bay and Sierra Co. to Alaska. The pedicels are often an inch long or more. -i- +- Stems usually hj-anching, leafy. ■¥->r Leaves o2)posite. 3. C. ChamissoniS, Esch. Stems weak and slender, erect or decumbent, a foot ■ high or often much less, stoloniferous and rooting at the joints : leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, i to li inches long : racemes few-flowered, the flowers very variable in size, on slender pedicels ; petals 1 to 4 lines long, white. — Spreng. Syst. i. 790. C. stolonifera, C. A. Meyer, Mem. Soc. Mosc. vii. 139, t. 3. C. aquatica, Nutt., & C.flaellardis, Bongard, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 201. In wet places in the mountains, from Yosemite Valley to Alaska, and eastward to Colorado. The stolons are frequently bulbiferous. -i-i- -i-+ Leaves alternate. 4. C. parvifolia, Mo§ino. Stems filiform or slender, branching from the base, 4 to 10 inches high, erect or ascending : lower leaves clustered, broadly oblanceolate or spatulate, an inch long or less ; cauline leaves usually much smaller : racemes loose, few-flowered : petals 2 to 4 lines long, rose-colored. — DC. Prodr. iii. 361 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. C.filicaulis, Dougl.; Hook. Fl. i. 222, t. 72. In shaded moist places among rocks, about Yosemite Valley {Bolander, Gray), Conner Lake {Greene), and northM-ard to Vancouver Island. The most slender of all our species and some- times exceedingly succulent. 5. C. linearis, Dougl. Stems usually 3 to 6 inches high, more branching : leaves narrowly Hnear, Ito 2 inches long, clasping at base : racemes often secund : sepals very broad, firm and conspicuous, often colored, 1 to 2| lines long : petals a little longer, white: seeds sharply margined. — Hook. Fl. i. 222, t. 71. C. di- chotoma, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 202, a reduced form. In cool moist localities, from Napa {Bigcloic) and Sierra counties {Lcmmon) northward to the British boundaiy ; Falls of the Yellowstone, Haijdcn. 6. C. diffusa, Nutt. 1. c. Stem diffusely and dichotomously branched, 6 inches high, leafy : leaves all ovate or deltoid, petioled, acute, | to 1 inch long : racemes numerous, terminal and axillary : pedicels slender : petals 2 lines long or less, little exceeding the sepals, pale rose-color. Pine woods, Oregon {Nuttall) ; also Kellogg & Harford, but locality uncertain. ^.■: ■:< Perennials, with deep-seated tubers. 7. C. Caroliniana, INIiehx., var. sessilifolia, Torr. Radical leaf narrow ; cau- line 2, opposite, sessile, lanceolate to linear, 1 or 2 inches long : raceme nearly ses- sile, few-flowered and cymose, with a single scarious bract at base : sepals ovate, Spraguea. PORTULACACE^. acutish : petals 2 to 4 lines long, pale rose-color. - Pacif. E. Rep. iv. 70. C lance 8. C. tnphylla, Watson. A similar species, slender, the cauline leaves 3 in a whorl, or rarely 2, narrowly linear: raceme compound, pedunculate; the pedicels each with a smaU scarious bract : sepals rounded, obtuse : petals 2 lines lom^ - Proc. Am. Acad. x. 345. ^ »• 9. C. umbellata Watson Very low and fleshy : cauline leaves two, opposite orbicular or rhomboidal to ob ong-ovate, 4 to 9 hnes long, on slender petioles' flowers 3 to 5 ma sessile umbel shorter than the leaves : petals 3 to 4 hnes Ion- a little exceeding the rounded obtuse sepals. — Bot. King Exp. 43, t. 6. °' On Mt Davidson and in Truckee Pass, Nevada ( JFatson) ■ near Steamboat Spriii-, w Nevada Mann. Probably in northeastern California. "-^^ -lJiui„S w. iNevacta, * * * Perennial, with a thickened caudex. 10. C. Nevadensis, Watson. Apparently propagating by runners, the leaves and scapes clustered at the summit of a rather slender rootstock : leaves orbicular or obovate, an inch or less in diameter, abruptly attenuate into a very slender peti- ole : scapes about equalling the leaves, with a pair of sessile oblong-ovate leaflets 4 to b Jines long : flowers umbellately fascicled or in 2 or 3 very short racemes : sepals ovate-oblong, acute : petals broadly spatulate, 4 lines long, with narrow claws. Northern Sierra Nevada, Lemvion. Nearest C. sarmcntosa, Meyer, of Alaska, a more slender srecies, with long racemes rounded sepals, and petals broad at baL O. arcUca, of Akskt &c , and a megarrhiza of the Kocky Mountains have decidedly fusiform roots. 4. MONTIA, Linn. Sepals 2, ovate, persistent, herbaceous. Petals 5, united at base, 3 somewhat smaller. Stamens 3, rarely more, on the tube of the corolla. Ovary free, 3-ovuled • style 3-cleft, very short. Capsule 3-valved, 3-seeded. Seeds black, duU, tuber- culate, rarely smoothish and shining. —A smaU branching glabrous succulent annual ; with opposite leaves, and small axillary or racemose flowers. A single species. 1. M. fontana, Linn. Stems procumbent or ascending, 1 to 3 inches Ion" • leaves spatulate to linear-oblanceolate, 3 to 9 lines long : flowers a line Ion- or lesl • capsule globose. —Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 202. M. fontana & lamprospenm, Cham." m Lmnaea, vi. 565, t. 7. ^ i ^ T^I,tf^r-^^''n^''''^^'T'''r?''' and in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, and northward to f^fm cf^Siy'^r;;:^^^^^ ^ ^"-^l"' '• ^^^^*^"^^' ^^- ^^^^^^ ^^^^^y ^-tingulshed 5. SPBAGUEA, Torr. Sepals 2, orbicular-cordate, scarious-hyaline, persistent. Petals 4. Stamens 3. Ovary 8-10-ovuled : style long, bifid at the apex. Capsule 2-valved, membrana- ceous. Seeds black and shining. — A glabrous biennial herb ; with mostly radical fleshy leaves, and ephemeral flowers in dense scorpioid spikes umbellate-clustered on a scape-like peduncle. 1. S. umbellata, Torr. Stems several from a thickened root, simple, erect or ascending, 2 to 12 inches high : radical leaves spatulate or oblauceolate, on tliick 78 PORTULACACEiS. Calyptridium. petioles, | to 4 inches long ; the cauline similar but smaller, frequently scariously stipulate, often reduced to a few bracts ; an involucre of broader scarious bracts subtending the dense capitate umbel of nearly sessile spikes : flowers light rose- color; sepals very conspicuous, -2 to 4 lines in diameter, about equalling the oblong- obovate petals : stamens and style somewhat exserted. — PL Frem. in Smith. Contrib. vi. 4, t. 1 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5143. In the Sierra Nevada at 3,000 to 10,000 feet altitude, from the Yosemite Valley northward to the British boundary; E. Humboldt Mountains, Nevada ( fFateow) ; N. W. Wyoming, Parry: usually in dry rocky or sandy localities. S. PANICULATA, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 187, t. 56. Stems paniculately branched : "growing in a dense ball or cluster prostrate upon the ground and seldom 3 inches in height ; at length melting into an excretory mucilaginous watery mass. Found in a ravine about six miles west of Virginia City, Nevada, Dorr." Known only from Dr. Kellogg's description and figure ; probably an unusual form of the last. 6. CALYPTRIDIUM, Niitt. Sepals 2, unequal, broadly ovate or orbicular, scarious, at least on the margins. Petals 2, somewhat coherent at the apex. Stamen 1, opposite the lower sepal, included. Style very short, bitid. Capsule 2-valved, 6-12-seeded, membranaceous. Seeds black, shining. — Smooth prostrate diffusely branched annuals , with alter- nate succulent leaves, and small ephemeral flowers in axillary or terminal, clustered or compound scorpioid spikes. Only the following species. 1. C. monandrum, Nutt. Stems 2 or 3 inches long: leaves spatulate to nearly linear, an inch long or more : sepals and petals a line long or less, the latter at length borne calyptra-like upon the summit of the elongated linear capsule. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 198. San Diego (NuttaU) ; Colorado Desert (Ncivbcrry) ; Fort Tejon {Rom) ; Santa Clara Valley, PeckJiam. 2. C. roseum, Watson. A similar but rather larger flowered species : the larger sepal U to 3 lines broad ; the petals much smaller, free or scarcely coherent : cap- sule oblong-ovate, shorter than the calyx. — Bot. King Exp. 44, t. G. Lake Co. (Torrey) ; Sierra Valley {Lemmon) ; and eastward in the valleys of 'Neyada (lFatso7i). to W. Wyoming on the Little Sandy River, Furry. 7. LEWISIA, Pursh. Sepals 4 to 8, broadly ovate, unequal, persistent, strongly imbricated. Petals 8 to 16, large and showy. Stamens numerous. Style 3 - 8-parted nearly to the base. ■Capsule dehiscing transversely at the base, there somewhat 4-8-valved, many- seeded. Seeds black, shining. — Low acaulescent fleshy perennials, cespitose, with thick fusiform roots, and short 1-flowered scapes; flowers showy, opening for sev- eral days. The following are the only species. 1. L. rediviva, Pursh. Leaves densely clustered, linear-oblong and subterete, 1 or 2 inches long, smooth and glaucous : scapes but little exceeding the leaves, jointed at the middle, and with 5 to 7 subulate scarious bracts verticillate at the joint : sepals 6 to 8, with broad scarious margins, 6 to 9 lines long : petals usually 12 to 15, rose-colored or sometimes white, oblong, 8 to 16 hues long : stamens 40 or more : capsule broadly ovate, 3 lines long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 677 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 344, t. 86; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5395. L. alba, Kellogg, Proc. Calif Acad. ii. 115, fig. 36. Summit of Mt. Diablo (Brewer), northward to British Columbia and east to IMontana, Utah and Arizona. The thick farinaceous root is largely collected by the Indians for food. It is exceedingly tenacious of life, and several instances are on record of its restored vigor and growth Fouquiera. TAMARISCINE^. ^^ after one and two years' drying in the herbarium and even a preliminary immersion in boiling water. The specific name was given with reference to this fact. 2. L. brachycarpa, Engelm. Leaves spatulate or nearly linear : scapes not jointed, 2-bracte{l at the very base, shorter than the leaves : sepals 4, mostly herba- ceous, 3 lines long : petals 7 to 9, oblong, 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx : stamens 10 to 15 : capsule shorter than the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 400. In granite sand, eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, Fresno Co., at 8,000 feet altitude (Muir)- Arizona (Newberry, Palmer) ; S. Utah, H. Engclmann, Parry. Much resembling the acaulescent Calandrinias in habit. Order XVII. TAMARISCINE^. A small Old World order of trees and shrubs, mainly represented by the Tamarisks [Taviarix), and distinguished from all related orders with free ovary and separate styles by its comose or long-hairy anatropous seeds. To it has lately been referred, by Bentham k Hooker, Gen. PI. i. 161, the following anomalous (chiefly Mexican) genus. 1. rOUQUIERA, HBK. Candlewood. Sepals 5, free. Petals united into a tube ; the 5 lobes of the limb imbricated, spreading. Stamens 10 to 15, hypogynous, exserted ; filaments thickened at base. Ovary imperfectly 3-celled ; placentae about 6-ovuled : styles 3, long, somewhat united. Seeds 3 to 6, oblong, flattened, surrounded by a dense fringe of long white hairs or by a membranous wing. — Shrubs or small trees, with soft fragile wood, smooth ; the branches alternately spinose-tubercled, and with sijigle or fascicled thick entire leaves in the axils ; flowers brilliant crimson, in terminal spikes or panicles. A Mexican genus of three species, only one of which i)asses northward into the United States. Its characters are' anomalous, and it has been placed by different authorities in the ordei'S Polemoniacece, Frankeniacece, Portidacacece, and Crassulacece, and taken for a distinct order Fouquiei-aceoi. 1. F. splendens, Engelm. Branching near the base and sending up simple slender stems 10 to 20 (or more) feet high, with ashen-gray bark and large pith, leafy only near the summit, strongly grooved and ridged by the decurrent bases of the spines: leaves spatulate to obovate, J to an inch long, the primary attenuate into' a rigid petiole (the blade and inner portion of the petiole at length deciduous, leav- ing the dorsal part as a stout divaricate spine an inch long or less, the spine often developing without the blade) ; axillary leaves sessile : flowers on short pedicels in narrow nearly simple racemes (2 to 6 inches long) : sepals orbicular, 2 to 2}t lines long : corolla 9 lines long, -with a broad tube, and rounded obtuse lobes : capsule ovate- oblong, half an inch long : seeds white-tomentose, 3 lines long, surrounded by a dense white villous fringe. — Wisliz. Eep. 14 ; Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 63. F. spinosa, Torr. in Emory Rep. 147, t. 8. In the desert region of S. E. California, along the Colorado River {Xeu-herry, AntiseU, Blake), and eastward to W. Texas and Northern Mexico : a very ornamental shrub when in flower. F. SPINOSA, HBK., of Lower California and Northern Mexico, rises with a trunk 3 to 4 feet high before sending out its straggling crooked branches : flowers in large open panicles, on pedicels an inch long, the tube of the corolla narrower and its lobes acute : capsxde 9 lines long, tlie seeds naked and surrounded by a broad membranous veined wing. The Idria columnaris of Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 34, also from Lower California, is a very similar species, but is described as without spines, with a shorter corolla, and a short included style : fruit unknown. F. FORMOSA, HBK., a Mexican species, and reported from Lower California, has the larger flowers (an inch long) sessile in very short spikes, and the spines very short. 80 ELATINACE^. Matine. Order XVIII. ELATINACE^. Low annuals, with membranous stipules between the opposite dotless leaves, regular and completely symmetrical flowers, with free sepals, hypogynous petals and stamens, and distinct styles bearing capitate stigmas, all of the same number (2 to 5), or the stamens rarely twice as many ; the ovary 2 - 5-celled, axile placenta many-ovuled, capsular fruit mostly septicidal or septifragal, and anatropous seeds with a crustaceous coat, filled by the embryo. Seeds straight or somewhat curved, and the embryo taking the form of the seed. — Comprises only the two following genera. Flowers axillary. 1 . Elatine. Small prostrate aquatics. Parts of the flower each 2 to 4. Sepals obtuse. 2. Bergia. Erect. Parts of the flower in fives. Sepals acute. 1. ELATINE, Linn. Parts of the flower in twos, threes, or fours. Sepals membranaceous, obtuse, nerveless. Ovary globose. Capsule membranaceous, the partitions remaining at- tached to the axis or evanescent. — Small prostrate glabrous annuals, growhig in water or wet places, with entire leaves and oblong usually solitary flowers. A genus of lialf a dozen species, belonging to temperate or subtropical regions, all round the world. 1. E. Americana, Arnott. Stems an inch or two long, tufted : leaves obovate to linear, 1 to 4 hues long : flowers sessile, their parts in twos or rarely in threes : capsule half a line or more in diameter, with 5 or 6 oblong seeds in each cell, rising from the base. — Gray, Gen. 111. i. 220, t. 95. Near Washoe Lake {Torrey) ; Oregon {Hall) ; in the Ptocky Mountains, and frequent in the Atlantic States. Also in Australia and the Fiji Islands. 2. BERGIA, Linn. Parts of the flower in fives. Sepals Avith a strong midrib or herbaceous in the middle, acute. Ovary ovoid. Capsule somewhat crustaceous, more or less of the partitions in dehiscence remaining with the axis. — Branching and often pubescent, nearly erect, vrAh. entire or serrate leaves, and larger fascicled or solitary flowers. About 14 species in warm or tropical regions, the following the only species found in the United States. 1. B. Texana, Seubert. Annual, glandular-pubescent, branching from the base, a span liigh, the lower branches somewhat decumbent : leaves oblanceolate, acute, serrulate,"^ to U inches long, attenuate to a short petiole : flowers fascicled, shortly pedicelled : sepals carinate, nearly \h lines long, exceeding the petals and' stamens : capsule globose : seeds smooth and shining. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 45. Merimea (?) Texana, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 278. IJlati7ie Texana, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 678; Gray, Gen. lU. i. 218, t. 96. Bergella Texana, Schnitz. Icon. t. 219, fig. 1, 2, and 26. Sandy river-bank near Sacramento {Greene) ; Carson Eiver bottom, Nevada ( Watson) : iden- tical with the plant common ui Texas. Order XIX. HYPERICACEiE. Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire leaves punctate with translucent or dark- colored glandular dots (containing balsamic-resinous secretion), no stipules, and per- Hypericum. HYPERICACE^. gj feet flowers with the 4 or 5 petals and numerous stamens hypogynous, the fruit a septicidal many-seeded capsule. — Calyx of 4 or 5 persistent sepals, imbricated iii the bud. Petals as many, almost always oblique and convolute in the bud, decidu- ous or withering, usually glandular-punctate. Filaments mostly in 3 sets or bun- dles. Styles 2 to 5, usually distinct or becoming so : stigmas terminal, generally capitate. Ovary and capsule with 2 to 5 parietal placenta;, or 2 - 5-celled by their union in the axis. Seeds anatropous, with a somewhat crustaceous coat, filled by the straight cylindraceous embryo. A rather small but widely dispersed order, of which the following is the largest genus and the only one occurring in California. 1. HYPERICUM, Linn. St. JoHN's-woiiT. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens numerous, usually connate at base into 3 to 8 clusters. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 to 5 more or less prominent parietal placentse, rarely 3 - 5-ceUed by the union of the placenta) with the axis. Capsule septicidal (in our species tricarpellary), many-seeded. Seeds mostly straight and cylindrical. — Our species (like most of the genus) are smooth herbaceous perennials, with sessile entire punctate leaves, and yellow cymose flowers. A genus of about 160 species, widely dispersed, but chiefly through the northern temperate zone. Of the 30 North American species all but the following are confined to the Atlantic and Gulf States. 1. H. Scouleri, Hook. Stems erect, from a running rootstock, | to 2 feet high, terete, simple or sparingly branched : leaves ovate to oblong, clasping, usually obtuse, an inch long or less : flowers rather few, in an open cyme, black-punctate : sepals ovate, obtuse or acute, 2 lines long : petals 3 to 5 lines long : stamens in 3 fiscicles, very numerous (60 or more) : styles elongated : capsule 3-celled. — Fl. i. Ill ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 160. By streams in the mountains, from S. California and eastward (San Diego, Cleveland ; Sonoi-a, Thurber ; New Mexico, Fcndlcr) to British America. Very closely resemliling the Mexican //. furmosum, HBK. , Nov. Gen. v. 196, t. 400, which is perhaps distinguished by its longer narrow acuminate sejials and fewer (30 to 40) stamens. 2. H. concinnum, Benth. Stems ascending from a somewhat woody branching base, 3 to 6 inches high : leaves oblong to linear, acute, h to 1 inch long, not clasp- ing, usually folded : flowers in small cymes, black-punctate : sepals ovate, acuminate, 2 to 4 lines long : petals 5 to 7 lines long : stamens very numerous, in 3 fascicles. — PI. Hartw. 300 ; Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exp. 240. //. bracteatum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif Acad. i. 65. Central California, probably in dry places in the foot-hills of the Sieira Nevada ; rather rarely collected : " Sacramento Valley" {Rartweg) ; Marysville and Placer Co. {Prattcn, Kellogg) ; ilt. Plumas, Pickering ; &c. 3. H. anagalloides, Cham. & Schlecht. Stems numerous, weak ami slender, procumbent or ascending, rooting at the lower joints, 1 to 10 inches long, simple or dichotomously branched : leaves broadly ovate or elliptical to oblong, 2 to 6 lines long, obtuse, clasping : flowers small, in leafy or naked, simple and few-flowered or compound cymes, not glandular or punctate : sepals herbaceous or foUaceous, 1 to 3 lines long, unequal, rounded to lanceolate, obtuse or acute, exceeding the petals : stamens 15 to 20, distinct: stjdes short: capsule l-cellcd. — Linna-a, iii. 127; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 167 and 674. From San Francisco to the British boundary; Lassen's Peak and Sierra Co., Lemmon. A small species in moist places, sometimes covering large tracts. 32 MALVACE^. Lavatera. Order XX. MALVACE^. Herbs or shrubs, with mucilaginous juice, a tough fibrous inner bark, alternate leaves with stipules, and often a stellate pubescence ; distinguished from all related orders by the valvate calyx, convolute petals, their bases or short claws united with each other and with the base of a column of numerous monad elphous stamens, these with reniform one-celled anthers. — Flowers almost always perfect, regular. Calyx 5-cleft or parted, persistent, in many genera augmented by an apparent accessory calyx, i. e. a whorl of bractlets, forming an involucel. Petals 5, hypogynous, usually withering or deliquescent without falling off. Pistil usually either a ring of ovaries around a projection of the receptacle, from which they faU away singly at maturity, or a 3-10-celled ovary becoming a capsule in fruit : styles united at least at base into one. Ovules single, several, or numerous in the carpels or cells, amphitropous or nearly anatropous. Seeds commonly roundish or reniform, with little or no albu- men, and a curved embryo ; its cotyledons broad and foliaceous, variously crumpled or doubled up, mostly involving the radicle. Leaves most commonly palmately ribbed. Peduncles axillary. Flowers in many large and shoAvy. A rather large order, found in all parts of tlie world excepting the arctic regions, well repre- sented in North America and in its western or central districts, but not conspicuous in California. The demulcent properties are turned to account only in the mucUage of the root of Marsh Mallow {AltlKxa officinalis) ; but many are cultivated for ornament, and one, the Cotton-plant, for the wool M'hich invests its seeds. Tribe I. MALVE^. The column of stamens bearing anthers at the summit. Carpels closely united into a ring around the axis and separating from it more or less at maturity. * Styles stigmatic on the inner side : carpels indehiscent : ovules solitary, ascending. 1. Lavatera. Bractlets 3 to 6, united at base. Axis of the fruit dilated above and exceeding the ft.'w carpels. 2. Malva. Bractlets 3, distinct. Axis broad, shorter than the numerous carpels. 3. Sidalcea. Bractlets none. Filaments in a double series, those of the outer series united in 5 clusters. Carpels fewer, covering the axis. * * Stigmas capitate : carpels mostly dehiscent at least at the apex. 4. Malvastrum. Bractlets 1 to 3. Ovule solitaiy, ascending. 5. Sphaeralcea. Bractlets 1 to 3. Ovules 2, the lower ascending, the upper pendulous. 6. Sida. Bractlets 1 or 2, or usually none. Ovules solitaiy, pendulous or horizontal. 7. Abutilon. Bractlets none. Ovules 3 or more in each cell. Tribe II. HIBISCE^. Column of stamens naked at the summit and 5-toothed. Carpels united into a few-celled capsule, dehiscing loculicidally. 8. Hibiscus. Involucel of several distinct bractlets. Capsule mostly 5-celled, many-seeded. GossYPiUM HEBBACEUM, Linn., the cultivated Cotton-plant, also belongs to this triise, — the genus characterized by its three ample cordate usually incised bracts, a truncate or shortly 5-cleft calyx, a 3 - 5-celled capsule, and long- woolly seeds. ~ In Lower California and on Cerros Island there has been found a native species,' G. Davidsonii, Kellogg (Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 82), shrubby, with small and usually entu-e cordate leaves, the flowers also comparatively small, an inch long, yellow with purple base. 1. LAVATERA, Linn. Tree Mallow. Involucel 3 - 6-cleft. Stamineal column divided above into numerous filaments. Styles filiform, stigmatic on the inner side. Fruit depressed ; the several carpels separating from the prominent more or less dilated axis, indehiscent, 1 -seeded ; seed ascending. — Leaves angled or loljed ; flowers axillary or in terminal racemes ; our species stout and shrubby. Sidalcea. MALVACEAE. g3 An Old World genus of about 20 species, some common in cultivation in gardens, and the fol- lowing indigenous upon the coast of California. 1. L. assurgentiflora, Kellogg. Shrubby, 6 to 15 feet higli, with slender flexuous brunches, glalnous or sparingly stellate-pubescent : leaves cordate, angu- larly 5 - 7-lubed, 3 to G inches broad, on long petioles, the lobes acute, coarsely toothed or lobed : flowers 1 to 4 in the axils, on slender deflexed and curved pedi- cels : involucel persistent, 3 lines long, half the length of the campanulate densely pubescent calyx : petals purple, 1 to 1| inches long, with a broad truncate limb and long narrow glabrous claws, having a pair of dense hairy tufts at base : staiuineal column glabrous : styles exserted : fruit half an inch broad, the 6 to 8 carpels not beaked, somewhat appressed-hairy, 2 lines or more in diameter, about equalling the low-conical summit of the axis. — Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 11 & 14. Said to be native of the island of Anacapa and now frequently cultivated in the southern coun- ties of the State. It is nearly allied to L. accrifolia & })ha:nicca of the Canary Islands. L. occiUEXTALls, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 124, of Guadalupe Island, Palmer, is a similar species : flowers on short deflexed pedicels, with large and foliaceous bractlets and calyx-lobes, the calyx becoming IJ inches long : petals 2 inches long, spatulate, emarginate, purplish, with a dark spot in the centre, the claws glabrous at base : fruit half an inch broad or more, putescent. 2. MALVA, Linn. Mallow. Involucel 3-leaved, Petals obcordate. Axis of the fruit broad but not project- ing. Otherwise as Lavatera. — Natives of the Old World, but several of the species now naturalized almost everywhere. 1. M. borealis, Wallman. Annual, erect or somewhat decumbent, hairy or nearly glabrous : leaves round-cordate, crenate, more or less strongly 5 — 7-lobed : peduncles axillary, solitary or clustered, 1 to 3 lines long : calyx-lobes acute, be- coming very broad and enlarged in fruit : petals 2 or 3 lines long : carpels trans- versely reticulate-rugose. From Europe, a common- weed on the western coast from Puget Sound to Mexico ; it has also been collected in New Mexico. It is readily distinguished from the biennial species JA rotundi- folia, which takes its jilace in the Atlantic States and may appear in California, by its short peduncles, smaller flowers, and rugose carpels. 3. SIDALCEA, Gray. Involucel none. Stamineal column double ; the filaments of the outer scries united usually into 5 sets, opposite the petals. Styles filiform, stigmatic on the inner surface. Carpels 5 to 9, 1-ovuled, separating at maturity from the short axis, beakless, indehiscent. Seed ascending. — Herbs, with rounded and mostly lobed or parted leaves ; the usually purple flowers in a narrow terminal raceme or spike. Mainly a Californian genus, only one species of the Rocky Mountains {S. Candida, Gray) not being found within the limits of the State. * Perennial. 1. S. malvseflora, Gray. Glabrous or somewhat hispid, simple or branched, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves on elongated petioles, orbicular to semicircuhir in outline ; tlie lower more or less deeply toothed or cleft, the upper more narrowly and deeply 5 - 9-lobed or parted ; the segments sparingly toothed or divided, often linear and entire : flowers in naked often elongated racemes ; bractlets small, lanceolate ; j)edi- cels short, naked: calyx often tomentose, the lobes acute or acuminate : ^petals emarginate: carpels 7 to 8, smooth and glabrous. — PI. "Wright, i. IG ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 46. Sida malvceflora, DC. ; Lindl. Bot. Peg. t. 103G. Callirrhoc spicnta, Kegel, Gart. Fl. 1872, 291, t. 737. 84 MALVACE^. Sldukea. In meadows, more widely diffused than any other species, ranging from Oregon to Northern Mexico, and eastward to Colorado. It varies much in the size of all its parts ; calyx 1 to 3 lines long ; the ])etals from half an inch to an inch long, or sometimes hut little exceeding the calyx. S. Oregana is a stout and branching northern form. 2. S. humilis, Gray. Much resembling the last, but usually lower and often decumbent at base, with smaller leaves, and somewhat more hairy : flowers fewer and more generally scattered in the racemes : calyx larger, 3 to 6 lines long, Avith acuminate lobes : carpels reticulated and somewhat pubescent. — PI. Fendl. 20. Sida Jel2)hinifolia & Californica, Xutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 233 and 235. Throughout California in meadows and on hillsides. * % Annuals. 3. S. Harfwegi, Gray. Slender, 1 or 2 feet high, more or less hispidly pubes- cent, especially the j^edicels and calyx : leaves orbicular, the lowest deeply cleft, the upper digitately 5 - 9-parted ; segments linear, entire, acute, usually exceeding the petioles : bractlets hnear, persistent : flowers nearly sessile, in a short terminal spike : calyx 3 to 6 lines long, the lobes acuminate : petals \ to \ inch long, broad and emarginate : carpels strongly reticulated, shortly crested, hispid above on the inner side. — PI. Fendl. 20; Eenth. PI. Hartw. 300. S. delphinifolia, Gray, 1. c. 19, & Gen. lU. ii. 58, t. 120, fig. 10-12. S. hirsnta, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 16; the larger and more hairy form. In the valleys of the Sacramento basin. The species was founded on a reduced few-flowered sparingly hispid state. 4. S. diploscypha, Gray. Pubescent Avith long spreading hairs, 1 or 2 feet high : leaves deeply 5 - 9-cleft with lobed segments, the uppermost often digitately parted; stipules parted: bractlets conspicuous, 5 -7-parted, hispid : flowers nearly sessile in close 3 - 5-flowered clusters : calyx-lobes acuminate : petals J to 1 inch long, broad and emarginate : filaments of the outer stamens united into 5 broad mem- branaceous overlapping lobes, usually enclosing the inner anthers : carpels glabrous much depressed, transversely rugose, longitudinally sulcate above. — PI. Fendl. 1 9. Common in grass-fields and by roadsides through Central California. 5. S. malachroides, Gray. Stout, hirsute, 3 to 6 feet high, tufted : leaves cordate, 2 to 5 inches broad, 3 - 7-angled Avith acutely toothed lobes : bractlets sub- ulate, caducous : flowers small, white or purplish, nearly sessile in close terminal heads on the short leafy branches : calyx-lobes acute : petals narrowly obcordate : sets of stamens indistinct : carpels smooth and glabrous, with a narroAV more or less distinct ridge down the back. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 332. Malva malachro- ides, Hook, c^^ Am. Bot. Beechey, 326. S. vitifolia, Gray, 1. c, is a less hispid form. From Mendocino County to Santa Cruz. 4. MALVASTRUM, Cxray. Bractlets 1 to 3, or none. Stamineal tube simple, antheriferous at the summit. Styles filiform : stigmas capitate. Carpels 5 or more, 1-ovuled, separating from the axis, often dehiscent, sometimes 2-valved. Seed ascending. — Herbaceous tufted perennials, or shrubby ; the flowers in narrow naked or leafy subpaniculate racemes. Distinguished from Sphceralcea only by the solitary ovules. Species about 60, North and South American and S. African. * Perennials. 1. M. Munroanum, Gray. Branching from the base, 1 or 2 feet high, grayish or hoary-pubescent : leaves broadly ovate, usually cordate at base, 3 - 5-lobed or deeply cleft, crenately or acutely toothed, 1 or 2 inches long, equalling or exceeding Malvastrum. MALVACE^]. oc 00 the slender petiole: raceme often dense: calyx-lobes acute or acuminate, 2 to 4 lines long : petals scarlet, 6 to 9 lines long : carpels oblong, 2 lines long, rounded or shortly beaked abgve, reticulated on the sides near the base, pubescent on the back — PI Fendl 21 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 47. Malva Munroayia, Dougl.; Lindl' Bot. Reg. XVI, t. 1306; Bot. Mag. t. 3537. From Washington Territory to Nevada and Utah ; found eastward of the Sierra Nevada. 2. M. Thurberi, Gray. Shrubby at base, 3 to 5 feet high, with wand-like branches, densely tomentose : leaves thick and subrugose, shortly petioled tlie ui)p('r nearly sessile, rounded, cordate or truncate at base, somewhat 3 - 5-lobed,' crenate 1 to 11 inches long: flowers small, nearly sessile in an interrupted naked spike 'or the inflorescence more expanded and racemose : calyx-lobes short, acute • fruit broadly obovate, the carpels IJ lines long, rounded or subtruncate above, becoming' glabrous, not reticulated. — PI. Thurb. 307. Malva fasciculata, Nutt. 1, c. 225. ^ , ^\ *!',? ^oast Ranges of Southern California ; at Pacheco's Pass {Bolanckr), Santa Barbara (A-uttaU), San Diego {Parry), and in Sonera {Thurhcr). No. 554 Brewer, from the Santa Lucia Mountains above the Nacimiento, is probably the same, but with the flowers fewer and less crowdeil, and the leaves rounded-rhomboidal and very tomentose ; described as very fragrant. 3. M. splendidum, Kellogg. A shrub 10 to 12 feet high or more, the branches and leaves gray-tomentose : leaves shortly petioled, cordate-ovate, 5-lobed, the lobes acute and crenate : flowers nearly sessile in terminal branching panicled racemes the spreading peduncles 1 to 2 inches long : calyx-lobes short, acute : carpels oblon*^, 1 2 lines long, rounded at each end, with a short mucronate beak above, becoming glabrous, reticulated on the sides below. — Proc. Calif. Acad. i. G5. Imperfectly described by Dr. KeUogg from a small specimen collected in the neighborhood of Los Angeles and said to have been taken from a tree 15 to 20 feet high and a foot in circumference ihe above description is based upon specimens found by Prof Brewer in the Sierra Santa Monica, which accord sufliciently well with the original account. Difiering from the last mainly in the torm ot the leaves and in the open inflorescence. 4. M. marrubioides, Durand & Hilgard. Densely pubescent, two feet high : leaves thick and shortly petioled, ovate, subcordate, obscurely 3-lobed, acutely ser- rate : flowers nearly sessile, in paniculate clusters of 3 to 5 in a somewhat naked raceme: calyx-lobes long-acuminate, little shorter than the rose-colored petals: carpels rounded or ublong, glabrous, not reticidated. — Pacif. Pi. Pep. v. G, t. 2. Collected only near Millei-ton on the San Joaquin, Reer7nann. _ 5 M. Coulteri, Watson. Branches slender, somewhat pubescent : leaves an inch or less in length, ovate-subcordate, 3 - 5-lobed, acutely toothed, erpialling or exceeding the slender petioles : flowers small, in a rather loose raceme : calyx-lobes acuminate : petals 4 or 5 lines long, rose-color : carpels rounded, less than a line in diameter, with a thin horizontal oblong projection uiward at base, very strongly reticulated, pubescent on the under surface. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 125. Collected by Confer (n. 96) probably in Southeastern Cahfomia, and by Schott in the Gila bottom on the Mexican Boundary Survey. Well distinguished by its peculiar carpels. * * Annuals. 6. M. rotundifolium, Gray. Eather stout and sparsely hispid with spreading hairs, two feet high or less : leaves reniform, obscurely lobed, coarsely toothed, the lower long-petioled : flowers loosely clustered, the lower pedicels elongated : calyx 4 or 5 lines long, with acuminate lobes enlarging in fruit : petals broad,' J incli long, light purple with a red spot at base : carpels 40 or more, tliin, circular, 1 .V lines broad, glabrous, reticulated ; the axis dilated. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 333. On sand-hills near Fort Mohave {Cooper), and eastward in Arizona. 7. M. exile, Gray. Decumbent, the stems becoming a foot long or more, pubes- cent : leaves G to 9 lines broad, broadly ovate, cordate or truncate at base, deeply 5-lobed, sparingly toothed, eer- sistent. Hairs Ions : petals 3 or 4 lines long : lower lip of the calyx nar- row and trifid. . 37. L. concinm^s. Hairs short : flowers smaller, narrow : racemes subsessile : lower lip broad, suben tire. 38. L. uitAcitis. 116 LEGUMINOS^E. * * Perennials, dwarf and cespitose. — In the Sierra Nevada. Lupinus. Stems completely herbaceous, with rather long mternodes. Annus Loosely villous with long hairs. ■ ' ^^[^^^^-^^ Appressed-silkv, the hairs shorter. Stems leafy, from a spreading woody caudex : appressed-silkv. p.-.^wfi-i Leaflets 7 to 10, obtuse : peduncles short : standard orblc.aal^ 2^ L. Bke^veU- Leaflets 5 to 6, acutish : peduncles elongated : standard elhptical. 28. L. L\allii. * * * Perennials, more or less shrubby at base, tall and leafy, silky-pubescent : petioles mostly short : flowers large : ovirles 6 to 12. Pubescence not dense : leaflets narrowly lanceolate : flowers yellow 1. L. ARBOREUS. 2. L. Chamissonis. ovules 10 to 12. 1 1 i -uiv^ Pubescence dense: leaflets broader, obtuse: flowers blue to ^^hlte PubescencVJhort,''mostly tomentose : leaflets oblanceolate : bracts long: r,ouGLASll flowers blue : ovules 8 or 9. .... * * * * Perennials, herbaceous, mostly tall : flowers large : o^^lles 6 or more, excepting L. Sit- yreavii and L. Graiji. Leaflets smooth above, oblanceolate : flowers not yellow. Petioles elono-ated : stem somewhat succident : bracts short and decid- uous. Sparingly villous: leaflets 10 to 16, large: stipules broad : ovules 9. „ •, . xi i Petioles scarcely exceeding the (5 to 10) leaflets : bracts mostly long. ^ Nearly o-labrous, erect : stipules narrow : ovules 8 to 10. J. Calyx subvillous : stipules broader : bracts more hairy, subpersist- ent : lower petioles elongated : pedicels short. o- More pubescent or villous, subdecumbent, leafy : leaflets 5 to 8, smaller : keel ciliate : ovules 10 to 12. 7, Puberulent and subvillous : bracts short : ovules 5- 1^- Leaflets pubescent both sides, as long as the petioles : ovules 6 to 8. Flowers yellow : keel ciliate : bracts long. Flowers not vellow : bracts short : leaflets 5 to 9. , ^ i .„ Erect, tail": pubescence often scanty : keel narrow, strongly falcate, ^ ' naked ; standard naked. , , .„ ,,.,., ,1 Subdecumbent, appressed-silky : standard silky ; kee ci hate. 11 Hoary-tomentose, a span high : standard naked ; keel cdiate. 14 L. POLYPHYLLrS. L. IIIVULARIS. L. BURKEI. L. LITTORAT.IS. L. SiTGREAVESII. L. Sabinii. L. ALBICAULIS. L. ORXATUS. L. Grayi. Perennials, herbaceous, mostly rather low : flowers smaller : ovules 6 or less. Leaflets glabrous above, , j i i Mostly shorter than the petioles : standard naked. Tall, scantily puberulent : keel usually naked : pod small, 2 - A span'^Mgli'or less, sparingly villous : keel strongly ciliate : pod broad, 6-ovuled. i . „ . Eciualling the petioles : appressed-silky : petals naked or nearl> so . pod short, 3-5-ovuled. Leaflets pubescent on both sides. Leaves distant ; lower petioles elongated r, 1 „ . =fn,i,l Pubescence villous, spreading : bracts deciduous, often long . stand- ard hairy : keel ciliate. 1. ^ 1 Densely silky-tomentose, stout : pedicels very short : bracts subper- sistent : standard very hairy : keel subciliate._ Densely appressed silky-viUous, often low : bracts deciduous : stand- ard naked. . .Tin Silky-villous : raceme dense : bracts persistent : standard oblong, naked. Stems leafy : petioles short. Standard and keel naked : calyx not spurred. Puberulent, much branched, slender. Densely silky-tomentose : flowers very small. Standard and keel more or less hairy : calyx spurred. Finely appressed-sUky : calyx strongly spurred : standard longest. Appressed-pubemlent : leaflets narrower : petals e(iual. (.lose silvery-silky : calyx slightly spurred. 19. L. PARVIFLORUS. 17. L. oxusTUs. 22. L. ARGENTEUS. 12. L. SERICEUS. 13. L. LEUCOPHYLLUS. 15. L. LEPIDUS. 16. L. CONFERTUS. 18. L. AXDERSONII. 24. L. MEIOXAKTHUS. 20. L. CALCARATUS. 21. L. LAXIFLORUS. 23. L. HOLOSEHICEUS. Lupinus. LEGUMINOS^. 117 § 1. Floivers in terminal racemes: sides of the standard reflexed : ovules several: cotyledons petioled in germination. — Lupinus proper. * Perennials, not dwarf: stems somewhat woody in Nos. 1 to 3, the rest vjholly her- baceous, and Nos. 4: to 7 mostly succulent and Jistuloas : 2wds oblong. Spec. 1 to 24. 4- Floivers large: ovules Q to VI. ++• Afore or less ivoody at base, tall, leafy, with short petioles : jiubescence silky, mostly appressed : bracts deciduous : Jioivers on slender pedicels : calyx-lips nearly equal : ovules mostly ^ to 12. 1. L. arboreus, Sims. Shrubby, often 4 to 10 feet high : pubescence not dense, short : leaflets 7 to 11, mostly 9, glabrate above, narrowly lanceolate, | to If inches long, acute : raceme loose ; bracts linear, equalling the calyx : flowers mostly verticillate, sulphur-yellow, fragrant : calyx-lips broad, entire or nearly so : keel slightly ciliate : pod pubescent, usually 10- 12-seeded, 1| to 3 inches long, 4 to 6 lines wide : seeds oblong-oval, terete, three lines long, dark-colored. — Bot. Mag. t. 682 ; Liudl. Bot. Reg. xxiv, t. 32 ; Watson, 1. c. 523. L. rividaris, Agardh, Synopsis, 24. L. macrocarpus. Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 138. From Sacramento Valley to San Diego, common ; from April to August. Specimens rarely occur with the pubescence more dense, villous, and somewhat spreading. The flowers also appear to be sometimes blue or purplish. Used successfully as a protection against drifting sands. 2. L. Chamissonis, Esch. Less shrubby, 1 to 4 feet high : pubescence dense, appressed : leaflets 7 to 9, cuneate-obovate, a half to an inch long, obtuse and mu- cronulate or acutish, very silky on both sides : bracts lanceolate, shorter than the calyx : flowers subverticillate, blue, violet, pink, or white : upper calyx-lip deeply cleft ; bractlets small, setaceous : keel usually slightly ciliate : ovules 6 to 8 : pod silky, 1^ inches long, 4-8-seeded: seeds broader, somewhat flattened, 2-|- lines long, light-colored and mottled. — Mem. Acad. Petr. x. 288. L. albifrons, Benth. in Hort. Soc. Trans, n. ser. i. 410; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1642; Watson, 1. c. 523. L. sericeus, Hook. & Aru. Bot. Beechey, 138. Var. longifolius, Watson. Scarcely woody at base : stems less leafy and peti- oles more elungated : keel pubescent near the margin. Var. (?) longebracteatus, Watson. Stem and branches more or less villous : bracts much exceeding the calyx. — L. macrocarpus, Torr. in Pacif. P. Pep. iv. 81. From Oregon to Southern Califoniia, common. The variety longifolius from San Diego (Cleve- land) to Ojai {Pexkham), San Pascual {Thurbcr) and San Antonio River, Brerccr. "The var. longebracteatus about San Francisco (Bigelow, Greene), and Punta de los Reyes, Bigcloic. 3. L. Douglasii, Agardh. Slightly woody at base : pubescence short, tomen- tose or silky, apjiri'ssed : leaflets 7 to 9, oblanceolate or sometimes cuneate-oblong, 1 to 1| inches long, pubescent on both sides : racemes often long-peduncled ; bracts linear-setaceous, exceeding the calyx : flowers scattered or subverticillate, blue or purple : calyx with long setaceous bractlets, the upper lip nearly 2-parted : keel ciliate : ovules 8 to 9 : pod unknown. — Synopsis, 34 ; Watson, 1. c. 524. From above San Francisco to Monterey and Los Angeles. ++ -^+ Stems mostly succulent and fistulous : leaflets glabrous above, oblong to oblance- olate : flowers subverticillate : bracts deciduous : calyx tisually slightly toothed : ovides 8 or more. 4. L. polyphyllus, Lindl. Stout, erect, 2 to 5 feet high, sparingly A-illous, the calyx, pedicels and youngest leaves silky-pubescent : stipules large, triangular to subulate : leaves distant, long-petioled ; leaflets 10 to 16, or often 8 to 10 in the upper leaves, 2 to 6 inches long : racemes frequentl}'' a foot or two long ; bracts ob- long-lanceolate, equalling or shorter than the calyx : flowers mostly scattered, on long pedicels, blue, purple, or white : calyx-lips nearly equal, entire ; bractlets often llg LEGUMINOSiE. Lupinus. wanting : keel naked : pod 1 to H inches long, 3 to 4 lines broad, 7-9-seeded, — Bot. Eeg. t. 109G & t. 1377; Watson, 1. c. 524. L. macrophyllus, Benth. ; Sweet, Brit, Fl. Gard. 2 ser. t. 356. L. grand iflor us, Lindl. From Washington Territory to Klamath Valley and San Francisco. 5. L. rivularis, Dougl. Stout, erect, 2 to 6 feet high, nearly glabrous, the short and silky pubescence closely appressed, or very rarely spreading on the calyx and pedicels : stipules subulate or setaceous ; leaflets 7 to 10, about equalling the petioles, |^ to 5 inches long, oblanceolate, acute or the lower ones obtuse : raceme long-ped uncled, often 1 to 2 feet long; bracts setaceous, exceeding the calyx: flowers scattered or subverticillate, pru'ple or sometimes white : bractlets caducous ; upper calyx-lip sometimes entire : keel slightly ciliate : pod large, 8- 10-seeded. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1595 ; Watson, 1. c. 525. L. cytisoides, Agardh, Synopsis, 18. Var. latifolius, Watson. Leaflets 5 to 7, spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse and mucronulate or the upper acute : the pubescence upon the calyx more frequently spreading. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 525. L. latifolius, AquxiXXi, Syn. 18; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1891. From the Columbia River to Southern California, common ; the typical forai fretpent in the Sierra Nevada ; the variety more common nearer the sea. 6. L. Burkei, Watson. Eesembling L. rivularis, but distinguished by broader stipules, and the lower leaves long-petioled : raceme usually short and dense, the pedicels mostly only 1 or 2 lines long ; bracts villous and often persistent : the pubescence of the calyx somewhat villous and more or less spreading : pod 8-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 525. L. %>olyplujlbis, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 55. On the east side of the Sierra Nevada from Northern Nevada to IMontana, and probably to be found in Northeastern California. 7. L. littoralis, Dougl. Stems slender, decumbent or ascending, 1 or 2 feet long, often not succulent, leafy : pubescence silky, rather tliin, short and appressed, or villous and spreading especially about the axils : leaflets 5 to 8, oblanceolate or cuneate-oblong, acute, a half to an inch long, at least half as long as the petioles : racemes short ; bracts setaceous, exceeding the calyx : flowers blue or violet, with some yellow, verticillate or scattered, on rather short pedicels : calyx large, with small bractlets: keel ciliate: ovules and seeds 10 to 12. — Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1198; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2952 ; Watson, 1. c. 526. L. versicolor, LindL Bot. Eeg. t. 1979. L. Nuikatensis, var. fruticosus, Bot. Mag. t. 2136. Near the coast, from Vancouver Island to San Francisco. The taper root is said to be known in Washington Territoiy as " Chinook Liquorice." ++ ++ ++ Leafy and branching ; the petioles not longer than the leaflets : flowers sub- verticillate, yellow in L. Sahinii : bracts deciduous, shorter than the calyx : ovides 6 or 7, rarely 8, 07ily 5 i7i L. Sitgreavii : mostly erect or ascending, 1 or 2 feet high. 8. L. Sabinii, Dougl. Stout, erect : pubescence short, appressed, silky : stipules long, setaceous; leaflets 8 to 11, oblanceolate, acuminate, 2 or 3 inches long, silky on both sides : raceme 6 to 10 inches long, rather dense and long-peduncled ; bracts exceeding the calyx, linear-setaceous : flowers bright yellow : upper calyx-lip short, nearly entire, the lower narrow : standard emarginate, naked ; keel ciliate : pod un- known.— Hook. Fl. i. 166 ; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1435 ; Watson, 1. c. 527. This has been collected only by Dottr/lns and N'cviiis, in tlie Blue Mountains of Oregon, but may occur in Northern California ; distinguished by its Icng racemes of yellow flowers. 9. L. albicaulis, Dougl. Pubescence short and appressed, or more or less vil- lous and spreading, often scanty : leaflets 5 to 9, oblanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, acute, pubescent on both sides or glabrous above : raceme mostly short-peduncled ; bracts subulate : calyx long, with nearly equal lips, the upper narrowed and shortly toothed : petals blue, verging to white ; the standard naked, acute, with the margins Lupinus. LEGUMINOS.E. ]^29 coherent near tlie apex ; the narrow keel very strongly falcate, naked : pod 1 to 2 inches long. — Hook. Fl. i. 1G5; "Watson, 1. c. 527. Var. Bridgesii, Watson, 1. c. The more villous form, with very large ilowers and dense racemes : seeds nearly 4 lines long. Frequent, from the Columbia River to San Diego, throughout tlie State ; variable but well marked by the characters of the flower. The mature fruit of the ordinary forms is not known. 10. L. Sitgreavesii, Watson, 1. c. Puberulent and somewhat silky-villous with spreading hairs: stipules setaceous; leaflets 7 to 9, oblanceolate, acute, 1 to 3 inches long, usually glabrous above : raceme open, shortly peduncled ; pedicels slender : calyx appressed-silky, short ; the upper lip rather broad, shortly toothed or nearly entire : standard rounded, naked ; keel ciliate or naked : ovules 5. Found on the San Francisco Mountains in Arizona and eastward, and also what appears to be a more glabrous form (2012 Brewer) at Ebbett's Pass in the Sierra Nevada. 11. L. ornatus, Dougl. Decumbent or ascending: pubescence usually short, silky, appressed : stipules setaceous ; leaflets 5 to 7, oblanceolate, 1 to 2 inches long, acute or acutish : raceme loose, usually shortly peduncled ; bracts subulate : calyx- lips nearly equal, the upper rather shortly toothed or bihd : petals blue ; the stand- ard acutish, somewhat silky on the back, often paler especially in the centre ; the keel ciliate : pod 1^ inches long : seed white, nearly orbicular, compressed, 2\ lines long.— Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1216; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2 ser. t. 212; Watson, 1. c. 528. From the Columbia River to Lassen's Peak and Mt. Shasta, at 8,000 to 10,000 feet altitude (Brewer) ; Montana and W. Wyoming, Parry. -t- -f- Flowers smaller, except in L. Grayi, never yellow : ovules 3 to 6. ++ Leaves distant; lower petioles elongated; leaflets not smooth above: racemes mostly dense : ovules 4 to 6, 12. L. sericeus, Pursh. Eather stout, 1 to 2 feet high : pubescence of coarse or somewhat silky spreading hairs : leaflets 5 to 8, rarely 10, narrowly oblanceolate, 1 to 2| inches long, acute: peduncles short: bracts deciduous^ often much exceed- ing the calyx : pedicels slender, 2 or 3 lines long : calyx strongly gibbous, densely silky-villous ; lips nearly equal, the upper slightly toothed : petals blue or whitish ; the standard hairy and keel ciliate : pod densely hairy, an inch long. — Flora, i. 468 ; Watson, 1. c. 529. From Oregon to Northern Nevada, Utah, and Montana, and doubtless to be found in North- eastern California. 13. L. leucophyllus, Dougl. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy, densely silky- tomentose throughout and somewhat villous : leaflets 7 to 10, oblanceolate or cune- ate-oblong, 1 to 2| inches long, acute; the upper petioles about equalling the leaves: racemes sessile or nearly so, densely flowered and usually elongated : bracts subulate or linear, subpersistent or deciduous : pedicels stout, a line long or less : upper calyx-lip rather deeply cleft : petals blue or pink ; the standard densely villous, the keel naked or ciliate. — Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1124 ; Watson, 1. c. 529. L. 2)lumosus, Dougl. ; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1217. From the Cascade Mountains of Oregon to Utah and New Mexico ; above Carson City (Ander- son) and probably northward in the Sierra Nevada. 14. L. Grayi, Watson. A span high, rather stout, densely hoary-tomentose, usually with some silky hairs : leaflets 5 to 9, cuneate-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, | to 1| inches long, shorter than the petioles : racemes peduncled, short and loosely "flowered ; bracts subulate, equalling the calyx ; pedicels more .^lender, 1 or 2 lines long : flowers subverticillate, light blue, 6 to 7 lines long, with broad wings and broad naked standard : keel ciliate : pod an inch long or more, 5-6- seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 126. J 20 LEGUMINOS^. Lupinus. In the Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co., near Clark's (A. Gray), to Indian Valley, Plumas Co., Mrs. M. E. P. Ames. L. Palmeri, Watson, 1. c. viii. 530, from the San Francisco Mts., Arizona, is densely pubes- cent with rather rigid straight more or less spreading hairs ; leaflets small, acute ; flowers small, in a narrow peduncled raceme, with short deciduous bracts ; corolla deep blue ; standard some- what hairy ; keel naked. L. NiVEUS, Watson, 1. c. xi. 126, is another allied species, from Guadalupe Island (Pahner), densely white-tomentose, not villous ; the deep blue rather small flowers on slender pedicels ; petals all naked. 15. L. lepidus, Dougl. Slender, often low, a span to two feet high, leafy at base, densely appressed silky- villous : leaflets 7 to 9, narrowly oblanceolate, f to 1^ inches long, acute, on elongated petioles : bracts not exceeding the calyx, deciduous : flowers verticillate or scattered, on short pedicels, in an elongated long-peduncled raceme : upper calyx-lip toothed or deeply cleft : petals violet, the standard naked and keel ciliate : pod an inch long. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1149 ; Watson, 1. c. viii. 530. From Puget Sound to Klamath Lakes, and collected by Bolander in Bear Valley in the Sierra Nevada ; near Carson City, Nevada, on foot-hills. Bloomer, Watson. 1 G. L. COnfertUS, Kellogg. Erect or ascending, a foot high or more : pubes- cence silky-villous, appressed or spreading : leaflets 5 to 8, cuneate-oblong to nar- rowly oblanceolate, f to If inches long, acute : raceme usually dense, rather long- peduncled ; bracts persistent, setaceous, about equalling the calyx : flowers verticillate, nearly sessile, blue or rose-colored : upper calyx-lip 2-cleft : standard naked, rather narrow ; the keel ciliate : pod three fourths of an inch long, 2 - 4-seeded : seeds nearly round, white.— Proc. Cahf. Acad. ii. 192, fig. 59; Watson, 1. c. L. Torreyi, Gray; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 58. L. sellulns, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 36. In the Sierra Nevada from Yosemite Valley to Washoe Lake and Donner Pass. Well marked by its consijicuous persistent bracts. 1 7. L. onustus, Watson. Low, a span high or less, with a decumbent some- what woody base, rather sparingly silky-villous : leaflets 5 to 8, oblanceolate, acute or acutish, glabrous above, about an inch long ; the petioles two or three tnues longer: flowers deep blue, small, scattered in a loose short and shortly peduncled raceme : bracts short, deciduous : pedicels slender : standard naked ; keel strongly ciliate : pod an inch and a half long, half an inch broad, 6-ovuled : seeds large, over three lines broad. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 127. Indian Valley, Plumas Co. {Mrs. M. E. Puhifer Ames) ; Sierra Co., Lemmon. Somewhat resembling L. parviflorus on a reduced scale, but the fruit very distinct. ++ ++ Stems leafy : petioles and peduncles mostly short : bracts deciduous, visually short : ovules 3 to 5. 18. L. Andersoni, Watson. Slender, about a foot high, much branched and leafy, finely appressed pubescent : leaflets 7 to 9, narrowly oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, pubescent both sides, about an inch long, equalling the petioles : racemes short and shortly peduncled ; pedicels 1 or 2 lines long : calyx not saccate, the lips nearly equal : petals blue or pinkish ; standard and keel naked : pod 1^ inches long : seed light-colored, 3 lines long. — Bot. King Exp. 58, and 1. c. viii. 531. Var. (1) Grayi, Watson, 1. c. Leaflets cuneate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate, 6 to 9 lines long ; the whole plant densely appressed-hairy. In the Sierra Nevada, near Carson City {Anderson) ; the variety, a very doubtful form near Clark's Ranch in Mariposa Co., A. Gray. Scanty specimens of another allied form, densely hairy- tomentose, with narrowly oblanceolate leaflets, have been collected by Rothrock on the North Fork of Kern River, at 8,500 feet altitude. 19. L. parviflorus, Nutt. Stems mostly solitary, strict, erect, slender, 2 or 3 feet high, at length somewhat branched : pubescence scanty, short, appressed, the calyx an°d pedicels silky : leaves rather distant; leaflets 5 to 11, oblanceolate to Lvpinus. LEG-UMINOS^. 121 obovate, 1 or 2 inches long, acute or obtuse, glabrous above, the lower leaves shorter than the petioles : raceme ^ to 1 foot long, slender ; bracts linear-subulate, equalling the calyx ; pedicels slender, 1 to 2 lines long : calyx-lips nearly equal : petals light- blue ; the standard naked ; the keel naked or ciliate : pod | inch long, 2 - 4-seeded, pubescent : seeds light-colored, two lines in diameter. — Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 336 ; Watson, 1. c. 531. In the mountains from the Cohimhia River to Yosemite Valley, and eastward to the Wahsatch. 20. L. calcaratUS, Kellogg. Stems clustered, as in most perennial species, rather stout, 1 to 2 feet high, finely appressed-silky : leaflets 6 to 12, usually 9, oblanceolate, 1 or 2 inches long, acute, more or less silky on both sides, at least half as long as the petioles: racemes 3 to 6 inches long ; bracts subulate ; pedicels slender, 1 to 3 lines long : calyx silky, conspicuously spurred, the lips unequal : petals white or blue; the pubescent standard six lines long, exceeding the wings and ciliate keel : pod an inch long : seeds light-colored, nearly three lines long. — Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 195, fig. 60; Watson, 1. c. 531. On the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada and eastward in Northern Nevada. 21. L. laxiflorus, Dougl, Slender, 1 to 2 feet high : pubescence short, silky, appressed : leaflets G to 8, narrowly oblanceolate, acute, silky on both sides, at least half as long as the petioles : racemes loose and slender ; pedicels 2 to 3 lines long : calyx narrowed and saccate at base, the upper lip shortly toothed : petals blue, 3 to 5 lines long, equal; the standard somewhat pubescent and keel ciliate: pod less than an inch long : seeds two lines in diameter. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1140 ; Watson, 1. c. 531. L. arbustus, Dougl. ; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1230. L. caudatus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 198, fig. 61. From Vancouver Island to Klamath Valley and Donner Pass, and eastward to the Wahsatch Mountains ; also Arizona, Palmer. 22. L. argenteus, Pursh. Slender, 1 or 2 feet high, hoary with short silky appressed pubescence: leaflets 5 to 8, linear-lanceolate, f to 1|- inches long, acute, smooth above or nearly so, about equalling the petioles : racemes nearly sessile, 2 to 6 inches long ; pedicels very slender, usually short : calyx campanulate, gibbous but not spurred at base, the upper lip broad and toothed : petals blue or cream- colored, 3 or 4 lines long ; standard very broad, naked or slightly hairy ; the keel naked or subciliate : pod short : ovules 3 to 5. — Flora, i. 468 ; Watson, 1. c. 532. Plains of the Columbia and Snake Pavers, and eastward ; probably in Northeastern California. 23. L. holosericeus, Nutt. Slender, 1 to 1| feet high: pubescence silvery- silky, closely appressed : leaflets 6 to 8, narrowly oblanceolate, f to 1^ inches long, at least half as long as the petioles, acute, very silky on both sides : racemes nearly sessile, 3 to 6 inches long ; flowers verticil late ; pedicels short, rather stout : calyx slightly spurred ; the lips nearly equal, the upper broad and shortly toothed : petals flesh-color, 2 to 5 lines long ; the standard very broad, pubescent on the back ; the keel ciliate : pod an inch long : seeds rather large. — Torr. & Gray, Flora i. 380 ; Watson, I c. 532. East of the Siena Nevada from the Columbia River to Southern Nevada. 24. L. meionanthus, Gray. Low, branched and leafy, a foot high : pubescence dense, silky-tomentose : leaflets 5 to 7, oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, f to 1 inch long, acutish, silky both sides, about equalling the petiole : racemes short and small, nearly sessile ; bracts ovate ; flowers subverticillate or scattered, blue, on pedicels ^ to 1 line long : calyx campanulate, not spurred, densely tomentose : petals two lines long, scarcely exceeding the calyx ; the standard very broad, naked ; the keel slightly ciliate : pod half an inch long : seeds white, two lines in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad, vi, 522 ; Watson, 1. c. 533. Collected only by Dr. Anderson near Carson City, probably in the Sierra Nevada. 222 LEGUMINOSiE. Lupinus. % * Divarf perennials, mostly cesjntose : racemes usually short and dense ; bracts someivlmt persistent; flowers suhverticillate, on short pedicels : iipxter calyx-lip 2-cleft {^-toothed in L. aridus), the lower ?>-toothed : keel ciliate: ovules S to Q : piod hairy, oblong, 3 — i-seeded. 25. L. aridus, Dougl. Stems cespitose, 2 or 3 inches long : pubescence villous, both loose and appressed. : leaflets 5 to 7, oblanceolate, an inch long or less, acute, the petioles 3 or 4 times longer : raceme dense, 2 or 3 inches long ; peduncle shorter than the leaves ; bracts nearly equalling the calyx : petals purple, 5 lines long ; the elliptical standard usually shorter : pod 5 lines long. — Lindl. Lot. lieg. t. 1242 ; Watson, 1. c. 533. Var. Lobbii, AVatson, 1. c. Leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, half an inch long, the petioles 2 or 3 times longer : peduncles exceeding the leaves : calyx-lips more strongly toothed : standard broader. Washington Territory and Oregon : the variety in the higher SieiTa Nevada (Lobh) ; above Ebbettand Sonora Passes, at 8,500 and 12,000 feet altitude. Brewer. 26. L. minimus, Dougl. Appressed silky-villous : stems 3 to G inches high : leaflets 5 to 7, obovate or oblanceolate, 3 to 8 lines long, mostly acutish, the peti- oles 3 or 4 times longer : peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves : bracts linear : upper calyx-lip deeply bifid : petals purple, 4 or 5 lines long ; the standard orbicular. — Hook. FL i. 163; Watson, 1. c. 534. Oregon and Washington Territory, to Northwestern Wyoming (Parry), and in the high Sierra Nevada ; above Cisco (Kellogg) ; Summit Station, in shade, Greene. 27. L. Breweri, Gray. Stems G inches long or less, from a spreading branched woody caudex, very leafy : pubescence dense, silky, appressed : leaflets 7 to 10, obovate, obtuse, 4 to 6 lines long, at least half as long as the petiole : racemes very short, the peduncle equalHng the leaves ; bracts short : calyx-lips nearly equal ; the upper deeply bifid, the lower shortly and equally toothed : petals blue, equal, 3 to 4 lines long ; the standard orbicular. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 334 ; Watson, 1. c. In the Sierra Nevada from Mt. Pinos and the North Fork of the Kern River, from 8,000 to 12,000 feet altitude {Rothrock) and Yosemite Valle}% at 6,000 to 8,000 feet altitude {Brewer, Gray), to Sierra Co., Lcmmon. Stems sometimes very short and densely matted. 28. L. Lyallii, Gray. Stems leafy, from a spreading woody caudex : pubes- cence dense, villous, appressed : leaflets 5 or G, obovate, 3 or 4 lines long, acutish, the petioles much longer : racemes very short, the peduncles much exceeding the leaves ; bracts short : calyx-lips nearly equal : petals purple, five lines long, nearly equal ; the standard elliptical. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 334 ; Watson, 1. c. Var. Danaus, Watson, 1. c. Stems less leafy : pubescence less abundant : flowers nearly white ; the keel tipped with dark-purple. — L. Danaus, Gray, 1. c. Alpine ; summits of the Cascade Mountains, Washington Ten'itory (Lyall) ; the variety on Mt. Dana, at 12,500 feet altitude (Bolandcr), and on the North Fork of Kem Eiver, at 8,000 feet, Eothrock. * * * Annuals: leaflets mostly 5 to 1 {in L. leptophyllus, 8 to 10) : tipper calyx lip 2-parted or bifld : pod linear, 4 - ^-seeded. -f- Flowers verticillate : bracts deciduous. 29. L. affinis, Agardh. Stem a foot high, rather stout : pubescence very short, more or less spreading : leaflets broadly wedge-obovate, an inch long or more, emargiuate or obtuse, smoother above ; the petioles twice longer : peduncles long ; bracts short : petals 5 lines long ; the keel usually naked : ovules 5 to 7. — Sy- nopsis, 20, in part; Watson, 1. c. 535. L. cervinus? Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 229, fig. 73. From San Francisco and Bear Valley {Kellogg) to San Diego ; in early spring. Distinguished from the larger-flowered forms of the next species by its short pubescence, broader and obtuser ^Winus. LEGUMINOS^. ,,-,0 leaflets, usually smooth above, and its short- hrnnte rvv tt^ii^ • r stout form, with large leaves and short pedSels ^ ^° ' ^- '"''''''''' ''^I'l'^''^'^ ^" '^ ^^ 30. L. nanus, Dougl. Slender, l to 1 foot higli, often branching from tlie base villous or fanely pubescent : leaflets linear to oblanceolate, half to an inch on'' usually acute, pubescent on both sides, the petioles 1 to 3 times longer • racemS loose ; bracts exceeding the calyx ; pedicels slender : upper calyx-lip 2°cleft : petals usualy 5 or 6 lines long very broad, bluish-purple or at lii4 nearly whitJ; the standard shorter and usually marked with dark-purple lines : ovules 6 to 8 • pod ' to 1^ inches long. — Benth. m Hort. Trans, n. ser. i. 409, t. 14 ; Watson 1 'c ^ rattnarfabr'"'' ^'"'^ *" ^°"*^'™ O^^^on^^, fre-iuent. Floweruig iu early' spring and 31. L. micranthus, Dougl. Slender, 3 to 12 inches high, villous : leaflets linear, 5 to 1 inch lung : racemes short, often rather dense ; bracts shorter than the calyx ; pedicels a line long or less : calyx-lips broad, the upper with short trianou- lar lobes: petals 2 or 3 lines long; the wings and standard very narrow. — Lindl Bot. Eeg. t. 1251 ; Watson, 1. c. Var. microphyllus, Watson, 1. c. The lower and more hirsute form, with the leaflets but 3 to G lines long. Var. bicolor, Watson, 1. c. Flowers a little larger, with the petals somewhat broader, and pedicels 1 or 2 lines long.— Z. bicolor, LindL Bot. Reg. t. 1109. Var. trifidus, Watson, 1. c. Very hairy ; lower lip of the calyx 3-parted. rPn^Xl5p^fn/.T'''V*° ^°"*^^™ Cahfornia, very frequent ; the var. trifidus near San Francisco, remarkable tor the division of the calyx. The var. bicolor approaches forms of L. nanus, and tends to unite the two species. <-« , 'i"*^! -5- -t- Flowers scattered : bracts more or less persistent, except in L. leptopliyllus and L. Sttveri : ovules 4 to 6, or 8 in L. truncatus. 32. L. leptophyllus, Benth. Slender, rarely branched, 1 or 2 feet liigh, vil- ous : stipules linear-setaceous : leaflets 8 to 10, narrowly linear, 1 to 11 inches long, gabrous above ; the very slender petioles 2 or 3 times longer : racemes" 3 to 10 inches long; bracts setaceous much exceeding the calyx: upper calyx-lip narrow, deeply c eft : petals 5 or 6 lines long, bluish-lilac, with a deep-crimson spot upon the standard. —Hort. Trans, n. ser. i. 409 ; Watson, 1. c. 536. brotie™vel^'^^'^ '"'^ southward, on hills and in rocky 'places. A form occurs with rather 33. L sparsiflorus, Benth. Very slender, sparingly branched, 1 to U feet high, villous with spreading hairs: upper leaves much reduced: leaflets 5 "to 9, linear, ^ to 1 inch long ; the narrow petioles 2 to 4 times longer : bracts linear- setaceous, shorter than the calyx, subpersistent ; pedicels short : upper calyx-lip 2-parted: petals violet, 5 lines long; the standard shorter: pod a half to an inch long. — PI. Hartweg. 303 ; Watson, 1. c. From the Sacramento Valley to Southern California. 34. L. truncatus, Nutt. Eatlier stout, sparingly branched, 1 to 2 feet hi-di hnely pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous: stipules short, subulate; leaflets 5 to^z' linear, narrowed from the truncate or somewhat 3-toothed apex to the base, smooth aboye^ to l^ inches long, nearly ecpialling the petiole: bracts short, subpersistent: pedicels i to 2 lines long : upper calyx-lip 2-cleft : petals deep-purple, 4 or 5 lin(>s long; the standard shorter : pod l\ inches long. — Hook. & Arm Bot. Beechoy, 33G; vVatson, 1. c. j^ ' From San Francisco to San Diego. 35. L. Stiveri, Kellogg, Diff'usely branched, about a foot high, finely and rather sparingly pubescent : leaflets 5 to 7, broadly cuneate-obovate, h to li inches long, obtuse or acutish, mucronulate, scarcely more glabrous above, nearly equalling -•94 LEGUMINOS.E. Lupinus. the petioles: racemes 2 or 3 inches long, 5 - 10-flowered, rather long-peduncled ; bracts short ; pedicels 1 or 2 lines long : upper calyx-lip 2-parted with broad acute lobes • petals 6 or 7 lines long ; the yellow standard shorter than the rose-colored wings": pod an inch long, nearly glabrous. — Proc. Cahf. Acad. ii. 192, fig. 58; Wateon, 1. c. 537. In the Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Mariposa Co. A peculiarly handsome and well marked species. 36 L. hirsutissimus, Benth. Stout, a foot high or more, very hispid with spreading straiglit and viscid stinging hairs : leaflets 5 to 7, broadly cuneate-obo- vate obt'iise or refuse or sometimes acute, mucronulate, f to 1^ inches long, half as long as the petioles : racemes loose, 3 to 8 inches long ; bracts short, subulate, usu- ally deciduous ; pedicels 1 or 2 lines long : calyx large, the broad upper lip deeply deft : petals six lines long, nearly equal, reddish-purple : pod hirsute, an inch long. Hort. Trans, n. ser. i. 409 ; Watson, 1. c. In dry places, from the Sacramento to Southern California. 37 L. concinnus, Agardh. Low, 4 to 6 inches high, densely villous or hir- sute :' leaflets 5 to 8, oblanceolate, 4 to 10 lines long, obtuse ; the slender petioles 2 to 4" times longer : raceme short, often nearly sessile ; bracts short, linear-setaceous, persistent ; pedicels very short : upper calyx-lip 2-parted, the lower rather deeply trifid : petals 4 lines long, violet ; the standard shorter, with a yellow spot m the centre: pod 4-seeded. — Synopsis, 6, t. 1 ; Watson, 1. c. Var. Arizonicus, Watson, 1. c. Eather stout, a span high, more sparingly hir- sute : leaflets oblanceolate to linear, obtuse or acute: raceme more elongated: petals 3 or '4 lines long, equal, ocliroleucous or tipped with violet : pod half an inch long, 3-5-seeded. From Monterey to Sonora, rarely collected; the variety in Southeastern California and Arizona. 38 L gracilis, Agardh. Slender, 3 to 6 inches high, very hairy : leaflets 5 to 7, cuneateobovate, 3 to 6 lines long, the slender petioles 2 or 3 times longer: raceme short, loose, flexuous ; bracts short; pedicels less than a line long: petals blue and Avhite, 2 or 3 lines long, narrow; the standard slightly shorter ; the flowers nearly as in L. micranthus : pod half an inch long : seeds a line m diam- eter. — Synopsis, 15, t. 1 ; Watson, 1. c. From Monterey to Southern California ; rarely collected. S 2. Flowers as in S 1 : ovules 2 : cotyledons broad and clasping after germination, usually long-persistent. Erect annuals: leaflets cuneate-oUong or -ohovate : bracts persistent : pod ovate. — Plattcarpos, Watson. * Flowers verticiUate: stems tall, with elongated peduncles. 39 L microcarpus, Sims. Villous with long hairs, | to IJ feet high : stip- ules "long, setaceous; leaves mostly approximate, on elongated petioles; leaflets usually 9, cuneate-oblong, 1 to 2 inches long, obtuse or emargmate, sometimes acut- ish, smooth above: pedicels 1 or 2 lines long: bracts subulate-setaceous, equalling the calix or shorter: calvx densely villous, large; lips toothed, the iipper very short and subscarious ; bractlets often wanting : petals purple to white, 6 or / l^^es fong, equal; the keel slightly ciliate : pods villous, 8 lines lo"S-^— I^o^- f '\g- \ -^^^' Watson, 1. c. 538. L. palustris & lacteus, Kellogg, m Proc. Calif. Acad. v. lb & 37. Frequent from the Cohimbia Eiver to Southern California ; also a native of Chih. 40 L densiflorus, Benth. Much resembling the last : more sparingly villous with"sho"rter hairs : bracts usually much shorter than the calyx, which is smooth or finely pubescent; the upper Hp often entire : petals yellow or ochrole.icous rarely white or pink. - Hort. Trans, n. ser. i. 409 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1689 ; Watson, TrifoUum. LEOUMINOS^. 225 1. c. — L. Menziesii, Agardh, Synopsis, 2; Hook. Bot, Mag. t. 5019. Z. Memiesii, var. aurea, Kellogg, 1. c. v. 16. From the Sacramento Valley southward ; frequent. 41. L. luteolus, Kellogg. Rather slender, 1 or 2 feet high : pubescence short, appressed, rather silky, the bracts and pod villous : stipules short ; leaves scattered^ on short petioles ; leaflets usually 7, cuneate-oblong, an inch lung, obtuse or acute, sometimes smooth above : bracts linear-setaceous, exceeding the calyx : flowers as in the last ; the petals pale-yellow, six lines long. — Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 38. L. Bridgesii, Gray ; Watson, 1. c. 538, Sacramento Valley {Bridges) ; Napa Valley {Greene) ; Mendocino Co., Bolander, Kellogg. =k % Loio : flowers scattered in the racemes : bracts shorter than the calyx. 42. L. pusillus, Pursh. Eather stout, 3 to 10 inches high, hirsute with long spreading hairs : leaflets mostly 5, cuneate-oblong or -oblanceolate, | to 1 ^ inches long, acute or obtuse, nearly smooth above, about half as long as the petioles : ra- cemes 2 or 3 inches long, nearly sessile ; pedicels 2 or 3 lines long : upper calyx-lip 2-cleft : petals purple or rose-color, four lines long : pod half an inch Ljng or mure : seed nearly two lines broad. — Flora, i. 468 ; "Watson, 1. c. 538. From the Missouri to the Columbia and southward, east of the Sierra Nevada, to Arizona and New Mexico ; doubtless occurring in Northeastern California. 43. L. brevicaulis, "VVatson. Less hairy, or villous with soft spreading hairs, 1 to 6 inches high : stems often short or nearly wanting : leaflets usually 7, cuneate- obovate or oblanceolate, 5 to 8 lines long, obtuse : racemes dense, 1 or 2 inches long, the peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves ; pedicels a line or two long : upper calyx-Hp scarious, very short or truncate : petals light or dark blue, 3 to 5 lines long : pod 3 to 5 lines long : seed about a line broad. — Bot. King Exp. 53, t. 7, & Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 539. From Northwestern Nevada to Arizona ; probably in California eastward of the Sierra Nevada. The ovules and seeds are rarely three or four. Very variable in habit, amount of pubescence, size of the flowers, &c. A slender and caulescent villous form much resembles L. Silcri, Wat- son, of S. Utah and S. Colorado, which is distinguished by the nearly equal herbaceous lips of the calyx. § 3. Flowers axillary, solitary: sides of the standard scarcely reflexed : heel nearly straight : pod ovate : ovules 2. — Lupinellus, Watson. 44. L. uncialis, Watson. Annual, less than an inch high, diffusely branched, very leafy, villous : leaflets 5, cuneate-oblong, 2 lines long, obtuse : peduncles equal- ling the leaves or shorter : calyx not bracteolate, the upper lip deeply cleft : petals ochroleucous, 1^ lines long; the standard shorter, obovate, acute; the keel not beaked, obtuse : pod two lines long. — Bot. King Exp. 54, t. 7, & 1. c. On rocky hillsides near the Big Bend of tlie Truckee in Northwestern Nevada. 5. TRIFOLIUM, Linn. Clover. Calyx 5-cleft, with nearly equal teeth, persistent. Corolla withering and persist- ent; claws aU more or less adnate to the stamineal tube, or the oblong or ovate standard sometimes free : wings narrow ; keel short, obtuse. Stamens usually dia- delphous ; anthers uniform. Style filiform. Pod small and usually enclosed in the calyx, membranaceous, indehiscent, or dehiscent at the ventral suture, 1 - G-seeded. — Herbs ; leaves palmately compound, with 3 or rarely 5 to 7 usually toothed leaflets ; stipules adnate to the petiole ; flowers in capitate racemes, spikes or um- bels, rarely few or solitary ; peduncles axillary or only apparently terminal. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 127. Trifolium. LEGUMINOS^. ■ ,„h.mte ■ lea8et» 5 to 7 : flow" »«='"'» ' '^'^ ,. T. MEGACEPHALm.. -* ^S/^oS'S' -^;^^^^, „„, ,,,„,„,. .. ,_ 3«.a«. r„„.,oH.»n>a.:W,f...^^ , """' °'tl!nX, l.l«">o« or l».vy . „,„,„y pul>e»ent : ie»JB ^^ ^ ,,,„eErKA.™. Teetli tiUfovm, curveJ, vuy 1 --'•l^SLt. 5:vSr„,,,, . «„,.. s.ovt,y pedicenate : ^-"^^il^^af^nraW. -^^^^^^^^^ .,e scavious margU. rougl. ^^_^ ^^ ^,^,„„, Glabrous : calyx-te»tli j,,^ •^'"'""".etals " Ss vatl»r dense. 13- T; ;[„„„,. SrAf 'S?Ueto..^cW. ^.^^^ *„,«t.an*cret- ,^ Sutoubesceut tlivouglwut . calyx .p ^"'""' «ls : head, ve-T °ose. ^ ,<,„„, inflated. G.WS : ao^-s sess., 0* ^^ ^^^ ^_^,^,_ ^ , , .„;;:ed in™KK« not n>e„>>,a„ace„us. deeply Glatoou, : beacls m2-fl»»^Xe or setosely «1«'V„:"] ealyx-teetl. &r'»e.':%^'>3.'°S-'»^ Sr^-^^"^ *« „. T. .A.c,..on™. ■ ^^-'--eSyrrteSJSd. -«»tr"°I-n StW »«* >»«»' w. T. MO.A.TH™. °-" rnrS:;i:|2-t£SerS^^^ - '- ^- ^*"°%5y"oS ; '*' TS"™ ■ "SSx-teetb snWate, vHl. broad ^^^ ^^ „„,„„„hae« ^'"°"U artin'aSf :. ^,„.teetb triangular, aoute ; n,argin nav ^_^^ ^ ^„^,,„„„,. :!:;^SrV;;.ad. lobes serr^e: e.y.teetb setosely ^^ ,. _„. maiiy-'bi-aBched. 25'. T. DEPAVPERATUM. 16. T. O'VOLUCnATUM. Trifolium. LEGUMINOSyE. 227 Corolla becoming conspicuously inflated. More or less villous : involucre broad, setaceously many-toothed : calyx-teeth filiform, plumose. 23. T. BAiiniOERrM. Smooth, stout : flowers large : involucre broad, deeply lobed or parted ; lobes entire : teeth narrowly subulate. 24. T. FUCATr.M. Smooth, low and slender : flowers few, small : calyx-teeth narrowly subulate. Involucre with oblong entire obtuse lobes, equalling the calyx. 26. T. amplectens. Involucre nearly wanting, merely a toothed or entire disk. 25. T. uei'aui'euatum. § 1. Heads not involucrate, dense: leaflets 5 to 7, rarely 3, thick : jioivers sessile: cali/.r-tceth nearly eqxial, filiform, plumose: perennial. 1. T. megacephalum, Nutt. Stout, a span high or less, somewliat villous : stipules large, ovate-obloug, serrate ; leaflets cuneate-ohloiig to ohovate, obtuse, mucronate, an inch long or less, toothed : heads mostly terminal, pedunculate, large : flowers spicate, an inch long, purplish : calyx half as long, the teeth very much longer than the tube: pod stipitate, 6-ovuled, smooth. — Gen. ii. 105; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 315. Lnpinaster macrocephaliis, Pursh, Fl. ii. 479, t. 23. Sierra Valley, Sierra Co. {Lemvion) ; Diamond Mts., N. Nevada {Wheeler) ; northward in the mountains to the British boundary {Lyall) : rather rare. 2. T. Andersonii, Gray. Dwarf, cespitose, densely silky-villous, leafy : stip- ules lanceolate, acuminate, entire ; leaflets cuneate-oblong, half an inch long, acute, nearly entire : peduncles mostly axillary, shorter than the leaves : flowers half an inch long, purplish, umbellate ; the outer bracts forming a rudimentary involucre : calyx-teeth a little shorter than the petals : pod tomentose, about 5-ovuled, 1-2- seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 522. Sierra Valley (Lemmon) ; Carson Valley, Nevada, Anderson. Growing in dense tufts or mats, 3 or 4 inches high, the stout bases of the stems almost woody. " The roots grow very deep, and so strong are the fibres that an ordinary breaking plough with two yokes of oxen can scarcely tear them up." 3. T. Lemmoni, AVatson. Dwarf, cespitose, alpine, sparingly appressed-pubes- cent : stems rather slender, from a thick root : stipules ovate, acuminate, coarsely toothed ; leaflets obovate, obtuse, coarsely toothed, lialf an inch long or less : pedun- cles mostly terminal, equalling the leaves : heads small, the rhachis only two lines long : flowers numerous, spicate, very small (so far as known) : calyx villous, two lines long, exceeding the purplish petals : standard strongly hooded : ovary smooth, 2-ovuled. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 127. Lassen's Peak, Lemmmi. The few specimens are imperfect, only a few perhaps undeveloped flowers remaining, upon the receptacle. § 2. Heads not involucrate, terminal or apiparently so, peduncidate : leaflets 3 : flowers sessile or nearly so : hiennial or j^erennial. * More or less pubescent : ccdyx-teeth very narrow, longer than the tube, 2dumose or hairy: stipules lanceolate, acuminate. 4. T. eriocephalum, Nutt. Erect, a span high or more, villous with spread- ing hairs, or tlie stem and leaves rarely glabrous : stipules long, nearly entire ; leaf- lets narrowly oblong or sometimes broader, 1 to H inches long, serrulate : flowers in dense ovate spikes, at length reflexed, 4 to 6 lines long, ochroleucous : calyx- teeth very villous, filiform, lax, nearly equalling the petals : ovary hairy, 2-4- ovuled. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 313. Mendocino Co. (Bolander), and frequent in Oregon and Idaho, on moist soils. 5. T. plumosum, Dougl. Erect or ascending, a foot high or more, stout, some- what appressed-villous : stipules long, entire or toothed ; leaflets narrowly oblong to linear, 2 to 4 inches long, serrulate : flowers in dense oblong or ovate spikes, not 128 LEGUMINOS.E. Trifolium. reflexed, half an inch long, " white " : calyx very villous ; its teeth straight and equalling the corolla: ovary smooth, 4-ovuled. — Hook. Fl. i. 130, t. 49. In Oregon and Central Idaho {Douglas, Nuttall, Spalding), but not yet detected in California. 6. T. longipes, Nutt. Erect or ascending, slender, about a sj^an high : stem usually glabrous, tlie leaflets and calyx sparingly villous : stipules mostly narrow, entire or toothed ; leaflets narrowly oblong to linear, usually very acute, about an inch long, serrulate : flowers spicate or very shortly pedicellate in smaller and less dense ovate heads, at length usually reflexed, 5 or 6 lines long, ochroleucous or tinged with purple : calyx-teeth straight, more or less hairy, shorter than the corolla : ovules 2 to 4. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 314. Var. latifolium, Hook. Leaflets broader : flowers obviously pedicellate, in loose heads : stems often low. — Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 209. Var. pygmceum, Gray, Bot. Ives Colorado Exp. 9. Moist meadows in the Sierra Nevada, from Yosemite Valley and above Mono Lake to the Brit- ish boundary, and east to the Rocky Mountains. The variety sometimes takes on the aspect of 2\ rcpens, but the calyx is always hairy and the teeth slender. T. PRATENSE, Linn. (Red Clover.) Stems ascending, someM'hat hairy: stipules bristle- pointed ; leaflets oval or obovate, obtuse or emarginate : heads large, ovate, sessile : calyx-teeth lax, shorter than the corolla : ovules 2. — Native of the Old World, extensively cultivated, and perhaps the most valuable species of the genus. It belongs to a cooler and nioister climate than ours, but is cultivated in some parts of the State. There are several varieties, differing chiefly in size and time of flowering. * =.!r Glabrous throughout : calyx-teeth subulate, rigid, contorted, twice longer than the tube : flowers sessile : stijjules lanceolate, acuminate. 7. T. altissimum, Dougl. Erect, stout, a foot high or more : stipules very long, toothed ; leaflets narrowly oblanceolate, very acute, two inches long, strongly veined, the veins excurrent : flowers in dense oblong or ovate spikes, at length somewhat reflexed, 6 to 8 lines long, red : lower calyx-tooth straight, the rest curved or twisted downward : ovary smooth, 2-ovuled. — Hook. Fl. i. 1 30, t. 48. Mountains of Oregon and Central Idaho ; to be looked for in Northern California. * * * Glabrous throughout : calyx-teeth scarcely longer than the tube : stipules mostly ovate, acute, entire : flowers on very short jyedicels, at length reflexed. 8. T. Beckwithii, Brewer. Stems stout, ascending, a foot high or more : stip- ules lanceolate to ovate ; leaflets oblong to oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, serrate, 1 or 2 inches long : flowers on very short pedicels, 7 to 9 lines long, in large dense globose heads, red : calyx-teeth linear-subulate, straight, equalling the tube : ovary smooth, 2-6-ovuled. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 128. 1'. altissimum, Torr. & Gray in Pacif. R. Eep, ii. 120. In the northern Sierra Nevada {Bechicith) ; Sierra Co. (Lcmmon) ; Humboldt Valley, Nevada (Gray) ; Snake Country, Burke. Perhaps a large and stout form of the next. 9. T. Kingii, Watson. Resembling the last, but smaller and more slender, with smaller heads, and usually acuter leaflets : rhachis often produced above the head, with a few spinescent bracts : flowers 4 to 7 lines long, rose-colored or purplish : lower leaves (as in other species) often rounded or obovate. — Bot. King Exp. 59. T. Hay- deni. Porter in Hayden Ptep. 1871, 480. In the Sierra Nevada, at Summit (Bolandcr) and Sicra Co. {Lemtnon), and in the mountains eastward to Montana and Utah. 10. T. Eolanderi, Gray. Cespitose, small, the short stems decumbent : leaflets obcordate to cuneate-oblong, half an inch long or less, very finely reticulated, slightly serrulate : peduncles slender, elongated, occasionally axillary : heads small ; the purplish flowers few, 3 or 4 lines long : calyx-teeth lanceolate, scarcely equalling the tube : ovary smooth, 2-ovuled.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 335. Trifolium. LEGUMINOSJE. ' ]^29 Moist or wet ground, above Yosemite Valley, at Westfall's Meadows, and Peregoy's, at 8,000 feet altitude, Bolandcr, Gray. T. REPENS, Linn. (White or Dutch Clover.) May be mentioned here though separated from the group by its wholly axillary peduncles. Stem slender and creeping : leaflets rounded or ohcordate : flowers small, white, in loose globose beads. — Native of Europe, probably not in- digenous in America, though very widely naturalized and often cultivated as a valuable fora^o plant. Introduced into the cooler partsof the State ; more common northward. § 3. Heads not involua'ate, pedunculate: leaflet s. 'i : ovules 2: annuals. * Heads mostly terminal : jlowers sessile, not reflexed : calyx-teeth filiform, plumose. 11. T. Macraei, Hook. & Arn. Somewhat villous with appressed or spreading hairs, erect, slender, a half to a foot high : stipules ovate to lanceolate ; leaflets obovate to narrowly oblong, obtuse or retuse, serrulate, about half an inch long : flowers dark purple, 3 lines long, in dense ovate long-peduncled heads : calyx very villous ; the straight teeth as long as the petals, often tinged with purple : pod 1-seeded. — Bot. Misc. iii. 179; Dot. Beechey, 330. T. albopurpureum,TovT. & Gray, Fl. i. 313. Var. dichotomum, Brewer. A taller and stouter form, with larger flowers in heads nearl}^ au inch long : corolla more conspicuous, tipped with white. — T. dichotomum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 330 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 690. On dry hillsides in early spring, chiefly in the Coast Ranges, from Santa Barbara to the Co- lumbia River ; also in Chili. The Chilian form appears to have nearly sessile heads and stouter calyx-teeth. * * Heads axillary, small : flowers on short pedicels, at length reflexed : calyx-teeth subulate : mostly glabrous. 12. T. ciliatum, Nutt. Glabrous, erect, often 1 to 2 feet high : stipules usually narrow, acuminate ; leaflets cuneate-oblong to obovate, a half to an inch long, ob- tuse or retuse, serrulate : corolla white or purplish, little exserted, 3 lines long : calyx-tube campanulate ; teeth lanceolate, very acute, rigid, the scarious margin rigidly ciliolate. — PI. Gambel. 152. T. ciliolatum, Benth. PI. Hartw. 304. On dry hillsides from Los Angeles to the Columbia ; readily distinguished by the calyx. 13. T. gracilentum, Torr. & Gray. Erect, slender, glabrous (the peduncles and calyx rarely somewhat villous), a foot high or less : stipules lanceolate ; leaflets cuneate-oblong to obovate or ohcordate, retuse, about half an inch long, serrulate : flowers pale rose-color or purplish, 2^ to 3 lines long, in rather close heads, on pedi- cels a line long or less : calyx-tube campanulate, the subulate teeth nearly equalling the corolla. — Fl. i. 316. T. denudatum, Nutt. PI. Gambel, 152, t. 24. On low hills and in the valleys from Los Angeles to the Columbia River. 14. T. bifidum, Gray. Exactly like the last, but the leaflets narrow, the sides sparingly toothed or entire, and all deeply notched or cleft at the apex : very slen- der. — -Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 522. Marsh's Ranch, near Mt. Diablo (Breiver) ; New Almaden {Torrcy) ; near Ukiah {Bolandcr) ; Ouegon, Hall. 15. T. Brevreri, Watson. Somewhat pubescent throughout, very slender and diffuse, a span high or more : stipules lanceolate ; leaflets ohcordate to oblong, mostly retuse, toothed or serrulate, 3 to 9 lines long : flowers few, in very loose heads, nearly white, 2 to 4 lines long, on slender pedicels often half as long : calyx very narrow, the slender teeth much shorter than the corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad, xi. 131. In the Sierra Nevada, from Mariposa Co. to Sierra Co. T. Palmeri, Watson, of Guadalupe Island (Palmer), is a smooth diff"use species, with lanceo- late long-acuminate stipules and narrowly oblong leaflets, acute at each end, half an inch long : flowers purplish, 3 lines long, in rather close heads ; teeth subulate, nearly equalling the corolla. 130 . * LEGUMINOS^. Trifolium. § 4, Heads short, subtended by an involucre, ivhich is visually mamj-cleft : leaflets 3 : peduncles manifestly axillary: flowers mostly small, in ivhorls, sessile or nearly so, not reflexed : annuals, * Involucre not membranaceous, deeply lobed, and the lobes laciniately and sharply toothed: corolla not becoming inflated. 16. T. involucratum, Wilkl. Glabrous : stems ascending, often a span higli or more : stipules lanceolate 'to ovate, entire or usually lacerately toothed ; leaflets mostly oblanceolate and acute at each end, a half to an inch long : involucre many- cleft into narrow laciniate teeth : flowers half an inch long, in close heads, purple or rose-colored : calyx-teeth narrow, thin, gradually attenuate from the base, ex- ceeding the tube, all entire : ovules mostly 5 or 6. — T. WormsMoldii, Lehm. Ind. Sem. Hort. Hamb. 1825, 17. T. fimbriatum, Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1090. T. spitiu- losum, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. i. 133. Var. heterodon, Watson. Heads mostly somewhat larger and leaflets usually broader : some of the calyx-teeth setaceously cleft. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 130. 1\ heterodon, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 318. Of wide range, from the British boundary to Mexico, and from the coast to Colorado and New Mexico ; and quite variable. The variety, from Washington Territory to Califoniia. Though the original species of Willdenow is of uncertain habitat and has been known only from culti- vated specimens, yet there appears to be no sufficient reason for distinguishing from it the better known T. fimbriatum of Lindley. The Californian foiTQ is not distinct from the Mexican and New Mexican plant ordinarily referred to T. involucratum, and Kunth's figure of Humboldt's Mex- ican specimen, which was compared by him with a garden specimen of Willdenow's species and believed to differ only in its smaller size, represents faiiiy a low decumbent form of the present species. 17. T. tridentatum, Lindl. Glabrous or sometimes glandular-puberulent, slender and usually erect, a half to two feet high : stipules ovate to lanceolate- acuminate, laciniately toothed ; leaflets linear to narrowly lanceolate, sharply serrate : heads rather large ; involucre many-cleft : flowers 6 to 8 lines long, in close heads, purple, often tipped with white : calyx strongly nerved ; the rigid teeth usually shorter than the tube, broad at base and rather abruptly narrowed into the spinulose apex, often with a stout tooth on each side : ovules usually two. — Bot. Eeg. xiii, under t. 1070. T. involucratum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 318, not Willd. T. aciculare & pob/phylhim, Ts'utt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Var. obtusiflorum, AVatson, 1. c. Stouter and often glandular-puberulent, with usually broader (ol)long-oblanceolate) leaflets and large heads of flowers : calyx-teeth entire. — T. nhtusiflorum, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 281. Yar. melananthum, Watson, 1. c. Smooth, slender, often low : heads smaller; the dark purple flowers 4 or 5 lines long : calyx-teeth entire or toothed : leaflets narrowly oblanceolate or the lower obcordate. — T. melananthum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 331. T. variegatum, var. /3., Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 317 & 691. A common and very variable species, from the British boundary to Southern California, mostly confined to the Coast Ranges ; the varieties from Middle California, the latter ranging southward and into Arizona, Palmer. Forms of this species and of the last sometimes approach each other so closely as not to be readily distinguished. 1 8. T. pauciflorum, ISTutt. Glabrous, very slender : stems usually ascending or (lecumTjent : stipules ovate to lanceolate, laciniate ; leaflets obovate to oblanceo- late or sometimes linear, usually obtuse or retuse, half an inch long or less, serrulate: heads rather few-flowered ; involucre small : flowers 3 or 4 lines long, not greatly exceeding the calyx, deep purple or liglit rose-colored : calyx-teeth rigad, subulate and setosely acuminate, exceeding the tube, entire : pod 2-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 319. T. variegatum, Nutt. 1. c. T. oliganthum, Steudel. Common, usually in moist ground, from Washington Territory and IVIontana to Southern Cali- fornia and Utah, both in the valleys and mountains ; Yosemite Valley {Bolander, Torre]/, &c.) ; Sonora Pass, Brewer. Trifolium. LEGUMINOS^. i[3| 19. T. monanthum, Gray. Still more slender, one to four inches high, usually sparingly villous witli long scattered hairs, decumbent : stipules hmceolate, entire or nearly so ; leatiets obcordate to oblanceolate, one to four lines long, mostly retuse, sparingly toothed : heads 1 - 4-flovvered ; involucre very small, 2-3-i)arted and usu- ally unilateral : flowers 4 to 6 lines long, white or purplish, much exceeding the short calyx : calyx-teeth subulate, shortly acuminate, thin. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 523, T. 2MuciJlorum, var. (1) parvum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 54. On moist sunny slopes in the Sierra Nevada ; on the Upper Tuolumne, at 8,900 feet altitude, and at the head of the Soutli Fork of King's Elver {Brewer) ; Yoseniite Valley {Gray) ; at Cisco {Kellogg) ; Lassen's Peak, Lemmon. Also in the mountaius of Nevada, Wlicclcr. * * Involucre membranaceous, at least at base, less deeply lobed ; the lobes entire or toothed: corolla not becoming inflated. 20. T. microcephalum, Pursh. Villous with soft hairs, slender, erect or decumbent : stems often a foot or two long : stipules ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, mostly entire ; leaflets oblanceolate to obovate, usually retuse, serrulate : heads small, dense ; involucre about 9-lobed, the lobes acuminate, 3-nerved, entire : calyx hairy ; its teeth subulate, with a broad scariously margined sometimes toothed base, attenuate to a long spinulose apex, nearly equalling the white or light rose-colored corolla : ovules two : pod globose, 1-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fh i. 317. Common on hillsides and the sandy beds of dry creeks, chiefly in the Coast Ranges, from Puget Sound to Southern California ; Guadalupe Island {Pahmr) ; Northern Nevada, Watson. 21. T. microdon, Hook. & Am. Eesembling the last : involucre broader, nearly enclosing the head ; its lobes about 3-toothed : calyx smooth, angled ; the teeth rigid, broadly triangular, acute, with a narrow scarious serrulate margin. — Bot. Beechey, 330, t. 79 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 691. From about San Francisco northward ; Washington Territory, Lyall, Hall. Also Chilian. 22. T. cyathiferum, Lindl. Smooth : stems erect or ascending, a foot high or less : stipules ovate to lanceolate, laciniately toothed ; leaflets oblanceolate to obovate, obtuse or acute, a half to an inch long : heads larger ; involucre conspic- uous, very broad and membranaceous, with short many-nerved and toothed lobes : calyx strongly 5-nerved, membranaceous and somewhat inflated ; the nerves excur- rent above and setaceously branched, equalling the short rose-colored corolla : pod 2-seeded. — Bot. Reg. xiii, under t. 1070; Hook. Fh i. 133, t. 50. Sierra Valley, Sierra Co. {Lemmon) ; Northern Nevada {Anderson, Watson) ; and northward to the Columbia River. A remarkable species. * * % Standard becoming conspicuously inflated and enclosing the rest of the floiver : involucre nearly obsolete in T. depauperatum. -f- Heads mostly large : involucre conspicuous. 23. T. barbigerum, Torr. Somewhat pubescent : stems rather stout, decum- bent or ascending, a span high or less : stipules scarious, broadly ovate, laciniate ; leaflets obovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or retuse, half an incli long or less : invo- lucre as broad as the heads (4 to 8 lines wide), shortly lobed and setaceously many- toothed : calyx-tube short, membranaceous ; its teeth setaceously awned, jilumose, the lower usually exceeding the purple corolla, sometimes 2-3-parted: pod 2-seeded. — Pacif P. Pep. iv. 79. Var. Andre"wsii, Gray. A stout villous form ; the heads larger, sometimes an inch broad : calyx-teeth very long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 335. Near the coast from Monterey to Mendocino County ; very variable. 24. T. fucatum, Lindl. Smooth : stems stout and succulent, a foot or two high or more : stipules large and scarious, usually very broad and entire ; leaflets obovate, often large (J to 1| inches long), obtuse: heads large; involucre broad. 132 LEGUMINOS^. Trifolium. deeply cleft or parted into entire acuminate lobes : flowers often an inch long, pale rose-color or purplish : calyx-tube very short, membranaceous ; the teeth thin, nar- rowly subulate, entire or occasionally 2 - 3-cleft : pod 2 - 6-seeded. — Bot. Eeg. t. 1883. T. 2)hysopetalu7n, Fischer & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. iii. 47. T. Gambellii, Xutt. PI. Gambel. 151. A common species in the Coast Ranges and in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, through the length of the State ; in some places very abundant and affording good pasturage. -f- +- Heads small, few-flowered : involucre small or ivanting. 25. T. depauperatum, D&svaux. Smooth, low and slender, decumbent or ascending : stipules small, lanceolate, acuminate, entire ; leaflets obcordate to linear and acute, half an inch long or usually less: heads 3 - 10-flowered ; involucre reduced to a very small toothed or truncate often minute and scarious ring : flowers white or purple, 2 or 3 lines long : calyx short ; the teeth narrowly subulate : ovules 2 to 6 : pod usually 1 - 2-seeded. — Jour. Bot. iv. 69, t. 32 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 523. T. stenoiihyllum, Nutt. PI. Gambel. 151. Hilkides and valleys from Southern California to Sonoma and Placer counties. It is also Chilian. 2G. T. amplectens, Torr. & Gray. Like the last : involucre shorter than the flowers, 4 - 5-parted or cleft ; the segments oblong, usually obtuse, entire or ob- scurely toothed. — PI. i. 319 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 330, t. 78 ; Gray, 1. c. T. diversifolium, Nutt. 1. c. 152. In similar or the same localities ; also Guadalupe Island, Palmer. Probably only a variety of T. depauperatum. 6. MELILOTUS, Tourn. Sweet Clover. Flowers as in Trifolium, except that the petals are free from the stamens and deciduous. Pod small but longer than the calyx, ovoid or subglobose, scarcely dehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded. — Annual or biennial herbs ; leaves pinnately 3-foholate, the leaflets usually serrulate, and stipules adnate to the petiole ; flowers small, yel- low or white, in slender axillary pedunculate racemes. An Old World genus of about 10 species, several of which are often cultivated for forage pur- poses, and readily run wild in waste places. The herbage is fragrant in drying. 1. M. parviflora, Desf. Annual, smooth, erect, often 2 or 3 feet high, branch- ing : leaflets mostly cuneate-oblong, obtuse, denticulate, an inch long or less : flowers yellow, a line long, nearly sessile. — Jf. occidentalis, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, PL i. 321. Native of the Mediterranean region, now widely naturalized in warm countries, and common in California. Cattle are fond of it. M. OFFICINALIS, Willd., mth yellow flowers twice as large and on slender pedicels, and M. ALBA, Lam., with white flowers, the standard longer than the other petals, are the other species most likely to occur in the State. 7. MEDICAGO, Linn. Characters nearly as in the last : style subulate : pod compressed, falcate, in- curved or spirally coiled : seeds one or several. — Mostly herbs, annual to peren- nial ; stipules often laciniate ; flowers yellow or violet. Like the last wholly from the Old "World, where there are about 40 species. 1. M. sativa, Linn. (Lucerne. Alfalfa.) Stems erect, 2 to 4 feet high, from a deep perennial tap-root, glabrous : leaflets cuneate-oblong or oblanceolate, toothed above : flowers comparatively large, purple, racemed : pods numerous, spi- rally twisted, flnely veined, not armed. Hosackia. LEaUMINOS.'E. -j^gg Sparingly naturalized. In cultivation it is probably the most valuable of forage plants for warm and dry regions. The root often reaches a depth of 8 or 10 feet, and may endure for many years. The herbage is very nutritious, and on deep soils with proper moisture it yields several crops, in some parts of the State growing and blooming nearly through tlie year. There is no specific difference between the English and German Lucerne and the Spani.sli and Chilian Alfalfa, Init it is popularly believed that the Chilian variety is better adapted to this State than the European. 2. M. denticulata, Willd. (Bur-Clover.) Annual, nearly glabrous, pro.s- trate or ascending : leaflets cuneate-obovate or obconlate, toothed above : flowei-s small, yellow, usually 3 to 8 in a small cluster : pods spiral, strongly reticulated ; the margin thin, keeled, armed with a double row of curved or hooked prickles. Native of the Mediterranean region, and natuialized in most warm countries. It is valuable as a forage plant, but the burs are a source of great damage to wool. It fruits abundantly and the pods are eaten with great avidity by cattle and sheep, remaining good until the winter-rains. 3. M. lupulina, Linn. Annual, pubescent, procumbent : leaflets cuneate-obo- vate, tootlied above : flowers very small, yellow, in short spikes : pods small, reni- form, 1 -seeded, not armed, black when ripe. Sparingly introduced. 8. HOSACKIA, Douglas. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, usually shorter than the tube. Petals free from the stamens, nearly equal : standard ovate or roundish, the claw often remote from the others ; wings obovate or oblong ; keel somewhat incurved, obtuse or somewhat acutely beaked. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Style incurved. . Pod linear, compressed or somewhat terete, sessile, several-seeded, partitioned between the seeds. — Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent ; leaves pinnate, 2 - many-foliolate ; stipules minute and gland-like, rarely scarious or foliaceous ; flowers yellow or reddish, in axillary sessile or pedunculate umbels. — Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 346 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 432. A North American genus of alwut 30 species, almost wholly confined to the western side of the continent and ranging from Mexico to British Columbia. It is very closely related to Lotus of the Old World, to which genus the section Microlotus is referred by Bentham & Hooker, Gen. PI. i. 490, with apparently good reason. The yellow or orange color of the fresh flowers in most of the species turns to reddish or reddish-brown in drying. The section Syrmatium is the most strongly characterized and might well be considered generically distinct. * Pod shortly acute, linear and many-seeded, straight, glabrous (except in H. rigida) : seeds sub- orbicular : flowers and fruit not reflexed : peduncles long : keel broad above, mostly obtuse. Stipules large and foliaceous : perennials. Densely villous : leaflets 9 to 15 : bract leaf-like, near the umbel. 1. H. IXCANA. Less villous, viscid : leaflets 15 to 21 : bract leaf-like, distant. 2. H. stipularis. Stipules scarious, mostly small : perennials. Stout, nearly glabrous : leaflets 9 to 15, thickish : bract below the um- bel : calyx-teeth short : pod thick. 3. H. cuassifolia. Glabrous : leaflets 5 to 9 : bract usually none or small : teeth half as long as the tube : pod slender : wings usually white. 4. H. BlcoiiOR. Glabrous, low : bract 1 - 3-foliolate, at the umbel : teeth longer : pod shorter : keel and wings purplish. 5. H. gracilis. Appressed-puberulent : bract at the umbel, usually 1-foliolate : flowers yellow and purplish. 6. H. oblongifolia. Silky-pubescent : bract at the umbel, usually 1-foliolate : keel and wings white. 7. H. Torkeyi. Stipules reduced to blackish glands. Perennials, appressed-pubescent : flowers 1 to 8, rather large. Mostly tall and stout : leaflets 5 to -7 ; rhachis elongated : pod long, glabrous. 8. H. grandiflora. More slender : leaflets 3 to 5 ; rhachis short or none : pod shorter, pubescent. 9- H. rigida. 234 LEGUMINOS.E. Hosackia. Annuals, low : flowers smaller. Umbels 2 -5-flowered : standard remote from the wings : leaflets 5. 10. H. maritima. Flowers mostly solitary : petals approximate ; keel obtuse ; standard attenuate below : leaflets 5 to 9. 11. H. stkigosa. Flowers very small, solitary : keel acute : blade of the standard cor- date : leaflets 3 to 5 : pod 5-7-seeded : nearly glabrous. 12. H. parvifloka. * * Pod shortly acute, 3 - 7-seeded, straight : flowers small, mostly solitary : keel narrowed into an acute beak : stipules gland-like : annuals, more or less villous. Flowers peduncled : corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx : leaves nearly sessile, 1 - 3-foliolate. ' 13. H. Purshiana. Flowers nearly sessile, not bracteate : corolla longer : leaves petioled, 3 - 5-foliolate : low. Calyx-teeth about equalling the tube : pod 6 to 9 lines long, 5-seeded. 14. H. subpinnata. Teeth much longer than the tube : pod 3 to 4 lines long, 2 - 4-seeded. 15. H. brachycarpa. * * * Pod long-attenuate upward, subterete, incurved, pubescent : stipules gland-like : leaflets 3 to 7 : seeds 1 or 2, terete : peduncles short or none : flowers and fruit reflexed. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent : pod slightly pubescent, elongated and much exserted beyond the calyx : calyx- teeth much shorter than the tube. Somewhat woody : nearly glabrous : stems angled : leaflets mostly 3. Leaflets oblong to linear : umbels sessile : teeth naiTow, erect. 16. H. GLABRA. Leaflets oblong to linear : peduncles short or nearly wanting : teeth attenuate, usually recurved. 17. H. cytisoides. Leaflets obovate to oblong : peduncles very short : teeth short and blunt. 18. H. JUNCEA. Herbaceous, sparingly pubescent : stems very slender, terete : leaflets usually 5 to 7 : calyx -teeth short. Peduncles slender : flowers 2 or 3 lines long : style glabrous. 19. H. prostrata. Peduncles very short : flowers very small : style pubescent. 20. H. micrantha. Very silky-pubescent or tomentose : stems herbaceous, terete : pod pubes- cent, shorter. Pubescence appressed. Densely white-silky : leaflets mostly 3, narrow : umbels loosely few- flowered, often sessile : flowers 3 lines long : calyx-teeth short. 21. H. sericea. Leaflets 5 to 7 : umbels peduncled : flowers usually larger : calyx- teeth nearly equalling the tube. More or less silky : umbels close, capitate : calyx very silky. 22. H. argophylla. Villous and subtomentose : umbels less dense : calyx less hairy. 23. H. uecumbens. Pubescence more or less spreading : pod very short : umbels mostly on short peduncles : leaflets 5 to 7 : calyx- teeth filiform, equal- ling the tube. Very pubescent throughout : flowers 3 or 4 lines long. 24. H. tomentosa. Less pubescent ; stem glabrous : flowers smaller. 25. H. Heermanni. § 1. Pod acute above, linear, straight or nearly so, terete or somewhat compressed, many- (5 - 2Qi-)seeded, glabrous excej^t in H. rigida : seeds mostly compressed, suborbicidar : keel broad above^ mostly very obtuse : floioers and fruit ascend- ing or erect. — Euhosackia, Benth. * Stipules scarious or foliaceous : leaflets 5 to 21, upon a more or less elongated rha- chis : tmibels pedunctdate, few - viany-flotvered : flowers rather large : perennials. +■ Stipules h'oad and foliaceous : bract of several leaflets, below the top of the peduncle. 1. H. incana, Torr. Low, stout, erect, densely silky-villous throughout : leaflets 9-15, obovate-oblong, acute, nearly half an inch long; stipules ovate: peduncles shorter than the leaf (half an inch long), 6 - 9-flowered : bract near the top, 5-folio- late : calyx 3 lines long ; the subulate teeth half the length of the tube. — Pacif. R. Eep. iv. 79, t. 4. On dry hills near South Yuba, Bigelov\ 2. H. stipularis, Benth. Rather tall, stout, two feet high or more, less densely villous with spreading hairs, glandular, the leaves smoother: leaflets usually 15 to 21, Hosachia. LEGUMINOS^. -lor obovate-oblong, acute and mucronate, a half to an inch long; stipules lar^e, ovate • pediuices an inch or two long, 4-8-flowored: bract near the middle, leaf-lik.." S - 9-loliolate : calyx two lines long ; teeth subulate, short : pod sfrai'dit 1 to ] '' inches long. — Trans. Lmn. Soc. xvii. 365. H. macrojyhyUa, Kello-rcr Iw C'dif Acad. ii. 123. i^. 6a/«am./em, Kellogg, 1. c. 125, hg. 40. «o' -^ roc. UilU. From tlie Contra Costa Hills to Monterey. Plant often more or less viscid with a fra-rant glandular secretion. "aoidiii, -f- +- Stipules scarious, mostly small. -i-i- Glahrons throughout or hecoming nearly so : bract petioled or loanting. 3. H. crassifolia, Benth. 1. c. Stout, erect, often 2 or 3 feet high : leaflets 9 to 15, minutely pubescent or somewhat villous but soon glabrate, thickish, obovate or oblong, usually obtuse and mucronulate, a half to an inch long: peduncles nearly equalling the leaves, usually many-flowered : bract below the umbel, 1 - 3-foliolate • flowers on slender pedicels, greenish yellow or purplish : calyx-teeth short, trian- gular : pods thick, about 2 inches long. — //, stolomfera, Lindl. Bot. Re" t 1977 H. platycarpa, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 323. ° From the Columbia River to the Sacramento and common in tlie foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada as far south as the Merced River. 4. H. bicolor, Dough Glabrous throughout, erect, rather tall and usually stout : leaflets 5 to 9, obovate or oblong, obtuse or acutish, a half to an inch long ; stipules rather large : peduncles mostly longer than the leaves, 3 - 7-flowered, naked or sometimes with a small scarious or 1 - 3-foliolate bract at the summit : flowers nearly sessile, yellow, the wings often white : calyx-teeth triangular, only half as long as the tube: pod slender, nearly 2 inches long.— Benth. in Lindl. Bot. lie", t. 1257. Lotus pinnatus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2913. ° A showy species, in low grounds, from Washington Territoiy to San Franciaco Bay. 5. H. gracilis, Benth. Much like the last : usually low and slender, the weak stems a span high or more : umbel with a petioled 1 - 3-foli()late bract : flowers yellow, the keel and wings purplish : calyx-teeth nearly equalling the tube : pod shorter.— Trans. Lmn. Soc. xvii. 365; Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. 54, t. 15. From the Columbia River to Monterey. ++ -!-+ Pubescent or puberulent : bract nearly sessile at tlie top of the peduncle. 6. H. Oblongifolia, Benth. Bather slender, erect, minutely appressed-pubes- cent or base of the stem glabrous : leaflets 7 to 11, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, about an inch long, acute : peduncles exceeding the leaves, 5 - 7-flowered ; bract nearly sessile, 1 - 3-foliolate, subtending the umbel, usually of a single leaflet: flowers yellow and purplish, the standard orange, turning brown : calyx-teeth subu- late about equalling the tube : pod slender, about 2 inches long : seeds turgid. — r\. Hartw. 305. Var. angustifoUa, Watson. Slender, a span higli : leaflets 5 to 7, linear-lance- olate : umbels 1 - 5-flowered. — H. lathyroides, Durand & Hilgard, Pacif. II. Rep. V. b, t. o. Mainly dn Southern California: Monterey {Coulter); Fort Tejon {Horn); mountains east of ban Diego {Parry, Palmer) ; the variety at Fort Miller on the San Joaciuin (Hccrmann) and Los Angeles, Wallace. Coulter's locality is very uncertain. 7. H. Torreyi, Gray. Resembling the last : more or less silky-pubescent, often glabrous below, slender, erect, a foot or two high: leaflets obovate to narrowly oblanceolate, a half to an inch long, obtuse or acute : standard yellow ; wings anil keel white. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 625. In the Sierra Nevada, along shaded stream-banks, from the head of Kern lliver to Donner J^ake ; near Fort Tejon, RothrocJc. 136 LEGUMINOS^. Eosackia. % * /Stipules gland-like, dark-coloi'ed : leaflets 2> to ^ ; rhachis mostly elongated : pe- duncles \ - severalfloivered, hracteate at the summit or sometimes naked : claws of tlie p>etals not exserted from the calyx. -{- Perennials : flowers rather large : umhels 3 - ^-floivered. 8. H. grandiflora, Benth. Mostly tall and stout, 1 to 5 feet high, more or less api)ie«sed silky-pubescent : leaJSets 5 to 7, on an elongated rhachis, obovate to oblanceolate, 6 to 1) lines long, acutish : peduncles elongated : umbel 3-8-flo\vered, usually subtended by a single leaflet : flowers nearly sessile, 6 to 11 lines long, yellowish or greenish white, often tinged with jiurple : calyx half as long, the subu- late teeth nearly equalling the tube : pod slender, elongated, glabrous. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii, 366. H. ochroleuca, Is^utt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 323. From Mendocino Co. and the mouth of the Yuba to Santa Barbara ; Guadalupe Island, Palmer. 9. H. rigida, Benth. A span to a foot high or more, more or less appressed silky-pubescent : leaflets 3 to 5 on a very short petiole, or palmately crowded and sessile, obovate to oblanceolate, acutish, 3 to 8 lines long : peduncles usually ex- ceeding the leaves, 1 - .5-flowered, with a sessile 1 - 3-foliolate bract or naked : flowers half an inch long, yellow turning to brown : calyx-teeth half as long as the tube or nearly ecpialling it : pod an inch long, rather broad, pubescent : seeds sub- globose. — PI. Hartw. 305. Arizona, Sonora, and eastward, and probably to be found within the southeastern limits of the State ; Tantillas Mts., below San Diego, Palmer. Coulter's original specimens were referred to Monterey, doubtless through mistake. H. jmberula, Benth., with linear or oblanceolate leaflets upon a more developed rhachis, and If. Wriyhiii, Gray, with flowei-s on shorter peduncles or sessile, are apparently but foiTQS of H. rigida, and may likewise occur in California. Dr. Palmer collected at the Big Canon of the Tantillas Mts. a very similar plant, but with the pod broader and quite glabrous. The same was found by Newberry at Sitgreaves Pass in Arizona, and jierhaps also by Bigelow on Bill Williams River. It may be distinct. -t- -4- Annuals: rhachis of the leaf someivhat dilated : flowers smaller. -i-+ Peduncles mostly 2-5floule leaves. 12. GLYCYRRHIZA, Linn. Liquorice. Flowers nearly as in Astragalus. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous : anther- cells confluent at the top, the alternate anthers smaller. Ovary sessile, 2 - many- ovuled : style short and rigid, curved at the tip. Pod ovate or oblong-linear, com- pressed and often curved, scarcely dehiscent, few-seeded, glandular or somewhat prickly. — Erect perennial herbs, glandular-viscid ; leaves unequally pinnate ; stip- ules deciduous ; flowers in dense axillary pedunculate spikes, with caducous bracts ; root large and sweet. About a dozen species, found in all quarters of the globe but Africa ; only one North American. 1. G. lepidota, N"utt. Tall and stout (2 or 3 feet high), somewhat _ glandular- puberulent, or the younger leaves slightly silky : leaflets punctate, 6 to 8 pairs, oblong- lanceolate, mucronate and often acuminate, usually an inch or two long : spikes short : flowers ochroleucous, nearly 6 lines long : calyx half as long ; the slender teeth much longer than the tube : pod thickly beset witli liooked prickles, oblong, 6 lines long, 2 - 6-seeded. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2150 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 298. ■j^^^ LEGUMINOS^. Astragalus. Var glutinosa, Watson. More or less covered with stout spreading glandular hairs, especially the peduncles, which are shorter than the spikes : calyx very glandular.— &'. glutinosa, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 298. The typical form of the species ranges from Washington Territory to Hudson's Bay and south- ward to Arkansas, New Mexico, and Nevada, and may be found on stream-banks in Northeastern California. The rarer variety has been collected in Washington Ten-itory {Nuttall Lyall), and in Corral Hollow, Alameda Co., Brewer. It is described as having the wings and keel tinged with purple ; the fruit is not known. The leaves in both forms are often spnnkled beneath with minute resinous globules. 13. ASTRAGALUS, Tourn. Rattle-weed. (By A. Gray.) Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla and its slender-clawed petals usually narrow : keel not pointed. Stamens diadelphous. Stigma terminal and minute. Legume (pod) very various, commonly turgid or inflated, one or both sutures usually projecting inward more or less, the dorsal one frequently so much as to divide the cell into two. Seeds few or many, on slender stalks, generally small for the size of the pod. — Herbs, or a few Avoody at base ; with unequally pinnate leaves, and rather small flowers, chiefly in simple spikes or racemes from the axils ; the peduncle commonly elongated. — Gray, Eev. in Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 188 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 435. A vast crenus, of five or six hundred species, mainly of the northern hemisphere and the tem- perate or frigid zones, most numerous in Asia, and next in North America between the Missis- sippi and the Pacific. In California they have the reputation of being poisonous to sheep, winch would be most unexpected were it not that several Papilionacece of Australia are knovvn to be so. The fruit is needed for the determination of the species. To aid in this rather difficult matter an artificial key is here given. Besides the following, several other of the almost 150 North American species now known may reach California or its borders ; but it is impossible to indicate them beforehand. OxYTROPis DC, a genus which is distinguished from Astragalus by a subulate beak at the tip of the keel, might be expected at alpine elevations in the Sierra Nevada,, at least m the northern portion. But no representative has been met with within or near the State. * Leaflets not prickly-poiuted. ■i- Eoot annual. Pod wrinkled, didymous, 2-seeded. 1- A. didymocarpus. Pod not wrinkled, several -many-seeded, . , , o a ^r,.r^-^ Narrowly oblong, 5 - 10-seeded : flowers 5 to 9 m a head. 2. A. tener. Ovate-oblong, 4-6-seeded : flowers as the last. j- A. ^^^^f"^^'; Linear, falcate : flowers few and crowded, very small. 4. A. Nuttallianus. Ovate, inflated, acute or pointed, nT.^r-n.r,-, Thin-bladdery, incurved, 1-celled 5. A. <'E-iERi^ Chartaceous and bladdery, 2-celled. 6. A. <-0ULiERr. Firm-chartaceous, canescent, 1-celled. '• ^' AKiDUb. +- Root perennial. ++ Pod bladdery-inflated, thin-membranaceous, ample. Pod 2-celled, ovate, often purplish-mottled. ,„ . , , s « tfkttpinosus Plant slightly or very pubescent : stems 6 to 18 inches long. 8. A. ^e>tiginosus. Plant silvery-silky, nearly stemless. 9- A. platytropis. Pod 1-celled, the dorsal suture not intruded, Stipitate in or raised out of the calyx. Stems a span high -. pod very obtuse, AHookerianus Obovate, 1 or 2 inches long. 10. A. Wookerianus. Oval, an inch or less long. H- A. Whitneyi. Stems a foot or more high. Stipe little if at all exceeding the calyx. Pod ovate, acute, not oblique. 12. A. oophorus. Pod clavate-obovate, obliiiue, pointed at both ends, pendulous. 13. A. oxyphysus. Pod semi-ovate, acutish, on a recurved rigid stipe. 14. A. curtipes. Stipe filiform, an inch long, almost equalling the oval pod. 15. A. leucophyllus. Astragalus. LEGUMINOS^. 145 16. 17. A. A. LEUCOPSIS. TRICHOPHYLLUS. 18. A. OOCAUPUS. 19. 20. A. A. Crotalari^. Menzie-sii. 21. 22. A. A. MACEODON. DOUGLA.SII. 23. 24, A. A. HORNII. . PULSIFKR/F. 26. A. MALACUS. 27. A. Andersonii. Stipe half shorter : pod acute at base. Stipe a (quarter of an inch long, half the length of the pod. Sessile in the calyx, bladdery, an inch or two long, many-seeded. Corolla pale yellow, short and broad : stipules herbaceous. Corolla white or whitish, narrow, an inch long : stipules scarious. Stipules distinct : pod rather firra-walled. Stipules united opposite the petiole : pod thin-bladdery. Corolla yellowish-wliite or cream-color, 4 lines long, hardly twice the length of the calyx. Herbage villous when young : calyx-teeth a& long as the tube. Herbage puberulent when young : calyx-teeth shorter than tube. 22, Sessile in the calyx, half an inch long : flower a quarter-inch long. Nearly glabrous : pods capitate, ovate, acuminate, 10-15-sceded Villous : pods few, ovate-incurved, 3 - 8-seeded. ++ ++ Pod coriaceous or cartilaginous, or cliartaceous, not bladdery-inflated, = Long-woolly or long-hairy, sessile in the calyx, many-seeded. Plant white with soft wool, very low : pod densely woolly. 25. A. PuRSini Plant and pods long-hairj% taller. Plant and pods downy with short hairs, slender. = = Pod glabrous or pubescent with short hairs. Pod conspicuously stipitate, the stipe equalling or surpassing the calyx, One-celled, both sutures prominent externally. Calyx very olilicpiely attached to the pedicel and recurved on it : pod curved or coiled, rigid. Herbage soft-downy : pod pubescent. Herbage minutely pubescent : pod glabrous. Calyx not oblique : pod straight, thinner-walled, linear-oblong. Almost glabrous : pod obtuse at base ; stipe half an inch long. Hoary-pubescent : pod tapering into a stipe a quarter-inch Ion: Glabrous : stipe 2 lines long. Two-celled by intrusion of the dorsal suture, turgid. Narrowly oblong, straight, erect. Ovate, incurved, reflexed on the stipe. Pod very short-stipitate in the calyx, pendulous, oblong-linear, straight. 40, Pod sessile in the calyx or nearly so, and exceeding it. Stems a span to a foot or more high. Flowers an inch long, few : pod oval, 1-celled. Flowers one third to two thirds of an inch long, Few or scattered in the spike. Pod flattened fore and aft, wing-margined. Pod more or less flattened or narrower fore and aft, marginless, curved at maturity. I;eaflets 5 to 15, linear, scattered, hoary -pubescent. Leaflets 11 to 21, crowded, Obovate or roundish, loosely pubescent or glabrous : flowers jiurple. Oblong or obovate, minutely silvery-silky : flowers white. 39. Pod terete with a groove on the back, narrow, straight, Short-stipitate in the calyx, not erect. Not at all stipitate, erect. Many flowers and pods crowded in a dense spike. Pods oblong, obtuse, 2 -celled, many-seeded. Pods ovate, acute, lenticular, 1-celled, 2 - 5-seeded. Flowers and few-seeded 2-celled pods only 2 or 3 lines long. Herbage and turgid pods minutely pubescent ; the latter grooved on the back. Herbage and laterally flatfish pods very pubescent. Stems or rootstocks not rising from the ground : leaflets few : scape few-flowered : pod small. Pod sessile in and shorter than the calyx, few-seeded. * * Leaflets prickly pointed and rigid, persistent. Peduncles very short, 1 - 3-flt)wered : pod very small, 1 -4-seeded. 48. A. Kentropiiyta. 28. 29. A. A. CYRTOIDES. SPEIROCARPUS. 30. 31. 32. A. A. A. FILIPES. Antiselli. porrectus. 33. 34. 40. A. A. A. ARRECTUS. BOLAXDERI. ATRATL'S. 35. A. NUDUS. 36. A. PTEROCARPUS. 37. A. Casei. 38. 39. A. A. TODANTIirS. Webberi. 40. 41. A. A. ATRATtrS. OBSCUKUS. 42. 43. A. A. IMORTONI. PYCXOSTACIIYU 44. 45. A. A. Lemmoxi. LENTIFORMIS. 46. 47. A. A. CALYCOSU.S. AUSTIX^. 246 LEGUMINOS^. Astragalus. I. Species with an annual root, all loiv, mostly sviall. § 1. Pod strongly transversely wrinkled, didymous, 2-seeded. 1. A. didymocarpus, Hook. & Arn. Slender, from 3 inches to a foot liigh, pubescent with some line and rather scattered hairs, those of the peduncle and calyx blackish : leaflets 9 to 15, narrowly oblong to linear and more or less cune- ate, deeply notched at the apex : spike an inch or much less in length, close : flowers 1| to 2|- lines long : corolla white and violet, its keel inflexed at tip : pod not over two lines long, short-oval and deeply 2-lobed lengthwise so as to be divided into two cells, each nearly filled by the single proportionally large seed. — Bot. Beechey, 334, t. 81. A. Catalinensis & A. nigrescens, Nutt. PL Gamb. 152. Low groimds and slopes, common through the western part of the State from Marin Co. south- ward, flowering in spring. Like most annuals varying gi'eatly in size and robustness. § 2. Pod not wrinkled, few — many-seeded. * Calyx hlackish-hairy, much shorter than the violet or white and violet-tipped corolla : pod not inflated, hetiveen oblong and linear : flowers few and nearly sessile, croivded in a small head which does not lengthen in fruit. 2. A. tener, Gray. Slender, a span or so in height, sparsely and minutely pubescent : leaflets 9 to 15, linear or cuneate-linear, with or without a retuse or notched apex : head 5 - 9-flowered : pod between coriaceous and cartilagdnous, about half an inch long, 2-celled, 5-10-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 206. Phaca astragalina, var.. Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 334. Astragalus llypoglottis, var. strigosa, Kellogg, Proc. Calif Acad. ii. 115, fig. 37. Moist grounds, common around San Francisco Bay, &c. Corolla 4 or 5 lines long, often hriglit violet, sometimes pale and violet-tipped. 3. A. BreTveri, Gray, 1. c. Much like the preceding : leaflets broader, oblong- obcordate : forming pod more ovate, 6-ovuled, and 1-celled or nearly so. Sonoma Valley, common in fields. Brewer. Not since met with ; the fruit unknown. Per- haj)s not distuict from the preceding. * « Calyx whitish-haired or nearly so : jwd linear : floivers few and crov)ded at the apex of the peduncle. 4. A. Nuttallianus, DC. More or less pubescent or hoary with white ap- pressed hairs, soon dittusely branched from the base: leaflets 11 or 13, oblong or broadly linear and mostly notched at the end : calyx-teeth slender and as 1: ng as the tulDe : corolla whitish and purple, about 3 lines long ; the keel with the inflexed tip narrowed : pod over half an inch long, laterally flattish, slightly scythe-sliaped, the incurvation mostly near the base, deeply grooved on the back, acutish on the other edge, 2-celled, several-seeded ; the surface minutely reticulated, either glabrous or with minute appressed hairs. Southeastern borders of the State (on the Eio Colorado, Kcwhcrry), and east to Texas and Arkansas. •-k % % Calyx white-pubescent or canescent : pod ovate and inflated: flowers racemose. 5. A. Geyeri, Gray. Strigosely somewhat hoary, branching from the base, a span high : leaflets 7 to 11, linear, less than half an inch long: raceme 3-7-flowered : corolla yellowish-white, 3 lines long : pod thin-bladdery, half an inch long, very oblique and the acute tip incurved, minutely hoary-pubescent, 1-celled, many-seeded. — Phaca annua, Geyer. W. Kevnda. imt far from the boundary ( Watsov) ; thence east to Wyoming, Geyer, Parry. G. A. Coulteri, Benth. A span to a foot high, stouter, tomentose-canescent or the leaves silvery-silky : leaflets 9 to 19, obovate or oblong, sometimes emarginate, 3 to 5 lines long: raceme or spike loosely 10- 20-fl-Owered : calyx-teeth shorter Astragalus. LEGUMINOSiE. ^^^ than the tube : corolla purple, about lialf an inch long : pod ovate and pointfil, in- flated, of somewhat chartaceous texture, nearly thnn; fourths of an inch long, hoary with appressed hairs, nearly or quite 2-celled. — I'l. Ilartw. 307. A. Arlhu-Schottii Gray, 1. c. 209. Near IMouterey, Coulter, according to his herhaiiuni ; Imt prolialjly collected in the arid i-egioii of the southeastern borders of the State, where it was found by Fremont, Schott, Cooper, kc. 7. A. aridus, Gray. Silvery silkj^-canesceut, like the preceding: leaflets oblong, 3 or 4 lines long: peduncles shorter than the leaves, spicately 5-8-fiowered: corolla barely twice the length of the calyx, hardly over 2 lines long, yellowish-white : pod obli(|uely ovate, acute, inflated, of Arm chartaceous texture, half an inch long, caues- cent, one-celled. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 223. Southern borders of the State, between Colorado and San Diego, Tliurbcr. II. Species with 2)e7^ennial roots : leaflets and stijjules not sjnnescent. § 1. Pod Uaddery-infiated (the walls thin and membranous), several - many-seeded, % Two-celled by the turning in of both stitures till they meet or nearly so, more or less didymous, being grooved externally down both sides, sessile in the calyx. A. DIPHYSUS, Gray, PI. Fendl. 34, which extends from New Mexico to the centre of Nevada, comes near A. lentiginosus, but is glabrous throughout, except sometimes a little pubescence on the calyx, and has rather large pods. 8. A. lentiginosus, Dough A span to a foot or so high, the tufted stems soon dilfusi'ly spioading, from slightly to hoary-pubescent: leaflets 11 to 19, from obovate or obcordate to oblong, a quarter to half an inch long : peduncle short : flowers and fruits mostly crowded in the oblong spike or raceme : corolla either white or purple, nearly half an inch long : pod turgid-ovate and pointed, more or less incurved, usually puberulent, occasionally purplish-mottled, seldom an inch and sometimes only half an inch long. — A. ineptns, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 525, appears to be only a narrow-leaved and pubescent form. A. diajjhaiius, iJougl. iu Hook. PI. i. 151. Var. Fremontii, Watson. More hoary-pubescent, with looser-flowered spikes, usually on a longer peduncle : stem flexuous. — A. Fremontii, Torr. & Gray. Common through the, arid interior region, from Washington Territory and the eastern part of the Sierra Nevada to the southern borders of the State ; the variety mostly southward. Yar. florihundus. Gray, is the" ordinary form well developed. This species is one of the poisonous " Eattle-weeds " of the southern and eastern parts of the State. 9. A. platytropis, Gray. Dwarf and tufted on long and stout horizontal root- stocks, densely silvery-silky ; the stems very short, harilly rising above the ground : leaflets 7 to 13, obovate or oblong, 3 lines or less in length : slender scape-like peduncles about the length of the tufted leaves, bearing a little head of 5 or G flowers : corolla yellowish-white, except the broad and round-tipped keel, Avhich is purplish and as long as the other petals : pod turgid-ovate, very short-pointed, puberulent, sometimes purplish-mottled, an inch or less in length. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 526. Sierra Nevada above Sonora Pass, at 10,000 feet, Brcv:cr. East Humboldt llountaius, Nevada. at 11,000 feet, Watson. * * One-celled piod, with no turning in of the dorsal suture, -{- Stijntate, i. e. the pod raised more or less on a stalk of its own above the calyx. ■^+ Stems low and tufted : pod obovate or oval and very obtuse : peduncles hardly exceeding the leaf, rather feio and densely flowered. 10. A. Hookerianus, Gray. Silky-villous or pubescent, difi'usely tufted, a span hio-li : Irallrts 1 :', to 19, obJong or linear, 2 or 3 linos long : flowers very short- pedicelled : corolla white or whitish : pod obovate and not in the least pointed, 148 LEGUMINOS^. Astragalus. thin-bladdery, one or two inches long, glabrous; its stipe slightly exceeding the short-campanulate calyx. — Phaca Hooheriana, Torr. & Gray. Mountains in the interior of Oregon (Douglas), and W. Nevada {Anderson, JVatson), extend- ing into Nevada and Sierra counties, Bolandcr, Lcmmon. 11. A. Whitneyi, Gray. Minutely appressed-pubescent : stems erect: leaflets 11 to 19, linear-oblong, 3 lines long: flowers short-pedicelled : corolla "red-violet," in the specimen seemingly only purplish : immature pods smaller than in the fore- going, oval, and narrowed at base into a more slender stipe Avhich becomes nearly tAvice the length of the oblong-campaniilate calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 526. In the Sierra Nevada at Sonera Pass, at 10,000 feet, Breiccr. +->r ++ Stems very sliort and tufted on the rootstocks : pod ovate and acute, longer than the fetv-Jiowered common jiedmide, short-stipitate within the calyx. A. MEGACARPUS, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 215 {Phaca, Nutt.), is here mentioned to com- plete the series, and because its var. Pauuyi, Gray, with naiTOwer pods and leaflets, found in Southwestern Utah, may approach the eastern borders of California. +-!- +-!- -r4- Stems a foot or more high and mostly erect. = Stijye of the more or less acute pod equalling or little exceeding the calyx. 12. A. OOphorus, "VYatson. Glabrous throughout : stems lax or decumbent, a foot or two long : leaflets 9 to 13, oblong, obtuse, half to three quarters of an inch long : peduncles equalling the leaf, racemosely several-flowered : calyx-teeth seta- ceous from a dilated base, as long as the broadly campanulate tube : corolla yel- lowish-white, sometimes violet-tipped, half an inch long : bladdery pod ovate, not oblique, acute, an inch and a half long, pendulous on a stipe which barely exceeds the calyx- tube. — Bot. King Exp. 73. Shoshone Mountains at Pieese Paver Pass, Nevada, IVatson. The only station yet known. 13. A. oxyphysus, Gray, Canescent with very soft silky pubescence : stem erect, 2 or 3 feet higli : leaflets 9 to 21, oblong, an inch or less in length: peduncles much exceeding tlie leaves : raceme elongated, rather densely flowered : calyx-teeth subulate, barely half the length of the oblong tube : corolla greenish-white, two thirds of an inch long : bladdery pod clavate-obovate, oblique, acuminate at both ends, and especially tapering into the recurved stipe (which exceeds the calyx), almost glabrous, about an inch and a half long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 218. Dry hifls in the Monte Diablo range, Arroyo del Puerto, Breivcr. A striking species. 14. A. curtipes, Gray, 1. c. Cinereous with a minute appressed pubescence, or gi'een Avith age : stem a foot or two high : stipules mostly united opposite the petiole : leaflets 1 3 to 33, oblong or almost linear, retuse, half to three fourths of an inch long : peduncles in fruit longer than the leaf : raceme short and rather dense : calyx-teeth setaceous-subulate, little shorter than the broadly campanulate tube : corolla not seen : bladdery pod semi-ovate or oval, acutish, an inch and a half long, glabrous, pendulous on a recurved rigid stipe which hardly exceeds the calyx-tube. Dry hills at San Luis Obispo, Brnucr. Near Ojai, Prof. G. L. Goodalc. In fruit only. = = Stipe of the slightly pointed or obtuse glabrous pod filiform, much exceeding the calyx: stem erect : raceme or spike densely floivered and long peduncled. 15. A. leucophyllus, Torr. & Gray. Canescent with fine and soft silky pubes- cence wlien young, when older rather greenish : stem rather stout, 2 or 3 feet high : leaflets in many pairs, broadly linear, often an inch long : flowers fully half an inch long : calyx-teeth subulate, about half the length of the oblong tube : corolla yel- lowish-white : thin-bladdery pod oval, unequal-sided, an inch and a half long, on a filiform pubescent stipe of almost ec[ual length ! — Phaca leucophylla, Hook. & Arn. bower part of the Sacramento to Monterey ? Not well named ; when full-grown hardly hoary. Astragalus. LEGUMINOS^. I^q IG. A. leucopsis, Torr. & Gray. Tomentulose-cauescent, a foot liigh : leaflets in many pairs, from broadly oblong to almost linear, half an inch or more in length: spike-like raceme mostly short (an inch or two long, rarely longer) : calyx-teeth more than half the length of the campanulate tube : flower otherwise nearly as in the foregoing : the pod similar, but somewhat tapering at base into a nearly glabrous stipe of half an inch or less in length and oidy twice or thrice the length of the calyx-tube. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 56, t. 16. Fhaca canescens, Xutt. P. leu- copsis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 694. Dry liills, Santa Barbara to San Diego Co. 17. A. trichopodus, Gray. Strigulose-puberulent or at first hoary, in age almost glabrous : stem slender, a foot to a yartl high : leaflets in many pairs, from narrowly oblong to nearly linear, about half an inch long : raceme short : flowers 4 or 5 lines long : calyx-teeth very much shorter tlian the campanulate tube : corolla yellowish white : pod oval, obtuse at both ends, over half an inch in lengtli, but very much smaller and less bladdery than any other of this subdivision ; its stipe only a quarter of an inch long. — Phaca tricliopoda, Nutt. Dry hills, common in and near Santa Barbara Co. A. AMPULLARius, Watson, the only remaining known species of this subdinsion, is dwarf, short-peduncled, with rather few leaflets, violet-purple flowers, exti-emely short calyx-teeth, and pod ovate with a truncate or abrupt base, on a stipe of its own length. It inhabits S. Utah, but may approach the borders of California. -s- -i- Pud sessile in the calyx [not at all stipitate), ■i->r Large and very bladdery, over an inch and sometimes two inches long, many- seeded : leaflets mostly in many pairs : spike or raceme many-flowered. = Stipules (at least the upper ones) herbaceous and rigidly deflexed : corolla appar- ently 2}<-de yellov) or cream-color, short and broad, incurved : sterns ^ to Q feet long, straggling or decumbent and branching. 1 8. A. OOCarpuS, Gray. Glabrous, or young parts minutely pubescent : stems flexuous and with spreading branches : leaflets from oblong to broadly linear, obtuse (from half to an inch long), bright green and of thickish firm texture : peduncles sometimes exceeding the leaves : flowers loose in the raceme, 4 or 5 lines long : calyx campanulate and with very short triangular-subulate teeth : corolla compara- tively short, with keel much incurved and standard turned back : pod ovate or oval and short-pointed, an inch to an inch and a half long, of parchment-like tex- ture ; the seed-bearing suture somewhat projecting into the cell — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 213. A. Crotalarice, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 56, t. 17, excl. syn. Common through the mountains east of San Diego, Parry, Cleveland, Palmer. A strongly marked species, varj'ing however in the size and shape of the pod, which in the smaller form is ovate, but in the larger is elongated-oval and the walls more membranaceous. = = Stipules scarious or nearly so : leaflets usually crowded in very many jMirs : peduncles elongated and bearing numerous soon deflexed flowers, ivhich are usually croioded in the raceme : corolla straightish and narroio, fully half an inch long, yelloivish-tuhite or lohite, or sometimes the tip>s dusky-purplish. 19. A. CrotalariSB, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous or slightly pubescent, or tlie young parts sometimes villous : stems erect or nearly so, 2 or 3 feet high, usually stout : leaflets from oblong-linear to obovate-oval or slightly obcordate, thickish (from a quarter to a full inch long): stipules triangular and distinct: calyx-teeth sul)ulate, about half the length of the short-campanulate tube : corolla white : pod of rather parchment-like texkire, but much inflated, ovoid, an inch to an inch and a half in length. — Phaca Crotcdarire, Benth. PI. Hartw. ] /'. densifolia, partly, of authore. Var. virgatUS, Gray. Stipules more subulate : racemes virgate and loose, 4 to 10 inches long : calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous and longer. 150 LEGUMINOS^. Astragalus. Hills and plains, from around San Francisco Bay to Santa Barbara Co. ; the variety about San Francisco Bay, Brid■-!- -5-i- Smaller pods [about hcdf an inch long), few -several-seeded : stems low or spread- ing : flower only a quarter of an inch long. 23. A. Hornii, Gray. Glabrous, or minutely pubescent : stems slender, ascend- ing : leaflets about 21, narrowly oblong (4 to 7 lines long): peduncle surpassing the leaves : flowers numerous in a dense head or short spike, which is equally dense in fruit : calyx-teeth subulate, about the length of the campanulate tube : corolla yellowish-white, straightish : pods ovate from a broad base and gradually acumi- nate, straight, villous-pubescent, 10 - 15-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 398. Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, in Owen's Valley {Dr. Horn), and at Bakersfield, to S. Utah. Said to be one of the sheep-poisons. 24. A. FulsifeiTce, Gray. Whitish-villous : stems numerous in a tuft and pro- cumbent, slender, branching: stipules slender-subulate: leaflets 5 to 11, obovate- cuneate, mostly retuse, 3 or 4 lines long : peduncles not longer than the leaf, rather loosely 3 - 5-fiowered : flowers pedicelled : calyx-teeth linear-filiform, twice the length of the campanulate tube, about the length of the keel of the incurved white and purple-tinged corolla : the narrow wings and especially the standard (notched at the apex) much longer : pod ovate-inflated and incurved, villous-pubescent, 3-8- seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 69. Gravelly hills and banks. Sierra and Plumas counties, Mrs. Pidsifer Ames, Lcmmon. The pods, although small (barely half an inch long), as in the inflated-fraited section ; but otherwise, in aspect, mode of growth and size, wholly different. A. PUBENTissiMUS, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 209, is nearly related to the preceding, and is probably perennial ; but it has short stems, much broader stipules, leaflets hardly narrowed Astragalus. LEGUMINOSiE. -^^-^ downwards, more numerous and rather larger flowers, slender calyx-lobes not so long in propor- tion to the tube, and the more hairy pod strongly inflexed. § 2. Pod not memhranaceous-injiated, coriaceous or cartilar/inous, densely loiuj-iooolbj or long hairy, commonly turgid, incurved, many-seeded, sessile in the calyx. % Cespitose and depressed, the stems very short or spreading on the ground : foliarje canescently xooolly or silky-villous : flowers long and narrow, often an inch in length : tiobe of the calyx cylindrical: filiform claws of the j)etals much longer than the blades : pods very densely woolly, ovate-hicurved. 25. A. Purshii, Dougl. Earely a sjxin high, in matted tufts, canescently silky- villous rather than tomentose : leaflets 9 to 19, oblong (3 to 5 lines long) : pedun- cles shorter than the leaves, bearing 5 or 6 crowded flowers : calyx-teeth slender- subulate : corolla dull white with purple tip to tlie keel and sometimes to the other petals : pod an inch or less in length, very densely clotlied with long white or yel- lowish hairs, so as to appear like pellets of wool, at length much incurved, of rather cartilaginous texture, one-celled, but at maturity the dorsal suture sometimes inward so as nearly to meet the ventral, but not strictly forming a partition. — Hook. Fl. i. 152 ; Gray, 1. c. Phaca mollissima, Nutt. Eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada {Anderson, Brewer, &c. ), and through the dry interior to the Rocky Mountains and the borders of British Columbia. Also on Mt. San Carlos, at 3,500 to 4,000 feet, on a very dry slope, Breioer. The Californian forms are comparatively small-flowered, and have the corolla purple at tip. — Of the annexed nearly related species none have yet been collected in the State, but most of them may probably be found. A. Utahensis, Torr. & Gray. {Phaca m,ollissima, var. Utahensis, Torr. in Stansbury Rep. 385, t. 2.) This belongs to the Salt Lake district, but appears to have been found by Watson even in the western part of Nevada. It is distinguished from A. Purshii only or mainly by rounder leaflets, clothed with truly tomentose white wool, and longer jieduncles. A. Thompsons, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 345, found in S. Utah by Mrs. Thompson and Captain Bishop, is between the two preceding in the shape of the leaflets and the woolliness, but has flowers little over half an inch long, shorter calyx-teeth, and a pod (about the same length) with shorter wool, so that its shape is visible, with a conspicuous groove on both sides, the doi-sal one forming a partition which divides the cell, except near the acute apex. A. EPaocARPUS, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 71 (not of Parry's S. Utah collection, No. 44, which is A. Purshii), of the foot-hills in W. Nevada. This is apparently more stemless than the \n-e- ceding, has oval or obovate leaflets over half an inch in length, a thinner and longer silky pubescence, whicli is sparse and rather hirsute on the elongated naked scape, a dark-haired calyx with filiform teeth more than half the length of the tube, deep-purple corolla over an inch long and nearly twice the length of the calyx, and an oblong inflexed curved pod, clothed with shorter and coarser hirsute wool, the sutures intruding below, but not dividing the cell. This in some respects approaches the more northern and still imperfectly known A. inflcxvs, Dough, wliich is decidedly caulescent, more villous, with lighter purple corolla little longer than the long filiform calyx-teeth, the bracts and stipules mostly subulate-setaceous. * * Stems ascending or erect, a foot or so high : pods fcdcafe, laterally compressed, 2-ceUed : stipinles adnaie to the base of the petiole. 26. A. malacus, Gray. Villous-hirsute with long spreading hairs, rather stout : leaflets 11 to 17, obovate, refuse, 4 to 8 lines long : peduncles surpassing the leaves, bearing a rather close spike of several or many flowers ; these two thirds of an inch long : calyx cylindrical, dark-hairy ; the slender teeth much shorter than the tube, not very much shorter than the usually deep purple corolla ; the claws of the latter long and slender : pods pendulous or spreading, lunate- lanceolate, an inch long, 3 or 4 lines wide, densely long-hairy, turgid and grooved on the back, sharp-edged ventrally, many-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 336. Eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada, from the Virginia Mountains, &c. {Anderson, Watson), to Owen's Valley, Lr. Horn. 27. A. Andersonii, Cxray. Canescent with dense somewhat silky luiliescenoo, rather slender: leaflets 13 to 25, oblong or oval, rarely obovate, mucroiiate, 3 to 6 lines long : peduncles surpassing tlie leaves : flowers numerous and crowded in an 252 LEGUMINOS^. Astragalus. oblong or cylindrical spike : calyx-teetli subulate-setaceous, nearly tlie length of the campanulate whitish-villous tube, much shorter than the curved yellowish-white corolla ; this half an inch long, and the broad claws shorter than the blades : pods pendulous, linear-oblong, falcate or sickle-shaped, half to three fouiihs of an inch long, 2 lines wide, abruptly pointed, soft-downy, 10 - 20-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 524. Eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada, Siema Co. to Washoe Co., Nevada, Anderson, Torrcij, Lcmmon, &c. § 3. Pod neither memhranaceoris cmd hladdery-wflated, nor long-]iair)j or woolly, % Consjncuousbj stqntate in the calyx {stipe equalling or much exceeding the latter). -{- One-celled pod with both sutures prominent externally arid not within, narrow. ++ Calyx very ohliquely attached to the pedicel and soon recurved on it : corolla yel- lotvish-white : pod curved, cartilaginous or rigid, not compressed, the cross section ohovate : stems a foot or two long, mostly spreading or decumbent : stijndes small, distinct. 28. A. cyrtoides, Gray. Soft-pubescent throughout and mostly hoary, rather stout: leaflets 11 to 21, from obovate-oblong and retuse to obcordate, becoming smoother above : peduncles exceeding the leaves : flowers numerous in a dense spike-like raceme : calyx downy ; the teeth not half the length of the oblong-cam- panulate tube : pod oblong-linear, pubescent, an inch or more in length, on an ascending slender stipe of half an inch or more, either falcate or at length curved into a ring ; the thick cartilaginous valves very turgid at maturity, obscurely retic- ulated. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 201 & 525 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 75. Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, Placer to Sierra Co. and eastward (Anderson, Lcmmon), and W. Idaho, Spalding. Corolla half an inch long. 29. A. speirocarpus, Gray. Minutely cinereous-pubescent : stems rather slender : leaflets 9 to 17, obovate and oblong, emarginate : flowers less numerous and crowded than in the preceding : calyx barely puberulent ; the teeth not a quarter of the length of the cylindraceous tube : pod glabrous, tapering at base into a stipe only twice the length of the calyx, coiled nearly into one turn or at length into a flat spiral ; the valves thinner and less indurated than in the preced- ing^ more voiny, and less turgid. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 225 ; Watson, 1. c. Var. falciformis, Gray. Stipe filiform, half to three fourths of an inch long, nearly the length of the tliinner-walled and less turgid falcate or merely hooked pod. Sierra Co. (Lcmmon) and adjacent mountains of Nevada ( Watson) ; the original coUected by L]iall on the Upper Columbia, in fruit only. Flowers narrower and rather longer than m the fore- going, which some forms approach. ++ ^+ Calyx equal-sided and centrally attached to the pedicel : 2^od straight, linear- oblong, compiressed; the valves thin and parchment-liJce : stems erect or somewhat spreading. 30 A. filipes, Torr. Minutely puberulent or glabrous : stems slender, branch- ing, 2 feet high: stipules small and subulate : leaflets 9 to 17, rather scattered, linear (one third to two thirds of an inch long) : racemes virgate, long-peduncled, loosely-flowered : pedicels soon spreading or pendulous : calyx-teeth not half the leng-th of the campanulate tube : corolla yellowish- white (half an inch long) _: pod an inch or less in length and 2 or 3 lines broad, abruptly contracted at base into a filiform stipe of about half an inch in length. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 226. N. W. Nevada ( JFatson, Lcmmon), extending towards and probably within the State, and in the dry interior country to AVashington Territory. 31. A. Antiselli, Gray. Cinereous-pubescent, a foot or so in height : leaflets 21 to 29, liuear-oblong, crowded, 2 to 4 lines long, hoary beneath but glabrous Astragalus. LEGUMINOSiE. nro above : raceme loosely few-flowered : calyx-teeth about half the lenj^rth of the cam- panulate tube (corolla small and white 1): pod two thirds of an inch long, 2 lines wide above the middle, thence tapering gradually into the stii)e, which is a' (piartr-r of an inch long and thrice the length of the calyx. — Ilomalobus muUiJiorus, Torr. in Pacif. E. Eep. vii. 10, not of Torr. & Gray, Fl. Hillsides, Santa Barbara Co. ; Santa Inez (Dr. AntiseU), Ojai, Dr. G. L. Goodale. A. MULTIFLOKUS, Gray (the Homalobus dis-par & nigrcsceits, Nutt., & H. muUiflarus, Torr. & Gray, FL), is not known west of tlie E. Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, nor south of Oregon. ' It has white flowers not over 2 lines long, and pods ludf an inch long, on a stipe not exceeding the calyx. 32. A. porrectus, Watson. Almost glabrous, a foot or two high : stipules rather large, nearly scarious, the lower united: leaflets 7 to 11, thickish, broadly obovate, about half an iiich long : racemes virgate, long-peduncled, loosely many- flowered : pedicels very short, spreading : calyx-teeth slender-subulate, a little shorter than the campanulate tube: corolla "yellow" (apparently cream-color), narrow, half an inch long : pod half an inch or so in length, 2 lines wide, dorsally convex and ventrally almost straight, nearly erect upon an ascending pedicel ; the stipe 2 lines long and barely exceeding the calyx-teeth. — Bot. King Exp. 75. Trinity Mountains, N. W. Nevada, at 5,000 feet, Watson. Probably to be found within the borders of the State. ■i- -f- Pod two-celled (b// strong intrusion of the dorsal suture), turgid ; the cross section broadly obcordately '2-lobed, coriaceous, glabrous: leajiets 1 to 12 pairs. 33. A. arrectUS, Gray. A foot or more high, minutely pubescent or glabrate : stipules distinct : leaflets from linear to oblong, retuse (a third to two thirds of an inch long) : peduncles usually elongated, racemosely 9 - 20-flowered : calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube : corolla yellowish-white : pod narrowly oblong, straight, rather acute at both ends, upright on the ascending stipe Avhich is fully twice the length of the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 289 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 69. Foot-hills of Nevada (Battle Mountain, Wa.tson), and from S. Utah to Idaho. Not yet found very near the borders of California, but to be expected. Flowers two thirds of an uich long. Pod from that to an inch in length. 34. A. Bolanderi, Gray. A span or two high : stipules scarious and united on the side of the stem opposite the petiole : leaflets oblong-linear or narrowly ob- long, grayish with soft pubescence (a third to half an inch long) : peduncles not exceeding the leaf, almost capitately 6- 12-flowered : calyx-teetli slender-subulate, a little shorter than the tube : corolla white with a tinge of purple : pod ovate, in- curved, transversely veiny, less than an inch long, abruptly recurved or reflexed on the conspicuous ascending stipe. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 337. Gravelly soil, in the Sien-a Nevada at 6,000 feet and upwai'ds, Mariposa Co. {Bolandcr, Bridges, &c.), to Sierra Co., Lemmoii. Flowers half an inch long. * * Pod sessile in the ccdyx {or sometimes on a shor't included stipe) and in size much exceeding it, except in the last species. -i- Stems elongated, at least a sjmn or tivo in length. -^-}- Flowers about an inch long, few and loose. 35. A. nudus, Watson. A foot or two high, cinereous with minute appressed pubescence or glabrate : stems branching and flexuous, slender : petioles and angled or flattish rhachis rigid, elongated, bearing a few scattered linear leaflets (varying from 4 to 8 lines long) : peduncles elongated, 5 - 8-flowered : calyx cylindracoous, dark-pubescent ; the lanceolate teeth not half the length of the tube : corolla violet- purple, narrow : pod turgid-oval, glabrous, ascending, rather fleshy, when mature 154 LEGUMINOS^. Astragalus. cartilaginous and tliick-walleJ, obtuse at both ends, abruptly pointed with the per- sistent base of the style, one-celled, both sutures strong and prominent externally : numerous. — -Bot. King Exp. 74. West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson. Allied to A. pectinatus but very distinct. Leaflets not rigid and persistent as in that species and the next. Pods three fourths of an inch long and three eighths in diameter, the cross section oblate-oval. +-i- -i-i- Floivers smaller, from one third to half or rarely tivo thirds of an inch long, = Feiv or not very numerous in the S2nke : pods not densely spiked. a. Flattened more or less fore and aft, i. e. contrary to the sutures, and with no X)roper partition. 3C. A. pterocarpus, Watson. A foot or two high, but soon declined or de- cumbent, cinereous-puberulent or glabrate, loosely branched : leaflets linear-acerose, 3 to 9 on the rigid filiform rhachis, persistent and equally rigid, of about the same breadth (an inch or so in length) : peduncles 7 - 9-flowered : flowers (hardly known) about half an inch long : pod pendulous, giabrotis, ovate or oval (an inch long) cori- aceous, except the acute tip strongly flattened contrary to the sutures and margined with a narrow rigid wing, one-celled, the sutures narrow and not intruded : seeds numerous. — Bot. King Exp. 71, t. 12. N. W. Nevada, in alkaline soil at the junction of the Eeese Eiver with tlie Humboldt. Prob- ably not Californian : most remarkable for tlie winged margins of the strongly obcompressed legumes. 37. A. Casei, Gray. A span or more higli, cinereous with minute appressed pubescence : stems and branches ett'use, nearly tiliform, rigid : leaflets 5 to 1.5, scat- tered, linear, very obtuse, small (2 to 4 lines long, half a line or less wide), decid- uous ; the rhachis and petiole elongated and hliform : jjeduncles loosely few-flowered : flowers half an inch long, narrow : teeth of the calyx subulate, hardly one third the length of the cylindraceous or obhmg tube : corolla apparently pale purple ; pod oblong or lanceolate, acuminate at botli ends, about an inch long and 4 lines wide, puberulent, sometimes brownish-mottled, cartilaginous, arcuate-incurved, strongly flattened contrary to the sutures, both of Avhich are narrow and externally prominent, one-celled, the cross section transversely narrow-oblong : seeds rather numerous. High pLateau near Pyramid Lake, N. W. Nevada, Lcminon and E. L. Case. 38. A. iodanthus, "Watson. A span or two long, soon procumbent, either pubescent or almost glabrous, leafy; leaflets 11 to 21, rather crowded, obovate or roundish : peduncles equalling the leaves : flowers rather numerous and close in the oblong spike : teeth of the calyx setaceous-subulate, loose or spreading, more than half the length of the oblong-campanulate tube : corolla bright violet-purple, or rarely pale, half to two thirds of an inch long : pod oblong-linear, an inch or more in length, glabrous, coriaceous, pointed, curved at length into a semicircle, com- pressed contrary to the sutures, both of which are turned iuAvards with a broad groove, so that the cross section is nearly that of a flgure 8 : seeds numerous. — Bot, King Exp. 70. Eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada, from Sierra Valley to the W. Humboldt Mountains. Flow- ers in spring. Pods sometimes brownish-mottled. 39. A. Webberi, Gray. A span to a foot high, leafy : leaflet 11 to 21, crowded, both sides silvery-canescent with a fine appressed silky pubescenc , oblong or obovate, 4 to 7 lines long : peduncles surpassing the leaves : spike rather densely 9 - 20- flowered : teeth of the calyx subulate, about half the length of the oblong-campan- ulate tube : corolla white or yelloAvish-white, half an inch long ; pod oblong, an inch and more in length, glabrous, thick and fleshy when young, cartilaginous at maturity, blunt or nearly so', straightish or arcuate, turgid, somewhat flattened con- Astragalus. LEGUMINOS^. -[ r r trary to the narrow aiul externally prominent sntures ; the cross section tmnsversely oblong (4 or 5 lines by 2 or 3) : seeds numerous. Indian and Sien-a Valley, in the noitlieastern part of the Sierra Nevada, Lcmmon Mrs Pal sifer Ames. Floweis in July. To this very probably belongs the Astragalus from the intei-ior of Oregon, mentioned in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. (JM, under PJuica leucox>hylla ; but the Icumes of the latter are shorter and oblong-ovate. ° b. Fods terete, straight, narroio, thin-coriaceous, grooved on the hack and that siiture intruded so as to divide the cell or nearly so, and render the cross section cordateln %lobed. ^ 40. A. atratus, Watson. A span to a ^ot high, loosely branching, slender cinereous-puberulent or glabratc : leaflets 7 to 15, linear or ol)long, 2 to 5 lines long: peduncles elongated, 5 - 1 0-flowered ; the flowers usually sparse (half an inch long) : teeth of the calyx shorter than the campanulate tube : corolla curved, .whitish or tlie keel violet-tii)ped : pod pendulous, short-stipitate in tlie calyx, slen- der (about 9 lines long and barely 2 in diameter), puberulent : seeds 10 to 20. Bot. King Exp. G9, t. 11. N. AV. Nevada, Watson. Xot found so near California as the next, which is very nearly related to it. Well marked among these species by the short stipe of the pod, wholly within the tube of the calyx. 41. A. obscurus, Watson, 1. c. Resembles the preceding : flowers more crowded in the short spike : keel-petals longer and narrower, equalling the wings : pod ses- sile in the calyx, only half an inch long, fewer-seeded, erect or nearly so, terete, straight. Near the eastern borders of the State : rocky foot-hills near Truckee Tass, Watson. Eagle Val- ley, Nevada, Stretch. = = Numerous Jloivers crowded in a dense cylindrical or oblong spike: jwds aim densely spicate: stem, erect : leaflets numerous, 21 or mo;r. 42. A. Mortoni, Nutt. Two feet high or less, minutely aj)pressed-pubesc('iit, greenisli : leailots uljlong (half to an inch long) : flowers nearly sessile, reflexe.l as they open, but the fruit erect : corolla dull greenish-white or cream-color, half au inch long : pods of nearly the same length, minutely pubescent, elongated-oltlong, 2-celled, grooved at the dorsal suture, but the ventral one externally prominent : seeds numerous. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 19G. A. Canadensis, \m: Mortoni, Watson, 1. c. Moist grounds, along the eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada, from Mono Lake {Brcxccr) north- Avard to the interior of Oregon and Utah. Noted by Mr. Lemmou as "a deadly sheep poison." 43. A. pycnostachyus, Gray. A foot or more high, rather stout, soft-inibesoent : leaflets hoary with a villous pubescence, oblong (about half an ineh long) : flowers closely sessile in a very dense oblong or cylindraceous spike : pods retrorsely imbri- cated, ovate, acute, slightly flattened laterally and margined by the slender jirominent sutures, one-celleil, the walls thin-coriaceous, coarsely reticulated, glabrous : seeds few; the ovules only 5. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 527. Salt marshes, Bolinas Bay, Bolander, 1863. Not elsewhere or since collected. Flowers appar- ently whitish and only 5 lines long. -i-i- -i"i- -!-+ Flotvers and fexv-seeded 'l-celled i^ods both small, 2 or 3 lines long : stigma capitate : stems diffuse or decumbent, floioering abundantly almost from the base ujnvards : stiptdes ovate or the iqjjjer triangidar : petioles short. 44. A. Lemmoni, Gray. Minutely appressed-pubescent, green : stems slender, a foot or two long, soon procumbent : leaflets 9 to 11, linear-oblong, mucronate (4 or 5 lines hmg) : petluncles flliform, rather shorter than the leaves (an incli or two long) : flowers rather numerous in a dense oblong raceme : calyx with setaceous- subulate teeth fully equalling the short-campanulate tube : corolla whitish tinged -j_gg LEGUMINOS^. Astragalus. ■with purple : pod canescent-puberulent, chartaceous, hardly over 2 lines long, ovate- oblong, obtuse, turgid, broadly and deeply sulcate down the back, the cross section obcordate : ovules and seeds not exceeding 8. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 62G. Sierra Valley, Lemmon and Bolandcr, June, 1872 : received only from the latter, and apparently not since met with. 45. A. lentifonnis, Gray. Villous-pubescent, and more or less hoary : stems ascending, soon diffuse, a span to afoot long: leaflets 11 to 15, from obovate to oblong-spatulate, retuse or emarginate (3 to 5 lines long) : peduncles short, a quarter to half an inch long, seldom equalling the rather dense several - many- llowered raceme : calyx-teeth rather ^lorter and the (apparently yellowish-white) corolla larger than in the preceding : pods broadly oblong, canescently pubescent (3 lines long, almost 2 lines broad), lenticular, not at all sulcate on the back, both sutures marginal, but a partition from the dorsal one completely dividing the G - 8- seeded cell into two. Sierra Nevada, in Clover Valley, &c., on the borders of California and N. W. Nevada, Lemmon. ■ -k- -i- Acaulescent-depressed, on cespitose rootstocTcs : leaflets few. 46. A. calycosus, Torr. Silvery-canescent with close-pressed silky pubescence, barely 2 or 3 inches high in matted tufts : leaflets 5 to 11, or in some leaves only 3 and seemingly digitate, from oblong to ovate or obovate (1 to 4 lines long), thick- ish : scape-like peduncles somewhat exceeding the leaves, 2 - 6-flowered : calyx- teeth lanceolate or subulate, shorter than the oblong-campanulate tube : corolla half an inch long, yellowish-white, with purple tip to the rounded keel : pod oval-oblong, very obtuse, puberulent, 3 or 4 lines long, turgid, chartaceous, slightly sulcate dorsally, 2-celled, about 10-seeded, barely twice the length of the calyx. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 66. Eastm-n ranges of the Sierra Nevada, at 8,000 to 11,000 feet, near the borders of California {Torreij), and in the Clover and Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson. % % % Pod sessile in and shorter than the calyx, turgid : flowers cajntate. 47. A. Austinee, Gray. A span high, in dense tufts, silvery silky-pubescent : stipules scarious and mostly united into one ovate body opposite the leaf : leaflets 9 to 1 7, oblong or oval-lanceolate, acute or mucronate, 4 or 5 lines long : peduncle (an inch or two long) mostly longer than the leaf, bearing 10 or 12 sessUe flowers in a close head : bracts nearly filiform, persistent, nearly equalling the calyx, both white-villous ; the filiform teeth of the latter rather longer than the campanulate tube, and nearly equalling the (pale or whitish) corolla, of which the standard and wings are externally villous-pubescent : pod turgid-oval, chartaceous, hoary-pubes- cent, imperfectly 2-celled, few-seeded, only 2 lines long, not equalling the calyx- teeth and the marcescent corolla, the transverse section almost circular. Summit of Mount Stanford (Castle Peak), Nevada Co., at 9,000 feet, Lemmon.^ In foliage somewliat resembling ^. Andcrsonii, but more dwarf and condensed, and with capitate flowers (only 3 or 4 lines long) ; most of all related to A. Spaldingii of Idaho and Oregon : dedicated to Mrs. K. M. Austin of Butterfly Valley, who has much hel{)ed on our knowledge of the botany of this portion of the Sierra Nevada, and made interesting observations upon the Pitcher-Plant of the region. III. Perennial : persistent leaflets and stipules spiny-tipped. (Kentrophyta, ISTutt.) 48. A. Kentrophyta, Gray. Hoary with very minute silky pubescence, cespi- tose, rigid : stems much branched, mostly prostrate, somewhat woody at base : lower stipules membranaceous or scarious, the upper rigid and pungent : leaves crowded on the branchlets : leaflets 5 to 7, acerose-siibulate, divaricate : peduncles very short, 1 - 3-flowered : calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous : corolla whitish or tinged with violet, 2 lines long : jjod ovate, acuminate, turgid-lenticular, 1 -celled, 3 - 4-ovuled, 1 - 2-seeded, about 3 lines long. Vicia. LEGUMlNOSyE. jfj^ Var. elatus, Watson (Bot. King Exp. 77) ; a form with erect and less-brduched stems, 6 to 18 inches higli. Mount Dana, near the summit, at 13,000 feet. Brewer. Also in W. Nevada, with the taller variety {JVaisou), S. Utah {Farrij), and through the dry interior to Idaho, Wyoming, and New Mexico. 