1 
 
 
^ METCALF 
 
 LIBRARY OF 
 
 I885_IQ56 
 
' INSTITUTIONS 
 
 O F 
 
 ENTOMOLOGY: 
 
 Being a Tranflation of 
 
 LlNNi^US'S ORDINES P: T 
 GENERA INSECTORUM; 
 
 O R, 
 
 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 
 OF INSECTS. 
 
 COLIATID VITK 
 
 The DIFFERENT SYSTEMS of 
 GEOFFROY, SCH/TFFER and SCOPOLI ; ' 
 
 TOGETHER W J T H 
 
 OBSERVATIONS of the TRANSLATOR. 
 By THOMAS PATTINSON YEATS. 
 
 L O N DON: 
 
 Printed for R. H O R S F I E L D. No. 22, ludg^te Hreit. 
 
 MDCCLXXJlf. 
 
( ili ) 
 
 P R E F A C E. 
 
 ^ OiMfe Friends, for whdfe judgment I 
 kj' entertain the hi^hefl deference, hav- 
 ing repeatedly requeried me to add an en- 
 graving of each G nus of Jnfcds to the 
 following Work, I think myfelf under an 
 obligation to inform them of the reafons 
 which prevented my complying with their 
 defire. The extraordinary expence which 
 Would have attended fcch engravings mufl 
 neceffarily have enhanced the price o£ 
 the Work, and defeated its principal dc- 
 fign, by preventing a number of fuch per- 
 fons as have mofi: occafion for it from pur- 
 chafing it 3 this expence would have been 
 fo much the greater, as it would not have 
 fufficed to have figured one infed: of each 
 Linna^an GenuS;, but would have been ab- 
 folutely necefiary to have given one, at 
 leall, of each family or fedtion of fuch ge* 
 nera as contain infeds differing much from 
 one another in their external appearance : 
 add to this, that I could have done little 
 a 2 more 
 
iv PREFACE. 
 
 more than copy the excellent figures of 
 Geofi'roy and Scha3fFer, the firft of whiclv 
 are to be purchafed at as eafy a rate, per- 
 haps, as I could have afforded them, with' 
 the advantage of adding another ufeful 
 work to the purchafer's library. As this 
 book, however, is written in a language 
 not univerfaily underflood, fuch perfons 
 as think new engravings abfolutely necef- 
 fary to the well underdanding Linnaeus's 
 Syflem, will, I hope, foon have an oppor- 
 tunity of procuring them ; for, fenfible 
 that nothing is fo conducive to the per- 
 fedlion of entomological fcience as the 
 knowledge of the fpecies, I intend com- 
 municating lo the Public defcriptions and 
 figures, coloured after nature, of a large 
 number of very rare infeds, from different 
 parts of the world, amongft which will be 
 contained fomc not met with in any col- 
 ledlion but my own, and not defcribed by 
 any author whatever. In this Work, I 
 fliall endeavour to infert one fpecimen, at 
 lead, of every LinniEan Genus, with the 
 parts from which the generical charaders 
 aje taken, delineated in fuch a manner as 
 
 to 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 to obviate every difficulty, making, at the 
 (.jmetime, fuch alterations in the fyftem of 
 that author, as infers, with chara<5ters un- 
 known to him at the time of his framing: 
 it, fhall render abfolutely necefTary, 
 
 With refpedl to the followinor (lieets, 
 if, on the one hand, I have not anfvvered 
 the expedtations of my friends, I flatter 
 myfelf that I have exceeded them on the 
 other, by extending my plan confiderably 
 beyond the original defign ; for I have not 
 only taken all the paiiis in my power to 
 render the meaning of Linnieus as plain as 
 poflible y but confidering that it would be^ 
 an advantage to beginners to be acquainted 
 with the fyilems of fome other authors, 
 each of which has his feparate admirers, 
 and has made confiderable alterations la 
 that of LinnsEUS, I willingly undertook lo 
 collate and compare thofe different Syf- 
 tems, and explain the reafons which in- 
 duced their authors to differ from their 
 common Mader. The moft diflinguifhed 
 among thefe are Geoffroy, Scopoli and 
 SchaefFer -, the firO: of whom, in his Hif- 
 
 toire 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 toire Abregei des LifcBcsy publifhed at 
 Paris in 1764, has belides changing the or- 
 ders, or firfl: grand divifions, of the Lin- 
 njean Syftem, formed from the different 
 families of Linnsean genera^ many new 
 genera, fome of them very judicioufly, 
 others, perhaps, without fufiicient grounds. 
 It may, however, befaid, in defence of his 
 frequent diviiions of the Linnasan genefaj 
 that, as his Syflem was a partial one, con- 
 fined to the infeds of a fmall diflridl, he 
 could not take notice, in his Work, of thofe, 
 (as I may call them) intermediate infei^s, 
 which connedl the feveral families, and 
 prove them to belong to the fame genus, 
 fuch infeds being frequently exotic. 
 
 Scopoli, in his Entomologia Carniolica, 
 publifhed at Vienna in 17 63, has made 
 few alterations in the Linnaan Syflem ; 
 but thofe feem every one to be well 
 founded, and his fpecinc charaders equal 
 thofe of LinuiTUS. Schxffer, in his Elementa 
 Rntomologicet printed at Ratiibon, in 1766^ 
 has followed Geoffroy with very few and 
 inconfiderable variations; but his figures 
 
 convey 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Vll 
 
 convey a pretty good idea of his genera, 
 though they cannot be pronounced fuperior 
 to thofe oF that author. I Hiould have been 
 glad to have given fome account of the 
 Syflcm of Poda, a fefuit, a work much 
 praifed by Scopoh, which alone is fuffi- 
 cient to convey an advantageous idea of ir, 
 but have not been able to procure it, nor 
 learn hov/ or in what he differs from 
 Linnffius. 
 
 The Reader will iind, that I have not 
 only explained the circumdances from 
 which the above-tncntioncd Authors have 
 taken their claffical and ecnerical didinc- 
 tions, but likewife the more minute ones, 
 which induced them to form their 
 genera into JeSiions or families. By thefe 
 means the beginner, indead of contentino' 
 himfelf with attending to a few of the 
 more ftriking charaders, will be led to 
 tile coriilJeration of every part of the in- 
 fect j and as the bed: method of berominsr 
 acquainted with thofe characters is the 
 comparing of infe6ls known to belong to a 
 certain particular genus, with the defcrip- 
 tion given of that genus, I have taken care 
 
 (when 
 
viiL PREFACE. 
 
 when I could learn it) to apply to each 
 could it moft familiar Englifh name, by 
 which any Ipecics belonging to it is known. 
 
 If this Eftay Hiall conduce to the render- 
 ing fo rational an entertainment as the 
 contemplation and ftudy of the works of 
 Nature more univerfal, or more pleafing, 
 I (hall think my trouble more than re- 
 paid, and wifh it no other fuccefs than that 
 its defedls may induce fome more 
 able Entomologift to favour the Public 
 with, one more perfect. 
 
 CORRECTIONS and ADDITIONS. 
 
 Page 2 5, 1. I, inilead of Cherma and Coccus, read, the Cbermet of Linnau%^ 
 Pjge a6, 1. 6, fur gtnui ttaA g»nu!. Page 27, 1, zz, for An bari^ le^d 
 jSutbors. FaL'e 4S, I, 17, ti r Crioteris, reaj Crhcerii. Page 49, 1. 3, 
 ioT in gtvc^al, reari Jcr the mcji part. Page yg, I. 13, alter the woid 
 trotcbtt aHd, and a feuccous, lateral, artitulated jivgsr j htmg Cs'c. Page 11 1, 
 1.3, fot ci'itaimrg, read corfiJI'wg. Page iii, 1. i, tor hchfirm, read 
 fheiiftrm. Pjge ii2, 1, 18, after the word tbey, add/c. Page 123, 
 L 3, 4, orrjit the wordt like Cbtrmcs. Page 127, 1. 5, for gcnericsily, 
 read ^emrally. Pjge 136, 1. 3, 4, for jomezvhai refembltng, read and 
 Jome'w^'at reftmh/f. Prfg- 154, 1. J4, ioT latva, read lar'vee Id. I. 22, for 
 i'brygar.enfVeiA Phrygania. Page 165, 1, 5, omU the word anrV, Page iSl, 
 1, S, add atter the word ot generical, or. Id. 1, 9, for namely lead 
 35a»r*, Pjge 20S, J. antipenuJt. tor their, read .'ix;. Page 209, fof 
 midjile, read midd'e. Page 213, I. 16, for Volumella, lead VuiuuUm', 
 Line 24, id. id Page 229, I. penult, for cb'yiahiy read cbryalidit 
 P»ge 244, I. 3, for /arva, leod larva. 
 
INSECTS. 
 
 LinnsEUs Syft. Nat. Vol. I. P. 2, P. 533'. 
 
 Properties peculiar to Insects, and 
 the Charadlers by which they are 
 diftinguilhed from the other Clafles 
 of the Animal Kingdom. 
 
 INSECTS are fmall animals, having 
 many feet, and breathing through pores 
 arranged along their fides. Their {km 
 (with which they are covered as with a 
 coat of mail) is of a hard or boney con- 
 liftence. They are furnifhed with moveable 
 antennae, growing from the head, and 
 A which 
 
CHARACTERS, &c. 
 
 which feem to be endued with an exqui- 
 fite fenfe of feeling. 
 
 The body of thefe animals is compofed 
 of a head:, a trunks an abdomen^ and 
 limbs. 
 
 The head is for the mod part di{lin(fl 
 from the trunks being attached to that part 
 by a kind of articulation or joint. It is 
 furnifhed with eycs^ antenna;^ and, in gene- 
 ral, with a mouth, but want's brains, nojlrils, 
 and ears, 
 
 The eyes are moftly two in number, 
 without eyelids. They are either fimple 
 or compound, confiding of one or more 
 lenfes, and are the organs of vifion in thefe 
 as well as other animals. 
 
 Mod infe(fts have two antenncey which 
 are compofed of an indefinite number of 
 articulations ; their ufe is as yet wholly un- 
 known. They vary much in form, and 
 are either 
 
 Setaceous, 
 
OF INSECTS. 
 
 Setaceous, growing gradually taper to- 
 wards their point or extre- 
 mity. 
 
 Tiliform, refembling a thread, being 
 throughout of equal thick- 
 nefs. 
 
 Moniliform, confifting of a feries of 
 knobs, like a necklace of beads, 
 
 Clavatedy formed like a club, encreafing 
 in thicknefs from the bafe to 
 the point. 
 
 Vapitated, encreafing in thicknefs to- 
 wards their extremity, as the 
 clubbed antennas, from which 
 they arc diftingmfhed by the 
 form of their laft or exterior 
 articulation, which is larger 
 and rounder than the others, 
 forming a kind of capitulum, 
 bt head^ 
 
 A z Fifile, 
 
4 CHARACTERS, &c. 
 
 Fifiky which are like the laft-men- 
 tioned, but have the head fplit 
 or divided longitudinally into 
 different //^/^j or lamince, 
 
 PeBinafedy which have lateral appen- 
 dices, refembling the teeth of 
 a comb, or 
 
 Bearded, refembling a feather. 
 
 They are termed Jhort (breviores) when 
 fliorter than the body, midling (mediocre^) 
 when of equal length with the body, and 
 long (longiores) when longer than that 
 part. 
 
 The palpi^ by fome called feelers^ are 
 articulated, fixed to the mouth, and gene- 
 rally either four or fix in number, confid- 
 ing of 2, 4, 3, joints : thefe feem to ferve 
 
 inftead of hands to infedts, they making 
 ufe of them to approach their food to the 
 
 mouth, and fuftain it while eating. 
 
 The 
 
OF INSECTS. 5 
 
 The mouth is generally placed under 
 the head, fometimes in the breaft ; it is 
 furnifhed with a rojlrum or probojcis^ an 
 upper Up ^ jaws placed tranfverfallyj /^^^/y^, a 
 tongiie, and 2. palate-, fome infers have no 
 mouth. 
 
 lihQjietrjfnata or gems, are three bright 
 convex fpots, or tubercules, placed upon the 
 crown or upper part of the head. 
 
 The trunk is the part fituate between 
 the head and the abdomen ; fome of the 
 feet are fixed to it ; the upper part of it 
 is called the thorax, behind which is 
 xhQ fcutellu?n, or efcutcheon (generally of a 
 triangular form) for the infertion of which 
 a piece appears to be cut put of the interior 
 margin of each elytron : the under part 
 is called ihtjlernum and hreaji. 
 
 The abdomen, or lower body, contains the 
 
 Jlomach, intejtines, and liifcera ; it confifts 
 
 of five rings, or fegments, and is pierced on 
 
 the fides with fpiracula, or pores, which 
 
 A 3 fupply 
 
6 CHARACTERS, &c, 
 
 fupply the want of lungs j the upper part 
 of it is called the tergiwiy or back, the un- 
 der part the venter ^ or belly ^ which is ter- 
 minated by the anus. 
 
 The limbs are the tail and the feet, tq 
 which (in many fubjedts) we may add the 
 
 unngs. 
 
 The tail terminates the abdomen , it 
 fometlmes has two appendices, or horns, 
 and Ibmetimes none ; it is ^lih^rjimple, or 
 armed "vj'ith. a forceps, 2, fork, a brijlle, or 
 a kind oi claw ov fting, which again is q.\- 
 x\itY fmple, or compofed, fmooth, ov jagged 
 like a faw. 
 
 The feet arc compofed of Femora, or 
 thighs (the joints immediately fixed to the 
 body ;) tibia, or fiajtks (the fecond joints) 
 the tarf^ which form the third fet, are 
 compofed of an indefinite number of arti- 
 culations, and are terminated by the un- 
 gues, or nails : fomc have a kind of hand 
 
 f chela } 
 
OF INSECTS. 
 
 (chela) or claw, with a moveable thumb ; 
 the hind feet are formed for executing dif- 
 ferent movements, as running, leaping, 
 fwinwiing. 
 
 The wings are, in fome fubjeds, two, 
 in others, four in number, and are ei- 
 ther 
 
 Plain, ftretched out their whole length 
 without folds; 
 
 P Heat He, folded up -, 
 
 B?'e5l, fuftained in an ered po.fition, (o 
 that their extremities almofl meet 
 above the back of the infe(fl j 
 
 Patent, open, expanded, extended, in an 
 horizontal pofition ; 
 
 Jnciunbent, covering horizontally the abdo- 
 men of the infed-^ 
 
 JDcJleSfed, in their pofitionfomewhatrefem- 
 bling the ridge of a houfe, decli- 
 ning downwards along the fides of 
 the infed, but in fuch a manner 
 A A that 
 
8 G H A R A C T E R S, &c. 
 
 that the Inner margins meet above 
 the abdomen. 
 