14. OLNEYA, Gray. Calyx campanulate ; the teeth nearly equal, tlte two upper ones united. Petals free, equal : standard orbicular, deeply emarginate, reflexed ; wings oblong ; keel broad, obtuse, incurved. Stamens 10, diadelphous : anthers uniform. Ovary several- ovuled : style incurved, bearded above. Pod thick, with coriaceous valves, 1-2- seeded, broadly linear. Seeds ovate. — A small tree, often armed with spines below the leaves ; leaves equally or unequally pinnate ; leaflets thick, entire ; stipules none ; flowers white or purplish in short axillary racemes. 1. O. Tesota, Gray. Fifteen to twenty feet high or more, canesceut with minute hairs : spines short and stout, in pairs near the base of the peti^^les : leaflets 5 to 7 pairs, cuneate-oblong, 2 to 8 lines long, obtuse : flowers 3 or 4 in a loose racemose cluster, 4 lines long : calyx half as long : pod linear-oblong, an inch or two long, 4 or 5 lines broad, rough with short glandular hairs. — PI. Thurb. 313 & 328 ; Torrey, Pacif. E. Eep. vii. 10, t. 5. In dry valleys near the Colorado River and eastward in Arizona. The Arbol cle hieiTO or Iron- wood of that region. 15. VICIA, Tourn. Vetch. Tare. Calyx 5-cleft or toothed, usually unequal. Wings adherent to the middle of the short keel. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so ; the mouth of the sheath oblique ; anthers uniform. Ovary 2 - many-ovuled : style filiform, inflexed, the apex sur- rounded by hairs or hairy upon the back. Pod flat, 2-valved, sliortly stipitate (in Californian species). Seeds globular ; the stalk expanded above to cover the linear hilum. — Herbs, with angular stems, more or less climbing by branched tendrils terminating the pinnate leaves ; leaflets entire or toothed at the apex ; stipules semisagittate ; flowers solitary or in loose peduncled axillary racemes. A genus of 100 species or more, in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and in South America. There are ten species indigenous in the United States and a few others ilexicau. * Perennials : flowers in pedunculate racemes. 1. v. gigantea, Hook, Stout and tall, climbing several feet high, somewhat pubescent : leaflets 10 to 15 pairs, oblong, obtuse, mucronate, an inch or two long; stipules large : peduncles 5 - 18-flowered : calyx short, somewhat villous ; lower teeth about equalling the tube : corolla 6 or 7 lines long, pale jiurple : pod liroadly oblong, 1| inches long or more, glabrous, 3-4-seeded. — Fl. i. 157 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 270! V. Sitchensis, Bongard, Veg. Sitcha, 129. V. Ilookeriana, AValpers, Eep. i. 715. In woods and moist places from about San Francisco Bay northward to Oregon and Sitka. The seeds are as large as peas and eatable when young : the plant turns blackish ou drying. 2. V. Americana, INfuhl. Usually rather stout, 1 to 4 feet high, glabrous : leaflets 4 to 8 pairs, very variable, linear to ovate-oblong, truncate to acute (more usually oblong and obtuse, mucronulate), ^ to 2 inches long : peduncles 4-8- flowered : flowers purplish, 6 to 9 lines long : calyx slightly pubescent ; teeth broadly subulate, the lower narrower and not half as long as the petals : style very villous at the top : pods oblong, glabrous, an inch long or more, 3 - G-seeded : seeds 258 LEGUMINOS^. Vicia. dark purple, U lines in diameter. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 2G9. V. Oregana & V. sparsifolia, Xutt. in 1'orr. & Gray, 1. c. 270. Yar. truncata, ]3re\ver. Usually somewhat pubescent : leaflets truncate and often 3 - 5-t(iutlied at the apex. — V. truncata, Nutt. 1. c. Var. linearis, AVatson. Leaves all linear. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 134. Lathy- rus linearis &, L. dissiti/olius, Nutt. 1. c. The typical form, which ranges from Washington Territory and Oregon to New Mexico and across the continent, is rarely found in California. The variety truncata is frequent from San Benito County northward to Washington Territory, and in the Sierra Nevada. The variety linea- ris is also common throughout California and eastward through the interior to the Rocky Moun- tains. It is scarcely more than a western form of the species, as both broad and linear leaves are often found upon the same plant. The species is popularly known as Feavinc. V. PULCHELLA, HBK. Slender, 2 or 3 feet high, somewhat villous-pubescent : leaflets about 6 pairs, linear, obtuse or acute, mucronate, 6 to 9 lines long : flowers small, 3 lines long, in a narrow raceme, reflexed, white or purjdish : calyx membranaceous, short ; teeth very short, the lower narrower and twice longer : pod linear-oblong, an inch long, 6 - 8-seeded. — Bill Williams Mountain, W. Arizona (Anderson), to Texas and Mexico ; may be found in S. E. California. . -/c * Slender annuals : floivers mosfli/ solitar//. 3. V. exigua, Nutt. A span to two feet high, more or less pubescent : leaflets about 4 i)airs, linear, acute, a half to an inch long : peduncles usually short, rarely 2-flowered : flowers 3 lines long, purplish : calyx-teeth lanceolate, nearly ecpialling the tube : pod smooth, linear-oblong, about 6-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 272. From the Lower Sacramento to San Diego ; Catalina Island {NidtalT) ; Guadalupe Island {Palmer) ; and eastward to Southern Colorado and New Mexico. The similar V. micrantha, Nutt., of Texas and eastward, has usually two pairs of leaflets, and the pod is sessile. 4. V. sativa, Linn. Eather stout, somewhat pubescent : leaflets 5 or 6 pairs, obovate-olilong to linear, retuse, long-mucronate : flowers nearly sessile, an inch long, violet-purple : pod linear, several-seeded. The Common Vetch or Tare, in cultivated fields and waste places {Coulter, Wallace) ; origi- nally from Europe. 16. LATHYRUS, Linn, Style dorsally flattened toward the top, and usually twisted, hairy along the inner side : sheath of filaments scarcely oblique at the mouth : otherwise nearly as in Vicia. Peduncles in our species usually equalling or exceeding the leaves and several-flowered, in a single species short and 1-flowered. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 133. A hundred species or more, ranging as in the last genus. The 12 or 15 North American spe- cies are perennials, with a single eastern exception. * Ehachis of the leaves tendril-hearing : pod sessile : racemes several-flowered. -f- /Stiptdes large and broad, ovate or someivJiat semi-hastate with broad lobes : glabrous. 1. L. maritimus, Bigelow. Stcnit, a foot high or more : stipules broadly ovate and halbert-shaped, acute (not acuminate), the lower lobe larger and usually coarsely toothed, nearly or quite an inch long ; leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, thick, ovate- oblong, 1 or 2 inches long, obtuse or acutish, nearly sessile : peduncles a little shorter than the leaves, 6 - 10-flowered : flowers purple, 9 lines long: calyx-teeth sparingly ciliate, subulate, the upper tooth half as long as the lower : pod about 10- ovuled, 3 - 6-seeded, H inches long or more. — L. Calif ornicus, Dougl. ; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1144. A frequent form near the sea in Washington Territory, referred to this eastern and European species, may extend down the coast into Northern California. 2. L. polyphyllus, Nutt. Less stout, 2 feet high or more : stipules smaller, scarcely longer than broad, triangular, acute or somewhat acuminate ; leaflets 6 to Lathyrus. LEGUMINOS.'E. -. eg 10 pairs, thin, oblong, obtuse or acutish, distinctly pctiululate : othcTwise very simi- lar to the last. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 274. Ill open woods near tlie coast, Humboldt Co. {Bolandcr), and northward to the Columl.ia • rarely collected. ' 3. L. sulphureus, Brewer, leather stout, a foot or two hi^^h or more : stipules semisagittate, acuunnate, 6 to 12 lines long, the lower lobe obtuse or acute, some- times topthed ; leaflets 3 to 5 jiairs, oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, acute, 9 to 18 lines long: peduncles nearly equalling the leaves, few - many-flowered : flowers smaller, about 6 lines long, sulphur-yellow : calyx-teeth glabrous, the upper much shorter than the lower. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 399. L. ochroleucus (t) Torr in Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 77. ^'^' In the Sierra Nevada to an altitude of 7,000 feet, from the Yosenute to Plumas Co. -i- -i- Stipules narroiver and semisagittate ; the lobes most frequentlt/ lanceolate, acuminate. •^4- Leaflets i to Q jmirs : x>eduncles rather many-flowered. 4. L. venosus, Muhl. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high or more, climbing, usually some- what fluely pubescent : stems not winged : stipules mostly narrow and slu)rt, 4 to 9 lines long ; leaflets oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse, often pubescent beneath, \)f to 2.V inches long : flowers purple, G to 8 lines long : calyx densely pubescent or"'nearly glabrous, the rather short teeth at least ciliate : pod glabrous, about 2 inches lon<' — L. decaphi/IIus, ITook. Bot. Mag. t. 3123. Var. Californicus, Watson, 1. c. Very stout ; stems often strongly winged : stip- ides broader; leaflets acute and narrower: flowers larger. — L. venosus Benth PI Hartw. 307. The L. venosus of the Eastern States ranges northwestward to the Saskatchawan and thence across the continent to Washington Territory, perhaps extending down tlie coast into Nortlieni California, varying considerahly in the amount of pubescence, but not greatly otiierwise. Tlie variety is found from Sonoma County to Monterey, in valleys and on stream-banks, and in tlie foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. It may prove to be distinct, but specimens collected by Bolander near Oakland appear intermediate. The mature fruit has not been compared. 5. L. vestitus, Nutt. Slender, a foot high or more, often tall (6 to 10 feet high), more or less soft-pubescent, rarely nearly glabrous : stems not \Wnged : stipules narrow, often small ; leaflets ovate-oblong to linear, a half to an inch long, acute : flowers pale rose-color or violet, usually large (7 to 10 lines long) : lower calyx- teeth about equalling the tube : ovary appressed-pubescent. — Torr. k Gray, Fl. i. 276.^ L. strictus, Nutt. 1. c. L. venosus, y&v. grandiflorus, Torrey, Pacif. it. Pep. iv. 77. L. 7uaritim7is, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. 49. The common species of the southern part of the State, from Sonoma County to San Die^o, on dry hills in the Coast Eanges : very variable. " +-!- 4-i- Leaflets 2 to i pairs : peduncles 2 - ^flowered. 6. L. paluster, Linn. Slender, a foot or two high or more, glabrous or some- what pubescent : stem often winged : stipules mostly narrow, often small ; leaflets narrowly oblong to linear, acute, an inch or two long: flowers purplish, half an inch long : lower calyx-teeth about equalling the tube : pod smooth, 2 inches long or less. — L. Lanszweriil, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 150, fig. 44. Var. myrtifolius, Gray. Stipules usually liroader and larger ; leaflets ovate to oblong, an inch long or less. — L. myrtifolitis, INIuhl. Z. puhescens, Xutt. L. deca- phyllus, var. minor. Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 138. L. venosus, var. 8., Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 274. A very variable and widely diffused sjiecies, found thronglioiit the northern- portions of both America and the Old World : it is frequent in Washington Territory and Oregon, and is fmiiul more rarely southward on hillsides and in the mountains nearly the whole length of the St^ite. A low form occurs with the tendrils often undeveloped. 160 LEGUMINOS^. Lathyrm. -vc *" Rhachis of the leaves not tendril-hearing or rarely so : pod shortly stijntate. -f- Peduncles long, 2 - 6 -flowered. 7. L. littoralis, EncUicher. Densely silky- villous throughout : steins numerous from creeping rootstocks, stout, decumbent or ascending, | to 2 feet long : stipules ovate-oblong, acute, entire, half an inch long ; leaflets 1 to 3 pairs, with a small linear or oblong terminal one, cuneate-oblong, 4 to 6 lines long : calyx-teeth nearly equal, as long as the tube : standard bright purple, 6 to 8 lines long, exceeding the paler wings and keel : style flattened most of its length : pod oblong, villous, an inch long, 3-5-seeded: seed nearly 3 lines broad. — Gen. PI. 1279. Astrophia littoralis, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 278. Orohus littoralis, Gray, Pacif. E. Eep. xii. 58, t. 6 ; Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exp. 268. On the coast near Saii Francisco (Andreivs) : more frequent from the moiitli of the Columbia Eiver northward. This and the following species are the American representatives of the Linnean genus Orobus, chiefly of the Old World, now generally made a section of Lathyrus. 8. L. Nevadensis, Watson, 1. c. Slender and usually low, finely pubescent or nearly glabrous : sti[>u]es narrowly acuminate ; leaflets 2 to 4 j^airs, thin, ovate to ovate-oblong, an inch or two long, obtuse or acute : flowers large, 7 to 12 lines long, ochroleucous (1) : calyx-teeth shorter than the tube : fruit unknown, perhaps sessile. — - L. vennsus, var. ohovatus, Torrey, Pacif. li. Pep. iv. 7 7. In the Sierra Nevada ; Duffield's Kanch and Big Trees, Calaveras County, Bigelow, Brewer, Goodale, Mann. Apparently the same plant, though with rather narrower and acuter leaflets, has been found by Nevius in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and by Gcyer in Northern Idaho. L. POLYMORPHUS, Nutt. Eather stout, usually low, somewhat finely pubescent or glabrous, glaucous : stipules narrowly acuminate ; leaflets 3 to 6 pairs, narrowly oblong, acute, thick and strongly nerved, an inch or two long : flowers very large, jiurple : pod two inches long, 3 or 4 lines wide : seeds with a remarkably narrow stalk and short hilum. — This species ranges from New Mexico and Colorado to Central Arizona, and perhaps to the borders of California. L. ornatiifi, Nutt., of Colorado and Utah, has narrower and shorter leaves, broader pods, and broader seed-stalk. -i- -K Peduncles very short, l-floivered. 9. L. Torreyi, Gray. Sparingly villous throughout, erect, very slender, a foot or two liigh : stipules narrow, acuminate, the lower lobe short ; leaflets thin, 4 to G pairs, with or usually without a similar one terminating the slender rhachis, ovate to oblong, acute, about half an inch long : flowers purplish, 4 to G lines long : calyx- teeth narrowly subulate, nearly equal and exceeding the tube, or the upper some- what shorter and broader : pod linear-oblong, pubescent, an inch long, 3 - 5-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 337; Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exp. 2G7. L. (i) villosus, Torr. in Pacif R. Rep. xii. 58. In thickets near the coast, Shelter Cove, Humboldt Co. (Bolandcr) ; Washington Territory, Pickcrinij, Cooper, Rail. YI. CERCIS, Linn. Eed-bud. Judas-tree. Calyx campanulate, very broadly and shortly 5-toothed. Petals 5 ; the standard smaller and enclosed by the wings. Stamens 10, free; anthers versatile, longitudi- nally dehiscent. Pod shortly stipitate, oblong, flat, and thin, many-seeded, 2-valved ; the ventral suture narrowly winged. Seeds compressed, obovate, transverse, albu- minous. — Small trees; leaves simple, cordate to reniform, entire, palmately- veined ; stipules caducous ; flowers on slender pedicels in axillary fascicles, appearing before the leaves, red or purplish. A genns of 4 species, one belonging to Europe, one to temperate Asia, one in the Atlantic States, and a fourth in California and eastward. 1. C. OCCidentalis, Torr. A small tree or shrub, glabrous: leaves round-cor- date, very obtuse and not at all produced above, occasionally emarginate, about 2 Parldnsonia, LEGUMIXOS.E. ^^^^ inches in diameter : petals 4 lines long, rose-colored : pod about 2 inclies Ion", 8 lines broad, acute at each end, on pedicels about half an inch long. — (jray PI. Lindh. 177; Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exp. 283, t. 3. C. SUiquastrum, var., l>cnth.' PI. Hartw. 307. C. CaUfuruica, Torr. in Benth. 1. c. 3G1. From Mt. Shasta and Mendocino Co. southward to San Diego Co. ; Cuiamaca Mountains Palmer. Also in Northern Mexico {Grcrjrj) and Texas. The common species of the Atlantic States, C. occidentnlis, differs in its larger j^ointed leaves and narrower and longer pods. The Texan form of the present species (G. reni/ormis, Engelm. MSS.) differs in having its leaves some- what produced above, though still obtuse, and somewhat pubescent beneath at least when young ; the pedicels also are often shorter. The plate in Bot. Wilkes Exp. is faulty in represeutiu" t7ie western form as with shortly acute leaves. 18. CASSIA, Linn. Senna. Calyx-tube very short ; the divisions 5, imbricated. Petals 5, spreading, neai-ly equal or the lower one larger; the upper one within. Stamens 5 to 10 (in ours 1); anthers erect, attached by the base, opening by two pores or chinks at the apex. Pod usually curved, many-seeded, often with cross-partitions between the seeds, indehiscent or 2-valved, terete or flattened, thick-coriaceous to membranaceous. Seeds albuminous, transverse or sometimes longitudinal. — Herbs (foreign species often shrubs or trees); leaves abruptly pinnate; flowers mostly yellow, usually in terminal or axillary racemes or clusters. A genus of over 300 species, abounding in the tropical and warmer regions of America, and freixuent in Africa and tropical Asia. The 18 or 20 species found in the United States belong mostly to the Southern States and especially near the borders of Mexico. 1. C. armata, Watson. Herbaceous, 3 feet high, minutely puberulcnt, liglit green : leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, thick, rounded ovate, the margin revolute, acutish, 1 or 2 lines in diameter, distant upon an elongated rigid flattened spinulose rhachis (2 inches long) ; stipules and glands wanting : flowers in a short terminal raceme, yellow: pedicels slender, with rigid aculeate-tipped bracts: jietals 2 or 3 lines long : ovary slightly pubescent ; the numerous ovules obliquely transverse : young pod stipitate, glabrate, linear, acuminate, compressed, the sutures thick and nerve-like. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 136. Mountains between Fort Mohave and Cajon Pass {Cooper) ; also in "Western Arizona, Lieut. Wheeler. A remarkable species. 2. C. Covesii, Gray. White-tomentose and silky-villous, a foot or two high, branching from the base : leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, obovate-oblong, an inch long or less, obtuse, mucronate ; stipules filiform, lax, caducous, 1 to 3 lines long ; a gland to each pair of leaflets, similar to the stipules, a line long : racemes axillary, peduncu- late, exceeding the leaves, few-flowered : sepals narrow, equal : petals yellow, veined, 4 to 6 lines long : pod pubescent, linear-oblong, acute at each end, sessile, nearly straight, somewhat compressed, 2-valved, many-seeded, an inch long, exceeding the pedicel: seeds transverse. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 399; Watson in Wheeler's Cat. 8. Big Canon of the Tantillas Mts., below San Diego {Palmer) ; W. Arizona, Palmer, JFluxkr. 19. PARKINSONIA, Linn. Calyx 5-parted, produced at base and jointed upon the pedicel ; divisions valvate or narrowly imbricate. Petals 5, with claws ; the upper one within and broader than the rest, somewhat cordate, the claw pubescent and nectariferous on the inner side. Stamens 10, free ; filaments pilose at base, the upper one gibbous on the outside ; anthers versatile, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary several-ovuled, sliortly stipitate : style filiform, acute. Pod compressed, 2-valved, linear to linear-oblong, 162 LEGUMINOS^. Parkinsonia. obliquely or longitudinally veined, thin-coriaceous, usually more or less torulose and compressed between the seeds. Seeds compressed, broadly oblong, longitudinal, albuminous ; hilum minute. — Trees or shrubs, often armed with short spines : leaves bipinnate with 1 or 2 pairs of j^innce ; the common petiole short, often obso- lete or spinescent ; stipules minute or none ; flowers yellow or whitish, on slender pedicels in short loose axillary or terminal racemes. — Ceixidium, Tulasne. A genus of 8 species, one of S. Africa, tliree of S. America (including P. aculcata wliicli is widely distributed through tropical America), the remainder belonging to the region between Texas and S. California. * Leaflets visually very numerous, upon a much-elongated flattened rhachis : divis- ions of the calyx narrowly imbricate in the hud. 1 . P. aculeata, Linn. A small tree, glabrous throughout, the slender branches often pendulous : spiny petioles a half to an inch long or less, bearing 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae near the base, or wantmg ; leaflets very small, oblong, scattered upon a broad rhachis J to 1 1 feet long ; stipules small, spinescent : racemes axillary 3 to 6 inches long : pedicels jointed a little below the flower : stamens shorter than the yellow petals: pod 2 to 10 inches long, 1 -5-seeded, attenuate at each end and contracted between the distant seeds. — IJenth. in Mart. Fl. Bras. xv^. 78, t. 26. Hills of the Colorado near Fort Yuma, and through Mexico to Texas. Probably of American origin, but now naturalized or cultivated in most of the tropical and warmer regions of the globe. v= -.': Pi una' short and leaflets few; rhachis terete: calyx valvate in the hud. 2. P. microphylla, Torr. A much-branched shrub, 5 to 10 feet high, with smooth light-green bark, the straight rigid branchlets spinose at the ends ; younger branches and inflorescence somcAvhat puberulent : common petioles very short or none, not spinescent or rarely so ; leaflets 4 to 6 pairs in each pinna, broadly oblong or nearly orbicular, obtuse or acutish, not narrower at the oblique base, two lines long or less, glaucous : racemes short (an inch long or less), axillary and sessile ; pedicels evidently jointed a little below the flower : petals deep straw-color, the iiplier one white, 3 or 4 lines long : anthers orange, exserted : ovary appressed- silky : pod attenuate at each end, 1 - 3-seeded, contracted between the seeds, 2 or 3 inches long. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 59 ; Benth. 1. c. On the Colorado near Fort Yuma, on Bill Williams Paver, and eastward through S. Arizona ; flowering in May. 3. P. Tonreyana, Watson. A small tree, 20 or 30 feet high, with light green and smooth bark ; younger branches and leaves sparingly pubescent : leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, oblong, obtuse, narrower toward the scarcely oblique base, 2 or 3 lines long, glaucous : flowers on longer pedicels in racemes terminating the branches : pedicels jointed near the middle, the joint not evident nntil in fruit : petals 4 lines long, apparently bright yellow ; gland upon the upper petal very prominent : ovary gla- brous : pod 2 or 3 inches long, with a double groove along the broad ventral suture, acute, 2 - 8-seeded, scarcely or decidedly contracted between the very thick seeds. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 135. Cercidium floridum, Torrey, Pacif. E. Eep. v. 3 GO, t. 3 ; not of Benth. A frequent tree in the Valley of the Colorado and eastward ; the Palo Verde of the Mexicans, — usually bare of foliage, the leaves being soon deciduous. The species has been mistaken for the P. florida (Cercidium floridum., Benth.) of the Rio Grande Valley, which has axillary racemes, pods with a narrow acute margin on the ventral side, thinner seeds, and somewhat larger leaflets. 20. PROSOPIS, Linn. Mesquit. Screw-bean. Flowers regular. Calyx campanulate ; the teeth very short, valvate. Petals 5, valvate, united below the middle or at length free, woolly on the inner side (in our Acacia. LEGUMINOS.E. -iqo species). Stamens 10, free, exscrted; anthers tipped with a deciduous glund. Ovary villous (in American species) : stylo filiform. Pod hnear, compressed or nearly terete, straight, falcate, or twisted, coriaceous and indehiscent, usually becom- ing thick and spongy within, and with thick partitions between the seeds. Seeds numerous, ovate, compressed. — Trees or shrubs, often armed with axillary spines or spinescent stipules ; leaves bipinnate, with 1 or 2 pairs of pinnce, and usually numerous small entire leaflets; flowers small, greenish, in cylindrical or globose axillary pedunculate spikes. Species about 18, of which 5 belong to Africa and tropical Asia, the remainder to Jlcxico and South America, the following extending into the United States. * Pod elongated, straight or falcate, compressed or at length thickened and fleshy : seeds each in a distinct cartilaginous envelope: spines axillary: spikes cylindrical. — Algarobia, Benth. 1. P. juliflora, DC. A shrub or tree (sometimes 30 to 40 feet high), g]al)rous or puberulent, with stout axillary spines or often unarmed : leaflets <) to 30 i)airs, short-oblong to linear, 3 to 18 lines long, obtuse or acute : spikes shortly peduncled' 2 to 4 inches long, usually dense, 1 - S-fruited : flowers nearly sessile, a line long : pod 4 to 6 inches long or more, straight or curved, at first flat and constricted between the seeds, 3 to 6 lines broad, at length sweet and pulpy within, acuminate, longitudinally veined ; stipe 3 to 6 lines long. — Prodr. ii. 447 ; Benth. in Trans, Linn. Soc. xxx. 377. P. glandulosa, Torrey, Ann. IST. Y. Lye. ii. 192, t. 2. Alga- robia glandidosa, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 399 ; Gray, PI. Wright, i. GO. Prosopis odorata, Torr. in Frem. Eep. 313, t. 1, excL fruit. This is the Algaroba of the Mexicans, or Honey Mes(j[uit, found as a small shrub iu Southea.st- ern California from San Felipe Canon to Fort Mohave, and eastward to Texas. The species in various forms extends southward through JVIexico, and along the Andes to Chili, and to Buenos Ayres. The abundant fruit is eaten by the Indians and often by whites, and is a valualilc food for horses. The shrub also furnishes a valuable gum, resembling Chim Araljic, which in Texas and Mexico is collected in considerable quantity for export. * % Pod thick, spircdly twisted in numerous turns: stipides spinescent: spikes glo- bose to cylindrical. — Strombocarpa, Benth. 2. P. pubescens, Benth. A shrub or small tree 15 to 30 feet high, resem- bling the last, canc8cently puberulent or glabrate : leaflets 5 to 8 pairs, oblong, 3 to 4 lines long, acutish : spikes lax, IJ to 2 inches long, on peduncles about equalling the leaves, several-fruited: flowers sessile, 1-|- lines long: ovary very villous : pod twisted into a narrow straight cylinder 1 or 2 inches long, pulpy Avithin, nearly sessile. — Lond. Jour. Bot. v. 82, & I c. 380. Strombocarjms imbesceus, (ir.iy; Torrey, Pacif. R. Eep. v. 360, t. 4. Prosopis Pmoryi, Torrey, Emory Pep. 139. The Tornilla of the Mexicans, and Screw-bean or Screw-pod Mesiiuit of the Americans. In San Diego Co.at Vallecito {Thurber), Mountain Springs {Palmer), Foit Mohave (Cooper), and cast to New Mexico. The pods are ground into meal and used for food l)y the Indians. P. cim-rd-frois, Gray, a species of the Rio Grande Valley with similar fruit, has much smaller leaves and loallots, the common petiole nearly obsolete, the slender spines usually exceeding the leaves, and the flowers in long-peduncled globose lieads. 21. ACACIA. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx 4 -5-toothed. Petals more or less united below. Stamens numerous, exserted, free or united at base ; anthers small. Stylo filiform. Pod 2-valved or indehiscent, many-seeded, compressed and membrana- ceous or more or less thickened and rounded. S(>eds compressed : alliumcn none. — Shrubs or trees, often spinose or prickly ; leaves bipinnate, with small leaflets ; 264 ROSACEA. Acacia. stipules spinescent or inconspicuous ; flowers small, in globose heads or cylindrical spikes, on axillary peduncles, yellowish. A genus of over 400 species, belonging to the warmer regions of the globe, especially abundant in Australia and Africa. About a dozen are native on the southern borders of the United States, and numerous Australian species are frequent in cultivation. 1. A. Greggii, Gray. A srualltree 10 to 20 feet high, pubescent with spreading hairs or glabrous, unarmed or with scattered short stout hooked prickles : leaves short, of 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae an inch long : leaflets 4 or 5 pairs, oblong or oblong- obovate, inequilateral, rounded or truncate at the summit, narrower below, 2 or 3 lines long, rather thick and with 2 or 3 straight nerves : flowers in cylindrical spikes an inch or two long, the peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves : pods com- pressed, curved, 3 or 4 inches long, 5 to 7 lines broad, attenuate at base to a short stipe and acute above, more or less constricted between the seeds ; the thin-coria- ceous valves reticulated : seeds h inch long, elliptical. — • PI. Wright, i. 65. San Diego {Cleveland) ; San Felipe Canon (Palmer) ; Fort Mohave (Cooper) ; and eastward to Texas. The species closely resembles A. Wrightii, Benth., of the Eio Grande region, which has a broader and obtuser pod, and usually rather larger leaflets. A. Farnesiana, Willd. A small spreading tree, with straight slender stipular spines, pubes- cent or glabrous : pinnaj 4 or 5 pairs ; leaflets 10 to 25 pairs, linear, a line or two long, crowded : heads globose : pod oblong, cylindrical, at length turgid and pulpy, 2 or .3 inches long and 6 to 9 lines thick, longitudinally veined. — Widely spread over the subtropical and tropical regions of the New and Old'World, and often cultivated for the perfume of its flowers ; native land un- known. About the Missions in the southern part of the State. Order XXXII. ROSACEA. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate leaves, usually evident stipules, perigynous mostly numerous stamens, distinct free pistils from one to many, or in one suborder few and coherent with each other and with the calyx-tube into a 2 - several-celled inferior ovary, and anatropous few or solitary seeds destitute of albumen or nearly so : these are the characters of this great order. But the stipules are sometimes evident only upon vigorous shoots, and rarely fail altogether, the stamens are some- times even fewer than the petals or lobes of tlie calyx, and in a few cases the albu- men of the seed is somewhat copious. — The Californian representatives belong to three gxeat groups, best exhibited as suborders. Suborder I. AMYGDALE.E. Carpels solitary, or rarely 5, becoming drupes, entirely free from the calyx, this or its lobes deciduous. Ovules 2, pendulous, but seed almost always solitary. Style terminal. — Trees or shrubs, with bark exuding gum, and mostly as well as the seeds yielding the flavor of prussic acid. Stipules free, deciduous. 1. Prunus. Flowers perfect. Carpel solitary. 2. Nuttallia. Flowers polygamo-dicecious. Carpels and thin-fleshed drupes 5. Suborder II. EOSACE/E proper. Carpels free from the persistent calyx (the limb of the latter rarely deciduous), becoming akenes, or in the first tribe follicles, or only in Ruhus (where they are very numerous) drupe-like in fruit. Stipules commonly adnate to the petiole. Calyx dry and open, or sometimes strictly enclosing the fruit (one or two akenes), or in Rosa fleshy and pome-Hke enclosing numerous akenes. ROSACEiE. 2Qrj Tribe I. SPIR.EACEiE Carpels few, rarely solitary, becoming 2 - several-seeded follicles (dehiscent pods). Calyx open. 3. Spiraea. Follicles 2 to 8. Seeds pendulous, linear ; the coat membranaceous : allmnieu _ none. Shrubs or herbs, with simpk^ or compound leaves, and compound inflorescen<-e. 4. Neillia. Follicles 1 to 5. Seeds erect and pendulous ; the coat crustaceous, shiniu" : albu- men present. Shrubs, with simple leaves : corymbs simple. ° Tribe II. EUBE^. Carpels several or numerous on a spongy receptacle, becoming drupe- lets in fruit. Calyx open, without bractlets. Stamens numerous. Ovules 2 and iwu- dulous, but seed solitary. 5. Rubus. Carpels indefinitely numerous, berry-like in fruit. Ferennial herbs, or soft-woody shrubs with biennial stems. Tribe III. DRYADE^. Caqiels numerous, several, or solitary, 1-ovuled, becoming dry akenes. Calyx not enclosing or at least not constricted over the fruit. Seed erect or ascending. * Shrubs : carpels mostly solitary : style not elongated in fruit : stigma decurrent : calyx imbri- cated, without bractlets : radicle inferior (except in Culeogync). 6. Chamaebatia. Flowers corjanbose. Petals 5. Leaves thrice pinnate, with minute leaflets. 7. Purshia. Flowers solitary. Petals 5. Leaves 3-cleft. 8. Coleogyne. Flowers solitary. Calyx 4-parted, colored. Petals none. Leaves opposite, small, narrow, entire. * * Trees or shrubs : carpels solitaiy or numerous : styles elongated and plumose in fruit : calyx imbricated, without bractlets (except in Fallugia) : seed erect. 9. Cercocarpus. Flowers solitary, axillary, small. Petals none. Carpels solitary, rarely 2. Calyx-tube long-cylindrical ; the limb deciduous. Leaves simple, entire or toothed. 10. Cowania. Flowers solitaiy, short-peduncled, terminal, showy. Petals 5. Carpels 5 to 12. (Jalyx short and turbinate. Leaves cuueate, lobed. 11. Fallugia. Flowers somewhat panicled, on long peduncles, showy. Petals 5. Carpels nu- merous. Calyx turbinate. Leaves with linear lobes. * * * Herbs : carpels few to many : calyx concave or campanulate, valvate in the bud, bracteolate. -i- Seed erect from the base of the cell : radicle inferior : style strictly terminal, persistent. 12. Geum. Carpels very numerous on a dry receptacle : the elongated style in fruit mostly geniculate or plumose. -i- +- Seed suspended or ascending : radicle superior : style small, naked, not geniculate. 13. Fragaria. Carpels very numerous, in fruit on a large fleshy scarlet receptacle. Styles lateral. Leaves 3-foliolate. 14. Potentilla. Petals yellow, rarely white, sessile. Stamens usually 20 or more ; filaments narrow or filiform. Carpels mostly numerous, on a dry receptacle. Leaves pinnate or digitate ; leaflets toothed or cleft, not confluent. 15. Sibbaldia. Petals yellow, sessile, minute and narrow. Stamens 5 ; filaments very short, filiform. Carpels 5 to 10, on a dry receptacle. Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets 3-toothed. 16. Horkelia. Petals white or pink, with claws, or spatulate. Stamens 10, rarely 20 ; fila- ments usually dilated or subulate. Carpels usually many, on a dry nearly naked recep- tacle. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets many, toothed, cleft, or parted, the upper confluent. 17. Ivesia. Petals white or yellow, with claws, or spatulate. Stamens 5 to 20 ; filaments lili- form. Carpels 1 to 15, on a dry villous receptacle. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets cleft or parted, often small and very numerous and closely imbricated. Tribe IV. POTERIE^E. Carpels 1 to 3, in fruit akenes, completely enclosed in the dry and firm calyx-tube, the throat of which is constricted or sometimes nearly closed. Seed suspended. * Heath -like shrubs, with simple entire fascicled leaves : ovules 1 or 2. (Anomalous genus.) 18. Adenostoma. Calyx 10-nerved, at length cylindraceous. Petals 5. Stamens 8 to 15. * * Herbs (as to ours), with compound or lobed leaves : ovule solitary. 19. Alchemilla. Calyx naked, urceolate, minutely bracteolate. Petals none. Stamens 1 to 4. Flowers minute, clustered. 20. Agrimonia. Calyx turbinate, suiTounded by a margin of hooked prickles. Petals yellow. Stamens 5 to 12. Tall perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and long racemes. 166 ROSACEA. Frunus. 21. Acaena. Calyx-lobes valvate, deciduous ; the tube oblong, becoming armed with barbed prickles. Petals none. Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves, and densely spicate-clus- tered flowers. t> . i 22. Poterium. Calyx-lobes imbricate, deciduous, petaloid ; the tube 4-angled, naked. 1 etals none. Herbs with pinnate leaves, and densely capitate or spicate flowers. Tribe V. EOSEjE. Carpels many, in fruit bony akenes, enclosed and concealed in tlie globose or urn-shaped fleshy calyx-tube, which resembles a pome. Petals conspicuous, ytamens numerous. 23. Rosa. The only genus. Erect shrubs, with pinnate leaves. Suborder III. POMExE. Carpels 2 to 5, enclosed in and mostly adnate to the fleshy calyx-tuhe, in fruit becoming a 2 - several-celled pome. Ovules erect or ascending, a pair in each carpel (more numerous in cultivated apples), ascending. Styles often united below. — Trees or shrubs, with stipules free from the petiole or nearly so. * Evergi-een : carpels partly free and separating. 24. Heteromeles. Carpels only 2, tomentose above, lightly united and in flower nearly supe- rior, becomuig thin and papery, and closely included in the berry-like calyx. * * Deciduous-leaved : carpels 2 to 5, united and coalescent with the fleshy or berry-like calyx. 25. Crateegus. Ovary 2 - 5-celled ; the fruit drapaceous, of 2 to 5 bony 1 -seeded stones, either separal lie or united into one. Branches usually thorny. 26. Pyrus. Ovary 2 - 5-celled ; the fruit a proper pome, with papery or cartilaginous and undi- vided 2-se'eded cells or carjiels. 1 1- -1 1 27. Amelanchier. Ovary 5-celled ; the cells 2-ovuled and 2-seeded, but in fruit each divided into two by a partition from the back. Otherwise Kke Fyriis. Anomalous Genus, 28. Canotia. Calyx free from the septicidally 5-valved exserted capsule. Cells 1 -seeded. Sta- mens 5, hypogynous. A leafless shmb, with solitary flowers. 1. PRUNUS, Tourn. PLrji, Ciierky, &c. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 1.5 to 25, inserted with the petals. Ovary solitary, free, with 2 pendulous ovules : style terminal. Fruit a more or less fleshy drupe, with usually a bony stone con- taining one or rarely two seeds. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, simple, usually serrulate; flowers white or rose-colored, solitary or fascicled in the axils, or in terminal racemes. Species about 80, widely dispersed through the northern hemisphere, but mostly confined to temperate regions. Of the 20 North American species, 14 are found only in the Atlantic btates, froin ('aiKHbi t.. Mexico. This comprehensive genus now includes several of our most dehcious and us, lul IViiits, formerly referred to several genera, such as the Almond, with a somewhat tilirous liittrd stnne,P. (Amygdahis) communis, — the Peach and Nectarine, with wrinkled stone, P ( ImimilaJus) 7Vr«V-re,— the Apricot, P. Armcniaca {Armcniaca vulgaris), —the Garden iluin, P dumckica —the Sloe, P. spinosn,—the Garden Cherries, P. Cerasus (Cerasus vulgaris), — also the Cherry- Laurel, /'. Lnuro-Crrasus (Lauroccrasus offidnaJis), &c. Many of the species have medicinal virtues, and the principle or elements of prussic (cyanohydric) acid so abound in some species, especially in their kernels and bark, as to make them actually poisonous when eaten freely The foliage and voung branches of some of the Cherries become poisonous to cattle wlien wilted. The six Californian species represent nearly as many sections, which have been more or less recently regarded as genera, but the limiting characters prove to be too indeimite. Ibe American specie^s of Plum^belonging to the first section) diff-er from those of the Old W orld m haviiio- the leaves folded (conduplicate) instead of convolute in the bud, the fruit with little or no bloom, and some of them have very turgid instead of flattened stones, thus connecting this section with the following one. Prunus. ROSACEiE. lQ*j § 1. Frait ohlong, fleshy, glabrous: the stone flattish, smooth, nsunlhj arntily mar- gined, or grooved on one edge: flowers white, few to several in wabel-like dusters from lateral scaly buds in early spring. — Prunus. 1. P. subcordata, Benth. (Wild Plum.) A scraggy much-brancheJ shrub, 3 to 10 feut high, with ash-gray bark, the branchlets occasionally spinescent: young branches and leaves finely pubescent, becoming glabrous : leaves ovate, cordate to cuneate at base, obtuse or acute, sharply and iinely serrulate, about an incli long, shortly petioled ; glands at the base of the blade 1 to 4, or wanting : nniliels 2-4- flowered; pedicels 3 to G lines long: calyx puberulent : corolla half an inch broa ruptly acuminate, mostly rounded or somewhat cordate at base, sharply serrate with straight slender teeth, usually more or less pubescent beneath, 2 to 4 inches long, with 1 or 2 glands at base : racemes 3 or 4 inches long, many-flowered : fruit glo- bose, purplish-black, or red, sweet and edible but somewhat astringent : stono globose. — Cerasus demissa, ISTutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 411 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 80. P. Virginiana, var. demissa, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes, 284 ; Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. viii. 381. In the mountains throughout the State from San Diego County {Parry, Palmer) to the Columbia River, except near the coast, and eastward to the Rocky Mountains. It fruits abun- dantly, often when only 2 or 3 feet high. It resembles the following species veiy closely. P. Virginiana, Linn. Leaves rarely at all pubescent, more frequently somewhat euncatc at base : fruit dark red, very astringent and scarcely edible ; the stone more ovoid and aoutish : otherwise like the last, but more diffuse in habit, and preferring stream banks and moist locali- ties. — It is doubtful if this species, the eastern Choke Cherry, is found west of the Rocky Moun- tains. A somewhat similar form, distinct from the last, with conspicuous linear stipules aiid bracts in the early stage, is found in the West Humboldt Mts., Nevada (IFaf son), and is to be looked for in the northeastern part of the State. P. SEiiOTixA, Ehrhart, the Wild Black Cherry of the Atlantic States, has been introduced about San Francisco. It becomes a tree, and may be distinguished by its more acuminate leaves aud short incurved callous-pointed teeth, only the niidveiu of the leal sometimes j.ubesceut. -j^gg ROSACE.E. Prunus. § 4. Fruit less j^ulpV ■' ^tone thin : leafless racemes from the axils of evergreen leaves. — Laurocerasus. 4. P. ilicifolia, W;ilp. (Islay.) A luucli-branched evergreen shrub, 8 to 12 feet' high, with grayish-brown bark, glabrous : leaves thick and rigid, shining above, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, truncate or somewhat cordate at base, spinosely toothed, an inch or two long, very shortly petioled : flowers small, m racemes | to 2 inches long : fruit large (half an inch thick or more), somewhat obcompressed, apicukite, usually red, sometimes dark purple or black; the thin pulp somewhat acid and astringent but of pleasant flavor.- — Cerasus ilicifolius, Nutt.; Sylva, ii. 16, t. 47; Hook. & Am. Bot. Eeechey, 340, t. 83. On dry liills of the Coast Ranges from San Francisco to San Diego, and in Western Arizona, Bicjclmo. A very onamental species, with shining dark gi-een foUage, somewhat like the Holly. It flowers from March to ilay, maturing its frait in November and December. § 5. Fruit velvety pubescent, suhglobose: stone smooth or nearly so : flowers solitary or in pairs, from lateral scaly buds, appearing ivith the leaves : calyx someivhat persistent. — Emplectocladus, Gray. {Fmplectocladus, Tovrej.) 5. P. Andersonii, Gray. A low diffuse glabrous shrub, 1 to 3 feet high, Avith grayish-brown bark and spinescent branchlets : leaves mostly fascicled, oblanceo- late, acute, attenuate to a short petiole, a half to an inch long, sparingly serrulate : peduncles shorter than the leaves : flowers rose-colored, half an inch broad ; the petals orbicular : fruit with thin flesh, flattened globose, acute, 6 lines long ; stone compressed, acutely margined upon one side and furrowed upon the other, acute at both ends, somewhat ridged. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 337 & x. 70. Watson, Bot. King Exp. 79. Sierra Co. {Lcmmon), and frequent on the foot-hills of Northwestern Nevada. The fruit more nearly resembles the peach than does that of any other of our species. This whole section, in- deed, of five species confined to the interior of the continent and to Mexico, shows the nearest approach in the American flora to the old genus Amygdalus of the Old World. 6. P. fasciculata, Gray. A divaricately branched shrub, 2 or 3 feet high, Avith gray bark, glabrous: leaves fascicled, narrowly spatulate, obtuse or acutish, nearly'' sessile, half an inch long, obsoletely 3-uerve(l, entire : flowers sessile or nearly so, very small: petals linear, white, recurved: stamens 10 to 15 : style very short : fruit subglobose, 5 or 6 lines long, hirsute-tomentose, the flesh thin : stone acute at both ends, smooth, subglobose, obtusely and scarcely at all margined. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 70. Emjilectocladus fasciculatus, Torrey, PI. Frem. 10, t. 5. In the Southern Sierra Nevada {Fremont) ; summit of Providence IMountains {Cooper) ; Arizona {Newberry) and S. Utah, Paltrier, Parry. 2. NUTTALLIA, Torr. & Gray. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx turbinate-campanulate, 5-lobed, deciduous. Petals 5, broadly spatulate, erect. Stamens 15, in two rows, 10 inserted with the petals, and 5 lower down upon the disk lining the tube ; filaments very short, the lower declined. Carpels 5, inserted upon the persistent base of the calyx-tube, free, glabrous : styles short, lateral, jointed at base : ovules 2 in each carpel, pendulous. Fruit 1 to 4 oblong-ovoid 1 -seeded drupes, with thin pulp and smooth bony stone. Cotyledons convolute. — A shrub, with alternate simple entire deciduous leaves; stipules none; flowers white, in loose nodding racemes, which appear with the branchlets from the same buds. A single species. 1. N. cerasiformis, Torr. & Gray. (Oso Berry.) A shrub or small tree 2 to 15 feet high, with dark brown bark and rather slender branches, glabrous : leaves rather broadly oblanceolate, acute, attenuate to a short slender petiole, 2 to 4 inches *5P^>«^«- ROSACE.E. ^gg long: racemes shorter than tlie leaves, shortly podunded ; bracts conspicuous erfect, large, in a leafy terminal racemose panicle. — CiiAMyE- BATIARIA, Porter. 4 S Millefolium, Torr. Stout, diffusely branched, 2 to 5 feet high, glandu- lar-i'.ul descent and m.n-e or less toinentose : leaves narrowly lanceolate in outline, scattered or fascicled at the ends of the branches, 1 to 3 inches long, with very nu- merous (about 20) pinnaj and minute oblong obtuse leaflets (about 6 pairs) ; stipules linear entire : flowers white, half an inch broad : calyx-tube turbinate ; the erect acute lobes longer than the tube and nearly eciualling the orbicular petals : stamens included : carpels 5, pubescent : styles elongated : ovules 6 to 8, suspended : seeds over a line long. — Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 83, t. 5. Rare in the Sierra Nevada and the mountains eastward : ahove Owen's Lake at 10 000 feet alti- tude aivAr)-, at Nohle's Pass, Shasta Co. (KcKhcrr,,), referred by oversight to Clmirmhatia , ^ k^\zLl\r.\ S. Nevada {BUjdow, JVhcdcr) , ii. Utah (Mrs. Thornj.ua, Parry) ; ^Yyommg Territory, Coulter. ^ 3. Tall herbaceous perennial, with thrice pinnate leaves and no stipules : flowers direcious, smcdl, ivhite, in mimerous filiform pamcled sinkes : pedicels m fruit reflexed. — Aruncus. 5 S Aruncus, Linn. (Goat's-Beard.) Smooth, branching, 3 to 5 feet high : leaves laroe : leaflets thin, sparingly villous beneath, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 5 inches long, sharply and laciniately doubly toothed, the terminal ones broad- est : panicle large and compound, pubescent : flowers a hue broad, nearly sessile : petals spatulate^ filaments long-exserted : carpels 3 to 5, smooth, several-seeded. In ravines and along streams, Trinity and Shasta counties {Breicer), and northward to Alaska. Also in the Alleghanies, and in N. Asia and Europe. § 4 Low herbaceous perennial, woody at base, vrith simple entire leaves and no stip- ules : floivers perfect, ivhite, in dense cylindrical sjnkes on scape-hke stems. — Petrophytum, Xutt. 6 S Ccespitosa, Ts^utt. Ccspitose, on rocks, with simple or branching scape- like stems : leaves rosulate on the short tufted branches of the woody spreading rootstock, oblanceolate or linear-spatulate, acute, silky on both sides, 2 to iL lines lone ; those of the scape scattered and narrower : scape 2 to 6 inches high : flowers Rubus. ROSACEiE. 2.71 on sliort bracteate peduncles in spikes J- to 2 inches lon;^^ : calyx-lobes silky, exceed- ing the tube and nearly equalling the spatulate petals : iilanients and styles exserted : carpels 3 to 8 (as. many as the lobes of the calyx), somewhat villous ov glabrous, 2-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 412; Watson, But. King Exp. 81. In the mountains from New Mexico and Utah to Nortliern Nevada ( IVatson) and the Cascade Mountains, Oregon {Ncivbcrry) ; probably in Nortliern ('alifornia. A singular subalpine species. S. I-ECTINATA, Torr. & Gray. A low herbaceous (•rspit,,s,. nearly glabrous perennial, with crcci.- ing stems and erect leafy branches : leaves rigid, attciiuiilc-lincur below, twiceor thrice 3-cleft, the lobes acute, narrow, spreading: raceme short, .siniplc or ( uiiipiiund, inilicsccnt : caly.x-lobes ex- ceeding the tube, nearly equalling the white olxiviitr ]« lals : Iilanients imduded : carpels 4 to 6, nearly smooth, 4-6-seeded. — FL i. 417. LiitLni sihh,ihli,,i,l,s, lloni^rai-d, Veg.' Sitcha, 130, t. 2. Erio(jynia iKctinata, Hook. Fl. i. 255, t. 88, From Uehring Stiai'ts to' the Cascade Moun- tains {Newberry), and perhaps on the higher mountains of Northern California. 4. NEILLIA, Don. Nine-bark. Carpels 1 to 5, in our species inflated and divergent : ovules two to several, some ascending, some pendulous : seeds qbovoid or subglobose, with a smooth and shining crustaceous testa, evident rhaphe, and copious albumen : otherwise as Spiraea. Diffuse shrubs ; leaves simple, toothed or lobed ; stipules rather large, deciduous ; flowers large, white, in simple corymbs or panicled racemes. Only 4 or 5 species, confined to the mountains of Asia, with the following exceptions. 1. N. opulifolia, Benth. & Hook. A shrub 3 to 10 feet high, with slender spreading or recurved branches and ash-colored shreddy bark : leaves ovate or often cordate, 3-lobed and tootlied, 1 to 3 inches long, on slender petioles, nearly gla- brous : flowers on long slender pedicels in simple umbel-like hemisplierical tomentose corymbs : calyxdobes shorter than the rounded petals, usually pubescent on both sides : carpels 2 to 5, at length 2 to 4 lines long and membranaceous, glabrous, 2 - 4-seeded : seeds oblong-ovate, a line long. — Spircea opulifolia, Linn. Var. mollis, Hook. Leaves somewhat stellate-pubescent beneath, and inflores- cence more densely tomentose. — Fl. i. 171. Spircea capitata, Pursh. On the rocky banks of streams from the Bay of San Francisco northward to British Americ;i, and eastward across the continent. Another species, N. Torrci/i, Watson, with smaller leaves and flowers, and tomentose ovaries, is found from the East Humboldt JMts., Nevada, to Coloratlo. 5. RUBUS, Linn. Easpberrt. Blackberry. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed, without bractlets ; tube short and open. Petals 5, con- spicuous. Stamens numerous. Carpels usually numerous upon a convex receptacle, becoming small globose 1-seeded drupes : styles nearly terminal : ovules 2, pen- dulous : putamen reticulately pitted. — Perennial herbs or somewhat woody, erect or trailing, often prickly ; leaves simple or pinnately 3 - 7-foHolate, with stipules adnate to the petioles ; flowers white or reddish, in panicles or corymbs, or solitary ; fruit usually edible, black, red, or yellowish, A large genus of nearly 500 described species, reducible to lialf as many, widely distributed over the globe ; 20 or more are North Anieriean. Tin' speeies are variable and often of dilticult determination. Two California n s|ieeies aic (iiltivated ainoad for ornament, but none for fruit. The Garden Raspberry is the Kuiojieaii /,'. Ii/,f,/s, I, inn., which the /i. strk/osus, Michx., of the Eastern States and Rocky Mountains, ai)i)roaches very closely. The culti\-ated Blackbcriies are mostly forms of E. villosus, Ait., of the Atlantic States. § 1. Fmit ivith a hloom, separating from the receptacle when ripe. — Raspberry. * Leaves simple, palmatebj lohed : stem soft-ivoody, without prickles : flowers large. 1. R. Nutkanus, ]\Ioi;ino. (Salmon-berry.) Stems erect or drooi)ing, 3 to S feet high ; bark green and smooth or more or less glandular-pubescent, becoming -^^2 ROSACEiE. Ruhus. brown and shreddy : leaves palmately and nearly equally Sdobed, cordate at base, unequally serrate, 4 to 12 inches broad, the lobes acute or acuminate, glabrous or somewhat tomentose, the veins beneath as well as the petioles and peduncles usually more or less hispid with gland-tipped hairs ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate : flowers rather few, white, an inch or two broad : calyx densely tomentose : carpels very numerous, tomentose : fruit red, large, hemispherical, sweet and pleasantly flavored. — Lindl. Bot. TJeg. t. 1368 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3453. Var. velutinus, Brewer. Densely tomentose, especially on the under side of the leaves. — Ji. velutimis, Hook, & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 140. In shaded jjlaces from Monterey to Alaska, and eastward to New Mexico and Lake Superior. The variety is confined chiefly to "California. The species difl'ers little from the R. odoratus of the Atlantic States, which has purplish rose-colored petals, more abundant glandular hairs, the lobes of the leaves usually more acuminate, and the fruit smaller. The flowers in E. Nutkanas are occasionally pale rose-color. * * Leaves Z-foliolate, sometimes simple on the flowering branches, rarely b-foliolate : stems soft-woody, more or less ^wickly. 2. R. spectabilis, Pursh. Stems rather robust, 5 to 10 feet high, sparingly armed with straight stout prickles : leaves 3-foliolate, or occasionally some simple ; leaflets ovate, acute or acuminate, doubly incised-serrate and often 2 - 3-lobed, acute or acuminate, the veins beneath, as well as the petioles and peduncles, sparingly villous-pubescent ; stipules linear : flowers mostly solitary, red, large and showy : calyx-lobes pubescent, broadly ovate, acuminate : fruit large, ovoid, red or yellow, smooth : styles long, persistent. — Fl. i. 348, t. 16 ; LindL Bot. Eeg. t. 1424. Yar. Menziesii, Watson. ]\Iore or less densely tomentose and silky. — R. Men- ziesii. Hook. Fl. i. 141. Shady woods, near streams, from Mendocino County (Bolanckr) to Alaska. The variety near San Francisco and northward ; Punta de los Reyes {Bujcloic) ; Saucelito Hills {KcUogfj k Harford) ; Crater Pass, Oregon, Andrews, &c. 3. R. leucodermis, Dougl. Erect, 3 to 5 feet high, glaucous, armed with stout straight or recurved prickles : leaves 3-foliolate, or sometimes pedately 5 -folio- late, never simple ; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, doubly serrate, Avhite- tomentose beneath, the veins, petioles, and peduncles prickly ; stipules setaceous : flowers few, corymbose, white, half an inch broad : sepals lanceolate, long-acuminate, exceeding the petals : ovaries tomentose : fruit yellowish-red, rather large, with a white bloom and agreeable flavor. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 454 ; Eegel, Gartenfl. xix. 353, t. 670. B. glaucifolius, Kellogg, Proc. Cahf. Acad. i. 67. In the Redwoods between Santa Clara and Santa Cruz {Bolander) ; Upper Yosemite Valley (Gray) ; more frequent in Oregon and Washington Territory. Also in N. Utah ( Watson), and in the San Francisco ]\Iountains, Arizona, Bigelow. Very near the Black Raspberry or Thimble- berry {R. occidcntalis, Linn.) of the Eastern States, from which it is hardly distinguished by rather more coarsely toothed leaflets, stouter and more hooked prickles, and the color of the fruit. =;: '/- * Stems herbaceous, trailing, unarmed : leaves ^-foliolate : the carpels few. 4. R. pedatUS, Smith. Stems slender, pubescent : leaves smooth or sparingly villous ; leaflets cuneate-obovate, an inch long or less, incisely toothed, the lateral ones often parted to the base ; stipules ovate-oblong : flowers often solitary, on long slender peduncles, white, 6 to 9 lines broad : sepals ovate-lanceolate, nearly glabrous, entire or incised, exceeding the petals, at length reflexed : fruit of 3 to 6 large red pulpy drupelets. — Icon. PL t. 63 ; Hook. FL i. 181, t. 62. In woods, near the coast above San Francisco {Newberry), and northward to Alaska. § 2. Frint persistent upon the somewhat juicy receptacle, black and shining : stems prickly : flowers white. — Blackberry. 5. R. ursinus, Cham. & Schleclit. Stems becoming woody, weak or trailing, 5 to 20 feet long, sending out numerous lateral fruiting branches, armed with straight Purshia. ROSACEA. 173 rather slender prickles, somewhat glaucous : leaves 3-fuliulate, rarely S-foliolate, often simple and 3-lobed on the flowering branchlets ; leaflets ovate to oblong, coarsely toothed, smooth or more or less pubescent or tomentose ; veins, petioles, peduncles, and calyx aculeate with slender prickles ; stipules oblanceolate to linear, often long and toothed : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, or often foliaceously tipped and exceeding the petals : fruit oblong, sweet. — Linniea, ii. 11. Ji. macro- ixtalus, Dougl. ; Hook. Fl. i. 178, t. 59. R. vitifolius, Cham. & Schlecht. 1. c, the simple-leaved form. Frequent in tlie Coast Eanges from Santa Barbara and Ventura counties (Ojai, Goodale) to Fraser River ; also in Idaho. A very variable species. 6. CHAMJEBATIA, Benth. Calyx persistent, turbinate-campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens very numerous, in several rows on the throat of the calyx, short. Carpel solitary, smooth : style terminal, villous at base, deciduous : stigma decurrent : ovule solitary, erect. Fruit a coriaceous obovoid akene, included. Seed with a spongy testa and small albumen : radicle inferior. — A glandular-pubescent fragrant shrub ; leaves thrice pinnate with numerous minute leaflets ; flowers white, in a loose cyme. 1. C. foliolosa, Benth. An erect shrub, a foot or two high ; branches numer- ous, slender, leafy, glandular-pubescent and viscid throughout, the outer integument soon deciduous, leaving a smooth dark-brown bark : leaves ovate or oblong in out- line, 2 or 3 inches long, finely dissected ; leaflets u.sually glandular-tipped ; stipules small, linear : cymes few-flowered, terminating the young branches ; bracts leafy, toothed or pinnatifid : calyx densely glandular-hairy, villous within, the ovate acu- minate lobes as long as the tube or at length longer : petals white, obovate, 3 or 4 lines long : akene nearly filling the calyx, abruptly acute. — PI. Ilartw. 108 ; Torrey, PI. Fremont. 11, t. 6 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5171. On the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, at 3,000 to 7,000 feet altitude, from Mariposa Co. to Nevada Co., flowering from May to July. It is very abundant in some places, filling the air with its strong resinous rather disagi'ecable odor. 7. PURSHIA, DC. Calyx persistent, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Petals 5, exceeding the calyx-lobes, yellow. Stamens about 25, in one row. Carj^els solitary, sometimes 2, narrowly oblong, attenuate into the persistent style : stigma decurrent : ovule solitary, erect. Fruit a coriaceous akene, pubescent, attenuate at each end, exserted. Seed oblong- obovate, without albumen, the thin seed-coats separated by a layer of dark-purjile intensely bitter resinous matter : radicle inferior. — A diffusely branched shrub ; leaves mostly fescicled, cuneate, 3-lobed : flowers solitary, terminal on the short branchlets. 1. P. tridentata, DC. Usually 2 to 5 (rarely 8 or 10) feet high, with brown or grayish bark ; the young branches and numerous short branchlets jnibescent : leaves cuneate-obovate, 3 to 12 lines long, 3-lobed at the apex, petioled, white- tomentose beneath, greener above ; stipules short : flowers nearly sessile : calyx 2 to 4 lines long, tomentose with some glandular hairs, the oblong obtuse lobes shorter than the tube : petals spatulate-obovate, 3 to 5 lines long : fruit half an inch long. — Hook. Fl. i. 170, t. 58 ; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1440; Torr. & Cray, Fl. i. 428; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 82. Frequent throughout the interior from the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada to the IJocky Mountains, and from the British boundary to Arizona and New Mexico. 1Y4 ROSACEA. Cohogyne. 8. COLEOGYNE, Ton. Calyx persistent, 4-iiarted ; lobes large, ovate, imbricated, Avith a nierabranaceous margin, colored witliin. Petals none. Stamens numerous, inserted upon the base of a tubular torus which includes the ovary. Carpels solitary (rarely 2), glabrous, oblong : style lateral, very villous at base, twisted, exserted, persistent : stigma de- current : ovule solitary, ventrally attached opposite the base of the style. Fruit a coriaceous akene, glabrous, included. Seed with a rather spongy testa, without albumen : radicle superior. — A diffusely branched somewhat spinescent shrub ; leaves opposite, small, entire, coriaceous ; stipules minute ; flowers solitary, termi- nal on the short branchlets, subtended by 1 or 2 pairs of 3-lobed bracts, yellow, showy. A remarkaljle genus, of a single species. 1. S. ramosissima, Torr. Much branched, 3 to 6 feet high, the short rigid branches opposite and spinescent ; bark gray : leaves approximate upon the branch- lets, linear-oblanceolate, 2 to 4 lines long, thick, usually 2 - 4-sulcate on the lower side, puberulent with appressed hairs attached by the middle ; stipules short, trian- gular : flowers half an inch broad : calyx-lobes often ciliate-toothed : tube of the torus membranaceous, dilated below and narrowed to the shortly 5-toothed apex, as long as the calyx and very slender fllaments, densely white-villous within : akene somewhat compressed, oblong-ovate, the obtuse apex incurved : seed suspended from near the summit and fllling the akene. — PI. Frem. 8, t. 4 ; Parry, Am. I^aturalist, ix. 270. Aljout tlie head-waters of the Mohave {Fremont) and eastward in Southern Nevada and Arizona to Southern Colorado. 9. CERCOCARPUS, HBK. MorxTAix Maiiogaxt. Calyx narrowly tubular, the campanulate 5-lobed limb deciduous ; lobes slightly imbricated. Petals none. Stamens 15 to 25, in 2 or 3 rows on the limb of the calyx. Carpels solitary (rarely 2), narrow, terete : style terminal : stigma terminal : ovule solitary, ascending. Fruit a coriaceous linear terete villous akene, included in the enlarged calyx-tube, caudate with the elongated exserted plumose twisted style. Seed linear, with membranous testa : radicle inferior. — Shrubs or -trees ; leaves alternate, simple, evergreen ; stipules very small ; floAvers small, axillary or terminal, solitary or somewhat fascicled. A genus of 4 or 5 species, chiefly of the interior of the continent, one being Mexican. 1. C. ledifolius, Xutt. A shrub or small tree, usually 6 to 15 feet high : leaves narrowly lanceolate with the margins more or less revolute, thick-coriaceous and somewhat resinous, entire, more or less tomentose, but usually glabrous above, -|- to 1| inches long, acute, narrowed at base to a short petiole; midnerve prominent: flowers sessile, tomentose : limb of the calyx 2 lines long, deeply toothed ; tube be- coming 3 to 5 lines long : tail of the akene at length 2 or 3 inches long. — Torr. & Gray,>h i. 427; Hook. Ic. PL t. 324; Nutt. Sylva, ii. 28, t. 51 ; Watson, Pot. King Exp. 83. Olanche ]\Its. (EotJirock) at 9,400 feet altitude, and on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada from Mono Pass at 9,000 feet altitude {Bolandcr) to Oregon, and eastward in tlie mountains to the Wahsatch. It is populariy known as Mountain Mahogany, having a liard and heavy dark- colored wood, susceptible of a fine polish. It sometimes becomes a bamlsome tree, 40 or 50 feet high, hut is usually low, with a compact head. 2. C. parvifolius, Xutt. A shrub, usually 2 to 10 feet high, branching from a thick base, sometimes 15 to 20 feet high : leaves cuneate-obovate, less coriaceous. Fallugia. ROSACEJE. 175 serrate toward the obtuse or rounded summit, more or less silky above, densely hoary-tomentose beneath, |- to 1|- inches long, shortly petioled ; veins prominent beneath : flowers tomentose, on short slender pedicels : calyx-limb nearly 2 lines long, with short teeth ; tube becoming 4 to G lines long, exceeding the pedicel : tail often 4 inches long. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 323 ; Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey, 337. Var. glaber, Watson. Glabrous throughout, or the calyx somewhat appressed pubescent : leaves dark green. — C. betuicefoUus, Nutt. ; Hook. Ic. PL t. 322. C. betuloides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 427. In the Coast Ranges from Lake Co. {Torrey) to S. California, and in the Rocky Mountains from Wyoming Territory to New Mexico and Utah. The variety occurs in the mountains near Santa Barbara {Nuttull) and San Diego, Cleveland, Palmer. 10. COWANIA, Don. Cliff-Rose. Calyx persistent; tube narrowly turbinate; limb 5-parted, imbricated. Petals 5, obovate, spreading. Stamens numerous, in 2 rows, inserted with the petals at the throat of the calyx-tube. Carpels 4 to 12, free and distinct, sessile, densely vil- lous : style terminal, included : stigma terminal : ovule solitary, erect. Fruit a coriaceous narrowly oblong striate akene, nearly included in the dilated calyx-tube, caudate with the elongated plumose style. Seed linear, somewhat triangular : radicle inferior. — Shrubs or small trees ; leaves small, toothed or pinnatitid, coria- ceous, glandular-dotted ; flowers showy, solitary, terminal. A genus of 3 species, confined to Mexico and the adjacent interior region northward. 1. C. Mexicana, Don. A much-branched shrub, 1 to 6 feet high ; the trunk with aljundant shreddy light-colored bark : leaves approximate upon the short branchlets, cuneate-obovate in outline, 4 to 7 lines long, pinnately 3 - 7-lobed, dark green above, tomentose beneath, and the margin somewhat revolutc : flowers yellow, an inch or less in diameter, the calyx-tube attenuate into a short glandular-hairy pedicel ; calyx-lobes obtuse, tomentose, 2 lines long, equalling the tube : tail of tlu; akene at length 2 inches long or more. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 574, t. 22; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 83. C. Stanshuriana, Torrey, Stansbury Rep. 386, t. 3. "Mountains of California along the Virgen River" {Fremont, probably in Southern Xevada), and freijuent eastward in the mountains to N. Utah and New Mexico, and southward to Central Mexico. The wood is light colored and very fine grained. The other species arc C. p/iai/n, Don, of Northern Mexi(>o, with toothed leaves and purplish flowers, and C. erica-folin, Torr., with smaller white ilowers and linear entire leaves, found only by Parry on the Rio Grande. 11. FALLUGIA, Endlicher. Calyx persistent; tube short-hemispherical, villous within; limb "i-parted, the ovate lobes imbricated in the bud, with alternate linear bractlets. Petals 5, largo and rounded, spreading. Stamens numerous, inserted in a triple row upon tlie margin of the calyx-tube. Carpels numerous, densely villous, inserted upon a small conical receptacle : style terminal : stigma minute : ovules solitarj', erect. Fruit a coriaceous narrowly oblong akene, exserted, caudate with the elongated plumose style. Seed linear: radicle inferior. — A low undershrub ; leaves pinnately lobed, margin revolute ; stipules small ; flowers white, sliowy, solitary or panicled, termi- nating slender elongated naked peduncles. 1. F. paradoxa, Endlicher. INtuch branched with somewhat virgatc slender branches, 2 or 3 feet high ; epidermis white, persistent : leaves scattered or fas- cicled, somewhat villous, rather tliick, 3 to 10 lines long, sessile, cuneatc and atten- uate into a linear base, pinnately 3 - 7-cleft above, the segments linear, obtuse : l^Q ROSACEA. Geum. flowers few, an inch or more in diameter : calyx-lobes ovate, 3 or 4 lines long, the apex linear or trifid ; bractlets linear, entire or bitid or 2-parted : akenes very numerous, H lines long, the slender plumose tail an inch or two long. — Torrey in Emory Rep. "140, t. 2. Sieversia paradoxa, Don, 1. c. 575, t. 22. Providence Mountains {Cooper) and eastward to S. Utah and the Rio Grande ; also Mexican. 12. GEUM, Linn. Calyx persistent, concave ; limb 5-lobed, usually with 5 alternate bractlets, val- vate. Petals 5. Stamens many. Carpels numerous, upon a conical or clavate receptacle : style termuial, straight or geniculate : stigma small : ovules solitary, ascending. Akenes small, compressed, caudate Avith the elongated naked or plumose styles. Seed erect : radicle inferior. — Perennial herbs ; leaves mostly radical, lyrate or pinnate ; stipules adnate to the sheathing petioles ; flowers rather large, solitary or corymbose. About 30 species, distributed through the temperate and frigid zones. A dozen species occur in the United States, several of them found also in N. Asia and Europe or closely allied to Old World species. § 1. Styles jointed and hent near the middle, the upper part deciduous, the loiver naked and hooked, becoming elongated : calyx-lobes reflexed. — Geum proper. 1. G. macrophyllum, Wilkl. A coarse herb : stems mostly solitary, 1 to 3 feet high, bristly-hairy, leafy : radical leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate, six inches to a foot long or more, the terminal leaflet very large and round-cordate, lobed and toothed, the lateral very unequal and often very small ; cauline leaves similar but with a short rhachis, or reduced to the terminal leaflet ; stipules large, toothed : flowers yellow, half an inch broad, in an open panicle : bractlets of the calyx small and often wanting : fruit hispid, upon a nearly naked oblong receptacle : styles 3 lines long, at length reflexed. In the Sierra Nevada, on the eastern side ; Mono Pass (Bolandcr), Sierra Co. (Lcmmon), north of Lassen's Peak {Neiohcrrij), and northward to Sitka, ranging east to the Atlantic. § 2. Style straight, not jointed, and wholly jiersistent, naked or j^lnmose, elongated : calyx-lobes not reflexed. — Sieversia. 2, Gr. triflorum, Pursh. Low, villous ; stems clustered, from stout branching rootstocks, 6 to 15 inches high, simple, nearly naked : radical leaves pinnate some- what interruptedly with numerous cuneate-oblong incised segments; the cauline reduced to a few small linear-lobed leaves or bracts : flowers large, few, on long peduncles : calyx often purplish, as well as the upper part of the stem, the linear bractlets 4 to 9 lines long, usually exceeding the lobes and equalling the oblong purplish erect petals : tails of the small akenes plumose, at length 2 or 3 inches long : receptacle small, hemispherical. — Sieversia triflora, Pt. Br. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2858. In the Sierra Nevada at 4,000 to 9,000 feet altitude (Brewer, Bolandcr), and in the mountains north and eastward, to Arctic America and Labrador. 13. PRAGARIA, Tourn. Strawberry. Calyx persistent, concave ; limb 5dobed, with 5 alternate bractlets, valvate. Petals 5, white, spreading. Stamens many, in one row. Carpels numerous, smooth : styles lateral, very short : ovule solitary, ascending. Eeceptacle much enlarged and fleshy in fruit, conical, scarlet, bearing the small turgid crustaceous akenes upon the surface. Eadicle superior. — Acaulescent stoloniferous perennials ; leaves palmately Potentaia. ROSACEiE. 177 trifoliolate, tlie leaflets obovate-cunoate, coarsely toothed ; flowers few, cymose upon short erect scapes. A sniafl genus widely distrilmted tliioiigh the temperate and alpine leLjions of the northern licmispheru, and also in the Andes. Many siteeies have been ]>roposeil, hut seareely half a dozen are now recognized by botanists. Their unstable character and "the great facility with which fertile cross-breeds are produced, give resison to susj.eet that the whole genus may prove to con- sist of but one species " {Bcnthavi). Many varieties are in cultivation, some of which Hourish with special luxuriance in this State. The three first following are the generally aeknowle.lged North American species : but it is difficult to make a satisfactory reference of all the Californian forms as found in collections. 1. F. Virginiana, Ehrhart. " Akenes imbedded in the deeply pitted fruiting receptacle, which usually has a narrow neck : calyx becoming erect after flowering and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructitied : leaflets of a firm or coriaceous texture : the hairs of the scapes, and especially of the pedicels, silky and appressed." — Gray, Manual, 155. Var. IllinoensiS, Gray, 1. c. "A coarser or larger plant, perhaps a distinct species, the flowers more inclined to be polygamo-dioecious, the villous hairs of the scape and pedicels widely spreading." — F. Grai/ana, Vilmorin. The typical form of this species seems to be confined to the Atlantic States. The variety ex- tends westward to the Rocky Mountains and it is said even to Washington Territory and Oregon. If found in the northern part of the State it should be distinguished from the following species by the characters of the fruit. The leaflets are cuneate-obovate, rounded at the summit. 2. F. vesca, Linn. "Akenes superficial on the glabrous conical or hemi- spherical fruiting receptacle (not sunk in pits): calyx remaining spreading or re- flexed : hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels appressed : leaflets thin, even the upper face strongly marked by the veins." — Gray, 1. c. This European species is also widely indigenous through North Ameiica, and s^iecimens from the Sierra Nevada have been referred to it. It is doubtful, however, whether it is really found within the State. The leaflets are usually less obtuse than in the last. 3. F. ChilensiS, Ehrhart. Usually low, densely villous with silky hairs, spread- ing upon the petioles, scapes and pedicels, appressed upon the under side of the leaves and the calyx : scapes and petioles rather stout : leaflets thick, perfectly smooth above, cuneate-obovate, rounded at the summit: flowers large (often an inch broad) : calyx lobes and bractlets elongated, entire : fruit not described. — Torr. &, Gray, Fl. i. 448. Near the sea, from San Francisco to Alaska ; identical with the Chilian form. 4. F. Californica, Cham. & Schlecht. Low, somewhat villous with spreading hairs, which are less closely appressed on the under side of the leaves and calyx : scapes and petioles usually slender : leaves thinner, cuneate-obovate and roun<, Lehm. ; Hook. Fl. i. 192, t. G6. Var. fastigiata, Watson, 1. c. Cyme shorter and more compact, more densely pubescent : often low. — P. fastigiata, iS^utt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 440. Var. rigida, Watson, 1. c. Villous, but without tomentum ; usually tall and stout. — P. rigida, Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 440. P. Nuttallii, Lehm. Eevis. 89, t. 33 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 88. Chiefly eastward of the Sierra Nevada, from Oregon and Nevada to tlic Rocky Mountains. The var. rigida is the most common in California, from the Cuiamaca Mountains through the whole length of the Sierra Nevada. 6. P. dissecta, Pursh. Low and alpine, silky-villous without tomentum or nearly glabrous : leaves closely pinnate or as often digitate ; leaflets 5 to 7, or rarely 3, cuneate-oblong, an inch long or less, pinnatifld with narrow segments or coarsely serrate, the segments tufted with white hairs : flowers few in an open slender cyme : calyx more or less villous with spreading hairs : petals 2 to 4 lines long, exceeding the lanceolate calyx-lobes: carpels 10 to 20 or more. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 44G. P. diversifolia, Lehm. Eevis. 72, t. 31 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 86. In the Sierra Nevada, at Mono Pass (Brcicer), and on Mt. Dana at 12,500 feet altitude, Bo- lander. More fre([ueiit in the Rocky Mountains ; a very variable species. 7. P. Wheeleri, Watson. Small and subalpine, decumbent, silky-villous : stems 2 or 3 inches long, branched and flowering from near the base, leafy : leaves digi- tate ; leaflets 3 to 5, cuneate, 3-5-toothed at the rounded summit, half an inch long or less ; stipules entire or nearly so : lower flowers opposite to the leaves : calyx 3 lines long ; bractlets a little smaller than the lobes, obtusish : petals obcor- date, slightly exceeding the calyx : carpels 20. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 147. In the Sierra Nevada, about the head-waters of Kern River, at 8,200 feet altitude, Bothrocl: ■i- +- Leaves ternate. 8. P. Grayi, Watson. Stems slender, low, 3-6-flowered: pubescence scanty, villous : leaflets obovate or nearly orbicular, half an inch long, the truncate or rounded apex 5 - 7-toothed ; terminal leaflet long-petiolulate : bractlets obtii.«isli, only half as long as the calyx-lobes : petals 2 or 3 lines long, exceeding the calyx : carpels 15 to 20. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 560. Yosemite Valley {Bolander, Gray) ; Lake Tenaya {Brewer) ; peaks above Owen's Lake, Kellogg. 280 EOSACE^. PoieniiUa. 9. P. gelida, C. A. Meyer. Nearly glabrous, the pubescence minute or villous : stems low, slender, 1 - 3-flowered : leaflets very broadly cuneiform, 6 to 9 lines long, rounded at the apex and coarsely 7 - 9-toothed ; terminal leaflet shortly petiolulate : bractlets and calyx-lobes nearly equal, obtuse or acute : petals 2 or 3 lines long, a little exceeding the calyx : carpels numerous. • — Watson, 1. c. 559. P. fiahelUfolia, Hook. ; Torr. & Gray, El. i. 442; Lehm. Revis. 153, t. 51. In the Sierra Nevada at Summit {Bolander) and on Lassen's Peak (/. G. Lcmmon), and north- ward to Washington Territory ; also in Northern Asia. * * * Style filiform, attached at or below the middle of the ovary : leaves pinnate : fixnvers yellow : receptacle small, villous. -i- Herbaceous, stoloniferous and creeping : akenes glabrous : flowers axillary, solitary. 10. P. Anserina, Linn. White-tomentose and silky-villous : leaves all radical, often a foot long or more ; leaflets 3 to 10 pairs, with smaller ones interposed, oblong, sharply serrate, tomentose at least beneath ; stipules many-cleft : bractlets often incised, about equalling the calyx-lobes : petals 3 to 6 lines long, exceeding the calyx : stamens 20, rarely 25 : carpels 20 to 40 ; the style attached to the mid- dle : receptacle very villous. On stream banks ; frequent throughout North America, as also in South America and the Old , World. Very varialjle in size and amount of pubescence. +- +- Shrubby : akenes villous : flowers terrninal, cymose or solitary. 11. P. £rilticosa, Linn. Much branched, 1 to 4 feet high, silky-villous: stip- ules scarious ; leaflets 5 to 7, oblong-lanceolate, entire, approximate, 2 to 12 lines long, lighter colored beneath and the margin revolute : petals 2 to 6 lines long, ex- ceeding the calyx : stamens 30 : carpels 20, very villous, the style attached below the middle. In the Sierra Nevada from Ebbett's Pass northward, and throughout the northern portion of North America. Also frequent in the Old World. * * * * Styles flliform, attached to the middle of the numerous glabrous carpels, ivhich are sessile upo7i a large spongy receptacle ; herbaceous perennial, with large purple flowers and pinnate leaves. 12. P. palustris, Scop. Stems stout, ascending from a decumbent rooting perennial base : nearly glabrous : leaflets 5 to 7, oblong, an inch or two long, ser- rate : flowers few, in an open cyme : cal^'x puri)lish, 6 to 10 hues long in fruit; bractlets linear, much shorter : petals spatulate, acute, 2 or 3 lines long : stamens 20, upon the margin of the thickened disk. — Comarum pcdustre, Linn. Collected only in Sierra County, by J. G. Lcmmon. More frequent northward from Paget Sound to Alaska, and eastward across the continent. 15. SIBBALDIA, Linn. Petals linear-oblong, minute. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals ; filaments very short. Carpels 5 to 10 : styles lateral : ovule ascending. Otherwise as Poten- tilla. — Dwarf and cespitose arctic or alpine perennials ; leaves thick, trifoliolate, the leaflets few-toothed at the truncate summit ; flowers cymose, yellow. Of the 4 or 5 Asiatic species the following is also European and American. 1. S. procumbens, Linn. Somewhat villous : stems creeping, leafy at the extremities: leaflets cuneate, 3-5-toothed, 3 to 12 lines long: peduncles usually shorter than the leaves: calyx-lobes 1 to IJ lines long; bractlets linear and shorter: l)etals much shorter, acute : akenes on very short hairy stipes. In the Sierra Nevada from Mt. Dana, at 12,500 feet altitude (Bol.anclcr), to Lassen's Peak (Lcmmon) and Mt. Shasta, at 8,400 feet, Brewer. Also in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, and the White Moimtains, and northward to Alaska and Greenland. Horkelia. ROSACEA. \^\ 16. HORKELIA, Cham. & Schlecht. Calyx canipanulato. Petals olxjvato to linear, often unguiculate, wliite or pink. Stamens 10 (20 hi If. purpurascens), in two rows; filaments more or less dilated and deltoid or subulate (often scarcely at all so in //. tridentata), those opposite to the sepals broadest. Carpels few to many : styles nearly terminal, filiform or thick- ened at base : ovules suspended. Akenes fixed by the midille to the nearly naked receptacle. Otherwise as Potentilla. — Herbaceous Californian perennials ; leaves pinnate with several pairs of toothed or cleft leaflets, the upper ones confluent ; flowers cymose, mostly crowded. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 528 ; "Watson, Bot. King Exp. 447. * Styles very short, thickened at base: hractlets narrow. 1. H. fusca, Lindl. Glandular-pubescent: stems ^ to 1^ feet high: leaflets 6 to 8 pairs, cuueate-oblong to -ovate, incisely toothed or lobed, a half-inch to an inch long: cymes usually dense ; bracts short : calyx about 2^- lines long: petals cunc- ate-oblong, 2 lines long. — Bot. Eeg. t. 1997. H. parviflora, Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 435, with the leaflets mostly cuneate-obovate. II. capitata, Kegel, Gartenfl. 1872, t. 711. Var. tenella, Watson. Low and slender : leaflets small, deeply lobed : flowers small, scarcely \^ lines long. Frecinicled cymes : stems slender, mostly leafy : not alpine. 1. I. Pickeringii, Torr. Densely white silky-villous, about a span high : leaflets very numerous, at first closely imbricated, 2 - 5-parted or lobed or often entire, the segments oblong, 1 to 4 lines long : stems panicled above, the cymes densely many-flowered : calyx 2 lines long or less ; bractlets linear : petals yellow- Ivesia. ROSACEA. |g3 ish, spatulate, equalling the calyx: stamens 20: carpels 4 to G. — Bot. Wilkes Exp 288, t. 4; Gray, 1. c. 531. On the Klamath PaviT [Pickering) ; Sierra Valley, Lemmon. 2. I. unguiculata, Gray. Closely resembling the last, sometimes less densely villous : cymes less crowded : calyx 2 or 3 lines long, with narrow acuminate lobes and bractlets : petals white, uuguiculate, the blade orbicular, somewhat exceeding the calyx: stamens usually 15 : carpels 5 to 8. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 330; Watson, \. c. 448. Yosemite valley {Bolandcr, Gray) ; Sierra Co., Lemmon. 3. I. Webberi, Gray. Low, loosely villous with spreading hairs : leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, approximate, 2 - 5-parted, with linear segments, 3 to 5 lines long : stems nearly naked, smooth above : flowers mostly on long pedicels in ratlier loose cymes: calyx 2 or 3 lines long ; lobes lanceolate ; bractlets small : petals yellow, narrowly oblong, about equalling the calyx : stamens 5 to 10 : carpels 3 or 4 : akenes large, ovate, a line long or more — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 71. Sien-a and Indian valleys, in ravines, JFebber, Lcmvion. * * Floivers yellow, in a rather compact cyme upon a nearly naked stem : low or divarf, alpine. 4. I. Gordoni, Torr. & Gray. Viscid-pubescent and often somewhat hirsute, or glal^rate : stems 3 to 10 inches high from a thick resinous caudex : leaflets numerous, approximate, 1 to 6 lines long, obovate, 3-5-cleft or parted, with oblong or spatulate segments ; cauline leaves one or two, pinnatifid : flowers in a close cyme, at length somewhat open : calyx 2 or 3 lines long : petals yellow, narrowly oblong to broadly spatulate, usually not exceeding tlie calyx : stamens 5 : carpels 2 or 3, or more. — Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 72; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 530; Watson, Bot, King Exp. 90. Horkelia Gordoni, Hook, in Kew Jour. Bot. v. 341, t. 12. //. (?) multifoliohitn, Torr. in Sitgreaves Rep. 159. Var. pygmaea, Watson. Much reduced, an inch or two high or even less, glandular and hirsute : leaflets very small and crowded : stamens sometimes 10. — /. pygmcsa. Gray, 1. c. 531. Var. lycopodioides, Watson. Nearly glabrous : leaflets still more crowded and imbricated, thick and rounded. — /. lycopodioides. Gray, 1. c. 530. In the Sierra Nevada from Mono Pass {Brewer) to Sierra Co. (Lemmon), and in the mountains of Wvoming, Utah, and Arizona. The varieties in the higher Sierra Nevada, at 11,000 to 12,000 feet altitude. 5. I. Muirii, Gray. Dwarf, densely silky-villous : stems an inch high, from a thick caudex : leaves terete with the very numerous small crowded and imbricated silky leaflets : flowers small, in a close cyme : calyx a line long, purplish, exceeding the narrow spatulate " yellow " petals : stamens 5 ; filaments short : carpels usually two. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 627. On Mt. Hoffmann, at 9,000 feet altitude, John Mnir. Except for the reduced numl)cr of stamens and shorter filaments it would be referred to /. santoHiwides. * * * Flowers in a diffuse panicle : stems leafy. 6. I. santalinoides, Gray. Stems 6 to 18 inches high, slender, sparingly villous : leaves densely silky-villous with white hairs, 2 to 4 inches long, terete with the very numerous small crowded and imbricated leaflets : panicle very dif- fusely branched; bracts very small, villous : flowers on slender at length elongated pedicels : calyx a line long, villous or nearly glabrous, often purplish ; bractlets short : petals white, spatulate to obovate, exceeding the calyx : stamens 15 ; fila- ments long and slender ; anthers purple : carpels solitary. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 531 & vii. 339. 184 ROSACEA. Ivesia. In the Sierra Nevada, from Mt. Brewer {Brewer) and Mt. Pinos (Rothrock) to Lake Tahoe, Lemmon. 7. I. gracilis, Torr. & Gray. Canescently villous with spreading hairs : stems slender, a span high, from an apparently annual or biennial root : leaflets 5 to 1 pairs, scattered on the slender rhachis, 3 - S-^mrted with oblong segments, 2 to 4 lines long : flowers on elongated pedicels in a very diff"use panicle : calyx nearly 2 lines long, broadly campanulate ; bractlets nearly equalling the lobes : petals white, obovate, as long as the calyx : stamens 15 or 20 :■ carpels numerous : akenes rugose. Pacif. E. Eep. vi. 72, t. 11. Potentilla Newherryi, Gray, 1. c. 532. On the banks of Rhett Lake, Newberry. A species peculiar in its annual or biennial root and in the large number of its carpels. 8. I. Baileyi, Watson. Viscidly pubescent : stems slender, 6 inches high : leaf- lets 3 to 10 pairs, cuneate-obovate, 3- 7-toothed or parted : flowers on slender pedi- cels in a difi'use panicle : calyx \\ lines long, exceeding the yellow spatulate petals: stamens 5 : carpels 1 to 5. — Bot. King Exp. 90. Var. setosa, Watson, 1. c. Leaflets all parted, the lobes setosely tipped : more glandular-hairy. West Hiimboldt Mountains, Nevada {Bailey) ; the variety in the East Humboldt Mountains, Watson. The remaining species also belong to this group. L KiNGii, Watson, 1. c. 91. Glabrous throughout : stems a span long or more : leaflets numer- ous, entire or 2 - 3-parted, the lobes rounded, a line long : flowers on slender pedicels in an open panicle : calyx 2 lines long, shorter than the white orbicular petals : stamens 15 or 20 : carpels 5 to 8. — Valleys of Northeastern Nevada, in alkaline soil, Watson. L DEPAUPEiiATA, Gray in hei-b. Sparingly pubescent : stems erect, a foot high or more : leaf- lets numerous, cuneate-obovate or oblong, deeply 2 - 3-cleft : flowers pedicelled, in a rather open panicle : calyx 2 or 3 lines long, purple within, exceeding the linear dark-purple petals : stamens 5, purple : carpels 2. — Potentilla depauixrata, Engelm. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 399. San Francisco Mts., Arizona, Anderson, Palmar, Loew. The only purple-flowered species. 18. ADENOSTOMA, Hook. & Am, Chamiso. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed, calyculate ; tuhe obconical, 10-ribbed; lobes membra- naceous, broad. Petals 5, orbicular, spreading. Stamens 10 to 15, usually 2 or 3 together between the petals. Ovary simple, obliquely obovoid, the oblique or trun- cate summit pubescent : style lateral, curved, with an obliquely dilated stigma : ovules 1 or 2, suspended. Fruit a membranaceous akene, coriaceous at the summit, included in the indurated calyx-tube. Seeds unknown. — Evergreen shrubs, some- what resinous ; leaves thick and coriaceous, small and numerous, entire, solitary and rarely opposite, or fascicled ; stipules small ; flowers small, white, shortly peduncu- late in terminal racemose panicles. 1. A. fasciculatum, Hook. & Arn. A diffusely branched shrub, 2 to 20 feet high, Avith reddish virgate branches, and grayish bark becoming shreddy : leaves fascicled, linear-subulate, 2 to 4 lines long, acute, usually channelled on one side, smooth and often resinous, rarely lobed above ; stipules small, acute : flowers nearly sessile, rather crowded : calyx green, nearly a line long, much exceeding the calycu- late bracts, strongly nerved, the lobes much shorter than the small petals : ovary obliquely truncate, often 1-ovuled: stigma small. — Bot. Beechey, 139, t. 30 ; Torr. 6 Gray, Fl. i. 430. Var. obtusifolium, Watson. Leaves short, obtuse : branchlets usually puber- ulent. — A. brevifolia, Nutt. Abundant on dry soils in the Coast Ranges and more rarely in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, from S. California to Lake Co. {Torrcy) and Sierra Co., Lemmon. The variety near San Diego. It is usually 6 or 8 feet high, often covering extensive areas with a dense and almost impenetrable chapparal or "ehamisal," producing an eff"ect upon the landscape similar to that of the heaths of the Old World. Agrimonia. ROSACEuE. 1 K 'i 2. A. sparsifolium, Torr. A shrub or small tree, G to 1 2 or sometimes 30 fuet high, glandular and resinous, witli yellowish green hark becoming reddish : leaves scattered (rarely opposite), narrowly linear, obtuse, 3 to 5 lines long; stipules wanting : flowers larger (nearly 2 lines broad), distinctly peduncled, in open pan- icles: calyx scarcely exceeding the membranaceous bracts, thinner, obscurely ribl,>(,- > J o On Pit River {Brewer), and northward to the British boundarv. P><)th these species are apparently common through Oregon and Washington Territory, on stream-banks, ranging ejist- wanl to Montana. The species of Colorado and Utah, which has been referred to C. rivularis, is probably distinct. 27. AMELANCHIEH, Medicus. Juxe-bkuuy. Seiivice-beuky. Calyx-tube campanulate ; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, oblong, ascend- ing. Stamens 20, short. Carpels 3 to 5, inferior, becoming membranaceous and 190 CALYCANTHACE^. Amelanchier. partiaUy 2-celled : styles united below or distinct. Fruit berry-like, globose ; the cells 1 -seeded. — Shrubs or small trees ; leaves simple, serrate ; flowers white, race- mose ; fruit purplish, edible. A genus of perhaps half a dozen species in Europe, Western Asia, and Japan, besides the North American forms which have received a dozen or more specific names but are usual y referred to a single polymorphous species. The prevalent form on the western coast is suBiciently well marked to be considered distinct from A. Canadensis of the Atlantic States. 1. A, alnifolia, Nutt. A shrub, 3 to 8 feet high, glabrous throughout or often more or less woolly -pubescent : leaves broadly ovate or rounded, occasionally oblong- ovate, obtuse at both ends or rarely acute, often somewhat cordate at base, serrate usually only toward the summit, | to 1| inches long : racemes short : calyx usually tomentose within : petals 3 to 12 lines long, narrowly oblong : fruit mostly 3 or 4 lines in diameter. — Aroma alnifolia, Nutt. Genera, i. 306. Amelanchier florid a, Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1589. A. Canadensis, var. alnifolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i, 473. On mountain-sides throughout the State, from near the level of the sea to an altitude of 10,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada. It ranges northward to British Columbia and eastward to the Kocky Mountains, varying much with the character of the locality in which it is found. 28. CANOTIA, Torrey. Calyx small, campanulate, deeply 5 -cleft, persistent, imbricate in the bud. Petals 5, oblong. Stamens 5, hypogynous ; filaments attenuate-subulate, persistent. Ovary superior, 5-celled : styles united, stout, persistent : stigma terminal : ovules several, amphitropous, attached to the central angle. Capsule woody, oblong, attenuate into the persistent style, septicidally 5-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seed solitary, attached by the middle, oblong, compressed, produced below into a membranaceous wing. Embryo surrounded by fleshy albumen ; cotyledons broad ; radicle inferior. A leafless shrub or small tree, with straight spinose branches, and smooth green bark ; flowers white, in small lateral cymes. A genus of a single species, very anomalous in its characters, and here appended to the RosacccB (with wliieh it has'little in common) only because it is so referred by Bentham & Hooker. 1. C. holacantha, Torr. Often 10 to 20 feet high, much branched ; the light green striate surtace of the branchlets marked by scattered small dark scars from which small scale-like leaves appear to have fallen : cymes few-flowered, bracteate with small thick triangular bracts : calyx very small : petals 2 lines long, equalling the stamens and pistil : capsule 9 to 12 lines long, dehiscent to the middle : seeds half as long, including the wing, which is as long as the dark finely tuberculate body. — Pacif P. Rep. iv. 68. On the Providence Mountains (Coojxr), and in the desert region of W. Arizona, Emor>/, Bigelow, Newherrij, Parry, and Palmer. Order XXXIII. CALYCANTHACE^. Aromatic shrubs, with opposite entire leaves (not punctate), no stipules, sepals, petals and stamens indefinite, as it were passing into each other, and all coalescent below into a closed cup which is lined by a hollow receptacle or disk, bearing numerous simple pistils (becoming akenes) in the manner of the Rose : the anthers adnate and extrorse : cotyledons foliaceous and convolute. Consists of the United States genus CahjcanfJms, and the Japanese genus of a single species, Chimojianthus ; probably most allied to the apetalous order Monimum oi the soutliern hemi- sphere, but generally ranked next to Rosacew ; by Bentham and Hooker placed next to Magnohacue and the cui^taken to be wholly receptacle or torus. But the same interpretation is now commonly Calycanthus. CALYCANTIIACE.E. JQl given to the rose-hip, pear, &('. Our genus will naturally be looked for among tlie jMjrigj'nous, uot among the hypogynous orhragma affinis, Gray, 1. c. Rocky and shady places, common through the western part of the State, and northeast to Plumas County in the Sierra Nevada. Petals 4 or 5 lines long, white or flesh-color, large in i)ro- portion to the calyx. * * Petals ( pinh or sometimes ivhite) with limb palmately 3 - 1-parted into narroio divisions : even the radical leaves mostly 3 - b-jxirted or divided : slender or fili- form rootstock and sometimes even the feiv-floivered raceme bearing clusters of small grain-like bulblets. 6. T. parviflora, Horickless : leaves convolute in tlie bud: racemes severcd-Jloirered : calyx-t^ibe elongated : berry naked and glabrous, many-seeded. — Siphocalvx, Endl. [Chrysobotrya, Spach.) 12. R. aureum, Pursh. Shrub 5 to 12 feet high, glabrous or almost so, gland- less : leaves 3 - 5-lobed, rarely at all cordate ; the lobes usually few-tootheil or 208 CRASSULACE^E. Tilloea. incised: racemes short, 5 - 10-flowered, with mostly foliaceous bracts: flowers golden-yellow, spicy-fragrant ; tube of the salverform calyx (half an inch or less in length) three or four times longer than the oval lobes : stamens short : berry small, yellowish turning blackish, mawkish. — Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 125. R. tenuifiorum, Lindl.liot. Keg. t. 1274. R. fragrans, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1533. Bauks of streams, in the Coast Eanges and in tlie Sierra Nevada : extending to the eastern side of the Rocietals acuminate : hypogynous scales minute or none : carpels 1 - 2-seeded. — Till/Ea proper. 1. T. minima, INIiers. Diff'usely branched, 1 to 3 inches high, erect or ascend- ing : leaves ovate to oblong, connate at base, acute, about a line long : flowers in short leafy axillary panicles, nearly sessile or on pedicels a line or two long : sepals 4. scarcely half a line long, oblong-ovate, acute, a little exceeding the linear-lanceo- late acuminate petals : carpels not longer, acute : seeds usually solitary. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 557. Var. subsimplex, Watson. Branchlets more elongated, mostly from the base : pedicels usually shorter. — T. UptojMala, Benth. PI. Hartw. 310. On sandy soils, in the rainy season, often abundant, from Sonoma Co. to San Diego ; Guada- lupe Island, Fahner. Also in Chili, and very similar to the older T. vcrUcillaris, DC, of New Holland, Tasmania, and New Zealand. Often reddish. Sedum. CRASSULACEyE. 209 % * Floivers solitary: petals oval or obhnrj : hyjwgynous scales linear : carpels several-seeded. — Bulliarda. 2. T. angustifolia, Nutt. Stems decumbent, rooting at base, diffusely branched, an incli long : leaves linear, acute, connate, a line or two long : flowers sessile or on very sliort pedicels : sepals 4, ovate, obtuse, a half shorter than the oblong petals and broad obtuse 8- 12-seeded carpels. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 558. Var. (]) Bolanderi, Watson. Stems 2 to 4 inches long, less diffusely branched : flowers nearly sessile, the parts in threes or fours : seeds nearly a half larger. From Oregon to Colorado ; the variety on tlie muddy banfcs of streams near San Francisco, Bolander. Tlie typical form may be expected in Northern California. It is very near tlie T. Drtcmmondii, Torr. & Gray, of Texas, being distinguished apparently only by tlie sliortcr pedi- cels. The var. Bolanderi has been collected only in fruit, and may prove distinct. 2. SEDUM, Linn. Stone-crop. Sepals 4 or 5, united at base. Petals as many, distinct. Stamens twice as many. Carpels distinct or rarely connate at base, few - many-seeded, 1 -seeded in a single species. — Herbs, mostly perennial and glabrous ; leaves fleshy ; flowers rarely dioecious, in cymes, often secund. About 120 species, inhabiting with few exceptions the cooler and temperate regioiis of the northern hemisphere, chiefly of the Old World. Fifteen species or more are fomid within the limits of the United States. % Stout, jyereanial: floivers mostly dioecioiis, in a regidar compact compound cyme, deep purple or becoming so : leaves serrate, flat. 1. S. Rhodiola, DC. Stems simple, nearly erect, from a thick fragrant root, 1 to lU inches high, leafy: leaves alternate, oblong-oblanceolate, acute, rarely entire, J to 1| inches long : cyme sessile, often an inch or two broad : flowers on short naked pedicels, usually 4-merous : sepals short, oblong : petals IJ lines long, linear- oblong : carpels becoming 3 lines long, shortly beaked. In the Sierra Nevada, at 9,000 to 12,000 feet altitude (Brewer, Bolander, Lcmmon), nortliward to the Arctic Coast, and eastward across the continent. Also in the mountains of Europe. =.v % Floivers perfect, decandrous, secund upon the branches of a forked cyme, mostly yelloiv or yelloivish : styles flliform : leaves entire, very fleshy: low and compjaratively slender. -5- Leaves narrowed toward the base, obtuse : perennials. 2. S. spathulifolium, Hook. Glaucous and sometimes mealy : stems ascend- ing from a branched rooting caudex, 4 to 6 inches high, simple : leaves obovate or spatulate, flat, 6 to 10 lines long: branches of the cyme approximate: flowers on short pedicels or sessile, 3 lines long : petals yellow, lanceolate, acute, twice longer than the ovate acute sepals and scarcely exceeding the stamens and styles. — Fl. i. 227 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 559. In dry rocky places from Monte Diablo to Vancouver Island. 3. S. Oreganum, Nutt. Similar in habit, but not glaucous : flowers larger, 4 or 5 lines long : petals pale rose-color, narrowly lanceolate and acuminate, nearly twice longer than the stamens : sepals acute or acuminate. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 559. Mendocino Co. {Bolander), and northward to Washington Territory. Rarely collected. 4. S. obtusatum, Gray. Of similar lial)it, but the branches of the cyme usually more numerous and scattered : flowers distinctly pedicelled, 3 or 4 lines long : petals oblong-lanceolate or ovate, acute, pale yellow, twice longer than the broad obtusish sepals and little exceeding the stamens and styles. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 342. 210 ■ CRASSULACE^. Sedum. On granite rocks in the Sierra Nevada : Yosemite Valley {Bolander, Torrey, Gray, &c.) ; Mt. Hoffmann, at 10,000 feet altitude, and Sonera Pass, Breiver. These closely allied species need to be defined from li\nng specimens. S. DEBiLE, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 102. Stems weak, 2 to 4 inches high, from very slender running rootstocks : leaves rounded or obovate, 1 to 3 lines long : flowers on rather long pedicels, in small cymes, 3 lines long, yellow : petals lanceolate, acuminate, twice longer than the acute sepals and little exceeding the stamens and styles. — In the mountains of Northern Nevada and Utah ( JVatson, Haydcn), and probably of Northeastern California ; iirst collected by Tolmie. +- -i- Leaves broadest at base, acute. 5. S. Stenopetalum, Pursh. Stems erect or ascending from a branched per- ennial rootstock, 3 to 6 inches high, simple or sometimes branched : leaves narroAvly lanceolate, sessile, 2 to 4 lines long or more : flowers bright yellow, nearly sessile, 3 to 5 lines long : petals lanceolate, acuminate, twice longer than the acuminate se- pals, and equalling or exceeding the stamens and elongated styles. — Torr. & Gray, n. i. 560 ; Watson, Bot. King'^Exp. 101. Frequent from Oregon and Nevada to the Rocky Mountains, and doubtless to be found in North- eastern California. 6. S. variegatum, Watson. Probably perennial witli a subterranean rootstock, dwarf, the slender simple stems only 2 inches high : leaves purplish, ovate-oblong, 2 lines long or less : flowers 3 to 6, in a contracted cyme, nearly sessile : petals broadly lanceolate, acute, 2 lines long, yellow veined with purple, twice longer than the purple ovate acute sepals and a little exceeding the stamens and styles. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 137. Near San Diego, D. Cleveland, 1875. 7. S. Douglasii, Hook. Branching at base, from a stout proliferous rootstock, the ratlier stout stems 3 or 4 inches high : leaves lanceolate or the lowermost linear- subulate, acute, membranaceous Avhen dry, 3 to 6 lines long : flowers sometimes polygamous, yellow, sessile, in an open cyme : petals 2 or 3 lines long, lanceolate, aciiminate, twice longer than the acuminate sepals and exceeding the stamens : folli- cles at length divaricately spreading from their united bases. — Fl. i. 228 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 559. Mendocino Co. (Bolander) ; among limestone rocks on Gavilan Peak (Brewer) ; and northward to Oregon. Picmarkable for its divergent follicles. It is described as an annual, but may per- haps be more persistent. 8. S. pumilum, Bentli. Annual, slender, branching or simple, 1 to 3 inches high : leaves ovate-oblong, a line or two long : flowers sessile in sparingly branched cymes, yellow : calyx-lobes very small, triangular, acute : petals linear, acute, 1 J lines long, exceeding the stamens and styles : follicles short, 1-seeded ; the seed erect, filling the cavity. —PI. Hartw. 310. On gravelly soil in the Sacramento Valley (Earhccg) ; at Placerville (BaUan) ; Table Moun- tain (J//X Auics) ; Oregon, Nuttall. It was also collected by Fremont. Peculiar in its minute calyx and solitary seeds. 3. COTYLEDON, Linn. Calyx 5 -parted. Petals united into a 5-lobed pitcher-shaped or cylindrical corolla. Stamens 10, inserted on the corolla-tube. Carpels distinct, or rarely united at base, many-seeded, beaked by the subulate styles. — Herbs, or soft- woody at base, ours stoiit perennials ; leaves very thick and fleshy, entire, the lower rosulate ; flowers often large and showy, mostly scarlet and yellow, in our species scorpioid-cymose or in long racemes. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. i. 659 ; Baker, Eefug. Bot. i. (February, 1869). Echeveria, DC. Prodr. iii. 401. About 60 species, belonging to the dry or hot regions of the Old World and North America. The Mexican species number 25 or 30, and there is also another in New Mexico near the boundary, Cotyledon. CRASSULACE^. 211 besides those of California, which are still imperfectly knoAvn. These American forms belong to the genus Echcveria, DC. (now merged in Cotyledon), distinguished by the larger often foliaceous calj'x, and the terete or suleate pitcher-shaped corolla more deeply parted. vc Leaves terete : 2')etals yelloivish, spreading : carpels divergent above the united base. 1. C. edulis, Brewer. Glaucous, nearly acaulcscent, the stem very short, thick, and covered with the bases of dead leaves : rosulate leaves numerous, terete or somewhat triangular, acute, dilated at base, the outer ones 3 to 5 inches long : flowering stems a foot high or more, with similar scattered leaves an inch or two long, the upper and floral ones very small : inflorescence paniculate, the scattered spreading branches 2 or 3 inches long : flowers nearly sessile : sepals ovate, acutish, 1 J to 2 lines long : petals united at base, narrowly oblong, 3 or 4 lines long, acute or acuminate, widely spreading : carpels ovate-oblong, united above the base, divergent above, 3 lines long : seeds rather few, linear-oblong, very acute at both ends, half a line long. — Sedum edule, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 560, On dry banks near the sea at San Diego, Nuttall, Parry, Cooper, &c. The young leaves are eaten by the Indians. A very peculiar species. % % Leaves flattened : carpels nearly distinct, erect. 4- Petals V lilted to the middle, red: carpels linear : pedicels mostly horizontal. 2. C. pulverulenta, Benth. & Hook. INIore or less white-pulverulent through- out : stem sliort and very stout : leaves rather thin and flaccid, in a flattened rosette often a foot or more in diameter, broadly spatulate and very abruptly acute, becom- ing 2 to 4 inches broad and at lengtli glabrate, the younger leaves very mealy and more gradually acuminate : floAvering stems 1| feet high or more, stout, with very broadly cordate often approximate acute leaves, or the lower ovate and acuminate ; floriil bracts small : inflorescence of 2 to 6 elongated ascending simple racemes, usually 6 to 12 inches long; pedicels mostly horizontal, slender, 3 to 8 lines long: flowers erect or ascending : calyx-lobes ovate, acute, 2 or 3 lines long : corolla narrow, sul- eate, red {" pale-scarlet or coral-color ") ; lobes oblong, acute : carpels 6 lines long : s ieds very numerous, smaller than in the last. — Echeveria pidveridenta, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 560. Frenuent in rocky ravines from the Sierra Santa Monica {Bre.u-er) southward to San Diego, Nuttall, Cleveland, Palmer. Eaten by the Indians. The figure of C. pulrcruJcnta, Baker, 1. c, t. 66, cannot be cited as a representation of the typical form of the species. It is uncertain to what it should be referred. The Echeveria ^lulvcrulcnta and E. lanceolata of Bot. Mex. Bound., from the Corinados Islands near San Diego {TImrber), are not satisfactorily determinable. -t- -{- Petals united only near the base, yelloiv more or less tinged tvith red : carpels ovate- to linear-oblong : pedicels ascending. 3. C. lanceolata, Benth. & Hook. Glaucous, the leaves more or less densely white-puberulent : stem very short, more slender than in the last : rosulate leaves less spreading, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the outer ones 2 to 4 inches long : flowering branches 15 inches high or more, slender, the lower leaves lanceo- late, becoming above broadly triangular-ovate, clasping, acute ; the floral bracts much shorter than the pedicels : inflorescence in a compound cyme or often of 2 or 3 short simple racemes ; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long : sepals triangular-ovate, acute, 2 lines long : petals oblong, acute, 4 to 6 lines long, erect, reddish-yellow : carpels linear-oblong, 5 lines long including the style : seeds oblong, acutish at each end, a third of a line long. — Echeveria lanceolata, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 561 ; Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 24. Southern California, near the sea ; San Diego, Nuttall, Parry, Cleveland, Palmer. 4. C. farinosa, Benth. Sc Hook, Acaulescent, more or less mealy-pulverulent : rosulate leaves rather flaccid, ascending, lanceolate, acuminate, the larger ones 2 to 212 DROSERACE^. Cotyledon. 4 inches long, very acute : floAvering brandies a span high or often less, with scat- tered broadly ovate to lanceolate clasping leaves : inflorescence a rather close and short compound cyme ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, rather large ; pedicels stout, 1 to 3 lines long : sepals broadly lanceolate, about 3 lines long : petals yellow, oblong- lanceolate, mostly acuminate, 4 to 6 lines long : carpels ovate-oblong, about 3 lines •long. — Baker, 1. c, t. 71. Echeveria farinosa, Lindl. in Jour. Hort. Soc. iv. 292. Mt. Carmel {Hartwcg) ; Paelieco's Peak {Brewer) ; Knight's Ferry, Bkjclow. It probably also .includes a more northern form with longer pedicels, collected on the upper tributaries of the Sacramento {Fremont), at Sonoma {Bigcloiv), and also by Bridges. It seems to be a variable species, distinguished from the last by its more lanceolate and narrowly acute less farinose leaves, shorter flowering branches, longer sepals, and shorter carpels. A cultivated specimen at Cambridge has very large liracts, much exceeding the pedicels. 5. C. caespitosa, Haworth. Acaulescent or nearly so, glabrous : rosulate leaves "glaucous-green," ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, the larger \\ to 3 inches long; flowering branches 6 to 12 inches high, with broadly triangular- ovate clasp- ing leaves : inflorescence a short and rather close compound cyme ; bracts broad and rather large ; pedicels short and stout : sepals ovate, 2 lines long or less : petals yellow, broadly lanceolate, acute, 4 or 5 lines long : carpels ovate-oblong, nearly 3 lines long. — Misc. Kat. 180; DC. Ear. PL Geiiev. 50, t. 14; Baker, 1. c, t. 69. Sednm Cotyledon, Jacq. Eclog. i. t. 17 ; Eeichenb. Hort. Bot. ii. 10, t. 125. Near San Francisco and northward, first collected by Menzies and cultivated at the Kew Gar- dens iu 1796 ; near Clear Lake {Torrcy) ; also from Gibbons and Pickering. 6. C. laxa, Benth. & Hook. Xearly acaulescent, very glaucous : rosulate leaves lanceolate, sharply acuminate, the larger 3 or 4 inches long or more : flowering branches a foot or two high, slender, with scattered leaves, the lower usually nar- rowly lanceolate, the upper shorter and broader : inflorescence of 2 to 4 simple secund racemes 3 to 5 inches long ; floral bracts small ; pedicels 2 or 3 lines long : sepals ovate, acute, 2 lines long or more : petals yellow, oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5 to 7 lines long : carpels ovate-oblong, 4 lines long. — Echeveria laxa, Lindl. in Jour. Hort. Soc. iv. 292. Cotyledon Californica, Baker, 1. c, t. 70. Near Monterey {Hartwcg) ; Cajon Pass {Bigclow) ; on dry rocks in the Gavilan Range (Breicer) ; Ft. Tejon {Xaritiis) ; rocky hills back of Santa Barbara, Bothrock. Some of the latter specimens have reddish Jlowiis, and the mature carpels are linear-oblong. 7. C. Nevadensis, Watson. Acaulescent, glaucous : rosulate leaves obovate to oblanceolate, somewhat rhomboidal, acute or acuminate, the larger 2 to 4 inches long : flowering branches 6 to 10 inches high, with scattered lanceolate to broadly triangular acute leaves : inflorescence a rather close spreading compound cyme ; bracts small ; pedicels 3 to 9 lines long : sej^als ovate, acute, 2 lines long or less : petals lanceolate, acute, 5 lines long, yellow tinged with red : carpels very short, ovate-oblong, 3 lines long in fruit. Hillsides and rocky places, Sonora {Bigclow) ; Yosemite Valley, Torrcy, Gray. Order XXXYI. DROSERACE^. Herbs, groAving in bogs, or rarely aquatic, most resembling Saxifragea; in habit and structure, and seemingly somewhat connected with that tribe through Parnassia, but with petals and stamens hypogynous or nearly so, anthers commonly extrorse, and the leaves provided with secreting glands of some kind, which appear to be in some way subservient to tlie capture of insects. A small order of five very small and local genera and one rather large and widely diffused one : represented in N. America only by the wonderful Bionoia, or Veuus's Fly-trap, of Noith Caro- lina, and by a few species of the principal genus, Drosern. I^rostra. LYTHRACE^. 213 1. DROSERA, Linn. Sundew. Calyx 5-parted, imbricated in the bud,, persistent. Petals 5, mostly convolute in the bud, withering-persistent. Stamens 5. Styles mostly 3, and each 2-parted, so as to appear as 6 filiform or somewhat clavate ones, stigmatose down the inner side. Capsule oblong, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae, 3-valved from the top, a placenta on the middle of each valve. Seeds very numerous and small, anatropous, with a smaU embryo at the base or in the axis of the fleshy albumen. — Low perennials or biennials, of brownish or reddish rather than green hue ; the herbage beset with bristle-stalked glands which secrete a drop of clear and glairy liquid ; stipules a vU- lous fringe at the base of the petiole ; leaves inrolled from the apex or the blade inflexed in the bud, in ours all crowded in a rosulate tuft at the base of a naked scape, which bears a unilateral scorpioid (apparent) raceme or spike; but the flowers are not in the axils of the bracts. Flowers generally (in ours) white, each one open- ing in the morning for a single day. Of the 100 species or thereabout, only six or seven are North American, and half of these are also European two of them occurring rarely in California. The greater number are S. Australian All at least of the common species are insectivorous. For an account of their remarkable habits and structure see Darwin, Insectivorous Plants, 1875. _ 1. D. rotundifolia, Linn. Leaves spreading ; the blade rounded, 2 to 6 lines in diameter, abruptly narrowed into the slender hairy or naked petiole : scape 3 to 6 inches high, few-flowered : petals oblong, 2 lines long, a little exceeding the oblong sepals : styles very short : capsule included in the calyx : seeds linear,°with a loose coat. In cold swamps in the Sierra Nevada (Braver, Bolander, Lemmon) ; ]\Iendocino Co.(Bolandrr) ■ and northward to the Arctic circle. On the Atlantic side of the continent it ranges southward to J^lorida; it is also found in Europe and Asia. 2. D. Anglica, Hudson. Leaves ascending, cuneate-oblong, attenuate into the slender naked petiole : scape 3 to 6 inches high, sometimes forked at the tup, few- flowered : petals Imear-oblanceolate, 3 or 4 lines long, nearlv twice longer than the oblong sepals : capsule exceeding the calyx : seeds linear, with a loose coat. Sierra County, Lemmon. Common in Eun,,,,^ and Sil,..,!;,, Init rarelv .ollectc.l in North America, being reported only from the North^.st ( '..ast (.l/o,:/, s), l^.ritish America (IlicJMrdson), and Newfoundland. The more fre,pient B. intrm,,,!!,^, llavn.. (tl,,. D. loiujifolia of authors and at least in part ot Lmuteus), is distinguished by the close rough seed-coat, rather smaller liowei^, &c. Order XXXVIL LYTHRACE^. Herbs (or in warm countries sometimes shrubs or trees), with simple and entire leaves, calyx tubular or campanulate and free from the ovary and capsule but en- closing it, the petals (often wanting) and definite stamens borne in its throat, a single style, numerous small anatropous seeds on a central placenta, and no albumen. Capsule generally becoming one-celled by the vanishing of thin partitions. Xo stipules, and no translucent dots in the leaves. Distinguished from the two follow- ing orders by the free ovary, from the first of them also by the numerous seeds. An order of little consequence and feeble representation in temiinatc r- seeded fruit. Parts of the flowers in twos throughout. Leaves opposite. 14. Circaea. The only genus. 1. JUSSIiEA, Linn. Calyx-tube not prolonged above the elongated ovary, the 4 to G herbaceous lub(;s persistent. Petals as many, obovate, spreading, yellow. Stamens 8 to 12. Ovary 4 - 6-celled : style simple : stigma capitate, 4 - G-grooved. Capsule clavate, 4-6- valved, dehiscing septicidally, or somewhat irregularly between the ribs, many- seeded. Seeds in several rows in each cell (or in one row in the following species, and surrounded by a thick epicarp), naked.— Aquatic or marsh herbs; leaves entire^ alternate, with very small stipules ; flowers solitary, axillary, usually on 2-bracteo- late pedicels. Species about 40, belonging mostly to Tropical America. 1. J. repens, Linn. Perennial, glabrous or puberulent : stems creeping and rooting at base, 1 or 2 feet long, the branches asceiiding : leaves oblanceolate or elliptical, 1 to 3 inches long, rather obtuse, tapering below into a long slender peti- ole : flowers nearly an inch broad : style stout, hairy : capsule 1 to 1^ inclies Ion- nearly terete, 11 lines broad: pedicels 1 to 2 inches long, bracted Tseeds in one row, covered by a thick white spongy adherent epicarp. Var. Californica, Watson. Flowers smaller, 6 to 8 lines broad : style slender, glabrous : capsule smaller, 8 to 10 lines long, 2 lines broad : pedicels shorter, 4 to 6 lines long : seeds slightly larger. Cedar Lake, Cache Creek {Bolandcr) ; Northern Sonora {Coulter, Thurber) ; the variety only which IS probably to be regarded as a distinct species. Forms of the Linnean species are of wide range on the eastern side of the continent and also occur in the East Indies. 2. LUDWIGIA, Linn. Calyx-tube not produced beyond the short ovary, the 4 lobes usually persistent. Petals 4, often smaU or Avanting. Stamens 4 ; filaments short. Capsule short or cylindrical, many-seeded, 4-valved, dehiscent septicidally or by openings at the sum- mit. Seeds minute. — Aquatic or marsh perennials ; leaves entire (ojiposite in our species) ; flowers axillary, mostly solitary and sessile. _ About 20 species, mostly North American, a few belonging to the Old World. A sinnching annuals, of western .North An,crica°'and CI il w a alt^; 1:::,';:;:;::": '"'''' "-' --^"''-^ '-'■-■ ■"- ^'* ■« -- ''--'y -'^-i. pnL^.,nr;^^'3 S:;ht,''7to i?'T 7 "r 'f °"^"™= -™''"- Fron^Oregon to Manposa Co. and eastward to Colorado, in the mountains on dry slopes Short q^p'SnX^^^^ '■ ^; ^^rT "^^-^ °^ ^-« — "t with simple /Lwr^SXebnt^Jl '''f^ Ij^S^, the elongated branches mostly lineir, sessile ^ven^Vh^^ of the branches : capsule's Watson, 1. c. O. lua.li'jf^:^^^^^'^^^! T''' --^--J«^- - From the Columhia River to Central Calilbrnia and eastward to Colorado flowerfw"fTo ?W.1 ^^T' ^- 1 ^'''''^^ S^^^^'^"^' « ^o 18 inches hi^h 3tooh£ii:h4-:s^-^--^-^^^^ Less frequeat ; from Orego,, to Soafcra California a„.I e»twa„l to Idaho and N. Utah. 6. ETJLOBUS, Nutt. letals 4, homb.c-ovate, sessile, hght yellow turning to red. Stamens 8; anthers and w,h smalet- globose anthe,,. Ovary 4-celled : stigma capitate. Capsule Unear, elongated, 4-angIed, 4-valved, imperfectly 4.celle,l, strongly cfracted Se sessile along the virgate branches. A single species. sp,L^;°vS"!S,,!:'"''i ^^'^T. ' '".^^ f-' '"o*. -"- ^'""t. with a few Dry pl.,ces, from Santa Barbae to Sa„ Diogo ; Canu, Gtaat, Arizona, Pal,„c.. OS 222 ONAGRACE^. (Enothera. 7. CENOTHERA, Linn. Calyx-tute more or less prolonged above the ovary (obconic to linear), deciduous (excei:)t in § 2) ; segments reflexed. Petals 4, obcordate to obovate, sessile, yellow to white, often tinged with red or turning red in fading. Stamens 8, equal or those opposite to the petals shorter; anthers perfect, versatile. Ovary 4-celled, many- ovuled : style filiform : stigma 4-lobed or capitate. Capsule coriaceous or somewhat woody to membranaceous, dehiscing loculicidally and more or less perfectly 4-valved ; the partitions more or less coherent to the valves. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows in each cell, horizontal or ascending, often somewhat margined. — Herbs, or sometimes woody at base; leaves alternate; flowers axillary, spicate, or racemose. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 573, A genus of perhaps 100 species, almost exclusively American, tliere being over 50 in the United States and most of the remainder Mexican or South American. Many of tliem are ornamental and several have long been in cultivation. Our sjiecies are usually found frequenting dry valleys and hillsides. * Calyx-tube linear above the ovary : anthers and stigma-lobes linear : capsule rigid-coiiaceous. Tall : flowers yellow, erect in the bud ; calyx-tips free : seeds in two rows in each cell. 1. CE. BlENXis. Low : flowers large, whitish, nodding in the bud : capsule narrow : seeds in 1 row. Perennial : calyx-tips free : capsule linear : seeds not compressed. Smooth or puberulent : calyx not villous : seed tei'ete, nan'owly oblong. 2. Q*;. ALBICAULIS. Villous and pubescent : seeds oblong, turgid, somewhat angled. 3. (E, Californica. Annual, villous and pubescent : calyx-tijis not free : capsule thicker toward the base : seeds ovate-oblong, compressed. 4. CE. trichocalyx. Acaulescent or nearly so : flowers large, erect in bud : capsule ovate- oblong, winged or crested : seeds in 2 rows. Capsule strongly ribbed or tuberculately crested : more or less pubescent. 5. (E. CvESPITOSA. Capsule winged at the angles : nearly glabrous. 6. Gi. triloba. * * Calyx-tube filifoim : anthers oblong : stigma capitate : capsule ovoid-oblong, membranaceous, sessile : seeds in 2 rows. Acaulescent, mostly perennial : flowers yellow, erect in bud, tips of calyx not free. Densely pubescent : leaves deeply pinnatifid. 7, (E. Kuttallii. Glabrous : leaves oblanceolate, nearly entire. 8. Qi. iieteraxtha. Somewhat pubescent : leaves ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, entire, cili- ate : seeds punctate. 9. CR. ovata. Annual, dwarf, hirsute : leaves linear : capsules winged above. 10. Qi. gracilifloua. * * * Calyx-tube obconic : anthers oblong : stigma capitate : capsule narrow, membranaceous, sessile : seeds in 1 row : caulescent, mostly annual. Flowers axillary, yellow, mostl)' showy, often turning green : capsule usually contorted, sharply 4-angled. Canescently pubescent : leaves thick, mostly entire : maritime, often woody at base. 11. CE. cheiranthifolta. More or less hirsute : leaves thinner, denticulate. Petals 4 to 7 lines long, usually with a brown spot at base. 12. CE. bistorta. Petals a line or two long, not spotted. 13. CE. micjiantha. Flowers axillary, yellow, mostly very small and usually turning red. Capsule elongated, very narrowly linear, obtusely angled : slender, with narrow leaves. More or less hirsute : petals rarely reddening : capsules shortly beaked. 14. CE. dentata. Somewhat appressed-puberulent or hirsute : petals usually red- dening : capsules obtuse, often pedicellate. 15. CE. strigulosa. Capsule short, attenuated upward from the base : dwarf. 16. CE. andina. Flowers in a nodding spike, white or rose-colored : capsule narrowly linear, terete, much contorted. CEnothera. ONAGRACE^. 223 Canescently puberalont, slender : leaves nearly entire : capsule „. . ,/eiy slender, not attenuate upward. 17. (E. alyssoides. Viscidly i)ubescent : leaves denticulate : capsule attenuate from the base. 18. (E. Boothii. t.labrous : stem white and shining : spike nearly erect • capsule attenuate from the base. 19. (j,-. gaur.eflora. * * * * Capsule pedicellate, linear or somewhat clavate, obtuse, not contorted : otherwise as in the preceding. Flowers in a nearly naked raceme : calyx-tube funnelform. Leaves all near the base, usually lyrate. Puberulent or nearly glabrous : calyx-tips not free : capsule an • inch long or less. 20 (E scapoidea Villous : calyx-tips free, stout : capsule 1 to 3 inches long. 21 ' (e' bi-evipfs " Leaves scattered, cordate or ovate : calyx-tube long-funnelform ; Flowers with leafy'bracts, very small : calyx-tube obconic : seeds ^^' ^' ''•'•'^*'^''"^'^^^^- with involute margins : dwarf, slender. 23. CE. PTEiiosPEitMA. § 1. Cah/x much prolonged beyond the ovary : stamens nearly equal; anthers or Imear-ohlong : stigma-lobes linear: capsule coriV^ceoMS. — Eucenothera. -^ Tall, erect : floivers yellow, in a leafy spihe, erect in the bud, openinq at evening • tips of the calyx-lobes free : capsule narrowly oblong, sessile, straight: seeds in 2 rows in each cell. — Evening Primrose. 1. (E. biennis, Linn. Bienninl, stout and usually simple, 1 to 5 feet liicrh canescently puberulent and move or less hirsute : leaves lanceolate to obloncT-°or rarely ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2 to 6 inches long, repandly denticulate most y sessile : calyx-tube 1 to 21 inclies long : petals 6 to 9 lines long : capsule about an inch long or less : seeds oblong, with somewhat margined angles Var. grandiflora, Lindl. Petals as long as the calyx-tube: capsule more or less pubescent. — P.ot. Peg. t. 1604. CE. grandiflora. Ait. ; Bot. Mag. t. 2068 _ Var. hirsutissima, ( Iray. Flowers as in the last, but the ovary especially more hirsute. — PL Fendl. 43. CE. Hookeri, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 493. From Oregon to the Atlantic and from British America to Mexico ; forms of it are also widelv naturaized in Europe (where it has long been cultivated), as well as in S. Africa, India and Australia. The var. hirsuhssmui is the more common form in California, ranging to New ilexico the others being more prevalent east of the Sierra Nevada. -^ % Usually low: stems ivhite : flowers large, white becoming pinJcish, axillary, nod- ding in bud, opening by day : capsules long and narrow, sessile, often curved: seeds in a single row m each cell, ascending. 2. CE albicaulis, Nutt. Glabrous or puberulent : stems herbaceous, from a perennial subterranean running rootstock, erect, h to 4 feet high, simple or branched • leaves linear to olilong-lanceolate, sessile or attenuate at base or abruptly petioled, entire or repand-denticulate or sinuate-pinnatitid toward the base, 1 to 3 inches long : tips of the calyx-lobes free in the bud ; the tube an inch long or less : petals about as long as the tube, entire or emarginate : capsule an inch or two lon*iv. 811, t. 45 ; Pegel, Gartenfl. xiii. t. 443. (E. roseo-at/ja, Hornem. (E. Lindleyl, Clarkia. ONAaRACEiE. 231 Dougl; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2832; Lindl. Eot. Reg. t. 1405. Godetia rubicunJa & G. vimsa, Liudl. Bot. lleg. t. 185G & t. 1880. From Vancouver Island and Fi-aser River to Santa Cruz ; Plumas Co., Mrs. Ames. 10. Gr. Bottae, Spach. Canescently puberulent or nearly glaLrous, erect or somewhat decumbent, 1 to 1| feet high: leaves narrowly linear to lanceolate, entire or sparingly toothed, an inch or two long, on slender peti(des : calyx-tube shoit : petals light purple, 6 to 1 2 lines long : filaments usually slender and style elongated : stigmadobes yellow or purple, a line or two long : capsule attenuate at each end, 10 to 15 lines long : pedicel 3 to 9 lines long. — (Euotkera Bottae, Torr, & Gray, Fl. i. 505. In the Coast Ranges, from Monterey to San Diego. 11. G. epilobioides, Watson. Tomentosely puberulent, erect, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves linear to lineardanceolate, entire or sparingly denticulate, an inch or two long, petioled : calyx-tube a line or two long : petals light purple or rose-color, 3 to 6 lines long : stigmadobes short : capsules acuminate, attenuate to a short pedicel or rarely nearly sessile, 6 to 14 lines long. — (Unotkera epilobioides, Nutt.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 511 ; Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 599. Frequent in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada upon both sides, and ranging from Oregon to Mariposa County and southward ; San Diego, NiUtall, Thurbcr, Cleveland. 1 2. G. hispidula, Watson. Hispid with short spreading pubescence, especially above, erect, mostly simple and often 1-flowered, about a span high : leaves very narrowly linear, an inch or two. long : calyx-tube 2 or 3 lines long : petals pur[)le, C to 12 lines long: filaments rather slender : style elongated and stigma-lobes linear: capsules attenuate at top, abruptly contracted at base, 4 to 9 lines long, perhaps costate : pedicels 2 to 4 lines long. — (Enothera liispidida, Watson, 1. c. 599. Sacramento and Tulare Valleys, Fremont, Prattcn, Rattan. 13. G. biloba, Watson. Minutely puberulent, erect, a span or two high : leaves nearly glabrous, linear or narrowly lanceolate, an inch or two long, obscurely den- ticulate, the lower on long slender petioles : calyx-tube a line or two long : petals light purple, cuneate-obovate, more or less deeply 2dobed, 4 to 9 lines long : cap- sules puberulent, G to 9 lines long, attenuate at the apex, abrui»tly contracted at base into a pedicel about a line in length. — CEnothera biloba, Durand, PI. Pratten. 87 ; Watson, 1. c. In the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada from Tuolumne to Nevada counties. 9. CLARKIA, Pursh. Calyx-tube obconical above the ovary, deciduous; the 4-cleft limb reflexed. Petals 4, with claws, lobed or entire, purple or violet. Stamens 8, those opposite to the petals often sterile or rudimentary ; anthers oblong or Imear, attached by the base. Ovary 4-celled : style elongated : stigma Avith 4 broad lobes, sometimes un- equal, at length spreading. Capsule linear, attenuate above, coriaceous, erect, some- what 4-angled, 4-celled, and 4-valved to the middle. Seeds numerous, angled or margined. — Annuals, with erect brittle stems and alternate leaves on short slender petioles, the uppermost sessile; flowers showy, nodding in the bud, in terminal racemes. A genus confined to our Pacific coast, some of the species well known in cidtivation. 1. C. pulcheUa, Pursh. Stem (i to 2 feet high) and inflorescence puberulent: leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, 1 to 3 inches long, nearly glabrous, entire : iietals G to 9 lines long, 3dobed, attenuate to a long claw which has a spreading tooth on 232 ONAGRACE^. Clarkia. each side : perfect stamens with a linear scale on each side at base, the alternate stamens rudimentary and filiform : stigma-lobes equal, dilated : capsule 8 to 12 lines long, 8-angled, on a spreading pedicel 2 to 3 lines long : seed obliquely cubical, minutely tuberculate, two thirds of a line long. — Fl. 260, t. 11. Washington Territory, Oregon and Idaho ; not yet collected in California. Freiiuent in culti- vation, in several varieties, and often figured. 2. C. Xantiana, Gray. Stem glabrous, about a foot high : leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire, ashy-puberulent, as also the inflorescence : petals 2-lobed with a subulate tooth in the sinus ; the claw short and broad, not hairy nor appen- daged at base : stamens 8, all perfect, without scales at the base : stigma-lobes broadly oval, short : capsule nearly sessile, 9 lines long. — Proc. Bost. Soc, I^at. Hist. vii. 145. Near Fort Ttyon, Xantus. 3. C. elegans, Dougl. Glabrous or pubendent, | to G feet high, simple or branched : leaves broadly ovate to linear, repandly toothed : ])etals entire, rhom- boidal ; the long slender claw wdthout teeth : anthers all perfect ; filaments with a densely hairy scale at each side of the broader base : stigmadobes equal : capsule nearly sessile, 6 to 9 lines long, obtusely 4-angled, rather stout and often curved, somewhat villous. — Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1575. C. tmguiculata, Lindl. Bot. lieg. under t. 1981. Phceostoma Douglasii, Spach, Monog. Onagr, 74. Valleys and hillsides, from Mendocino Co. to Los Angeles and the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. Common in cultivation. 4. C. rhomboidCci, Dougl. Puberulent or nearly glabrous, 1 or 2 feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate to -ovate, 2 inches long, the upper narrower, all on slender petioles, entire : petals entire, rhomboidal, Avith a short broad claw which is often broadly toothed : anthers all perfect ; filaments with hairy scales at the base : stigma- lobes short: capsules 8 to 12 lines long, 4-angled, nearly glabrous, on pedicels about a line long. — Hook. Fl. i. 214 ; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1981. C. ganroides, Don hi Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2 ser. t. 379. Opsiautlies gauroides, Lilja, Liuna-a, xv. 261. Of wider range than the preceding, but not frequent. San Diego {Cleveland) ; in the Sierra Nevada northward to Washington Territory, and in the mountains eastward through Nevada to the Wahsatch. 10. EUCHARIDIUM, Fischer & Meyer. Calyx-tube linear-elongated above the ovary. Stamens 4, opposite to the sepals, not appendaged at base. Otherwise as Clarhia, to which it should probably be referred. — Only the following species. 1. E. concinnum, Fisch. & Mey. Glabrous or puberulent, closely resembling Clarkia rhomboidea in habit and foliage : calyx-tube nearly filiform, an inch long : petals 3dobed, without teeth upon the claw, 6 to 9 lines long : filaments filiform : stigma-lobes unequal : capsules 8 to 12 lines long, sessile : seeds imbricated, papil- lose, concave and margined on the upper side. — Ind. Sem. Petr. ii. 11; Lindl. Bot. Pieg. t. 1962 ; Hook. Bot. ]\Lag. t. 3589. E. grandijioruvi, Fisch. k Mey. 1. c. vii. 40 ; C. A. Meyer, Serf. Petr. i. 13. In the Coast Eanges from Santa Barbara to ilendocino County, and especially about the Bay of San Francisco. 2. E. Bre"weri, Gray. A foot high : leaves narrowly lanceolate, an inch long or more, attenuate to a short petiole : calyx-tube 12 to 18 lines long : petals large, cuneate-obcordate, with a narrow subulate lobe in the deep sinus : filaments clavate : stigma-lobes linear : capsule stout, sessile, 15 to 18 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad, vi. 532. On the dry summit of Mount Oso, Stanislaus Co., Brewer. ^""^«' ONAGRACE^. ^^^ Zoo 11. BOISDUVALIA, Spach. Calyx-tube funnelforia above the ovary, deciduous; the lobes erect Petals 4 obovate-cuneiform, sessile, 2-lobed, purple to white. Stamens 8, tliose opposite to' the petals shorter; filaments very slender, naked at base; anthers all perfect ob long, attached near their base. Ovary 4-ceUed, several-ovuled : style filiform- stigma-lobes short, somewhat cuneate. Capsule membranaceous, ovate-oblon.^ to' linear, nearly terete, acute, sessile, dehiscent to the base. Seeds ascendin-^ "ll-w (3 to 8) in one row in each cell, ovate-oblong, somewhat angled, smooth -F,ect leafy annuals; leaves alternate, sessile, simple; flowers small, in leafy simi.le or compound spikes. — ffi'Mo^^em § BoisdmaUa, Torr. & Gray, FI i 505- Arttsn,, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 600. ' ^"^ ^ '^ ^^^^^'"' folfowfng.^ ^'''"' """'^'"'^ *" ^'''"^™ ^'''''''''^ '^'''' ^^^"g two Chilian species in addition to the 1. B densiflora Watson Canescently pubescent and more or less villous often stout I- to 2 feet high: leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acumi^^' most y denticulate, 1 to 3 inches long; the floral leaves usually much shorter ami broader: flowers m a usually close terminal spike or numerous short lateral spike- lets : calyx 1 J to 3 lines ong about half the lengtli of the petals : capsules oUe- oblong, smooth or slightly vd ous, 2 to 4 lines long; cells 3-6-seeded, the parti- tions wholy separating from the valves and adherent to the placenta : s^eds nearly 2. B Torreyi, Watson. Villous throughout with short stiffish spreadino- hairs rather s ender, a span or two high : leaves linear to lanceolate, usually nan-ow at base, entire or somewhat denticulate, 4 to 9 lines long; the floral leaves similar and scarcely smaller: flowers in a loose simple spike, very small (a line or two long), puiphsh : capsules linear, acuminate, 4 to 6 lines long; cells 6-8-seeded, the partitions adherent to the valves : seeds more ovate and smaller, half a line long or less— &ai/oph>/tum strictum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 340. CEnothera lorreyi, Watson, 1. c. Oregon {Hall) and southward in the Coast Ranges ; New Almaden, Torrcy. 3. B. glabella, Watson. Glabrous or slightly pubescent, slender, a foot hirdi • leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate, a half to an inch long ; the floral bracts scarcely smaller: flowers in a simple spike, shorter than the leaves • petals deep purple, less than a line long : capsules ovate-oblong, 2 to 4 lines long ; parti- tions adherent to the valves : seeds 4 to 6 in each cell, linear-lanceolate, a line Ion- — ttnothera glabella, IS^utt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 505. ° Watm. °^ *^' ^«l^°^bi^ {Nuttall, Hall) ; Truckee and Carson River valleys, Nevada, Bailaj, 12. GAUBA, Linn. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the obconic or clavate ovary ; the 4-parted limb deciduous. Petals 4, with claws. Stamens 8, nearly equal; filaments furnished with a scale-like appendage on the inside next the base ; anthers oval, versatile. Ovary 4-celled : ovules 1 to 2 in each cell, pendulous : style filiform, hairy be- low : stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by an obscure ring or indusium. Fruit nut-like, indehiscent or splitting at the apex, obtusely 4-angled and ridged upon the sides. — 234 ONAGRACE^. Gaura. Herbs, with mostly sessile alternate leaves ; flowers in spikes or racemes, white or rose-colored, turning to red. A genus of about 20 species, belonging chiefly to the wanner x^ortions of N. America east of tlie Itocky ilountains, extending into Mexico. 1. G. parviflora, Dougl. Annual, usually with a dense soft spreading pubes- cence, erect, 1 to 5 feet high : leaves ovate to lanceolate, repand-denticulate : flowers very small, in rather dense strict spikes : petals spatulate-oblong, scarcely unguicu- late, shorter than the calyx-lobes : fruit 3 to 4 lines long, obscurely 4-angled at the summit, 4-nerved, about 2-seeded, indehiscent. — Torr. & Gray, FL i. 519; Bot. Mag. t. 3506 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 113. Schizocarya inicrantha, Spach, Monog. Onagr. 62. Fort Mohave {Coojxr) ; Oregon {Douglas, Hall) ; Salt Lake ( Watson) ; more common eastward from Colorado to New Mexico and Texas. 13. HETEROGAURA, Ilothrock. • Calyx-tube with a short obconic prolongation above the small ovary ; limb 4-cleft, spreading, deciduous. Petals 4, entire, with claws. Stamens 8 ; filaments naked ; anthers ovate-cordate, attached by the base and not versatile ; those opposite to the petals on shorter filaments, lanceolate, acute, sterile. Ovary 4-celled, with a solitary pendulous ovule in each cell : style long : stigma discoid, entire. Fruit nut-like, indehiscent, obovoid, 2-4-celled, 1- 2-seeded. — Eothrock, Proc.^Am. Acad. vi. 354. A single species : a Clarhia in every respect but the fruit and stigma. 1. H. Californica, Eothr. 1. c. Smooth or sparingly puberulent, 1 to 1-| feet high : leavfs lanceolate, entire, 1 or 2 inches long, tapering to a slender petiole : petals purple, narrowly spatulate, 2 Hues long : anthers very small : fruit 2 lines long, obovate, 4 angled, 1| lines long, smooth, on a short spreading pedicel. — Gaura heterantha, Torrey, Pacif. E. Ecp. iv. 87. In the moimtains from Fort Tejon to Placer Co. 14. CIRC-ffilA, Linn. Exchaxteu's Nightshade. Calyx-tube slightly prolonged above the ovoid ovary, the base nearly filled by a cup-shaped disk; the limb 2-parted, deciduous. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 2, alternate with the petals; anthers small, nearly round. Ovary 1-2-celled: ovule solitary in each cell, ascending. Friut indehiscent, pear-shaped, covered with hooked bristles. — Low slender erect perennial herbs ; leaves thin, opposite, petio- late ; flowers small, white, in terminal and lateral racemes ; fruit on slender spread- ing or deflexed pedicels. A genus of 3 or 4 species, inhabiting cool damp woods throughout the northern portion of the hemisphere. 1. C. Pacifica, Ascherson & IMagnus. Mostly glabrous : stem usually simple, i to 1 foot high, from a perennial slender running rootstock : leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at base, somewhat acuminate, repandly denticulate, 1 to 2i inches long; the slender petioles about as long : racemes Avithout bracts : flowers half a line long : calyx white, with a very short tube : fruit a line long, rather loosely covered with soft hairs curved above, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Bot. Zeit. xxix. 392. C. alpina, var. intermedia, "Watson, Bot. King Exp. 113. Tn the mountains from Washington Territory to the Yosemite Valley, and eastward to Colorado and the Saskatchewan. Distinguished from C. aTpina by its less toothed leaves, and more clearly from C. LiUetiana by its smaller less acuminate leaves, smaller flowers, and smaller less bristly 1-celled fruit. Mentzelia. LOASACE/E. 90 r Order XL. LOASACE^. Herbaceous plants with either stinging or jointed and rough-harbcd hairs, no stipules, calyx-tube adnate to a 1-celled ovary, parietal placentic, or sometimes a solitary suspended ovule, a single style, and anatropous seeds with a straight em- bryo, mostly with little or no albumen. Stamens usually very numerous, rarely few and definite, some of the outer occasionally petaloid or intermediate between stamens and petals. Flowers perfect, often showy. An American order (mth one African exception), of about 100 species, many in ornaiiRutal cultivation, especially species of Loasa and Blumcnbachia of S. America (which twine and sliug), and of our first two genera. Of no other economical importance. 1. Mentzelia. Stamens many, inserted below the petals. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Seeds lew to many, on 3 parietal placentae. 2. Eucuide. Stamens many, adnate to the united bases of the petals and deciduous with them in a ring. Style 5-cleft. Seeds minute, very numerous, covering 5 expanded placentcu. 3. Petalonyx. Stamens 5. Style entire. Seed solitary. 1. MENTZELIA, Linn. Calyx-tube cylindrical to ovoid or turbinate ; the limb 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 5 or 10. Stamens numerous, inserted below the petals on the throat of the calyx and not adnate to them : filaments free or in clusters opposite the petals, filiform, or the outer more or less dilated or sometimes petaloid and barren. Ovary truncate at the summit, 1-celled : style 3-cleft, the lobes often twisted : ovules pendulous or horizontal, few to many in one or two rows on the three linear parietal placenta-. Capsule short-oblong to cylindrical, few - many-seeded, opening by valves or usually irregularly at the truncate apex. Seeds flat or angled. — Annual or biennial herbs, erect, more or less rough with rigid tenacious barbed hairs, the stems becoming white and shining ; leaves alternate, mostly coarsely toothed or pinnatifid ; flowers cymose or solitary, sessile or nearly so, orange, golden yellow, yellowish, or white. About 30 species, nearly all confined to western North and South America ; forming several well- marked subgenera. Confined, like the other genera, to dry hillsides and vaUeys. § 1, Seeds feiv, pendulous, ohlong [\ to 2 lines long), somewhat flattened, not winged, minutely Jiexuous-striate longitudinalbj : petals 5, not large : filaments all filiform : leaves pietioled, serrately toothed. — Eumentzelia. M. ASPERA, Linn. Annual, slender : leaves hastately 3-lobed, on slender petioles : flowers axillary, sessile : petals about 3 lines long, but little exceeding the calyx -lobes : capsule narrowly linear-clavate, an inch long. — A tropical species reaching to Lower California {Xantiif:), Sonera (Thurber), and Arizona (Eothrock), and to be looked for in Southeastern California. This is the only species of true Menzclia that approaches the borders of the State. § 2. Seeds pendulous, feio to rather many, small, in Wo 3 roivs, irregularly angled or somewhat cubical, not winged, opaque, minutely tuherculate : floivers in ter- minal cymes, mostly smcdl : calyx-limb 5-parted : ]}etals 5 : filaments all fili- form or the 5 outer more or less dilated : capsule linear : leaves sessile, fiat, sinuately toothed or jii^matifid : annuals. — Trachyphytum, Torr. & Gray. ( Trachyphytum, Nutt.) 1. M. albicaulis, Dougl. Slender, | to 1 foot high or more: leaves linear- lanceolate, pinnatifid with numerous narrow lobes, the upper leaves broader and often lobed or toothed at base only : floAvers mostly approximate near the ends of the branches : calyx-lobes 1 J to 2 lines long, a little shorter than the spatulate or obovate petals : filaments not dilated : capsule linear-clavate, G to 9 lines lung : seeds numerous, rather strongly tubercidate, irregularly angled with obtuse margins. 236 LOASACE^. Mentzelia. less than half a line long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 534; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 113, excl. vars. M. Veatchiana, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 99, .tig. 28. Dry valleys and foot-hills in early spring. Southeastern California (Fort Tejon, XanUis ; Mo- have Creek, Bigclow, C'nopa-), and on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada to Oregon ; also east- ward to Cokn-ado and New Mexico. The tuherculate seeds distinguish it from the next two. 2. M. dispersa, Watson. Very similar to the last, but the leaves sinuate- toothed, sometimes entire, rarely pinnatilid, the uppermost often ovate : calyx-lobes a line long: capsule narrowly linear-claA^ate : seeds very often in a single row, some- what cubical, more or less grooved upon the angles, very nearly smooth. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 137. 31. albiccmlis, var. integrifoUa, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 114. Washington Territory and Oregon to Colorado ; Yosemite Valley {Bolandcr) ; Guadalupe Island, Palmer. Apparently confined to rather higher altitudes than the last. 3. M. micrantha, Torr. & Gray. Leafy, branched, 1 to 2i feet high : leaves ovate, an inch lung or less, somewhat sinuately toothed : flowers clustered, shorter than the broad floral leaves : calyx-lobes a line long ; the ovate petals a half longer : outer filaments more or less dilated : capsule broadly linear, 3 to 5 lines long : seeds few, irregularly angled, a line long, very nearly smooth. — Fl. i. 535, Bartonia micrantha, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 343, t. 85. Rarely collected. California (Z)o?<(7?as, Wallace) ; QXeax l^nke {Torrcy) ; Ojai, Peck ham. Dis- tinguished from the last by its foliage and habit, and especially by its shorter broader and few- seeded capsules and larger seeds. 4. M! congesta, Torr. & Gray. Habit and foliage of M. albicanlis ; a foot high : flowers clustered at the ends of the branches, conspicuously bracted with broad toothed bracts, which are membranaceous at base : calyx-lobes 1 J to 2 lines long : petals bright orange, 3 to 6 lines long : fllaments all flliform : capsule clavate, half an inch long : seeds irregularly angled, minutely tuberculate, nearly a line long. — Fl. i. 534 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 114. A rare species, on dry hillsides. Interior of Oregon {NuttalT) ; Sierra County {Lemmon) ; near Austin, Nevada, JVaisun-. 5. M. gracilenta, Torr. Sc Gray. Stems often simple, 1 to 1| feet high : leaves narrowly lanceolate, pinnatilid with many narrow lobes or sometimes only coarsely sinuate-toothed : flowers usually clustered at the summit : calyx-lobes 2 to 5 lines long : petals obovate to oblanceolate, rounded or acutish at the apex, 4 to 8 lines long : capsule linear-clavate, | to 1 inch long : seeds in 3 rows, irregularly angled, very minutely tuberculate, two thirds of a line long. — Fl. i. 534. M. albicaulis, var. gracilenta, Watson, Bot. King Exp, 114. From Los Angeles northward to the Sacramento ; also in Northwestern Nevada, Watson. Pos- sibly a small form of the next species. G. M. Lind.le3ri, Ton*. & Gray. Slender, 1 to 3 feet high, branched : leaves ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, pectinately pinnatilid or only coarsely sinuate-toothed : flowers axillary and terminal : calyx-lobes 5 to 9 lines long, lanceolate : petals obovate, abruptly acuminate, an inch long : filaments all very slender: capsule linear-clavate, 12 to 15 lines long: seeds as in the last. — Fl. i. 533. Bartonia aurea, Lindl. Bot. Beg. t. 3649 ; etc. Rarely collected ; first found by Douglas, probably in Central California, and introduced into liritish gardens, and afterward by Bridges ; Corral Hollow, Brewer. It is also reported as found by Bigclow on gravelly hills near the Colorado River, but this locality is somewhat uncertain. § 3. Seeds luaneroiis in double rows upon the 3 broad placentae, horizontal, flattened, siiborbicxdar-winged, minutely tubercidate or nearly smooth : floivers often large and shoioy : calyx-limb b-cleft nearly to the base: petals 5 or 10: fllaments numerous, the o^lter often more or less dilated or petal'oixl : capsule broad, oblong : leaves sessile {or jMioled in No. 8), simiately toothed or pin- natifid : biennials. — Bartonia, Torr. & Gray. [Bartonia, Nutt.) Eucnide. LOASACEiE. 237 7. M. lasvicaulis, Torr. & Gray. Stout, 2 or 3 feet higli, branching : leaves lanceolate, 2 to 8 inches long : flowers sessile on short branches, very large, light yellow, opening in sunshine: calyx-tube naked, the lobes 1 to 1| inches long: petals acute at each end, 2 to 2| inches long, the filaments and slender style a little shorter : capsule 1;^ inches long, 3 to 4 lines in diameter : seeds very minutely tuberculate, H lines in diameter. — Fl. i. 535; "Watson, Bot. King Exp. 114. Bartonia Icevicmdis, Dougl. 3 Hook. Fl. i. 221, t. 69. From Santa Barbara ( Torrey) to the Columbia River, and more frequent east of the Sierra Nevada, in the valleys and on dry foot-hills, to Salt Lake and Western Wyoming. Other spe- cies of this section are common in Colorado and New Mexico. 8. M. tricuspis, Gray. Apparently annual, 6 inches high or more, rather stout : leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, acute or acuminate, coarsely sinuate- toothed, attenuate at base to a petiole, the upper ovate and sessile : flowers sessile on the short branches : calyx-limb half an inch long : petals broadly spatulate, light yellow, 12 to 15 lines long : filaments very numerous, shorter than the calyx, linear, somewhat dilated above and marked by a transverse orange band, and pro- longed into two lateral linear cusps nearly equalling the oblong-linear raither : style stout and rigid, 3-cleft, equalling the stamens : capsule half an inch long. — Am. Naturalist, ix. 271. Only two specimens have been collected, one at Fort Mohave {Cooper), the other in S. Utah, Parry. The mature fruit and seed are unknown, and the species is probably to be excluded from this section. § 4. Seeds feiv, ohlong, pointed at base, ohscurely angled, smooth and shining, some- what rugose : calyx-limh ^-cleft to beloto the middle : petals 5 : filaments all filiform: capsule urceolate : leaves sessile, coarsely pinnatifid, with revolute margins : a cespitose perennial, very densely and tenaciously hispid. 9. M. Torreyi, Gray. Stems several from a perennial root, much branched and densely tufted, 3 to 6 inches high : leaves oblong, an inch long, acuminate, attenuate at base, deeply pinnatifid with about 2 (1 to 3) lobes on each side, which are acuminate by the strong revolution of the margin : flowers solitary, axillary, shorter than the leaves : calyx-limb 3 lines long : petals oblanceolate, 5 lines long, pubescent on the outside : style cleft to the middle, not twisted : capsule ovate, con- tracted below the broad summit, 2| lines long: seeds a line long. — Proc. Am. Acad. X. 72. A very peculiar species, collected by Dr. Torrey in the dry valleys of Humboldt County, Nevada, and also by Lcmvion in similar localities in Washoe County. 2. EUCNIDE, Zuccarini. Calyx-tube oblong ; the limb 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 5, united at base and inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens numerous ; filaments all filiform, adnate to the base of the petals and deciduous with them in a ring. Ovary short- conical at the summit, 1-celled : style 5-angled, 5-cleft, the lobes often twisted : ovules very numerous, covering the 5 prominent expanded placentae. Capsule obovate, very many-seeded, opening by 5 valves at the short-conical summit. Seeds minute, longitudinally striate. — Annual or biennial herbs, armed with stinging hairs and barbed pubescence ; leaves alternate, cordate or ovate, petioled, lobcd and serrately toothed ; flowers yellow, pedicelled, in terminal cymes. A genus of three species (or more), confined to Northern Mexico and the adjacent region ; made a section of Mentzelia by Bentham & Hooker. 1. E. urens, Parry. Stout, low, very hairy and pubescent : loaves broadly ovate, 1 or 2 inches long, cordate or rounded at base, obscurely lobed, coarsely 238 CTJCTJRBITACE^. Petalonyx. "toothed, the upper sessile, the lower on rather short petioles : flowers large, on pedicels 3 to 6 lines long, in terminal bracteate cymes : calyx-lobes lanceolate, 6 to 10 lines long; petals twice longer, broadly spatulate, abruptly acuminate, hairy at the apex, united at base into a tube 3 lines long : tilaments equalling the calyx- lobes : style stout, cleft to the middle : capsule broadly obovuid, half an inch long, opening by 5 erect valves as in the other species; the seeds also exceedingly numer- ous, linear-oblong, about a fifth of a line long, marked by a few longitudinal striix;. — Am. Naturalist, ix. 144. Mentzelia urens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 71, Am. IS'aturalist, ix. 271. Collected by Bigeloiv in rocky arroyos near the confluence of the Williams River with the Colo- rado, and eastward to Southern Utah, Parry. 3. PETALONYX, Gray. Calyx-tube very small, cylindrical, with 5 linear deciduous lobes as long as the ovary. Petals 5, with long connivent claws and ovate-spatulate blade. Stamens 5, with free filiform filaments, inserted with the petals on the outer edge of an epigy- nous disk ; anthers small, didymous. Ovary 1 -celled : style simple, elongated : stigma entire : ovule solitary, pendulous from the summit of the cell. Capsule very small, oblong, bursting irregularly. Seed oblong, smooth. — Erect perennial herbs, or shrubby at base, pubescent or rough with short barbed hairs; leaves alternate, entire or toothed ; flowers small, yellowish, in terminal heads or short leafy spikes. Tliree species, of Arizona and the adjacent region. 1. P. Thurberi, Gray. Stems 1 to 2 feet high from a somewhat woody base, brandling: leaves ovate to oblong, an inch long or less, smaller and becoming bract- like (2 to 3 lines long) on the branches, sessile, acute, entire or rarely few-toothed ; the floral bracts ovate, acuminate, toothed at base : flowers in short and dense spikes, sessile : calyx 2 lines long : petals light yellow, 2 lines long or more, slightly hispid : filaments and style half an inch long : capsule a line long, not angled or winged. — PI. Thurb. 319 ; Torrey, Pot. Mex. Bound, t. 22. San Diego and San Bernardino coimties, and adjacent parts of Arizona to S. Nevada, Thur- her, Cooper, Schott, Palmer, &c. P. NiTiDTTS, Watson, is found in S. Nevada and probably extends into S. E. California ; dis- tinguished hy its ovate petioled coarsely toothed leaves, rounded at base, not greatly reduced on the branches, and with a somewhat vitreous and shining surface. P. Paiuiyi, Gray, is a more eastern species, of S. Utah, decidedly shrubby, the leaves rhom- boidal-ovate, cuueate into a short petiole, scarcely smaller above. Order XLI. CUCURBITACE^. Herbs, mostly tendril-bearing and climbing, rather succulent, with alternate and palmately veined or lobed leaves, no proper stipules ; the flowers moncecious or dioe- cious, with petals more commonly united into a cup or tube and also blended with the calyx. Sterile flowers with 2i stamens, that is, two complete, with 2-ccll6d anthers, and one with a 1-celled anther; the cells usually long and contorted. Fer- tile flowers with calyx-tube adnate to a 1-celled or 2 - 3-celled ovary ; the placenta? cither parietal, or confluent in or projecting from the axis. Seeds anatropous, with- out albumen. A peculiar but familiar family, of great diversity as to the fruit, &c., yet easy to recognize, widely distributed over the world, but mainly indigenous to warm regions. Chiefly important for the esculent fruits it produces (Melon, Watermelon, Cucumber, Pumpkin, S([uash, &c.), and Cucurbita. CUCURBITACE^. 239 for the hard-rinded Gonrd, used for vessels. But the fleshy fruits of several are acid and purt^ative (as in Elaterium and Colocynth, valnal)le in medicine), and so are the roots of all the perennial species. The Megarrhiza-roots of California in this resiject, as in size, are like tliose of lirvonv in Europe. •' -^ * Seeds flattened : cotyledons thin, rising out of the ground and foliaceous in germination : fruit fleshy : united calyx and corolla tubular-campanulate. 1. Cucurbita. Flowers all solitaiy, large, yellow. Filaments distinct, but the flexuous anthers coiithient. 2. Melothria. Sterile flowers racemose, small, yellowish. Filaments and anthers distinct ; the cells of the latter straight. Berry small and juicy. * * Seeds large, turgid : cotyledons thick and flesliy, remaining under gimmd in germination. 3. Megarrhiza. Flowers small, white ; the sterile racemose. Corolla rotate. Fruit becoming dry and fibrous, few-seeded. ° 1. CUCURBITA, Linn. Flowers monoecious, solitary. Calyx-tube campanulate ; lobes 5. Corolla cam- panulate, 5-cleft to the middle or lower ; lobes recurved. Sterile flowers with the stamens at the base : filaments free ; anthers linear, confluent, flexuous. Fertile flowers with 3 rudimentary stamens : ovary oblong, with 3 placentas and numerous horizontal ovules : style short : stigmas 3, 2-lobed. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, often with a hard rind. Seed ovate or oblong, flattened. — Annual or perennial, mostly prostrate and rooting at the joints ; leaves cordate, lobed ; tendrils compound ; flowers large, yellow; fruit often large. A genus of half a dozen or more species, from some of which have come by cultivation all the many diflerent varieties of Pumpkin and Squash. l._ C. perennis, Gray. Eoot perennial, very large and fusiform : stems long, trailing : leaves thick and scabrous, slightly tomentose beneath, triangular-cordate, G to 12 inches long, 4 to 8 wide, acute, the basal lobes rounded or angled, usually mucronately denticulate, rarely sinuate ; petioles shorter than the leaves : tendrils 3 - 5-cleft : flowers violet-scented, 3 or 4 inches long, with obtuse mucronate lobes : calyx-tube half an inch long, equalling the linear lobes : ovary pubescent : fruit globose or obovoid, 2 or 3 inches in diameter, smooth, yellow, on a slender pedicel an inch or two long ; shell filled with bitter fibrous pulp : seed thin, obovate, 4 or 5 hues long, obtusely margined. — PI. Lindh. 193. Ciicumis (1) pereimis, James: Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 543. Temescal (Brewer), San Diego (Cleveland, Palmer), and through Arizona and Northern Mexico to Texas. The root sometimes descends 4 to 6 feet in the ground, with a circumference nearly as great. In Southern California the i)lant is known as Chili Cojnfe and Calahuzilla, and the pulp of the green fruit is used with soap in washing and to remove stains from clothing. Tlie macerated root is also used as a remedy for piles, and the seeds are eaten liy the Indians. 2. C. digitata, Gray. Eoot perennial, fleshy : stems slender, elongated, usually prostrate and rooting: tendrils short and delicate, 3 - 5-cleft : leaves "scabrous, pal- mately 3 - 5-parted ; the lobes narrowly lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, entire or somewhat sinuate-toothed, or the lower lobed at base, about equalling the petioles : flowers 2 or 3 inches long, acutely lobed, on slender pedicels 1 to 4 inches long : calyx-tube |^ to 1 inch long, the narrow teeth only a line or two long : fruit subglo- bose, 2 or 3 inches in diameter, yellow, long-pedicelled : seeds thin, oval. — PI. Wright, ii. GO. Lower Colorado Valley to New Mexico ; authentic specimens have not been collected withiu the limits of the State. 3. C, palmata, Watson. Canescent with sliort rough pubescence, apprcssed on the leaves : stems leafy : leaves thick, cordate; in outline, 2 or 3 inches broad, pal- 240 CUCURBIT ACE^. CumrUta. mately 5-cleft to the middle with lanceolate acuminate lobes, which are often ob- tusely toothed near the base, usually exceeding the petioles : flowers 3 inches long, on stout pedicels, lobes acutish : calyx-tube an inch long, the teeth broader and three lines long or more : fruit globose : seeds 5 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 137. San Diego County ; C'ajon Valley {Cleveland) ; Larken's Station, near the Jacumba Slountaiiis, Palmer. 4. C. Californica, Torrey in herb. Canescent with a short white rigid pubes- cence : leaves thick, 5-lobed, two inches broad, the triangular lobes acute or acumi- nate, mucronate : tendrils slender, parted to the base : flowers an inch long or more, on pedicels j to 1 inch long ; calyx 4 or 5 lines long, the linear teeth 2 lines long. — Watson, 1. c. 138. Imperfect specimens of this evidentlj'- distinct species were collected by Dr. Pickering on the Wilkes Exploring Expedition, in Sacramento Valley, and what is apparently the same was also found l:)y Emory on Cariso Creek in the southern part of the State. 2. MELOTHRIA, Linn. Flowers monoecious ; the sterile in axillary racemes ; the fertile solitaiy. Calyx campanulate, shortly 5-toothed. Corolla 5-i3arted into oblong or linear-oblong seg- ments. Sterile flowers with the stamens on the calyx-tube : filaments short, free ; anthers free, short and ovoid, rarely all 2-celIed ; the cells straight and connective usually produced. Pistillate flower on a long and slender pedicel, with 3 abortive or rarely perfect stamens : ovary ovoid, constricted below the flower, with 3 pla- centas and numerous horizontal ovules : style short, on an annular disk : stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit small, baccate, juicy. Seed ovate, flattened. — Slender herbs, with simple tendrils, and small yellow or white flowers. About 30 species, in the warmer regions of the world. 1. M. pendula, Linn. Stems very slender, climbing : leaves rather thin, cor- date, an inch ur two broad, repand-toothed, or acutely 5-angled or lobed, scabrous or nearly smooth : sterile flowers few, in small racemes, 2 lines long, yellowish ; calyx-teeth minute : fertile flowei's on filiform pedicels at lengtli as long as the leaves: ovary oblong: fruit subglol)ose, half an inch long, blackish when ripe: seed numerous, 1;^- lines long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 541. From the southern Atlantic States westward across the continent. In Southeastern California, on the Colorado River, Bigelow. 3. MEGARRHIZA, Torrey. Big-Root. Flowers monoecious ; tlie sterile racemose or panicled ; the fertile solitary, from the same axils. Calyx-tube broadly campanulate : teeth obsolete or very small. Corolla rotate, deeply 5 - 7-lobed, with oblong papillose segments. Sterile floAvers with the stamens at the base : filaments short and connate : anthers free or somcAvhat adherent ; the cells somewhat horizontal, flexuous. Pistillate flowers pedicelled : abortive stamens present or none : ovary oblong to globose, usually more or less echinate, 2-celled or more : cells 1 - several-ovuled : ovules ascending, horizontal, or pendulous, the attachment mostly parietal : style short : stigma 2 - 3-lobed or parted. Fruit mostly echinate, more or less fibrous within, becoming dry, at length bursting irregularly 1 Seed large, turgid, ovoid or subglobose, smooth, not margined ; hilum linear, acute : cotyledons thick, remaining under ground in germination. — Stems MegarrUza. CUCURBIT ACE^. 241 elongated and climbing, from large fusiform perennial roots ; leaves cordate, pal- mately 5-7-lol)ed or angled; tendrils 2-5-deft; flowers small, wliite. Flowering in early spring. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 138, A genus confined to the Pacific Coast, the species not well known, nearly allied to the EcJiiuo- cysfis of the Atlantic States, to which it has been referred, but from which it is sejiarated by its thick perennial roots, its large turgid immarginate seeds, and its thick Heshy cotyledons, wiiicli remain under ground in germination. The fruit in some sjiccies appears to be wholly indeliLscent. 1. M. Californica, Torr. Nearly glabrous, with short scattered curved hairs : stem 20 to 30 feet long : leaves 2 to 6 inches broad, with a deep closed sinus, more or less deeply 5-7dobed, but rarely to the middle; lobes broad-triangular, abruptly acute, mucronate, the sinuses obtuse : sterile flowers (5 to 20) in slender racemes 3 to 5 inches long, somewliat pubescent, on slender pedicels a line or two long ; corolla 3 or 4 lines broad : fertile flowers 5 or G lines broad, without abortive stamens : ovary globose, densely echinate, 2- (rarely 3-4)- celled, the cells 1-2-ovuled; lower ovule ascending, the upper horizontal, attached to the outer side of the cell : fruit globose or ovoid, 2 inches long, densely covered with stout almost pungent spines {h to 1 inch long), 1 - 4-seeded : seed obovoid, 10 lines long, G in diameter, sur- rounded by a shallow groove or darker line, the hihim at the narrow base. — Pacif. li. Eep. vi. 74. Echinocystis fahacea, Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xii. 154, t. 9, and xvi. 188. Near the coast from San Diego to Punta de los Reyes. A specimen from Knight's Ferry on the Stanislaus {Byjcluw) has the ripe fi-uit much less strongly armed. Specimens from Coconuuigo (Bigrlow) may also belong here, though having the leaves more deeply divided with narrower lolics, and the -f-celled fruit with 4 or 5 seeds in each cell. 2. M. Marah, Watson, 1. c. Scabrous or nearly smootli : stems 10 to 30 feet long : leaves cordate or reniform, 3 to G inclies broad, lobed nearly as in tlie last : sterile flowers a half to an inch broad, in simple or panicled loosely flowered racemes, 4 to 1 2 inches long ; pedicels slender, 2 to 6 lines long : fertile flowers Avith abortive stamens : ovary oblong-ovate, more or less covered with soft spines, 2-3-celled; ovules 1 to 4 or more in each cell, ascending or horizontal, attached to the outer side of the cell : fruit ovate-oblong, 4 inches long, somewhat attenuate at each end, more or less muricate all over with Aveak spines : seeds horizontally imposed, flattish, suborbicular or irregularly elliptical, an inch in diameter, about half as thick, with an obscure marginal furrow and prominent lateral hilum, — Marah tnuricatus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 38. Common around and near San Francisco Bay. Catalina Island (Baker), Init sterile flowers only. 3. M. Oregona, Torr. Much resembling the last : fertile flowers without abor- tive stamens : young fruit similar in shape, sparingly muricate with soft si)ines, 3-4-celled, the cells imbricated above each other, 1-seeded : mature fruit (so for as known) an inch or two long, unarmed, with very thin walls : seeds as in the last, or somewhat smaller (8 to 11 lines broad), attached to the outer side of the cell. — Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 74. Common in Washington Territory and said to range from Puget Sound to Klamath Lake. 4. M. muricata, Watson, 1. c. Nearly glabrous or somewhat scabrous, often more or less glaucous : stems G to 8 feet long : leaves 2 to 4 inches broad, orbicular- cordate with a nearly closed sinus or broadly reniform, deeply 5dobed, the divisions all broader above and sharply sinuate-toothed or -lobed : sterile racemes slender, often very few-flowered : fertile flowers 3 to 4 lines broad, without abortive stamens, on slender pedicels an inch or two long : ovary smooth or sparingly muricate, oblong, acute at each end : fruit nearly globose, an inch in diameter, naked or with a few short Aveak spines near the base, 2-celled, 2-see(lcd : seed nearly globose, half nn inch in diameter, ascending, attached to the outer side of the cell near the base, the margin smooth. — Echinocystis muricata, Kellog 242 DATISCACEyE, Megarrhiza. Angels Camp, Calaveras County (Fach, Bujcloiv) ; near Placerville, Kellogg, Bolcmder. Speci- mens collected by Fremont, Hulse, and others, in the same region (from the Mokelumne Eiver to the Ui)per Sacramento), may belong here though with the ovary 3- or 4-celled, and in some other minor respects ditiVrent. 