 Reverfedy which differ from the laft-men- 
 tioned, in the pofition of the un- 
 der wings, thefe being placed hor 
 rizontally, fo that their edges pro- 
 je<5t confiderably from under the 
 margin of the upper ones, which 
 lafl: are in the fame direction as in 
 the deJleBed. 
 
 Indent edy with the edges cut out or fcoUoped. ] 
 
 Caudateciy in which qne or more of the 
 fibres of the wings are fpread out 
 or extended confiderably beyond 
 the margin, into a kind of taiL 
 
 Or Reticulated, when the veins or mem^ 
 branes of the wing crofs one an- 
 other fo as to refemble net-work. 
 
 They are painted with fpots f macula) 
 bands (fajcix^) Jireaks (firigce) which, 
 >vhen extended lengthways, are called 
 
 (lince) 
 
OF INSECTS. 
 
 (linea) linesy and with fo'mts or dots 
 
 T'he.y are marked with Jligmates, or 
 fpots, (haped like kidneys, and adorned 
 with ocelli, or eyes, which confifl of one 
 or n^ore rings {the iris) endofing a fpot 
 f the pupil J which in general is of a diffe- 
 rent colour from the iris ; thefe are either 
 in their upper or under wings, and on the 
 upper or under fides of the wings. 
 
 The elytra^ or wing-cafes, are two in 
 number, of a cruftaceous fubftance, and 
 cover the under wings 5 they are for the 
 moft part moveable, asnd are either 
 
 T^runcatedy cut off at their extremity in ^ 
 diredl line. 
 
 Spinous, with fpines or pointed elevations, 
 Or 
 
 Berrafed, with the exterior margin edged 
 with fpines, or teeth, like a faw. 
 
 Their 
 
lo CHARACTERS, &c. 
 
 * ■■!■■■'■-■■ - ■ ■ -- " ' ■ ■■ — --■■I " ■■■■■■■ — - ■ . ■ mmmmmmm^ 
 
 Their fuperficies is either 
 
 Scab?-cus^ rough. 
 
 Striated J marked with flight or fhallow 
 furrows. 
 
 Pcrcatedy with fharp longitudinal ridges, 
 
 Sulcatedy deeply furrowed : Or 
 
 PunSfiiaied, marked with concave or con- 
 vex fpots, 
 
 ^he upper wings, or wing- cafes, are call- 
 ed hemelytra, when of a fubftance harder 
 and flronger than the membranaceous 
 wings which they cover, and yet fofter 
 than the elytra of the Coleoptera. 
 
 The halteres (poifers) are placed under 
 the wings of Dipterous infeBs, or fuch as 
 have but two wings, and probably ferve to 
 keep their bodies in equiiibrio, when in the 
 acfl of flying ; they are compofed of a head 
 fixed at the end of a fmall pedicle or 
 flaik. 
 
 As 
 
OF INSECTS. II 
 
 As to fex, thefe animals are either 
 male ox female, which propagate their fpe- 
 cies ; or neuters, which are incapable of ge- 
 neration, and feem to be devoted to the 
 fervjce of the other more perfecfl in- 
 feds. 
 
 The meta?norphofis In many infcifls, is 
 threefold, and confifts In a change of ftruc- 
 ture, effected by the fubjed cafting the 
 different coats in which the perfe<5l; 
 infed is included, and as it were coa- 
 cealed. 
 
 The eggy containing the infedt in its 
 fmalleft fize, or firft ftate, is expelled from 
 the ovary, as in other oviparous ani- 
 mals. 
 
 From the egg Is produced the larva, or 
 caterpillar, which is of a moift or humid 
 fubflance, fofter and larger than the cggy 
 is without wings, flerile, or incapable of 
 generation, flow in its motion, and is al- 
 ways exceedingly voracious when it meets 
 with the food to which it is mod addided, 
 
 but 
 
12 CHARACTERS, &c. 
 
 but more temperate when obliged to put 
 up with that of which it is lefs fond. 
 Many larvse have a great number of feefy 
 Others have none. 
 
 The pupa, or chryfaUs, is drier and 
 harder than the larva, confined in a nar- 
 rov/ compafs, and is either ?iaked, or co~ 
 'vered with a kind of web; it often wants 
 the mouth. Again, it is either 
 
 I.. Compleat, having feet, and making ufe of 
 all its limbs, as the Spider ( Ara^ 
 nea) the Tick (Acarus) the Wood-- 
 loiife fOnifcusj 
 
 a. ^emi-compleat, or half compleat, which 
 have feet, but only the rudiments, 
 or, as it were, buds of wings, as 
 the Graf shopper (GryllusJ the 
 Froghoppcr f Cicada J the Bug 
 (CimexJ the Dragon-Fly (LibeU 
 lula) and the Ephemera. 
 
 3. Inccmpleaty having feet and \yings, but 
 which are immoveable, as in th,e 
 Bee^ the Ant, and the Tipula, 
 
 /^. Shrowded^ 
 
OF INSECTS. 13 
 
 4. Shrowded (obteBa) wrapped up in a 
 
 cruftaceous covering, of fuch a 
 form, that the part which con- 
 tains the head and thorax may be 
 diftinguiflied from that wherein 
 the abdomen is lodged^ as in 
 Lepidopterous infeds. 
 
 5. Straiteiied (coarBata) confined in a cafe 
 
 of a globular make, not formed 
 fo as to diftinguifli the different 
 parts of the infed: it contains, as 
 in the Mufcck (the Fly) and Oc- 
 Jij'us (the Gad-fly, 
 
 The infedt, efcaped from its laft prifon, 
 is in the third, or perfed; ftatc, is adive, 
 performs the work of generation, and is 
 furnifhed with antenna, which it gene- 
 rally wanted in its other forms. 
 
 The ftrudure of the fame identical ani- 
 mal is therefore threefold, which fuppofes 
 a like complication in the fcience, fince, 
 in order to know it well, we muft be ac- 
 quainted with the three different flates 
 
 through which it paffes. 
 
 Thefe 
 
i4 CHARACTERS, &c. 
 
 Thefe animals are mute when not pro- 
 vi4ed with fome particular inftruhient fc- 
 pirate and diftind from the mouth, with 
 which they make a noife (as many do by 
 the fridion of fome of their joints) and 
 deaf, though they are by fome means fen- 
 fible of the vibration of the air -, they are 
 every where more in number than the fpe- 
 cies of exifling plants, but feem fewer, on 
 account of the greater field they have to 
 range in. According to the climates they 
 inhabit, they are either tropica/, arcikal, or 
 €intar5ficaiy which lad, however, are as 
 yet unknown. In point of duration they 
 are iinnual (except fach as inhabit the 
 waters) and, confidered as individuals are 
 the fmalleft of animals, but, taken all to- 
 gether, form. tLe greateft part (with re- 
 gard to bulk) of the animal kingdom. 
 Their influence in the (Economy of na- 
 ture is likewife the g;-ea:eil:, but being 
 more generally diffufeil, and from their 
 miniitenefs lefs obvious, is not fo liable to 
 be defeated, as if exercifed by larger ani- 
 animals, v/hich fecurity is the more necef- 
 2 fart- 
 
OF INSECTS. 
 
 ^S 
 
 fary,astheyare the yearly fervants of Nature, 
 appointed in fufficient number for the per- 
 fedling fuch of her defigns as they are moil 
 capable of accomplifhing, viz. preferving 
 a due proportion among plants, confuming 
 every thing that is mifplaced, fuperfluous, 
 dead, or decayed in her produdlions ; and> 
 laflly, becoming nourifliment to other ani- 
 mals, and that chiefly to birds. 
 
 Infefls are faid to hibahif thofe plants 
 only upon which they feed, not thofe on 
 which they fomctimes may be met vvith^ 
 and trivial names, taken from that circum- 
 ftance, are in general the beft, as being beO: 
 adapted to the purpofe of rendering art 
 fubfervient to the explication of the views 
 and police of nature. It is in confequcnce 
 of thefe views and regulations, that we 
 find fome infects occupied in preparing, 
 others in purifying, others, again, in de- 
 ftroying (according to the different apart- 
 ments allotted them) the materials onr 
 which they work. 
 
ORDINES INSECTORUM; 
 
 O R T H E 
 
 ORDERS OF INSECTS* 
 
 INSECTS are divided into different 
 orders, from the circumflance of their 
 having or wanting wings, and from the 
 number or fubftance of which thofe parts 
 are compofed, in fuch as are furniihed 
 with them, as follows: 
 
 1. Cokoptera. Which have four wings j the 
 
 upper ones called the Elytra, 
 are entirely cruflaceous, be- 
 ing of a hardjhorny fubrtance, 
 and join, or meet together, 
 on the upper part of the bo- 
 dy in a direct line or future. 
 
 2. Hemiptera. Which have four wings ; 
 
 the elytra differ from thofe 
 
 of the former order in their 
 
 B hardnefs 
 
1 8 ORDINES INSECTORUM. 
 
 2. Hemipura. hardnefs, rather refembling 
 
 flrong parchment or vel- 
 lum, than the horny fub- 
 ftance of the Coleoptera ; 
 they cover the body hori- 
 zontally ; the inner margins 
 extend the one over the 
 other, not meeting in a di- 
 redl line, as in the Cole- 
 optera. 
 
 3. Lepidoftera, Which have four v^^ings, 
 
 all membranaceous, and 
 . imbricated, or covered with 
 fcalcs, fixed upon them 
 nearly in the fame manner 
 as tiles are laid upon the 
 roofs of houfes. 
 
 4. Neuroptera, Thefe have likewife four 
 
 membranaceous wings, but 
 which are naked, not being 
 covered with fcales as in the 
 lafl mentioned genus , their 
 abdomen is unarmed, or 
 without afting. 
 
 5. Hynt" 
 
ORDINES INSECTORtJM. 19 
 
 5. Hymencptera. Which have four mem- 
 
 branaceous naked wings, 
 as the prcceeding order, but 
 the abdomen armed with 
 a fting. 
 
 6. "Dipt era. Which have only two 
 
 wings, being furnished with 
 poifcrs or balancers, Hal^ 
 Ures^ inftead of under 
 wings. 
 
 7. Aptera, Or thofe which want wings. 
 
 The mod: diftingtjjflied writers who have 
 formed Syftems of Entomology befides our Au- 
 thor, are, (as I have obferved in my Preface) 
 Geoffroy, Scopoli, and Schjeffer ; each of thefe 
 authors have purfued methods of arrangement 
 very different from that of Linnasus, and from 
 thofe of one another. I fhall now proceed to give 
 an account of their firft, or general divifion, and 
 fliew wherein that differs from the orders invented 
 and laid down as above, by Linnseus. 
 
 Geoffroy has divided this clafs of the animal 
 
 kingdom into fix fcdions only, uniting the In- 
 
 fefta Neuroptera and Hymenoptera of Linnseus, 
 
 in his fourth, which accordingly conHfls of all 
 
 B 2 fuch 
 
io ORDINES INSECTORUM. 
 
 fuch infefis as have fonr naked membranaceous 
 wings ; thefe he has arranged under different ar- 
 ticles or orders, according to the number of 
 joints, or articulations, of which their feet are 
 compofed, rejefting Linns'.us's divifion taken 
 from the circumftance of their having or want- 
 ing flings, which, however, feems to argue them 
 of very different natures and difpofitions. 
 
 The order, or clafs, HymenopteroHy of Lin- 
 nseus, indeed labours under one inconvenience, 
 which may frequently miQead a beginner : I 
 mean that of the male infedls wanting the fling, 
 or^rincipal charaderiflic, which feparates them 
 from the Neuroptera. He will, however, foon 
 learn to diftineuifh them from infedls belongina- 
 to that genus, by the fhape of their bodies, which, 
 excepting thofe of fome Ichneumons, are Ihorter, 
 thicker, and flrongcr than the bodies of the Neu- 
 roptera j and particularly from the texture of their 
 wings, in which the membranes run in general 
 longitudinally, with very few crofs ones : where- 
 as the larger veins are fo frequently croffed in the 
 wings of the Neuroptera by fmall ones, as to 
 make the wing refemble net-work. 
 
 The Infe£ia Cokopfera, or fuch as have the 
 elytra of an horny or cruflaceous fubftance, in 
 their whole length, and the mouth armed with 
 jaws, compofe the firfl fei^ion of this author,, 
 
 which 
 
ORDINES INSECTORUM. 21 
 
 which he has divided into three articles : The 
 firft, containing thofe infeds whofe elytra arc 
 cruftaceous or horny, and cover the abdomen 
 entirely : The fecond, thofe whole elytra are 
 likewife cruftaceous, but cover only a part of 
 the abdomen : The third, thofe whole elytra are 
 of a fofter fubftance than the foregoing ones, 
 and almoft membranaceous ; This lad article 
 coinprehends fuch of the Linnasan Infe£laHemip- 
 iera as have the elytra, femi cruftaceous in the 
 whole length, or lefs hard, than thofe of the 
 Cokoptera, and the mouth furnifhed with jaws, 
 as the gryllus, orgralshopper,&c. This feflion is 
 farther divided into orders, from the number of 
 articulations found in the feet of the different 
 in feds which compofe it. 
 
 His fecond fedion, or, lnfe5la Hemiptera^ 
 contains fuch of Linn^us's Hemiptera, as have 
 elytra femi-cruftaccous only to a certain diftance 
 from their bafe, as the Cimex or Bug, &c. but as 
 this feflion, in which he has attempted to corred 
 LinnjEus, I think with fuccefs, would ftill, in 
 that fituation, have remained very incompleat, 
 the Kermes and Coccus which he had referred to 
 it, having only two wings, and thofe of the 
 Pfylla and Aphis being all four equally coria- 
 ceous J he has taken his effential charade r frm 
 the probofcis or roftrum, with which the mouths 
 of all the infeds that compofe it are furniflied. 
 
 B 3 This 
 
22 ORDINES INSECTORUM, 
 
 This probofcis, in mofl: of the genera, is placed 
 in the head of the infedl, in others, (as the Pfyl- 
 Ja, the Kermes and Coccus) in the bread, bc' 
 tween the firft and fecond pair of legs. 
 
 In the third fedion, or Injedla Lepidoptera, 
 he agrees entirely with Linnaeus, as in his fifth, 
 the Infe5fa Biptera^ and his fixth, the InfeSla 
 Aptera. 
 
 In the Divifion of thefe feftjons into genera, he 
 differs very much from Linnaeus, as will be fub- 
 fequently fliewn. 
 
 SchaefFer, who differs effcntially from Linnajus, 
 and in fome things from Geoffroy, has divided 
 his infedis into claffes, as follow : 
 
 1. Inre(5ba Coleopteromacroptera, or infefls 
 whofe elytra are cruflaceous in their whole 
 length, and longer than the abdomen. 
 
 This clafs comprehends the infefls ar- 
 ranged by Geoffroy under the firft article 
 of the Coleoptera. 
 
 2. Infefta Colcoptero-microptera, differing 
 from the former only in the length of their 
 elytra, which, in this clafs, are not fo long 
 as the abdomen. 
 
 The 
 
ORDINES INSECTORUM. 23 
 
 This clafs contains the infedls which com- 
 pofc the fecond article of the Coleoptera 
 in Geoffroy. 
 
 3. Infe6la Coleoptero-hymenoptera, feu He- 
 miptera, or fuch infeds as have the elytra 
 half cruftaceous, or becoming membrana- 
 ceous towards their extremity. 
 
 4'. Infeda Hymeno-lepidoptera, or with wings 
 imbricated with fcales. 
 
 5. Infefba Hymeno-gymnoptera, or with na- 
 ked and membranaceous wings ; in this 
 clafs he has not only followed Geoffroy in 
 uniting the Neuroptera and Hymenoptera of 
 Linn^us, but has mod unnaturally arran- 
 ged the different kinds of Grylli, as giaff- 
 hoppers, locufts, crickets, and the blattse, 
 or cockroaches, among wafps, bees, dra- 
 gon-flies, and others of the fame nature. 
 
 6. Infeda Diptera, or infefts having two 
 wings 5 among thefe he has placed the 
 Coccus and Cbermes, which two genera 
 feem to form a new clafs, differing from 
 all others but the Diptera in the number of 
 their wings, and from that genus in their 
 want of halteres or ballancers. 
 
 B 4 7. In- 
 
24 ORDINES INSECTORUM. 
 
 7. Infefta Aptera, or without wings. 
 
 The five firfl: claffes he has divided into orders, 
 from the' number of articulations in their feet j 
 and the whole into genera, as will be hereafter 
 noticed. 
 
 Scopoli agrees with Geoffrey in uniting all 
 fuch infedts as have the elytra cruftaceous in 
 their whole length, under the clafs Coleopteron. 
 The Grylli, Mantes ^ and Blai t a, (grajs hopper s,zn<\ 
 iockroaches) feem however to form a clafs entirely 
 diftind from the Coleoptera, from the different 
 confiftence or fubftance of their elytra ; the fhape 
 of their heads, and the foftnefs of their bodies ; 
 and from the Hemiptera, in their having the 
 mouth armed with jaws, nor extended into a 
 probofcis : Thefe reafons may probably engage 
 fomc future fyftematic writer to unite them in a 
 new clafs, which may be termed Infe^ia Hemely- 
 trato-maxillofa ; preferving to the Hemiptera, the 
 name of Infe^a Probofcidea, given to that clafs 
 by Scopoli. 
 
 The other orders into which Scopoli has divided 
 his infefts, are the fame with thofe of Linn^us j 
 only to the fifth order or Hymenoptera of that au- 
 thor, he has given the name of lnfe5la Acukata^ 
 from their fling -, to the fixth, or Infe£ia Dip- 
 tera, that of the Hallerata^ doubtlefs to diftin- 
 
 gliifh 
 
ORDINES INSECTORUM. 15 
 
 euifli that order from the Coccus and Chermes^ 
 which have two wings, but want the halteres; 
 and to the fevcnth, or Aptera^ that of Pedef- 
 4ria, 
 
 o rdo 
 
O R D O I. 
 
 INSECTA COLEOPTERA. 
 
 This order is known by the cruftaceous 
 elytra which cover the wings, and contains 
 the following genera. 
 
 Gbnus I. ScARAB^us the Beetle, 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 361, 
 
 The Scarabaeus is diftinguifhed by the 
 following characters. The Antenna, or 
 horns, terminate in a kind of club, which 
 is divided longitudinally into different plates, 
 or laminae, in fome feven, in moft three, 
 in others two in number. 
 
 The fecond joint of the anterior or fore- 
 moft pair of legs, is armed with fpines or 
 teeth. 
 
 Of 
 
Scarab^us COLEOPTERA: 27 
 
 Of this genus there are three fedions or 
 famUies, diftinguifhed from one another as 
 follows : 
 
 1. Thofe in which the thorax i^ armed 
 with horns. 
 
 2. Thofe which have that part (imple 
 or unarmed, but which have horns on their 
 heads. 
 
 3. Thofe in which the head and thorax 
 are both fimple or without horns. 
 
 Some of the infedls belonging to each of thefe 
 fannilies, are fcuteUati^ or furnilhed with the 
 part called the efcutcheon, and others belonging 
 likewife to each of them, are excutellati^ or wane 
 that part. This circumftance has induced Schsf- 
 fer and Geoffroy to divide the Scarabasi into two 
 genera, the one called Scarabaus, containing 
 fuch as have the efcutcheon, the other 
 termed Opris, compofed of thofe which 
 want it. 
 
 The Scarabai in each of thefe two laft mention- 
 ed anthors, are divided into different families or 
 feflions, from the number of the plates or lami- 
 nse, of which the club that terminates the an- 
 tennas is compofed. 
 
 The 
 
9S ORDER I. Scarabseus. 
 
 The Copres are divided into families by Schsef- 
 fer, in the fame manner as Linnaeus has divided 
 his Scarabasi, viz. from their having or wanting 
 horns on the head or thorax. 
 
 Scopoli has preferved the Linnasan genus entire, 
 but has founded the divifions of it into fedtions, 
 upon the number of fpines, or teeth, with which 
 the fore legs of the different fpecies are armed. 
 
 The beetle called the Bull comber, and the two 
 others mentioned beneath, are familiar inftances 
 of this genus. 
 
 The Larvae, Caterpillars, or Grubs of many 
 Scarab^i, lead a fedentary life under ground j 
 moft of thefe delight in, and feed upon dung, 
 whilft others, particularly thofe from which the 
 hairy Scarabaei, fuch as the Garden Beetle and 
 Cockchafer are produced, live under, and con- 
 fume the roots of plants ; thefe laft having com- 
 pleated their metamorphofis, feed on the leaves 
 of plants; 
 
 Genus 
 
Lucanus. COLEOPTERA. 29 
 
 Genus II. Lucanus the Stag-Beetle. 
 
 LiNN. Syft. Nat. page 559. 
 
 The antennae of the Lucanus end or 
 terminate in a club or knob, but of a differ- 
 ent nature from that of the preceeding ge- 
 nus, the club being as it were comprefTed, 
 or flattened on one fide, which part thus 
 comprefTed, is divided into fhort plates or 
 laminae, refembling the teeth of a comb. 
 
 The Maxillay or Jaws, are flrong, por- 
 red:cd or advanced before the head, and are 
 armed with teeth. 
 
 Schseffer and Geoffrey have given "to this ge- 
 nus the name of Platycerus, without changing a- 
 ny of its charaifleriftics. Geoffrey, however, has 
 divided it into two families, from the form of the 
 antenna ; the firfl: family contains fuch as have 
 the antennae bent in the middle, and forming a 
 kind of elbow or angle from the end of the firft 
 articulation, which, in this divifion, is as long 
 as all the others: The fecond comprehends thofc 
 whofe antennae are ftraight, or extended, with 
 the firfl articulation of the fame length as the 
 others. 
 
 Scopdi 
 
so O R D E R I. Lucanos. 
 
 Scopoli agrees with Linnasus in name and cha- 
 rafters. 
 
 The large Stag beetle is fufficiently known ; 
 Its larva or grub, as mod probably thofe of all 
 the other Lucani, lives in rotten or decayed wood, 
 and refembles thofe of the foregoing genus. 
 
 G £ N U| 
 
Dcrmeftes. COLEOPTERA. 31 
 
 Genus III. Dermestes. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 561. 
 The antennas of the Dermeftides end in 
 a pcrfoliated club, or a head of an oval 
 form, divided into different horizontal 
 plates or leaves, which feem to be united 
 together by a fmall ftalk pafling through 
 their centre, and have three articulations 
 thicker or larger fized than the others. 
 
 The thorax is of a convex form, and 
 flightly margined. 
 
 The head is bent in, and as it were con- 
 cealed under the thorax. 
 
 SchsefFer and Geoffrey have taken from one of 
 the Dermeftides of our author the genus they 
 have termed Bojlrichius, This infedt differs from 
 the other Dermeftides in the cubical (hape of its 
 thorax, Its antennae are not perfoliated, but 
 the three laft articulations are much larger than 
 the others. 
 
 The genus to which they have given the name 
 oiC^ela feems like wife to belong to the Linnsean 
 Dermeftis, from which it differs principally in 
 
 having 
 
21 O R D E R I. Dermeftes. 
 
 having fix articulations of the antennae larger 
 than the others, and in the conical form of its 
 thorax, which is likewife without any margin. 
 
 Geoffroy likewife adds to the charaflers by 
 which Linnaeus diftinguiflies this genus ; that 
 the lafl: articulation of the antennae is folid, which 
 confideration, joined to that of the antennas in 
 feveral of the Linnaean filphs, appearing rather 
 to be perfoliated, than growing regularly thicker 
 towards their extremity, probably induced him 
 to refer fuch filphas to this genus ; thefe infcds, 
 however, differ much more effentially from the 
 Dermejiides than from the Silphce^ which lafl they 
 perfedly refemble in their external appearance, 
 in the flatnefs, breadth, and margin of their 
 elytra, and the appendix or knob at the bafe of 
 their hinder thighs, found upon all the Silpha?, 
 and which Scopoli makes an efTential charadter- 
 iftic of that genus. 
 
 Geoffroy has likewife placed fome of the Lin- 
 naean Dermeflides in which the lafl articulations 
 of the antennae are longer than in the others, a- 
 mong his Byrrhi^ the Linnaan Ptini, 
 
 Scopoli has brought to this genus the Silpha 
 
 Vefpilio of Linnsus, on account of its antennse, 
 
 which are perfoliated. He obferves, that this 
 
 3 animal 
 
Dermeftes. COLEOPTERA. 33 
 
 infeci: keeps the middle line between, or conneds 
 the two genera. 
 
 The larvn?, or maggots of the Dermeftides, 
 feed upon the carcafes of dead animals, every 
 kind of vi(5luals, dried fl^ins, the bark of trees, 
 wood and feeds. Some of them make terrible 
 havoc in colledions of birds, infeds, herbs, &c. 
 Thefe laft refifl: the drugs generally made ufe of 
 in mufeums for the deftrudion of infefls, fuch 
 as green wax, camphire, &c. but are killed by 
 arfenic. 
 
 Gekvs 
 
34 ORDER I. Ptinus. 
 
 Genus IV. Ptinus. 
 
 LlNN. Syfl:. Nat. page ^6^. 
 The antennse of the Ptini are filiform : 
 The lafi:, or exterior articulations are lon- 
 ger than the others. 
 
 The thorax is nearly round, with a mar- 
 gin into which the head is received or 
 drawn back. 
 
 GeofFroy has given the generical name of Byr- 
 rhus to feme of the Ptini, in which he has ob- 
 ferved the antennse to be femi-clavated, or grow- 
 ing fomewhat larger towards their extremity. 
 
 To the Ptinus Pe^inicorntSy Linn. No. i. 
 (which certainly differs much from the others of 
 the fame genus, in r.he form of the antennae, 
 they being (as its name infers) pedinated, and 
 to another relemblicg it> he has given that of 
 Ptilinus. That author likewife has placed the 
 Ptinus Fw\ Linn. No. 5. among his Bruchiy 
 from the fpherical form of its thorax. 
 
 Scopoli has placed the fame infeft among his 
 Bupreftidcs; he does not feem to have known 
 the other infeds belonging to this genus. 
 
 The 
 
Ptinus. COLEOPTERA; 35 
 
 The larvae or maggots of the P//»/, are found 
 in the trunks of decayed trees, in old tables, 
 chairs, &c. Some live and undergo their me- 
 tamorphofes among hay, dried leaves, collefti- 
 ons of dried plants, &c. 
 
 C 2 GlMUf 
 
36 ORDER r. Hmer. 
 
 Genus V. Hister. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page §66. 
 
 The firft articulation of the antennae of 
 this infedl is compreffed or flattened, and 
 curve; the laft, or terminating one, is 
 Confiderably larger than the others, and 
 appears to be a folid knob. 
 
 The head is drawn within the body, fo 
 that the jaws only appear. 
 
 The mouth is armed with jaws like a 
 forceps. 
 
 The elytra are fhorter than the body. 
 
 The fore legs are dentated, as in the 
 Scarabaeus, 
 
 Geoffroy and Sehasffer have given the name 
 of Attehhus to this genus, preferving all its 
 chara6teriflics, adding, however, that the anten- 
 nae are broken, or form an angle from the end 
 of the firll articulation, and that the feet are 
 curforii, or made for running. 
 
 The firft has obferved that the capitulum, or 
 
 knob of the antennae which appears to be folid, 
 
 2 is 
 
Hiaer. coleoptera: 
 
 37 
 
 is compofed of feveral rings or circles ftrongly 
 united together, but which the infe£l can fepa- 
 rate and difplay, or contrail at pleafure^ 
 
 Scopoli agrees with Linnreus like wife in 
 name. 
 
 The infefls belonging to this genus, as well 
 as their larvas are frequently met with in the 
 dung of hories, cows, &c. 
 
 C 2 Gewus 
 
38 O R D E R I. Gyrinus. 
 
 Genus VI. Gyrinus, 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page gSy. 
 The antennae of this infedt are club- 
 formed, ftifF, and fhorter than the head. 
 
 It has four eyes, two on the upper, and 
 two on the under fide of the head. 
 
 Geoffroy adds to the above charaders that the 
 feet are natalorii or formed for fwimming. 
 
 Scopoli has arranged the Gyrinus along with 
 the Dytifci, from which it differs effentially in 
 the number of its eyes and the form of its anten- 
 nae; thefe indeed in fome of the Dytifci are 
 clubbed, but the club is perfoliated, nor are the 
 antennas ftiff as in the Gyrinus^ 
 
 The infeifr called the Water-flea belonging to 
 this genus, is very frequently met with in (land- 
 ing waters, and eafily diftinguifhed by its fhin- 
 ing black colour, and the fwiftnsfs and circular 
 diredion of its motion in fwimming. 
 
 I do not know that its larva has yet been ob- 
 ferved, but it may probably be found along with 
 that of the Dytifcus, which without doubt it 
 refembles. 
 
 Genus 
 
Byrrhus. COLEOPTERA. 39 
 
 Genus VII. Byrrhus. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 568. 
 