5. M. GuadalupensiS, Watson, 1. c. IS'early glabrous, the inflorescence some- what pubescent: leaves thin, 3 to 8 inches broad, 3-5-lobed to the middle, the lower lobes quadrangular, the upper acuminate, with few short teeth : racemes nearly simple, 4 to 6 inches long : calyx-teeth filiform : corolla 6 to 8 lines broad : fertile flowers without abortive stamens : ovary on a slender pedicel an inch long, ovoid, densely covered with short soft spines, 2-celled ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, ascending : fruit ovoid, 1 1 to 2 inches long, acute above, somewhat pubescent and with short scattered stift" spines, usually 2-seeded : seeds subglobose, an inch in diameter, attached to the inner side of the cell, the margin smooth. Guadalupe Island, on high rocks near the centre of the island, Pabiur, 1875. Order XLII. DATISCACE^. A very small and peculiar order, chiefly represented by the following genus of only two species. DATISCA, Linn. Flowers dioecious, sometimes perfect. Calyx of sterile flowers very short, with 4 to 9 unequal lobes : stamens 10 to 25 ; filaments short : rudimentary ovary none. Pistillate flowers with calyx-tube ovoid, somewhat 3 -angled, 3-toothed : stamens three, when present, alternate with the teeth : styles 3, bifid, opposite the teeth, the linear lobes stigmatic on the inner side. Capsule oblong, coriaceous, 1 -celled, open- ing at the apex between the styles. Seeds very numerous and small, in two to several rows upon the 3 j)arietal placenke : embryo cylindrical, in the axis of small albumen. — Smooth stout perennial herbs; leaves unequally pinnatifid, with coarsely toothed lanceolate segments, the upper scarcely lobed ; flowers axillary, fascicled, nearly sessile. Only two species known, one native of W. Asia, the other of California. 1. D. glomerata, Benth. & Hook. Erect, 2 or 3 feet high or more, branching : leaves ovate to lanceolate in outline, acuminate, 6 inches long, the numerous floral ones shorter and more narrowly lanceolate : flowers 4 to 7 in each axil of the elon- gated leafy raceme, the fertile mostly perfect : anthers nearly sessile, 2 lines long : styles longer than the ovary : capsule oblong-ovate, 3 or 4 lines long, slightly nar- rowed toward the truncate triangular 3-toothed summit. ^ Gen. PI. i. 845. Tri- cerastes glomerata, Presl, Pel. Hrenk. ii. 88, t. 64; Lindl. A^eg. Kingd. 316, fig. On stream-banks from Na]m County to San Bernardino, and in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada from Amador to Tuolumne County. Order XLIII. CACTACE^. By Dr. George Engelmaxx. Green fleshy and thickened persistent mostly leafless plants, of peculiar aspect : globular or columnar, tuberculated or ribbed, or jointed and often flattened, usually armed Avith bundles of spines from the " areola;," which constitute the axils of the (mostly absent) leaves. Flowers with numerous sepals, petals, and stamens, usually Mamillaria. CACTACE^E. 9^0 in many series, tlie cohering bases of all of which coat the inferior l-celled many- ovuled ovary, and above it form a tube or cup, nectariferous at base. Style 1, vrith several or numerous stigmas. Fruit a pulpy or rarely dry l-celled berry, with numerous campylotropous seeds (without or with some albumen) on several parietal placenta?. An order of few genera, comprising a large number of species, peculiar to tin; warmer parts of America, and confined in CaUfornia to tlie southern and southeastern districts. Suborder I. CACTE^. No leaves proper : spines never barbed. Flower-bearing and spine-bearing areola distinct. Tube of the sessile solitary flowers well developed, often long. Seeds brown or black, mostly small. — The limits between the genera are arbitrary. 1. Mamillaria. Globose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing tubercles. Flowei-s (usually small) from between the tubercles. Ovary naked. Seeds wilhout albumen. 2. Echinocactus. Globose or oval jilants, stouter than the last, usually ribbed ; bundles of spines on the ribs. Flowers mostly larger, from the youngest part of the ribs close above the nascent bunches of spines. Ovary covered with sepals. Heeds albuminous. 3. Cereus. Oval or columnar plants, sometimes tall, ribbed or angled ; bundles of spines on the ril>s. Flowers usually larger, close above bundles of full grown (older) spiues. Ovaiy covered with sepals. Seeds without albumen. Suborder II. OPUNTIEJ^. Leaves small, subulate, early deciduous. Sessile and solitary flowers from the same areola? as the always barbed spines : tube of the flowers short, cup-shaped. Seeds larger, whitish, covered with a bony arillus. 4. Opuntia. Branching or jointed plants : joints flattened or cylindrical. Sir.oiaiEi; 111. PEIRESCIEiE, with flat persistent leaves, spines never barbed, flowers usually ]inluii.lcd and often iianiculate, with a very short tube, and large black albuminous .seeds, includes the gnuis Pcirescia of the tropics, in aspect very unlike the rest of the order. No species have been found in California, but they may be expected in the Peninsula. 1. MAMILLARIA, Haworth. Flowers about as long as wide ; the tube campanulate or funnel-shaped. Ovary, often hidden between the bases of the tubercles, as well as the exsert succulent berry, naked. Seeds yelloAvish-brown to black, exalbuminous or nearly so. Embryo mostly short and straight, with extremely short cotyledons parallel to the sides of the seed. — Small more or less globose or oval simple or cespitose j^lants, the spine- bearing areolas borne on cylindric, oval, conic, or angular tubercles, which cover the body of the plant. Flowers from a distinct woolly or bristly areola at the base of these tubercles, fully open in sunlight, mostly only for a few hours. § 1. Flowers tisiially small, lateral from the axils of older or full-grown tubercles. Our species have limjnd juice and exsert ovaries. — Eumamillaeia. 1. M. Goodridgii, Scheer. Oval to subcylindrical, mostly single, covered with crowded ovate tubercles and a dense mass of gray and dusky thin spines ; axils of the younger tubercles woolly and bristly : the 10 to 15 outer spines radiating and Avhitish ; the 1 to 3 inner ones longer, stouter and dark brown, of which the stout- est is strongly hooked : lower sepals fringed : petals about 8, ovate, awned : stigmas 5 to 6 : club-shaped berry scarlet : seeds obovate, minute, black, delicately pitteil. — Salm. Cact. 1849, 91 ; Eugelm. Cact. Mex. Bound. 8, t. 8, fig. 9-14. 244 CACTACE^. Mamillaria. Common on sandy or grcivelly soil or among rocks about San Diego {Parry, Jr/assiz, Hitchcock), and on the neighltoring islands, and southward through the Peninsula, JF. Guhb. From 2 or 3 to 6 or 7 inches high, 1 to IJ thick ; tubercles 2h to 3 lines long ; radial spines 2^ to 5, and cen- tral ones 5 to 7 lines long ; ilowers 9 to 12 lines in diameter, dirty yellowish tinged with red. 2. M. Grahami, Engelm. Similar to the last : smaller, with smaller less closely pitted seeds, but longer and more numerous (15 to 30) spines, and without axillary bristles. — Cact. Mex. Bound. 7, t. 6, fig. 1-8. Common on the most nigged rocks on both sides of the Colorado {SchoH, Newberry), and east- ward into New Mexico. Heads 1 to 3 inches high, 1 to 1^ thick. 3. M. phellosperma, Engelm. Ovate to cylindrical, usually simple : tubercles long-oval, witli wool and bristles in their axils, and 30 to GO spines at the apex, in 2 or 3 series ; the outer thinner and paler ; the inner stouter and often darker ; the 3 or 4 central spines stouter, dark brown, and one or several hooked : flowers with ciliate sepals and 1 2 to 1 3 acuminate petals : stigmas 5 : berry obovate or clavate, crimson, containing rather few large globose reticulated and warty brown seeds, with a large spongy appendage. — Cact. Mex. Bound. 6, t. 7. From the eastern slope of the mountains near San Felipe to the Mohave country, and through- out Western Arizona. Heads 2 to 5 inches high, H to 2 inches thick ; tubercles 4 to 7 lines long, not as mucli crowded as in the last tAvo species, but with a much larger ninnber of spines, 4 to 9 lines in length ; flower dirty yellowish red, about an inch wide. The seed is partially imbeddeil in a curious spongy mass, an aril-like enlargement of the funiculus. § 2. Flowers larger, vertical, from the base of a r/roove on the younrj or nascent tubercles. CoRYPHxiNTHA. 4. M. Arizonica, Engelm. n. sp. Globose or ovate ; tubercles long-cylindrical, ascending, deeply grooved, bearing numerous straight rigid spines : the 15 to 20 exterior spines whitish ; the 3 to 6 interior ones stouter, deep brown above : flowers lai^ge, rose-colored : sepals 30 to 40, linear-subulate, fimbriate : petals 40 to 50, lance-linear, awned: stigmas 8 to 10, Avhite: berry oval, green, with obovate com- pressed pitted light brown seeds. On sandy and rocky soil in Northern Arizona, irom the Colorado castwar 20 obtuse tuberculated ribs : on the ovate areola; 8 or 9 robust reddish spines, angled and annulated and slightly recurved, a stouter and longer one in the centre, turned downward or more or less hooked : flowers large, purple, Avith numerous (25) reni- form ciliate sepals on the ovary and as many sjiatulate ones on the tube : petals about the same number, lanceolate, laciniate-toothed towards tlic acuminate ti]) : stigmas 18 to 20, erect, almost as long as the very robust style. — Emory liep. 15G ; Cact. Mex. Bound. 23, t. 28. 246 CACTACE^. Echinocactus. Arizona and Sonora to the Mohave region {Emory, Bicjdow, Schott), and into Lower California Gabb. Plants 1 or 2 and even 3 feet high, 1 or 2 feet thick; all the spines very stout and sti-ongly cross ril.Led, U to 3 inches long ; flowers 3 inches long, purplish Lrown outside • iietals red, with yellow margin ; seeds much like those of the next species. 6. E. Wislizeni, Engelm. Very large, oval, at last cylindrical or often club- shaped, with 21 to 30 compressed crenate ribs: oblong areohe bearing various spines ; in the centre 4 stout cross-ribbed ones, the lower one flattened and curved or hooked; above and below 6 to 10 slightly ribbed, and laterally 10 to 20 long slender often flexuous ones : flowers greenish yellow, 2 to 21 inches Ion" • ovary and fruit imbricately covered with 30 or 40 to GO or 100 roundish cordate sepals ; inner sepals spatulate, 20 to 30 : petals as many, lanceolate, crenulate • style divided to the middle into 12 to 20 stigmas : yellowish berry at last hard and dry • seeds over a line long, reticulated. — Wislizenus liep. 1848, note 14- Cact Me\ Bound. 23, t. 25, 26. i > , ^u luex. _ From the Pdo Grande to the Colorado, northward into Utah and west into California • flower- ing througliout the summer and autumn. Often 3 and even 4 feet high and 1 or '> in diameter with a woolly spineless top ; spines U to 2^ indies long, gi-ayish red, the thinner ones whitish ^a n' 4' ^*^' "•' ^^^'^"^^ ^ ^^''^® ^^^" founded on weaker plants of this, with the seeds of perl * * Scales of the ovary subulate, often spinescent, copiously woolly in their axils ; fruit envelojjed in ivool. — Eriocarpi. 7. E. polycephalus, Engelm. & Big. Middle-sized or large, globose, at last cylmdric, sprouting frum the base; ribs 13 to 21, acute : circular areola? bearing 8 to 12 stout compressed annulated curved reddish gray spines: flowers enveloped in a mass of dense white wool : petals about 30, lance-linear, yellow : stigmas 8 to 1 1 linear: dry berry full of large angular seeds. — Cact. of Pacif E. Rep iv 31 t s' fig. 4 - G. I J > Gravelly or stony soil on the Colorado and Mohave rivers, and in the Californian desert (Binc- Imv) ■ flowering in February, fruiting in March. Heads sometimes 20 or 30 from a sin-le base 5 to U leet high, the larger cylindric ones 2 to 2i feet high ; spines either all radial, or 6 to 8 outer ones surrounding 4 stouter central ones ; flowers U inches long ; about 100 rio-id dark pointed sepals upon the ovary are hidden in the wool, those of the tube sinnlar and about as many petals about 30, narrow, yellow, just emerging from the wool ; seeds 2 lines long, wrinkled and minutely tuberculate. •' 3. CERE US, Haworth. Flowers aboiit as long as wide or elongated. Scales of the ovary distinct, with naked or woolly axils, or almost obsolete and the axils spiny. Berry succulent, covered with spines or scales or almost naked. Seeds black, without albumen. Embryo short and straight or curved or hooked ; cotyledons usually contrary to the sides of the seed. — Plants of all sizes, low or climbing or erect, sometimes enor- mous ; spine-bearing areohx? on vertical ribs. Flowers from the older or, at least, fully formed parts of the plant, not from any preformed areola, but bursting through the epidermis just above the bunches of spines; some open only in sunlight, others only at night, others again are not thus influenced. Fruit often edible, sometimes of very large size. § 1. Low and visually cespitose 2'>lants, mostly with numerous oval or cylindric heads, short flowers, green stigmas, and spiny fruit : seeds snhglobose, covered with con- fluent tubercles : embryo straight, with very short cotyledons. — Echinocereus. 1. C. Engelmanni, Parry. Heads several from a single base, oval or cylin- drical, Willi 11 tn 13 interrupted ribs : radial spines about 13, Avhitish, often some- what angled, straight or curved, the lateral ones the longest ; central ones 4, longer, 02mntia. CACTACE^. 247 angular, variously colored : large purple flowers open only in sunlight : ovary and fruit with 25 to 30 spiny areola^ 15 to 2U upper sepals, and as many lance-ol^long petals: stigmas about 12, erect. — Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiv, 338; Cact. of Pacif. K. ilep. iv.°35, t. 5, fig. 4 - 10. From the eastern slopes of the Southern Sierra Nevada, at San Felipe, into Arizona and Utah, apparently abundant, Farrij, Newberry, Palincr, and others. Heads usually 4 to 6 together, 5 to 10 inches high, 2 or 3 thick ; outer spines i to |, inner 1 or 2 inches long ; flowers 2^ to 3 inches long and wide, appearing in June. § 2. Prismatic or cylindric, mostly brandling : Jioivers tisnalli/ longer than wide : stigmas whitish : seeds ohovate, usuallg smooth or pitted : embryo with foli- aceous curved cotyledons. — Eucereus. * Ovary and fruit spiny. 2. C. Emoryi, Engelm. Stems erect, branching from the base, cylindric, with IG to 20 ribs, closely set with prominent hemispherical areolai bearing numerous (30 to 50) tliin straight yellow spines { to 1 or If inches long; the 3 to G inner ones longer and deflexed : flowers short, greenish yellow, crowded on one side of the top of the stems : ovary with few short spines, which become formidable upon the subglobose fruit. —Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. ; Cact. Mex. Bound. 40, t. GO, fig. 1-4. On the gravelly mesas near the sea-shore at San Diego {Parry, Jgassiz, EUcJicock), and quite abundant on rocky hills from Los Angeles to the Salinas Valley {Brewer), and into the Peninsula to Rosario, Gabb. Stems 2 to 4 feet high, Ti to 2 inches thick, often from a prostrate rooting base, and forming dense thickets ; areola 2 lines wide and 3 or 4 lines apart, densely covered with the thin sharp and very brittle spines ; flowers usually on one side only, like those ot § lilo- ccreus, 1^ to H i^'^li'^s long and a little less wide ; fruit about an inch long ; seeds over a line long, shining, minutely tuberculate. % * Ovary and fruit scaly. C GIGAN'EEUR, Engelm., 15 to 30 or even 40 feet high, very stout, with few erect branches towards the upper part, cream-white short-tubed flowers, and large oval edible fruit, which at maturity bursts irregularly, and (' TiiiniBEiu Encfelm., 10 to 15 feet high, more slender, with many equally high ascending braViches from the base, similar flowers, and larger globose delicious fruits, are found in the adjoining territories of Arizona and Lower California, and may be looked for m this State. § 3. Tall, cylindric, mostly unbranched ; ^(.pper flower-bearing portion with more croxvded areola; and longer denser thinner bristly or hairy spines: floivers short : seeds as in the last. — Pilocereus. C ScHOTTii Engelm., 4 to 10 feet high, the lower part 5-angled, with distant areola; and few very short and'stoift spines ; the upper flowering portion dci^ply 5-ribbed, with close-set areola; bearino- numerous setaceous spines, almost hiding the small flowers and small berries,— from the same localities as the last two species, — may also be found in Southern Calilornia. 4. OPUNTIA, Tourn., Miller. Tube of the flower very short, cup-shaped. Petals spreading or rarely erect. Ovary with bristle-bearing areola? in the axils of small terete deciduous sepals. Berry succulent or sometimes dry, marked with bristly or spiny areola, truncate with a wide umbilicus. Seeds large, Avhite, compressed, with the embryo coiled around the albumen : cotyledons large, foliaceous. — Articulated much-branched plants, of various shapes, low and prostrate, or erect and shrub-like; young branches with small terete subulate early deciduous leaves, and in their axils an areola vdi\\ numerous short easily detached bristles and, usually, stouter spines, all bai-bed. Flowers on the joints of the previous year, on the same areoke with the spines, mostly large, open only in sunlight. Fruit often eAlil)le, often large. 248 CACTACE^. Opuntia. § 1. Joints compressed : rhaphe fowling a prominent hony margin around the seed : embryo completing a little more than one circle aroxmd the scanty albumen ; cotyledons contrary to the sides of the seed. — Platopuntia. * Fi'uit pidpy. 1. O. Engelmanni, Salm. Bushy, erect-spreading, much branched : obovate joints \ to 1 loot long, sparsely armed with bundles of 1 to 3 or sometimes even 5 spines, the stouter ones angled, yellow, sometimes with a red-brown base; old trunks losing their spines : flowers yellow, about 3 inches wide : petals broadly obovate, truncate : the purple oval juicy berry about 2 inches long, with a large flat um- bilicus, and with- 20 to 25 brown-woolly and slightly bristly areolae. — Salm. Cact. cult. 1849, 235 ; Engelm. Cact. Mex. Bound. 47, t. 75, fig. 1 - 4. Var. /3. occidentalis, Engelm. Spines fewer, stouter, farther apart : seeds larger. — 0. occidentalis, Engelm. & Big. in Cact. of Pacif. li. Pep. iv. 38, t. 7. Var. (])y. littoralis, Engelm. Joints often larger, 1 to IJ feet long: bunches of longer and more slender spines closer together : fruit similar, but with 40 to 50 areola? : seeds smaller. Apparently a poljniiorphous species, extending fi-om Southern Texas to the Pacific, which will ]iiolial)ly be iilcutitied with some older Mexican species when these plants come to be better undcrwtood. The two forms of California are easily distinguished by the characters given above. The var. ucciilrntdlis lias been found on the western slope of the mount;rins east of Los Angeles and southward to San Isabel, etc., at an elevation of 1,000 to 2,000 feet, Parry, Schott. The areohe of the joints are 1^ to 2 inches apart ; spines | to 1^ inches long ; flowers 3 to 3^ inches wide, yellow with orange centre ; fruit often 1^ inches thick ; seeds 2h to 2f lines wide. The second foini, var. littoralis, extends on the coast from Santa Barbara and the islands in its gulf (0. Tittvmmi) to San Diego, and southward, G. N. Hitchcock. Seeds 2 to 2^ lines in diameter. — The limits of these species are difficult to circumscribe, especially because complete speci- mens are so hard to preserve and extensive observations in the field have not yet been made. Of the three following no more is known now than there was twenty years ago. 2. O. chlorotica, Engelm. & Big. Erect, bushy ; old trunks covered with large areohe wliich, retaining their vitality, constantly produce new spines ; joints large, pale green, orbicular-obovate, with close-set areola', each bearing 1 to 5 slender deflexed yellow spines : flowers yellow, 2.^ to 3 inclies wide, with spatulate petals. — Cact. of Pacif. P. Pep. iv. 38, t. 6, fig. 1 - 3. From Mohave Creek eastward to Bill Williams Mountain in Arizona (Bigelotv) ; 4, 5, or even 7 feet liigh, I'eadily recognized by the very spiny trunk and very pale broad joints f to 1 foot long. 3. O. angustata, Engelm. & Big. Prostrate or ascending, with obovate elon- gated joints : large oblong areoltB sparse, bearing brown bristles and few (1 to 3) deflexed spines : fruit rather small, deeply umbilicate, with few large seeds. • — Cact. 1. c. 39, t. 7, fig. 3, 4. From Cajon Pass eastward into Arizona, Bigeloiv. Joints 10 inches long or more, not half as wide above, nan'owed 'downward ; berry 1^ inches long, narrow ; seeds 3 lines wide. 4. O. Mohavensis, Engelm. & Big. Prostrate, ^vith large nearly orbicular joints, and more numerous (2 to G) stout and long often curved brown spines. — Cact. 1. c. 40, t. 9, fig. 6-8. On Mohave Creek, Bigeloiv. A doubtful form, of which flowers and frait are unknown. It seems to approach 0. 'phmacantha of New Mexico, and perhaps even the stouter western forms of 0. Rafincsqiiii. It is indicated here merely for the attention of future explorers. O. Tuna and 0. Ficus-Indica, Mill., are probably both naturalized about the old missions ; one with stout yellow spines and insipid fruit, the last with weaker whitish spines, fruit delicious. -J- Fruit dry. -}•+ Joints and fruit spiny. 5. O. rutila, Xutt. Prostrate, with thick obovate or elongated joints : areole close, aruu'il with numerous slender reddish or gray flexible spines : large flowers purple : stigmas green : berry dce[ily uiuldlicate, with large Hat broadly margined Opuntia. CACTACE^E. 249 ivory-white seeds. — ISTutt. iu Torr. (fc Gray, Fl. i. 155. 0. erinacea, Engoliu. & Big. Cact. 1. c. 47, t. 13, fig. 8- 11. From the Mohave region (Bigelow) to Southern Utah {Palmer), and up the Colorado Valley, Nuttall. This plant seems to be Nuttall's long-lost 0. riUila, and also 0. erinacea of the Mohave, the flower of which is unknown. Joints 2 to 4 inches long, 1^ to 3 wide, and often, especially iu young plants, thick and almost terete, thus approaching to 0. frayilis: seeds 3 lines wide. -i- -!- Joints and fruit puhescent, without spines. 6. O. basilaris, Eugelm. & Big. Low, with obovate often retuse or fan-shaped joints, branching only from the base : areohe very close, densely covered Avith sliort brown bristles : tlowers large, rose-purple : fruit subglobose, with deep umbilicus, and rather few large and thick seeds. — Cact. 1. c. 43, t. 13, fig. 1 - 5. From the eastern base of the mountains near San Felipe through the desert and into Arizona, Bigelow, Ncwhcrry, Palmer, &c. Joints 5 to 8 inches long, and often us wide near the top ; dis- tinct from all other species of this region in its mode of growth, its pubest'cnce, absence of spines proi^er, and its very large seeds (3^ to 5 lines wide), which have a thicker but less prominent rim than any other of this section. § 2. Joints cylindrical, more or less tuhercidated : rliaplie usually not prominent, therefore seed not margined : embryo forming less than one circle around the more copious albumen ; cotyledons inconstant, contrary, oblique, or p)cirallel to the sides of the seed. — Cylindropuntia. * Loiv 2)lants ivith clavate joints, ivithout a firm ligneous skeleton : larger spines angular-compressed, ivithout sheaths : berries dry and very bristly. 7. O. Bmoryi, Engelm. Joints long, clavate-cylindrical, with linear-oblong and very prominent tubercles : spines numerous (15 to 30) in the upper bundles, the 5 to 9 inner ones stouter, angular- compressed : seeds large, irregular, the rhaphe in- distinct. — Cact. Mex. Bound. 53, t. 70, 71. Colorado desert from San Felipe {Parry, Bigrloic) eastward, and into Arizona {Schotf, Palmer) and the Peninsula, Gabb. Joints 5 to 9 inches long, 1 to li thick ; tubercles 1 to li inches long ; fruit 2 to 2^ inches long ; seeds 2^ to 3 lines wide. 8. O. Parryi, Engelm. Joints short, ovate-elavate with oblong tubercles : spines 12 to 20, reddish gray, the 3 or 4 inner ones stouter, triangular-compressed : seeds smaller, regularly circular, with a broad and distinct rhaphe. — Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiv. 339 ; Cact. of Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 48, t. 22, fig. 4-7. Gravelly plains near the Mohave River {Bigelow), and through the desert to the base of the mountains, Parry. Joints 3 or 4 inches long, 1^ thick ; tubercles about 3 inch long. 9. O. pulchella, Engelm. Joints smaller, slender: tubercles small: spines 15 to 25, of which usually one only is stouter, flattened, deflexed : flowers purple : ovary and fruit with long flexuous bristles : seeds small, with a broad rhaphe. — Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 201 ; Bot. King Exp. 119 ; fig. in Simpson Bep. ined, Sandy deserts of Southeastern California and Nevada, and among the sage-bushes of the moun- tains, IT. Engelmann, IV. Gabb, Watson. The prettiest and smallest of the clavate Opuntia', the only one with purple flowers ; joints rarely longer than 1 or 2 inches ; flowers \l to \h inches wide ;. seeds 2 lines in diameter. * * More or less erect, much branched : joints cylindric : ligneous skeleton solid or tubular and reticulated : larger S2nnes terete, coated ivith a loose sheath. ■i- Fruit dry and spiny : flotvers yelloiv. 10. O. tessellata, Engelm. Much branched, bushy, from a stout ligneous trunk : joints slender, covered with angular flattened ashy-gray tubercles, bearing above long single loosely sheathed spines : flowers small, yellow : small oval fruit covered with long brown bristles : seeds with a very broad flat rhaphe. — Cact. of Pacif. Pt. Rep. iv': 52, t. 21. 250 FICOIDE.E. Opuntia. Throughout the Californian desert from the mountains to the Colorado, and into Arizona. Bushes 4 to 6 feet high ; trunk solid, sometimes 2 inches in diameter ; joints only ^ or J inch thick ; spines an inch or two long ; flowers 6 to 9 lines wide ; fruit 9 lines long ; seeds 2 lines wide. 11. O. echinocarpa, Engelm. & Big. A low much-branched and spreading shrub : joints ovate-clavate, densely covered with numerous spines (3 or 4 stouter, 8 to 16 weaker ones in a bunch), which are loosely coated with a whitish glistening sheath : flowers pale greenish yellow, about 1| inches wide : fruit depressed, deeply umbilicate, very spiny : seeds few (2 lines wide), with a broad flat rhaphe. — Cact. 1. c. 51, t. 18, flg. 5 - 10 ; Bot. Ives Colorado Exp. 14. Common in the desert from the mountains to the Colorado River, and into Ari2ona. Usually only 1 to 1^ feet high, very showy from its conspicuous shining spines, an inch or two long. 12. O. serpentina, Engelm. A large straggling densely branched shrub: joints elongated, covered witli oblong prominent tubercles, which bear bunches of numer- ous short spines, very soon losing their inconspicuous sheaths : flowers chistered, greenish yellow, reddish externally : petals spatulate, obtuse : stigmas 8, whitish : iruit broadly oval, deeply umbilicate : seeds thick, irregular, with a narrow rliaphe. — Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiv. 338. Common near the coast, at San Diego, Parry, Hitchcock. Bushes 3 to 5 feet high ; spines 8 to 15 in a bunch, 3 to 6 lines long ; flowers IJ inches wide ; fruit about 9 lines long. -i-+ Fruit green, fleshy, and without spines : floivers red. 13. O. prolifera, Engelm. An arborescent shrub with elongated joints, covered with oblong obtuse tubercles, which bear 3 to 6 or 8 spines, obscurely sheathed : floAvers densely clustered at the ends of the branches, small, brick-red : fruit clavate, obovate, or subglobose, strongly tubercled, deeply uudjilicate, almost always sterile and often proliferous : seeds large, regular, with a broad j^rominent rliaphe. — Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. San Diego {Parry, Schott, Agassiz), up the coast to San Buenaventura, and southward into the Peninsula, Gabh. Larger than the last, with stouter more strongly tubercled joints, and fewer and shorter spines, and easily distinguished from it in flower and finiit : longest spines 1 to H inches long ; flowers \h inches wide ; seeds 3 lines in diameter, with a more prominent and broader rhaphe than its allies. Several other Opuntia;, belonging to this last section, all with red flowers and fleshy fruit, are found in Western Arizona and may also be expected on the western side of the Colorado. They are all erect much-branched bushes, covered with shining sheathed spines. The more northern 0. BiGELOvii, Engelm., has short tubercles. 0. FTJLGENs, Engelm. & Big., and 0. mamill.a.ta, Schott, both south of the Gila (perhaps forms of a single species), have very prominent tubercles, and small curiously irregular seeds 1^ to 2 lines long, with a linear rhaphe. 0. LEPTOCAULis, DC, including 0. frutescens, Engelm., 0. vaginata, Engelm., and several other synonyms, is the slenderest of all Opuntia;, with long branches scarcely thicker than a goose-quill, small yellow flowers, and a small pulpy scarlet fruit ; common throughout all Northern Mexico, ranging into Texas, New Mexico, and Western Arizona, and may also be found west of the Colorado River. Order XLIV. FICOIDE^. A miscellaneous group, chiefly of fleshy or succulent plants, with mcstly opposite leaves and no stipules ; differing from Caryophyllacea' and Portidacacece by having distinct partitions to the ovary and capsule (which are therefore 2 - many-celled) ; the petals and stamens sometimes numerous in the manner of Cadacece (but the former wanting in most of the genera) ; agreeing with all these orders in the campy- lotropous or amphitropous seeds ; the slender embryo curved partly or completely round a mealy albumen. Sesuvium. FICOIDEiE. 251 It is mainly a tropical and subtropical fan^ily, of tlie Old AVorUl. Our I'acitic Coast has only two indigenous representatives, both insignificant, and as many naturalized ones, which api)car as if wild ou the sea-shore. * Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary : petals and stamens very numerous. 1. Mesembryaiitliemum. Capsule 5-valved or more. Very fleshy. * * Ovary free : petals none : stamens few or many. 2. Sesuvium. Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid. Stamens 5 to 60. Capsule circumscissile. Succulent. 3. MoUugo. Sepals 5. Stamens 3 or 5. Capsule 3-valved. Not succulent. 1. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, Linn. Ice-Plant. Fig-Marygold. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; the lobes usually 5, unequal, foliaceous. Petals very numerous, linear. Stamens innumerable, with slender filaments, inserted with the petals on the tube of the calyx. Styles 4 to 20, usually 5. Capsule 4 - 20- celled, dehiscing in a star-like manner at the depressed summit. Seeds minute, very numerous. — Fleshy herbs or shrubs, rarely annual ; leaves mostly opposite, without stipules ; flowers mostly showy, terminal and in the forks of the branches. A genus of about 300 species, principally S. African, but a few found in the Mediterranean region. Western S. America, and Australia. The Calil'ornian species are probably introduced. 1. M. aequilaterale, Haworth. Perennial, with stout prostrate or ascending stems and short ascending flowering branches : leaves very fleshy, opposite and clasping, linear, acutely triangular, 1 to 3 inches long, smooth : flowers solitary, red, pedicellate or nearly sessile, about Ih inches in diameter : calyx-tube turbinate, half an inch long or more, angled or terete ; the larger lobes often as long : stigmas 6 to 10. — DC. Prod. iii. 429. On the sea-shore and in saline soils from San Diego to Punta de los Eeyes. Also in Chili and aljundant in Australia and Tasmania, and very similar to M. acinaciforme of S. Africa. Fruit edible and pleasant, and the flowers very fragrant. 2. M. crystallinum, Linn. Annual or biennial, difliisely procumbent, covered Avith large white glistening papillc^ : leaves fiat, fleshy, often alternate on the branches, clasping, ovate or spatulate, undulate : flowers axillary, nearly sessile, white or rose-colored : calyx-tube campanulate, terete, 4 or 5 lines long ; lobes ovate, retuse or acute : stigmas 5. — DC. Prodr. iii. 448. San Diego {Clcvelanil) ; Santa Cruz Island (Eothrock) ; collected also by Fremont. Apparently identical with S. African specimens. 2. SESUVIUM, Linn. Sea Purslane. Calyx-tube turbinate, free from the ovary ; the lobes 5, oblong-lanceolate, apic- ulate on the back near the top, membranously margined, often colored within. Petals none. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes, or many, inserted at the top of the calyx-tube. Styles 3 to 5. Capsule ovate-oblong, membranaceous, 3 - 5-celled, circumscissile at the middle, many-seeded. — Succulent smooth branching mostly prostrate herbs, sometimes woody at base ; leaves opposite, linear to sfjatulate, entire, without stipules or united by a stipule-like membrane ; flowers axillary and terminal, solitary or clustered. About 4 species are known, frequenting the sea-coast and saline localities through the tropics and warmer regions of the glolie. 1. S, Portulacastrum, Linn. Perennial : stems prostrate or ascending, herba- ceous, often a foot long or more : leaves linear- to oblong-oblanceolate, i to Ih inches long, acute or obtuse : flowers sessile or pedicellate : calyx 3 to 5 lines long ; 252 UMBELLIFER.E. Mollmjo. the lobes more or less purple : stamens many. — Eolirbacli in Mart. Fl. Bras. xiv^. 310, t. 70. A very variable species, widely distributed around the globe. It has been collected near Fort Mohave {Cooper), and is frequent in saline or alkaline valleys through the interior from N. Nevada to Colorado and New Mexico, often with much broader leaves than is usual in the sea-coast forms. 3. MOLLUGO, Linn. Cakpet-weed. Calyx 5-cleft nearly to the base ; the lobes herbaceous, membranously margined. Petals none. Stamens 3 or 5, rarely twice as many, hypogynous. Styles 3. Cap- sule free, thin-membranaceous, 3 - 5-celled, loculicidally 3 - 5-valved, the partitions breaking aAvay from the persistent central placenta. Seeds several in each cell, longitudinally sulcate on the back. — Annuals, low and much branched, glabrous, not succulent ; leaves linear to obovate-spatulate, entire, opposite and apparently verticillate ; stipules obsolete ; flowers mostly on long pedicels and axillary. About a dozen species in the warmer regions of the globe. The following is the only one in- digenous to N. America. 1. M. verticillata, Linn. Prostrate, covering the ground, slender : leaves spat- ulate to lineal-. )l>lauceolate, an inch long or less: pedicels umbellately fascicled at the nodes, slender, 2 or 3 lines long : sepals and oblong-ovoid capsule al^out 1 1 lines long : seeds reniform, shining. — - liohrbach, 1. c. 240, t. 55. On light sandy soils from tlie Columbia River southward ; at Eagle Creek, near Sliasta, and at McCumber's Flat {Brewer, Ncwhcrnj) ; from Arizona to Colorado and New Mexico, and fre- ([uent in the Atlantic States as a weed in cultivated grounds : thence southward to the AV. Indies and Brazil. Order XLV. UMBELLIPER^. Herbs with small flowers in umbels (sometimes contracted into heads), Ave epi- gynous stamens and petals, and two styles ; the calyx adnate to the 2-celled ovary, which contains a solitary ovule suspended from the summit of each cell ; and the fruit splitting into a pair of dry seed-like indehiscent carpels. Seed with a minute embryo in hard albumen. Petals mostly valvate in the bud. Stem commonly hollow. Leaves mainly alternate, mostly compound, often decompound : the petiole expanded or sheathing at base. Umbels usually themselves umbellate, forming a compound umbel : this is then usually called the umbel, and the partial umbels are called umbellets. The bracts under the general umbel, when present, form an invo- lucre ; those under the umbellets, an involucel. The enlarged base of the styles, or the common base of the two, takes the name of stylopodium : it is often surrounded by or confluent with an epigynous disk. Each of the two carpels is commonly traversed by 5 longitudinal ribs : in the intervals between them are usually lodged one or more longitudinal canals containing aromatic oil, the vittce or oil-tubes. The face by which the two carpels cohere is the commissure : a slender prolongation of the axis between them is the carpoj^hore : it is apt to split into two branches, a carpel suspended for some time from the tip of each. A family of almost 200 genera and much above a thousand species, dispersed over all parts of the world, but abundant only in warm, temperate, or cooler regions. Many are poisonous (Hem- lock, Water-Hemlock, &c.) : others afford esculent roots (Parsnip, Carrot), or their herbage may be eaten after blanching (Celery) ; several are innocent and aromatic (Dill, Fennel), at least the fruits (Caraway, Anise, &c.). UMBELLIFER^. 253 The genera are difficult, as they have to rest mainly on the fruit .-iml seed : those are best ex- amined in transverse slices. The whole order is divided into munurous tribes. These, beiii" somewhat recondite, are here dispensed with. ' " I. Umbels simple, or irregularly or imperfectly compound, the flowers sessile or sli'ditly pedi- cellate. Oil-tubes none or obscure. ° * Leaves simple, not strongly lobed nor toothed : uniliels simple or proliferous : flowers white, without bracts : oil-tubes none. 1. Hydrocotyle. Leaves peltate or orbicular. Fruit rounded, laterally compressed, smooth : ribs iililbrm. Creeping, aquatic or subacpiatic. 2. Bowlesia. Leaves reriiform, opposite ! Fruit ovate, turgid and ribless, pubescent. * * Leaves spinosely toothed, or palmately lobed or pinnatifid : oil-tubes obscure. 3. Eryngium. Leaves rigid, spinosely toothed. Flowers perfect, bracteate, sessile in dense heads, l)luish. Fruit covered with hyaline scales. 4. Sanicula. Leaves lobed and incised. Flowers polygamous, in irregularly compound um- bels, mostly yellow. Fruit covered with hooked prickles or tubercles. II. Umbels regularly compound. Fruit without prominent secondary ribs and not furnished with hooked or barbed prickles. Oil-tubes rarely wanting. * Fruit more or less compressed laterally, bi'oadly ovate or subglobosc to elliptic-oblong, not broadly winged. -J- Seed terete, with involute margins : oil-tubes conspicuous : carpophore entire : flowers yellow. 5. Deweya. Fruit oljlong or nearly orbicular ; ribs filiform or prominent : oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals. +- +- Seed deeply sulcate on the face : oil-tubes wanting : carpophore 2-parted : flowers white. 6. Conium. Fruit broadly ovate, with prominent equal obtuse ribs. -i- -1- -1- Seed nearly terete or but slightly concave on the face : flowers white. ++ Fruit small, not prominently ribbed : oil-tubes solitary : stylopodium depressed : umbels naked, sessile or nearly so. 7. Apium. Fruit broadly ovate : seed not concave : carpophore entire. Biennial. 8. Apiastrum. Fruit cordate : seed concave and longitudinally incurved : carpophore 2-parted. Annual. ++ ++ Fruit not prominently ribbed : stylopodium more or less prominent : carpophore bifitl or 2-parted. 9. Carum. Fruit ovate or oblong : ribs filiform : oil-tubes solitary. Involucre and involucels usually present. Leaflets linear, entire. 10. Pimpinella. Fruit ovate, with a broad commissure : ribs sliglitly prominent : oil-tubes numerous. Umbels nearly naked. Leaflets cuneate-ovate, pinnatifid. 11. Berula. Fruit nearly globose, emarginate at base, with thickened epicarp : oil-tubes inimer- ous and contiguous. Involucre and involucels present. Leaflets ovate-oblong to linear, laciniately toothed. ++ ++ ++ Fruit with prominent corky wings, didymous : stylopodium depressed : carpophore 2-parted. Stout perennials, with involucels and often involucres also. 12. Cicuta. Fruit broadly ovate, with thick obtuse wings : oil-tubes solitary. 13. Slum. Fruit oblong or ovate : ribs wing-like : oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals. * * Fruit somewhat compi-essed laterally, linear-oblong, with broad commissure, not winged ; seed sulcate or reniform in section : carpophore 2-parted, persistent : flowers white. 14. Osmorrhiza. Fruit narrowly attenuate at base, hispid on the acutish angles: oil-tubes very obscure : seed sulcate on the face or somewhat involute. Umbels nearly naked. Leaf- lets ovate, cleft and toothed. 1,5. Glycosma. Similar ; fruit not attenuate at base, very rarely hispid : seed broadly sulcate. 1(3. Podosciadium. Fruit not attenuate at base, glabrous : ribs filiform : oil-tubes solitaiy or in pairs : seed reniform in section and longitudinally ridged on the face. Involucre and involucels present. Leaflets linear. * * * Fruit not compressed, or more or less compressed dorsally, oblong to orbicular. +■ Fruit not compressed : flowers white. 17. GBnanthe. Fruit oblong to globose : ribs corky and rounded, with very narrow intervals and solitary oil-tubes. 254 UMBELLIFER^. nydrocotyle. +- +- Fruit somewhat compressed dorsally ; the dorsal ribs rather narrowly winged ; the lateral wings broader, distinct : stylopodium somewhat prominent : seed sulcate or concave : tall herbs, with white tlowers. IS. Ligusticum. Dorsal ribs narrowly winged : oil- tubes several in the intervals, obscure : seed reniform in section. 19. Selinum. Dorsal wings broader : oil-tubes solitary : seed nearly flat on the face. -f- -i — i- Fruit much flattened dorsally. ++ Lateral wings broad, distinct, the dorsal more or less prominent : seed concave on the face or nearly flat. 20. Angelica. Dorsal wings narrower than the lateral : oil-tubes solitary. Stout herbs, with wliite flowers and naked or nearly naked umbels. 21. Cymopterus. Dorsal wings as broad as the lateral ones : oil-tubes one to several in the intervals. Low perennial herbs ; flowers yellow or white ; involucres present. ++ ++ Lateral wings coherent till maturity ; dorsal ribs filiform : seed nearly flat on the face. 22. Peucedanum. Lateral wings thin : oil-tubes as long as the fruit. Involucre none. Low perciinial.'s ; flowers yellow or wliite, not radiate. 23. Heracleum. Lateral wings thin : oil-tubes solitary, clavate, not reaching the base of the I'ruit. Stout pubescent perennials, with white, often radiate flowers. 2-4. Ferula. Lateral wings corky, as thick as the fruit : oil-tubes numerous, mostly obscure. II L Umbels regularly compound. Secondary ribs most prominent, amied with barbed or hooked prickles : oil-tubes solitary under the wings or ribs, conspicuous. Hispid herbs, Mith white flowers. 25. Daucus. Seed flat on the face. Biennial or annual. 26. Caucalis. Seed furrowed on the face or involute. Annuals. 1. HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn. Marsh Pennywort. . Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals sliglitly concave, valvate. Fruit flattened laterally, suborbicular, acutely margined, and with 2 or 3 more or less prominent nerve-like ribs on each side ; oil-tubes none ; carpels not separating. — Smooth herbaceous perennials, growing in or near water, with slender creeping stems ; leaves orbicular- peltate or reniform, with scale-like stipules ; flowers inconspicuous, appearing through the summer, the umbels simple or proliferous one above the other, on slender peduncles. A genus widely dispersed over the globe, of about 70 species, the larger number belonging to the southern hemisphere ; sparingly represented in the United States. 1. H. prolifera, Kellogg. Leaves peltate, emarginate at base, simply crenate, on petioles 1 to 3 inches long : peduncles about equalling or exceeding the leaves : whorls 1 to 4, about 8-flowered (12-20-flowered, Kellogg), with numerous bractlets, the pedicels a line or two long (3 to 6 lines, Kellogg) : fruit a line broad, slightly emarginate at base ; ribs two on each side, prominent ; commissure narrow. — Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 15. A slender species, growing about San Francisco and elsewhere, first collected by Chamisso ; collected also by Cimltcr in " Sonora Alta, " and by others in Mexico. It has been referred to H. vulgaris of the Old Woi'ld, from which it is distinguished by its much longer peduncles and pedicels, the fruit in H. vulgaris being nearly sessile. 2. H. ranunculoides, Linn. fil. Stouter, usually floating : leaves not peltate, orbicular, with 3 to 7 crenate lobes, on petioles 2 to 9 inches long : peduncles much shorter than the petioles, i to 3 inches long, reflexed in fruit : flowers 5 to 10 in a capitate umbel : fruit 1 to 1 1 lines broad, with thickened scarcely angled margins, rather obscurely 3-nerved on each side, longer than the pedicels. About San Francisco ; San Diego Co. (Palmer) ; and probably elsewhere. Common also in the Atlantic States, and from Florida westward throuich Mexico. Sanicula. TTMBELLIFER^E. or.p: 2. BOWLESIA, Ruiz k Pavon. Calyx-teeth rather prominent. Petals elliptical, obtusish. Fruit broadly ovate in outline, with a narrow commissure, turgid, becoming depressed on the back, without ribs or oil-tubes. Seed flat on the face, slightly hollowed on the back, not filling the calyx. — Slender herbs, with scattered stellate pubescence ; leaves oppo- site, simple, with scarious and lacerate stipules ; flowers white, minute, in simple few-flowered umbels on axillary peduncles. A dozen species, cliiefly South American, one ranging nortliwarJ to Mexico, Arizona, and California. 1. B. lobata, Ruiz & Pavon. Annual, weak and slender, thinly pubescent, the stems dichotomously branched, a foot or two long : leaves tbin, reniform to cordate, |- to 1|- inches broad, shorter than the slender petioles, deeply 5-lobed, the acutish lobes entire or 1 -2-toothed: peduncles much shorter than the petioles; the umbels 1 - 4-flowered : fruit a line long, sessile or nearly so, pubescent, the inflated calyx not adherent to the carpels, which are at first but partially occui)ied by the seed. — Fl. Peruv, iii, 28, t, 251 ; Torr, & Gray, Fl, i. 601, In damp sliady places, from the Sacramento Valley southward, rather rare. The species doubtless includes B. tcnera, Sprengel. 3. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. Button Snakeroot. Calyx-teeth manifest, rigid and persistent. Fruit ovoid or obovoid, scarcely com- pressed, covered with hyaline scales or vesicles ; the ribs obsolete, and oil-tubes (in our species) wanting ; carpels and seeds semi-terete. — Herbs, chiefly perennial ; leaves rigid, coriaceous, spinosely toothed or divided ; flowers white or blue, sessile in dense heads, bracteate, the outer bracts forming an involucre. A genus of 100 or more species, of the warm and temperate regions of the globe. The 15 to 18 American species arc mostly confined to the Southern Atlantic and Gulf States. 1. E. petiolatum, Hook. Erect, 1 to 5 feet high, dichotomously branched above^ glaucous : radical leaves oblanceolate, spinosely and unequally serrate, atten- uate into an elongated fistulous petiole, the cauline mostly sessile : heads globose, half an inch in diameter, peduncled ; bracts linear-lanceolate, spinosely tipped, at least the outer ones much exceeding the bluish flowers : calyx-teeth a line long, exceeding the fruit, which is covered with subulate at length rigid scales. — Fl. i. 250; Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exp. 315. E. articulatum, Hook, in Lond. Jour. I3ot. vi. 232. Var. armatum, Watson. Bracts broader, entire, all similar and much exceed- ing the flowers, scarcely dilated at base, rigid and with a tliickened margin : style shorter than the calyx : usually less glaucous. In marshes from San Diego to the Columbia ; or in drier places, a dwarf state but 2 or 3 inches high. The submerged leaves consist only of the terete jointed petiole without lamina. The usual form has the bracts more or less toothed, the inner ones but little exceeding the flowci-s or rarely as long as the outer ones, the styles exceeding the calyx-teeth. The variety is men- tioned by Dr. Torrey, in Bot. Wilkes Exp.' 315, as p(!rhaps distinct. It has been collected from Monterey to Humboldt County, Brewer, Samuels, Kelloijg, &c. 4. SANICULA, Tourn. Sanicle. Calyx-teeth somewhat foliaceous, persistent. Fruit subglobose or obovoid, densely covered with hooked prickles or tuberculate ; ribs obsolete ; oil-tubes numerous. Seed hemispherical. — Smooth perennials, with nearly naked stems ; leaves pal- niately divided, the lobes more or less pinnatifid or incised ; llowers unisexual. 256 UMBELLIFER^. Sanicula. in irregularly compound few-rayed umbels, involu crate with sessile leafy usually toothed bracts, the bracts of the involucels small and entire. A genus of a few scattered species, more than lialf of them native of Kortli America, and of these only two are confined to the region east of the Rocky Mountains. The Californian species are chiefly limited to the Coast Ranges and are peculiar in their habit, small fruit, &c. % Leaves iKdmately divided, the lobes toothed, or lacerate, or pinnatijid ivith decur- rent segments : rootstocks thickened. ■*- Mature fruit shortly pedicellate : flowers yellow. 1. S. arctopoides, Hook. & Arn. Stems very short, with several divergent scape-like branclK's, (jften much exceeding the leaves (3 to 6 inches long), each bear- ing an umbel of 1 to 3 elongated rays : leaves deeply 3-lobed, the cuneate divisions once or twice laciniately cleft, with lanceolate acute spreading segments : involucre of 1 or 2 similar leaflets : heads large, 3 to 6 lines in diameter, with conspicuous involucels of 8 to 10 narrowly oblanceolate mostly entire bracts : fruit shortly pedicellate, 1 -J- lines long, naked at base, strongly armed above. — But. Beechey. 141 ; Hook. Fl. i. 258, t. 91. About San Francisco and eastward in the Sacramento Valley, in the plains and on dry hillsides. Strongly marked by its low scape-like branches, large involucels, and laciniately lobed leaves ; plant yellowish gi-een. The figure in Hook. Fl. represents the species poorly, and but for the large solitary head might be supposed to be from a low form of »S'. laciniata. 2. S. Menziesii, Hook. & Arn. Stem solitary, erect, 1 to 2i feet high, branch- ing: leaves rounded-cordate, 2 or 3 inches broad, very deeply 3-5-lobed; the broad lobes sharply toothed or somewhat cleft and the teeth tipped with slender bristles ; upper leaves more narrowly lobed and laciniately tootbed : umbel of 3 or 4 slender rays ; involucre often small, of 2 or 3 narrow leaflets, the involucels of 6 to 8 lan- ceolate entire bracts a line or two long : sterile flowers nearly sessile : fruit 4 to 8 in each head, becoming distinctly pedicellate and divergent, obovate, a line long or more, covered with hooked prickles. — Bot. Beechey, 142; Hook. Fl. i. 258, t. 90. In shaded woods from Santa Clara County to the British boundary. ■¥- -i- Fruit sessile. 3. S. NevadensiS, Watson. Stem very short, the peduncles mostly from the base, 1 t(i (I inches long : leaves ternate, the divisions oblong-ovate, 3-5-lobed ; the segments lo])ed or toothed : involucre pinnatifid and toothed, a half to an inch long : rays about 5, sometimes branched, 2 to 5 lines long in flower, becoming ^ to IJ inches long ; involucels somewhat one-sided, of several oblong acute bracts more or less united at base : flowers yellow, the sterile equalling tlie pedicels : fruit covered with stout hooked prickles. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 139. Indian Valley, Plumas County, Mrs. 3L E. P. Ames, 1874 ; Lcmmon. 4. S. laciniata, Hook. & Arn. With the habit of S. Menziesii : leaves cordate or triangular, 3-parted, the divisions laciniately 1 - 2-pinnatifid and the segments laciniately toothed ; the teeth spinosely pointed : flowers yellow : mature heads small, globose ; the numerous fruit naked at base, hooked-bristly above. — Bot. Beechey, 347. S. nudicaulis, Hook. & Arn. 1. c. From San Diego to Humboldt County. A form is collected at San Diego and on the Buena- ventura with larger heads of flowers and the divisions of the leaves more oblong ; perhaps dis- tinct, but the fruit is unknown. 5. S. bipinnatifida, Dougl. Erect, a foot high or less, with usually a pair of opposite leaves at Ijase and 1 to 3 leaves above : leaves long-petioled, triangidar to oblong in outline, 2 or 3 inches long, pinnately 3 - 5-Iobed ; the segments distant, incisely toothed or lobed, decurrent on the toothed rachis ; teeth spinose-pointed or only acute : umbel with usually 3 or 4 elongated rays, the cleft involucre lateral : Deweija. UMBELLIFERiE. 9 ''7 heads dense, 3 lines in diameter : flowers purple or sometimes yellowish ; iuvolucels very short : fruit covered with hooked bristles. — Hook. Fl. i. 258, t 92 • Torrev Bot. Wilkes Exp. 314. ' ' J-. From the Sacramento Valley to the Columbia ; Sierra Co., Lcmmon. * >!: Leaves tivice or thrice pinnate, the segments small and not decurrent : flowers yellow : fruit sessile : erect, very slender, branching. 6. S. bipinnata, Hook. & Arn. Root fusiform, slender : stems a foot high or more : ultimate segments of the leaves 3 or 4 lines long, acutely toothed : umbels about 3-rayed, with a leafy involucre ; heads small, two lines in diameter, witli a small membranaceous 6 - 8-parted involucel : fruit tuberculate at base, armed above, 1| lines long. — Bot. Beechey, 347. From Monterey to the Upper Sacramento Valley. 7. S. tuberosa, Torrey. Stem 3 inches to a foot high, from a small tuberous root : leaves usually very finely divided, the segments less than a line in length : rays 1 to 4 ; involucres leafy ; involucels small, of unequal lobed segments : heads small, the sterile flowers on long pedicels : fruit few, depressed, strongly tuberculate, unarmed. — Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 91. Dry hills, Mendocino County, to the Sacramento Valley. In the Sierra Nevada (Duffield's Ranch, Bujdow, and Plumas County, Mrs. Avics) there is found a low form with less finely divided leaves. 5. DEWEYA, Torr. & Gray. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Disk and stylopodium depressed or wanting. Fruit oblong-ellii»tical or orbicular, compressed laterally ; ribs somewhat prominent, and with 2 or 3 obscure secondary lines between each pair ; oil-tubes 2 to 3 in the intervals, conspicuous. Seed terete, involute, often enclosing a central cavity. Carpophore entire. — Smooth erect perennial herbs, 1 or 2 feet high ; leaves pin- nate or bipinnate, mostly radical ; flowers yellow, in large umbels ; involucre none or partial, the involucels 1 -sided. An exclusively Californian genus, distinguished from Conium by the conspicuous oil-tubes, from Arracacia (to which it is referred by Benth. & Hook, in Gen. PI. i. 885) by the depressed stylopodium and terete seed, and from both by the undivided carpophore and more involute seed. 1. D. arguta, Torr. & Gray. Leaves simply pinnate ; leaflets 7, ovate to oblong- ovate, the lowest shortly petiolulate and often subcordate, 1 to IJ inches long, finely and sharply serrate with mucronate teeth, the terminal one "often 3-lobed : peduncle elongated: rays about 12, without involucre, 2 or 3 inches long: invo- lucels of 2 or 3 linear acuminate entire or toothed l)racts : pedicels two lines long : fruit oblong, three lines long, acutely ribbed, with rather broad commissure and somewhat prominent erect calyx-teeth. — Fl. i. 641 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 2G. Southern California, near the coast, from Santa Barbara to San Diego. In woods and on dry hillsides, rarely collected : root large and fusiform. 2. D. HartTvegi, Gray. Eather stout : leaves biternate and quinate, tlie l(>af- lets more deeply lolled and less sharply tootlied than in the last : uml)els similar ; involuci-e none or of 1 or 2 leaflets : fruit broader, 3 lines long ; calyx-teeth oliso- lete ; ribs prominent, and oil-tubes marked by intervening ridges : S3ed involute, enclosing a central cavity. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 342. Hills bordering the lower Sacramento [Hartweg) ; near San Francisco, Kellogg. 3. D. Kelloggii, Gray. More slender, leafy at base : leaves 3-ternate, the leaf- lets a half to an incli long, mostly 3-lobed, mucronately toothed : involucre none : rays 10 to 12, an inch long or more; involucels of very small subulate bracts : 258 UMBELLIFER^. Conium. fruit two lines long and broad, with narrow commissure and no calyx-teeth, the ribs filiform : seed involute, enclosing a central cavity. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 343. About San Francisco an-d Bolinas Baj', Kellogg, Bolandcr. 6. CONIUM, Linn. Poison Hemlock. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit broadly ovate, laterally compressed, the carpels with 5 prominent obtuse equal ribs ; oil-tubes none. Seed terete, with a deep narrow groove on the inner face. Carpophore 2-parted. — Tall smooth biennials ; leaves large, decompound ; involucres and involucels small, 3 - 5-bracted ; flowers white. A genus of only 2 or 3 species, natives of the Old Woi'ld, with virulently poisonous hut valu- able medicinal projierties. 1. C. maculatum, Linn. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, from a white fusiform root, brandling, often spotted with purple : leaves bright green, the segments half an inch long, pinnatifid, with acute lobes: umbels 12-20-rayed, the rays 1 to 1| inches long : petals obtuse or with a very short intlexed point : fruit \h lines long, shorter than the pedicels. Sparingly introduced in waste places in the neighborhood of the older towns. The bruised leaves exhale a sickly disagreeable odor. The extract of the plant has powerful narcotic and alterative properties, and is a valuable remedial agent in the hands of competent physicians. The root ignorantly eaten by children and others has not rarely proved fatal in its efiects. 7. APIUM, Linn. Celery. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit broadly ovate, laterally compressed, the carpels nearly straight, somewhat ribbed obtusely ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed nearly terete, not channelled nor concave on the face. Carpo- phore entire. — Smooth ; leaves decompound ; umbels terminal, often nearly sessile opposite the leaves ; flowers white ; involucre and involucels small or none. Including about a dozen species, as limited by Bentham & Hooker, some widely distributed, but half of them confined to the Southern United States east of the Eoeky Mountains. The only species found in California is a native of the coasts of Europe, widely naturalized, under cultiva- tion much changed and improved, becoming the garden Celery. The cultivated Parsley is another member of the genus {A. Petrosclinum). 1. A. graveolens, Linn. Biennial, with "a fibrous root, erect, branching and rather leafy, a foot or two high : leaves pinnate with 1 or 2 pairs of broadly cuneate- obovate or rhomboidal leaflets, 3 - .5-lobed and sparingly toothed, an inch or two long, the upper ternate with nearly entire oblanceolate leaflets : umbels sessile or very shortly pedunculate, naked ; rays 6 to 12 or fewer, slender, an inch long or less : fruit two thirds of a line long. Pare in California, but has been collected in salt marshes from Santa Barbara to San Diego, and also at Port Tejon. 8. APIASTRUM, Xutt. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals ovate, concave, obtuse. Stylopodium depressed ; styles sh(irt. Fruit cordate in outline, laterally compressed with a narrow commis- sure ; carpels incurved when mature, with 5 often obscure rugulose ribs ; oil-tubes broad and solitary in the intervals, and a narrow one under each rib. Seed con- cave and somewhat incurved longitudinally. Carpophore 2-parted, rigid. — A smooth slender branching Californian annual; leaves dissected, with linear seg- ments ; umbels sessile, naked, few-rayed, in the forks or opposite to the leaves ; Howers small, white. PimpiueUa. UMBELLIFER.E. 259 1. A. angustifolium, Nutt. A span or two high ; branches somewhat dichoto- nious : leaves i or '1 inches long, biternately or triternateiy divided, with linear or nearly filiform segments : umbels and umbellets very unequally 3 - 4-rayed, tlie slender pedicels at length spinosely pointed with the persistent carpophore : fruit half a line long, somewhat broader, variable in the curvature of the carpels and iu the prominence of the ribs, which are sometimes nine, the primary and inteiineiliato ones being nearly equally developed. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 644 ; Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 28. A. latifolium, Nutt. 1. c, the more coarsely dissected form, lldo- sciadium leptojyhyllum, var. (1) latifolium, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 347. Frequent in spring in the western portion of the State, from San Diego to Mendocino County, on hillsides. In the figure cited, some of the characters of the fruit are incon-ectly shown. 9. CARUM, Linn. Calyx-teeth small. Stylopodium conical. Fruit ovate or oblong, laterally com- pressed; ribs obtuse, scarcely prominent or nerve-like; oil-tubes solitary in the inter- vals. Seed subterete or somewhat dorsally compressed, convex, flat, or slightly concave on the face. Carpophore 2-parted, — The American species form the sec- tion Edosmia, — smooth erect slender biennial herbs, with tuberous or fusiform fascicled roots ; leaves mostly simply pinnate with few linear leaflets ; involucre and involucels of few to many entire leaflets ; flowers white ; calyx-teeth rather prominent ; section of the seed very variable in outline. The genus as limited by Bentham & Hooker includes about 50 species in temperate and sub- tropical regions, chiefly of the Old World, one species (C Carvi, the garden Carroway) being often cultivated and extensively naturalized. The roots of both the Califoruian species are a prominent article of food among the Indians. 1. C. Gairdneri, Benth. & Hook. Stem 1 to 4 feet high, from a tuberous root : leaves few, usually simply pinnate, with 3 to 7 linear leaflets 2 to G inches long, the lower leaflets rarely pinnate with entire or toothed divisions ; upper leaves usually simple : umbels on long peduncles, 6 to 12 rayed ; the involucre of a single linear leaflet, or often wanting ; rays an inch or two long ; involucels of several linear acuminate bracts equalling the flowers: fruit 1 to 1^ lines long, ovate to oblong, the styles usually half as long as the fruit. — - Atenia Gairdneri, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 349. Edosmia Gairdneri, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. G12. Frequent from Washington Territory and Idaho to Southern California (chiefly in the Sierra Nevada) and Utah, on hillsides and in the mountains ; flowering in June and July. The most southern locality is Julian, San Diego Co., Palmer. A broader leaved form (leaflets 2 to 8 lines wide) is the var. latifolium of Gray, Proe. Am. Acad. vii. 344. 2. C. Kelloggii, Gray. Eoot tuberous and fascicled : stem 2 to 5 feet high : lower leaves ternate or biternate with pinnate divisions and linear segments ; upper leaves becoming linear : involucre and involucels of 1 to 9 linear-subulate leaflets : fruit ovate to oblong, 1| to 2h lines long, with prominent stylopodium and very short styles, the ribs flliform. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 344. Central California, near the coast. A rather stouter plant with larger flowers and fruit. 10. PIMPINELLA, Linn. Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Stylopodium cushion-like or conical. Fruit ovate or broader than long, laterally compressed, with a broad commissure ; carjiels 5-angled, with distant usually slender ribs and several oil-tubes in the intervals. Seed subterete or dorsally compressed, nearly flat on the face, often free from the loose epicarp. Carpophore divided. — Mostly smooth perennials ; leaves decom- pound ; umbels nearly naked ; flowers white or yellow. 260 UMBELLIFER^. PimpineUa. A large genus in the Old World of 60 to 70 species, the following almost its only representa- tive in America. 1. P. apiodora, Gray. Smooth, erect, 2 or 3 feet high, rather stout : leaves mostly radical, 2 - 3-tcrnate, the cuneate-ovate leaflets laciniately pinnatihd and toothed, an inch long: umbels long-peduncled ; rays 6 to 15, hispidly puberulent, an inch or two long ; involucre and involucels of 1 or 2 bracts, or wanting : flowers white or pinkish: fruit broadly ' ovate, IJ hues long, the carpels 5-angled with slightly prominent ribs : oil-tubes numerous (4 to 5 in the dorsal intervals, 6 in the lateral, and 8 or more in the commissure) : styles short : carpophore 2-parted. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 345, & viii. 385; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 121. San Francisco and northward ; Mendocino County {BolancUr) ; Oregon {Hall) ; Eastern Ne- vada, Watson. Perfectly mature fruit has not yet been collected. The plant lias a strong pleasant odor, like that of Celery. 11. BERULA, Koch. Calyx-teeth minute. Stylopodium conical and styles short. Fruit nearly globose, with a broad commissure, emarginate at base, the ribs nerve-like, not raised above the thick epicarp ; oil-tubes numerous and contiguous, surrounding the terete seed. Carpophore 2-parted, very slender. — A smooth perennial aquatic ; leaves pinnate and serrate ; involucres and involucels of several leaflets ; flowers white. A single species (often refen-ed to the genus Siim) common in Europe, and widely though sparingly distributed through the United States and Mexico. 1. B. angustifolia, Koch. Erect but usually low, | to 3 feet high, the stem stout and angled : leafl(;ts about 6 pairs, ovate-oblong to linear, | to 2 inches long, often laciniately lobed at base, and the upper ones especially more or less deeply cut-toothed : peduncles 1 or 2 inches long: rays an inch long or less; involucre and involucels of 6 to 8 entire linear-lanceolate leaflets : fruit two thirds of a line long. — Slum angustifolmm, Linn. Collected at Fort Tejon (Xanius, Rothrock) though without fruit, and reported from San Fran- cisco ; Sierra Co., Lcmmon. The Helosciadium (?) Califnrnicum of Hook. & Arn. F.ot. r>eechey, 142, has been doubtfully referred to this species, but is described as procumbent, the lower lenHets l>innatifid or ].innate, and the styles long. Benth. & Hook. (Gen. PI. i. 893) speak of the fruit of the spcciiiu'ii in lierb. Kew as having the epicarp thin over the intervals as in species of Sium. The reference is tlierefore probably incorrect and the species remains uncertain. 12. CICUTA, Linn. Water Hemlock. Calyx-teeth small, acute. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit broadly ovate or sub- orbicular, slightly compressed laterally but the commissure narrow ; ribs broad and obtuse, corky ; the oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed subterete, flat or rounded on the face. Carpophore 2-parted. — Smooth tall branching marsh peren- nials, with stout hollow stems ; leaves pinnate or pinnately decompound ; umbels of white flowers many-rayed, the involucre small or none, and involucels of several small bracts : roots thick and fascicled, very poisonous : flowering in summer. A small genus of about half a dozen species, growing in damp or wet places, two of them very widely distributed round tlie world in the northern hemisphere. The aromatic roots of the first species have often proved fatal to those eating them, and the others are probably as dangerous. 1. C. maculata, Linn. Stout, 3 to 6 feet high : lower leaves on petioles 1 or 2 feet long, bipinnate ; the leaflets (1 or 2 inches, sometimes 4 inches, long) oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate with the veinlets running to the sinuses, occasionally lobed, the lower petiolulate : rays an inch or two long, rather slender ; involucre usually Avanting; involucels of 6 to 8 narrow lanceolate leaflets: fruit Osmorrhiza. UMBELLIFERyE. 261 nearly 1| lines long, broadly ovate; ribs and broad oil-tuT)es conspicuous: seed nearly terete or somewhat hollowed on the face. Across the continent from New England and Florida to Washington Ten-itory and the Sierra Nevada ; Mono Pass {Bolander), and reported from Fort Tcjon, Xantiis. It is doubtful wlicthcr it extends to the coast, most of the specimens reported from that region liclonging apparently to C. Californica. The species is also native of Europe and Asia. 2. C. Bolanderi, Watson. Leaves bii)innate, the leaflets narrowly lanceolate, sharply long-acuminate, two inches in length, very acutely scjrrate, the veiulets passing to the sinuses ; the lower leaflets petiolulate and often deeply lobed : in- volucre of several linear leaflets : fruit two lines long, nearly orbicular, strongly ribbed and with broad oil-tubes, Avhich are sunk in tlie channelled seed. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 139. At Suisun, in salt marshes, Bolander. 3. C. Californica, Gray. Very stout, 3 to 5 feet high : leaves pinnate, or the lower bipinnate at base ; the leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, lanceolate, shortly acumi- nate, rounded at base, serrate with the veinlets running to the teeth, often deeply lobed on the lower side : involucre none, or a narrow leaflet ; involucels of several lanceolate bracts : fruit broadly ovate, 1^ lines long, strongly ribbed : seed not channelled under the oil-tubes, rhomboidal or ovate in section, thinnest at the commissure. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 344. In the neighborhood of San Francisco and southward to Santa Cruz {Uarlweg) and Monterey, Brewer. 13. SIUM, Linn. "Water Parsnip. Calyx-teeth minute. Stylopodium depressed and styles short. Fruit oblong or ovate, laterally compressed with a narrow commissure, the ribs prominent and wing- like, corky ; oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals. • Carpophore 2-parted, slender and usually deciduous with the fruit. — Smooth perennial aquatics, with angled stems ; leaves pinnate and leaflets serrate or pinuatifid ; involucre and involucels of several bracts ; flowers white. Half a dozen species are found in the nortlieni temperate zone and a single one in South Africa. The following species, also Asiatic, is the only one indigenous in California. 1. S. cicutaefolium, Gmelin. Stout, 3 to G feet high, branching: lower leaves long-petioled, the cauline with a short dilated base ; leaflets 6 to 8 pairs, oblong- lanceolate to linear, 2 to 4 inches long, acuminate, sharply serrate or rarely pinuat- ifid, the upper ones shorter and narrower: rays 1 to H inches long; involucre and involucels of 6 to 8 linear bracts : fruit oblong, IJ lines long, very strongly ribbed. — S. lineare, Michx. Reported from Pose Creek, and mentioned by Torrey in Bot. Wilkes Exped. and by pjolandcr as growing near San Francisco. It is certainly found on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada in Sierra and Truckee Valleys, and thence ranges to Washington Territory, Colorado, the Sas- katchewan, and the Atlantic. It is also identical with the plant of Siberia, the older name of which is here adopted. Bentham & Hooker refer both tliis si)ecies and the eastern .S'. Carsoni to the genus Apium, but they are certainly not to be separated from the typical species -S". lali- Jolium and lancifolinm of the Old World. In all, the carpophore though delicate is always "2-parted, and the oil-tubes are 2 or 3 (perhaps rarely solitary) in the intervals. 14. OSMORRHIZA, Rafinesciiie. Sweet Cicely. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, narrowly attenuate at base, acute above and tipped by the erect style, compressed laterally and narrowed at the com- missure ; carpels 5-angled, with somewhat prominent slightly corky wings, hispid with short ascending bristles ; oil-tubes numerous and very obscure. Seed terete, 262 pMBELLIFER^E. Osmorrhiza.K sulcate on the face or with margins contiguous and enclosing a central cavity. Carpophore 2-cleft. — Perennials, with thick aromatic roots, more or less hirsute ; leaves large, 2 - 3-ternately compound; involucre small or none; umbels few, few- rayed and few-fruited ; flowers white. A genus of half a dozen species. The two species of Eastern America extend to Asia, while the two of California are contined to the western coast. ■ 1. O. nuda, Torrey. Eather slender, 2 or 3 feet high, more or less pubescent with spreading hairs : leaves twice ternate ; leaflets ovate, an inch or two long, acute or obtusish, rather deeply cleft and toothed : umbel long-peduncled, 3-5- rayed, naked or with small caducous involucre and involucels ; rays 2 or 3 inches long : pedicels 3 to 9 lines long : fruit slender, 6 or 7 lines long and a line broad or less, acutely ribbed ; the style and stylopodium very short ; the attenuated base 2 lines long: seed terete, sulcate on the inner face. — Pacif E. Eep. iv. 93. 0. bre- mstylis, Hook. Fl. i. 272 in part, t. 97. In the mountains from San Diego Co. to Alaska and eastward to Colorado. It is doubtful if the allied 0. brevistylis extends so far west as the Rocky Mountains. That species is distinguished by its larger and more acuminate leaflets, involucrate umbels, and larger fruit, and the seed more angular and involute. 2. O. brachypoda, Torrey. About a foot high : leaves 2 - 3-ternate ; leaflets ovate, an inch lung or less, acute, laciniately lobed and toothed : rays rather shorter ; involucre of one or few and involucels of 4 to 6 linear-acuminate bracts, the latter equalling the flowers ; pedicels very short : fruit strongly and acutely ribbed, 6 lines long by li broad, the stout base but a line long ; stylopodium depressed and styles very short : seed strongly 5-angled, the margins contiguous and closing the deep central sulcus.- — -Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 93. A strongly marked sjjecies, seemingly confined to Central California ; Nevada Co. {Bujcloio, Pratten), Santa Clara Valley {Goudale), and Monterey, Parry. 15. GLYCOSMA, Xutt. Characters as in Osmorrhiza except as regards the fruit, which is linear but not attenuate to a narrow base, and usually glabrous ; stylopodium depressed and styles very short : seed semiterete or angled, with a rather broad sulcus on the face. In- volucre and involucels wanting. A group of plants of Western America, more nearly allied to Osmorrhiza than to Myrrhis of the Old World, to which it is referred by Bentham & Hooker. The species are very much alike. 1. Gr. OCCidentale, Nutt. Eather stout, 2 feet high or more, finely puberulent througliout, exce])ting the inflorescence: leaves 2-ternate, the leaflets oblong-lanceo- late, 1| to 2i inches long, serrate : rays somewhat erect ; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long, exceeding the sterile flowers : fruit 7 or 8 lines long, rather acutely angled. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 639; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 386. Myrrhis occidentcdis, Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. i. 897 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 346. In the mountains from Oregon to Mono Pass, and eastward to the Wahsatch ; S. Utah, Parry. 2. Gr. ambiguum, Gray. Glabrous, or somewhat hairy near the nodes : leaflets rather smaller and more deeply gash-toothed, an inch or two long, ovate-oblong, acute : rays more spreading ; pedicels a line or two long, not exceeding the barren flowers : fruit 6 or 7 lines long, rarely bristly on the ribs at base. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 386. Collected by Kcllo(jg & Harfurd in shady woods at Cahto, California, and by Hall at the foot of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon. 3. G-. Bolanderi, Gray. Stout, somewhat puberulent : leaflets ovate, acute, rather deeply gash-toothed and lobed : rays spreading ; pedicels 1 or 2 lines long, ^nanthe. UMBELLIFER.E. opQ Shady woods of Humboldt and Mendocino counties, Bolandcr, Kellogg. 16. PODOSCIADIUM, day. Calyx-teeth small, scarious,, subulate. Stylcpodium short, conical. Fruit linear- oblong, laterally compressed, with a rather broad commissure, somewhat contracted at the apex ; ribs narrow and filiform ; oil-tubes 1 or 2 in the intervals, 4 on the commissure. Seed reniform in section, slightly channelled on the back under the oil-tubes, broadly furrowed on the face, with a central longitudinal ridge. Car- pophore 2-parted. — Smooth branching Californian perennials; leaves pinnately or somewhat ternately decompound, with linear leaflets ; umbels long-peduncled, with involucres and involucels of several lanceolate acuminate subscarious bracts; flowers white, polygamous. LP. Californicum, Gray. Stem 3 or 4 feet high: segments of the leaves linear, entire or toothed, the terminal one elongated, an inch or two lon-r • upper- most leaves simple : umbels 9 - 12-rayed, the primary umbel fertile, witlfrays two inches long ; the others sterile, with rays an inch long and very slender pedicels exceeding tlie bracts : petals shortly acuminate : fruit 4 lines long, shorter than the pedicels, l^ lines broad, with obtuse ribs : oil-tubes and seeds as described in the generic character. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 34G. ChcerophyUum (?) Californicmi Torrey, Paoif E. Rep. iv. 93. \ j > Collected only by Bigcloiv at Knight's Ferry ; May. 2. P. Bolanderi, Gray. Two feet high : leaflets pinnate, the segments more narrowly_ linear : umbels many-rayed ; rays 5 to 9 lines long ; the conspicuous scarious involucels exceeding the pedicels : petals very long-acuminate, with the midvem strongly impressed : fruit 1|- Hues long, oblong, the narrow ribs becoming elevated and undulate ; oil-tubes more numerous and obscure, 2 or 3 in the inter^ vals : seed more compressed dorsally, and broader in proportion, not grooved on the back, the facial sulcus broad and shallow and but slightly raised in the centre — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 346. Mariposa Trail, among rocks, Bolander. tl.p'^vi"'"^^.'' v'li ^'^f^'i^?,*;^^'^T"S from any of tlie preceding genera, has been collected in the Yosemite \al ey by both Dl^ Torrey and Dr. Gray, with the fruit however too immature for Its satisfactoiy determination. The truit as found is narrowly oblong, 4 lines long, laterally com- pressed with a rather wide commissure, slightly ribbed on the back ; disk evident, but stylopodium depressed ; oil-tubes obscure, probably solitary in the intervals ; seed subterete, with a deep tri- angular facial sulcus ; carpophore 2-parted. The plant is a foot high or less, glabrous, slender, shortly caulescent ; leaves ternate or bipinnate, with linear acute segments, 1 to 3 lines Ion" • umbels lew-rayed, the rays very unequal, an inch long or less ; involucre none ; involucels of"l or 2 small braetlets ; flowers yellow, the calyx-teeth obsolete. 17. CENANTHE, Linn. Calyx-teeth rather prominent, acute. Stylopodium short-conical, the styles at length elongated. Fruit oblong to globose, not compressed, with a broad commis- sure, the ribs rounded and corky, with very narrow intervals ; oil-tubes solitary. Seed somewhat compressed dorsally, flat on the face. Carpophore none. — Gla- brous herbs, mostly aquatic ; leaves pinnate or decompound ; umbels usually in- volucrate ; flowers white. The following are our only representatives of this genus, of which there are 20 or more species in the temperate regions of the Old World. 264 UMBELLIFERiE. CEnanthe. 1. CB. Californica, Watson. Biennial or perennial ; stems succulent, usually weak, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves ternate and bipinuate, the pinna3 nearly sessile ; leaflets approximate, ovate, acute or acutish, tootiied, often lobed at base, a half to an inch long : umbels many-rayed, with one or two linear involucral bracts or naked ; rays an inch long or less ; pedicels numerous, short : fruit crowded, nearly 1 1 lines long, oblong, obtuse at each end, tipped with the long spreading styles ; ribs and commissure very corky : seed somewhat dorsally compressed, usually angled ; oil-tubes at the angles. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 1 39. In marshes at Point Lobos, and southward to San Diego County. 2. (B. sarmentosa, Nutt. Very similar : leaves usually broader and more open; leatiets acuminate, mostly smaller. — Ton. & Gray, Fl. i. 617. Phellan- drlum aquaticuvi, Pursh. Washington Territory and Oregon ; Fkimas Co., Lanmon. Tlie succulent stems have the taste of Celery and are eaten by the Indians. 18. LIGUSTICUM, Linn. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium usually conical ; margin of the disk undu- late. Fruit ovate or oblong, with a broad commissure, somewhat dorsally com- pressed ; ribs somewhat prominent and acute or narrowly winged, the lateral ones usually broadest; oil-tubes obscure. Seed dorsally flattened, somewhat concave on the face. Carpophore 2-parted. — Smooth perennials, usually tall; leaves pinnately or ternate and pinnately decompound ; undjels many-rayed, naked or iuvolucrate ; flowers white. A genus of about 20 or 25 species, of the northern hemisphere, chiefly of the Old World and most of them rather obscurely characterized. 1. L. apiifolium, Benth. & Hook. Eather stout, 2 to 4 feet high, branching above : leaves ternate or biternate, the divisions pinnate or bipinnate ; segments ovate, I to 1| inches long, laciniately pinnatifld, the lobes acute or acuminate : um- bels long-peduncled, without involucre or rarely with 1 or 2 slender bracts, the rays 1 or 2 inches long, scabrous-jiuberulent above; involucels of several narrowly linear entire bractlets ; pedicels slender, 2 or 3 lines long : fruit oval, 2 lines long, with a conical stylophore ; carpels somewhat quadrangular ; ribs narrow, acute ; oil-tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, 4 to 8 on the commissure : seed reniform in section, with a medial longitudinal ridge. — Gen. i. 912. Cyncqyium apii/oiiimi, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 641. In the mountains from the Columbia Kiver southward ; Yosemite Yalley (Bolander) ; Big Tree roail and Ebbett's Tass (Brewer) ; Conner Lake, Torrcy. The Californian plant agrees with that of Oregon in all its characters. Specimens collected at Tamalpais by Bigclow were referred here by Dr. Torrey, probably correctly, but they were only in flower. What appears to be the same is also found in Colorado, but the segments of the leaves are smaller, the involucels wanting, and the fruit (immatm-e) somewhat larger. A doubtful form, var. minok, Gray in herb., is found at Ostrander's Meadows {Bolander), and Ebbett's Pass (2?rcM-er) ; stem 9 to 15 inches high, with 1 or 2 umbels ; leaves all nearly radical, temate-pinnate ; the still immature fruit 2^ lines long, rather strongly ribbed, the seed more depressed and without the central ridge. L. scoPULORUM, Gray, the more prevalent species in the Rocky Mountains, may perhaps be found in the northern Sierra Nevada, distinguished by the more depressed-reniform seed and by the oval more broadly winged fruit. 19. SELINUM, Linn. Characters of Ligiisticum, but the fruit rather more prominently winged, the oil- tubes solitary and conspicuous in the intervals, and the seed nearly flat on the face. — Tall stout branching perennials, Avitli i)innately decompound leaves. Angelica. UMBELLIFERiE. 265 A genus of about 25 species (according to Benth. & Hook.), almost exclusively of the northern hemisphere ; perhaps half a dozen in North America. * Involucels conspicuous: pedicels slender: fruit smooth, with thin wings. 1. S. Pacificum, Watson. Leaves ternate-bipinnate, the ovate acutish seg- ments an inch long, laciniately toothed and lobed : umbels on stout peduncles, about 15-rayed, with an involucre of 2 or 3 lobed and toothed leallets, an inch long, equalling the rays ; involucels of several narrowly linear entire or 3-toothed bracts equalling the floAvers ; pedicels 2 or 4 lines long : fruit oljlong, 3 or 4 lines long, 1 \ lines broad ; stylopodium slightly prominent above the disk ; the wings rather narrow ; oil-tubes conspicuous, very rarely in pairs : seed channelled under the dorsal oil-tubes. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 140. Saucelito Hills, near San Francisco, Kellogg & Earford. * * Umhels nalced ; pedicels very short or none, the floivers and hirsute fruit crowded or in globose heads : ivings corhj. 2. S. capitellatum, Benth. & Hook. Very stout, 2 to 5 feet high, smooth : leaves large, with mucli dilated petioles, bipinnate, the few leaflets oblong- to linear- lanceolate, an inch or two long, coarsely laciniately toothed or lobed : umbels 2 or 3, tomentose, 6 - 8-rayed ; nmbellets globose, 3 to 6 lines in diameter, the pubescent flowers sessile on a dilated receptacle : disk prominent, the stylopodium depressed : fruit cuneate-obovate, 3 lines long, strongly ribbed, the lateral wings broader than the 3 upright dorsal ones : seed reniform, with shallow grooves for the dorsal oil- tubes.— Gen. i. 915 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 12G. Sphcenosciadiam capitellatum. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 536. Stream-banks in the Sierra Nevada, fi'om Mono to Doniier Tass, especially on the eastern^ slope. Another closely allied species is found in the mountains of Northern Nevada, S. Kingii, ^^ atson, 1. c, with less tomentose inflorescence, the fruit oblong-oval, on pedicels a line or two long. 20. ANGELICA, Linn. Calyx-teeth obsolete or minute. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit ovate, strongly flattened dorsally with a very broad commissure, margined by the broad membra- nous distinct lateral wing ; dorsal ribs prominent but narrower ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, or the lateral in pairs. Seed flattened, the face flat or slightly con- cave. Carpophore 2-parted. — Usually tall and stout perennials ; leaves pinnate or compound, the toothed segments usually broad and the petioles much dilated ; um- bels many-rayed, naked or nearly so ; flowers Avhite or purple. About 30 species in the north temperate and Arctic zones ; ten or more North American. 1. A. Breweri, Gray. Glabrous or somewhat puberulent, 3 or 4 feet high : leaves ternate or quinate and pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acu- minate, 2 or 3 inches long, sharply serrate with cuspidate teeth, the lower some- times lobed at base: peduncles long, often witli 1 or 2 entire ddated somewliat membranous bracts: umbels naked; rays 2 inches long: fruit pubescent oblong, 4 lines long and 2 broad, the lateral wings narrow and corky, as thick as tlie seed, the dorsal obtuse and little prominent ; oil-tubes usually 6, besides 2 to 4 on tlic commissure, the lateral or dorsal in pairs : seed more or less concave on the iace, with sometimes a longitudinal medial ridge, the oil-tubes sunk m deep depressions on the back. —Proc' Am. Acad. vii. 348 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 126. In the Sierra Nevada from Tlumas Co. {Mrs. Ames) to Ebbetfs Pass and the Big Tree road (Bolandcr, Torraj, Brdccr) ; N. W. Nevada, Watson. 2 A tomentosa, Watson. Very stout, hoary-toinentns,! throughout or tlic stem glabrous : leaves quinately bipinnate, the leaflets thick, ovate, acute, very 266 * UMBELLIFER^. Angelica. oblique at base, 2 to 4 inches long, the lower sometimes lobed, unequally serrate with acutish teeth : umbels naked, often dense, the rays 1 to 3 inches long : fruit broad-elliptical, 3 lines long by 2 to 2| broad, the lateral wings thin and the dorsal acutish : seed thin, flat on the face, the solitary oil-tubes in channels on the back. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 141. In the Coast Kanges, from San Francisco to Mendocino County. 3. A. lineariloba, Gray. Glabrous, stout, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves twice to thrice quinate, the leaflets linear, 1 or 2 inches long, cuspidately acuminate, entire or the lower ones 3-parted with the decurrent sometimes coarsely toothed lobes divaricate : umbels naked, the rays an inch or two long : fruit smooth, 4 lines long by two wide ; lateral wings a little narrower than the seed, rather corky: oil-tubes solitary, the lateral in pairs : seed nearly flat on the face, channelled under the dorsal oil-tubes. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 347. Mono Pass {Bolandcr) ; in the Southern Sierra Nevada, Rothrock. The thick root is said not to be sweet-scented. 21. CYMOPTERUS, Raf. Calyx-teeth prominent or often small or obsolete. 8tylopodium depressed. Fruit ovate or elliptical, obtuse or retuse, dorsally flattened, the lateral ribs and some or all of the dorsal ones expanded into more or less thickened and corky wings ; oil- tubes narrow, one to several in the intervals. Seed dorsally flattened, and more or less concave on the face. Carpophore 2-parted. — Perennials, mostly low and often cespitose, with a thickened root ; leaves piunately and finely decompound, witli small narrow segments ; umbels usually both involucrate and involucellate, few- rayed ; flowers white or yellow. Natives of Western North America, about 1.5 species, most of them confined to the region between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada. The roots are extensively used by tlie Indians for food. % Shortly caulescent : floivers yellow. 1. C. terebinthinus, Torr. & Gray. Erect, G to 18 inches high, smooth, leafy at base : leaves rather rigid, thrice pinnate ; leaflets a line long or less, linear-oblong, acute, entire or 1 - 2-toothed : fertile rays 4 to 6, unequal, | to 2 inches long ; invo- lucre a single linear leaflet or wanting, the involucels of several short linear bracts ; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long : fruit 3 or 4 lines long, 2 or 3 broad, the rather thin corky ribs a line broad ; calyx-teeth evident : oil-tubes 2 to 4 in the intervals, 4 to 10 on the commissure: carpophore persistent. — Fl. i. 624. Selinum terehinihinum, Hook. Fl. i. 266, t. 95. C. fcenkulaceus, C. alhiflorus, & C. thapmides, Xutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 624. One of the most widely distributed of the species, ranging from the Cascade Mountains in Washington Territory to Ebbett's Pass {Brewer, at 9,000 feet alt), and the Yosemite Valley {Gray), and in the mountains eastward to Colorado. As in other species the number of developed dorsal wings is variable. * * Acanlescent or nearly so : fiowers luMte. -i- Not alpine. 2. C. montanus, Xutt. Xearly acanlescent : leaves clustered at the summit of the very short stem, smooth and glaucous, pinnate or bipinnate, the oblong seg- ments pinnatifid with oblong obtuse entire or toothed lobes : peduncles 1 to 4 inches high, rather stout : involucre and involucels of broad and membranaceous bracts, united at base, the involucre often short and cup-like : rays about half an inch long or less ; pedicels a line or two long : fruit 3 to 6 lines long, with thin flat wings 1 or 2 lines broad ; calyx-teeth small ; oil-tubes 3 in the intervals, 6 to 8 on Peucedanum. UMBELLIFERiE. .>q't the commissure: seed concave. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. G24 ; Watson, Bot. Kin- Exp. 123, excl. var. Var. purpurascens, Gray. Involucres and involucels very broad and conspic- uous, nearly enclosing tlie flowers, obtuse, tinged or veined with puri)le and green : fruit nearly sessile, large and very broadly winged. — Ives Colorado Kep. lo. One of the earliest spring flowers in the Great Basin, from Western Nevada and Northern Ari- zona to Utah ; doulitless in Eastern California. The typical form seems to be mostly coniined to the vicinity of the Itocky Mountains. 3. C. globosus, Watson. With the habit of the last, the segments of the leaves somewhat broader in outline : involucre and involucels apparently none, and the rays and pedicels obsolete, the flowers and fruit being in dense globose heads, i to 1 inch in diameter ; fruit 3 or 4 lines long, the thin flat wings a line broad, narro'\v..'r at base : oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure : seed slightly con- cave on the face. — Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 141. Northern Nevada ; near Carson City {Stretch, Watson) ; Goshoot Mountains, Bcckwith. Re- ferred to by Dr. Torrey, in Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 120, under C. montanus as an abnormal form, and made a variety of the same species in Bot. King Exp. 124, the true fruit not having been examined. ■f- +- Bwarf and alpine. 4. C. Cinerarius, Gray. Acaulescent, with a subterranean creeping rhizoma : scape (2 or 3 inches high) and petioles glabrous : leaves somewhat cordate in out- line, bipinnate with toothed segments, glaucous-cinereous with a flne rough puber- ulence : rays few, short or almost none ; involucre of numerous united somewhat membranous long-acuminate segments : flowers purplish ; calyx-teeth small : fruit 3 lines long, the undulate wings less than a line broad ; oil-tubes 3 in the inter- vals, several on the commissure : seed narrow, strongly curved with a deep central channel. — Proc. Am. Acad, vi. 535. At Sonora Pass and above Mono Lake in the Sierra Nevada {Brcvjcr), at 9,000 to 10,000 feet altitude. 5. C. Nevadensis, Gray. Cespitose, leafy, roughish puberulent : leaves rather rigid, half an inch long, on short petioles, 3-lobed, the lobes 3-5-parted with lan- ceolate-subulate segments : scape less than an inch high, terminated by an umbel of 3 to 5 nearly sessile umbellets, involucrate by several broad 3 - 5-cleft herbaceous acute bracts : calyx-teeth lance-subulate ; styles long ; ovary obscurely Avinged. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 536. On the summitof Mt. Dana, at over 13,000 feet altitude, Brcivcr. Ripe fruit is wanting, and the determination of the plant is therefore in some measure uncertain. 22. PEUCEDANUM, Linn. Calyx-teeth obsolete or slightly prominent. Disk and stylopodium small and depressed (in western species). Fruit suborbicular to oblong, strongly compressed dorsally, the dorsal ribs filiform or slightly prominent, the lateral borders thin and coherent till maturity ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, or in pairs, or in a few species still more numerous. Seed flattened, scarcely concave on the face, not chan- nelled under the oil-tubes. — Perennials, with fusiform or tuberous roots, caulescent (usually shortly so) or acaulescent ; umbels without involucres (in western species), mostly involucellate ; leaves pinnate to decompoundly dissected ; flowers yellow or white. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 121. A comprehensive genus of 100 or more species, restricted in America to the region west of the Mississippi, where 20 species are found. They differ in general habit from most of those of tlio Old World, but there. seems no good gi-ound for a separation. The roots ot nearly all, as ui the last genus, are an im[>ortant article of food among the Indians. 2G8 UMBELLIFER^. Peucedanum. * Leaves not decompound, the segments large or broad or elongated : flowers yellow : fruit gla- brous ; oil-tubes solitary. Acaulescent, glabrous : leaflets ovate to naiTowly lanceolate, entire or toothed at the apex : involueels none : fruit oblong. 1. P. leiocaui'um. Mostly caulescent, puberulent : leaflets linear, entire : involucels small : fruit oblong. 2. P. tiliternatum. Shortly caulescent, glabrous : leaflets ovate, toothed : involucels pres- ent : fruit orbicular. Leaves ternate : leaflets cordate : fruit large, eniarginate at each end. 3. P. Euiiyptera. Leaves biternate : leaflets oval, laciniate or pinnatitid : fruit smaller, scarcely emarginate : calyx-teeth prominent. 4. P. parvifolium. * * Leaves decompound ; segments narrowly linear ; petioles broadly dilated : involucels con- spicuous : flowers yellow : fruit glabrous, elliptical : caulescent, puberulent. Segments i to 2 inches long : bractlets often lanceolate : ribs obsolete : oil-tubes iudistinet. 5. p. caruifolium. Segments rarely \ inch long : bractlets usually much dilated : ribs dis- tinct : oil-tubes broad. 6. P. utriculatum. * * * Leaves much dissected : low, pubescent. Segments narrow : flowers yellow : fruit pubescent, oval : acaulescent. 7. P. villosum. Segments small : flowers white : somewhat caulescent. Pubescent : fruit glabrous, oblong or broadly elliptical : involucels conspicuous. _ 8. P. macrocarpum. Villous-tomentose : fruit tomentose, orbicular or ovate. 9. P. dasycarpum. Glaucous, puberulent : fruit somewhat pubescent, roundish to ovate. 10. P. Nevadense. § 1. Leaves not finely dissected, ternate or biternate, sometimes qninate or with inn- nate divisions, the segments large, hroad, or elongated: involacels small or none : fiowers yellow; calyx-teeth obsolete, except in No. ^ : fruit ghdirous ; oil-tabes solitary in the intervals. ^ Acaidescent, glabrous : fruit oblong : involucels none. 1. P. leiocarpum, Xutt. Scape often very stout, |- to U- feet liigh, from a thick elongated root : leaves biternate or ternate-quinate ; leaflets usually thick, ovate to narrowly lanceolate, an inch or two long, acute, sharjily few-toothed near the apex or the narrower form entire : base of the umbel and umbellets often dilated ; rays usually few, unequal, 2 to 8 inches long ; pedicels 1 to 5 lines long, usually short : fruit 4 or 5 lines long, 2 lines broad, narrowed below, the ribs rather promi- nent, and the wing half as wide as the seed ; oil-tubes distinct, the lateral sometimes in pairs, 4 on the commissure. — Torr, & Gray, Fl. i. G26 ; Seseli leiocarpum, Hook. Fl. i. 262, t. 93. FromPuget Sound to the Sacramento Pdver, and in the mountains eastward from Idaho to Sierra County, Lemrnon. The Californian specimens are the broader-leaved Ibrm, ajjproaching P. NuTTALLii, Watson {P. lafifolium, Nutt.), which appears not to have been collected within the State. It is distinguished by its more ovate, very narrowly winged and more obscurely ribbed fruit (3 to 4 lines long and 2 wide), with 3 or 4 obscure oil-tubes in the intervals and 4 to 6 on the commissure ; leaves biternate and leaflets ovate to orbicular. * * Caulescent, except sometimes in No. 2 : involucellate. -f- Fruit oblong : leaflets linear, entire : ptidjerident. 2. P. triternatum, Xutt. Finely puberulent : stems 1 to 21 feet high, with rarely more than a single cauline leaf, often acaulescent : leaves biternate or ternate- quinate, the divisions rarely pinnate; the segments linear, or rarely oblong, acute, 1 to 4 inches long : rays few, unequal, 1 to 4 inches long ; involucels of a few narrow bractlets, usually small ; pedicels very short : fruit rarely pubescent, 3 or 4 lines long, 1 to 1| lines wide, narrowest below, very narrowly winged, distinctly ribbed ; oil-tubes distinct, 2 broad ones on the commissure. — Torr. & Gray, FL i. 62G. Seseli triternatum, Pursh : Hook. Fl. i. 204, t. D4. Peucedanum. UMBELLIFER/E. 269 From Puget Sound and Idaho to Mendocino and Placer counties. The acaulescent form (P. Icptocarjmm, Nutt.) is the more frequent in California, and may perhaps be found to dilfer in the form of the fruit, which sometimes at least is broadest near the base, narrowing ujjward. P. SIMPLEX, Nutt., of Utah, is very similar, but with leaves only tcmate or biteriiatc, fruit orbicular, 5 or 6 lines long, emarginate at each end, the wings broader than the body, and the ribs prominent. P. AMBIGUUM, Nutt., which includes P. Icevigatum, Nutt., extends from Oregon and Washing- ton Territory to Western Montana, and probably also occurs in Northern Califoraia. It is gla- brous, a foot high or often much less : leaves with much dilated petioles, at least the lower ones 1 - "i-pinnate with long linear entire leaflets, the upper often more dissected : involucels very small or none ; rays an inch or two long : fruit narrowly oblong, 4 lines long, a line wide, the wing half the width of the seed ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 broad and thin ones on the commissure. P. FARINOSUM, Geyer, Hook. Jour. Bot. vi. 235, is a dwarf species of Oregon and Idaho, which has not yet been collected in mature fruit. The short stems are slender, from a small round tuber ; leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with linear entire leaflets ; flowers white, in small open few-rayed umbels ; involucels of one or few small linear bracts. There is apparently at least another allied species among those used extensively by the Oregon Indians, and which may extend into Northern California, but of which the fruit has not been col- lected. It is low and acaulescent, with a very thick root, glabrous, the leaflets linear ; flowers white (?), nearly sessile in the umbellets, with often a quite conspicuous involucel. -{- ■¥■ Fruit orbicular : leaflets ovate, toothed : glabrous. 3. P. Euryptera, Gray. Shortly caulescent, 6 to 10 inches high, rather stout : leaves ternate ; leatiets broadly cordate, somewhat lobed, coarsely and mucronately toothed, ^ to 1 inch long : rays 10 to 15, a half to an inch long, the pedicels short ; involucels unilateral, of several lanceolate bractlets : fruit 5 lines in diameter, emar- ginate at each end, the wings broader than the body; oil-tubes solitary in the inter- vals and on each side of the commissure. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 348. Euryptera lucida, mitt, in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 629 ; Torrey, Bot. ]\lex. Bound. 70, t. 27. Gravelly hills near San Diego, Nuttall, Parnj. 4. P. parvifolium, Torr. & Gray. Very shortly caulescent, slender, 6 to 10 inches high : leaves biternate, deltoid in outline, 2 inches long, the divisions ovate, laciniately Xohcd and acutely toothed or pinnatifiil : rays about ten, a half to an inch long ; pedicels 3 or 4 lines long ; involucels of a few linear bractlets : calyx- teeth acute, one or two usually prominent : fruit orbicular to broadly elliptical, 3 to 3.^ lines long, scarcely emarginate, the wings broader than the body; ribs rather prominent; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 4 on the commissure. — Fl. i. G28. Ferula 'parvxfolia. Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 348. Pine woods near Monterey {Douglas, Coulter, Parry) ; probably from the Sacramento to Santa Barbara. A somewhat similar species, P. Hallii, Watson, occurs in Oregon, but with leaves more oblong in outline, pinnate, with deeply toothed or finely pinnatifid divisions ; fruit broadly elliptical, tlie wing half as broad as the body ; oil-tubes 3 in the intervals, 4 or 6 on the commissure. § 2. Leaves decompound with narroivly linear seffments and very broadly dilated peti- oles : involucels conspicuous, of iisually dilated scariously margined spattdate or lanceolate bracts : flowers yelloio ; calyx-teeth obsolete : fruit broadly ellip- tical, f/labrous : caulescent, fl.nely p)uberident. 5. P. caruifolium, Torr, & Gray. 8tems short, witli elongated peduncles, I to 1 ^ feet high : segments of the leaves | to 2 inches long : rays i- to 3 inches fong ; "bractlets of the involucels often lan*ceolate : fruit 3 or 4 lines long, 2 lines broad, the ribs obsolete ; wings half as wide as the body : oil-tubes indistinct, 2 or 3 in the intervals, none on the commissure. — Fl. i. 628. P. marginatum, Benth. PI. Hartw. 312. Central CalilVirnia, valleys and hillsides ; from Sacramento Valley to Santa Barbara, frequent. 6. P. utriculatum, Nutt. More caulescent: leaves more finely divided, the segments 1 to 6 lines long : bractlets rarely lanceolate, usually much dilated : fnut 270 UMBELLIFER.E. Peucedanum. similar but distinctly ribbed ; the broad oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 4 to 6 on the commissure. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 628. From Washington Territory and Idaho to Southern California, frequent ; Los Angeles (Fdch) ; Ojai, Goodale. § 3. Leaves very finely dissected vAih neirrow segments : flowers yellow: accmlescent, pubescent. 7. P. villosum, Xutt. More or less densely pubescent, 3 to 6 inches high : leaves Avith very numerous somewhat crowded small narrow segments : flowering umbels dense ; involucels of several small linear bractlets : fruit oval, pubescent ; oil-tubes probably several in the intervals. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 131. The mature fruit is not known. The range appears to be from the base of the Sierra Nevada in Western Nevada to Northern Arizona and eastward to Nebraska and S. Utah. The species neaily resemhles P. fceniculaccinn, Nutt., of the eastern plains, which is taller, with ample leaves and nearly filiform segments, the frait smooth, with prominent ribs and 1 to 3 oil-tubes in the intervals. Another species, allied to P. fondculaccuin, ranging from N. Utah to Idaho and possibly to N. E. California, is P. iMILLEfolium, Watson. This is glabrous throughout, with ample finely dissected leaves, large broadly winged glabrous fruit, and solitary oil-tubes. § 4. Leaves much dissected uith small segments : flowei's wliite ; calyx-teeth j^rese at : somewhat caulescent or nearly acaulescent, ^mbescent. % Fruit glabroiis, oblong or broadly elliptical. 8. P. macrocarpum, Nutt. More or less pubescent : stems usually tufted, i to 1 foot liigli : fertile rays nearly equal, an inch or two long ; involucels conspic- tious, of several somewhat foliaceous lanceolate or linear bracts, often united and unilateral: fruit oblong, 4 to 10 lines long, 2 or 3 lines wide, exceeding the pedi- cels ; ribs filiform ; Avings half as wide as the seed ; oil-tubes solitary or rarely 2 or 3 in tlie intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissure. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1.627 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 130. Var. eurycarpum, Gray. Fruit 4 or 5 lines wide, but slightly narrower at the ends, the wings Ijroader than the seed : leaves usually rather more coarsely divided. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 385. P. nudicaule, var. (?) elUpticnm, Torr. & Grav, Pacif. E. Eep. ii. 121. Frequent from Washington Territory to the Saskatchewan, southward to N. California and N. Nevada. The variety is api)arently the more prevalent fonn in California, ranging from Oregon to the Sacramento, and scarcely occurring east of the Sierra Nevada. -,': -vr Fruit tomentose or 2yuberulent, oval-orbicular. 9. P. dasycarpum, Torr. & Gray. More or less densely villous-tomentose, ^ to 1 foot high : leaves finely dissected with narrow or filiform segments : fertile rays nearly equal, an inch or two long ; involucels of several linear to lanceolate or oval bractlets, free or united at base : fruit orbicular or ovate, often acutish above, tomentose, 4 to 7 lines long, 3 to 5 broad ; ril^s prominent ; oil-tubes usually 3 (rarely solitary) in the intervals, 4 on the commissure. — Fl. i. C28. P. tomentosum, Benth. PL Hartw. 312. Central California, from Mendocino and Placer counties to San Luis Obispo, on dry hillsides. 10. P. Nevadense, "Watson. Glaucous, puberulent : leaves less compoundly dissected, the segments coarser : rays often unequal, 1 or 2 inches long ; involucels smaller, of several lineardanceolate bractlets, usually distinct : fruit somewhat pubes- cent, nearly orbicular to ovate, 3 to 5 lines long, 2 to 4 wide ; ribs prominent ; calyx-teeth obsolete ; oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals, or 4 in the lateral ones (per- haps very rarely solitary), 4 to 6 on the commissure. — Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 143. P. nudicaule, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 130, and others, not Nuttall. On the eastern side of the Sien-a Nevada frnni Northeastern California, to Sonora and New Mexico. This much resembles P. xudicaule, Nutt., to which it has been ordinarily referred, a more northern and eastern species, ranging from Nebraska and Northern Colorado to Idaho. Ferula. IT]\rBELLIFERJ5. 271 23. HEEACLEUM, Linn. Cow Parsxip. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Disk undulate; stylopodium conical. Fruit strongly flattened, orbicular or elliptical, the broad wings coherent till maturity ; dorsal ribs filiform or obscure ; oil-tubes obclavate, extending downward from the apex rarely to the base, solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Seed flat and thin. — Perennials or biennials, mostly stout and pubescent ; leaves ample, lobed or compound ; umbels many-rayed ; involucre usually few-leaved, caducous ; involucels many-leaved ; flowers white. About 50 species are found in the north temperate zone of the Ohl World, a single one extend- ing to America and ranging through much of British America and the United States. 1. H. lanatum, Michx. Very stout, 4 to 8 feet high, pubescent : petioles greatly dilated; leaves ternate; the divisions petiolulate, round-cordate, 4 to 10 inches broad, unequally lobed ; lobes acuminate, toothed : rays 3 to G inches long: flowers large, the outer petSis often dilated : fruit broadly obovate, 4 to G lines long, slightly pubescent. Wet soils in the mountains, from Monterey northward, and in the Sierra Nevada at a height of 6,000 to 8,000 feet. 24. FERULA, Linn. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Disk small and stylopodium depressed. Fruit oblong- elliptical or nearly orbicular, strongly compressed dorsally, the corky marginal wings (in American species) as thick as the seed, coherent till maturity; the dorsal ribs flliform ; oil-tubes very numerous, obscure, or sometimes wanting. Seed flattened. Carpophore bifid. — Smooth, nearly acaulescent perennials, w^th thick fusiform roots; leaves pinnately decompound; flowers yellow, in many-rayed umbels. Nuttall's genus Lej)totocnia, of the western coast, kept distinct by Bentham & Hooker, is re- ferred by Dr. Gray to this large Old Work! genus. PolytMiiia, of the Eastern States, is separated only by its manifest calyx-teeth and more acuminate and impressed petals. In addition to the following western species a fourth is found in S. Utah and New Mexico, F. Newbe kuyi {Pcuee- danum Neiuberryi, Watson, in Am. Naturalist, vii. 301), of dwarfer habit, strictly acaulescent, and with less divided leaves. * Leaves finely divided. 1. F. dissoluta, Watson. A stout coarse plant, the short stems numerous from a very thick root, leafy at base : leaves broad, ternate and thrice pinnate, the ovate or oblong segments a half to an inch long, pinnatifidly laciniate-lobed and toothed, puberulent on the veins beneath : peduncles stout, 1 or 2 feet long •, rays 2 to 5 inches long, involucrate with a few linear entire or lobed bracts ; involucels of several linear bractlets : flowers yellow or purplish, numerous : fruit 8 or 9 lines long, 31 broad, almost sessile, the thickened margin f of a line broad ; dorsal ribs filiform"; oil-tubes very obscure and much interrupted, w^anting on the commissure. — Leptot^enia dissecta,'^\xtt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 630. Ci/napium (?) Bir/ehvn, Torrey, Pacif. E. Ptep. iv. 94. Ferida disseda, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 348, not Ledebour. Valleys and hillsides, flowering in early spring, from Jlendocino County north to Tugct Sound ; Klamath Lake (Fremont) ; Murphy's Camp, Bigelow. A specimen _ from Borax Lake {Torrcij), having broad regularly elliptical fruit only 5 lines long, is no otherwise different. 2. F. multifida, Gray, 1. c. Like the last, but ^nth more finely divided leaves, the umbels without involucre, flowers less densely crowded, and tlie pedicels of the fruit 2 to 12 Hues long.— Watson, Bot. King Exp. 127. Leptodenia multifida, Nutt. 1. c. On the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada from Carson City northward to Oregon, and cast to Utah. The root is often very large. 272 UMBELLIFER^. Ferula. * * Leaves more coarsely divided. 3. F. Californica, Gray. Habit of the preceding : leaves ternate and pinnate, or twice ternate, the leaflets ciineate-obovate or -oblong, an inch or two long, usu- ally 3-lobed, coarsely toothed above, smooth : rays 2 to 4 inches long ; involucre of 1 or 2 narrow elongated bracts ; involucels Avanting : fruit 5 to 7 lines long, 3 or 4 wide, a little narrower below, on pedicels 2 to 4 lines long ; dorsal ribs indistinct except at the ends ; oil-tubes distinct, somewhat anastomosing ; Aving thinner than in the preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 348. Leptotoima Californica, iS^utt. 1. c. ; Torrey, Pacif. E. Rep. iv. 92. Napa Valley to Meudocmo County. 25. DAUCUS, Toum. Cakrot. Calyx 5-toothed. Disk and stylopodium mostly small and depressed. Fruit ovate or oblong, the carpels semiterete or somewhat dorsally flattened; primary ribs liliform and bristly, the intermediate more prominent and winged with a row of more or less united barbed prickles ; oil-tubes solitary under the wings. Seed flat on the face or nearly so. — Annual or biennial, setosely hispid ; leaves pinnately decompound with very small segments ; involucral bracts foliaceous and divided, those of the involucels entire or 3-lobed ; outer rays of the umbels often longest and connivent over the inner ones in fruit ; flowers mostly white. Some 30 or more species inhabit the northern temperate regions of the Old World, of which the cultivated Carrot, D. Carotn, is in many places naturalized, becoming a noxious weed. The only recognized native species of the United States is the following. 1 . D. pusillus, Michx. Annual or biennial, erect, a foot or two high, retrorsely hispid : lea\es hipinnate, the segments pinnatifid, with short narroAvly linear lobes : rays 2 to 6 lines long, nearly equal ; involucre bipinnatifid, as long as the small umbel ; involucels equalling the yellowish flowers : fruit 1^ to 2 lines long, shortly pedicellate, the prickles usually equalling or exceeding the width of the body : seed somewhat concave on the face. Widely distrilinted, ranging from the S. Atlantic States to the Pacific, and on the western coast from Nootka Sound to Mexico. It has also been found in N. Patagonia and the Sandwich Islands. A peculiar form was collected by Dr. Torrey near San Francisco, very low and scarcely caulescent, the stout peduncles 2 or 3 inches long ; fruit 1 to 1| lines long, in dense subglobose heads, the rays being obsolete. 26. CAUCALIS, Linn. Calyx-teeth prominent. Stjdopodium thick and conical. Fruit as in Daucns, but somewhat more laterally compressed, and the seed involute or deeply channelled. — Annuals, mostly hispid ; leaves dissected ; umbels few-rayed, often opposite the leaves or sessile ; flowers white or purplish. About 20 species, chiefly of the IMediterranean region, one or two widely naturalized, 1. C. nodosa, Hudson. Decumbent, branching only at base, the stems 1 or 2 feet long, retrorsely hispid : leaves pinnate Avith pinnatifid divisions : umbels naked, opposite to the leaves, nearly sessile, of 2 or 3 very short rays : fruit ovate-oblong, a line long, entirely covered with rough tubercles or usually Avith stout prickles barbed or bent at the point : seed involute. Native of Euiope and N. Africa, intr-oduced into Chili and Peru, and thence into California : seen only fiom around San Francisco, Holder, Kellogg. 2. C. microcarpa, Hook & Arn. Erect, slender, G to 15 inches high, nearly glabrous : leaves much dissected, slightly hispid : umbels apparently sessile at the in cultivation ^^«^^«- ARALIACE^. o-o ends of the stem and branches, subtended by 2 or more foliaceous dissected bracts 3-6-rayed ; rays slender, 1 to 3 inches long ; umbellets few-liowered, with unequai pedicels ; mvolucels of short entire bracts, rarely more foliaceous and divided • fruit oblong-oval, 2 lines long, armed with rows of hooked prickles: seed deeply' chau- nelled. — Eot. Beechey, 348. Dry lullsides, Sacramento Valley. Of reputed efficacy, applied in poultice, as a remedy for tl.e bite of rattlesnakes. Th.s plant is peculiar in habit, but lias a seed similar to that of several ot the species of ammZz5. It has been referred to Daucus brachiatus of Au.tndia, which however has the prickles always barbed and is a true Daucus. now ever Order XLVI. ARALIACE^. Like Uvibellifero', but the umbels not regularly compound, stems apt to be woody, . petals imbricated in the bud, styles and carpels more than two, and the fruit flesliy (berry-like or drupaceous). A rather large order in the wann parts of the world, represented in -Euroiie an,l i by the Ivy, and m JSorth America and Northern Asia mainly by the followmg genus 1. ABALIA, Linn. Spikenard. Calyx 5-toothed or entire. Petals 5, ovate, slightly imbricate. Stamens 5. Disk depressed or rarely conical. Ovary 2 - 5-celled : styles free or connate at base, at length divaricate : stigmas terminal. Fruit laterally compressed, becoming 3-5-angled, fleshy externally; endocarp chartaceous. — Perennial herbs or shrubs" leaves. alternate, digitate or compound, with serrate leaflets: umbels mostly simple,' solitary, racemed, or panicled ; pedicels jointed ; bracts small. About 30 species, of which 8 belong to North America, chiefly east of the Rocky Mountains the remainder to Eastern Asia. Probably the only Californian representative of the order is the lollowmg species. 1. A. Californica, Watson. Herbaceous, unarmed and nearly glabrous, 8 to 10 feet high, from a large thick root : leaves bipinnate, or tlie upper pinnate with 1 or 2 pairs of leaflets, which are cordate-ovate, 4 to 8 inches long or more, shortly acuminate, simply or doubly serrate with short acute teeth ; uppermost leaves ovate- lanceolate : umbels in loose terminal and axillary compound or simple racemose panicles, which are a foot or two long and more or less gland ular-tonientose; rays numerous, 4 to 6 lines long; involucres of several linear bractlets : flowers U to "2 lines long ; disk and stylopodium obsolete ; styles united to the middle : fruit (im- mature) U lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 144. In shaded mountain ravines and moist places; Gavilan Mountains (Brerrer) ; Bolinas Bay (Buielow) ; Sierra County, Lcmmon. Much resembling the eastern A. raccmosa, but differing iii its much greater size, fewer umbels; larger and with more numerous ravs, and larger flowers and involiicres._ It has not been collected in mature fruit. A. humilis, of'Mexico and New .Mexico, IS distinguished especially by its large pulvinate stylopodium. _ A. SPINOSA, another eastern species, known as Hercules' Club, has become somewhat common in cultivation. Fatsia HOKRiDA, Benth. & Hook. {EcMnojmnax, Decaisne & Planch.), is reported in Hook. ^1. as having been collected in California by Douglas. It is frequent in shady fir woods in the Cascade and Coast Ranges, from the Columbia northward to Sitka, and also extends southward in the Coast Range, but it is doubtful as belonging to this State. It has a stout woody stem 6 to 12 feet long, creeping at base, leafy at the summit, and very prickly throuijhout, making the for- ests in places almost impassable ; the very large leaves palmately lobed, and the capitate umbels in a long raceme. The genus is distinguished by valvate petals, 2-3-celled fruit, pedicels not jointed, and palmatifid leaves. Hedera Helix, the European Ivy, is very frequently cultivated, and near the coast is already half wUd. 274 CORNACE.E. Cornus. Order XLVII. CORNACE^. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, Avith simple and entire mainly opposite leaves, no stipules, and flowers in cymes (or capitate clusters) or spikes ; the valvate petals and stamens 4 and epigynous in fertile flowers (the former sometimes wanting) ; calyx adnate to the 1 - 2-celled ovary, which becomes a 1 - 2-seeded drupe or berry in fruit. Seed suspended, anatropous, with a minute embryo in hard albumen. An order of a dozen genera and less than a hundred species, widely distributed, but mainly in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere ; most related to the first tribe of Cajn-ifoliacecc, but with distinct ])etals valvate in the bud. Many are cultivated for ornament. The bark of Cornus is bitter, and has been used as a substitute for Cinchona. 1. Cornus. Flowers perfect, in cymes or a head-like cluster. Petals 4. Style 1 : stigma ter- minal. Ovary 2-celled. 2. Garrya. Flowers dioecious, in catkin-like spikes. Petals none. Styles 2, stigmatic down • the inner side. Ovary 1 -celled, 2-ovuled. 1. CORNUS, Linn. Dogwood. Cornel. Flowers perfect. Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong or ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, with slender filaments. Style slender : stigma capitate or truncate. Drupe ovoid or oblong, with a 2-celled 2-seeded stone. Cotyledons foli- aceous. — Shrubs or perennial herbs, rarely arborescent ; leaves opposite, entire ; flowers small, in dichotomous cymes or involucrate heads, white, yellowish or greenish. Mostly of the northern hemisphere, a single species growing in Peni ; about 25 species, of which 15 are found in the United States. =k Flowers greenish, in a close cyme or head, surrounded hy a consjncuous involucre of 4 ^0 6 white petal-like bracts : fruit red. 1. C. Canadensis, Linn. Stem simple, herbaceous, 3 to 8 inches high, from a slendL'r creeping subterranean rootstock : leaves mostly in an apparent whorl of 6 at the summit, slightly pubescent with appressed hairs, nearly sessile, ovate to oblong, acute at each end, 1 to 2| inches long; in the middle of the stem a pair of smaller leaves, and scale-like bracts below : peduncle about an inch long : involucral bracts 4, ovate, 4 to 8 lines long : ovary silky : fruit globular, 2 lines in diameter. Mendocino County (L'oJrnidcr), in swamps ; north to Sitka and across the continent. 2. C. Nuttallii, Audubon. Usually a small tree, sometimes becoming 50 to 70 feet high : bark smooth : leaves more or less pubescent, obovate, 3 to 5 inches long, acute at each end: involucre of 4 to 6 obovate to oblong bracts, IJ to 3 inches long, abruptly acute to acuminate, yellowish or white, often tinged with red : flow- ers numerous, in dense heads C to 9 lines broad : fruit crowded among the large abortive ovaries, 5 to 6 lines long, crowned by the broad limb of the calyx. — ^Nut- tall, Sylva, iii. 51, t. 97; Newberry, Pacif. R. Pep. vi. 24. From Monterey and Mendocino to Plumas counties, and northward to Fraser Eiver. A showy tree, or large shrub, flowering in May, the flowers followed liy large clusters of crimson berries. Much resembling the eastern C. florl'da, and apparently even more worthy of cultivation. "Wood close-grained and very hard. * * Flowers yelloivish, in sessile umbels, appearing before the leaves, involucrate ivith 4 small caducous bracts. 3. C. sessilis, Torr. A shrub, 10 to 15 feet high, with green bark : leaves approximate, ovate, shortly acuminate, pale beneath and appressed silky-pubescent : umbel terminal, becoming lateral by the development of the shoot ; pedicels numer- ous, slender, silky, 3 to 4 lines long : involucre nearly as long, membranaceous soon Bound "94 t? ""''''''' "^""^"^^^'^^ ^''''' "^^^ 3 lines lung. J^S Mex _ Moist ravines and foot-hills, Tlacer County. Mature fruit has not been eolleete.l Th^ An, . lean representative of an Old World group of two species, C. maV^id S! JcS" ''' * * * Floioers ivhite or cream-colored, cymose, not involucrate : fruit white, lead- colored, or blue. 4. C. Californica, C. A. Meyer. A shrub, 6 to 15 feet high, with smooth purplish branches : leaves ovate, acute, mostly rounded or obtuse at base 2 to 4 inches long, hghter colored and more or less pubescent beneath with loose silky hau-s (not straight and appressed) : flowers in small dense round-topped cymes- fruit small, 2 lines broad, subglobose, but little fleshy, slightly pubescent, blue(n- stone broader than high, somewhat compressed, furrowed on the ed^es —Mem' Acad. Petr. v 30, and Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. iv. 72. C. circinatmiX), Cham, in Linufea, 111. 139. C. alba, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 142. From San Francisco southward to San Diego County ; on stream-banks. 5. C.pubescens, Xutt. Eesembhng the last and with a similar pubescence- leaves oblong-elliptical or rarely ovate, acute or somewhat acuminate, shortly cune- ate at base : flowers m a somewhat larger and more spreading round-topped "'cvme - fruit white, larger and more fleshy, becoming glabrous ; the stone similar 9 flings broad. — Sylva, iii. 34. C. sericea, var. (?) occidentalis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 'i. 052. Oregon and Washington Territory, and in the Sierra Nevada to the Yosemite' Valley ; also in the Cuiamaca Jits., San Diego Co., Palmer. These two species have always been confounded but seem to be separated by good characters. The Cornel of the Kocky ^fountains and Utah,' which has been relerred to this species, is the eastern C. stolonifera, which also extends westward to the Columbia. It is at once distinguished by the straight appressed hairs, attached by the middle, and has not been found in California. => ^r j 6 C. glabrata, Benth. A shrub, 5 to 12 feet high, glabrous or very nearly so ; bark gray : leaves oblong to narrowly ovate, acute at each end or somewhat acumi- nate above, an inch or two long, alike green on both sides, on short slender petiol.^s • flowers 111 numerous small open flat cymes ; ovaries silky : fruit white, globose ; stone broader than high, 2 lines wide or more, scarcely compressed, not furiwed — Bot. Sulph. 18, In the Coast Ranges from Lake County to the soutliern part of Monterey ; also on the Cosumnes Jtiver, Kaftan. 7. C. Torreyi, Watson. Shrubby : leaves obovate or oblanccolate, abruptly acute or shortly acuminate, on rather long slender petioles, lighter colored and some- wliat pubescent beneath with loose silky hairs : cyme loose and spreading : fruit Avhite ; the stone obovoid, 21 to U lines long, somewhat compressed, acute at base, ridged on the edges, tubercled at the summit. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 145. Collected by Dr. Torraj in Central California, but the locality not noted. The characters of the I nut are very peculiar. 2. GARRYA, Dougl. Flowers dioecious, in axillary aments, solitary or in threes between the decussately connate bracts, without petals. Calyx of sterile flowers 4-parted, with linear val- vate segments : stamens 4, with distinct filaments : disk and ovary none. Fertile flowers with the calyx-limb shortly 2-lobed or obsolete : disk and stamens none : ovary 1-celled, with 2 pendent ovules : styles 2, stigmatic on the inner side, per- sistent. Berry ovoid, 1-2-seeded. Seed oblong, compressed: embryo minute, with oblong cotyledons. — Evergreen shrubs, with 4-angled branchlets ; leaves opposite, entire, coriaceous, the short petioles connate at base ; fruit blue or pur])le. 276 CORNACE^. Garry a. A genus of about a dozen species, peculiar to tlie region from California to Texas and southward, with a single one in the West Indies. _ 1. G, elliptica, Dougl. A stout slmib or small tree, usually only 5 to 8 feet high : leaves ellii^tical, 1 1 to 3 inches long, rounded or acute and niucronate at the apex, mostly truncate or rounded at base, undulate on the margin, densely tomen- tose beneath, smooth above : aments solitary or clustered ; the sterile 2 to 5 inches long, with bracts truncate or acute, silky, as also the calyx-lobes ; fertile aments stouter, 1 to 3 inches long, with acuminate or acute bracts : ovary densely silky- tomentose, sessile: fruit globose, 4 lines in diameter. — Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1686; Maout & Decne, Traite Eot. 256, figs. From Monterey northward to the Columbia near the coast ; dry soil and hillsides, flowering in winter and early spring ; the staminate plant then very ornamental. 2. G. Fremontii, Torr. Shrub, 5 to 10 feet high, becoming glabrous : leaves ovate to oblong, not undulate, 11 to 2-|- inches long, acute at each end, on petioles 4 to 6 lines long : aments solitary, 2 or 3 inches long, with acute somewhat silky bracts ; the fertile aments rather slender : ovaries nearly glabrous : fruit globose, 2 to 2| lines in diameter, shortly pedicellate. — Pacif. R Rep. iv. 136. From the Upper Sacramento to the Yosemite Valley and in the Coast Ranges to IVIount Hamil- ton, Breiver. Leaves lighter green and less pubescent than in the last. 3. G. buxifolia, Gray. A small shrub, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves oblong-elliptical. 1 to li inches long, 4 to 8 lines broad, acute at each end, smooth above, densely white appressed-silky beneath ; petioles 1 to 3 lines long : fertile aments an inch long, the short bracts acute, more or less silky : fruit globose, glabrous, nearly ses- sile, 2| to 3 lines in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 349. Eed Mountains, Mendocino Co., Bolander, Kellogg. 4. G. flavescens, Watson. A rather spreading shrub, 6 to 8 feet high, pubes- cent with closely appressed silky hairs : leaves coriaceous, elliptic-ovate" to -oblong, acute at each end, scarcely mucronate, an inch or two long, flat, entire, at length nearly glabrous above, on petioles 3 to 6 lines long : aments pendulous ; bracts 6 to 10 pairs, broad, connate, acute or the lower acuminate, silky ; sterile aments 1 or 2 inches long, loose, the pedicels (1 to 3 together) equalling or exceeding the bracts ; fertile aments an inch long, dense, with solitary sessile flowers : fruit densely silky, ovate, 3 lines long. — Am. Naturalist, vii. 301. G. ?, Watson, Bot. Kinr^ Exp. 421. Var. Palmeri, Watson. Pubescence densely tomentose : leaves smooth above, mucronate, on shorter petioles : fruit globose, 3 or 4 lines in diameter. Frequent from Southern Nevada and Utah into Arizona and New Mexico. The vaiietv at Mil- quatay, 60 miles from San Diego, on the Fort Yuma road, Palmer. Branches and leaves yellow- ish ; the pulp upon the seed stains a bright violet color. Sambvcus. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 277 Division II. GAMOPETAL^. (By A. Gray.) Floral envelopes both present ; the petals more or less united into a gamopeta- lous (otherwise called monopetalous) corolla. Order XLVIII. CAPRIPOLIACE^. Distinguished generally by having opposite leaves without stipules, an inferior 2 - 5-ceUed ovary, and 4 or 5 equal stamens borne on the tube of the corolla, as many as the lobes of the latter (in a single instance one fewer) and alternate with them. — Flowers perfect. Corolla 4 - 5-cleft, sometimes irregular ; the lobes im- bricated in the bud. Stamens distinct. Ovary 2 - 5-celled, or not rarely by abor- tion becoming one-celled : ovules either solitary and suspended or more numer- ous, anatropous. Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule. Embryo small, commonly minute, in fleshy albumen. — Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with a colorless juice and no very active sensible properties, normally destitute of stipules, but in several species these, or appendages resembling them, appear : the inflorescence generally cymose. A family of about a dozen genera and 200 species, of small economical importance (except as affording Honeysuckles and some other plants for ornamental cultivation), mainly indigenous to the northern temperate zone, rather feebly represented in California. Tribe I. SAMBUCEJE. Corolla wheel-shaped or open bell-shaped, regular. Style short and 2 - 5-parted, or as many sessile stigmas. Ovules solitary in the cells, suspended. Fruit a berry-like drupe. 1. Sambucus. Leaves pinnate. Seed-like nutlets of the berry-like fruit 3 to 5. 2. Viburnum. Leaves simple. Nutlet of berry-like drupe only one, flattened. Tribe IL LONICEREiE. Corolla from bell-shaped to tubular, often irregular. Style elon- gated, entire : stigma capitate. Leaves simple, mostly entire, but occasionally sinuate- toothed or pinuatitid on some vigorous shoots. 3. Linnaea. Corolla obscurely irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, unequal. Ovary 3-celled, t«-o of the cells containing several imperfect ovules, the third a solitary fertile ovule. Fruit dry, 1 -seeded. 4. Symphoricarpus. Corolla regular or nearly so, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes. Ovary 4-celled ; but the berry-like fruit only 2-seeded. 5. Lonicera. Corolla more or less irregular, commonly 2-lipped (|). Stamens 5. Ovary and berry 2 - 3-celled, several-seeded. 1. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. Elder. Calyx with 5 minute teeth. Corolla wheel-shaped or open urn-shaped, regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3 to 5. " Ben-ies," really drupes, small and globose, juicy, containing usually 3 (rarely 4 or 5) separate seed- like nutlets, each filled by a single seed. — Shrubs, or even small trees, or some nearly herbaceous, their rank and thick shoots filled by a large pith, the herbage with a heavy odor. Leaves pinnately 5- 11-foliolate : leaflets serrate, occasionally incised or even divided, acuminate, sometimes stipellate. Flowers small and very numerous, in compound cymes, in ours white. 2*78 CAPRIFOLIACE^. Sambucus. 1. S. glauca, Nutt. Arborescent, glabrous, or often somewhat pubescent with short and stiff spreading hairs : leaflets 3 to 9, of firm texture, ovate or lanceolate, sharply serrate with rigid spreading teeth : cyme flat, 5-parted : fruit black, but very glaucous, so appearing to be white : nutlets obscurely rugose : pith of shoots white. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 13. Common throughout the State, and north and east of it ; 6 to ] 8 feet high, sometimes with trunk 6 to 12 Inches in diameter. Not easy to distinguish from S. nigra of Europe except by the whitened fruit. It well may be S. Mcxicana, Presl, to which it was referred by Torrey in Pacif R. Eep. iv. 95, Bot. Mex. Bound. 71, and in Bot. Wilkes Exp. 330, but with doubt. 2. S. racemosa, Linn. Shrubby, mostly glabrous : leaflets 5 to 7, thin, oblong- lanceolate, much acuminate, very sharply serrate : cyme ovate or pyriform : fruit bright red ; its nutlets obscurely rugose : pith of shoots brown. - — Hook. Fl. i. 279. Along the moimtain ranges, in woods, extending far north. The Californian and Rocky Mountain si)ecimens are as glabrous as the European plant ; in British America and Alaska it is commonly pubescent, as in the Atlantic States variety j?m6c?is, S. pubens, Michx. 2. VIBURNUM, Linn. Arrow-wood, &c. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla wheel-shaped or open campanulate, deeply and regu- larly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, exserted. Stigmas 1 to 3. " Berries," really drupes, containing a single flat or flattish hard seed-like stone. — Shrubs or small trees, with simple, but commonly toothed, and sometimes deeply lobed leaves, and white flowers in a compound terminal cyme. A genus represented by a dozen species in the Eastern United States, only two of which ex- tend, well northward, to the Pacific. One of these is the Cranberry-tree, as well as the Snowball- tree or Guelder Rose of ornamental cultivation : in this the cyme is radiate in the manner of Hydrangea, the marginal flowers being neutral and greatly enlarged. There is one peculiar spe- cies on the coast of Oregon, which extends into California, viz. : — 1. V. ellipticum, Hook. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high, with scaly buds : leaves broadly oval or elliptical, roundish or very obtuse at both ends, 3 - 5-ribbed from the base, coarsely dentate above the middle, the lower surface and petioles with the young shoots hairy : cyme dense, peduncled : flowers all perfect : fruits oval, bluish- black (half an inch long) ; the stone grooved on both sides. — Hook. Fl. i. 280. In woods, Mendocino Co. (Kellogg) ; extending to the Columbia River. Related to F. puhes- cens and V. dentaticm of the Atlantic side. 3. LINNJSA, Gronov. Twin-flower. Calyx 5-lobed ; the lobes subulate, deciduous. Corolla obscurely irregular, fun- nelform, 5-lobed. Stamens one fewer than the lobes of the corolla, i. e. 4, inserted low down on the corolla, included, two of them shorter. Ovary and the small dry fruit 3-celled, one cell with a suspended fertile ovule and seed, the two others with several abortive ovules. Style slender : stigma somewhat capitate. — Con- tains a single species. 1. L. borealis, Gronov. A low and almost herbaceous little evergreen, with slender and creeping or trailing stems : leaves round-oval, sparingly crenate, nar- rowed at base into short petioles : peduncles erect, slender, forking into two pedi- cels at the top, each bearing a single delicate and fragrant nodding flower : corolla tinged with purple or rose-color, hairy inside. Moist mossy woods, Mendocino Co. ; common in Oregon and eastward, extending all round the northern cool-temperate zone. The California locality rests on Dr. Bolander's authority. It would be interesting to know if the specimens are of the ordinary tvpe, or of the variety longi- flora, Torr. in Bot. Wilkes Exped., which is the usual fonn in Oregon, and is remarkable for its larger flowers, the tube of the corolla with a long tapering base, and the slender calyx-lobes three times longer than the ovary. In Colorado the ordinary form only is found. Symphoricarpus. CAPRIFOLIACE.E. 279 4. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill., Juss. Snowberry. Calyx 5-tootlied, occasionally 4-toothed, persistent. Corolla nearly or wholly regular, from open campanulate to salverform, 5 - 4-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its throat. Ovary 4-celled ; two of the cells few-ovuled but sterile ; the two alternate cells each with a solitary suspended ovule, which ripens into a seed : style slender : stigma capitate, entire or 2 - 4-lobed. Fruit globular and berry-like, ripening two little bony seed-like nutlets, each filled with a seed. — Low and branching shrubs, with scaly buds, oval or oblong leaves (entire, or occasionally some of them sinuate-pinnatifid), and 2-bracteolate flowers in axillary and terminal spikes or clusters, rarely solitary ; the corolla white or pink. — Gray in Jour. Linn. Soc. xiv. 9. A North American genus, of several species, at least one of them in the mountains of ilexico. S. racemosus, the common Snowberry of cultivation, and all the California species have snow- white frait. § 1. Corolla short-camjyanulate. 1. S. racemosus, Michx. Shrub erect, 2-4 feet high, smooth, or the lower face of the oblong or ovate-oval leaves pubescent : flowers in commonly terminal short and loose interrupted spike-like racemes, which are often leafy at base, or some solitary in upper axils : corolla very villous within at base of the lobes, which are rather shorter than the tube : style and mostly stamens included. Hillsides, from San Diego Co. to Oregon, thence eastward to the Northern Atlantic States. — The marked variety pauciflorus, Robbins in Gray Man., is not known from California : it approaches the following species. S. occidental is, K,. Br., if on the Pacific side of the continent, is only at the north : it may be known by the deeper-cleft corolla with stronger beard, e.xsertei stamens and style, and greater robustness. 2. S. mollis, Nutt. Low, diff"use or decumbent, softly and usually densely pubescent : leaves oval, small (half an inch or less than an inch long) : flowers few, in terminal clusters or in upper axils : corolla short and broad, inconspicuously bearded or pubescent inside : stamens equalling the corolla : style shorter. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 4. A less downy form is S. ciliatus, Nutt. 1. c. Woods, &c., common on the Coast Range, and not rare in the Sierra Nevada up to 5,000 feet. § 2. Corolla from camptanidate-oblong to tubular : stamens included : style glabrous. 3. S. rotundifolius, Gray. Low, soft-pubescent, sometimes minutely so : leaves orbicular or oblong, thickish : corolla between oblong-campanulate and fun- nelform, its tube only twice or thrice the length of the lobes and a little longer than the style : nutlets of the fruit oval, turgid, very obtuse at both ends. — PI. Wright, ii. 66, & Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. c. Near Carson City, Nevada (Anderson), and in Oregon {Kellogg <£• ffar/ord) ; therefore, doubt- less, within the eastern boundary of the State ; thence to Utah and New Mexico. — Leaves 6 to 10 lines long. Corolla not over 4 lines long, broad from the base. 4. S. oreophilus, Gray, 1. c. Low, glabrous, or in western forms commonly as pubescent as the foregoing, and the leaves similar : corolla tubular-funnolform, its tube 4 or 5 times longer than the lobes and twice the length of the style : nutlets of the fruit oblong, tapering to a point at base. — aS'. montanus, Gray, in Am. Jour. Sci. xxxiv. 249, not of HBK. Eastern part of the Sierra Nevada, from Mono Pass {Bohmdcr) to Sierra Valley {Lemmon) ; thence east to the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. Corolla .') or even 6 lines long, and narrow ; but in the ambiguous and more or less pubescent form which prevails on the borders of California, only 4 or 5 lines long and rather broader. The nutlets of the fruit, when seen, mark a strong difference. 5. LONGIFLORUS, Gray, 1. c, from S. E. Nevada and Utah, has a still longer corolla, with oblong lobes and a bearded style, which well distinguish it. 20A CAPRIFOLIACE^. Lonicera. 5. LONICERA, Linn. Honeysuckle. Woodbine. Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, funiielform, or oblong-campanulate ; the tube commonly gibbous at base ; the limb irregularly or sometimes almost regu- larly 5-lobed, often bilabiate (t, i. e. 4 lobes in the upper, 1 in the lower lip). Sta- mens 5, inserted on the tube of the coroUa. Ovary 2-3-ceUed, with numerous ovules in each cell : style filiform : stigma capitate. Berry several-seeded. Twin- ing or erect shrubs, with scaly buds, and spicate or geminate flowers. Leaves entire, or occasionaUy sinuate-pinnatifid on vigorous young shoots. Genus widely dispersed over the northern hemisphere, several cultivated for ornament and fra-rance, especiaUy the European Honeysuckles, L. CaprifoUumandL. Etrusca ; the^Amencan Trumpet H L. sempervircns, which has an almost regular corolla ; Chinese or Japan H., L. Ja- ponica, etc. ; and, among the upright species, L. Tartar lea, the Tartarean Honeysuckle. L c'lLiosA Poir., a common Oregon species with corolla slightly bilabiate, may occur in Cali- fornia. Apparently a form of it, with rather smaller leaves and flowers, was collected on San Francisco Mountain, in Arizona, by Dr. Palmer. § 1. Stems or branches more or less twining or disposed to tivine : flowers sessile m a terminal interrupted spike or head, or some in the axils of the upper {and com- monly connate) leaves, usiially rather large and shoivy : calyx-teeth persistent on the {red or orange) berry : corolla in cdl the Calif ornian sjyecies decidedly bilabiate, the ujyper lip i-lobed, the lower narrow and entire. {Sometimes there are foliaceous stiimles or what seem to be such between the leaves.) — Caprifolium, DC. 1. L. hispidula, Dougl. in Bot. Pveg. Foliaceous stipular appendages between the leaves often present : leaves mostly oval, the lower short-petioled ; uppermost pairs commonly connate : spikes naked, slender : corolla pink or yellowish ; its tube hairy inside, not longer than the limb : stamens and especially the long style ex- serted, more or less hairy at base. — All the Californian specimens seem to belong to one species, of which this is the oldest name. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 627. The leading forms are : — • i i \ Yar. Douglasii, the first described form, from Oregon : leaves (i - U mches long) at least beneath and their margins and slender branches hirsute or pubescent with spreading hairs : inflorescence and pink flowers glabrous. — L. microphylla, Hook, n. i. 283. Caprifolium hispidulian, Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1761. ■ Var. subspicata : a bushy form, along the coast from Monterey Bay to San Diego, seldom climbing, with small leaves more or less pubescent, the uppermost often distinct ; the branchlets, inflorescence, and flowers glandular-pubescent. — L. subspicata, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 349 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 71, t. 29. Yar. interrupta: resembling the preceding, but glabrous throughout, often glaucous : filaments slightly hairy at base. — L. interrupta, Benth. PI. Hartw. 313. Yar. vacillans : mostly climbing, larger, either glabrous or pubescent, with or without hirsute hairs : inflorescence and flowers glandular-hirsute or pubescent, varying to glabrous. — L. Californica, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 7. L. ciliosa, Hook. & Arn., not of Poir. L. pilosa, Kellogg, Prqc. Calif. Acad. i. 62. Common throughout the State, on hillsides, &c. Corolla about half an inch long. § 2. Stems in the American species erect, never twining : all the leaves distinct : flowers a pair {sessile or their bases united) at the summit of an axillary peduncle. — Xylosteum, DC. 2. L. involucrata, Banks. Pubescent, leafy : leaves varying from ovate- oblouff to broadly lanceolate, mostly acuminate, thin, petioled : peduncles shorter than the leaf : bracts 4 to 6, forming a conspicuous foliaceous involucre : corolla tubular, with short lobes, viscid-pubescent, yellowish : ovaries and black-purple Cephalanthus. RUBIACE.'E. 281 berries distinct. — L. Ledebouri, Escli., published a year later than Banks's name by Sprengel. L. intermedia, Kellogg, Proc. Calif, Acad. ii. 154, tig. 47. Common ia shady places, reaching to the Rocky Mountains, British Cohinihia, and Lake Supe- rior. Shrub 2 to 10 feet high : leaves 3 to 6 inches long. Involucre a pair of foliaceous outer ovate bracts, Avhich become half an inch long, and 4 interior and thinner rounded bracts which are commonly united in pairs, all becoming yellowish or purplish in age. Corolla from half to two thirds of an inch long, obscurely bilabiate. 3. L. conjugialis, Kellogg. Shrub slender, straggling, soft-pubescent, or smoother when old: leaves ovate or oval, thin, short-petioled ; the lower obtuse; the u})per acute or acuminate : peduncles long and slender : bracts nearly wanting or minute at base of the partly or wholly united ovaries : corolla broadly gibljous at base, nearly or quite glabrous outside, dark and dull purple, bilabiate to below the middle ; the broad upper lip barely 4-toothed ; its throat, with the base of the style and filaments, hairy: l)erry red. — Kellogg, 1. c. G7, tig. 15. L. lireweri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 537, & vii. 349. Woods of the Sierra Nevada, from Mariposa Co. northward, and in adjacent parts of Ne- vada. Peduncle an inch or less in length, and shorter than well-developed leaves, or rarely longer and exceeding the leaf, as described by Dr. Kellogg. Corolla hardly half an inch long. 4. L. caerulea, Linn. Low, pubescent : leaves oval or oblong, obtuse at both ends, almost sessile : peduncles very short : bracts a single pair, linear-subulate, longer than the united ovaries, which form a single globular blue berry : corolla yellowish- white, funnelform, little gibbous and bilabiate ; the lobes shorter than the tube. SieiTa Nevada, at 7,000 feet, Mariposa Co. {Bolandcr) ; thence northward, into Asia, Jtc. : the form with villous-pubescent leaves and corolla : the Atlantic form has a glabrous corolla. Order XLIX. RUBIACEiE. Known by having opposite entire leaves with intervening stipules (or one tribe with whorled leaves without stijiules), along with an inferior ovary and regidar 4-5androus floAvers. Flowers generally perfect. Calyx and corolla 4-5-lobed or toothed; the limb of the former above the union with the ovary sometimes obsolete. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla and borne on its tul>o or throat, distinct. Ovary 2-5-celled. Ovules araphitropous or anatropous. Einbryo in fleshy or horny albumen. — Herbs, shrubs, or in the tropics trees, with colorless juice. "Where the leaves are whorled and unaccompanied by ap- parent stipules, the supernumerary leaves are supposed to answer to stipules. A vast order, of over 4,000 species and 340 genera, mainly tropical and subtropical, although the tribe or divisinn Sl'-Unta: (with whorled leaves) is ])revailingly of the northern tomporate zone, in no part of wliii li is tin- whole family more feebly represented than in Califtiniia. The order yields im[initant produitts ; but Rtihia tinctorin, the Maihler plant, is the only on<> cultivated for economical use out of the tropics. The Colfee-jdant and species of Cinchona (yield- ing Peruvian Bark) ai'e the most important representatives of tlie family. — Tiie three following are all the Californian or even Pacific North American genera ; but one of them is jn-culiar. 1. Cephalanthus. Shrub, with opposite or whorled leaves and stijudes within the ix^iolca : flowers in a dense head. 2. Kelloggia. Slender herb, with opposite leaves and stipules lietween the petioles : the flowers cyinose. Fruit 2-lobed, 2-seeded. 3. Galium. Herbs with whorled leaves and no apparent stipules. Fruit 2-Iobed, 2-secded. 1. CEPHALANTHUS, Linn. BiTTON-nrsu. Flowers in a dense spherical head. Calyx inversely pyramiilal. 4-toothod. Corolla with a long and slender tube and a small 4-cleft limb. Stamens 4, short, borne on the throat of the corolla. Style very long and slender, much oxsert^d ; ooo RUBIACE^. Cephalanthus. stigma capitate. Ovary 2-4-ceUed, with a solitary oviile suspended from the summit of each cell, ripening into a dry inversely pyramidal fruit, which sphts from the hase upwards into 2 to 4 closed one-seeded portions. — Leaves ample, short- petioled, opposite or in whorls of three or four : a short scale-like stipule between and within the petioles. Peduncles axillary and terminal, bearing single heads. 1. C. OCCidentaliS, Linn. Shrub or small tree, with ovate or lanceolate leaves 3 to 5 inches long, smooth or pubescent : heads au inch in diameter, termi- nating slender peduncles : flowers white. Alono- streams, common in California as in the Atlantic States, and extending into Mexico. The Cafifomian shrub (var. Californicus, Benth. PI. Hartweg), like other southern forms, is com- monly short-petioled. All the forms vary from smooth to sott-pubescent. Ovary 2-ceUed. 2. KELLOGGIA, Terr. Calyx-tube obovoid, somewhat flattened laterally, thickly clothed with stiff short bristles ; the 4 teeth very small, subulate, persistent. Corolla funnelform, with 4 narrow oblong lobes, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, in the throat of the corolla : filaments flattish, short : anthers linear. Style very slender : stigmas 2, filiform, papillose. Ovary 2 -celled, with a single anatropous ovule rising from the base of each cell. Fruit small, oblong, coriaceous, 2-coccous, hispid with hooked bristles, splitting at maturity into 2 closed carpels, to the walls of which the seed adheres. Embryo large in the fleshy albumen, straight. — Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. t. 6 (1862) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 539; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 137; Torr. 1. c. 332 (1874). 1. K. galioides, Torr. 1. c. Slender perennial-rooted herb, about a foot high, rather dift'use, glabrous or minutely pubescent : leaves opposite, lanceolate, sessile : interposed stipules small and scarious : flowers small, in a loose forking cyme ter- minating the stem or few branches ; the long pedicels thickened at the apex and articulated with the flower : corolla dull greenish-yellow, 3 lines long, pubescent outside. Damp places, commonly imder the shade of trees or shrubs, along the foot-hills and in the Si- erra from Mariposa Co. northward, extending to Oregon, and eastward to Arizona (Palmer) and Wyoming (Parry) ; first discovered on the Walla-Walla Pkiver, by Dr. Pickering and Mr. Brackenridrje, in Wilkes' Expedition, when crossing from Oregon to California. The genus was dedicated to Dr. Albert Kellogg of San Francisco, in fitting recognition of the arduous endeavors of the earliest botanist resident in the State of California, whose botanical labors, prosecuted for many years under abounding difliculties, entitle him to the gratitude of those who are engaged in the preparation of this work, and of those who will use it. The plant is modest and unjjretend- ing, but peculiar. In the foliage and stipules it recalls Houskmia, in the flower an Asperula, and the fruit is like that of Asperula and Galium, except that the embryo was found by Dr. Torrey to be nearly straight. 3. GALIUM, Linn. Bedstraw. Cleavers. Limb of the calyx obsolete. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, rarely 3-parted. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, short. Styles 2, short : stigmas capitate. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled : ovules solitary. Fruit twin, biglobular, dry, or some- times fleshy when ripe, separating into two closed one-seeded carpels. — Herbs or sometimes woody at base, with slender square stems, whorled leaves, destitute of any apparent stipules (the stipules being supposed to be developed into leaves or blades), and small flowers usually cymose. Boots of many species red, containing a coloring-matter like madder, which is from a nearly related genus. 4. G. A'PAKINE. 5. 6. G. A.SI'KKIllMUM. G. TltlKI.oitlM. 7. G. TUIKIULM. 1. 2. G. Califounicum. G. Nuttallii. 14 . G. Andkewsif. 3. G. BIFOLIUM. 8. 9. 10. G. BOLANDEUI. G. PUBENS. G. BOREALE. 11. G. AXGUSTIFOLIl-M. 12. G. Bloomeui. 13. G. MULTIFLOKL'M. Galium. RUBIACE^. ^oq A.tl'^lT. 5?f ' ^^'P^f 'I *^™"g^ t?^ temperate regions. Wlien the uppermost leaves are re- duced to a single pair, they occasionally show some rudiments of the projH.V stipules of the order In several Californian species the flowers are dicBcious. -The species, being 'rather uumei^u. may be more readily determined by the aid of the following artificial key. ""»«-iou-s Leaves mostly in whorls of eight. Leaves all in sixes : fruit not hairy, Leaves in fives and sixes : fruit hairy, Leaves mostly in fives or sixes on the stem, in fours on the branches, Leaves in fours, or some only in pairs. Fruit berry-like, not hairy. Low, hispid : leaves ovate : root fibrous. Taller, with thick or woody root : leaves small, narrow, Perennial-tufted, dwarf : flowers perfect, white : leaves crowded, awl- shaped, Fruit dry. Low annual : leaves lanceolate : flowers perfect, white, Perennials, with dull purple flowers. Leaves oblong-linear, minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate or oblong, cinereous-pubescent. Perennial herb, erect, white-flowered : leaves 3-nerved, lanceolate. Perennial, or woody at base : flowers dull yellowisa or whitish, dioe- cious : fruit long-hairy. Tall : leaves linear. Low : leaves ovate or broadly lanceolate : fruit very long-haired. Glabrous and smooth, Cinereous-puberulent, § 1. Fruit herry-lihe at maturity, as in i/aric/er.— Eelbunium, Eudl., Benth. & Hook. 1. G. Calif ornicum, Hook. & Arn. Low, much branched from an annual (?) reddish fibrous root, hispid with widely spreading stiff hairs : leaves in fours, thin- nish, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, cuspidately acute or mucronate : flowers dioidously polygamous ; the fertile ones solitary on short naked peduncles at the enA of the branches or on upper forks, recurved in fruit ; the sterile ones terminal in threes • corolla yellowish ; its lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous : fruit inirple "la- brous or nearly so. — Bot. Beech, p. 349 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 20, excl. var. ' ^ Common from San Francisco southward towards the coast. The larger forms with less ri-id hairiness resemble the S. American G^. Rclhm (and like it are apt to'have a minutely hii^ute or pubescent ovary ; but that is well distinguished by a small 4-Wed involucel at the aiK-x of the peduncle, withm which the flower is sessile. ^ 2. G. Nuttallii, Gray. Stem rising from a thick and firm or woody root or rootstock, 1 to 3 leet high, or climbing higlier on bushes, and much branchiu" • branchlets minutely aculeolate-scabrous on the angles : leaves in fours or tlie upper- most often only in pairs (3 to 5 or on branchlets only 2 or 3 lines long), thickish, varying from ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, mostly smooth excejit tlfe siiinulose- ciliate margins : flowers solitary, minute : lobes of the white corolla ovate : pedic-eis naked, reflexed in fruit : ovary glabrous : fruit small, decidedly baccate. — PI Wright. 1. 80, in note. G. suffruticosum, N'utt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Hills and low grounds, Marin Co. to San Diego. Apparently varies greatly. Often "forms thickets, or is supported on shrubs, in the manner of the eastern G. asprcllum. § 2. Frztit dry at maturity. •■:< Animals : fruit minutely hispid with hooJced bristles : flowers perfect. 3. G. bifolium, Watson. Smooth and glabrous, small (3 to G inches high), at length branched : leaves in depauperate .specimens only a single i)air. witli bases connected by a scarious stii)ular line ; in vigorous specin'ions 4 in the wlmrls, lance- olate, the alternate pair (answering to stipules) from half to thR>e, ipiartrrs smaller : peduncles solitary, lateral and terminal, naked, l-flowered, about p(|iialliiig th.- leaves when in fruit, spreading : corolla minute, white : fruit recurved on tlie aj>ex of the peduncle. — Bot. King. 134, t. 14, fig. 8. 234 RUBIACE^. Galium. Marshes near Peregoy's, Mariposa Co., at 7,000 feet {A. Grmj) ; Sierra Valley {Lcmmon) ; dis- covered by Mr. Watson in the mountains of Nevada. Fruit proportionally large, a line or a line and a half in diameter. 4. G. Aparine, Linn. Stem weak and spreading : leaves mostly in eights, linear-oblanceolate ; the margins, midrib, and angles of the branches armed Avith spreading or retrorse spinulose bristles : peduncles elongated, 1 - 2-flowered : corolla greenish-white : fruit rather large. Moist grounds, apparently throughout the State, and without doubt a native plant ; but only in the smaller form (var. minoi; Hook.) : the leaves barely an inch or thereabouts in length, whereas in the ordinary eastern and European plants they are of twice that length, and the iruit larger. -k * Annual {fj with perfect flowers : fruit granulate-scabrous. 5. Gr. asperrimum, Gray. Diifusely much branched, weak : the branches slender, minutely and retrorsely spinulose : leaves in sixes, lanceolate or the lower oblanceolate verging to oblong, tipped with a slender cuspidate point, smooth and shining both sides, the margins and midrib beneath thickly and retrorsely spinu- lose-ciliate : flowers numerous, in naked cymes terminating the branchlets : pedun- cles and pedicels filiform : lobes of the apparently greenish-white corolla ovate and acute: immature fruit muricategranulate. — PI. Feudl. 60, & PL Wright, ii. 67. (New Mexico and Arizona.) Var. asperuluxn : leaves thinner, duller, all more lanceolate, their margins and midrib much less strongly ciliate, the bristles sometimes obscure and not retrorse : peduncles and pedicels fewer and not divaricate : corolla apparently purplish : fruit not seen. — G. asperrimum, Watson, Bot. King. 134. ^ In Mariposa Se(]uoia Grove {Bolander), Sierra Valley {Lemmon), and Ruby Valley, Nevada {Watson). If a variety of G. asperrimum, it must be a form growing in more shady places. Leaves 5 to f of an inch long, those near the flowers smaller, almost awn-pointed. Corolla a line and a half in diameter. Perhaps the root is perennial. * % % Perennials. +- With diffuse or decumbent wholly herbaceous stems : fruit not long-villous : leaves with more or less 2Jrominent midrib, but no lateral nerves. 6. Gr. triflorum, Michx. Slightly and sparsely hairy or nearly glabrous, bright green : stems procumbent or reclining, minutely spinulose backwards on the angles (or rarely smooth) : leaves in sixes or sometimes in fives, thin, oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or cuspidate-acuminate, the margins and often the midrib beneath beset with very short commonly retrorse and hooked bristles : peduncles once or twice 3-forked ; the pedicels divergent : corolla greenish : fruit hirsute with slender hooked bristles, or when mature merely roughened. Eather common in woods and thickets, from San Francisco northward and to the Sierra, ex- tending through the northern parts of the continent. The foliage when drying exhales the sweet scent of the European Aspcrula odorata. Leaves one or two inches or less in length, 3 or 4 lines wide. 7. Gr. trifidum, Linn. Glabrous or nearly so : stems slender, ascending or erect, diffusely branched, mostly roughened on the angles : leaves 4-6 in the whorl, commonly 5 or 6 on the stem and 4 on the branches, varying from linear to oblanceolate, obtuse, the midrib and margins more or less scabrous : peduncles soli- tary or in threes, not longer than the leaves : flowers very small : lobes of the white corolla and the stamens often only 3 : fruit smooth and naked. _ Wet and shady places, same range as the preceding. Stems 5 to 15 inches high. Leaves 3 to 9 lines long. Corolla barely a line broad. 8. Gr. Bolanderi, Gray. Apparently erect, diffusely and paniculately branched, minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous : leaves all in fours, thickish, oblong-lin- ear, short, the margins and midrib beneath minutely hispid-ciliate : cymes sev- eral-flowered, paniculate : pedicels about the length of the flowers : corolla dull ^^'"^^■""i- RUBIACEJE. purple.^its lobes ovate and acute : ovary glabrous but granulate. - Proc. Am. Aca.l. Sierra Nevada (on tlie Mono trail, Bolandcr ; Sierra Valley, Lcmmon) Apparently of tl.. same species is a plant in Rattan's collection, with similar (sterile ?) Ho^U but E ches aJ^l foliage minutely hirsute Plants apparently one or two feet high : base of Zm not s^n lla,^ 3 to 6 lines long. Corolla a line and a half broad. l^\ej< 9. G. pubens Gray, 1. c Cinereous-pubescent througl.out with sbort an.l rather soft spreading hairs, diffusely much branched : leaves in fours thi.'kish ovate, or on the branchlets oblong or even oblong-linear, acute or luucr.jnat.'- pointed : flowers polygamo-dioecious, the sterile in several-flowered close cvme. tlie fertile fewer : peduncles and pedicels short : corolla dull purple, its lobes ovate and acute : Iruit minutely pubescent, becoming glabrous and smooth. Var. scabridum, with shorter, less copious, and rather scabrous pubescence ■ ovary glabrous. ^ Yoseniite Valley {Bolandcr, Torrey, Gray). Stems about 2 feet long. Leaves 4 lines long Corolla 2 lines broad, sometimes 3 - 5-cleft. Fruiting pedicels little over a line in length ^' -(- -1- With erect and ivholly herbaceous smooth stems : fruit smooth or merely pubes- cent : leaves 3 - 5-nerved. 10. Gr. boreale, Linn. Glabrous and smooth, or nearly so, strictly erect, leafy • leaves in loui-.s, lanceolate or almost linear, bluntish : cymes many-flowered in a thyrsiform panicle : corolla white : fruit very minutely hairy or smooth. }J}-'"'^^']r^! ""^T ^'i''^ °^ streams, towards Oregon ; thence northward and eastward to the At- lantic, (ilie plant of Xautus from Fort Tejon, No. 40, belongs to the ne.xt species.) "^ /"^7/"^ -T*^^* ^^^^^ ^'* '^^^^^^^^ff «^^»^* ^^^« or iess xooody, and polyrfamo-dwcwus (yelloivish-white) flowers : sterile ovaries glabrous or naked : tlie fruit clothed with long white hairs, ivhich are not hooked at the tip. 11. G. angustifolium, ^^utt. Shrubby at base, 1 to 4 feet high, glabrous : the branches rigid or strict, smooth on the angles : leaves in fours, linear, nnicronate- acute, rigid, 1-nerved, veinless, with barely scabrous margins : cymes small and nu- merous in a narrow panicle : flowers very small, greenish-white : fruit hi^i.id ur hirsute, with straight bristles not longer tlian itself. — G. trichocarpum A' an./u.^tif-"- hum (under trichocarpum), Xutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 22. Near the coast, Santa Barbara to San Diego, and east to Fort Tejon. Rising to 3 or 4 feet lii-h when supported on bushes. Leaves from 3 to 8 lines long. The male plant, which ha.s 8nioo"tli and glabrous abortive ovaries, was taken for G. suffruticosum in the Botanv of the Mexican Boun- dary, and for e. boreale in the Tejon collection by Xantus. The femah- plant does not a.roni with any Chilian species, neither with the G. criocarpum of Bartling (whether that W H.K>kor and Arnotts species of that name, or G. GilUcsii), nor with G. tridu.canntm, DC which bv the character answers to G. Chamissonis, Hook, k Arn. Wherefore Nuttall's name for one of the iorms may be adopted for this species. 12. G. Bloomeri, Gray. Low, 3 to 12 inches high, wIk.IIv smooth and gla- brous, much branched from the suflruteseent base : leaves in fouK:, and some of the uppermost only in pairs, ovate, cuspidate-acuminate, rigid, 1 - 3-nerved : flowers yellowish-white, somewhat panicled ; the sterile ones very short-pedicellod ; the fer- tile mostly longer than the long villous hairs of the fruit, and erect. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 538 ; Watson, Bot. King. 135. Var. hirsutum, Gray. Stems and leaves hirsute with sjtroading hairs : leaves thinner : otherwise like a small form of G. Bloomeri. Sierra Nevada, on the dry eastern sloj)es, towards Vir£;iuia City and to Lassen Peak. &c. Hairs of the fruit a line or rather more in length. In this and the ne.vt the substerile or ini|»er- feetly fertile ovary is apt to develop a few long liairs ; but the trulv fertile fruit is mostly cov- ered with long liiiirs. — Tlie variety, from SieiTa Valley, Lcmmon. 13. G. multiflorum, Kellogg. Low, 3 to 12 inches high, cinereoiis-pubcTuI.nt or minutt'ly scabrous, branched from the suflruteseent base : leaves in fuiirs, or sumo 286 VALERIANACE^. Galium. of the floral ones in pairs (or even alternate), varying from roundisli-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, apiculate, rigid, mostly 3-nerved : flowers yellowish-white, soli- tary or in threes at the end of short branches : fruit-bearing pedicels mostly longer than the long villous hairs of the fruit, at length recurved. — Proc. Cahf. Acad. ii. 97 (18G1); Watson, 1. c. G. hypotrichium, Gray, 1. c. (1865). Dry eastern portion of the Sierra Nevada ; near Conner Pass (Torrey) ; Sonora Pass {Breiocr) ; Sierra Valley, &c. ; and in Nevada. G. STELLATUM, Kellogg, 1. c (to which is evidently to be referred G. acutissimum. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 350), extends from New Mexico through Arizona {Palmer) to Cerros Island, off the coast of Lower California, and may be found within the State. It is remarkable for its ovate-lanceolate rigid leaves, tapering to a pungent point. 4_ 4_ ^_ +- With low and depressed stems thickly set ivith persistent leaves, forming cushion-like tufts on the ground : flowers perfect. 14. Gr. Andrevirsii, Gray. Csespitose on slender creeping rootstocks, glabrous : leaves crowded in fours and in axillary fascicles, subulate or acerose, rigid, shining, pungent, 1-nerved, or rather with a stout midrib, either naked or spinulose-ciHate on the margins : flowers solitary or in threes, terminating the branchlets, very small, on short or slender pedicels : corolla white. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 538. Dry hills near the coast, from the Bay of Monterey south to Fort Tejon, &c. Plant forming tufts from 2 inches to a span in height ; leaves 2 to 5 lines long, half a line or less in width. [The fruit, recently collected by Palmer, proves to be baccate and glabrous, showing that the species is most nearly allied to G. NuUallii of the Eelbukium section.] Order L. VALERIANACE^. These are herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules ; the distinct stamens (1 to 4) almost always fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and borne on its tube ; the inferior ovary with two abortive or empty cells, and a single fertile one containing a solitary pendulous ovule, ripening into a kind of akene. — Flowers perfect or by abortion dioecious. Calyx sometimes obsolete, except its tube consolidated with the ovary, sometimes with a limb composed of teeth, chaff", or bristles. Corolla tubu- lar or funnelform, often irregular ; its limb 3 - 5-cleft ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Style filiform : stigmas 1 to 3 : ovule anatropous. Fruit dry and indehis- cent, either one-celled, the two other cells having disappeared, or more or less 3-celled, two of the cells empty or mere vestiges. Seed destitute of albumen, filled by the large and straight embryo : radicle superior. — Inflorescence cymose. A family of nine genera and about 300 species, of small economical importance, except as yield- ing the officinal Yalerian (the peculiar odor and properties of which prevail in the roots of most of the perennial species), mainly belonging to the temperate and frigid parts of the world, spar- ingly represented in North America. Only one Valerian has thus far been detected in California, but there is a peculiar genus. Corn Salads (Fedia or Vakriandla) are likely to occur in grain-fields, introduced from Europe, but are not yet met with. 1. Valeriana. Limb of the calyx inrolled and concealed in flower, evolute and pappus-like in fruit, of plumose bristles. Corolla spui'less. Stamens 3. Perennials. 2. Plectritis. Limb of the calyx obsolete. Tube of the corolla bearing a spur. Stamens 3. Annuals. 1. VALERIANA, Tourn. Valerian. Limb of the calyx involute and concealed in the flowering state, evolute in fruit, formed of numerous plumose bristles, resembling a pappus, deciduous. Corolla with more or less cylindrical or obconical tube, which is often gibbous but not spurred at Pledritis. VALERIANACE^. ofiY the base : the limb about equally 5-lobed. Stamens 3. Abortive cells of the ovary small or obscure, obliterated in the akene-like fruit. — Perennial herbs, with stron-'- scented mostly thickened rootstocks or roots, simple or pinnate leaves, au.l white or flesh-colored flowers in a terminal often panicled cyme. The flowers in some species are either dimorphous or polygamo-dioecious. — The roots of several are used in medicine. The only species yet detected in this State is, 1. V. sylvatica, Eichardson. Minutely pubescent or nearly j^lidirous : root- stock creeping : root-leaves entire and spatulate or oval, or sometTmes S-parted : stem-leaves mostly pinnately divided into 3 to 1 1 broadly lanceolate or oblong-ovate unequal entire or toothed leaflets : flowers all perfect : corolla short and Tjroad : stigma almost entire. Wet places in the Sierra Nevada, &c., from the Yosemite to Donner Lake, thence eastward and northward througli the Continent. This has been tliought to W tlie Knropean V. dioicrt, or too near it ; but the stigma is not 3-cleft, and no form is known with inrluded stamens and long style. At the north it sometimes has smaller flowers with letis protruded stamens ; but then the style also is short. V. EDULis, Nutt., is common in the Eocky Mountains and eastward ; and it may Ijc found in the northeastern part of California. It is well marked by the long lanceolate or linear leaves or lobes of the leaves, with minutely downy margins ; and the flowei-s are dioecious. 2. PLECTRITIS, (Lindl.,) DC. Limb of the calyx obsolete or none. Tube of tlie corolla very gibbous, spurred at the base ; the short limb more or less bilabiate ; upper lip 2-cleft, lower 3-cleft. Stamens 3. Ovary triangular, with empty cells at two of the angles : style slender : stigma somewhat capitate. Fruit winged on each side of the fertile cell by the remains of the open and enlarged sterile cells, the wings incurved, making tlie fruit saucer-shaped. — Annuals, nearly glabrous (excei)t that the fruit is often ])uberu- lent), with slender erect stems, oblong or spatulate entire or barely sinuate-toothed leaves, the cauline ones sessile ; the dense contracted cymes in the axils of the upper small leaves and terminal, forming an interrupted spike or head. Flowers small, rose-color, subtended by pairs of subulate bracts, perfect. Stamens and style some- times exserted, sometimes more or less included in the same species. There is a Chilian species referred to this genus by Bentham and Hooker, which has wingless fruit. The two genuine species, confined to the western side of North America, are just alike in herbage, and to l)e distinguished only by the flowers. 1. P. congesta, DC. Corolla about a quarter of an inch long; its spur much shorter and smaller than the tube ; the limb distinctly bilabiate. Moist soil, less abundant than the next ; common in Oregon and extending into Utah. Van,-- ing from a span to a foot or two in height. 2. P. macrocera, Torr. & Gray. Corolla considerably smaller ; its tluck sjnir about the length of the body, so that it appears as if attached at the middle ; the limb smaller and less evidently bilabiate. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 50. P. brarluf- stemon, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petersb. 1835. Common in low grounds, towards the coast and in the valleys. — Fischer & Mover's name is the older, but is misleading, as the length of the stamens is not a specific character, and they omitted all mention of the real distinctions of the species. Ordeu DIPSACE-ffi, the Teasel or Scabious Family, has no iiidigonous representatives in America, and no truly naturalized sjiecies in California. Hut DiPSACUS FULLOXUM, the Fuller's Teasel, has been met with in waste grounds near old settleiuents. It is proper to mention it, but it hardly needs to be described. 288 COMPOSITE. Order LI. COMPOSITiE. Known by having the flowers in a head, surrounded . by an invohicre (forming the compound flower of the older botanists), and syngenesious anthers. — Flowers either perfect, polygamous, or monoecious, or rarely dioecious, or some neutral. Corolla gamopetalous (monopetalous). Stamens 5, or sometimes 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla alternate with its lobes : filaments generally distinct : anthers syngenesious, i. e. united into a tube. Ovary 1 -celled, with a solitary erect anat- ropous ovule : style one, 2-cleft or 2-lobed at the apex ; the lobes or branches of the style bearing stigmas in the form of marginal lines on their inner face. Fruit an akene. Seed destitute of albumen, filled by the straight embryo. — Calyx with tube investing and incorporated with the ovary ; its limb either wanting, or in the form of a border or crown, or of teeth, scales, awns, bristles, &c., surmounting the ovary : it is called a joctjo^ms, whatever be its form or texture. Corolla epigynous, either strap-shaped {ligulate) or tubular; in the former case the 5 or 4 petals of which it is composed are sometimes indicated by the teeth or notches at the apex of the ligule or expanded portion : in the latter case 5-lobed or occasionally 4-lobed, the lobes valvate in the bud, the veins of the tube forking at the sinuses and bordering the lobes. Anthers 2-celled, introrse, opening on the inner face ; the pollen brushetl out of the tube by the lengthening of the style, -some portion of which, or of its branches, in staminiferous flowers usually is beset externally or tipped with a rough-bristly or papillose surface. Heads homogamo^is, i. e. with all their flowers alike, or heterogamous, i. e. of more than one sort of flowers. Homog- amous heads are sometimes completely liguliflorous, i. e.-all the flowers with strap- shaped or ligulate corolla, and in this case all hermaphrodite ; sometimes discoid, i. e. with.no ligulate flowers. Heterogamous heads are commonly radiate, i. e. the outermost or marginal flowers have enlarged and mostly strap-shaped corollas, and are always female or else neutral : these are called flowers of the ray, or ray- flowers, or shortly rays : those within are termed flowers of the disk or disk- flowers. Some heterogamous heads are discoid, i. e. the marginal flowers although unlike the central ones are all tubular, or at least not developed into rays. The bracts or leaves of the involucre which surround the head are commonly termed scales, Avhatever their texture. The commonly dilated extremity of the peduncle on which the flowers are inserted is the receptacle. When the receptacle bears only flowers within the involucre, it is said to be naked : when there are bracts, usually in the form of chaff"y scales (therefore termed pdlece, palets, or chaff) borne on the receptacle, mostly one outside of each flower, the receptacle is said to be paleaceous or chaffy. — Herbs, shrubs, or sometimes trees, various in foliage, with determinate inflorescence as to the order of the heads, i. e. the terminal or central one first de- veloped ; but the evolution of the blossoms in each head centripetal, i. e. the mar- ginal ones earliest. — DC. Prodr. v., vi., & vii., part 1 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 54- 504; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 163-533. An immense order, found in all parts of the world, comprising about one tenth of all Phsenoga- mous plants, in North America and especially in California a still larger proportion. Very few are important for any active properties or useful products ; but many are cultivated for orna- ment. 4. Inuloide^. 5. HELIANTHOIDEiE. 3. HELENIOIDEiB. ANTHEMlDE.fi. Senecionide-e. COMPOSITiE. 280 Key to the Tribes in California. I TUBULIFLOR^ ; the corollas tubular and 5- (rarely 4-) toothed or cleft in the perfect flowers ; those with ligulate corollas (rays) at the margin either pistillate or neutral. Stvle-branches club-shaped, obtuse, neither hairy nor appendaged : How- ^ ers aU perfect/never yellow. 2. Eupatouiace.e. Stvle-branches of perfect flowers flat and tipped with a distinct flat ap- pendac's : anthers without tails : leaves all alternate. 3. Asteuoide^. Style-branches of the perfect flowers neither truncate nor tipped with any appendage : anthers with tails : heads heterogamous : recep- tacle not°long-bristly : corollas not deeply cleft. Style-branches of perfect flowers truncate-capitate or tipped with an ap- pendage : anthers without tails : leaves or some of them otten opposite. . , ^ . Receptacle chaffy, at least next the margin : mvolucre not scanous : pappus not capillary. Receptacle not chaff'y : involucre not of imbricated scanous scales : pappus not capillary. _ Receptacle not chatty or rarely so : involucre of imbricated partly scan- ous scales : pappus a short crown or none. Receptacle not chaify : pappus capillary and copious. Stvle-branches without tips or appendage, more or less concreted to or near the apex : corollas all tubular and very deeply (sometimes irre^ularlv) 5-cleft into long linear lobes : receptacle densely bristly : anthers sagittate or with tails. 9. Cynaroide^. II. LABI ATIFLOR^ ; the corollas bilabiate and the flowers perfect. 10. MuTisiACEiE. Ill LIGULIFLORJ; ; the corollas all ligulate (and 5-toothed at the apex), and the flowers perfect. Juice milky. H- Cichoriace^. Key to the Genera. Tribe I VERNONIACEJE. Heads homogamous and the flowers all perfect, with tubular corolla, never yellow. Anthers sagittate at base. Branches of the style slender-subulate, ™ No pLnrof this tribe, as thus defined, is known in California or in the regions north of it The only genus to be expected is EleplMntopios, of which one or two species are widely spread over the warmer parts of the world, and these may come in at the south. Tribe II EUPATORIACEiE. Heads homogamous and the flowers all perfect, with regular tubular corolla, never yellow, or more than cream-color. Anthers nearly entire at base. Branches of the style obtuse, oftener thickened upwards or club-shaped, minutely papUiose- granular or smoothish, the stigmatic lines inconspicuous. * Pappus of 2 to 12 stout bristles or awns, alternating with as many scales. 1. Hofmeisteria. Involucre and flowers as in 5ric^c?Zia. Akenes 4-5-angled or ribbed. * * Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. HH Receptacle naked. 2 Eupatorium. Akenes 5-angled. Bristles of the pappus scabrous, rather rigid. _ s! Brickellia. Akenes 10-ribbed or striate. Bristles of the pappus about in one series, scabrous or almost plumose, rather rigid. Involucre imbricated. 4. Adenostyles. Akenes 10-ribbed. Bristles of the pappus very copious, hardly scabrous, soft, white. Involucre not imbricated. -i-4- Receptacle chaffy, at least among the outer flowers. 5. Carphephorus § Kuhnioides. Akenes 10-ribbed. Pappus plumose. Involucre imbricated. Tribe III. ASTEROIDE.E. Heads either heterogamous or homogamous, the disk-flowers with regular tubular corolla, the ray-flowers when present ligulate and If filiate only. rarely neutral. Receptacle naked (not chaffy) except sometimes in No. 20. An ner^ nearly entire at base (without tails). Branches of the style in perfect flower, flattened, tipped with an appendage. Leaves mostly alternate. Subtribe I. ASTERINEiE. Heads homogamous and the ^P^^i-s Perfect or heterogan^^^^^^ and mostly radiate, yet several are discoid, or with merely filiform corollas to the pistil late flowers, but none dioecious. 290 COMPOSITE. * Pappus pcaleaceous or aristifoiin or coroniform, i. e. of chaffy scales or awns or of few stout awn-like bristles, or of very short bristles or scales sometimes united in a crown, rarely obsolete or wanting, never of indefinitely numerous capillary bristles. Hf- Flowers all yellow. ++ Involucre of coriaceous or firm-chartaceous scales mostly with herbaceous or greenish tips, commonly (No. 9 excepted) coated with a resinous or balsamic exudation. 6. Gutierrezia. Heads small and corymbose or clustered, with rays ; the flowers all fertile. Pappus of several short chaffy scales. 7. Amphiachyris. Heads small, clustered, with fertile rays ; the disk-flowers not fertile. Pajipus in the disk-flowers of long flattish and soft bristles rather than scales ; in the few ray-flowers of chaffy scales concreted at base into a cup. 8. Grindelia. Heads larger, solitary, terminating simple branches, many-flowered, mostly witli rays and all the flowers fertile. Akenes glabrous. Pappus of 2 to 8 rigid and stout caducous awns. 9. Acamptopappus. Heads without rays. Scales of the involucre chartaceous, with scarious and laci ratt'-fimbriate margins. Akenes turgid, veiy densely white-woolly. Pappus persistent, of numerous rigid chaffy awns, the longer ones equalling the corolla. ++ ++ Involucre of thin more or less imbricated scales, destitute of herbaceous tips. 10. Pentachaeta. Akenes compressed. Pappus of 5 (rarely 2 to 8) persistent slender rigid bristles, sometimes unequal or aU very short, sometimes obsolete or wanting. -f- +- Pvays white, blue, or pm-ple (never yellow) : disk-flowers yellow : akenes compressed. ] 0. Pentachaeta sometimes has white rays in one species. 1 1 . Monoptilon. Pappus a small crown and a single deciduous bristle which is plumose at top. 12. Eremiastrum. Pappus of 8 to 10 thin scales cut almost into bristles, and within these some stout bristles. Akenes with merely nerved margins. * * Pappus of copious slender or capillary bristles. -i- Flowers all with the limb of the corolla 5-parted into linear or elongated-oblong lobes, either regular or the marginal ones palmate : no ligulate rays. 13. Lessingia. Heads 5 - 25-flowered. Flowers yellow, purple, or white. -i--f- Disk-flowers with the tubular corolla merely 5-toothed or with 5 short lobes, perfect : ray- flowers when present ligulate (pistillate, or in a few cases neutral). ++ Rays yellow, their akenes destitute of pappus. 14. Heterotheca. Nearly the same as Chrysopsis (No. 15), except that their larger and thicker ray-akenes have no pappus. ++ ++ Pays yellow or sometimes none : disk-flowers yellow : all the akenes with pappus, a. Pappus double. 1^>. Chrysopsis. Heads radiate or in one section rayless. Pappus of two sorts ; the interior of long capillary bristles, the exterior a set of short bristles or chaffy scales. Akenes b. Pappus simple : involucre imbricated. 16. Aplopappus. Heads radiate, excepting one or two species which have more or less folia- Cfous or green-tipped scales to the involucre, commonly broad and solitary, or somewhat clustered, usually large or middle-sized. Bristles of the pappus copious and unequal, somewhat rigid. 17. Bigelovia. Heads rayless (rarely an imperfect ray or two), homogamous, mostly cymosely or corymbosely clustered, and narrow. Scales of the involucre dry, coriaceous or com- monly chartaceous, appressed, rarely with green tips. Bristles of the pappus copious and unequal. 18. Solidago. Heads radiate, narrow, numerous and mostly small, racemed or panicled, or simietimes cjTnose. Scales of the narrow involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips. Bristles of the pappus equal and nearly in a single series, slender. Style-append- ages lanceolate or broader, never filifonn. ++ ++ ++ Pays white, purple, or blue, never yellow : disk-flowers yellow, rarely turning puri^lish. 19. Sericocarpus. Rays few (about 5, white) : disk-flowers rather few. Involucre nan-ow, im- biicated, of appressed finn-coriaceous white scales with abrupt green tips. Akenes sillartly united into a cup, not embracing any of the akenes. Rays entire or barely toothed at apex. Akenes linear or oblong-linear, with large terminal areola : pappus of lilunt nerveless scales, rarely wanting. Leaves opposite or mostly alternate, com- monly lobed or divided. Ours all woolly plants. COMPOSITE. 295 70. Monolopia. Receptacle conical. Scales of the involucre united into a cup or only at base. Rays broad, 2 - 4-lobed, in the typical species bearing a rounded appendage on the opjjosite side of the thi-oat. Akenes obovate or oblong, the outer ones obcompres.sed ; the terminal areola small : pappus none. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, entire or pinnately parted. Woolly plants. 71. Lasthenia § Hologymne. Receptacle conical. Scales of the involucre united almost to their tips into a 10 - 15-toothed cup. Akenes linear-oblong : pappus none. Leaves all opposite, entire, sessile and connate at base. Glabrous plant. ++ ++ ++ Rays none, the marginal pistillate flowers having short tubular corollas. 72. Amblyopappus. Head several-flowered. Involucre of 4 to 6 scales. Corollas all very short, those of pistillate flowers 2 - 4-toothed, of the perfect flowers 5-toothed. Akenes oblong-cuneate, 4-angled : pappus of blunt scales. -i- -i- Receptacle flat : scales of the involucre narrow, chiefly linear. ++ Heads with regular ligulate and pistillate rays. 73. Amauria. Involucre hemispherical, many-flowered, of numerous scales. Pappus none. Leaves round-cordate, petioled, palmately lobed or toothed, all the lower ones opiMisitc 74. Hulsea. Involucre hemispherical, very many-flowered, of very numerous scales, r.-ipims of 4 short thin-hyalLne blunt and nerveless scales. Leaves alternate, pinnately luljcd or tootlied. 75. Rigiopappus. Involucre campanulate, rather many-flowered. Rays short and inconspicu- ous. Pappus of 4 or 5 rigid opaque awn-shaped scales. Leaves alternate, linear, entire. ++ ++ Heads destitute of ligulate rays, and homogamous, at least in Califomian species ; but the marginal corollas sometimes enlarged. 76. Palafoxia. Involucre narrow, several-flowered. Lobes or teeth of the coi'olla narrow. Paiipus of hyaline scales traversed by a stout midrib. Roughish herbs or shrubs, with altciiiate entire narrow leaves, and rose or purple flowers. 77. Chaenactis. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical. Lobes or teeth of the corolla short and broad. Pappus of blunt hyaline nerveless or nearly nerveless scales, rarely want- ing. Woolly, viscid-glandular, or nearly smooth herbs, with alternate 1 - 3-pinnately parted leaves, and yellow or flesh-colored flowers, the marginal ones commonly enlarged. Rarely some rigid bristles on the receptacle. * * Akenfis turbinate or obpyramidal : leaves all or aU but the lower alteraate. +■ Scales of the involucre or their tips spreading or reflexed : rays cuneate, 3 - 5-lobed : pappus of hyaline commonly awn-pointed scales. 78. Gaillardia. Rays neutral. Receptacle with some rigid awns among the flowers. Akenes involucellate with villous hairs. 79. Helenium. Rays commonly fertile. Receptacle wholly naked. +- -i- Scales of the involucre erect or appressed : disk-flowers fertile, their style 2-cleft : akenes hirsute or villous. SO. Actinella. Rays 8 to 12, pistillate. Involucre of numerous scales. Receptacle conical or convex. Pappus of 5 to 12 hyaline entire scales. 81. Syntrichopappus. Rays 5, pistillate. Involucre of 5 concave scales which partly enclose the ray-akenes. Receptacle flat. Pappus of numerous rough bristles, all united at base into a ring. 82. Trichoptilium. Rays none. Involucre of about 10 thin and flat scales. Receptacle flat. Pappus of 5 broad hyaline scales, cleft into many slender bristles. +■ -fr- +- Scales of the involucre not reflexed, united at the base, in a single series : disk-flowers sterile, their style entire : akenes powdery-papillose. 83. Blennosperma. Rays an elliptical or oblong ligule completely sessile on the pyriform akene. Pappus none. Leaves pinnately parted. * * * Akenes oblong, flat, surrounded by a cartilaginous margin. 84. Perityle. Involucre campanulate, of narrow scales. Disk-corollas 4-toothed. Pappus a crown of minute scales or bristles, and mostly one or two awns. Leaves palmately lobed or incised, petioled ; the lower opposite. Subtribe IV. TAGETINE/E. Involucre of few or several equal scales in a single series, with or without some bractlets at base, spotted, as also the (glabrous) foliage, with large scattered volatile-oil-glands. Hence the herbage is strong-scented. Rays deciduous. {Tagetcs, the type of the group, common in gardens, probably occurs in waste places near dwellings.) 296 COMPOSITE. * styles with long and slender branches. 85. Dysodia. Head mostly with rays. Papj^s single, of rigid chaffy scales dissected into many bristles. i i • 86. NicoUetia. Head with rays. Tappus double ; the outer of capillary bristles, the inner of 5 chaffy awn-jjointed scales. 87. Porophyllum. Head rayless. Pappus single, of copious rough capillary bristles. * * Styles long, thickish upward, and with very short blunt branches. 88. Pectis. Head with rays. Pappus of awns or bristles. Leaves opposite, undivided, mostly fringed near the base with slender bristles. Tkibe VII. ANTHEMIDEiE. Heads heterogamous either with ligulate ray-corollas or ray- less, the pistillate flowers bemg small and tubular or none, or homogamous, all the flowers perfect with regular tubular corollas. Receptacle naked, or in some with narrow cliaff sub- tending the flowers. Anthers without tails. Branches of the style in the perfect flowers with truncate or tnmcate-capitate tips, or in hermaphrodite-sterile flowers undivided. Akenes small, destitute of pappus or with a short scarious crown or ring. Leaves alter- nate, commonly dissected. Involucre of dry or partly scarious scales, appressed and imbri- cated in two or more (rarely almost in a single) series. Herbage mostly strong-scented. * Receptacle chaffy, at least among the central flowers : heads in our species with rays. 89. Achillea. Involucre narrow : rays short. Akenes obcompressed, margined. 90. Anthemis. Involucre broad : rays conspicuous. Akenes 4-5-angled or 8-10-ribbed. * Receptacle not chaffy. ■i- All the flowers furnished with corolla. 9 L Chrysanthemum. Rays numerous and conspicuous. Receptacle flat or convex. Akenes SL'ViMul- ribbed or angled. 92. Matricaria. Kays in our species wanting ; the flowers all alike and perfect. Receptacle high-conical. Akenes angled, truncate at top. 93 Tanacetmn. Rays none, but sometimes the marginal pistillate with enlarged and oblique corollas. Heads corymbose. Akenes broad at the top, more commonly with a coroni- form pappus. 94. Artemisia. Rays none. Corollas in the marginal pistillate flowers (when there are any) slender and 2 - 3-toothed. Heads panicled or racemose, small, often nodding. Akenes mostly obovoid and rounded at the top, with a small terminal areola and no pappus. +- -h Pistillate flowers apetalous, merely naked pistils : akenes obcompressed. 95. Cotula. Heads peduncled. Akenes not pointed with persistent style, those of pistillate flowers stalked. 96. Soliva. Heads sessile. Akenes pointed with a long and indurated style, sessile. Tribe VIII. SENECIONIDE^. Heads heterogamous with ligulate (rarely filiform) ray- corollas, or sometimes homogamous and discoid ; the flowers perfect, or rarely staminate, and with regular tubular corollas. Receptacle not chafiy. Anthers often sagittate at base, but without tails. Branches of the style in perfect flowers mostly with truncate, or some- what capitate, or obtuse tips, rarely with any distinct appendage. Pappus of numerous usually very fine and soft capillary bristles. Leaves mostly alternate. Involucre almost always of equal herbaceous scales, in one or two series, or with some short ones or bracts added. Flowers usually yellow. Subtribe I. TUSSILAGINEiE. Heads monoecious, the tubular disk-flowers staminate (in Tussilago), or dioecious : style in the tubular sterile flowers undivided or nearly so. 97. Petasites. Heads dicecious and heterogamous : flowers white or purplish ; the fertile ones pistillate and more or less conspicuously radiate. Subtribe II. EUSENECIONE^. Heads heterogamous or homogamous : the tubular disk- flowers perfect and fertile, with 2-cleft style. * Leaves all alternate : bristles of the pappus barely scabrous or denticulate. 98 Tetradymia. Heads homogamous, 4-18-flowered. Limb of the corolla 5-parted into Ion" linear or linear-lanceolate recurved lobes. Scales of the involucre dry, rather ngid. 99 Luina." Heads homogamous, about 10-flowered. Corollas with slender tube, long and nar- row limb, and 5 short ovate-lanceolate lobes. Style-branches obtuse. Pappus soft and 100 Psathyrotes. Heads homogamous, rather many-flowered. Corollas with very short proppr tube, long and narrow limb, and 5 short and obtuse glandular or villous teeth. Pappus brownish and rather rigid, very unecpial. COMPOSITE. 297 101. Senecio. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or homogamous. Disk-corollas 5-toothcd or 5-lobed, mostly with slender tube. Pappus copious, fine and soft, white. * * Leaves mostly opposite or all radical : bristles of the pappus in a single series, rigid, strongly scabrous, barbellate, or plumose. 102. Arnica. Heads heterogamous or occasionally homogamous. Pappus scabrous or barbellate. Leaves all or some of them opposite. 103. Raillardella. Heads homogamous. Scales of the involucre slightly united below. Pappus strongly plumose, white. Leaves all radical, alternate. Tribe IX. CYITAROIDEiE. Heads homogamous and the flowers all perfect, with corollas all tubular and deeply 5-cleft, often bilabiately so (J or §), or rarely incompletely dioe- cious, sometimes (in introduced representatives) with a row of neutral flowers at the margin, the corollas of which may be enlarged, fomiing a kind of false ray. Lobes of the corolla not revolute. Receptacle generally densely bristly. Anthers sagittate, with their auri- cles often prolonged into tails. Style destitute of all terminal appendages or tips ; the stig- matic branches either short or slender, but mostly united to the apex or near it, minutely puberulent or gi'anulate : at the origin the style is moi-e commonly thickened into a kind of node or thickened and often pubescent ring. Akenes usually thick -walled. Pappus of capillary or rigid bristles. Leaves alternate, the tips or lobes and teeth commonly armed with prickles. Involucre often of spiny-tipped scales, imbricated in many series. — Only Thistles are indigenous to the country, but one or two other genera have been introduced from the Old World. * Flowers of the head all alike : bristles of the pappus cohering at base in a ring. 104. Cnicus. Pappus plumose : filaments separate, papillose-pubescent. 105. Silybum. Pappus naked : filaments monadelphous, glabrous. Leaves blotched. * * Flowers at the margin of the head mostly sterile : bristles of the pappus separate, not plumose. 106. Centaurea. Akenes attached to the receptacle obliquely or by one side of the base. Tribe X. MUTISIACE.'E. Heads homogamous or sometimes heterogamous, with the limb of the corollas bilabiate (§), one lip 3-, the other 2- toothed or cleft. Receptacle not clothed with bristles. Anthers with long tails. Style-branches obtuse or truncate and destitute of any tip or appendage. Leaves alternate. — Only one scanty Californian genus. 107. Perezia. Head few - many-flowered : the flowers all perfect and similar, with distinctly 2-lipped corollas. Involucre imbricated. Pappus of copious capillary bristles. Akenes beakless. Tribe XI. CICHORIACEiE. Heads homogamous, the flowers all perfect and with ligulate corollas, the ligule 5-toothed at the apex. Style-branches filiform, papillose. Herbs (ex- cept a few insular species) with milky bitter juice. — The subtribes, not being well-marked by obvious characters, here give place to artificial sections. * Pappus none. All but No. 108 are genera which ordinarily have a pappus. 108. Phalacroseris. Scape simple: head erect before flowering. Akenes obscurely 4-5- angled. 109. Microseris, partly. Scape simple : head nodding before flowering. Akenes 10- ribbed. 116. Malacothrix § Anathrix. Scape corymbose-panicled : heads rather numerous. * * Pappus either chaffy or plumose, i. e. of awn-tipped chaffy scales, or of awns or bristles more or less dilated into a scale at base, or of plumose bristles. ■i- Receptacle destitute of chaff or bristles : akenes more or less hollowed out at the insertion. 109. Microseris. Flowers yellow. Akenes 8- 12-ribbed : pappus more or less chaffy. Stemless or shoi't-stemmed and long-peduncled, with head commonly nodding before flowering. 110. Stephanomeria. Flowers pink or white. Akenes short, truncate at both ends, about 5-ribbed or angled : pappus of plumose or partly plumose bristles, or rarely chaffy awns, or narrow scales. Leafy-stemmed and branching, with small heads. 111. Rafinesquia. Flowers white or pink. Akenes tapering upwards into a narrow beak, oljscurely ribbed : pappus of cobwebby-plumose slender bristles. Leafy-stemmed and branching, with rather large heads. -i- -i- Receptacle with slender chaff between the flowers : akenes inserted by a pointed base : pap- pus of plumose bristles : flowers yellow. 112. Hypochaeris. Akenes glabrous, the inner ones at least tapering upwards into a beak : pappus sordid or dirty white. 113. Anisocoma. Akenes silky-pubescent, truncate and with a little crown at the summit : pappus bright white. 298 COMPOSITE. Hofmeisteria. * * * Pappus of copious capillary and merely scabrous or at most minutely barbellate bristles. Receptacle naked, or iu No. 115 and 116 with some delicate bristles between the flowers. -i- Akenes not flattened : pappus white, mostly bright white, ++ All or most of it early deciduous or caducous more or less in a ring. 114. Glyptopleura. Akenes 4-5-angled and with a sculptured surface, abruptly short-beaked Ironi a cup-shaped shoulder, and the beak cup-shaped at apex or hollow. Receptacle naked. 115. Calycoseris. Akenes tapering into a slender beak, the apex of which is dilated into a scuious crown or shallow cup. Receptacle with delicate bristles between the flowers. 116. Malacothrix. Akenes columnar, truncate at both ends, 10-15-ribbed ; the broad apex with a prominent crown-like margin or sharp edge, either entire or denticulate, some- times bearing a more persistent outer pappus of 1 to 8 stronger bristles. ++ ++ Pappus more persistent, simple, the bristles separately if at all deciduous from the akene : flowers mostly yellow. 117. Crepis. Scales of the involucre commonly carinate-thickened at base or with firmer midrib when old. Akenes 10-20-ribbed, smooth, more or less tapering at the ajjex, not long-beaked. 118. Troximon. Scales of the involucre unaltered in age. Akenes 10-ribbed, not muricate- rougliened, above contracted into a neck or beak. 119. Taraxacum. Scales of the involucre imaltered in age. Akenes 4 -10-ribbed or angled, the ribs becoming muricate, the apex developed into a long filiform beak. +- +- Akenes not flattened nor beaked : pappus tawTiy or dirty white, mostly fragile. 120. Apargidium. Head many-flowered on a simple scape. Flowers yellow. Akenes sliort, not ribbed : bristles of the pappus barbellate-denticulate. 121. Hieracium. Heads many-flowered. Flowers yellow. Akenes short, 5 - 10-ribbed : bris- tles of tlie pappus scabrous. 122. Lygodesmia. Heads 5 - lO-flowered. Flowers rose-color or pink. Akenes narrow or slender : bi'istles of the pappus copious, scabrous. -1- -i- H^ Akenes flat : pappus almost always bright white, fine and soft. 123. Lactuca. Involucre not tumid at base. Akenes with a beak or neck under the dilated disk that bears the pappus, the bristles of which fall separately. 124. Sonchus. Involucre becoming tumid or fleshy-enlarged at base. Akenes destitute of beak or neck, and having no dilated pappus-bearing disk ; bristles of the pajjpus decidu- ous more or less in connection. Cryptostemma calendulacea, R. Br., of the tribe Ardotidcce, a native of S. Africa, but naturalized in Australia, has been gathered by Mr. E. L. Greene near the landing at South Val- lejo ; probably a ballast weed, and we may hope transient. It is a stemless jplaiit, with leaves resembling those of Dandelion, but white-tomentose, at least beneath, the solitary lieads on .slen- der scapes, and the ray-akenes enveloped in very long wool. It is not worth while to introduce another tribe into the series for this waif. (Tribe I. VERNO^IACE^, wanting.) Tribe II. EUPATOEIACE^. Heads all homogamous and discoid ; the flowers perfect, with regular tubular corollas, never truly yellow. Anthers obtuse at base. Branches of the style obtuse, inclined to club-shaped, minutely papillose-roughened or almost smooth, destitute of any appendage ; the stigmatic lines indistinct. 1. HOFMEISTERIA, Walpers. Head many-flowered. Involucre of imbricated narrow acuminate scales, the exterior successively shorter. Eeceptacle flat, naked. Corollas slender, 5-toothed. Branches of the style club-shaped. Akenes 4-5-angled. Pappus of 2 to 12 slen- der bristles alternating with as many chaffy scales. — Low plants, suff'ruticose at base and branching, nearly glabrous, with long-petioled incised or lobed leaves, the Brkkdlia. COMPOSITiE. 299 lower opposite, the upper alternate, and long naked peduncles bearing solitary heads. — Walp. Eepert. vi. 106 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 243. Ilelogyne, Beuth. Bot. Sulph. 20, t. 14, not of Nutt. Neither of the two known species have yet been found within the actual limits of the State, one being farther south, the other southeast. 1. H. fasciculata, Walp. Scales of the involucre very numerous and closely appressed, scarcely striate : akenes slender, ilattish, hispid on the lateral angles : pappus of 2 or 3 almost barhellate awns and as many broad chafly scales which are truncate and lacerate at the summit : leaves pabnately 3 - 5-parted or cleft, and with the divisions iimxmia-lohQd. — Helogyne fasciadata, Benth. Bot. Sulpli. 1. c. Var. Xanti, Gray, with the leaves round-reniform and mostly only obscurely lobed. — Proc. Am. Acad. v. 158. Lower California, Magdalena Bay, Hinds. Cape San Lucas, Xantus, the variety. 2. H. pluriseta, Gray. Scales of the involucre striate, looser and fewer (20 to 25)*: akenes shorter, terete - 5-angular, pubescent: pappus of 10 to 12 slender barely scabrous awns or bristles and as many narrow acute or poiiited chatly scales : leaves small, acutely and irregularly cleft or incised. — Pacif. E. Ptep. iv. 90, t. 9. San Bernardino Desert to Williams' River and canons of the Colorado, Bigclow, Newberry, Parry. 2. EUPATORIXJM, Tourn. Head 3 - many-flowered. Involucre various. Pteceptacle naked. Corollas 5- lobed or 5-toothed. Akenes 5-angled, with no intermediate ribs. Pappus of numerous rather rigid capillary scabrous bristles, forming about a smgle series. — Perennials, mostly with opposite leaves. A huge and widely dispersed genus, copious in the Atlantic States, extremely scanty in those of the Pacific, two species barely reaching California. 1. E. occidentale, Hook. Almost glabrous, slightly glandular, a foot or two hi^li from a sulfrutesceut base : leaves commonly more or less alternate, on very short petioles, ovate, triple-ribbed near the base, somewhat serrate : corymbs small in a crowded panicle: heads 15-25-fiowered : scales of the involucre m nearly a single series, shorter than the pink or pinkish flowers. From eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada south to Elibetfs Pass and the Yosemite Valley ; not rare in Nevada and the interior of Oregon, in canons, &c. 2. E. sagittatum, Gray. Minutely puberulent : leaves all opposite, petioled, hastately sagittate, entire : heads single or in threes at the ends of the diverging branches, peduncled : involucre imbricated, cylindrical, 30 - 40-fiowered ; the scales coriaceous, appressed, with conspicuous foliaceous spreading tips : akenes glabrous with the sharp angles hispid. — PL Wright, i. 88, note. Southeastern part of Cahfornia probably ( 294, coll. Coulter), and adjacent parts of Mexico. 3. BRICKELLIA, Ell. Head several -many-flowered. Involucre of imbricated striate-nerved scales, the outer shorter. Receptacle naked. Corollas slender, 5-toothed or with 5 short lobes. Style bulbous at base, the branches commonly thickened upward. Akenes 10-striate or ribbed. Pappus of numerous scabrous or barbellate capillary bristles, about in a single series. — Herbaceous perennial or partly shrubliy plants, commonly rather glandular or viscid or dotted, most resembling Enpatorkm, except in the many-ribbed or striate akenes ; the flowers Avhite, whitish, or flesh-color. — Gray, PI. Wright, i. 84. Brichellia, in part, Bulbostylls, & Clavigera, DC. A genus of about 40 species, with head.iuarters southeast of California, but scantily represented Avithin the State. 300 COMPOSIT^E. Brickdlia. B. OBLONGIFOLIA, Niitt. , an herb, with lanceolate-oblong entire and sessile leaves, a few ter- minal rather large and many-flowered heads, and minutely glandular akenes, occurs along rivers in Oregon, and may be expected in the northei'n jiart of the State. B. LiNiFOLiA, Eaton, like the preceding but with rather narrower leaves, fewer heads, and mi- nutely hispid akenes, growing in Arizona and Nevada, may reach California, but is less likely. B. HASTATA, Benth., a canescent tomentose species, with opposite hastately 3-lobed leaves, and corymbose 12-flowered heads, has been found only far down in Lower California. B. CouLTERi, Gray, with barely pubescent opposite hastate-triangular and sparsely toothed leaves, and long-peduncled about 12-flowered heads, is known only by a specimen in Coulter's collection, wliich may not have been collected within the State. Several plants of his "Califor- nia " collection were gathered only in Arizona, or east of the Eio Colorado. * Heads about an inch long : scales of the involucre obtuse : plant ivoolly. 1. B. incana, Gray. Plant probably woody at base, white at least when young with a close soft wool : leaves of the branches ovate or cordate, nearly entire, sessile, alternate (small), becoming naked and green with age : heads soli- tary terminating tlie loose branches, peduncled, very many-flowered : scales of the involucre in 3 or 4 ranks, the outermost roundish, the inner linear-oblong : akenes silky. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 350. Providence Mountains, San Bernadino Co., Dr. Cooper. * * Heads half to three quarters of an inch long : plants minutely pubernlent or pu- bescent, and more or less glandular or viscid. 2. B. grandiflora, Nutt. Herbaceous, 2 or 3 feet high, simple or corym- bosely branching, not viscid : leaves cordate-triangular, acute or acuminate, thin- nish, coarsely serrate, 2 or 3 inches long, on slender petioles ; the lower opposite, uppermost alternate : heads numerous in a naked corymbose cyme : scales of the involucre thin, mostly acute : akenes nearly glabrous. Rocky banks of streams in the Sierra Nevada (Yosemite Valley, &c.) ; and eastward through the Rocky Mountains. Notwithstanding the name of this species, the heads are only three fourths of an inch long, or often shorter, cylindraceous, and less than half an inch broad. 3. B. Californica, Gray. Shrubby at base, 2 to 3 feet high, paniculately branched : leaves alternate, ovate, somewhat triangular, or sometimes slightly cor- date, mostly obtuse, irregularly crenate-toothed, 3-ribbed from the base, veiny, roughish (an inch or so in lengfth), on short petioles : heads spicate or racemose along the leafy branches, half an inch long, 10- 15-flowered : scales of the involu- cre with thinnish mostly obtuse straight tips. — PI. Pencil. 64. {Bulbostylis, Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 79.) B. Wrightii, Durand & Hilgard, Pacif. E. Pep. v. 8. Dry hillsides, from Mendocino Co. nearly through the State, and eastward at least to Utah. 4. B. microphylla, Gray, 1. c More branched than the last, viscid and glandular : leaves smaller and with acute teeth ; those of the branches almost ses- sile, half an inch long or less : heads clustered at the ends of diverging branchlets, smaller : scales of the involucre rigid, all but the innermost with squarrose-spread- iug herbaceous tips. — Bulbostylis microphylla, Nutt. Teliae Peak, near Lake Tahoe (Lemmon) ; adjacent parts of "Western Nevada {Torrcy) ; thence north and east to Oregon and Utah. 4. ADENOSTYLES, Cass. Head few - many-flowered. Involucre of a single series of erect scales, or some- times with one or two smaller and lax exterior ones additional. Receptacle naked, flat. Corollas dilated above the slender tube, the 5 lobes spreading. Branches of tlie style somewhat thickened upward. Akenes terete, 10-striate, glabrous. Pap- pus of very copious soft and wliite capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with simple stems, alternate cordate or reniform leaves, mostly on long petioles, and corymbose heads of flesh-colored, white, or cream-colored flowers. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 247. Carphephorus. COMPOSITiE. 301 1. A. Nardosmia, Gray, Floccose-woolly : stem rather stout, 1 to 2 feet high, 2 - 3-leave(l, and bearing 4 to 7 large loosely corymbose heads : leaves round-reui- form, 5 - 9-cleft, white-woolly beneath, becoming naked above, the lobes coarsely toothed or cleft : heads an inch long, peduncled, about 50-ilowered : scales of the campanulate involucre 12 to 30, lanceolate-linear, acuminate, a little shorter than the disk : corollas yellowish, with elongated cylindraceous throat : anthers exserted : akenes distinctly striate. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. G31. Cacalia Nardosmia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 361. Open woods of Spruce and Pine, Sonoma to Humboldt Co., April, May, Bolancler, Kellogg. "Flowers of the color of yellow beeswax, and exhaling the odor of honey or beeswax." This striking and peculiar plant indeed appears to belong (notwithstanding the yellowisli flowers and their far greater number in the head) to a small genus otherwise restricted to the mountains of Middle and Southern Europe. The leaves much resemble those of Pdasites palvuita. 5. CARPHEPHORUS, Cass. Sect. KUHNIOIDES, Gray. Head many-flowered. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical ; its scales imbri- cated as in BricMlia, but less striate. Eeceptacle flat, furnished witli some chaft' (resembling the innermost involucral scales) among the flowers, at least the outer ones, and deciduous with the fruit. Corollas narrow, rather deeply 5-toothed, the teeth open or spreading. Akenes 10-ribbed, five alternate ribs mostly stronger, often 5-angular. Pappus a single series of equal plumose bristles. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 632. This genus is founded on four species of the Southern Atlantic States, with herbaceous mostly simple stems, alternate leaves, and middle-sized heads of rose-purple flowers, most resembling those of Liatris, the pappus of rather copious and unequal bristles, which occupy more than one series, and are at most short-barbellate. The Californian species have loosely branching stems, suffrutescent at base, the lower leaves are opposite, the corollas pale and probably yellowish-white, and the pappus, as above described, almost as plumose as that of Kuhnia. C. ATRirLiciFOLius, Gray, was collected only in Lower California, near Cape San Lucas, by Xant.us. It may be known by its laciniate-lobed leaves and the striate glabrous scales of the involucre. 1. C. junceus, Benth. Minutely hispid or nearly smooth, much branched : branches long and slender, rush-like, terminated by solitary or loosely corymbose heads on slender peduncles : the few and sparse leaves linear, entire or sparingly lobed : involucre 3 to 4 lines long, rather shorter than the flowers, the outer scales white-pubescent and rather rigid : akenes puberulent : pappus of about 15 rather rigid plumose bristles. — Bot. Sulph. 21. S . E. borders of California, on or near the Colorado, Coulter, Nairherry, Cooper, &c. : apparently common in the adjacent parts of Arizona, and first made known from Hind's collection in Lower California. The flowers were noted by Dr. Cooper as " yellow," which is not likely. They may be cream-color. Tribe III. ASTEEOIDE^. Heads heter-ogamous with some marginal flowers pistillate (rarely neutral) and commonly radiate (ligulate), or else homogamous, the corollas all tubular, or in Baccharis homogamous but dioecious. Anthers appendaged at the apex, obtuse and tailless at base. Branches of the style in perfect flowers more or less flat, margined with conspicuous stigmatic lines, tipped with an appendage. Eeceptacle naked (not chaffy), except in one Coretkrogyne. In Baccharis only the flowers are dire- cious, and the style in staminate flowers not distinctly appendaged and commonly unbranched. Disk-flowers yellow, rarely turning purple. Leaves almost always alternate. 302 COMPOSITE. Gutierrezia. 6. GUTIERREZIA, Lagasca. Heads corymbose, small or rather small, heterogamous ; the rays few and fertile ; disk-flowers perfect (in one species apparently infertile). Involucre obovate or cylindraceous, its scales coriaceous, with greenish tips, closely imbricated, the outer ones shorter. Eeceptacle convex or conical. Eays short. Appendages of the style lanceolate or linear, hispid. Akenes terete, often somewhat turbinate. Pap- pus paleaceous, viz. of 7 to 9 or more chafiy scales, commonly distinct, and those of the ray-flowers shorter than those of the disk (in some Eastern species short and more or less united in a ring or crown). — Herbaceous or suffrutescent, glabrous, often resinous, much branched from the base, with narrow entire leaves, and corym- bose or fasciculate-crowded mostly small heads of bright yellow flowers. — Torr, & Gray, Fl. ii. 193; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 250, excl. sp. Brachyris, ISTutt. Two or three other species occur in Arizona, &c. , but have not yet been found near the Calif or- nian borders. 1. Gr. EuthamiSB, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. INIore or less woody at base, seldom over a foot high : leaves narrowly linear, crowded : heads fastigiately corymbose and crowded, or sometimes rather open-panicled : involucre turbinate, 2 lines long : flowers of the ray and disk each 3 to 9 : akenes silky-pubescent : pappus of about 9 chatty scales ; those of the disk-flowers linear or oblong-linear and obtuse, fully half the length of the corolla, at least as long as the akene ; those of the ray shorter and broader. — G. Euthaviice, divaricata, & Calif arnica, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 193. Brachyris, Nutt. Dry hills along the coast and the Contra Costa Mountains : the var. Californica {G. Californica, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.) ; taller than the eastern form, and usually with thicker lieads, containing more numerous flowers, and the pappus rather longer. Tejon Valley, Dr. Hccrvmnn: a low form with the fewest-flowered heads {G. microphylla, Durand & Hilgard, PI. Heerm. 40, — a Icvpsiis ^oxG. microcejjhala), which extends from W. Nevada {Watson, &c.) to the east of the Rocky Mountains. These are two extremes of apparently one variable and wide-spread species. — G. microcephala. Gray, with which the Tejon plant was confounded, has still narrower, more cylindri- cal, and smaller heads, with mostly a single disk-flower, and that infertile. 2. G. linearifolia, Lagasca (1). Suffruticose or herbaceous, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves narrowly linear : heads loosely corymbose : involucre obovate, 3 lines long : akenes minutely appressed-pubescent : pappus of about 12 oblong and obtuse or spatulate chaffy scales hardly longer than the proper tube of the corolla. Near Los Angeles, Dr. Gamhd. — In the size of the heads and in the pappus this accords tolerably well with a specimen in Berlandier's collection. No. 1360, from San Luis Potosi, Mexico, — which may be the obscure original of the genus, G. IviearifoHa. Yet the flowers are as many as 5 to 8 in both ray and disk. It resembles the Chilian G. 2M7iicuIata ; but in that the scales of the pappus are narrowly lanceolate and nearly equal to the disk-corolla. 7. AMPHIACHYRIS, Torr. & Gray. (Sect, of Brachyris, DC.) Heads corymlwse or fascicled, small, heterogamous ; the rays fertile ; disk-flowers hermaphrodite but wholly or mostly sterile. Involucre obovate or cylindraceous ; its scales rather few, coriaceous, closely imbricated, the outer successively shorter. Eeceptacle convex. Eays 1 to 10 : disk-flowers from 5 to 20 : appendages of the style in the latter oblong, obtuse. Akenes terete, pubescent. Pappus of the ray- flowers chaffy and coroniform-concreted ; of the disk-flowers .setiform rather than paleaceous, the very narrow scales or flatfish bristles about the length of the corolla and commonly more or less united at the base. — Low and bushy-branched gla- brous plants, Avith entire subsessile leaves and yellow flowers. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 633. Orindelia. COMPOSITiE. qqo 1. A. Fremontii, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves obovate-spatu- late, acummate, slioit : heads sessile in compound corymbose clusters : involucre (l)arely a quarter of an inch long) of 7 to 9 oval and obtuse thinnish scales, the tips of which are obscurely greenish : ray-flower only one, with a short obovate ligule and a pappus nearly as long as its tube, composed of numerous narrow chaffy scales united below into an irregularly cleft cup or crown : disk-flowers about 5, with apparently well-formed but sterile ovary, and a pappus of about 20 flatfish more or less tortuous denticulate-hispid bristles, some of them occasionally united or sparingly hxaucheiX. ~ Amphipappus Fremontii, Torr. & Gray, in Jour. iJost :N'at Hist. Soc. V. 4, & PI. Fremont. 17, t. 9. On the Mohave River and in the vicinity of the Colorado, April : found only hy FrcmonL Bunthara and Hooker (Gen. PI. ii. 250), recognizing the affinity of this with Amphiachyris dra- cunculoidcs, refer them both to Guticrrczia ; but it seems preferable to keep up the ^enus Amphi- achyris and refer this pecuHar and rare species to it. ° 8. GRINDELIA, Willd. Gum-plant. Heads solitary, terminating leafy branches, or occasionally more or leas corymbose, heterogamous with the rays fertile, or in one species homogamous (rayless), many- flowered. Involucre hemispherical or globular, commonly coated with resin or balsam; its scales very numerous, imbricated, narrow, with coriaceous appressed base and slender more or less spreading or squarrose green tips. Receptacle flat or convex, foveolate. Eays numerous, narrow. Branches of the style tipped with a lanceolate or linear appendage. Akenes compressed or turgid, or t'he outermost somewhat triangular, glabrous, truncate. Pappus of 2 to 8 caducous awns or stout corneous bristles. — Biennial or perennial and mostly coarse herbs, with sessile or partly clasping leaves, often viscid or resinous, and middle-sized or rather large heads of yellow flowers ; flowering in summer. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 246. A characteristic genus of the plains west of the Mississippi, extending to the Pacific coast and to Mexico, with two or three species in similar regions of Soutli America, not over a dozen or so m all. But they are difficult of discrimination, especially the western species, which are all dif- ferent from the eastern. Some good characters may be furnished by the ripe akenes, which are known in few species. The balsamic resin which exudes from the herbage, most largely from the fonnin'^ heads is used medicinally, especially as a remedy for the effects of Poison Oak {Rhus lobata). liither the bruised plant is applied directly, or a decoction or alcoholic infusion. * Stems a foot to a yard high, leafy : leaves from obovate to lanceolate. 1. Gr. hirsutula, Hook. & Arn. Hirsutely pubescent or sometimes almost tomen- tose with soft spreading hairs, or lower part of the stem glabrous, one to three feet high : leaves sharply and irregularly serrate, from lanceolate to oblong, the lower spatulate, uppermost usually with broad clasping base : awns of the pappus 2 or 3, flatfish, nearly smooth. — Bot. Beech. 147. G. rubricaulis, DC. Prodr. v, 316. Under redwoods, &c., from Monterey northward, extending along the coast to Puget Sound. Known by the pubescence, and usually by the red or i)urplish stem : the involucre sometimes tomentose, sometimes almost naked ; the tips of the scales, as in other species, either straight or squarrose. 2. Gr. glutinosa, Dunal. Glabrous : leaves obovate, olilong, or oblong-spatu- late, rounded at apex, sharply serrate above the middle : scales of the involucre with short tijis : pappus of 5 to 8 rigid flattened chaff-like awns, their thin edges sparsely serrulate-ciliolate. — Aster glutinosus, Cav, Ic. ii. t. 168. Sandy moist grounds, on the coast, Fort Point and Lobos Creek, near San Francisco : intro- duced {'.). The original of this species is said to have come Irom Southern Peru (not Mexico), a district which has given not a few plants to the coast of California. 304 COMPOSITE. GrindeUa. 3. G. robusta, ISI'utt. Very glabrous, pale, usually stout : leaves from broadly spatulato or ol)Ioiig to lanceolate, or tlie upper cordate-clasping, commonly obtuse, sharply more or less serrate : involucre with at length squarrose tips : pappus of 2 to 3 or rarely 5 rigid and flattish nearly smooth awns : akenes mostly 1 - 3-toothed at the apex. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 314. Var. latifolia {G. latifoUa, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 36) is a robust and T)road-leaved form, with leaves 3 or 4 inches long, and the cordate-clasping oval upper ones almost as broad : heads proportionally large. Var. angustifolia {G. cuneifoUa, Nutt. 1. c.) is a coast form, with rather fleshy leaves varying from cuneate-spatulate to lanceolate, the upper nearly entire, all nar- rowed at base. Var. (1) rigida. A more glutinous and rigid form, with naked corymbose or ])aniculate heads, and rigid coriaceous leaves, some of them very sharply serrate : growing in dry or arid exposures, away from the sea. Common along the coast ; the last variety more inland, on the coast-range, the Conti-a Costa Mountains, &c. A polymorphous species. G. INTEGRIFOLIA, DC, of Oregon (which includes G. strida, DC.) may occur in the northern ])avt of the State. The larger forms of it and the more entire-leaved forms of the preceding are not clearly distinguished. G. DiscoiDEA, Nutt., of Oregon is a small-headed species wholly destitute of rays. G. NANA, Nutt., from the same region, is a somewhat similar species, but dwarf, and with rays. * * A span or so in height : leaves narrowli/ and spatxdate-linear, mainly radical. 4. G. humilis, Hook. & Arn. " Glabrous : stem herbaceous, simple, with a single head : radical leaves linear, obtuse, tapering to the base ; the cauline ones sessile, the lower narrowly linear and the upper reduced to subulate bracts : scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, with squarrose tips." — Bot. Beech. 147. Although Lay and Collie, must have collected the specimen in the vicinity either of Monterey or of San Francisco Bay, it has not since been identified. From a description and sketch of the .specimen in the Hookerian herbarium, it is ascertained that it is unlike any other known species : the narrow radical leaves 2 inches long : iuvolucre about half an inch high, its scales acute, only the outermost loosely recurved or spreading, the others appressed. Rays rather numerous and elongated. The pappus is not described. 9. ACAMPTOPAPPUS, Gray. Heads many- (12-30-) flowered, homogamous, the flowers all perfect and Avith tubidar corollas. Involucre hemispherical ; the scales imbricated in about three ranks and closely appressed, oval or oblong, very obtuse, concave, coriaceo-charta- ceous and whitish, with a greenish spot next the summit, margined with a scarious and lacerately ciliate or fringed border ; the outer successively shorter. Eeceptacle convex, alveolate, fimbrillate. Corolla funnelform, 5-lobed. Branches of the style tipped with a thickish subulate appendage. Akenes short and thick, turbinate, densely silky-villous with very long white wool, 5-nerved under the wool. Pappus between chaffy and bristly, rigid, of 12 to 18 pale^e or flattened chaffy bristles, equalling the akene and the corolla in length and mostly somewhat dilated at tip, and of about as many more slender and unequal shorter bristles. — Proc. Am. Acad, viii. 634. — A single species : — • 1. A. sphaerocephalus, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous low shrub (1 to 3 feet high), not at all glandular nor resiniferous, Avith rigid and angular straggling branches : leaves narrow, entire : flowers light yelloAV. — Aplopapims {Acamptopappus) sphoiro- cephahis. Gray, PI. Fendl. 76 ; f orr. in Pacif. R. Rep. vii. 12, t. 6. Desert region bordering Arizona, first described from Coulter's Californian collection (No. 281), Pentachceta. COMPOSITE. 3Qg who very probably found it only in Arizona, where it has since been collected by Dr. Antiscll and Dr. Palmer, and in S. Utah by /•«;•;•?/. —Hi^ads less than half an inch in diameter. Leaves linear-lanceolate and somewhat spatulate, half an inch or less in length, about a line wide Akenes 2 lines long, when mature resembling pellets of wool. 10. PENTACH^TA, Nutt. Heads solitary, terminating slender brandies, heterogamous with tlie rays fertile, or sometimes rayless, several - many-flowered. Involucre of numerous or rather few thin and smooth more or less scariously margined oblong or lanceolate scales, loosely imbricated in two or more series, destitute of green tips. Eeceptacle convex, some- what foveolate. Eays few or numerous, with oblong ligule on a slender tube, or sometimes the ligule and sometimes the whole pistillate ray-flowers wanting. Disk- corollas 5-toothed. Anthers tipped with a small subulate appendage. Branches of the style in the disk-flowers bearing a long filiform-subulate but flattish appendage, much longer than the stigmatic portion. Akenes oblong, compressed, hirsute. Pappus of 5 (rarely somewhat fewer or more numerous) slender and rigid persistent serrulate-scabrous bristles, which are shorter than the disk-corollas, abruptly en- larged (but not paleaceous) at the very base, occasionally unequal, sometimes all reduced to short rudiments or wholly obsolete. — Low and slender annuals (wholly Californian), more or less pubescent, or sometimes glabrous, with filiform-linear and entire alternate leaves, and small or middle-sized heads. Corollas either all yellow, or those of the disk sometimes turning purple, the rays when present usually yel- low, sometimes white! — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 249; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 633. AphantochfBta, Gray in Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 43, t. 11, A peculiarly Californian genus of two species (P. gracilis, Benth., of Mexico, being an Oxy- pap2ms), remarkable for having, like Lessingia, either yellow or white rays. 1. P. aurea, N'utt. At length diff'usely branched, 3 to 12 inches high : heads many-tiuwerc(l : scales of the involucre lanceolate, mostly acuminate or acute, and with broad and thin scarious margins, tlie outer successively shorter : rays 7 to 40, deep golden yellow : pappus of 5 (or sometimes 6 to 8) bristles. Dry plains, southern part of the State, chiefly known from San Diego Co., KiUtall, Parr;/, kc. Leaves an inch or less in length, the upper reduced to small subulate bracts on the terminal peduncle. Heads varying from a quarter to half an inch in length. Mature akenes not seen, but apparently compressed as in the next. To this apparently belongs both the varieties descril)ed in Bot. Mex. Boundary, 81. 2. P. exilis, Gray, 1. c. Erect or with ascending branches, 3 to 8 inches liigh : scales of tlie involucre oblong, obtuse, but commonly mucronate, all of nearly equal length and with narrow scarious margins : heads in the larger forms many-flowered and with 10 to 14 sulphur-colored or sometimes white rays : pappus of 5 equal or somewhat unequal bristles, or occasionally with some or all the bristles obsolete. (To tliis belongs the P. aurea of Bigelow's collection in "Whipple's Expedition, of Bolander's Catalogue, &c.) Var. discoidea. Heads with from 9 to 20 disk-flowers and no rays : bristles of the papinis present. A"ar. aphantochaeta. Heads, &c., as in var. discoidea, or with 3 to 5 pistillate marginal flowers destitute of ligule : pappus obsolete or nearly so. — Aphautoduvta exilis, Gray, 1. c. 99, t. 11. Hillsides, from Santa Cruz to Napa Co., &c. Much like the foregoing, except in the particu- lars mentioned. Scales of the involucre seldom over 2 lines long, about 16 or 18 in the fuller- flowered heads, occup3'ing two ranks of about equal length, reduced to 7 or 10 and sometimes almost to a single rank in the fewer-flowered and depauperate states. Mature akenes flat and oQg COMPOSITE. Monoptilon. obovate, or some of them perhaps rather triangular, obscurely few-nerved, hairy. Forms without pappus, or with more or less reduced bristles, grow mingled with the normal state. The rayless variety has been collected at Auburn, Kussian River, San Lorenzo Valley, &c., and a very depauperate state about San Francisco. But the state with ray-corollas reduced to a tube, on which Ai^hantochceta was founded, has as yet been detected only in Dr. J. M. Bigcloids si)eciniens, from Napa Valley. Near Vallejo a form was collected by Rev. E. L. Greene with well-developed rays j)ure white, except a pale yellow base. 11. MONOPTILON, Torr. & Gray. Head many-iiowered, lieterogamous ; the rays numerous in a single series, fertile. Involucre of numerous narrow equal thin scales, almost in a single rank. Recep- tacle barely convex, naked. Corollas with rather hairy tube ; the white or purple ligules oblong-obovate. Branches of the style tipped Avith a short obtuse appendage. Akenes oblong-obovate, compressed, one- nerved on each margin, or in the ray with a lateral nerve also. Pappus double ; the outer a minute almost entire crown ; the inner a deciduous bristle which nearly equals the disk-corolla, scabrous below and plumose for some distance from the summit downward. — Jour. Bost. Kat. Hist. Soc. V. 106, t. 13. Only one species : — 1. M. bellidiforme, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A delicate Daisy-like little annual, spreading on the ground, an inch or two high, villous-pubescent : leaves alternate, narrowly spatulate, entire : heads scattered, hardly peduncled, barely half an inch in diameter, including the white and purplish-tipped or pink-purple rays : disk- flowers yellow. On the Mohave desert or between California and the southwestern part of Utah, where a single specimen was collected by Fremont. Recently rediscovered in the latter region by Parry. 12. EREMIASTRUM, Gray. Head many-flowered, heterogamous ; the white rays numerous in a single series, fertile. Involucre campanulate, of nearly equal narrow scales, the outermost nearly foliaceous. Eeceptacle flattish, naked. Ligules oblong, entire. Branches of the style tipped with a lanceolate appendage. Akenes obovate-oblong, fiat, one-nerved on each margin. Pappus of two sorts, i. e. the outer of 8 or 10 thin laciniately dis- sected scales, each apparently composed of several united bristles; the inner of about as many stout bristles or awns, and some smaller ones intervening. — Gray, PI. Tlnu-b. (:\Iem. Am. Acad, v.) 320. — A single species : — 1. E. bellioides, Gray, 1. c. — A low, Daisy-like, hirsute or hispid annual, 1 to 4 inches high, and sending off" procumbent branches ; resembling Monoptilon but larger : leaves alternate, narrowly spatulate, entire, disposed to be crowded under the terminal solitary heads, and passing into scales of the involucre : head (includ- ing the expanded white rays) about two thirds of an inch in diameter, handsome ; the disk yellow. Dry plains on the Colorado and Mohave Rivers, Tlmrher, Scliott, Newherry, Cooper, &c. Also Southern Utah, Parry. 13. LESSINGIA, Cham. Head 5 - 25-flowered ; the flowers all perfect, with limb of the corolla regularly or sometimes obliquely parted down to the slender tube into 5 linear lobes, or the marginal ones with the enlarged limb palmately parted into a kind of ray, in these the stamens often abortive. Involucre campanulate or turbinate ; its scales imbri- cated, appressed, and mostly with herbaceous often spreading tips. Eeceptacle flat, Lessingia. COMPOSIT.E. o^w alveolate. Anthers included, tipped with a setaceous-subulate appendage. Branches of tlie style tipped with a very short and obtuse or truncate appendage which is thickly covered with hispid bristles in a tuft, and often with a central cusp, or else with a longer subulate and less strongly hispid appendage. Akenes all' fertile, silky-villous, turbinate or cuneiform, more or less compressed. Pappus simple' mostly shorter than the corolla (especially in the marginal flowers), of numerous unequal rigid scabrous bristles, usually turning reddish-brown. — Annual or bien- nial (probably never truly perennial) herbs, all Cahfornian, with slender branches, clothed (at least when young) with flocculent more or less deciduous wool. Leaves alternate, thickish, those of the branches sessile. Heads rather small. Flowers in the original species yellow (sometimes turning purple in age), in most if not all the others blue-purple or white. (Nerves of the corolla-lobes deeply intramarginal, the aestivation indupHcate up to the nerve.) — Cham, in Linna^a, iv. 203 ; Gray in Benth. PI. Hartw. 315, in Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 351, & viii. 634. § 1. Limb of the corolla more or less oUiquely or 2mlmntely ^-parted, at least iti the marginal flowers : _ branches of the style very obtuse and xoith a brush-like tvft of bristles m which the minute setiform aiypendage Uvhen there is an,/) is nearly hidden. "^ ' . l- p- G^ermanorum, Cham. Low, much branched, spreading on the -round at nrst wlntish-tumentuse, soon greener : lower leaves spatulate and pinnatihd ; the upper oblong or linear and sparingly incised or toothed, or on the branchlets small and bract-like, and occasionally granulose-glandular, as are the spreading green tips ot the involucre: heads terminating slender divergent branchlets, 1 5 - 25-^flowered • corollas yellow the marginal ones conspicuously enlarged, palmate and formin- a kind of ray, their stamens sometimes abortive. — Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 330 t 7 (style wrongly delineated.) ^ ' • ' Hillsides and open gi'ounds, rather abundant from San Diego Co. to San Francisco. Head with fn7rc':x;;Sikr;j>J"'* '" '^^^ '^ '""^*"' *^^ ^'-^^--■^^ ^^^^ p^^-^^^ ™-g-=^i coroYia: ^ 2 L. ramulosa, Gray. Erect and diffusely paniculate-branched, a span to a loot or two lu height, wliite-woolly, becoming naked and usually glandular with age : caulme leaves oblong or lanceolate, thickish, entire or serrulate ; those of the branches small, ovate or oblong, closely sessile by a corappus evident and more or less chaffy: Urhage hir- sute or villous. — Chrysopsis proper. 1. C. sessiliflora, Xutt. Hirsute, varying from hispid to soft-villous : stems a toot or so m height, erect or ascending from tufted thick rootstocks : leaves oblon^ or the lower spatulate, mostly entire : disk-corollas beset externaUy near the summit with some scattered very slender hairs : outer pappus squamellate. — The followinf^ apparently all of one variable species. Nuttall's original, from Santa Barbara &c " not canescent, somewhat hispid and glandular : stem and branches leafy up to the head, which IS as it were involucrate by some leafy bracts : scales of the involucre slightly hirsute, usually glandular : outer pappus hardly longer than the breadth of the ovary. (Involucre half an inch long.) — Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii 317 Var. Bolanderi, Gray. Less glandular and more villous ; the obtuser leaves densely so, sometimes canescently silky : involucre mostly leafy-bracted and more pubescent : the conspicuous squamellate outer pappus longer. — C. Bolanderi, Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 543. — Both this and the tirst pass into Var. echioides Gray. Stem and branches more slender and less leafy, the heads only half as large and not leafy-bracted : outer pappus as in the last or less conspicuous. — a echioides, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 25, & PI. Hartw. 316. vpftppn ^^t'V"^ p^f^'^' -^^'f'^ ^"'l''''' °"^y ^^''' ^^'-^"ty specimens of the original form Jlw « . P Bolanden, San Francisco to Noyo on the coast, Bolandcr, Kellogg. Var. e^hioides Santa Cruz to San Diego, Hinds, Coulter, Nciohcrry, Hartwerj, Bolamlcr, &c. - C Bo- landeri does not belong to the Aehyrcea section, which is well marked by its scanty inner and truly chaffy outer pappus. The present species is in some forms hard to distinguish h'om M£,-JJn!;?''f'''f??''"'' TfT'''^^^ polymorphous species, extending from the eastern side of the fif.'..?P . Tn ?.f 0'-«.go'^ r^^ to the State of Nevada ; therefore very probably inhabiting the northern part ot Call ornia._ It is destitute of the scattered long hairs near the tip of the disk-coroUa, and the mvolucre is not glandular, but commonly minutely canescent. § 2. Heads rayless : exterior pappus setulose, inconspicuous or obscure. — Ammodia, Gray. {Ainmodia, Nutt.) 2. C. Oregana, Gray. Much branched, erect, a foot or two high, somewhat hirsutely pubescent and rather viscid : leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, with a prominent midrib : heads paniculate : involucre almost glabrous, composed of 3 or 4 ranks of successively longer thin and acuminate scales, only their midrib green, the innermost equalling the pappus : corollas slender : akenes narrow : exterior pap- pus indistinct. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 543. Ammodia Oregana, Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. t. 9. In sand or gravel along streams, mouth of Eel liiver {Kdlwjrj), Calistoga {E. L. Grcau), and north through Oregon. ° 310 COMPOSITiE. Chrysopsis. 3. C. BrCTveri, Gray, 1. c. More minutely and sparingly pubescent and also viscid glandular, a foot or two high, with scattered and slender branches, which are mostly terminated by single pedunculate heads : leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin, entire, 3 -ribbed from the closely sessile broad base : scales of the involucre of hrmer tex- ture, lanceolate, rather few and in only about two ranks, the longer little exceeding the obovate and flat akenes : corollas funnelform : exterior pappus of numerous very tine and short bristles. Sierrtusc, with linely ciliate margins, the outermost passing into short and loose subulate bracts : rays 3 or 4, short : style-appendages filiform-subulate : akenes glabrous : pappus soft, tawny. — Ericameria microphylla, Xutt., &c. Dry hills, Santa Barbara to San Francisco near the coast : common. A remarkable Heath -like shrub. Heads narrow, hardly half an inch long. 10. A. resinosus, Gray. Shrubby, a span or so in height, very much branched, glabrous, becoming very glutinous, leafy : leaves filiform-linear, about an inch long, acute, tapering to the base, mostly with some very short ones fascicled in their axils : heads loosely corymbose, smaller than those of the preceding species, but with rather more numerous flowers both of ray and disk, and the scales of the involucre not ciliate : akenes pubescent. — Ericameria resinosa, Nutt. 1. c. Not yet found in California, but may be expected on the frontiers of Oregon. Apparently col- lected as yet only by Nuttall, in the Blue Mountains of Oregon, along with A. nanus. 11. A. Bloomeri, Gray, Shrub a foot or two high, with numerous slender virgate brandies, glabrous, little if at all glutinous, leafy to the top : leaves narrowly linear with tapering base, or spatulate-linear, mucronate, scarcely punctate, an inch or two long : heads narrowly panicled or corymbed, leafy-bracted, 1 - 25-tlowered : scales of the oblong cylindraceous involucre imbricated in 3 or -i series, chartaceo- coriaceous with a greenish midrib and scarious margins ; the inner linear-oblong, thinner, and villose-ciliate, obtuse, a little shorter than the disk ; the outer shorter and abruptly tipped with a subulate foliaceous appendage : rays 2 to 4 or solitary, oblong, conspicuously exserted : style-appendages subulate-filiform and much ex- serted : akenes linear, finely pubescent, glabrate : pappus whitish or ferruginous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 541, vii. 3.54 (var. angustatus), viii. 636. A. resinosus, Gray in Bot. Wdkes Exp. t. 10, not of Nutt. Dry ridges and sterile plains ; head waters of the Sacramento (Dr. Pickering) ; Mount Shasta at 6,000 feet (Breioer) ; Sierra Nevada east of the Yosemite, at 9,700 feet ; Sierra Valley (Lem- mon) ; to Kem Co. (Eothroek) ; and in W. Nevada, Bloomer, Anderson, Bolander. Heads from two thirds to three quarters of an inch in length, vai\\ bright yellow ligule conspicuous (lialf an inch long), and at least some of the outer involucral scales leafy-tipped in the manner of Bu/elovia Purnji and HoKxirda. The figure in the Botany of the Wilkes E.xpedition does not represent these, although clearly matle from a slender specimen of this species. The leaves vaiy from almost filiform to a line and a half in width. 12. A. suffruticosus, Gray, 1. c. Woody at base, sending up tufted almost herbaceous branches a span or more in height, minutely glandular-pubescent and somewhat viscid throughout, leafy to the top, the corymbose or fastigiate branches mostly terminated with single heads : leaves linear with narrowed base, or spatulate, mucronate-acuminate, not rigid : involucre hemispherical or campanulate ; its scales in few series and almost equal in length, lanceolate, acute, thin, slightly glandular, some of the outermost foliaceous-tipped or passing into foliaceous bracts : rays 3 to 9, exserted (or rarely none) : disk-Howers 20 to 30 : style-appendages filiform : akenes oblong-linear, compressed, pubescent : pappus rather soft, whitish, at length ferruginous. — Macronema siijj'rulicosa, Nutt. 1. c. 314 COMPOSITiE. Aplopappus. High Sierra Nevada, at Mono Pass, Pyramid Peak, Summit, &c., and through Nevada. Head nearly two thirds of an inch long. 13. A. Macronema, Gray, 1. c. AVoody at base, sending up somewhat simple white-woolly Lranches, a span high : leaves oblong-linear or oblanceolate, viscidly glandular-puberulent, not rigid : heads terminal and solitary or somewhat chistered, about 25-liowered : involucre broadly camitanulate, shorter than the disk ; its inner scales thin, lanceolate or linear ; the outer of equal length, more or less foliaceous or passing into leaves : rays none : style-appendages hUform and much exserted : akenes linear, 5-nerved, somewhat pubescent : pappus, &c., as in the preceding. — Macronema discoidea, Nutt. 1. c. On rocks in the Sierra Nevada; Mono Pass, at 10,000 feet (^o?a?idcr) ; Mount Stanford, at 8,000 feet {Leuimon) ; thence east to Colorado or Wyoming. A. AUENARius, Benth., known only from Cape San Lucas, at the southern end of Lower Cali- fornia, is quite out of our district. A. .si'iNULOsus, DC, with pinnately cleft leaves, the commonest species east of the kocky Mountains, occurs in Coulter's Californian collection ; but a part of it was made between Califor- nia and Mexico, and this species was in all probability jiicked up in Arizona. A. NANUS, Eaton, from Nevada, a broader-leaved form of Ericameria nana, Nutt. (which, as the latter states, is near his E. rcsinosa), in its broader forms approaches A. suffndwosus, and may occur in the northeastern okto, arute, 2. B. akborescens. Heads fewer : scales of invol.inv oMo„- 3. B. Cooperi. Style-appendages very long and ^1. ndn . luaiiches mostly white-woolly. Heads 20 - 30-flowered, broad, leafy-bmcted (see above), Aplo pappus Macronema. * B difkusa Grav {Ericameria diffusa, Bentli. Bot. Sulph., an.l SoUdago diffusa. Gray, also Zmo- syris konoriensis, Gray) belongs here.' As it lias been fonii.i only at the soutliern extremity ot Lower California and on the opposite side of the Gull, it if- uol hkely to t ouic williiu our hunts. Bigehvia. COMPOSITE. 315 Heads 7- 11-flowered, narrow, scales all thin, gradu.illy nrnminate, 4. B. Bolanderi. Heads 5-flovvered, narrow: scales abruptly sleiKlri-iiciiiiiiiiatc, 5. B. HoWAUDil. Scales of tlie involucre carinate and obviously imbricatrd in [> di- sometimes 4 vertical ranks : style-appendages slender-subulate or liliibrm (less so in No. 10) : heads small, 5-flowered. Involucre with abruptly much-acuminate scales, 6. B. ckru.mi.nosa. Involucre with obtuse or hardly acute scales, Having distinct abrupt green tips, 7. B. tehetifolia. Destitute of green tips. Leaves punctate, very narrow, 8. B. i'aniculata. Leaves not punctate. Branchlets and leaves more or less white-woolly, at least when young : heads h inch long, 9. B. guaveolen.s. Branchlets and leaves glabrous or roughish-puberulent : heads less tliau h, inch long : style-appendages shorter, 10. B. Douglasii. 1. B. Menziesii, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby at base, a foot or two high, nearly gla- brous, often a little glutinous : leaves spatulate or lanceolate, rigid, spinulose-serrate or pinnatifid-toothetl : heads in small clusters terminating leafy branches, nearly half an inch long, 12 - 20-flowered : scales of the campanulate involucre numerous and regularly imbricated, coriaceous, Avith obtuse or rounded abrupt grcsen tips : style-appendages short and broad : akenes short-linear, silky-hirsute : pappus rather rigitl, — Pyrrocomci 3feuziesli, Hook. & Arn. Aplopappus (A2jlodiscics) Menziesii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 242. Southern part of the State, extending into Arizona and Utah, and along the coast from San Diego to Santa Barbara, and perhaps farther north. Variable in foliage, &c. To this may pos- sibly belong Linosyris dciilalus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 16, from Cerros Island, Lower California. 2. B. arborescens, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby, with numerous tufted erect branches on a short tree-Hke stem, 3 to 9 feet high : leaves very numerous, 2 to 4 inclies long, very narrowly liuear or soon by revolution of the margins becoming filiform, resinous-punctate, glutinous : heads numerous in crowded corymbs terminating paniculate branchlets, 20 - 25-flowered, barely 3 lines long : scales of the turbinate involucre numerous and. regularly imbricated, lanceolate, acute, destitute of green tips : style-appendages lanceolate-subulate, little shorter than the stigma-bearing portion: akenes turbinate, minutely silky-pubescent, — Liiiosyris arborescens, Gray, in Eot. Mex. Bound. Dry hills through the Coast Range, Santa Cruz to Tamalpais. Except in the woody trunk, this resembles a Solidago of the Eiithamia section ; and, indeed, a specimen collected by Prof. Brewer shows a decided tendency to form rays ; so that it may have to be transferred to that genus. But the shrubby character and the unequal bristles of the pappus are more congruous with the present genus. 3. B. Cooperi, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby, apparently low : leaves (only those of the branches known) linear-filiform, thickish, obtuse, resinous-punctate, glutinous, about a quarter of an inch long : heads few in the terminal clusters, 6 -7-fiowered, 3 lines long : involucre narrow ; its scales rather few, regularly imbricated, oval or oblong, chartaceous, destitute of green tips : style-appendages short, triangular-ovate : akenes turbinate, silky-villous, 10-ribbed. Eastern slope of Providence Mountain, in the southeastern borders of the State, Dr. J. G. Cooper. Resembles B. ericoidcs, which has the 4-ranked involucre and filiform style-appendages of another section : also resembles B. diffusa, Gray, of N. W. IWexico (mentionedin foot-note on the preceding page), which has more slender leaves with acute and recurved tip, blunter and greenish tips to the involucre, and deeply-cleft corolla. 4. B. Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c Shrubby, a foot or two high, slightly viscid-glandu- lar, excei)t the U'anclies, wliich are coated with a clo.se matted white avooI : leaves spatulate linear or oblanceolate, about an inch long, not rigid, rather indistinctly 3-nerved : heads several in a corymb-like or soiuewliat racemose cluster, 7- 11- flowered, nearly three fourths of an inch long : involucre narrow ; its scales about 316 COMPOSITE. Bigehvia. 10, all thin, lanceolate, gradually acuminate, and wholly destitute of green tips, except perhaps an outermost one passing into a bract : style-appendages much exserted, long and subulate-hliform : akenes linear, slender, silky-villous. Sierra Nevada at Mono Pass, at 9 to 10,000 feet, Boluiuler. !Much like Aplopamms Macronrma (which was found near by, and might almost as well be of this genus) ; but the heads narrower, few-flowered, tlie outer scales of the involucre successively shorter and not foliaceous. 5. B, Ho'wardii, CJray, 1. c. Low, more or less shrubby, coated with some close white wool when young, almost naked when old : leaves rigid, 1 -nerved, linear, 1 or 2 inches long, the upper forming bracts to the somewhat spicate heads or clus- ters : involucre narrow, only 5-flowered j its scales 12 to 15, regularly imbricated, broadly lanceolate, more or less cobwebby-woolly, particularly at the margins, abruptly and conspicuously acuminate, the outermost with a more or less foliaceous appendage, the inner with a slender cusp : style-appendages much exserted, long and subulate-hliform : akenes linear, silky-villous. — Linosyris Howardii, Parry. Var. Nevadensis, ( Iray, 1. c. More rigid, especially the leaves, which incline to be ol (lanceolate and indistinctly 3-nerved : involucre more cobwebby and some- times glutinous, as well as more coriaceous, and with longer-tapering somewhat recurving tips. Sierra Nevada, at Mono Pass, alt. 10,000 feet : a stunted foma, Bolcmder. The var. Nevadciisis at Ebbett's Pass, alt. 9,000 feet {Brewer), and in N. W. Nevada, Bloomer, Anderson, Watsmi, &c. The typical form chiefly in Colorado and N. E. New Mexico. Heads 8 or 9 lines long. This var. Nevadensis, which is at least a very marked variety, inclines to have its involucral scales in 5 rather obvious vertical ranks, and so connects the preceding Avith the succeeding species. G. B. ceruminosa, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby, fastigiately much branched, 2 or 3 feet hi,L;h, minutely wuolly-pubescent when young, becoming glabrate and usually balsamic-resinous with age : leaves filiform or narrowly linear with involute margins (an inch or less long) ; those of the flowering branches scattered, their tips often recurved or uncinate : heads in small and naked terminal clusters, barely 3 lines long, 5-flowered : involucre very narrow, resinous ; the lanceolate carinate scales imbricated in 5 strict vertical ranks, yellowish, the keel extended into a long and slender recurved tail-like acumination : limb of the corolla rather deeply 5-lobed, its lobes linear-lanceolate : ovary silky-pubescent : pappus rather scanty : style-append- ages very slender. ■ — Linusyris ceruminosa, Durand & Hilgard, PI. Heerm. and in Pacif. R Ptep. v. 9, t. G. Tejon Pass, Dr. HeermanH ; who only has as yet collected it. B. DEPRESS A, Gray, 1. c, Nuttall's Cliriisotlui'mnus deprcssus, one of the three species with gla- brous akenes as well as with involucral scales 5-ranked and taper-pointed, is said by Nuttall in PI. Gambel. to have been collected "in the Sierra of Upper California." This must be wrong ; for Dr. Gambel's own specimens are ticketed "Rocky Mountains," and were in all probability collected in the mountains of New Mexico, where alone others have met with this species. 7. B. teretifolia, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby, corymbosely very much branched, a foot or less in height, copiously balsamic-resinous, glabrous : leaves filiform, obtuse or somewhat thickened upwards, half an inch to an inch long, thickly resinous- punctate, minutely prui nose-hoary, but soon coated with transparent resinous exuda- tion : heads almost half an inch long, numerous in somewhat spicate or racemose clusters, 5-flowered : involucre very narrow ; its scales imbricated in 4 or 5 vertical ranks, carinate, all Avith small and abrupt thickish obtuse green tips, the inner linear-oblong, the outer successively shorter and passing into very short scale-like bracts : lobes of the corolla very short : akenes linear, silky-pubescent : style append- ages long and filiform. — Linosyris teretifolia, Durand & Hilgard, 1. c. t. 7. Common on the bare mountains around Tejon Valley, Dr. Hecrmann. "A small shrub, strongly varnished and smelling of fir-lmlsam, covering extensive tracts of land." Also collected, but past flowering, at Union Pass, Arizona, by Dr. E. Palmer. The small green tip of the invo- lucral scales commonly bears a gland. Bigehvia. COMPOSIT.E. 01 h- 317 lou. lecue. „t the luanches) Imear-hliform, 3 to 5 lines long, and the uppermost ery short and subulate resmous-punctate, as also the slender branchlet heads bare y half an inch long a maturity, loosely panicled, 5-flowered : scales of the short n olucre only 10 to 12 ob ong, obtuse, thin-chartaceous and pale throughotit, little cannate, the innermost hardly exceeding the full grown linear villous akenes limb of the corolla rather deeply 5dobed : style-appendages long and iiliform. - Z.^o- syris viscidiflora, var. paniculata, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 80. thP^'l^.'/Tl'"' t^'''"",*^,^ ^t^tion unknown, but doubtless in the soutliern part, and probably in tlie interior. Imperfectly known, but seemingly a quite distinct species. ^ ^ 9 B. graveolens, Gray 1. c. Shrubby, 1 to 4 feet high, when young whitened " P n f\ T' " ' -r ''^''^l ''°"^' ''' ^''''^ °^ ^^'^ ^'^'^'^^'^ sometime^ becomim' green and g abrous with age : flowering branches virgate, leafy : leaves linear (one or wo inches long one or two lines wide), the broader ones 3-nerved, the narrower 1-nerved and at length often involute : heads half an inch long, mostly very numer- ous, in corymbose clusters, 5-flovvered : involucre narrow ; its scales imbricated in 5 vertical ranks narrow-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or hardly acute, moderately cannate, thinnish, destitute of greenish tips, imbricated in 5 vertical knks : lobes t-J]Z '^^^^^^f^/^'^f : '-ikenes linear, silky-pubescent: style-appendages subulate- 1^"! '■""'""'\"^n% ^?^°'^*^'"^ ^^'' ^^^S-matic portion. _i^ rf.a.:;.c.fo«/.. & Mssouriensis, DC. Prodr. v. 329. Chrysoco^na graveolens & nanseosa, Nutt. Gen Llirysothamnm dracunculoides & C. speciosus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n.' ser. vii. 324. Linosijris graveolens & L. albicaulis, Torr. & Gray Fl ' i'i 934 i^Sfornla — ''^'''' '''''^ "'"''' '"*'' ^""^^"^^ varieties, of which the following occur Var glabrata, Gray 1. c, with little wooUiness, and that deciduous, at least irom tlie leaves and involucre, or the latter glabrous from the first Var. hololeuca, Gray, 1. c. Clothed with a dense close coat of white wool ■ scales of the involucre oblong-linear and very obtuse, only the innermost glabrous : corolla with very short lobes, its tube beset with a few long and delicate cobweb- 11K6 iitiirs, or Ihe' w'^'^r^'^' ^•''^'' ^i "\ ^^' ^}^ V^^^^^\^nQ variety in the white-woolliness, or the lea^e. (becoming naked m age) and the narrower and less obtuse scales of he involucre shglitly or not at all woolly: coroUa with rather long lobes (the length double the width), its tube beset with abundant long and cobwebby hL ^GrlTrrTT '-^''''^'"'' '''''• «^^^'«'"^''^' ^^^tt. 1. c. Linosyris albicaulis, Torr. the^'^'^'^hmHl ;r,f;b7n,?i!' T^'^. '-"P". °^ the Sierra Nevada, from Mono Lake to Sierra Yallev ; th ,:'k i „Hn?' Tt' 'T/'; '^'' n'''^'^'' ?/ ^^"^^^^ ^'°^™bi'^ and the plains east 'of Donn ; i:\k; a 10 000 fSt FT ^'"J'^''''^'' ^wens Valley, Dr. Horn. Var. albLulU,, above • fiT • t^ ■ ' ' , • '^^*' ^- ^- ^^''^^'>^y a rare form, apparently confined to a narrow distiiot in the interior, extending to the eastern part of Oregon and adjacent pirts of Idaho 10. B Douglasii, Gray, I. c. Shrubby, from 6 inches to G feet high, never woolly, glabrous, or roughish with a minute harsh pubescence, fastigiately branched • leaves varying from very narrowly to broadly linear or lanceolate, rather ri-dd (an' inch or two long), the broader ones 3-nerved : heads a quarter to a third of an inch 01^, mostly numerous m a close corymb or cyme, 5-flowered : scales of the invo- lucre oblong or oblong-hnear, obtuse, rather firm, destitute of greenish tips, rather iew m 4 or 5 vertical ranks : lobes of the corolla rather long, spreading : akenes rather short, silky-villous : style-appendages narrowly subulate, usudly only half the length otthe stigmatic voriion. ~ Linosyris visddiliora, Torr. & Gray, with the syn. Crimtarxa viscidiflora, Hook. Fl. ii. 24, but the flowers not viscid, even the invo- lucre rarely so. — Besides the smooth and glabrous ordinary form, there are in Cali- torma or on its borders, — 318 COMPOSITE. Solidago. Var. serrulata, Oray, 1. c. : the leaves minutely ciliate or as if serrulate with short and sharp rigid bristles. — L. serrulata, Torr. Var. tortifolia, Gray, 1. c. : nearly the same, but with the rather broad leaves remarkably twist(^d. Var. puberula, Gray, 1. c. : chiefly a dwarf form, either minutely or more con- spicuously and roughly puberulent. Eastern part of the Sierra Nevada ; thence eastward to the Kocky Mountains, and northward to Washington Territory ; abundant through tlie dry interior districts. Var. tortifolia, near Aurora {Brewer), on Mount Davidson, Nevada {Bloomer), and Sien-a Valley {Lemmon). 18. SOLIDAGO, Linn. Goldexuod. Heads small, mostly in panicles or panicled racemose clusters, rarely in corymbs, heterogamous ; the rays fertile. Involucre narrow, imbricated and the outer scales successively shorter, appressed, usually destitute of herbaceous tips. Receptacle small, alveolate or fimbrillate. Style-appendages lanceolate or triangular subulate. Akenes terete or angular, 5 - 12-ribbed. Pappus simple, of a single series of mostly equal and slender scabrous capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, Avith virgate stems, alternate leaves, and yellow flowers, the pappus mostly dull white. A large genus with headquarters in the Atlantic United States, only a few on the Pacific side of the continent ; flowering in autumn. § 1. /Stem branching freely ; the branches erect, leafy, and terminated by dense some- times paniculate corymbs of chistered small heads : leaves linear : scales of the involucre narrow : rays incousjncuous but numerous : akenes imbescent. — ErxiiAMiA, ]S'utt. 1. S. OCCidentalis, Nutt. Glabrous throughout, 3 or 4 feet high, paniculately branched, slender : leaves hnear, entire, obscurely 3-nerved, 2 to 4 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide : heads in numerous small clusters {\ inch long) : scales of the involucre rather acute : rays 16 to 20, not exceeding, the 8 to 14 disk-flowers. Common in wet places, especially near the coast, extending to British America. § 2. Stem mostly sim^x^le : heads not in corymbs : rays usually more conspicuous and fewer than the dish-floivers : akenes glabrous or nearly so. — Virgaurea, DC. % Heads rather feiv and large (a third of an inch long), in a narrow or raceme-like pariicle, or in simple clusters : disk-flowers 20 to 30. 2. S. spiciformis, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or nearly so, glutinous : stem ratlier stout, a foot or two high : leaves thickish, spatulate, serrate, tapering (espe- cially the lowest ones) into a long and narrow entire base or winged petiole ; the upper ones small and gradually passing into bracts of the narrow and spike-hke panicle, becoming shorter than the heads and entire : involucre campannlate ; its scales oblong and obtuse, the outer with somewhat greenish tips : rays about 7, very small and inconspicuous : akenes silky-pubescent. — PL ii. 202. S. p)etiolaris, Less. C?), Hook. & Arn. in part. About Monterey. Leaves so glutinous that they adhere firmly to the paper in drying. Spike- like interru]itod ]ianielc strictly erect, 5 to 9 inches long. 3. S. Virga-aurea, Linn., var. multiradiata, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent, a span to a foot high : leaves few, lanceolate, acute, slightly serrate or entire, the lower with long narrowed base : heads few in a rather loose cluster or panicle : scales of the involucre rather loose, lanceolate, acute, thin : rays about 12, narrow, conspicuous : akenes minutely pubescent. — S. corymbosa, Kutt. Higher parts of the Sierra Nevada ; apparently rare in California, more common in the Eocky Mountains, as are some other forms of this polymorphous or perhaps compound species. Sericocarpus. COMPOSITE. oiq * * He.uh smaller and numerous, croivded in a pyramidal or elongated panicle 4. S. Californica Xutt. Hoary or grayish with a fine and close pubescence • stem strict 1 to 6 leet high : leaves oblong, lanceolate-oblong and entire, or the lower spatulate or obovate and with a few scattered sharp teeth : heads in short erect or barely spreading racemes, which are collected in a narrow close vir-ate or pyramidal panicle : scales of the involucre lanceolate-oblong, acutish or obtuse at least the outer ones puberulent : rays 7 to 12 and about as many as the disk-flowers small : akenes minutely pubescent. — Varies with longer, more spreading and then commonly one-sided racemes. - .S'. petiolaris, Hook. & Arn. in part. I puherala Lham. ct bchleclit. ' Var. Nevadensis. Hoary with minuter pubescence, smaller, with looser and lewer decidedly one-sided racemes, the involucre mostly glabrous : approachin- A. nemoralis, but wants the canescent-silky akenes, &c. '' Dry ground Santa Bailiara to Sonoma Co. A Californian representative of S ncvwralis ■ hnt hea Is of the latter sometimes 4 lines long and full ; ordinarily 3 liiTes lolig. Rays occas onal v abortive. E.^ceptaele sometimes ^v-ith alveoli extended into one or two awn°shape 1 scvales o, e e hX"%;^? --mbhng the inner scales of the involucre. Leaves one, two, o?the W^t 1 e S;- ^J;;r&0™ V^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '^^^'^'^'"^^' ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^"^^--^ -- Carsonaty, and l^ 5. S. elongata, Xutt. Slightly and minutely pubescent, or nearly glabrous- stem strict, very lealy to the top, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves green, rather thiit lanceo- late or sometimes oblong, acute or acuminate, mostly serrate with some narrow and sharp teeth (occasionally all the upper ones entire), triple-ribbed from below the mi.ldle, veiny : heads very many, in compact erect or at length recurving racemes, which are crowded m a narrow or pyramidal panicle : scales of the involucre linear small : rays 12 to 20, slender, usually more numerous than the disk-flowers : akenes sligiitly pubescent. — S. stncta, Less. (?) P..?t °i'V°i '^'v ^ ^T"f *i'°"' ''}°'''' Monterey, and along the Sien-a Nevada, to Ore-on and peiS:\iflt™ ""'"'^ ' '' ' '^"" ''''^- ""''■ -^'^^ocTpMla, Kellogg ; a f^rm witg depau- 6. S. Guiradonis, Gray. Completely glabrous : stem strict, slender, 2 or 3 feet iigh : leaves briglit green, thickish, entire ; the upper linear and one-ribbed ; the lower lanceolate or obianceolate and tapering gradually into the long narrow base or margined petiole somewhat triple-ribbed : heads in a virgate panicle : scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate : rays 8 or 9, small: disk-floAvers 10 or 12 • akenes almost glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 543. in^'ot Kh?r ?'^;i ^"'''"'.^°- iGuirado) ; Tejon, &c., Rothrock. The var. spcctahilis, Eaton, m Lot. King., t of this species, as is likely, has broader and obtuser scales to the involucre broader lower leaves, &c., and answers to narrow-leaved forms of S. si^edosa. It inhabits Nevada, and probably occurs within the limits of California. mnamts 7. S. sempervirens, Linn. Completely glabrous : stem strict, and 2 or 3 feet high : leaves rather fleshy, lanceolate, entire, the lower tapering into a Ion- narrow base, the uppermost reduced to subulate bracts of the virgate and rather dense panicle : scales of the involucre lanceolate, obtuse : rays 8 to 10 : akenes minutely pubescent, -^ Salt marshes near San Francisco, Bolcmder. Near the southern boundarv, GO miles cast of San Diego, Pahncr. Appears to be the same as the Salt-Marsh Goldenrod of the whole Atk.t?c o? EllioJr ' ^ ' ^°™ ^''^ '"^'^ ^^'^^^ ^' ^''''' ^'^"S), approaching £Z,^^. 19. SEEICOCARPUS, Nees. Head 12- 15-flowered, heterogamous ; the rays about 5, distant, fertile, Avhite, sometimes inconspicuous. Involucre oblong or narrowly campanulate; its scales appressed, linear-oblong, firm-coriaceous or cartilaginous and widte, with abrupt qoA COMPOSIT^E. Serkocarpus. short and more or less spreading green tips, imbricated ; the outer successively shorter. Eeceptacle small, alveolate-toothed. Style-appendages lanceolate-subulate. Akenes narrow, little if at all compressed, silky-pubescent or villous (whence the generic name). Pappus simple, of copious capillary bristles. — Perennial Aster-like herbs, with corymbed and rather small heads ; the disk-flowers pale yellow, and the rather small rays white. A genus of three species of the Atlantic United States, and of the following on the Pacific side of the continent. 1. S. rigidus, Lindl. A foot or two high, scabrous with some very short and rigid pubescence, or almost glabrous, leafy to the top : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, entire, an inch or two in length : heads half an inch or less in length : rays narrowly oblong, sometimes not exceeding the white pappus : akenes slender, clothed with flne short pubescence. — *S'. Oregonensis, Xutt., the state with rays conspicuous. In woods, base of Mt. Shasta (Brciccr), Yoseiuite Valley (Bolaiidcr), and near Donner Lake (Turrcy) ; extending to Washington Territory. 20. COKETHROGYNE, DC. Head many-flowered, heterogamous ; the rays numerous in a single series, neutral ! Involucre hemispherical or turbinate ; the scales narrow, mostly with green or green- ish and more or less spreading tips, imbricated in several series, the exterior mostly shorter. Eeceptacle flat, naked or somewhat alveolate, rarely with some chaff simi- lar to the innermost involucral scales interposed among the outer flowers. Anthers tipped with a slender cuspidate appendage, as in Lessingia. Style-appendages short, triangular-lanceolate or subulate, densely beset with long hispid bristles, forming a l)rush-like tuft (whence the generic name). Akenes and pappus of the ray abor- tive or rudimentary, of the disk compressed like those of Aster, silky-villous or pubescent : the pappus simple, of rather copious but rigid and unequal capillary bristles. — Puither low Aster-like herbs, apparently always perennial, branched froni a somewhat woody base or rootstock, more or less white-woolly at least when young ; tlie alternate leaves serrate with some sharp or coarse teeth towards the apex, or entire ; heads middle-sized, solitary terminating the branches or somewhat corymbose-panicled : rays violet, purple or blue : disk yellow, sometimes changing to purple : pappus becoming tawny or reddish. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 97 ; Gray in Bot. Mex, Bound. 76, & Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 251. De Candolle's character of chaff on the receptacle applies only to Douglas's specimens of the original C. Calif ornica; and in those it is not constant ; so that the species must include C. incana, Niitt. Then all those with smaller and (when well developed) corymbose-panicled heads appear to belong to one species which blossoms through the season and under different exposures : some of the forms gathered and described were winter states. The genus is a particularly well-marked one, most related on the one hand to Lessingia, on the other to Asf.cr. * Bristles on the style-tips forming a rather scanty and small tuft : involucre cam- 2Xinulate or tttrbiiiate. 1. C. filaginifolia, Xutt. Stems erect or ascending, about a foot high, com- monly brandling corymbosely or paniculately at the summit and bearing several or numerous rather small heads : leaves oblanceolate or narrowly spatulate, the upper gradually reduced to subulate bracts : involucre (4 lines long) between turbinate and campanulate ; the numerous scales appressed, or with only the short greenish tips squarrose-spreading, the outer regularly shorter, all glabrous or at first more or ^«^«''- COMPOSIT.E. 09-1 less floccose-woolly, or minutely granulose-glandular but not ^nhescent. — Aster (n filagimfohus, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 146. — Euns into various forms of whicii a common one with the floccose wool considerably persistent on the stem's and nar- row leaves, and the involucre slightly if at all either glandular or snuarrose is the origmal type of the species ; the more marked variant forms may be arran-ed under the lollowing varieties. ° Var virgata, Gray. Becoming glabrate and the involucre more rirri.l and glandular : heads usually numerous and corymbed or panicled. — 6'. virgata V,i,]A\^ Bot. bulph. 23. Aplopajipits (]) (PyrocJuMa) Hasnkei, DC. Prodr. v. 349. (HtL-nke's plant IS from ^NLmtorey, California, not Mexico.) Var. tomentella, Gray. Very white-woolly, at least when young, and the leaves mostly shorter and broader. — C. tomentella, Torr. & Gray. Aster CI) toynen- tellus, Hook. & Am. 1. c. Diploimppus lemoph>,Uus, Lindl. in DC. Corethronune obovata, Benth. 1. c. C. incamt (?) var., Benth. PI. Hartw., is between the two vari- eties, and unusually glandular. _ Open places, San Diego to Santa Cruz, and in the interior to Tejon and the Yosemite. Ravs violet, a quarter of an inch long. •' * * Bristles on the style-tips a dense and strong tuft : involucre hemisplierical. 2. C. Californica, DC. Stems erect or ascending, a foot or more \a^\v • the branches rather ei^uably leafy throughout and terminated by single pretty lar^^e heads : leaves Imear-lanceolate or linear, chiefly entire : involucre broadlv hemi- spherical (nearly half an inch long) ; its scales mostly narrow and acute in fewer ranks, and the outer only moderately shorter, rather loose, all glandular-pubescent • rarely some chaff on the receptacle among the outer flowers.— C. incana Xutt in Trans. Am. Pliil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 290 (excl. syn. Lindl.) ; Torr. & Gray^ Fl. ii.' 98, the form with no chaff on the receptacle. Sandy soil, Monterey to San Diego : seldom collected. Rays light purple. 3. C. spathulata, Gray. Stems decumbent, often a foot or so in length • the simple flowering branches 3 to 10 inches high, bearing single large heads^- leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, tlie larger half an inch to an inch wide, serrate at apex those of the flowering branches gi-adually reduced to subulate or linear • the hemi- spherical involucre glandular ; its scales moderately unequal, and with loose herba- ceous tips : no chaff on the receptacle. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 317. Mendocino and Humbohlt Counties, near the coast, at Shelter Cove and Fort Bra-g, Boland^r Kellogg. Heads as large as in the last : rays violet-blue, half an inch long. The dense white wool sometimes deciduous from the leaves, which then become glandular-scabrous. 21. ASTER, Linn., Benth. & Hook. Head many-flowered, heterogamous ; the rays several or numerous in a single series, fertile, very rarely neutral. Involucre imbricated ; the scales commonly wFtli herbaceous or foliaceous tips. Eeceptacle flat or convex, naked. Anthers tipped with the usual lanceolate ovate appendage. Style-appendages varying from trian- gular-lanceolate to subulate. Akenes more or less compressed, rarely slen.ler, 4-5- nerved. Pappus simple, of copious slender scabrous capillary bristles. — ^Mostly perennial herbs, with various alternate leaves, and solitary, corymljcd, or panicled heads ; flowering late. Rays white, purple, or blue : disk-flowers yellow, often turning purple : pappus dull white or tawny. An immense genus, especially in North America, its headquarters, but remarkalily inconspi.-u- ous in California. For this flora at least it is best to receive it in the extended Ibrm which it reassumes in Bentham and Hooker's Genera Plantarum. There are no species west of the Rocky JMountains with cordate petioled leaves. 322 COMPOSITE. Aster. § 1. Biennials, rarely anjiuals or perennials, tvith leaves disposed to he incised or pin- natifid : scales of the involucre with green tips : rays sometimes sterile : akenes with strong mar; 1 1 Hul ribs and some slender nerves on both faces. {Involucre commonly resi:mhlni<:i that of Corethrogyne.) — Mach^ranthera. {Machx- ranthera, Nees. JJldcria, JS'utt.) * Hays sfyliferous, but sometimes infertile. 1. A. tanacetifolius, HBK. Biennial or annual, pubescent and somewhat viscid, a foot or k'ss hi-ii : leaves once to thiice pinnatifid, the lobes small and nar- row : 'heads lar-v. loosi'ly corymbose: scales of the hemispherical involucre linear and Avith spreadin.u hnliaceous tips: rays 20 or more, violet: akenes villous. — Machwranthera t|;i^r,.s short, obtuse. Akenes (young) linear-oblong, silky- villous. .Bristles of the "ii;iii|ms aliuut 20 in a single series, strong, flattish, serrulate-scabrous, nearly C(iualling the disk-corolla, and a few slender and shorter ones intermixed. § 3. Perennials, with leaves merely serrate or entire. — Aster proper. * Pappus rather rigid, some of the longer bristles thickened towards the summit : in- volucre campanulate or turbinate; its scales very regularly imbricated in many ranks, rigid, with short green or greenish tijjs, the outer successively shorter. 6. A. radulinus, Gray. Eoughish-pubescent throughout : stem rather stout, one or t\V() H-i-t liigh, Ijranching above and bearing an open corymb of middle-sized heads : leaves rigid and coriaceous, oblong, or the lower obovate-spatulate, sharply serrate above, tapering below into a narrowed entire base, prominently reticulate- veiny, scabrous both sides, the midrib very prominent beneath : peduncles short : involucre obconical, 4 or 5 lines long ; its scales rigid, appressed, lanceolate or ob- long, obtuse or abruptly pointed or mucronate, more or less glandular-pubescent, the tips mostly green: rays 15 to 18, white (perhaps not always so) : akenes mi- nutely pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 388. A. Radula, Less, in Linnsea, vi. 125 ; Durand & Hilgard PI. Pratten., not of Ait. Dry open ground, Monterey to Mendocino Co. (thence to Oregon, E. Hall) : also in the Sien-a from Nevada Co. northward, Torrey, Lemmon. Tliis is nearly related to A. conspicuus, Lindl., of the region much farther north, — a plant with larger heads and leaves, — while the smaller forms are more like A. vionianus, equally a northern species. =k * Pappus softer and equable. -i- Low and diffuse : branches leafy to the top and bearing small mostly single heads. 7. A. Bloomeri, Gray, 1. c. Cespitose, a span or less in height, minutely cine- reous-hirsute, and near the heads somewhat glandular : branches ascending : leaves oblong-linear or the lower spatulate, 3 to 10 lines long, obtuse, entire, very rough both sides with the short minutely hispid pubescence, the uppermost passing into scales of the involucre ; these 25 to 30, linear, acute, glandular and greenish : rays 12 to 15, apparently purple, about 4 lines long : akenes minutely pubescent. Moist flats near Mount Davidson, Nevada (probably also within the State boundary). Bloomer. Lemrnou. Heads 4 lines long. +- -f- Stems erect and branching, leafy, bearing several or numei'ous commonly panicu- late or racemose heads : invohicre imbricated, -5-i- Its scales many-rcmked, close, and with short green tips. 8. A. Menziesii, Lindl. IVlinutely hoary with a fine (eitlier soft or scabrous) pubescence, or glabrate below, a foot or two higli : stem and branches vir^ate, rigid : 324 COMPOSITE. Aster. leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, entire, or the lower obtusely serrate, rather rigid (an inch or two long, 2 to 4 lines wide) : heads racemose or panicled, 4 or 5 lines long : involucre campanulate ; its scales numerous and imbricated in several ranks, thickish, linear, with short usually somewhat dilated and obtuse green tips, ap- pressed, the outer successively shorter : rays about 20, purple or violet : akenes compressed, minutely pubescent. — Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. t. 8. "California, Menzies," according to Herb. Banks : but in Herb. Hook, said to be from "N. W. coast." Upper Sacramento, Br. Pickering. Fort Tejon, Dr. Horn, Dr. Hccrmann {A. Duran- dii, Niitt., ex Durand, in Pacif. E. Rep. v. 8), and common in W. Nevada, mostly in a glabrate form, the pubescence only on the ultimate branches. The species has been mistaken for A. fal- catus, Lindl., which may indeed belong to it, and likewise with the next. It is not at all re- lated to A. concolor, as Lindley supposed. 9. A. Chamissonis, Gray. Glabrous, or above somewhat hirsute : stems 2 to 5 feet high, paniculately branched : leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or the larger obscurely serrate, 2 to 5 inches long, scabroiis with sparse appressed pubescence, or glabrous ; those of the flowering branchlets becoming small or minute and squar- rose-spreading : heads loosely panicled, 5 or 6 lines long : involucre broadly cam- panulate or somewhat obconical ; its scales numerous and imbricated in several ranks, thickish, linear or linear-spatulate, with short and rounded green tips, the outer successively shorter : rays 20 to 25, purple or violet, nearly half an inch long : akenes sj^arsely and minutely pubescent. — Gray, in Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 341. A. Radida, Less, ex iS^ees. A. Chilensis, Nees Ast. 112; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A. spectabilis (?) Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey. Moist thickets, &c. , common from San Francisco to San Luis 01 )ispo, and probably elsewhere. As this is not a Chilian species, and as Htenke's no less than Chamisso's plant (if the former be of this species) must have been gathered in California, we ought not to continue the false name. Probably this as well as the preceding was included by Nuttall under the species (still impub- lished) which he proposed to call A. Durandii. That name it was formerly thought might be adopted for the jn-esent species, but it appears strictly to belong to the foregoing. And so the present may be named after the first, or next to the first, discoverer. ++ ++ Involucral scales looser and 7nore foliaceotis. 10. A. Douglasii, Lindl. Smooth and glabrous or nearly so : stem slender, 2 to 4 feet high, })aniculately branched : leaves lanceolate, acute, entire or rarely serrate, mostly tapering at base, 2^ to 5 inches long : heads in a loose and leafy panicle, 5 or 6 lines long : involucre hemispherical ; its scales glabrous, linear or spatulate-linear, mostly green except the base, loosely imbricated, the outer little shorter : rays 25 or more, purple, half an inch or more in length. Moist soil, northern part of the State and in the Sierra Nevada ; common northward. 11. A. adscendens, Lindl. (?) Smooth and glabrous or nearly so : stems rather simple, a sjian to two feet high : leaves lanceolate or the lower oblong-spatulate, entire : heads few, panicled or corymbose, peduncled, half an inch long : involucre hemispherical ; its scales glabrous, linear or oblong, obtuse, chiefly green, few- ranked, and of nearly equal length : rays, &c., as in the preceding. In the High Sierra Nevada, Yosemite Valley to foot of Mount Dana (Bolander), near Donner Lake {Torrcy, Greene), and eastward in the Humboldt and Rocky Mountains. Whether this belong to the original A. adscendens or no, it is the var. Parryi, Eaton in Bot. King's Exploration, and apparently the same as the plant of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. 12. A. integrifolius, Xutt. Yillous-pubescent when young, becoming glandu- lar and viscid toward the summit : stem rather stout, simple, a span to a foot or more high : leaves oblong-lanceolate and the lower spatulate, entire, thickish, 2 to 4 inches long, with strong midrib and inconspicuous veins ; the upper clasping : heads few or several, somewhat racemose or corymbose, half an inch long : involucre cam- panulate ; the loosely imbricated scales nearly equal in length, lanceolate, the inner ones thin and without green tips, the outermost partly foliaceous, all glandular- pubescent : rays 1 5 to 25, bluisli-purple : akenes pubescent : pappus rather rigid. Aster. COMPOSIT.E. 325 Sien-a Nevada, between Clark's and the Yosemite, at about 8,000 feet, Bolander. Near Donner Lake {Torrey, Greene), and Siena Valley, Lenimon. Found near Carson by Dr. Anderson; thence east to the Kouky Mountains. -f- -j- -t- Stems simple, naked at the summit, and bearing a single /lead, or rarely two or three : scales of the hemispherical involucre vert/ little imbricated, narrow, nearly equal, and destitute of foliaceous or green tips. [A transition from Aster to Erigeron.) ++ Leaves broad or narrowish : style-ap)pendages short and broad. 1 3. A. salsuginOSUS, Eichardson. Minutely pubescent or glabrate : stem G to 18 inches high, leafy to near the summit : leaves entire; the lowest spatulate, oho- vate, or oblanceolate, tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper becoming lance- olate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, with broad base usually half-clasping ; uppermost reduced to one or two subulate bracts : head solitary or two or three on naked peduncles : scales of the involucre slender, glandular, nearly equal, 4 lines long, loose : rays 30 to 40, violet or purple : akenes of the ray 5 - 6-nerved, of the disk 3 - 4-nerved. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2942. Var. angUStifolius, Gray. Eadical and lowest cauline leaves linear-spatulate, 2 to 5 lines wide ; the upper linear : stems a foot high, naked above, bearing two or three slender-peduncled heads. Subalpine and alpine meadows, in the Sierra Nevada, at 6,000 to 10,000 feet ; thence to alpine regions of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, and north to Alaska and the subarctic regions. A handsome species ; the heads an inch and a half in diameter, including the expanded rays. The variety, Sierra County, Lemmon. ++ -f-i- Leaves very narrow : style-appendages long and slender-sxibidate. 14. A. Andersonii, Gray. Lightly woolly when young, becoming glabrous : stem simple and scape-like, a span to a foot high, terminated by a single rather large head : radical leaves tufted, linear, almost grassy (2 to 8 inches long, from a line to 4 lines wide), coriaceous, 3 - 7-nerved ; the cauline smaller, tiie uppermost subulate : scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear, loose, more or less tomentose, almost equal in length (4 or 5 lines long), the out(;r ones greenish : rays 16 to 20, purple : akenes oblong, 4 - 6-nerved : bristles of the pappus barbellate-serrate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 352. Erigeron Andersonii, Gray, 1. c. vi. 540, "Wet alpine meadows, &c.. Sierra Nevada, from Mariposa to Sierra Co., at T.-'jOO to 10,000 feet. Discovered by Dr. Anderson, near Carson, Nevada. Expanded head with the rays an inch or more in diameter. A. PULCHELLUS, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. is perhaps too near this, and A. alpigenus. Gray, 1. c. viii. 389, is also closely related ; they form a peculiar group in the Xijlorhim section of Orthomcris. § 4. Annucds or biennials, toith chiefl.y entire narrow leaves : scales of the involucre imbricated, narrow, destitute of distinct green tips : akenes iiarroiv and 3-5- nerved: jxq^pics fine and soft. — Oxytripolium, Torr. & Gray. 15. A. divaricatus, ISTutt. Glabrous, diffusely much branched, a foot or two high : the branches slender : lower cauline leaves lanceolate ; the upper linear and at length subulate, very acute : heads small (3 or 4 lines long), loosely panicled : scales of the involucre 25 to 30, lanceolate-sulnilate, with greenish back and scari- ous margins : rays linear, exserted, numerous in a single row : akenes very minutely pubescent, 5 -6-nerved. — Torr. & Gray, FL ii. 163. Salt marshes, San Francisco, &c., Bolander. This is the Pacific form, viz., Tripolium con- spicuum of Lindley, and A. Oreganus of Nuttall, whicli inliabits the Avestern coast of the conti- nent down to Chili, and apparently is only local so far north as California. It ditfei-s from the A. divaricahts of the Atlantic coast in the rather firmer and gi'eener scales of the involucre, heads inclined to be larger, and the branches less slender. The mature akenes in both are little com- pressed and more or less distinctly 5-neived. 326 COMPOSITE. Brachyactis. 22. BRACHYACTIS, Ledeb. Head many-flowered, heterugamuus ; the rays very numerous and occupying more than one series, fertile : ligules small and very slender or almost wanting. Involucre loosely imbricated in few series of herbaceous scales, or the innermost somewhat scarious. Eeceptacle flat, naked. Style-appendages lanceolate. Akenes more or less compressed. Pappus simple, of copious fine and soft capillary bristles. Ours are annual and nearly glabrous herbs, Avith narrow and entire somewhat succulent alternate leaves, minutely ciliate towards their base, and paniculate or racemose heads ; the rays when developed purple or rose-color. ■ — Benth. in Hook. Ic. PI. t. HOG, & Gen. PI. ii. 279 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 647. 1. B. frondosa, (iray, 1. c A .span to a foot or so high, sometimes spreading on the ground, sometimes upright : leaves spatu late-linear, about an inch long, the uppermost passing into the rather broad and obtuse herbaceous scales of the invo- lucre : heads hemispherical, 4 lines long : rays with exserted ligule when well developed a line long, linear, much longer than its style : akenes narrow, appressed- pubescent. — B. ciliata, var. carnosuki, Benth. 1. c. Trijwlium frondosum, Nutt. Aster frondosus, Torr. & Gray. A. angustus, Gray, PI. Wright., &c. ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 144. Borders of boiling spring, Sonora Pass, in the SieiTa Nevada, Bolandcr ; thence to N. Nevada, S. Idaho, and New Mexico. B. CILIATA, Ledeb., found east of the Eocky Mountains and far north, also in Siberia, has nan-ow linear leaves, linear and acute scales of the involucre, and ligule a mere rudiment, much shorter than the pappus and the style. It is Tripolium angustum, Lindl., and Aster angustus, Torr. & Gray, &c. 23. ERIGERON, Linn. Fleabane. Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; the rays fertile, very numerous and com- monly occupying more than one series (in one or two species occasionally wanting) ; the ligides narrow, commonly elongat('d, in the last section very short and incon- spicuous. Involucre hemispherical or sometimes campanulate, of numerous and narrow rather firm and not foliaceous nor green-tipped scales, which are little imbri- cated and hardly unequal. Peceptacle flat, rarely convex, naked. Corolla of the disk-flowers narrow, 5-toothed, sometimes 4 toothed. Style-appendages mostly short and broad, obtuse. Akenes small, flat, and with only marginal ribs, rarely 1 - 2- nerved on the face (especially in the ray-flowers). Pappus rather scanty, i. e. of a single series of capillary rather fragile bristles, with or most commonly without an external series of short bristles, these occasionally united into a crown or ring. — Herbs, with alternate leaves, and heads terminating the stem or branches ; the rays violet-purple or white ; the disk yellow, often changing to purplish. A large genus, widely dispersed over the world, especially the northern hemisphere, passing on the one hand into Aster, from which it is chiefly distinguished by a simpler involucre and more scanty and fragile ])appus, and by more numerous and narrower rays ; while on the other hand a peculiar section, with short and often minute rays, passes into C'onyza. § 1, Perennial (or No. \2 perhaps hiennial). * Bays inconspicuous, hi(t exserted, shoH, filiform, extremely nnmerous : heads some- v'hat racemed, small : ]jap2nis simple. 1. E. armeriaefolium, Turcz. Sparsely more or les^, hirsute with spreading bristly hairs : stems clustered on the small rootstock, a span to a foot, high, leafy : Erujeron. COMPOSITiE. 327 leaves hirsutely ciliate below the middle, otherwise glabrous or glabrate, entire • the cauline liuear or linear-lanceolate (1^ to 4 inches^ long, 1 to 3 lines wide),' the lowest linear-spatulate or ol)lanceolate and usually tapering into slender petioles • heads peduncled and simply racemose, or rarely panicled : involucre 3 or 4 lines long: rays more numerous than the disk-flowers, the purplish or whitish nearly hhform ligules when fully developed projecting only one line beyond the pai^nis • disk-flowers uniform. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 048. E. louchophi/Uum Hook., apparently a large form. E. glabratum, var. minor, Hook. E. racemosam or at least the var. aiigustifotium, Nutt. ' Sahne gravel and moist meadows in the Sierra Nevada, at 6,500 to 9,700 feet, Brewer Bolan- cler. Also on mountains east to Colorado, and thence northward. Rare in Siberia. E. ACRE, Linn., especially in smoother forms (E. Drobachcnsis, Mill., E. elongatua Ledeb &c.), occurring in the liocky Mountains from Colorado north, may be expected in the Sierra Nevada. It may be known by its broader leaves, and an inner set of pistillate flowere with tubu- iar-faliform corolla. There are none of these in E. armericcfolium. * * Rays elongated and consjncuous, or wanting in some specimens. ■+- Leaves once to thrice ternatehj compound : p)(^^PV'U'S simple. _ 2. E. COmpositum, Pursh. Dwarf : leaves all or mostly crowded on the ces- pitose rootstocks, slender-petioled, hirsute ; their divisions Hnear, obtuse, spreading ; the cauline (if any) simpler, or tlie uppermost mere linear bracts : scape an inch to°a span high, bearing a solitary proportionally large head (involucre 3 or 4 lines high) : rays 30 to 50, violet, purple, or white, 2 or 3 lines long, occasionally none. High peaks of the Sierra Nevada, at 10,000 to 12,000 feet, on Mount Dana and Wood's Peak Brewer. Thence through the Rocky Mountains to Arctic America and Greenland. -t- -f- Leaves entire and narrow, clustered on the rootstocks, fewer and scattered or sometimes hardly any on the mostly simp)le stems, ivhich are terminated by solitary heads. {No. 5 and No. 8 have stems more leafy and disposed to branch.) 3. E. ursinum, Eaton. Sparsely more or less hirsute, green, a span or less high : leaves on the rootstock spatulate or linear-spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole; those of the simple scapedike flowering stems lineardanceolate (G to IS lines long), glabrate, the uppermost remote from the solitary head : scales of the involucre loose, glandular and sparsely hirsute : rays about 50, broadish, purple, fully 3 lines long : pappus with a few distinct short bristles of an outer series. — Eaton in Pot. King Exp. 148. On Mount Dana, at 12,800 feet, Bolander. More dwarf than the i)lant collected by Watson in the Yuintah Mountains, Utah ; the scape less than 3 inches high. Perhaps this is E. radi- catum, Hook. 4. E. uniflorum, Linn. Green and slightly liirsute, or almost glabrous below, a span or less in height : leaves of the rootstock tufted, spatulate, tapering into a petiole ; those of the simple and sometimes scape-like stem becoming lanceolate : scales of the involucre loose, equal, very hirsute- woolly : rays 100 or more, blue or purple, about 4 lines long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 1G8. High Sierra Nevada, in Sierra Co., at 10,000 feet {Kellogg), thence northward along the hin-h mountains and through the Rocky Mountains to the Arctic regions, and in N. Asia and Europe. A dwarf state, but otherwise like that of the Colorado mountains, with the coi)ious and character- istic long hairs of the involucre gray or whitish, not dark as in the more nortiiern specimens. 5. E. CSBSpitOSum, ISTutt. More or less hoary with a fine chiefly spreading and roughish pubescence : stems decumbent or ascending from the somewhat woody rootstock, about a span high, mostly leafy : leaves from the rootstock oblanceolate, tapering into a petiole, an inch or two long ; the cauline linear or somewhat lan- ceolate and sessile, obtuse : heads solitary (or sometimes two or three and ratlier small), short-peduncled : involucre hirsute with sliort hairs : rays 30 to 50, white 328 COMPOSITE. Erigeron. or purplish (about 3 lines long) : appendages of the style extremely short and obtuse : akenes 2 - 3-nerved, minutely hairy : the short squamcllate outer pappus conspicuous. Var. teuenim, Gray. Slender and small, with weaker stems and small heads ; involucre only 2 lines high, less hirsute. Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada : thence to the Rocky Mountains and New Mexico. The only genuine form coUeeted on the borders of the State is from Carson City, Br. Ajidcrson. — Var. teiurum, summit of Silver Mountain near Ebbett's Pass, alt. 11,000 feet. Braver. Also col- lected by Watswi ou Star Peak, N. W. Nevada, at 9,000 feet. At Mono Pass, around rocks, Dr. Bolander collected a plant which would appear to belong to E. cccspitosum, although with rather longer and narrower leaves : but the pappus appears to be simple. 6. E. Nevadense, Gray. Slightly hoary with fine mostly appressed roughish pubescence : stems erect or ascending from long and slender subterranean rootstocks, a span to a foot high, simple, leafy below, mostly naked above or scape-like, bearing a solitary large head : leaves linefar-lanceolate or spatulate-linear, narrowed below, the lowest into a petiole (the whole 2 to 6 inches long), the cauline acute, the uppermost reduced to subulate bracts : involucre hirsute, also minutely glandular ; the scales mostly equal (4 lines long) : rays 25 to 30 in a single series, rather broadly linear, white, 3 or 4 lines long : style- appendages ovate and acute : akenes minutely pubescent, flat, oblong, 2-nerved, or some of the outer 3-nerved (2 lines long) : the short setiform outer pappus scanty and inconspicuous. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 649. E. ccespitosum, var. grandiflorum, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 153, in part (viz. No. 548), not of Torr. & Gray. Var. (I) pygmceum, Gray, 1. c. Dwarf and densely cespitose : leaves spatulate- linear (half an inch or less than an inch long, barely a line wide at the summit), crowded on the rootstocks : flowering stems nearly naked and scape-like, an inch or two high : heads much smaller : rays narrower, barely 3 lines long, purple. Sierra Nevada : Mount Stanford and Sierra Valley {Bolander, Kellogg, Lemmon) ; and in Nevada, Cedar Hill and on Mount Davidson {Bloovwr), and West Hiimboldt Mountains, Jl'idson. Var. iWJ'^"^^'^^ Ebbett's and JMono Pass, alt. 9,500 to 10,750 feet. Brewer. E. ARGENTATiTM, Graj', 1. c, wliich S. Watson collected on the foot-hills of the Pah-Ute Mountains in Nevada, may be known by the tine silvery-silky foliage, soft-pubescent several- nerved akenes, and conspicuous outer i^appus. E. canum. Gray, has glabrous, narrow, several- ribbed akenes. 7. E. Bloomeri, Gray. Somewhat hoary with minute appressed pubescence : leafy stems short and tufted on the thickish rootstock : leaves crow^ded, flliform- linear, or the broadest spatulate-linear tapering into a filiform petiole, 1 or 2 inches long : flowering steins erect, naked and scape-like at least above the middle, a span high, bearing a solitary head : involucre somewhat campanulate (4 or 5 lines high), villous ; the scales equal : rays none : style-appendages acute : akenes miiuitely pubescent, flat, oblong-linear, and with only marginal nerves (2 Hues long) : pappus simple. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 540; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 148. Sierra Valley (?) Bolander. Virginia and Carson City {Bloomer, Anderson), and W. Nevada, Watson. Allied to the foregoing ; with foliage nearly of the following. 8. E. ochroleucum, Nutt. Minutely somewhat hoary with a fine appressed hirsute pubescence, or glabrate : leaves very narrowly linear and tapering to the base or nearly filiform, mostly crowded on the rootstocks, one or two inches long, the cauline rather few and scattered : flowering stems slender, about a span high, naked at summit, bearing solitary or rarely 2 or 3 heads : involucre more or less hirsute (barely 3 lines high) ; the scales rather rigid ■: rays 30 or 40, cream-color or white (2 or 3 hnes long) : akenes minutely pubescent, 2 - 3-nerved : pappus plainly double, the outer of very short subulate squamellaj. Sierra Nevada near Summit ; thence eastward aaid northward nearly to British Coluniliia. The forms with leafy stems ap[>roach the next. Erigeron. COMPOSITiE. 329 -K -f- -H Leaves e^itire. and narrow, mimerous all along the branching florvering stems ■ akenes tn all 2-nerved or only some of the outermost 'i-nerved. -i-+ Leaves all filiform, canescent. 9. E. filifolium, Nutt. Hoary with minute appressed pubescence : stems a span to a foot or more high from a somewhat woody decumbent base or branching rootstock, slender, usually corynibosely branching : leaves very narrowly linear (an inch or two ong, a line or inucli less in width), and becoming tiliibnu, the unpur- most reduced to minute subulate bracts : involucre canescent and somewhat hirsute 2 or 3 lines high, the outer scales shorter : rays 50 to 80, white or pink (3 or 4 lines long) : akenes sparsely and minutely hairy, becoming glabrous : ixinuus almost simple, the short outer bristles indistinct. — Diplopappm fiUfAius, Hook Chryso2Jsis canescens, DC. xi ^ j , . Plumas Co (ZcmmoTi); near Carson Q\iy {Anderson), thence northward, rather common in the interior districts to Oregon and Idaho. ++ ++ Leaves flat, from, narroivly linear to lanceolate. = Pappus simple or the outer of fine and short bristles: heads {except in the last) corymbose at the summit of the very leafy stem : rays in a single series. 10. E. Breweri, Gray. Somewhat hoary with fine and short scabrous-hirsute pubescence : stems ascending or erect from a slender creeping rootstock, a span to a foot high, slender, leafy to the summit, bearing solitary or few corymbose heads • leaves short (half an inch to an inch long), linear-spatulate or narrowly oblaiice- olate : involucre glabrous (2 or 3 lines high) ; its scales glabrous, unequal, the outer successively shorter: rays only about 15 (remarkably few for an Erigeron), violet narrow : pappus nearly simple, the outer set of bristles if present very short and inconspicuous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 54:1. Woods of the Sierra Nevada, Mariposa Co., at 4,000 to 6,000 feet, Brewer, Torrey, Gray. Above (_ arson Lity, Nevada, Anderson. This might as weU be ranked as an Asler, of the Urthomeris section except for the style-appendages and an obvious relationshi.i to some of the following species. ^ 11. E. corymbosum, Xutt. Scabrous-hirsute and somewhat hoary with short spreading pubescence : stems clustered, erect, a si)an to a foot or more iiigli, corym- bose at the summit, bearing several pedunculate heads: leaves linear "or linear- lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, about 2 inches long: involucre canescently hirsute (2 or 3 lines high), formed of nearly equal scales : rays 30 or 40, violet or purple, slender : the short Inistles of the outer pappus rather manifest. — Torr. aji2yus {%) occidentalis. Hook. & Arn. —A broader-leaved form with coiisi.icu- ous purple rays is the type of this polymorphous species. The extreme forms to be noted as varieties are 330 COMPOSITE. Erirjeron. Var. stenophyllum, Gray. Leaves a line or less in width, sometimes becomin.L;' almost liliidiiii. — jt'. stciiophyllum, Xutt. PL Gamb. 176, not of Gray in Pacif. li. liep. iv. 98. Var. inornatum, Gray. Leaves varying from spatulate-linear and 2 or 3 lines wide to very narrowly linear : involucre glabrous : rays none. Open woods, &c., from Humboldt and Nevada to San Diego Counties, both the broadei- and the narrow-leaved forms. Var. inornatum, which may prove distinct, Mendocino Co., Kellogg and Harford, in several forms; Upper Sacramento (N'ewbcrry, " E. Douglasii, var."): near Donner Lake {Torrcy), and Sierra Valley, Lcmmon, &c. If this species, through its longer- leaved forms, should be found to pass into E. dccumbcns, Nutt., of Oregon, it will still be most proper to preserve the name of E. foliosiim, of the same age as the other, although Nuttall first described it from an imperfect specimen, and not very correctly as to the akene ; but he re-identi- fied it in his paper on Dr. Gambel's collection. Kellogg and Harford's No. 398 is a remarkable dwarf form, apparently of the var. inornatum, approaching E. supplex : the involucre is minutely glandular, as also is the minute roughish pubescence on the branches and leaves. 13. E. supples:, Gray. Villous-hirsute ; stems a span or two long from slender rootstocks, decumbent, mostly simple, terminated by a solitary and peduncled head : leaves spatulate-lanceolate, mostly acute (about an inch long and 2 lines wide), the uppermost becoming linear : involucre villous (about 4 lines high), the scales nearly equal and loose : rays wholly wanting : pappus nearly simple. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 353. Humboldt and Mendocino Counties, Bolandcr', Kellogg. Collected by Mr. Andreics several years ago, station unknown. ^ = Pcqqms conspiciiously double, the outer manifestly chaffy : rays very numeroys or none. {Root perhaps not 'perennial.) 1 4. E. concinnum, Torr. & Gray. Very hirsute or hispid with long spreading hairs : stems tufted, a span or more high, commonly branching, more or less leafy : leaves spatulate-linear or the radical ones spatulate : involucre hirsute (about 2 lines high), its scales nearly equal : rays narrow, purple or white, 4 or 5 lines long, or in the Var. aphanactiS, Gray ; the rays wanting or reduced to an abortive ligule shorter than its style. — Proc. Km. Acad. vi. 540. Sierra Nevada on the eastern slope in Nevada {Anderson, Torrey), near to and doubtless within the State line ; only the rayless form : thence eastward throughout the interior region. In lioth for-ms the outer pappus is sometimes of narrow and acute, sometimes of decidedly broad and erose or truncate chaffy scales. If not perennial-rooted the species should be placed next to E. divergcns. ++ +J. ^^ Leaves broader {from lanceolate to obovate), in one species serrate : rays extremely numerous : outer pappms indistinct if any. 15. E. speciosum, DC. Sparsely hirsute or almost glabrous : stem stout, erect, 1 to '2h feet high, farrowed, branching above, very leafy to the top, bearing several or numerous corymbose heads : cauline leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire, bright green, hirsutely ciliate (1| to 4 inches long), closely sessile or partly clasping ; the radical ones spatulate and tapering into a petiole : heads rather large : scales of the involucre sparsely hirsute, very narrowly subulate : rays very narrow and numerous, violet-purple. — Stenactis speciosa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1577; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3607. "California, Douglas" ; but it has not since been collected in the State ; yet probably it occurs in the northern districts, as it is common throughout the moister parts of Oregon and Washington Territory, whence it was long ago introduced into gardens. Heads showy, fully an inch anil a half in diameter, including the rays, which are half an inch long. 16. E. glaucum, Ker. Hirsute or villous Avith spreading hairs : stems ascend- ing, a span to a tout higli, leafy below, bearing solitary or few very large heads : Erigeron. COMPOSITE. 331 leaves somewhat succulent, glabrate with age, 1 to 4 inches long, all broad and obtuse, obovate or spatulate-oblong, entire ; the lowest and radical ones narrowed below into a margined petiole, and rarely with a few teeth : involucre villous and somewhat viscid : rays not very narrow, violet. — Aster CaLifornicus, Less. Steiiactis (/laaca, Nees. WoodviUea calendtdacea, DC Erigeron maritiiiium, and probably E. hispidum, Xutt. 1. c. Sea-shore, from Monterey to Oregon ; flowering at almost all seasons. Head 2 inches in diam- eter, ini'luding the rays, the name inappropriate, as the herbage is seldom at all glaucous. 1 7. £j. Philadelphicum, Linn. Pubescent or rather hirsute : stems erect from a perhaps biennial root, 1 to 3 feet high, leafy to the summit, bearing several or numerous corymbose rather small heads : leaves oblong, or the upper oblong-lan- ceolate and partly clasping at base ; the lowest obovate or spatulate ; all more or less irregularly toothed, occasionally nearly entire : involucre minutely appressed- hirsute : rays very narrow and numerous, flesh-colored or reddish-purple : pappus simple. — E. purpureum, Ait. Moist open grounds, apparently not rare through the length of California and in Oregon ; com- mon in the Atlantic States. Heads less than an inch in diameter, including the slender rays. § 2. Annuals or sometimes biennials, with small or rather small heads and conspicuous rays : pappus plainly doid)le ; the outer a croion or circle of chaffy squamellce rather than h^istles, hardly longer than the breadth of the akene and persistent ; the inner of the ordinary slender bristles, but scanty, and deciduous or cadu- cous. — Phalacroloma, Torr. & Gray. % Branched from the base and spreading : pappxis cdike in ray and disk floiuers. 18. E. divergens, Torr. & Gray. Hoary-pubescent, difl"use, a span to a foot or so high, c(jrymboseiy branching ; the branches terminated by solitary peduncled heads : leaves linear, the lowest spatulate and sometimes sparingly toothed or incised : involucre hirsute (about two lines high) : rays very numerous and slender, pale purple and white, or sometimes bright blue-purple, 3 lines long : receptacle commonly very convex. — E. Bellidiastrum, Gray in Hall, Oregon Coll. ; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 150, not of Nutt. (which has simple very deciduous pappus, broad white top to the akene, very flat receptacle, and is unknown west of the Eocky Mountains). Sierra Valley {Lemmon, with bright-colored rays) : common in Oregon and Nevada, probably in all adjacent parts of California ; extending to Nebraska and New Mexico. Near Fort Mohave, Dr. CooiKT ; a form like E. cinereum, Gray, which is apparently a low variety, with less convex receptacle. * * Stem erect, 2 to 5 feet high, branching only above : heads numerous, loosely corym- bose, comparatively smcdl : ray-flowers having only the short outer pappus, the slender bristles wanting, and in the disk-floivers very deciduous : rays white. 19. E. strigosum, Muhl. Slender, 2 to 4 feet high, roughish or somewhat grayish with a very short appressed pubescence : leaves lanceolate, entire, or the lower spatulate and sometimes toothed : heads loosely corymbed : rays 2 or 3 lines long. Plumas Co. {Lemmon) to Oregon ; a form with coarser and looser hairiness than the eastern plant, approaching E. annuum. E. ANNUUM, Pers., differs from this in being larger (3 to 5 feet high), hii-sute with spreading hairs, and the ovate or ovate-lanceolate lower leaves coarsely toothed or cut. It is a weed of cul- tivated grounds, originally from the Atlantic States, now dispersed over the northern temperate regions, and probably has reached or will reach California. § 3. Annuals, with very numerous small {not over 2 lines long) and narrow heads in a panicle : rays inconsjncuous or minute (ivhitish), hardly exceeding the ^ja/e yellow or whitish disk-flowers : pappus simple. — CJiXOTUS. 20. E. Canadense, Liim. (Horseweed.) A homely weed, with slender strictly erect stem, from a few inches to 4 or 5 feet high, nearly glabrous or spai-sely 332 COMPOSITE. Conyza. hirsute, thickly beset with linear entire leaves, or those at the base broader and cut- lobed : leafy panicle generally long and narrow : pappus simple. Waste and cultivated grouuds, everywhere having the aspect of an introduced weed, common almost all over the world. 24. CONYZA, Linn. Heads many -flowered, heterogamous, but not radiate ; the pistillate flowers in many series and more numerous than the fertile ones, with only a filiform truncate corolla shorter than the style ; the few central flowers tubular and perfect, or some of them infertile. Involucre of narrow numerous scales. Eeceptacle flat or convex, naked. Style-appendages short. Akenes small, flattened, usually nerved only on the margins. Pappus as in Erigei'on, in ours of simple scanty capillary bristles. — Mostly tropical or subtropical weeds, with alternate toothed or lobed leaves, and small corymbose or j)anicled heads of whitish or yellowish flowers. 1. C. Coulteri, Gray. Annual (?), somewhat viscidly pubescent, one or two feet high, very leafy to the top : leaves closely sessile, linear-oblong or the lower 'spatu- late, coarsely toothed or incisely jnnnat^fld, about an inch long : j^anicle narrow, virgate : heads very numerous, small, barely 2 lines long : involucre hairy : central perfect flowers 5 to 7. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 355. C. suhdemrrens, Gray, PI. Fendl. &c., not of DC. Erigeron discoidea, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 55. S. E. borders of the State {Coulter, Cooper) ; on the San Joaquin {Kellogg) ; and through Ari- zona to Colorado and Texas. A homely weed. 25. BACCHARIS, Linn. Heads many-flowered, homogamous, dicecious ; in the sterile plant the flowers seemingly perfect as to style &c., but with abortive ovary ; in the fertile pistillate only. Ijavolucre of dry imbricated scales, destitute of lu^rbaceous tips, the exterior successively shorter. Eeceptacle commonly flat and naked. Corolla of the fertile flowers small and filiform, truncate, wholly destitute of ligule, shorter than the style : in the sterile flowers tubular with a somewhat expanded 5-cleft limb : the style usually 2-cleft at summit, sometimes undivided. Akenes small, several-ribbed. Pappus in the fertile flowers of copious mostly soft and fine capillary bristles ; in the sterile commonly less copious or less elongated, often tortuous and more den- ticulate. — Shrubby or sometimes herbaceous plants, ours all glabrous, often gluti- nous, with alternate leaves and small mostly clustered heads of white or yellowish inconspicuous flowers. A very large genus in South America, a few reaching the United States througliout its southern borders, and extending northward along either coast. * Leaves broad, short and obtuse, commonly few-toothed : heads panicidate-glomerate on the very numerous brandies : paj>2ms in the fertile floivers at length much exceeding the involucre. 1. B. pilularis, DC. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, glutinous : leaves sessile, obovate or cuneiform, al)out an inch long, coarsely or sinuately few-toothed, or occasionally entire : heads 2 or 3 or more in a cluster from the axils of the upper leaves, globu- lar, 2 or 3 lines long, the fertile pappus becoming 4 or 5 lines long. — B. pilularis & B. consanguinea, DC. Common in sandy soil along the whole length of the coast, and reaching Oregon ; flowering in autumn. De Candolle's specific name may relate to the size and form of the flowering heads, or to small globular excrescences, probably galls, which often ocuur on some branchlets. Bacclmris. COMPOSITE. 333 * * Leaves lonrj and narroxv, acute, sharplij serrulate or entire : healts in a naked com- pound corymb or cyme terminating the herbaceoiis striate floivering branches: bristles of the pappus in fertile floivers less copious (20 to 30) and little elongating. 2. B. Douglasii, DC. Shrubby at base, glutinous : leaves lanceolate and very acute, or the lower ovate-lanceolate (3 or 4 inches long) and sharply more or less serrulate, triple-ribbed, the uppermost smaller and narrow : heads numerous in a terminal compound corymb : scales of the involucre in the sterile heads broadly, in the fertile narrowly lanceolate-linear, the scarious margins erose-ciliate : receptacle conical ! — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 259, excl. syn. Nutt. &c. Sandy soil and borders of swamps, San Francisco to Los Angeles. The flowering branches are herbaceous. Bristles of the pappus in the fertile flowers denticulate-scabrous. 3. B. viminea, DC. More shrubby, hardly glutinous, paniculately branched : leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, entire or sparingly denticulate (one to barely three inches long), indistinctly 3-nerved : heads (3 lines high) rather numerous in terminal corymbs and somewhat racemose clusters on short lateral branches : .scales of the involucre very thin, broadly lanceolate or the outer ones tria;igular-ovate, Avith scarious margins erose and mostly villous-ciliate : receptacle fiat (as in mctjt species) : pijppus of the fertile flowers of smooth bristles. Border of streams, Napa Co. to Los Angeles. A willow-like shrub : foliage eaten readily by horses and mules. This has been confounded sometimes with B. Douglasii in collections. 4. B. glutinosa, Pers. Suffruticose, less branched than the last : leaves lanceo- late or linear-lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, 3-nerved from near the base : heads numerous in a terminal compound corymb, rather smaller than in the last : the scales of the involucre similar but of firmer and more chartaceous texture : bristles of the pappus scabrous-denticulate. — B. Pingrreseict to the sterile flowers. — EusTYLOCLiNE, Gray. {Stylocline, Nutt.) 1. S. gnaphalioides, Nutt. A span or less in Jieight, loosely white-woolly, diffusely branched : leaves hroadly linear or the npper oblong, obtuse (barely a quarter of an inch long) : fructiferous scales lightly woolly on the back, broadly ovate, a firmer central portion at the base saccate and enclosing tlie akene ; the remainder barely concave and hyaline. — Pacif. E. Rep. iv. 101, t. 13. Open grounds, from the Stanislaus to Monterey, Nullall, Andrews, Bvjelow. Seldom collected ; apparently not common. 2. S. micropoides, Gray. Lower : leaves linear and somewhat lanceolate, acute : fructiferous scales ovate, with the whole lower portion boat-shaped and involving the akene, very woolly on the back, except the upper expanded hyaline portion. — PI. Wright, ii. 84. Southeastern borders of California on the Colorado River {Ncwhcrry), and through Arizona and New Mexico. § 2. Fertile flowers b to 10; their chaffy scales in not more than tiuo series, boat- shaped and involving the akene, of firm membranaceous texture and with a small hyaline tip, as in Psilocarphus ; the 5 uppermost scales sterile and larger, forming ah invohicre round the sterile flowers, herbaceo-coriaceous, ojjen, tapering into a rigid incurved hooked cus]}, persistent and at length stellately spreading. — Ancistrocarphus, Gray. 3. S. filaginea, Gray, 1. c. A span or less high, slender, erect, canesceut witli fine and appressed wool : leaves narrowly linear or somewhat dilated upward : invo- lucre outside of the woolly fructiferous scales obscure or none : pappus to sterile flowers none. — Ancistrocarphus filagineus. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 356. Mendocino Co., at Round Valley, Eel River, Bolandcr. This curious little plant has the aspect of Filago Gallica : the heads are inconspicuous : the most prominent parts when developed are the rigid sterile scales (about 2 lines long) with their hooked tips, adapted to attiich the small plants, at maturity, to the fleece of sheep or the coat of cattle. 32. EVAX, Giertn., subgenus HESPEREVAX, Gray. Head discoid, many-flowered ; the liistillate flowers with filiform corolla in sev- eral series on a convex villous and centrally elevated columnar receptacle, each subtended by an ovate barely concave chartaceous chaffy scale : hermaphrodite but sterile flowers several (6 to 10) on the apex of the column of the receptacle, in- volucrate by a whorl of 3 to 5 thicker chaffy scales. Scales of the involucre few and resembling the chaff of the receptacle. Akenes obovate-oblong with a narrowed base, straight, more or less compressed parallel to the subtending chaff, very smooth. Pappus none. — Gray, in Pacif. 11. Eep. iv. 101, t. 11 ; Proc. Am. Acad, vii. 356, & viii. 651. Evax is an Old-World genus, to which is appended this peculiar Californian type, apparently of a single si)eeies. 1. E. caulescens, Gray, 1. c. Low annual, one to three inches high, branching from the base, densely Avhite-wooUy : leaA'es spatulate, with blade a quarter to nearly an inch in length, tapering into a slender petioh^ : heads inconspicuous in sessile terminal or axillary clusters, or solitary, a line or two in length : chaffy scales of the receptacle becoming rigid, those surrounding the sterile flowers thicker and woolly inside. — Psilocarphus caulescens, Benth. PI. Hartw. 319. 338 COMPOSITE. Filago. Valleys in alluvial or gravelly soil, from Humboldt Co. and the Sacramento to San Luis Obispo. The specimens distributed under No. 415 of Kellogg and Harford's collection, with shorter and smaller leaves, have a very slender coliunn to the receptacle, and less villosity. Bolander's from Mendocino Co., otherwise similar, have a shorter and thicker column, and much villosity to the recejitacle. In none is the column so thick as represented on the plate above cited. 33. FILAGO, Linn. Head discoid, the pistillate flowers with filiform corolla few or many in more than one series on the obconical or short-columnar but flat-topped receptacle, each in the axil of a concave or boat-shaped hyaline chafi" or scale, or nearly enclosed in it ; the perfect and fertUe or rarely infertile flowers several in the centre, with tubular 4-5- toothed corollas. Akenes oblong, almost terete, commonly glaudvilar or roughish- papillose. Pappus a series of rather copious capillary scabrous bristles, or commonly none to the outer pistillate flowers. — Mostly erect and low or slender floccose- woolly annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and small heads in capitate lateral and terminal clusters : natives of the Old World, one or two sparingly naturahzed and two indigenous in the New. 1. F. Californica, Nutt. Erect, a span or two high, slender, often panicvdately branched : leaves linear or somewhat spatulate, about half an inch long : clusters of ovoid and somewhat angled heads axillary and terminal : pistillate flowers 8 to 10 : their scales broadly ovate and deeply boat-shaped, very woolly outside, almost en- closing the akene, the hyaline tip broad and very obtuse : inner scales narrowly oblong, nearly glabrous, very obtuse : akenes glandular-roughish : pappus none to the exterior flowers. — F. Californica & F. parvula, Torr. & Gray. Gnaphalinm (1) Jilaginoides, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 359. Open ground, common through the western part of the State, and evidently indigenous. Most like the Eiiropean F. arvcnsis. F. AuizoNiCA, Gray, in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 652, the second native species, collected in Ari- zona and Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, is a peculiar small species, with proliferous fili- form naked branches, somewhat resembling F. sjMtJmlata, and is not unlikely to occur in the southern part of the State. 34. ANTENNARIA, Gairtn. Head discoid, dioecious, many-flowered; the pistillate Avith filiform truncate corollas shorter than the 2-cleft style ; staminate with tubular 5-lobed corollas and style with undivided truncate apex. Involucre of imbricated scarious persistent scales, at least their tips white or colored. Eeceptacle flat or convex, naked. Akenes small, nearly terete or flattish, mostly glabrous. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles ; those of the fertile flowers very slender, connate at base and so falling from the akene in a body ; those of the sterile often crisped, mostly thick- ened at the apex, like the antennae of some insects (whence the generic name). ■ — Low white-woolly cespitose perennials, with alternate entire leaves, and usually corymbose, sometimes solitary small heads ; belonging to mountains or cold regions, excepting the common A. plantaginifolia, of the Atlantic States, which also extends westward and northward to Oregon. (The common Everlasting, A. margaritacea, is now included in the next genus.) A. EACEMOSA, Hook., of Oregon, &c., is remarkable for little wool, loosely racemose or panicu- late heads, bristles of the pappus rather less united at base, and style of sterile flowers slightly 2-lobed at the apex. Antennaria. COMPOSIT.E. 339 § 1. Bristles of the jxippus of the sterile flowers hardly at all thickened hut sparsely harbellate at the summit ; of the fertile flowers smooth : akene ohlonglinear, cinereous with a minute pubescence, consistiwj of short bi-uucinate hairs ! 1. A. dimorpha, Torr. k Gray. Depressed, forming close matted tufts only an inch or two higli : the thickish rootstocks creeping : leaves spatulate, silky-woolly both sides, crowded on the branches of the rootstock : heails solitary and sessile, proportionally large, terminating extremely short or occasionally more developed (one or two inches long) leafy stems : scales of the turbinate involucre mostly glabrous, brownish ; those of the sterile head ovate-lanceolate, of the fertile more narrowly lanceolate and acuminate. On the Sierra Nevada, along the eastern border of the State ; thence northwaixl and eastward to and rather beyond the Rocky Mountains. There are two forms, one (var. NuUallii, Eaton, in Bot. King Exp.) with head only 3 or 4 lines long ; the other (var. macroce2)hala, Eaton) with large head, the fertile when in fruit sometimes as much as 9 lines in length. On the Spipen River, Washington Terr., a var. {flagellar is) was gathered in the Wilkes Expedition, with hliform pro- liferous shoots or stolons. § 2. Bristles of the pappus of the sterile flowers clavate or thickened at the apex : akene shorter, glabrous or minutely 2mpillose : heads in a cluster (or occasion- ally solitary) termiriating a leafy or rarely scapiform flowering stem. * Cesjntose by means of surculose or stolon-like leafy sterile shoots from tlie base : up- right floivering stem simple. 2. A. dioica, Gan-tn. Radical shoots forming broad matted tufts on the ground, bearing rosettes of spatulate or oblanceolate white silvery-tomentose leaves : flower- ing stems 2 to 10 inches high, bearing mostly linear leaves and sevt^'al or nu)nerous heads in a close corymb : scales of the involucre with obtuse or roundish mostly pearly-white but often rose-colored tips, of rather papery texture : bristles of the pappus of the sterile liowers abruptly dilated into a broad and flat tip. Sien-a Nevada above Yosemite Valley, and northward. Throughout the Rocky Mountains and those of Nevada, Oregon, &c., usually at higher elevations than in the Old World : collected in the Klamath country by Dr. Cronkhite, and Sierra Valley by Lemmon, with bright rose-colored heads : doubtless the white forms not wanting in the northern and northeastern parts of the State. Dr. Kellogg, in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 45, has described this as a Gnajy/Mlium near G. 2nirpurcum, viz. G. Nevadcnsc, Kellogg. 3. A. alpina, Ga^rtn. Eadical shoots less tufted : leaves nearly as in tlie pre- ceding, but less silvery : flowering stems an inch to 4 inches high, bearing a close cluster of few heads, or sometimes a single head : scales of tlie involucre livid-brown and thin-scarious (occasionally the innermost with white or whitish tips), acute or acutisli in the fertile, more obtuse in the sterile heads : bristles of the pappus in the latter with less abrupt and broad tips. Along the Sierra Nevada at 10,000 feet or more, and in the alpine portion of the Rocky Moun- tains, extending to the arctic regions, also in the Old World. * % Destitute of stolons or prostrate sterile shoots, or tvith few very short ascending ones. +- Sterns simple and virgate from a rather stout rootstock, the naked summit bearing a corymb of broad heads : bristles of sterile pappus with conspicuously ddated tips. 4. A. Carpathica, E. Brown. Silvery white-woolly : stems a span to a foot or more liigli : radical and lower leaves lanceolate and oblanceolate, conspicuously 3-iierved ; tlie upper becoming linear : heads large (at least the fertile ones 4 or 5 lines long), few or several in a close corymbose cluster : involucre very woolly and turbinate at base ; its scales livid or brownish and in the sterile heads with ob- tuse white tips, those of the fertile heads more scarious and acutish or acute : akenes smooth and glabrous. — The form corresponding with the European plant about a span higli. 340 COMPOSITE. Anlennaria. Var. pulcherrima, Hook., is often a foot and a half high, with lowest leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and 3 to 12 lines wide; the uppermost reduced to linear or subu- late bracts. Not yet detected within the limits of California, the nearest stations being in the Havallah and East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson. The next much resembles it. 5. A. luzuloides, Torr. & Gray. Silvery-silky : stems slender, 8 to 20 inches higli : radical and lower leaves from linear-lanceolate to spatulate, obscurely 3-nerved, the others linear : heads small (2 or 3 hues long), numerous in a corymbose cluster: involucre nearly glabrous ; its scales barely brownish at base, all with white (or rarely rose-colored) and rather papery tips, those of the sterile heads very obtuse, of the fertile less so : akenes glandular. — The typical form, with all the leaves very narrow, is known only in Oregon and Washington Territory. Var. argentea, Gray, has all the lower leaves wider, oblanceolate or even spatu- late, an inch or so long, 3 or 4 lines broad. — Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 54. A. cmjentea, Benth. PL Hartw. 319. Mountains, Upper Sacramento to Mariposa Co., above the Yosemite Valley, &c. Bristles of the pappus in the fertile plant very slightly united at base, much less so than in the American forms oi A. Caiyalhica. +- +- Stems simple or branched from a cesjntose base, leafy : the heads panicled or racemose and narrow. G. A. microcephala, Gray. Silvery-silky : stems slender, erect, a span high, leafy nearly to tlie summit : leaves narrowly oblanceolate, or the lower spatulate and the upper linear, above gradually reduced to small subulate bracts : heads small (about 2 lines long) and rather few-flowered, numerous in a loose naked panicle : involucre glabrate, of wholly scarious and thin obtuse scales, destitute of papery tips : akenes very glandular : pappus of fertile flowers not longer than the corolla, of the sterile w^ith much dilated tips. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 74. Sierra Co., Levimon: first detected in Washoe Valley, Nevada, by Mr. Slrdch. Involucre light brownish, the tips of the inner scales sometimes rose-colored. 7. A. Geyeri, Gray. Densely white-w^oolly : branches barely a span high from a prostrate tufted base, very leafy to the top : leaves narrowly oblanceolate or spatu- late, short : heads (3 or 4 lines long) thickish, cylindraceous, the fertile usually few^ and somewhat spicate, the sterile hardly more numerous and rather corymbose : involucre w^oolly below ; the inner scales with glabrous obtuse papery tips, which are either ivory-white or deep rose-colored : bristles of the sterile pappus gradually and moderately thickened upwards. — PL Fendl. 107, & Pacif. E. Eep. I. c. Northeastern borders of California, Kcichcrry. Sierra Co., Lcmmon. Discovered by Geyer in the interior of Oregon. 35. ANAPHALIS, DC. Everlasting. Heads discoid, incompletely dioecious; viz. the pistillate with filiform 2-4- toothed corollas very numerous, and a few (or occasionally no) hermaphrodite but sterile flowers, with tubular 5-lobed corollas, in the centre ; the staminate nearly as in Antennaria. Involucre campanulate, of many ranks of mostly snow-Avhite scari- ous scales. Eeceptacle flat, naked. Style in the staminate flowers usually 2-cleft merely at the apex. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles, unconnected at base, in the sterile flowers (at least in our species) slightly thickened upwards. — Peren- nials, all Asiatic (Himalayan, &c.), except one species, with wholly the aspect of Gnaphalium., which is dispersed all round the northern hemisphere, especially through North America, viz. Onaphalium. COMPOSITE. 341 1. A. margaritacea, Benth. White-woolly, cue to three feet high, leafy up to the l)io;ul compuund ('(n-yiub : leaves lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, mainly 1-nerved, the upper face early becoming glabrous and green : scales of the involucre very numerous and pearly white, obtuse, not longer than the flowers. — Gnaphalium margaritaceiim, Linn. Aiitennaria margaritacea, K. Urown, &lg. Thickets and open grounds, from near San Francisco northward, mostly in cool districts : apparently not abundant in California, but common in Oregon, as it also is in the Northern Atlantic States and in Northeastei'n Asia. 36. GNAPHALIUM, Linn. Cudweed, Everlasting. Heads all alike, discoid, hetcrogamous ; the pistillate flowers numerous in several series, with filiform corollas ; the perfect and fertile flowers fewer in the centre, with tubular 4 - 5-lobed corollas. Involucre campanulate or ovoid, of several or many ranks of scarious or scarious-tipped scales. Eeceptacle flat or convex, naked. Style in perfect flowers 2-cleft. Akenes oblong or obovate. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles, which are barely scabrous and not thickened upward. — Floc- cose-wooUy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and yellowish or whitish flowers. A large genus, widely dispersed over the world, only a few of them North American. § 1 . Bristles of the pappus unconnected, falling separately. — True Gnaphalium. -Yc Heads or clusters terminating the erect stem, or its branches : scales of the involucre very numerous and more or less bright-colored, white or ivhitish, rarely tinged rose- color or yellowish, and glabrous except the base. (Mostly biennicds ?) -t- Corymbose or sometimes densely glomerate heads broad. 1. G. decurrens, Ives. Eather stout, from one to nearly three feet high, vis- cid-glandular under the more or less deciduous or loose wool : leaves conspicuously decurrent, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate (1| to 3 inches long, 2 to 4 lines broad), acute : heads very numerous in dense corymbose clusters : involucre broadly cam- panulate, white (sometimes becoming sordid); the scales oval or ovate. — The var. Californicum (G. Californicum, DC.) has inostly a bright white involucre, rarely tinged with rose-color ; the scales obtuse. Common on hillsides, from San Diego through Oregon, where it occurs with duller-white in- volucre, as in the G. decurrens of the Northern Atlantic States. Akenes smooth except under a strong lens, which shows minute scabrous points. 2. Gr. Sprengelii, Hook. & Am. Commonly rather stout and strict, a span to a foot and a half liigh, leafy to the top, densely white-woolly, not glandular : leaves linear or the lower spatulate-lanceolate, somewhat decurrent : heads in a dense capi- tate cluster or a few clusters : involucre campanulate ; its scales oblong-oval, obtuse, white, rarely tinged yellowish, often becoming rather sordid or tawny : akenes almost smooth. — Bot. Beechey, 150 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 427. G. luteo-album, mainly or wholly, of American authors. Hillsides, &c., apparently throughout the State, thence northward to Oregon and eastward to New Mexico. G. hitco-album, Linn, (which the more slender forms of this approach, and to which G. Vira-vira of Chili seems to belong) is a weaker plant, with fewer clusters of heads, more tawny involucre, and akenes studded with glandular elevations. Very probably G. Sandimccn- siam, Gaudichaud, is an older name of this species. -(- -f- Paniculate rather than corymbose heads narroiv : stems at length loosely much branched. 3. G. microcephalum, Xutt. 'Wliite-woolly, not glaiiduLir : stems a foot or two high, slender : lea\'(js linear or the lower oblauceolate (an inch or so in length). 