 The antennre cf the Byrrhus are club- 
 formed, and terminate in a capitulum or 
 knob, which is of an oval form, rather 
 comprefled or flattened, and almoft of a 
 foUd fubftance, {fub folidum,) 
 
 Geoffrey and Schseffer agree with Linnaeus in 
 the definition of this genus, to which they have 
 given the name oi Anthrenus^ the infecls belong- 
 ing to it being generally found upon flowers. 
 
 Schffiffer has added to the charafters afilgned 
 to i-t by our author, that the head is bent, or in- 
 clined downwards, and hid under the thorax ; 
 which particularity is of great fervice in diftin- 
 guilhing this infeft, the form of the antennas a^ 
 lone being fcarcc fufficient for that purpofe. 
 
 Geoffrey obferves that the larvse of the An- 
 threni are found upon plants, or in the bodies 
 of half decayed animals ; they often undergo 
 their metamorphofis in the bodies of preferved 
 ir.feiSts, which they reduce to powder. 
 
 GSNUS 
 
40 O R D E R I. Silpha. 
 
 Genus VIII. Silpha. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page ^6^. 
 
 The antennas of the Silphse are fmall a£ 
 their bafe, and grow infeniibly thicker to- 
 wards the end. 
 
 The elytra have a margin. 
 
 The head is prominent. 
 
 The thorax is rather flattened, with a 
 margin. 
 
 SchjefTer has 'compofed two genera from the 
 Silphas of our author. The one named Silpha^ 
 containing fuch Linn^an Silpha as have the 
 margins of the head and thorax moft apparent, 
 and the thorax more convex : The other, called 
 Pehis^ compofed of thofe in which the margin 
 of the elytra is Icfs apparent, and the thorax flatr 
 ter than in the others. 
 
 Geoffrey has arranged feveral of thofe infc(rr§ 
 among his Dermeftides, and of the others ha% 
 form.ed the genus Peltis, containing fuch as 
 have the thorax and elytra more (Irongly mar- 
 gined, and whofe antenna appear to be be per- 
 foliaied. 
 
 Scopoli 
 
Silpha. COLEOPTERA, 41 
 
 Scopoli adds to the Linnseanchara<5ters of the 
 Silphse their having a kind of lamina or knob, 
 which terminates in a fpine, fjtuate at the bafc 
 of their hinder thighs, 
 
 Many of the Siiphas are found early in the 
 fpfing, under theloofe bark of trees, and they, 
 a.s well as their Lirvic, feed chiefly on the half- 
 fdecayed carcafes of animals. 
 
 Genur 
 
42 O R D E R I. CafTida. 
 
 Genus IX. Cassida, the Tortoise 
 Beetle. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 574. 
 
 The antennae of the Caffida are nearly 
 filiform, but grow fomevvhat thicker to- 
 wards the end. 
 
 The elytra have a broad margin. 
 
 The head is entirely concealed under 
 the thorax. 
 
 The thorax is flat and margined, form- 
 ing a kind of {hield for the head. 
 
 The infe(ft called the Green Tortoife Beetle, 
 belongs to this genus. 
 
 The larvs of the Caffida eat the under fide of 
 the leaves of plants, and ofcen, as it were, hide 
 themfelve^ under a cover of their own excre- 
 ments, fupported in the air above their bodies, 
 by means of their forked tail. 
 
 Schseffer and Geoffroy have adopted this genus 
 without any alteradons. The latter obferves, 
 that the antennse are ncdofce, knotty, or com- 
 pofed of large articulations. Scopoli has refer- 
 red to it the Lampyrides No^iluca and Sangui- 
 3 nea, 
 
Caffida. COLEOPTERA. 43 
 
 nea^ though thefe two iniefts feem to differ much 
 from the Caflidas in the form of the fegments 
 of their belly, which terminate on each fide ia 
 round and fofc appendices ; the belly of the Caf- 
 fida on the contrary is fimple. 
 
 The oblong form and flatnefs of the abdomen 
 in the lampy rides ferves likewife to diftinguifh 
 them from the Caffida, which lad are almoft o- 
 val, with the abdomen much more elevated in 
 ^he middle than on the fides ; from which cir- 
 cumftance the name of Tortoife Beetle has been 
 given to it in our language. 
 
 Genus 
 
44 O R D E R I. Coccinella. 
 
 Genus X. Coccinella. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page ^yg» 
 
 The antennae of the CoraW/tf are fub- 
 clavated, or increafe a little in thicknefs 
 towards the end. The laft joint appears as 
 if the end of it was chopped off. 
 
 The palpi are club-formed, the laft ar- 
 ticulation being (haped fomewhat like a 
 heart. 
 
 The body is hemifpherlcal. 
 
 The thorax and elytra are margined. 
 
 The abdomen, or belly, is flat. 
 
 This genus is fubdivided into fedions 
 from the colour of the elytra, and of the 
 fpots with which they are adorned, as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 1. Thofe whofe elytra are red or yellow, 
 with black fpots. 
 
 2. Thofe fpotted with white, on a redor 
 yellow ground. 
 
 3. Thofe 
 
Cocclnelli. COLEOPTERA. 45 
 
 3, Thofe with black elytra fpottcd with red. 
 
 4. Thofe with black elytra, and white or 
 yellow fpots. 
 
 Scopoli Tays that the Ccccinella differs chiefly 
 from the Chryfomela in the length of the antenna, 
 thofe of the Coccinella being fhorter than the 
 thorax, but in the Chryfomela twice the length 
 of that part. The antenna differ likewife in 
 fhape, thofe of the lafl mentioned genus being fi- 
 liform, or throughout of equal thicknefs, whe- 
 reas thofe of the Coccinella grow thicker towards 
 
 the end. 
 
 Schjeffer and Geoffroy agree with Linnasus in 
 the charaders of this genus. 
 
 The larvse of the Coccinella devour the A- 
 phides, and by that means contribute to cure 
 plants which thofe animals infeft, of the Phi- 
 ibiriafis, or loufy difeafe. 
 
 Genus 
 
'4^ O R D E R I. Chryfomela* 
 
 Genus XL Chrysomela. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 586; 
 The antennae of the Chryfomela are'com- 
 pofed of little globular articulations which 
 grow larger towards the end ; and fome- 
 what refemble a necklace of beads. 
 
 Neither the thorax nor elytra have any 
 margin. 
 
 Linnaeus has divided this genus into fa- 
 milies, as follows: 
 
 1. Thofe whofe bodies are of an oval form. 
 
 2. Thofe whofe hinder thighs are much 
 thicker than the others, being faltatoriae, 
 or made for leaping. 
 
 3. Thofe whofe bodies are of a cylindrical 
 form. 
 
 4. Thofe of an oblong form, and in which 
 the thorax is broader or wider than the 
 abdomen. 
 
 5. Thofe 
 
Chryfomela. COLEOPTERA. 47 
 
 5 Thofe which are long, of a llender 
 make, and which have the thorax of e- 
 qual breadth with the abdomen. 
 
 Linnasus obferves that this laft mentioned 
 family differs a Httle from the preceding 
 ones, being more oblong, and the body more 
 elevated in the middle than on the fides, 
 but that he had not been able to difcover 
 the limits ^by which they fhould be diftin- 
 guifhed, nor any other genus under which 
 they could be more properly arranged. 
 
 From thcfe different kinds of Chryfomela: 
 Geoffrov has formed feveral genera, viz. 
 
 The Gakrtica, which differs from the other 
 Linnsan Chryfomelas in the roughnefs and mar- 
 gin of its thorax. 
 
 The Chryfomela, whofe thorax is fmooth and 
 margined. 
 
 The Cryptocephalus, thearticulations of whofe 
 antennse are rather longer than in thofe of the 
 other LinnjEan Chryfomelse, and the thorax of 
 an hemifpherical form. 
 
 The 
 
4^ ORDER I. Chryfomela, 
 
 The Crioceris^ which differs from the other 
 genera in the cyhndrical form of its thorax. 
 
 The Jbiaperis^ the articulations of whofe an- 
 tennas being rather larger than in the other fpe- 
 cies of the Linnsean Chryfomela, appear to be 
 perfoliated. The thorax in this genus, of which 
 he has only one fpecies, is convex and margined. 
 
 The AUicay which genus comprehends that 
 family of the Linnsean Chryfomclas, whofe hin- 
 der thighs are made for leaping. 
 
 The Mdolontha^ whofe antenna are ferrated, 
 or with lateral appendices like a faw, and pla- 
 ced on the fore part of the head before the eyes. 
 
 ScH.(EFFER has followed Geoffroy in thefe al- 
 terations, adding, that the head of the Cripto- 
 cephalus is drawn back within the thorax ; that 
 of the CrioeeriSy on the contrary, is ftretched 
 forwards, or porreded. 
 
 ScopoLi has arranged fuch of the Linnsean 
 cval Chryfomelas as have the antennas fcarce fo 
 long as the thorax, among his Coccinellse, others, 
 "whofe heads appear to be a little drawn in, or, 
 as it were, half hid under the thorax, among his 
 bupeflrides ; and thofe of the fourth divifion, in 
 which the thorax is rather broader than the head 
 and body, among his Attelabi. 
 
 The 
 
Chryfomela. COLEOPTERA. 49 
 
 The diftindions from which GeofFroy and 
 SchrefFer have formed fo many new genera, are 
 in general too trifling to be taken for generical j 
 in which cafe, the multiplication of genera, in- 
 ftead of elucidating the fcience, ferves but to 
 render it more obfcure. 
 
 The larvas of the Chryfomelse confume the 
 pulp of leaves, reje(5ling the fibres : Thofe of 
 the Chryfomela Saltatorise infefl: the cotyledons 
 and tender leaves of plants. 
 
 The infed called the Lady Cow, or Lady 
 Bird, belongs to this genus. 
 
 D Geni/s 
 
5© O R D E R I. Hifpa. 
 
 Genus XII. Hispa. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 609. 
 
 The antennas in this genus are fufiform, 
 growing gradually larger from each extre- 
 mity towards the middle : they are fituate 
 between the eyes, and are placed fo near 
 one another at their bafe, as to feem to a- 
 rife from the fame point. 
 
 The thorax and elytra are in general co- 
 vered with protuberances or fpines. 
 
 Geoffrey has placed the only fpecies belong- 
 ing to this genus, which he had met with in 
 France, among his Crioceres, the oblong Chry- 
 fomelse of Linnaeus. The fhape of the antennae 
 and their fituation, however, fufficiently diftin- 
 guifh the Hifpa from that genus. 
 
 The larva of the Hifpa feems to be yet 
 wholly unknown •, there are but two fpecies 
 of the perfedb infed found in Europe, and they 
 are to be met with at the roots, or on the blades 
 of different kinds of grafs. 
 
 Genus 
 
Bruchus. COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Genus XIII. Bruchus. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 604. 
 
 The antennas of the Bruchi are filiform, 
 growing thicker towards their extremity. 
 
 Linnseus's definition of this genus is compre- 
 hended in thefe few words-, and thetwoclrcum- 
 flances from which the infed: is to be difcovered 
 contradiflory, as fiHform antennas are through- 
 out of equal fize j neither does he give fuch a 
 defcription of any one of the fpecies arranged 
 under it as can enable us to diflinguifli the 
 Bruchus from other genera. I have only ken 
 one fpecies, the Bruchus Pifi, in which the an- 
 tennae are placed exaftly before the eyes, and 
 are compofed of triangular articulations growing 
 larger towards their extremity, with the lad one 
 of an oval form. It has four palpi feated at the 
 extremity of a probofcis which is rather broader 
 than it is long. The elytra are rounded at their 
 extremity, and a fourth part fhorter than the ab- 
 domen. Whether or no thefe are generical cha. 
 rafters, by which the other infers belonging to 
 the Bruchus may be diilinguifhed, will beft be 
 obferved by thofe who poffefs a greater number 
 of the fpecies defcribed by Linnaeus. This in- 
 fed is arranged by Scopoli under the genus term- 
 Da ed 
 
52 O R D E R I. Bruchus. 
 
 ed by him Laria, to which he afllgns the fol- 
 lowing charaflers : The antennas larger towards 
 their extremity •, the thorax elevated in the mid- 
 dle and rounded towards the fides •, the knob fi- 
 tuate at the bafe of the thighs in the Silpha is 
 wanting in this genus. 
 
 The fame infeft is placed by Geoffrey with 
 his Mylabres, which genus, he fays> equally rc- 
 fembles his Chryfomelse, and the Linnasan Cur- 
 culiones, conncfling the two genera. 
 
 GfNUS 
 
Curculio. COLEOPTERA. 53 
 
 Genus XJV. Curculio. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 506. , 
 
 The antenna? of the Curculio are fub- 
 clavated, and feated in a roftrum or probof- 
 cis, which is of a horny fubftance, and 
 prominent. 
 
 The CurcuHones are divided into the fol- 
 lowing fedioHiS : 
 
 1. Thofe which have the rod rum longer 
 than the thorax, and whofe thighs are 
 limple, without teeth or fpines. 
 
 2. Thofe in which the roflrum is longer 
 than the thorax, and the thighs dentated, 
 
 3. Thofe which have dentated thighs, and 
 the roflrum fhortcr than the thorax. 
 
 4. Thofe whofe thighs are fimplc, and ro- 
 flrum fhorter thau the thorax. 
 
 Scopoli obferves that the Curculio is a nugglHi 
 
 infefl, and that it endeavours to efcape its foes 
 
 by contra6ting its members and letring itfelf fall 
 
 to the Qiround. That author fwho didino-uifiies 
 
 D 3 this 
 
54 ORDER I. Curculio. 
 
 this genus by the fame charaders as Linnasus) 
 has divided it into two families, the firfl: where- 
 of comprehends thofe which have ftraight or ex- 
 tended antennas j this family is fub-divided into 
 the following fedlions : 
 
 I. Thofe in which the roftrum is thicker than 
 the thighs and fliorter than the thorax -, among 
 thefe he has placed fome Linnsean Attelabi. 
 
 2. Thofe which have the roftrum thicker than 
 the thighs and longer than the thorax. 
 
 3. Thofe in which the roftrum isfmaller than 
 the thighs and longer than the thorax ; the thighs 
 in fome of the infers belono;ing to this fedtion 
 are dentated^ in others, mutica^ or without fpines. 
 
 The fecond family confifts of thofe whofe an- 
 tennas are bent or form an angle, and contains 
 the following fub-divifions : 
 
 1. Thofe with the roftrum larger than the 
 thighs, which zxtfpinof^^ or armed with fpines. 
 
 2. Thofe with the roftrum as in the other, 
 but without fpines on the thighs. 
 
 3. Thofe with the roftrum fmaller than the 
 thighs, which are unarmed, or without fpines. 
 
 Geoffioy 
 
Curculio. CCLEOPTERA. ^^ 
 
 GeofFroy divides this genus (which with him 
 is limited to fuch Linna^an Curculiones as have 
 antennae bent, or forming an angle in their 
 middle) into two families, from the circum- 
 ftance of the thighs being armed with, or want- 
 ing fpines. 
 
 To others of them which have extended, or 
 ftraight antenna, Cthofe belonging to the firft 
 family of Scopoli's Curculiones) he has given 
 the generical name of Rbincmacer^ under which 
 genus he has likewife arranged fome Linnsan 
 Attelabi. 
 
 The genus named by him Mylahris, fecms to 
 belong to the Curculio of our author; he has di- 
 ftinguifhed it by the following characters. 
 
 The antcnnce growing larger towards the end 
 compofed of hemifpherical articulations, and 
 placed upon a fhort and broad roftmm or pro- 
 bofcis. 
 
 Four fmall antennas ("perhaps palpi) placed at 
 the extremity of the probofcis. 
 
 Schseffcr has followed Geofiroy in thefe di- 
 Tifions of the Linnjcan Curculiones. 
 
 D 4 The 
 
gS O R D E R I. Curculio. 
 
 The larvae of the long beaked Curculiones 
 live upon fruits, feeds of different plants, and 
 corn, often making terrible havoc in granaries. 
 
 Thofe of the fhort beaked ones devour the 
 leaves of plants j many of them pierce and lodge 
 in the ftalks. 
 
 The infed called the Weevil by farmers, be- 
 longs to this genus. 
 
 Genus 
 
Attehbus. CCLEOPTERA. 57 
 
 Genus XV. Attelabus. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 619. 
 The Attelabus is dlilinguiOicd by the 
 fhape of its head, which is broader in the 
 forepart (occafioned by the prominency of 
 the eyes) than behind, or which tapers 
 gradually from the eyes towards the thorax. 
 
 The antennas are thicker towards their 
 extremity than at their bafe. 
 
 This genus Linnseus obferves is very obfcure, 
 the infers arranged under it differing much from 
 one another in their external appearance. This 
 obfcurity I imagine however rather to proceed 
 from his not having known a fufHcient number 
 of infefls proper to be arranged under it, and 
 his placing with thofe that are, fome others, 
 fas the Clerus of Geoffrey) in which the ge- 
 nerical charaders he affigns to it are not found, 
 rather than from any defect in the charaders 
 themfeives, having lately obferved in different 
 colledlions many exotic infeds vv'hich anfwer 
 moft exadly his definition of the Attelabus. If 
 fome infeds which he has referred to it, were 
 rejcded, the genus, I think, would be very 
 diftinguilhable, and fufhciently numerous. 
 
 Scopoli 
 
St ORDER I. Attdabus. 
 
 Scopoli diftinguiflies the Attelabi by the fol- 
 lowing charaders. 
 
 The hinder part of the head gradually dimi- 
 nifhing in fize. 
 
 The eyes prominent. 
 
 The thorax fomewhat broader than the dia- 
 meter of the head, taken from one eye to the o- 
 ther, and of a more cylindrical form. 
 
 Among thefe he has arranged fome of the 
 Linnsean Chryfomelse, whofe bodies are ob- 
 long, and narrower than the thorax. 
 
 Some of the Linnasan Attelabi are placed by 
 him among hisCurculiones. 
 
 The Clerus of Geoffroy and Schasffcr is taken 
 partly from this genus, and partly from ihe Der- 
 meftes of our author. They have given to 
 that genus the following charaflers : 
 
 The antennse club-formed, and placed on the 
 head, the knob compofed of three articulations. 
 
 No probofcis. 
 
 The thorax almoft cylindrical, without any 
 margin. 
 
 The 
 
Attelabus. COLEOPTERA. 59 
 
 The under fide, or plant of the feet, fpongy. 
 
 They have arranged fuch Attelabi as moft 
 refemble the Curculiones, under the genus Rhi^ 
 nomacer^ from which, howevt^r, thefe feem to 
 differ eflentially in the fuuation of the antenna?, 
 which, in the Aitelabus are placed upon the 
 head, but in the Rhinomacer upon theroftrum. 
 
 The larvse of many of the Attelabi refemble 
 fo much thofe of the Curculiones as not to be 
 diftinguiflied from tlifm without difficulty. 
 
 Genus 
 
6o O R D E R I. Cerambyx. 
 
 Genus XVI. Cerambyx. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. Pag. "621. 
 
 The antennae of the Ccrambycss are 
 compofed of articulations, which gradually 
 diminifli in fize as they approach towards, 
 or are lituate nearer to the extremity. 
 
 The Thorax is either armed with fplnes 
 or gibbous made uneven by fmall eleva- 
 tions. 
 
 The Elytra are narrow, and through- 
 out of equal breadth. 
 
 This Genus is divided into fedions, from 
 the form of the thorax, and that part being 
 or not bein^ armed with fpines, as follows : 
 
 1. Thofe which have the thorax armed 
 on each lide with moveable fpines. 
 
 2. Thofe in which the thorax is mar- 
 gined, and iides armed with fpines. 
 
 3. Thofe 
 
Cerambyx. COLEOPTERA. 6t 
 
 3. Thofe in which the thorax is round, 
 and armed with fixed fpines. 
 
 4. Thofe which have the thorax nearly of 
 a cylindrical form, and unarmed, or 
 without fpines. 
 
 5. Thofe which have the thorax of a 
 roundiih form, refembling a globe 
 flattened or deprelTcd on the upper fide. 
 
 Scopoli has affigned the power of emitting a 
 found or noife, by the friflion of the thorax, 
 where joined to the body, as a charader of the 
 Cerambyx •, this vague definition has occafioned 
 his placing feveral of the Linnsan Cerambyces, 
 which want that property, among his Lepturs: : 
 he makes only two divifions of the remaining 
 Cerambyces, the firft containing fuch as have 
 the thorax armed with fpines ; the other, thofe 
 in which that part is unarmed ; this method 
 is more fimple than that of Linnsus, and per- 
 haps as proper, in colledions confiding v/holly 
 of European infcdts. 
 
 GeofFroy and SchasfFer have formed feveral 
 new genera from the different kinds of Ceram- 
 byces, 
 
 To 
 
6t ORDER I. Cerambyx. 
 
 To thofe which have ferrated antennae placed 
 in the eyes, or furrounded at their bafe 
 by the eyes, they have given the generic name 
 Prionus, 
 
 To thofe whofe antennae grow gradually taper, 
 from the bafe towards their extremity, and are 
 placed in the eye, they have preferved the name of 
 Ceramhyx ; the thorax in this genus is armed with 
 fpines. 
 
 Others with fetaceous antennae placed in the 
 eyes, and the thorax of a cylindrical form, with- 
 out fpines, they have arranged along with their 
 Lepturae. 
 
 The antennas in their Jienocorus taper to- 
 wards their extremity, a£ thofe of the Ceram- 
 byx, but they are placed before the eyes, and 
 the elytra diminilh in breadth towards their 
 point. This genus is divided into two fami- 
 lies, the firft of which only belong to the Lin- 
 nsean Cerambyces, being fuch as have the 
 thorax armed with fpines, the other, in which 
 the thorax is unarmed, belongs to the Lepura 
 of our author. 
 
 The infeft generally known by the name 
 of the Goat-Chafer, or Mufk- Beetle, is a 
 Cerambyx, and as its thorax is round, and 
 
 found 
 
Cerambyx. COLEOPTERA. 63 
 
 armed with fixed fpines, it muft belong to the 
 third family of our author. It is frequently 
 found on the willow in the autumn, and fmells 
 like mufk, from which circumftance its name 
 is taken. 
 
 The larvse of the Cerambyces nourifli 
 themfelves with the interior fubftance of trees, 
 into which they penetrate, and where they live 
 and perform their metamorphofis. 
 
 Genvs 
 
6.| O R D E R I. Leptiira. 
 
 Genus XVII. Left ur a. 
 I.iNN. Syft. Nat. Pag. 6i^. 
 
 The antenna of the Lepturs are feta- 
 ceous, growing gradually taper towards the 
 end. 
 
 The Elytra diminish in breadth towards 
 their extremiy. 
 
 The thorax is of a roundifli and flender 
 make. 
 
 This eenus is divided into two fed:ions, 
 the firft containing thofe in which the 
 thorax is fomewhat oblong, but broader at 
 its bafe than where joined to the head, and 
 whofe elytra are truncated or cut off at 
 their extremity, in a dire(flline ; the fecond 
 comprehends thofe in which the thorax 
 is nearly of a globular form, and whofe 
 elytra are obtufe at their extremities. 
 
 Scopoli obferves, that the elytra of the Lep- 
 turas are fliff, nor flexible as in the Cantharis. 
 
 I The 
 
Leptura. COLEOPTERA* 65 
 
 The Genus, termed by Geoffroy Leptura^ is 
 compofcd of fuch Linnasan Cerambyces as have 
 fetaceous antennae, furrounded at their bafe by 
 the eyes, and the thorax naked or without fpines, 
 and fuch of the Lepturse of our author as have 
 their antennae fituate in the eye : in this he is fol- 
 lowed by SchsefFer ; the remaining Leptur^e 
 are referred by thefe two authors to their 7?^»5- 
 corus^ as before obferved. 
 
 The larvae of this genus are found with thofe 
 of the preceding one, and much refemble them 
 in outward appearance and way of life. 
 
 Dr. Berkenhout has called fome of the Lin- 
 nsean Lepturge JVafp Beetles. I am not cer- 
 tain whether they are generally known by that 
 name. 
 
 Genos 
 
66 O R D E R I. Necydalis.. 
 
 Genus XVIII. Necydalis. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 640. 
 
 The antennae of the Necydalis are feta- 
 ceous, as in the foregoing genus. 
 
 The elytra are either fhorter than the ab- 
 domen, or narrower, and of the fame 
 length with that part. 
 
 This genus is divided into two families : 
 The firft containing thofe which have elytra 
 ihorter than the wings and abdomen ; the 
 other thofe in which the elytra are as long 
 as the body, but narrower, being fhapcd 
 like an awl, or drawn to a point, and a 
 little curve at their extremities, 
 
 SchxfFer has confined the genus Necydalis, 
 to one infeft, the Necydalis Major, Linn. No. 
 I. The others belonging to the fame feflion, he 
 has arranged under his Mylabris, on account of 
 their antennas, which according to him are fili- 
 form, and placed upon a Ihort probofcis; the 
 Necydalis of the fecond family or fedion, he 
 has arranged among his Leptur^, from their an- 
 tennae bfing frated in the eyes. 
 
 3 Thefe 
 
Necydalis. COLEOPTERA. I6f 
 
 Thefe lafl: are placed by Scopoli among his 
 Cantharides. 
 
 The infefts belonging to the firfi divifion o^ 
 this genus, differ from the Staphilini in the want 
 of the little veficleSj or bladders, which thefe 
 lafl frequently thrufl, or (boot out of the hinder 
 part of their abdomen, when in diflrefs, and irt 
 their antennas ; they differ from all the other Co- 
 leopterous infeds, in their wings being extended 
 their whole length, nor folded up under the e- 
 lytra, which, on that account, feem to be of 
 lefs ufe to the Necydalis than to the other genera 
 belonging to that order, fince only fo much of 
 the wing as is covered by the elytron can be pre- 
 ferved by it. 
 
 I do not find that the larva of the Necydalis 
 
 9 
 
 has been known to any author. 
 
 GenuS 
 
68 O R D E R I. Lampyns. 
 
 Genus XIX. Lampyris. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 643. 
 The antennsE of the Lampyris are filiform. 
 
 The elytra are weak and flexible. 
 
 The thorax is flat, and of a femiorbicular 
 form, furroundingand concealing the head. 
 
 The fegments of the abdomen termi- 
 nate on each fide m papilla^ or litde appen- 
 dices, which turn, or are bent upwards to- 
 wards the elytra, and in part cover one ano- 
 ther. 
 
 The females, in general, want wings. 
 
 Scopoli, who has only defcribed two fpeciei 
 of this genus, has arranged them with the Caf- 
 fida of Linnseus, giving to that genus the fimple 
 chara6lerifl:ic of the head being concealed under 
 the thorax. That charadcr the Lampyris has in 
 common with the Caffida, from which, howe- 
 ver it differs in the length and flatnefs of the bo- 
 dy, in the fhape of the antennse, which in the 
 Caflldagrow thicker towards their extremity, and 
 in the papilla, or folds of the abdomen, which 
 
 are 
 
Lampyris. COLFOPTERA; 6if 
 
 arc wanting in the lafl nn ntioned genus, and ferve 
 more particularly to difcinguirti the Lampyris. 
 
 GeofFroy and Sch^rffer give the fame charac- 
 ters to this genus as Linnaeus. 
 
 The Pyrcchra of the lad meniioned author is 
 a Linn^an L ampyris, with antennae pedinated 
 on the one fide. 
 
 The larvsK of thofe Lampyrides we are ac- 
 quainted with, perfedlly refemble the female in- 
 fe(5t, and feed upon leave s. 
 
 The infed called in our language, the o-Iow- 
 worm, from the fhinin^ light which ir emits, and 
 which is fo frequently met with in the evenings 
 about the month of June, in woods and mea- 
 dows, belopf^s to this s^nu*, 
 
 ^ 3 Gfnvs 
 
70 O R D E R r. Camharis. 
 
 Genus XX, Cantharis, 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 647. 
 
 The antennae of the Cantharis are feta» 
 ceous. 
 
 The thorax is margined, and (horter than 
 the head. 
 
 The elytra are flexible. 
 
 The fides of the abdomen are edged with 
 papillae, or appendices, folded upwards, as 
 in the preceding genus. 
 
 The Cantharides are divided into two 
 fedions ; the firft diftinguiflied by the flat- 
 nefs and breadth of the thorax, which 
 part in the other is rounded on the fides and 
 narrower. 
 
 Scopoli, who defcribes under the fame gene- 
 ric title fuch of the Linnaean Cantharides as he 
 had found in his country, and which all belong 
 to the firft feftion of our author, obferves, thaE 
 the thorax, under which a part of the head is 
 concealed, is of a convex form, 
 
 Geoffrey 
 
Cantbarls. COLEOPTERA. 71 
 
 Geoffroy has given the generical name oi Ci- 
 cindela to fuch of the Linnjean Cancharides as he 
 has defcribed. He differs from LiniicEus in his 
 opinion of the form of the antennse j which, ac- 
 cording to him, are filiform rather than feta- 
 ceous. 
 