342 COMPOSIT^E. Gnaplialium. slightly decurrent : heads in numerous small clusters terminating the paniculate branches : involucre cylindraceous becoming narrowly campanulate ; the scales dull white, obtuse or acutish. — Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 404 ; Gray, PI. Wright., &c. Above the Yosemite Valley (Bolmider), and Sierra Valley (Lcmmon) ; perhaps also near Ray of San Francisco. Also in Oregon, Nevada, and east to New Mexico. Heads 2 or 3 lines long. 4. Gr. ramosissimum, Xutt. Yiscid-glandular, green, lightly woolly : stems 3 to 6 feet high : leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, conspicuously decurrent : heads very numerous and either separate or clustered on the loosely paniculate branches : invo- lucre somewhat turbinate ; the scales dull white and often tinged with rose-color, acutish. — PI. Gamb. 173 ; Gray in Bot. AVilkes Exp. 363. Bay of San Francisco to Monterey. Heads not larger than those of the foregoing species. The odor and the glandular herbage as in G. dccurrcns. * * Heads small, inconspicuous, in sessile lateral and terminal capitate woolly clus- ters, subtended by leaves : involucre of rather few and sordid or brownish scales : stems low and weak or diffuse, from an annual root. 5. G-. palustre, Nutt. Loosely very woolly, an inch to a span high, mostly erect and branching mainly from thebase : leaves spatulate verging to lanceolate or linear : heads 2 lines long : scales of the involucre linear, obtuse, pale brown with whitish tips. — G. palustre & G. gossypinum, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Common in moist grounds through the Pacific States, and eastward to and beyond the Rocky Mountains. G. ULIGIN(JSUM, Linn., the common little CiuJweccl of the Eastern States and the Old "World, has been credited to California, but probably by mistaking small forms of the foregoing, from which it may be distinguished by its more diffuse growth, heads only a line long, and propoition- ally broader scales of the involucre, of a chestnut-brown color. § 2. Bristles of the pappus united at base into a. rinr/ : heads iii axillary sessile clusters or spicate-glomerate : involucre as in the pirecedlng subdivision {of broivnish and not very numerous scales). — GAMOCHiETA. (Gamocha^ta, Wed- dell.) 6. Gr. purpureum, Linn. A span to a foot or more high, ascending from an an- nual or mure (niduring root, coated Avith appressed Avhite wool : lower leaves spatulate, their upper surface often becoming naked and green ; upper leaves mostly spatulate- linear, gradually diminished to bracts of the glomerate-spicate inflorescence, the loAver small clusters of which are commonly rather distant : involucre tawny or brownish tinged with purplish. Pacific shore, from Columbia Eiver to Santa Barbara (and again in Chili, &c.), agreeing with the plant of the Atlantic coast. G. usfulatum, Nutt. 1. c, from Santa Barbara, is probably the same, perhaps of the more southern G. spicatum form. Tribe Y. HELIAJ^THOIDE.E. Distinguished from Asteroidece chiefly by the chaff on the receptacle, at least next the margin, and subtending fertile flowers, pappus never capillary or of numerous bristles, and the leaves all or most of them opposite ; the corollas commoidy yellow ; the branches of the style often truncate or tipped with a cone or cusp : from Heleni- oidece known by the chaff of the receptacle, &c. The first subtribe {Avihrosiccc, which might as well be regarded as a tribe) is most peculiar in the Artemisia-like habit, and the few or solitary fertile flowers, with corolla wanting or reduced to a short tube, and leaves not rarely alternate. The whole tribe is much more copiously represented in the Atlantic States than iu California. Hymenoclea. COMPOSITE. ' 3^0 37. OXYTENIA, Nutt. Head heterogamous, discoid, about 5 marginal flowers pistillate and apetalous, consisting merely of ovary and 2-cleft style; the other flowers 10 to 20, staminate (their ovary and stigma abortive), with funnelform 5-lobed corolla and undivided style, and nearly distinct anthers, these with blunt tips. Involucre of about 5 thin and broad scales. Eeceptacle chatty, a spatulate villous scale subtending each or most of the sterile flowers and faUiug with them. Akenes obovate, turgid, beset with long villous hairs, crowned (at least when young) Avith a large and protu- berant annular disk. Pappus none. — Genus nearly related to the next, of one species, viz. 1. O. acerosa, Ts^'utt. Shrubby, 3 or 5 feet high, whitened with a fine pubes- cence : brandies rigid, rush-like, mostly naked, terminated by the racemose or paniculate-clustered inflorescence of small Avoolly heads : leaves as far as known alternate, either pinnately 3 - 5-foliolate or the uppermost simple and like the leaf- lets, 1. e. very narrowly linear and revolute so as to appear filiform or acerose, 2 to 4 inches long, rigid. — PI. Gamb. 172. - Southeastern borders of California and adjacent parts of Arizona, m a desert region, Gambcl Lieut. Wheeler. ' 38. IVA, Linn. Head heterogamous, discoid ; a few marginal flowers pistillate and with a short tubular corolla ; the other and more numerous flowers staminate (their ovary and stigma abortive), with funnelform 5-lobed coroUa and undivided style: anthers nearly distinct. Scales of the involucre few and mostly in a single series, commorJy united into a cup. Eeceptacle chaffy with linear or spatulate scales subtending sterile flowers. Akenes obovate, thick, naked, often granulate ; no disk at the apex. — Leaves simple, at least some of the lower opposite. Heads small, nodding on short pedicels, either in the axils of the leaves, or in terminal spikes or panicles. A genus of several species on the eastern side of the continent, one of which extends from the iMissoun Paver to the Pacific, viz. 1. I. axillaris, Pursh. Perennial, branching, a span to a foot and a half high, varying from minutely hirsute to glabrous, and the sessile entire leaves froni broadly linear to spatulate or obovate (about an inch long) : heads solitary in their axils, lieniispherical : scales of involucre about 5, broad, united at base or beyond the middle. "^ Var. pubescens. Villous with lax spreading hairs ; the involucre turbinate and almost entire. — Gray in Bot. Wilkes Exp. 350. Sandy and usually saline soil, near the coast, also along the western borders of the State, and north to British Columbia. The variety from Bay of San Francisco. 39. HYMENOCLEA, Torr. & Gray. Heads homogamous and unisexual, monoecious; the staminate ones many-flow- ered ; the pistillate one-flowered ; the two kinds intermixed in the axillary sessile clusters, or the staminate in upper axils. Staminate flowers in a hemispherical head, with an open 5 - 6-lobed involucre, similar to those of Amhi-osia (only the chaff of the receptacle is much dilated, and the inflexed tip of the anthers is blunt) : pistillate flower solitary in a closed and akene-like involucre, which is pointed with a sleuihn- beak from the i\\) of which the style protrudes, its middle adoriK-d 344 COMPOSITE. HymenocUa. with 9 to 12 broad and silvery-scarious persistent wings: corolla none. Akene as in Ambrosia, &c. — Low and much branched shrubby plants, of arid deserts, Arte- misia-like in habit ; with alternate linear-filiform leaves, minutely canescent beneath, the lower sparingly piunately part.ed, and smaU heads sessile in profuse panicled clusters. — PI. Fendl. 79 ; Torr. PI. Fremont, t. 8. 1. H. Salsola, Torr. & Gray. Fruiting involucre spindle-shaped and strobile- like, being covered with the spirally disposed orbicular scales (each a quarter of an inch long), which are imbricated when moist, but spreading when mature and dry. Sandy saline uplands near the Moliave River {Fremont, Cooper), and through the desert mterior to N. W. Nevada, on the borders of California, Watson, Lemmon. 2. H. monogyra, Torr. & Gray. Fruiting involucre smaller (2 lines long), bearing at the middle a single whorl of obovate or rhombic-reniform radiating scales. River bottoms, San Diego {Cleveland), thence to the Gila : not rare in Arizona, &e. Plant 3 to 5 feet high. The young plant so named in the Botany of King's Expedition belongs to the preceding species. 40. AMBROSIA, Toum. Ragweed. Heads homogamous and unisexual, monoecious (sometimes nearly dicecious) ; the pistillate one-flowered, mostly in the axils of upper leaves ; the staminate several- flowered in panicled or single terminal racemes or spikes, without bracts. Stami- nate flowers in an open several-lobed or almost entire truncate herbaceous involucre, subtended by slender or filiform chafl'; their corollas broad and 5toothed ; their anthers ahnost distuict, tipped with a slender-acuminate inflexed appendage ; ovary and stigma none or rudimentary ; style with truncate tip radiately fimbriate. Pis- tillate flower in a closed akene-like one-celled involucre, which at maturity is armed below the short rigid beak with a single row of 4 to 8 tubercles or short spines, or sometimes naked : corolla none. Akene ovoid or obovate, thick : pappus none. — Weedy coarse annuals, or perennials, with mostly lobed, pinnatifid, or pinnately divided and cleft leaves, the lower at least opposite ; the small heads greenish, or the sterile flowers barely yellowish. Chiefly American and widely difi'used, but apparently very scanty in California. 1 A artemisicefolia, Linn. Annual, 1 to 3 feet high, roughish-hirsute : leaves thinnish, twice pinnatifid : fruit (i. e. fruiting involucre) smooth below, not reticulated, armed with about 6 very acute horns or spines. This, the common Eoman Wormwood or Bitterivced of the East, can hardly be absent from California. S. Watson collected it in Nevada, and others m Oregon. 2 A psilostachya, DC. Perennial, more strigosely hirsute than the forego- in-, with thicker and less divided leaves, the upper only once pmnatificl : fruit puberulent, rugose-reticulated, without horns or spines, or with short and rather blunt ones.— ^. carompifolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. h. 291. San Luis Rey {GmXter, Parry) ; Bay of San Francisco {Pickering and Brackcnridcje) ; San Diego Co., Palmer. Also in Nevada, and thence eastward to Texas and Illinois. 41. FRANSERIA, Cav. Heads, flowers, &e., as in Ambrosia, except that the fertile involucre is armed with more than one rank of prickles or spines, and is 1-4-celied and 1-4-flowered. — All American herbs or suil'rutescent plants; the greater part Xorth American west of the Mississippi. Franseria. COMPOSITE. 345 § 1. Fertile involucre 1-2-celled, armed with several stout or flattened and strai'jht or merely curved spines. =k Annual: spines on the fruit very flat and broad. 1. F. Hookeriana, Nutt. A foot or so high, rough-hirsute : leaves twice pinuatiliJ, either green or strigosely hoary beneath : racemes panicled : fruiting invokicre smooth or sometimes sparingly hirsute, about 3 lines long ; its widely spreading spines lanceolate-subulate and thin. — Ambrosia acanthicarpa, Hook. Los Angeles, Braver. Eastern borders of the State, Mono Lake, Bolandcr. Thence common to Oregon, Texas, Nebraska, &c. Involucre apparently always one-tlowered and one-celled. vc V; Perennial, sometimes woody at base. -H Leaves twice or thrice piunately 2}ci}'ted, their tdtimate divisions small. 2. F. dumosa, Gray. Shrubby and divergently much branched, a foot or so high, canescent with line and close white pubescence : leaves with rather few obtuse lobes, some of them only simply pinnatifid : fruiting involucre nearly glabrous ; the spines flat and subulate. — ^liep. Frem. 2nd Exp. 316. F. albicaulis, Torr. PI. Fremont. 16. Gravelly plains, southeastern borders of the State, Coulter, Selwtt, Cooper, &c. Also in Arizona. 3. F. pumila, Xutt. Herbaceous, a span high, canescently silky-hirsute : " root creeping": leaves thrice pinnatifid, the lobes crowded : spike dense : "spines of the fruit not exserted." — Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 344. "Near San T>\ego, NuUall, Parry. All the specimens seen are young, and the fruit unformecL But l)il|iinr) (Studj sopra Artem.). who makes of this a genus (Hernia mhrosia), says tliat the iipiMi- i.rtilr involucres are 2-celled and 2-flowered, the lower one-celled and one-ilowered. Nut- tall assigns short spines to the fruit. Very probably this species is a dwarf state of F. tcnuifolia. 4. F. bipinnatifida, Xutt. Herbaceous : stems decumbent or trailing, 2 or 3 feet long, somewhat hirsute : leaves twice or thrice pinnatitid, canescently hirsute or almost silky : spike dense : fruiting involucre nearly glabrous ; its spines rather short, stout, conical-subulate, flattened. Along the sea-shore from San Diego to British Columbia. Fruiting involucre 4 or 5 lines long, rather narrow. Perhaps, as Lessing supposed, a form of the next. -{- -i- Leaves undivided or merely incised. 5. F. Chamissonis, Less. Herbaceous : stems trailing, a foot or two long, stout, appressed-hirsute : leaves silky-canescent or silvery, varying from oval to cuneate-oblong, contracted at base into a long petiole, unequally and obtusely ser- rate, sometimes incised, rarely almost pinnatitid : spike dense : fruiting involucre sparsely hirsute ; its spines very stout and flatfish. — F. Chamissonis, var. malvce- folia. Less. F. cuneifolia, Nutt. 1. c. Sea-shore, in sand, from San Francisco north to British Columljia. 6. F. deltoidea, Torr. Herbaceous with more or less woody base, low, canes- cent with a tine and close woolliness, which is partly deciduous with age : branches slender : leaves varying from deltoid-ovate or almost hastate to rhombic-lanceolate, obtusely and tinely serrate, sometimes sparingly incised, on slender petioles : sterde heads rather loosely racemed : spines of the ovoid 2-flowered involucre flat and thin, broadly lanceolate subulate, pubescent or almost glabrous. — PI. Fremont. 15, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 86. Southeastern frontiers of the State : common on the Gila : also in Lower California if, as is probable, this is also F. chcno])ocliifoUa, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 26, the older name. 7. F. eriocentra, Gray. Shrubby, low, hoary-pubescent : branches slender : leaves varying from cuncate to lanceolate, sparingly incised : heads mostly glomerate : fruiting involucre and its rigid nearly terete subulate spines clothed with long vd- lous wool. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 355. 346 COMPOSITE. Franseria. Southeastern borders of the State : eastern slope of Providence Mountains^ Cooper. On the Colorado, Newberry. Fruiting involucre in the specimeus examined one-celled and one-seeded. § 2. Ftrtile involucre mostly 2-celled and %flowered, small, armed toith short and stout incu7'ved hook-tipped spines : leaves dissected. 8. F. tenuifolia, Gray. Herbaceous, apparently perennial : stem erect, 1 to 3 feet liigli, hirsute : leaves twice or thrice pinnatitid or dissected, strigoselj^ pubescent or hirsute, or sometimes even canescent beneath ; the ultimate divisions linear ; small lobes often interposed on the rhachis : sterile spikes simple and elongated or paniculate : fertile involucres glomerate, at nuiturity only one or two lines long, ovoid or globular, minutely pubescent : its short and stout subulate sjjines more or less incurved and with uncinate tips. — PL Fendl. 80 ; PL Wright., &c. Southeastern borders of the State, thence eastward to the Gulf of Mexico : also in the Sand- wich Islands, and in Lower California, Cape Sau Lucas, Xantus. Doubtless it is also F. hisjiida, Beuth. Bot. Sulph. (although that is said to have sometimes four flowers in the involucre) : but the present name wUl still hold, as Ambrosia tenuifolia, Spreng., is, it appears, the very same species. § 3. Fertile involucre 2 - i-celled, 2 - i-Jlowered, thicJcly beset {like Xanthium) tvith slender and rather soft hook-tipped j^rickles. 9. F. ambrosioides, Cav. TaU, 4 to 6 feet high, with a woody base, hirsute- pubescent : leaves oblong-lanceolate "vvith mostly truncate or cordate base, acuminate, unequally toothed, 3 to 5 inches long, the petiole sometimes wing-appendaged at base : sterile raceme rather loose : fruiting involucre lialf an inch long, minutely hispid. Occurs near the southeastern and the southern frontiers of the State, and probably within its limits. Not rare in Mexico. 42. XANTHIUM, Tourn. Cocklebur, Clotbur. Heads homogamous and unisexual, monoecious, in axillary or terminal clusters or short interrupted spikes ; the pistiUate 2-flowered and underneath the several- flowered staminate. Staminate flowers as in Ambrosia, except that the involucre is of several distinct and narrow scales, and the receptacle more or less elevated, its chaff broader. Pistillate flowers enclosed in a bur-like ovoid or oblong closed indurated involucre, M'hich is 2-celled, 2-flowered, and armed all over Avith strong- ly hook-tipped prickles : corolla none. Akenes obovoid, thick : pappus none. — Coarse and vile annual weeds, with alternate petioled leaves ; the three or four species perhaps all natives of America, but now widely dispersed over the world ; probably none indigenous to California. 1. X. Strumarium, Linn. Stems a foot or two high, not prickly : leaves del- toid-ovate orsianewhat cordate, irregularly serrate, often slightly incised, rough and green both sides, on long petioles : fruiting involucre over half an inch long, thick, tipped with a pair of strong beaks, pubescent or sometimes hispid between and on the lower part of the crowded prickles. Waste ground near dwellings, &c. ; also on the sea-coast. The common Cocklebur, apparently less comnion than at the east"; but both the ordinary form occurs and var. echinatiivi, Torr. & Gray, with tliirker nnd glandular-hispid involucre. 2. X. spinosum, Linn. Hoary-pubescent : stems much branched, bearing long and yellowish tviiAe spines by the side of the leaves : these lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, canescent beneath, often 2 - 3-lobed or cut, tapering into a short petiole : fruiting involucre narrow, half an inch or less long, more sparsely prickly, the beak inconspicuous. Sea-coast, San Juan, ic. ; also in the foot-hills, Calaveras Co. : introduced from Chili. Balsamorhiza. COMrOSIT^. 347 43. RUDBECKIA, Linn. Coxe-flower. Head many-flowered, lieterogamous, with neutral ray-flowers, rarely homogamous by the absence of these ; disk-flovvers perfect. Involucre of foliaceous commonly unequal scales in one or two series, mostly spreading. Eeceptacle remarkably ele- vated, in ours columnar, at least at maturity, so that the perfect flowers are spicate ; each flower subtended or partly embraced by a chaff. Eays long and nearly entire. Disk-corollas cylindraceous, 5-tootlied. Akenes quadrangular and mostly laterally compressed, smooth, crowned (in our species) with a persistent chaff-like cup or 4 chaffy teeth more or less united into a cup. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, disk-flowers from dark brown to greenishyellow, and mostly yellow rays ; all North American, but only two west of the Eocky Mountains. 1. R. Californica, Gray. Stem simple, about 3 feet high, 3-5-leaved, the long and naked peduncle-like summit bearing a single large head : leaves finely softq>ubescent, 3 to 5 inches long, varying from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acumi- nate, pinnately veined, somewhat toothed ; the middle ones sometimes with a pair of lateral lanceolate lobes at base ; uppermost sessile ; lower tapering into a slender petiole : scales of the involucre linear : rays 2 or 3 inches long, narrowly oblong, yellow : disk columnar, one or two inches long, dusky brownish : akenes com- pressed-prismatic, 2 lines long, crowned with a pappus of 4 irregular tliickish chafl'y teeth more or less united at base into a cup.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 357. Wet grassy places in the Sierra Nevada : at tlie Mariposa grove, Bulandcr. Previously col- lected by Bridges, pertiaps in the same district. E. occiDENTALis, Nutt., of Oregon and Utah, differs in its smooth and more numerous as weff as broader feaves, and has no rays at ail. 44. BALSAMOEHIZA, Hook., Nutt. Balsam-uoot. Head many-flowered, heterogamous, with fertile ray-flowers, and perfect disk- flowers. Involucre hemispherical or broader, of more or less imbricated scales, the outer loose and herbaceous or often foliaceous. Eeceptacle flat or barely convex, with linear-lanceolate chaff (often with herbaceous tips), subtending and partly embracing the disk-flowers. Eays oblong or lanceolate, with short tube (deciduous except in one species) : disk-corollas cylindrical. Branches of the style of perfect flowers slender, hispid throughout or on the long filiform appendages. Akenes of the ray obcompressed (i. e. flattened parallel with the scales) and oblong, of the disk prismatic-quadrangular or more or less compressed. Pappus none. — Low peren- nials of Western North America, mostly of the arid plains; with thick terebinthine . roots, chiefly radical leaves, and scape-like stems ; the few cauline leaves alternate or occasionally opposite, and the rather large head of yellow flowers commonly soli- tary. (Named from the resin or balsam of the root.) The thick roots, or tubers, from which sometimes the turpentine-tasted resinous bark is peeled, are cooked for food by the Indians, especiaffy in Oregon, under the names of Pash, Kuyoum, Kc. The seeds are afso eaten. — Besides the species here described, B (liALLiACTis) Carey ANA, Gray, of the interior of Oregon, forms a peculiar subgenus, Imviiig rays' which become paperv, like those of a Zbmia, and persist on the fruit ; the akem^ are omen- ous-pubescent and afl .lu^drangular, those of the ray fess flattened Cobcompressed) than i^ com- mon in the genus. The stem, moreover, bears several heads. _ B. MACROPHYLLA, Nutt., of tlie Rocky Mountain region only, is a genuine ff^e^' "^-"^^tj^ variable 5. HookcH, and fike it with leaves both un.hvided and pinnately P^jf '[ «" tX^^;'"i^ root ; but these or their divisions are entire, almost gfabrous and smooth, and the involuci-e is generally fofiaceous. 348 COMPOSIT.E. Bahamorliiza. 1. B. Hookeri, Xutt. Canescent with fine mostly soft and close pubescence : leaves usually once or twice i)innately parted or divided, lanceolate in outline, a span to a foot long, spreading ; the divisions crowded, commonly incised : scapes naked or 2deaved near the base, equalling or surpassing the leaves in length, bear- ing a single head : scales of the involucre linear or lanceolate, acuminate, rarely some of the outermost broader and foliaceous. — Heliopsis (?) balsamorhiza & tere- binthacea, Hook. Balsamorhiza Hookeri, terebinthacea, hirsuta, & inca/ia, Kutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 349. Hills near Oakland, Kellogg. Near Sonoma, Bigclov: (wi'ongly named B. macro2'>hylla) . On the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, Bloomer, Anderson, Leiiivion. Common on the plains of Nevada, Oregon, &c. B. hirsuta is a form with more hii-sute pubescence : B. incana, a variety remarkable for its soft and white wool : B. tcrchintliacca, with roughish pubescence, has some of the leaves merely incised or sharply toothed, others pin nately- parted or pinnatifid. 2. B. sagittata, Nutt. Silvery-canescent with dense mostly appressed soft wool : leaves entire, cordate-sagittate or sometimes deltoid-hastate, 4 to 9 inches long, on still longer petioles, all radical, or one or two small lanceolate petiolate bracts on the scape, which bears a single or sometimes 2 or 3 heads : involucre mostly very woolly. — Buphthalmum sagittatum, Pursh. Espeletia sagittata. & helianthoides, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 38. Balsamorhiza [Artorhiza) sagittata & heli- anthoides, Nutt, in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, on the borders of the State, &c. {Anderson, Bloomer, Wat- son) ; thence to and beyond the Rocky Mountains from Colorado to Idaho and Dakotah. 3. B. deltoidea, Nutt. Green and more or less pubescent, or almost glabrous : leaves deltdid-conlate or more broadly and deeply cordate, more or less serrate, occa- sionally entire, 3 to 9 inches long and on longer petioles, all radical, or 2 or 3 small ones or bracts on the scape : heads solitary or rarely a pair : scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear, obtuse. — B, glahrescens, Benth. PI. Hartw., is only a smoothish form, with leaves entire. Moist ground, from Tcjon and Ojai to Humboldt Co. and Oregon. Akenes flat, those of the disk compressed ; of the ray obcompressed, as they are in all these species. 4. B. Bolanderi, Gray. Glabrous or glabrate, somewhat glutinous ; a span to a foot high, with mostly scales instead of leaves from the rootstock : leaves about 3, alternate along the stout stem, cordate or ovate, entire, 3 or 4 inches long, on moderately long petioles : head solitary, short-ped uncled ; outer scales of the invo- lucre oval or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, foliaceous ; the inner ones nar- row and very villous, resembling the chaff of the receptacle. — Proc. Am. Acad, vii. 356. Auburn (Bolandcr), and on the Upper Sacramento, Fremont, Rich. Head large. Akenes flat, of the disk compressed, of the ray obcompressed. 45. WYETHIA, Nutt. Head many-flowered, heterogamous, with fertile ray-flowers and perfect disk- flowers. Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, of 2 or 3 series of scales ; the outermost foliaceous and often enlarged, the innermost mostly smaller and chaffy. Receptacle flat or nearly so ; the rigid linear or lanceolate chaff" subtending the disk- flowers flatfish or partially folded around the akenes. Eays elongated : disk-corollas cylindrical, 5-toothed, glabrous or nearly so. Branches of the style in perfect flowers produced into subulate-filiform hispid appendages. Akenes prismatic-quad- rangular, or those of the disk laterally compressed, and with obtuse or acutish angles, nervose, their broad summit continued into a persistent and firm chaffy-cori- aceous crown or cu]), which is unequally cleft into 5 or more lobes or teeth, or is Wyetkia. COMPOSITJE. 349 more truncate and produced (at the angles) into 1 to 4 chaffy rigid awns.— Peren- nial herbs ; with siini)le (rarely branching) stems from a stout root, rootstock, or caudex, alternate mostly entire and ample leaves, and solitary or few and large or middle-sized heads of yellow flowers. — Xutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 38, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. I. c. 351 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 654. Alarr^onia, DC. Prodr. A genus of several species, all natives of the region between tlie Eockv Mountains and the Pacific; — dedu-at.Mll.v Xuttall tu r'aptaiii Wv.-th, with whom h,. :ittr,w;,i,U'.i,,-,..,| th.- continent and by De Cand.iUr, tw, yrais lain-, t,, ilnnando de Alareon, a i,ul,l,. S|,,m,i-1, n , vi.ratur who lirst (in 1540) visitedaud survryrd th.' roast of ( alitornia. It is to l,c .v-ivtt.-,| thai ilH-~.re„us c-innot commemorate one of the earliest e.xploreis of the country : but the liamc may designate a section. § 1. Ahenes thick, obtusely quadrangular, crowned with a conspicuous calyx-like pap- pus of ovate or lanceolate coriaceous teeth more or less united at base into a cup: heads very large and broad {the disk \\ to 2 inches in diameter); invo- lucre open and leafy. — ALAR90NIA, Gray. 1. W. helenioides, Nutt. Soft-tomentose, or Avith age becomin.T almost gla- brous, a foot or two high : leaves oblong or oval ; radical ones a foot or more long, 4 to 6 inches wide ; cauline about half the size, all contracted at base into a short petiole : heads mostly leafy at base : outer scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate or ovate, sometimes toothed : akenes more or less pubescent at top when young. Gray, PI. Fendl. 82. Alarc^onia helenioides, DC. Melarhiza inuloides, Kellogg° Hillsides ; common near San Francisco and through the valley of the Sacramento. Akenes half an inch and the pappus 2 or 3 lines long. Teeth of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, somewhat hairy outside. 2. W. glabra, Gray. Green and glabrous throughout, minutely resinous-glan- dular or viscid : leaves otherwise as in the preceding, or more commonly toothed, and the upper perhaps narrower : akenes and pappus glabrous, the lobes of the lat- ter minutely ciliate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 543. Hillf^ides, San Luis Obispo to Marin Co. (A specimen from Bolander's collection is said to come fiom Mount Dana, at 12,000 feet ; but some error is to be suspected.) Heads nearly as large and leafy as in W. hcJcnioidcs, the bracts or leafy involucral scales often surpassing the rays. Disk-corolla with ovate wholly glabrous teeth. Foliage said to have a viscid exudation of agreeable odor. § 2. Akenes less thick, and ivith acute angles, at least those of the disk laterally com- pressed : heads less large. — True Wyethia. * Involucre hemispherical or broader : pappus short and aivnless. _ 3. W, ovata, Gray. Tomentose with soft pubescence : stem 2 feet or more high (ajiparently from running rootstocks), leafy, occasionally branching : leaves broadly ovate or the larger somewhat cordate, acute or acuminate, 3 to 6 inches long, all petioled: involucre an inch in diameter; its scales broadly lanceolate, seldom equalling the disk-flowers, mostly with a coriaceous erect base and more or less spreading acuminate herbaceous summit : akenes linear-oblong (about 4 lines long), minutely pubescent, crowned with a pappus of 6 or 8 short and broad unequal chaffy teeth, all of them somewhat united at the base. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 357. Dry hillsides, Mariposa Co., irom the foot-hills to above the Yosemite, Bridges, Bolaiukr, &c. Kays 10 to 24, about an inch long. % * Involucre narrow, of rather feiv erect scales: papj^us \-i-atvned. 4. W. mollis, Gray. Tomentose with very soft white wool, which is partly deciduous with age : stems 2 or 3 feet high, often branching above and bearing 2 to 4 racemose naked heads, rather leafy : leaves oblong or sometimes ovate, 3 to 9 inches long, becoming rigid and prominently reticulated, coutracteil at base into the 350 COMPOSITE. Wyeihia. petiole, or the iii:)perniost with rounded or ahnost cordate base : involucre campanu- late ; its scales 10 to 12, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly herbaceous, and longer than the disk-flowers : rays 10 to 15 : akenes linear-prismatic (5 lines long), minutely pubescent at summit, crowned with a very short truncate chafly cup and 2 or in the ray 3 to 5 subulate awns. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 544. Sierra Nevada, from above the Yosemite to Mono Lake, Mount Dana, Sonora Pass, &c., and adjacent jmrts of Nevada. Involucre about an ineli long, commonly very white-woolly, some- times, like the whole jjlant, glabra te. Said to grow in large patches. % * >,t Involucre broadly cavqxmulate, of numerous loose scales : 2X(PP^(S 1 -^-aioted. 5. W. angUStifolia, Nutt. Green and hirsute, at least the simple stems, a span to 2 feet high : leaves elongated-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, occasionally ser- rulate ; the radical and lower ones a span to a foot long ; the upper sessile, shorter and often broader : head naked : scales of the involucre numerous, broadly linear or lanceolate ; most of them herbaceous or foliaceous, loose, ciliate with villous or hir- sute hairs: akenes (3 lines long) minutely pubescent at summit, bearing one or two (or those of the ray 3 or 4) stout minutely hirsute awns, with some very short intervening chaffy scales, more or less united at base (rarely awnless). — Alarconia angustifolia, DC. Wyethia angustifolia & W. rohusta, ISTutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 352. Helianthus longifolius, Hook. H. Hookeriamis, DC. Plains and hillsides, from Monterey east to the foot-hills and noi-th to Oregon. A rather common and variable species. There are indications of an allied species in the foot-hills of IMari- posa and Tuolumne Counties. W. HELIANTHOIDES, Nutt., his original species, which is imperfectly known, but resembles W. anrjustifolia, with a more leafy stem, and W. AMPLEXiCAULis, Nutt., wliii li is vci v smooth and glabrous, with upper leaves closely ses- sile (both with commonly awnhss ]i;i]i|ius), inhabit a region northeast of California, but have not been found very near the IkikIiis nl tlic State. Their thick roots or rootstocks are used for food by the Indians, along with those of JJulsumorhiza. 46. VERBESINA, Linn. Head many-flowered, heterogamous Avith fertile rays, or rarely by their ab;irtion homogamous ; the disk-flowers perfect. Involucre of numerous or rather few scales. Eeceptacle convex or conical ; the chaff embracing the akenes. Akenes flat (later- ally much compressed) and winged on the margins, or those of the ray wingless. Pappus of 2 awns, either free from or united with the wings. — Chiefly herbs ; with opposite or alternate leaves, and mostly yellow flowers ; natives of the warmer parts of America : only the following reaches the borders of California. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 379. 1. V. encelioides, Benth. & Hook. Annual, more or less hoary-pubescent, or sometimes smoothish and green : stem loosely branching, a foot or two high : leaves triangular- ovate or somewhat cordate, or the upper nearly lanceolate, coarsely and incisely serrate, and with interrupted margined or winged petiole dilated at base into a toothed or laciniate foliaceous clasping auricle : heads large, corymbose : scales of the hemispherical involucre loose ; the outer set linear-lanceolate and acu- minate, foliaceous, fully equalling the flattish disk : rays numerous, cuneate-oblong, bright golden yellow, 3-lobed at summit : disk akenes surrounded by a broad whitisli and tliickish wing, which at the summit is little if at all exceeded by the short and very slender awns of the pappus. — Ximenesia encelioides, Cav. Ic. ii. 60, t. 178 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 359. On the Pio Colorado, or at least through that region all the way to Texas, and the northern provinces of Mexico, now widely ditiused over the warmer parts of the world, and not rare in gardens. The wild plant along our borders is mostly a low and -canescent form (var. cana), but it becomes luxuriant and greener in moist and richer soil. Encelia. COMPOSITyE. og-. 47. ENCELIA, Adanson. Head many-flowered, heterogamous, witJi several or numerous neutral rays, or rarely liomogamous, the rays wanting; disk-flowers perfect. Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, of more or less imbricated and herbaceous scales. Receptacle flat- tish ; the chaff subtending the disk-flowers mostly thin, concave or folded around the akenes. Disk-corollas cylindraceous or somewhat funnelform, 5-toothed. Style-appendages commonly more or less elongated, hirsute. Akenes flat (lateraUy much compressed) and thin-edged, but wingless, obovate or oblong-oval with more or less emarginate or bidentate summit, long-ciliate or naked. Pappus none or a pair of awns ; no intermediate scales. — Perennial herbs, or with shrubby base (all American and chiefly Western); with opposite or alternate and simple but sometimes lobed leaves, and middle-sized or pretty large slender-peduncled heads of chiefly yellow flowers, those of the disk occasionally brownish or purple. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 378 (inch Gercea, Barattia, & Simsia) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 656. § 1. Akenes villous-dliate : ^^appus none, or mere rudimentary awns to the abortive raif-al-enes : leaves all or all hut the very lowest alternate. — Tvm Encelia. 1. E. Californica, ^utt. Woody at base, 2 to 4 feet high, strong-scented- minutely pubescent and rather hoary, or becoming green and smoother : leaves (an inch or two long) varying from ovate to broadly lanceolate, entire or occasionally repand-toothed, rather indistinctly 3-ribbed from the base, abruptly petioled tlie broader ones rounded at base : involucre wliite-villous : rays numerous, an 'inch long,_ 2-4 toothed at the end: akenes obovate, very long-villous on the callous margins, the notch at summit very shallow. Dry hills near the coast, Santa Barbara to San Diego, and thence to tlie Gila, wliere it is vari- able often small,.,-, , epauperate apparently including all that has been referred to E. cmispersa, Chilian' E olJZ //;,'//'r'°''''' emarginate and leaves less narrowed at base than in the 2 E. farinosa, Gray. Shrubby at the base, silvery-canescent with a dense and lurluraceous white tomentum, wholly glabrous where this is deciduous: leaves ovate or ovatedanceolate with mostly cuneate base, entire, obtuse, 3-ribbed at base • Jieads rather small and numerous, on slender peduncles, in a naked panicle or corymb : involucre much shorter than the disk : rays 6 to 10, barelv half an inch long: akenes obovateand with a deep narrow notch, long-ciUate. — Emory, Rep 143. E. nivea, Gray m Bot. Mex. Bound. 88, not of Benth. Southeastern California, and adjacent parts of Arizona, Coulter, Parry, Newberry, Cooper. § 2. Akenes vUlons-ciliate and ivith a pappus of 2 chaffy atons : leaves mostly alter- nate, naked-petioled. — Ger^a, Benth. {Ger(«a k Sinuia § Gera^a, Gray.) ..n^l^'®"?^®^-^^^' ^T^-, Her^^'^ceous (perhaps annual or bienni.al) : stem mostly simple, a loot or so high, leafy towards the base, naked and simple or looselv corymbose above, sparsely hirsute : leaves very hirsute with long and spreadin"- white hairs obovate or spatulate, and tapering into a margined petiole, or the xm^^ev- most_ lanceolate and sessile, mostly with some coarse teeth : scales of the hemispher- ical involucre hnear-lanceolate, loose, green and somewhat villous (as well as .glan- dular) on the back, densely villons-ciliate with very long white hairs : i-ays 1^2 or more, oblong-obovate, nearly entire: akenes cuneate-obovate, very villous on the sides as well as margins, each margin produced at the broadly notched summit into a rigKl naked persistent awn. —Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 657. Gera^a canescens, Torr. & Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. v. 48. Simsia {Gera-a) canescens, Gray, PI. Fendl. 85. Fort Mohave, Fort Yuma, and elsewhere along the (\,lo7-ado and vicinity. Coulter, FremoiU, 352 COMPOSIT.E. Encdm. Newhcrnj, Srliott, Cooper, &c. This must be a showy plant, with its (mostly corymbose) heads adorned witli briKMl t^^dlden yellow rays (less than an inch long), and underneath the green scales of the invohi. i V li inijcd with long white hairs. The original specific name is changed on account of the old KH,rii,f n7,„-scnis. 4. E. frutescens, Gray. Shrubby below, hispid-scabrous, loosely much branched, 2 or 3 feet high: branches terminating in single long-peduncled _ heads : leaves small (rarely an inch in length), oblong or ovate, sometimes slightly cordate, entire or obscurely toothed, short-petioled : heads small : involucre scabrous-hispid or canescent: rays 6 to 12, cuneate-oblong and 3-4-lobed, sometimes wanting: akenes obovate and with a shallow notch, glabrous on the sides, very villous on the margins and the rather short or unequal (occasionally obsolete) persistent awns. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 657. Simsia {Gercea) frutescens, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 89. Gravelly ravines, &c., southeastern borders of California and adjacent parts of Arizona, Nevada, and Utah, Fremont, Emortj, Ncivherry, &c. Cordilleras near San Felipe, Sutton Hayes. 48. HELIANTHELLA, Torr. & Gray. Head many-flowered, heterogaiuous, witli rather numerous neutral rays and per- fect disk-flowers. Involucre hemispherical, of loosely imbricated linear-lanceolate scales ; the outer mostly foliaceous and attenuate-acuminate ; innermost shorter and somewhat chaffy. Eeceptacle flat or convex : chaff embracing the akenes. Disk- corollas cylindraceous, 5-toothed ; the teeth puberulent-bearded. Style-appendages hirsute, mostly short and obtuse. Akenes flat (laterally much compressed), obovate or oblong, with thin and acute or narrowly wing-margined edges, and commonly emarginate summit. Pappus an awn or chaffy tooth from each margin, and with intermediate (often very small) thin chaffy or almost setiform scales, both occasion- ally almost obsolete. — Perennial (North American) herbs ; with both opposite and alternate entire leaves, large and chiefly solitary and long-peduncled terminal heads of yellow flowers, and the general habit of Heliantkus or ]Vi/ethia. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 333 ; the second section including the typical species ; with leaves lanceolate or broader, and commonly triple-ribbed near the middle. 1. H. Californica, Gray. Minutely hirsute-pubescent: stems slender, one_ to thre"e feet high, occasionally branched : leaves spatulate-lanceolate, mostly opposite, all tapering mto petioles : head often foKaceous-bracted : rays seldom much if at all longer than the involucre : chaff obtuse : akenes obovate, smooth and glabrous throughout, narrowly margined, mimately ciliate when young only near the summit : pappus of two sliort triangular or subulate chaffy teeth and^ a crown of minute squamellse, nearly obsolete at maturity. — Pacif. Pv. Ptep. iv. 103. Napa Valley, Bigeloiv. Near Clark's, Mariposa County, A. Gray. Sierra Valley, Lcmmon. H. L\xcEOLATA, Torr. & Gray, which has akenes naked and with a pair of slender awns but hardlv any crown ; H. itniflora, Torr. & Gray, with large head, akenes silky-villous on the lace as w, '11 ns'maro-ins, a pair of stout awns, and a conspicuous crown of long and nan-ow squamellK b.'twr,.u them ; and possibly H. Parryi, Gray, with much smaller heads, narrower leaves^ but similar akenes, vet shorter or obsolete awns (at least its variety miaticaulis, H. vmUicauiis, i.aton in Bot. King Eip.), occurring north and east of California, may be found near its borders. 49. HELIANTHUS, Linn. Sunflower. Head many-flowered, heterogamous, with neutral ray- and perfect disk-flowers. Involucre hemispherical or broader, of imbricated scales, more commonly with narrow herbaceous or foliaceous tips. Eeceptacle flat or convex, with chaff embracing the akenes of the disk-flowers. Rays mostly entire : disk-corollas cylindrical, 5-toothed. HeUanthus. COMPOSITiE. 353 Branches of the style tipped with a subulate hispid appendage. Akenes thick, commonly obovate-oblong, either 4-angled or somewhat lenticular, laterally more or less compressed, the edges obtuse as well as marginless. Pappus caducous, of 2 chaffy awns or pointed scales, one from each principal angle of the akene, sometimes with two or more very small and thin intermediate scales, which are equally cadu- cous. — Coarse annuals or perennials, with entire or merely toothed leaves, at least the lower ones mix^^tly opposite, and solitary or somewhat corymbose heads, of large or middle size. Eays yellow : disk yellow, brownish, or sometimes dark purple. A genus of_ nearly threescore species, all American and chiefly temperate North American most of them m the Atlantic United States, very few in California. * Annuals, with leaves 2,-rihhed at base, all but the lowest usually alternate : receptacle flat : disk broionish or dark jmrplish. 1. H. annuus, Lum. Large, hispid and rough : leaves deltoid-ovate and the lower more or less cordate, acuminate, 3 to 7 inches long, all petioled : scales of the involucre ovate or ovate-lanceolate, abruptly slender-acuminate : chaff of the recep- tacle shorter than the flowers : akenes in the wild plants appressed sUky-pubescent, 2^ to 4 lines long: pappus of 2 chafly scales.— The wild plant, with peduncles moderately if at all thickened, recei)tacle an inch or so in diameter, and even the lower leaves not much cordate, is H. lenticular is, Dougl. in Bot. Eeg. t. 1265. _ Banks of streams, and open places, in the eastern and southern part of the State, more common in Nevada, and thence to Nebraska and Texas. Seeds used for food by the Indians. In all prob- ability this wild sunflower of the plains is the original of the long-cultivated H. annuuL A specimen from Fort Tejon, by Xantus, would be referred to that species. 2. H. petiolaris, mitt. Slender, about 2 feet high, branching : leaves from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, commonly almost entire, contracted at base into Imv^ and slender petioles : head rather small : acuminate tip of the chaff of the receptacle not lon^^er than the flowers : akenes more or less appressed-pubescent. ° Occurs sparingly in the eastern and southern parts of the State and Nevada : common in Utah and eastward almost to the Mississippi. Seemingly passes into depauperate ibrms of the i)receding. 3. H. Bolanderi, Gray. Stem hirsute, branching, 2 feet or more high : leaves ovate-lanceolate ur the lower rhomboid-ovate, acute or acuminate, very sharply and coarsely serrate, on slender petioles : heads somewhat panicled, short-peduncled : involucre loosely hirsute ; its scales linear-lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, loose foha- ceous, longer than the disk, mostly equaUing the 10 or 12 rays : chaft'of the rece'ptacle entire or nearly so, tipped with an awn exceeding the dark-purple coroUas : akenes silky-pubescent : pappus of 2 subulate chaffy awns. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 544. Lake County at the Geysers, Bolander. Also collected by Bridges, but habitat unknown Heads small. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, on petioles of about half then- length. 4. H. exilis, (Iray, 1. c. More or less hirsute : stems slender, branching, a foot high : leaves hnear-oblong or lanceolate, nearly entire, obscurely 3-nerved at base, tapering into a short petiole : heads very small, on slender sometimes leafy-bracted peduncles : scales of the involucre nearly as in the preceding : rays 5 to !^ Receptacle convex or conical, manij-flotvered, chaff y throughout ; the chaff distinct: heads middle-sized : rays rather numerous, and usually in more than one series, short, apparently pale yellow : akenes hardly if at all rugose, those of the disk S07ne of them more or less fertile (these ivith a depressed central termincd areola). — (§ Olocarpha, DC, excl. sp.) 7. H. macradenia, DC. Loosely branched, a foot or two high, stout, hirsute and viscid-gLiudular : lower cauline and radical leaves laciniate-pinnatifid ; the others narrowly linear; uppei'most and those of the axillary fascicles filiform-subulate, tipped with a truncate gland : heads mostly glomerate at the end of the branches : scales of the involucre and some of the chati' beset on the back with large long- stipitate glands : rays roundish-cuneiform, 3-lobed : fertile akenes obovate, 5-angIed, short-beaked from the inner angle : receptacle strongly conical : pappus none. Dry open ground, from the Bay of San Francisco southward. One of the commoner "Tar- weeds," exuding a heavy-scented viscid matter, which blackens the noses of hoi-ses. Notwith- standing its frutescent aspect, the root is annual, or at most biennial. 8. H. pungens, Torr. & Gray. Simple and at length much branched, a span to nearly a yard high, hirsute or sjjarsely hispid : cauline leaves pinnatilid, or the lower bipinnatifid with short spinulose-acuminate lobes ; those of the branchlets and fascicles entire, small and crowded, lanceolate or linear-subulate, rigid, spinu- lose-tipped, as are the scales of the leafy-bracted involiicre and the narrow chaff of the receptacle : rays scarcely exceeding the disk, narrow, 2 - 3-toothed : i)appus none : receptacle strongly convex. — Ilartmannia pnngens. Hook. & Arn. ; Hook. Ic. PL t. 334. Dry hillsides, from San Franciseo southward to San Diego, where a very sparingly liirsute form occurs. The root of this species also is annual. Akenes as m the preceding, but smaller. 9. H. Fitchii, Gray. Paniculately branched, rigid, a span to a foot high, villous or somewhat hirsute : radical leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted into few linear or subu- late divisions ; cauline leaves (or the upper ones) like those of the branches, sub- ulate-linear (about an incli long), rigid and spinulose-tipped, very ]Hingent, the villous pubescence generally accompanied with small very long-stalked glanils : heads foliose-bracteate : scales of the involucre subulate : rays oblong, 2-tootlied, little exceeding the disk : chaff of the convex and hairy receptacle pointless, bearded Avith long villous hairs : fertile akenes obovate, 3-angled, smooth, very gibbous ; sterile disk-akenes with a pappus nearly equalling their corollas, composed of 8 to 12 narrowly linear and rigid chaffy scales, which are more or less united at base and fringed or bearded at tip. — Pacif. E. Rep. iv. 108. Valley of the Sacramento ; Clear Lake ; Long Valley, Plumas Co., &e., to Carson Valley, Alpine Co. A well-marked species : some younger and less villous forms resemble II. puiujcns; but the ehaff is not [lungent, always more or less villous-bearded, and tlie pappus is uharaeteristic. 364 COMPOSITE. Hemizonia. § 2. Fertile ahenes slightly oblique and with depressed terminal areola liardly eccen- tric, glabrous, smooth and even, obovate and obsciirehj triangidar, inserted by a minute injlexed stipe, mostly in tioo series : heads (corymbose) many-jlowered, and with consjncuous strongly d-lobed rays (expanding in sunshine) : recepAacle convex, chaffy throughout, the inner chaff very thin : dislc-akenes aboitive, desti- tute of p>appus. — EuHEMizoNiA, Gray. (Hemizonia, DC, as to tlie typical species of both sections.) 10. H. COngesta, DC. Somewhat coryinbosely or paniculately branched above, a foot high, rather villous than hirsute with long mostly soft hairs, slightly glandular towards the summit : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower (commonly opposite) oblanceolate and sparsely serrulate : heads rather few : scales of the involucre with lanceolate foliaceous tips : outer series of chaff of the receptacle somewhat similar to the scales and distinct or partly united : rays light yellow. Low ground, in the western part of the State, Douglas, &c. Head, including the expanded broad rays, about an inch in diameter. This species is insufficiently known. Some specimens which have been referred to it prove to have Mdiite rays, and to be a less glandular and more villous form of the next ; from which, however, the yellow flowers ought to distinguish the present species. 11. H. luzulaefolia, DC. Corymbosely or paniculately much branched, a span to 2 feet high, villous, or Ijelow lloccose-woolly Avhen young, above Itecoming very glandular and viscid : leaves linear, entire or merely denticulate, the lower elongated and 3 - 5-nerved : heads numerous, middle-sized or small, mostly on short naked peduncles : scales of the involucre with short herbaceous tips : outer series of chaff united into a cup : rays (6 to 10) and disk-flowers white, sometimes tinged with pink. — R. sericea. Hook. & Am. //. rndis, Benth. Bot. Sulph. ; a much-branched summer state, with small heads and small very glandular upper leaves ; the long and silky-woolly Luzula-like lower leaves gone. Dry open grounds, common throughout all the western part of the State, and veiy variable, especially in the size and number of flowers in the head ; blooming continuously from April or even March till November. Involucre from 5 or 6 to 2 lines high : rays from 5 to 2 lines long, broadly cuneiform. The var. fntfiarimdcs, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 70, fig. 14, ai)pears not ditlerent from the ordinary" form of the species, but is said to have " the refreshing odor of strawberries." § .3. Akenes of disk mostly tvell-formed and sometimes the outermost tridy fertile (then hairy), tiirhinate-quadrangidar or slightly obcompressed, straight, furnished with a consjncuous chaffy pappus; of the ray obovoid-triangidar, slightly oblique, and the terminal areola little if at all eccentric : rays 1 to 7, very broad, X)almately 3-lobed or parted: heads narrow, small: recex)tacle small and flat, the herbaceous chaff only between the ray- and disk-flowers : leaves entire and narrowly linear with revolute memjins, or filiform, or those in axillary fascicles and clusters aboid the heads subulate, but obtuse, commonly tipjied, and sometimes beset on the back, with disk-like or when dry scmcer- shaped and either sessile or short-stipitate glands (ivhence the name). — Caly- CADENiA, Gray. (Calycadenia, DC.) % Diffusely paniculate-branched : branches filiform : chaff of the receptacle united. •!- JJisk-shaped glands none : ray-akenes apicidate at both ends, rugose. 12. H. tenella, Gray. A span to a foot high, minutely glandular, also sparsely hispid when young : leaves linear-filiform, the loAver an inch or two long, upper- most reduced to filiform bracts : heads terminating the very numerous and widely spreading filiform branchlets, cylindraceous : rays 3 to 5, white, 3-parted down to the long and slender tube ; disk-flowers 5, white marked with piu'ple : ray-akenes glabrous, rugose, raised on a short stipe and tipped with a short and thick truncate Htmizonia. COMPOSITE. ggc beak ; aisk-akenes obscurely hairy, their pappus of 4 or 5 lanceolate firm-chaffv scales tapering into stout rough awns, and of as many intermediate short truncate Tt^t:t^. i^, ^"- ^'■''- ^^- '''■ ^--'-'^ ^-^^'«' ^"^^- ^'<^^^^- ti^^^^l ^iSI^'f^:-^' ''•^''''' '-' ^^^^^"- «-^^ ' - ' ^^- !-«• «o- of ^ -K msk-skaped or saucer-shaped short-stalked gland terminating the fascicled leaves . and bracts : ray-ahenes not apiculate at either end, the terminal areola depressed the surface smooth and even : flowers apparently white. 13. H. Fremontii, Gray. A span high, with ascending branches, sli-htly hir- sute or hispid: leaves narrowly linear, roughish : heads several-bracted," terminal ancl axillary, short-peduncled or nearly sessile, campanulate : rays 5 to 7, 3-parted tl^ir tube very short; disk-flowers about 20: chaff of the receptacle forming a 12- 14-toothed cup : pappus of disk-akenes 10 chaffy scales, at least the alternate ones longer and siibulate-awned, not longer than the -A^^u^. — Calycadenia Fremontii, Gray, Lot. Mex. Eound. 100. California, Fremont. Tiie particular station unknown. _ 14. H. pauciflora, Gray. About a foot high, with filiform diver^ino- often zigzag branches, minutely scabrous, sparingly hispid, especially along the mardns ot the lower portion of the hnear-filiform leaves : heads distant and sessile in'^the axiJs along the branches as well as terminal, cylindrical: ray solitary, 3-parted down to Its short tube; disk-flowers 3 combine.l into a 3-toothed tubular cup, their pappus ot 5 subulate-awned and 5 small intermediate truncate chaff-y scales. — Calycadenia pauciflora, Gray, 1. c. -^ ./ sin^ce^Sen mef with!'^ '' *^'' '^'*'°" unknown. Both species were collected in 1846, and have not * * Virgate; the stem or branches strict: heads mostly in the axih, either solitary or clustered: rays deeply Uobed or sometimes ?> parted ; their akenes ivith truncate summit slightly if at all apiculate : disk-corollas narroxo and long, 5-toothed • flowers m some and perhaps all the species open only through evening and ^ Soft-pnhescent, not at all hispid: heads sometohat p>aniculate or in short-jmluncled axillary clusters. .n/!;^i"'°?'®' ^^'T ^^""^^^ ^ ^'^* ^"Sli, grayish with a soft fine pubescence, no even hirsute except on the margins of the uppermost leaves and bActs : these tipped with a tack-shaped or saucer-shaped and short-stalked gland, or sparsely wi h Z \ w 1 '^^'''^' l^'Tf I^^^^^^ '^^' 3 ^° -5' ^^'''^^^ equally 3-parted and with short but slender tube; disk-flowers 5 to 10 : chaff" of the receptacle united into a b-8-toothed cup: ray-akenes somewhat rugose, and the broad terminal areola rather protuberant : pappus in the disk of 5 or 6 subulate-awned scales nearly twice the length of the akenes, and of one or two additional short and blunt scales. — H.angmtijolia, Diu-and, PI. Herm., Pacif. R Eep. iii. 10, not of DC. Caly- cadenia mollis. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 360. ^rS?*'^''^^'' *^^"P°'^ ^"'l ^''esno Counties ; very common at A\Tiite and Ilatoli's, Bolaiukr, -f--f- Glabrous and smooth, or some of the lorrer leaves slightly and sparsely hispid: heads scattered, solitary in the axils and ternninal. 10. H. triincata, Gray. Slender, a foot or two high; the virgate stem some- times paniculately branched above : leaves very narrowly linear, the short u])per- most and the bracts tipped Avith a very large and almost sessile saucer-shajioil gland: flowers yellow; rays 5 to 8, 3-cleft, with very short tube; disk-fluwers 10 366 COMPOSIT.E, Hemizonia. to 20 : chaff of receptacle more or less distinct, truncate : ray-akenes as in tlie pre- ceding : pa])pus of those of the disk short and awnless ; the scales 7 to 10, oblong, incisely or limbriately toothed, very much shorter than the akene, rarely wanting. — Calycadenia truncata, DC. Dry ground, Valley of the Sacramento to Mendocino Co., &c. ■i- -i- -i~ Setose-hirsute or hispid, at least on the viargin of the leaves or brads : heads sessile or nearly so, atid often clustered in the arils and at the summit of the stem : short-stipitate or almost sessile saucer-shaped glands at the tips of the uj^j^er and fascicled leaves, bracts, t&c, and often on their sides. 17. H. Douglasii, Gray. Slender, a span to a foot or so high, more or less hirsute or hisjtid with white bristly hairs, especially on the margins towards the base of the almost filiform leaves : heads solitary in the axils : " flowers yellow " : pappus of 10 subulate awn-pointed chaffy scales, or some of them shorter and truncate or obtuse. — Calycadenia villosa, DC. Open grounds, in the western part of the State, Valley of the Sacramento, &c. Collected in " Long Valley " by Dr. Kellogg, who notes that the " flowers are yellow," probably pale. Glands few or sometimes none except the terminal ones. Rays 3 or 4 ; dislv-flowers 5 to 10. Except in tlie slenderness, the scattered solitary heads, and, if constant, the "yellow" flowers, it is diffi- cult to distinguish this from forms of the next. The specific name, villosa, which is hardly ever appropriate even in Cahjcndmin, may give way in the transferrence to Hemizonia. 18. H. multiglandulosa, Gray. A span to 2 feet high, more or less hirsute and hispid, especially towards the base of the almost filiform leaves : stipitate glands mostly present and often copious on the upper leaves, bracts, involucral scales and united chaff: heads solitary or clustered in the axils, and commonly capitately or spicately crowded at the summit of the stem : flowers white, sometimes tinged with rose- color : pappus of 1 or 1 2 chaflfy scales, either all or about half of them subulate- acuminate or awn-pointed, the others short and pointless. — Calycadenia multiglan- dulosa & C. cephalotes, DC. ; Torr. & Gray : the former a state with scattered heads and very copious tack-shaped glands ; the latter with heads all or most of them ca})itate-crowded at the summit. Open dry grounds ; common through the western part of the State. Ko reliance can be placed upon the abundance or rarity of the glands, the crowded or more scattered heads, nor the pubescence of the akenes, in this and the preceding species. The ray-ovaries are rarely quite glabrous, commonly a little hairy at top, or sparsely so throughout. The scales of the pappus are sometimes all alike and subulate or awn-pointed, or some of them so ; but usually the alter- nate ones are short and blunt. These characters are so mingled that varieties cannot well be defined, at least with the present materials. § 4. Akenes nearly as in § 3, hut more nearly equal-sided, acutely 1 0-nerved or ribbed, all more or less hirsute and tvith depressed terminal areola, this bearing a coroniform pappus in the ray, and a pcqypiis of about 20 equal plumose awns in the disk-akenes, only the central ones of the latter sterile. — Blepharizonia, Gray. 19. H. plumosa, Gray. Two or three feet high, with the heads racemose- paniculate along the virgate branches, somewhat setose-hispid and with fine rather viscid pubescence : cauline leaves unknown ; those of the flowering branches all short and bract-like, oblong, tipped and often sparsely beset (as are the similar scales of the involucre and the outer chaff of the receptacle) with short-stipitate and pale saucer-shaped glands : corollas " yellow " or more probably w^hite ; those of the ray 7 to 10, deeply and irregularly 3-lobed, of the disk 10 to 12. — Proc. Am, Acad. ix. 192. Calycadenia plumosa, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 49. Valley of the Sacramento. Sent from Stockton to Dr. Kellogg by an unknown collector. Heads rather broad, 3 lines high, exclusive of the rays ; these with their short tube about 4 lines long. Receptacle flat or nearly so, pubescent ; its chaff of distinct scales in about two series, the inner smaller. Ray-akenes fully a line and a half long, turbinate, with a more con- tracted base, and a rounded summit having a rather small and not protuberant areola, bearing a LarjophjUa. • COMPOSITiE. 367 rather firm seaiious cup-like small pappus, its margin ciliate and obscurely fimbriate. Disk- akenes nearly 2 lines long, oblong-turbiiiate, and with a broad terminal depressed areola, bordered with the pa^ipus of about 20 equal and rather stout barbate-plumose awns, of fully a line iu length. All the outer, and sonictiuics all but one or two of the inmost disk-akeiies are seed- bearing. On account of the aiionialoiis papinis to the disk-flowers this species might besought for in'the group to w\nc\i Blciiluiriii'tiiiiiis licliuigs, and which it much resembles in the disk- paiipus. It really forms a new section iu the present genus. 58. LAGOPHYLLA, Nutt. Head several-flowered, heterogamous, with about 5 pi.stilLite fertile rays, and as many hermaphrodite but sterile disk-flowers. Involucre of as many herbaceous scales as ray-flowers, which are flat on the back, with margins at base infolded, so as to completely enclose their obcompressed akenes, and commonly 2 or 3 looser and more foliaceous empty exterior ones or bracts, lieceptacle small and flat, bearing a series of 5 or 6 distinct chaffy scales, subtending disk-flowers. liays cunei- form, palmately 3-cleft or parted : disk-corollas 5-lobed. Akenes of the ray more or less obcompressed, obovate-oblong, smooth, nearly straight, pointless; those of the disk slender and abortive, all destitute of pappus. — Soft-villous or hirsute annuals, of California and Oregon ; with repeatedly branching sfender stems, alter- nate or opposite mostly entire leaves, and small heads of pale yellow or apparently ■white flowers. % Leaves chiefly cdternate : heads leafy-hracteate. 1. L. ramosissima, IS'utt. A foot or two high, at length paniculately very much branched : lower leaves oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate and somewhat silky- hirsute (an inch or two long) ; the ui)per and those of the branchlets successively smaller and copiously villous with long and soft hairs, especially along their mar- gins, often becoming concave or involute when dry : heads almost sessile, clustered on the leafy branchlets : rays hardly exserted, yellow : fertile akenes carinately one- nerved down the inner face. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 402. L. minima, Kellogg in Proc. Cahf. Acad. v. 53. Dry hillsides, common through the middle and nortliern part of the State, and in adjacent parts of Oregon and Nevada. Stems brittle : leaves early deciduous from the stems and the at length smooth filiform branches. 2. L. dichotoma, Bcnth. A foot or so high : leaves more strigosely pubescent ; the cauline ones spatulate and often coarsely crenate, those of the brancldets and bracts hirsutely ciliate : heads sessile in the forks of the repeatedly dichotomous almost naked branches, and terminating their filiform peduncle-like extremities : rays much exserted, apparently wliite : fertile akenes concave and nerveless (but minutely striate) on the inner ftice. — PL Hartw. 317. Plains of the Sacramento and Feather Rivers, HarUnrg, Fitch, Bigclow. Heads larger than in the preceding ; the ligules conspicuous, about 3 lines long. * % Leaves commonly or mostly ojyposite : heads wihed, terminal, slender-peduncled. 3. L. filipes, Gray. A span to a foot liigh, ])aniculatcly branched, soft-villous, and with some small stipitate glands : leaves linear ; some of the lower cauline sparsely laciniate-denticulate (2 or 3 inches long) ; those of the branchlets short (4 to 2 lines long), not cihate : head small, bractless, on a filiform peduncle : rays exserted, apparently white. — Pacif. R. Pep. iv. 109, & j\[ex. Bound. 101. Hemizonia filipes, Hook. & Arn., apparently, l)ut the specimens of Douglas not seen. California, Douglas. On the Sacramento, Fitch, Xcwhcrry, &c. Seemingly a rare species. Akenes not yet known. 368 COMPOSIT.E. Layia. 59, LAYIA, Hook. & Am. Head many-flowered, heterogauious, with 8 to 20 pistillate rays and numerous perfect disk-flowers, all fertile, except occasionally some of the central. Involucre liemisplierical or very broadly campanulate, of as many scales as ray-flowers (and sometimes a few external empty ones), flat or nearly so on the back, their abruptly dilated thin or scarious margins or auricles below infolded on either side so as to meet and enclose the ray-akene. lieceptacle broad and flat, or rarely convex (pubescent where not chafl'y), a series of chafi" like an inner involucre subtending the outermost disk-flowers, or in some species with thinner chatf subtending all or most of them. Eays cuneiform or oblong, 2 — 3-lobed or toothed at tlie apex : disk- corollas cylindraceous-funnelform, 5-lobed at summit. Akenes of the ray obovate- oblong or narrower, obcompressed, glabrous (with one exception) and smooth, destitute of pappus, but crowned with a protuberant disciform areola ; of the disk nearly similar or linear-cuneate, mostly hairy, and with a various pappus of 5 to 20 bristles, awns, or chaffy scales, either naked or plumose, or occasionally none. — Annuals, all of the Californian region ; with leaves nearly all alternate and often incised or pinnatifid, and showy heads of yellow or yellow and white flowers (mostly with brown or purple anthers), terminating the somewhat paniculate or corymbose branches. — Gray, PI. Fendl. 103 ; Biiith. & Hook. Gen. PL 2. 395, where the synonymy is given. Eudiments of pappus occasionally occur on the ray-akenes, as a small scale, or a bristle or two, but they are evidently abnormal. The species are arranged under three sections, mainly by the papi)us : otherwise several of them are almost exactly alike. § 1. Pap2ms o/ 10 to 20 (or rarehj fewer) awns or stout bristles v'Jiich are long- plumose or villose below the middle: receptacle chaffy only at the margin, rarely among some of the outer disk-foivers : aJcenes all narroio and somewhat chiv/lrffe disl; csjKr/ii//// ill the ray. Plants all hisjnd or hirsute and sprinhbd ulinn' with dark-culored stipitate glands. — Madaroglossa, Gray. {Madaruglossa, DC.) % Rays white (or rarely 2>urj>le), cuneiform and 3dobed ; the disk yelloio. 1. L. glandulosa, Hook. & Arn. A span to a foot high, loosely branching, roughisli with sliort hispid hairs : leaves linear, the upper ones all small and entire, the lower often lanceolate and sparingly incisely pinnatifid : heads middle-sized or smaller : rays 8 to 13, conspicuously exserted : disk-akenes appressed silky-villous : pappus mostly bright white, the very copious villous wool much shorter than the stout bristles, the inner portion at length crisped and interlaced. — Blephariptapipus glandnlosiis. Hook. Eriopappus glandulosus, Arn. Madaroglossa angustifolia, DC. Var. rosea, Gray. Rays rose-purple ; otherwise apparently identical with the ordinary foriu. Dry and iii»ii ;j;nninds and bare plains, from the Dalles of Oregon through the eastern portions of the 8i-M. , ■;,■,! ,ni. Gray, PL Wright., is the same, with the occasional development of a crown of chaffy jKijipus (ui the ray-akenes. 2. L. hetei'Oti'icha, Hook. & Am. A foot or two high, erect, rough-hispid and somewhat viscid : leaves linear or lanceolate, from entire to laciniate-pinnatitid : heads pretty large : rays 10 to 18, fully twice the length of the disk, oblong-cunei- form, bright white : disk-akenes villous-pubescent : pappus white or whitish ; the ^«^^«- COMPOSIT.E. ogQ villous wool all straight and erect, a little or sometimes much shorter than the rather slender bristles. - Hook. Ic. PI. t. 32G. MadarogLossa heterotricha, DC. Open groun.ls through the wf-stern part of the State, especially in the San .Joaquin V^illev Heads ^vlth disk halt an lodi lugh ; the large and showy elongatem simple or sparingly branched below, bearing long naked or sometimes scape-like ]H'd,uu:les 374 COMPOSITE. Whitney a. (from 4 inclies to a foot in length) : leaves nearly all once or twice pinnatifid : head large : rays 40 or 50 in about 2 ranks, cuneate-oLlanceolate (fully half an inch long) : akenes as in the preceding, smooth and glahrous or with some resinous globules. — Torr. in Emory Rep. 144, t. 6. In the Califoniian collection of Coulter. Very probably collected in Arizona or Sonora, where this species occui's, as also farther eastward. 65. WHITNEYA, Gray. Head many-flowered, with 7 to 9 pistillate fertile rays : the disk-flowers appar- ently perfect, but infertile. Involucre campanulate, of 9 to 12 thin-herbaceous lanceolate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate and equal scales, in a single or somewhat double series, more or less concave at base, Eeceptacle conical, somewhat foveolate, villous. Eays large, elongated, minutely 3-toothed at the apex, many- ( 1 - 1 G-) nerved, the nerves also prominent on the short tube, becoming tliin-papery, and persistent on the mature akene. Disk-corollas tubular-funnelform, with a very short proper tube, persistent on the infertile ovary, obtusely 5-toothed. Anthers linear. Style-branches of the disk-flowers linear, hirsute-puberulent externally, extended a little beyond the stigmatic lines into an obtusish tip. Akenes of the ray oblong somewhat obcompressed, obtuse at both ends, lightly several-nerved, wholly destitute of pappus : those of the disk similar, but sterile. — A low perennial herb of the Sierra Nevada, canescent ; the mostly simple stems bearing 2 or 3 pairs of opposite entire or obscurely denticulate leaves, and solitary or few slender- peduncled showy heads of golden yellow flowers. — Gray, in Proc. Am, Acad, vi, 549, & ix. 195. 1, W. dealbata, Gray, 1, c. About a foot high, from slender and naked creep- ing rootstocks : leaves obovate or spatulate and tapering into petioles, or the upper small and lanceolate, hoary with a very tine and close woolliness : rays oblong-lan- ceolate, about an inch in length. In open woods, &c., at an elevation of 5,000 to 7,000 feet, from above the Mariposa Sequoia grove northward along the Sierra Nevada, Brewer, Bolander, GrciAj, &c. A handsome plant, of a very distinct genus, which was dedicated to the accomplished Director of the Californian State Geological Survey, in the prosecution of which it was discovered. It seems to occur through a considerable range in the Sierra ; and it is likely to be prized in cultivation. The original character of the genus is here materially con-ected. The rays commonly liear rudiments of sta- mens in the form of sterile filaments : their lower surface is puberulent, as also the akenes and nearly the whole surface of the disk-corollas. 66. BURRIELIA, DC, Benth. Head several-flowered, with one to five very short rays which hardly equal the more numerous disk-flowers, all fertile. Involucre cylindraceous, of 4 or 5 (rarely 3) oblong thin-herbaceous scales. Eeceptacle subulate or almost filiform, rough with projecting points on which the akenes are inserted. Tube of the coroUas slender, as long as the campanulate 4 - 5-lobed limb and as the barely spreading oval or oblong ligule. Anthers oblong, more or less auricled or sagittate at base, tipped with a slender lanceolate or linear-filiform appendage. Style-branches tipped with subulate-acute minutely hirsute appendages. Akenes long-linear or somewhat fusi- form, flattish, with indistinct marginal or other nerves. Pappus of flattened subu- late awns or awn-like rigid scales, fully as long as the corolla, of the disk-flowers 2 to 4, of the ray one or two or rarely none. — Small and slender annuals (all DfBria. COMPOSITJE. 375 Californian), barely hairy ; with opposite entire linear leaves, and slender-peduncleil heads of yellow flowers terminating the branches. — DC. Prodr. v. GG3, in part; Benth. & Hook. den. PI. ii. 398. 1. B. microglossa, DC. Sparsely hairy, a span high, branching : rays 1 to 3, inconspicuous, sliorter than their style : appendages to the anthers lanceolate : style-appendages broadly subulate : akenes minutely and sparsely hispid. Low ground, in the neighljorbood of San Francisco. Heads a (juarter to a third of an inch in length. 2. B. leptalea, Cray. Nearly glabrous : stems filiform, mostly simple : leaves very small and narrow : rays 4 or 5, longer than their style but shorter than the disk : appendages to the anthers almost filiform : style-appendages narrowly and abruptly subulate from a broad base : akenes minutely scabrous-hispid. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 546. Santa Lucia Mountains, on the Nacimiento River, Brewer. Receptacle subulate, gradually tapering from a broadish base, little shorter than the involucre. 67. BMBIA., Fischer & Meyer, Benth. Head many-flowered, with 5 to 12 or 14 exserted pistillate rays; all the flowers usually fertile. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical, formed of a single series of herbaceous oval or oblong-lanceolate flat scales. Eeceptacle strongly and usually acutely conical, rough or muricate with projecting points which bear the akenes. Eays oval or oblong, entire or 2 - 3-toothed : disk-corollas with a very slender or filiform tube equalling or longer than the campanulate or cyathiform 5-lobed limb. Anthers oblong, bimucronulate or somewhat sagittate at base, tipped with a deltoid- ovate or oblong obtuse appendage. Style-branches tipped with a very short capitate- truncate or flattened and very obtuse appendage, but its centre sometimes pointed with a short bristle or rarely a more substantial cusp. Akenes linear, subclavate, or linear-cuneate, more or less compressed and 4 - 5-angled or nerved ; those of the ray not at all embraced by the involucral scales. Pappus of a few awns with chafly- dilated base, or of awned or partly awn-pointed chafty scales, or else wholly wanting. — Annuals (all Californian), mostly low or small, pubescent or almost glabrous ; with opposite linear and entire leaves, or else laciniate-pinnatifid into linear lobes, and small or middle sized heads of yellow flowers on slender peduncles, terminating the stem and branches. — Benth. k Hook. Gen. PI. 1. c. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, ix. 196. Burrielia, DC. 1. c, excl. sp. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c, excl. sp. Dicha-ta, Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. § 1. Pa2->inis uniformly none : akenes somewhat rotmded at the apex, the areola rather small : leaves all entire. (Ba^ria, Fischer & Meyer.) 1. B. chrysostoma, Fischer & Meyer. More or less pubescent, or the margin of the narrow linear leaves sparsely hirsute, a span to a foot and a half high : scales of the involucre 5 to 12, oblong-ovate or oval-oblong, acute : rays as many, oval or oblong : receptacle rather broadly conical but acute : akenes subclavate-linear, glabrous but most commonly glandular. — Fischer & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Dec. l^.io, & Sert. Petrop. t. 7 ; Don., Brit. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 395. JJurnelia hirsuta, .Nutt. B. chrysostoma, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 106, 379. Var macrantha {Burrielia chrysostoma, var. macrantha, Gray, 1 acit. \\. iu'p. iv. 106) is a iurm strikingly large in all its parts, a foot or more high; the head broad and ample ; the oblong rays from half to three .piarters of an inch long. 376 COMPOSITJE. Boeria. Hills and moist j^-ounrl, throughout the western part of the State ; the large variety in wet meadows on tlie coast, from Marin Co. (Bigelow) to Humboldt Co. {Bolanckr, Kdloijcj, kc), pass- ing into the ordinary form. The opposite depauperate extreme is common farther south and in the interior, probably in sterile soil, with filiform stems only 3 or 4 inches high, and the scales of the involucre and rays reduced to 5 or 6, the latter only 2 lines long. Akcnes narrow, some- times sparsely dotted, sometimes thickly beset with minute glands or glandular points. Style- appendages truncate-capitate. § 2. Fa2:)pus present and of 2 to 5 {rarely 8) uniform awns or awned chaffy scales {or rarely wanting) : akenes truncate at the apex ; minutely cinereous-jmheru- lent: leaves except in B. p)latycarpha entire. {Burrielia, DC, mainly.) * Chaffy scales of the p)appus entire. 2. B. gracilis, Gray, 1. c Closely resembles the preceding, but smaller than its larger forms, a span or more high, branching freely : scales of the involucre 10 to 14, oblong-lanceolate : rays as many, oval or oblong : receptacle very narrowly conical, acute : akenes slender : pappus in the ray of 2 or 3, in the disk of 4 or 5 awns, with a subulate or lanceolate chaffy-dilated base. — Burrielia gracilis, DC. 1. c. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3758. Open gi-ound, apparently common from San Francisco Bay southward. Kays 3 or 4 lines long. Avvns of the pappus sometimes veiy little dilated at base. 3. B. tenerrima, Gray, 1. c. Like the preceding or usually smaller and more slender : scales of the involucre and rays 5 to 9 or 10 : receptacle rather broadly conical and hardly acute : slender awns of the pappus 2 or more from a broad and ovate chaffy base. — Burrielia tenerrima, DC, probably. B. 2^ar'viflora, Nutt. 1. c. B. longifolia, Nutt. 1. c.] From the Sacramento southward through the State, and in Arizona. Distinguished from the preceding chiefly by the broad and short scales of the pappus ; probably passing into it. 4. B. platycarpha, Gray, 1. c. A span high, slender, loosely branching, slightly pubescent : leaves narrowly linear and entire, or some of them 3-cleft : peduncle mostly thickened next the head : scales of the involucre 6 or 7, ovate, distinctly 3-nerved : rays as many, oblong : receptacle acutely conical : akenes cune- ate-linear : pappus both in ray and disk of 7 or 8 firm oblong-ovate chaffy scales, tipi^ed with a slender awn of about the same length. — Burrielia platycarxAa, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 97. V'llley of the Sacramento, Stillman. A slender form also collected by Rattnn. Scales of the involucre 4 lines long in the iirincipal specimens. Style-appendages truncate or very obtuse, but sumiounted by a short abrupt cusp. * * Chaff'y scales of the pappus laciniate. 5. B. Palmeri, Gray. Dwarf, less than a span high, rather stout, diffusely branched from the base, hirsute-pubescent : leaves linear, thickish, all entire : peduncle thickened under the head : scales of the involucre 9 or 10, ovate, thickish- herbaceous, with midrib carinate-thickened and salient at base, and lateral nerves indistinct : rays as many, oval, rather short : receptacle obtusely conical : akenes linear and slightly narrowed below : pappus of 5 (or sometimes more) broadly ovate fimbriate-laciniate scales, those of the disk with a stout awn, of the ray mostly blunt and awnless. • — Proc. Am. Acad. ined. Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, Dr. E. Palmer. Introduced to complete the account of the genus. Head 3 lines high and broad : rays 2 lines long. § 3. Pappus of trimcate or pointless short chaffy scales between 2 or S awned ones or naked awns, or sometimes wanting : akenes truncate at the apex : receptacle obtusely cortical : leaves or some of the lowermost laciniately cleft or pinnati- jid. — DiCHiETA, Gray. {Dicha^ta, Is^utt. 1. c.) 6. B. maritima, Gray. Low and diffuse, pubescent when young with loose cobwebby hairs, becoming nearly glabrous : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire. ActinoUpis. COMPOSITiK. 377 or the lowest sparingly laciniate-toothed : scales of the involucre and short orhicukr rays 6 to 8 : akenes minutely hairy : pappus of 3 to 5 stout awns and at least twice as many small and narrow laciniate chaffy scales. — Burrielia maritima, Gray, Pruc. Am. Acad. vii. 358. On the Farallones, rocky islets off San Francisco, 3fr. Griiher. The rays in the specimen do not exceed the disk, but, being broad and flat, probably they may become more conspicuous. 7. B. Fremontii, Gray, 1. c. Slender, a span high, somewhat hirsute-pubes- cent : leaves narrowly linear and entire, or with 2 to 5 very narrowly linear lobes : scales of the involucre and rather short oval rays 10 to 12 : disk-corollas slender and with a long narrow tube : pappus of mostly 4 slender awns, and as many or twice as many short linear or oblong and entire or 2-cleft blunt scales, or sometimes want- ing. — DichcHa Fremontii, Torr. in PI. Fendl. 102. Burrielia {Dichoita) Fremontii, Benth. PI. Hartw. 317, a state (always?) without pappus. Valley of the Sacramento {Fremont, Hartweg) and near Vallejo, Greene. Ovaries minutely pubescent, or, in the form from Hartweg, without pappus, glabrous except at the summit. Upper leaves inclined to be dilated below, and to have 3 to 5 palmately-disposed lobes. 8. B. uliginosa, Gray, 1. c. Diffuse, at length decumbent, a span to a foot high, loosely pubescent with somewhat cobwebby hairs : lower or most of the leaves copiously pinnatifid from a broad or broadish rhachis ; the lobes narrowly linear : scales of the involucre and oblong exserted rays usually 10 to 13 : throat of disk- corollas very broad, and narrow tube rather short : pappus of 2 or 3 stout chaffy- subulate awns, and as many or twice as many intervening conspicuous and broad truncate and laciniate-fimbriate scales. — Dicheta uliginosa, Nutt. 1. c. Var. tenella, Gray, 1. c. {Dichceta tenella, Nutt. 1. c), is only a depauperate state, on drier soil, Avith narrow linear leaves, and more of them entire ; the rays and involucral scales reduced to 8 or 9, or rarely to 5 or 6. Low grounds, common through the western part of the State. Very variable. Leaves in the larger plants a span long, and the stems luxuriant in proportion. Akenes a line long, oblong- linear and a little narrowed downward, sometimes pubescent, sometimes glabrous, apparently in plants growing together. 68. ACTINOLEPIS, DC, Benth. Head many-flowered, with few or numerous pistillate rays ; all the flowers fertile. Involucre campanulate, of a single series of oblong or lanceolate thin-herbaceous scales, which become concave or involute and embrace more or less the ray-akenes. Eeceptacle naked, convex or conical, or in an ambiguous species flat. Eays oval or oblong, 2 - 3-toothed : disk-corollas with narrow tube and campanulate 5-lobed limb. Anthers tipped with an abrupt narrowish or very slender appendage. Style- branches with a truncate-capitate (or rarely conical) tip. Akenes linear and mostly tapering to the base, or linear-cuneate ; those of the ray commonly someAvhat in- curved. Pappus a series of chaffy scales or squamelloe (either few or numerous), which are either pointless or extended into an awn, or sometimes none. — Low and diffuse or depressed annuals, all of the Californian region, mostly woolly, in one section glandular ; with opposite or alternate commonly toothed or pinnately-parted leaves, and small or proportionally rather large heads terminating the branches. Flowers all yellow, or the rays occasionally white or rose-color. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 197. A rather well-marked genus, as rightly chaiacterized on the originnl sjiccies by Torrey .-ind Gray, now happily extended by Bentham in tl.r Cmna lM:nit:irnm, and stdl niore augmcnte.l m the paper referred to above. The section phn .^ lo.v.nnM ,, s, nibles BaHa, MonDu-luvta horn which it is distinguished by the partial enclosuif of the rny-akenes ui the scales ot the mvolucre. 378 COMPOSITE. Actinolepis. § 1. Not woolly, hut mostly glandular, diffuse, tvith opposite phmately p^^^i^t^d or the radical twice pi.nnately dissected leaves, their segments linear and attenuate : heads on slender peduncles, and with rather large and numerous {yellow) rays: involucre rather broad : receptacle acutely coniccd : anther-appendages oblong. — Ptilomeris. {Ptilomeris, Nutt. Hymenoxys, Oxypapjms, Ton. & Gray.) As yet, it is uncertain whether the following are mere varieties of one, or wlntlii r tin y retain their small distinctions uniformly. If at length reduced to one the name A. airnnnrid slmuld be preferred, Nuttall's name (probably suggested by a likeness to Chrysanthemum coi-miKj-i ii ,ii) being a year or so earlier than Hymenoxys Californica of Hooker. * Minutely gland ular-pttbescent : rays \Q to 15, elongated-oblong: involucral scales oblong-lanceolate : receptacle pmbescent. 1. A. coronaria, Gray, 1. c. Diffusely branching slender stems a foot long : pappus of 10 (or 8 to 12) lanceolate or oblong denticulate scales, all tapering into awns a little shorter than the disk-corollas, or in the ray fewer and some of them awnless. — Ptilomeris coronaria & P. aristata, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. vii. 382. Shortia Californica, Nutt. in garden catalogues. Hymenoxys Californica, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3828 ; Torr. & Gray, PL ii. 280, with var. coronaria. Near San Diego, Nuttall. So far as we know collected only by him, and in cultivation from his seeds. Described as " veiy glabrous" in the Botanical Magazine, doubtless incorrectly. Rays nearly half an inch long, usually 12. 2. A. anthemoides, Gray. Leaves perhaps more copiously divided and glan- dular, and heads rather smaller : pappus none. — Ptilomeris (Ptilopsis) anthemoides, Nutt. 1. c. Hymenoxys calva, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. AVith the preceding, NiUtall. Also towards Julian City, Bolander. 3. A. mutica, Gray, 1. c. Like the foregoing : pappus of 6 to 8 quadrate-oblong scales, erose-laciniate at the truncate or very obtuse summit, shorter than the proper tube of the corolla, occasionally one or two of them slightly awned. — Ptilomeris mutica, Nutt. 1. c. Hymenoxys mutica, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Near San Diego, Nuttall ; by whom only it has yet been collected. * % More or less pubescent, but hardly if at all glandular : rays 6 to 8, shorter, oval : involucral scales ovate : receptacle glabrous. 4. A. tenella, Gray, 1. c. Smaller than the foregoing : the heads and leaves about lialf the size of those of A, coronaria : lobes of the latter shorter and blunter as well as fewer : pappus of 5 to 8 short quadrate scales, which are fimbriate at tlic broad summit, or some of them occasionally bearing a delicate short awn. — Ptilo- 7neris tenella, & P. affinis, Nutt. PL Gamb. 173; the latter a form with some of the pappus awned. Near Los Angeles, Gamhel. Rays 2 lines long. § 2. Floccose-woolly : most of the leaves alternate : involucre narroiv : rays rather feio, obovate : receptacle convex or obtusely conical : akenes minutely hairy or some- times glabrous : pappus o/ 8 to 10 or more scales or squamelloe. — True Actinolepis. * Heads small and sessile or leafy-hracted, with only 5 {or " 3 to 5 ") yelloiv 7-ays : receptacle merely convex : anther-appendages ovate-lanceolate : 2)appus of subulate or almost setiform scales, commonly tvanting in the disk-Jioivers. {^Actinolepis, DC.) 5. A. multicaulis, DC. Seldom a span high, diffusely branched from the base, the wliite wool below somewhat deciduous with age : leaves cuneate or spatu- late with a long tapering base, the summit obtusely 3-toothed or 3-lobed : scales of the pappus 10 to 15, unequal, very slender, usually (but not always) wanting in all the disk-flowers. — Hook. Ic. t. 325 ; Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 33. Bahia. COMPOSITE. ' 379 Dry plains, common from Santa Barbara soutliwanl. Heads somewhat clustered ; the invo- lucre only 2 lines long. Kays generally 5. The state with pappus in the disk as well as ray was collected by Prof. Brewer in the Santa Maria Valley, Santa Inez Mountains, &c. * * Heads more or less pedunded terminating the branches, tvith 6 «o 8 rays : recep- tacle obtuseli/ conical: anther-appeiidages ahriiptly tipped with a very slender linear-setiform appendage {in the manner of Btcrii Stems or branches lea/// and terininated by a solitary head. 3. H. brevifolia, Gray, 1. c. A foot high, glandular-pubescent : stem simple or with slender simple branches : leaves narrowly oblong or the lower spatulate, repand-toothed, obtuse, sessile : head rather small and narrow : scales of the invo- lucre linear, barely in two series : rays only 10 or 12, light yellow : scales of the pappus nearly entire, oblong, the alternate ones rather shorter. In the Mariposa Sequoia grove, Bolander. Leaves an inch and a half or less in length. Invo- lucre half an inch high. Rays 3 or 4 lines long. Akenes 3 or 4 lines long. The habit of the ])lant is more like that of the foregoing species ; but the stem or branches with oidy terminal heads. 4. H. algida, Gray. A span to a foot high, glandular-pubescent, and when young m<:>re or less villous or woolly : stem stout and simple (or several from a ithickish rootstock or root), very leafy below : leaves ligulate or linear-spatulate, coarsely toothed or incisely almost pinnatifid, sessile ; the lower crowded and with entire scarious spathaceous bases partly sheathing the base of the stem ; the upper sparser and gradually reduced to linear bracts : head large and broad : involucre woolly, its linear-attenuate scales numerous in at least 3 series, loose : rays 50 to 60, yellow : pappus of very broad and short strongly fimbriate-lacerate scales. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 547. High Sierra Nevada, on rocks, &c., at and above 10,000 feet ; Mount Dana and Wood's Peak, Brimmer, Bolander. Mount Lyell, /. Muir. Above Sierra Valley, Lcmmon. Lowest leaves 3 to C inches long, a quarfer to half an inch wide. Heads almost an inch high, with rays half an inch long. Akenes 3 lines long : pappus not longer than the hairs of the akene, the scales some- times concreted. Plant, according to Dr. Bolander, " very odoriferous with tlie copious balsamic secretion." * * * Stems depressed or largely subterranean [in volcanic scoria), leafy at summit, terminated by a solitary head : peduncle sometimes scape-like. 5. H. nana, Gray. Glandular-pubescent : leaves pinnatifid or incised, and with a rather long margined petiole : peduncle an inch or two long : scales of the Palafoxia. COMPOSITE. 2>%1 involucre oblong-lanceolate, in 2 series : rays 20 or 30, yellow : scales of the pap- pus fimbriate-lacerate. — Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 70, t. 12. Var. Larseni, with tufted stems leafy almost to the head. Crater Pass, Oregon, lat. 44°, Ncwhcrrij. The variety on Lassen's Peak, Bolandcr and Larscn. G. H. vestita, Gray. White- woolly when young ; the scapes soon naked and glandular : leaves obovate or spatulate, tapering into a short petiole, entire or nearly so : scales of the involucre linear or lanceolate, in 2 or 3 series : rays 20 to 30, yel- low : scales of the very silvery and conspicuous pappus erose-toothed, the two longer ones oblong and equalling the proper tube of the corolla, the alternate ones shorter as well as broader and truncate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 547. On a volcanic hill south of Mono Lake, at the height of 9,000 feet. Brewer. Leaves an inch or so long, very white with the floccose wool, which may be deciduous. Head an inch high at maturity. Rays barely 3 lines long. 75. RIGIOPAPPUS, Gray. Head rather many-flowered, with 5 to 1 2 pistillate rays ; all the flowers fertile. Involucre a single or somewhat double series of rather rigid herbaceous subulate- linear erect scales, similar to the uppermost leaves, at length concave and half embracing akenes. Receptacle flat and naked. Rays not exceeding the disk, the oblong entire or 2-toothed ligule not longer than its tube : disk-corollas slender and with 3 to 5 short erect teeth. Style-brancbes of the disk-flowers with short and flat linear stigmatic portion, tipped with a longer slender-subulate hispid appendage. Akenes linear, slender, compressed, minutely rugose, sparsely hirsute, those of the disk more or less i-angled. Pappus of 4 or 5 rigid and wholly opaque subulate awn-shaped scales, as long as or surpassing the corollas, or in the ray one or two much shorter. — A single species. 1. R. leptocladus. Gray. Slender annual, a span to a foot high or more, mi- nutely hairy and rou;4]iisli, with narrow linear alternate entire leaves, and corymbose or paniculate iilifurm branches, inclined to be long and naked, terminated by small heads of inconspicuous flesh-colored or purplish flowers. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 548 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 406. Dry ground in the foot-hills, both of the Coast Range (Napa Co., &c.) and of the Sierra Nevada ; extending into Oregon (where it was first collected by Dr. Lyall) and Nevada. 76. PALAFOXIA, Lagasca. Head 10- 30-flowered; the flowers all perfect and tubular (but the marginal sometimes with enlarged and irregular ray-like corollas, and in one eastern species with pistillate 3-cleft rays). Involucre campanulate or turbinate ; the scales mem- branaceous or herbaceous, in one or two series. Receptacle flat and naked. Corolla various ; the lobes usually long and narrow. Style-branches filiform, minutely glandular-hirsute. Akenes 4-5-angled, linear or elongated-obpyramidal. Pappus of 4 to 12 hyaline chaffy scales traversed by a strong midrib, commonly shorter and blunter in the outermost flowers (rarely nearly wanting). — Herbs, or some- times shrubby, roughish-pubescent or scabrous, and mostly glandular above ; vnih narrow alternate and entire 1 - 3-nerved leaves, and small or middle-sized solitary or loosely corymbose heads of rose-colored or flesh-colored flowers. A small genus confined to the southern borders of the United States and to Mexico, pohnnor- phous as to the corollas, which in all the eastern North-American species have a campauuhite 3gg COMPOSITE. Palafoxia. limb very deeply cleft or parted into narrow linear lobes. One of the following species occurs on the southeastern borders of the State ; the other only further south, but it is here included for comparison. 1. P. linearis, Lagasca. Herbaceous, cinereous-scabrous, a foot to three feet in height : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly acute : heads narrow, loosely corymbose and slender peduncled : scales of the involucre narrow linear in a single series : flowers all perfect and alike or nearly so : the pale purple corollas with lobes shorter than the elongated nearly cylindrical throat : pappus of 4 to 8 linear scales, which are more or less pointed or short awned by the projection of the tapering tip of the very stout midrib, nearly equalling the corolla, or in the outer flowers some- times very short and blunt. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2132. Agerahim lineare, Cav. Ic. iii. t. 205. Along the Colorado, at Fort Yuma, Mohave, &c.. Coulter, Schott, Ncjrlari/, Cooper. Extends through the adjacent parts of Arizona to Mexico. Heads an inch or less in length. This is the species on which the genus vvas founded. 2. P. leucophylla, Gray. Shrubby, G to 10 feet high : leaves linear, obtuse, thickish, whitened Avith a close and dense silky-hirsute pubescence : pappus of 4 linear-oblong blunt and emarginate-scales, considerably shorter than the flesh- colored corolla and the 4 alternate shorter ones, which are spatulate-oblong, with midrib vanishing at the middle ; some of the outer akenes with a short corneous crown instead of the scales : otherwise nearly as in the lu-eceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 291. Cai-meu Island, in the Gulf of California, Dr. Palmer. 77. CH-ffiNACTIS, DC. Head homogamous ; the flowers all perfect and tubular, but an outer series almost always more or less enlarged, usually forming a sort of ray. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical ; its scales narrow, more or less herbaceous, equal, in one or two series, usually becoming concave and inclined to embrace subtended akenes. Ee- ceptacle flat, foveolate and naked, in one species with bristle-shaped rigid chaff" sub- tending most of the flowers ! Corollas tubular inclining to funnelform, and with 5 short obtuse lobes, or the marginal ones either slightly or conspicuously enlarged above, with the dilated limb 5-cleft, sometimes irregularly or obliquely so, approach- ing to palmate ; their nerves deeply intramarginal. Anthers linear. Style-branches narrow, tapering into a slender-subulate or occasionally obtuse minutely hirsute appendage. Akenes slender, linear, tapering to the base, more or less 4-angled, commonly pubescent. Pappus of 4 to 12 awnless and nearly or quite nerveless hyaline chaffy scales (in the marginal flowers mostly shorter), in one anomalous species wanting. — Herbs, chiefly of humble stature, annuals or biennials (or some possibly perennial), all of the Californian region; Avith alternate 1 - 3-pinnately dissected leaves, and middle-sized or large pedunculate heads of yellow, white, or flesh-colored flowers terminating the loose or corymbose branches. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 73. Macrocar])hus, Nutt., hardly fonns a primary section, and C. carphoclinia, with its anomaly of chaff to the receptacle, is otherwise just like the related species. In one or two species tlie receptacle might perhaps be said to be chaffy next the margin, there being two ranks ot mvo- lucral scales subtending flowers. § 1. Papims present. — True CniENACTis. % Corollas yellow, the outermost ones obviously enlarged at the summit, and their limb more or less irregularly 5-lobed, forming a sort of ray. ClKBnacUs. COMrOSIT^E. 3gn -{- Pappus of 4 or sometimes 5 about equal mostly oUong-lanceolate acutish scales, or in the marginal flowers irregular and U7iequai as well as shorter. 1. C. lanosa, DC. Whitish with floccose but deciduous wool, tlie older leaves becoming glabrous, a span or more high, branched and leafy only at tlie base : the simple naked peduncles therefore long and scapedike, bearing solitary lieads : leaves with few narrowly Knear divisions, or the uppermost entire : enlarged marginal corollas with short ovate lobes, hardly surpassing those of tlie disk. Sandy hills, from Monterey to near San Diego. Heads barely half an inch liigli, on iiediincles 3 to 6 inches long. 2. C. glabriuscula, DC. Lightly floccose-wooUy, at length somewliat glabrous, bramdiing tln-ough(.ut, a foot or so high: leaves with several rather sliort thickish obtuse linear divisions : heads on stout rather long peduncles : scales of the involu- cre rather broadly linear and obtuse •; marginal corollas with conspicuously enlarged and radiating palmate limb, the lobes oval or oblong. — Var. megacephala, Gray°in Pacif. E. Rep. iv. 104, is merely a stouter form, with mostly larger heads and flowers ; so is G. denudata, Nutt. PL Gamb. 177. Open grounds, from the Upper Sacramento, and along the foot-hills of the Sierra to Los Angeles. Rather stout. Heads from half to three fourths of an inch high, inclined to he corjnu- bose, on peduncles from 2 to 7 inches long. 3. C. tenuifolia, Xutt. Slightly and delicately woolly when young, becoming- nearly glabrous, a span to a foot or more high, leafy and branching to the top : leaves once or somewhat twice pinnately parted into very narrow or filiform lobes : heads somewhat corymbose, on short peduncles : scales of the hemispherical involucre narrowly linear and very numerous : enlarged marginal corollas with short some- what irregular lobes and not surpassing those of the disk. — G. filifolia, Gray, PI. Fendl. 98. Vicinity of San Diego. Heads barely 4 or 5 lines high, broad in proportion, on peduncles of an inch or less in length. Involucre rather short. Akenes much shorter than in the preceding species. The C. filifolia, described from a single specimen belonging to the Dublin University herbarium, is probably a form of this rather than of the preceding species. -f- +- Fappus, at least of the disk-flowers, double, of 4 ordinary and of \ to i very much smaller alternating scales. 4. C. heterocarpha, Gray. A span to nearly a foot high, lightly and loosely Avoolly when young, simple or branching above, leafy : leaves pinnately i)arted into 4 to 9 narrowly linear unequal divisions : scales of the involucre broadly linear : enlarged marginal corollas with oblong lobes mostly surpassing the disk. — PI. Fendl. 98. Var. tanacetifolia, Gray. Dwarf, with bipinnately parted leaves mostly tufted at the base ; their lobes numerous, very short, crowded, often oblong or oval : root biennial. — G. tanacetifolia. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 545. On the Sacramento and its tributaries, Ukiah, &c., Fremont, Harhvcg, Bolandcr. The vari- ety, Lake Co., near Clear Lake, Bolandcr. Heads about half an inch high; the peduncle an inch or two long. Pappus of the outermost flowers sometimes as in the inner, or in-egular and shorter, sometimes much shorter and the small outer scales wanting. * * Corollas white or flesh-colored, -t- The marginal ones obviously enlarged and somewhat obliquely 5-lobed, but not surpassing the disk : pappus of only 4 or sometimes 5 usually equal scales : scales of the involucre numerous and narrow-linear. Herbage with minute woolliness ivhich early disappears, then glabrous, mimitely gramdar or glandular above. 5. C. brachypappa, Gray. Corymbosely branched, a foot higli : leaves twice pinnately parted into sliort-linear aird rather rigid divaricate lobes : peduncles short : scales of the pappus truncate and almost square or slightly cuneate, one fourth of the lengtli of the akene. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 390. 390 COMPOSITE. ChoenacUs. Southeastern Nevada, Miss Scarls ; may be looked for on the Colorado : added to complete the account of the genus. 6. C. Stevioides, Hook. & Arn. Corymbosely branched, a span or more liigh : leaves once or soiaewhat twice pinnately parted into narrow linear lobes, the upper mostly entire : scales of the pappus lanceolate or narrowly oblong, acute, not mucli shorter than the akene. Sand-hills on the Colorado, near the Mohave, &c., and through Nevada north to Pyramid Lake and east to Utah and New Mexico. Heads rather small, on peduncles from half an inch to an inch and a half in length. -f- -f- The marginal corollas little or not at all enlarged, regular or nearly so. -s--!- /Scales of the involucre tapering into a filiform or setaceous-siibulate tiji : 2)a2)2^us of 4 equal scales : pubescence minute and glandular, no wuolliness. 7. C. carphoclinia, Gray. Corymbosely branched, slender, rigid, a span high : leaves once or twice pinnately parted into nearly filiform lobes : invoktcre campanu- late ; its scales with rather abrupt and short setaceous or subulate tips (sometimes sparsely hispid as well as glandular-viscid) : receptacle furnished with 5 to 10 slen- der and rigid persistent awns subtending flowers and almost equalling them in length : scales of the pappus ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly as long as the akene, more than half the length of the corolla, or in a few of the outermost flowers short and truncate. — Bot. Mex. Boimd. 94. Southeastern borders of the State ; at Fort Yuma (Thomas) ; on the Gila and Colorado Desert (Schott, A. B. Gray) to S. Utah, Parry. Also Northwestern Nevada near the borders of Cali- fornia, Lemmon. Remarkable for the jmlcai (rather than fimbrillce) of tlie receptacle in the form of awns, subtending some or most of the disk-flowers. 8. C. attenuata, Gray. Eesembles the preceding ; but leaves apparently less divided and more filiform : heads smaller (5 lines long), much narrower and fewer- flowered : scales of the involucre narrow and more concave or involute : receptacle naked, as in the genus generally : scales of the pappus broadly obovate-cuneate and truncate, many times shorter than the corolla or the akene, little exceeding the hirsitte hairs of the latter, — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 73. Ehrenberg, Arizona, A. E. Janvier, fi-om JV. M. Canby ; possibly on the borders of California also : added to complete the genus. +-5- ++ Scales of the involucre obtuse and pointless : pappus double, i. e. of 4 lotig and 4 very short and differently-shaped scales : leaves once or somewhat twice j^innatifid or the up2^ermost entire : ivoolliness thin and soon deciduous. 9. C. Xantiana, Gray. A span to a foot or more high, rather stout ; the stem or branches terminated by a solitary large head on a thickish peduncle : leaves pinnately parted into 3 to 7 narrowly linear and distant lobes, the terminal one elongated : scales of the involucre narrowly linear, rather loose : anthers at length mainly exserted : pappus of 4 lanceolate scales almost equalling the corolla, and 4 exterior ones which are obovate or obcordate and several times shorter. — Proc. Am. Acad. v. r)l.'i. Var. integrifolia, Gray, 1. c. A slender simple-stemmed form, with most of the narrow linear elongated leaves entire, rarely a lobe or two, and the head narrower and fewer-floAvered. Near Fort Tejon, Xantus. Owens Valley, Dr. Horn (the variety). Western borders of Nevada, Anderson, Lemmon. Head an inch or less high, on a mostly fistulous peduncle of an inch or two in length ; one or two of the uppermost simple leaves passing into involucral bracts. Corollas a quarter of an inch long ; the short lobes of those of the disk sparsely bearded exter- nally ; those of the margin twice or thrice as large. Akenes fully 3 lines long. 10. C. macrantha, D. C. Eaton. A span high : leaves pinnately or somewhat twice pinnately parted into broadly linear or oblong lobes : scales of the involucre linear : anthers included : pappus of 4 linear-oblong scales about half the length of Gaillardia. COMPOSITiE. ggj the corolla and 4 cuneate-oblong ones three or four times shorter. — Bot. King Exp. 1/1, t. 18. Western borders of Nevada {Newberry, Watson, Lcmmon) ■ therefore probably within the btate : extends east to S. Utah, Capt. BisJwp, Parry. Heads from half to three fourths of an inch long, on short slender peduncles. CoroUas fiesh-colored, some of the marginal with more or less enlarged limb. 4- -{- -f- Scales of the involucre obtuse or pointless : pappm o/ 8 to \1 similar ohlonq- linear scales, little shorter than the Jlesh-colored corolla : leaves commonly twice piu- natifid into fine and short very obtuse lobes. {Macrocarphus, Nutt.) 11. C. Douglasii, Hook. & Arn. A span to 2 feet high, from an annual or biennial root, white-tomentose or glabrate : leaves narrow-oblong in outline ; the lobes very many and crowded : heads corymbose, rarely solitary (half to two thirds of an inch high). — C. Douglasii & C. achillecefolia, Hook. & Arn. ; Torr. in Stans- bury Eep. t. 6. IIymenop)appus Douglasii, Hook. Fl. i. 316. Through the Sierra Nevada, thence through Oregon and east to Wyoming and Colorado. 12. C. Nevadensis, Gray. Less than a span high, depressed, in a perennial tuft : leaves witli ovate or cuneate general outline and much fewer lobes, white woolly : heads solitary, on peduncles a little surpassing the crowded leaves. — Ilyme- nopajjpxis Nevadensis, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad, v, Alpine region of the Sierra Nevada ; Lassen's Peak (Breiver, Lemmon) ; above Summit (Kel- logg) ; Mono Co., Muir. § 2. Pappus wa)ititfg : scales of the involucre acute. — Acarph^a, Gray. 13. C. artemisicefolia, Gray. Somewhat viscid-pubescent, a foot or two high : the naked summit paniculate, bearing slender-peduncled rather small heads : leaves 1 - 3-pinnately divided or parted, the small ultimate divisions short and linear : scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate : corollas apparently flesh color (rather than " pale yellow ") ; the marginal ones little or hardly at aU enlarged. — Acarphoia artemisicefolia. Gray, PI. Fendl. 98 ; Bot. Mex. Bound. 95, t. 32. Near San Diego, Coulter, Parry, Cleveland. 78. GAILLARDIA, Fougeroux. Head many-flowered, with several neutral rays. Scales of the involucre in 2 or 3 series ; the outer larger, foliaceous and taper pointed, spreading or at length re- flexed above the coriaceous and appressed base ; the inner smaller and partly scari- ous. Receptacle convex or hemispherical, with one or more awns among the flowers which may be taken to represent chaff. Rays cuneate, palmately 3-cleft at the end : disk-corollas elongated-cylindraceous, with 5 pointed teeth, which are bearded with jointed hairs. Anthers with long ovate-lanceolate tips. Style -branches tipped with a bristly tuft, and extended beyond it into a filiform hispid appendage. Akenes obpyramidal or oblong-turbinate, each surrounded by a tuft of villous hairs. Pappus of 6 to 10 hyaline chaffy scales, traversed by a strong midrib, which is con- tinued into a naked awn of about the length of the corolla, or in the sterile rays the scales awnless. — Scabious-like herbs, all N^orth American, pubescent with many-jointed hairs ; the leaves alternate, minutely impressed-punctate, varying from entire to incised or even pinnatifid ; heads solitary and long-peduncled, large ami showy ; disk-flowers usually purplish or brownish ; the rays yellow or partly dark purple. 392 COMPOSITE. Gaillardia. G. PiNNATiFiDA, Ton"., of Coloimlo and New Mexico, may approach California by way of Ari- zona. The following Western species is almost sure to be found along the northern borders of the State, and is therefore admitted. It is the only truly perennial species, except the rare and remarkable G. acaitlis, Gray, in Am. Natui-alist, ix. 273, recently discovered by Dr. Parry in Southern Utah. 1 . Gr. aristata, Pursh. Perennial, a span to a foot or more liigh : loAvest leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, sometimes pinnatifid, ta[)ering into petioles ; the upper sessile and often entire : bristles on tlie receptacle slender, much longer than the akenes, sometimes almost as long as the corolla : rays 10 to 18, an inch or more in length, yeUow, sometimes tinged witli purple at the very base. — Lindl. Bot. Peg. t. 1186 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2940. Plains and open ground, common through Oregon, extending to the Saskatchewan region. 79. HELENIUM, Linn. Sneeze-weed. Head many-flowered, witli numerous or several pistillate (rarely infertile or neutral) rays : disk-flowers small and very numerous, all fertile. Involucre of one or two series of mostly small scales ; the outer ones foliaceous or herbaceous, narrow and unequal ; innermost shorter and more membranaceous ; all spreading and at length reflexed. Eeceptacle mostly globular or hemispherical, naked. Pays nearly .or cpiite destitute of tube, mostly cuneate, palmately 3 - 5-lobed, usually drooping : disk-corollas cylindraceous above the usually very short and narrow proper tube ; the 5 or sometimes 4 teeth short and obtuse, glandular. Style-branches with capi- tate-truncate tips. Akenes turbinate, striate-ribbed, hairy on the ribs. Pappus of 5 to 12 thin or hyaline chaffy scales, with or without a midrib, and either blunt, apiculate, or awn-pointed. — Erect simple or branching herbs (X. American and Mexican) ; with all the leaves alternate and all but the lower sessile, often decur- rent into wings on the striate stem ; heads small or large, on naked peduncles terminating the stem or branches ; flowers yellow, or those of the disk at tip turn- ing broAvnish or purplish (the rays in some eastern species in part brown-purple). Foliage minutely impressed-punctate, or dotted Avith resinous globides, puberulent or nearly glabrous. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 202. * Heads large, the disk an inch in diameter and the rays about an inch long : root perennicU : stems, d'c, someivhat wooUg-jyuhescent when young. 1. H. Hoopesii, Gray. Stem stout, a foot or two high, leafy to the top, bear- ing 1 to 6 heads on rather slender peduncles : leaves pale, glabrous or becoming so, thTckish, entire, oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest spatulate with a long tapering base : rays cuneate-linear and moderately 2 - 3- toothed at tip, these and the involucre tardily reflexed : scales of the pappus lanceolate, gradually tapering into a subulate or awn-like point, a little shorter than the disk-corolla. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65. Sierra Nevada at Sonora Pass {Brnver, Bolandcr) ; thence to the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. Leaves 2 to 4, or the lowest 8 to 10, inches long, half an inch to an inch and a half wide. Disk- corolla with a rather long tube. Akenes rather slender. 2. H. Bolanderi, Gray. Stem stout, a foot or two high, simple or sparingly branched, leafy below : heads on mostly long and naked very thick peduncles en- larging at the summit : leaves obovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire : rays cuneate, 3-lobed, deflexed (in the usual manner of the genus) : scales of the pappus lanceolate or subulate, commonly beset with 3 or 4 almost setiform teeth, and tapering into a slender awn which almost equals the disk-corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358. Actinella. COMPOSITiE. 393 Meadows and swamps near the sea, in Mendocino and Humboldt Counties, Bolawler. A most striking large-flowered species. Rays an inch long when well developed. Disk at first depressetl- hemispherical, becoming globular in fruit : the summit of the peduncle thickened under it. * * Heads rather large, the globose disk half an inch or more wide, and the rays half to three fourths of an inch long : root perennial : herbage glabrous or minutely pubescent. 3. H. autumnale, Linn. Stem leafy to the corymbose .suminit, a foot to 3 or 4 feet high : leaves broadly lanceolate (2 to 4 mches long), often serrate : heads mostly several on slender rather short peduncles : scales of the pappus ovate or ovate-lanceolate and awn-pointed, from half to two thirds the length of the corolla. Probably along the northern borders of the State, being common in Oregon (the var. grandi- florum, Torr. & <4ray), also in Kevada ; thence to the Atlantic States. 4. H. Bigelovii, Gray. Stem from one to three feet high, commonly simple : leaves lanceolate or elongated-oblong varying to linear, entire (3 to 6 inches long, 3 to 6 lines or rarely over an inch wide) : head on a slender peduncle from 3 to 18 inches long ; rays numerous, half an inch or more in length : disk depressed-globose, from half to two thirds of an inch in diameter : scales of the pappus ovate-lanceolate or subulate, tapering into an awn considerably shorter than the corolla. — Pacif. \i. Eep. iv. 107. Wet ground, Sierra to Yosemite Valley, &c., and westward to Lake Co. A very branching specimen, with much shorter rays, collected by Prof. Brewer, (near Monterey ?) may be an extreme, form of this rather than of the following species. * * * Reads middle-sized or small ; the rai/s shorter than the globose disk, about a quarter of an inch or less long : root annual or biennial : stems loosely branching. 5. H. puberulum, DC. Two to four feet high, paniculately much branched, minutely cinereous-puberulent : branches terminating in long slender peduncles : leaves lanceolate and entire, or the lower oblong and rarely incisely toothed, nearly all much decurrent : involucre mostly short and inconspicuous, as also the retlexed rays : scales of the pappus ovate, with a short mucronate tip or awn, one tliird or one fourth the length of the corolla. Common along water-courses and shores through the western portion of the State^ from San Francisco Bay southward. Disk half an inch or less in diameter. Rays 2 or at most 3 lines long, usually few. R. Mexicanum, so called, in the Botany of Wliipple's Expedition,^ from Bolinas Bay, appears to be a form of H. 2'>ubcruhim., to which may also belong Coulter's No. 357, although it has more slender rays and blunt pappus-scales. The materials of both are insufficient. 6. H. laciniatum, Gray. A span or two high, branched from the base, cinereous-puberulent : leaves lanceolate or linear, mostly laciniate-pinnatifid, little decurrent, one or two inches long : scales of the involucre mostly longer than the rays, these shorter than the disk : scales of the pappus ovate, abruptly tapering into a conspicuous awn, a little shorter than the broad corolla, about the length of the akene. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 203. "California," probably on the southeastern borders, Coulter (No. 3.56, 358). Yaqui_ River, Sonora, Dr. Palmer. Pedimcles about 3 inches long. Head with yellow disk 4 to 6 lines in diameter ; the rays 2 or 3 lines long. Disk-corollas a line long, their proper tube extremely short. 80. ACTINELLA, Nutt. Head many-flowered, with 8 to 12 pistillate rays ; all the llowers fertile. Invo- lucre hemispherical ; its scales in 2 or 3 series, nearly equal, ovate or lanceolate, rigid or coriaceous (or the inner with margins membranaceous), appressed. Recep- tacle conical or strongly convex, naked, sometimes villous. Eays conspicuous. 3-toothed or 3-lobed at the truncate extremity; disk-corollas elongated-cyhudra- 394 COMPOSIT^E. Actinella. ceous, with 5 erect short (often glandular-bearded) teeth. Style-branches of the perfect flowers with dilated-truncate minutely penicillate tip. Akenes short, turbinate, silky-hirsute. Pappus of 5 to 12 hyaline 1 -nerved or nerveless chaffy scales; the nerve when conspicuous sometimes projecting into an awn. — Chiefly perennials (of W. North America), low or acaulescent, disposed to be woolly at base of the stem ; the leaves alternate, pinnately parted or entire, usually resinous-impressed- puuctate : heads peduncled, terminating the stem, scape, or branches, sometimes loosely corymbose : flowers yellow. The acaulescent species inhabit the Rocky Mountains and the plains eastward. Those in and near California have leafy and branching rigid stems, in tufts from persistent somewhat woody rootstocks. 1. A. Richardsonii, JSTutt. A span to a foot and a half high, varying from hoary witli shurt wooliiness to nearly glabrou.s, leafy to the top : leaves rigid, peti- oled, 3 - 7-parted into linear or almost hliform divisions, or some of them entire : heads mostly numerous and corymbose : scales of the involucre oblong-ovate, the outer series united at base : receptacle conical, glabrous or minutely pubescent when young : scales of the pappus 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate, subulate-acuminate, either slightly or considerably shorter than the disk-corollas, mid-nerve hardly any. — Picradenia liirhardsonii, Hook. Fl. i. 317, t. 108. Var. canescens, D. C. Eaton. A hoary form, barely a span high, with fewer and larger heads, and shorter ovate and merely acute scales of the pappus. — Bot. King Exp. 175. Collected on the, northern borders of the State in the Wilkes Expedition : common in the interior of Oregon and in Nevada, extending to and beyond the Rocky iMountains. Sierra Valley, Lemmon. The latter a form w^ith large heads (about 5 lines high), in this respect, and somewhat in the pappus, approaching the remarkable var. canescens, which was found only on one of the Eastern Humboldt Mountains. 2. A. Cooperi, Gray. Two feet high, with loose and more simple virgate branches terminated by single heads, minutely puberulent : lower leaves unknown ; upper ones 3-parted into narrow linear divisions : receptacle convex, densely villous : rays elongated, acutely 3-cleft at the summit : scales of the pappus 5, broadly ovate and obtuse or slightly pointed, traversed by an obscure midnerve, not haK the length of the disk-corollas. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 359. Southeastern border of the State, on Providence IMountains, at the altitude of 5,000 feet, Dr. CooiJcr. Head as large as in the variety of the preceding ; the rays longer. 81. SYNTRICHOPAPPUS, Gray. Head many-floAvered, with 5 pistillate rays; all the flowers fertile. Involucre cylindraceous, of 5 equal and oblong carinate-concave scales, which partly enclose the ray-akenes. Eeceptacle flat, naked. Pvays oval, obtusely 2 - 3-toothed at the apex : disk-corollas nearly funnelform, glabrous and naked, 5-lobed; the lobes ovate- oblong. Anthers tipped with a long lanceolate appendage. Style-branches linear, surmounted by an ovate-lanceolate flat appendage. Akenes linear-turbinate, with 5 strong and obtuse hirsute-villous ribs, truncate at summit, the terminal areola large. Pappus of numerous barbellate white bristles in a single series, shorter than the disk-corolla, united at base in a ring (and some of them higher up), and decidu- ous together. — A low diffuse white-woolly annual, with alternate 3-lobed leaves, and whoUy the aspect of Actmohpis, to which it is clearly related. — Gray in Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 106, t. 15. Blennosperma. COMPOSITE. 395 1. S. Fremontii, Gray. Two or three inches high, much resembUng Actino- lepis Wali'iCL'i : leaves spatulate or narrow cimeate, S-lobed at the apex, or some- times nearly entire : earliest head slender-peduncled, the others clustered : tlowers golden yellow. In the desert region of the southeastern borders of the State (Soda Lake, Br. Cooper), and in S. Nevada and Utah {Fremont, Newberry, Ccqjt. £is/w2). Palmer). Heads 3 hnes, rays barely 2 hnes long. 82. TRICHOPTILIUM, (hay. Head many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and tubular. Involucre hemisplier- ical, of about 10 ovate-lanceolate thin-herbaceous almost equal scales, somewhat in two series. Eeceptacle flat and naked. Corolla cylindraceous, with 5 short and spreading ovate lobes : filaments inserted just above its base. Style-branches with dilated and very obtuse or truncate tips, but no proper appendage. Akeues oblong- turbinate, hirsute. Pappus of 5 broad hyaline or at length firmer nerveless chatiy scales, which are dissected into slender but rather rigid bristles, the middle ones little shorter than the corolla. — A single species. 1. T. incisum, Gray. A small and depressed winter-annual, diff"usely branched from the root, a span or less in height, clothed throughout with long and loose or somewhat deciduous white wool, under which it is somewhat hirsute or glandular : leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong-cuneate or spatulate, coarsely and sharply toothed or cut-lobed : heads (about 4 lines long) solitary on slender pedun- cles, the earlier ones scape-like: corolla "yellow." — Bot. Mex. Bound. *J7 ; Torr. Pacif, E. Eep. v., t. 5. Gravelly hills, of the Colorado desert region near Fort Yuma, Mohave, &c., Fremont, Thurbcr, Lieut. Du Barry, Cooper. The latter, who found it in ravines of the Caldo Valley, states that the flowers are yellow. Akenes membranaceous, slightly 5 - 6-nerved, somewhat angular : pap- pus-scales (including the bristles, of which the outer are regularly shorter) about the length of the akene. 83. BLENNOSPERMA, Less. Head many-flowered, with 5 to 12 pistillate rays, and sometimes as many apeta- lous pistillate flowers ; the disk-flowers numerous, all sterile. Scales of the hemi- spherical involucre 5 to 12, in a single series, equal, oblong, plane, membranaceous, somewhat united at base. Eeceptacle flattish, naked. Eays an elliptical or oblong entire ligule sessile on the ovary, without a tube. Corollas of the disk-flowers with narrow tube abruptly expanded into the broadly campanulate 4 — 5-lobed limb. Anthers oval. Style in the fertile flowers with flat linear or oblong stigmatic lobes, in the staminate flowers undivided and capitate or disk-shaped at summit : these flowers with barely a rudiment of ovary. Fertile (ray) akenes pyriform, obscurely 8-10-ribbed, destitute of pappus, powdered as it were with papillas which when moistened apparently develop into jelly. — Low and diff"usely branching annuals (of Chili and California), glabrous or nearly so ; with alternate leaves pinnately parted into narrow linear divisions, and rather small pedunculate heads of light yellow flowers, terminating the branches. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 272 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 200. 1. B. Californicum, Torr. & Gray. About a span high : scales of the involu- cre and rays 7 to 12 : a series of pistillate flowers within and alternating with the rays : style-branches of the fertile flowers oval or oblong, flat. — Coniothele Cali- fornica, DC. ogg COMPOSITiE. Peritijle. Moist ground, from San Francisco Bay to San Diego. Scales of the involucre sometimes tipped with purple. Rays 2 or 3 lines long. The minute papillae on the akeue, as seen imder the microscope, swell up when wetted, open at the extremity or split into two valves, and emit two long filaments of extreme tenuity, the whole apparently forming a gelatinous mass enveloping the akene ; just as occurs in Crocidium and in some species of Senecio, kc. From this peculiarity it took its generic name, which means "mucilaginous seed." Crocidium multicatjle. Hook., is a small plant reseml)ling Blcnnosperma, hut with a fuga- cious capillary pappus. It is common along the coast of Oregon, but has not been detected in California ; the specimen so named in the' Botany of the Mexican Boundary, collected by Dr. Stillman, proving to be Blcnnosperma. See Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 206. 84. PERITYLE, Benth. Head many-flowered, with pistillate rays or occasionally none ; the flowers all fertile. Involucre campanulate, of nearly equal scales, slightly carinate on the back, in a single or double series. Eeceptacle flattish or conical, naked. Eays 3- toothed : disk-corollas 4-toothed ; the tube glandular. Style-branches tipped with (or insensibly changing into) a short and obtuse or more commonly subulate or filiform, hairy appendage. Akenes oblong, flat (laterally compressed), dark-colored, bordered by a cartilaginous mostly ciliate-bearded margin. Pappus a series of hyaline or setiform scales, usually more or less united into a cup or crown, and commoidy a slender awn from one or both margins. —Low annuals or perennials, of the southern part of California and adjacent regions ; with petioled usually palmately-lobed or incised and membranaceous leaves, at least the lower ones oppo- site, and pedunculate rather small heads terminating corymbose or paniculate branches (rarely in a corymbose cyme). Eays white (or sometimes yellow X) : disk- flowers yellow. — Benth. Bot. Sulpli. 23, t. 15, & Gen. PI. ii. 398; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 194. In our view, as stated in the paper above cited, the crown of pappus furnishes a better character than the style-appendages, or anything in the involucre, to distinguish this genus from Lap- hamia, one species of which also has short and blunt style-appendages. Lcqihamia nearly takes the place of PcrityU eastward, and one species of it inhabits the southern part of Nevada. P. INCANA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, ined., recently discovered on Guadalupe Island, Lower California, is an anomalous species, stout and somewhat frutescent, as white-woolly as Senecio Cineraria, and with numerous rayless heads in a crowded and naked pedunculate corymb. 1. P. Cahfornica, Benth. Pubescent or glabrate : leaves mostly opposite, broadly ovate or deltoid, incisely toothed or somewhat lobed : rays oblong, perhaps yellow : style-appendages short and obtuse : akenes hispid-cihate : the outermost obovate and with much thickened corky-cartilaginous margins, the inner obovate- oblong and Avith nerve-hke margins, narrowed at the top : awns of the pappus one or two, scabrous. Probably only in Lower California ; Bay of Magdaleua, Hinds ; Cape San Lucas, Xantus. Heads 3 or 4 lines long. Throat, 1. e. the expanded upper pai-t, of the disk-corolla, rather shorter than its tube. Eeceptacle almost flat. 2. P. plumigera, Gray. Glandular-puberulent above, the base of stem un- known : leaves of the branches ovate or oblong, small, toothed : heads smaller than in the foregoing : rays oblong, apparently white : style-appendages short and obtuse : akenes oblong, not contracted at the apex, very densely villous-ciliate : awn of the pappus only one, nearly equalling the corolla, sparsely hispid-plumose above. — PL Fendl. 77. California, Coid/cr. Probably from the southeastern borders of the State or adjacent portion of Arizona. Eece^jtacle strongly convex. 3. P. Acmella, Gray, 1. c. Puberulent and somewhat glandular : lower leaves opposite, ovate and deeply 3-cleft ; the upper alternate and somewhat hastately Dy'<^'^i(^' COMPOSITE. gQ,^ 3-lobed: heads small: rays broadly cuneate-oblong : style-appendacres short and acutish : akenes oblong, densely hispid-ciliate : awns°of the pa^Itinuc llX 1 r bZ 'itT:- 7 '^^''^"^t" P^^^-^--^cmella, Hooi. \i Arn.' Bot B^ W loO. Boltonia § Dichetophora, sp, Benth. & Hook. Gen PI ii 269 4. P. Emoryi, Torr. Sparsely hirsute as well as glandular : leaves round-cordate or fan-shaped in outline 5 -9-cleft and the lobes copiously incise.l, the upper . It^.- nate and ess lobed : scales of the involucre rather broad : rays shoi4, white, broadly oval : style-appendages oblong and obtuse : akenes narrowly oblong, liispid-ciliate awn of the pappus only one, very slender, sparsely barbellate above, or in Var. nuda, Gray, with no awn. —P. nucla, Torr. in Pacif. E. Hep. iv 100 Desert region, along the Rio Colorado on both sides, near Fort Yuma, &c and on the Gila Heads rather large for the genus, .3 or 4 lines high : receptacle broad, nearly Ha? Kays said hi the Botany of the Mexican Boundary, p. 82, to be "plainly yello v " • hJt th; ticSt of D Cooper's specunens fi-om the same district states that they are whit . So they are in khnS; Guadaupe plant. Throat or expanded part of the disk-corolla shorter than fhe tube S ye appendages certainly short and obtuse in the original specimens. Yet in onf seemingirof ctlifomLX"S/T;"r'"^' '.f ''''''' ^''T -y«' -11-led in 1870 on Carmen SnWower Calitoiuia, by Dr. E. P«^»rcr, these appendages are somewhat longer and subulate-acute - So also, m specimens recently collected by him on Guadalupe Island! This is eyidently a wintei-- annual ; and so apparently are all the foregoing. eviucuciy a wintei 5. P. leptoglossa, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent : leaves (of branches) small and alternate, ovate and somewhat cordate, slender-petioled, coarsely or doubly tootbed : scales of the involucre narrow : rays linear, rather long : style-appendages hhform and acute : akenes linear-oblong, hispid-ciliolate : awn 'of the pappus only one, very slender, barely scabrous. — PI. Fendl. 77. i 1 1 j California, Coulter. Known only from his collection. Heads large for the genus, 5 lines lon^ • receptacle merely conyex._ Rays 4 to 6 lines long : disk-corollas with slender tube and a rema "k-' ably long and narrow cylindrical throat. \I:7,T^^^^' ?■ ^^^?f^' and P. CORONOPIFOLIA, Gray, the latter with distinctly white rays, belong to a region further eastward. ^ ' 85. DYSODIA, Cay. Head many-flowered, with few or numerous pistillate rays or sometimes none ; all the flowers fertile. Involucre cylindraceous or campanulate, of rather rigid equal scales in a single series, often united below, commonly subtended by a row of bracts. Eeceptacle flattish, naked, often alveolate, fimbrillate, or hirsute. Eays entire or 2-.3-toothed at the apex : disk-corollas narrow, 5-toothed. Style-branches of the perfect flowers slender and tipped with a subulate or nearly filiform hispid append- age. Akenes linear or linear-cuneate, 4 - 5-angled or many-nerved. Pappus single, of 10 (or rarely more) firm chaff^y scales which are deeply dissected into many rigid scabrous bristles, about equalling the corolla. — Herbs (all Mexican and X. Ameri- can) ; with strong and mostly disagreeable scent (whence the generic name), opposite or alternate leaves, and peduncled heads of yellow, orange, or reddish flowers : scat- tered oil-glands rather conspicuous in the fohage and involucre. D. CHRTSANTHEMOiDEs, Lagasca, common along the waters of the Mississippi and thence to approach California by way of Arizona. Mexico, may ; p. SPECiosA, Gray, a striking and apparently shrubby sjjecies, with rounded ternate leaflets and large heads, was discovered at Cape San Lucas in Lower California, far beyond our limits. the toUowing have been found in the State. 1. D, porophylloides, Gray. Loosely mucli Ijranclied. al^ont 2 f(>et liigb, glabrous : branches slender and rigid, striate, terminated by middle-sized heads : 398 COMPOSIT.E. Dysodia. leaves alternate, small, mostly 3 - 5-parted into linear-lanceolate or subulate divis- ions, which are seldom gland-bearing ; all the upper reduced to subulate bracts ; those subtending the involucre very short and simple : scales of the involucre linear, abruptly acute, beset with oblong oil-glands, coalescent : rays few and inconspicu- ous : " flowers yellow " : scales of the pappus deeply parted into about 9 bristles. — PL Thurb. 322. Southeastern borders of the State at San Felipe (Thurbcr), and Foi-t Mohave, Dr. Cooper. Also collected at Camp Grant, S. Arizona, by Dr. Palmer, with more developed leaflets. Head half to three quarters of an inch long. Rays linear, not longer than the disk, hardly surpassing the style. 2. D. Cooperi, Gray. Scabrous-puberulent, " 2 feet high," stouter than the preceding and witli head fully an inch long : leaves (of branch) lanceolate, rigid, coarsely and spinulosely few-toothed, and parted near the sessile base so as to form a pair of subulate stipule-like lateral lobes : bracts of the involucre and scales linear- subulate and attenuate-acuminate, gradually passing into each other, carinate with strong midrib : rays somewhat exserted, " purple " : pappus as in the preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 201. Southeastern borders of the State, eastern side of Providence Mountains, Dr. Coo^jcr. The lower leaves are probably more divided. 86. NICOLLETIA, Gray. Head many-flowered, with a series of pistillate rays ; all the flowers fertile. Invo- lucre cylindraceous, of 8 to 12 equal oblong scales, calyculate with one or two small exterior scales. Eeceptacle convex, naked. Rays oblong, minutely 2 - 3-toothed : disk-corollas slender, S-toothed. Style-branches of the disk-flowers slender, con- tinued into filiform acute hispid appendages. Akenes linear, slender, terete, taper- ing to the base, pubescent. Pappus double ; the outer a series of capillary bristles like those of Poroj^hyllum ; the inner of 5 thin chaffy scales with midrib produced into a bristle or awn, nearly etj^ualling the disk-corolla. — L(jw and branching glabrous annuals ; with alternate leaves, pinnately divided into a few narrowly linear or subulate lobes, and short-peduncled rather large heads terminating the branches. Oil-glands in the foliage and involucre few and large. Rays pink or luirple, the disk-flowers (always'?) yellow. — Torr. Frem. Rep. 2d Exp. 315; PI. Wright, i. 119, t. 8 ; Bot. Mex. Bound. 93. There are two species, both rare ; one found near the southwestern borders of Texas, the other near the southeastern borders of California. The genus was dedicated to the memory of the distinguished geographical explorer and astronomer, J. N. Nicollet, under whom Fremont initiated his work. 1. N. occidentalis, Gray, 1. c. A span or more high : leaves thickish and with short lobes, the uppermost close to the head : scales of the pappus lanceolate- subulate, tapering into a short slender awn. Sandy banks of the Mohave River, Fremont, Dr. Cooper. The latter found it at Camp Cady, and has recorded that the rays are purple, the disk yellow. 87. POROPHYLLUM, Yaillant. Head several - many-flowered, with all the flowers perfect. Involucre cyhndrical or cylindraceous, of 5 to 10 oblong or linear equal scales in a single series. Recep- tacle small, naked. Corollas with a slender or filiform tube, and a narrow 5-cleft limb. Style-branches slender, tipped with a subulate-filiform hispid appendage. Akenes long and slender, nearly terete, striate or angled. Pappus of copious rather oiig the borders of the State. Pedis. COMPOSITE. 390 rigid scabrous capillary bristles, about the length of the corolla, — Herbs, sometimes with ligneous base, glabrous and often glaucous ; with slender branches terminated by pedunculate heads of yellow, whitish, or purplish flowers, and alternate or below opposite leaves ; these and the scales of the involucre marked by scattered immersed oil-glands, in the manner of Tagetes, &c., therefore strong-scented. Species all American, chiefly of Mexico and farther south, a few aloii United States, two in Lower California, but only the following within the S 1. P. gracile, Benth. Slender, loosely much branched from a rather wooily base, a foot or two high : lower leaves linear with tapering base, the upper nearly filiform or slender-subulate : scales of the involucre 4 to 6, oblong-linear, obtuse, with narrow scarious margins: head 5 - 15-flowered : akenes scabrous-puberulent, narrowed at the summit. — Bot. Sulph. 29. P. Greggii, var. minor, Gray, Gravelly banks. Fort Mohave and southward {Dr. Coojkt, &c.), San Diego, Cleveland. Heads three quarters of an inch long : flowers " jmrple " or "dirty white." Herbage with a strong fragrant or fennel-like odor. According to J\Ir. Johnson, who collected it on the Colorado River, it is there called " Poison-flower." 88. PECTIS, Linn. Head several-many-flowered, with pistillate rays ; the flowers all fertile. Involucre cylindrical or campanulate, of a few equal and mostly carinate-coucave scales in a single series. Eeceptacle small, naked, Rays entire or 2- 3-toothed at the apex : disk-corollas mostly slender, 5-toothed, sometimes unequally. Style long, somewhat thickened up- wards and minutely hispid ; the branches very short and obtuse or truncate, Akenes linear or filiform, many-striate. Pappus of few or rather numerous bristles, or some- times of a few awns, with or without some small chaffy scales, sometimes in some or all the flowers of little scales only, these united into a crown. — Low odorous herbs (all American) ; with opposite narrow and chiefly entire leaves, their margins beset with some long bristles, at least toAvard the base, in their substance as in that of the involucre bearing some scattered oil-glands. Heads small, or sometimes rather ample for the size of the plant, scattered : flowers yellow. P. PUNCTATA, Jacf[. {Pcctidium, DC), with its pappus of 3 or 4 very rigid smooth awns, and P. MULTISETA, Benth., with a pappus of 2 or 3 bristles or none in the disk, and leaves conspicu- .lusly bristle-fringed, grow in Lower California. P. i'ROSI'EATa, Cav., with broadish leaves and sess Je heai s, comes into Arizona ; as does P. imbehbis. Gray, a tall species remarkable for tlie want of bristles to the leaves. The following are attributed to California solely on the authority of Coulter's collection, from which they were first described ; and they may all have been col- lected east of the Eio Colorado. 1, P. papposa, Gray. Annual, glabrous, diffusely much branched, a span to a foot high, "lemon-scented" : leaves elongated-linear (2 or .3 inches long, less tli'an a line wide), furnished with very few bristles at base : heads slender-peduncled, scat- tered or corymbose, about 20-flowered : scales of the involucre 6 to 8, linear : rays elongated, linear-oblong : pappus in the ray a scaly crown, in the disk of 15 to 20 capillary and very unequal barbellate bristles. — PI. Fendl. 62. California, Coulter, No. 331. Common in the Gila Valley and through Arizona, SchoH, Pulnirr, Wright, &c. Akenes slender, minutely hirsute with gliuidular-tipi)ed and .sometimes hooked hairs. Scales of the involucre nearly infolding the ray-akenes, as in all our species. 2. P. Coulteri, Gray, 1. c Annual, puberulent, diff"use, 2 or 3 inches high : leaves narrowly linear (about half an inch long), sparsely bristle-fringed : heads on peduncles mostly longer than the leaves : scales of the involucre and exserted rays about 5, both oblong : pappus in ray and disk nearly alike, of 2 to 4 short and stout awns which are retrorsely bristly-barbed. 400 COMPOSITiE. Pedis. Califonua, Coulter, No. 330. Arizona, Dr. Palmer. Involucre 2 or 3 lines long ; the whole head 4 or 5 lines long, rather few-tlowered. 3. P. filipes, Gray, 1. c. Annual, slender and diffuse, glabrous : leaves narrowly linear (an inch or more long, seldom a line wide), sparingly bristle-fringed at base : peduncles capillary, one or two inches long : scales of the involucre 5, rather broadly linear, obtuse : rays exserted, oblong : disk-flowers about 5 : akenes slender : pappus of about 2 (1 to 3) slender awns which are gi-adually slightly dilated at base and minutely scabrous towards the apex, in the disk sometimes a minute crown with a solitary awn. California, Coulter, Ko. 329. New Mexico, TJmrher, Bigclow, Henry. Janos, Chihuahua, Schott. Involucre narrow, 2 to 2i lines long. Only Coulter's plant shows the short crown of the disk-pappus. There is no trace of it, and the awns are 2 or 3, in the other specimens, which are from a district farther east than that probably traversed by Coulter. Bentham thinks it likely to be P. Taliscana, Hook. & Am. ; but it does not accord with the character of that species. Probably it has not been collected within California. Tribe YII. AXTHEMIDE^. Distinguished from Helenioideee by the drier more scariously margined or tipped and imbricated scales of the involucre ; from Asteroidece b}^ the same and by the truncate tips of the style in the perfect flowers, never continued into an appendage ; the pappus none or a mere crown. Belonging mainly to the Old World, very few in Western Xorth America, except of Artemisia. 89. ACHILLEA, Linn. Yakiiow. Head many-flowered, with few or several pistillate rays ; all the flowers fertile. Scales of the narrow involucre imbricated in few series, appressed, mostly with scarious margins. Receptacle from flattish to conical, with thin chafl; subtending the flowers. Eays mostly short or broad. Akenes oblong or obovate, obcompressed, surrounded by a narrow and cartilaginous margin, destitute of pappus. — Perennial herbs (numerous in the Old World, but very few in the iN'ew), rather strong-scented ; with alternate either serrate or pinnately dissected leaves, and small corymbose heads of yelloAv or white or sometimes rose-colored flowers. 1. A. Millefolium, Linn. A foot or two high, or lower on mountains, villous- woolly at least when young : leaves lanceolate or linear in general outline, twice pinnately parted into fine linear acute and 3 - 5-cleft lobes : heads small, crowded in a compound corymb-like cyme : rays 4 or 5, obovate, white, rarely rose-color (occasionally becoming tubular) : akenes slightly margined. Common in the Sierra Nevada up to 11,000 feet, extending through all the moimtains north- ward and eastward ; not rare in the western part of the State at the level of the sea ; there perhaps introduced from the Old World ; but clearly indigenous all round the northern hemi- sphere. 90. ANTHEMIS, Linn. Chamomile. Head many-flowered, Avith numerous pistillate or sometimes neutral rays ; the disk-flowers fertile. Involucre hemispherical ; the scales very numerous, imbricated and appressed, scarious-margined, with a more rigid centre. Eeceptacle from con- vex to oblong-conical, chaffy with slender or thin scales or awns, subtending the flowers, at least the central ones. Eays commonly conspicuous. Akenes obovcjid or oblong, 4-5-angled, 8-10-ribbed, or many-striate, truncate at the apex. Pappus Matricaria. COMPOSITE. 4Q2 none or a short chaffy crown. — Herbs, of numerous species in the Old World, a very few have become roadside weeds in the United States. The only common one is tlie Mai/-u>eed, which has reached California, viz., 1. A. Cotula, Linn. A much branched, somewhat pubescent, stronj,'-scented and acrid annual, a foot or less high : the alternate leaves thrice piunately divided into small linear-subulate lobes : heads rather small terminating the branches, somewhat corymbose : rays soon refiexed, white, sterile, having an imperfect style or none : disk-liowers yellow : receptacle conical, naked toward the margin, but with almost bristle-shaped chaff near the centre : pappus none. — Maruta Cotula, Cass. : differing from true Anthemis in the sterile rays, &c. Sparingly found along roadsides : introduced, but not yet common. 91. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Linn. Head many-flowered, with numerous pistillate rays ; the disk-flowers usually all fertile. Involucre hemispherical or flatter ; the more or less scarious short and appressed scales imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Eays usually elongated : disk-corollas often flattened (obcompressed) or 2-wingcd below, 4 - 5-toothed. Akenes short, nearly terete, several-ribbed or angled, trun- cate at the tip, mostly (in ours) destitute of pappus. A large and diversified genus in the Old World (especially when it includes Leucantlicmum and Pjjrcthnim), but not indigenous to North America except in the arctic regions. Only one species is much naturalized in the United States, viz. 1. C. Leucanthemum, Linn. A perennial weed, spreading from short run- ning rootstocks, nearly glabrous, a foot or two high : stems simple or sparingly branched, the naked summit bearing a large head : leaves incisely pinnatitid or toothed ; the lower spatulate ; the upper becoming linear and smaller : scales of the involucre with somewhat rusty tips : rays white (over half an inch long) : disk yellow : akenes many-ribbed. — Leucanthemum vulgare, Lam. In fields at Santa Cruz ; probably in some other places : introduced from the Old World. Xot yet, perhaps may not become, in California the troublesome weed that it is in the Atlantic States, where it takes possession of meadows, and is known as Ox-eye Daisy, White Daisy, and IVkiU^- weed. 92. MATRICARIA, Linn. Head many-flowered, with or without rays. Involucre hemispherical or flatter, of numerous and more or less scarious appressed scales in few series. Eeceptacle conical or ovate, naked. Corollas, akenes, &c., as in the preceding genus. Pappus none or a minute crown. — A rather large genus of the Old World ; only the fol- lowing on the Pacific coast, where it is apparently indigenous. L M. discoidea, L)C. Annual, a span or two high, branching, glabrous, leafy : leaves twice or thrice pinnately dissected into numerous short and narrow linear divisions : heads small, short-peduncled : involucre of broadly oval scales with white-scarious margins: rays none: disk greenish-yellow, much elevated: receptacle high conical : akenes with an obscure coroniform margin in place of i)ap- pus. — 31. tanacetoides, Fischer & Meyer. Saniolina suaveolens, Pursh. Taiiacetum- matricarioides. Less. T. stcaveolois, Hook. T. paucijlorum, DC. Artemisia matri- carioides, Less. Cotula matricarioides, Bongard. Lepidotheca (in errata) or Lepi- danthus suaveolens, Nutt. in Trans. Araer. Phil. Soc. Waste grounds, through the whole length of the State, and north to Unalaska. It has migrated to and beyond the Mississijipi as a weed, as also to some places in tlie noitli of Euroj)e. Said to be used in California as a domestic remedy for agues and bowel-complaints. Heads a quarter of an inch, or in fruit half an inch in lengtli, greenish-yellow. 402 COMPOSITiE. Tanacetum. 93. TANACETUM, Linn. Tansy. Head many-flowered, heterogamous, with the flowers all tubular, the outermost series pistillate, or rarely these wanting when the flowers are all perfect, mostly all fertile. Involucre of numerous dry more or less scarious and brownish imbricated and appressed scales. Eeceptacle flat or convex, naked. Corollas of the pistillate flowers equally or obliquely 2 - 5 -toothed ; of the perfect flowers 5-toothed. Akenes generally about 5-ribbed or angled, or the marginal ones 3-sided ; the broad trun- cate summit bearing a short and scarious coroniform pappus, or none, — Strong- scented herbs ; with alternate mostly compoiind or lobed leaves, and corymbose or rarely solitary erect heads of yellow flowers. A moderately large genus in the Old World, widely represented by T. vulgarc, Linn., the com- mon Tansy, which, so far as we know, is not at all naturalized in California ; but there is a stouter indigenous si)ecies on the coast related to it. Then, in the interior dry region there are three or four peculiar species (section Sphccromeria of Nuttall) related to certain others in Asia ; the one found in California much approaches Artemisia. Ours are perennials. % Pappus evident : leaves very much dissected into innumerable divisions. 1. T. Huronense, Nutt. Softdiairy, usually much so when young: stems stout, a foot or two high, very leafy : leaves twice or thrice pinnately dissected ; the very small and numerous lobes oblong or linear and much crowded : heads large, half an inch in diameter, on stout peduncles : corollas of the ])istillate flowers rather conspicuous and somewhat ray-like, 3-5-lobed, the tube flattened, slightly winged at base : akenes very obscurely ribbed : pap})us toothed. ■ — ■ I'. cam2>horatum, Less. T. Douglasii, DC. T. elegans, Decaisne, Fl. fSerres, t. 1191. OmalantJms campho- ratus, Less. Omalotes campUorata, DC. Sandhills, along the coast, from San Francisco to Paget Sound. Also on the rjiper Great Lakes, and from Hudson's Bay to the northern borders of Maine. % -.v Pappus none : leaves once or twice ptinnately dissected into rather few divisions. 2. T. potentilloides, Gray. Silvery-silky : stems numerous from a stout root, diffuse or ascending, a span to a foot long, sparsely leafy : radical leaves twice pin- nately divided and petioled, the cauline mostly sessile and once divided into linear entire lobes ; uppermost reduced to nearly simple bracts : heads 3 to 6 in a loose corymb (sometimes rather panicled), hemispherical, about 3 lines broad : scales of the involucre about 10, bnxadly obovate, silky-tomentose : receptacle flattish, very hirsute : flowers all fertile ; the pistillate ones with a small and slender 2-3- toothed corolla: akenes obovate-turbinate, 3-5-angular, thin and vesicular, with truncate broad summit. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 204. Artemisia potentilloides, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 551. Eastern part of the Sierra jSTevada, in Sierra Valley (Lemmon), and Carson City, Nevada, Anderson. The corymbose heads as well as the broad and abrupt top of the akene refer this to T^anacetmn. Tlie akene is thin and utricular, forming a loose investment to the seed : when soaked it swells up and becomes jelly-like ; and its cells under the microscope show spiral threads. 94. ARTEMISIA, Linn. ■\Vorm\vood. SAGE-srsu. Head several - many-flowered, heterogamous, with the flowers all tubular and the outermost series pistillate, or homogamons by the alisence of these ; the more numerous perfect flowers either fertile or sterile. Scales of the involucre dry and more or less scarious-margined, imbricated in few series, appressed. Eeceptacle flat- tish, convex, or hemispherical, naked, sometimes hairy. Corollas of the pistillate flowers slender and small, 2 - 3-toothed ; of the perfect flowers enlarged above. Artemisia. COMPOSTT.E. 403 6. 2. A. A. DRACTJNCULOIDES. NORVEGICA. 3. 5. A. A. A. A. A. VULOAUIS. niscoLoii. LUDOVICIANA. PYCNOCKPHALA. SPINESCESS. A. Califounica. A. Till DENT ATA. 10. 11. A. A. TRIFIDA. ARBUSCULA. 5-tootbe(l. Anthers usually with narrow tips. Akenes obovoid or oblong, mostly rounded at the apex and with a rather small terminal areola, almost always glabrous. Pappus none, or in one species a vestige. — Herbs or undershrubs, bitter and odorous ; with alternate leaves most commonly dissected, and the numerous small heads of yellow or yellowish flowers usually nodding, and racemose or panicled, sometimes paniculate-spicate. •An immense genus mainly of the northern hemisphere, its headquarters in Northern Asia ; not many species in California, and fewer still in the Atlantii; States ; but abounding through the. interior arid region, where the Sage-bushes form a characteristic feature. Our sjiei/ies are all i)er- ennials, A. biennis, Willd., not having been found so far west. To facilitate the determination of the species an artificial key is appended. Herbaceous, or hardly woody at the base ; Green and nearly glaltrous : leaves linear, entire, Green, becoming glabrous : leaves twice pinnately parted, White-cottony underneath the leaves ; upper face green. Lobes of the leaves lanceolate, acute. Lobes of the leaves narrowly linear. White-cottony throughout, Silky villous all over. Shrubby and spiny : heads few and scattered, Shrubby, unarmed. (See also No. 7.) Grayish-puberulent : jiinuate leaves with long filiform divisions, White-pubescent : leaves palmately cleft or toothed, sometimes entii'e. One to 6 feet high : leaves about 3-toothed, A span or two high : leaves deeply cleft or some entire : Their 3 lobes linear. Their 3 to 5 lobes obovate or spatulate, § 1. Floiuers heterogamous [some of the marginal ones pistillate only), hut all fertile : receptacle not villous. — Abrotanum, Besser. * Shruhhy : lobes of the cinereous-imherident leaves filiform-linear. 1. A. Californica, Less. About 4 feet high, with a decidedly woody base, very leafy : leaves all jtinnately 3 - 7-parted into almost filiform divisions, or some of the uppermost entire : heads small and numerous in narrow racemose panicles : scales of the involucre broad, nearly glabrous : akenes somewhat turbinate and 3-5-ribbed, utricidar, with a very broad and somewhat toothed summit. — A. Fischeriana, Besser. A. foliosa & A. abrotanoides, Nutt. Dry banks, from below Santa Barbara to San Francisco. Heads roundish, about 2 lines in diameter. Receptacle hemispherical, naked, not hairy, as said by Nuttall. * % Hei'baceous : leaves or their lobes linear-lanceolate or broader. ■i- Not white-cottony : corolla sparsely hairy. 2. A. Norvegica, Fries. A span to 2 feet high, stout, loosely villous-pubescent when young, or glaltrous : leaves mostly bipinnately parted or cleft into linear- lanceolate or broader acute lobes, or the uppermost reduced to trifid or simple bracts: heads large, in a simple naked panicle or loose raceme : scales of the invo- lucre oblong, brownish : akenes oblong, about 5-angled. — jS'ovit. Suec. ed. 1 (1817), 56. A. rupestris, Fl. Dan. t. 801. A. arctica, Less. (1831), A. Chamissoniami, Besser. in Hook. Fl. North side of Wood's Peak in the Sierra Nevada, at 9,000 feet. Brewer. Also in the Rocky and other high mountains to Alaska, Arctic America, E. Siberia, and the Norwegian Alps. Heads globular, about 4 lines in diameter. -5- -t- Leaves uing bracts, and terminated by a racemose or cymose cluster of rather small heads : flowers purjilisli or white. — Petasites & Nardosmia, DC. Tetrachjmia. COMPOSIT.^. 4Q- Tlie American species are of the Xardosmia section, witli more coiymbose heads an.l .l.-,-i,le,l rays The few species of the group are very nearly rehitcl : tlie most southern one, and the inlv one found in Cahfornia, is the following. But P. saylttala {Xardo.mia, Hook.;, of the liockv Mountains, may possibly occur. ^ v > /, «-">. nuLKy 1. P. palmata. Clothed with l(jo.se cottony wool when younj--, b(3C(iuiin«r "la- hruiis with age : leaves rounded in outline, very deeply 5-7-clell, the lobes iiicis^ly toothed or lobed : flowers dull white, deliciously scented : rays in the sterile licuds oblong and conspicuous, in tlie fertile ones narrow and shorter than their style — Tussilago palmata, Ait. Kew. etl. 1., iii. 188, t. 2. Nardomiia jmlmata, Hook. " Damp woodlands, from San Francisco northward. Also in Oregon and sparingly to New Encr- fand and Labrador. i. o j o 98. TETRADYMIA, DC. Head 4 -9- (rarely 18-) flowered, homogamous ; the flowers all tubidar and per- fect. Involucre cylindrical or rarely campanulate ; its scales 4, 5, or sometimes more numerous, oblong or narrower, rather rigid, more or less concave and carinate, nearly equal, in one or two series, and rarely with short external ones at the base.' Eeceptacle smaH, flat or nearly so. Corolla with a slender tube, abruptly cUlated into a 5-parted limb ; the lobes linear or lanceolate, traversed by a more or less evident mid-nerve. Anthers exserted, linear, mucronately sagittate, the auricles connate. Style-branches with minutely penicillate apex tipped with a very short and obtuse or sometimes more conspicuous and acute cone. Akenes terete, oblong or somewhat fusiform, obscurely 5-nerved, long-villous or glabrous. Pappus of copious fine and soft capillary scabrous bristles. — Low and much branched s]iru])s (of the interior arid region, mainly between the Sierra and the Rocky IMountains) ; with alternate linear or subulate entire leaves, and corymbose or racemose clusters of middle-sized heads : corollas yellow. — DC. Prodr. vi. 240 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 207. In the paper above cited, the genus is extended so as to include an ambicnious species, con- stituting the third section. § 1. White-ivooUi/, except the small terete fascicled leaves in the axils of the j^riman/ leccves converted^ into spines : involucre of 5 or 6 scales, 5 - 9-ffowered : bristles of the pcqjpns in a single series, almost equalled and concecde'd by the finer but similar pappus-like long ivhite hairs which densely clothe the akene ! — Lago- THAMNUS, Torr. & Gray. {Lagothamnus, Nutt.) 1. T. spinosa, Hook. & Am. From 2 to 4 feet high, with rigid divaricate branches, clothed with dense white wool and armed with sharp slender spines : leaves crowded in the fascicles, succulent, linear or terete, glabrous (al)out 3 lines long), mostly shorter than the spines : heads racemose or scattered along tlie branches (half an inch long), sliort-peduncled. — Lagothamnus microphyllus k L. ambiguxs. Eastern borders of the State ; San Bernadino Co., on rrovidencc Mountains (Cooper), and through the Nevada desert to Idaho. § 2. White-tvoolly, or sometimes almost glahrate : involucre of 4 or 5 concave scales containing four fowers : bristles of the pappus very cojnous : akenes either very villous or in the same species glabrate or glabrous! — Eutetradymia, Torr. & Gray. 2. T. canescens, DC. A tout oi' two liigh, unannod, silvory-tomentose : leaves narrowly linear, varying to linear-lanceolate or somewhat spatulate (and from an 4Qg COMPOSURE. Tetradpnia. inch to barely half an inch long), the wool persistent : heads corymbosely clustered. — Deless. Ic. iv, t. 60. Dry hills and plains ; from Mono Lake, &c. {Brciccr) through Nevada to tlie interior of Oregon and Idaho, and, in the var. ineriuis {T. iiicriiiis, Kutt., whicli has shorter leaves and heads) east- ward to New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. Heads in the larger-leaved form about three (juarters of an inch long ; in the other sometimes only half an inch. Lobes of the corolla nearly linear, the mid-nerve or axis commonly carinate-thickened from the apex downward. Tips of the style-branches usually nearly as figured in the plate cited, or the base of the cone distinctly his- pid, but occasionally the cone is more prominent, acute, and hispid with a few stiff bristles. In such specimens, and also in some others, the ovaries are perfectly glabrous ; in others, the akenes become glabrous. 3. T. glabrata, Ton. & Gray. A foot or two high, unarmed, cottony-toiuentose with very white but more deciduous wool : leaves rather fleshy, becoming glabrous in age ; the primary ones linear-subulate and conspicuously mucronate (half an inch long), erect or appressed on the branches of the season ; those of the fascicles shorter and^ obtuse: heads corymbose. — Pacif. E. Rep. ii. 122, t. 5; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 193. Eastern side of the Sien-a Nevada on the borders of the State, Bcckirith, Andcrsm, Lcmmon. Thence through the desert to Salt Lake. Heads and flowers nearly as in the precednig. Style- hranches tipped with a very short and obtuse cone. Akenes seemingly always densely villous. T. NuTTALLii, Torr. & Gray, the spiny species of this section, apparently has not been met with west of Utah or Idaho. § 3. Early glahmte, unarmed : leaves all reduced to subulate green scales ; those at the summit of the hranchlets passing into the scales of the 15 - IS-Jtoivered campanulate involucre, tvhich thus becomes imbricated! — Lepidosparton, Gray. 4. T. squamata, Gray. Paniculately branched, 3 or 4 feet high : branches .slender : leaves reduced to very small thick and rigid-pointed scales : heads ra- cemose or paniculate : involucre glabrous, of 8 to 12 inner scales in 2 or more series and subtended by several or numerous shorter bracts : lobes of the corolla linear- lanceolate : style-branches with acute and minutely hairy tips : akenes rather short, completely glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 207. Linosyris sortionally large : anthei'-tips sharp-pointed . 1. C. Drummondii, var. acaulescens, Gray, 1. c. The larger forms of the species (which occur in the Eocky Mountains, and. from Oregon to Saskatchewan and the Arctic region) have a stem from a span to a foot or even 3 or 4 feet high, and large heads : the variety, which reaches California, has the more or less smaller heads sessile or almost so in the centre of the tuft of radical leaves ; these lightly woolly when young, at least beneath, lanceolate, not deeply pinnatifid, with short and broad-margined petiole : scales of the involucre thin and proportionally large ; the outer ovate-lanceolate passing into lanceolate, tapering into a weak and short or slender prickle : corollas mostly reddish purple ; the lobes shorter than the throat. — Cirsium acaule, var. Americanum, Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863. Open ground along the Sieri'a Nevada, chiefly on the eastern side. Corollas an inch or more in length. The heads when several in a close cluster are smaller and narrower, when single occa- sionally 2 inches long. 2. C. quercetorum, Gray. Lightly woolly when young, and somewhat hairy : stem a foot or less high, occasionally branching, leafy : leaves rather rigid, pinnately or sometimes even almost bipinnately parted, more prickly : heads large and broad (about two inches high) : scales of the involucre very numerous, closely appressed, all but the inner ones firm-coriaceous, from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, and rather abruptly tipped with a short rigid cusp or prickle : corollas apparently purple, four of tlie lobes much higher united, the other longer than the throat. — Proc. Am. Acad. X. 40. Hills at Oakland and elsewhere near San Francisco, Bolanckr, Kellogg. In Bolander's specimens the heads are naked-peduncled ; the outer scales veiy rigid, with thinnish and erose-ciliolate margins, the outermost very short and almost ovate, all merely mucronate or cuspidatc-tipjied. Dr. Kellogg's specimens, probably from less exposed ground, have less rigid foliage, and involucre- scales more like those of C. Drummondii, less abruptly tipped with a short rigid prickle. % * Taller species, with permanently and densely ivhite-woolly leaves, at least under- neath, sometimes becoming green and naked above. •i- Involucre globular, of firm or thick-coriaceous closely ajyiyressed scales, tipped with an abrupt spreading prickle : fl.oioers purple, sometimes cream-color or xvhite. 3. C. Breweri, Gray, 1. c. Tall (4 to 10 feet high), branching, white-woolly: leaves elongated and pinnatifid : heads numerous and panicled, rather small (an inch or less long) : involucre at first cobwebby ; the outer scales short and broadish, the back marked with a greenish or purplish thickened and somewhat glutinous or glandular spot at the blunt tip, which bears a weak prickle : lobes of the corolla shorter than the throat : anther-tips almost obtuse. In a canon near San Juan, Monterey Co. {Brcivcr) : and in swamps and moist gi-ounds of Strawberry Valley near Mt. Shasta {Brewer), also in Mendocino and Humboldt Counties (Bolan- innatifid and moder- ately prickly-toothed : heads naked-peduncled : scales of the campanulate involucre less uueiiual and in fewer series than in any of the foregoing, somewhat loose ; the outer rather narrowly lanceolate and the succeeding more subulate, gradually taper- ing into a short prickly point ; the innermost very long and slender : lobes of the corolla not longer than the throat. Sierra Nevada, from Tulare Co. to Carson City and Donner Lake, Anderson, Torrcy, Bo- landcr. Head 2 inches long. Flowers crimson-red. Tips of the appendages of the anthers trian- gular, either acute or acutish. Stigmatic tip to the style filiform and moderately elongated ; node obsolete. § 2. Scales of the involucre of almost equal or moderately unequal length, all hut the innermost tapering gradually into a long marginless and mostly greenish and spreading or ascending usually spiny-tipped acumination. * Heads large {mostly 2 inches high) : Jloivers crimson : involucre densely long-xvoolly when young ; the scales tapering gradually from a short coriaceous a2^pressed base into long and slender hut rigid spreading spinescent tips. 7. C OCCidentaliS, Gray, 1, c. Very white with long and dense wool, 2 to 5 feet high, stout : leaves lanceolate and the lowest oblong, sinuate-pin iiatitid or the n]3per merely toothed, rather weak-prickly, the upper surface often becoming naked with age : involucre globose ; its scales with very long and slender rigid mostly subulate or almost needle-shaped and merely prickly-pointed tijis, the lowermost usually widely spreading : corollas bright crimson or purple-red, regularly 5-cleft ; the lobes one and a half to twice the length of the throat : tips of the anther-append- ages triangular-acuminate. • — • Cardans occidentalis, Nutt. 1. c, with erroneous char- acter. Cirsinm Coulteri, Gray, PI. Wright, ii, 110 ; Katon in Bot. King Ex{). 195. Open grounds, not rare apparently throughout the State, and within the borders of Nevada. A striking species, with its white cottony wool, and large and broad heads of briglit red flowei-s. Heads 2 inches high, or sometimes considerably less. Scales of the involucre an inch and a half or less in length, mostly retaining the dense and long cobwebby wool. Flowers an inch and a 420 COMPOSITE. ■ Cnicus. half long in the larger heads. Stigmatic tip of the style naked and rather short. This proves to be Nuttall's Oardims occidentalis, and this specific name may well be used in the changes of nomenclature rendered necessary by the adoption of the generic name Cnicus. As in several species of the genus, some of the outermost pappus wants the plumes, but in the rest it is as con- spicuous and the bristles as stout and numerous as in most Thistles. >A- * Heads smaller (not over an inch and a half high) : flowers white, cream-color, or in one species purple .• herbage and invohicre less densely white-woolly, or naked with age. -t- Scales of the involucre rather rigid, with broadish appressed coriaceous base, taper- ing into p)ungently spiny-pointed tips; the outer somewhat shorter and spreading. 8. C. Andrewsii, Gray, 1. c. At length green, tlie thin and loose cobwebby wool being deciduous, apparently tall and paniculately branched : cauline leaves lanceolate and laciniate-pinnatifid : involucre very cobwebbj^ : lobes of the equally- cleft (apparently Avhite or whitish) corolla about twice the length of the throat : anther-tips triangular-acute. Founded on a single specimen, collected by Dr. Andreics, probably not far from San Francisco or Sacramento ; differing from the following in the length of the corolla-lobes (3 or 4 lines) compared with the throat (1^ to 2 lines) ; the whole corolla hardly an inch long. 9. C. Californicus, Gray, 1. c. Eather loosely white-woolly, at least when young, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves either sinuately or deeply pinnatifid : involucre more or less cobwebby, or at length almost naked : lobes of the white or cream- colored corolla shorter (the four more united often much shorter) than the throat. — Cirsium Californicum, Gray in Pacif. R. Eep. iv. 112. Dry open gi-ound, from the Stanislaus River {Bigeloui) to Santa Clara Co. (Brctccr), and near San Diego (Cooper, Cleveland) : apparently in other parts of the State and the borders of Nevada, in varying forms. -f- -i- Scales of the involucre thinner and less rigid, looser and more slender from the base ; the outer only weakly jirickly-pointed. 10. C. ediilis, Gray, 1. c. Loosely cobwebby when young, soon green : stem 3 to 8 feet high, rather succulent and tender, leafy to the top, bearing rather few more or less panicled or clustered heads : leaves thin, mostly only sinuate-pinnatihd and obtuse : involucre very cobwebby when young, mostly innocuous : corolla pur- ])le (perhaps sometimes whitish), slender, equally or somewhat unequally o-cleft ; the lobes becoming nearly filiform with a thickened tij), considerably shorter than the throat. — Cirsium edule, ISTutt. 1. c. Wet or shady places, especially in Redwoods, from San Francisco Bay northward through Oregon to British Columlna. The stems, stripped of bark and leaves, are said to be eaten raw by the Oregon Indians ; whence the name of the species. 11. C. remotifolius, Gray, 1. c. Tall (3 to 8 feet high), sparsely-leaved, especially towards the naked panicle, scarcely or lightly woolly, except the under side of the leaves, which also is commonly white but sometimes naked with age : leaves mostly pinnately parted into lanceolate or linear prickly-tipped and spinulose- edged divisions : involucre lightly cobwebby when young, at length nearly naked ; its scales all slender and thinnish, linear-attenuate and mostly equal in length, loosely ascending, slightly and weakly prickly-pointed : corolla yellowish-white ; three or four of the lobes united higher up, shorter than the throat. — Carduus remotifolius, Hook. Cirsium remotifolium, DC. C. stenolepidum, Xutt. 1. c. Low grounds along streams, in Oregon, and south to Humboldt Co., California, Kellogg and Harford. A well-marked species, although the name is not always appropriate. § 3. Scales of the globidar involucre, or most of them, with a dilated and erosely lacer- ate or cut-fringed scarious ap2^endage. (Uchinais, Cass., DC.) 1 2. C. carlinoides, Schrank, var. Americanus, Gray. A foot or two high, branching : leaves sinuately or sometimes deeply pinnatifid, more or less prickly. Centaurea. COMPOSIT^E. 421 white beneath with a close coat of cottony avooI : heads soHtary (or rarely clustered) at the summit of the branches, at first nodding (about an inch higli) : scales of the involucre nearly glabrous (or slightly woolly when young, but wholly destitute of jointed hairs), most of them terminated by a consi)icuous and pectinately lacerate ovate or lanceolate scarious spreading appendage, tipped with a short jirickle or cusp : corolla unequally cleft, the four more united lobes considerably shorter than the throat : anther-tails laciniate. — C. scariosum, Nutt. 1. c. Marin and Mendocino Counties, Samuels, Bolander, Kellogg, &c. Also in the Rocky Moun- tains of Colorado. Apparently not distinct from the Caucasian and Siberian C. carlimides, Schrank, llort. Monac. t. 11 {Echinais carlimides & E. nutans, Cass., DC. Hort. Genev. t. 22), although the outer scales of the involucre are not spinosely fringed, nor so piickly-pointeil, and sometimes are not at all appendaged. If distinct, Nuttall's name of scariosus could be used. His description seems best to accord with Hall and Harbour's No. 559, which looks very much like a hybrid between C. carlinoidcs and C. remotifolius. C. Parryi, Gray, 1. c, of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, is another species of this section verging to the preceding. 