 His Pyrochroa is a Linnasan Cantharis, with 
 pe6tinated antennae. The generical name of 
 Cantharis he has given to the winged Meloes of 
 Linnaeus, or thofe of his fecond fedion. 
 
 SchaefFer has given the generical name of Tele- 
 phorus to fome Linnasan Cantharides, which dif- 
 fer from the others in the number of the articula- 
 tions of which their tarfi are compofed. He has 
 placed others of them, in which the antennae are 
 feated in the eyes, and the thorax flat, with a lefs 
 perceptible margin than in the others, among, 
 his Lepturse. 
 
 The larva of the Cantharis was almoft un- 
 known to Linnasus, and wholly fo to Geoffroy. 
 My ingenious friend Mr. Curtis has lately difco- 
 vered it, and obferved the metamorphofis of fome 
 of them ; they refemble thofe of the Cerambyx, 
 and were found in the decayed trunk of a willow. 
 
 E4 Genus 
 
fi O R D E R I. EUter. 
 
 Genus XXI. Elater. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 651. 
 
 The antennae of the Elater are feta- 
 ccous. 
 
 An elaftic ipring or fpine projects from 
 the hinder extremity of the breail or un- 
 der fide of the thorax. 
 
 The infefl, when laid upon its back, 
 rifes and fuftains itfelf upon the anterior 
 part of its head, and the end, or point, of 
 its abdomen or elytra, by which means the 
 fpine of its bread is withdrawn from out of 
 a groove or cavity of the abdomen, where it 
 is lodged when in its natural pofitionj; 
 then fuddenly bending its body, the fpine 
 is ftruck with force acrofs a fmall ridge, or 
 elevation, into the cavity from whence it 
 was withdrawn, by which (hock, the parts 
 of the body before fuftained in the air, are 
 it) fortibly beat againft whatever the infedl 
 13 laid upon, as to caufe it to fpring, or re-^ 
 bound, to a confiderable dirtance. 
 
 Geoifroy 
 
Elater. COLECPTERA. tj 
 
 Geoffroy obferves, that a cavity is fcoopedout 
 of the under fide of the head and thorax of 
 the Elater, in which the antennJE are lodged, 
 probably to preferve them from the violence of 
 the fall, when it makes the fingular leap which 
 diflinguifhes it from all other inle(fls. 
 
 The chara<5ler taken from the antennae by our 
 author is extremely vague, for, as Schseficr juft- 
 ly obferves, they are in fome fetaceous, in others 
 filiform j fometimes they are ptdinated, and 
 fometimes ferrated ; the fpines at the extremity 
 of the thorax are, however, fufficient marks to 
 diflinguifh them by, being found upon almoft 
 every one of them, and rarely met with in any- 
 other of the Coleopterous order of infedls. Sco- 
 poli has called one of his Elateres Degener, be- 
 caufe it differs from the others, in the want of 
 thofe fpines, the hinder part of its thorax being 
 round. Such are bed diftinguifhed from the 
 Bupreflis (which genus the Elater moft refembles) 
 by the elaftic fpine, fituate at the extremity of 
 the breaft. 
 
 Sch^tfer likewife obferves, that the hinder 
 angles of the thorax are very much pointed or 
 extended iniio fpines, and that the tarfi have five 
 articulations, or joints. 
 
 Linn£us 
 
74 ORDER I, Elater. 
 
 Linnseus was unacquainted with the larva of 
 the Elater, but we learn from Geoffrey, that it 
 lives and undergoes its metamorphofis in the 
 trunks of decayed trees. 
 
 That author, however, has faid nothing with 
 regard to its formation, fo that we are flill igno- 
 porant whether or no it refembles that of the Bu- 
 preftis. The complcat infeds are frequently 
 found on flowers and plarrts ; fome of them fre- 
 quent the banks of running waters, fandy banks, 
 &c. and are pretty well known. They are in 
 feme places not improperly called Skippers* 
 
 Genus 
 
Cicindela. COLEOPTERA. 75 
 
 Genus XXII. Cicindela. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 6^y, 
 
 The antennas of the Cicindelje are feta- 
 ceous. 
 
 The maxillae, or jaws, advance confide- 
 rably before the head, and are armed with 
 teeth. 
 
 The eyes are rather prominent. 
 
 The thorax is roundish and margined. 
 
 Scopoli and Schjeffcr obferve that the Cicin- 
 dela have an obtufe lamina, or knob, at the 
 bafe of the hindermofl: thighs, and that the head 
 is broader than the thorax j which circumftance 
 is chiefly occafioned by the prominency of the 
 eyes. 
 
 Geoffroy has arranged fuch infecfls belonging 
 to this genus of our author as he has defcribed 
 among his Buprejlides^ (the Linnfean Carabi) 
 from which the Cicindela principally differs in 
 the form of the thorax, which in it, is roundifh, 
 but in the Carabus of the form of a heart, and 
 cyt oiFat the end in a direft line. This difFer- 
 
 ence^ 
 
76 O R D E R I. Cicindela. 
 
 ence, however, he reconciles, by dividing his 
 Bupreftides into two families, diftinguifhed from 
 one another by thefe circumftances. The eyes of 
 the Cicindela are much more prominent than 
 thofe of the Carabi. 
 
 SchaefFer adds to the charaders given by our 
 author to this genus as above, that the jaws are 
 crooked, and the feet made for running. 
 
 The larvse of this genus live chiefly with thofe 
 of the Carabi, in deep holes under the earth, 
 and as well as the perfed infers, devour weakef 
 animals for their food. 
 
 G E N v; s 
 
Bupreflis. COLEOPTERA. 77 
 
 Genus XXIII. Buprestis. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 6^g. 
 
 The antennae of the Bupreflis arc feta- 
 ceous, and as long as the thorax. 
 
 The head is half retraced, or drawn 
 back within the thorax. 
 
 They are divided into three families, di- 
 flinguilhed by the following marks. 
 
 The elytra in the firft decline towards 
 the (ides, being much elevated at the fu- 
 ture, and particularly fo, near their bafe. 
 
 In the fecond, they are ferrated, or 
 armed with (hort fpines, near their extre- 
 mity. 
 
 In the third, they are whole, or entire. 
 
 Scopoli has arranged fuch of the Bupreftides 
 of our author as he knew, among his Mordellse, 
 of which genus he fays nothing more than that 
 they have an appendix or broad plate, which co- 
 vers and defends the hindmoft thighs, forming ^ 
 kind of cavity into which they are received. 
 
 The 
 
7^ ORDER h Bupreflfs. 
 
 The genus to which that author has given the 
 name of Buprejlis, confifts chiefly of the oblong 
 Chryfomelse of Linnaeus as before obferved. He 
 diftinguiflies that genus by the following charac- 
 ters. 
 
 The antennse never fhorter than the thorax. 
 
 The head deflefbed, half drawn back within 
 the thorax. 
 
 The thorax as It were fweJled, or puffed up 
 like a cufhion, (puhinatus). 
 
 The abdomen obtufe. 
 
 According to him the other Linnean Chfyfa- 
 melse differ from thofe arranged with his Bu- 
 preftides in their heads, (which are porreftcd or 
 advanced before the thorax) being lefs thick of 
 bulky ; and in the antennae, which in the Chry* 
 fomels are twice the length of the thorax. 
 
 The antennse are generally ferrated in this ge- 
 nus, as obferved by Geoffroy, who has given 
 the generical name of Cuctijus to the -French Bu- 
 jpreftides. 
 
 Schasffer fays that the mouth of the Bupreftis 
 is armed with jaws and palpi, that thetarfi have 
 ■five articulations, and that the elytra are mar- 
 gined, and cover the abdomen, 
 
 Ths 
 
Bnpreais. COLEOPTERA; 79 
 
 The Buprejlis and Elater refemble one ano- 
 ther very much, and are bed diftinguifhed by 
 the fpines, which terminate the bread and tho- 
 rax of the latter. 
 
 There are but few fpecies of this genus found 
 in Europe, and we are wholly unacquainted 
 with their larvas and metamorphofis ; they are 
 generally of bright (hining colours, from which 
 circumftance Geoffroy has chofen the generical 
 name which he has given them. 
 
 Genus 
 
8^6 O R D E R J. Dytlfcus; 
 
 Genus XXIV. Dytiscus. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 66^. 
 The antennae of the Dytifcus are either 
 fetaceous, or increafe in fize towards the 
 end, and have a perfollated capitulum or 
 head. 
 
 The hind feet are hairy, made for fwim- 
 ming, and are armed with fmall claws. 
 
 This genus is divided into two families ; 
 the firft compofed of thofe which have per- 
 foliated antennae; the fecond of thofe in 
 which the antennse are fetaceous. 
 
 Geoffroy has formed from the two Linnxan 
 families cf Dytifci, as many genera. To thofe 
 with perfoliated antennas ('which he fays are 
 fhorter than the palpi) he gives the generical 
 name of Hydrophilus j the others, in which, 
 according to him the antennae are filiform, and 
 longer than the head, he calls Dyiici. 
 
 Schseffer, who has adopted this divifion of 
 the Linnean genus, fays, that the tarfi of the 
 Dytifcus have five articulation?-, that the body is 
 
 oblong 
 
Dytifcus. COLKOPTERA. 8i 
 
 oblong;, and the head obtufe; the mouth of the 
 Hydrophilus, according to the fame author, is 
 armed with jaws, and has fcrur palpi, two of 
 which are longer, and two fliorter than the an- 
 tennae. 
 
 Scopoli obferves that the Dytifcus is a dull 
 and fluggifh infefl. 
 
 The plants, or under fide of the fore feet of* 
 the male Dytifci are hemifphericah The elytra 
 
 of the females are generally furrowed. The 
 firft refemble the Dermeftides ; the females are 
 more like the Carabi : It is very difficult to didin- 
 guifh the fex or fpecies. Their larvse are fre- 
 quently met with in ditches, they are not to be 
 bred, or do not go through their metamorphofis 
 when confined, without great difficulty ; and jf 
 two or three are kept together in a fmall place, 
 never fail to devour one another. Many fpecies 
 of the compleat infecfl are very common in fl:ag- 
 nated waters, which they quit in the evening to 
 fly about. They are known by the name of 
 Water Beetles, 
 
 Genus 
 
82 ORDER I. Carabus. 
 
 Genus XXV. Carabus. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 631. 
 
 The antennas of the Carabus are feta- 
 ceous. 
 
 The thorax is (haped fomewhat like a 
 a heart, the point of which is cut off, and 
 is margined. 
 
 The elytra have a margin. 
 
 The Carabi differ greatly in fize, and 
 are divided from that circumftance, into 
 two families; the firft containing the 
 larger, the fecond the fmaller ones. 
 
 Geoffrey has united the Cicindela of our au- 
 thor with this genus, under the generical name of 
 Buprejiis, given by Linnaeus to another genus ; he 
 adds to the above chara<5lers of the Carabus, that 
 they have a confiderable lamina or knob at the 
 bafeof the thighs, which is found alfo in the Ci- 
 cindela, but is fcarce fufficientjto juftify the 
 placing that infed under the fame genus with the 
 Carabus, from which it differs in the prominen- 
 3 cy 
 
Carabus. COLEOPTERA. Sj 
 
 cy of the eyes, and the roundnefs of its tho- 
 rax : The fame knob is found at the bafe of 
 the thighs of the Silpha, and fome other infefls. 
 
 The fame author aflerts, that the antennas in 
 this genus, and likewife in the Cicindela, are iili- 
 form rather than fetaceous, which is fomecimes 
 cbfervable in European fubjefls, but generally 
 in thofe as well as in exotic ones, they taper to- 
 wards the point. 
 
 Schseffer obferves, that the head of the Cara- 
 bus is prominent, the mouth armed with jaws, 
 and four articulated palpi, and that the feet are 
 made for running. The tarfi in all the feet are 
 compofed of five articulations. 
 
 Scopoli, who divides this genus into families 
 from the fame circumftance as Linnaeus, fixes 
 the length of the firft or greater ones at fcven 
 lines. 
 
 Th^ larvs of the Carabi live in the ground 
 or in decayed wood, where they perform their 
 metamorphofis •, they themfelves live chiefly on 
 weaker infeds, or fmall larvae. 
 
 The name of Ground Beetle has been given by 
 fome authors to the Carabus -, others have cal* 
 led it the Blaine Worm, 
 
 F ± Genus 
 
S4 ORDER I. Tenebrio, 
 
 Genus XXVI. Tenebrio. 
 
 Linn. Syfl. Nat. Pag. 674. 
 
 The antennae of the Tenebrio are moni- 
 liform, or relemble a firing of beads : the 
 ultimate articulation is rounder than the 
 others. 
 
 The thorax has a margin, and is of a con- 
 vex form, though rather flattifh, the eleva- 
 tion being inconfiderable. 
 
 The head is porreded, or flretched for- 
 wards. 
 
 The Elytra are rather ftiff. 
 
 This genus is divided into twofedions; 
 the firfl containing fuch Tenebriones as 
 want wings, and in which the elytra are 
 united, or without a longitudinal future ; 
 the fecond, fuch as are furniihed with 
 
 wings. 
 
 According 
 
Tenebrio. COLEOPTERA. 85 
 
 According to Scopoli, the antennse in this 
 genus are always longer than the thorax : he 
 alfo obferves, that many of the Tenebriones 
 very mnch refemble the Carabi, but are diftin- 
 guiflied by the antennae, and by the lamina at 
 the bafe of the thighs, in the Carabi, which is 
 never found in the Tenebrio i to which add, 
 that the abdomen of this laft is more oblong, 
 and not fo flat as that of the Carabus ; and 
 that the tarfi of its hind feet have only four arti- 
 culations. 
 
 Geoffroy obferves,'that the antennae in fome of 
 the Tenebriones are compofed of long articula- 
 tions, which are throughout of equal fize, in 
 others, of globular, or oblong ones, growing 
 larger towards their extremity, and from this 
 circumftance he has divided them into two fa- 
 milies, in which he is followed by SchosfFer. 
 
 Scopoli has preferred the method of Linnaeus. 
 
 The larvae of the Tenebriones arc frequently 
 met with under heaps of weeds, branches of 
 trees and other refufe of gardens ; fome of them 
 Vivt under ground, others in meal, negleded 
 and dry bread, &c. The compleat infects are 
 F 3 found 
 
S6 ORDER I. Tenebrio. 
 
 found in houfes, gardens, and fdndy places i 
 they run with great fwiftnefs, and generally emit 
 a very fcetid fmell ; they are, on that account, 
 fometimes called Jlinking Beetles. One fpecies, 
 frequently found in houfes, is called the Jlow- 
 legged Beetle. 
 
 Gen 
 
 us 
 
Meloc. COLEOPTERA. 87 
 
 Genus XXVII. Meloe. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. Pag. 6yg. 
 
 The antennae of the Meloe, hke thofe of 
 the preceding genus, refemble a firing of 
 beads, but the laft articulation, which in 
 the Tenebrio is round, in this genus is of 
 an oblong oval form. 
 
 The thorax is roundifh. 
 
 The elytra are foft and flexible. 
 
 The head is infledted and gibbous. 
 
 Many of the Meloes want wings, with 
 which others of them are furnifhed 3 they 
 are divided into two families -, the iirfl: con- 
 taining thofe which are apterous, and have 
 elytra (liorter than the abdomen ; the fe- 
 cond, thofe which are winged and have 
 elytra as long as the body, by which the 
 wings are wholly covered. 
 
 Scopoli adds to the Linnsean chara6lers of 
 
 the Meloe, that the thorax tapers, or grows flen- 
 
 F 4 derer 
 
88 O R D E R L Mebe, 
 
 derer from its middle towards each each ex- 
 tremity. 
 
 Linn^us has united with this genus the No- 
 toxus of Geoffroy, remarkable from the horn 
 upon its thorax; Vid : Linn. Mel. No. 14. 
 Geoffroy aflerts that its antennse are filiform, 
 which circumftance fliould feem to feparate it 
 from the Meloe, to which, however, our author, 
 who appears very unwilling to multiply the ge- 
 nera of infe<5ts from trivial circumftances, thinks 
 jt refemiDles more than to any other. 
 
 Geoffroy has feparated the Meloe Schafferi 
 Linn. No. 12, from the other fpecies of our au- 
 thor, on account of its antennse, and has given 
 to it the generical name of Cerocoma : according 
 to him the antennas of the female are compofed of 
 eleven articulations, the ten firft of which are very 
 fhort, ^nd the eleventh, or exterior one, at 
 lead as long as a third part of the whole an- 
 tenne ; thofe of the male infedt are pe(5liniformed 
 and bent fo as to refemble the letter S in Iliape, 
 
 The fame author has arranged fiich of the 
 Linnsan Meloes as have the thorax fcabrous, 
 or rough, along with his Canfbarides, and has 
 preferved the generical name of oar author to 
 the Mel. frofcarab^us. No. i. This infedl he 
 
 was 
 
Meloe. COLEOPTERA. 89 
 
 was obliged to feparatefrom the others, in order 
 to place it in his fecond fedion, or Coleopte- 
 rous infects with elytra fhorter than the abdo- 
 men. 
 
 All the Linnsean Melocs have five articula- 
 tions in the taiTi of the two firfl:, and four in 
 thofe of the lall pair of feet. 
 
 The larvse of the Meloes feed chiefly on the 
 leaves of plants, on which the compleat infects 
 ^re likewife to be met with. 
 
 The infedl called the Spanifh Fly, or Blifter- 
 Beetle, belongs to this genus, though placed by 
 peoffroy among his Cantharides. 
 
 Genus 
 
90 O R D E R I. Mordella. 
 
 Genus XXVIII. Mordella. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. Pag. 682. 
 
 The antennae of the Meloe are filiform, 
 and ferrated. 
 
 The head is deflected, or bent under the 
 neck. 
 
 The elytra are curve, or inclined down- 
 wards towards their point. 
 
 The palpi are comprefled, clubbed, and 
 obliquely truncated. 
 
 A broad lamina is feated at the bafe of 
 the abdomen, before the thighs. 
 
 Scbseffer, defcribing the Mordel. Aculeata, 
 Linn. No. 2, fays, that the thorax of that in- 
 fefl, and of the other Mordellse, is convex, and 
 narrower in the fore part than behind, and that 
 the elytra are convex and margined ; which ob- 
 fervations hold good in all the infeds belonging 
 to this genus, which I have feen. According to 
 the fame Author, their feet are faltatorii, or 
 made for leaping. 
 
 According 
 
Mordella. COLEOPTERA. gi 
 
 According to Geoffroy, the antennas of the 
 Mordella are compofed of triangular articula- 
 tions. 
 
 The tarfi of the firft pair of feet conftft of 
 four, and thofe of the lafl: pair of five joints. 
 
 The Mordella are common on flowers j their 
 larv£ are yet unknown. 
 
 Genus 
 
92 O R D E R I. Sraphilinus. 
 
 Genus XXIX. Staphilinus. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. Pag. 683. 
 
 The antennas of the Staphilinus are mo- 
 niliform. 
 
 The elytra are not above half the length 
 of the abdomen. 
 
 The wings arc folded up, and concealed 
 under the elytra. 
 
 The tail, or extremity of the abdomen, 
 h, Jimple, not being armed as that of the 
 following genus, but is provided with two 
 oblong veiicles, which the infedt can fhoot 
 out or retradt at pleafure. 
 
 Geoffroy differs from our Author, and frorrj 
 Scopoli, with regard to the antennas of this 
 genus, which, according to him, are fiHform. 
 
 The tarfi, in all the feet, are compofed of 
 five articulations. 
 
 The Staphilini are very voracious, devouring 
 every kind of weaker infers, eventhofe of their 
 own fpecies. Some of them are found upon 
 
 flowers, 
 
Staphilinus. COLEOPTERA. 93 
 
 flowers, but they chiefly inhabit the dung of 
 cows ; their larvce which refemble them fo 
 much as fcarce to be diftinguifliable, Uve in 
 humid places under the ground. 
 
 The Staphilini are by fome called Rove^ 
 Beetles, 
 
 Genus 
 
94 O R D E R I. ForBcuIa. 
 
 Genus XXX. Forficula. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. Pag. 68^- 
 
 The antennsB in this genus are fe- 
 taceous. 
 
 The elytra afe much fhortcr than the 
 abdomen. 
 
 The wings are folded, and covered by 
 the elytra. 
 
 The extremity of the abdomen is armed 
 with a kind of forceps, in which, and in 
 the formation of the antennse, this genus 
 differs from the Staphilinus. 
 
 According to Schseffer, the wings of the Forfi- 
 cula are not entirely covered by the elytra, from 
 under which I have frequently obferved the 
 points to projeifl. 
 
 The tarfi, in each of the feet, confifl only of 
 three articulations. 
 
 This infe(5l is found everywhere In the fields, 
 woods, and gardens, and is even at this time 
 formidable to many people, from the idea that 
 
 H 
 
Forficula. COLEOPTERA. 95 
 
 it enters the ears, and pierces into the brain, 
 which, however, anatomifts know to be impoF- 
 fible, there being no communication between 
 thofe parts, and the jaws of the infedl too weak 
 to effed one. It has been, from that circum- 
 ftance, called the Earwig; the larva differs 
 very little from the compleat infefl, and is very 
 lively, running with great agility. 
 
 ORDER 
 
t 96 ] 
 
 ORDER II. 
 
 INSECTA HEMIPTERA. 
 
 The mouth and probofcis of the infeds 
 which compofe this order, are inflected 
 and bent inwards towards the breaft. 
 
 The wings are hemelytratce, or of a 
 fabftance lefs hard and ftrong than thofe 
 of the preceding order, but more fo than 
 the membranaceous ones of the following 
 orders j the upper wings are femi-coria- 
 ceous J they do not meet together in a lon- 
 gitudinal future, as in the foregoing order, 
 but have fome part of their interior mar- 
 gins croflTed, or laid one over the other, 
 above the abdomen. 
 
 This order contains the following ge- 
 nera, viz. 
 
 Genus I. Blatta. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat, Pag. 6^y, 
 
 The head of the Blatta is infleded. 
 
 The antennx are fetaceous. 
 
 The 
 
Blatta. HEMIPTERA. gy 
 
 The elytra and wings are extended, 
 fmooth, and femi coriaceous^ or of a fub- 
 fiance fomevvhat like velium. 
 
 The thorax is rather flat, of an orbicular 
 form, and margined. 
 
 The feet are curforii, or made for run- 
 ning. 
 
 The abdomen is terminated by two little 
 appendices, like horns. 
 
 To the above chara6lers of the Blatta we may 
 add, that the mouth is armed with jaws, and 
 furnifhed with palpi ; that the antennce in moil 
 fiibjc61s are as long as the body, and that the 
 abdomen is as broad as the thorax. 
 
 The upper wings crofs over one another, 
 above the abdomen, and are much ftronger 
 than the under ones, which laft, according to 
 Schseffer, are folded ; in fome fiibjcdls, how- 
 ever, they are extended like the elytra. 
 
 The tarfi of the fore feet have five joints, thofc 
 of the hindmod have only four, 
 
 Geoftroy and SchsfFer obferve, that the horns 
 which terminate the abdomen of the Blatta, are 
 wrinkled or furrov/ed tranfverfely. 
 
 G The 
 
98 ORDER II. Bhuta. 
 
 The Blatta avoid the light, and with their 
 larvae, feed upon all kinds of food, but are more 
 particularly fond of bread, meal, putrid bodies, 
 and roots of plants •, they are frequent in bakel's 
 fhops, and in cellars ; they fiy the approach of 
 danger with great fwiftnefs ; with us they are 
 called Cockroaches. 
 
 The infecl, called the Kakkerlac, fo well 
 known, and fo much dreaded by the inhabitants 
 of the American Iflands, belongs to this genus. 
 
 V.7ENUS 
 
Mantis. HEMIPTERA: ^9 
 
 Genus II. Mantis. 
 
 Linn. Syfl:. Nat. page 689. 
 
 The head of the Mantis is unfteady, or 
 appears, from its continual nodding motion, 
 to be flightly attached to the thorax. The 
 mouth is armed with jaws and furniflied 
 with palpi. 
 
 The antennae are fetaceous. 
 
 The four wings are membranaceous, 
 and wrapped round the body ; the under 
 ones are folded. 
 
 The anterior, or firfl; pair of feet, are 
 comprefTed, armed on the under fide, 
 with teeth like a faw, and terminated by 
 a fingle nail or crotchet. The four hind 
 ones are grejforii, or formed rather for ad- 
 vancing flowly, than for performing quick 
 movements. 
 
 The thorax is extended to a confiderable 
 length, narrow, and throughout of equal 
 iize, 
 
 G 2 Scopoli 
 
lOO 
 
 ORDER II. Mantis; 
 
 Scopoli has confounded this genus with the 
 Gryllus as Linnseus had done in the tenth editi- 
 on of his Syftema Naturre. It differs chiefly 
 .from that infed in the number of articulations 
 of which its tarfi are compofed ; (thefe in the 
 Mantis are always five, but in the different fa- 
 milies of Grylli, are fometimes three, fome- 
 times four) and in its having only one crotchet 
 or nail, to thofe of the firfl pair of feet. 
 
 The eyes of the Mantis are prominent, and 
 its head perfeftly refembles thofe of the fecond 
 family of the Linnsean Libelluls. 
 
 The elytra are not much ftronger than the un- 
 der wings. 
 
 The abdomen is terminated by little appen- 
 dices or horns, lefs ftiffthan thole of the Blattas; 
 that part is not always long and narrow, as af- 
 ferted by Schsffer, but in fome fubjedls flat and 
 \ery broad compared with its length. Thelaft 
 mentioned author calls the feet JaUatorii made 
 for leaping, which they do not appear, nor are 
 obferved to be, by any other author I have ra^i 
 with. 
 
 This InfeiTc is, with us, called the Camel Cric- 
 ket. It is looked upon by the Africans as a fa- 
 
 cred 
 
Mantis. IirZMIPTERA. loi 
 
 cred animal (according to Geoffroy, the French 
 peafants hold it nearly in the fame light), from 
 its frequently affuming a praying or fupplicating 
 pofture, reding upon its hind feet, and elevat- 
 ing and folding the firfl: pair. 
 
 G 3 Genls 
 
101 ORDER II. Gryllus. 
 
 Genus VI. Gryllus. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 692. 
 
 The head of the Gryllus is infleded, 
 armed with jaws, and furnifhed with 
 palpi. 
 
 The antennas, in fome fubjeds, are feta- 
 ccous, in others, filiform. 
 
 The wings are declined towards, and 
 wrapped round the fides of the body ; the 
 under ones are folded up, fo as to be con- 
 cealed under the elytra. 
 
 All the feet are armed with two nails or 
 two crotchets J the hind ones are formed 
 leaping. 
 
 The Grylli are divided into different 
 fedions as follows : 
 
 I. The Acridce, which have the head of a 
 ccnic form, and longer than the 
 thorax -, their antennae are enfi- 
 form, or fomewhat refembling 
 a fword. 
 
 2. Bullce 
 
Gryllus MEMIPTERA: 103 
 
 2. Bullae, which arc diflinguifhcd by a 
 
 kind of creft or elevation on the 
 thorax : Their antennae are flior- 
 ter than the thorax, and filiform. 
 
 3. Achetce, which are known by two Setce 
 
 or Briftles^ fituate above the extre- 
 mity of their abdomen. The 
 houfe-cricket belongs to this fa- 
 mily. 
 
 4. T^etigoni,^ : The females In this fedlon 
 
 are didinguiflied by a kind of tube 
 with which the extrem.ity of their 
 
 abdomen is furnifhed, and through 
 
 which they depofit their eggs in 
 
 the ground. The antenna in 
 
 both fexes of this family are feta- 
 
 ceous. 
 
 5. Locujice^ in which fed:ion the tail is 
 
 fimple, without the fetse by v;hich 
 
 the Achetcs are diuinguifhed, or 
 
 the tube that terminates the tail 
 
 of the females in the preceed- 
 
 ing genus. Their antennse are 
 
 filiform, 
 
 G 4 Gcoffroy 
 
104 ORDER 11. Gryllns. 
 
 Geoffrey has formed from fome of z\:e(c fedions 
 as many different genera. 
 
 To the Achet.£ of our author he atrributes the 
 generical name ofGry/ius^ adding to the Linnaean 
 cnaradlers, that they have three ftemmata, and 
 that the tarfi are compofed of three articulations. 
 
 To the Locujl^ he has given that of Acrydium^ 
 adding, that the antenna are one half fliorter than 
 the abdomen, that they have three ftemmata, 
 and three joints to the tarfi, as in the laft men- 
 tioned genus. And 
 
 ta^ 
 
 To the I'etigojti^, that of Lacujia, thefe, ac- 
 cording to him have filiform antennae longer than 
 the abdomen, and difi^er from the two precetd- 
 ing genera in the formation of their tarfi, which 
 have four articulations. Scha^ffer has followed 
 him in this difpofition of the Linnjean Grylli, 
 each having firft' arranged them in different or- 
 ders, according to their own fyftem. He ob- 
 ferves, that the upper wings of each genus are 
 lefs tranfparent, but of a ftronger fubflance than 
 the under ones. 
 