105. SILYBUM, Gtertn. Milk-Tiiistle. Head many-flowered, with leafy-bracted spinose involucre ; the flowers all perfect and fertile. Filaments smooth and monadelphous. Pappus of stifl" and almost chaffy bristles in several series, not plumose. Leaves blotched with white. Other- wise as in common Thistles. 1. S. Mananum, Gsertn. A stout animal, nearly glabrous : leaves large, ob- long or obovate, sinuate or pinnatifid and prickly-margined, clasping : head very large, solitary : flowers pink-purple or red. San Luis Obispo, on rocky hills, and probably elsewhere : a native of the Mediterranean region, introduced, probably through cultivation. 106. CENTAUREA, Linn. Star-Tiiistle. Head many-flowered ; the flowers all with tubular and deeply 5-cleft corollas, some of the marginal ones commonly neutral (and often with their corollas en- larged) ; the others perfect and fertile. Involucre globular ; the scales tipped or margined with spines or a scarious appendage. Eeceptacle very bristly. Akenes mostly compressed, attached by one margin just above the base. Pappus of numer- ous rigid or sometimes chalfy naked bristles. — Herbs of various aspect (300 to 400 species), nearly all of the Old World, whence two have reached California as weeds of cultivation ; both species destitute of the "false-rays," i. e. their marginal neutral flowers not enlarged and conspicuous. 1. C. Melitensis, Linn. Annual, a foot or two high, paniculately branclied, roughish-pubesceut, and when young Avith a little deciduous wool : leaves broadly linear; the radical pinnatifid; cauline barely toothed or entire, deciuTent : heads rather small : most of the scales of the involucre tii)ped with a spine whicli is fringed at base with a few prickles : corollas yellow, not enlarged. Old fields and waste grounds ; common on the western borders of the State : introduced from Southern Eui'ope. 2. C. SOlstitialis, Linn. Annual, loosely wliite-woolly : cauline leaves linear : heads larger than in the foregoing: outer scales of tlie involucre with 3 to 5 palmate small prickles at the tip ; the middle ones with a long and stout spine in addition : corollas more conspicuous, yellow. Fields, Oakland {Bolander), San Diego (Palmer), and probably elsewhere near the coast : a weed of cultivation ; introduced from Southern Europe. 422 COMPOSITE, Perezia. Tribe X. MUTISIACE.E. These are Bilahiatijlorce, i. e. liave their corollas bilabiate, one lip mostly 3- toothed, the other 2-lobed or cleft, the lobes or lips revolute. As the flowers are more commonly all perfect, and the style similar, they may be confounded with the Thistle-tribe, in which the corolla is often more or less two-lipped or irregidar. But the lobes of the latter become revolute in the present tribe, and the receptacle is never clothed with a coat of bristles. — The tribe is most largely represented in South America ; only one genus reaches California. 107. PEREZIA, Lagasca. Head several - many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect. Involucre turbinate or campanulate ; its scales imbricated, lanceolate or oblong, mostly chartaceous. Eecep- tacle flat and naked. Corolla with slender tube and bilabiate limb ; the outer lip mostly longer and 3-toothed ; the inner 2-toothed or 2-cleft. Anthers with long naked tails at base, and a lanceolate terminal appendage. Akenes elongated-oblong, terete or slightly angled, often obscurely narrowed at apex, commonly glandular. Pappus of copious scabrous capillary bristles. — Herbs ; with alternate and mostly rigid leaves, and soMtary or usually paniculate heads of purple or white flowers. — Gray, PI. Fendl. & PI. Wright. ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 500. A genus of 40 or 50 species, South American and Mexican, and a few witliin the borders of the United States. 1. P. microcephala, Gray, 1. c. Two or three feet high, branched and glan- dular-puberulent above, leafy to the top : leaves thin, oblong and the upper ovate, all cordate-clasping, with the sinus shallow, minutely glandular-scabrous, coarsely reticulate-veiny, closely spinulose-denticulate : heads copious, corymbose at the summit of the paniculate branches : scales of the involucre all abruptly very acute, puberulent-glandular ; the innermost a little shorter than the 10 to 15 rose-purple flowers. — Acourtia microcephala, DC. Prodr. vii. 66. Near Monterey {Douglas), Santa Barbara (Torrci/), and San Diego Co., T). Chnjlirnd, Palmo.r. Involucre 3 or 4 or at length 5 lines high : pappus at maturity half an inch long. In the speci- mens of Douglas, described by De Candolle, the flowers are immature. 2. P. Arizonica, Gray. A foot or two high, almost glabrous : leaves more deeply cordalely or sagittately clasping : heads fewer and rather smaller, in cyraose corymbs : scales of the involucre obtuse, pubescent on the edges, otherwise glabrous and not glandular; the innermost only half the length of the 8 to 12 white or flesh-colored flowers. — P. microcephala, Gray in coll. Parry, No. 141, Am. Xat. ix. 273. Arizona, Dr. Palmer. S. Utah, Dr. Parry. Probably also Xo. 293 of California collection, Coulter. Palmer's plant is said to exhale " an agreeable aroma. " Tribe XL CICHORIACE.E. Completely marked by the ligulate and perfect flowers throughout the head : the ligules almost always 5-toothed at the apex. Herbs, with a bitter milky juice. Lettuce, Endive (a variety of the Cichory), and Salsify {Tracjopogon porrifolius, which is apt to run wild around cultivated grounds), are the common cultivated esculent plants of the tribe, all of the Old World. The tiibe con.sists of 50 or 60 genera, even as consolidated by Bentham in the new Genera Plantarum, and is fairly well represented in California. It is so strictly natural that it is difficult to divide it into well-limited natural subtribes or into genera. Microseris. COMPOSIT^E. 423 108. PHALACROSERIS, Gray. Head rather many-flowered. Involucre camiianulate, of 12 to IG equal lanceolate and somewhat herbaceous scales, in one or two series, their barely united bases becoming somewhat dilated and concave in fruit, occasionally a loose and linear subtending bractlet. Eeceptacle convex, naked. Ligules linear, rather short. Akenes short-oblong, becoming slightly incurved, obscurely 4 - 5-angled or nerved, truncate at both ends, smooth and even, destitute of pappus. — A single species. 1. P. Bolanderi, Gray. Perennial, glabrous : leaves linear-lanceolate or oblan- ceolate, entire, in a tuft from the short and thickish dark-colored rootstock : scapes perfectly simple and naked, a span to a foot high : flowers orange-yellow. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 364 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 507. Wet meadows (Westfall's, &c.) of the Sierra Nevada, alt. 7,000 to 8,000 feet, south of the Yosemite Valley, Bolander, Torrey, A. Gray. Head not nodding before expansion ; involucre barely half an inch high. Flowers open in sunshine. 109. MICROSERIS, Don. Head several - many-flowered. Involucre cylindraceous or campanulate ; the thin-herbaceous or membranaceous scales from linear-lanceolate to ovate, either regu- larly imbricated or mainly in a double series, the outer short and calyculate. Eecep- tacle flat, naked. CoroUas mostly with a hairy tube. Akenes terete or rarely somewhat angled, 8-10- (sometimes 12-14) ribbed, truncate at the apex, occa- sionally narrowed above into a sort of neck or beak, furnished Avith a basal callosity which is more or less hollowed at the insertion ; the outermost frequently pubes- cent. Pappus of few or several (mostly 5 to 10, sometimes 12 to 24) awn- bearing, chaffy scales, or slender awns or bristles with more or less paleaceous dilated base, either naked or sometimes plumose, rarely by abortion wanting. — Annuals, bien- nials, or some perhaps perennials, glabrous or slightly furfuraceous-puberulent, with chiefly radical and often pinnatifid leaves, and heads of yellow flowers terminating scapes or long peduncles, commonly nodding before expansion. — Don in Phil. ^lag. xi. 388 (1832); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 207. Bellardia, Colla (1835). Lepi- donema, Fischer & Meyer (1835). Fichtea, Schultz in Linniea (1835). Calais, DC. (1838); Gray in Pacif. Pt. Eep. iv. 121. Phylloimiypus, Walp. in Linnaja (1840). JJro-pappus & Scorzonella, Nutt. (1840). Ilia^oseris & Scorzonella, Benth. Sc Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 506, 533. A genus of sixteen species, all Western Nortli American, excepting two in the southern hemi- sphere (one in Chili and one in New Zealand and Australia). De Candolle's name of Calais, wxAvv which our species have become familiar, has to give way to the much older and less happily chosen one of Microseris, to include also Scorzonella, contrary to Jlr. Bcntliam's opinion. Tlie hollowed callus at the insertion of the akene is about the same in all, and the iinlirication of the involucre passes by degrees into the simpler calyculate mode. The fusiform roots of the so-called perennial species seem to be only biennial. § 1. Pappus plumose and ivhite : alenes slender, terete, not attenuate either totvards apex or base : stems more or less branching, from a fusiform {probably bien- nial) simple or fascicled root. — Ptilophora, Gray. 1. M. nutans, Gray. Slender, a foot or so higdi, mostly at length loosely branched : leaves entire or laciniate-pinuatilid into linear lobes, varying from iili- form-linear to spatulate, or the radical even oval : heads 8 - 20-flowered, on slender peduncles : involucre cylindraceous, of 8 to 10 linear-lanceolate gradually acumi- nate principal scales and a few short and loose calyculate ones : pappus of 12 to 20 424 COMPOSIT.E. Microseris. oblong small scales tipped with a several times longer Avhito and soft plumose awn. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 208. Scorzonella nutans (Geyer), Hook, in Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 253. Ptilophora nutans, Gray, PI. Pendl. 113. Calais {Ptilophora) nutans, Gray in Pacif. R. Hep. iv. 112. Stephanomeria intermedia, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. Y. 39. Low or moist gi-ounds, throughout the Sierra Nevada, from JIariposa Co. north to Washington Territoiy and thence east to Montana. Heads in flower half an inch high, naiTow ; the gohlen- yellow flowers open through the day. Akenes 3 lines and pappus about 4 lines long. The root is said to be eaten raw by the Indians. 2. M. major, var. laciniata, Gray, 1. c Mostly stouter and more branched from the base, and the leaves in this variety generally pinnately parted into slender linear divisions : involucre of lanceolate and more acuminate scales, which are im- bricated in three lengths, the outermost shortest : bristles of the pappus not quite so plumose as in M. mitans. — Calais {Ptilophora) major, var. laciniata, Gray, PI. Fendl. 113. C. gracililoha, Kellogg, 1. c. 48. Long Valley, Mendocino Co. {Kellogg), and Idaho, on Clear "Water, Spalding. § 2. Pappus of b to \0 very long-awned scales, either almost plumose or naked: akenes not attenuate toivards the apex and hardly toivards the base : involucre regu- larly imbricated, the outer scales gradually shorter: stems simple or mostly branching : root fusiform and p)robably biennial. — Scorzonella, Gray. {Scorzonella, Nutt., Benth. Calais § Scorzonella, Gray.) * ATcenes slender, as in the first section : aw7is or bristles of the pap>p)us barbellate or almost plumose, rusty-colored. 3. M. sylvatica, Gray, 1. c. Stem a foot or so high, rather stout, commonly simple and scape-like, rarely leafy to the middle : leaves laciniate-pinnatitid or toothed : head many-flowered : involucre campanulate ; the scales all acuminate, the outer from an ovate or ovate-lanceolate base : ligides rather long : scales of the pappus 6 to 10 (mostly 10), oblong-lanceolate, considerably shorter than the slender awn. — Scorzonella sylvaiica, Benth. PL Hartw. 320. Ccdais {Anacalais) sylvatica. Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 113. Var. Stillmani, Gray, 1. c. Differs in the narrower scales of the involucre, which are lanceolate and gradually tapering from the base, and the awns of the pappus (sometimes at least) less strongly barbellate. In woods or low grounds, on the Sacramento and its tributaries, Ilartweg, Bigclmv, &c. The var. collected by Stillman, Samuels, and on Mark West Creek by Bigclow. Peduncle or scape 6 to 12 inches long. Head an inch high. Akenes (seen in the mature state only in the variety) 3 lines long, glabrous or minutely scabrous. * * Akenes mostly shorter {terete, or in one species sometimes more or less i-d-angled) : aivns of the pappus only denticulate or scabrous. -f- Scales of the involucre all long-acuminate : pappus of 8 or 10 shoj-t and small entire scales tipped with a very long capillary awn : stems more or less branching and leafy below : ligides elongated. 4. M. laciniata, Gray, 1. c. A foot or two high, commonly stout : leaves from narrowly to very broadly lanceolate in outline (4 to 16 inches long), commonly laciniate-pinnatifid and the lobes long and slender : heads large : scales of the in- volucre all broad, the outer ovate and abruptly acuminate : scales of the pappus ovate or ovate-lanceolate, only a third or fourth the length of the (sometimes pris- matic) akene. — Hymenonema? laciniatum, Hook. Fl. i. 301. Scorzonella lacini- ata, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 426. Calais {Scorzonella) laciniata. Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. 1. c. — Passes into Var. procera. Gray, 1. c. Stem stouter and more leafy, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves broadly lanceolate or oblong (1 to 2| inches wide), merely denticulate, occasionally laciniate : scales of the pappus mostly rather narrower or more tapering into the Mkroseris. COMPOSIT.E. 425 awn, occasionally almost obsolete. — Ilymenonema ? glauctim, Hook., seems to be a small form of this. Calais glauca, var, procera, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 364-. Along streams, common in Oregon towards the coast : Ukiah {Kellogg) ; with laciiiiate-pinnati- fid leaves, but with narrower pappus-scales. The var. procera, on hills, ISonoma Co. to Mendocino Co., &c. {Bolander, Torrcij, Kellogg) and to Klamath Co., Oregon, Cronkhile. Peduncles often a foot long. Head three quarters of an inch to an inch long, especially in the variety, which has it broad in proportion, and the outer scales of the involucre from 3 to 5 lines wide. Corollas bright sulphur-yellow. Akenes 2 to nearly 2^ lines long when mature. 5. M. leptosepala, Gray, 1. c. Mostly more slender than the preceding : leaves similarly either entire or laciniate-pinnatihd : head smaller : scales of the involucre all lanceolate (or the outermost ovate-lanceolate) and gradually acuminate : pappus-scales about one tifth of the length of the more slender akene. — Scoi-zonella . leptosepala, Nutt., 1. c. Calais Bolanderi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 365. C. laciniata, Gray, 1. c. viii. 392, coll Hall, No. 313. Swamps, Mendocino and Humboldt Counties {Bolander, Kellogg) : also in Oregon. Involucre half an inch or more high, narrower than in the last, as well as the scales narrow and miJle taper- ing ; but the outermost are sometimes rather broad. -i- -f- Scales of the involucre all rather obtuse : pappus of 5 tivo-cleft scales, tvith a p)ro2)ortio7ially shorter awn in the sinus : acaulescent : ligules short. 6. M. Parryi, Gray, 1. c. Scapes a span or two high, simple : leaves linear- lanceolate, laciniate-pinnatihd or entire : scales of the involucre ovate or oblong, in about 3 series : awns of the pappus rather strongly denticulate, extending to _ only twice or thrice the length of the 2-cleft scale. — Calais Parryi, Gray in Pacif. IL Eep. iv. 122, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 104. Near San Diego, Parry. Head barely half an inch high. Akenes not formed in the specimen. The species was referred to the Calocalais section on account of the pappus ; but the involucie refers it to Scorzanclla. § 3. Pappus of 5 {or rarely fewer) scales or atv7is, not p>lumose nor harbellate, sordid : akenes tapering more or less from below the truncate apex to the base: involucre of mostly equal principal scales and a few short calyculate ones at base: an- nuals, acaulescent, ivith simp)le scapes and small or inediocre heads. Proper scales of the involucre lanceolate, and leaves either laciniate-pinnatijid or entire, in cdl the sjjecies. — Eucalais. {Calais § Eucalais, DC.) * Awns of the papjpus slender, naked and fragile, and with the scale at base nearly obsolete, sometimes deciduous or ivanting. 7. M. aphantocarpha, Gray, 1. c. A foot or two high, rather slender : head half an inch high, nu^ny-liowered : ligules short : capillary awns of the pappus barely scabrous, nearly twice the length of the ix\iQnc. — Calais aphantocarpha, (4ray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 552. Var. tenella, Gray, 1. c. Slender, a span high, with smaller and fewer-flowered ■ heads : akenes inclining to clavate, the summit being mostly a little contracted : awns of the pappus 2 to 5, with a distinct chaffy-dilated base, deciduous or very fragile, sometimes apparently wanting. — Calais {Aphanocalais) tenella, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 114, t. 17. Hills of the Contra Costa Range near Monte Diablo (Breiver), and in the same part of the State, Samuels. The var. tmella, Napa Valley, in grassy places (Bigelow), and on the Sacramento, FUch. Akenes scabrous on the strong ribi, tiq.iin- t.': Scales of the pappiis conspicuous, +- From oblongdanceolate to oblong-ovate and acute, more or less tapering into the awn. 8. M. Bigelovii, Gray, 1. c. Scapes a span to a foot or more high : leaves generally pinnately parted into numerous divisions : calyculate scales of the mvo- 426 COMPOSITE. Atkroseris. lucre rather numerous and of two lengths : akenes short and not at all narrowed at the summit : scales of the pappus naked or minutely scabrous externally, varying from ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, and tapering gradually into a slender longer awn. — Calais Bvjelovii, Gray in Pacif. II. Rep. iv. 113, t. 17. C. Doug- lasii, Gray, 1. c. & Bot. Mex. Bound. 164, not of DC. Moist places, common especially about the Bay of San Francisco. Head half an inch high. Akenes 2 or at most 'Ih lines long, rather turbinate : pappus 3 to 5 lines long. 9. M. Douglasii, Gray, J., c. Between the last and the next : al^enes more slender, fusiform, tapering toward the summit almost as much as toward the base : scales of the pappus silky-villous externally, of firmer texture, ovate-oblong and more or less tapering into a rather stout long awn. — Calais Douglasii, DC. Prodr. vii. 85 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 361. California, probably near Monterey, Douglas. As yet known only from his specimens. Akenes 3 to Si lines long, in shape most like those of the section Calocalais. Pappus including the awn fully 5 lines long ; its scales resembling those of the next species in texture, but narrower and acute :,the akenes very different from those of the next or of the preceding species. But the plant is too little known. -i- -f- Pappus-scales orbicular or very broadly ovate, and obtuse or retuse at the apex, abruptly awned : akenes thick, slightly or not at all constricted under the broad apex. 10. M. cyclocarpha, Gray, 1. c. Like larger forms of M. Bigelovii : awns of the pappus slender, twice or thrice the length of the ample and (in the typical form) mostly glabrous and smooth scales. — Calais cyclocarpha, Gray in Pacif. R. Eej). iv. 115, t. 18. Var. eriocarpha, Gray, 1. c. Awns of the pappus rather shorter, and its scales conspicuously silky-villous externally. — C. eriocarplm, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 552. Grassy plains and hillsides, Napa Valley {BigcIovS), and Humboldt Co. {Kellogg) ; the latter showing a few long loose hairs on the back of the pappus-scales, which suggest the union of the var. eriocarxilia, : this collected at Nipoma {Brewer) and on Monte Diablo, Bloomer. The larger heads three quarters of an inch high. Akenes 2i to 3 lines long ; and the pappus-scales some- times nearly 2 lines in length, slightly erose-denticulate at the broad summit, more or less invo- lute when dry. 11. M. platycarpha, Gray, 1. c. Resembles the preceding: awns of the pap- pus only about one third of the length of the broad round scale : young akenes not contracted under the summit. — Calais platycarpha, Gray, 1. c. San Luis Eey, on clay hills, Parry. Known only in a single specimen, without full-grown akenes. Scales of the pappus nearly smooth, almost 3 lines long and fully 2 lines broad. § 4. Pappus not plumose, of 5 or rarely more awned chaffy scales : akenes long and slender, ftisiform, tapering gradttally upxvards into a narroiv neck or even beak : involucre cylindraceous or campamdate, of lanceolate scales, the few exterior ones uneqtial and less distinctly calyculate : stem very short, branching and leafy at the base, and sending up simple scape-like peduncles : corollas very short, apparently transiently expanded^ at evening or morning (I). — Calocalais, Gray. {Calais § Calocalais, DC.) * Scales of the pappus only 5, lanceolate or ohhng, ahrxiptly awned from a notch caused by the early splitting of the apex of the scale : leaves linear, 7nostly narrow, either laciniate-pinnatifid or entire : root annual, slender. 12. M. Lindleyi, Gray, 1. c. A span or two high : pappus rusty-brownish ; its scales about the length of the beakless but somewhat contracted akene, scabrous- puberulent externally, olilong-lanceolate, their midrib continued beyond the (at first shallow) notch into a rather stout scabrous awn of nearly its own length. — Calais Lindleyi, DC, 1. c. Stephanomeria. COMPOSIT.E. 427 latF^^M w?f.,"t'?'"'"™f '■ ^^''T'^}^ *'^*^ ^'^'*'=''° P-'^'"* °f t^^ State, down to San Diego (Cleve- land) , mixed with the next in collections, and generally confounded with it. 1 3. M. linearif olia, Gray, 1. c. A span or two high, either slender or the lonS. minor, heterophylla ^rnncinatn, Nutt. 1. c. Prenanthes (?) tenuifolia, Torr. _ Lygodesmia minor, Hook. 11. i. -Uo, t. 103. Janiesia pauciflora, Nees in Neu-wied, Trav. Drv plains, along the^astern slope of the Sierra Nevada {Bolander, Torrey) to Oregon and to the eastern bLse of" the Rocky Mountains. A New Mexican form of the species has narrower, almost smooth, and more tapering akenes. Rafinesquia. COMPOSITiE. 429 S. MTRiocLADA, Eatoii, 1. c. t. 20, of Northwestern Utah, is a more slender perennial species, with smaller 3-flowered heads ; and 5. Thurberi, Gray, PI. Thurb., a larger-flowered annual or biennial of Arizona and New Mexico. These are the only recognized species, besides those here described. =k % Involucre broader, about 1 0-jlowered, and with some outer scales of intermediate length : stems leafy to the top ; the short peduncles mostly naked. 6. S. lactucina, Gray. Stems a span or two high from a perennial root, corj'-mbosely branched : leaves linear or lanceolate, runcinate-denticulate or entire, elongated : involucre half an inch long, of 6 to 9 inner scales, a few looser calycu- late ones, and one or two of intermediate length and character : akenes oblong- linear, terete, very smooth, the ribs slender. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 552. "Wooded region of the Sierra Nevada, at about 5,000 and 6,000 feet, in and near the Mariposa Sequoia grove {Brewer, Bolcmdcr) ; also in the northern part of the State, at McCumber's {New- berry), and pine woods of Mount Shasta, Brewer. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide. Flowers delicate rose-color. § 3. Heads larger, about \2-floivered : scales of the campamdate involucre more numerous and imbricated in about 3 series, the outer successively shorter : receptacle alveolate, and the margins of the alveoli Jimbriolate-hirsute : bristles of the pappus 15 to 20, shortpdumose for their whole length. — Alloseris, Gray. 7. S. Cichoriacea, Gray. Minutely tomentose-puberulent when young, rigid : stem 2 feet or more high, leafy below, and with virgate branches naked above : leaves coriaceous, lanceolate, runcinately toothed, the teeth rigid : heads somewhat racemose or panicled, short-peduncled : scales of the involucre rather loose and rigid, lanceolate : young akenes short and smooth : pappus sordid or dull white. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 552. Near Fort Tejon, Dr. Horn. Leaves 4 or 5 inches long (the lower unknown), not unlike those of Cichory, but rigid. Involucre fully half an inch high. Corollas probably rose-color. An ambiguous plant, both on account of the involucre, to which, however, the preceding species leads up, and especially on account of the alveolate receptacle, the short-plumose pappus, and its dull hue. CuiETADELPHA Wheeleri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 218, discovered in Southern Nevada on the borders of Arizona, has been recently detected in N. W. Nevada, by Lcmnion and Crt.sc, so near the border of the State that it may be expected within. The plant has the aspect of a Sle- '/ih.ano))ierii(, or of a L>/godesmia ; but the akenes of the five flowers are severally partly enclosed iu the carinate base of the subtending scales of the involucre, and the pai>i)us consists of five rigid awnlike naked scales, ha^-ing a few shorter bristles adnate to their base, 3 to 5 on each side. The root is perennial. 111. RAFINESQUIA, Nutt. Head many- (15-30-) flowered. Involucre conical-cylindraceous, of 7 to 15 equal linear acuminate principal scales, and a few loose and sborter calyculate ones. Eeceptacle naked, flat. Akenes terete, slender, obscurely 5-ribbed or angled (nearly smooth and glabrous, or the outermost pubescent), gradually attenuated into a slen- der beak; the broad base hollowed at the insertion, but destitute of a di.stinct callos- ity. Pappus white or whitish, of 10 to 15 capillary bristles which are softly long- plumose from the base to below the tip. — Leafy-stemmed and branching glabrous annuals; with pinnatifid leaves partly clasping at base, and rather large heads terminating the paniculate branches ; corollas white or flesh-color. — Xutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 429 ; Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 103. A well-marked genus (although joined to Stephanomerin by Bentham), of two known species, both Californian, and on. cxrb.sivrlv so. The ak.M.rs aro .■xravated at the broad insertion ui the manner of Scorzonera and Min-o.n-i^. l.ut. wlioUy want tl.r .allnus appendage. In the first species the flowers are only tmusi.ntlv ,x|Kn,.l,a a, ,„nlin,- tu Nuttall, and the appearance of all the specimens conforms to this. P>ut Dr. Bolauder lias touud them open during the whole Uay. 430 COMPOSIT.E. Rafinesquia. 1. R. Calif ornica, Xutt. Eather stout aud much branching, 2 or 3 feet high: lower leaves pretty large, oblong ; upper gradually reduced to small bracts : invo- lucre becoming thick at base and more or less conical ; its rather numerous calycu- late scales subulate and spreading; the proper scales ] 2 to 15 : ligules short, white : akenes tapering into a very slender beak as long as the body : pappus dull white, the bristles iine and soft. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 106, t. 34. Thickets and shady grounds, from San Francisco Bay to San Diego ; sometim(^s in gi'ain-fields in the eastern part of the State : flowering in spring. Heads about two thirds of an inch high. 2. R. Neo-Mexicana, Gray. About a foot high, more simple : leaves lanceo- late : head narrower, 15 - 18-flowered : proper scales of the involucre 7 or 8, the calyculate ones short and rather few : ligules rather large and conspicuous, flesh- color or nearly white : akenes tapering gradually into a firmer beak which is mostly shorter than the body : pappus bright white, of 10 or 12 more rigid and arachnoid- plumose bristles. — PI. Wright, ii. 103. Sand-hills near Fort Mohave (Coo^jer) ; thence through S. Utah {.Urs. Thompson, Crqd. Bishop) to the Rio Grande near El Paso, C. Wright. Head an inch long, exclusive of the corollas, which are two thirds of an inch long. 112. HYPOCHiERIS, Linn. Head several - many-flowered. Involucre oblong or campanulate : the scales imbricated, lanceolate, appressed, the outer ones successively shorter. Eeceptacle flat, furnished with thin and narrow scarious chaff subtending the flowers. Akenes glabrous or merely scabrous, 10-ribbed, oblong or fusiform, at least the inner ones tapering upwards commonly into a beak. Pappus a series of tine plumose bristles, and often with some shorter and outer naked bristles. — Herbs with either leafy or naked stems, bearing solitary or somewhat corymbose long-peduncled heads of yellow flowers ; the leaves toothed or pinnatifid. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 519. A rather large genus of the mountains and temperate regions of the Old World and of South America (now made to include Adiiirophorus, Adanson) ; none indigenous to North America, hut the following is sparingly naturalized in California, as it is in various other parts of the world. 1. H. glabra, Linn. A span to a foot or more high from an annual root, glabrous or nearly so : leaves all or mostly in a radical- tuft, oblong-spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse, coarsely sinuate-toothed : scape commonly branched : outer- most akenes truncate at the summit, the others tapering into a long and slender beak : pappus of capillary bristles, whicli are intricately plumose below but nearly naked toward the apex, and of some fine and shorter naked outer bristles. In fields, near San Francisco and Santa Cruz (Kellogg, Anderson) ; doubtless introduced from Em-ox)e. Heads a little over half an inch in length. 113. ANISOCOMA, Torr. & Graj^ Head rather many-flowered. Involucre cylindraceous, imbricated ; the scales all obtuse, thin-herbaceous, Avith broad whitish-scarious margins; the inner broadly linear and equal ; the otliers comparatively short and broad, oval, or the outermost nearly orbicidar. Eeceptacle flat, furnished with long and bristleform chaff sub- tending the flowers. Ligules conspicuous. Akenes linear-turbinate, terete, 1 0-nerved, silky-pubescent, attenuate to a sharp point at base, the truncate summit crowned with a narrow cup-like border or ring. Pappus very white, of 10 or more rather rigid bristles ; the about 5 longer ones (equalling the involucre) long-plumose above rahjcoseris. COMPOSITyE. 432 the middle ; the others much shorter and less plumose or often quite naked. — A single species. 1. A. acaule, Torr. & Gray. A low, bnt show}^, stemless winter-annual, gla- brous at maturity, although when young with some white-woolliness, which fringes the edges of the short and rosulate-tufted runcinate radical leaves : scapes a spaa°or less high, naked : head proportionally large (an inch or more long) : corollas yellow. — Torr. & Gray in Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. v. Ill, t. 13 ; Eaton in Hot. King Exp. 197. Pterostephamis runciiiatus, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 20, ii<'. 4, badly characterized. Dry plains and hills, from Fort Tejon to tlie Colorado, and from Sierra Valley through Western Nevada. First collected by Fremont. No doubt this is Dr. Kellogg's Plerosleplmnus, but it has no such akenes as are described and rudely depicted. 114. GLYPTOPLEURA, D. C. Eaton. Head 8 - 1 8-flowered. Involucre cylindraceous, of 7 to 12 lanceolate thin-herba- ceous and somewhat scarious-margined equal scales, which are united at base into a cup and unchanged in fruit, subtended by a few loose calyculate scales or foliaceous bracts. Eeceptacle flat, naked. Akenes narrowly oblong, mostly slightly incurved, terete, not contracted at base nor hollowed at the insertion, with 5 thick and rounded ribs or angles, which are obscurely rugose, but on their sides elegantly can- cellate-sculptured, so as to present a row of pores in the narrow intervals ; above a cup-shaped shoulder surrounds the base of a short and thick 5-ribbed beak or neck, which is dilated at the apex into a pappus-bearing disk and hollow, at least at the top. Pappus bright white, caducous, of very numerous and equal fine and hardly scabrous capillary bristles in several series; the outermost falling separately, the inner slightly cohering in a ring at base. — Small and depressed winter-annuals or biennials (of the interior desert), glabrous, many-stemmed, forming flat tufts only an inch or two high; the stems or simple branches terminated by sessile rather large heads of rose-purple or white flowers ; the leaves runcinate and mostly with margined petioles, thickish. — Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 207, t. 20 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 523 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 209. 1 . Gr. marginata, Eaton, 1. c. Margins of the short and crowded lobes and teeth of the leaves, or the whole of the obtuse teeth, white-scarious ; the uppermost and the subtending spatulate bracts (which mostly equal the 1 5 - 1 8-flowered heads) pectinately scarious-fringed : rays (always 1) small : akenes minutely cinereous, the beak rather deeply cupped. Truckee Pass of the Virginia Mountains and elsewhere on the western borders of Nevada ( IVatson, Lemmon) ; therefore probably within the line of the State. A curious and most inter- esting little plant. Heads rather over half an inch long, hardly rising above tiie radical leaves : involucre of about 12 scales. Akene 2 lines long, besides its beak of fully half a line in length. G. SETULOSA, Gray, of Utah (rulmrr), lias fewer flowers and scales, larger rays (apparejitly white turning to pink), and smaller siilitiiiding bracts much shorter than the narrow heail ; these and the leaves want the scarious margins ami slender fringes, which are represented, however, by a slight calloiis edge and a few bristh-s on the lobes ; the akenes are (piite glabrous, and their beak tubular to the base. 115, CALYCOSERIS, Gray. Head many-flowered. Involucre double, viz. of one or two series of equal lance- olate principal scales, and several short and loose calyculate outer ones, all scarious- margined. Eeceptacle flat : a persistent capillary bristle subtending each flower 432 COMPOSITaE. Calycoseris. and equalling the akenes in length. Ligules elongated. Akenes somewhat fusi- form, 5-10-ribbed, tapering into a beak, the apex of which is crowned with a scarious persistent cup denticulate at the margin. Proper pappus of numerous fine and capillary white bristles, which are united at the base and separate in a ring. — Low^ glabrous annuals (New Mexican and Californian), branching from the base, and hearing middle-sized pedunculate heads ; the leaves pinnately parted into linear divisions, or the smaller and scattered upper ones almost entire : peduncles and involucre sparsely beset with stout-stalked tack-shaped glands. — PL Wright. ii. 104, t. 14, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 106. 1. C. Parryi, Gray. Flowers yellow: akenes smooth, slender, with 5 acute and intermediate obtuse ribs, the beak slender. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c. Mountains east of Monterey, June, Parry. A fragmentary specimen, tlie only one known, wanting the base of the stem and the lower leaves. C. Wrightii, Gray, 1. c., the other and better known species, inhabits the eastern part of Kew Mexico : it has rose-colored flowers, and stouter akenes, with thick, very obtuse, tuberculate- roughened ribs and thickish beak. Dr. Palmer collected specimens in Utah M'ith akenes some- what intermediate in character ; and Dr. Newberry found others, in W. New Slexico (without fruit), which show hardly any of the curious glands. 116. MALACOTHRIX, DC, Torr. & Gray. Head many-flowered. Involucre campanulate or cylindraceous ; the scales either loosely imbricated, or mainly equal, and calyculate with a few short ones at base. Eeceptacle flat, naked, or sometimes with delicate and fragile or deciduous capillary bristles interposed between the flowers. Akenes short, oblong or columnar, glabrous, terete and 8 - 1 5-striate-ribbed, or 4-5-angled by the stronger or primary ribs, little if at all contracted at base ; the broad truncate apex furnished with a crown- like entire or denticulate border or sharp edge, sometimes evidently representing an outer pappus : the ordinary pappus bright white, consisting of a single series of soft and scabrous or toward the base minutely barbellate capillary bristles, which are caducous more or less in a ring, and commonly of a few (1 to 8) outer and stronger as well as smoother more persistent bristles : in an anomalous species, all the pappus is wanting. — Herbs (peculiar to the western parts of IN'orth America) ; with somewhat leafy or scape-like and mostly branching stems, middle-sized or small pedunculate heads, commonly nodding before expansion, and pinnatiM or occasionally entire leaves. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 485; Gray, PL FendL 113; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL iL 518; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 213. LejJtoseris, Leucoseris, & Malacomeris, IS^utt. § 1. Involucre of nnmerous hrond ami 11 1 nit silver y-scarious scales, tvlth only a green midrib or centre., regularh/ inihri<-.v Root perennial : akenes abruptly beaked from a truncate apex. 6. T. retrorsum, Gray, 1. c. Almost woolly when young with soft loose hairs, or glabrate : leaves runcinately and deeply pinnatifid, the linear-lanceolate lobes all turned downwards, the apex usually prolonged and entire, all tipped Avith a callous gland : scapes about a foot high : head large (1| inches long in fruit) but narrow: outer scales of the involucre short and lanceolate, the inner long and linear : akenes short-linear, closely 10-ribbed, their callous or slightly broadened summit very obtuse or truncate at maturity ; the capillary beak very long. — Macrorhynchus refrorsus, Benth. PI. Hartw. 320 ; Gray in Bot. Wilkes Exp. 373. M. angustfolius, Kellogg in Proc. Calif Acad. v. 47, a small form of the species. Apargidium. COMPOSIT.'E. 439 Tuolumne to Mendocino Counties {Harticcg, Bigclov), Bolandrr), also Cisco {Kellogo) ; thence to the southern bordeis of Oregon (Fickcrinrf and Brackcnridge), in oi)en j)ine woods, &.c. Remarkable for the narrow retrorse lobes of the leaves, and the abrupt summit to the akeues. These are nearly 3 lines long, while the well-formed beak attains the length of nearly an inch. * * * Boot annual : plants 7nostly low and small, occasionalli/ subcaulescent. 7. T. Chilense, Gray, 1. c. More or less pubescent or liairy : leaves varying from spatulate to liiK-ar-lanceolate, and from denticulate to laciniate-pinnatitid: scapes slender, a span or sometimes nearly a foot liigli : involucre G to 9 lines high ; the scales in about 2 series : akenes varying from short-oblong to fusiform and with acute or wing-like ribs, or the outer sometimes 10- winged, usually one half or one third the length of the liliform beak. — Macrorhynrhas Chilensis, Less. 8yn, 13'J ; Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 256. M. heteropht/ll us (Xutt.) & ^f. Califormcus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 493. .Ki/maideura heterophi/lla,^^u.tt. 1. c. ; the state with the outer akenes mostly undulate-winged at maturity. Cryptopleura Californica, Nutt. 1. c. ; the occasional and evidently abnormal state, with some of the outer akenes fleshy- thickened and the ribs obsolete. Open oTounds ; common throughout California and Oregon, extending thi'ough the interior to Utah Flowers deep yellow, expanding but once at midday. A most variable species, especially as to the akenes ; in some of the forms agreeing wholly with Chilian specimens. More conimonly the akenes are rather shorter and their beak longer. The state of the akenes on which .Nuttall founded his Cryptopleura has been only once or twice met with. The rugose-winged state is not uncommon, and m various degrees, or affecting merely some of the outer akenes. 119. TARAXACUM, Haller. Dandelion. Head many-flowered. Involucre oblong-campanulate, of thin and narrow some- what membranaceous scales in two sets ; the inner equal and erect in a single series ; the outer short and calyculate, commonly loose. Eeceptacle flat, naked. Akenes oblong or fusiform, angled, about 10-ribbed, attenuate at base, mostly muricate on the ribs towards the apex, which lengthens into a long filiform beak. Pappus of copious and whiie capillary scabrous bristles, nearly persistent. — Acaulescent perennials or biennials (widely difi-used over the world but mainly northern) ; with fistulous naked scapes from the tuft of radical leaves, bearing a single rather large head of yellow flowers, open through the morning. 1. T. Dens-leonis, Desf. Leaves runcinate, the lobes toothed : outer scales of the involucre louse or reflexed, the inner destitute of a callous horn at the tip. — Leontodon I'araxacum, Linn. There are some indications of the Dandelion as an introduced plant ; but it is as yet very local. The indigenous state, occurring in the Rocky Mountains and in Oregon, may be expected in tlie mountains northward. 120. APARGIDIUM, Torr. & Gray. Head rather many -flowered. Involucre cylindraceous, of several narrowly lanceo- late and one-nerved equal scales nearly in a single series, and a few short and loose calyculate ones. Eeceptacle flat, naked. Akenes linear-oblong, columnar, glabrous, not tapering at either end. Pappus of copious and unequal barbellate-denticulate capillary bristles, or the outer and smaller ones barely scabrous, all rather fragile, brownish. — A single species. 1 A boreale, Torr. & Grav. Stemless perennial, glabrous : leaves linear-lanceo- late elongated, obscurely and remotely denticulate or entire : scape slender, a span to a foot high, bearing a single middle-sized heail, nodding before .ipemng : flowei-s 440 COMPOSITE. Hieracium. light yellow. — Fl. I^. Am. ii. 474. A2'>argia horecdis, Bongard. Leontodou horeale, DC. MicroserU horealis, Schultz Bip., ex Herder, Bot. Eadde, iii. (4), 28. In bogs, Mendociuo and Humboldt Counties, Bolander, Kellogg. Oregon to Alaska. Referred to Lcontodon by Benthani and Hooker : but none of the bristles of the pappus are either chafty- dilated at base or plumose ; uor is there any trae Leontodon indigenous to America, with which to associate it. 121. HIERACIUM, Tourn. Hawkweed. Head many-flowered, or sometimes only 10-20-flowered. Involucre campanu- late or cylindraceous ; the scales herbaceous and narrow, the inner ones equal, the outer either gradually shorter or only short and calyculate, not altered in age. Eecep- tacle flat, naked, sometimes more or less fimbrillate-toothed. Akenes oblong or columnar, terete or 4-5-angled, mostly 10-ribbed or striate, glabrous and smooth, the apex truncate. Pappus of one or two series of capillary rather rigid and per- sistent but often fragile scabrous bristles, brownish or sordid in hue. — Perennial herbs ; with merely toothed or entire leaves, often coarsely or bristly hairy or glan- dular ; the paniculate or rarely solitary heads middle-sized or small ; corollas yellow or sometimes white. — Torr. & Gray, El. ii. 474, A veiy large and difficult genus in Europe, moderately represented by peculiar species in North America, and with a few andine species in South America. The species of the western side of the continent are peculiar, except that H. Canadcnsc, which nearly approaches or passes into H. um- bellatum of the Old World, crosses the northern Rocky Mountains into Washington Territory and Oregon. All the C'alifornian species have small heads and a nearly simple calyculate involucre. -,v Heads only 10- \6-jlowered : akenes tapering upwards. 1. H. Bolanderi, Gray. Small : leaves mostly radical in a tuft, sessile, oblong- spatulate, nearly entire, glabrous except for the long spreading bristles which fringe the margin and at first beset the upper surfece : scape slender, a span high : slen- der peduncles and cylindrical involucre naked and glabrous or nearly so : corollas yellow : akenes fully as long as the pappus. — Proc. Am. Acad. yii. 365. On Red Mountain, Mendocino Co., Bolander. Heads 2 to 4 lines, and involucre 4 or 5 lines long ; the latter of 7 to 9 principal scales and one or two short ones, all obtuse. Akenes terete, moderately fusiform, 2 lines long, lightly striate. * -vt Heads 20 — 40- {I'arely 10 — \^:)-) flowered : ahenes short, not tap>erincj upwards. 2. H. Breweri, Gray. Low : stems 3 to 9 inches high, leafy to the top, branch- ing, densely clothed (at least below), as are the spatulate-lanceolate or linear-oblong leaves, with very long and soft villous hairs : heads numerous, paniculate-corym- bose, 10-20-flowered: involucre of linear-lanceolate acute scales, somewhat glan- 'dular-hirsute and occasionally shaggy with long bristles : corollas yellow. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 553. Sierra Nevada in Mariposa and Tuolumne Counties, in open places, at from 7,000 to 11,000 feet of elevation. Involucre about 3 lines long ; the akenes a line and a half. 3. H. Scouleri, Hook. Usually a foot or two high and rather stout : stem leafy, bearing loosely paniculate 20 - 40-flowered heads, beset, as also the mostly lanceolate and entire leaves, with very long and spreading villous-hispid bristles, oftener from a papillose base : pedicels and involucre glandular-hispid or sometimes only gland ular-puberulent : corollas yellow. — Hook. Fl. i. 298. Sierra Valley in the Sierra Nevada, Lemvion. Common near the coast from British Columbia to the southern part of Oregon, and east to the Rocky Mountains ; doubtless in all the adjacent l)arts of California. 4. H. albiflorum, Hook. 1. c. Usually 2 feet or more high : stem leafy below, simple or paniculately branched and bearing several or numerous small heads on Lygodesmia. COMPOSITiE. 4^^^ slender glabrous peduncles : leaves oblong or oblong-spatulate, often denticulate or repand-toothed, sparsely or the lower thickly beset with long and spreading villuus- hispid bristles, as is the base of the stem : involucre narrow, about 20-ilowered, smooth and glabrous or beset with some scattered long bristles, not glandular : corollas white. — H. argutum, jSIutt. 1. c. (I), from. Sta. Barbara. Open woods ; common through the State from San Diego Co. northward, and in the foot- hihs of the Sierra Nevada ; extending to British Columbia and eastward to the Rocky Moun- tains. Invohicre 3 to 5 Hnes long. Akenes a hne and a half long, evenly and strongly striate- ribbt'd. 5. H. triste, Wilkl., var. gracile, Gray. Slender, a span or two high : stem 1 - 2deaved or sometimes nearly leafless, bearing few heads, tomentose-puberulent or almost glabrous below : the summit or peduncles and involucre villous or hirsute with long and blackish hairs : leaves oblong-spatulate, entire or denticulate, taper- ing into a slender petiole ; corollas yellow. — //. gracile, Hook. 1. c. ; Fries, Symb. k Epicrisis Hierac. Var. detonsum, Gray. A foriu destitute or nearly so of the dark soft hairs even on the involucre, or with scattered and more bristly and sometimes glandular ones in their place ; the heads rather smaller. Ehhett's Pass, Sierra Nevada, at 8,000 feet {Brewer), the var. detonsum; also in the Rocky Mountains and in Oregon, accompanied by and passing into the black-headed form of the northern Rocky all 1 Cascade Mountains, //. gracile, Hook. This in turn clearly passes into the Alaskan //. trislc : whirh has very long and dense dark gray hairs to the heads, shorter stems, and hir- sute upper leaves. 122. LYGODESMIA, Don. Head few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or cylindraceous, of 4 to 8 narrow membranaceous scales in a single series, with a few short calyculate ones at base, or rarely more unequal and imbricated. Eeceptacle flat, naked. Akenes linear, terete, 5-striate or ribbed (the ribs mostly broad and low, separated by narrow grooves), often tapering at summit, but not truly beaked, the callus at base hollowed at the insertion. Pappus of copious barely scabrous capillary bristles, either rather soft or rigid, dull white or sordid, persistent. — Low perennials (rarely annuals or bien- nials), pale and glabrous ; witli slender and rather rigid either rush-like or divari- cate striate branches, narrow entire or laciniate-pinnatifid leaves, the upper mostly reduced to subulate scales or bracts, and small or middle-sized heads of rose-colored flowers. — Benth. k Hook. Gen. Ph ii. 530; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 217. A genus of five or six species, natives of the dry interior region, except that one species inhab- its Texas and Florida ; in the flowers and general aspect resembling Stcp/ianomeria, hut with a simple scahrous pappus. One species has been collected just wilhin the borders of the State : another approaches so nearly that it may claim admission. 1. L. juncea, Don. Perennial, copiously and corymboscly branclied from the l)ase, about a foot high, rigid: lower leaves linear-subulate, an iucli or two in length, entire, the upper all reduced to little scales or bractlcts : heads 5-rt(iwer('d. halt an inch long, erect at the summit of the simple brancldets : ligules ol)long : papinis fine and soft. Unionville Valley, Nevada ( Watson), thence eastward to the Missouri River. Involucre of equal scales and a few calyculate ones at base, as in all the species except the next. 2. L. spinosa, Nutt. Perennial; or possibly biennial, the root or crown sm-- mounted by a tlense tuft of wool : stems divergently and often tortuously mucli branched, rigid, and the branclios spinoscont : lower leaves linear, entire or slightly toothed; upper ones subulate and on the luanchlets reduced to minute scale.'?: heads 3_5.flowered, small, on short lateral peduncles or spurs : involucre of few unequal 442 COMPOSITE. Lactuca. and imbricated scales, the lowest ovate, the upper successively longer and oblong- lanceolate : pappus of rather rigid light-brownish bristles. Gravelly hills, or in sand, Mono Lake {Bolander), and through the western part of Nevada, near the northern borders of which it was first colleeted by NiitMl, 123. LACTUCA, Tourn. Lettuce. Head few - many-flowered. Involucre cylindraceous or sometimes campanulate, seldom thickened at base; the scales thinnish, in two or few series, the outer shorter. Eeceptacle flat, naked. Akenes flat, from broadly oval to lanceolate, the sides few- several-ribbed, the apex contracted and commonly prolonged into a beak, its summit abruptly dilated into a disk which bears the (usually bright white) copious pappus of very soft and fine uniform and merely denticulate capillary bristles, falling separately. — • Leafy-stemmed herbs, glabrous, or ^\'ith some bristly hairs, with panic- ulate middle-sized heads of yellow or blue flowers. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 524. Lactuca & Midgedium, Cass., DC, Torr. & CJray, Fl. ii. 495, 497. A large genns in the Old World, represented by a few species in North America ; but no genuine Ladaca (with broad and flat akenes and long filiform beak) is known on the Pacific side of the continent. The only Californian species being intermediate between true Lactuca and Mulfjediuin, it is the more expedient to follow Bentham in suppressing the latter genus. 1. L. pulchella, DC. A foot or two high, wholly glabrous : stem commonly simple, leafy, bearing a loose and naked panicle of several or numerous rather large heads : leaves pale, from oblong-lanceolate to linear, either entire, runcinately few- tootlied, or sparingly pinnatifid : pedicels scaly-bracteolate : involucre cylindraceous, 20 - 30-flowered, the outer scales successively shorter: corollas blue: akenes oblong- lanceolate, rather thick-edged, several-ribbed on each face, minutely scabrous, taper- ing into a rather long stout beak, the upper part of which is pale and less firm in texture. — L. integrifolia, Nutt. Gen. Sonchus j^ulchelius, Pursh. S. Sihiricus, Eichardson, not of Linn. Mulc/edium pulchellam & heterojihyllum, Nutt. Eastern part of the Sierra Nevada, noi-th to Oregon, and east nearly to the Mississijipi. Heads three fourths of an inch long. The root is apparently biennial or annual. L. LErcoPHiEA (Sonchus luucophccus, Willd., and Mulgediam Icucophccum, DC.) extends across the continent from New England to the coast of Oregon, and may occur in northern California. It is a tall and coarse species, known by its runcinate leaves, ample panicle of rathei- small heads of pale blue or whitish flowers, nisty-colored pappus, and beakless akenes having only a short neck. 124. SONCHUS, Linn. Sow-Thistle. Head many-flowered. Involucre fleshy-thickened at base, ovoid, conical, or cam- panulate ; its scales more or less imbricated, tbe outer shorter. Eeceptacle flat, naked. Akenes compressed, oval or oblong, several - many-ribbed or nerved, desti- tute of a beak or neck and of a dilated pappus-bearing disk. Pappus of copious very fine and soft white capillary bristles, most of them somewhat united at base so as to be deciduous together, a few separate and stronger ones sometimes less decid- uous. — Leafy-stemmed and mostly glabrous herbs, generally of coarse aspect, with somewhat corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow flowers. Probably none of them indigenous to this country, but the first and second species, the common annual Sow-Thistles, are weeds almost all over the world. 1. S. oleraceus, Linn. Two or three feet high : leaves runcinate-pinnatifid or rarely undivided, Ijesut witli short and soft spiny teeth, clasping by a heart-shaped base with acute auricles : akenes minutely rugose-scabrous. Waste gi'ounds around dwellings ; but no Californian specimens yet seen. Laurentia. LOBELIACEyE. 443 2. S. asper, Villars. Like the preceding or taller : leaves more strongly and rigidly spiny-toothed, and the anricles of the clasping base rounded : pedicels more commonly ghindnlar-bristly : akenes sharp-edged, smooth. Waste places, not only aromid towns but also far in the interior. 3. S. tenerrimus, Linn. Slender : leaves pinnately parted, mainly into linear or narrowly lanceolate divisions, merely spinulose denticulate along the margins : heads rather few: akenes narrow and thickish, rugose-scabrous. — Torr. & Gray, n. ii. 500. /?. tenuifolms, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 438. Around San Diego, Nuttall. Doubtless introduced from the south of Europe. Apparently not since collected. Order LII. LOBELIACE^. Herbs, mostly -with milky juice, alternate simple leaves, and scattered or race- mose flowers, the calyx adnate to the whole or the lower half of the ovary, and stamens usually free from the corolla ; distinguished from Camjmnulacere (to which the order is now commonly reduced) by the irregular corolla and both monadel- phous and (usually) syngenesious stamens. — Flowers perfect. Limb of the calyx divided down to the ovary into 5 lobes. Corolla inserted just where the calyx separates from the ovary, variously lobed or cleft ; the lobes valvate or lightly imbricated in the bud, two of them usually different from the others in size or shape and union, so that the limb appears bilabiate. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla : filaments united into a tube above the base and commonly to the top : anthers 2-celled, introrsely dehiscent, firmly united into a ring, except in the anomalous Nemadadus. Ovary 2-celled with axile, or 1-celled Avith parietal placentae : ovules numerous, anatropous : style entire : stigma commonly 2-lol)ed and girt with a ring of hairs. Fruit in ours a many-seeded capsule. Embryo small in the axis of fleshy albumen. Juice more or less acrid. The large and widely distributed genus Lobelia (of about 200 species) is strangely absent from California and the whole Pacific North American coast ; but it is sparingly represented by one Laurentia, which differs in not having the tube of the corolla split down one (the apiiareutly upper) side. — See Appendix. Tribe I. LOBELIE.E. Anthers as well as filaments united around the style. Corolla as it were 2-lipped, two of the lobes smaller and more separated from the other uiuteil three, erect or divergent. 1. Laurentia. Corolla with a rather long entire tube. Capside 2-valve(l across the top. 2. Downingia. Corolla with very short entire tube. Cai)sule linear and elongated, opening down the sides by one to three long fissures, one-celled. Tkii'.e II. CYPHIEiE. Anthers separate, and filaments partly so. 3. Nemacladus. Corolla narrow ; one lip of two almost distiuct petals, the other of three more united ones. Capsule 2-valved at the top. 1. LAURENTIA, Midieli. Calyx-tube and adnate ovary top-shaped or oblong ; the 5 lobes narrow. Corolla with tube as long as the limb, not split down ; its larger and 3-cleft lip widely spreading ; the smaller of 2 more erect or diverging divisions. Filaments and anthers completely united ; two of the latter minutely bristle-tufted at the apex, nearly inchided. Stigma more or less 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved across the pro- jecting free apex, 2-celled. Seeds oblong ox almost fusiform. — Low and diffuse or 444 LOBELIACE^. Laurentia. creeping small herbs, resembling Lobelias, with axillary blue flowers. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 549. 1. L. carnosula, Benth. A glabrous diffusely branched or spreading annual, somewhat succulent, 2 to 5 inches high : leaves sessile, oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire, a quarter to half an inch long : peduncles filiform, even the lower much longer than the leaves, the upper becoming corymbose or racemose : lobes of the calyx linear, foliaceous, about the length of the obconical tube and fully equalling that of the corolla : larger lip of the latter deeply 3-cleft into roundish-obovate lobes, bright blue, with the 2-ridged palate yellow or whitish ; the smaller lip of 2 lanceo- late lobes. — Lobelia carnosula, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey, 362, where the undi- vided corolla-tube is unnoticed. Po7~terella carnulosa (by misspelling), Torr. in Cat. PL Hayd* Eep. 1872, 488; Parry in Am. Nat. viii. 177. Low and muddy places, in Sierra and Indian Valleys (Lanmon) ; thence northeastward to Wyo- ming Territory. A i^retty Uttle plant, in aspect and flower resembling the next genus, and the corolla in vigorous specimens not much smaller ; known at once by the short and broad cajisule opening at the top. Tlie late Dr. Torrey dedicated it to Prof. Thomas C. Porter, one of the authors of the Flora of Colorado Tei-ritory ; but it proves to belong to a very old genus, chiefly of the Mediterranean region and Southern Africa. 2. DOWNINGIA, Torr. Calyx-tube and adnate ovary very long and slender, stalk-like, 3-sided, usually twisted ; its limb divided down to the ovary into 5 lanceolate or linear foliaceous lobes. Corolla with a very short but entire tube, and a bilabiate limb ; the smaller lip of two narrow recurved or spreading divisions, the other very broad and 3-lobed. Filaments and anthers both united into a somewhat curved tube : two oi the lattei- bristle- tipped. Capsule very long and slender, early becoming 1 -celled, with two parietal filiform placentae, remaining closed at the apex, but the sides dehiscent by two or three long fissures. Seeds as in the foregoing genus. • — Low and spreading glabrous annuals (of Oregon and California, and a third species in Chili), rather succulent or tender ; with sessile and narrow entire leaves, the upper ones reduced to bracts, and axillary sessile flowers ; the corolla deep blue with a white or yellow- ish centre. — Torr. in Pacif. E. Rep. iv. 11 G; Benth. & Hook. 1. c. Clintonia, Dough, not of Eaf. Under the name of Clintonia our two species have come into cultivation as ornamental annuals, but are rather ditticult to manage. A new name being required, Dr. Torrey dedicated the genus to the memory of his friend, the late Andrew Jackson Downing, of New York, whose treatise upon landscape gardening and other horticultural and arboricultural writings are still of sterling value. 1. D. elegans, Torr. Leaves acute, varying from ovate to lanceolate : smaller lip of the corolla of two lanceolate divisions, the broad lip moderately 3-lobed, its centre a broad white spot.- — Clintonia elegans, Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1241. Northern part of California, and through Oregon. C. corymhosa, A. DC. Prodr. vii. 347, is a stouter and more leafy-stemmed variety, the ovary little longer than the subtending leaf. Ordi- narily the slender and stalk-like ovary or capsule is over an inch in length, and the upjxn' floral leaves so small that the inflorescence is like a raceme. 2. D. pulchella, Torr. Very like the foregoing, but the leaves mostly nar- rower and obtuse : the two divisions of the smaller lip ovate-lanceolate or oblong, the larger lip much dilated and deeply 3-lobed,' intensely azure-blue Avith a large white or yellowish centre. — Clintonia indchella, Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1909; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 412. Valley of the Sacramento to Oregon and Nevg,da. Plant 3 to 6 inches high, rather more fleshy, weak. Both species inhabit moist or wet places. Nemacladm. CAMPANULACE^. 445 3. NEMACLADUS, Xutt. Calyx-tul)e short, obconical, adiuite to the k;wer half of tlie ovary; its limb parted into 5 unequal lobes. Corolla short, 5-parted, or the two petals forming the lower lip often distinct to the base, and longer than the three which form tlie 3-parted or 3-lobed upper lip. Filaments monadelphous above the middle : anthers distinct, surrounding the stigma, oval, glabrous. Style slender, its apex incurved, a little shorter than the anthers : stigma capitate, 2-lobed, subtended by an obsolete naked ring. Ovary 2-celled : ovules 10-18 in each cell. Capsule about two thirds su- perior, ovoid, loculicidal from the top. Seeds oval.— Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 254; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 108, t. 35; Gray in Jour. Linn. Soc. xiv. 28, where the relationship to Cyphia (of 8. Africa) is indicated. — A single species. 1. N. ramosissimus, Nutt. 1. c. Slender annual, about a span high, "lactes- cent" " widely and at length excessively branching: branches filiform, zi^^zag: radical leaves oval and toothed, tufted ; cauline ones aU minute, linear or subulate, sub- tending the branchlets and the racemose capillary naked peduncles : flowers minute (a line^'or two long) : corolla flesh-color, the two longer divisions spatulate-oblong, the three others rather broader : seeds oval. Sandy or gravelly open places ; common through the Sierra Nevada and its foot-hills ; thence east to New Mexico. Order LIII. CAMPANULACEiB. Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves without stipules, and regular flowei-s, having the calyx adnate to the ovary, distinct stamens (5 or rarely 4) insertedi with but hardly upon the corolla, alternate with its lobes, these valvate in the bud ; the fruit a many-seeded 2 - 5-ceUed capsule. — Calyx persistent. Stamens earlier than the stigmas ; the 2-celled introrse anthers opening in the bad before the corolla ex- pands.^ Style single, its upper portion beset with collecting hairs upon which tlie l.onen is largely deposited ; its summit 2-5-lobed or cleft; the stigmas being the papillose inner face of these lobes, which connive until some time after the corolla expands. Ovary 2 - 5-celled (rarely imperfectly so), with the placenttB in the axis. Ovules numerous, anatropous. Capsule usually opening by valves or holes at or near the top. Seeds small, with a straight embryo in fleshy albumen. — Flowers commonly showy, more frequently the corolla blue, and withering without dropping off: inflorescence for the most part centrifugal, the terminal flowers opening first. There are a few foreign genera with baccate fruit, and one with connate ^"t'je'-^- / ^'^J^^'.^ small family, mainly of tem^^erate regions, sparing y represented m Nor h ^^^/^'^J^J. ''^V b t genous plant; almost absent from South Amferica (the LoheUacea: being here .^^fP^ ^^P'^^'^^^^ ''"* aboundino- in the Old World, which furnishes numerous ornamental species to the guldens. Otherwise the order is without economical importance or known active qualities. * Ovary and capsule long and narrow, or at least oblong. 1 Githopsis. r-apsulc opening at the top by a hole left ],y the falling away of the base of the 2. ^gecuJa^;^ "calStelSS ^^t^s by 2 or 3 little valves which leave small round perforations. * * Ovary and capsule short and broad or globular. 3. Heterocodon. Thin walls of the capsule bursting indefinitely between the ribs. Calyx- 4.'S^iir'-Capsule opening on the sides by 3 to 5 small valves leaving deiinite round perforations. Calyx-lobes narrow. A An CAMPANULACE^. Githopsis. 1. GITHOPSIS, Nutt. Flowers all alike. Calyx with a clavate lO-ribbed tube, and 5 long and narrow foliaceous lobes. Corolla tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed. Filaments short, dilated at the base. Ovary 3-celled : stigmas 3. Capsule clavate, of firm tex- ture, strongly ribbed, crowned with the rigid calyx-lobes of its own length or longer, opening between them by a round hole left by the falling away of the base of the style. Seeds very numerous, between oblong and fusiform, smooth. — The calyx with its long- leafy lobes resembles that of Lychnis Githago, whence the generic name. A single, but variable species, published by Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 258. 1. G. specularioides, Nutt. Low, annual, an inch to a span high, either almost glaljruus i^v more, ec.mmonly (the var. hirsuta, Nutt.) the stems or the Avhole herbage beset with .short spreading hairs : leaves lanceolate-oblong or linear, sessile, coarsely toothed : flowers terminating the stem and few branches, slightly pe- duncled, erect : corolla deep blue, usually with a white centre, either shorter or moderately longer than the narrowly linear and rigidly 1-nerved (rarely few-toothed) calyx-lobes ; its lobes ovate : capsule rigid, either sessile or tapering gradually into a thick and rigid peduncle. — (?. calycina, Benth. PL Hartw. 321, a form with short corolla and long calyx-lobes. G. pulchella, Vatke, ui Lmnaja, xxxvii. a 4, the form with longer corolla. Open and low grounds, common tlirougli the western portion of tlie State, extending east to. the foot-liills and north to Oregon. 2. SPECULARIA, Heister. Flowers all alike, or in the American species dimorphous; i. e. some of the earlier ones smaller and with merely rudimentary coroUa which never opens, close-fertilized in the bud ; these with calyx-lobes mostly only 3 or 4. Later are flowers with fully developed corolla, &c. Calyx-tube prismatic or elongated-obconical ; the lobes 5, narrow. Corolla short and broad, wheelshaped when fully expanded, 5dobed. Filaments short. Ovary 3-celled, or sometimes 2-ceUed : stigmas as many. Capsule more or less elongated, opening by 2 or 3 smaU lateral valves which leave a round or oval perforation, usually over a partition. Seeds numerous, ovoid, or rounded and flattish, smooth.— Annuals; with sessile or clasping cauline leaves, and terminal and axillary blue or purple flowers. {Dysmicodon and Campijlocera, Nutt. 1. c.) 1 S. biflora, Gray. Stems slender : leaves closely sessile, ovate or oblong, somewlut crenately toothed, the upper gradually reduced to lanceolate bracts, which are at len-th shorter than the flowers they subtend : flowers one or two m each axil, nearlf sessile ; the lower ones mostly with a calyx of 3 or 4 ovate or subulate short lobes and no developed petals ; the upper and later ones with 5 lonc^er lanceolate-subulate calyx-lobes, which are shorter than the developed corolla : capsule oblong-cylindraceous or obscurely prismatic, inconspicuously ribbed, the valvular openings just below the summit: seeds l&\iim\\\a\'. — Campanula hiflora, Euiz & Pav. Fl. Per. ii. 55, t. 200, f. 6. C. Montevidensis, Spreng. ? C. Ludo- viciana, Torr. Dysmicodon Californicum & ovatum, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 257. Open gi-ounds, near tovvns and settlements along the coast : perhaps introduced, both here and in the Southern Atlantic States, from S. America. A span to a foot or more m height simple or with few branches, glabrous, except usually a line of minute and stout bristles turned back- wards which roughen the angles of the stem and sometimes of the calyx-tube, also on the margins and veins of the leaves. The principal stem-leaves only halt an inch long. Fully Campanula. CAMPAXULACEiE. 4^-7 developed corolla half an inch hioad. Capsules about 4 lines long, intcnm-diatc in at.pcar- ance between S. falcata, A. DC, of tlie Old World, and ,V. jjcr/oliala, with which Alph. Dc ('au- dolle and others have confounded it ; but iiuite distinct from Ijoth. The name is uot a happy one : but there are frequently two flowers in each axil, one later than the otlier. 2. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Stouter, a si)au to two feet high, simple or with sim- ple brandies, very leafy throughout, roughish-hairy, rarely ahnost glabrous : leaves clasping, round-cordate, crenate : flowers sessile in the axils, often clustered, of two , kinds, as in the preceding species : capsule oblong or sHghtly clavate ; the valvular openings as low as the middle. Open grounds, Plumas Co. {Lemmon) to Oregon, and common through the Atlantic States ■ also in Mexico. ' 3. HETEROCODON, Nutt. Flowers of two sorts ; the lower and earlier ones with merely rudimentary corolla and fertilized in the bud. Calyx with obovate or inversely pyramidal tube much shorter than the foliaceous lobes ; these are broadly ovate, sharply toothed, veiny, 3 or 4 in the earlier, 5 in the later flowers. Corolla short-campanuhite, .5-lobed. Stamens and style as in Cam2m7mla. Capsule 3-celled, 3-angled, very thin and membranaceous, the delicate walls bursting indefinitely on the sides. Seeds numer- ous, oblong, obscurely triangular. — Nutt. 1. c. viii. 255. A single species. 1. H. rariflorum, Mitt. A very delicate little annual, sparsely bristly-hirsute, otherwise glabrous, with leafy filiform stems 3 to 20 inches long, diffusely branch- ing : leaves rounded and with cordate base, partly clasping, acutely and coarsely many-toothed, thin, 3 to 6 lines wide : flowers terminal becoming lateral, also axil- lary, solitary, sessile : calyx-lobes foliaceous, 1 to 3 lines long, rather shorter than the well-developed pale blue corolla, mostly longer than the capsule, the sides of which give way vaguely in age, but not by halves. Shady and grassy places, from Napa Co. and Mariposa Co. (at 4,000 feet) to Oregon : also collected in the mountains of Nevada. Reduced by IJentham and Hooker to C'aitipanula, but better kept up. 4. CAMPANULA, Tourn. Bellflower. Flowers all alike. Calyx-lobes narrow. Corolla campanulate or near it, 5-lobed or 5-cleft. Stamens 5 : filaments dilated at base. Capsule short, 3 - 5-celled, open- ing on the sides or near the base by 3 to 5 small uplifted valves leaving round per- forations, many-seeded. — Chiefly perennial herbs, all of the northern hemisphere, many with showy flowers ; the inflorescence centrifugal or irregular. The few Californian (indeed all the North American) species are blue-flowered, destitute of any appendages between the calyx-lobes, and the stigmas and cells of the capsule only three. * Stem-leaves all linear or lanceolate and entire. 1. C. rotundifolia, Linn. A span to a foot high, glabrous, slender and weak : radical leaves roundish ovate or heart-shaped and toothed, on slender petioles, early withering away ; stem-leaves all narrow : flowers several on slender ])eduncles which are nodding in fruit : calyx-lobes very slender : corolla campanulate : pod opening by small holes or valves close to the base. This, the common species round the northern hemisphere, occurs near the bordei-s of the State north and east, and doubtless within the limits, growing in crevices of rocks, in shady places. The corolla vai-ies from half an inch to an inch in length. * * Stem-leaves ovate or ohlonrf-lanceolate, tootJied : capsides apparentli/ not drooping in fruit, and opening hy holes above the base. Species peculiar to California, except the first, which extends northwards. 448 ERICACEAE. Campanula. 2. C. Scouleri, Hook. A foot or so high, glabrous or slightly pubescent : stems slender, branching, spreading, paniculately several-flowered : leaves generally all sharply serrate and acuminate, mostly tapering below into a petiole, the lower ovate and sometimes almost entire, the upper ovate-lanceolate, or the uppermost nar- rower : flowers long-pedicelled : calyx-lobes slender-subulate, a little shorter than the open campanulate 5-cleft corolla, the lobes of which are ovate-oblong : style exserted. — Hook. Fl. t. 125. Indian Valley, Plumas Co. (Lemmon) to Oregon and British Columbia. A broad-leaved form. Corolla 4 lines long, cdeft to rather below the middle, the bud oblong. 3. C. prenanthoid.es, Durand. A foot or two high, roughish-pubescent or glabrous : stems clustered, rather simple, racemosely or paniculately several-flow- ered : leaves very sharply and mostly coarsely serrate, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, acute ; those of the stem mostly sessile, or the lower short-petioled : pedicels shorter than the flower : calyx-lobes slender-subulate, usually much shorter than the corolla, the narrowly lanceolate widely spreading lobes of which are 2 to 4 times the length of the tube : style long-exserted. — PL Pratten. in Jour. Acad. Pliilad. n. ser. (185.5) ii. 93; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 36G. C. filiflora, KeUogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 5. C. Roczli, Kegel, Animad. PL Hort. Petrop. 1872, 6. In redwoods, from Santa Craz to Mendocino Co., and through the foot-hills up to Sierra Valley. Corolla 5 to 8 lines long, narrow, cylindrical before exjiansion. Capsule with broad and retuse base and 5 salient ril is. 4. C. linnaeifolia, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous, but margins of leaves and angles of stem retrorsely hispid-scabrous : stems weak, a span or two high, simple, or corym- bose at summit, single- or few-floM^ered : leaves oval or ovate-oblong, mostly obtnse, crenate, all but the lowest sessile : peduncle as long as the flower : calyx-lobes broadly lanceolate, acute, about half the length of the bell-shaped corolla, the lobes of which about equal the tube and are commonly retrorsely hispid-ciliate : style included. — Wahlenhergia Calif ornica, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 158, f. 49, judging from the figure. In swamps at Noyo, Mendocino Co., Bolandcr. Leaves 4 to 9 lines long. Corolla half an inch long. A delicate and peculiar species. C. UNiFLOUA, Linn., a very low one-flowered species, with narrow leaves, extends from the arctic regions along the higher Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and to those of Utah at 11,000 feet : it may occur on the higher summits of the Sierra Nevada. Order LIV. ERICACE.ffi. Woody plants, or in the later suborders perennial herbs, with symmetrical and mostly regular flowers ; the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or lobes of the corolla, and inserted with, but hardly ever upon it ; the anthers 2-celled, and the cells opening by a terminal pore or chink ; the pollen of 4 united grains (except in MonotTopea;) ; the ovary with as many cells as the divisions of the corolla or calyx ; the seeds small, and with small or minute embryo in copious albumen. Corolla generally gamopetalous, sometimes of distinct petals, imbricated or rarely convolute or valvate in the bud, the insertion and that of the stamens liypogynous, or when the calyx is adnate epigynous, around an annular disk. Style single : stigma not rarely girt with a naked ring. Ovary with as many cells as the petals or rarely one or two fewer : the placentse in the axis, with one exception. Ovules anatropous. Leaves simple, commonly alternate, in some opposite, rarely in whorls, articulated with the stem, destitute of stipules. A large and important order, of wide distribution, very sparingly represented in California, but it claims several of the most striking shrubs. Although generally inert, and the fruit when ERICACEAE. 449 baccate esculent, or at least innocent, yet the leaves of some (such as Bearberry) are used in meilii iiir, .iiiil (itliers are reputed poisonous to cattle ; while the honey made from the blossoms of Uliixldil'ii'lrnii and Azalea has from early times a bad reputation. Very many arc prized in cultivation for their showy flowers. Suborder I. VACCINIEiE. Corolla and stamens epigynous, i. e. raised to or near the summit of the ovary, the calyx-tube being adnate. Fruit a berry, crowned with the vestiges of the calyx- teeth, — Shrubby plants, with scaly leaf-buds. To this belong the Hucklebemes of the Atlantic States, the Blueberries, Bilberries, and Cranberries, all of the genus, 1. Vaccinium. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed on the summit of the ovary. Stamens 8 or 10, Berry many-seeded. Suborder IL EEICINEiE. Corolla gamopetalous, or rarely of distinct petals, and with the stamens hypo- gynous, the calyx being free. Anthers introrse in the bud. — Shrubby plants or small trees. * Fruit fleshy, a berry or a berry-like drupe : corolla 5-toothed, deciduous. 2. Arbutus. Ovary 5-celled, many-ovuled. Berry many-seeded. '6. Arctostaphylos. Ovary 5 - 10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Drupe 5 - 10- seeded or by abortion fewer. * * Fruit a capsule enclosed within a fleshy calyx, seeming like a berry. 4. Gaultheria. Corolla 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Ovary 5-celled, 5-lobed. * * * Fruit a naked capsule, the calyx remaining dry underneath. Corolla deciduous. +- Anthers with points or awns : capsule loculicidal. 5. Leucothoe. Corolla with a narrowed 5-toothed orifice. Leaves petioled. 6. Cassiope. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed. Leaves scale-like or Heath-like, sessile, im- bricated. +■+- Anthers destitute of points, awns, or other appendages : capsule septicidal. ++ Corolla gamopetalous : pedicels subtended by foliaceous or firm-coriaceous persistent bracts : seeds with a close coat : leaves evergreen. 7. Bryanthus. Leaves Heath-like. Corolla without pouches. 8. Kalmia. Leaves broad. Corolla with 10 pouches holding the anthers. ++ ++ Corolla gamopetalous : pedicels subtended by thin scarious bracts, forming a scaly bud, these deciduous when the flowers develop : seed-coat loose. 9. Menziesia. Corolla globular-campanulate, 4-toothed. Leaves deciduous. 10. Rhododendron. Corolla funnelform or campanulate, 5-lobed. ++ ++ ++ Corolla 5-petalous : seed-coat loose. 11. Ledum. Leaves broad. Flowers in an lunbel : scaly bracts deciduous. Suborder III, PYEOLE.'E. Corolla of 5 (rarely 4) distinct petals, and with the stamens hypogynous, the calyx being free. Anthers extrorse in the bud, the pores downward, introrse in the open flower, the pores upward. Seeds extremely numerous, with very loose cellular and translucent coat, many times larger than the nucleus. — Herbaceous or nearly herbaceous and broad-leaved low perennials, one species leafless. 12. Chimaphila. Flowers in a corymb or umbel on a leafy stem. Petals widely spreading. Style V(ny short, top-shaped : stigma broad and orbiciilii', ]iilt;ite. 13. Morieses. Flower solitary on a scape. Petals widely spnailiiiL,'. Style straight: stigma 5-rayed. 14. Pyrola. Flowers in a raceme on a scape. Petals not widely spreading. Style long : stigma various. 450 ERICACEAE. Vaccinium. Suborder IV. MOXOTEOPE.E. Corolla and stamens hypogynous. Pollen-gi-ains simple. Capsnle loculicidal. — Eoot-parasitic scaly-bracted herbs, wholly destitute of green foliage, rather various in structure, by some of the genera intimately connected with EricinecB and Pi/rolece ; the last-enumerated genera anomalous in placentation. (Order Monotropece, Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI.) * Ovary and capsule 4 - 5-eelled, with placente in the axis aduate to a thick central column. -H Corolla wanting. 15. AUotropa. Calyx of 5 sepals. Anthers extrorse in the bud, introrse in the developed flower, in the manner of Pyrola : the cells opening down to the middle. 4- -}- Corolla gamopetalous : calyx complete, of 5 sepals : anthers not reversed. 16. Pterospora. Flowers racemose. Corolla globular-ovate, the short lobes recurved. Anthers 2-awnid on the back in the manner of many Erichicce. 17. Sarcodes. Flowers in a thick scaly spike. Corolla campanulate, the lobes erect. - Anthers not appendaged. HhHHHH Corolla 4-5-petalous, and calyx incomplete or bract-like, both deciduous : anthers hori- zontal or peltate, opening transversely : disk 8 - 10-toothed. 18. Monotropa. Flowers solitary or racemose, uodduig, the fruit upright. * * Ovary and capsule l-celled, or spuriously 4-5-celled by the meeting of parietal placentae : no central colunni : anthers erect, unappendaged ; the cells opening lengthwise into 2 valves. 19. Pleuricospora. Flowers spicate. Sepals and petals each 4 or 5, fimbriolate-lacerate. An- tlu IS linear. Ovary and capsule l-celled, with 4 or 5 bilamellate placentaj. Seeds ovoid, with a close and thin shining coat. 20. Newberrya. Flowers capitate. Sepals 2, bract-like. Corolla gamopetalous, tubular-urn- shajied, 4 -- 5-lobed. Anthers oblong. Ovary with 4 or 5 two-parted placenta; uniting more or less around the open centre. 1. VACCINIUM, Linn. Cranberiiy, Bilbekry, &c. Corolla epigynous, various in shape. Anthers with the two cells separate, taper- ing upwards into a tube and opening by a hole at the apex. Style long : stigma simple or more or less capitate, without a ring. Fruit a many-seeded berry crowned Avith the vestiges of the 4 or 5 small teeth of the calyx. — Gray, Clrlor. Bor. Am. 52, & Man. Bot. Northern U. S. The species abound in the eastern and more northern parts of North America, but are few indeed in Califqj-nia (none of the eastern Blueherry type), and all except one rare. Yet the following east- ern species may perchance be found along the northern borders of the State or at great elevations. V. OxYcoccus, T.inn., Small Cranberry, which is found round the world farther north, may occur in the higher northern parts of the Sierra Nevada ; but we have seen no specimens from even so far south as Puget Sound. V. MACROCARPON, Ait. , Large Cranberry, of the Atlantic side of the continent ; said in Hook- er's Flora to be "plentiful in swampy grounds near the confluence of the Columbia with the Pacific, wdiere its berries are boiled and eaten by the natives imder the name of Soolabich, Doug- las." Attention is called to this, as no one has since met with this or any other Cranberry ni Oregon. V. C^SPITOSTJM, Michx., a very dwarf species, with deciduous obovate leaves, and blue berries, occurring on the mountains in the northeastern part of Nevada and in Oregon and northward, ex- tending to Labrador. * Leaves deciduous : anthers with a pair of long awn-like appendages on the hack : corolla short, white or flesh-color. -{- Floivers solitary in the axils on a recurved peduncle. 1. V. parvifolium, Smith. Shrub much branched, 1 to 6 feet high, glabrous : branches and branclilcts sharply angled : leaves oval or oblong, very obtuse at both Arhutus. ERICACEiE. ^r^-^ ends, nearly entire, dull, very sliort-petiolod, pale beneath : calyx 5-lohed : coruUa globular, 5-toothed: stamens 10: berries pale red, insipid. — Iluok. Fl. ii, 33, t. 128. Redwoods, kc, Meiidouiiio Co., liolandcr. Comniou from Oregon to .Sitka. Leaves from a tliird to a full inch long. 2. V. ovalifolium, Smith. A more straggling shrub, Avith terete branches, larger and more veiny leaves, ovoid corolla, and large edible Idue berries. — ll(j(jk 1. c. t. 127. Common in Oregon, and extending to Lake Superior ; commonly associated with V. parvi- folium, and therefore probably reaching the northern part of the State on the coast. 3. V. Myrtillus, Linn. Low undershrub, glabrous, with sharply angled green branchlets : leaves ovate or oval, bright green and usually shining, veiny, serrate, very short-petioled : border of the calyx almost entire : corolla between globular and campanulate, 5-toothed, sometimes 4-toothed : stamens 10 or 8: berries blue- black when ripe. — Our plant is wholly the Var. microphyllum, Hook., with clustered stems only a span or less in height : leaves from the sixth to barely half an inch long : flowers only about 2 lines long : berries according to AVatson (Bot. King Exp. 210) light red. But in the Rocky Mountains and in Oregon the berries are dark-colored, and the parts all larger, yet not equalling the European Bilberry in size of foliage, fruit, &c. Wet places in the Sierra Nevada, at 7,000 feet (Mariposa Co., Oraij), thence northward, and eastward at high elevations. -f- -i- Floiuers 2 or 3 or solitary from a seixirate scahj hud, short -ped uncled. 4. V. OCCidentale, Gray. Low shrub, glabrous : leaves thinnish, dull and pale both sides, from oval to obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, entire, acutisli or obtuse, rather obscurely veiny (half to three fourths of an inch long) : flower mostly solitary : lobes of calyx and of the oblong-ovate corolla 4 : berry small, 2 or 3 lines in diameter, blue with a bloom, sweetish. Sierra Nevada at 6,000 or 7,000 feet, from Mariposa to Sierra Co., Bolmulcr, Anderson, Lcm- man, &c. Mountains of Utah, Watson. V. ULIGINOSITM, Linn., the Bilberry of Europe, &c., from Oregon northward, has rounder leaves conspicuously reticulated beneath, shorter and broader corolla, and berries much larger. * % Leaves evergreen and coriaceous : parts of flower in fives and the stamens 1 : anthers not atoned on the hack. 5. V. ovatum, Pursh. Shrub erect, 3 to 5 feet high, with numerous spreading branches and hirsute branchlets : leaves thick, very smooth, sliining above, ovate varying to oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate with rigid small teetli, short-petioled : flowers crowded in very short and numerous axillary and terminal racemes : corolla campanulate, pink : calyx-teeth as long as the 5-celled ovary : berries dark purple turning black, without a bloom. — LindL Bot. Iveg. t. 1354. V. lanceolatum, DC, only a narrovv-leaved form. Along the coast range, &c., especially in redwoods, from Monterey to Oregon. Berries edible. 2. ARBUTUS, Tourn. Madrono. Calyx small, 5-lobed. Corolla ovate, globular, or urn-sh;!pod, 5-toothed ; the teeth recurved. Stamens' 10, included : anthers flattened, furnished with a pair of reflexed awns on the back below the summit ; the cells opening by a terminal pore. Ovary raised on a hypogynous disk, 5-celled : ovules numerous on a flesliy placentti projecting from the inner angle of each cell. Style rather long : stigma obtuse. Berry with a rough or granular surface, maturing several seetls in each cell. — Small trees or shrubs, with evergreen and coriaceous alternate leaves, and white or 452 ERICACEAE. Arhufus. flesh-C(;lorecl flowers in a terminal panicle or cluster of racemes. — Genus of a few species in the warm-temperate portions of the Old World, among them the Straw- herry-tree, the fruit of which is eatable, two or three in Mexico, and our well-known Madrono, viz. 1. A. Menziesii, Pursh. A handsome tree, or southwards, a shrub, with very hard wood, and close and smooth l^ark turning brownish red (the older exfoliating) : leaves oval or oblong, either entire or serrulate, pale beneath, bright green above : racemes dense, minutely tomentose : corolla almost globular, Avhite : berries dry, orange-colored (hardly eatable), mth surface granulate. — Xutt. Sylv. iii. 42, t. 95. A. procera, Dow^. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1753. A. laurifolia, Lindl. Eot. Eeg. XXV. t. 67, a smaller-leaved Mexican form. Along the coast ranges and sjiaringly on the i'oot-hills, extending north to Puget Sound, and southeastward into Mexico and Texas. In the northern coast ranges this is sometimes a mag- nificent tree, 80 or 100 feet high, with trunk from one to tliree feet in diameter. Indeed, a tree in Marin Co., noi-tli of Tamalpais, measured 2-3 feet in circumference at the smallest part of the trunk below the branches, and some of the main branches were 2 or 3 feet in diameter. South of San Francisco Bay it is usually a small spreading tree or a large shrub. 3. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adanson. Manzanita. Flowers like those of Arbutus (but occasionally 4-merous and 8-androus), except that the 5 to 10 cells of the ovary contain each a single suspended ovule, and the berry-like fruit a circle of 5 to 10 separate or separable bony seed-like stones, or else these cohere more or less, sometimes completely into a solid several-celled or by abor- tion occasionally 1-celled stone. — Shrubs or small trees; with the alternate leaves cori- aceous and persistent (in all but an arctic-alpine species), either entire or with a few irregular teeth ; the white or rose-colored flowers in terminal often clustered racemes. — Gray in Pacif. E. Rep. iv, 116, note; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 581. Comaro- stajyhylis, Zucc. Xerohotrys & Xylococcus, Nutt. Daphnidostaphylis, Klotzsch. The gi-eater part of the species are Californian (including the Uva-ursi, which extends round the world) : their discrimination is difficult. As to the genera proposed by Zuccarini, Nuttall, and Klotzsch, mainly upon the concretion of the stones of the fruit, this sometimes takes place even in A. Uva-UTsi, and is variable in our other species. A. pungens and A. fjluuca, otherwise liardly distinguishable, differ greatly in this respect. § 1. Drujye not warty ; the flesh at maturity mealy ; the stones commonly separate or separable, at least some of them, not rarely some of them tmited or 2-celled and 2-seeded : bracts firm and jyei'sistent. * Ovary caul dejjressed-globose fruit more or less jmbescent : branchlets often hispid. 1. A. Andersonii, Gray. Erect, 6 or 10 feet high : branchlets minutely tomen- tose when ytiung, hispid with long and white bristly hairs : leaves thin-coriaceous, green and glabrous, except the bristles on the midrib beneath, lanceolate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate with a strongly sagittate-cordate base, sessile or nearly so, mucro- nate-pointed, mostly spinulose-serrulate (2 or 3 inches long) : fruiting pedicels about equalling the bracts* drupes reddish, much depressed, 4 or 5 lines in diameter, densely clothed with exceedingly viscid bristles. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 83. In the mountains behind Santa Cruz, among redwoods (Big-tree Grove), Dr. Anderson. Fila- ments somewhat hirsute. Bark paler than in the Manzanitas. 2. A. tomentosa, Dougl. Erect, 2 to 6 feet high, tomentose when young, hispid with long spreading hairs on the branclilets, petioles, &c., but these some- times nearly wanting : leaves thick and very rigid-coriaceous, varying from oblong- lanceolate to ovate and even cordate, entire, rarely serrulate, often cuspidate-mucro- nate, usually becoming vertical (one or two inches long) : flowers in very short Arctostaphylos. ERICACE^. ^f^g clustered racemes (white or rose-color), on pedicels shorter than the hracts : ovary- hirsute : fruit red, minutely puherulent or becoming glabrous, not viscid. ]5<»t Reg. t. 1791 ; Hook. Fl. ii. t. 130, & Bot. Mag. t. 3220. A. cordljoUa, Lin.ll. 1. i-', a form with cordate leaves and few or no bristles. Andromeda bracteosa, DC. Xerobotrys tomentosus, argutus, & cordifolius, Nutt. 1. c. Dry hills, from Santa Barbara Co. northward to Puget Sound. This is a common Manzanilti through the western pa'rt of the State, running into many forms as to foliage, bristles, &c. Fruit used for a cooling subacid di'ink. 3. A. nummularia, Gray. Erect, a foot or two high, nearly glabrous, except- ing long bristly hairs on the branches : leaves oval (half to two thirds of an inch long), rounded at both ends, sometimes obscurely cordate, very short-petioled, mostly entire, thick and rigid, bright green, the upper surface shining : racemes short and clustered : bracts shorter than the pedicels : ovary miimtely tomentose. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 366. Plains around Mendocino City, Bolander. Very leafy : leaves like those of the Dwarf Box. Flowers small, white. Fruit unknown. •k * Ovary glabrous : no kisjnd hairs on the branches and j^etioles. 4. A. ITva-ursi, Spreng. Prostrate, trailing or somewhat creeping, almost gla- brous : leaves spatulate or oblong-obovate, obtuse or retuse : flowers in small and short racemose clusters : filaments bearded : fruit red. Doubtless in the State on the borders of Oregon and northern Nevada ; thence not rare north- ward and eastward, extending round the world. The medicinal Uva-ursi, or Bearbcrry, and the Kinnikinick of the Western Indians. 5. A. pumila, I^utt. Erect, dwarf, tufted, minutely tomentose-pubescent : leaves obovate-oval or oblong-obovate, obtuse, or some of them more or less mucro- nate-tipped, pale : flowers as in the preceding but smaller : iilaments sparingly bearded or nearly naked. — A. pumila & A. acuta, Kutt. 1. c. Daj^hnidostaphylis pumila, Ivlotzsch. Around Monterey, Nuttall, Rich. Much resembles A. Urva-ursi ; but it is an erect shrub, about half a foot high, branching from the base and forming tufts. Leaves from half to two thirds of an inch long. 6. A. pungens, HBK. Erect or at high elevations procumbent, minutely cinereous-tomentose when young, or glabrous : smooth close bark brownish-red (mahogany-color) : leaves commonly becoming vertical by a twist of the distinct or pretty long petiole, very rigid, often glaucous or pale, entire or occasionally dentic- ulate with a few sharp teeth, varying from oblong-lanceolate to oval, most of them pungently mucronate-acuminate or cuspidate : flowers crowded in very short ra- cemes, on short glabrous pedicels : filaments strongly ciliate bearded : fruit yellowish, turning dull red. — HBK. J^ov. Gen. & Sp. iii. t. 259 ; Torr. in Emory Rep. t. 7. Arbutus pungens, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 144. Andromeda (?) vemdosa, DC. Prodr. vii. 607. Arctostaphylos Hooheri, Don. A. glauca, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 210. Xerobotrys venulosus, Nutt. 1. c. ; Benth. PL Hartw. 321. JJaphnido- staphylis pungens & D. Hookeri, Klotzsch. Dry and barren ridges everyTvhere, both on the coast and at gi-eat elevations, extending north into Oregon, east to Utah and New Mexico, and south into Mexico. This, the cominon Man- zanita, is exceedingly variable, including, as it must, the Small Manzftnita, which at high eleva- tions is procumbent, rising only a few inches in height, and larger forms, with erect stems, tor- tuous branches, &c., rising to eight or ten feet in height ; the sliort trunk sometimes a foot in diameter at base, but divided near the ground. Some of these forms, especially in the foot-liills and Sierra, with brnurlies nearly or quite glabrous, and with broad and larger, pale or glaucous and oval or (iv,itr lr:i\(>s, commonly destitute of the pungent tip, are usually referred to A. glama, but that is distinguished by its romarkablo fruit. "The fruits of the present species are iiol Liigcr tli:iii ili.iM' of .'/. Inniriit.is,!, (iiil\ t liiirs in diameter, the nutlets only a line or two in diauictcV, s( |i;ir;ililc, .11 one (.1 twn |uiis riili, iiiiu, tiie imtamen of less thickness than the cavity. The s|)r,iiic 7iaiiic, '/iiiDi/nts, is scl.loia appi (>|iri.iif for the Californian plant. The fruit is eaten by Indians and liears. 454 ERICACEiE. ArdostcqjJiijhs. § 2. Drn])e smooth and r/lahrovs, iviili a solid tvoody or hony 1 - ^-celled and 1-5- seeded stone in a lldti lyidl). ■ — Xylococcus. {Xi/lococais, Kutt.) 7. A. glauca, Lindl. Erect, 8 to 20 feet high, much branched (from a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter at the base), completely glabrous, glaucous : leaves rigid, varying from oblong to round-ovate and slightly cordate, vertical by a twist of the i)etiole, vv^ith or without a small mucronate tip : racemes panicled : bracts, &c., as in the preceding : pedicels slender and minutely hirsute-glandular : filaments somewhat ciliate at base : fruit red, large ; the 5-celled stone half an inch in diam- eter. — Lindl. Ijot. Keg., a brief character in a note under t. 1791. Dry liills, from Monterey {Douglas) to San Diego {Cleveland, &c.). This Great-hcrricd Manza- nifa is hardly to 1"' distiiii^uislied in flower from the large and glaucesent form of the preceding, except hy the gLnidulai ]ii(li(cls. But the fruit is far larger, oftener three fourths of an inch in diameter; the nutlets cuuiplctely consolidated into a globose woody stone, of great thickness and solidity ; the five cells all towards the centre, each with a fertile seed. While very like the pre- ceding in aspect, it is associated with the next hy the fruit. 8. A. bicolor, Gray. Erect, 3 or 4 feet high, leafy only at the end of the branches : leaves ovate-oblong or oval, thinnish-coriaceous, entire, pinnately veined, soon glabrous above and shining, whitish-tomentose beneath, as also the branchlets and the ovate chartaceous bracts of the short spicate raceme : calyx of 5 nearly dis- tinct round-ovate imbricated sepals, somewhat colored : corolla urceolate, rose-color or tinged with red : hlaments scarcely dilated at base : style long : stigma capitate. — Xylococcus bicolor, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 258. "Near Monterey," NutUill. Near San Diego, Dr. Cooper, D. Cleveland. Flowers in March and April. Leaves an inch or two long. Scaly spike or dense raceme barely an inch long. Fruit the size of a pea, yellow tmuing red, the solid stone maturing 4 or 5 seeds, or by abortion only one. § 3. Druj)e with a riranulate or ivarty surface, as in Ai'hiitus ; the cells cohering into a several-celled stone. — Comarostaphylis. (Oomarostcqjhylis, Zucc.) 9. A. polifolia, HBK. Erect, 5 to 8 feet high, glabrous : leaves linear-lanceo- late, cuspidate, pale beneath : raceme elongated ; the lower bracts foliaceous, the upper becoming sulndate and shorter than the slender bracteolate pedicels : calyx- lobes triangular : corolla reddish : fruit dark purple, minutely warty, its stone 5-celled. — Nov. Gen. & Sp. iii. 277, t. 258; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 108. Below San Diego, near the boundary, and in Mexico. Leaves 2 or 3 inches long, -willow-like. 4. GAULTHERIA, Linn. Wintergkeen. Salal. Calyx 5-cleft, generally colored like tlie corolla. Corolla urceolate or campanu- late, 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Stamens 10, included : anther-cells opening by a hole at the apex, each usually 2-awned or 2-pointed. Capsule 5-celled, 5-lobed, depressed and umbilicate, many-seeded, enclosed at maturity in the calyx, which enlarges and becomes fleshy after the corolla falls, and imitates a globular berry : this is eatable and aromatic-flavored. Shrubby or almost herbaceous plants ; Avith broad evergreen leaves, and white or sometimes rose-colored flowers, mostly axillary or in axillary racemes, from scaly buds. A rather wide-spr.ose Bay is well deser\'ing of cultivation. § 2. Flowers from a large and special scab/ terminal hud, close helow vMch are sep>arate leaf buds from ivhich the shoots of the season proceed : stamens com- monly 5 and exserted : leaves deciduous. — Azalea, Planchon, &c. [Azalea, Linn., maiialy.) 2. R, occidentale, Gray. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, with shoots glabrous or minutely pubescent when young, not bristly : leaves obovate-oblong, sometimes approaching lanceolate, bright-green and shining above, minutely pubescent, glabrate, the margins minutely hispid-ciliate : scales of the flower-bud somewhat canescent : flowers appearing after the leaves : sepals distinct, oblong or oval, con- spicuous : corolla minutely viscid-pubescent outside, Avhite, with the upper lobe yel- low inside ; the narrow funnelform tube equalling the deeply 5-cleft slightly irreg- ular limb ; the lobes ovate : stamens and style much exserted, moderately curved : capsule oblong. — Azalea occideutalis, Torr. & Gray, Pacif It. Eep. iv. 116; Hook. Bot. ]\Iag. t. 5005 ; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 381. A. ccdendidacea, var., Benth. PI. Hartw. 321. Rhododendron calendidaceum, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey, 362. In wooded districts along streams, almost throughout the State, extending to the mountains east of San Diego, but common nortliward. Leaves 1| to 4 inches long, becoming of a rather firm texture. Flowers 2^ to 3 inches long, fragrant. Tliis charming Californian Azalea, tlie great ornament of the wooded districts, belongs rather to the group of the eastern R. viscosiwi than to that of R. calendulaceum, the flowers appearing in summer or late spring, after the leaves have developed. The bright green foliage makes a fine setting for the large and copious white or sometimes slightly rosy flowers, variegated by a pale yellow band. The fragrance is unlike that of the eastern species, and not so delicious. 11. LEDUM, Linn. Labrador Tea. Calyx small, 5-cleft. Corolla of 5 distinct and spreading oval or oblong petals. Stamens 4 to 10 : filaments filiform : cells of the anthers opening by a terminal pore. Style filiform, persistent. Capsule oval or oblong, septicidally 5-valved from the base upwards : placentae pendulous. Seeds .slender, with a loose coat. — Low and more or less evergreen shrubs ; with broad alternate entire leaves, their margins dis- posed to be revolute, and the lower surface either resinous-dotted or rusty-wooUy ; the flowers small and white in a terminal umbel-like corymb, which is developed from a large scaly bud, its thin scales or bracts deciduous when the flowers are developed. Moneses. ERICACEiE, ^r^(j L. PALUSTRE, Limi., whicli grows rouml tlie world far iiortli, and L. latifolicm, Ait., wliii;li extends from Newfoundland to Uregou (the only other species), are not met with iu California, which has a peculiar sjieeies, viz. 1. L. glandulosum, Nutt. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, erect, glabrous or nearly so : leaves obloug or oval, pale and clotted with resinous scaly dots beneath, anil when young somewhat resinous above, slender-pctioled : corymbs terminal and sometimes axillary, often compound : stamens 4 to 10 : capsule oval. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 270 (subgen. Ledodendron) ; Watson, liot. King Exp. 211. Mendocino Co., along the coast range, to Oregon, and through the Sierra Nevada, at and above 4,000 feet : also in the Nevada and Rocky Mountains. Leaves an inch or.two long, the margins little or not at all revolute, the lower surface destitute of the wool of the other sjjecies. Flowers resembUng those of X. latifoUum. 12. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Pipsissewa. Corolla of 5 rotately spreading orbicular and concave petals. Stamens 10 : lila- meuts enlarged and hairy in the middle : anthers extrorse in the bud, introrse in the flower, opening by a round hole at the tapering summit of each cell. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the depressed umbilicate summit of the ovary : stigma broad, orbicular, its border somewhat 5-crenate. Capsule depressed- globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidally dehiscent from the apex downwards, the edges of the valves glabrous. — Low, nearly herbaceous, evergreen perennials : with long underground shoots, ascending stems bearing thick and smooth shining sliarply serrulate leaves in irregular whorls or pairs, or scattered, and a terminal luiked peduncle supporting a few fragrant flowers in a corymb or umbel. JJracts scaly. Petals white or flesh-color, waxy : others violet or purple. A small North American genus, extending into Mexico, the commonest species also in Europe and Japan : in the latter also a peculiar species very like one of ours. All grow in dry woods, especially on hillsides and in the shade of coniferous trees. 1. C. umbellata, ISTutt. A span to a foot high, branching : leaves oblanceolato or wedge-shaped, entire towards the tapering base, bright green, not spotted : ]ie- duncle 4 - 7-flowered : bracts narrow, deciduous : filaments hairy on the margins only. — Barton, Veg. Mat. Med. t. 1. C. corymbosa, Pursh. Pyrola nmbdlata, Linn. ; Bigel. Med. Bot. t. 21. This, the common Pipsissewa or Princes Pine of the Eastern States, Oregon, &c., also found both on the eastern and western sides of the Old Woiid and in Mexico, appears to be raie in California and only in the north. Mount Shasta {Brewer) ; Mendocino Co. {Bolander) ; Sierra Valley, Lrmmon. 2. C. Menziesii, Spreng. A span high, sparingly branched : leaves varying from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, small (h to 1| inches long), purplish beneath, sometimes variegated with white above : peduncle 1 - 3-flowered : bracts ovate or roundish : filaments villous on the dilated middle portion. — Hook. PI. ii. 49, t. 138. Pyrola Menziesii, Don. Pine woods, in the Sierra Nevada, and from Mendocino Co. northward, through Oregon. Most resembles the eastern C maculata and the recently discovered C. Juponica. 13. MONESES, Salisb. Corolla as in Clilviapldla. Stamens 10 : filaments not enlarged in the midtlle, subulate, naked : anthers as in Cliimapldla, but the cells contracted into a distinct short tube at the extremity. Style exserted, straight : stigma large, peltate, and with 5 short radiating lobes. Capsule as in Ghiumvphila. Parts of the flower occa- sionally in fours instead of fives. — A single species known, viz. 460 ERTCACE.E. Moneses. 1. M. uniflora, Gray. A small and low perennial, with a cluster of round or obovate short-petioled crenvdate leaves, and a scape 2 to 4 inches high, terminated by a handsome wliite or flesh-colored flower two thirds of an inch in diameter. — Pyrola uiiijlora, Linn, Moneses grandiflora, Salisb. In cold bogs round the northern hemisphere ; doubtless within the limits of the State at liigh elevations, as it occm-s north and east of them. 14. PYROLA, Tourn. Wintergreen. Corolla of 5 concave and more or less converging petals. Stamens 10 : filaments ascending or straight, subulate, naked : anthers as in the preceding genera, either with or without a tubular prolongation of the extremity of the cells, Avhich open by a round hole. Style generally long : stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Capside depressed- globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved from the base upward : edges of the valves commonly cobwebby when opening. — Low and smooth perennial herbs; with running subterranean shoots, broad and petioled leaves close to the ground, and a more or less scaly-bracted scape bearing a simple raceme of white, greenish, or rose-colored nodding flowers. The genus, and several of the 12 to li species, extend round the world in the cooler parts of the northern temperate zone. Some divide it into three genera, but on characters of small account. § 1. Corolla and stamens regular: 2^et(ils with tivo tuhercles at base inside: style straight : stigma large, depressed, at length obtusely b-lobed. 1. P. secunda, Linn. Leaves clustered or somewhat scattered on ascending shoots, thin, ovate, serrulate, on naked petioles : scape 3 to 5 inches high, bearing several or numerous flowers in a close one-sided raceme : petals oval-oblong, green- ish-white, not at all spreading, shorter than the slender style : anthers blunt. Woods in the higher Sierra Nevada, at Donner Pass, &c. ; thence northward and eastward round the world. § 2. Corolla somewhat irregularly spreading: stamens more or less declined and curved totvards the upper side of the flower : style long, turned downivard and more or less curved : stigma narrower than the apex of the style, surrounded by a ring or collar, from ivhich the 5 lobes {more or less concreted into one, and at first almost included) at length conspicuously 2)roJect. 2. P. rotundifolia, Linn. Leaves coriaceous, shining above, orbicular, varying to ovate, round-obovate, or round-reniform, on slender naked petioles : scape with the loosely many-flowered raceme 6 to 14 inches high, scaly-bracted : bracts lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate : lobes of the calyx mostly lanceolate or triangulardanceolate and about haK the length of the broadly obovate (white, greenish-white, or rose-pur- ple) petals : cells of tlie anther slightly contracted into an obscure neck under the orifice. — The Californian specimens as yet seen all belong to the Var. bracteata, Gray. A large form : leaves 2 or 3 inches long, often serrulate : scape a foot or more high, usually conspicuously but remotely scaly-bracted : anthers prominently mucrouate at base. — F. brxicteata. Hook. P. elata, Kutt. Thelaia bracteata, Alefeld in Linnsea, xxviii. 57. In coniferous woods, Mendocino to Sierra Co., and north to British Columbia. The var. uliginosa. Gray, common on the northern borders of the Atlantic States, occurs on the mountains in Nevada, aiid a form near it at Carson City. It has smaller pink flowers with red-purple anthers, and shorter triangular- ovate calyx-lobes. 3. P. picta, Smith. Leaves thick, coriaceous, pale (at least beneath, sometimes purplish), and above commonly variegated or blotched with white, ovate varying to obovate and oblong-spatulate or lanceolate-oblong, on short or else margined petioles : Pterospora. ERICACEAE. 461 scape with tlie mostly short raceme 4 to 8 inches high : bracts small : lobes of the calyx ovate, short, not half the length of the roundish greenish-white petals : cells ot the anther contracted into a neck or short tubular prolongation beloAv the orifice. —P. dentata, Smith, a form with the narrower leaves more or less serrate Thelaia spatulata, Alefeld, 1. c. Open woods, from the Mariposa Grove along the Sierra, and from Mendocino Co. to Britisli Columbia. Leaves an inch or two long, in the narrower forms tapering into the petiole, which'is from a quartcT to a fullinch in length. Kootstocks erect, branching, rigid. Peculiar to the Pacihc side of the continent. 4._ P. chlorantha, Swartz. Leaves coriaceous, not shining, orbicular or approach- ing it, often retuse, small, commonly much shorter than the petiole : scape and few- flowered raceme 4 to 8 inches high : bracts inconspicuous : lobes of the caly.x broadly ovate or roundish, very short, appressed to the base of the oval-obovate white and little-spreading petals : cells of the anther distinctly contracted below the orifice into a short tube. Hills near Downieville, Yuba Eiver, Bigclow, according to Tnrrrii. Apparentlv rare on the Pacific side of the continent ; common northward on the Atlantic side, and al.,j in northern Eurojie. Leaves half an inch to an inch, sometimes even an inch and a half long. 5. P. aphylla, Smith. Scapes leafles.s, 7 to 12 inches high from a long and deep scaly-bracted and doubtless parasitic rootstock : raceme loosely many-flow'ered : lobes of the calyx ovate, acute, very much shorter than the obovate white petals : cells of the anther contracted into a short tube below the orifice — Hook Fl ii 48, t. 137. • • • Fir woods, along the Sierra Nevada from San Diego Co. to Shasta Co. and to P.iitish Colum- bia. Scape reddish. Flowers about as large as those of P. rotundifolia : sutures of the cai)sule not cobwebby in dehiscence. A peculiarly interesting plant, on account of its Hving the parasitic hfe of the Monotropece. ° ^ 15. ALLOTROPA, Ton. & Gray. Calyx of 5 roundish sepals, persistent. Corolla none. Stamens 10, glabrous : anthers short, 2-lobed, extrorse in the bud, soon becoming introrsely pendulous on the slender filament ; the cells opening by a chink reaching to near the middle. Ovary globose, 5-celled : style at first very short, at lengh longer : stigma large, peltate-capitate. Seeds very numerous on the thick placenttB in the axis, linear with a small central nucleus. — (Bot. Wilkes Exp. 385, 1874.) Gray in Pacif. 11. Eep. vi. 81, & Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 368. — Single species. 1. A. virgata, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A reddish or whitish herb, a span to a foot high, glabrous, rather fleshy, with a thicker base, beset with ovate-oblong or lanceo- late scales, continued into a virgate many-flowered spike : flowers crowded, very short-pedicelled, 2-bracteolate, a quarter of an inch long ; the upper ones about equalled by the bracts : sepals shorter than the filiform filaments, whitish. Mendocino Co., near Bear Harbor {Bolandcr, Kcllogq), generallv under Qucrcus dcnsiflora ; Sierra Co., Lemmon. Thence in the Cascade Mountains to AVashington Territory. 16. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. Pinedrops. Calyx deeply 5 -parted, short, persistent. Corolla withering-persistent, globular- ovate, with contracted mouth ; the 5 very short lobes recurved, almost convolute in the bud. Stamens 10, included: filaments subulate: anthers short, erect in the bud (or just before anthesis horizontal) ; each cell bearing a deflexed awn on the back near the base, opening lengthwise. Style short : stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed ; the thin valves persistent by the cohesion of the parti- 462 ERICACE^. Pterospora. tions with the central axis, from which the placentae are pendulous. Seeds verj^ numerous, ovoid, with a thin nearly close coat, apiculate at base, and at apex bear- ing a broad hyaline and reticulated wing-like appendage, many times larger than the seed itself. — Nutt. Gen. i. 386 ; Lindl. Collect, t. 5. — Single species. 1. P. andromedea, Nutt. A stout, purplish-brown or chestnut-colored and clammy-pubescent herb, 1 to 3 feet high : the lanceolate scales or bracts small, crowded at the base, scattered above : raceme long, virgate, many-flowered ; the spreading and recurved pedicels slender, as long as the linear scarious bracts : corolla white, a quarter of an inch long, somewhat viscid : capsule a third of an inch in diameter. In dry soil, under pines or other coniferous trees and oaks, from Monterey northward, extend- ing to British Columbia and through the Northern Atlantic States. 17. SARCODES, Ton-. Snow-Plant. Calyx of 5 oblong erect sepals, shorter than the corolla, persistent. Corolla cylindraceous-campanulate, moderately 5-lobed, the lobes little spreading, persistent. Stamens 10, included, glabrous : filaments slender : anthers linear-oblong, attached l)y the outside a little above the base, not appendaged, the 2 cells united through- out and with a very narrow connective, opening by the whole obliquely truncate apex. Ovary 5-lobed, 5 -celled : style columnar : stigma capitate, slightly 5-lobed. Capsule fleshy ; the thick placentae adnate to the axis for their whole length. Seeds very numerous, oval ; the coat cellular-reticulated, but closely fitted to the nucleus, except a conical protuberance at the apex. — Torr. PL Fremont, in Smithsonian Contrib. 17, t. 10. 1. S. sanguinea, Torr. 1. c. A stout fleshy herb, a span or two in height, of a bright red color, more or less glandular-pubescent, thickly clothed, at least up to the raceme, with firm fleshy scales ; the lower ones ovate and closely imbricated, the upper gradually more scattered, narrower, and passing into the linear bracts, which mostly exceed the flowers, their margins glandular-cihate : pedicels erect, at least the upper ones short : corolla half an inch long, rather fleshy, glabrous. In coniferous forests, especially those of Sequoia and Abies, through the Sierra Nevada from 4,000 to 9,000 feet, shooting fortli and flowering as soon as the snow melts away. 18. MONOTROPA, Linn. Indian Pipe. Pine-Sap. Calyx of 2 to 5 lanceolate often loose and dissimilar bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5 erect spatulate or oblong scale-like petals, wliich are gibbous or saccate at base, tardily deciduous. Stamens twice as many as the petals : filaments filiform-subulate : anthers more or less reniform, transverse upon the apex of the filament ; the cells more or less confluent into one, opening across the top. Style columnar, tubular, more or less dilated at the apex into the disk-like or somewhat funnelform obscurely 4-5-crenate stigma. Disk confluent with the. base of the ovary, bearing 8 or 10 deflexed teeth. Capsule ovoid, 4-5-celled: the thick pla- centaj covered with innumerable minute loose-coated seeds. — Low fleshy-scaly herbs, white or reddish, turning brownish ; the clustered and loosely scaly stems rising from a ball of matted fibrous roots ; the flowering summit at first nodding, becom- ing erect in age. — Two or three species, of two well-marked subgenera, by many received as genera ; but the difl'erences are rather unimportant. Newberrya. ERICACEvE. 463 § I . Flowers solitary, terminal : anthers opening equally by 2 chinks. 1 . M. uniflora, Linn. Plant white (rarely rose-color), inodorous, a span high, glabrous : calyx represented by 2 to 4 bracts or sepals, the uppermost larger : petals 5 and stamens 10 (rarely more) : stigma naked. In damp woods : not yet seen in California ; but occurs in Oregon, though pei'haps less com- monly than in the Atlantic States ; extends on the one hand into South America, on the other into Japan and to the Himalayas. § 2. Flowers several in a spike or close raceme, with more regular sepals, and the 2ietals more saccate at base, the terminal Jiower mostly ivith 5 petals and 10 stamens ; the others respectively 4 and 8 {or rarely fewer) : anthers mo7-e reni- form ; the cells completely confluent into one, which opens by 2 tmequal valves, one broad and spreading, the other remaining erect and contracted : margin of the stigma glandidar or hairy. — Hypopitys. {Hypopitys, Dill.) 2. M. fimbriata, Gray. Near a foot high, glabrous, except a minute pubes- cence of the spike-like raceme : the obovate-cuneate bracts and the spatulate sepals erosely or laciniately fimbriate : some flowers with only 3 petals and G stamens. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 629. In the southern Cascade Mountains, Oregon, E. Hall. It may be expected in Northern California. M. Hypopitys, Linn. , or some form or near relative of this, the common Pine-sap, extending round the world in the temperate zone, occurs in the northern part of Oregon, It is pubescent or rarely glabrous, and the scales and bracts nearly entire. 19. PLEURICOSPORA, Gray. Calyx of 4 or 5 oblong-lanceolate scale-like sepals, with laciniately fimbriate mar- gins. Corolla of as many nearly similar oblong petals, shorter than the calyx. Stamens 8 or 10, glabrous, included : anthers linear, erect upon the apex of the filiform flatfish filament and hardly wider than it, apiculate at the refuse apex ; the cells united throughout, opening lengthwise from the base to the apex. Ovary ovate, tapering into a style of about its own length which bears a depressed-capitate stigma, one-celled, with 4 or 5 bilamellate parietal placentte, which are ovuliferous throughout. Capsule 'fleshy 1 Seeds obovate, with firm rather polished coat closely fitted to the nucleus. — Plants light brown or whitish, with the aspect of Mono- tropa, sect. Hypopitys, but stouter ; the stem crowded or at first imbricated with the scales ; flowers in a close erect spike. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 369. 1. P. iimbriolata, Gray, 1. c. A span or more high, glabrous or nearly so : scales of the stem ovate-lanceolate, the lower with erose edges, the upper and bracts with scarious whitish and fimbriate margins. In the Mariposa Grove, Bolandcr. There are indications of a Mexican species. 20. NEWBERRYA, Torr. Calyx of 2 scale-like sepals, resembling bractlets. Corolla oblong, somewhat urceolate, 4 - 5-lobed, withering-persistent ; the lobes spreading, ovate, hairy inside. Stamens 8 or 10, somewhat included : filaments filiform, above the middle bearded with long hairs : anthers oblong, erect ; the cells opening lengthwise, from top to bottom, into two unequal valves. Ovary ovate : style elongated, hairy above : stigma depressed-capitate, entire, umbilicate and pervious : placentic 4, each 2-parted, the two broad plates covered with ovules on both sides, and their edges meeting or 464 LENNOACE^. Newherrya. cohering, leaving a central cell (if correctly understood). Inflorescence capitate. — A single iiuperfectly known species. 1. N. congesta, Torr. Glabrous, brownish : simple stems a .span high, clothed with loosely imbricated oval or oblong and obscurely erose scales ; the uppermost forming large bracts to the capitate-crowded flowers. — Ann. Lye. Xew York, viii. 55 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL ii. 606. Hemitomes congestum, Gray in Pacif. E. Eep.- vi. 81, t. 12 : description and figure faulty, and name inapplicable, therefore changed. Southern part of Oregon, upper part of Des Chutes Valley, Nevoberry. Near California, and probably occuiTing within its hmits. It is very desirable to rediscover this little-known plant. Order LV. LENNOACE^. Ptoot-parasitic fleshy herbs, scaly, destitute of g^een herbage, with the aspect of Monotrox>e(x and Orobanchacecv, but nearer the former ; remarkable for having the parts of the flower almost always more than five and the cells of the ovary at least doubled, these one-ovuled, the stamens adnate up to the very throat of the tubular corolla (anthers on very short filaments, 2-celled and opening lengthwise), and the fruit drupaceous. — Comprises three genera and not more than four species, of Mexico and California. — Torr. in Ann. Lye. New York, viii. 51 ; Solms-Laubach in Abhandl. Nat. Halle, xi.', & DC. Prodr. xvii. 37 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen, PI. ii. 621. 1 . Pholisma. Flowers spicate. Sepals and short lobes of the corolla 6, rarely 5 : stamens as mnny in a single series. 2. Ammobroma. Flowers covering the upper surface of a dilated concave receptacle. Sepals about 10, filiform and plumose. Lobes of the corolla and stamens 6 to 10. Lennoa, Llav. & Lex. {Corollniilujllum, HBK.), has the parts of the flower in eight, and the stamens in two series below the throat of the curved coroUa. 1. PHOLISMA, Nutt. * Calyx of 6 (or rarely 5) linear sepals, shorter than the corolla, naked. Corolla tubular, obscurely funnelform, withering-persistent ; the lobes as many as the sepals, short and broad, undulate and plaited-imbricated in the bud.- Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, borne in the throat in a single rank. Ovary and drupaceous (^) fruit 12- 20-celled, depressed-globose. Style long : stigma 6 - 10-crenate-lobed. — A single species. 1. P. arenarium, Xutt. Brownish fleshy herb, of simple stems, a span high, puberulent, thick, clothed with small erect scales : spike at first capitate, at length oblong, dense : flowers sessile, rather longer than the linear bracts (about 4 lines long), purplish. — Hook. Ic. PL t. 626. _ Sandy soil and at the l>ase of hills, near Monterey and San Diego, Douglas, Nuttall, &c. Para- sitic on the roots of oaks ? 2. AMMOBROMA, Torr. Calyx of mostly 10 filiform plumose-hairy sepals, equalling the usually 6-lobed corolla ; this and the stamens and pistil nearly as in PJiolisma. 1. A. Sonorse, Torr. Eoot of thick tortuous fibres : stems simple, elongated, beset with lanceolate acute mostly appressed scales, the summit dilated into a fun- nelform receptacle, with recurved or spreading margins ; the wdiole cavity densely lined with short-pedicelled flowers : coroUa about 4 lines long : ovary about 20-celled. — Ann. Lye. New York, viii. 51, t. 1. Statice. PLUMB AaiNACEyE. 465 Sandhills of the desert bordering the head of the Gulf of California, around Adair Bay, in the Mexican State of Sonora ; "very abundant in the liills, the whole jilant except the top buiied in the sand, apparently attached to some other root or substance," Col. A. B. Gray. Eaten by the Papago Indians, after roasting or drying in the sun ; the fresh plant "when cooked luscious, resembling the sweet potato in taste, only more delicate," according to the discoverer. The locality is not far below the borders of the State. Order LVI. PLUMBAGINACE^. Chiefly maritime herbs, with the base of the alternate leaves clasping the stem at their insertion, regular flowers with the parts in five throughout, the stamens oppo- site the petals, and the ovary one-celled with a solitary ovule rising from its base. Flowers perfect. Calyx tubular or funnelform, 5-plaited, 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla hypogynous ; in Plumbago gamopetalous and salverform ; in our genera 5-petalous, with long claws barely united into a ring at base, commonly convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, opposite the petals, adnate to their base : anthers 2-celled, introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovary 5-angled at summit, containing an anatropous ovule hanging from the apex of a long funiculus which rises from the base of the single cell : styles 5, distinct or united into one. Fruit utricular or akene-like, in tlie bottom of the persistent calyx. Seed with a straight embryo in mealy albumen. Cotyledons flat : radicle short. — Leaves mostly entire : stipules none. A small and imimportant order, of no active qualities except that the roots are astringent ; chiefly indigenous to the Old World ; the genus Plumbago, of warm climates, with gamopetalous corolla, furnishing some ornamental species for cultivation, is partly shrubby : the native North American species are merely one Thrift, and one Marsh-Roscmanj. 1. Armeria. Flowers in a globose head, on a simple scape. 2. Statice. Flowers paniculate or corymbose ou a branching stem or scape. 1. ARMERIA, WiUd. Thrift. Flowers in a single globose head (composed of numerous glomerate spikelets each subtended by a scarious bract), which is raised on a scape. Calyx scarious, funnel- form. Corolla of 5 nearly distinct long-clawed petals, each with a stamen attached to its base. Styles 5, filiform, united only at the very base, delicately plumose below, stigmatose above along the inner side. Utricle at length bursting irregularly at base. Stemless perennials ; with narrow linear persistent leaves in close tufts, the naked scape with a reversed sheath under the head : flowers rose-color. 1. A. vulgaris, Willd. Leaves flat, 1 -nerved : bracts very obtuse, the outer- most often mucronate : lobes of the calyx abruptly mucronate-pointed. — Statice Armeria, Linn. On hills and beaches, along the coast : a tall form, with scapes a foot or two high, and rather rigid leaves {A. andina, var. C'alifornica, Boissier in DC. Prodr. xii. 682), apparently most like a Chilian form of a widely diffused and considerably variable species, common in the Old World ; by some carefully discriminated into several species. 2. STATICE, Linn., Willd. Marsh-Rosemary. Flowers in small spikes or clusters crowded at the extremities of a branching scape; their structure nearly as in Armeria. Styles glabrous, distinct: introrse stigmas shorter, sometimes terminal. Utricle indehiscent. — Leaves commonly with a broad coriaceous blade tapering below into a petiole. 466 PRIMULACE^. Statice. 1. S. Limonium, Linn. Eootstock thick, very astringent : leaves obovate- otlong, tliickish, Heshy-coriaceous, pale, tapering into a petiole : scape a foot or two higli, much-branchecl, corymbose-panicled, bearing the numerous 2 - 3-flowered spikelets on one side of its divisions : outer bract ovate, herbaceous on the back, much smaller than the broadly scarious innermost bract : calyx-tube more or less hairy on the angles. Salt marshes on the coast ; the var. Califoenica {S. Californica, Boiss. in DC), with denser and more corymbose inflorescence than the Atlantic coast plant (var. CaroUniana), but closely resembling the S. Lirnoniuin of Em'ope. Order LVII. PRIMULACE^. Herbs, with perfect regular flowers, well marked by having the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, inserted on its tube (only in Glaux the corolla is wanting and the stamens on the calyx alternate with its lobes), a single entire style and stigma, a one-celled ovary, with the ovules borne on a free central placenta, and a capsular fruit. Calyx 4-8-cleft, commonly 5-cleft, hypogy- nous, except in Samohis. Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovules several or numerous, on a globular central placenta, — amphitropous (except in Hottonia, which we have not). Embryo small, in fleshy or horny albumen. — Leaves simple, mainly entire : stipules none. An order of about 20 genera and twelve times that number of species, widely distributed over the world, but mainly in the temperate and frigid portions of the northern hemisphere, of no marked active properties and small economical importance, except to the florist ; not largely American, and very scanty in California, where only Dodccathcon is conspicuous. * No sterile filaments : calyx wholly free from the ovary. 4- Flowers umbellate or sometimes solitary, on a naked scape : corolla imbricated in the bud. 1. Dodecatheon. Corolla 5-parted ; its divisions reflexed. Stamens projecting : fdaments monadelphous, shorter than the connivent sagittate or lanceolate anthers. 2. Primula. Corolla salverfonn, or funnelform with a flat limb, the tube rather long. An- thers obtuse, included. 3. Androsace. Corolla short-salverform or funnelform, small, with tube liardly exceeding the limb. Anthers obtuse, included. ^ 4_ Flowers axillary on leafy stems : corolla convolute in the bud, or none in No. 7. 4. Trientalis. Corolla 7- (5-9-) parted rotate. Capsule opening lengthwise. 5. Anagallis. Corolla 5-parted, longer than the calyx, rotate. Capsule circumscissile. 6. Centunculus. Corolla 4 - 5-cleft, shorter than the calyx. Capsule circumscissile. 7. Glaiix. Corolla none. Calyx colored. Capsule opening at the top by valves. * Sterile filaments alternate with the lobes of the coroUa : calyx-tube partly adnate. 8. Samolus. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Flowers racemose. Lysimachia. It is remarkable that no species of this rather large genus is known in California. But L. ciliata occurs in Oregon, and may reach the northern part of the State. It belongs to a section {Steironema) which has the lobes of the corolla involute severally around the stamens. The genus is most like Trientalis, but the parts of the flower five, and the stems equably leafy throughout. 1. DODECATHEON, Linn. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions reflexed in flower, afterwards erect over the capsule. Corolla with extremely short tube, a dilated and thickened throat, and an abruptly reflexed 5-parted limb ; its divisions long and narrow, entire. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla : filaments short, monadelphous (but separable Dodecatheon. PRIMULACE.E. 4q»t above in age) : anthers lanceolate or linear (yellow or violet), introrse, more or less connivent around the filiform exserted style. Stigma small. Capsule ovoid or ob- long, splitting from the apex into 5 or more teeth or valves : placenta columnar, many -seeded. — Perennial smooth herbs, acaulescent; with a tuft of membranaceous • leaves, and below fibrous roots springing from a short erect crown, sending up a naked simple scape, which is terminated by an umbel of few or many (rarely even solitary) handsome flowers : these at first gracefully pendulous on the recurved sum- mit of the pedicels : after flowering the pedicels are erect. Involucre of a few slender bracts. Corolla purple, pink, or sometimes white. The flowers occasionally vary with all their parts in fours. 1. D. Meadia, Linn. Leaves varying from obovate to lanceolate, entire or more or less toothed: scape 3 to 15 inches high: umbel 2 - 20-flowered. — So far as we can make out, only one species occurs, which extends across the continent, and on the Pacific side through fully 40 degrees of latitude (viz. from Guadalupe Island, Lower California, to those within Eehring Straits), varying immensely and inextricably. The Pacific forms (which usually have rather shorter or blunter anthers than the Atlantic) may, as to their leading features, Ije mainly but loosely arranged under the following varieties. Var. brevifolium: common through the warmer parts of the State: leaves round-obovate or spatulate, one half to an inch and a half long, short-petioled, thick- ish : scape a span to near a foot high, few - many-flowered : capsule ovoid, hardly exceeding the minutely glandular calyx. —Z). ellipticuvi, Kutt. ex Durand, PI Pratt, in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 95. D. integrifolium., Benth. PI. Hartw 322, not of Mic.lix. Var. lancifolium : common in wet mountain meadows, flowerinr^ in summer • leaves oblanceolate or laiiceolate-spatulate, 3 to 10 inches long (includino- the short margined petiole), quite entire, mucronate : pedicels and calyx commonTy minutely glandular ; the lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate lobes of the latter nearly eouaUin'o-' the short-ovoid capsule. — Z>. Jaffrayi of the gardens. ^Trnrf^^^^""^' "" ^^"^"^^^iv*^ ^tate of the foregoing, on the higher mountains, at J,oOU to 12,000 feet : the narrow leaves an inch or two, the 1 - 3-flowered scape 2 to 4 inches high : pedicels and calyx quite glabrous. Var. macrocarpum: a mostly large and stout form, from Alaska southward : spatulate or oblanceolate leaves 5 to 10 inches long (including tlie petiole) : scapes olten a foot high, several - many-flowered : capsule oblong or almost fusiform (half to three fourths ot an inch in length), about twice the length of the narrow calyx- lobes.— A form which may be referred here, with laciniately-toothed spatulate leaves, was collected on the mountains of Ventura Co Breim- Var. frigidum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5871, & S. Watson, Bot. Kin- Exp. : in- cludes various forms, ranging from the high Sierra northward to the islands Avithin Lehring Straits : leaves obovate or oblong, very obtuse, mostly entire, with either short or slender i.etiole : scape a span or more high, few -several-flowered : calyx- lobes longer than the tube, varying from broadly to ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the oblong (or sometimes ovoid ?) capsule. — Z). frigidum, Cham. & Schlecht. : Seem. Bot. Herald, t. 9. Var. latilobum : loaves thin, oval, undulate-toothed, 1 to 2^ inches lono- ab- ruptly cuuti-act(xl into a petiole of nearly twice the length : scape a span to a 'foot high, 1 - several-flowered : calyx-lobes ovate or triangular-ovate, not lom^^er tlian the tube, about half the length of the narrowly oblong capsule. — D. 3feadia var fri- gidum, Watson, 1. c, in part. (East side of Cascade Mts., Washington Territory, Lyall. Wahsatch Mts., Utah, ira^so?i.) Stations and geographical range sufficiently specified aljove. 468 PRIMULACE^. Primula. 2. PRIMULA, Lian. Primrose. CaljTC 5-cleft. Corolla commonly salverform, enlarging more or less just atove the insertion of the stamens ; the limb 5-parted ; lobes obovate, or obcordate. Stamens included, distinct. Stigma capitate, depressed. Capsule ovoid, 5-valved at summit, tlie valves again usually 2-cleft. Seeds very numerous on the large central placenta. — Perennial herbs ; with clustered leaves at the root or rootstock, and simple scapes bearing solitary or usually an umbel of several handsome flowers. Primroses, Cowslips, and Auriculas of the gardens are Old World representatives of this genus. In California only one indigenous species has been detected, but that is a new and charming accession to the genus, viz., 1. P. SufErutescens, Gray. Glabrous : leaves thick and rather coriaceous, cuneate-spatulate, coarsely toothed at the apex, persistent and crowded on firm and rather fleshy-ligneous creeping and densely matted rootstocks : scape 3 - 7-flowered : involucre of a few short and subulate bracts : calyx campanulate, minutely glan- dular-puberulent, deeply 5-cleft : corolla deep maroon-purple Avith a yellowish eye ; its tube longer than the calyx, but hardly longer than tlie obovate-emargiuate or obcordate lobes, — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 371. On exposed rocks of the Sierra Nevada, at the elevation of 9,000 to 11,000 feet ; above the Yoseniite Valley, Bridges (who first discovered it), Muir, &c. Silver Mountain, Brewer. Mt. Stanford, Bolander, Kcllurig. The thick matted rootstocks fill the crevices of rocks, and are more creeping than iu any other species. Leaves an inch long, or rather more. Scape 3 or 4 inches high. Coiolla fully two thirds of an inch in diameter. 3. ANDROSACE, Tourn. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla short-salver-shaped or ahnost rotate ; the tube shorter than the calyx ; tliroat commonly constricted ; the small limb 5-parted. Stamens and short style included. Capsule 5-valved, few - many-seeded. — Very small or deli- ■cate herbs ; with clustered leaves, and small umbellate or sometimes solitary flowers, usually on a scape : corolla white or nearly so. Mainly an alpine or subalpine genus, chiefly of the Old World ; no species yet detected in Cali- foi-nia or on its immediate borders ; but the two following may be expected at the north. A. SEPTENTRIONALIS, Linn. : a barely pubenilent annual or biennial, with an open tuft of lanceolate or oblong radical leaves, from which are sent up numerous filiform scapes, an inch to a span high, bearing a loose umbel of several flowers, on long filifoiTU pedicels : calyx-lobes ovate- subnlate, gi-een, equalling the very small corolla. — Mountains of Nevada and northward to the arctic regions, and in the Old World. A. riLiFORMis, Eetz, is similar, but glabrous, with broader leaves, and ovate and bluntish more membranaceous calyx-lobes shorter than the corolla ; this, as in the preceding, only a line or so in diameter. — Occurs in the mountains of the southwestern part of Oregon, as well as in the Rocky Mountains ; also Northern Asia. 4. TRIENTALIS, Linn. Star-flower. Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla 7-parted, sometimes G - 9-parted, widely spread- ing from the very base. Filaments slender, spreading, united in a ring at the base : anthers oblong, revolute after discharging the pollen. Style filiform : stigma small. Capsule at length splitting into 5 valves, few-seeded. — Low and glabrous perennials ; with filiform tuberiferous rootstocks, sending up simple stems, which bear alternate scales or sometimes small leaves below, and a whorl of fully developed leaves at the summit, in their axils slender peduncles supporting a star-shaped white flower. The Atlantic States have a peculiar species, T. Americana, Pursh, with long lanceolate leaves t.apering to both ends, and gi-adually acuminate divisions to the corolla. The Pacific States have only forms of the Old World species. G^(^ux. PRIMULACEiE. 469 1. T. Europcea, Linn., var. latifolia, Torr. Stems 4 to 8 inches high, spring- ing from a wcJl-tV.i'uifd little tul)er, nearly leafless : leaves 4 to G, obovate or oblong- oval : corolla ufteii tinged with purple; its divisions oblong and abnintlv sharp- pointed. — T. to«/b/m, Hook. Fl. ii. 121. ^ 1 ./ 1 Woods, chiefly along the Coast Ranges, from Monterey north to (Jregon, kc. Mature; leaves in tlie Calitornian jjlant often 4 inches long. Var. ARCTICA {T. arctica, Fisclier), which has very much smaHer and obtuser leaves, more or less scattered along the stem, occurs in Oregon and northward. 5. ANAGALLIS, Tonrn. Pimpernel. Calyx and rotate corolla 5-parted ; the divisions of the latter broad. Filaments slender, bearded : anthers ovate. Style slender : stigma small. Capsule globose, opening by a transverse line round the middle, the top falling off as a lid. Seeds numerous, immersed in the globular placenta. — Spreading or prostrate herbs ; with mostly opposite or whorled leaves, disposed along the whole length of the stems and branches, and flowers on axillary peduncles. N"aturalized along both coasts, but not indigenous to JS'orth America. LA. arvensis, Linn. Annual : leaves ovate, sessile, shorter than the pedun- cles, commonly opposite, sometimes in threes : flowers opening only in sunshine, scarlet or purple, sometimes blue or white : petals obtuse, fringed with minute teeth or stalked ' Common in waste and cultivated grounds near tlie coast : introduced from Europe. 6. CENTUNCULUS, Linn. Calyx 4 -5-parted; the lobes narrow. CoroUa very smaH, shorter than the calyx, 4-5-cleft; the tube globular; the lobes acute. Filaments short : anthers cordate- ovate. Capsule as in Anagallis. Seeds minute. — Small and low annuals, with mostly sessile entire leaves, and minute flowers in the axHs : the inconspicuous corolla white. 1. C. minimus, Linn. An inch to a span high, simple or diff'usely branched, glabrous : leaves alternate, obovate, 2 or 3 lines long, narrowed at base : flowers almost sessile, the parts in fours : calyx-lobes slender-subulate. — C. lanceolatus, Michx. Fh i. 93. Low grounds : not yet seen in the State ; but occurs in Oregon, and in South America, as weU as m the Atlantic States, and in Europe. 7. GLAUX, Linn. Sea-Milkwort. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate and petal-like. CoroUa wanting. Stamens 5, borne on the base of the calyx alternate with its lobes. Filaments rather shorter than the calyx : anthers cordate-ovate. Style filiform : stigma capi- tate. Capsule globidar, .5-valved, few-seeded. — A single species, nearly confined to saline soil. 1. Gr. maritima, Linn. Low glabrous and rather glaucous perennial, with long and slender routsti^cks and roots : branching stems 3 to 9 inches long, leafy to the top : leaves opposite or occasionally alternate, fleshy, oblong, varying either to linear or to ovate, half an inch or less long, minutely dotted : floAvers axillary, almost sessile, white or purplish. . On the sea-shore, and in more or less saline soil in the interior. Occurs also on the Atlantic coast, and all round the northern hemisphere. 470 STYRACACE^. Samolus. 8. SAMOLUS, Linn. Brookweed. Calyx 5-cleft, its base coherent with the lower part of the ovary. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft : a slender tooth answering to a sterile filament borne at each sinus. True stamens 5, short and included, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Capsule globular, 5-valved at the summit, many-seeded. — Glabrous low herbs ; with alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers in loose racemes. Most of the several species are of the southern hemisphere ; one is cosmopolitan, viz., 1. S. Valerandi, Linn., var. Americanus, Gray. Stems branching and spreading, G to 15 inches long, slender, leafy : leaves obovate : racemes often pan- icled : bracts none at the base of the slender pedicels,. but minute bractlets on them near the middle : lobes of the calyx ovate, shorter than the corolla. Along brooks, &c., scarce in California, but found north of it, and as liir south as the moun- tains behind San Diego. Order LVIII. STYRACACE.ffl. Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, no stipules, regular perfect flowers, a calyx adherent at least to the base of the ovary, stamens mostly at least twice the number of the petals or lobes of the corolla, and more or less united witli each other and to the base of the corolla ; the seeds few, with a slender embryo in fleshy or horny albumen. — A single species of the typical genus, and that rare, represents this family (of seven genera and over 200 species) on the Pacific side of N. America. 1. STYRAX, Tourn. Storax. Calyx persistent, truncate, campanulate, the border merely denticulate or irregu- larly toothed, in the N. American species coherent at its base with that of the 3-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corolla of 5 or sometimes 4 to 8 soft-downy petals, which are united at base into a very short tube, deciduous. Stamens 10 : filaments flat, monadelphous at base into a short tube which is coherent with the base of the corolla: anthers linear, 2-celled, fixed by the base, introrse ; the cells opening lengthwise. Style filiform. Fruit globular, its base girt by the persistent calyx, at first rather fleshy, at maturity dry, commonly splitting into 3 valves, 1 -celled, filled with a single large globular seed, which resembles a small nut ; the seed-coat being thick and crustaceous. Embryo nearly the length of the fleshy albumen : cotyledons broad and flat: radicle slender.— An Asiatic and American genus, warm- temperate or tropical, with scurfy or stellate-downy herbage, and mostly handsome flowers. 1. S. Californica, Torr. Shrub 5 to 8 feet high: leaves ovate or oval (1 to 2h inches long), obtuse at both ends, entire, minutely stellately pubescent, at least when young, and even hoary beneath: flowers few in a cluster or corymbose raceme, on a short terminal peduncle : pedicels clubshaped : divisions of the Avhite soft- downy corolla 5 to 8, spatulate-lanceolate (half an inch or more in length), imbri- cated in the bud : filaments monadelphous nearly to the middle : bony seed half an inch in diameter. — Smithsonian Contrib. vi. 4, & Pacif. K. Rep. iv. 118. Foot-hills, fidiii C'nl.ivcras Co. to the Upper Sacramento, first collected by Fremont. A hand- some species, with lluw.is much larger than m any of those of the Atlantic States, except the Texan S. i^lutaiiijoUi(, Engelm. Menodora. OLEACE.E. 4^2 Order LIX. OLEACE-SI. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbaceous or nearly so; with mostly opposite leaves, with- out stipules ; the flowers hypogynous and diandrous, rarely triandrous, while the parts of the regular calyx and corolla are four or more, but one or both of these are sometimes wanting, or the petals distinct, or rarely reduced to two. — Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 2-celled ; the cells alternate with the stamens, mostly only a pair of ovules in each : style one or none : stigma usually 2-lobed. Fruit various. Embryo straight and large, mostly in albumen. A family of about 20 genera and nearly 300 species, of wide distribution, sparingly represented in North America, especially so in California, being represented only by a couple of Ashes, and by Mmodora (of the Jessamine-tribe) on the southeastern border. Olea Europ^a, Linn., the Olive-tree, — the type of the order, — with complete flowers and the lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud, was early introduced from Em-ope, by the Missionaries, and its fruit is still an important product of the southern part of the State, for olives and oil. Hesperel^ea Palmeri, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, ined., is a tree, of a new genus, with distinct spatulate petals and evidently drupaceous fruit, recently discovered by Dr. E. Palmer on Guada- lujie Island, Lower California. Menodora. Flowers perfect. Corolla carapanulate or funuelform. CapsiUe 2-parted, mem- branaceous. Almost herbaceous : leaVes often alternate. Fraxinus. Flowers polygamous or dicecious. Petals 2 to 4 or none. Fruit a one-seeded samara. Trees : leaves opposite, pinnate. 1. MENODORA, Humb. & Bonpl. Calyx with a short and turbinate tube, and 5 to 14 narrow lobes from its trun- cate border. Corolla campanulate, funnelform or almost rotate, mostly 5-lobed ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2, sometimes 3, on the tube of the corolla: anthers oblong or linear. Style slender: stigma obtuse or somewhat 2-lobed. Capsule didymous, mostly 2-parted, membranaceous at maturity, circum- scissile, the upper part of each lobe falling as a lid, leaving the scarious membrana- ceous base. Seeds 2 (or rarely fewer) in each cell, ascending, large, and with a fleshy or when dry a spongy outer coat, destitute of albumen. — Low and under- shrubby or nearly herbaceous plants ; with sessile leaves, not rarely alternate, and terminal mostly somewhat cymose flowers, which are rather showy. — Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xiv. 41. Bolivaria, Cham. & Schlecht. A genus allied to Jasminum, of a dozen or more species, most of them on the U. S. and Mexi- can frontiers, one in extra-tropical South America, one in South Africa. Two species reach our borders. 1. M. spinescens, Gray. Shrubby, two to four feet high, with rigid and divaricate spinesceut branches, obscurely puberident : leaves reduced to minute and mostly alternate scales, or small, spatulate-linear, and fascicled on the short flowering branchlets : flowers short-peduncled or nearly sessile in the fascicles of leaves : lobes of the deeply parted calyx 5 or rarely 6, a little shorter than the funnelform light yellow corolla : filaments shorter than the anthers : divisions of the capsule almost distmct, divaricate, obovoid. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 388. Providence Mountains, in the southeastern part of the State, Dr. Cooyer. Also S. E. Nevada, Dr. Anderson. Apparently for the most part leafless ; the leaves in the flowering branchlets a line or two long. Corolla 3 lines long, its lobes a line long. Carpels 3 lines long, very tardily circumscissile. 2. M. SCOparia, Engelm. j\[ss. Slirul,by at base, 2 or 3 feet liigh, paniculately branched, glabrous and smooth or nearly so : leaves of the herl)aceous flowering- shoots very commonly alternate, linear or lanceolate, entire ; the uppermost reduced 472 APOCYNACE^. Fraxinus. to small subulate bracts ; the lower oblong or obovate and short-petioled : calyx- lobes 5 or 6 (rarely with intermediate ones, making 8 to 10), about the length of the tube of the almost rotate yellow corolla : divisions of the capsule globose. — M. scabra, var. glahrescens, Gray in Watson, Cat. PI. Wheeler, 15. Southeastern borders of the State, Dr. Cooper, Dr. Palmer. Arizona, Dr. Palmer, Dr. Smart, Lieut. JVheeler. Saltillo, Mexico, Gregg ; on whose specimens Dr. Engelmann indicated the species. It probably passes into M. scabra. Gray, of Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado. Lobes of the corolla 3 or 4 lines long, exceeding the tube. 2. FRAXINUS, Tourn. Ash. Mowers polygamous or dicecious. Calyx small and 4-cleft, or merely toothed, or obsolete. Petals of 4 or sometimes only 2 petals, either distinct or united at base. Stamens 2, rarely 3 or 4, hypogynous : anthers proportionally large. Ovary 2-celled ; a pair of anatropous ovules pendulous from near the summit of each cell. Fruit a samara, winged from the summit, usually only 1 -celled and 1 -seeded. Embryo with fiat cotyledons, in fleshy albumen. — Trees ; with tough and straight -grained wood, petioled and pinnate opposite leaves, and numerous small flowers in crowded pani- cles, developed with or before the leaves, from separate buds. A genus of about 20 species, of the northern temperate zone ; represented in California by two species ; one of them of the Omus or petaliferous section. 1. F. dipetala, Hook. & Am. Small tree, glabrous : leaflets 5 to 9, or rarely 3, oval or ublung, serrate, mostly petiolidate, when old rather coriaceous, an inch or two long : jianicles effuse : calyx usually 4-toothed, sometimes almost entire : petals only 2, obovate-oblong Avith a short claw, white, 2 lines long, equalling the linear anthers : fruit narroAvly spatulate-oblong, mostly retuse, an inch long, and the base merely sharp-edged ; or in one form almost obovate, wing-margined to the base and much shorter. — Bot. Beechey, 362, t. 87 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 167, var. (]) trifoliolata. Chionanthus fraxinifolius, Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. v. 18. Not uncommon through the western part of the State. 2. F. Oregana, Xutt. A fine tree : leaves tomentose, or becoming naked when old : leaflets 5 to 7, from oval to oblong-lanceolate, entire, sessile, 2 to 4 inches long : male panicles dense, Avith oblong anthers ; fertile panicles ample : flowers all with a minute calyx and no petals : fruit marginless at base, gradually margined upwards and produced into an oblanceolate or spatulate retuse wing, the whole 1 to H inches long. — X. Am. Sylv. iii. 59, t. 99. F. pubescens, var.. Hook. Fl. ii. 51. F. grandifolia, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 33. In ravines and along streams, from the Sierra Nevada in Fresno Co., and from the vicinity of San Francisco northward to Oregon, where it is common and foims a large timber-tree. In foliage it resembles the Black Ash, but'the wood is light colored and much like that of the White Ash of the Atlantic States, is used for the same purposes, and appears to be equally valuable. It is known as Oregon Ash. Order LX. APOCYNACE^. Shrubs, trees, or (ours) herbs, with acrid milky juice, opposite entire leaves, destitute of stipides, regular flowers with all the parts in five, except that there are only 2 carpels, and these usually distinct as to the ovary, while the styles or stig- mas are united : stamens borne on the corolla alternate with its lobes, which are convolute and sometimes also twisted in the bud : the anthers- disposed to cohere with the stigma : and the pollen of the ordinary powdery grains. Calyx free, or in Apocynum adnate to the very base of the ovaries. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Cycladenia. ArOCYNACEyE. 473 often bearing a tuft of down (a coma). Embryo large and straight, in sparing albumen. A large family in the warmer regions, sparingly represented in the tempei-ate zones, only two smaU genera reaching California, one of them peculiar to it. 1. Apocynum. Stamens on the base of the campanulate corolla: little scales of the latter opposite the lobes. Glands of disk 5. •1. Cycladenia. Stamens on the tube of the short-funnelform corolla, which bears minute appendages alternate with the lobes. Disk a ring or cup. 1. APOCYNUM, Tourn. Dogbane. Indian Hemp. Calyx 5-parted ; its short tube coherent by the disk with the base of the ovaries. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft, toward the base bearing a triangular scale-like appen- dage opposite each lobe. Stamens borne on the base of the corolla : filaments very short : anthers of firm texture, sagittate, conniving around the solid stigma, to a ring of which the broad summit of the connective adheres. Proper style none. Ovaries 2, ovoid, in fruit forming a pair of long and slender follicles. Glands 5 around the base of the ovaries. Seeds numerous, bearing a long tuft of silky down. — Perennial herbs (IST, American, and one in the Old World) ; with branching stems, an extremely tough fibrous bark (used by the Indians for cordage), mucro- nate-tipped leaves, and small white or rose- colored flo\yers in terminal and axillary small cymes : flowering in summer. 1. A. androsaemifolium, Linn. Erect, with divergent branches, glabrous, in one form soft-tomentuse, at least when young : leaves ovate or roundish, an inch or two long, abruptly and setaceously callous-mucronate, conspicuously petioled : cymes open : corolla open-campanulate ; its lobes recurved ; its tube much exceeding the calyx. — Bot. Mag. t. 280; Bigelow, INIed. Bot. t. 36. Wooded districts, Sierra Nevada to Mt. Shasta ; thence north to British Columbia and east to the Atlantic. 2. A. cannabinum, Linn. Erect or ascending, with less spreading branches, a foot to a yard high : leaves oblong, sessile or almost so, 2 to 4 inches long : flowers smaller and in closer cymes : corolla narrower and with barely spreading lobes, greenish- white ; the tube not longer than the calyx. Along streams, from the southern borders of the State and from near San Francisco to Oregon, Nevada, &c., and east to the Atlantic. This is the species generally used as Lnliiui Hemp ; its bark yields a fine and very tough bast-fibre. It is apparently rather rare in California, although occurring through a wide range. 2. CYCLADENIA, Benth. Calyx 5-parted, hypogynous, naked ; the lobes narrow lanceolate or linear. Corolla short-funnelform, with 5 roundish lobes ; the proper tube short, pubescent at the throat, where is a minute callous appendage alternate with each lobe above the insertion of the stamens. Glandular disk an entire shallow cup surrounding the base of the ovaries. Filaments inserted on the tube, short : anthers sagittate, both tip and basal lobes slender-cuspidate ; otherwise as Apocpmni. Style long and filiform : a conspicuous 5-iobed membranous ring under the capitate 5-aiigled and truncate stigma. Follicles lanceolate, smooth, many-seeded. Seeds ovate, narrowed at the apex, which bears a long and copious tuft of down. — Depressed perennial herbs (peculiar to California) ; with fleshy branching rootstocks, low and simjile or sparingly branched stems bearing 2 to 4 pairs of leaves ; these ample, thickish^ 474 ASCLEPIADACE.E. Cydadenla. ovate, several-ribberl from or near the base and witli a stronger midrib, the base contracted into a conspicuous margined petiole : peduncles terminal, becoming lateral, scape-like, cymosely or corymbosely few-llowered ; the bracts alternate : pedicels filiform, much twisted after flowering : corolla rose-color or purple. — PI. Hartw. 322, & Gen. PL ii. 728. 1. C. humilis, Benth. 1. c. Glabrous throughout and green, or with minute hoariness when young : leaves ovate or sometimes obovate, thickish, 1 to 3 inches long. "Mountains of tlie Sacramento" {Hartireg), of Shasta Co. {Brciccr), and of Plumas Co., Lcin- mon, &c. Corolla three fourths and the lobes one fourth of an inch in length, inserted on a thin tliit disk at the bottom of the calyx, suiTounding the nearly entire saucer-shaped nectary which characterizes the genus. 2. C. tomentosa, Ch-ay. Tomentose-hirsute throughout : leaves ovate and ob- long-ovate (2 or 3 inches long, besides the petiole) : calyx hirsute. Plumas Co., between Big Meadows and Indian Valley, with the preceduig (of which it may he only a variety), Lcrmtion. Order LXI. ASCLEPIADACE.^. Herbs (as to temperate regions), with milky juice, no stipules, and regular flowers with the parts in five, except that there are two carpels with distinct ovaries, Ijut a common stigma ; the stamens surrounding and attached to this ; the pollen in solid masses, in ours all the pollen of each anther-cell in one waxy mass. Leaves entire, generally opposite, sometimes whorled, rarely alternate. Calyx and corolla in ours almost valvate. Flowers usually in simple umbels. Fruit a pair of follicles. Seeds almost always with a coma of silky down. A large order, nearly related only to the preceding, from which the peculiarities of the stamens, mentioned above, readily distinguish it, widely distributed oA^er the temperate and warmer parts of the world, hiit very scanty in Europe, and feebly represented on the Pacific side of North America. The sensible properties nearly those of Apocynacecv, the juice more or less acrid and containing caoutchouc, and the inner bark (especially in Asclcjna^s) abounding with very tough bast-fibre. * Erect herbs : a hooded appendage (nectary) beliind each anther. 1. Asclepias. An incurved horn or projecting crest from the cavity of each hooded appendage. 2. Gomphocarpus. No horn to the appendages. * * Twining herbs. 3. Sarcostemma. Crown a ring in the throat of tlie rotate corolla : pollen-masses vertical. 4. Lachnostoma. Crown as in Axlcj)ias : pollen-masses horizontal. See Ajrpendix. 1. ASCLEFIAS, Linn. Milkweed. Silkweed. Calyx and corolla both deeply 5-parted ; the divisions small and reflexed. Fila- ments inserted on the very base of the corolla, monadelphous, short, often very short, crowned behind each anther with a conspicuous hood-like appendage, from the cavity of which rises a subulate and usually felcate horn : anthers conniviug around and adherent to the solid stigma, their thin and broad scarious tips inflexed over its truncate summit, the wing-like cartilaginous edges meeting and more or less projecting between tlie hoods : wax-like pollen-mass of each cell pear-shaped, tapering above into a stalk by which it is suspended, along with a pollen-mass from an adjacent anther, to a black gland aflixed to the upper edge of the stigma alter- Asdepias. ASCLEPIADACE.E. ^-r nate with the anthers; the 10 pollen-masses, tlierofore, hanging in pairs from the live glands, extricated from the cells only by the agency of insects, being carrieil away along with the glands (generally by their legs). Ovaries with short styles, the tips of which readily separate from tlio massive common stigma (to the under side of which the pollen-tubes are directed). Follicles ovate or lanceolate. Seeds numerous, flat, downwardly imbricated all over tlie large and soon detached pla- centa ; the upper end with a long tuft of down (coma). Embryo large, with broad flat cotyledons in thin albumen. — Perennial (American) herbs; with copious milky juice and tough bark, and numerous flowers in umbels, the peduncle generally between the opposite leaves: involucre a whorl of small usually subulate bracts. Flov,^ering in summer. (Comparatively few species west of the Itocky Mountains, very few west of the Sierra Nevada.) * Hoods erect, broadening upward, twice tlie length of the stamens and stigma, the horn short from near its si(,mmit. 1. A. subulata, Decaisne (?), Glabrous, pale or glaucous : branches rigid and rush-like, leafless, or with a few terete subulate or filiform leaves above : umbels race- mose, short-peduncled : pedicels and ovate sepals cinereous-pubescent when young : lobes of the gi-eenish-white corolla oblong-ovate, a third of an inch long : hoo!: Cesjntose and depressed, forming broad or dense matted tufts : Jiowers sessile, terminating the densely leafy branches. -i- Leaves acerose or subulate, rigid or loose, green, destitute of cobwebby hairs. 3. p. Douglasii, Hook. Forming broad but rather open tufts, glabrous or a little pubescent : leaves acerose, commonly spreading, half an inch or less in length, and Avith fascicled shorter ones crowded in the axils, their margins naked or nearly so : tube of the corolla longer than the calyx ; the lobes obovate and entire, about 3 lines long. — ri. ii. 73, t. 158. Yar. diffusa, Gray, 1. c. : a form of moister or more shaded stations, with pro- cuinbcnt stems, aii.l laxer less rigid leaves. —P. diffusa, Benth. PL HartAV. 325. \m\ longifolia, Gray, 1. c. : a form Avith more slender and rigid leaves, from half to tAvo tliirds of an inch in length. Collomia. POLEMONIACE.E. 487 Sierra Neva.la, from Mariposa Co. to Shasta, at 5,000 to 10,000 feet, thence far northward and eastward ; on the westward slope mainly the var. dlfusa. A variable species. 4 P Ccespitosa, ^'utt. Forming dense and cushion-like tufts 3 or 4 inches hi-h- leaves sliort {-2 to 5 lines long), from acerose-subulate to oblong-linear, rigid, ere^ct or ascending and usually imbricated, completely covering the ^^^^^^ stems t^ edges ciliate with short bristly hairs, otherwise glabrous : flowers as in the pieced- ing but smaUer. — Jour. Acad. Phdad. vu. t. G. The species, in several forms, extends eastward to the Rocky Mountains. ^ +- Leaves hoary xvitli soft pubescence or cohiuehby wool: flowers ivhite. 5 P canescens, Torr. & Gray. Forming broad and mostly compact mats, a few'inches high, gray or whitened by the woolly pubescence : leaves acerose or sen- der-subulate, ascending or somewhat spreading, ratlier rigid, 3 to 5 lines long .tube of the corolla longer than the calyx ; the lobes obovate, entire or emargmate. - Pacif. E. Eep. ii. 8, t. G. . , ., , Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada on the borders of the State {Fdoo.ur, Watson), and through the interior country to Utah and AVyommg. vi ^ f* -fi, fl,o P MUScoiDES and P. bryoides, Nutt., are smaller species, in dense moss-like tufts, with the dow^y leaves'^comjii^ imbricated in four ranks, natives of the interior and Rocky Mountams. 2. COLLOMIA, Nutt. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla saberform or tubular-funnelform ; the throat commonly enlar-cd Stamens usually more or less exserted, with slender filaments, unequally insert'ed in or beneath the throat of the corolla. Ovules and seeds solitary or several in eacli cell. Seed-coat simple, when wetted producmg copious mucilage (whence the generic name), which is usually filled with long uncoiUng spiral threads.— Chiefly annuals (North American, and one or two extra-tropical South American), mostly glandular-viscid ; with alternate leaves, or the lower opposite, either entire, incised,°or pinnately compound : flowers cymose-clustered or panicled, or scattered. S 1 Corolla salverform, or ivith the throat or %VP^^ P<^r^ «/ '^^^ ^«^^ someivhat en- larged : seeds solitary in each cell, or 2 or S m the last species. :.^ Leaves simx>le and sessile, entire, or the lower occasionally few-toothed or incised. +- Cahjx-tiihe ohcnnical or top-sha'ped : leaves all hut the lotvest alternate. 1 C grandiflora, Douo-l. Erect, a foot or two high, rather stout : leaves linear, Jblong-lauceulate, or the uppermost almost ovate (2 or 3 inches long) : flowers carntate-crowded at the summit and in the upper axils : calyx-lobes obtuse : corolla buff or salmon-color (an inch long and the oblong lobes 4 lines long), showy. — Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1174 : Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2894. Sierra Nevada and higher foot-hills, from San Diego Co. northward ; thence to Oregon and the Rocky ^lountaius. "> C linearis Iv^utt. More branched, and wdien old spreading, a span to a foot or more in height: lower leaves linear, upper lanceolate: flowers capitate-crowded as in the foregoing, but smaller : calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate and very acute : curoUa yellowish-white or brownish -purple, slender, half an inch long or l«f J f oval lobes about a line long. -Gen. i. 126 ; Lindl. Bot. Eeg., t. 11Gb ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2893. . , • i . A^ar subulata, Gray. Diffusely much branched, a span or so in height, moie viscid : leaves acute : flowers fewer in the clusters, and some scattered or nearly 438 POLEMONIACE^. Collomia. solitary in the lower forks : calyx-lobes more subulate from a broad base. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 259. C. tindoria, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 17, t. 2. Sierra Nevada, mainly in the eastern portion ; thence to British Columbia and the northern regions east of the Rocky Mountains. The var. subulata, which is peculiar in aspect, and may be distinct, on the eastern borders of the State, from Nevada Co. to Oregon, and in Nevada. 3. C. tenella, Gray. Diffusely branched, slender, 3 to 5 inches high : leaves narrowly linear, with a tapering base (sometimes an inch and a half long) : flowers scattered, solitary in all the forks, almost sessile : calyx-lobes broadly triangular and acute, shorter than the tube : corolla narrow, purphsh, 3 or 4 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 259. Sierra Nevada ; south of Yosemite Valley, at 8,000 feet {Gray) ; Nevada and Utah, Watson. -i- -i- Calyx-tuhe rowided at base and very short : many lower leaves ojJj^osite. 4. C. gracilis, Dougl. A span or two in height, in age corymbosely much branched : the flowers at length somewhat scattered : leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oval or obovate (an inch or less long): corolla rose-purple, turning bluish, less than half an inch long, narrow ; the tube hardly exceeding the linear calyx- lobes ; the oval lobes less than a line long. — Gilia gracilis, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2924. Hills, not rare through the State ; extending to British Columbia and to the Eocky Moun- tains ; also in Chili. The seeds are mucilaginous, but want the spiral threads of all the other species. * >k Leaves dee'ply cleft or covfvpound, the lower petioled : stems loosely branched. 5. C. gilioides, Benth. A span to 3 feet high : lower leaves simply pinnately parted into few or several linear lateral lobes, or the larger terminal lobe oblong and toothed : upper leaves 3-5-divided : flowers scattered or somewhat clustered : lobes of the nearly 5-parted calyx linear-subulate, its base rounded : corolla pink or purplish, its slender tube about half an inch long, twice or thrice the length of the calyx : stamens moderately unequal in insertion : capsule globular, 3-seeded. — G. glutinosa, Benth. in DC, a more viscid form. Gilia divaricata, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 155. Moist gi-ound, common through the western part of the State, and extending to the Sierra Nevada : variable. 6. C. heterophylla, Hook. A span or two in height, diffuse : leaves mostly pinnately parted or the upper pinnatifid, and the lobes incised or cleft ; the upper- most often entire and broader, subtending the capitate-clustered flowers (or these rarely somewhat scattered) : lobes of the merely 5-cleft calyx ovate-lanceolate or tri- angidar, acute ; base of the tube in fruit acute : corolla purplish, half an inch long : stamens very unequally inserted : capsule oval ; the cells 1 - 3-seeded. — Bot. Mag. t. 2895 ; Bot. Peg. t. 1347, Gourtoisiabipinnatifida, Peichenbach, Ic. Exot. t. 208. Naroarretia heterojjhylla, Benth. in DC. Moist gi-ound, Monterey to British Columbia. Stamens sometimes short, sometimes longer. § 2. Gorolla funaelform : seeds or at least the ovules several in each cell. 7. C. leptalea, Gray. Slender, Avith diffuse and filiform branches, 2 to 18 inches high, minutely glandular : leaves narrowly linear, entire, or some of the lowest occasionally with 2 or 3 small lobes : flowers eflfusely panicled, on naked fihform peduncles: calyx small, its lobes subulate: corolla pink-red, 5 to 10 lines long, with slender tube longer than the calyx, and rather abruptly expanded into a wide-funnelform throat about the length of the oval spreading lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 261 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 262, t. 65. Gilia capillaris, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 46. Common on moist or wet banks, and more depauperate in drier soil, in the Sierra Nevada, at 4,000 to 9,000 feet. Unlike any of the foregoing in habit. Qilia. rOLEMONIACEyE. 489 3. GILIA, Pailz & Tav. * Corolla funnelform, salverform, or sometimes sliort-campaniilatc or rotate, regular. Stamens equally inserted in tlie tube or throat of the corolla ; the mostly slender filaments sometimes unequal in length, not declined. Ovides and seeds several or few or rarely solitary in each cell. Seed-coat, with few exceptions, mucilaginous when wetted, and in many with uncoiling spiral threads. — Herbs or suffrutescent plants; with either opposite or alternate and simple or compound leaves, many species with showy flowers. A somewhat polymorphous genus, of nearly 70 species, belonging to the United States west of the Mississippi, excepting one species to the east of it and two or three in extva-tropical South America : several cultivated for ornament. Our species blossom In spring, except in the higher mountains. I, All or most of the leaves ojiiwsite at least on the main stems, sessile and palmately parted or rarely entire. {Seeds more or less mucilaginous in luater, hut with no spiral threads.) § 1. Corolla from shortfimnelform to almost rotate ; the lobes obovate : filaments slender : anthers oval : ovides many or sometimes few in each cell : low or slender loosely and mostly small-fiowered annuals: the leaves with divisions filiform or setaceous, appearing as if whorled, or in the last species entire. — Dactylophyllum, Benth. (§ Dactylophyllum & Dianthoides, Be-nth.) * Flotvers short-pedicelled or almost sessile in the forks of the stem : corolla campan- ulate, its lobes entire : leaves ^-parted. 1. Gr. demissa, Gray. Diffusely much branched, rather rigid, barely a span high, profusely-flowered : lobes of the leaves acerose, half an inch long : lobes of the 5-parted calyx subulate, scariously margined below, unequal, the longer equal- ling the white 5-lobed corolla : stamens included : ovules few in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 263. Southeastern borders of the State, near Fort IMohave, Dr. Cooper. Also Southern Utah, Mrs. Thompson, Parry. Upper leaves often alternate. * * Floivers on capillary or filiform pedicels, loosely panicidaie : corolla from rotcde to short-funnelform, its lobes entire : leaves 3 - 1 -parted, those of the branches fre- quently alternate. 2. G. liniflora, Benth. Erect, or at length diffuse, in the largest forms a foot and a half high, almost glabrous : divisions of the leaves nearly filiform, Spurrey- like, about an inch long : flowers loosely panicled : corolla white, rotate when fully open, from 10 to 6 lines in diameter, twice or thrice the length of the calyx^ 5-parted down to the very short tube : filaments pubescent at base : ovules 6 or 8 in each cell. — Bot. Mag. t. 5895. Var. pharnaceoides, Gray, is similar except in the reduced size, in the siualler forms a span high, with capillary branches : the (sometimes pale flesh-colored) corolla about 4 lines in diameter. — G. pharnaceoides. Hook. Fl. ii. 74, t. 161. Not rare through the western part of the State, in both forms : the small variety extending to Oregon and Utah. 3. a. pusilla, Benth. Small, 2 to 6 inches high, at length diftuse, often scabrous-puberuk'iit : divisions of the leaves filiform-subulate or acerose, less than half an inch long, shorter (mostly much shorter) than the scattered capillary pedi- cels : corolla nearly white, or purphsh with yellow throat, between rotate and short- funnelform ; its lobes broadly obovate : filaments nearly glabrous at base : ovules 3 to 5 in each cell. — Corolla 1| to 2 lines long and little exceeding the calyx, in the form answering to the Chilian species. 490 POLEMONIACE^. Gilia. Yar. Californica, Gray, 1. c, has corolla 3 lines long, twice the length of the calyx, and tlnoat often brownish : peduncles frequently an inch long. — G. Jihpes, Benth. PI. Hartw. 325. Not uncommon in the western part of the State ; and in Nevada and Utah ( Watson), both the smaller and the larger flowered forms ; the latter predominating. 4. G-. Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c. Very like the preceding : hut the tube of the blue or purple-tinged corolla longer and narrower, about equalling the narrow and cylindraceous calyx-tube, and rather longer than the limb (consisting of the oblong lobes and a very short slightly dilated throat) : filaments inserted just below the sinuses : ovules 2 to 5 in each cell.* Dry hills, Sonoma Co. {Bolander) to Plumas Co., Mrs. Pnhifcr Ames. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long : pedumdes 4 to 12 lines long. 5. Gr. aurea, Xutt. Diffuse, 2 to 4 inches high : divisions of the rougliish hisjjidulous leaves narrowly linear, a quarter of an inch long : peduncles shorter or little longer than the flower, corymbose : corolla usually yellow, open and short- funnelform, half an inch or less in diameter; the roundish-obovate lobes about the length of the obconical throat and the short proper tube : filaments inserted just beneatli the sinuses, glabrous: ovules about 10 in each cell. — PI. Gamb. 155, t. 22. Var. decora, Gray, 1. c. : corolla white or pale violet, with or without brown- purple in the throat : peduncles sometimes elongated. Santa Barbara to the Mohave, and thence to New Mexico. The variety on Monte Diablo {Brewer), and in the southern part of the State, Fremont, &c. % * % Floivers mostly short-pechincled terminating the branches: corolla xvith f ringed- toothed lobes : leaves all opposite and entire. G. Gr. dianthoides, Endl. An inch to a span high, minutely pubescent or almost glabrous, tlie stronger plants fastigiately or diffusely branched from the base : leaves filiform-linear, obtuse : corolla lilac or pale purple with darker or yellowish throat ; the ample lobes cuneate-obovate, fimbriately or erosely toothed round the broad summit, longer than the short-funnelform tube : ovules 10 to 20 in each cell. — Atakt. Bot. t. 29; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 314; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4876. Fenzlia dianthiflora, Benth. in Bot. Beg. F. speciosa & F. concinna, Isnit. PL Gamb. 157. Common from Santa Barbara to San Diego, and on Catalina Island. A charming little plant, with abundance of comparatively large blossomfe ; the corolla less than an inch long. § 2. Corolla salverform, but the tube shorter than the calyx ; the broad cuneate-obovate lobes slightly crennlate, strongly convolute Hn cestivation : stamens inserted low on the tube of the corolla and iiieluded in it : ovules many in each cell : capside narrowly oblong : erect and vi rii gluUrous annuals: leaves opposite and entire or 3 -5-divided and seemingly /rhor/cd. — Linanthus, Endl. 7. Gr. dichotoma, Benth. 1. c. Erect, a span to a foot high, remotely leaved : leaves or their tlivisions filiform : flowers nearly sessile in the forks or terminating the branches : calyx with cylindrical tube (5 lines long) wholly white-scarious except the 5 filiform green ribs, which are continued into acerose-linear lobes : corolla white, large and showy (the lobes from half to nearly a full inch long) : anthers linear ; seeds globular, Avith a loose cellular outer coat, unchanged when wet ! — Linanthus dichotomus, Benth., formerly. Dry or moist ground, nearly throughout the western part of the State. Tube of the corolla sometimes purplish. G. BiGELOVii, Gray, 1. c. (Watson, Bot. King Exp. t. 25), which occurs from Arizona and Utah to the borders of Texas, is distinguished by its much smaller flowers, the lobes of the corolla only 2 lines long and hardly exceeding the calyx, and the oval or oblong seeds have a close coat, developing mucilage when wetted. Gilia. rOLEMONIACE^. 491 § 3. Corolla salverform, viostly with a filiform elongated tube, and the throat some- times abruptly dilated: stamens inserted in the throat or orifice : anthers short : ovules numerous : erect anmials, with leaves as in the jjrecedinf/, and handsoyne hut sometivies small flowers croivded in a terminal capitate cluster. — Leptosiphon, Eiiill. {Leptosipjhon, Benth., formerly.) * Stems leafy : sessile leaves palmately 5 - l-parted and so seemingly ivhorled, also fascicled in the axils ; their divisions linear filiform : filaments slender, more or less exserted {their length and that of the style different in different individuals, i. e. dimorphous). J- Corolla comparatively large and its tube short. 8. G. densiflora, Benth. A span to 2 feet high, rather stout and strict : divis- ions of the leaves numerous, fihform, rather rigid, in somewhat distant apparent whorls : tube of the white or rose-purple corolla little if at all exceeding the villous- hirsute bracts and calyx ; its lobes nearly half an inch long, obovate. — Lexitosiphon densiflorus, Benth. in Hort. Trans. 1834, t. 18, & Bot. Reg. t. 1725 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3578. G. grandifiora {Lej^tosiphon grandiflorus, Benth.) is the same with the tube of the corolla a little longer than usual. Sandy soil, througli the western part of the State from San Francisco Bay southward. +- -j- Corolla smaller, with a filiform tube 3 to 6 times the length of the ovate or oval lobes; the latter from 1| jjed. 33. G. pumila, Xutt. Slightly woolly-pubescent : leaves narrowly linear, en- tire or with 2 to 4 narrow lobes : tube of the corolla (3 or 4 lines long) about twice the length of its lobes and of the calyxdobes : filaments shorter than the lobes of the corolla : ovules 5 or 6 in each cell. — PI. Gamb. 156. G. trifida, Benth. in Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 291. Foot-hills of the Truckee Mountains, Nortliwestern Nevada, Wutson. Thence east to New Mexico and Wyoming. 34. Gr. polycladon, Torr. Puberulent or sparsely pubescent, with elongated branches leafless lielow : leaves short, spatulate or oblong in outline, incisely pin- natifid into several small and irregular lobes ; those of the branches mainly clustered around the flowers (half an inch long) : corolla barely 2 lines long, its tube hardly exceeding the calyx-lobes : anthers almost sessile in the throat : ovules oidy a pair in each cell. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 147; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 268. Mountains on the western borders of Nevada, Watson. Thence east to Utah and the borders of Texas. This and the preceding will doubtless be detected within the State. § 9. Flowers thyrsoid-pd/u'cled, hardly bracteate: corolla (red) salveyform with a long and slii/hfh/ fniiiii Iforni tube, very much surjmssing the calyx: stamens inserted in or below the throat of the corolla, not longer than its lobes : anthers sho?'t : ovules mimerous in each cell: biennials, merely pubescent, with sinnple virgate stem and large shoivy blossoms. — Ipomopsis, Benth. 35. Gr. aggregata, Spreng. A foot to a yard high : leaves thickish, pinnately parted into 7 in 13 linear niucronulate divisions, or in the upper leaves fewer: flowers in small clusters, disposed in a simple or sometimes branching virgate naked panicle : calyx commonly glandidar ; its lobes subulate : corolla scarlet (varying to pink or rarely white) ; its tube an inch long, 2 to 4 times the length of the ovate- lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acute soon recurved-spreading lobes : filaments slen- der.— Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 218 [Cantua aggregata, Pursh). G. jyulchella, Dougl in Hook. Fl. ii. 74. Ii:>omopsis elegans, Lindl. Bot. Peg. t. 1281. — Iiuns into various forms, of which the most marked is Var. Bridgesii, Gray, 1. c. : a rather low form, loosely somewhat few-flowered : corolla said to be jMirple: calyx-lobes short and broadly triangular-subulate or ovate- deltoid : lobes of the leaves very obtuse, seldom mucronulate. Eocky ravines, &c., Sierra Nevada, throughout its length, to Oregon and Idaho, and east to tlie Eocky Mountains. The variety collected only by Bridges, — station in California unkno\\^l, — but various specimens of the Sierra Nevada approach it. Flowers "very fragrant," even more showy than those of the related G. coronopifolin, of the Southern Atlantic States. Stamens in some in- dividuals included, in others conspicuously exserted ; these with style equally or even more exserted. Gilia. POLEMONIACE.E. 497 3G. G. SUbnuda, Torr. A spaa to a foot hi,^li, glaudulai-piilHirulent : leaves chiefly at tlie base, spatulate or oblong, ineisely toothed or slightly few-lobed ; those of the naked stem small and entire, and above reduced to minute bracts : flowers somewhat clustered at the summit of the branches of the naked panicle: calyx-lobes broadly subulate : corolla orange or scarlet ; the tube lialf an inch long, thrice the length of the ovate obtuse lobes. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, viii. 27G. Western part of Nevada {R. H. Stretch), and Arizona {Newberry, Palmer) : may be expected on the eastern borders of California. In tlie specimens, tlie anthers are included, on short filaments. § 10. Flowers capitate-glomerate or panicled, or scattered, usually bractless : corolla (blue, purple, or white) from funnelform to campanulate or almost rotate : stamens included or not sitrpassing the corolla-lobes : filaments slender : leaves mostly pinnately incised or twice or thrice pinnately dissected. — Eugilia, Benth. mainly. * Dwarf j^erennial, few-flowered among the leaves : ovides solitary. 37. Gr. Larseni, Gray. Depressed, rising an inch or two out of ground from filiform su]rterran<;an running shoots, soft- pubescent : leaves much crowded at the summit (but alternate), somewhat pedately 5 - 7-parted or the upper 3-cleft ; the lobes 2 to 4 lines long, linear-oblong, or the larger more dilated and 2 - 3-cleft : flowers almost sessile, little exceeding the leaves : corolla funnelform, violet-purple, nearly half an inch long, fully twice the length of the calyx ; the lobes broadly oval. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 84. On Lassen's Peak, in loose soil of volcanic ashes, Lemmon and JoJm Larsen. This singular little species might be thought to belong to the Navarrctia section ; but the lobes of the leaves and of the calyx are not rigid, nor even so i^iuch as mucronate, and the flowers are not cajiitate- crowded. In some ilowers two or three of the stamens are abortive and very short, but all are inserted at the same height, low down in the throat of the corolla. It is only in the solitary ovules that this species accords with the section Microgilia. * * Annuals : ovules and seeds few or numerous in each cell. -t- Floivers numerous in dense headlike clusters on long naked peduncles : stems erect, a foot or two high : stamens inserted in the very sinuses of the short and broad- corolla, as long as their lobes : leaves twice or thrice jyinnately dissected into very narrow linear divisions. 38. Gr. capitata, Dough Glabrous or a little pubescent : stem slender, loosely branched al)ove : calyx glabrous or nearly so : lobes of the light blue (rarely white) corolla narrowly oblong or almost linear (2 lines long), nearly of the length of the narrow tube. —Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2G98 ; Lindl. Bot. Pteg. t. 1170. Low grounds, not rare, from the Bay of San Francisco to Oregon. 39. G. achillesefolia, Benth. Like the preceding, but usually stouter, often somewhat glandular : the capitate clusters and flowers larger or less compact : calyx more or less woolly, its lobes with short recurved tips : lobes of the corolla obovate or broadly oblong (2 or 3 lines long), the throat abruptly much dilated. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5939. Hills and sandy ground, common through the westei'u })art of the State. -H -i- Fhnvers in small and rather loose clusters, or else scattered in the open panicle. +■¥ Leaves mainly tivice or thrice pinnately divided into fine and narrow segments : corolla funnelform, from one to two thirds of an inch long : herbage somewhat viscid- pubescent or glandular, or glabrate : stems erect or at length diffusely spreading. 40. Gr. multicaulis, Benth. A span to a foot or so in height, simple in depau- perate and early jdants, loosely branched in larger and later : flowers few or several (rarely solitary) in a cluster terminating the slender naked peduncles, short-pedi- celled or almost sessile ; corolla (a third of an inch long) violet, with proper tube 498 POLEMONIACE^. Gilia. shorter than the viscid calyx^ and the obovate lobes not longer than the funnel- form throat: capsule ovoid. — G. achillecefolia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1682; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3440, not of Benth. G. viUlefoliata, Fischer & Meyer ; a diffuse cul- tivated form. A^ar. tenera, Gray, 1. c. : a slender, depauperate, few-flowered state, with the peduncles, or at least some of them, one-flowered. — G. stricta, Liebmann, Ind. 8em. Hort. Hafn. 1853. hi dry ground, common throughout the western part of the State. Slender depauperate forms abound in poor soil. 41. G. tricolor, Benth. A span to a foot or two in height, in age diffusely branched : flowers few in the loosely paniculate and rather short-peduncled clusters : pedicels shorter than the viscid-puberulent or rarely glabrous calyx : corolla (one third to half an inch long) with very short proper tube and ample campanulate- funnelform throat, which is pale yellow or orange below, dark purple above, and the lilac or violet roundish lobes longer than the stamens. — Hort. Trans, viii. t. 18; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1704 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3463. Common through the western part of the State and the foot-hills ; familiar in cultivation. 42. G. tenuiflora, Benth. Commonly a foot high, slender : radical and lower cauline leaves with shorter lobes than in the two preceding species : upper leaves few, small, and simpler : flowers mostly slender-pedicelled in the loose panicle : corolla purple or rose-color, funnelform with slender tube, 4 or 5 times the length of tlie calyx (7 to 9 lines long) ; its lobes broadly obovate and longer than the stamens. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1888. Var. latiflora, Gray, 1. c. : a form with shorter tube to the corolla, more abruptly dilated throat, and broader limb : radical leaves sometimes simply pinnatifld. Dry ground, Monterey to San Diego, &c. The variety, Los Angeles, &c., Fremont, IVaUace. 4-4- +^. Leaves once or sometimes twice pinnatifid, or merely incised or toothed ; flowers loosely panicled. = Corolla funnelform, from less than a qic'arter to half an inch long : seeds many. 43. G. inconspicua, Dougl. A span to a foot high, at length loosely much branched, somewhat viscid or glandular, when young usually a slight woolliness upon the foliage : radical and lower leaves pinnately parted into numerous short oblong or lanceolate and commonly few-toothed or incisely-lobed divisions; the upper with simple and fewer mostly linear divisions : pedicels some slender and some short or nearly wanting : corolla violet-purple or bluish, twice or thrice the length of the calyx. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2833. Ipomopsis inconspicua, Smith, Exot. Bot. t. 14. Cantua ]Kirviflora, Pursh. This is the smaller-flowered form, with tube of the corolla at first shorter than the calyx, and lobes only a hne long. It passes by gradation into Var. sinuata, Gray, 1. c, with tube of corolla more slender and exserted, and lobes often 2 lines long : lobes of the radical leaves commonly narrow and entire. — G. sinuata, Dougl. ex Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 313. G. arenai^a, Benth., appears to be a form of this, from the sea-beach at JNIonterey, with short ovate lobes to the radical leaves, and a slender corolla-tube, seemingly passing into G. tenuiflora. Dry or gravelly ground, common nearly throughout the State and in Oregon, and east through .the Rocky Mountain region. 44. G. leptomeria, Gray. A span high, minutely glandiilar or viscid : leaves mainly in a ladical tuft, narrowly oblong (about an inch long), pinnatifid with very short lobes or merely incised ; the cauUne small, linear, entire, mostly reduced to bracts of the ample and effuse cymose panicle : pedicels some filiform, some shorter than the calyx : corolla nearly white, 1 J to 3 lines long, slender, approaching salver- form, twice or thrice the length of the'^calyx, the lobes ovate, sometimes repandly Polemonium. POLEMONIACEtE. ^qq 2 - 3-toothecl and acute, half a line long : seeds not mucilaginous when wetted ' — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 278 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 270, t. 2G, fig. 6, 7. Northwestern Nevada, on the borders of California ( Watson, Lcmmon) ■ east to Utah. = = Corolla campanulate, ivhite or nearly so: seeds feiv. 45. G. micromeria, Gray. Diffuse, 2 or 3 inches liigh, very slender, almost glabrous r radical and lower leaves piunatifid, with linear-oblong very (j])tus(^ lobes ; those of the branches linear and entire, gradually reduced to bracts : llo\V(!rs sparse,' mainly opposite the leaves, on long filiform at length soniewhat refracted pedicels ': corolla barely a line long, little exceeding the calyx : capsule globular, longer than the style. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 279 ; Watson, 1. c. t. 26, fig. 12 - IG. Northwestern Nevada, Truckee Valley to the East Humboldt Moimtains, IVatson. Probably reaches California. 46. Gr. campanulata, Gray, 1. c. Diffuse, 2 or 3 inches high, somewhat pubescent and Aiss-id ; lower leaves lanceolate, sparingly toothed or incised (half an inch long) ; those of the slender paniculate branches similar, or narrower and entire : pedicels mostly shorter than the flower : corolla 4 lines long, with hardly any proper tube, moderately 5-lobed, about" twice the length of the lanceolate-subulate lobes of the deeply parted calyx ; these scariously margined toward the base : stamens inserted low down : ovules 6 or 7 in each cell. — Watson, 1. c. t. 26, fig. 16-18. Banks of the Truckee River, Nevada, JVatson. Perhaps extending to California. Flower not unlike that ot the first species here described, viz., G. dcmissa. G FiLiFORMis, Parry, a newly discovered species of Southern Utah, related to the last, has smaller and cream-colored flowers on filiform at length refracted pedicels, and almost filiform entire leaves. G. MiNUTiFLORA, Benth., of a peculiar section, —with very small flowers, 5-toothed calyx, saiveriorm corolla, and solitary ovules,— has been attributed to California, but is known only Irom the interior of Oregon and eastward. 4. POLEMONIUM, Tourn. Greek Valerian. Flowers as in Gilia § Eugilia, but the corolla short and broad, the stamens somewhat declined, the filaments hairy-appendaged at base. — Perennial or rarely annual herbs ; with pinnate or pinnately parted leaves, and mostly showy flowers. Calyx herbaceous ; its divisions and those of the leaves pointless. Corolla more commonly blue, varying to white. The few species are all North American, either northern or of elevated districts ; two of them also of the Old World. The genus, sufficiently well marked as to the original species, is much invalidated by the annual P. micranthum on the one hand, and one or more with funnelform corolla on the other. § 1. Anmial, diffuse: rotate corolla shorter than the calyx: floioers scattered. o }' ?' "^icraii*!!""!. ^'^nth. Low, weak and diffusely spreading or procumbent, 3 to 8 niches high, viscid-pubescent : leaflets 5 to 13, obovate or lanceolate (2 to 4 lines long) : corolla rotate, white or whitish, and decidedly shorter than the deeply 5-cleit calyx : seeds 5 to 9. —DC. Prodr. ix. 318. noSt?rS'(SS.i^r- ^''^"""^^' "^' "^"^^ ''''"'''' °^ ""'^^'^ <^"*-'"^' "'«'-^>' § 2. Perennial : corolla rotate-campanulate from a very short someivhat ohconical tube; limb surpassing the calyx: inflorescence cymose or thyrsoid-panicled. 2. P. humile, Willd. A span high, commonly in tufts from rather slender rootstocks, minutely viscid-pubescent or almost glabrous : leaflets 11 to 21, from ob- long-lanceolate to oval, and from 2 to 7 lines' long, either scattered or crowded, entire : cymes corymbose, few-flowered, loose : calyx deeply 5-cleft : corolla (blue,' 500 POLEMONIACE^. PoUmonium. lavender, or sometimes nearly white) half an inch or more in diameter : seeds one or two in each cell. — P. pulchellKm, Bunge ; Ledeb. Fl. Alt. Ic. t. 20 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1304. P. Richardsoni, Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 2800. P. capitatum, Benth. in DC, not of Eschscholtz. P. pulcherrimum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2979. High Sierra Nevada, at and above 8,000 feet, from Mariposa Co. (Breivcr) to Lassen's Peak (Lemvio)i) ; east to the higher Rocky Mountains, north to the Arctic regions, Siberia, Spitz- bergen, &c. A jiolymorphoiis species. 3. P. caeruleum, Linn. Glabrous or viscid-pubescent, 2 or 3 feet (or in arctic- alpine forms a span or two) in height, leafy, usually bearing numerous flowers in an interrupted narrow thyrsoid panicle or in loose corymbose cymes : leaflets 11 to 21, from linear-lanceolate to ovate-oblong (i to 1| inches long) : calyx cleft to or beyond the middle : corolla an inch or more "in diameter (bright blue, varying to white), shorter than the stamens or at least than the style : seeds several in each cell, in ours acutely angled. Low gi-ounds, not rare from San Francisco to the high Sierra Nevada. Extends north to the Arctic coast, and east to the northern Atlantic States (sparingly), and through the north of Asia and Europe. A striking form, var. foliosissimum, Gray, approaching P. Mexicanum, occurs in the Rocky Mountains and those of Utah. § 3. Perennial : corolla with iruhj funnelform tiihe longer than the calyx : inflores- ceiice capitate or spicate : leaflets mostli/ j^o-lmately divided. 4. P. confertum, Gray. A span or more high from stout and branching or tufted routstucks, (Ui the summits of which the radical leaves are densely crowded, glandular- viscid and musk-scented : leaves narrowly linear in general oiitline, erect ; feaflets very numerous and crowded, sometimes even imbricated, sessile, most of them 3 - 5-parted and seemingly whorled ; the divisions from round-oval to linear- oblong, and from a line to a quarter of an inch or more in length : flowers in a single"^ dense capitate cluster, or in age spicate, honey-scented : corolla (blue,_ and a white variety) with narrow funnelform tube (half an inch long) twice or thrice the length of the rounded lobes : ovules 3 in each cell. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 73, & Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 280. Among rocks on high peaks of the Sien-a Nevada, at 12,000 to 13,300 feet ; Mount Goddard and Mount Dana {Brewer), Iklount Lyell {J. Muir); and on the higher mountains of Nevada and Colorado. Ours are of the condensed and small-leaved form. P. viscosuM, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 154 (mainly, Nuttall having mixed the two), is between the above and P. Jiuviilc, and is known only in the more northern Rocky ]\Iountams. 5. LCESELIA, Linn. Flowers nearly as in Gilia § Ipomopsis, except that the tubular-funnelf.jrm corolla is irregular, as it were bilabiate {\), one of the cuueate or oblong lobes being separated by deeper sinuses. Stamens declined. Seeds few in each cell, ovoid, mucilaginous when wetted. — Pdgid herbs or undershrubs (natives of Mexico); with alternate and simple and entire or sharply serrate leaves, and showy red or blue flowers in terminal or lateral clusters, with or without scarious dilated bracts. 1. L. tenuifolia, Gray. Nearly glabrous : stems woody at base, slender : leaves very narrow, spiiiulose-mucronate ; the lower pinnately parted into a few subulate shoVt lobes ; the upper entire and flUform (about an inch long) : branches loosely few-flowered at the summit : calyx bractless : corolla scarlet, nearly salverform ; its oblong lobes truncately 3-toothed at the apex, about one third the length of the narrow tube : capillary filaments inserted low down and much exserted : ovules 8 or 10 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 86. Tantillas Mountains, below San Diego, within the borders of Lower California, J/r. Dmm, Dr. Palmer. Probably also within the southcin line of the State. Corolla an mch long : calyx 3 lines long. See Appendix. HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 59]^ Order LXIV. HYDROPHYLLACEJE. Known in general by having the scorpioid iuilui(;«cen(;i; (and often the rou. {KcHofjg), and in Oregon Vav Faison, Parr. The larger and more hirsute tbnn, -^^.' ';;;;;;;/ |E -?,;:;;. 1 d «rwh,-tP and hirsute Dubescence, ai)T)roaehes the eastern//, viacrupliij/lum, wIulU is l.iigei and Sf different c%x^^tL van JVatso^u has rather smaller and blue llowers, the calyx less hispid, but variable. 2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. Calyx 5-parted and with a supplementary reflexed lobe at each sinus, enlarging more or less in fruit. CoroUa rotate, or inclined to campanulate, deeply 5-lobed ; the lobes convolute in the bud ; the throat appendaged more or less with 10 internal scales or plaits. Stamens and mostly the style shorter than the corolla : filaments naked : anthers linear or oblong and sagittate. Ovary, capsule, &c., nearly as in Hydrophyllum. Ovules 4 (i. e. a pair on each placenta) or considerably more numerous, ripening from 1 to 16 seeds. - North American annuals, the greater number Californian, germinating in autumn and flowering the following spring ; with tender herbage, diffuse or at length procumbent stems, and pinnately lobed or divided leaves, aU more or less hirsute : peduncles terminal or lateral, one-flowered, slender : corolla blue, violet, or rarely nearly white. Most of the species are weU known in the gardens as ornamental annuals. * Leaves mostl!/ alternate : stems long and iveal; beset with sparse and stiff reflexed bristles by luliich the plant is disposed to climb : later flowers unaccompanied by leaves and therefore loosely racemose, ovules only 4. 1 N aurita, Lindl. Stems 1 to 3 feet long : leaves all with an auriculate^ dilated and clasping base or winged petiole, above deeply pmnatihd into o to J oblon- or lanceolate and mostly retrorse lobes: calyx appendages smal : corolla violet! nearly an inch in diameter, its internal appendages broad, partly tree, in pairs kt the base of each stamen . seeds globose, reticulated and the spaces_ deeply sunken. -Bot. Eeg t. 1601; Brit. Fh Gard. ser. 2, t. 338; A. DC. Prodr. ix. 290. Low shady grounds, from the Sacramento Valley to San Diego. 2 N racemosa, Nutt. Weaker and more slender : leaves shorter, rather ovate in outline, with fewer divisions, and a naked petiole not auricled at base :^ flowers one half smaller, the upper ones decidedly racemose. — Gray, Proc. 1. c. dlo. San Diego, NiMall. Catalina Island, Ball k Baker. * * Leaves all opposite, not auricled at base, commonly surpassed by the slender peduncles: ovides 7 to 24, ripemng about 4 ^o 16 seeds; these usually with a sort of caruncle. 3. N. maculata, Benth. Leaves lyrately pinnatifid into 5 to 9 s^o/t lobes, or the uppermost only 3-lobed : corolla white with a strong violet blotch at the top ot 504 HYDROPHYLLACEiE. Nemoplula. each lobe ; its very broad internal scales hirsute on the free edge : seeds globular, nearly smooth, Avith a very prominent nipple-like caruncle. — Lindl. in Jour. Hort. Soc. iii. 319, & fig. ; Paxt. Mag. xvi. t. G ; Fl. Serres, v. t. 431. Common through the western and middle portions of the State. Corolla over an inch, but less than 2 inches in diameter. 4. N. insignis, Dougl. Leaves pinnately parted into 7 to 9 oblong and some- times 2 - 3-lobed small divisions : corolla bright clear blue ; its internal scales short and roundish, partly free, hirsute with short hairs : seeds oval, somewhat corrugated or tuberculate. — Benth. Hydrophyll. in Linn. Trans, xvii. 275 ; Eot. Eeg. t. 1713 ; Lot. Mag. t. 3485. iV^. Menziesii, var., Hook, & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 372. Common in low or damp grounds, displaying its bright blue flowers from the earliest spring. Corolla from over an inch down to little over half that diameter. 5. N. Menziesii, Hook. & Arn. Smaller than the preceding, and the leaves less divided : corolla from light blue to nearly white, and sprinkled with dark dots or spots, at least towards the centre, or (in cultivation) the spots confiuent into a brownish purple eye ; its scales narrow and wholly adherent by one edge, the other edge densely ciliate : seeds oval or oblong, either even or more or less tuberculate when ripe. — Bot. Beechey, 152 & 372 (excl. var. /3). N. limjiora, Fischer «& Meyer, Sert. Petrop. t. 8. N. 2iedimculata, Benth. 1. c. ; small-llowered form. N. atomaria, Fischer & Meyer, 1. c. ; Bot. Eeg. t. 1940; Bot. Mag. t. 3774. N. discoidaUs, Fl. Serres, ii. t. 75, a cultivated form with large dark eye to the corolla. Low or shady gi'ounds, not uncommon. Corolla from half an inch to near an inch in diameter. * % * Upj)er leaves often alternate and the lower opposite, mostly longer than the peduncles, and slender-jMioled : flowers small : ovules only 4 : seeds from 1 ^o 4 : caruncle mostly deciduous or evanescent. 6. N. parviflora, Dougl. Slender and weak, or procumbent : leaves pinnately 5 - 9-parted or cleft, or sometimes many only 3 - 5-lobed ; the divisions obovate or oblong, obtuse : corolla light blue or whitish, 3 to 5 lines in diameter, somewhat campanulate, but the lobes longer than the tube, its internal appendages oblong, wholly adherent by one edge, glabrous or nearly so. — Benth. 1. c. N. parviflora Sc N. pedunculata (not of Benth.), Hook. Fl. ii. 79. N. heterophylla, Fischer & Meyer, 1. c, a rather large-flowered form. Low and shady grounds throughout the State, and north to British Columbia : veiy variable in size and foliage. Forms with larger and less lobed leaves, all the upper ones alternate, have been mistaken for N. inicrocalyx, of the southern Atlantic States ; which has minute calyx-appendages, and the smaller corolla destitute of scales within, its lobes shorter than the tube. N. BREViFLORA, Gray {N. imrviflora, Watson, Bot. King Exp., as to his specimens), collected in the mountains of Northern Utah by Watson, and in the adjacent Snake Country by Tol- mie, may reach the northeastern borders of the State. It is distinguished from N. imrviflora by the oblong-lanceolate acute and entire divisions of the 3- 5-parted leaves, a much larger calyx in fruit (3 lines long), and from all by the broadly campanulate corolla being decidedly shorter than the calyx, in the manner of Ellisia. The calyx-appendages are conspicuous. In Watson's specimens the leaves are all alternate, in Tolmie's all that are cleveloped are opposite. 3. ELLISIA, Linn. Calyx 5-parted, stellately enlarging and more foliaceous under the fruit, the sinuses destitute of appendages. Corolla either narrowly or broadly campanulate, mostly short in proportion to the calyx ; the internal appendages at base minute or obsolete ; the lobes in the Californian species usually one outside and one inside in tlie bud. Stamens and style shorter than the corolla : filaments naked : anthers oval or cordate. Ovary, capsule, &c., nearly as in the preceding. — N'orth American annuals, ours commonly germinating in autumn and flowering from early spring. Draperia. IIYDROPHYLLACE^. 505 more or less hirsute ; the loaves opposite or the uppermost alteruate, once to thncc pinnatifid. Flowers small, on solitary simple peduncles in the forks, or bractless and loosely racemose at the summit of the branches : corolla white or whitish. — (The following are all the species known, excepting the Eastern and original E. N^jctelea, Linn.) S 1 Leaves once pinnately parted: ovules only 4 and all enclosed in the dilated invest- ing placentae in the manner of the tribe : seeds globose, reticulated. — I.llisia proper. 1 E membranacea, Benth. Sparsely beset with some short and rigid bristly liaii^, otherwise glabrous : stems a foot or so in length, weak, soon prostrate : leaves pinnately divided into 3 to 9 linear very obtuse and mostly entire divis- ions; the petiole wing-margined: flowers mainly racemose on a terminal pedun- cle • calyx-lobes oblong or at length obovate, very obtuse, rather shorter than the open campanulate corolla, not exceeding the I - 2-seeded capsule. Shady and damp places, from the lower part of the valley of the Sacramento to S^n Diego CoroUaLly 4 lines in diameter. Ovary bearing only a few scattered and veiy stout subulate bristles. S 2. Leaves mainly twice or thrice pinnatifid: ovules 8, viz a pair on the back as well as on the front of each placenta: seeds oblong-oval, dissimilar usucUly tivo remaining concealed after dehiscence. — Euckypta. {Eucrypta, ^ utt.) 2 E chrysanthemifolia, Benth. Somewhat hirsute and pubescent : stem a foot' or 'two higli, en3ct, paniculately branched: leaves Tansy-like, dissected into very many small and sliort divisions : flowers all loosely racemose : calyx-lobes ob- lou'-- or broadly oval, shorter than the open-campanulate corolla, about e(iualiing tlie small capsule, which is generally 6-seeded : the mostly 4 ordinary seeds enclosed between the placenke rugose-tuberculate and free in dehiscence; while between each placenta and the valve (which it exactly lines and is conformed to) is concealed a single meniscoidal and smooth seed : — whence Nuttall's name. ^ Eucrypta pam- culatxt & E.foliosa, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 159. Fhacelia micrantha, var.(]) bipmnatifida, Torr. in Bot. Ives Colorado Exped. 21. Shady grounds, not uncommon from Bay of San Francisco to San Diego. Coi-olla and the stellate-spreadininnatifid, elongated-ohlonc; or spatulafe ; the lobes short and obtuse : appen- dages of the corolla narroio and nearly free from the filaments. +■5- Fhmers (^smcdl) in at length elongated sjnkes. 17. P. brachyloba, Gray. A foot or two high, erect, roughish-pubescent, above viscid-glandular: leaves short-petioled ; the 7 to 15 lobes entire or obtusely few- toothed : spikes solitary or in pairs, slender : flowers very short-pedicelled : lobes of the campanulate nearly white corolla about half the length of the tube : style 2-cleft above the middle : capsule oblong-oval, very obtuse, thin, shorter than the calyx : seeds 6 or fewer to each placenta. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 324. Eutoca brachyloba, Benth. 1. c. Near Monterey and Santa Barbara, in open ground, Bonglas, Brcxccr, Torrcy. -i-i- -!-+ Fl Givers loosely racemose and long-pedicelled : stems loiv or diffuse, a sp)an or less high : leaves mainly at or near the base. 18. P. Douglasii, Torr. Pubescent and hirsute with mostly spreading hairs : leaves elongated-oblong or linear in outline, pinnatifid or pinnately parted into sev- eral or numerous pairs of lobes ; the terminal lobe hardly larger than the others and not parallel-veined : calyx-lobes spatulate :' corolla open-campanulate, rather large : ovules 12 to 14 on each dilated placenta: capsule ovate, mucronate. — Eutoca Doug- lasii, Bentli. 1. c. Oprii i:;ninii(ls, rather common from Monterey southward. In aspect considerablj' resembling Ni-ntiijiliiiii iiisiipiis. Pedicels an inch or less in length, spreading. Corolla half an inch high, and prripditicuially broad when expanded. 19. P. Davidsonii, Gray, 1. c. Low and depressed : hoary with appressed hir- sute Iiairs and a minute close pubescence : leaves deeply pinnatifid into one or two pairs of triangular entire lateral lobes, and a much larger oblong or lanceolate termi- nal one, the conspicuous veins of which are nearly parallel, or some upper leaves entire : racemes few-flowered : calyx-lobes oblanceolate or linear : corolla small (3 lines long), violet-colored : ovules 8 or 10 to each placenta. Kern Co., California, Prof. Davidson. In aspect resembling the species of the next section and P. humilis, but with the long pedicels of the preceding ; the liowers much smaller. +■ -f- Leaves entire, or the lorver rarely 1 — 2-lobed, not cordate, the veins parallel or converging as in P. circiuata : no glandular pubescence : calyx hirsute or hispid Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 511 loith long spreading hairs . appendages of corolla united to the base of the fda- ments. 20. P. circinatiformis, Gray. Erect, a span high, hispid and puberulent : leaves ovate and oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously parallel -veined, somewhat strigose : racemes or spikes dense : corolla narrow, almost funnelform, little longer than the calyx, apparently pale or white, much surpassing the stamens : oviUes about 4 to each placenta. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 325. Eutoca 2)hacelioides, Benth. 1. c. California, Douglas ; only known in his collection, probably from Monterey. Has Ihe aspect of a small form of P. circinata. 21. P, curvipes, Torr. Diffuse, 3 or 4 inches high, hirsute and puberulent : leaves oval or lanceolate, mostly shorter than the slender petiole : racemes simple, soon loose ; the lower pedicels as long as the calyx : corolla open-campanidate, violet or blue: style 2-cleft to the middle: ovules 8 or 10 to each jilacenta. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 252. Eastern foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada ( Watson), extending to Owens Valley, Dr. Horn. Re- sembles P. huriiilis. Pedicels a quarter to half an inch long, even the lowest not commonly deflexed and then upturned ; so that the name is seldom ai)plicable. Corolla 3 lines long : the hispid calyx in fruit 4 or 5 lines long. 22. P. divaricata, Gray, 1. c. Diffusely spreading, a span high, more or less hirsute and pubescent : leaves ovate or oblong, mostly longer than the petiole, occa- sionally 1 - 2-toothed or lobed at base, the veins curving upwards : spikes or racemes at length loose : the pedicels usually much shorter than the calyx : style 2-cleft at the apex : corolla open-campanulate, pretty large (three fourths of an inch in diam- eter when expanded), violet : ovules 12 to 20 on each placenta. — Eutoca divaricata, Benth.; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1784; Hook. Bot. Mag. t, 3706. E. Wrangeliana, Fischer & Meyer; Don, Brit. El. Gard. ser. 2, t. 362, a form with leaves inclined to be 1 - 2-lobed or toothed. Common about San Francisco Bay, &c. : a sho^vy species in cultivation. -i- -f- -t- Leaves entire or crenate-lohed, roundish ; the veins divergent, mostly obscure : pubescence glandular, not at all hispid: appendages of the narroiv-campanulate white corolla nearly free from the unequal filaments : jioicers small {only about 2 lines long) in a loose raceme. 23. P. pusilla, Torr. 1. c. Only 2 or 3 inches high, slender : leaves roundish- oval or oblong, entire, seldom half an inch long : flowers few on filiform pedicels : capsule narrow-oblong, obtuse and slightly pointed, 18- 24-seeded. Under sage-brush and junipers, east of the Sierra Nevada, extending to the borders of Califor- nia, Watson. 24. P. rotundifolia, Torr. 1. c. Diffusely branclied, slender, 2 to 4 inches high : leaves tliin, round-cordate, crenately 7 - 13-toothed or somewhat lobed, much shorter than the petiole : flowers on pedicels shorter than the calyx-lobes : style obscurely 2-cleft at the apex: capsule oval-oblong, abruptly pointed, 60-100- seeded. Southeastern borders of California (on the Mohave, &c. Cooper) to Southern Utah. Leaves half an inch or less in diameter, nearly palmately veined. § 3. Seeds [several or numerous) transversely corrugated : otherivise as in § 2. Low animals : stamens unequal and shorter than the corolla : style '2-cleft only at the tip. — MiCROGENETES, Gray. (Microgenetes, A. DC.) V: Corolla almost rotate, the tube being shorter than the lobes : the internal ajyjyeiidages 10 transverse callous ridges just beloiu the throat, remote from the stamens. 25. P. micrantha, Torr. Slender and delicate herb, branching and spreading or procumbent, sliglitly hirsute and glandular : leaves thin, pinuately parted into 512 HYDROPHYLLACE^. Plmcelia. 5 to 9 obovate or obloug mostly entire divisions ; the upper with dilated and some- times auricled and partly clasping base ; the lower with margined petiole : racemes geminate or panicled, very loose : pedicels as long as calyx : corolla blue with yel- lowish tube (barely 2 lines broad), little surpassing the spatulate enlarging calyx- lobes : capsule globular, 20 - 24-seeded : seeds cylindraceous, incurved, very deeply rugose transversely and tuberculate. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 144; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. X. 327. Along the Rio Colorado {Parry, Bigclow), and eastward throngh S. Arizona to the Pdo Grande. «r % Corolla funnelform or cylindraceous : the internal aj:>2'>endages vertical, long and narroiv, united more or less extensively to the base of the filaments : style more or less hairy below : leaves pinnatifid and with naked petioles: seeds finely reticulated as well as coarsely rugose. (Phacelia § Euglypta, Watson.) -[- Corolla ivhite or jmle purple, little longer than the calyx. 26. P. Ivesiana, Torr. A span high, diffusely branched from the base, liir- sute-pubescent and glandular : leaves pinnately parted into 7 to 15 linear or oblong divisions, rarely twice pinnatitid : racemes loose, G-20-flowered : appendages of the corolla almost free from the filament : calyx-lobes linear : capsule oblong, 16 -24-seeded. — Bot. Ives Colorado Exp. 21. Arizona from the borders of California (Ives), Southern Nevada, and Utah. •^ -4- Corolla conspicuously longer than the calyx ; the limb mostly bright jn/rple or violet-blue ; the throat and tube whitish or yellowish. 27. P. Fremontii, Torr. 1. c. A span to a foot high, much branched from the base, viscid-puberulent : leaves simply pinnatifid into 7 to 15 obovate or short- oblong mostly entire lobes : flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in an elongating spike : funnelform corolla (3 to 5 hues long) fully twice the length of the spatulate calyx-lobes ; the appendages united below to the filament : capsule oblong, 20 - 30- seeded. From Kern County through Western Arizona and Southern Nevada to Southern Utah. 28. P. bicolor, Torr. Diffusely branched from the base, barely a span high, viscid-pubescent: leaves twice pinnately parted or merely pinnatifid into small short-linear or oblong lobes: racemes or spikes loosely 10-20-flowered : funnelform corolla (5 to 7 lines long) about thrice the length of the almost linear calyx-lobes ; the long and narrow appendages united for more than half their length with the filament, forming a narrow tubular cavity behind it : capsule oval-oblong, about 16-seeded. • — -Watson, Bot. King Exp. 255. Eastern portion of tlie Sierra Nevada (Sierra Co., Lcmmon, kc), and adjacent parts of Nevada, first collected by Dr. Andcrsmi. The largest-flowered of these species; the rather showy corolla purple, with a yellowish tube and eye. 29. P. gymnoclada, Torr. 1. c. Branched from the base, low, somewhat viscid- pubescent ; the priujuiy branches decumbent, long and naked below : leaves obovate, oval, or oblong, obtusely toothed or almost pinnatifid, mostly shorter than the petiole : spikes several-flowered : the short-funnelform corolla (3 or 4 lines long) not twice the length of the obscurely spatulate and hirsute calyx-lobes (its appen- dages as in the preceding) : capsule oval, or oblong, 5-1 6-seeded. Truckee Pass and Winnemucca, Watson, Lcmmon. Therefore probably within the eastern border of California. Lemmon's specimens are better developed than Watson's, without such long naked branches from the root ; the ovules about 12, only 4 or 5 ripening into pretty large seeds : the cajisule oval or elliptical. 30. P. crassifolia, Torr. 1. c Diffusely branched, 3 or 4 inches high, viscid- pubescent : leaves tliickish and rather fleshy, roughish, half an inch or less long, oblong-ovate, tapering into a short petiole, the lower with souie short blunt teeth, Phacelia. IIYDROPHYLLACE.E. 513 the upper entire : racemes loosely few-flowered ; short pedicels spreading : funnel- form corolla (3 or 4 lines long) fully twice the length of the linear ciilyx-lobes ; the appendages small and obscure : capsule ovoid, 6 - 8-seeded. — Watson, 1. c. Reese River Valley, Nevada, TFatson. Not unlikely to be also Califoriiiau. § 4. Like § 2, htct no aj^pendacfes within the rotate-campanulate corolla or on the base of the filaments : ovules and seeds very numerous on the dilated placenta', the latter pitted : very glandular annuals. — Gymnobythus, Gray. 31. P. viscida, Torr. A foot or two high, branching and hirsute at base, very glandular-viscid above ; leaves ovate or obscurely cordate, doubly and irregularly toothed or incised, an inch or two long : flowers in loose racemes : corolla deep blue with purple or pale centre (sometimes white), from G to 10 lines broad, about the length of the very slender filaments : style 2-parted : capsule ovate, abruptly pointed. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 143 ; Gray, 1. c. Eutoca viscida, Benth. in Bot. Keg. t. 1808; Bot. Mag. t. 3572. Cosmanthus (Gymnobythus) viscidus, A. DC. Prudr. ix. 296. Var. albiflora, Gray {E^itoca albifiora, Nutt.), is a white-flowered form, other- wise similar. Open grounds near the coast, from Santa Barbara southward. 32. P. grandiflora, Gray, 1. c. Very like the preceding, perhaps more hispid at the base of the stem ; but the light blue or white almost rotate corolla about double the size. — Eutoca grandiflora, Benth. 1. c. E. speciosa, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 158, Cosmanthus (Gymnobythus) grandifiorus, A. DC. 1. c. • Santa Barbara to San Diego, Douglas, Nuttall, PeckJiam, Cleveland, &c. § 5. Like § 4, but vnth a small trimcate or emarginate scale adnate to the inner base of each capillary exserted juament: style 2-cleft above the middle: corolla either oblong -campamdate or open-campanidate : glandular annuals. — Whitlavia, Gray. * Corolla open-campanulate : ovules and seeds not very numerous. 33. P. Parryi, Torr. 1. c. A span or two high, hirsute or even hispid as well as glandular-viscid : leaves ovate, irregularly doubly toothed or laciniate, or the lowest pinnately parted, the upper cauline longer than their petioles : racemes very loose, at length elongated : pedicels widely spreading, slender (from half to a full inch long) : corolla cleft beyond the middle, deep violet with a yellowish or white 5-rayed eye, half an inch long, about twice the length of the narrow calyx-lobes : filaments bearded, a little exserted : ovules 20 or 30 to each placenta. Near San Diego and Los Angeles, Parry, Cooper, &c. 34. P. longipes, Torr. Apparently low, slender, loosely branched, glandular and slightly hispid (base of the stem iinknown) : cauline leaves round-oval or cordate, coarsely and obtusely 5 - 8-toothed (half an inch long), shorter than their petioles : racemes very loose : corolla hardly half an inch long, apparently white, 5-cleft to the middle, nearly twice the length of the spatnlate-linear sparsely hispid calyx-lobes: style rather deeply 2 -cleft : ovides only 8 or 10 to each placenta: seeds few.— Gray, 1. c. 322. Santa Barbara Co. , Torrcy. No one else has yet met with it. * * Corolla oblong-campamdate, the tube cyUndraceous-ventricose : ovules and seeds very mimerous on the dilated 2)lacent€e. — (Whitlavia, Harvey.) 35. P. Whitlavia, Gray. About a foot high, loosely branching, hirsute and glandular : leaves ovate or deltoid, obtusely and incisely toothed, longer than the l^etiole : raceme loose and elongating : tube of the violet (or rarely white) corolla an inch or so long, twice or thrice the length of the rounded lobes and of the narrow calyx-lobes : stamens conspicuously exserted. — Whitlavia grandiflora, Ilarv. in 514 HYDEOPHYLLACE^. Emmenanthe. Loncl. Jour. Bot. v. 312, t. 11 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4813. W. viinor, Harvey, 1. c, a depauperate form. Los Angeles to San Bernardino, Coulter, Wallace, Antisell, kc. Prized in cultivation, as are several of the foregoing species. 6. EMMENANTHE, Benth. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the divisions similar. Corolla campanulate, yellow or cream-colored, persistent. Otherwise as in Phacelia § Eutoca k, Microgenetes. Low Californian annuals. — Gray, Proc. 1. c. x. 328. Emmenanthe & Miltitzia, A. DC. § 1. Resembling Phacelia § Microgenetes : seeds more or less rugose transversely: flowers small : calyx-lobes broader upwards. — Miltitzia, Gray. {Miltitzia, A. DC.) * Corolla bright yellow, merely 5-lobed, exceeding or at least equalling the calyx both in flower and in fruit, withering-persistent and enclosing the capside ; the tube within mostly with 10 narroiv appendages : style persistent : herbage jmbescent. 1. E. parviflora, Gray. Low and depressed, rather densely pubescent, viscid : leaves deeply pinnatitid : flowers spicate-crowded, very short-pedicelled : corolla not longer than the almost linear sepals : style hardly longer than the 20 - 40-ovuled ovary. — Pacif. E. Pep. vi. 85, t. 15, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 328. Shore of Lake Kfemath, Oregon, Newberry. Therefore probably extending into the northern borders of California. 2. R lutea, Gray, 1. c. Difi"use, minutely pubescent, somewhat viscid but sUghtly if at all glandular : leaves oblong or ol*vate, incisely few-toothed or pin- natifiil : flowers rather crowded in short racemes : corolla (3 lines long) surpassing the spatulate-linear calyx-lobes : style fihform, much longer than the about 12- ovuled ovary. — E. 2'>cirviflora, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 257, not of Gray. Eidoca lutea, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, & Ic. PL t. 354. Miltitzia lutea, A. DC. Northeastern part of the Sierra Nevada {Anderson, Watson, &c.), and through Nevada to the borders of Idaho. 3. E. glandulifera, Torr. More slender, 3 to 5 inches high, diff'use, glandular as well as viscid : leaves small (half an inch or less in length), oblong or spatulate, incisely few-toothed, or the upper entire : flowers numerous in slender spikes or racemes : corolla narrowly campanulate, exceeding the linear calyx-lobes : style fili- form : ovides 6 to 12. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 257. Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, at Carson City, on the borders of California, Anderson, Wat- son. Corolla 2 lines long ; no appendages detected. Perhaps only a variety ot the precednig. * * Corolla apparently nearly ivhite, 5-cleft, usually shorter than the calyx and cap- side ; internal appendages not manifest : leaves rather fleshy and entire, tapering into a 2'>etiol€ : capside 8 - \Q-seeded. 4. E. glaberrima, Torr. 1. c. Wholly glabrous and glandless, stout and some- what succulent, a span or less high, diffusely decumbent : leaves oblong-spatulate or obovate (half an inch or more long), some of the lower occasionally 2-4-toothed : flowers few or several in short or at length elongated spikes or strict racemes ; pedi- cels short and appressed : corolla not exceeding the thick spatulate or oblong calyx- lobes, hardly surpassing the glabrous ovary, rather shorter than the firm-coriaceous capsule, which is pointed with the indurated base of the style. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 257 ; Gray, 1. c. Low saline gi-ound, Humboldt Sink and Reese Valley, Nevada, Watson, on whose authority it is said to be the ''Eutoca arctioides" of the Botany of the Ives Colorado Expedition. ISot yet found within California, but may be expected. Fruiting calyx and capsule 2i lines long, thick, tardily dehiscent. Tricardia. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 515 5. E. pusilla, (Jmy. Soft-pubescent, an inch or two hi^^li, erect, at lengtli branched from the base : leaves oblong-lanceolate or spatulate, 2 to 5 lines long and with slender petiole of equal length : flowers 3 to 7, scattered in a tilifcjrin loose raceme, the primary one scapiform ; pedicels spreading : corolla about half the length of the linear and obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes and also of the ovoid very obtuse and pointless capsule : style very short and deciduous. — Proc. Am. Acad, xi. 87. Northwestern Nevada, Watson (young specimens, taken for a state of Pliacclia pimlla), also Lemmoii. Calyx in blossom one Une, in fruit 2 lines long. Corolla apparently white, persistent, investing the base of the capsule. Seeds strongly corrugated. § 2. Larger, with loose paiiicled racemes : seeds coarsely pitted : calyx-lohes hroader doumivard : style deciduous : co7-olla cream-colored, with short rounded lobes, destitute of appendages. — Emmenanthe proper. 6. E. penduliflora, Benth. A span to a foot high, villous-pubescent, some- what viscid : leaves pinnatifid ; the lobes numerous, short, somewhat toothed or incised : pedicels tdiform, at base sometimes bracted, as long as the at length nod- ding flowers : filaments almost free from the broadly campanulate unwithering corolla : ovules about 16. Open ground, not rare from Lake Co. to San Diego, extending east to Southern Utah. Flowers handsome : corolla almost half an inch long. Seeds a line long. 7. CONANTHUS, S. Watson. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes very narrow and similar. Corolla funnelform, not appendaged, deciduous. Stamens unequally inserted more or less high on the tube of the corolla : filaments slender. Style 2-cleft at apex, sometimes nearly entire: stigmas capitellate. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, 10 - 20-seeded. Seeds with a thin and translucent coat, nearly smooth, the sides obscurely rugose or excavated when mature. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 256; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. X. 329. Eutoca (?) sect. Conanthus, A. DC. 1 . C. aretioides, Watson, 1. c. A small and depressed winter-annual, repeatedly forked from the very base, two or three inches high, soon forming a matted ttift, hirsute-hispid, flowering copiously a long time : leaves spatulate-linear (an inch or less long) : flowers sessile in the forks, half an inch long : corolla with a nar- row tube and rather ample limb, piirple. — Eutoca aretioides, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 374 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 355. Dry eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, and adjacent portions of the interior region, from Oregon to Arizona. Plant with mostly the characters of Nama, except the united styles. Stamens and style varying in length and height of insertion, apparently from dimorphism. 8. TRICARDIA, Torr. Calyx-lobes or sepals very dissimilar, three outer ample and round-cordate, thin- herbaceous, enlarging and becoming scarious and reticulated with age ; the two inner small and linear. Corolla broadly campanulate, deciduous ; internal appen- dages 10 narrow plaits, free and rather distant from the unequal filaments. Style 2-cleft. Ovary glabrous, incompletely 2-celled : ovules 4 to each placenta. Flowers racemose, rather few : corolla purplish. — S. Watson, Bot. King Exp. 258, t. 24. 1. T. Watsoni, Torr. in Bot. King, 1. c. A low perennial, branched from the base, a span high, cottony-pubescent, but nearly glabrous when old : leaves all alter- nate, entire ; the radical and lower cauline spatulate-lanceolate (one or two inches long) and tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper mucli smaller and more 516 HYDROPHYLLACE^. Romanzoffia. oblong, short-petiolecl or sessile : pedicels recurved in fruit : the enlarged heart- shaped sepals much longer than the ovate pointed 8-seeded capsule : stamens and style included. Truckee Pass, &c., Nevada, Watson. Probably extending totlie California line. 9. ROMANZOFFIA, Cham. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes similar. Corolla more or less funnelform, not appendaged within, deciduous. Stamens inserted on the base of the tube of the corolla, unequal. Style undivided, filiform : stigma small, entire. Ovary and the retuse capsule 2-ceUed or nearly so. Ovules and pitted-reticulated seeds numerous, on narrow-linear placentae. — Low and delicate perennial herbs, with the aspect of Saxifrages : the leaves mainly radical, all alternate, round-cordate or reniform, cre- nately 7 - 11-lobed, long-petioled : the scapes or flowering stems racemosely or pa- niculately and loosely several-flowered. Corolla pink or purple, varying to white, delicately veiny. A genus of two species, the original one, R. Unalascltlccnsis of Chaniisso, found only on Una- laska and adjacent islands. 1. R. Sitchensis, Bongard. Slender filiform rootstocks bearing small grain-like tubers : scapes weak, a span long : pedicels spreading and longer than the flowers : calyx-lobes glabrous, oblong-linear or lanceolate, much shorter than the corolla, a little shorter than the capsule : style long and slender. — Veg. Sitka, 41, t. 4 : Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6109. In shady woods along the Coast Eange, especially in redwoods, from Santa Cruz northward ; extending to Alaska. 10. HESPEROCHIRON, S. Watson. Calyx 5-parted, rarely 6 - 7-parted, and the lanceolate or linear lobes sometimes unequal. Corolla campanulate or rotate, 5-cleft, rarely 6 - 7-cleft, deciduous. Sta- mens inserted on the base of the tube of the corolla, unequal, included : filaments subulate. Ovary partly one-celled, tapering into a short style, which is barely 2-cleft at the tip : stigmas minute. Ovules numerous, on dilated placentae, borne on incomplete semi-dissepiments. Capsule loculicidal, 15- 20-seeded. — Dwarf and stemless perennials or possibly biennials, soft-pubescent ; with spatulate or oblong entire leaves on margined petioles, and from their axils naked one-flowered scapes, of about the same length, bearing a solitary purijlish or nearly white flower. Base of the calyx obscurely adnate to the broad base of the conical-ovate ovary : seeds rather large, and with a somewhat fleshy minutely reticulated coat. — Bot. King Exp. 281, t. 30 ; Gray, 1. c. 330. An anomalous genus, but probably of this order, peculiar to California, Oregon, and the adja- cent interior region. Only one species has been found in California, and it is doubtful if the second is distinct. 1. H. Calif ornicus, ^Vatson, 1. c. Leaves copious in a rosulate tuft (an inch or two ]i)ng, besides the petiole into which the lilade abruptly contracts or gradually tapers) : corolla oblong-campanulate ; its lobes shorter than the tube. — Ourisia Calif ornica, Benth. PL Hartw. 327. H. latifolius, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. V. 44, a large state. Hills and meadows of the Sierra Nevada, from the Yosemite northward to "Washington Territory, and east to Nevada and Utah. Corolla from 5 to 8 or 9 lines long : the lobes oblong. Nama. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 517 H. PUMILUS, Porter {FiUarsia pumila, Dougl. ; Griseb. in Hook. Fl. ii. 7ti, t. ir.7), has fewer leaves from a more slender rootstock, and a nearly rota^ coit)lla with lobes longer than the tube, this densely bearded within. It grows in springy or marshy ground, in the liocky Mountains of Idaho and Northern Utah (near Ogden, Hut/den), &c. 11. NAMA, Linn. Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla funnelform or somewhat salverform ; tlie tube destitute of internal appendages. Stamens often unequal, and unequally inserted, included. Styles 2, distinct to the base : stigmas somewhat capitate. Capsule thin, completely or incompletely 2-celled by the meeting or approximation in the axis of the two thin and dilated placentae, 2-valved ; the valves entire. Seeds usu- ally numerous. — Low herbs or suffrutescent plants ; with entire leaves, and purple, bluish, or white flowers. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 337, viii. 282, & x. 330. The species are all American, excepting one in the Sandwich Islands, most numerous near and in Mexico. Of the seven known within the United States four inhabit California ; and a filth, iV. stcnocarpum, Gray, common on the southern border of Arizona (and well marked by its almost linear capsule) may yet be found near the southeastern frontiers of our State. § 1. Annuals, jmbescent or hirsute : floioers terminal and lateral or in the forks, short- peduncled or sessile : seeds ivith a thin and translucent close coat. 1. N. hispidum, Gray. A span to a foot high, repeatedly forked, hirsute or hispid : leaves linear-spatulate, most of the upper ones sessile : flowers lateral and solitary, or 3 to 5 in terminal and one-sided nearly bractless clusters : sepals narrow- linear, hardly if at all broadened upward, shorter than the purple corolla : capsule narrowly oblong, 30-40-seeded : seeds nearly smooth. Along the Rio Colorado (mostly a low form, with soft pubescence, and occasionally 3 or 4 styles and placentae !), thence east to Texas. 2. N. demissum, Gray. Dwarf and depressed, commonly 2 or 3 inches higli, pubescent, hirsute, or sometimes rather hispid : leaves linear-spatidate, all or most of them tapering into a petiole : flowers subsessile in the forks : sepals very narroAv- linear, not at all broader upward, usually much shorter than the bright purple or "crimson" corolla: capsule short- oblong, 10 - 16-seeded. Interior desert region, from the Rio Colorado and the Mohave, through W. Arizona, Nevada, and Utah, to Washington Territory. Flowers showy, as in Conanthus, which it much resembles (liut that has the styles united into one) : corolla 4 or 5 or even 6 lines long : filaments very uneixually inserted, somewhat subulate. Seeds much larger and fewer than in the preceding. 3. N. Coulteri, Gray. A span high, diffusely branched, hirsute-pubescent and somewhat viscid : leaves short, oblong-spatulate, the lower tapering into a petiole : flowers short-pedicelled in the forks : sepals with spatulate-dilated tips, not half the length of the narrow funnelform corolla : capsule narrowly oblong, 50 - GO-seeded : seeds obscurely wrinkled or pitted. No. 463 of the Californian collection of Coulter ; not since found ; perhaps really collected in Arizona or Mexico. § 2. Suffrtiticose, silky-woolly : flowers clustered : ovary and styles hirsute. 4. N. Lobbii, Gray. Depressed and procumbent, forming broad matted tufts ; the older stems woody and rigid : leaves narrowly spatulate or linear, tapering to_ a nearly sessile base, an inch or two long ; the younger ones white with the soft vil- lous wool ; the older becoming naked and their margins revolute, more or less per- sistent : floAvers clustered in the upper axils and at the summit : sepals very slender, more than half the length of the funnelform purple corolla (this half an inch long). On rocks, &c., not rare in the northern part of the Sierra Nevada, first collected by Lohb. Fruit not yet seen. 518 BORRAGINACE.E. Eriodidyon. 12. ERIODICTYON, Benth. Calyx deeply 5-partecl, the lobes or sepals not broader upwards. Corolla funnel- form or approaching campanulate or salverform. Stamens more or less included. Styles 2, distinct to the base ; their tips or the stigmas clavate-capitate. Capsule crustaceous, small, globose-ovate and pointed, 2-celled and with dilated placenta?, 4-valved, i. e. at first loculicidal in the manner of the tribe, then septicidal, thus splitting into four hard and thick half-valves, closed by a portion of the partition on one side and partly open on the other. Ovules rather numerous, but seeds few. — Low shrubs (Californian, &c.); the leaves alternate, of rigid coriaceous texture, pinnately veined and with finely reticulated veinlets conspicuous on a fine woolly ground (whence the generic name), at least underneath, their margins beset with rigid teeth, the base tapering into more or less of a petiole. Flowers in scorpioid cymes collected in a terminal panicle : corolla violet or purple, varying to white. Filaments variably adnate to the tube of the corolla, sometimes almost up to the throat.— Benth. Bot. Sulph. 35. 1. E. tomentosum, Benth. White or in age rusty-colored with a dense coat of short villous down, G to 10 feet high; branches leafy to the top : leaves oblong or oval, very rigid, obtuse (2 to 4 inches long) : calyx and corolla villous, the latter somewhat salverform and about twice the length of the former. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 148. E. crassifolium & E. tomentosuvi, Benth. 1. c. San Gabriel and Fort Tejon to San Diego, &c. Corolla hardly half an inch long. 2. E. glutinosum, Benth. Smoothish, glutinous Avith a resinous exudation, 3 to 5 feet high : leaves (3 to 6 inches long) lanceolate, irregularly serrate or nearly entire, whitened beneath between the reticulations by a minute close woolliness, glabrous above : cymes in a long naked panicle : corolla tubular-funnelform, thrice the length of the sparsely and slightly hairy calyx. — Wigandia Californica, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 3G4, t. 88. Dry hills ; common through the western and southern portion of the State. Corolla lialf an inch long. Infusion of the balsamic-resiniferous leaves in spkit used as a tonic. E. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Nutt. PI. Gamb. {E. glutinosum, var. angustifolmm, Torr.), is found only in the interior, from S. Nevada and Utah to the adjacent borders of New Mexico. It is barely distinguished from E. glutinosum by its linear leaves with revolute margins, and almost campan- ulate corolla only 2 or 3 lines long. Order LXV. BORRAGINACE^. Mostly roughish-pubescent herbs, with colorless and inert juice, alternate entire leaves without stipules, scorpioid inflorescence, and perfect regular 5-androus flowers ; the ovary of 4 lobes or divisions around a central style, ripening into seed-like nutlets, or when undivided 4-celled and 4-ovuled and splitting into nutlets (if drupaceous containing seed-like stones). Calyx free, 5-parted or 5-cleft, persist- ent. Corolla with a 5-lobed limb, commonly imbricated in the bud. Stamens distinct, inserted in the tube or throat of the corolla alternate with the lobes : an- thers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovules solitary, anatropous, amphitropous, or almost orthotropous ; the orifice and the radicle of the straight embryo (mostly with- out albumen) always superior or when the nutlets are horizontal centripetal, or in one anomalous genus inferior in an erect nutlet. Lower leaves not rarely opposite. BORRAGINACEiE. • 51 9 The one-sided and coiled apparent spikes or racemes straighten as the blossoms develop : these sometimes scattered : bracts frequently wanting. Echium, an Old World genus with irregular corolla and stamens, has not reached California (although the common species is naturalized in the United States) : nor are there any of the first and second tribes with fleshy or berry-like druijaceous fruit ; these belonging mainly to tropical regions. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 48. A rather large order, of wide distribution, comprising between 60 and 70 genera, of no economi- cal iniportauce, except that the roots of several yield a red dye, and those of Coinfrey were of re- pute in popular medicine as a demulcent, while some, such as Heliotroi)cs and Forget-nie-nots, are cultivated for ornament. Although the Californian genera are hardly more numerous than those of the Atlantic States, the species are twice as many. As in the foregoing order, the scorpioid Hower-clusters are termed spikes or racemes, although the flowers are not in the axils of the bracts, when these are present. EcHiDiocARYA AiiizoNiCA, Gray, a new genus of a single species from the middle of Arizona, is doubtless wholly out of our range. The aspect of the plant is wholly that of an Eritrichiam : but the nutlets are as it were stipitate and inflexed over the short free style, with the thick and cartilaginous elongated bases or stalks united in pairs, the whole bearing some likeness to four viper-heads. Tribe I. CORDlEiE. Style tenniual, once or twice forked ; the branches tipped with a simple stigma. Ovary laterally 4-lobed or entire. Generally woody, ours herbaceous. 1. Coldenia. Corolla-lobes imbricated or partly convolute in the bud. Style simply and deeply 2-clelt. Fruit separating into 4 (or by abortion fewer) one-seeded diy nutlets. Tribe II. HELIOTROPIEjE. Style terminal, sometimes very short or none, entire : stigma a fleshy ring or the margin of a disk, which is mostly surmounted by a conical appendage. Ovary entire or laterally 2 - 4-lobed. Inflorescence unilateral. Herbs or sometimes slnubby plants. 2. Heliotropium. Corolla imbric^ated in the bud, with the sinuses plaited. Fruit splitting into 4 one-seeded or 2 two-celled and two-seeded nutlets. Tribe III. BORRAGEtE. Style central, entire or nearly so, terminated by a single stigma or pair of stigmas destitute of any appendage, its base surrounded by the divisions of the deeply 4-parted ovary, which in fruit are separate dry nutlets. Inflorescence mostly uni- lateral and scorpioid. Herbs, rarely somewhat shrubby plants, commonly scabrous or hispid. * Nutlets naked in the base of the equal and unchanged caljTC. -1- Nutlets fixed by their very base to a flat receptacle, erect ; the scar flat and rather small. 3. Lithospermum. Nutlets bony. Flowers leafy-bracted. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud, as in all the following but No. 4. 4. Myosotis. Nutlets thin-crustaceous, smooth. Inflorescence bractless. Corolla-lobes con- volute in the bud. HH +- Nutlets fixed by some part of the inner angle or face, either next the base or higher up, to a conical, low-pyramidal, or more elevated receptacle (gjTiobase), ++ Unarmed and except one species unappendaged, erect. 5. Mertensia. Flowers violet or blue. Nutlets rather fleshy, becoming coriaceous. Smooth or soft-pubescent perennials. 6. Amsinckia. Flowers bright yellow. Nutlets coriaceous or crustaceous, fixed above the base. Cotyledons 4, that is each of the pair 2-parted ! Bristly-hispid annuals. 7. Eritrichium. Flowers in ours white. Nutlets coriaceous or cartilaginous, ovate or tri- angidar. Hirsute or hispid, mostly annuals. ++ ++ Glochidiate or otherwise armed or prickly nutlets, becoming burs (sticking in the fleece or hair of sheep and cattle) : calyx open or spreading in fruit : corolla blue or wliite. 8. Echinospermum. Nutlets erect : the margin surrounded by barbed-tipped prickles. Flow- ers small, in partly hracted racciiics or s]uki.'s. Annuals (jV liicniiiids. 9. Cynoglossum. Nutlets byconiin- drpirsscl, .,l,li,|uc ,,r li,,i i/.,Htal. all the back covered with short and stout barbcd-tipiJiMl bristles ur prirklrs, at maturity separating from the receptacle from the base upwanls and hanging awhile from the style. Flowers larger, in bractless panicled racemes. Ours perennial. 520 BORRAGTNACE^. Coldenia. 10. Pectocarya. Nutlets divergent and horizontal in pairs, oblong, somewhat boat-shaped by a wing-like toothed or pectinate border, which bears more or less hook-tipped bristles. Flowers very small, white, scattered along leafy branches. * * Fertile nutlet invested by two united and comute-appendaged divisions of the very unequal calyx ; the others sterile : seed erect and radicle inferior ! 11. Harpagonella. Fructiferous portion of the calyx bur-like, about 7-horned, the homs or processes armed with hooked bristles. Flowers very small, scattered along the leafy stem and branches. 1. COLDENIA, Linn. Calyx 5-parted or deeply 5-cleft (or in one species 4-parted). Corolla short- funnelform or salverform; the lobes rounded and usually between convolute and imbricated in the bud (one lobe wholly exterior). Anthers oval. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted : stigmas small, capitate. Ovary more or less 4-lobed, in fruit forming 4 or fewer one-seeded nutlets. Seeds destitute of albumen : cotyledons thick. — Low herbs or suffrutescent plants, with mostly white small flowers in sessile terminal and lateral clusters. — DC. Prodr. ix. 558 ; Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. v. 340, viii. 292, & x. 48. Tiqiiilia, Pers. Galapagoa, Hook. f. Stegnocarpus, Ptilocalyx & Eddya, Torr. & Gray, Pacif. E. Eep. ii. 169. The original species is East Indian and also widely dispersed over the warmer parts of the world ; the sections Stegnocarpus and Ptilocalyx, and also Eddya, inhabit the southern borders of the United States from Arizona or New Mexico eastward (one of them C. hispidissima, which has naiTOW aijd excessively hispid leaves, &c., may approach the eastern borders of our State) ; the section Tiquilia consists of two Western South American species ; and finally ours form the section Tiquiliopsis, characterized by scales or plaits at the base of the corolla- tube, and cotyledons either horseshoe-shaped and surrounding or else entire and incumbent on the radicle. 1. C. Nuttallii, Hook. Annual, prostrate and many times forked, hoary -pubes- cent and sparingly hispid : leaves ovate or roundish, about 2 lines long and on petioles of equal or gTeater length, marked with 2 or 3 strong veins on each side of the midrib : flowers densely clustered in the forks of the stem : lobes of the 5-parted calyx linear, sparsely hispid, equalling the tube of the pinkish or white corolla : tilaments shorter than the anthers, inserted high up on the corolla-tube, at the base of which within are 5 very short adnate scales : style almost 2-parted : nutlets ob- long-ovate, smooth and shining, rather thin, marked with a linear ventral scar : embryo straight : cotyledons elongated horseshoe-form, the 4 long basal lobes almost enclosing the long radicle. — Benth. in Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 296; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 248. Tiquilia hrevifolia, Nutt. in herb.; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 136, & Bot. Wilkes Exp. xvii. 411, t. 12 A. Arid plains, along the eastern borders of the State {Anderson, Torrey, &c.), extending through the arid interior district from Washington Territory to Arizona, and eastward to Wyoming Territory. 2. C. Falmeri, Gray. Perhaps perennial and slightly woody at base, whitened with a fine and close pubescence, not hispid : branches ascending : leaves obovate or ovate, 2 to 4 lines long and with shorter petioles, strongly marked or lineate by about 6 pairs of straight veins : lobes of the 5-cleft calyx lanceolate, about half the length of the tube of the (bluish) corolla, which bears 5 salient plaits extending upwards quite to the base of the slender filaments : nutlets only one or two ripen- ing, these globular and with a round scar : cotyledons entire and thick, incumbent on the radicle ! — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 292, & x. 49 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 247. Tiquilia hrevifolia, \&.x. ]olicata, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 136. Sand-hills, along the Kio Colorado and the lower part of the Mohave, and adjacent parts of Arizona, Cooper, Emory, Schott, Palmer. Mr. Watson found evident albumen ; but in mature seeds there is merely a trace. ndiotropium. BORRAGINACE^. 521 2. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. IlELioxKorE. Turnsolk Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnelform or' salverform, imbricated and the sinuses plaited in the bud. Stamens included : filaments mostly short or none : anthers connivent and sometimes cohering' by their usually acuminate or mucronate tips. Style entire or none : stigma a fleshy ring or the edge of a peltate or umbrella- shaped disk, which is surmounted by a conical, capitate, or subulate often 2-cleft appendage (this obsolete in //. C^irassavicum). Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled. Fruit dry, often 4-lobed, sometimes 2-lobed, splitting into 4 one-seeded or sometimes into 2 two-seeded nutlets. Embryo either straight or curved, commonly surrounded by some albumen. — Herbs or low shrubby plants, with the usually small floAvers more commonly spiked and bractless, sometimes accompanied by leafy bracts; the so- called "spikes" one-sided and coiled at the apex, straightening as the blossoms open. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 49. A larcre genus, widely dispersed over the wanner parts of the world, represented in the United States by iully a dozen species, only three of which occur in California, and two of these are ol great range. The Sweet Heliotrope of cultivation is Peruvian {H. Pcruvumum Lnm.). U. Hvdi- cum, Linn., the common representative of the section Tiaridium, Lehm., ox Hchophytum, DU (by these and other authors regarded as a distinct genus), although a common weed ot waste giminds in warm-temperate and tropical countries, appears not to have run wild in Cahtornia. The two following are true Heliotropes, with fruit of 4 one-seeded nutlets, distinct stamens, Howers in bractless spikes, &c. § 1. Fruit A-lobed, s2Mtm(/ into 4 one-seeded mitlets.—TrnG Heliotropium. 1. H. Curassavicum, Linn. A glabrous and somewhat glaucous succulent herb, a span to a foot high, diffusely spreading : leaves oblanceolate, varying either to linear or to obovate-oblong (an inch or two in length) : spikes mostly eitlier m |)airs or twice forked, forming a kind of cyme : flowers crowded, pure white, ratlier large for the genus : stigma sessile, umbrella-shaped, nearly flat-topped, as broad as the glabrous ovary. Sands of the sea-shore, also in damp saline soil in the interior ; widely spread over the world. Specimens from Tcjou {L'othrock) apparently have blue flowers ! 2. H. inundatum, Swartz. Annual, hoary with a fine appressed pubescence, a foot or two high : leaves spatulate-oblong or sometimes oblanceolate, tapering at base into a slender petiole : spikes 2 to 4 in a cluster, filiform : flowers very small and close : corolla only a line long, white : stigma sessile, thick, surmounted by a short blunt cone. California, Coulter (probably on the Eio Colorado) : thence to Texas ; also West Indies, Tropical America, &c. § 2. Fricit 2-globose, solid, each lobe or carpel splitting into 2 Jiemispherical one-seeded nutlets : corolla pretty large : style long : truncate cone of the stigma bearded ivith a tuft of strong bristles. — Euploca, Gray. {Eiqiloca, jSTutt.) 3. H. convolvulaceum, Gray. Annual, with diff'use 'or spreading branches from the base (a span to a foot long), hoary or strigose-hispid : leaves oblong-lance- olate or ovate, petioled : floAvers scattered, short-pedicelled, generally opposite the leaves, sweet-scented, opening toAvards evening : corolla Avhite, Avith the upper part of the hairy tube somcAvhat enlarged and the orifice narroAved, and a rotate scarcely lobed but plaited border : anthers Avith slightly cohering tips. — :Mem. Am. Acad, vi. 403 ; Proc. Am. Acad. v. 340, x. 50. Eiq^loca convolvidacea, Nutt. m Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 189 ; Torr. in Marcy, Eep. t. 15. In white sand near "Soda Lake," Dr. Cooper. Otherwise known only east of the Rocky Mountains, on sandy plains, from Nebraska to Texas. 522 BORRAGINACE^E. Litliospermum. 3. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. Gromwell. Puccoon. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salverform or funnelform ; its lobes rounded, imbricated in the bud. Filaments short. Style slender : stigma capitate - 2-lobed or some- times truncate. Ovary of 4 distinct lobes. JSTutlets 4, or by abortion fewer, ovate, bony, naked, usually white and smooth, erect, attached to the flat receptacle by the base ; the scar flat, rather small. — Herbs, usually with red or violet-colored roots which contain coloring-matter, pubescent or hairy ; the flowers in or near the axils of the upper leaves, or leafy-spiked. A genus of a considerable number of species in the Old World, several in North America, of wliieh the most striking are the Puccoons. One of these, L. cancsccns, reaches Arizona, and a species much like it has been sparingly found in California, viz. : 1. L. Californicum, Gray. Perennial, a foot or two high, soft-hirsute through- out : leaves lanceolate or oblong (about 2 inches long) : corolla apparently bright light yellow, hardly an inch long ; its narrow tube almost twice the length of the soft-hirsute calyx ; the open and enlarged throat nearly naked ; lobes very short. — L. canescens, var., Torr. Pacif. K. Eep. iv. 124. Grass Valley, Nevada Co., Bigdow. Plumas Co., Lemmon. The former in flower, the latter in fruit : i'ruiting branches not elongated. 2. L. pilosum, Nutt. Perennial, pale or hoary with a soft hirsute pubescence : stems numerous from a stout root, a foot high, very leafy : leaves narrowly lanceo- late (2 to 4 inches long), mostly tapering from base to apex : flowers crowded in a leafy cluster : corolla dull greenish-yellow, hardly half an inch long, silky outside, the open throat naked or nearly so : nutlets broadly ovate, acute, smooth and pol- "ished. — Jour. Acad. Philad. viii. 43 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 238. L. ruderale, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 89. Hills and canons of the Sierra Nevada (Sierra Valley, Carson, &c. ), and through the interior to British Columbia, and east to Dakota. 4. MYOSOTIS, Linn. Scorpion-Grass. Forget-me-not. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft. Corolla between salverform and rotate ; the tube rarely surpassing the calyx ; throat with small and blunt crests at base of the rounded lobes ; these convolute in the bud. Stamens, pistil, &c., as in Lithosper- mum. Nutlets smooth, somewhat compressed, thin-crustaceous in texture, attached to the flat receptacle by the very base ; the scar minute. — Low herbs, mostly soft- hairy ; with small flowers in so-called spikes or racemes, bractless, but sometimes there is a leaf or two at base of the inflorescence. Corolla blue, varying to purple or white. Species rather numerous in the cooler parts of the Old World, very few in the New. None have yet been detected in California ; but the following are not unlikely to occur, and are there- fore briefly characterized. Both are of the section in which the calyx is closed or with lobes erect in fruit, and some of its loose hairs or bristles minutely hooked at tip. 1. M. verna, Nutt. Annual or biennial, at first erect, a span to a foot high, roughish-hirsute : leaves spatulate-oblong : racemes strict, often leafy at base : pedi- cels in fruit equalling or shorter than the rather unequally 5-cleft hispid calyx, the lower part erect, the upper spreading : corolla white, very small. — M. versicolor & M. flaccida in part. Hook. Fl. (1). Lycopsis Virginica, Linn. Coast of Oregon ; a large and loose form, with nutlets unusually large (var. macros2)crma, Chapman) ; rather common through the Atlantic States. 2. M. sylvatica, Hoffmann, var. alpestris, Koch. Perennial, in loose tufts, pubescent or barely hirsute, a span or so in lieight : leaves oblong-linear or lance- Amsinckia. BORRAGINACE^. 523 olate ; racemes rather dense : pedicels short and mostly spreading : corolla with bri"ht blue or at first purple limb about 3 lines in diameter. Mountains of Oregon and northward (to be sought in the high Sierra Nevada or on the north- western borders of the State) : extending to the Arctic regions, and in Asia and Lurope. 5. MERTENSIA, Rotli. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, herbaceous. Corolla salverform or somewhat funnel- form, with rounded lobes, the open throat naked or with mostly inconspicuous crests. Filaments in our species broader than the anthers. Style filiform : stigma minutely capitate. Nutlets ovate or somewhat triangular, between fleshy and cori- aceous dull, commonly somewhat wrinkled when dry, sometimes smooth and vesicular, fixed, usually by a projection of the ventral angle towards or above the base, to a low pyramidal or convex receptacle or gynobase. - Perennials, remarkable in this order for their smoothness; with broad leaves, and racemose or paniculate- clustered flowers, which are usually nodding or inclined on rather slender pedicels, only the lowest leafy-bracted : flowers blue, violet-purple, or rarely white. — DC. 1. c; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 339 & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 52. A Unus of a dozen or more species, divided between North America and Northern Asia, one the Sierra Nevada. 1 M Sibirica, Don. Smooth and glabrous or nearly so, a foot or more higli, rather succulent, ikfy : leaves pale, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute 2 to 5 inches W or the lowest larger and broader, minutely ciliate : flowers at hrst clustered : corola half an inch or less long, much longer than the oblong obtuse divisions of the calyx; the 5-cleft limb about half the length of the tube : stamens protrud- in- out of the throat, and the capillary style early projecting beyond the lobes. — Gray, 1. c. ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 239. Pidmonaria Sibirica, Lmn. Mertensia deniiculata & ciiiata, DC. Alon- mountain streams, in the Sierra Nevada, BoJ.ander, Lcmmon. Also in the mountains eastwaixi, and in N. E. Asia. Flowers handsome, violet-blue. 6. AMSINCKIA, Lehm. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla salverform, or at the throat somewhat funnel- form, more or less plaited in bud at the sinuses, with tube exceeding the calyx, and rounded lobes: throat naked or rarely with minute hairy tufts opposite the lobes. Filaments short : anthers oblong or oblong-linear. Style filiform : stigma capitate- 2-lobed. Nutlets ovate-triangular or triquetrous, coriaceous or crustaceous, affixed above the base to an oblong-pyramidal gynobase ; the scar ovate or oblong. Coty- ledons each 2-parted! — Hispid annuals (of Western America, one in Chih), with oblon-ovate to linear leaves, and yellow flowers in at length loose spikes or racemes, without bracts, except sometimes to the lowest. Bristles mostly from a conspic- uous pustulate base. Flowers, at least in some species, dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and length of style. - Fischer & Meyer, Ind. Seiu. Ilort. 1 etrop. 1835, 26 ; DC. Prodr. x. 117 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 54. The species are difficult to characterize, except the last, which 1ms a peculiar fruit. 524 BORRAGINACE.E. Amsinclcia. § 1. JVutlets broadly ovate-triangular, somewhat incurved, narrowed at the apex, con- vex and someivhat ridged on the back, dull, roughened-granulate, rugose, or muricate ; ventral angle acute and prominent down to the rather broad scar. Hz Nutlets beset with slender prickly p>rojections, 1. A. echinata, Gray, 1. c. Erect, 3 feet high : leaves lanceolate or broadly- linear : corulla slender, apparently light yellow, 3 or 4 lines long, not broadened at the tliroat, twice the length of the yellowish-hispid calyx : anthers borne in the throat, oval-oblong : nutlets thickly armed with long and narrow rather soft spiny projections, and between these sharp granulate points, not rugose. Sandy plains, west of Fort Mohave, Cooper. The nutlets are peculiar ; otherwise the species resembles some forms of the next. * * Nutlets granulate-roughened or rugose, the muricate points very short if any, the back convex or at length keeled or ridged. 2. A. spectabilis, Fischer & Meyer, 1. c. Erect, slender, a span (when depau- perate) to a foot high : leaves mostly linear : tube of the bright orange-yellow corolla twice or thrice the length of the linear lobes of the rusty or reddisli-yellow-hispid calyx, nearly half an inch long ; the throat enlarging, and the expanded limb a third to half an inch in diameter : anthers oblong- linear, when high protruding from the throat : nutlets granulate-rugose, roundish on the back. — A. Douglasiana, A. DC. Prodr. x. 118. Open ground, throughout the southern and western part of the State, and as far northeast as Plumas Co. The corolla lias 5 minute bearded tufts in jilace of crests in the thioat, when the stamens are inserted low down the tube ; these not found when the anthers are borne in the throat, which is more plaited than in the other si^ecies. 3. A. intermedia, Fischer & INIeyer, 1. c. Erect, usually a foot or two high : the bristles even of the calyx whitish or merely yellowish : leaves linear or only the lower lanceolate : corolla bright yellow, 3 or 4 lines long ; its tube a little surpass- ing the narrow-linear calyx-lobes ; the limb barely 2 or 3 lines in diameter : anthers oblong, high or sometimes low on the tube : nutlets not half the length of the narrow calyx-lobes. — A. lycopsoides, partly, of authors, & Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Dry open groimds, on the eastern borders of the State (Carson City, Andersmi) and common in the interior country to Utah, Idaho, and Oregon. Also near the coast in Sonoma Co., &c. ; on the sea-shore perhaps passing into the next species. 4. A. lycopsoides, Lehm. More branching and diffuse in age : leaves mostly lanceolate, or even oblong, greener, and the sparse bristles with conspicuous pustu- late base : lower part of the at length lax spikes commonly leafy-bracted : corolla light yellow, 3 lines long or less ; the tube equalling or hardly surpassing the lan- ceolate calyx-lobes, which are hardly twice the length of the nutlets : anthers short. — Del. Sem. Hort. Hamb. 1831, 7 ; Gray, 1. c. in part. Lithospermum lycoptsoides, Lehm. Pug. PI. ii. 28, & Hook. Fl. ii. 89. On the coast, San Francisco Bay to Puget Sound. Limb of the corolla a line or two broad. * =it * Ntitlets nearly flat on the back, not keeled, coarsely granulate. 5. A. tessellata, Gray. About a foot high, rather stout, coarsely hispid, the bristles of the calyx rusty-reddish or paler : corolla orange-yellow, 3 or 4 lines long ; the throat plaited ; the tube rather longer than the lanceolate obtuse calyx-lobes : anthers oblong : nutlets broadly ovate, obscurely ridged on the flattened back, thickly covered with truncate warty granulations, which are compacted in more or less wavy transverse lines (so as to appear rugose), closely fitting like the blocks of a pavement. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 54. Dry or arid grounds, from Tejon (Xantus), and the mountains north of Monte Diablo {Brewer), to the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada {Anderson, Lcmmon), and through Nevada {Watson, &c.) to Southern Utah, Parry. EritricMum. BORRAGINACEJE. 0:^0 § 2, Nutlets ovate-triquetroas, straight, at maturiti/ ivhitish, smooth and polished, attached by the louver part of the sharp inner angle, the scar narrow, all three faces fiat or nearly so. 6. A. vernicosa, Hook. er Salinas Eiver, Monterey Co., and Tejon, to Plumas and Sierra counties. The sUky-villous wool very soft and velvety. * * No calyx-like bracts, sometimes a pair of leaves close vnder the floioer or a pair of bracts at some distance below it. 5. C. luteolus, Gray, (ilabrous or pubescent : stems at length 2 or 3 feet long and twmuig : leaves triangular-hastate or sagittate, the basal lobes sometimes 2-lobed : peduncles commonly as long as the leaves, bearing a pair of linear or lanceolate entire foliaceous bracts a little helow the flower ; a second flower occa- sionally from the axil of one of them : sepals mostly broad and roundish : corolla pale yellow, an inch or more in length.— Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. fyomoea sacfittifoUa Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 151 {\), but the stigmas are linear. Var. fulcratus, Gray, 1. c. More pubescent : a pair of hastate or sagittate small leaves fur bracts either below or close to tlie flower. — C. Californicus, Torr. Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 127, not of Choisy. Hillsides from Lake and Colusa to Alameda counties. Variable in foliage, generally crlabrous • the bracts from 1 to 4 lines long and about the same distance below the calyx. Var! fulcratus which in aspect sometimes much resembles the less do\^■ny forms of the preceding species, comes from the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada (Sonora, Bu/elow) to Fort Tejon ( Wallace, Horn) and Cajon Pass {Cooper) : its bracteal leaves commonly half an inch long. ' 0. C. longipes, AVatson. Glabrous throughout, erect and much branched, tlie filiform branches sometimes twining : leaves small and sparse, rather sliurt-petioled, or tlie upper sessile, entire, or most of the lower hastate by a pair of oblong or linear divaricate basal lobes : peduncles 1-flowered, 2 to 6 inches long, naked, or Avith one or two distant small leaves remote from the bractless calyx :°corolla yel- lowish, over an inch long. — Am. Nat. vii. 302. Owen's Valley or near Fort Tejon, Br. Horn.. Southern Nevada, Lmit. Wheeler. 2. CRESSA, Linn. Corolla deeply 5-cleft, not plaited ; the oblong or ovate lobes more than half the length of the somewhat campanulate tube, lightly convolute in the bud, or witli one lobe external. Stamens and the two distinct entire styles exserted. Stigmas capitate. Capsule 2-valved, by abortion commonly one-seeded. — A single species. 1. C. Cretica, Linn. Perennial herb, a span or two high, erect or diffuse, exceedingly branched, silky-villous and hoary : leaves very numerous, small (2 to 4 lines long), almost sessile, mostly ovate-lanceolate or oblong : flowers sessile or sliort-peduncled in the upper axils : corolla 2 or 3 lines long, white, silky-pubescent outside, a little longer than the calyx. — C. Trnxillensis, B.V>K., a name for the American form, which dues not much differ from that of Australia {C. cmstralis, E. Brown), but is more silky than that of Europe. Saline soil, along the whole length of the coast. Also in alkaline soil in valleys of the Monte Diablo Range, Brewer. Extends lo Arizona, &c., and coast of S. America round to S. Brazil. Cuscuta. CONVOLYULACEyB. 535 3. CUSCUTA, Tourn. Dodder. (By Dr. George Engelmann.) Calyx 5- (sometimes 4-) cleft or parted. Corolla campanulate or short-tuljular, the spreading limb 5 - 4-parted, between convolute and imbricated in the bud, not plaited. Stamens mostly furnished with a scale-like fringed appendage below their insertion in the throat. Ovary globose, 2-celled, 4-ovuled, Styles in all our species 2^ distinct. Capsule 1 - 4-seeded, circumscissile (bursting transversely), or mostly baccate. Embryo filiform, spirally coiled in the (when dry) hard-fleshy albumen, destitute of cotyledons, sometimes furnished at the upper part with a few alter- nate scales (belonging to the plumule), germinating in the soil, but not rooting in it, developing into filiform and branching annual stems of a yellowish or reddish hue, which become parasitic on the bark of herl^s or small shrubs, being attached by means of suckers at the Avhole surface of contact (the base soon dying away), twining extensively, bearing occasional small scales in the place of leaves. Flowers small, cymose or densely clustered, white or whitish, usually produced late in the season. — Engelm. in Amer. Jour. Sci. 1842, & Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. (1859) i. 453. A widely distriluited genus of nearly 80 species, divided into three subgenera ; the first, Eucus- C2i<«(with(listiii>'i\\ ; tin- second and largest, Grammica (with distintt styles and capitate stigmas), belonging princiiially to the New, the third and smallest, .lA)/(. »/'/"'' (with styles unitetl into one), scattered over the whole globe. The Californian si.rrii.s aic nil of the section ( '/isfn,jrinii- ■iniai, having capitate stigmas and a baccate or indehisrciit lapsulc. The following spct'ics, natives of Arizona or Utah, are not unlikely to reach California : — C. TENUiFLORA, Engelm. and C. obtusiflora, HBK., both ynth closed or baccate capsule: C. APPLANATA, Engelm., C. odontolepis, Engelm., and C. tjmbellata, HBK., with capsule opening regularly round the base. % Caj^sule depressed-globose. 1. C. arvensis, Beyrich. Stems capillary : flowers small (about a line long), in small umbel-like cymes, pedicellate : tube of the broad-campanulate corolla included in the broadly lobed calyx, as long as or rather sliorter than its ovate- lanceolate inflexed-pointed lobes : scales large, broadly oval, deeply fringed : styles shorter than the large depressed ovary : capsule depressed-globose, girt at the base by the persistent corolla : seeds 4. — Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 2, 336, & ed. 5, 378. Long Valley, Mendocino Co., Kellogg. Not rare from the Middle Atlantic States to Texas, but thus far found only once in California. 2. C. Californica, Choisy, and Hook. & Arn. Stems capillary ; flowers small or middle-sized, pedicelled in loose few-flowered cymes : lobes of the calyx acute : lobes of the corolla lanceolate-subulate, as long as or longer than the shallow cam- panulate tube : filaments mostly as long as the linear-oblong anthers : scales none, or sometimes indicated by rudimentary inverted arches near the base of the tube : ovary small, mostly depressed, with slender styles; capsule depressed. — DC. Prodr. ix. 457. — -The extreme forms are : Var. breviflora, Engelm. Flowers scarcely more tlian a line long : calyx-lobes acuminate, etiualling or surpassing the tube of the corolla : filaments and anthers short : styles as long as the ovary : corolla withering at base of or around the 2-4- seeded capsule. — Engelm. in Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. 1. c. 499. Var. longiloba, Engelm. 1. c. Flowers longer-pedicelled, \h to 2^ lines long: calyx-lobes short, or sometimes long and acuminate and even recui'ved at tip : lobes 536 CONVOLVULACE.E. Cmcuta. of the corolla slender, longer than the tube or even twice as long : filaments and anthers more slender : styles much longer than the ovary : capsule mostly 1 -seeded and enveloped by the corolla. Not rare through the western part of the State. The shorter-flowered variety from the coast at Monterey (Hartweg) to Clear Lake ( Torreij), and to the Tuolumne in the Sierra Nevada {Bolun- der) : a low plant, often only a few inches high. The var. longiloba, principally near the coast in the southern part of the State, Santa Barbara to San Diego and into Arizona, in arid localities, on Erioiionum, &c. These extreme and the numerous intermediate forms are easily recognized hy the delicate white sharply -lobed flowers destitute of the substamiueal scales : lobes of calyx and corolla never overlapping. -A -,v ■ Cajjsule more or less co7iical or jiointed. 3. C. salina, n. sp. Engelm. Stems slender: flowers (1^ to 2| lines long) pedicelled in loose cymes, shorter and wider than in the next : lobes of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, acute, as long as the similar but mostly broader and overlapping denticulate lobes and as the shallow campanulate tube of the corolla : filaments about as long as the oval anthers : fringed scales mostly shorter than the tube, sometimes incomplete : styles as long as or shorter than the pointed ovary ; capsule conical, surrounded (not covered) by the withered corolla, mostly 1 -seeded. — C. sxibinchisa, var. abbreviata, & C. Californica, var. (?) squamiffera, Engelm. 1. c. 499, 500. Saline marshes, on various Chenopodiaceous plants, especially Sa/icornia: Bay of San Francisco, C. Wright, Bolander, Kellogg. Also extending to British Columbia {LijaU), and in the interior to Arizona and Southern LTtah. In many respects intennediate between the preceding and the following species ; but distinguished from the former by the presence of infrastamineal scales and the larger flowers ; from the latter by the less crowded flowers, with shorter more delicate and open corolla. 4. C. subinclusa, Durand & Hilgard. Stems rather coarse : flowers sessile or short-pedicelled, at length in large (half-inch or inch thick) clusters, 2| to 3| or 4 lines long : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acutish, overlapping, much shorter than the cylindrical at last urn-shaped tube of the corolla : lobes of the corolla much shorter than tube, ovate-lanceolate, acute, minutely crenulate or papillose : anthers oval, nearly sessile: scales narrow, fringed, reaching only to the middle of the tube: slender styles longer than the pointed ovary : capsule conical, capped by the with- ered corolla : seeds mostly solitary. The most common Califomian species, on shrubs or coarse herbs throughout the State, mostly in the mountains, the coast ranges as well as the Sierra Nevada, but also along the coast. The long and naiTow tube of the corolla, only partially covered by the thick and fleshy and usually reddish calyx, readily distinguishes this sjjecies. 5. C. decora, Choisy, Engelm. Stems coarse : flowers (1| to 2| lines long) pedicelled in loose clusters : lobes of the fleshy calyx acute, as long as the broadly campanulate tube of the corolla : lobes of the latter as long as its tube, ovate-lance- olate, minutely papillose-crenate, spreading and with acute inflexed tips : scales large, broadly oval, deeply fringed : capsule pointed, enveloped by the remains of the corolla : seeds about 4. Near Clear Lake, Bolander ; on a Senecio. A variable sjiecies of the southern Atlantic States, extending through a large part of America, apparently rare in Califoinia. The only specimen seen belongs to the large-flowered form, which often has deep purple anthers and stigmas. Tex- ture of the corolla fleshy, granular-papillose. G. C. denticulata, Engelm. Stems capillary : flowers small (about a line long), short-pedicelli'd in small umbel-like clusters : tube of the broadly campanulate corolla included in the rounded-lobed and denticulate calyx, and as long as its round-ovate spreading lobes : anthers oval, on very short fllaments : scales reaching to the base of the stamens, denticulate at the rounded tip : styles as long as the pointed ovary : stigmas very small and hardly capitate : capsule covered by the withered corolla, 1 - 2-seeded. — Parry in Am. Nat. ix. 348. Southwestern Utah, Parry. To be looked for in adjacent parts of California. SOLANACE^. 537 Order LXVII. SOLANACEiE. Herbs or shrubs (commonly rank-scented), with colorless juice, alternate leaves and no stipules, regular 5-merous 5-androus flowers on bractlcss pedicels, the corolla valvate or sometimes imbricated and usually plaited in the bud, a single style, and a (normally) 2-celled ovary ; the fruit a many-seeded berry or capsule ; the embryo slender and mostly curved in fleshy albumen :- distinguished from Scrophularmcew by the recrular 5-androus flowers; from the preceding orders with free calyx and stamens al many as the lobes of the regular corolla, by the plaited corolla along with a single style, placentie in the axis, numerous seeds, curved embryo, &c. beeds campylotropous or amphitropous. Calyx usually persistent. Flowers solitary or cymose, mostly unaccompanied by bracts, aM the cymes or their branches oftener secund or scorpioid and imitating racemes, in the manner of Borrarjuracejcoperskinn. 1. LYCOPERSICUM, Tourn. Tomato. Flowers as in Solaman, except tliat tlie anthers (on very short filaments) are united by their contiguous edges into a cone, and their cells open longitudinally down the whole length of the inner face, not by a hole at the apex. — Herbs of the warmer part of America, one species widely dispersed in cultivation ; the small racemose flowers on peduncles wMch soon become lateral or opposite a leaf : pedicels articu- lated and reflexed in fruit. 1. L. esculentum, Mill. (Tomato.) Annual, widely spreading, rank-scented, hirsute and glandular, at least 'the branches: leaves interruptedly once or twice pinnate ; the larger leaflets cut and toothed, the interposed small ones rounder and often entire : corolla yellow : berry edible. — Solammi Lycoperdcum, Linn. The common Tomato probably lias run wild, in cultivated and waste giounds in the southern l^art of the State. _ Var. cerasiforme (Cherry Tomato) is seemingly native along the southern borders of the United States as far west as Arizona, probably reaching California. The parts of the flower, normally five, and two in the ovary, are often increased in the cultivated plant, and very commonly two or more flowers are blended into one. 2. SOLANUM, Tourn. Kigutshade. roxATO. Calyx and rotate corolla 5-parted or cleft (or sometimes 4-10-parted or lobed); the lobes of the latter valvate in the bud, with margins usually turned inwards more or less, or the sinuses plaited. Filaments short : anthers distinct, although often conniving ; the cells with a hole or chink at the apex, in many species also opening lengthwise. Style elongated : stigma mostly entire. Ovary with 2 cells, or rarely more, becoming a berry. Seeds many, flat. — Herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants, of various aspect and foliage. One of the largest genera knov\'n, chiefly indigenous to wann climates, a moderate numlier in temperate regions, but exceedingly few in the Pacific United States. S. tubekusum is the com- mon Potato. S. Melongena, the Aubergine or Egg-plant. S. heterouoxum, Dunal, and S. rostratum, Dunal, peculiar species extending from Mexico well into the United States east of the Eocky Mountains (and remarkable for prickliness, for somewhat irregular corolla, one anther much larger and longer than the rest, and the berry completely and closely invested by the prickly calj-x), might be expected to reach California by way of Arizona ; but they have not been met with here. * Never prickly : anthers not tapjering iqoward, disposed to dehisce from top to bottom. -i- Corolla {mostly white) deqily 5-cleft or bpmrted, small. 1. S. nigrum, Linn. Annual, or sometimes becoming woody at base and more enduring, widely branching, green and almost glabrous : leaves more or less ovate and sinuate-toothed, sometimes merely repand or nearly entire, acute or acuminate : flowers in small and pedunculate lateral umbellate clusters : berries small, black when ripe, or rarely reddish. (The common Black Nightshade.) Var. Douglasii, Gray. Varying from almost glabrous to hoary-puberulent, and from one to .several feet high : leaves apt to be coarsely toothed, and the flowers larger (sometimes lialf an inch or more in diameter) : fruiting calyx erect. — ^S'. Doug- lasii, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. 49, "Waste and cultivated grounds and along streams towards the coast ; mainly or wholly the var. Iiiuiiilasii. \\\i'n-}\ is scciiiiugly indigenous, sometimes very large, and "shrubby at base." ,S'. tnul:>UJj< nil,,. v;ir. i ,;i,l, ,ir1,,doti, Torr. in Pacif. H. Rep. vii. 12, from Santa Inez, is of this form. Soutlnviud it runs into the var. nodiflornm, which inclines to have entire leaves and glabrous filaments, and the fruiting calyx reflexed. In multifarious forms this weed occurs in almost every country. At least fifty of the species admitted by Dunal in De Candolle's Prodromus are by other authors reduced to this. The beriies have the reputation of beiug poisonous, but in some parts of the world they are safely eaten. Capsicum. SOLANACE.'E. 539 2. S. triquetrum, Cav. Perennial and more or less woody at Lase, glahrons : the slender and triangular branches disposed to climb or to be (lexuous : leaves deltoid-cordate or hastate, sometimes 3-5-lobed, the margins entire; the middle lobe varying to lanceolate or even linear: umbellate pedunculate clustei-s rather few- flowered; berry red. — Cav. Ic. iii. 30, t. 259. 8. LiTidkeimeriaimiii, '^clumla in Linnasa, xxi. 7G6. From Texas westward along the southern frontier ; given on the autlioiity of a sterile specimen said to be Californian, but more likely from Arizona. +- -i- Corolla {violet or blue and showy, often green and yellow in the throat), b-angled or very moderately 5-lobed, very flat : j)edimcles short, terminal or becoming lateral, bearing an open forhing or timhellate cyme ; a nodose or cupshaped enlargement tinder the articulation at the base of each slender pedicel : berries 2JU7-ple, the base covered by the somewhat enlarged calyx. 3. S. Xanti, Gray. Perennial, nearly herbaceous except the base, pubescent with siniph^, glandular hairs, or sometimes almost glabrous: branches slender: leaves thinni.sh, ovate or ovate-oblong, entire or repand, or rarely auriculate-lobed at the usually obtuse or rounded or subcordate base : corolla from three fourths to a full inch in dianu'ter. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 90. Var. Wallace!, Gray, 1. c. Leaves and flowers much larger ; the former 3 or 4 inches long and the corolla fully an inch and a half in diameter : inflorescence and branches villous with long and viscid many-jointed hairs. Common through the southern part of the State, and north to Santa Bai'bara ; also on the l)or- ders of Nevada, and in Sierra Co. Has been confounded with the following, and is almost as polymorphous ; is known by the pubescence of simple and jointed liairs, connuoidy tipped with a gland. Named for Xantus dc Vcscy, one of the first to collect it. Yar. JFallacci, Catalina Island, a striking form. 4. S. umbelliferum, Eschscholtz. Perennial from a shrubby base, minutely hoary-pubesceiit or tomentose with short many-branched hairs, occasionally almost glabrous : flowering branches mostly short and leafy : leaves obovate and oblong and commonly obtuse, sometimes ovate and acute, entire (lialf an inch to an inch or two in length); the upper acute or narrowed, the lower and larger ones rounded at base : flowers few or several in umbel-like clusters : corolla about three fourths of an inch in diameter. — *S'. Californicum & *S'. genistoides, Dunal in DC. ; the latter a starved and twiggy form with small leaves. Common from the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada to the coast, and south to San Diego Co. A very polymorphous species, producing through the season its handsome violet-blue (or rarely white) flowers. * =k Someti7nes pricliy : anthers longer, tajiering upwards, opening only at the tip. 5. S. elaeagnifolium, Cav. Low perennial, or the base somewhat woody, silvery- whitenetl all over by a dense and rather scurfy pubescence composed of many- rayed stellate hairs : prickles straight and small on the branches and midribs, but some- times wanting : leaves lanceolate or oblong, sinuate or entire : peduncles at flrst terminal, few-flowered : calyx 5-angled and Avith slender lobes : corolla violet, moderately 5-lobed, an inch or less in diameter : ovary tomentose : berry yellowish, at length nearly black. • A Mexican and extra-tropical South American species, extending from Texas to Arizona, and in a shrubby form (.S*. Hindsianuvi, Benth.) to Lower California : probably in the southeastern part of the State. 3. CAPSICUM, Tourn. Cayexxe TK-prER. Chile. Calyx short, minutely toothed or truncate, little enlai-ging, girting the base of the acrid and sometinn's juiccless Ijerry. Corolla 5 - G-cleft. Anthers shoi'ter or not longer than the Hianient, obKtug, blunt ; tlu> cell.; oitcuiug lengthwise. Other- 540 SOLANACE.E. Capsicum. wise as Solanum. — Herbs or shrubs, natives of the warm parts of America, green and mostly glabrous ; with many-times forking stems, ovate and entire or barely repand thinnish leaves, and small flowers on solitary or cymose-clustfered pedicels. Corolla mostly white and the anthers bluish. Capsicum annuum, Linn., is the Cayenne Pepper, or Chile Colorado of the Mexicans, Avith large and long pod-like fruit, of very warm and pungent acridity. 1. C. baccatum, Linn. Shrubby, a foot or two high, with slender divero-in<^ branches : leaves ovate, slender-petioled : berry globular, as large as a pea, on a slender erect peduncle. Wild along the Mexican fiontier, and in Arizona, probably within the borders of the State, the form called C. microphylluin by Dunal in DC. Prodr. 4. CHAM^SARACHA, Gray. Calyx 5-lobed, enlarging after flowering, but remaining rather herbaceous, not reticidated, incompletely investing the rather dry-globose berry. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate. Anthers short, on slender (not at all connivent) fllaments ; the cells opening lengthwise throughout. — Low perennial (Texano-Californian) herbs ; with the corolla of Saracha and a calyx between that of Solanum and Physalis, with rather narrow leaves tapering into margined petioles, and in their axils filiform solitary or sometimes geminate pedicels, which are mostly refracted or recurved in fruit. Corolla white, yellowish, or tinged with violet. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 891. Saracha § Chama^saracha, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. G2. 1. C. Coronopus, Gray. Difl'usely much branched, green, almost glabrous, or beset with sumc .sijort and roughish hairs, a span high ; leaves lanceolate or linear with cuneate-attenuate base, varying from almost entire to laciniate-pinnatifid : calyx somewhat scurfy-hirsute with 2-forked hairs : corolla yellowish, half an inch or less in diameter : berry nearly white : seeds thickish, rugose and lavose. — Sola- nmn Coronopus, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. G4. Withania (1) Coronopus, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 155. Saracha (Chamasaracha) Coronopus, Gray, 1. c. Saracha acutifolia, Miers in Ann. & Mag. IS^at. Hist. 1849] (but the flowers too small). Arizona {Palmer) and S. Utah {Capt. Bishop) to Texas and Colorado. Not met with in Cali- fornia, imless it be Saracha- acutifolia of Miers, and it is probable Coulter's specimen on which that was founded came from Arizona. The more eastern and broader-leaved specimens are near to C. sordida, which is pubescent and glandular. 2. C. nana, Gray. Many-stemmed from slender creeping rootstocks, barely a span high, cinereous-puberulent, comparatively large-leaved : leaves crowded, ob- long-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, entire or undulate (the blade an inch or two long, and at base contracted into a petiole of equal length) : peduncles mostly shorter than the petiole : corolla white or bluish, 7 to 9 lines in diameter : fruiting calyx hemispherical and with distant subulate teeth : seeds flat, smoothish, — Saracha nana. Gray, 1. c. Eastern part of the Sierra Nevada in Nevada and Sierra counties, Kellogg or Bolander, Lent- man. Connects with Physalis through P. grandiflora. 5. PHYSALIS, Linn. Ground Chekiiy. Calyx 5-lobed, enlarging after flowering and becoming membranaceous and veiny, forming a loose bladdery envelope enclosing the 2-celled juicy berry. Corolla rotate or commonly with an open-campanidate base, 5-angulate or obscurely lobed. An- thers oblong or linear, not connivent, on short or slender filaments ; the cells open- ing lengthwise tliroughout. — Herbs, widely distributed over the world, mainly in Orijdes. SOLAN ACE J5. 541 the warmer regions, the greater number American, but there are remarkably few in Oregon and California, and those only on the borders. The fruit of several species is edible when cooked, but of little importance. § 1. Corolla violet or 2ntrple, ojmi-rotate : seeds thickish and obscurely tnhercidate- rugose: calyx, pedicels, and all the young parts scurfy-grannliferous or mealy, otherwise wholly glabrous. — Cham^physalis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. X. 62. 1. P. lobata, Torr. Low, diffusely branched or at length spreading and de- cumbent from a 'thickish perennial root : leaves oblong-spatulate or obovate, vary- ing from nearly entire to angulate-toothed and pinnatitid, tapering into a margined petiole : pedicels usually in pairs, longer than the flower : corolla from half to two thirds of an inch wide : fruiting calyx globular-inflated, about halt an inch Jong.— Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 226. Solanum luteal ijior am, Dunal m DC. 1. c. baraclux acutifolia, Miers? Dry plains, from Texas to Arizona ; probably reaching the southeastern border of Calirornia. § 2. Corolla white, greenish, or yellow, mostly rotate-campannlate : seeds smooth aiid even, minutely punctate : no scurf or mealiness, and leaves never truly pin- natifid. — I'rue Physalis. * Root perennial : anthers yellow : corolla not spotted or dark in the centre : leaves thickish. 2. P. crassifolia, Beuth. Pale or minutely hoary with an extremely short and fine almost imperceptible pubescence: leaves at length nearly glabrous (half to an inch and a half long), ovate or round-cordate, repandly few-toothed or almost entire : pedicels long and slender : corolla apparently cream-color, half an inch in diameter : fruiting calyx an inch long, 5-angled. — Bot. Sulph. 40. P. cardiophylla, Torr. Lot. Mex. Bound. 153, a form with mostly round-cordate leaves. Along the Rio Colorado {Bigelow, kc), east of San Bernardino {Parry), and in Lower California. P. GLABRA, Benth. 1. c., is a diffuse and small-leaved species, as yet known only in Lower California, well marked by being perfectly glabrous, even to the calyx, the leaves ovate-lanceo- late and approaching hastate ; otherwise nearly like P. crassifolia. \ * ^00!! annual : anthers tinged with blue or violet : corolla greenish-yellow tvith a dark centre : leaves thin or soft. 3. P. Eequata, Jacq. Green and almost glabrous, a foot or two high, widely spreading : leaves ovate or oblong, sinuate-toothed or repand : pedicels very short : corolla less than half an inch broad : fruiting calyx ovate-globose and little angled at maturity. — Jacq. f. Eclog. 2, t. 137 ; Gray, 1. c. This is in Coulter's Californian collection, probably from the most southern part of the State, as it is a JMcxiean species. 4. P. pubescens, Linn. A foot or two high, widely spreading, villous or pubescent with viscid spreading soft hairs, strong-scented : leaves ovate or cordate, varying from entire to angulate-toothed, rather tender, about 2 inches long : pedi- cels shorter than the ovate strongly 5-angled fruiting calyx : corolla barely half an inch in diameter. Fort Yuma, on the Rio Colorado (Thomas, &c.), thence eastward to the Atlantic States, where it is common. 6. ORYCTES, Watson. Calyx deeply 5 -cleft, with narrow lobes, somewhat enlarging in fruit and loose, nearly the length of the globose rather few-seeded dry berry. Corolla short-tubular, a little exceeding the calyx, 5-toothed, plaited in the bud ; the lobes nearly erect. 542 SOLAN ACE^. Orijdes. Stamens somewhat unequal in length : filaments slender, included : anthers very short. Seeds, habit, &c., of Physalis and the related genera. — A single species. 1. O. Nevadensis, Watson. Annual herb, a span high, with some rather scurfy viscid [)ul)e.scence: leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, with undulate margins, the base tapering into a petiole : pedicels 2 to 4 in an axillary sessile umbel : corolla blue or purplish, 3 lines long. — Bot. King Exp. 274, t. 18, fig. 5- 10. Eastern foot-liills of the Virginia Mountains, Nevada, in stony barren soil under Artemisia bushes, near the Big Bend of the Truckee, IVatson. Not again met with as yet. JVIature fruit is desired. Evidently the seed figured was immature and the embryo not fully grown. 7. LYCIUM, Linn. Calyx 4-5-toothed or more deeply cleft, persistent at the base of the berry. Corolla varying from short-funnelform to tubular, the 4 or 5 lobes commonly im- bricated in the bud, the sinuses often plaited. Filaments filiform, included or exserted : anthers short, fixed by the middle ; the cells opening lengthwise. Ovary 2-celled, slightly stalked in the calyx : style filiform : stigma capitate. Berry many- seeded. Seeds roundish : embryo coiled or curved, slender. — Shrubs, mostly spiny, diffusely much branched ; with entire alternate leaves, commonly fascicled in the axils or on short axillary spurs, in our species small and spatulate or somewhat linear, nearly veinless. Pedicels solitary or fascicled, mostly from the leafy fas- cicles. Flowers white or purplish. Berries small, usually red, sometimes white. A large genus, dispersed over the warm-temperate and subtropical zones, one species, native of the Levant, &c., commonly planted for ornament in the Atlantic United States (under the name of Matrimony Vine), but it is by no means showy ; several are indigenous to the Mexican frontier and its vicinity. Of these L. pallidum, Miers, the largest flowered of all, with corolla nearly an inch long, L. Palmep.i, Gray, from W. Sonora, ]\Iexico, with long calyx-lobes, L. PAUViFLOPaTM, Gray, from S. Arizona, with corolla only one sixth of an inch long, and two little- known species of Lower California, viz. L. brevipes, Benth., with 5-merous slender floweis and acicular spines, and L. EifHii, Gray, may hereafter be found within the State. But the follow- ing are all that are now known within or near its borders. For an account of the North American species, see Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 45, vii. 49, & viii. 292. % Lohes of the calyx foliaceous, as long as the tiihe. 1. L. Cooperi, Gray. Minutely pubescent, with stout branches and some very short spines : leaves spatulate, apparently somewhat viscid, half an inch or more long : pedicels about the length of the cylindraceous or when old campanulate calyx, both somewhat hirsute ; lobes of the latter oblong and not longer than tlie tube : corolla apparently white, narrow-funnelform, half an inch long, its ovate lobes short : filaments hairy at base: antliers oval, mucronulate. — Proc. Am. Acad, vii. 388. San Bernardino Co., on the eastern slope of Providence Mountains, Cooim: 2. L. macrodon, Gray. Puberulent, becoming glabrate : leaves spatulate ob- lanceolate, only 2 to 4 lines long : pedicels very short : calyx minutely viscid ; its lobes narrowly linear and twice the length of the short campanulate tube, half the length of the narrow coroUa : filaments slightly hairy at base : antiiers oval- oblong. — Proc. 1. c. vi. 46. California or Nevada, Frcmmit (coll. 1849 ; not otherwise kno^^^l). * * Calyx with 4 07' 5 short teeth, or sometimes irregidarly 2 - Z-clcft. -f- Corolla very small and short. 3. L. Calif ornicum, Xutt. in herb. Glabrous, very much branched, 2 to 4 feet high : brancblets spiuescent : leaves thick and fleshy, very small, in the fascicles Datura. SOLANACE.E. 543 a line or two long, from oval or obovate to oblonf? or spatulato, or on vigorous shoots 3 lines long and almost linear : flowers nearly sessile or on pedicels of one or two lines in length : tube of the white corolla included in the campanulate 4-toothed calyx, its 4 oval rotately spreadhig lobes hardly a line long. Near San Diego, on clay-hill slopes, Nuftnll (without llowei-s). Cooler, Cleveland. The flowers barely 2 lines long, on slender sliort pedicels in Dr. Cooper's specimen, but nearly sessile in those of Mr. Cleveland ; the plants otherwise similar. Foliage apparently as llcsliy as in L. Ccurolviiamun. 4_ ^ Corolla a third to half an inch in length. 4. L. Fremontii, Gray, 1. c. Minutely soft-puberulent, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves spatulate, 4 to 9 lines long : pedicels not longer than the oblong-campanulate or cylindraceous caly^ : corolla white with some purplish, tubular, 4 to 6 lines long, 5dobed, the lobes ovate and very short : hlaments nearly naked. California or Nevada ? Fremont, 1849 (the station unknown). There is a var. (?) Bigclovii, Gray, with shorter flowers, in Arizona. 5. L. Torreyi, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous, 3 to 8 feet high : leaves nearly spatulate or oblancuolate, G to 14 lines long: pedicels usually as long as the calyx (2 Hues long) : corolla white or tinged with purple, 5 or 6 lines long, tubular-funnelform gradually enlarging from base to summit, with 4 or 5 short and broad spreading Tobes, the edges of these minutely tomentose : fdaments woolly at base : berries red, "not edible." — Parry in Am. Nat. ix. 348. Southeastern borders of the State, lower part of the Rio Colorado to S. Utah, on low saline flats, Thomas, Cooper, Parry, &c. Extends eastward to the borders of Texas. 6. L. Andersonii, Gray. Eesembles the preceding; but is lower, 2 to 4 feet high, smallerdeaved, very abundantly flowered; the Avhite corolla narrower and more tubular, 5 hues long, its limb only 2 or 3 lines wide, and its short rounded lobes with naked edges : pedicels and calyx only a line long : berries bright red, or amber-colored, "ripening a month earlier than those of the preceding, edible. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 388 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 275 ; Parry, 1. c. Kocky hills in the desert region, borders of S. Nevada {Anderson) to Utah ( Watson, Parry) ; not certainly known within the limits of the State.— Var. IFrif/hfii, Gray, is a more leaty and sparsely flowered form, with smaller flowers, collected by C. WrujU and E. Palmer in Anzona, and perhaps to be found on the Rio Colorado. 8. DATURA, Linn. Stramonium. Thorn-Applk. Calyx prismatic or tubular, 5-toothed, deciduous after flowering by a transverse separation near the base, which persists as a circular plate under the fruit. Corolla fuunelform, with an ample expanded border which is strongly 5-plaited and the plaits convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly included : filaments long and filiform : anthers opening lengthwise. Style long : stigma 24ipped. Capsule thickish, prickly or muricate all over, with 2 proper cells, each divided more or less by a false partition which bears the two broad transverse placentos across its middle. Seeds very numerous, rather large, reniform. Embryo slender and coiled. — Plants (our species coarse herbs), of rank odor and narcotic-poisonous qualities; with ovate petioled leaves, and solitary mostly large flowers in the forks of the stem, on short peduncles, produced through the season. Corolla commonly white or tinged with violet, sometimes fragrant. • Chiefly natives of tropical America, but now wi.l.lv .litlus.d over the world. Tho.v is a section Brugmansia, consisting of soft-wooded arboresrmt ..,■ slnul.l.y ].lants, with pendulous I owers ot huge size, of which the commonest is D. arbori-.a, ihr Tiv. Stn.monium, not nivc ""'"If"-"*"?";, and which may stand the winter without protection m the southern i-art ot tliu Mate. — v.nu wild or spontaneous species are herbs, with the flower erect. 544 SOLANACE^. Datura. § 1. Calyx-tuhe prismatic, actitehj 5 -angled : border of the corolla with 5 acute teeth: capmle dry and of firm texture, 4:-valved from the top: seeds with a thick and rough dark-colored coat : root annual. * Capsule erect as ivell as the flower. 1. D. Stramonium, Linn. (Common Stramonium.) Smooth, green, 2 or 3 feet liigh : leaves sinuately and laciniately angled and toothed : corolla white, abont 3 inches long : capsule tliickly beset with short and stout prickles, the lower ones commonly shorter than the upper. Waste grounds, especially near towns, sj^ariiigly naturalized, probably originally from Asia. 2. D. Tatula, Linn. Like the preceding, except that the stem is reddish- purple, tlie corolla pale violet, and the prickles on the fruit about equal. Not yet recorded from California, but probably introduced in some places, from Tronieal America. ^ 3. D. quercifolia, HBK. Green, and the young herbage commonly a little pubescent : leaves sparingly but deeply sinuate-pinnatifid : corolla nearly as in the loregomg : capsule armed with unequal and flattened prickles, some of them lar^e and strong, even an inch long. ° Along the Kio Colorado, especially in Arizona ; perhaps indigenous, as it is a Mexican species. ■:■• % Capside nodding on a recurved pjeduncle. 4. D. discolor, Bernh. Eather low, pubescent : leaves laciniately or sinuately tootheel : coiolla 2 or 3 inches long, white with a purple tinge : capsule globose, pubescent, armed with stout large prickles. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 165 B Thomasii, Torr. in Pacif E. Pep. v. 3G2, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 155. Along the Rio Colorado, at Fort Yuma, &c. ; thence into Mexico, from which it is likely to liave been introduced : yet it may be indigenous. §2. Ccdyx tubular and nearly cylindrical: capsule nodding on the recurved short peduncle, globose, succident, bursting from the apex sometvhat irregularly at maturity: seeds flatter, with a softer and pale smoothish coat. 5. D. meteloides, DC. Perennial, pale, being coated with a very minute and soft wliitish pubescence, from one to 4 feet high : leaves mostly only repand or entire : calyx 3 and corolla 7 or 8 inches longs the latter white or suffused with violet, the widely expanded border with 5 (not 10) slender-subulate conspicuous teeth: capsule 2 inches in diameter, thickly beset with short and weak equal prickles : seeds bordered by a narrow and uniform cord-like margin. — Dun. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 544 (with erroneous descr.); Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 154. jD. Metel, var. quinqnecuspida, Torr. in Pacif. E. Eep. vii. 18. D. Wrightii of the gardens,' & Eegel, Gartenfl. viii. t. 260. Southern part of the State, extending northward as far as to Santa Barbara on the sea-shore, and eastward to Texas, and in adjacent parts of Mexico. Kow common and very ornamental in cultivation. 9. NICOTIANA, Tourn. Tobacco. Calyx campanulate or oblong, 5-toothed or moderately lobed, persistent, closely investing the capsule. Corolla various, but commonly funnelform or salverform ; the limb plaited and the plaits more or less convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly included : antliers short, opening lengthwise. Style long : stigma capitate or de- pressed, somewhat 2-lobed. Capsule smooth, with 2 (rarely more) cells, and very numerous seeds on broad placentae borne in the axis, 2-valved from the top, and the valves themselves soon 2-cleft, thus becoming as it were 4-valved. Seeds very numerous and small, oval or roundish, somewhat pitted. Embryo straightish. — Nicotiana. SOL AN ACE. E. 545 Herbs (or one or two soft-woody plants), nenrly all of American origin, heavy- scented, viscid- pubescent, narcotic-poisonous, with mostly entire leaves and panicu- late or racemose flowers, some of them rather showy. Our species all annuals. § 1. Flowers pinTc-red {sometimes in cultivation white), open through the day: capsule septicidal, dividing the two placentoi as well as the jMrtition. — Tabacum. 1. N. Tabacum, Linn. (Common Tobacco.) Tall, large-leaved, with a panicle of sliort-pedicelltMl llowers: corolla 2 inches long, funnelform with a wide or inflated throat, and spreading acute or acuminate lobes. Var. undulata, 8endtner. Leaves very long and narrowly lanceolate, undulate below the middle, gradually and much tapering to the slender apex : coroUa-lobes also much acuminate. — N. caudata, IS^utt. PI. Gamb. 181? The common Tobacco, of Central or South AmiMican oiii^n'ii, is merely cultivated in California. This may have been the case also with Nuttall's X. ciuhI.iIk, liom Monterey ; whieli appears to be the same as the Yaqui Tobacco, found in a cultivated stulo in Arizona or Sonora, by I)i: Palmer. It is probably the N. lancifolia, Willd., and A^. Ybarrensis, HBK. § 2. Flowers white, greenish, or yelloivish : capsule septifragal, leaving the thin pa)-- tition with the undivided placental column in the centre. * Corolla more or less constricted at the orifice, dull-colored, open through the dai/ ; the lobes short and rounded. 2. N. rustica, Linn. Eather stout, a foot or two high : leaves petioled, ovate, or the lower sumowhat cordate, these oftener a foot long: panicle thyrsiform: calyx broad, and with short and broad teeth, shorter than the globular at lirst only 2-valved capsule : corolla short and broad, less than an inch long, hardly thrice the length of the calyx, oblong-inflated from the short narrow base ; the broad lobes reticulate-veiny. Waste grounds, in California, as well as eastward and northward, probably escaped from aboriginal cultivation : the native country uncertain. 3. N. trigonophylla, Dunal. Eather slender, one to three feet high : leaves sessile, oblong, 2 to d inches long, or the upper smaller; the lower obovate, with narrow tapering auriculate and partly clasping, the upper with broader and more clasping base : raceme at length loose and virgate, with bracts small or sometimes wanting ; pedicels rather unilateral : calyx Avith subulate-lanceolate teeth, about equalling the ovate 4-valved capsule : corolla greenish-white, less than an inch long, narrowly tubular and gradually enlarging upwards, a little constricted at the oritice, the very short limb obscurely Sdobed. — DC. Prodr. xiii. 5G2. iV. ipjomojmjlora, Dunal, 1. c. 559 (Mo9ino & Sesse, Ic. Mex. Ined. t. 909) ; Cray, Proc. Am. Acad. V. 166. N. midtijiora, Torr. in Pacif. Pt. Eep. v. 302. Southern part of the State ; "Monterey" {Coulter, but probably from farther south), and on the Mohave and Colorado {Bigelow, Cooper) ; thence southward into Mexico and east to Texas. Comparison of a tracing of Mocino and Sesse's figure leaves little doubt of the identity of Dunal's two species : but the name here adopted was founded on specimens, the other upon a figure only. % * Corolla with open more or less dilated orifice to the long tube, tvhite, sometimes with a greenish or bluish tinge, expanding at sitnset, closed by day except m very cloudy iveather. 4. N. attenuata, Torr. A foot or two high : leaves all petioled ; the radical oval or oblong ; tho lower cauline ovatedanceolate or narrower ; the upper narrowly lanceolate or linear and long-tapering to the point : flowers loosely panlcled, short - pedicelled : upper bracts minute or none : calyx with triangidardanceolate teeth much shorter than the tube and rather shorter than the 4-valved capsule : corolla fully an inch long, narrow-salverform, with obtusely 5dobed border a third to half an inch in diameter. — Watson, Bot, King Exp. 276, t. 27. 546 SCROPHULARIACE^E. NicoUana. Dry plains and hills, Monterey Co. to the Mohave, and along the eastern borders of the State iu Nevada ; east to Colorado. 5. N. Bigelovii, Watson. Larger and stouter than tlie preceding : leaves ob- long or oblong-lanceolate (4 to 6 inches long, or the uppermost smaller), only the lower ones petioled ; some of the upper often with broader and partly clasping base : liowers scattered : teeth of the calyx linear-lanceolate and surpassing the ovate 4-valved capsule : corolla nearly salverform, with tube an inch and a half long, and a 5-cleft border of an inch or more in diameter, its lobes triangular and acute, — Bot. King Exp. 1. c. t. 27. N. plumhayinifolia, var. (?) Bigelovii, Torr. in Pacif. E. Eep, iv. 27. Not uncommon, from Lake Co. to San Diego, and east to the borders of Nevada. Very viscid and stinking : this and the preceding much used by the Indians. N. QUADRiVALVis, Pursh, and its variety multivalvis {N. mtdtivalvis, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1057), may be expected in the northern part of the State, being not uncommon in Oregon. It may be distinguished from N. Bigelovii by its lower and stouter habit, corolla with propoition- ally shorter tube, broader obtusely 5 - 7-lobed border, and globose at length thin-walled capsule of four cells, in the var. multivalvis of several cells; — an anomaly in the genus. No certain indigenous habitat is known : tbe plant was cultivated by the aborigines from the Missouri Kiver to the Pacific, and greatly jprized for its tobacco. N. Bigelovii is perhaps the original of it. 10. PETUNIA, Juss. Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; the divisions narrow and foliaceous. Corolla funnel- form or somewhat salverform ; the 5-lobed limb plaited in the bud. Stamens unequal, included : filaments and tip of the style more or less incurved. Stigma dilated-capitate and 2-lobecl. Capsule simply 2-valved (the valves entire), leaving the placenta in the axis. Seeds numerous, small, scrobicu^late. Embryo straightish. — Viscid- pubescent herbs, with entire leaves and lateral or at first terminal flowers. The common Petunias of the gardens are mixtures of two showy species from Buenos Ayres. Very different in ai)pearance is the following. 1 . P. parviflora, Juss. A small and insignificant annual, much branched, spread- ing or iieiirly prostrate, pubescent: leaves narrow-spatulate, hardly half an inch long, almost sessile : flowers small (about a third of an inch long), very sliort- peduncled: calyx-lobes resembling the leaves: corolla purple with a yellowish tube, its short refuse lobes slightly unequal: capsule ovoid. — Ann. Mus. Par. ii. 216, t. 47, Saljnglossis prostrata, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 123, 376. Common on the sea-shore from the Bay of Monterey south : also in Texas, and S. America. Order LXVIII. SCROPHULARIACE^. Known by the irregular (more or less bilabiate) corolla with lobes imbricated iu the bud, didynamous or diandrous stamens, single style, 2-celled many - few-seeded capsule with the placentJB in the axis, and seeds with a small embryo in copious albumen. The exceptions do not concern the Californian flora, except an intro- duced Mullein, which has 5 perfect stamens. —Elowers perfect. Calyx of 5 or sometimes 4 distinct or variously united sepals. Corolla 4 - 5-lobed or cleft, com- monly bilabiate (|, i. e, two lobes forming the upper and three the lower li})), im- bricated in the bud, not plaited. Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla, 4 and didynamous or only 2, the fifth and upper stamen and sometimes the two lateral or anterior ones either absent or reduced to sterile filaments or vestiges, rarely (in Verhascum, &c.) all five present and fertile. Stigma entire, or with two (upper and SCROPHULARTACE.E. 547 lower) lobes. Ovary 2-celle(l, tlie placente being iirinly united in the axis ((ir in Mimulus § Diplacus little if at all so) : ovules very nunier(jus or occasionally few ; anatropous or ampliitroj^ous. 8eeds mostly small. — Herbs, or sometimes .slirulw, very rarely trees, destitute of colored juice, with the general inllorescence imleter- minate in all genuine members of the order, but when compound the partial in- florescence determinate, i. e. the axillary clusters are cymes : in Veronica, itc, in- determinate, i. e. racemes or spikes. A large and wide-spread family, of over 150 genera, numerously represented in California. Generally bitterish, many inert, some narcotic-poisonous, the common Foxglove (Digitalis) of Europe useful in medicine and ornamental in cultivation, as are species of Pcnlslemon, ColUiisia, Mimulus, and others. I. Upper lip of the corolla covering the lower in the bud. * Stamens all five present and anther-bearing. 1. Verbascum. Corolla wheel-shaped. Filaments woolly. Leaves alternate. * * Stamens two pairs with anthers, or one pair in No. 4 : capsule opening by holes or chinks near the apex : corolla })ersonate, gibbous or spurred at base anteriorly : peduncles l-flowcred. 2. Linaria. Corolla strongly bilabiate, spurred at base. 3. Antirrhinum. Corolla only saccate or gibbous at base. Stamens 4. 4. Mohavea. Corolla merely gibbous at base. FertUe stamens 2 : anthers confluently 1 -celled. + * * Stamens two pairs with anthers : capsule opening from top to bottom by valves : leaves all opposite or whorled. +- Stigma small and entire or minutely 2-cleft : calyx 5-parted. 5. Scrophularia. Corolla erect, short and ventricose, with 5 short lobes ; the anterior one retlexed, the others erect : a scale in the throat on the upper side answers to tlie fifth stamen. Peduncles cymosely several-flowered. 6. Collinsia. Corolla declined, with ventricose tube gibbous posteriorly, bilabiate, the middle loVie of the lower lip folded lengthwise into a sac which encloses the stamens and .style : a gland on the base of the corolla answers to the fifth stamen. Peduncles 1 -flowered. 7. Touella. Corolla obscurely if at all bilabiate ; the lobes rotately spreading, flat : otherwise nearly as Collinsia. 8. Pentstemon. Corolla more or less bilabiate, open. Sterile filament of the fifth (posterior) stamen long and conspicuous. -^HH Stigma dilated, 2-lipped, or a broad disk : peduncles all 1 -flowered. 9. Mimulus. Calyx 5-toothed or barely 5-cleft, 5-angled. Cells of the anther contiguous. 10. Stemodia. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Cells of the anther separated, as if stalked. * * * * Stamens only a single pair with anthers : the anterior pair reduced to sterile filaments or sometimes wanting altogether : capsule opening from top to bottom by valves : stigma of 2 flat lobes : calyx 5-parted : leaves all opposite : peduncles 1-flowered. 11. Gratiola. Sterile filaments simple or none. Capsule 4-valved. 12. Ilysanthes. Sterile filaments unequally 2-forked, borne high on the throat of the corolla. II. Lower lip of the corolla covering the upper in the bud. * Corolla rotate or short-eampanulate, not evidently bilabiate. 13. Limosella. Calyx (f.-toothed) and corolla (5-cleft) rnnii>;iimlat.-, nearly regular. Stamens 4, nearly (H\ni\\ : "anthers confluently 1-celled. Fraunr], s srain-likr, l-flowered. 14. Synthyris. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4-lobed, cainpannlatc. Stamens 2 : anthers 2-celled. Flowers racemed. Leaves alternate. 15. Veronica. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla rotate, 4-lobed ; the lower lobe narrower. Stamens 2 : cells of the anther confluent at their tips. Flowers mostly racemed and leaves opposite. * * Corolla tubular ; the upper lip (galea) erect or incurved, laterally compressccl ; the lower various : stamens ascending under or enclosed in the upper lip : capsule loculicidal : flowers spicate or rarely racemed. +- Anthers unequally 2-eelled or sometimes 1 -celled. 16. Castilleia. Corolla narrow, with lower lip very short, or small in pi-ojwrtion to the upper. Calyx tubular, cleft anteriorly or posteriorly or both. Jlostly perennials. 648 SCROPHULAEIACE^. Verhascum. 17. Orthocarpus. Corolla with saccate lower lip large in proportion to the upper. Calyx tubular or eampanulate, 4-cleft. All but one annuals. 18. Cordylanthus. Lips of the corolla both short, of nearly equal length ; the lower merely 3-crenulate. Calyx spathaceous, 2-leaved, anterior and posterior, or the anterior division wanting. Annuals. +- +- Anthers equally 2-celled. 1 9. Pedicularis. Calyx irregular. Corolla various ; lower lip 3-lobed. Perennials. 1. VERBASCUM, Linn. Mullein. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, more or less irregularly 5-lobed, the lobes broad and rounded. Stamens 5, all with anthers, but more or less dissimilar : all the fila- ments or the three upper woolly : anthers transverse. Style flattened and enlarged at the tip, entire. Capsule globular, many-seeded. — Flowers in racemes or spikes. The Mulleins all belong to the Old World : some are introduced weeds in the New. But even the common one, F. Thapsus, is yet unknown on the Pacific coast, although a Moth ]\Iullein, different from that found in the Atlantic States, is sparingly spontaneous. 1. V. virgatum, Withering, Annual or biennial, 3 or 4 feet high : leaves ob- long, crenate-toothed, nearly glabrous : raceme loose and virgate, somewhat hairy and glandular : pedicels not longer than the broadish calyx-lobes, some of them clustered : corolla yellow or sometimes white : filaments all violet-bearded. Waste grounds, naturalized in a few places, from Southern Europe, probably by way of Mexico. 2. LINARIA, Tourn. Toad-flax. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla strongly bilabiate, personate, i. e. with a prominent palate to the lower lip nearly closing the throat, the base at the front continued into a dependent spur. Stamens 4 : anthers 2-celled, Stigma nearly entire. Cap- sule opening by an irregular hole near the top of each ceB, many-seeded. While the Old World abounds in species, only one or two are indigenous to the New. Even the common Toad-flax of Europe, L. vulgaris, which is a pernicious although handsome weed in the Atlantic States, is hap})ily yet unknown in California. 1, L. Canadensis, Dum. A slender and nearly glabrous annual or biennial, a span to 2 feet ]iigh, with linear alternate leaves on the erect flowering stems, but the smaller and broader ones crowded on procumbent radical shoots oftener opposite or whorled : flowers small, blue, in a terminal raceme, on erect pedicels not longer than the slender curved spur. Sandy ground, less common tlian in the Atlantic States, extending far into South America. 3. ANTIRRHINUM, Toiu-n. Snapdragon. Like Linaria, except that the corolla has merely a sac-like protuberance or gib- bosity at base in front, instead of a spur. Sometimes the cells of the capsule open l)y two holes. — For N". American species, see Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. vii. 372. A genus of several Old World species and of as many Californian ones, none in the Atlantic States, except that the cultivated Snapdragon, A. majus, and the insignificant A. Orontium, are disposed to escape from gardens. A. CYATHiFERUM, Benth. Bot. Sulph., is described from Lower California, an annual, with cupshaped seeds. Nothing like it has been detected in the State or on its borders. § 1. Herbs, ivith entire leaves short-petioled or sessile, all hut the lowest alternate: corolla with very protnherant isolate closing the throat or nearly so : seeds not cvpshajyed nor margined, hut rugose-pitted or tuherculate : capsule oblique, the persistent style or its base bent fonvards. {Ours are all atimcals, so far as the root is knoivn ; the iipp>er lip of the corolla spreading, and the lobes of the lower deflexed.) — Antirrhinastrum, Chavannes. Antirrhinum. SCROPHULARIx\CE.E. 049 * Erect, 3 to b feet hifjh, destitute of prehemile brancMets: Jloivers croioded in a »piLe or racevie, mostly rose-colored. 1. A. virga, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous : stem strict and simple (its base unknown) : upper leaves linear, gradually diminished upwards into subulate or setaceous bracts of the long and naked spike-like raceme : liowers mostly secund, soon horizontal : corolla with narrow tube (half an inch long) fully twice the length of the lips : dilated tip of the longer filaments broader than the anther. Known only in a collection made by the late Thomas Bridges, the station unknown. 2. A. glandulosum, Lindl. A tall and rather coarse herb, very glandular- pubescent and viscid throughout, branching and leafy : leaves lanceolate, mostly sessile, gradually passing into bracts of the dense spike or raceme : sepals unequal : corolla (over half an inch long) pink with a yellowish palate : capsule tipped with a long persistent style. — Bot. IJeg. t. 1893. Gravelly beds of streams, from Santa Ci-uz southwards. * * Erect, a span or two high, destitute of -prehensile or tortile hranchlets : floiver.j small, yellowish or dull-colored, sessile or nearly so in the axils of the almost uni- form leaves, beginning nearly at the base of the stem : sepals equal, linear : whole style indurated and persistent. 3. A. cornutum, Benth. Ydlous and viscid, simply branched : leaves linear- oblong or lanceolate (an inch long), the lower tapering into a short petiole : fila- ments all dilated at tip : style rather longer than the capsule : seeds echinate and pitted. — PI. Hartw. 328. Valley of the Sacramento, Hartwcg. No one else has yet found it. Corolla less than half an inch long ; the lips.nearly as long as the tube ; the sac at base prominent. 4. A. leptaleum, Gray, 1. c. Slender, viscid-pubescent, mostly simple-stemmed : lower leaves almost linear (less than an inch long); the upper and smaller spatulate- oblong: shorter tilaments hardly at all dilated: style rather shorter than the capsule: seeds rugose-pitted. — A. cormttum, Durand, Pacif. E. Eep. v. t. 10, not Benth. Banks of streams, Mariposa to Kern counties, Bolunder, &c. Corolla a quarter of an inch long. * * * Erect or S2)readi7ig, branching, slender, producing filiform and at length tortile axillary branchlets, by ivhieh the plant is disposed to climb : calyx unequal: corolla {small) short, both lip>s spreading, the lower larger and as long as the tube. -{- Flowers in a naked spike or dense raceme : bracts minute. 5. A. Coulterianum, Benth. Stem weak, 2 to 4 feet high, gaining support by its numerous hliform tortile branchlets acting as tendrils, glabrous below, as are the linear or narrow-oblong and distant leaves : spike villous-pubescent and viscid, virgate, 2 to 10 inches long : pedicels usually shorter than the linear or lanceolate obtuse ' sepals, which are shorter than the ovate-oblong capsule : style short. — DC. Prodr. x. 592. Santa Barbara Co. to San Diego, Coidter, Wallace, Cleveland, kc. Corolla either violet-purple or white, with a yellowish palate, this and the lower lip forming the larger part ot the flower, the tube only a quarter of an inch long. Tendril-shoots mostly below the mflorescenee, some- times from the lower part of it. +- -i- Floivers {pitr2)le or blue, rarely tvhite) sccUtered along the slender diffuse branches, in the axils of leaves or leaf-like bracts, some of them often accompanied by tortile prehensile branchlets: tipper sepal conspicuously larger than the others: leaves short, from linear to ovate. +-!- Peduncles mostly shorter than the calyx, sometimes hardly any : tube of the corolla rather longer than the lips : seeds tuberculate. 6. A. vagans, Gray, 1. c. A'ery diffuse, sparingly bristly, often glandular, 550 SCHOPHULARIACE.E. AniirrJdnum. varying to glaLrons : leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate : flowers comparatively large (half-inch long) : sepals or at least the oblong upper one equalling the tube of the corolla, the others linear : saccate base of the corolla broacl : style slender, as loni'- as the capsule. — A. Cmdterianum, var. appendiculatum, Durand, 1. c. 11, t. 11. Var. Eolanderi, Gray, 1. c, a form growing in the shade of Eedwoods, has broader and thinner leaves, those on tortile branchlets orbicular, and an unusually large posterior sepal. — A. Bretveri, var. (]) ovalifoiium, Gray, 1. c, may be a form of this with shorter calyx. Wooded places, apparently common throughout the western part of the State ; the variety, Marin Co., Bohmder. 7. A. Breweri, Gray, 1. c. Slender, paniculately branched, more or less viscid- pubescent or puberulent, at first erect and with few tortile branchlets : leaves from oblong-linear to oval (half an inch long) : tube of the corolla (3 lines long) considerably longer than the moderately unequal sepals, nan-owly saccate at the base : style subulate, glandular, at length strongly deflexed, and rather shorter than the capsule. Lake to Mendocino and Plumas counties, rather common. ■^+ ++ Peduncles mostly slender, many of them longer tlmn the flower : ttdte of the corolla rather shorter than the spreading lix>s : capside tipped with the nearly straight style or its persistent base. 8. A. Nuttallianum, Benth. Viscidly soft-pubescent, or below glabrous, at lengtli a foot (ir two high and diffusely much-branched ; the tortile branchlets few or more leaf-bearing than in the preceding : leaves ovate or the lowest sliglitly cor- date (an inch long), those of the branchlets gradually much diminished and nearly sessile : some of the lower peduncles longer than the flowers, often tortile : sepals ovate or oblong, shorter than (or the broader upper one almost equalling) the tube of the corolla; this 2 or 3 lines long, merely gibbous at base: capside oblong: seeds sharply and strongly ribbed. Common in the southern part of the State, about Los Angeles, San Diego, &c. 9. A. Kingii, Watson. Glabrous, slender, a span to 2 or 3 feet high, loosely branching, at length producing more or less tortile branchlets : leaves linear or the loAver lanceolate, tapering more or less into a petiole : peduncles as long as the calyx, sometimes fully as long as the flower: sepals linear-oblong, slightly glandular; the upper one as long as the corolla (2 or 3 lines long and obtuse) ; the others about the length of its tube, which is merely gibbous at base : capsule globose : seeds pitted and tuberculate. — Bot. King Exp. 215, t. 21. Dry valleys, along the western borders of Nevada ( Watson, Lemmon), and east to Salt Lake. § 2. Herbs, xvith entire or lobed leaves and no prehensile branchlets, mostly climbing by tortile filiform jietioles or peduncles, or by both, mainly glabrous : corolla with the prominent palate wholly or partly closing the throat: capside and calyx equal-sided or nearly so : seeds as in the preceding : all but the lower leaves alternate. — Maurandella, Gray. * Annuals, with narrow and short-petioled leaves, but long and filiform p>rehensilt peduncles : calyx rcditer shorter than the globose cajJSide. 10. A. Strictum, Gray, 1. c. Erect, nearly simple, a foot or two high, some- what pubescent below : loAver leaves lanceolate, the upper linear, and the upper floral ones filiform ; the latter much shorter than the tortuous racemose peduncles : corolla violet-purple, half an inch lojig, gibbous at base ; the palate hairy : capsule crustaceous, tipped with a straight style of equal length. — Maurandia strict'/, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 375. Mountains behind Santa Barbara, Douglas, Breioer. Mohavea. SCROPIIULARIACE.E. 551 11. A. Cooperi, Gray, 1. c ClimLing (2 or 3 foot) by the long filiform pe- duncles : stems very slender, at length much branched : lowest leaves ovate or oblong, the others linear, and the upper floral minute : corolla bright yellow (half an inch long), conspicuously saccate at base; the palate hairy: style deciduous from the thin-walled capsule : seeds rough-rugose and with 3 or 4 corky ribs. Ravines on the ]\Ioliave, Cooper, Ahncndinger. Also Southern Utah, Parry. 12. A. filipes, Gray. More delicate than the preceding, with broader and thinner leaves, very capillary tortile peduncles, and very small Mowers : corolla " white," little exceeding the calyx. — Bot. Ives Colorado Exp. 19. Desert arroyos on the Arizona side of the Colorado. Perhaps a depauperate form of A. Cooperi, with imperfectly developed coroUa. * % Perennial, dimbing by the slend,er tortile petioles and axillary peduncles : leaves lohed or cordate : calyx longer than the globular cajisule. 13. A. maurandioides, Gray. Either low or tall-climbing, glabrous, slender : leaves triaugular-liastate or more cordate, the lobes at base often with a posterior tooth: corolla (purple or sometimes white, 6 to 12 lines long); its palate nearly closing the throat : sepals lanceolate, very acute : style slender : seeds corky-ribbed. — Proc. 1. c. vii. 374. Usteria antirrhiniflora, Voiv. Maurandia antirrhinijiora, Willd. Hort. Beroh t. 83; Bot. Mag. t. 1643. A Mexican and Texan species, common in cultivation, extending westward through Arizona to or near the Coloi-ado. § 3. /Shrubby and erect: leaves mostly opposite or in threes, evergreen, entire: corolla tubular tvith short lips: the smooth 2^(d'iti' j'l-oiuincat, but not closing the throat: caj)sule globose, not oblique: styh' sir. glutinosus, var. puniceus, Benth. in DC. Var. linearis, Avith red-brown or salmon-colored flowers on very short pedun- cles : calyx commonly pubescent : leaves linear and with nearly entire soon revolute margins, more rigid, — M. linearis, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 27. Diplacus leptanthus, Nutt. 1. c. Var. brachypus, with salmon-colored flowers of pretty large size (fully 2 inches long), on very siiort peduncles : calyx viscid-pubescent or villous : leaves linear- lanceolate, entire or nearly so. — Diplacus longiflorus, Kutt. 1. c. Dry and rocky banks, &c., common from San Diego to San Francisco Bay ; common and very ornamental in cultivation, especially as a green-house plant : flowering almost through the year. Even in the wild state it exliibits a great diversity of colors ; but it seems imjiossible to distin- guish the forms as species. The last variety collected by Coulter (No. 639), near Santa Baibara by Kuttall, and a form of it, connecting with ordinary M. glutinosus, in San Luis Obispo Co., by Brewer. § 4, Corolla ivith short and included- proper tidje : calyx with plaited-carinate salient angles, 5-toothed, the strong nerve traversing the teeth : style glabrous : stigma %lipped, the lipjs ovate or roundish and equal : placentce remaining united in the axis of the capsule, or dividing merely at top {in M. ruhellus sometimes completely^ ; the thin and often membranaceous valves tardily separating from the axis : annucd or perennial herbs. — Mimulus proper. * Largeflowered : corolla 1| ecies : peduncles elongated : seeds tvith a loose dull epidermis ivrinHed lengthwise : leaves several-nerved from the base : root perennial. 1 2. M. cardinalis, Dougl. Villous with viscid hairs : leaves ovate and the upper often connate, the lower commonly obovate-lanceolate, all erosely dentate : corolla scarlet, with tube hardly exceeding the calyx ; the limb remarkably oblique, the upper lip nearly erect with the lobes turned back, the lower reflexed : stamens proiecting. — Lindl. in Hort. Trans, ii. 70, t. 3; Brit. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 358; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3560. Common along water-courses throughout the State and in Oregon ; much prized in cultivation. Capsule oblong," thin-chartaceous \vhen dry ; the valves tardily separating from the placenta- bearing axis. 13. M. LeTVisii, Pursh. ]\[ore slender than the foregoing, greener, minutely somewhat viscid-pubescent : leaves from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, merely denticu- late : corolla rose-red or paler (the throat spotted with yellow) ; its tube longer than the calyx ; the roundish lobes all spreading : stamens included. — Pursh, Fl. ii. 427, t. 20. M. roseus, Dougl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1591; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3353; Brit, n. Gard. ser. 2, t. 210. Shady or damp places and along streams, throughout the Sierra Nevada and in the northern part of the State, extending through Oregon and to the Rocky Mountains. Capsule as in the preceding. Mimulus. SCROPHULARIACE.^. 567 % * Smaller-Jloivered or- small-Jlowered, hut the yellow (sometimes coppery or reddish) corolla often a fall inch or more long in M. luteus : seeds, except in the first species, with smooth and thin polished coat. -f- Leafy-stemmed, glabrous, or merely pubescent or glandular. ++ Calyx oblique at tJie orifice, especially in fruit; the upper tooth largest: leaves mostly broad and thin, at least the lower very distinctly or abruptly pyetioled, all 3 — several-nerved at base. 14. M. luteus, Linn. Erect or diffuse, from a fibrous annual root, and com- monly perennial by short stolons, glabrous or merely puberulent ; the ordinary erect form a foot or two or even 3 or 4 feet high : leaves ovate, oval or roundish, sometimes cordate, several-nerved from base and near it, sharply and irreguhirly dentate, or the lower occasionally lyratedaciniate ; the upper sessile ; the floral becoming small and bract-like, often connate : peduncles becoming racemose, equal- ling or shorter tlian the flower : calyx becoming ovate-inflated in fruit and the upper tooth conspicuously largest : corolla from 1^ to | of an inch long, yellow, often dotted within and sometimes blotched with brown-red or purple. — Bot. Mag. t. 1501, 3363; Bot. Eeg. t. 1030, 1796; Andr. Bot. Eep. t. 661. M. guttatus, DC. ; Hook. Fl. ii. 99. M. variegatus, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1575. M. rivularis, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1525; I^utt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 47. M. U/ratus, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 1. c, a state Avith lower leaves lyrately laciniate at base. M. Scoideri, Hook. 1. c, a narrowdeaved form. j\f. glabratus, HBK. (]) M. Roezli, Eegel.— Euns through numerous and very various forms. The following are dwarf or depauperate varieties. Var. alpinus, Gray. A span or less high, equably leafy to the top : leaves half an inch to an inch long, ovate or oval, denticulate or some of them entire : stems 1—4- flowered : corolla proportionally large (an inch or less long). — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 71; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 224. M. Tilingii, Eegel, Gartenfl. 1869, t. 631, — the same plants the second year developing into the ordinary condition of the species, and figured by Eegel, 1. c. 1870, 290, t. 665. M. cupreus, Veitch, in Gard. Chron. 1864, 2; Eegel, L c. 1864, t. 422 {M. luteus, var. cuprea, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5478), — a form with the corolla turning orange or copper-red. Var. depauperatUS, Gray. Slender, mostly smooth, and with sharply-toothed or laciniate leaves (from a fourth to half an inch long), slender petioles, and filiform peduncles twice or thrice the length of the small flowers : corolla only a third or half an inch long : some forms much approaching M. alsinoides ; but the calyx is that of M. luteus, except in size. — M. microphyUus, Benth. in DC. 1. c. M. tenel- lus, Nutt. herb., not of Bunge. Moist or wet grounds, very common, extending north to the Alaskan Islands, east to the Rocky Mountains, and south along the Andes to the extremity of Chili. The var. a/pimis in the Sierra Nevada, &c. The var. dcjrauperatus consists of reduced forms, flowering as tiny or slender annuals, in Oregon and California. M. DENTATUS, Nutt., from the woods of Oregon, if a variety of this species is a peciiliar one, growing in much shade. The plant so named in the Botany of Whipple's Expedition (Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 64) is a smaller-flowered and depauperate form of M. luteus. M. ALSINOIDES, Dough, of Oregon and British Columbia, resembles the last variety of M. luteus, but is known by the narrower calyx, in fruit oblong (3 or 4 lines long), and the teeth very short ; also by the filiform at length divaricate peduncles, of an inch or more in length, and nearly all of them longer than the ovate or roundish leaves, these all petioled. The largest forms are a foot high, and diff'usely much branched, with narrow corolla half an inch long. The smallest (var. minimus, Benth.) are minute, with corolla only 2 lines long. 15. M. laciniatus. Gray. Annual, glabrous, small and very slender, a .span or less in height, diffuse : cauline leaves oblong or spatulate, mostly laciniately few- toothed or lobed, sometimes hastate, 1-nerved, a quarter to half an inch long and with filiform petiole of equal or greater length : peduncles about the length of the 568 SCROPHULARIACE.E. Mimulus. leaf : flowers very small : calyx short, ovate in fruit, the upper tooth prominently largest : corolla yellow, barely 2 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 98. Mariposa Co., on the south fork of the Merced, at CLirk's Ranch, Gray. A peculiar little species. '■ ++ ^-+ Calyx not oblique or scarcely so, the teeth all equal : erect and small annuals. = Leaves all distinctly 2)etioled. 1 6. M. Pulsiferae, Gray. Puberulent-glandular throughout and viscid, branched from tlie base, barely a span high : leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, or the rachcal roundish, sparingly denticulate or entire, 3-nerved at the acute or cuneate base, about half an inch long (on petioles of 2 to 4 lines), about the length of the peduncles : calyx with very short ovate-triangular teeth, tlie tube oblong in fruit (3 or 4 lines long) : corolla yellow (5 lines long), barely twice the length of the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Sierra and Indian Valleys in the Sierra Nevada, Bolander, Mrs. Pulsifer Ames. = = Leaves all hut the loivest sessile. 1 7. M. inconspicuus, Gray. Glabrous throughout, 2 inches to a span high, simple or branched from tlie base : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, entire, more or less 3 - 5-nerved, all but the lowest closely sessile bv a broad base (a quarter to half an inch long), equalling or shorter than the peduncles : calyx with minute teeth, in fruit oval and appearing truncate (4 or 5 lines long) : corolla about 5 lines lon^^ yellow or rose-color. — Pacif. Pt, Eep. iv. 120. " °' Damp hillsides, from Los Angeles to the Sacramento River, Bigclow, Bridges, PMttan. An ambiguous form with more evident calyx-teeth, Contra Costa Mountains, southwest of Monte Diablo, Brewer. 1 S. M. bicolor, Eenth. Viscid-pubescent, from 2 inches to a span or more higli, simple or branched from the base : leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate witli tapering base, denticulate or toothed, very obscurely 3-nerved at base, seldom an inch long ; the lower tapering into somewhat of a margined petiole ; the upper shorter than the peduncles : teeth of the calyx conspicuous, triangular (about a line long) ; the tube oblong, 4 lines long in fruit : corolla more than twice the length of the calyx ; the limb comparatively ample, yellow, or the lower lip usually white. — PI. Hartw. 328. M. Prattenii, Durand in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii 98 (1855). Moist banks, not uncommon in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, and through the central part of the State. Calyx commonly dotted with purple. Corolla two thirds to three fourths of an inch long. 19. M. rubellus, Gray. Viscid- puberulent or even pubescent, varying to glabrous with some viscidity, 1 to 6 inches high, branched from the base : leaves from spatu- late-oblong to linear, narrowed at base, entire (rarely with one or two denticulations, a quarter to two thirds of an inch long) ; the lowest often ubovate or roundish, and tapering into somewhat of a petiole ; the nerves obscure and the texture rather fleshy : peduncles about the length of the flower : calyx oblong (mostly 3 lines long in fruit) ; the teeth short and usually roundish : corolla either little or else double the length of the calyx, yellow, red or crimson-purple. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 116; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 225. M. montioides, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 380, in part. Var. latiflorus, Watson, 1. c. A low and large-flowered form, blossoming almost from the ground, nearly glabrous : corolla much surpassing the calyx, often half an inch long, witli narrow exserted tube rather abruptly expanded into an ample limb, deep yellow with purple spots. — M. montioides, Gray, 1. c, mainly. Common through the Sierra Nevada and its foot-hills, and through the dry interior to the Kocky Mountains and New Mexico. The variety near Carson, and in the high southern Sierras. A polymorphous little species, the size of the flower varying wonderfully, there is also a form Mimraus. ~ SCROPHULARTACE.E. 569 w,-th ralvx-teeth as Ion- in proportion as those of 31. Ucolor. In the dehiscence of the mem - braLelscapsnlet^^^^^ splits into two portions adnate to the valves, but as commonly is barely 2-cleft at the summit. The whole plant is often purplish. ^^Leafustemmed, viscidly villous or pilose : leaves all petioled, thin and broad toothed, more or less pinnately veined: corolla yellow: calyx slightly ij at all oblique. 20. M. floribundus, Dougl. Annual, erect or with ^"'^f ^^ ,f .^f;^;;;{5 bnnches a .,)an or two high, flowering from the base : leaves ovate (half to a full nch long he lower sli^.tly cordate: upper peduncles longer than the leaves : X sho t-canapanulate, becoming ovate in fruit (barely a quarter of an ^ lon^- the teeth short, equal, broadly triangular : corol a barely half an inch long . caplule globose-ovate, obtuse. — Lmdl. Bot. Reg. t. 1125. „,,,,, Moist ground, throughout the Sierra Nevada region {Bigelow, Lcmmon, Eothrock) ; thence to Oregon and the Rocky Mountains. teeth somewhat unequal, rather long, acuminate : coroUa two thuds to a lull men loner- capsule ovate, acute.— Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 11 i». , ,- , Wet and n,..iay g,-ou„a ; „„,„„„„ i,> ^^^^ ^^SS ^'Zt ^XS>^ size oi that of the plant in common cultivation. 4- -i- -i- Scaiwse. 00 M primuloides, Benth. Perennial by stolons, dwarf : leaves sessile, from broTdly ol^'L to lineai'oblong, entire or toothed, 3-5-nerved obtuse (a quarter to a full inch lono), all crowded in a radical tuft at the base of the hhf. rm (1 to_ 3 LLs ong cVe%r,in large and vigorous plants, in severa approximate pairs on a stem which is as long as the one or two peduncles (1 to 4, inches) : calyx hairs : peduncles and calyx glabrous. Corolla varying from 3 to 8 hue. m Imgtli. S 5 Corolla &c., of Mirmdus proper : calyx short and 5-cleft, not prismailc nor ,mth ^ aZafecJgles or lobes : capsule and divided placentae as oj the section Ennan.us: low animal. — Mimuloides, Benth. under Herpestis. 23 M pilosus, Watson. Annual, a span or more high, much branched from the basrieafy villous throughout with long and soft - "^e ami ^mew^^^^^ --d hairs, flowering from almost all the axds : leaves lanceolate or f ^" ^^^^^^^ sessile, the lat^r ones about the length of the P^dunces : calyx obbq^^^^^^^^^ tooth longest and about the length of the tube all «^l«"g «^;7^;. '^^^ fZl, a 3 or 4 lines long, little exceeding the calyx ; the hps short and ^^^ ^//^^'^j^J^^''^^;,, pair of brown-purple spots on the lower : capsu e o^^^^^-^jf %7\\^,, ^f%7 ,^ Exp. 225. Herpestis (Mimuloides) pdosa, Benth inComp Bot. Mag. u. o,, DC 1. c. 394. Mimidus exilis, Durand, m Pacif. R. Eep. v. 12, t 1^. Gravellybanks of streams; very^mm.1^^^ eSl^SfS^s"^ Wl^r-::it^^^^^^ not "linear." Th^stigma is bilan.ellate, as in the genus, not "entire." 570 SCROPHULARIACE.E. Stemodia. 10. STEMODIA, Linn. Calyx deeply 5-parted ; the divisions narrow and nearly equal. Corolla short ; the nj^per lip 2-lobed ; the lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, included : cells of the an- thers separated and even short-stalked. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule short, septicidal and the valves at length 2 -parted : the placenta left in the axis. Seeds numerous. — Viscid-pubescent herbs, chiefly tropical, with opposite or whorled leaves, and solitary floAvers in their axils ; these sometimes becoming spicate or racemose at the summit of the stems : a pair of bractlets at the base of the calyx. 1. S. durantifolia, Swartz. Erect, a span to a foot high: leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, mostly narrowed below and then with a dilated partly clasping base : flowers sessile : corolla purplish, a quarter of an inch long. — S. verticillaris, Link; Eeichenb. Ic. Exot. ii. t. 149. Wet groimds : southern borders of the State, Coulter, Palmer. Extends to S. America. 11. GRATIOLA, Linn. Hedge-Hyssop. Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions narrow and hardly unequal. Corolla with upper lip entire or 2-lobed ; lower one 3-cleft. Stamens included, only 2 fertile ; their anthers with 2 transverse cells on a broad connective ; the anterior pair reduced to simple sterile filaments or wanting. Style commonly bent at the tip : stigma of 2 flat lobes or lips. Capsule many-seeded, 4-valved, leaving the thick placenta in the axis. — Low and branching herbs ; with opposite sessile leaves, and small solitary flowers on simple naked peduncles in their axils, with or Avithout a pair of bractlets under the calyx : floAvering in summer ; the corolla in ours whitish and yelloAvish. A genus of about 20 species, Avidely distributed over the world, mainly in temperate climates, inhabiting wet jilaces. 1. Gr. Virginiana, Linn. Minutely viscid-puberulent, a span high, diflPuse : leaves lanceolate, sparingly serrate, mostly narrower below : peduncles equalling or surpassing the leaves : a pair of conspicuous bractlets at the base of the calyx : corolla (4 lines long) twice the length of the calyx : capsule ovate. In the Sierra Nevada, Plumas Co., &c. {Lemmon) ; thence through Oregon to the Atlantic States. 2. Gr. ebracteata, Bentli. Lower and more erect, glabrous, obscurely viscid : leaves lanceolate, acute, oftener entire : no bractlets to the calyx, Avhich about equals the small corolla : calyx globose. — DC. Prodr. x. 595. Northern part of the State (Ukiah, Bolander), and in Oregon. Root annual. 12. ILYSANTHES, Raf. Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions narrow and nearly equal. Corolla Avith a short and erect 2-lobed upper lip ; the larger lower one 3-cleft and spreading. Stamens only 2 fertile, included, with 2-celled anthers ; the anterior pair sterile, inserted high up on the throat of the corolla, consisting each of an unequally 2-lobed filament ; the shorter lobe smooth and tooth-like, the longer one glandular. Style straight : stigma of two small flat lobes or lips. Capsule small, many-seeded, 2-valved ; the edges of the valves separating from the partition, which is left Avith the undivided placenta. — Small and low annuals, glabrous ; Avith opposite sessile leaves, and solitary 1-floAvered filiform and naked peduncles in their axils, the upper becoming racemose by the reduction of the subtending leaves to bracts. FloAvering all summer. A genus of several species, distributed over the world in the manner of Gratiula. SjntJujris. SCROPHULAPJACE^. 571 1 I eratioloides, Beuih. Diffusc-ly brandung, about a span high : leaves ovate or !bkn° sparingly toothed or entire : peduncles mostly twice the length of the Lves, dWergent in iLt: corolla violet or purple, 3 or 4 lines long. -Ca^^raruc gratioloides, Linn. 13. LIMOSELLA, Linn. MiiD\vor.T. Calvx camnaiKilate, B-toothod. Corolla between rotate and eampanulate S-eleft, „earty LT. Stains 4, ..early equal : anthers coniluently 1-ceUed. Style short, "I'shrp'ed : stig.ua thickish. Caps..le globose, .nany-seeded, 2-valved; the- edges the valves seplrating from the delicate or evanesee..t partition . the th.ck placenta lef in the axis -Dhninutive and glabrous annuals, root.ng a..d en,ep...g rn uud especially when saline; with narrow entire fleshy leaves, m clusters around the Ih^r 1 flower-ed peduncles or scapes. a.,d at the end of the runners, or whe,. scat- tered alternate. Flowers smaU : corolla white or purpLsh. 1 T annatioa Li.m An inch to a span high : petioles longer and m water n.uch b,jrttu&ear or spatnlate-olng or oval blade, and lo,.ger tha., the Xs'SVt»' in &: ^SS^'^^'S:^^^^^^ ^--.eshy petioles with uo distinct blade. 14. SYHTHYEIS, IViitli. Calyx 4-part6d. Corolla eampanulate, with i slightly spreading more or less nnenual lobes, or sometimes divided irregularly, sometimes wholly want.ng. &ta- .el 2, inserted on the upper side ot the throat (rarely a lower P- '-*'-- the base of the corolla on the lower side). .anthe.-s 2-celled; the cells parallel and tti! Style slender : stigma small, undivided. Capsule flattened obtuse or emarlate, loeulicidal ; the valves cohering below by the part.t.on to the central many-seed d placenta. - Perennial he.-bs (all North American, and ch.efly west- Z witb altenrate a..d crenate leaves, the radical roundish or cordate, and a sp.k or iceme of small purpUsh or greenish flowers, terminat.ng a leafy stem or a ..aked I^-zf'^^^^uS^s;:^^is;rs.v^S5;i ''"vt^'oraat^a'a fL'with "ther cori,aceous a,.d smaller leaves; tbe blade a.. Mendocino Co., AeZ%5r. w v i p lo"^ t IT''') beloiiffs to Oregon, but S. KUB.A, Benth 1. c. (^^— f^ ^f/^'' i^°f ^^^^^^^^^ 572 SCROPHULARIACE.E. nronica. 15. VERONICA, Linn. Speedwell, Brooklime. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla rotate, 4-parted ; the lower lobe and soiuetiiries the lateral ones narrower than the others. Stamens 2, inserted on the throat of the corolla, one each side of its upper lobe, exserted : cells of the anther confluent at the apex. Style tipped Avith a somewhat capitate stigma. Capsule compressed, few- many-seeded ; the dehiscence generally loculicidal. — Leaves opposite or some- times in whorls, or in one species mostly alternate. Flowers small, in racemes or spikes, or sometimes solitary in the axils, blue, purplish, or white. A genus of about 150 species, distributed ahnost throughout the world, mainly in temperate and Irigid regions, not largely represented in North America, and scanty in California. In hicdi latitudes of the southern hemisphere several are shrubs or trees : one or two of these are in orifa- mental cultivation. * Low perennials, with opposite leaves. +- Bacemes axi/lar// : j^lants glabrous, decumbent or ascending, rooting at base. 1. V. Americana, Schweinitz. Stems a span to 2 feet long : leaves ovate or mostly oblong, serrate, rather succulent, short-petioled, the base slightly cordate or truncate : racemes opposite, slender-peduncled, many-flowered : pedicels slender, diverging : corolla bluish with purple stripes : capsule turgid, many-seeded. In brooks and ditches, not uncommon : extendhig north to Alaska and east to the Atlantic. Formerly confounded with the V. Bcccxihutuja of Europe. V. Anagallis, Linn., like the preceding but with sessile and mostly clasping acute leaves, occurs both nortli and east of C'alilbrnia. V. SCUTELLATA, Linn., growing in cold swamps northward, is also in Oiegoii. It is well marked by its linear sessile leaves, loose racemes from alternate axils, filiform divaricate pedicels, and very flat few-seeded deeply notched cajjsules. -f- -f- Baceme terminal, leafy below : pedicels short, erect: capsule flat, several-seeded. 2. v. alpina, Linn. Pubescent, or becoming glabrous below : simple stems erect from a somewhat creeping base, a span or more high : leaves oval, oblong, or the lowest roundish, somewhat toothed or entire, sessile : raceme spike-like, few- flowered : corolla blue : capsule obovate or oblong, slightly notched. — The Green- land and American form, var. Wormsldoldii, Hook, Lot. JNIag. t. 2795. Y. lVo7-vis- kiuldii, Eoemer & Schultes. High portions of the Sierra Nevada, at 8,500 to 10,000 feet {Breiver, Bolander): also in the alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, of the White Mountains in New Hampshire, and through the arctic regions. 3. V. serpyllifolia, Linn. ]\Iinutely pubescent or glabrous, branching and creeping at base, leafy : flowering shoots about a span high : leaves round-ovate or oblong, obscurely crenate, thickish, barely half an inch long ; the lower short- petioled ; the upper gradually diminished into lanceolate or oblong bracts : raceme strict : corolla whitish or bluish with deeper stripes : capsule strongly notched, broader than long. Not yet received from the State, but doubtless in the Sierra Nevada, as it occurs northward and eastward, extending through the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere. % * Low annual : all the ^Lpper leaves alternate. 4. V. peregrina, Linn. Minutely pubescent or glabrous, a span or more high, erect, brandling : leaves rather succulent, mostly linear-oblong, obtuse ; the lower commonly toothed ; the upper entire and narrower, gradually diminishing, but all longer than the very short-pedicelled flowers in their axils : corolla inconspicuous : capsule rounded-obcordate, many-seeded. Waste and cultivated grounds, especially near habitations, everywhere ajipearing like an intro- duced weed, but doubtless of American origin. Castilkia. SCROPniJLARIACE.E. 573 16. CASTILLEIA, Linn. f. Painted-Cip. Calyx tubular, more or less cleft eitlier in front or behind, or both ; the lobes 2 and lateral, or 4. Corolla tubular, more or less laterally compressed, especially the long and conduplicate or carinate-concave upper lip (galea) ; the lower lip short or minute, always small in comparison with the upper, 3-toothed, 3-carinate or some- what saccate below the short teeth ; the tube usually enclosed in the calyx. Stamens 4, enclosed in the upper lip : anthers 2-celled ; the cells oblong or almost linear, unequal, the outer one fixed by its middle, the inner one smaller and pendu- lous. Style long : stigma capitate, sometimes 2-lobed. Capsule loculicidally 2- valved, the valves bearing the placenta on their middle. Seeds numerous, with a loose and cellular favose coat. — Herbs, disposed to turn blackish in drying, perennials and sometimes a little woody at base, or a few annual ; most of the leaves alternate, all sessile, the floral ones or their tips, as well as the calyx-lobes, commonly petaloid- colored (red, sometimes whitish or yellowish). Flowers in terminal and simple spikes, without bractlets. — Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xxxiv. 335 ; Watson, liot. King Exp. 456. A genus of 30 or more species, all American, except one in Northern Asia, the greater ])art North American west of the Mississippi and in the Andes. The brightly colored floral leaves or bracts of most of them are more showy than the flowers, the corolla being commonly yellowish or greenish. § 1. Annual: leaves all entire and linear-lanceolate; or the upper floral sometimes a little dilated and incised : calyx narrow, as deeply cleft behind as before and usually more so : all the loiver floivers pedicelled. 1. C. afiinis, Hook. & Arn. Pubescent : stem strict and mostly simple, a foot to a yard higli : flowers scattered or the upper crowded in the leafy spike, curving : calyx and the upper bracts tinged with red : corolla an inch or more long, yellowish, or the tip reddish, surpassing the calyx ; lower lip very sliort but protuberant, its callous oblong teeth rather shorter than the keels beneath them, the upper lip almost as long as the tube. — Bot. Beechey, 154. Moist grounds or along streams, from San Diego to the Sacramento. The plant figured under this name by the late C. A. Meyer, in the Sertum Petrop. ii., is apparently a common large- flowered form of C parvifora, i. e. C. Doitglasii, Benth. 2. C. minor, Gray. More slender, a foot or two high, simple or paniculately branching, the pubescence somewhat viscid : flowers at length scattered in a virgate leafy spike, straight .: upper bracts red-tipped, slender : corolla little exceeding the green calyx, 6 to 9 lines long, yellowish ; its lower lip extremely short and not protuberant, its teeth thin and rounded ; the upper lip rather broad and not half the lengtli of the tube. — C. aflinis, var. minor, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 11 9, & Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. • Not yet found within the limits of the State, but near by, in Nevada, at Carson City (Anderson) and Truckee Valley ( Watson) ; also in Arizona, and east to New Mexico and Nebraska. § 2. Perennial : leaves all narrow: calyx narrow, deeply cleft before, 4t-toothed behind; the teeth sHhidate. 3. C. linaricefolia, Benth. Glabrous below, more or less woolly-pnlioscent at summit, 2 to 3 or even G feet high, slender, sometimes paniculately Ijraiiclied aljcve: leaves not broadened at base, linear, entire, or some of the upper and tloral 3-cloft : spike dense, or below loose : flowers soon curved, the lower short-pedicelled : corolla an inch or two long, narrow, scarlet or red, as are also the calyx and the lobes of the bracts ; the falcate upper lip commonly yellow or yellowish, as long as the tube, 574 SCROPHULARIACE.E. Castilleia. wliolly exserted ; the lower lip extremely short, callous and protuberant. — C. can- dens, Durand in Pacif. II. Eep. v. 12. Sides of rocky hills, near Fort Tejon and in the Sierra Nevada, chiefly in the eastern ranges and at about 8,000 feet ; thence along the mountains to New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming " § 3. Perennial: calyx cleft more or less behind as well as before; the lobes therefore right and left, two and entire or notched, or else %parted, making 4, variable in this res2ject. % White-woolly, leather shrubby at base. 4. C. foliolosa, Hook. & Arn. A foot or two high, clothed with a matted white wool (consisting of intricately branched hairs), which becomes loose with age : leaves rather short and very numerous, being often in fascicles in the axils, lin'ear and entire, or with a pair of linear divaricate lobes ; the upper floral cleft and their lobes with more or less dilated yellowish or red tips : the 2 calyx-lobes broad, retuse or merely notched, nearly equalling the corolla, the lower lip of which is very small. — Bot. Beechey, 154 ; Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 118. Hillsides, Mendocino Co. to San Diego, most common southward. Seeds elongated-oblon-cleft. 6. C. Kingii, Watson. A span to a foot high, much branched, \dscidly pubes- cent : divisions of the leaves linear-filiform : bracts 3 - 5-cleft : flowers crowded at the summit of the branchlets : corolla pubescent above, mostly purple, less than an inch long. — Bot. King Exp. 1. c. t. 22. Monitor Valley, Nevada ( Watson), and Southern Utah : not yet known in California. * * Stamens 4, tvith glabrous filaments : anthers of the longer stamens 1-celled, of the shorter ivith a small loiver cell only ; merely the base of tlie anther-cells ciliolate or bearded: leaves all entire. 7. C. canescens, Gray, 1. c. About a foot high, corymbosely branched, rather stout, hoary-pubescent : leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rather erect : bracts lanceo- late : flowers few in a close capitate cluster : corolla purplisli. _ Washoe Co., Nevada {Anderson, Torrey, &c.), near the California line, and doubtless also within it. 8. C. maritimus, ISTutt. 1. c. A foot or less higli, corymbosely branched from the base, pale, less hoary-pubescent than the preceding, which it resembles : the leaves and bracts similar ; inflorescence similar or more spicate : corolla dull pur- plish : filaments in very unequal pairs. Sandy salt-marshes along the coast, from San Francisco I5uy to San Diego. 582 . SCROPHULARIACE.E. Cordylanlhus. * %* % /Stamens only 2, vnth glabrous filaments : anthers unequally 2-celled : upper leaves and bracts incisely pinnatifid or toothed. 9. C. mollis, Gray, 1. c. Barely a foot liigh, with numerous branches, villous- hirsute : leaves oblong linear ; the lower entire and obtuse ; the upper and the bracts Avith 2 to 4 pairs of laciniate obtuse teeth or lobes : flowers in short thickish spikes : corolla whitish or yellowish, with some dull purple. Salt-marshes of San Francisco Bay, at Mare Island and Vallejo, C. Wright, E. L. Greene. Corolla three fourths of an inch long. Seeds somewhat reniform, with a loose and thick cellular- reticulated coat. 19. PEDICULARIS, Toum. Lousewort. Calyx 2 - 5-toothed, irregular. Corolla strongly bilabiate ; the upper lip (galea) arched and laterally compressed, sometimes beaked ; the lower erect at base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, enclosed in the upper lip : anthers transverse, equally 2-celled, all or in pairs closely approximate. Style filiform : stigma small, entire. Capsule ovate or lanceolate, oblique, compressed, more or less loculicidal. Seeds several or numerous, comparatively large, ovoid. — Perennial herbs ; with alternate or sometimes opposite or whorled leaves, these mostly pinnately divided or lobed, the floral ones commonly reduced to bracts ; the flowers commonly spicate, some- times racemose, of various colors. The leaves in ours all or mostly alternate. A genus of nearly 150 species, widely distributed, but chiefly in the northern hemis])heie and in cool temperate or arctic regions, more numerous from Oregon northward and in the Rocky Mountains than in California, which, however, has two or three peculiar species. * Leaves undivided, merely serrate : flowers racemose : corolla beaked. 1. P. racemosa, Dougl. Glabrous or nearly so : stems numerous in a cluster, a foot or two high, very leafy : leaves lanceolate, with narrowed base more or less petioled, closely and often doubly crenate-serrate ; the upper floral or bracts linear and entire and shorter than the flowers, but the raceme leafy below : calyx split down the front, 2-toothed pcsteriorly : corolla white or purplish, with tube hardly exceeding the calyx ; the upper lip strongly incurving and tapering into a subulate beak which touches the broad lower lip : anthers pointed at base. — Hook. Fl. ii. 108. Mountain woods, Sierra and Bear Valleys, Lemmon, Bolander. Also Utah and Colorado in the higher mountains, and north to British Columbia. Ht * Leaves at least once pinnatifid. -f- Upper Up of the corolla tipped with a long ayid slender 2>'>^oboscis ; its base with a tooth on each side : anthers very blunt : stem and virgate spike strict, together from a span to 2 feet high. 2. P. GrCBnlandica, Tietz. Glabrous : leaves lanceolate in outline, pinnately parted ; the divisions linear-lanceolate, sharply and sometimes incisely serrate: calyx campanulate ; the 5 teeth short : corolla rose-colored, short, barely half the length of the filiform deflexed and then ascending or recurved beak, this nearly half an inch long. — Fl. Dan. t. 1166, poor. P. incarnata, Eetz, Obs. iv. 27, t. 1. P. sur- recta, Benth. in Hook. Fl. ii. 107, & Prodr. x. 566; the larger-flowered form, which prevails. Higher parts of the Sierra Nevada from Placer Co. ( Torrey) east to the Rocky Mountains, and north to British Columbia, Labrador, and Greenland ? 3. P. attoUens, Gray. Glabrous below : the dense spike rather woolly : leaves lanceolate or linear in outline, pinnately parted, with linear or somewhat oblong divisions, some of the lowest leaves nearly bipinnatifid ; the upper scattered, gradu- Pedicularis. 0R0BANCnACEJ5. 583 ally smaller an.l simpler ; the loljes sliarply serrate : calyx unequally 5-tootlied ; the teeth almost as long as the tube : corolla purple ; the upper lip httle exser ed out ot the calyx, much shorter than the hroad lower one, and only about halt the lengtli of its abrupt upturned or retrocurved filiform beak, this 2 or 3 hues long. — i roc. Am. Acad. vii. 384. Moist meadows in the Sierra Nevada at 5,U00 to 10,000 feet, from Mariposa to llacer Co., Bridges, Brewer, Bolandcr, Torrey. ^ +. Upper lip of the corolla blunt and beakless : radical leaves ample, nearly equal- ling or exceeding the spike or dense raceme. 4 P densinora, Benth. Pubescent when young, or nearly glabrous stout, a span to'a foot ..r more high : leaves oblong-lanceolate or broader in general outhne, twice pinnatihd or pinnately parted, and the divisions irregularly and sharply in- cised and toothed; the upper simpler and reduced to fohaceous bracts of the dense, or in a"e more lengthened and looser spike or raceme : calyx-teeth 5, lanceolate oi subulat°e : corolla red or scarlet, straight and narrow, slightly clavate an inch or more long; the lower lip very small, inconspicuous, only a quarter of the length ot t e npper : anther-eells with tapering or acute base. -P. densiflor<-<^ & P. attenuata, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 574. ^ Common throu<,^hout the western and middle portions of tlie State. Spike at first 2 «; -"^f^^^ J in age often a foot or more in length: pedicels shorter than the calyx, sometimes .eiy shoitn Tube of the corolla either little or considerably exserted. 5 P semibarbata, Gray. Somewhat pubescent, or at length glabrate, almost stemless ■ leaves crow.led next the ground, slender-petioled, much exceeding the short and nearly sessile spikes, twice pinnately parted into small and short mostly few-toothed or incised lobes : calyx unequally 5-toothed : corolla yeUowish, exter- nallv pubescent, two thirds of an inch long, moderately enlarging upward, straight ; the short obtuse npper lip a little incurved, slightly longer than the almost erect lower one : the two longer filaments villous above the middle; the others^ nearly naked : anther-cells abruptly pointed at the base. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 38.J. Open woods through the Sierra Nevada, at 5,000 to 10,000 feet, from Mariposa to Placer Co. (^Brewer, Bolander, Gray) ; also found near Carson City by Anderson. P CENTRAN'THERA, Gray ill Bot. Mex. Boimd. 120, is a somewhat similar, but more peculiar, neaiiy stemless species, with once pinnatifid leaves, longer and purple coroUa, and awned anthers. It was discovered in New Mexico! but has recently been detected m the southwestern part ot Utah, so that it may reach the borders of California. Order LXIX. OROBANCHACE^. Eoot-parasitic herbs, destitute of foliage and green color, with irregular chiefly bilabiate coroUa, didynamous stamens, and one-celled ovary and capsule with two or more parietal many-seeded placenta, — by the latter character only distinguished from Scrophulariacece. — Seeds very smaU and numerous, anatropous, with a minute embryo at the base of transparent albumen. Calyx and corolla persistent, hypogy- nous. Stamens on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled. Style long : stigma 2-lobed or nearly entire. Capsule 2-valved : each valve bearing one placenta or a pair. Dry or fleshy scales, in place of leaves, alternate. A small order mainly of the northern temperate zone, of 11 genera and '-^bout 150 sjto all except a dozen belonging to the Old World, only two genera represented m or near taliloxnia. 1. Aphyllon. Stamens included: cells of the anthers pointe.l at base. Calyx 5-cleft 2. Boschniakia. Stamens protruded: anther-cells closely parallel and blunt at base. Caljx truncate posteriorly, the teeth anterior and lateral. 684 OROBANCHACE^. Aphyllon. 1. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Cancer-root. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, regular or nearly so. Corolla more or less tubular and curved, either almost regular or bilabiate. Stamens included : cells of the anther deeply separated from below upward, mucronate at base. Style long : stigma disk- shaped and peltate, or more or less bilamellar ; the lobes anterior and posterior. A double placenta or a pair of contiguous placentae on the middle of each valve of the capsule. Low and commonly viscid-pubescent or glandular, pale or brownish in hue, some with slender naked scapes or peduncles, others with spicate flowers : corolla purplish or yellowish. — Gray, Man. Bot. ed. 1, 290, ed. 5, 323; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 983. Anopkmthus § Euanox>lon, Endl., Eeuter in DC. Prodr. xi. 41, with species of PheUpcea. A North Ameriean genus, to which must be added two or three si)ecies which had been referred to Phclii>(za as that genus had been understood. The original Pliclipcm, on the other hand, is more like the original Apliyllon in habit. § 1. Scapes or peduncles nahed, long and slender, from a loosely scaly rootstoch or shoH ascending stem, and no bractlets at the base of the b-lohed calyx : corolla with an almost regular and equally spreading b-lobed border. — True Aphyllon. 1. A. uniflorum, Gray, 1. c. Scapes few and barely a span high from a nearly subterranean short rootstock : lobes of the calyx longer than its tube, subulate : corolla (about an inch long) bluish-purple or purplish. — Pacif. Pi. Pep. iv. 118. O'robanche uniftora, Linn. Tarasitic on roots of various plants, not rare in California, and nortli to British Columbia, east to the Atlantic. Flowers vernal, with the odor of violets. 2. A. fasciculatum, Gray, 1. c. More pubescent and glandular : scaly stem ris- ing out of ground 2 or 3 inches, bearing numerous fascicled peduncles of about the same leiigth : lobes of the calyx not longer than its tube, broader and shorter than in the preceding: corolla purplish or sometimes sulphur-yellow. — Orobanche fas- ciculata, K"utt. ; Hook. PL ii. 93, t. 170. Sandy ground : commoner than the other, extending eastward to the Jlississippi and the upper Great Lakes. § 2. Stems rising above the ground: flowers racemose, panicled, or spicate, mostly uith one or two bractlets close to or rarely beloiv the calyx : corolla j^laivly bila- biate ; iipper lip 2-lobed or notched ; lower 3-parted. — Xothaphyllon, Gray. % Flowers racemose, distinctly pjedicelled, pretty large [an inch or more long) : the lobes of the corolla more or less spreading : calyx b-jmrted into long and slender lobes. 3. A. COmosum, Gray. Low, branching at or near the surface of the gTound : flowers on slender and mostly naked pedicels in a corymb or short raceme : bractlets at the calyx often wanting, when present very slender: corolla rose-colored or purple, with oblong spreading lobes. — Orobanche comosa, Hook. 1. c. t. 169. Dry hills ; j)arasitic on Artemisia and other plants ; on the Coast Range back of ilouterey (Brcivcr) to Washington Territory. Pedicels sometimes nearly an inch long. Calyx half the length of the corolla, whieli is not rarely 1^ inches long and broad at the throat. Anthers woolly. 4. A. Calif ornicum, Gray. Stem stout, a span or more high, simple or branch- ing : flowers crowded in an at length elongated and dense spike-like raceme : pedi- cels shorter than the calyx, which is commonly 2-bracteolate and its slender divisions almost as long as the yellowish or purplish corolla, the lobes of which are rather shorter and less spreading than in the preceding. — Orobanche Californica, Cham. & Schlecht. PheUpcea Californica, Don ; Peuter in DC. Prodr. xi. 11. P. erianthera, "Watson, Bot. King Exp. '2'2b, not of Engelm. Dry hills, from near the coast to Nevada. Anthers naked or slightly hairy. Boschniahia. OROBANCHACE^. 585 * * Flowers mainly sessile, croivded in a simple or branching spike : lobes of the corolla short and less spreading: calyx deeply 5-cleft into linear -lanceolate divisions, 2-bracteolate. 5. A. Ludovicianum, Cray. More pubescent, a span to a foot liigli : calyx about liiilt' the lenytli of the dull purple or sometimes yellowish corolla : anthers (before opening) glabrous or slightly wooUy. — Orobanche Liuloviciana, Nutt. Gen. ii. 58. Phelixxxa Ludoviciana, Walp. ; lieuter, 1. c. Near Fort Mohave, Cooper. Thence through New Mexico to Texas, Illinois, and Minnesota. "Rootstock bitter, but eaten by the Mohaves." Corolla barely three fourths of an inch loii" : upper lip occasionally entire : calyx often rather irregular. ° A. MULTIFLORUM, Gray {nruJ,„,i,-hr i,i,iJf; flora, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 179, & Phdipim erianthera, Engelm.), of Arizona and ^■r\v .M, xi,-,,, whirl, resembles the preceding species, has larger Howers, the lower ones more or less pttlicellcd, Lmgrr calyx-lobes, and veiy woolly anthers. It may also reach California. * * * Flowers mainly sessile, in a panicle or thyrsoid cluster, small, at most half an inch long : calyx '2-bracteolate ; its lobes rather short : corolla xvith short and hardly spreading lobes : anthers glabrous or nearly so : stems from a thick and firm tuber- ous base. 6. A. tuberosum, Gray. Minutely puberulent, low and stout, the thickened base with hrm imbricated scales : flowers in a compact cluster : calyx unequally cleft, a little shorter than the yellowish corolla. — Phelipaea tuberosa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 371. Sandy soil on dry ridges, Gavilan Mountains east of Itlonterey, Brewer. Specimens mainly in fruit. A. Yi-^-ETonvu,Gmy {PhdipcBa innetorrim, Gray, 1. c, and Orohanchc pinetorum, Geyer in Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 297), of the Columbia River region, another species of this section, has more tapering stems and a looser panicle, often a foot high, and equal calyx-lobes rather shorter than its tube. 2. BOSCHNIAKIA, C. A. Meyer. Calyx short and cupshaped, oblicpie, or the upper side truncate, the lower side with about 3 distant teeth : no bractlets at its base. Corolla ventricose ; the upper lip erect or somewhat arched and entire ; the lower 3-parted, sometimes very short. Stamens somewhat protruded : anthers blunt at base. Seeds with a thin and retic- ulated coat. — Short and stout simple stems from a tuberous base, thickly beset with scales, glabrous throughout ; the flowers in a dense scaly spike, yelloAvish or brownish. — Bongard, Veg. Sitcha, 158. B. GLABRA, C. A. Meyer, the original species (which is figured in Hooker's Flora Bor.-Am.), inhabits Siberia and the high northern parts of this continent. It is remarkable for the ex- tremely short lower lip to the corolla. B. HooKEKi, Walp. (figm-ed by Hooker as Orobanche tuberosa), known only by a sjjccimen collected by Menzies on the N. W. Coast, must be near the following, but has short and blunt calyx-teeth and narrow bracts to the spike. 1. B. strobilacea, Gray. A span high, thick and stout, with broad and rounded dark-lnown scales overlying one another, so as to resemble a spruce-cone, floriferous from near the base : calyx truncate-entire on the posterior side, on the anterior with 3 linear-subulate teeth longer than the tube : lower liji of the corolla as long as the upper, of 3 oblong spreading lobes : filaments strongly l)earded at base : placentoe 4, equidistant. — Pacif. R. Eep. iv. 1 1 8. On dry steep hills of the South Yuba, Bigclow. Sta. Lucia Mountains, ])arasitic on i-oots of Manzanita, Brewer. "Scales brownish-red with light margins : corolla striped with white and brownish-red." 586 , LENTIBULARIE.E. Utrkularia. Order LXX. LENTIBULARIE^. Aquatic or marsh herbs, with bilabiate calyx and corolla, the latter personate and spurred or saccate on the lower side, only 2 stamens, their anthers confluently 1-celled, and the free ovary 1-celled, with a free central placenta. Ovules numerous, anatropous. Capsule many-seeded, bursting irregularly. Seeds destitute of albu- men : the embryo thick, almost entire, a mere notch for the cotyledons. Flowers perfect, on a scape or scapedike j^ed uncle. The principal genera are Pincjuicula or Butterwort, inhabiting wet rocks, one species in Oreo-on, and the rather large genus, — ° 1. UTEICULABIA, Linn. Bladderwort. Calyx persistent, its lips entire. Corolla with very short tube and ample lips ; the lower larger, Sdobed, bearing a prominent and usually bearded palate, decid- uous. Stamens borne in the base of the corolla, connivent : anthers approximate. Style short : stigma 1 - 2-lipped. — The commoner species are immersed in still or slow-flowing water, have branching stems, and capillary dissected leaves, and on some of them bladders with a valvular opening, in which minute aquatic animals are caught and retained. A genus of numerous species, widely distributed over the world, several in the Atlantic United States, but only the following known in California, both ranging round the world. 1. U. vulgaris, Linn. Stems 1 to 3 feet long, swimming free under water, beset with twice or thrice pinnately-parted capillary leaves bearing many bladders : peduncles rising out of the water G to 1 2 inches high : flowers 5 to 12 in a raceme, (f inch broad) ; the conical curved spur rather shorter than the lower lip of the corolla : pedicels nodding after flowering. Lakes and pools, in the Sierra Nevada and in the northwestern counties ; the var. Americana, Gray, having a narrower and less blunt spur than in the European plant. 2. XT. minor, Linn. Stems a few inches long, slender, swimming free, branch- ing, beset with short and 2 to 4 times forked leaves having linear-filiform divisions : peduncle slender, rising out of the water, and bearing 3 to 8 flowers in a raceme : corolla 3 lines long, with very short and blunt spur or sac : pedicels nodding after flowering. Big Spring in Indian Valley, Lcmmon. Collected by Watson in Nevada and Utah, but only sterile. Order LXXL BIGNONIACE^. Woody plants, ereat or climbing, with more or less bilabiate corolla, didynamous or by abortion diandrous stamens, a free ovary with two parietal placentae but very commonly 2-celled by a false partition, and numerous seeds with a flat embryo and no albumen. Leaves various, but commonly opposite. Flowers usually large and showy, perfect. Corolla 5-lobed, imbricated in the bud, the three lobes of the lower lip covering the othere. Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla alternate with the lobes; the anterior pair always fertile and rudiments of the 3 others present, or 4 fertile, the uppermost rudimentary or wanting : anthers 2-celled. A fleshy annular disk around the base of the ovary. Style single : stigma of 2 broad lips. 0\'T.des anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit mostly a capsule, opening by 2 Chilopsis. ACANTHACE.E. 587 valves which foil away from the placentiferous partition or replum. Seeds large, winged or appendaged ; the kernel consisting of the flat embryo : cotyledons broad and foliaceous : radicle short. A large order in the troiiirs, ami with a few represeiitativos in the temperate zones, especially in America, such as the Tnuii])rt-( 'ivcimt (Tecoina ruilirii„s\ an. I tliu Catalpa-tree in tlie Atlantic, States. There are some true Lujiiouinrav in the southmi part of Lower California ; but in our State only one, and that barely along the southeastern frontiers. Martynia (Unicorn-plant) is represented by a species or two in Lower California and Arizona, but none is known along or near our boundary. They are viscid and rank-scented herbs, with a sort of drupaceous imperfectly 2-5-celled fruit, and thick-coated wingless seeds. M. i-kobos- ciDEA, Linn., the common Unicorn-plant, sometimes cultivated in gardens, is not unlikely to occur in California as an introduced plant. These plants, with Sesamum and some other genera, constitute the order or suborder Pedaline^. 1. CHILOPSIS, Don. Desert-Willow. Calyx membranaceous, ovate in the bud, irregularly bilabiate, often split deeper on one side. Corolla funnelform, ventricose above, with an ample bilabiately 5-lobed spreading limb ; the rounded lobes erose and undulate. Stamens 4 and a sterile filament : cells of the anther naked and diverging. Capsule long and linear, terete, resembling that of Catalpa, 2-celled with the at length loose narrow partition contrary to the valves. Seeds oblong, thin, with the wing at each end dissected into a woolly or fine bristly tuft. Cotyledons 2-lobed. — Don in Edinb. Phil. Jour, ix. 261 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 227. — A single species. 1. C. saligna, Don, 1. c. Shrub or tree, 10 to 20 feet high, with hard wood, willow-like, pubescent when young, soon glabrous, with slender branches bearing numerous leaves : these linear or linear-lanceolate, 4 to 6 inches long, opposite, whorled, or mostly irregularly alternate, entire, slightly glutinous when old: flowers in a short terminal raceme : corolla one or two inches long, white and purplish : caj)- sule 6 to 10 inches long. — C. linearis, DC. 1. c. Bignoma (?) linearis, Cav. Ic. iii. t. 2G9. Along water-courses, San Bernardino and San Diego counties, and through the arid interior region to the borders of Texas and the northern part of Mexico. Order LXXII. ACANTHACE^. Like Scrophulariaceoe in general character, except in the capsule and seeds. Flowers perfect, mostly with bractlets at the hase of the calyx. Ovary 2-celled, with placenta in the axis, bearing few or definite anatropous ovules in each cell. Capsule 2-celled, few-seeded. Seeds borne on hook-Uke or rarely cupshaped pro- cesses of the placenta (retinacula), destitute of albumen. Cotyledons broad and flat. Corolla with lobes either imbricated or convolute in the bud. A very large family, chiefly in and near the inter-tropical regions ; a few in the Eastern United States extending even to the Great Lakes ; a larger number along the southern border of the United States ; one or two only known to occur within the borders of the State of California, but several not far distant. One or two species of Thunbcrr/i'i commonly represent the order in cultivation. The herbage is bland or slightly bitter, and destitute of active i)ropertics. * Stamens 4 : corolla hardly or only slightly bilabiate. 1. Ruellia. Anthers 2-celled. Corolla convolute in the bud. Capsule several-seeded. 2. Berginia. Anthers 1 -celled. Corolla imbricated in the bud. Capsule 4-seeded. * * Stamens only 2 : anthers 2-celled : corolla strongly bilabiate : capsule 4-seeded. .3. Beloperone. Anthers with lower cell spurred or pointed at base. Flowers 1-bracted. 4. Dicliptera. Anther-cells pointless. Flowers 1 to 3 between a pair of valvate bracts. 588 ■ ACANTHACE.E. Ruellia. 1. RUELLIA, Linn. Calyx 5-parted into narrow and nearly e(|ual divisions. Corolla broadly funnel- form, almost regularly Sdobed ; the lobes broad and Hat, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, included : filaments united at the base in pairs : anthers sagittate, 2-ceUed ; the cells nearly parallel and ec^ual. Capsule oblong or club- shaped, nearly terete, 8- 16-seeded. Seeds flat, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped. — Perennials and chiefly herbs; with oval or oblong and petioled leaves, and rather large blue or purple flowers ; many of the most fertile ones never unfolding, being close-fecundated in the bud. 1. R. tuberosa, Linn. Pubescent, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves oval or ovate : flowers in a nearly naked terminal panicle: corolla (1| to 2 inches long) with a slender tube suddenly expanded into an ample throat : stigma single (the other fork wanting) : capsule 12 - 16-seeded. — Cryi)hiacaiithiis Barbadensis, Nees. California, Coulter. But his plant (No. 556) very likely collected in Arizona, whence this species extends to Texas, and is common in Mexico, W. Indies, &c. 2. BERGINIA, Harvey. Calyx 5-parted into narrow chartaceous and striate nearly equal divisions. Corolla with tube about equalling the calyx and the irregular rather bilabiate limb ; ujjper lip nearly erect, 2-parted, the lobes oblong, interior in the bud ; lower longer and spreading, 3-parted or cleft; the lobes somewhat obovate, the middle one with a bearded patch at and below its base. Stamens 4, inserted in the throat : filaments subulate, the anterior pair bearded inside next the anther : anthers ovate-lanceolate, the acute tips at first lightly cohering by a minute beard. Style thickened at apex : stigma naked, truncate and a little cupped. Capsule not at all stalk-like or nar- rowed at base, ovate, apparently thin-walled and not compressed, 4-seeded from near the base. — A single species. 1. B. virgata, Harvey, in herb. Apparently a low and somewhat shrubby plant, minutely puljcrulent, with slender branches : leaves linear-oblong, entire, sessile or nearly so, scabrous '(half an inch or so in length), with midrib pi-ominent underneatli; the upper reduced to ovate-lanceolate bracts of the loose interrupted spike, barely equalling the 2-bracteolate calyx : corolla apjjarently white, less than half an inch long. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 1096. California, No. 603, Coulter. Not since met with ; more probably collected in Arizona or within tlie borders of Mexico. 3. BELOPERONE, Nees. Calyx equally 5-parted, subtended by a pair of small bractlets. Corolla tubular, bilabiate ; the upper lip interior in the bud, concave, erect or arching, entire or emarginate ; the lower spreading and 3-lobed. Stamens 2 : anthers 2-celled ; the cells disjoined, one higher than the other, the lower one with a short spur at base. Style filiform : stigma mostly entire. Capsule clavate, having a long empty stalk- like base ; the short cells each 2-seeded. — Mostly shrubs, of Tropical America ; with flowers in spikes or racemes ; the bracts and bractlets small and narrow. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 1110. 1. B. Californica, Benth. Tomentose or hoary: stems shrubby, slender, often becoming leafless : leaves ovate, round-oval, or somewhat cordate, nearly entire, DicUptera. LABIAT^E. 5^9 slender-petioled : racemes short and loose : bracts and bractlets deciduous : calyx- lobes subulate : corolla dull red, narrow, an inch long ; the lips truncate : cells of the anther nearly et[ual in size, the lower with a short blunt spur : capsule tomen- tose, club-shaped, the stalk-like empty base longer than the seed-bearing portion. — Bot. Sulph. 38. Jacohinia Californica, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 729. iSe7Hcof/raphis Calif ornica, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 125. Along the southeastern borders of the State {Fremont, Newberry, Tarry, &c.), in Arizona, an■+ ++ Bracts cuspidate, mostly scarious except the strong rihs : calyx-teeth stdmlate. 9. M. Brevreri, Gray. A span or more high, piiberulent : leaves oblong or ovate, abrnittly petioled, pinnately veined (the larger an inch long) : bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate-cuspidate, whitish-scarious, the outer pinnately and tlie inner nervosely 7 - 9-ribbed, most of the ribs converging into the point : corolla rose-purple, the tube surpassing the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 386. Corral Hollow, Contra Costa Co., south of Monte Diablo, on a very dry sandy hill, Brewer. The plant has the aspect of a small ." Mkromeria. LABIAT^E. 595 10. M. Douglasii, Benth. A span to a foot or more liigh, loosely branched, puberuleut and above hirsute : leaves lanceolate (about an inch long), tapering into the petiole, the veins inconspicuous and ascending : bracts ovate and ovate-lan- ceolate, gradually acuminate to a cuspidate point, wholly or mainly transparent- scarious (silvery white or tinged purplish), except the strong midrib and divergent pinnate veins wliich all run into a marginal false vein of equal strength, forming a rigid framework : corolla deep rose-color, the tube little exserted beyond the sharj)- pointed calyx-teeth. — Lab. 332, & DC. Prodr. 1. c. M. caudicans, var. veuosa, Torr. Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 123. Hills and plains, around San Francisco Bay and north to Yuba Co. Plant strong-scented. The very thin and transparent veinless substance of the bracts set as in frames formed of the ribs and simple veins. ^ j^ Corolla (u'hite ?) small, toith wliolly included tube and short ovate-oblong lobes. 11. M. leucocephala, Gray. A span or two high, minutely cinereous-pube.s- cent : leaves oblung or lanceolate, entire, short-petioled : bracts orbicular-ovate, pointless, thin-scarious, bright white, 7 - 9-nerved, and with a few indistinct vein- lets : calyx hirsute, hnely and closely nerved ; the teeth subulate and whitish. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 385. Plains near Merced, Brewer. Bracts 4 or 5 lines long, the veins minutely hispid underneath. Calyx 21 lines long. Corolla probably more conspicuous in other specimens. The species is a very peculiar one. 6. MICROMERIA, Benth. Calyx oblong or tubular, about 13-striate, terete, not gibbous nor declined, about equally 5-toothed. Corolla short, naked within, distinctly bilabiate ; upper lip erect, flattish, entire or emarginate ; lower spreading, 3-parted, Stamens 4 : filaments arcuate-ascending ; the anterior pair longer : anthers 2-celled. Style glabrous. — Low plants, sweet-odorous, various in habit, with small flowers in the axils of the leaves. A genus of numerous Old World and several South American species, one of which (of the peculiar section, Hespehotiiymus) reaches the Southern Atlantic States, and has a relative on the Pacific Coast. 1. M. Douglasii, Benth. Perennial herb, slightly pubescent, with long and slender creeping and trailing stems : leaves round-ovate, thin, sparingly toothed (an inch or less in diameter) short-petioled : flowers mostly solitary in the axils, on a Ion" and filiform 2-bracteolate peduncle : calyx-teeth subulate : corolla purplish, 4 lines long, twice the length of the calyx, the tube exserted. — Lab. 372. Thym7is Douglasii & Ckamissonis, Benth. in Linnoea, vi. 82. Micromeria barbata, Fischer & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. viii. 67. Woods of the Coast Ranges, mostly in sandy soil, from Santa Barbara Co. northward to Wash- ington Territory. A sweet-scented herb, the well-known Verba Buena. 2. M. purpurea, Gray. Erect and much branched, a foot or two high, rather finely and loosely pubescent : leaves short-petioled, lanceolate, acuminate, sparsely serrate with sharp appressed teeth (an inch long) : flowers numerous in umbel-like sessile or short-peduncled fascicles in the axils of the leaves : calyx oblong-campanu- late, about tlie length of the pedicels, naked in the throat ; the slender-subulate teeth one third the length of the tube : corolla " purple-blue," 2 lines long, little exceed- ing the calyx. — Hedeoma purpurea, Kellogg in Proc. Cahf. Acad. v. 52. Webb's Landing, on an island in the San Joaqiiin River, Kellogg. Plant with "the strong odor and carminative properties of the common Pennyroyal." Not otiierwise met with, and rather obscure. It is in no respect a Hcdcoma : in unexpanded flower-buds all four filaments bear fertile and similar anthers. 596 LABIATE. Calamintha. 7. CALAMINTHA, Mcench. Calaminth. Calyx oblong or tubular, often gibbous, about 1 3-striate, bilabiate ; tbe upper lip 3-toothed or 3-cleft ; lower 3-parted ; the throat either naked or bearded. Corolla with a straight tube mostly exceeding the calyx, an enlarging throat, and a distinctly bilabiate limb ; upper lip erect, flattish or concave, entire or emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-lobed or parted. Stamens 4 ; the upper pair sometimes smaller and sterile : filaments ascending parallel under or beyond the upper lip, or conniving in pairs : anthers 2-celled, with or without a thickened connective. — Herbs or some- what suffruticose plants, of various habit, forming four or five very distinct sections ; the species dispersed around the northern hemisphere. C. Palmeri, Gray, is a new species of the Acinos section, a low and small-flowered annual, with wholly the aspect of a Hedeoma. It was recently discovered ou Guadalupe Island off Lower California, by Dr. E. Pulvicr. 1. C. mimuloides, Benth. Erect, 2 feet high, somewhat viscidly villous : leaves ovate, thin, coarsely serrate, an inch or two in length, slender-petioled: flowers nearly solitary in the axils ; their slender peduncle leafy-bracteate at the base : calyx tubular, two thirds of an inch long, nearly naked in the throat, barely bilabiate, the three teeth of the upper lip united higher than, the two lower, all cus])iclate from a broadly k-iangular base : corolla orange, an inch and a half long, its cylin- drical tube twice the length of the calyx. — PI. Hartw. 331. Shady jilaces, Carmel River, Monterey Co., Harticcg. 2. C. (1) ilicifolia, Gray. Annual, branched from the base, 3 to 6 inches high, rigid, puberulent or glabrate : leaves coriaceous, ovate-spatulate or cuneate, coarsely few-toothed, about half an inch long and with a petiole of equal length : bracts nearly as large as the leaves, but closely sessile, rigid-coriaceous, broadly ovate or roundish, callous-margined ; the stout midrib and 3 or 4 pairs of pinnate divaricate veins projecting into long prickles : flowers several and sessile in each axillary cluster, each pair of clusters (making a false whorl) involucrate by 4 bracts : calyx oblong, villous-pubescent, moderately bilabiate ; the teeth spinulose-subulate from a broad base : corolla apparently purplish or white (half an inch long) ; the tube twice the length of the calyx ; upper lip erect, oblong and concave, entire ; the lower broad and .spreading, 3-lobed ; the lobes short and rounded ; middle one deeply and the lateral ones slightly emarginate : stamens inserted high in the enlarged throat ; the pairs very unequal ; anterior pair with stout filaments and divaricate almost confluent anthers ; posterior pair with slender filaments and much smaller or abor- tive anthers. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 368. California, Major Rich, in herb. Torrey. Near San Diego, D. Cleveland. Described as consti- tuting a peculiar section, Acanthomintha. Additional specimens, from Mr. Cleveland, show abortive anthers to the upper pair of stamens (and no villosity to the fertile stamens, as described from Rich's specimen in the Torreyan herbarium); and the upper lip is so concave that, taking the singular bracts and the habit into view, the plant may with reason be ranked as a genus. 8. POGOGYNE, Benth. Calyx unequally and deeply 5-cleft ; the lanceolate teeth longer than the campan- ulate or turbinate mostly 15-nerved tube, the two lower longer ; throat naked. Corolla straight, tubular-funnelform, with short lips ; the erect and entire upper lip and the three lobes of the spreading lower one oval and somewhat alike. Stamens 4 with anthers, or the upper and shorter pair sterile, ascending, and above more or less approximate in pairs : anthers 2-celled ; the cells parallel and pointless. Style somewhat exserted, bearded above with hirsute hairs. — Low annuals (all Califui-nian), Pogogyne. LABIATE. 597 sweet-aromatic ; with oblong or oLlanceolate mostly entire leaves, narrowed into a petiole ; flowers mostly crowded and interrupted spicate ; bracts and calyx liirsute- ciliate, the teeth of the latter mostly 3-nerved; the corolla blue or purplish. — Benth. Lab. 4U. § 1. Stamens all four tvith anthers : style cons2ncnously bearded above, and its subulate lobes almost equal : corolla (6 to 9 lines long) tubular-funnelform, the tube surpassing the calyx [calyx-teeth variable). * Flower-dusters densely crowded into an oblong or cylindrical spike, which is con- spicuously ivhite-hirsute ivith the long and stiff ciliate hairs of the bracts and calyx. 1. P. Douglasii, Benth. Eather stout, a span to a foot high: leaves oblong, spatulate, or oblanceolate, veiny, sometimes sparingly toothed: spikes dense : bracts linear, acute : lower divisions of the calyx twice or thrice the length of the tube and much longer and narrower than the others : corolla half to three fourths of au inch long, blue, or sometimes purplish. ^ — ^Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5886. P. multiflora, Benth. Lab. vfec, a smaller form with rather shorter bracts. Open and shady grounds, throughout the western part of the State and into the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. 2. P. parviflora, Benth. More slender, 5 to 8 inches high : leaves narrower : spike shorter : bracts mostly obtuse : divisions of the calyx rather broad, the lower hardly longer and the upper shorter than its tube : corolla barely half an inch long. San Francisco Bay to Mendocino Co., Douglas, Bolander, &c. * -k Whorl-like flower-clusters more or less distant : bracts and calyx sparsely and rather slightly hirsute-ciliate. 3. P. nudiusciila, Gray. A span to a foot high, with slender puberulent branches : leaves spatulate or linear-spatulate, obtuse (an inch or less in length), glabrous : bracts linear-subulate and cuspidate : corolla half an inch long, twice the length of the calyx : anthers of the posterior stamens usually smaller than the others, but polliniferous. Near San Diego, D. Cleveland. Calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate or liiiear-subulate, in the later flowers all tAvice or thrice the length of the tube, but in some of tlie earlier ones little longer than the tube. § 2. Upper stamens sterile : style sparingly hairy, its lobes very %mequal : flowers small. — Hedeomoides, Gray. * TtdM of the corolla slender and manifestly exceeding the calyx, 4: or 5 lines long : inflorescence capitate. 4. P. tenuiflora, Gray. A span or less in height, puberulent or at the summit pubescent, corymbosely branched or simple : leaves spatulate or obovate, their peti- oles and the narrow bracts slightly and sparsely and sometimes not at all bristly- ciliate : calyx-lobes unequal, linear-lanceolate, about half the length of the filiform tube of the corolla : sterile filaments tipped with a small capitate gland. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 100. Guadalupe Island, Lower California, Dr. Palmer. Added to complete the account of the genus. •-k * Corolla at most 2 lines long, little if at all surpassing the calyx. 5. P. ziziphoroides, Benth. Stems 2 to 6 inches high : leaves ovate or oval, thickish ; the floral with the rigid narrow bracts and the calyx hirsute-ciliate with strong white hairs : inflorescence capitate or spicate, sometimes interrupted, or with a few''solitary flowers in the lower axils : calyx-lobes slightly unequal, broadly lan- ceolate, very acute, hardly twice the length of the tube, the longer equalling the 598 LABIATE. Pogogyne. corolla : posterior filaments not reduced in size, but bearing only abortive anthers. — PI. Hartw. 330. Valley of the Sacramento, Hartwcg, Andrews, Bolandcr. 6. P, serpylloides, Gray. Stems slender, diffuse, 3 to 6 inches high : leaves obovate-oval or spatulate : lower flowers remote and often solitary in the axils, leafy- bructed ; the upper usually interruptedly spicate : calyx-lobes unequal and with the bracts more minutely and sparsely ciliate, all much longer than the tube, the larger fully equalling the violet or bluish corolla : sterile filaments of the posterior stamens tipped with minute rudiments of anthers : style bearded above with very few and coarse hairs. ■ — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 386. Hedeoma (?) serpylloides, Torr. Pacif. K. Eep. iv. 123. Monterey to Mendocino Co. : apparently common. Leaves 2 or 3 lines long, besides the petiole. Corolla inconspicuous. 9. SPHACELE, Bcnth. Calyx campanulate, nearly equally 5-cleft, thiu-membranaceous and reticulated, especially when enlarged in fruit, irregularly about 10-nerved, naked within. Corolla cylindraceous or oblong-campanulate, with 5 broad and roundish rather erect lobes, the lower one longest : a hairy ring at the base of the tube within. Stamens 4, distant, somewhat ascending : filaments naked ; the posterior pair shorter : anther- cells diverging. — Somewhat shrubby, veiny-leaved, and rather large-flowered. All South American and Mexican, excepting one in the Sandwich Islands and the following. 1. S. calycina, Bonth. Shrubby only at the base, 2 to 5 feet high, villous- pubescent or tonientose, leafy : leaves 2 to 4 inches long, ovate or oblong, mostly obtuse, crenate or serrate, sometimes almost entire, thinnish, either roundish, cune- ate, or occasionally obscurely cordate at base, usually petioled ; the floral ovate-lan- ceolate and sessile : flowers an inch long, mostly solitary in the upper axils, forming a short leafy raceme ; calyx a little shorter than the purplish or lead -colored corolla, soon inflated; the lobes triangular-lanceolate. — Lab. 568, & in DC. Prodr. xii. 255. Var. glabella, Gray : a form with pubescence minute or hardly any, the veinlets sometiiiH's inmuspicuous, sometimes more prominently reticulated. Var. Wallacei, Gray : loosely villous : lower leaves with truncate or sometimes hastate-subcordate base : lobes of the calyx attenuately hnear-lanceolate from a broader base. Not uncommon on hillsides, from San Francisco Bay southward : the var. glabella collected by Bridges and S. F. Fccklmm (Santa Barbara Co.) : var. Wallacei only by Wallace, near Los Angeles ? 10. SALVIA, Linn. Sage. Chia. Calyx bilabiate; its upper lip (2-) 3-toothed or entire, lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, straight or falcate, entire or emarginate, or rarely 2-lobed ; the lower spreading or drooping, its middle lobe sometimes notched or obcordate, commonly large. Stamens 2, inserted in the throat of the corolla : filaments short, sometimes very short, apparently forked, i. e. a slender connective attached by the middle to its apex, its posterior portion ascending and bearing a linear anther-cell ; its anterior or descending end bearing a smaller and deformed anther-cell or a mere rudiment. Posterior stamens mere vestiges or none. Nutlets when wetted mostly developing abundant mucilage and long spiral threads. — Her- Salvia. LABIATE. 599 baceoiis or suftruticose plants, aromatic and bitterish, of various aspect, many with showy flowers. A genus of about 450 species, found in all parts of the world, liut mainly in warm temperate and subtropical regions. There are about two dozen speci(;s in the United States, but only two, and of a peculiar section, have yet been met with in the State of California. § 1. Throat of the calyx villous or- naked; its ujiper lip much longer than the loiver, more or less incurved, Z - 2-toothed ; the lower l-parted ; the teeth all spin- tdose-awned : corolla ringent, blue or purple ; its tube xvith a hairy ring inside, and the upper lip 2-lobed : stamens distant from the upper lip, unconnected ; the lower fork of the long filiform connective hearing a polliniferous anther- cell : root annual or perhaps biennial : leaves pinnatifid : Jiowers in solitary or 2 to 4: prolifero2is dense capitate ckisters, which are involucrate with piersist- ent bract-like floral leaves. — Echinosphace. (§ Echinosphace & Pycnosphace, Benth.) 1. S. carduacea, Benth. White- woolly with lax cobwebby hairs : stem stout, simple, a foot or two high, nearly naked, at base surrounded by a cluster of oblong sinuate-pinnatihd and spinulose-toothed Thistledike leaves : head-like false whorls 1 to 4, an inch or more in diameter, very many-flowered, equalled or surpassed by the involucrate lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and spinescently pectinate-toothed bracts : calyx long-woolly, many-nerved ; its ample upper lip strongly 3-toothed, the middle tooth much the larger, the lateral ones distant ; the throat villous : tube of the corolla slightly exserted ; its upper lip erose-denticulate and 2-cleft ; the lower with small lateral lobes and a larger tiabelliform and fimbriately many-cleft middle one : proper filaments hardly any : anther-cells hairy. — Hook. iiot. Mag. t. 4874. S. gos- sypina, Benth. PL Hartw. 330. Sandy soil, not uncommon throughout the western and middle parts of the State to San Diego. Corolla an inch long. 2. S. Columbarise, Benth. Minutely tomentose or soft-pubescent : stem com- monly slender, branching, and leafy below, a span to a foot or two high from an annual root, naked and peduncle-like below, terminated by a solitary or two prolif- erous head-like false whorls : leaves deeply once or twice pinnatifid or parted into oblong and crenately-toothed or incised divisions, pointless, rugose : involucrate floral leaves bract-like and short, ovate, entire : bracts similar but membranaceous, sometimes purplish, abruptly acuminate-awned : flowers small : calyx naked within ; its large upper lip arched, hispid at base outside, tipped with a pair of conuivent and partly connate short-awned teeth, much exceeding the two small and porrected teeth of the lower lip : corolla (blue) hardly exceeding the calyx ; its upper lip merely notched ; tlie lower with small lateral lobes ; the middle one much larger, transversely oval, on a short claw, 2-lobed, and otherwise nearly entire : filaments* slender. Common through the State, Nevada, and Arizona, especially southward. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long. Calyx with middle tooth of the upper lip always wanting. This is the " Chia" of the aborigines : the seed-like nutlets, infused in water, form a pleasant mucilaginous drink, which is largely used. § 2. Throat of the calyx naked: anthers ivith only one polliniferous cell; the loiver fork of the connective naked, de flexed into the throat of the corolla, linear or oblong ; the pair more or less united lengthwise or at the tip. {None indigenous.) S. cocciNEA, Linn. , an herbaceous scarlet-flowered species of tropical America, with green and deciduous bracts and loose inflorescence, is not unlikely to be spontaneous in the southern part of the State, as it is in the Gulf States. S. SPLENDENS, with floral leaves or bracts and calyx also bright scarlet, and S. fulcens, with these nearly green and corolla red-hairy, are the common Scarlet Sages of cultivation : but thc^y seem not to have become spontaneous. 600 LABIATE. Audihertia. S. rLATYCiiElLA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vlii. 292, a shrubby and hoary bluish-flowered species, the funnelform dilated calyx with ovate lips, was discovered by Dr. Palmer, at Carmen Island, Lower California, lat. 26°. It is related to S. ballot^flora, Beuth., of New Mexico and Texas. 11. AUDIBERTIA, Benth. Calyx nearly as^in Salvia, or more cleft on the lower side, as if spathaceons. Corolla with the upper lip spreading, 2-lobed or emarginate ; the lower spreadincf and 3-lobed, the broad middle lobe emarginate. Stamens 2 : filaments slender, ex- serted, apparently simple and bearing a linear one-celled anther, or with an articula- tion, showing that the portion above it answers to a filiform connective, the lower end of which sometimes projects into a subulate point, but never shows any trace of a second anther-cell. Vestiges of the posterior stamens often present. Perennial aromatic herbs or undershrubs (all Californian extending into the regions adjacent), hoary ; with rugose-veiny mostly crenulate leaves, resembling those of Sage, and capitate-glomerate or sometimes a more open and paniculate inflorescence : the flowers prized for bees. § 1. Floxvers demely capitate-glomerate : hracts crowded and compicuous. * Large : corolla an inch and a half long, crimson-purple ; its iipper lip rather erect and short : lower leaves cordate or hastate at base. 1. A. grandiflora, Benth. Stem villous and glandular, stout, 1 to 3 feet high from a scarcely woody base : leaves very rugose, sinuately crenate, white-tomentose beneath;' the lower hastate-lanceolate and obtuse, 3 to 8 inches long, on margined petioles ; the upper oblong and sessile ; floral ones and bracts broadly ovate, mem- branaceous, villous, cuspidate-tipped : heads large, interruptedly spicate : stamens much exserted : a conspicuous slender tooth representing the lower fork of the connective. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 1 32, t. 38, the sterile filaments incorrectly represented. On the Coast Ranges, from San Mateo Co. southward. A showy plant. * -k Smaller-floivered : corolla from half to three fourths of an inch long, violet or hluish-purple : leaves not cordate. -t- Bracts, most of the floral leaves, and the bilabiate calyx scarious-membranaceous, reticulated, more or less colored; the tip obtuse, pointless, or at niost mucronate: dense heads interriipted-spicate or rarely solitary : corolla not over half an inch long : low species of the interior arid region. 2. A. incana, Benth. Shrubby, a foot or so in height, finely tomentose-canescent, leafy : leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse or retuse, entire, not rugose, glandular-dot- ted, seldom an inch long, all but the uppermost tapering into a petiole : bracts and upper floral leaves obovate or oval, the innermost spatulate, pubescent and ciliate, tinged with rose or purple : calyx turbinate, its ovate or oblong anterior teeth nearly equalling the very broad truncate and emarginate upper lip: stamens much exserted.- — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1469. From San Diego Co. along the eastern borders of the State, and from S. Utah northward to the Upper Columbia River. 3. A. capitata, Gray. Cinereous-pubescent : leaves oblong, acutish, very rugose, crenulate, somewhat abruptly petioled : flowers usually in a single terminal head : bracts and floral leaves apparently whitish, ovate or oval, minutely glandular : other- wise resembling the preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 387. Summit of Providence Mountains, San Bernadino Co., Cooler. Audihertia. LABTAT.E. 601 ^ ^ J]yacts more or less herhaceous : leaves mhmtehj rugose and cremdate. ,. Corolla half an inch or less i. length: all the calgx-teeth and the bracts srcbulate or awn-jiointed. 4 A humiliS, Benth. A span high, tomentulose-canescent, cespitose : flow^^^^^^^^ . lilT- lUves iiiainlv radical, oblauceolate or spatulatii-obioiig, very ubtube, ^nhulate not ririil : stamens and style long-exserted. Diego Co., PaZ/ner. ,. , ... .., r„X^-s.Te:rot::,t^r„::a;r;:u^ awned : style and especially the stamens little exserted. Common from th. Contra Coata Mountains to the southern We,s of the State. .. .. Corona .«o tMrf to <^-/.«*„f - tlf^S l^rLX't'r.S c A T^fllmeriftrav Miinitely tomentulose-canescent : leaves oblong-ianceolate, ; m 1 !^. "or synches IoikO : head-like clusters of flowers 5 to 8, remote ni ^:i!SZ^i.;^^^ :iacts oblong or lanceolate, acuminate rnto a slen- der cuspidate tip"": lower calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous. , ,. , ^, .. Tn half an inch apart. 7 A Cleveland! Gray. Minutely tomentulose-canescent : leaves oblong or ESri;:ai^-si,^S^ ^Momln!northeast of San Diego, at about 2,200 feet, Cleveland Palmer. The hUter found it ^ro^^'ro'ntthf habitat of the preceding and closely related spec^es. ,;,, .; Corolla barely hcdf an inch long, its tube hardly exceeding the herbaceous blunt and pointless bracts and calyx. « A nivea Bentli Shrubby, 3 or 4 feet high, leafy, mealy-tomentose and ver; thi" tuef^^^^^^^ obtuse, very «l-rt-pe|ioled, tl.e uppe^ trur. latJarbase: bracts ovate or oblong, much imbricated: calyx ^P^ "f ^^^^^X ?ront and at length notched posteriorly: corolla "hght purine ; the tube hardly lon-er than the lips : stamens and style conspicuously exserted. _ .ijSSrS^sr-tStJprs^^^^^ ^ 2 Flowers thyrsoid-panicrdate : the fioral leaves and the few bracts of the snudl and ^ ' numerous clusters hmceolate or snbidate. 602 LABIATiE. Audihertia. the lower oblong, minutely rugose, tapering into a jjetiole ; the floral small and bract-like ; the uppermost minute : open thyrsoicl-virgute inflorescence a foot or so in length, naked : flowers nearly sessile : the broad upper lip of the calyx entire or obsoletely 3-tootlied, double the length of the triangukirsubulate teeth of the lower lip : corolla apparently white or pale, with very short tube and ample lower lip : stamens and style long-exserted. Dry hills and banks, Santa Barbara to San Diego and eastward, when; it is one of the various shrubs called Grease-wood. Corolla half an inch or more in length. The open inflorescence of this species gives it a peculiar aspect. 12. LOPHANTHUS, Bcnth. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 15-nerved, rather oblique, 5-toothed, Corolla with tube not surpassing the calyx : upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed ; the lower some- what spreading and 3-cleft, its broad middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, exserted, straight ; the upper pair declined and the lower and shorter pair ascending, so that the pairs cross : anthers short, 2-celled, the cells nearly parallel. — Tall perennial herbs, mostly coarse ; with ovate and serrate petioled leaves, and small, purplish, violet, or whitish flowers, crowded into terminal spikes. A small genus, of two N. E. Asiatic, three Eastern North American species, and one in Oregon and California. L. nnisatus, Benth., the sweet-scented species of the Upper Mississippi region, is in Bolander's published list of plants growing in the vicinity of San Francisco ; but the fol- lowing was doubtless intended. 1. L. urticifolius, Benth. C41al)rous or nearly so, 4 to G feet liigh: leaves ovate and cordate, coarsely or crenately toothed (2 to 4 inches long, pleasantly scented), rather short-petioled : flower-clusters compacted in a close oblong or cylindrical pedunculate spike : calyx-teeth lanceolate, subulate-acuminate, membranaceous, whit- ish and purplish : corolla light violet-purjde. Through the wooded region of the Sierra Nevada, from Mariposa Co. northward, extending to Oregon and to the Kocky Mountains. 13. SCUTELLARIA, Linn. Skull-cap. Calyx in flower campanulate, with two entire lips and a gibbous projection on the back, closed and with the dorsal projection enlarged after flowering, becoming casque-shaped, at length splitting to the base, and the upper or casque-shaped por- tion usually falling aAvay. Corolla with an elongated and curved ascending tube, a dilated throat, naked within, an erect arched or galeate upper lip (entire or barely notched), with which the lateral lobes belonging to the lower lip appear to be more or less connected ; the anterior lobe (convex or with the sides recurved and apex notched) appearing to form the whole lower lip. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla ; the lower or anterior pair longer and with one-celled (or half-) anthers ; the posterior pair with 2-celled cordate anthers : these in all ours ciliate or bearded. Upper fork of the style very small or abortive, l^utlets gran- ulate or tuberculate. Embryo curved ! — Bitterish herbs, not aromatic, chiefly perennial ; with single flowers in the axils of the leaves or bracts ; the corolla more commonly blue or bluish. A genus of almost 100 species, widely distributed over the world, most largely in temperate regions, well represented in the Atlantic United States, but few in California, none of them with racemose or spicate inflorescence. S. LATERIFLORA, Linn., well characterized by its small flowers in axillary one-sided racemes, extends northwardly across the continent to Oregon, and may therefore reach the northern por- Scutellaria. LABIATE. 0()3 tion of California. — The following all bear single and short-pfidunclcd (lowors in the axils of ordiuaiy cauline leaves, hut the uppermost leaves arc sometimes a little reduced, giving a ten- dency to racemose intlorescence. * Leaves all broad and somewhat cordate or truncate at base: stems very leafy : jjropa- rjatuKj by filiform subterranean shoots: tubers none or hardly any. 1. S. galericulata, Linn. Minntelj pubescent or partly glabrous : stem a foot or two high, simple or at length loosely branched : leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, an inch or two long, acute, pinnately veiny, all but the upper- most serrate : corolla pubescent, light blue (about two thirds or three fourths of an inch long), with slender tube and enlarging throat ; the lower lip nearly erect and larger than the upper. AVet grounds in the Sierra Nevada {Plumas Co., Lcmmon): extending north to British Columbia and east to the Atlantic. The only species common to America and the Old World. 2. S. Bolanderi, Gray. Minutely soft-pubescent : stem a foot high, simple or branched from the base, equally very leafy to the summit : leaves thinnish, oval, obtuse, with subcordate base, closely sessile, an inch long or less, entire, or the lower sparingly somewhat crenately toothed, a pair of veins from the base on each side : corolla whitish or cream-colored, two thirds of an inch long, much enlarged above from a short tube; the lower lip ample. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 387. Wooded portion of the Sierra Nevada : at Clark's, Mariposa Co., Bolandcr. Also Indian Valley, Plumas Co., Lemmon. Leaves 18 to 22 pairs, mostly longer than the internodes. Neither tubers nor filiform subterranean shoots have been seen. * * Leaves, at least the rqyper ones, narroived or merely obtuse at base, +- From oblong to linear, entire or nearly so : stems erect : filiform subterranean shoots abundant, but slightly if at all tuberiferous. 3. S. angustifolia, Pursh. Minutely cinereous-pubescent or almost glabrous, a span to a toot high : stems simple or branching from below : leaves from linear to narrowly oblong (about an inch long), all but the lower acute at the sessile base or tapering into a slight petiole ; the radical leaves often roundish or even cordate and sometimes toothed : pedicels as long as the calyx : corolla blue or violet, an inch long, with slender titbe and moderately enlarged throat ; lower lobe villous inside. Var. canescens, Gray : a form with soft-hoary pubescence, and the tube of the corolla often with recurving base, and above this erect or thrown somewhat back- ward. — S. siphocampyloides, Vatke in Bot. Zeit. xxx. 717. Sierra Nevada and foot-hills, from Placer Co. northward, extending to British Columbia. The var. canescens along the mountains from Monterey Co. to Lake Co. • 4. S. antirrhinoides, Benth. A span to a foot and a half high, resembles the preceding, but with broader and oblong leaves abruptly short-petioled ; the upper sometimes lanceolate ; the lower often serrate : corolla shorter and broader through- out, from half to three fourths of an inch long, apparently paler. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 396. S. resinosa, Watson, Bot. King Exp. in part. Var. Californica, Gray, 1. c. Stems more rigid : corolla apparently yellowish, more ventricose, its tube more enlarging immediately above the calyx. — S. angusti- folia, Benth. PI. Hartw. 331 (No. 1918), is a narrow-leaved form of this. Along streams, Alameda to Mendocino- Co. Also in Oregon and the mountains of Nevada. -H -f- Leaves ovate, petioled : stems low or diffuse : propagating by filiform siditerranean shoots terminated by moniliform tubers. 5. S. tuberosa, Benth. Soft-villous or pubescent, an inch or two high, or at length with ditfuse or trailing stems a foot long, slender : leaves thin, from cordate- ovate to obovate or the upper cuneate-oblong, slender-pet ioled, coarsely iiKU-e or less toothed: corolla pubescent, blue or violet, over half an iiicli Inug, ;uid witli rather slender tube. '604 LABIAT.E. Scutellaria. Plains and hillsides, rather common from Monterey Co. northward ; beginning to blossom in February. Varying gi'eatly in size. Upper flowers in vernal specimens sometimes much exceeding the leaves, on the longer trailing stems much exceeded by them. 6. S. nana, Gray. Depressed, cinereous-puberulent tliroughout : stems tufted on the filiform subterranean shoots, 2 or 3 inches high : leaves thickish, obovate or ovate, very obtuse, entire, lialf an inch long, tapering into a sliort petiole, equalling the flowers : pedicels very short : corolla " white," half an inch long, rather broad, and with short equal lips. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 100. On a clay ridge, Winnemucca Valley, near Pyramid Lake, N. W. Nevada, Lcmmon. Tubers copious, moniliform, an inch or two long. Corolla appearing purplish in the dried specimens, said to be white. 14. SALAZARIA, Torr. Calyx at first campanulate or oblong, with two entire lips and no gibbous projec- tion on the back, in fruit much enlarged and globose-inflated, thin and bladdery, reticulated, closed. Corolla, stamens, &c., as in Scutellaria. Upper fork of the style wanting. — A single species. 1. S. Mexicana, Torr. Shrubby, 2 or 3 feet high, with slender and divaricate straggling lirancliLs, somewhat sarmentose, canescent : leaves becoming green and glabrate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, mostly entire, an inch or less in length, on short slender petioles ; those of the flowering branches reduced to bracts of the loose raceme or spike : corolla purple or whitish, nearly an incli long, pubescent : scarious fruiting calyx over half an inch in diameter : nutlets depressed, minutely muricate. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 133, t. 39. S. E. borders of the State, on the Mohave, &c., to S. Utah, and south to the adjacent part of Mexico, Fremont, Parry, Cooper, &c. Named in honor of Signor Salazar, Mexican Boundary Commissioner. 15. BRUNELLA, Tourn. ■ Self-heal. Calyx oblong, about 1 0-nerved and reticulate-veiny, bilabiate ; the lips flattened and closed in fruit ; the upper dilated, truncate and 3-toothed, its teeth very broad and short ; lower 2-cleft, the teeth lanceolate. Corolla with ascending tube, open lips, and slightly contracted orifice : upper lip arched and entire ; lower 3-lobed, its middle lobe drooping, rounded, concave, denticulate. Stamens 4, ascending under the lower lip : filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the 2-celled anther, the cells of which are divergent. ^Nutlets smooth. — Low perennials, of two or three very siinilar species : the flowers crowded in a terminal oblong or cylin- draceous head or spike. 1. B. vulgaris, Linn. A span to a foot high, roughish-pubescent or almost glabrous : leaves ovate or oblong, slender-petioled, entire or toothed : corolla violet, purple, or rarely white, not twice the length of the purplish calyx. Open grounds or borders of woods, near San Francisco and near the Yosemite, probably in- digenous, as it certainly is in Oregon, British Columbia, and eastward : extending round the northern hemisphere. 16. MARRXJBITJM, Linn. Horeiiound. Calyx cylindraceous, 5-10-nerved, of firm texture, 10-toothed ; the alternate (accessory) teeth shorter, spiny-tipped and recurved at maturity. Corolla short, its tube included in the calyx ; the upper lip erect and concave, narrow, 2-lobed at the tip ; the lower spreading and 3-cleft. . Stamens 4, included in tlie tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled, but the cells confluent. — Bitter-aromatic whitish-woolly Stachys. LABIATE. 605 perennials, branched from the base: leaves nigose : flowers small, nnich crowded in axillary false whorls or heads. — An Old World genns, a single species jiaturalized in the New, used in popular medicine. 1. M. vulgare, Linn. A foot "or two high, hoary-woolly : leaves roundish, crenate : flowers crowded in the upper axils : corolla ^mall, white : calyx-teeth and bracts hooked at the tip. Waste and diy gi'ouuds near the coast : naturalized from Europe. 17. STACHYS, Linn. Hedge-Nettle. Calyx tubular-campanulate or turbinate, 5-10-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed ; the teeth sometimes rigid or spiny-pointed. Corolla with cylindrical tube, not dilated at the throat ; the upper lip erect and concave or arched, entire or merely emarginate ; the lower spreading and 3-lobed, its middle lobe larger. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : filaments naked : anthers approximate in pairs, 2-celled; the cells either parallel or divergent. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate.— Herbs (or a few undershrubs), not aromatic; with flowers clustered, capitate, or scattered, often spicate or racemose at the summit of the stem or branches: ours all perennials, and the flowers sessile or nearly so. * Tube of the corolla little if at all longer than the calyx. +- Corolla tvhite or ivhitish ; the upper lip heardecl or woolhj on the hack : herbage tomentose or soft-hairy. 1 S. ajugoides, Benth. A span to a foot high, villous or silky-hirsute with whitish' hairs : leaves oblong, very obtuse, crenately toothed (1 to 3 inches long), the base either obtuse or tapering into the petiole ; the upper sessile : flowers about 3 in the axils of the distant upper ordinary leaves, and loosely leafy-spicate at the summit, mostly surpassed by the floral leaves: calyx short-cam panulate, very hairy; its teeth ovate and merely mucronate-acuminate. — Prodr. xii. 4.74. Moist grounds, common from Monterey to Lake Co. 2 S. albens, Gray. Tall (3 to 5 feet high) and rather strict, soft-tomentose throuoliout with white or whitish wool, leafy :' leaves oblong or ovate and mostly cordate, obtuse, crenate (2 or 3 inches long), the lower short-petioled, the upper nearly sessile : flowers several or numerous in the capitate clusters, Avliich mostly exceed the floral leaves and form an interrupted at length elongated yirgate spike (from 3 to 9 inches long): calyx turbinate-campanulate, its teeth triangular and awn-pointed : corolla white with purple dots on the lower lip, glabrous except the villous beard on the back of the upper lip. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 38/. Moist and rich soil, on the mountains and foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, from Fort Tejon to Santa Clara and Tuolumne Co. 3 S pycnantha, Benth. Two feet high or more, very hirsute or villous with lono- and mostly soft spreading hairs, not white : leaves oblong-ovate and somewhat cordate, obtuse, crenate (2 to 4 inches long), all but the floral ones rather long petioled: flowers in a dense cylindraceous naked spike (an inch or two long), ex- ceedin" the small bract-like floral leaves except in the lowest and sometimes i-ather distant" clusters : calyx-teeth triangular and slightly mucronate : corolla apparently white or cream color with purple on the lower lip, the upper lip strongly heardecl on the back. — PL Hartw. 331. Monterey Co. (Ilartivcg) to near San Francisco, Kellogg. ^ ^ Corolla imrple, the upper lip more or less hairy on the back : jmbescence hirsute or hispid, at least on the stem; no tomentum. (305 LABIATE. Stachi/.9. 4. S. bullata, Benth. Stem retrorsely hispid or hirsute especially on the angles, a foot or two hi.^li : leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, at least the lower more or less cordate, coarsely crenate, obtuse, veiny, sometimes rugose, nearly all petioled (an inch or two long), most of the floral much reduced and shorter than the calyx : flowers usually 6 in the false whorls, these rather distant, forming a narrow much interrupted spike : calyx turbinate-campanulate, mostly hirsute or villous with widely spreading hairs ; the teeth triangular-ovate and subulate-cuspidate, rigid : lower lip of the corolla fully as long as the tube, much larger than the upper. — ,S. bullata, & S. Californ.ica, Benth, in DC. S. Nuttallii, var. lepto^tachya, Benth. PL Hartw. 331. Mendocino Co. to San Diego and Fort IMohave ; apparently a very common as well as wide- spread and variable species ; the pubescence of the leaves often soft. Lower lip of the corolla 4 or 5 lines long, the upper 2 or 3. 5. PALUSTRis, Linn., in some of its forms occurs in Oregon, and may reach the northern bor- ders of California. ■k * Tuhe of the red corolla much stirpassing the calyx, over half to three fourths of an inch long : flowers 7nostly 6 in the false ivhorls. 5. S. Chamissonis, Benth. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, stout, mostly rough-hispid with rigid rctrorse bristles, at least on the angles: leaves (2 to 5 inches long) oblong- ovate and mostly a little cordate, crenately serrate, usually villous or hirsute above and villous-tomentose beneath, nearly all petioled; all but the lowest floral ones shorter than the loosely interrupted spicate flowers : calyx tubular-campanulate ; its triangular-ovate teeth cuspidate-tipped : corolla rose-red ; its tube t.vvice the length of the calyx ; the lips pubescent outside. Wet grounds ; common around San Francisco Bay. S. CILIATA, Dough, a smoother and thinner-leaved species of this section, with the lower flowers in the axils of ordinary leaves, belongs to the coast of Oregon and northward, perhaps also in the northern part of California. S. COCCINEA, Jacq., a handsome Mexican species, with a tubular scarlet corolla, occurs in Arizona and may perhaps reach the lower borders of California. 18. TRICHOSTEMA, Linn. Blue-curls. Calyx campanidate, in ours little oblique and almost equally 5-clcft. Corolla with short or rather slender tube and almost equally 5-parted limb, wdiich is gibbous or oblique in bud ; the lobes oblong and similar. Stamens 4 : fQaments long and capillary, spirally coiled in the bud, long-exserted from the upper side of the corolla, sometimes monadelphous at base : anther-cells divergent or divaricate, and soon confluent. Nutlets coarsely rugose-reticulated. — Sweet-aromatic herbs or sufTrutes- cent plants (all :N"orth American) ; with entire leaves, and blue or purple corolla and stamens. — The two species of the Atlantic United States have scattered and pedunculate flowers, with a very oblique and unequally 2-lipped calyx; the inter- mediate T. Arizonicum has the loose inflorescence of the foregoing witli the almost regular calyx of the western species, all which have very short axillary peduncles, bearing several or numerous flowers in dense and mostly unilateral cymose clusters. >k Corolla hardly if at cdl surpassing the calyx. 1. T. oblongum, Benth. Annual, soft-villous : stem a span or two high, diffusely branching, equally leafy to the top : leaves oval-oblong, thin, contracted at base into a short petiole, much exceeding the small and dense cluster of nearly sessile flowers : calyx very villous, deeply 5-parted, the lobes lanceolate-subulate. — Lab. G59 & in DC. Prodr. xii. 573. Trkhostema. VERBENACEJE. 607 Wooded portion of the Sierra Nevada, from Mariposa to Shasta Co., and in Oregon. Plant with a pungent and very pleasant aroina. Leaves barely an inch long ; the pinnate veins ascend- ing. Corolla barely 3 lines long, and the stamens 2 lines longer. * % Corolla vjith slender tube exceeding the calyx : cymose flower-clusters disposed to fork and to become raceme-like in age. 2. T. laxum, Gray. Ann^ial, minutely soft-pubescent, aBout a foot liigli, simple or loosely branched from the base : leaves rather distant, lanceolate and oblong- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rather obscurely pinnately veined (an inch or two long), tapering at the base mostly into a slender petiole : axillary cymose clusters distinctly peduncled, usually forked and in age equalling the leaves ; the flowers pedicelled: calyx-lobes ovate-triangular and equalling the tube: corolla almost glabrous, 3 or 4 lines long, and the stamens half an inch longer. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 387. Dry ground, from Marin Co. to Humboldt Co. ; apparently a rather common species. Flowers indigo-blue. 3. T. lanceolatum, Benth. Annual, cinereous-pubescent or villous, a span to a foot or mure in height, with virgate stem or branches very leafy : leaves nuich longer than the internodes, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile by a broad base, gradually acuminate, traversed by 3 to 5 strong and almost parallel nervose veins or ribs (an inch or less long) : cymose axillary clusters nearly sessile, short, one- sided : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate : corolla somewhat pubescent, half an inch long, the tube almost filiform. Dry ground, chiefly in the western part of the State, rather common from Los Angeles Co. northward and in Oregon. 4. T. lanatum, Benth. Shrubby below, 2 or 3 feet high, very leafy : branches and foliage canescently puberulent or tomentulose and glabrate with age : leaves very narrowly linear, obtuse, 1-nerved and with revolute margins, Ilosemary-like, many fascicled in the axils ; the floral ones mostly small and bract-like : flower- clusters glomerate and sessile, numerous in a virgate interrupted purple-woolly spike (of a foot or less in length) : corolla very woolly, nearly an inch long, and the stamens and style an inch or two longer. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 40. Rocky ledges, Monterey ? or Santa Barbara to San Diego Co. Flowers violet. Very striking for the purple-woolly spike and long capillary stamens and style. Order LXXIV. VERBENACE^. Herbs or shrubs, difl'ering from Labiatce mainly in the ovary and fruit, whicli is undivided and 2 - 4-celled, at maturity either dry and splitting into as many 1-seeded nutlets, or drupaceous containing as many little stones. — Calyx persistent. Corolla either bilabiate or merely somewhat irregular ; the lobes imbricate in estiva- tion. Stamens 4, didynamous. Style single : stigma entire or 2-lobed. Solitary ovule erect or ascending and anatropous. Seed with a straight embryo, its radicle inferior, and no albumen. Leaves opposite or whorled, very rarely jilternate, with- out stipules, sometimes aromatic, but not glandular-punctate in the manner of most Labiatce. Flowers perfect : inflorescence various. An order of moderate extent in tropical and warm-temperate regions, a few f^^fjj;''^^'^l the cool-temperate, of no striking sensible properties or econonucal "^n^o^'tance exce ng _^ t American Verbenas so common in ornamental cultivation, and a lew species ol Liuilaaa. Hit Californian representation of the order is feeble. 1 Verbena. Fruit of 4 united nutlets. Calyx tubular or prismatic. 2. Lippia. Fruit of 2 united nutlets. Calyx 2-cleft. QQg VERBENACE^. Verhena. 1. VERBENA, Linn. Vehvaix. Calyx tubular or plicately prismatic, 5-tootlied, one tooth often shorter. Corolk salverform ; the tube sometimes curved ; the limb more or less unequally 5-cleft. Stamens 4, included ; the upper pair sometimes sterile. Stigma of two dissimilar lobes, one of them smaller and mostly abortive. Ovary 4-celled, in fruit splitting into 4 one-seeded little nutlets. — Herbs (or a few South American species shrubby); with the flowers in single or panicled spikes or heads, small, or in some showy. The commoner species are apt to hybridize naturally, and the hybrids are not rarely fertile. Chiefly an American genus, mainly South American ; the few Californian representatives weeds or weedy, and only two or three truly indigenous. § 1. Flowers small in x>ropor-tion to the spike : anthers [/landless. * Stem erect : sjnkes filiform and with the flmvers or fruits at length more or less scattering : bracts icsually shorter than the fruiting calyx. -t- Annual, or the base becoming ligneovs and of longer duration : stems a sjMn to 2 feet high, slender : some of the leaves pinnatifd, tapering at base, the loiver into a margined petiole. 1. V. canescens, IlPJv. Hoary-hirsute : leaves oblong-lanceolate and cuneate- obovate, rigid, sliarply incised or pinnatitid : spikes mostly solitary, terminating the branches ; some of the bracts exceeding the flowers : corolla bluish, the limb a line or so in diameter. — Nov. (len. & Sp. ii. 274, t. 136. V. remota, Benth. PL Hartw., from Mexico, is a simple-stemmed form. Canon Tantillas, south of San Diego Co., Palmer. Probably extends \\'ithin the State, as it does eastward to Texas and Mexico. 2. V. officinalis, Linn. Minutely roughish-pubescent, loosely branched : leaves obovate or oblong, or the upper lanceolate, some merely incised, others once or twice pinnatitid or 3 -5-cleft : bracts all shorter than the calyx : corolla purplish or lilac, the limb 2 lines in diameter, sometimes more. Dry waste grounds through the western part of the State, prol)ably naturalized, but the species occurs round the worid. A stouter form, and with liniTi of corolhx 3 or more lines in diameter, answering to V. sororia, Don, was sent from San Diego by Dr. Hitchcock. +. +. Perennial, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves serrate or merely incised. 3. V, polystachya, HBK. Scabrous with very short partly hispid pubescence, green, paniculately branclied : leaves from oblong to lanceolate (mostly about 2 inches long), sessile by a narrowed base, or the lower short-petioled, coarsely serrate or sparingly incised : spikes loosely panicled or sometimes solitary : corolla purplish or nearly'white, the limb about a line in diameter. — V. polystachya, V. biserrata, & (according to Schauer) V. veroniccjefolia, HBK. 1. c. V. Carolinensis, &c., Dill. Hort. Elth. 407, t. 301. V. Carolina, Linn., but it is a Mexican, not a Carolinian spe- cies. V. Caroliniana, Spreng. ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 15G; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 546.' Monterey or San Francisco, according to Hooker k Arnott in the Botany of Beechey's A^oyage. Los Angeles, U'aJlace ? V. iTRTiciFOiJA, Linn. Green, minutely roughish-pubescent : leaves ovate and ovate-lanceo- late, mostly acute or acuminate, simply or doubly serrate, all but the uppermost with rounded base and a sleniler petiole, the larger 4 or 5 inches long : panicled spikes very slender : corolla mostly white. A common weed in the Atlantic States, extending into Mexico, &c. ; very likely to reach Cali- fornia : the specimen sent by Wallace, mentioned under the preceding, is too incomplete to deter- mine whether it belongs to that or the present species. TAppia. VERBENA CE.E. 609 * =!■- Stem erect: sjnJces slender-cylindrical, densely-flowered; the flowers and fruit overkqyping : bracts short. 4. V. hastata, Linn. Perennial, minutely pubescent : stem stouter, 3 to G feet liigli : leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuniiuate, coarsely or incisely serrate, petioled, some of the lower ones commonly bastate-3-lobed : spikes numerous in a terminal panicle, 2 to 4 inches long : corolla blue, 2 lines long, and the limb as broad. — V. pcmiculata, Lam., the name given tc» the form, not uncommon, which has no lobes to the leaves. Marshes on the Lower Sacramento, according to Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exp. 403. ProhaUy else- where in the State. * =A % Stems spreading or merely ascending : spikes not filiform. 5. V. prostrata, R. Brown. kSoft-hirsute or villous : stems at first erect or ascending, a foot high, at length widely branched and diifuse, rarely prostrate : leaves obovate, ovate, or oblong, with cuneate base tapering into a margined petiole, sharply serrate, incised, or 3 - 5-cleft : spikes solitary or panicled, rather slender but dense when in flower, becoming 4 toi 10 inches long, hirsute or villous : bracts subulate, not longer than the calyx : corolla violet or blue, 2 lines long. — Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 41. V. lasiostachys, Link; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 156. Common in dry ground through the western parts of the State. Eoot prohably perennial. Plant very variable. From Jamuel Valley, below San Diego, Br. Palmer sends a more upright and thiekish-spiked plant, which might be a cross between this and V. strida, if the latter were Californian ; or perhaps it has some V. hastata in it. 6. V. bracteosa, Michx. Perennial, hirsute, a span to a foot high, at length diffusely much branched : leaves cuneate-oblong or obovate, pinnately incised or 3-cleft and coarsely toothed; the lower narrowed into a short margined petiole; the uppermost passing into bracts : spikes terminating the branches, thickish, rather dense, and squarrose with the rigid lanceolate or linear acuminate and sparsely his- pid foliaceous bracts, which surpass the flowers : corolla purplish or blue, small and slender. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2910. Near Monterey, in alkaline soil, Bolandcr: a peculiar and rigid form, with bracts or bract-like leaves far down the stem. The ordinary form occurs in Oregon, and extends to the Atlantic States. § 2. Flowers more showy : spike at first short and capitate : connective of the anthers of the longer stamens tipped ivith a gland. 7. V. ciliata, Benth. Low and diffuse, apparently annual, villous-hirsute ; or the leaves somewhat strigose-hispid, once or twice 3-parted or cleft, short-petioled ; the lateral divisions commonly 2-lobed and the middle one 3-5-lobed or incised: bracts lanceolate-subulate, shorter than the calyx : tube of the latter oblong ; the teeth rather short-subulate, nearly equal: corolla "blue," or purple; the tube hardly twice the length of the calyx. — PL Hartw. 21 ; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 553. Tantillas Mountains on the southern borders of the State (Palmer), a form with rather coarsely cleft leaves : extends through Arizona {Palmer, Lieut. Wheeler, ttc.), to W. Texas and Mexico. V. BiPiNXATiFiDA, Suhauer {Glandularia bipimiatifida, Nutt.), from Colorado to Texas, is certainly perennial, and lias much longer and slender bracts and calyx-teeth, the latter very unequal. 2. LIPPIA, Linn. Corolla somewhat funnelform or salverform ; the limb either bilabiate (upper lip entire or 2-lobed, lower 3-parted), or 4-cleft and merely oblique. Stamens 4, in- cluded. Stigma capitate or oblique. Ovary 2-celled, in fruit forming 2 one-seeded nutlets. — Herbs or shrubs, of various aspect : the foliage sometimes aromatic, as in L. citriodora, the sweet Verbena-shrub of the gardens, native of S. America, to which most of the species belong. 610 PLANTAGINACE.E. Lijipia. 1. L. lycioides, Steudel. S]irul:.l)y, 4 to 10 feet high, minutely puberulent : branches lung and slender ; branehlets sometimes spinescent : leaves lanceolate- oblong, obtuse (a quarter to a full inch long), narrowed at base into a slight petiole, 1 -nerved, nearly veinless, roughish above, on flowering stems commonly entire: flowers small, vanilla-scented, in slender naked spikes : calyx very hirsute i-cleft • corolla barely 2 lines long, white or bluish, 4-lobed. ' _ No 548 in the Californian collection of Co%ater. More likely collected in the Mexican prov- ince of feonora, where it was found by Dr. Palmer, whence it extends eastward to Texas. Also a native oi Buenos Ayres, &c. 2. L. nodiflora, Michx. Perennial 1 herb, creeping extensively, minutely cine- reous-pubescent or nearly glabrous : leaves cuneate-spatulate or oblanceolate, sessile or nearly so, obscurely veined or veinless, the tapering base entire, from the middle to the apex sharply serrate : peduncles erect from the rooting joints, 1 to 4 inches long much exceeding the leaves : flowers in a globular or at length cylindraceous head, a quarter of an inch thick : bracts closely imbricated : calyx compressed fore and aft, 2-cleft, 2-carinate, the lobes conduplicate, linear-lanceolate, lateral- corolla purplish or white, bilabiate: fruit corky, not readily separating into the 2 nutlets. — Zcqmnia nodiflora. Lam. Li^jpia lanceolata, Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp 403, not of Michx. ' Banks of the Lower Sacramento and San Joaquin to the Eio Colorado: east to Texas and J^lorida; and widely dispersed over the warm regions of the world. Includes several nominal Spi?ClGS, Order LXXV. PLANTAGINACE^. Stemless herbs with flowers in spikes, the 4-cleft regular corollas dry and scarious, consisting almost wholly of the genus, 1. PLANTAGO, Linn. Tlantain. PaBCKAss. Flowers perfect, or sometimes more or less dioecious, in a spike or head, each sub- tended by a bract. Calyx of 4 persistent imbricated sepals, free from the ovary. Corolla hypogynous, of scarious texture, veinless, withering-persistent, short salver- form ; its limb 4-parted, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2 to 4, inserted on the corolla alternate with its lobes : filaments commonly long and flaccid in anthesis : anthers versatile, 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 2-celled, or by a false parti- tion in some 3-4-celled, with one or more amphitropous ovules in each cell : style filiform, all the upper part pubescent or bearded and stigmatic. Fruit a membrana- ceous or coriaceous capsule, circumscissile towards the base, the upper part falling away as a lid, carrying with it the loose partition, which bears one or more peltate seeds on each fiice. Seed-coat mucilaginous when wet. Embryo straight, about the length of the fleshy albumen. — Mostly stemless herbs, with nerved or ribbed radical leaves, and naked scapes of small mostly greenish flowers. A large genus, widely distributed over the world, mainly in the temperate zones, in Europe accompanied by a monoecious genus, LUtorella, but otherwise having no obvious near relation- snip, ihe JNorth American species are few. § 1. Flowers all alike and perfect, rvitJi the 4 stamens and long style both much ex- serted, hut at different periods, i. e. the latter while the stamens are still in the unopened corolla, these protruded hy the elongation of the slender filaments a day or two later, after the stigma has begun to wither: lobes of the corolla not closed after fioioering. Plantago. PLANTAGINACEiE. 611 * Leaves 3 - 1 -ribbed, not fleshy : root j^erennial. 1. P. major, Linn, Glabrous or sometimes pubescent : leaves ovate or broadly oblong, large, abruptly contracted into a channelled petiole, 5 - 7-ribbed : spike long and slender : capsule 7-1 6-seeded. San Die<^o to Oregon ; apparently sparingly naturalized in Califomia. This Wayside Plantain, probably iSdigenous only to the Old World, is reported to spruigup in North America «« wherever the white man has set his foot." 2. P. lanceolata, Linn. jNIostly hairy : leaves lanceolate or elongated-oblong, 3 - 5-ribbed : scape deeply grooved and angled, slender, at length much surpassing the leaves (a foot or two long), bearing a head which commonly lengthens into a dense thick spike : bracts and sepals scarious, two of the latter commonly united into one : capsule 2-seeded : seeds hollowed on the iimer face. Dry fields, near San Francisco. The Ribgi-ass, Ripplegrass, or English Plantain ; introduced from Europe ; apparently not widely established. * * Leaves riUess or nearly so, fleshy and narroiv. 3. P. maritima, Linn. Perennial or biennial : the thick crown more or less woolly among the bases of the leaves, which are linear, usually much tleshy-thick- ened, entire or with a few scattered sharp teeth : scapes a span or less m height, bearing a dense many-flowered oblong or cylindrical spike : sepals scarious-mem- branaceous with a thickish green centre, which in the posterior ones is crested : capsule often more or less 3-4-celled, a single seed in each cell. Along the sea-shore, on rocks, in sand, or in salt-marshes. Widely dispersed over the world, and varying in form. § 2. Flowers of two hinds on different individuals, both with 4 stamens, one sort with long exserted filaments, the other ivith short included filaments and small anthers. 4 P Patagonica, Jacq. Annual, silky-woolly, or sometimes merely pubes- cent • leaves varying from narrowly linear-lanceolate to nearly filiform, entire or sparino-ly denticulate, 1 - 3-nerved : scape slender, 2 to 6 inches high, bearing a dense cylindrical or oblong spike, in depauperate specimens frequently reduced to a head • flowers all perfect : sepals very obtuse, scarious except a thick central por- tion • lobes of the corolla round-ovate and cordate, remaining expanded after an- thesis • capsule 2-seeded : seeds large, deeply hollowed on the face or boat-shaped. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 312, & in Pacif. R. Rep. iv, 117, Open crrounds, common in the western part of the State, chiefly in a small form. Extends sonthwanl almost to the extremity of the American continent, and on the eastern side under sev- eral forms, from Texas through the Valley of the Mississippi and the great plains to the Sas- katchawan district. 5 P Virginica, Linn., var. maxima. Annual or biennial, pubescent or hir- sute with many-jointed hairs, becoming woolly at the crown : leaves from oblanceo- late to oblong and oval or obovate, 3 to 10 inches long, obtuse, sparingly denticulate, 3 -7-ribbed, tapering into a narrowed base or wing-margined petiole: scape a span to a foot or more long, bearing a dense spike : bracts not longer than the calyx : lobes of the rather small corolla ovate and slightly cordate ; m the long-stamened and sterile form remaining open or reflexed ; in the much commoner and fully fruitful form with small or included stamens, closing permanently over the ovary and capsule and somewhat indurating in the form of a slender-conical beak cvov^nx- ing the summit of the ovate obtuse 2-3-seeded capsule: seeds nearly flat on the face. — P. Kamtchatica, Hook. & Arn. Eot. Beechey, 156. P. DurviUei, var. tali- fornica, Fischer & Meyer, Ind. Sera. Hort. Petrop. Alon- the coast San Francisco Bay to Afonterey. The association of this robust plant with the t?ny R^£. of the Atlauti.- border wiU appear strange ; but a Texan lorm ^P. i^urpuncs- cens, Nutt.) connects them. 612 PLANTAGINACE.^. Plantago. § 3. Flowers j^erfect (cind perliaps of two hinds) : stamens 2. 6. P. Bigelovii, Gray. Annual, small and slender, a span or less in height, slightly hirsute : leaves linear, obtuse, entire, a line or two wide, the broader ones obscurely 3-nerved, shorter than the scape : spike oblong or linear, densely few - many-flowered : bracts carinate, about the length of the calyx : lobes of the corolla ovate, remaining open : stamens and style a little exserted : capsule ovoid-oblong, somewhat exceeding the calyx, 2-celled, 4-seeded : seeds oblong, not hollowed on the face. — Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 117. Salt-marshes, San Pablo Bay, at Benicia and Vallejo, Bigcloiv, E. L. Greene. Re-descrihed from good specimens collected by Mr. Greene. Flowers twice the size of those of the eastern P. jnisilla, wliich extends westward to Utah, and was mistaken for this in the Botany of King's Expedition. P. ERIOPODA, Ton-. , of the Rocky Mountains, which reaches Northeastern Nevada, also P. MACROCARPA, Cham. & Schlecht., of the northern Pacific coast, are the only other Western species ; both with thickish spikes and rather large flowers and capsules. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. Page 43. 17. NASTURTIUM. 3^ N. obtusum, Xutt. Annual or biennial, glabrous or nearly so : stems much branched, decumbent or procumbent, a span long or less : leaves pinnately parted or divided ; the segments mostly oblong, sinuately toothed : flowers minute : pods ovate- to linear-oblong, 2 or 3 lines long, very obtuse or acutish, beaked by the short style : pedicels about a line long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 74. On the headwaters of Kern River (Rothrock) ; Nortlrern Nevada {Watson) ; fre:iuent eastward from Colorado and New Mexico to the Mississippi. Page 300. 3. BRICKELLIA. 2. B. grandiflora, Nutt., var. minor, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. March, 1863, 67. A form decidedly smaller in all its parts ; collected on a peak near Lake Tahoe, Lemmoa. Page 313. 16. APLOPAPPUS. 8*. A. Palmeri, Gray. Shrub 4 feet high, paniculately much branched, some- what resinous ; branches often virgate, very leafy : leaves tiliform, about an inch long, with shorter ones fascicled in the axils, obscurely punctate : heads paniculate, 4 lines long : involucre turbinate ; the scales oblong-linear, very obtuse, chartaceous, minutely granulose-glandular, the narrow scarious edges especially at the tip ciliate- fringed : rays 3 or 4, not longer than the 11 to 15 disk-flowers : akenes short-linear, villous-pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 74. Tecate Mountains, in Lower California, 20 miles or more below the State boundary {Palmer) ; San Bernardino Co., Pavrij. One of the Ericameria section, related to A. pinifolias, A. cricoides, and the New Mexican A. laricifolius. 14. A. gracilis, Gray. Eigid-herbaceous (the root in ours seemingly perennial), pubescent : stems a span to a foot high, loosely and simply branching, slender : leaves linear or tlie lowest somewhat spatulate, pinnately 5 - 7-cleft or incised, the lobes short and tipped with a rigid bristle ; upper leaves gradually reduced to linear and entire small and appressed bracts (3 to 2 lines long), which pass into^ the appressed closely imbricated scales of the obovate involucre : heads small, terminat- ing the virgate branches : rays 12 to 18, short: akenes silky-hairy: pappus dirty Aviiite, of rather scanty and extremely unequal bristles ; the innermost rigid and wider downward, about the length of the disk-coroUa, the others successively shorter and flner : style-appendages linear, as long as the stigmatic portion. — PI. Fendl. 76. Southeastern part of the State ; San Diego and San Bernardino counties {Cooper, Cleveland, Palmer) ; thence east to New Mexico. Head a quarter of an inch high : scales of the involucre linear, ri^id, mostly bristle-tipped, in the plant of Arizona and Calitbrnia minutely gi-anulate- glandular° Belongs to the Blejjharodon section, along with A. arenarius and A. spuiulosics, referred to on p. 314. Page 314. 17. BIGBLOVIA. V. B. spathulata, Gray. A low and corymbosely much-branched shrub, gla- brous, hardiv at all glutinous : branchlets leafy to the summit : leaves (half an inch 614 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. long) cuneate-obovate, entire, mostly retuse, thick-coriaceous, veinless and with mid- rib indistinct, obscurely if at all punctate : heads in small corymbose terminal clus- ters, 4 or 6 lines long, about 16-flowered : scales of the turbinate involucre numer- ous and regularly imbricated; all of the inner ones broadly linear, coriaceous, rather obtuse, destitute of green tips ; the outer shorter, greenish, and gradually passing into roundish rigid scale-like bractlets : appendages of the style-branches slender-subulate, as long as the stigmatic portion and narrower : akenes silky-hairy. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 74. Tantillas Mountains, near the entrance of the Great Canon, below the southern boundary of the State, Palmer. Too closely resembles Ajdopappus cuneatus, p. 312 ; but not balsamic-resin- ous ; leaves almost dotless ; heads smaller, fewer-flowered, and rayless ; akene shorter and with silky pubescence, and slender bristles of the pappus not thickened toward the tips. 2. B. arborescens, Gray. Foot-hills of the Sierra :N"evada in Calaveras Co., Lemmon, 1(S75. 3". B. brachylepis, Gray. Resembles B. Cooperi : heads larger and broader, 4 or 5 lines long, 8 - 1 2-llowered, corymbose or thyrsoid, or terminating sliort-leaved branchlets : scales of the campanulate involucre all obtuse, many with resinous- glandular thickened midrib, the innermost not exceeding the hnear akenes : style- appendages slender-subulate, obtusish. Larkens' Station, 80 miles east by north of San Diego, Dr. Palmer. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, fastigiately branched. Also resembles B. teretifolia in loliage and in traces of glands to the invo- lucre. 8. B. paniculata, Gray. San Bernardino County, Parry. Also Southern Utah, Palmer. 9. B. graveolens, Gray, has been found as far west as Kern Co., RothrocJc. 10. B. DoiTglasii, CJray. To the varieties must be added a most distinct and remarkable one, Var. stenophylla, Gray. Leaves all from very narrowly linear to filiform, smooth: heads narrower, oftener only 4-flowered. N. W. '^QYMla.i Watson, Lemmon, &c.) to borders of Lower California, Palmer. Perhaps a distinct species. T'lge 324. 21. ASTER. 10^ A. cestivus, Ait. (?) Minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous: leaves nar- rower and heads more paniculate than in A. Dotiglasii : scales of the involucre narrower, the outer all linear, mainly green. — A. laxifolias, Nees. A. Bouglasii, DC. in part. Moist grounds, mountains of San Diego Co. {Cleveland) ; Southern Sierra Nevada, Tulare Co., &c., Rothrock. Not uncommon far eastward and northward. 16. A. spinosus, Benth. Glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high, with slender virgate or rush-like In-anches, terminated by single naked heads, bearing also some soft-spines- cent branchlets below : leaves small and linear, or reduced to minute subulate scales, at length deciduous : heads 3 lines long : scales of the involucre subulate : rays rather short, whitish: akenes glabrous. — PL Hartw. 20; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 165. Interior of San Diego Co., Palmer. Extends through Arizona to Texas and into Mexico. Page 333. 25. BACCHARIS. 8. B. brachyphylla, Gray. Minutely roughish-puberulent : slender and diffuse branches 2 or 3 feet long from a woody base, beset with small linear or lanceolate subulate leaves (the lower half an inch long, the upper reduced to scaledike bracts less than a line long), bearing loosely paniculate heads : involucre 2 lines high; the ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. G15 scales broadly lanceolate, acute, puberulent and greenish on tlie back, and with scarious margins : pappus short, fulvous. — PI. Wright, ii. 83. Eastern part of San Diego and San Bernardino counties {Palmer, Pafry) ; eastward to New Mexico. Page 343. 37\ DICORIA, Torr. & Gray. Head heterogamoua, discoid ; one or two marginal flowers pistillate and fertile, apetalous, consisting of an ovary and a 2-parted style; the other flowers G to 12, staminate and sterile, with obconical 5-toothed corolla, completely monadelphous filaments, slightly coherent anthers, and undivided style destitute of stigma and appendages. Involucre of about 5 short and oval herbaceous scales, and of either one or two much larger and flat accrescent scarious ones, each of the latter subtend- ing a fertile flower. Eeceptacle with a few delicate chaffy scales among the fertile flowers. Akenes obcom pressed, oblong, surrounded by a toothed border or wing, much exceeding the outer involucre. — Annual or biennial herbs, whitened with appressed hirsute pubescence; with entire or serrate petioled leaves, the lowest opposite, the upper alternate, and racemosely or spicately paniculate and scattered small heads, nodding in fruit; the flowers greenish yellow. — Emory Eep. U.3, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 8G, t. 30 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 76. 1. D. canescens, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A foot to a yard high : leaves from oblong-lanceolate to ovate : internal and greenish-yellow scales of the involucre a pair, orbicular, in fruit 3 lines long, longer and broader than the broadly and veiny- winged akenes they subtend. Desert washes in San Bernardino Co. {Parry), and eastward in S. Utah and Arizona. D. Brandegei, Gray, 1. c, of S. E. Colorado, has narrow leaves, and a single fertile flower, tlio akene of which has a callous-toothed border in phice of wing, and much exceeds the relatively smaller subtending scale. rage 343. 38. IV A. 2. I. Hayesiana, Gray. Apparently herbaceous from a woody base, and from 1 to 3 feet high, erect, and the larger plants paniculately much branched : caulino leaves opposite, spatulate-oblong and very obtuse, an inch or two long, the base nar- rowed into a distinct petiole ; those of the branches alternate and gradually passing into linear bracts, the uppermost hardly surpassing the heads ; these rather crowded in panicled spikes : involucre of about o rounded and completely distinct imbricated scales. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 78. San Diego Co. ; near Warner's Pass {Sutton Hayes, 1858), collected in October, when all the flowers had fallen ; Jamuel Valley, south of Sau Diego, Dr. Pahncr, 1875. Page 344. 41. PRANSERIA. 3. F. pumila, Nutt. Common in the streets of San Diego, Parri/, Cleveland. The fruit is small, and much of it one-celled and spineless, and therefore that of an Ambrosia. The species needs to be compared with A. tenuifoUa, Spreng., and A. fruticosa, DC., var. canescens. 10. F. ilicifolia, Gray. Shrubby, much branched ; branches very leafy, hirsute and pubescent : leaves closely sessile by an auriculate half-clasping base, coriaceous, iirominently veiny and reticulated, ovate or oblong (less than 2 inches long), sca- brous and pubescent, coarsely serrate ; the teeth and especially the acuminate apex spiny-tipped: fertile involucre globose, thickly armed with hook-tipped prickles, gX6 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. which are as long as the somewhat stouter beaks, 2-celled, 2-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 77. In the Tantillas Cafton, northern part of Lower California, Palmer. A remarkable species, with Holly-like leaves. Sterile involucres unknown. Full-grown bur half an inch in diameter including the prickles. Page 349. 45. WYETHIA. 3^ W. coriacea, Gray. (In character between * and * %.) Barely a foot high, vilious-pubescent : stem stout, few-leaved : leaves long-petioled, firm-coriaceous, much reticulated, ovate, or sometimes roundish, or the upper oblong, 3 to 5 inches long ; the base either truncate or inclining to cordate, or oblique, or sometimes nar- rowed into the petiole : heads few, rather narrow : scales of the involucre 5 or 6, foliaceous, oblong or lanceolate, an inch to an inch and a half long, ec|ualling or exceeding the 5 to 8 rays, also 2 or 3 smaller rather chaflty ones within : akenes glabrous ; those of the ray oblong and obcompressed, of the disk 4 - 5-angled and narrower : pappus 4 to 6 small and stout rather unequal blunt teeth, a little united at base, rarely one of them longer and subulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 77. On the Mesa Grande, 70 miles northeast of San Diego, Dr. Palmer. rage 352. 47. ENCELIA. 5. E. viscida, Gray. Apparently a foot or two high and herbaceous, branching, viscid-glandular throughout : stem and branches (as well as sparingly the leaves) hirsute with long and slender many-jointed widely spreading hairs : leaves alternate, ovate or oblong, sessile, mostly with auriculate or cordate half-clasping base, spar- ingly serrate, an inch or two long (the lower not seen) : heads terminating short leafy branches : scales of the involucre broadly linear, obtuse, a little unequal, all shorter than the disk ; the outer greenish and viscid, thin-membranaceous ; the innermost like the chaff of the receptacle thin-scarious : rays none : disk-corollas light yellow : akenes narrowly cuneate, with callous margins and summit, strongly white-villous, especially the margins, these extended into strong pubescent awns. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 78. Southern part of San Diego Co., at Darkens' Station, 80 miles east of San Diego, Dr. Palmer. A remarkable species, with the aspect and foliage of a Ilulsca. Heads three fourths of an inch long. Akenes 4 or 5 lines long ; and the subulate awns 2 or 3 lines. Page 353. 49. HELIANTHUS. G. H. gracilentUS, Gray. Perennial (but base not seen), apparently 3 feet or more higli : slender branches nearly smooth and glabrous : leaves lanceolate, rather short, entire, pale and minutely hispid-scabrous both sides, obscurely triplinerved ; the lower opposite and abruptly contracted into a short petiole ; the upper scattered and gradually reduced to an inch or less in length : peduncles few or solitary and slender : involucre shorter than the brownish-yellow disk ; its scales regularly im- bricated, acute, destitute of tips, densely and rather hirsutely puberulent : rays 12 to 16, an inch or less long : akenes flat and broad, smooth, only half the length of the slender bayonet-shaped scales of the pappus, which are fully three fourths the length of the disk-corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 77. IVIoun tains 45 miles northeast of San Diego, Dr. Palmer. Page 362. 57. HEMIZONIA. 5^ H. jQoribunda, Gray. Erect, apparently 3 feet high, Avith very numerous and leafy branches, minutely glandular-pubescent : lower leaves not seen ; the upper linear, obtuse, entire, a half to a quarter of an inch long : heads terminating the branchlets, 3 or 4 lines broad and hinh. manv-flowerod : scales of the involucre ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 0X7 oblong-lanceolate, shorter than the djsk, rather ohtiise, extremely glandular : rays 20 or more, forming two series, with cuneate 3-ltjbed deep orange-yellow ligules : disk-flowers about as many, most of them fertile : cliatf of the flattish receptacle only between the ray and disk flowers, of linear and neai'ly distinct scales : pappus of the disk-akenes of 5 to 8 ovate or roundish l)luut and entire scales, wliich are hairy on the back and margin. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 79. On the Fort Yuma road, at Larkens, 80 miles unsi, of San Diego, Palmer. A striking species of the Hartmannia section, in some respects reseniMiii^ //. I'nitrscenn, to be inserted in the subdi- vision (with some emendation) which iuchides H. aiujuslijolin nud //. corymbosa. 1 1*. H. Wheeleri, Gray. Loosely branched from the base, slender, a span to a foot high, somewliat hirsute, hardly at all glandular : leaves all linear and entire, scattered (the lower an inch or two long) : heads scattered, short-peduncled : scales of the involucre lanceolate, herbaceous, rather short : rays only 5 or 6, bright yel- low : disk-flowers numerous (yellow), with abortive ovary and no pappus : outer chaff" of the receptacle of distinct thin scales ; inner mostly ^wanting : fertile akenes triangular. TuLare Co., Monachay Meadows, &c., upper part of South Fork of Kern River, at 8,200 to 10,000 feet altitude, Roihrock in Wheeler's Expedition, 1875. Head barely 3 lines high : rays 2 lines long and wide. Smooth akenes a line and a quarter long. A well-marked species of the Ea- hemizonia section. Page 391. 11\ HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Her. Head homogamous ; the rather nuinerous flowers all alike, perfect and tubular. Scales of the involucre 6 to 12, more or less imbricated, obovate or oval, flat, tliin, often partly scarious or colored (whitish, rarely purplisli). Receptacle small, naked. Corolla with a narrow and glandular tube, abruptly dilated into a campanulate throat, and with 5 revolute lobes. Style-branches ratlier broad and obtuse. Akenes turbinate or inversely pyramidal, with a short stalk-like base. Pappus of 8 or 10 short and blunt silvery-scarious scales, nearly or quite nerveless. — Biennial or rarely perennial herbs (all N. American), whitened with a rather deciduous wool ; the stems with a solitary or corymbose head of whitish or yellow flowers. 1. H. luteus^ i^utt. A span to a foot higli : leaves mainly in a tuft at tlie root, twice pinnately divided ; the lobes narrowly linear with revolute margins or nearly filiform : stem scape-like, bearing few or rarely solitary long-peduncled heads of light yellow flowers ; akenes very villous, at least on the angles : pappus nearly as long as the tube of the corolla. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 373. Tantillas Mountains, near the State line, in Lower California, Dr. Palmer. Extends eastward to the Rocky Mountains. Page 499. 88. PECTIS. 1. P, papposa, Gray, var. epapposa. A depauperate short-peduncled form, collected by Dr. Palmer, about half-way between San Diego and Fort Yuma (also in S. Utah and Arizona) : some of the specimens with the normal barbellate-bristly pappus to the disk-flowers, the others with a mere vestige or none. Page 402. 93. TANACETUM. -* =k ^H Pappus none : leaves onli/ 'i-cleft or entire. {Sphceromeria, Xutt.) 3. T. canum, D. C. Eaton, A span high or more, in tufts from a woody base, silvery-canescent : flowering stems simple, terminated by one or two or several corym- bose-crowded heads : leaves half an inch or more long, sessile, some cuneate and 618 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 3-cIeft into narrow-entire lobes, others linear pr lanceolate and entire : involucre 2 lines high, of about 1 2 obovate scales : flowers yellowish ; a few of the outer ones pistillate ; the rest perfect. — Bot. King Exp. 180, t. 19. Olanche Mountain, Tulare Co., at 10,000 feet, Rothrock in Wheeler's Exx^ed., 1875. Elsewhere found only in the E. Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson. Page 405. 94. ARTEMISIA. 1 2. A. Rothrockii, Gray. Shrubby, a foot or less high, bushy, cinereous with a minute a})prL'ssed pubescence, but green or greenish, and sometimes almost gla- brous, or slightly viscid : leaves from cuneate and 3 - 4-cleft above into oblong lobes to cuneate-linear or spatulate and (especially on flowering shoots) entire, or some of the upper linear-oblong : heads crowded, spicate-panicled, greenish, 2J to 3 lines long, 10 - 12-flowered : scales of the campanulate involucre concave, rather firm; the outer ovate and largely herbaceous ; the inner oblong : flowers all perfect and fertile. Sierras of Tulare Co., Olanche Mountains and Monachay Meadows, at 8,000 to 9,300 feet, Roth- rock in Wheeler's Exped., 1875. The Sage-brush of the region. Heads even thicker than those of ^. cana. 1 3. A. Falmeri, Gray. Apparently wholly herbaceous and at least 3 feet high, cinereous-puberulent : leaves narrowly linear and the lower 3 - 5-parted (the divi- sions an inch or two long and a line or more wide), with revolute margins, the lower surface minutely white-woolly : heads greenish, very numerous in an ample open panicle : scales of the involucre ovate, thin : flowers all perfect, most of them subtended by chaff similar to the inner scales of the involucre (or the innermost much smaller), — an anomaly in the genus. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 79. Jamuel Valley, 20 miles east of south of San Diego, Palmer. Page 412. 101. SENECIO. 9. S. Fremontii, Torr. & Gray. A very well-marked form of this species is Var. occidentalis, Gray. ]\Iuch more slender, a span to a foot high : leaves from ovate-orbicular and repand to obovate or spatulate and incised, thinner, most of them on rather long and wing-margined petioles : heads smaller (4 lines high), fewer-flowered, and slender-peduncled. SieiTa Nevada, on Mount Whitney at 12,000 feet, and S. Fork of Kern River down to 9,800 feet, Rothrock in Wheeler's Exped., 1875. Lemmon's plant from Lassen's Peak is between this and Watson's and Parry's specimens from the mountains of Utah and Wyommg. Page 417. 103. RAILLARDELLA. A part of the generic character to be modified, and a portion of it thro^vn into a § 1, to contrast with the following : — § 2. Scales of the involucre distinct to the base, the margins below at length more or less involute : central flowers {always ?) sterile, both anthers and ovary imper- fect : stem leafy. 3. R. Muirii, Gray. A span or two high, slender, hirsute, and with some stalked glands above : leaves (about an inch long) linear, with somewhat revolute margins, acute : heads terminal and short-peduncled. and also 2 or 3 lateral ones : involucre campanulate : bristles of the pappus 10 to 12, stouter, fully ecpialling the corolla in length. In the Sierra Nevada (the station unkno\\Ti), J. Muir. Head little over half an inch long. Stem slender, very leafy below, sparsely so above. In habit unlike the genuine species of Raillar- della, but the floral characters accord. The mature akenes are terete, but so they may be when ripe in the original species. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. gjg Page 441. 122. LYGODESMIA. 2. L. spinosa, var. cladopappa, Gray; a state with manj- of the stiff bristles of the pappus bearing a few sieiuler branches toward the base. Carson Valley, Lcmmon, 1875. Specimens by other collectors from the same neighhoi-hood do not show this peculiarity of the pappus, in which, as well as in the rigidity, there is an approach to ChoctadcIjJha. Page 442. 123. LACTUCA. Lactuoa Canadensis, Linn., was collected in a grain-field in Sicn-a Valley, in the summer of 1875. Being otherwise unknown west of the Rocky Mountains, it was probably a waif or chance- Page 443. Order LI. L0BELIACE-S3. Eeplace the key to the genera under the Tribe LOBELIEiE by the following. * Capsule short, 2-celled, 2-valved at the top. 1. Lobelia. Corolla with the more or less elongated tube split from top to bottom on the appar- ently upper side. Stamens free from the corolla. 2. Palmereila. Corolla with a long tube, which is entire at the summit ; the stamens adnate to its upper part. 3. Laurentia. Corolla with a rather long entire tube ; the stamens free from it, except perhaps at the very base. * * Capsule and ovary long and linear, one-celled, opening down the sides. 4. Do'wningia. Corolla with a very short and entire tube. Prefix no. 5 to Nemacladus. 1. LOBELIA, Linn. Calyx 5-cleft, and with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube split down to the base on one (apparently the upper) side ; the two lobes on that side erect or more separated from the three more united ones ; all the petals sometimes inclined to separate at the base. Anthers and all the upper part of the filaments united around the style : these inserted with the corolla. Stigma 2-lobcd. Capsule 2-valved at the top. Seeds very numerous and small. — Chiefly herbs, of wide geographical distribution ; with racemose or spicate flowers, produced in summer. 1. L. splendens, Willd. Glabrous or nearly so : simple stem 2 or .3 feet high : leaves linear-lanceolate, glandular-denticulate : raceme naked, many-flowered : tube of the calyx hemispherical ; its lobes slenderly linear-subulate : cctrolla intense red, an inch long ; its lobes (in our plant) oidy half the length of the tube : two of the anthers strongly bearded at the tip. — Hort. Berol. t. 86. Mountains northeast of San Diego, Cleveland, Palmer. Extends through Arizona to Texas and Mexico, probably only in shaded and moist or wet places. Much resembles the eastern L. cardi- nnlis or Cardinal-flower. Lobes of the corolla much smaller than in the cultivated and some of the wild Mexican specimens. 2. PALMERELLA, Gray. Calyx 5-parted down to the turbinate tulie, which is wholly adnate to the ovary ; the lobes slenderly linear-subulate. Corolla with its long and straight narrow-cylin- drical tube, entire (at least the upper i)art), not at all dilated at the throat ; the short lobes abruptly spreading; two smaller distinct, spatulate-liuear and lunicil back- 620 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. wards ; the otlier three oblong, united at the very base. Filaments (more or less) adnate to near the throat or the upper part of the tube of the corolla, then free or further adnate to one side, and monadelphous : anthers oblong, united, three of them naked, two tipped with a small tuft of very unequal rigid bristles. Stigma, ovary, and apparently capsule of Lobelia, of which the plant has the habit, except in the remarkably long tube of the corolla. — Name in acknowledgment of the services to North American Botany rendered by the discoverer, Dr. Edward Palmer, who more than any one else has explored the botany of the region to which it belongs, viz. Arizona, the southern frontiers of the State of California, and Lower California. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 80. 1. P. debilis, Gray. Herb a foot or two high, probably from a perennial root, smooth and glabrous except the inside of the corolla ; stem weak and slender, sim- ple or at length loosely branched : leaves thin (the lowest not seen) : the cauline ones linear-lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches lung, entire or rarely a little denticulate, sessile, alternate, above gradually diminished into slender bracts of the several-flowered leafy raceme : limb of the corolla bright blue ; the tube whitish, half or three fourths of an inch long, hairy inside. Var. serrata, Gray. Minutely puberulent, at least toward the summit and the tube of the corolla : leaves almost all acutely serrate, or the upper merely denticu- late ; the lower spatulate or obovate (one or two inches long, sometimes an inch broad) : flowers rather few and crowded. Great Canon of the Tantillas Mountains, in Lower California, Sept. 1875, Dr. E. Palvicr. The variety, on wet sandstone rocks in the valley of Ojai Creek, Ventura Co., July, 1875, Dr. Roth- rock in Wheeler's Exped. The hase of the corolla-tube inclines to break up in age as it were into claws of the live component petals, as in Lobelia splcndens, &c. Then the adnate fila- ments become free below, remaiuuig coalescent above. Page 476. 1. ASCLEPIAS. 7. A. leucophylla, Engelm., var, obtusa, Gray. Wool deciduous, hardly any on the outside of the corolla : leaves oblong, all the lower very obtuse or trun- cate : hoods rather broader and truncate. Bartlett's Canon, near Santa Barbara, Rothrock in Wheeler's Exped., 1875. The hoods in this species and in A. eriocarpa have a lamelliform fold or duplication on each side below near the interior margin. Page 478. 4. LACHNOSTOMA, HBK. Calyx, corolla, fruit, &c., nearly as in Sarcostemma. Crown (in the following species) consisting of a hood-like appendage behind each anther, not unlike that of Asclepias. Anthers short, and the pollen-masses horizontal, otherwise nearly as in Asclepias. — A tropical and subtropical American genus of the Gonolobus lYihe, chiefly of twiners ; mostly with opposite cordate and petioled leaves, and small dull-colored flowers. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 767. 1. L. hastulatum, Gray. A slender twining plant, herbaceous or nearly so, clothed with a fine and dense soft pubescence : leaves hastate, 2 or 3 lines long, on a slender petiole : flowers solitary and scattered, nearly sessile, whitish : calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear : corolla .5-parted, the divisions oblong-linear, almost glabrous inside : hoods behind the anthers oblong-obovate, white, acutely 3-toothed at the apex, and with a short triangular-subulate internal horn : follicles fusifoi-m, beset with a few small and soft processes. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 87. TantUlas Canon, within the borders of Lower California, Dr. E. Palmer. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 621 Page 483. 4. EUSTOMA, Salisb. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. ; the divisions slender-subulate, carinate. Corolla carapan- ulate, not appendaged or gland-bearing ; the tube shorter than the 5 or 6 obovatc or oblong ample lobes. Filaments filiform, borne in the throat. Anthers oblong, not twisted. Style filiform,'"persistent : stigma of 2 broad plates. Capsule ovoid, many- seeded. — Glaucous annuals or biennials ; with oblong partly clasping leaves, and showy slender-peduncled flowers ; the corolla generally sky-blue or lavender-color. Of the two published species, one, JS. Russelianum, very ornamental in cultivation, belongs to Texas and adjacent districts. E. gracile, Engelm. ined., of Northern Mexico, is perhaps a slender variety of it. The remaining less showy species is — 1. E. exaltatum, Grisebach. A foot or two high : leaves cordate-clasping and often connate, 1 to 3 inches long : corolla about an inch long ; its lobes nearly oblong and only twice the length of the tube : capsule elliptical-oblong, very obtuse. — Lisianthus exaltatus, Lam. L. glaucifolius, Jacq. Ic. Ear. t. 33. Canon Tantillas, near the southern boundary of the State, Dr. Palmer. Also San Bernardino Co., Tarry. Page 500. 5. LGESELIA. 2. L. effusa, Gray. Eesembles L. tenuifoUa, but more diffusely much branched from an annual root : leaves apparently all entire, short-filiform, from half to a fourth of an inch long (but tlie lowest are wanting) : flowers loosely panicled : calyx- teeth very short, pointed from a broad base : corolla barely half an incli long, " pink " or purple ; the cuneate and truncate obscurely 3-toothed lobes as long as the tube (which little surpasses the calyx) and nearly equalling the declined incurved capillary filaments and style. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 86, where a section, Giliopsis, is proposed for this very Gilia-like species and L. tenuifolia. Tantillas Mountains, within the borders of Lower California, Dr. Palnur. Page 517. 11. NAM A. To the character of the genus add : leaves sometimes toothed. § 3. Perennials, soTnetimes woody helow ; the x>uhescence hispid or hirsute : floivers densely clustered : leaves tvith undulate or sinuate-toothed margins, sessile. 5. N. Rothrockii, Gray. A span or two high from a perennial root, cinereous- pubescent or minutely hirsute and slightly viscid : the stem, calyx, cfcc, hispid with long and sharp ( Wigandia-Y\kQ) bristles : leaves lanceolate-oblong, obtusely pinnati- fid-toothed : flowers numerous in a terminal and sessile capitate cluster : sepals hardly at all dilated upward, half an inch long, nearly equalling the corolla : seeds rather few, large (almost a line long), oval, closely reticulate-pitted. Meadows on S. Kern Elver, at 5,000 feet, Rolhrock, in Wheeler's Exped., 1875. Leaves an inch or more long ; the rather prominent pinnate veins running to the sinuses between the strong teeth, and there forking. Corolla whitish or purplish. Ovary and 2-celled capsule somewhat hirsute. Most remarkable in the genus for the toothing of the leaves and for the almost stmging hairs, like those of Wigandiu. But the narrow funnelform corolla and the habit are those of Xama. 6. N. Parryii, Gray. Six feet high ! froip a woody stout base : leaves linear, villous-hirsute throughout, numerously pinnately veined and somewhat bullate, the margins revolute and undulate or repand : flowers unilateral and at length densely spicate on the few branches of the compact scorpioid cyme : sepals nearly filifonn, little surpassing the ovaPcapsule : seeds oval, half a line long, minutely marked with narrow transverse reticulations. 622 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. On the Mohave slope of the San Bernardino Mountains, Parry, Dec. 1875, in fruit only Leaves on new shoots 2 or 3 inches long and only 2 or 3 lines wide. Cymes apparently pedun- culate. Capsule and calyx only 2 lines or so in length. Stem Wi(jan<.lia.Y\\.Q, over half an inch in diameter at base, decidedly woody, but with a large pith. P'ige550. 3. ANTIRRHINUM. 8. A. Nuttallianum, var. efFusum, Gray. Climbing over bushes, 5 feet high : flowering branches paniculate : pedicels all filiform and longer than the flowers : ribs of the seeds less wing-like : calyx-lobes rather less unequal. Jamuel Valley, southeast of San Diego, Dr. Pcchiur. Page 556. 8. PENTSTEMON. 14^ p. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray. A span or more high, pruinose-puberulent or below glabrous : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, and the lowest spatulate or oval, an inch or two long : flowers racemose-thyrsoid, rather crowded and numer- ous : pedicels and mostly the peduncles short and glandular-pubescent : corolla pur- ple or whitish, half an inch or more in length, tubular-funnelform : anthers not opening widely : sterile filament dilated and bearded at the tip. — Proc Am Acad vi. 60; Watson, Bot. King. Exp. 218. Sien-a Nevada, on a high mountain near Donner Pass (Jorrcy) ; Utah, Fremont. A smoother and tidier variety {Parryi), Nevada, Watson, WheeUr, &c. After no. 17, add a fifth subdivision, as follows : — +^. 4H. ++ ^.^. ^+ Corolla scarlet, tubular ; its upper Up erect and 2-toothed ; the loiver reflexed and Z-jxtrted. 17^ P. barbatus, Nutt., var. labrosus, Gray. Entirely glabrous, somewdiat glaucous : stems virgate, 2 feet high or more : lowest leaves oblanceolate ; the upper narrowly linear : panicle slender and raceme-like : sepals ovate, short : corolla an inch and a half long; its lips half an inch or more ; the upper oblong and concave, barely 2-lobed at the tip ; the lower 3-parted into linear divisions ; these and the throat glabrous, as also the stamens and style: anther-cells divaricate, never spread- ing open, the inner portion of the line of clehiscence remaining closed. On Mount Pinos, south of Tejon, at 7,000 feet, Rothrock in Wheeler's Exped., 1875. A remark- able form, seemingly, of P. barbatus, agi-eeing with the var. Torreyi of New ]\Iexico and Colorado in the want of beard ; but the lobes of the lower lip remarkably long and narrow. The tube of the corolla appears to have been yellowish, the lips scarlet. Page 575. 17. ORTHOCARPUS. Chloropyron palustre, Behr in Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 62, m, is some one of the species of this genus, with reduced anther-cells ; perhaps 0. faudbarbatus or 0. floribundus. Page 581. 18. CORDYLANTHUS. 3. C. filifolius, Nutt. The ripe seeds are ovate or oval ; the coat close, and in the dry state lineate-reticulated under a lens Avith innumerable slender wavy lines or wrinkles : embryo little shorter than the nucleus, the cotyledons orbicular. The ovules are slender, tapering to the apex, which is coiled into a helix. Var. brevibracteatus, Gray. Tall and stouter, glabrous up to the floral leaves ; these hirsute-ciliate and all shorter than the flowers, more dilated, and not gland- tipped : cauline leaves not seen. Near Soda Spring on Kern Eiver, at 8,500 feet, Poihrock in Wheeler's Exped., 1875. A rather smooth form collected by D. Cleveland near. San Diego approaches this. INDEX. Ncames of Orders and Suboudeus in small capitals, of Genera and Sections iu Roman lower case, and Si/uonijiny in Italics. Abrotanum, 403. Abutilon, 87. Acacia, 163. Acffina, 186. Acannttopappus, 304. ACAMIIACK.K, nS?. AcanlliciuiintlKi, 596. Aanith<>inir/N,>, 72. Acarpli:ea, 391. Acer, 107. ^ Accratcs, 476, 477. ACERINE^, 106. Achillea, 400. Achillea, 381. Achlys, 15. Achyracligena, 371. Achyronychia, 72. Acoma, 356. Aconitum, 12. Acourtia, 422. Actitia, 12. Actinella, 393. Actinolepis, 377. Adenocaulon, 335. Adenostegia, 580. Adenostoma, 184. Adenostyles, 300. Adolphia, 101. ^senilis, 106. . Agarista, 355. Ageratum, 387. Agrimonia, 185. Agrimony, 185. Alar(;onia, 349. Alrhemilla, 185. Alfalfa, 132. Allilaria, 94. Algarobia, 163. Alloseris, 429. Allotropa, 461. Alsine, 69. Alum-root, 200. Alyssum, 27. Amauria, 385. Amblyopappus, 385. Amygdale^, 164. Ambrosia, 344. Ambrosia, 345. Araelanchier, 189. American Laurel, 456. Amman nia, 214. Ammobroma, 464. Animodia, 309. AiiKiipha, 140. Aiiiphiarliyris, 302. Ampliltiiipjius, 303. Anisinckia, 523. AXA1'AU1)IA(.'K.E, 109. Aiia-allis, 469. A,i,u,ll,rr!.,\ 477. AiKiplialis, :U0. Anathrix, 435. Ancistrocarphus, 337. Andromeda, 453, 456. Androsace, 468. Anemone, 3. Angeliea,^65. Aiiimcarims, 358. xVnisocoma, 430. Aiioplanthus, 584. Antennaria, 338. Antennaria, 341. Anthomcles, 189. Antirrliinastrum, 548. Antirrhinum, 548, 622. Antirrhinum, 552. Apargia, 440. Apargidium, 439. Aphanostemma, 6. AphantochcctM, 305. Aphyllon, 584. Apiastrum, 258. Apium, 258. Aplopappus, 310, 613. Aplopa2)pus, 304, 311, 315, 321, 323. Apocynace^, 472. Apocynum, 473. Apple, 188. Apple of Peru, 537. Aquilegia, 9. Arabis, 31. Aralia, 273. ARALIACE.B, 273. Arbutus, 451. Arbutus, 453. Arctomecon, 21. Arctostaphylos, 452 Arenaria, 68. Argemone, 21. Armeria, 465. Arnica, 414. Aromia, 190. Aromia, 385. Arrow-wood, 335. Artemisia, 402, .618. Arfciu,isia, 401, 402. Artichoke, 417. Aruncus, 170. Asagnm, 143. AsCLEl'IADACEiE, 474. Asclepias, 474, 620. Asclcpias, 477. Ash, 472. Aster, 321, 614. Aster, 303, 321, 326. 331. Astragalus, 144. Astrophia, 160. Atamisquiea, 50. Atenia, 259. Atragene, 3. Aubergine, 538. Audibertia, 600. Awlwort, 43. Azalea, 458. Baccharis, 332, 614. Bseria, 375. Bahia, 379. Bahia, 379. Bahiopsis, 354. Baileya, 373. Balsam, 93. Balsam-root, 347. Balsamorhiza, 347. Baneberry, 12. Barbarea, 40. Barberry, 14. Barkhausia, 438. Bartonia, 236. ^ Bartsia, 575, 577. Batrachium, 5. Bearberry, 453. Bedstraw, 282. BfUnrdia, 423. l^ellilower, 447. Beloi)erone, 588. BERr.ERinA('E.E, 14. Bcrberis, 14. Bergdla, 80. IVrgia, 80. Berginia, 588. Berula, 260. Bidens, 357. Big-Root, 240. Bigclovia, 314, 613, Bigaonin, 587. BlUNONIACE^, 586. 15ill)crry, 450. Bindweed, 533. Biscutella, 48. Black Nightshade, 538. Blackberry, 171. Bladder Nut, 108. Bladder- pod, 43. IJladdcrwort, 586. i;i.Mni..sp.'rma, 395. I'.lci]li;iii]iappus, 357. nil phd ripKppus, 368. Blepharizonia, 366. Blue-curls, 608. Boisduvalia, 233. Bolandra, 196. Bolivaria, 471. Boruaginace/t;, 518. Boschniakia, 585. Bowlesia, 255. Box-Elder, 108. Boykinia, 195. Brachyactis, 326. Brachi/ris, 302. Brasenia, 16. Brassica, 39. Brewcrina, 69. Brickellia, 299, 613. Brooklime, 572. Brookweed, 470. Brunella, 604. Brvanthus, 456. Buckbean, 485. Buckeye, 106. Bucktiiorn, 100. Buddleia, 485. Bulbnsti//is, 299, 409. Bulliarda, 209. Bnphlhahnum, 348. Bur-Clover, 133. Bur-:\Iarigold, 357. Burnet, 186. Burning-bush, 98. 1 Burrielia, 374. BurricUu, 375, 379. I Buttcrcu[i, 5. 624 INDEX. Butterwort, 586. Button-bush, 281. Button Snakeroot, 255. Cacalia, 301. Cactace^, 242. ^ Cienotus, 331. C^SALPINE^, 113. Calabazilla, 240. Calais, 423. Calaminth, 596. Calamintha, 596. Calandrinia, 74. Calfs-Head, 18. California Lilac, 102. Calliachyris, 370. Callicliroa, 369. Calliglossa, 370. Callirrhoc, 83. Callitriche, 215. Calocalais, 426. Caltha, 9. Calycadenia, 464. Calycanthace^, 190. Calycanthus, 191. Calycoseris, 431. Calyptridium, 78. Calystegia, 533. Camarostaphylis, 454. Campanula, 447. Campanula, 446. CAMPANULACE.E, 445. Campion, 62. Campyloccra, 446. Cancer-root, 584. Canclialagua, 479. Candlewood, 79. Canotia, 190. Caiitua, 493, 496, 498. Capnorehis, 24. Capparidace^, 49. Ga.praria, 571. Caprifoliace-e, 277. Caprifolium, 280. Capsella, 44. Capsicum, 539. Cardamine, 30. Cardiospermum, 106. Carduus, 419, 420. Carpenteria, 203. Carpetweed, 252. Carphephorus, 301. Car2)Jiephorus, 408. C^aiTot, 272. Carroway, 259. Carum, 259. Caryophyllace^, 61. Cassia, 161. Cassiope, 455. Castilleia, 573. Catchfly, 62. Catnip, 590. Caucalis, 272. Caulanthus, 36. Cayenne Pepper, 539. Ceanothus, 102. CELASTRACEiE, 98. Celastrus, 98. Celery, 258. Centaurea, 421. Centunculus, 469. Cephalanthus, 281. Cerastes, 104. Cerastium, 66. Cerasus, 167. Ceratophyllum, 215. Ccrcidium, 162. Cercis, 160. Cercocarpus, 174. Cereus, 246. Chaenactis, 388. Cha^rojjhyUum, 263. Chaetadelplia, 429. Chamsebatia, 173. Chamsebatiaria, 170. Cbamsephysalis, 541. Chamffisaracha, 540. Chamiso, 184. Chamomile, 400. Charlock, 40. Cheiranthodendron, 88. Cheiranthus, 35. Chelone, 556. Cherry, 166. Cherry Tomato, 538. Chta, 598. Chicalote, 21. Chickweed, 66, 67. Chile, 539. Chile Colorado, 540. Chili Cojote, 240. Chilopsis, 587. Chimaphila, 459. Chionanthus, 472. Chloropyron, 622. Choke Cherry, 167. Chrysanthemum, 401 . Chrysohotrya, 207. Chrysocapnos, 24. Chrysocoma, 317. Chrysopsis, 309. Chrysopsis, 329. Chrysotlia.mnns, 314. Chylismia, 227. Cicendia, 480. Cicuta, 260. Circffia, 234. Cirsium, 417. ClSTACE^, 54. Clarkia, 231. Clavigera, 299. Claytonia, 75. Cleavers, 282. Clematis, 2. Cleome, 51. Cleomella, 51. CliflF-Eose, 175. Clintonia, 444. Clotbur, 346. Clover, 125. Cneoridium, 97. Cnicus, 417. Coboea, 485. Cocklebur, 346. Coinog-yne, 372. Coldenia, 520. Coleogyne, 174. Collinsia,'552. Collinsiu, 556. Collomia, 487. Collomia, 492. Columbine, 9. Coviaru7n, 180. Composite, 488. Conanthus, 515. Cone-flower, 347. . Coniothdc, 395. Coniuni, 258. CONVOLVULACE^, 532. Convolvulus, 533. Conyza, 332. Cordylanthus, 580, 622. Coreocarpus, 356. Coreopsis, 355. Corethrog3me, 320. Com Popi)y, 19. Corn-Spurrey, 70. CoUNACEiE, 274. Cornel, 274. Cornus, 274. CoroJlophyllum, 464. Corydalis, 24. Cosnianthus, 513. Cotton-plant, 82. Cotula, 405. Cotula, 401. Cotyledon, 210. Courtoisia, 488. Cow Parsnip, 271. Cowania, 175. Crab-Apple^88. Cranberry, 450. Cranesbill, 93. Crassulace^, 208. Cratiegus, 189. Cratccgus, 188. Cream Cups, 20. Creosote-bush, 92. Crepidium, 436. Crepis, 435. Cressa, 534. Crinitaria, 317. Crocidium, 396, 406. Crossosoma, 13. Crossostigma, 220. Crowfoot, 5. CRUCIFER.E, 25. Cryphiacanthus, 588. Cryptophura, 439. Ciyiitostemma, 298. Cucumis, 239. Cucurbita, 239. Cucurbitace^, 238. Cudweed, 341. CuiTant, 204. Cusciita, 535. Cycladenia, 473. Cylindropuntia, 249. Cymopterus, 266. Cynapium, 264. Cyjinjniim, 271. Cyiiara, 417. Cynoglossum, 530. Cynoglossum, 528, 531 Dactylophyllum, 489. Daisy, 401. Dalea, 141. Dandelion, 439. Daphn idoslaph yl is, 453. Darlingtonia, 17. Datisca, 242. Datiscace^, 242. Datura, 543. Daucus, 272. Daucus, 273. Dead-Nettie, 590. Delphinium, 10. Dendromecon, 22. Dentaria, 29. Dentaria, 31. Desert-Willow, 587. Deweya, 257. Dicentra, 23. Dichseta, 376. Dichondra, 532. Dicliptera, 589. Dicoria, 615. Didcria, 322. Diplacus, 565. Diplopap2}us, 321, 322, 329. DIPSACE.E, 287. Dii)saeus, 287. Dithi/rca, 48. Dodder, 535. Dodecatheon, 466. Dogbane, 473. Dogwood, 274. Do\mingia, 444. Draba, 27. Dracunculus, 288. Draperia, 505. Drosera, 213. Droserace.e, 212. Drymaria, 62. Dusty Miller, 410. Dutch Clover, 129. Dyer's Weed, 53. Dysmicodon, 446. Dysodia, 397. Eatonella, 379. Edicvcria, 210. Echidocaiya, 519. Ediinais, 420. Echinella, 8. Echinocactiis, 244. Echinocereus, 246. Ediinocystis, 241. Ediinopanax, 273. Echinospermum, 529. Ediinospenmim, 528. Echinosphace, 599. Edosinia, 259. Eddi/a, 520. Eggplant, 538. Elaphocera, 495. ELATINACEiE, SO. Elatine, SO. EJir, 80. Elder, 277. EJlimia, 54. Ellisia, 504. Emmenanthe, 514. INDEX. 625 Emplectocladus, 168. Eiiuelia, 351, 616. Encclia, 354. Enchanter's Night- shade, 234. Endive, 422. Epilobinni, 218. EidmcdUini, 15. Ereniia.struni, 306. Ericace.-e, 448. Ericamcria, 313, 314. Erigeron, 326. Erkjeron, 325, 332. Eriodictyon, 518. Eriogi/)iia, 171. Eriopnppus, 368. Eriophyllum, 380. Eritriehiuni, 525. Eiodium, 94. Eiyngium, 255. Erysimum, 38. Erysimum, 36, 41. Erythrsea, 479. Eschseholtzia, 22. Espeletia, 348. Eucalyptus, 191. Eucharidium, 232. Euchroma, 576. Eucnide, 512. Eucrypta, 505. Eulobus, 221. Eunauus, 564. Eunanus, 563. Euonymus, 98. Eupatorium, 299. Euryptera, 269. Eustoma, 621. Euthamia, 318. Eutoca, 508. Eutoca, 513, 514, 515. Evax, 337. Evening Primrose, 223. Everlasting, 340, 341. Evolvulus, 532. Exacicm, 480. Fagonia, 92. Fallugia, 175. Fatsia, 273. Fenzlia, 490. Ferula, 547. FicoiDE^, 250. Fichfea, 423. Fig-Marygold, 251. Figwort, 552. Filago, 338. Five-finger, 177. Flax, 89. Flax- Dodder, 635. Fleabane, 326. Floerkea, 95. Floerkea, 95. Forget-me-not, 522. Fouquiera, 79. Fragaria, 176. Frangula, 101. Frankeuia, 60. FRANKENIACE.3E, 60. Franseiia, 344, 615. Frasei-a, 483. Fraxinus, 472. Fremontia, 88. Fringe-pod, 49. Fuchsia, 216. Fumaria, 24. FUMAKIACK.'E, 23. Fullers' Teasel, 287. Gaillardia, 391. Galapagoa, 520. Galeojjsis, 590. Galium, 282. Galvesia, 551. Gambclia, 551. Gamoclueta, 342. Garrya, 275. Gaultheria, 454. Gaura, 233. Gicara, 234. Gayophytum, 221. Gayophytam, 233. Gentiana, 481. GEXTIAXAt'E.E, 478. Gentiauella, 481. Genea, 351. Geuaxiace.e, 92. Geranium, 93. Gcrardia, 556. Geum, 176. Gilia, 489. Gilia, 488. Giliopsis, 621. Githopsis, 446. GJandularia, 609. Glaux, 469. Glossopetalon, 108. Glyeosma, 262. Glycyrrhiza, 143. Glyptopleura, 431. Gnaphalium, 341. Gnaphalium, 338, 339, 341. Gobernadora, 92. Godetia, 228. Gomphocarpus, 477. Gooseberry, 480. Gossypium, 82. Grape, 105. Grass-of- Parnassus, 201. Gratiola, 570. Greek Valerian, 499. Grindelia, 303. Gromwell, 522. Grossularia, 204. Ground Cherry, 540. Ground Ivy, 590. Groundsel, 410. Gum-plant, 303. Gutierrezia, 302. Gymnandra, 571. Gymnobythus, 513. Halenia, 478. Halokace.^?, 214. Harpiecarpns, 360. H„r/>,rn,r/>,^s, 361. Har].agonella, 541. Hartmaunia, 361. Hartniannia, 370. Hawkweed, 440. Hcdeoma, 595, 598. Hedge-Hyssop, 570. Hedge-ilu.stard, 4U. Hedge-Nettle, 605. Helenium, 392. Urlciiiam, 381. Helianthella, 352. Helianthemum, 54. llelianthus, 352, 616. Hclliiafhus, 350, 354. Ifrllnpsis, 348. llcliotroiie, .^21. IJelidtropium, 521. HcJixjyn,-, 299. Hclosciadium, 259, 260. Heniiptilium, 427. Hemistegia, 581. Heviitoiius, 464. Hemizoneila, 360. Hemizonia, 361, 616. Hcmizouia, 360, 361. 367. Hemp-Nettle, 590. Heracleum, 271. Hcrprstis, 569. Hesperastrum, 322. Hesi)erel;ea, 471. Hcs2)eris, 35. Hesperochiron, 516. Hesperoliuon, 89. Heterocodon, 347. Heterogaura, 2.'i4. Heteromeles, 188. Heterospermum, 357. Heterotheca,- 308. Heuchera, 200. Heucliera, 197, 199. Hibiscus, 87. Hideondo, 92. Hieracium, 440. Hieracium, 434. Hippuris, 215. Hofmeisteria, 298. Hoitzia, 493. Hologynme, 384. Hoinalohus, 153. HomopappuH, 312. Honey Mesquit, 163. Honeysuckle, 280. Hop-tree, 97. Horehound, 604. Horkelia, 181. Horkdia, 183. Horse-chestnut, 106. Horseradish, 43. Hosackia, 133. Hound's-tongue, 530. Hugelia, 495. Hulsea, 385. Hutchinsia, 42. HYDRANGIE.B, 192. Hycb-ocotyle, 254. HYnilOPnYLLACE.E, 501. Ilydrophyllum, 502. llydropliyllum, 510. llymeuoclea, 343. Hymeiioncvia, 424, 425. Hymenopappus, 617. llyni.'uuipi ipp us, 39 1 . Ilyiniiiuij-.y.s, 378. HVI'EUICACEJS, 80. , Hypericum, 80. Hypochieris, 330. Hypopitys, 463. ifyptis, 591. Hyssop, 590. Hyssopus, 590. Ice- Plant, 251. Idria, 79. Ilex, 99. Il,I,ECEBRACE.B, 72. Hysanthes, 570. Impatiens, 93. Indian Hemp, 473. Indian Pipe, 462. IiifiiiUco,, 385. Ipomcea, 533. Iljoiiueii, 534. Ipomopsis, 496. Ipuinopsls, 498. Iron wood, 157. Isomeris, 50. Isopyrum, 9. Iva, 343, 615. Ivesia, 182. Ivcsia, 182. Jncohinia, 589. Jamcsia, 428. Jaumea, 371. Jewel-weed, 93. Judas-tree, 160. Juneberry, 189. Jussirea, 217. KalUadis, 347. Kallsfruunia, 91. Kalmia, 456. Karwinskia, 100. Kelloggia, 282. Keulrophyfa, 156. Kinnikinick, 453. Krameria, 59. Krynitzkia, 527. Kuhnioides, 301. Kytaapkura, 439. Labiat.b, 589. Labrador Tea, 458. Lace-pod, 49. Lachnostoma, 620. Lactuca, 442, 619. Lady's Mantle, 185. Lagophylla* 367. Lagothanums, 407. Laphamia, 396. Larkspur, 10. Larrea, 92. Lasthenia, 384. Ldstlwnia, 382. Lathy rus, 158. Laurel, 356. Laurentia, 443. Laurocerasus, 168. Lavatera, 82. Laj-ia, 368. Ledum, 458. 626 INDEX. Leguminos^, 111. Lena amarilla, 15. Lenuoa, 464. Lennoace>e, 464. Lentibularie^, 586. Lcontodon, 439, 440. Leoniirus, 590. Lcpidantkiis, 401. Lepidium, 45. Lepidonema, 423. Lepidosparton, 408. Lcpklusfxphanus, 371. Lep idotheca, 401. Lepigonum, 71. L'eptarrhena, 469. Leptodactylon, 492. Leptoseris, 433. Leptosiphon, 491. Leptosyne, 355. Leptotccnia, 271, 272. Lessingia, 306. Lettuce, 422, 442. Leucantheinum, 401. Leucoseris, 434. Leucothoe, 455. Lewisia, 78. Ligusticum, 264. Lilac, 102. Lininantlies, 95. Liniosella, 571. Linages, 88. Linanthus, 490. Linaria, 548. Liuna;a, 278. Linuisyris, 314, 408, Linum, 89. Limmx, 54. Lippia, 609. Li(iuorice, 143. Llsiuatlim, 621. Litliophraf^qiia, 197. Litlin^piTniuni, 522. /,^y/^^-,sy,,_;-//; //,/;, 524,527. Lithnea, 111. LoASACE^;, 235. Lobadium, 110. j Lobelia, 619. Lobelia, 444. LOBELIACEiE, 443, 619. Lceflingia, 71. Lceselia, 500, 621. LORANIACEiE, 485. Louicera, 280. Loosestrife, 214. Loplianthus," 602. Lotus, 135, 137. Loiisewort, 582. Lucerne, 132. Ludwigia, 217. Luina, 408. Lupine, 115. Lupinellus, 125. Lupin us, 115. Lutkca, 171. Lychnis, 64. Lycium, 542. Lycopersicum, 588. Lycopsis, 522. Lyeopus, 592. Lygodesmia, 441, 619. Lijijodesmia, 428. Lyrocaipa, 44. Lysimaehia, 466. LYTHIlACEiE, 213. Lythrum, 214. Machaerantbera, 322. Macrocajphus, 391. 3Iacrone7iut, 313, 314. MacropodiMii, 38. Macroriiynebus, 438. Madaria, 358. Madaroglossa, 368. Madia, 358. Madorella, 359. Madrono, 451. Mahonia, 14. Malacmneris, 434. Malus, 188. Malacotbiix, 432. Mcdacothrix, 436. Mallow, 83. RLalva, 83. Malva, 84 - 87. MalvacE/E, 82. Malvastruni, 84. Malvastrum, 86. Mamillaria, 243. Manzanita, 452. Maple, 107. Marah, 241. Mare's Tail, 215. Marrubium, 604. Marsh Pennywort, 254. Marsh Eosemary, 465. Martynia, 587. Maruta, 401. Matricaria, 401. Maurandella, 550. Maurandia, 550, 551. May- Apple, 16. May- Weed, 401. Meadow-Sweet, 169. Meconella, 20. Meconopsis, 21. Medicago, 132. Megalastrum, 323. Megarrhiza, 240. Melandryum, 64. Melilotus, 132. Melothria, 240. Menodora, 471. Mentha, 591. Mentzelia, 235. Mentzelia, 237. Menyanthes, 485. Menziesia, 457. Menziesia, 456, Merimea, 80. Mertensia, 523. Mesembryanthemum, 251. Mesquit, 162. Microcala, 480. Microgenetes, 511, Microlotus, 137. Micromeria, 595. Micropus, 335. Micropus, 336. ]\Iicrorhamnus, 99. .Mieroseris, 423. Jlicroscris, 440. Mignonette, 53. Milk Thistle, 421. Milkweed, 474. Miltitzia, 514. Ml.MOSE^, 113. Mimulus, 562. Mint, 591. Mitella, 199. Mltclla, 197. Mitie-wort, 199. Mock Orange, 202. Mcehringia, 70. Mohavea, 551. Mollugo, 252. Monardella, 593. Moneses, 459. Monkey-flower, 562. Monkshood, 12. Monolopia, 383. Monolopjia, 384, Monoptilon, 306. Monotropa, 462. Montia, 77. Mountain Ash, 189. Mountain Mahogany, 174. Mouse-ear Chickweed, 66. Mouse-tail, 4. Mudwort, 571. Midijediam, 442. Mullein, 548. Mustard, 39. Mycjinda, 99. Myosotis, 522. Alyosotis, 525, 526, 528, 529. Myosurus, 4. ]\IyriophyllurQ, 215. Myrrhis, 262. Myrtace^, 191. Nama, 517, 621, Nama, 506. Kardosmia, 407. Nastui-tium, 42, 93, 613. Navarretia, 493. Navarrctia, 489. Negundo, 108. Neillia, 171. Nemacladus, 445, Nemophila, 503. Nepeta, 590. jSTewberrya, 463, Nicandra, 537. Nicolletia, 398. Nicotiana, 544. Nightshade, 538. Nine-bark, 171. Nothophyllon, 584. Nothotroximon, 437. Nuphar, 17. Nuttallia, 168. Nymph^ace^, 16. Ocimum, 590. (Enauthe, 263. CEnoe, 563. (Enothera, 222. (Enothera, 228, 229,230, 231, 233. Olea, 471. Oleace^, 471. Oligomeris, 53. Olive-tree, 471. Olneya, 157. Omalanthus, 402. Omalotes, 402. Oxagrace^, 216. Opsianthes, 232. Opuntia, 247. Oregon-Ash, 472. Oregon Crab-Apple, 188. Oregon Grape, 15. Orco2)hilus, 334. PoME«, 166. Pond-Lily, 17. Porophvllum, 398. Purtcrella, 444. Portulaea, 73. PoRTlTI.A(ACE.E, 73. Potato, 558. Potentilla, 177. Potcntilla, 181, 184. Poteridium, 186. Poterium, 186. Prenanthcs, 428. Primrose, 468. Primula, 468. Primulace^, 466. Prince's Pine, 459. Prosopis, 162. Prunus, 166. Psathyrotes, 409. Psilocarphus, 336. Psilocarphus, 337. Psiloclienia, 435. Psoralea, 139. Ptelea, 97. Pterospora, 461. Pterostephanus, 431. Pt.ilocalijx, 520. Ptiloraeris, 378. Ptilophora, 423. Puccoon, 522. Pugiopappus, 354. Pidmonaria, 523. Pulsatilla, 3. Purshia, 173. Purslane, 73. Pycnanthemum, 592. Pyrola, 460. Pijrola, 459, 460. Pyrrocoma, 311, 312, 315. Radish, 49. Rafinesquia, 429. Ragweed, 344. RaillardLdla, 416, 618. RANUNCULACEiE, 2. Ranunculus, 5. Raphanus, 49. Raspberry, 171. Rattleweed, 144. Red-bud, 160. Red Clover, 128. Redwood, 104. Relbunium, 283. Reseda, 53. resedace.e, 53. Rhamnace^, 99. Rhamnus, 100. Rhododendron, 457. Rhus, 109. Rhyncholepis, 435. Ribesia, 206, Ribes, 204. Ribgrass, 610. Riddelia, 372. Rigiopappus, 387. Robsonia, 204. IJomanzoffia, 516. Romneva, 20. Rosa, 187. Rosacea, 164. Rose, 187. Rose Bay, 458. Rosinweed, 361. RUI!IACE/E, 281. Rubus, 171. Rudbeckia, 347. Ruellia, 588. RUTACE,^, 96. llutosmn, 97. Scu-cularia, 551. Sage, 598. Sage-bush, 402. Sagina, 70. St. John's-wort, 80. Salal, 454. Salazaria, 604. Salmon-berry, 171. Salpiqlossis, 546. Salsify, 422. Salvia, 598. Sambucus, 277. Samolus, 470. Sand-Spurrey, 71. Sandwort, 68.. Sa)i(/if,isorb(/, 186. Sanicle, 255. Sanieula, 255. Sanfolma, 401. Sai'INDACe.e, 10.5. Saracha, 540, 541. Sarcodes, 462. Sareostemma, 477. Saiikaceniace^e, 17. Saxifrnga, 192. Siunfraga, 196. Saxifiiagace.e, 192. Saxifrage, 192. Schinus, 109. Schhocarya, 234. Schizonotus, 477. Sclerocarpm, 360. Scorpion-Grass, 522. Scorzonella, 424. Screw-bean, 162. Screw-pod Mesquite, 163. Scrophularia, 552. Scrophulariace-e, 546. Scutellaria, 602. Sea-Milkwort, 469. Sea-Purslane, 251. Seduni, 209. Scdum, 211, 212. Self-heal, 604. Sclinum, 264. Scliiium,^ 266. Senipcrvivum, 208. Senebicra, 48. SeiK'cio, 410, 618. Senccio, 434. Senna, 161. Sericocaj-pus, 31 9. Scricoiiraphis, 489. Scriiihidium, 405. Service-berry, 189. SescU,^ 268. Sesuvium, 251. Shepherd's Purse, 44. S/u>rtiu, 378. Sibbaldia, 180. Sida, 86. ,yWa, 83, 84, 87. Sidalcea, 83. Sicvcrsia, 176. Silene, 62. Silybum, 421. Silicweed, 474. Simsia, 351. Sinapis, 39. Siphoualyx, 207. Siphonel'la, 492. Sisymbrium, 40. Sium, 261. Si am, 260. Skullcap, 602. Small Manzanita, 453. Smelowskia, 42. Stnelowskia, 41. Snapdragon, 548. Sneeze-weed, 392. Snow- Plant, 462. Snowberry, 279. Snowbush, 103. Solanace.e, 537. Solanum, 538. Solanum, 538. Solidago, 318. Solidngo, 314. Soliva,' 406. Soiichus, 442. Sonchus, 442. Sophora, 114. Sorbus, 189. Sow-Thistle, 442. Spanish Needles, 357. Spearmint, 592. Specularia, 442. Speedwell, 572. Spergula, 70. Spergula, 70. S2)ergularia, 71. Sphacele, 598. Sphcvnosciadium, 265. Sphseralcea, 86. Spliceralcca, 87. Sphccromeria, 617. Sphffirostigma, 225. Spikenard, 273. Spilanthes, 397. Spindle-tree, 98. Spira;a, 169. Spircca, 171. Spraguea, 77. Stachvs, 605. Stank'va, 38. Staplivlca, 108. Star-Hower, 468. Star-Thistle, 421. Statice, 465. Stat ice, 465. Sfrgnocarpics, 520. Stellaria, 67^ Stemodia, 570. Slenacti.s, 330, 331. Stcnolm, 311. 628 INDEX. SU'i.h;uinrn<.iia, 427. ,sy,y,//, //,.„„,,/./, 4-24. .Stkiii ii.ja( i;.e, 88. SticLseed, 52y. Stoue-croi), 209. Storax, 470. Stiaiuoniuin, 543. StrawbeiTV, 170. Stivi)taiitliu.s, 33. St.rcplantha.% 36-38. StiT)nil»ocarpa, 163. Stylocline, 336. Stijhipdjjjnis, 438. SlYKALACEi;, 470. Styiax, 470. .Styplionia, 110. .Subularia, 43. Sundew, 213. SuuHower, 352. Sweet Alyssum, 27. Sweet Basil, 590. Sweet Cicely, 261. Sweet Clover, 132. Sweet Mignonette, 53. Sweet-scented Shrub, 191. Swertia, 478. Syniphoricaipus, 279. Synthyiis, 571. Syntrichopai)pus, 394. Syringa, 202. Symiatiuni, 137. Tabacuni, 545. Talinuui, 74. Talininn, 74, 75. Tamakiscine.e, 79. Tanacetum, 402, 617. Taiiacctum, 401. Tan.sy, 402. Taraxia, 224. Taraxicum, 439. Tare, 157. Tarweed, 358, 361. Teasel, 287. Tellima, 197. I Tcssaranthimn, 484. Tessaria, 334. Tetradymia, 407. Tetrad I] mill, 409. Thalictruui, 4. Thamnosnia, 97. The.laia, 460, 461. Tlielyjiodiuni, 37. Theniiopsis, 113. Thistle, 417. Thlaspi, 45. Thorn, 189. Thorn-Api^le, 543. Thrift, 465. Thymus, 595. Thysanocarpus, 48. Tiarella, 199. Tiarella, 197. Tidy-tips, 370. Tilliea, 208. Tiqailiir, 520. Toad-liax, 548. Tobacco, 544. Tollon, 188. Tolmiea, 196. Tomato, 538. Tonella, 555. Tornilla, 163. Toxicodendron, 110. Toyon, 188. Trachyphytnm, 235. Tragopogon, 422. Tree Mallow, 82. Tree Stramonium, 543. Tribulus, 91. Tricardia, 515. Triccrastes, 242. Trichophyfhim, 381. Trichoptilium, 395. Trichostema, 606. Trientalis, 468. Trifolium, 125. Triphysaria, 578. Tripolinm, 325, 326. Tropieolum, 93. Tropidocarpum, 44. Troxinion, 437. Tuckermannia, 356. Turnip, 39. Turnsole, 521. Turritis, 41. TussiJago, 407. Twin-Hower, 278. ir.MBELLIFEILt;, 252. Unicoru-plaut, 587. Uropdppus, 427. Ustcria, 551. Utricularia, 586. Uva-ursi, 453. Vaccinium, 450. Valerian, 286. Valeriana, 286. Valerianace^;, 286. Vancouveria, 15. Venegasia, 372. Verbascura, 548. Verbena, 608. Verbena-shrub, 609. Verbenace^, 607. Verbesina, 350. Veronica, 572. Vervain, 608. Vesicaria, 43. r,m