 The larvae, or caterpillars of the Grylli, very 
 much refemble the perfe6l infefls, and, in ge- 
 neral, live under ground. The Chryfalids very 
 3 much 
 
Gryllus. HEMIPTERA. ,05 
 
 much refemble and accompany their parents, 
 many of which feed upon the leaves of plants. 
 Others, which live in houfes, prefer bread, 
 meal, and every kind of farinaceous fubftance ; 
 feme of them are with us called locufts^ others 
 grcfihoppers, others again. Crickets, 
 
 Genus 
 
xo6 ORDER n. Fulgora. 
 
 V - Genus IV. Fulgora. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 703. 
 
 The front, or fore part of the head of 
 the Fulgora is drawn out, extended, and 
 empty. 
 
 The antennae are feated below the eyes, 
 having two articulations, whereof the ex- 
 terior is larger, and of a globular form. 
 
 The roftrum is infleded, or bent inwards 
 under the body. 
 
 The feet are formed for walking. In 
 this circumftance particularly it differs 
 from the following genus, with which it 
 was confounded before the laft edition of 
 the Syft. Nature. 
 
 This genus feems to have been unknown to 
 Geoffrey, Schsffer, and Scopoli. One of the 
 infeds belonging to it is however found in Ger- 
 many, and two different fpecies have been caught 
 in this country ; the one by the author of tha: 
 ufeful and elegant work the Flora Anglica, the 
 other by my friend Mr. Grey. Whether the 
 
 larvs 
 
Fiilgora. HEMIPTERA. 107 
 
 iarvas of thofe infe<5ls (which differ very little 
 from fome fpecics of the Cicadas) refemble thofe 
 belonging to that genus or not, is yet unknown. 
 
 The foreheads of many Fulgora: (efpecially 
 thofe found in China^ emit a very lively, 
 Ihining light, in the night-time, which, accord- 
 ing to fome authors, is fufHcient to read 
 by; 1 have not heard that the European ful- 
 goras poflefs that quality. 
 
 Genus 
 
\:*^. 
 
 io8 ORDER II. Cicada. 
 
 _ _ 
 
 Genus V. Cicada. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 704. 
 
 The roftrum of the Cicada is bent in- 
 wards, under the breafl. 
 
 The antennae are fetaceous. 
 
 The four wings are membranaceous, de- 
 cHning along the fides of the body. 
 
 The feet in moft fubjeds are formed 
 for leaping, in others (particularly the jna- 
 iiijera) for walking or creeping. 
 
 They are divided into different fedtions, 
 as follow : 
 
 1. The FoUacice, in which the thorax is 
 
 compreffed, membranaceous, and 
 larger than the body. 
 
 2. The Crudafiet which have the thorax 
 
 armed on each fide with a horn, 
 or fpine. 
 
 3. The 
 
Cicada. HEMIPTERA. 109 
 
 3. The ManifercUy difLinguifhed by their 
 
 feet, which are not made for 
 leaping. 
 
 4. The Ranatrre, which differ from the 
 
 laft fedlion in their hind mofl: feet, 
 which are faltatorii, or made for 
 leaping. 
 
 J. The Deflexa, whofe wings are wrapped 
 round the fides of the body. 
 
 Geofiroy obferves, that the antenncc of the 
 Cicada are fhorter than their head, and that the 
 under wings are crofied one over the other. 
 
 Scopoli has divided the Cicada into ditferent 
 feftions, from thefubflance of their elytra j the 
 firft having thofe parts wholly coriaceous ; in the 
 fecond, they are coriaceous only half their length ; 
 in the third, they are membranaceous. 
 
 The pupae, or chryfalids, of m^.ny Cicadse, 
 differ from the perfedt infeft only in the Ihort- 
 nefs of their elytra and wings j they run and 
 leap upon plants and flowers with great agility. 
 The larvse of the Ranatra difcharge a kind of 
 froth from the anus and pores of the body, 
 under which they conceal themfelves from the 
 
 rapacity 
 
iio ORDER If. Cicada. 
 
 rapacity of fuch ftronger infedls as prey upoii 
 them. Thole of the Maniferas pafs a whole 
 year under ground ; thefe lafl make a noife 
 like the cricket. 
 
 The Cicada is called by fome Englilh au- 
 thors, the Frog-hopper-, by others, the Flea- 
 iocuji. 
 
 Genus 
 
Notonefta. HEMIPTERA, m 
 
 Genus VII. Notonecta. 
 
 Linn. Syfl-. Nat. page 705. 
 
 The roftrum of the Kotone(fta is in- 
 flexed. 
 
 The antennce are fhorter than the tho- 
 rax. 
 
 The four wings which are coriaceous 
 from their bafe to their middle, are folded 
 together crolTwife. 
 
 The hind feet are hairy, and formed 
 for fwimmino:. 
 
 o 
 
 Geoffrey adJs to the above charaders of the! 
 Notonedla, that ic has an efcutcheon, that its 
 tarfi have two articulations, and that all the fix 
 feet are equally formed for fwimming, which 
 they appear to be in all the Linncean fpecies, 
 excepc the Not. Striata, Linn. Syft. Nat. No. 2. 
 From this in re<5l Geofifroy has formed a feparate 
 genus termed Corixa, with the following diftinft 
 charac5lers: 
 
 No efcutcheon. • 
 
 The tarfi containing only of ofie articulation." 
 
 Six 
 
112 ORDER II. Notoneda. 
 
 Six feet, the anterior pair hcliform, or like 
 the claws of a crab, the laft pair only formed for 
 iwimming. 
 
 In this he is followed by SchaefFer. 
 
 The NotonedjE are not uncommon in {land- 
 ing waters ; they fwim upon their backs on the 
 furface of the water with great agility ; their 
 Jarv^e refemble them very much. The name 
 of Boat-fly has been given them, not improper- 
 ly, by fome Englilh authors. 
 
 The abdomen of the Notoneda is terminated 
 by four little horns or appendices. 
 
 Genu; 
 
Nepa. HEMIPTERA. n^ 
 
 Genus VII. Kepa. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page ii8. 
 
 The rollrum of the Nepa is bent in- 
 wards. 
 
 The antennae — * *— 
 
 The four wings are folded together 
 croflwife, with the anterior part coriaceous 
 as in the prececding genus. 
 
 The two fore feet are cheliform, or 
 refemble the claws of a crab j the four 
 others are formed for walking. 
 
 Geoffrey aflerts that the Pedes Cheliformes, 
 or fore feet of Linnsus, are the antennss of the 
 infedt, which according to him has but four feet. 
 That author has given to this genus the name of 
 Hepa, and adds that the Tarfi are compofed of 
 one fingle articulation. 
 
 He has formed a diftind genus from the 
 Nepa Cimicoides of Linnseus, in which infcft 
 he had difcovered very fhort antennse fitu- 
 ate under the eye; and which is farther dif- 
 tinguifhed from the other Nep^e, by hav- 
 H ing 
 
IT4 ORDER II. Ncpa. 
 
 ing tarfi compofed of two articulations. This 
 genus he has named Naucoris. Schseffer has 
 purfued the lame method preferable to that of 
 our author, who is followed by Scopoli. 
 
 The laft mentioned author has obferved, by 
 
 the help of the microfcope, a tubercule, or fmall 
 
 elevation, near the eyes of the Nepa, on which 
 
 are two or three hairs, which he takes to be the 
 
 antennae. 
 
 The Neps are well known by the name of 
 
 Water Scorpions. They are frequent in {land- 
 ing waters, as well as their larvas and chryfalids, 
 both which refemble them very much. They 
 live chiefly upon aquatic infefls, and are exceed- 
 ingly voracious. 
 
 Genus 
 
Cimcx. HEMIPTERA. 115 
 
 Genus VIII. Cimex. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 715. 
 The roftrum of the Cimex is Inflefted. 
 
 The antennae are longer than the thorax. 
 
 The wings are folded together crofT- 
 wife ; the upper ones are coriaceous from 
 their bafe towards their middle. 
 
 Their back is flat. 
 
 The thorax is margined. 
 
 The feet are formed for running. 
 
 This genus is divided Into different fcc- 
 tions, as follows : 
 
 1 . The Apteriy or thofe without wings. 
 
 2. The Scufellafiy in which the efcutcheon 
 
 is extended fo far as to cover the 
 abdomen and the wings. 
 
 Ha 3. The 
 
ii6 ORDER II. Cimcx 
 
 3. The Coleoptratiy whofc elytra are wholly 
 
 coriaceous, not becoming mem- 
 branaceous towards their extre- 
 mity, as in the other Cimices, 
 
 4. The Membranaceii whofe elytra are 
 
 membranaceous J thefe ace very 
 much deprefTed, like a leaf. 
 
 5. The SptJiofiy in which the thorax is 
 
 armed, on each fide, with a fpine. 
 
 6. The Rotufidatiy which are of an oval 
 
 form, without fpines on the 
 thorax. 
 
 7. The Seticomes, in which the antenna 
 
 become fetaceous towards their 
 point. 
 
 8. The Oblojigi, or thofe of an oblong 
 
 figure. 
 
 9. Thofe whofe antennae are wholly feta- 
 
 ceous, and as long as the body. 
 
 I 10. The 
 
Cimex. HEMIPTERA. 117 
 
 10. The Spi7jipede5j which have their 
 thighs armed with fpines. 
 
 ir. T\it Linear es, diftinguifhed by their 
 long and narrow body. 
 
 Geoffrey obferves, that the antennas of the 
 Cimices are compofed either of four or five arti- 
 culations (from which circumftances he has di- 
 vided them into two families) and that they are 
 longer than the head. 
 
 The tarfi have five articulations. 
 
 The larvseof the Cimices run about, and, like 
 the compleat infed;, fuck in their food through 
 their beak : many of them live upon the juices 
 of plants, others upon the blood of animals ; 
 feveral are found in the waters, and others fre- 
 quent houfes, among which is the common 
 Bed-Bug, an infeft but too well known. They 
 differ from other infecfts in their foftnefs, and 
 mod of them emit a very foetid fmell. 
 
 The common Bed Bug belongs to the family 
 of Apterous Cimices. Scopoli, however, pre- 
 tends that it is likewife found with wings. 
 
 H 3 Gz.\'0$ 
 
ii8 ORDER II. Aphis. 
 
 Genus IX. Aphis. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 733. 
 
 The roftrum of the Aphis is bent in- 
 wards. 
 
 Their antennae are longer than the 
 thorax, ** 
 
 They have either four eredt wings, or 
 are without wings. 
 
 Their feet are made for walking. 
 
 They have generally two little horns or 
 fpines placed on the hinder part of their 
 abdornen, 
 
 Schafffer aHerts, that all the male Aphides have 
 wings, and that all the females are apterous. 
 
 The tarfi, in each fex, have only one articu- 
 lation. 
 
 The antennas are fetaceous. 
 
 Geoffroy has obferved, that the aphides have 
 two beaks, one of which is feated in the 
 breaft, the other in the head ; this laft extends 
 iO^ and is laid upon the b^fe of the pedorai one, 
 
 ♦ind 
 
Aphis. HEMIPTERA. 119 
 
 ferves, as that author fuppofes, to convey to the 
 head a pare of that nourifhrncnt which the in- 
 fr£t taiies or fucks in, by means of the perioral 
 beak. 
 
 The infefls belonging to this fingular genus, 
 in the fummer bring forth live young, and in 
 the autumn lay eggs. Entomologies affert, 
 that from the copulation of the parents fpring 
 daughters, grand daughters, great-grand-daugh- 
 ters, and great great-grand -daughters, or females 
 foecundated to the fifth (according to ^^//^d"/, 
 to the ninth) generation, fome with, others with- 
 out wings, without diftin£lion of fex, in the 
 fame fpecies ; many of them are provided with 
 two horns on the hinder part of the abdomen, 
 with which they extradl the fweet-tafted dew 
 from flowers. 
 
 The Aphides are devoured by the larva of 
 the Nlyrmelion Formicarium of Linnaeus ; Ants 
 are likewife very fond of them, on account of a 
 fweet liquor with which their bodies are hu« 
 medted. They are exceeding common, and are 
 generally termed the lice of the plant which each 
 particular fpecies infeft. 
 
 U 4 Genvs 
 
120 ORDER II. Chermes. 
 
 Genus X. Chermes. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 2,11* 
 
 The roftrum of the Chermes is placed 
 in the breaft. 
 
 The antenns are longer than the thorax. 
 
 The wings are decHned along the fides 
 of the abdomen. 
 
 The thorax is gibbous. 
 
 The feet are made for leaping. 
 
 Geoffrey has named this genus Pfylla^ and 
 obferves that its abdomen ends in a point, that 
 it has three (lemmata, that the roftrum is fituate 
 between the firft and fccond pair of legs, and 
 that the tarfi are compofed of two articu- 
 lations. 
 
 SchaefFer, who v;ith Scopoli has preferved the 
 Linnasan name to this genus, fays, that the an- 
 tennae are fetaceous, and longer than the thorax. 
 The larv:c of the Chermes have fix feet, re- 
 femble the compleat infeft, and are generally 
 covered with a hairy or woolly fubftance. The 
 
 winged 
 
Chermes. HEMIPTERA. 1.21 
 
 winged inle(5ts leap or fpring with great agility, 
 and infeft a great number of different trees and 
 plants : the females infert their eggs under the 
 furface of the leaves, by means of a tube, with 
 which their abdomen is armed, thereby caufing 
 the little tubercules, or galls, with which the 
 leaves of the afh, the fir, and other trees, arc 
 fometimesalmon: wholly covered. 
 
 <^ £ 11 u s 
 
122 ORDER II. Coccus 
 
 / 
 
 Genus XI. Coccus. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 569. 
 
 The roftrum of the Coccus is fituate in 
 the breaft. 
 
 The hinder part of the abdomen is 
 briftly. 
 
 The males have two ered wings. 
 
 The females are apterous. 
 
 Schafffer obferves, that their antenna are fc- 
 taceous. 
 
 ' The female Cocci fix themft^lves and adhere, 
 almoft immovably, to the roots, and fometimes 
 to the branches of plants, where they are vifited 
 by the winged males ; fome of them having 
 thus fixed themfelves, lofe entirely the form 
 and appearance of infc«5ls -, their bodies fwel!, 
 their fkin ftretches, and becomes fmooth, the 
 fegments of their abdomen difappear, and they 
 much refemble fome kinds of galls or excrefcen- 
 ces found frequently on the leaves and branches 
 of plants, that in general they are miftaken for 
 fuch i after which changement, the abdomen 
 ferves only for a kind of covering or fhell, under 
 which the eggs are concealed ; to thcfe GcofFroy 
 
 has 
 
Coccus. HEMIPTERA. 123 
 
 has given the generical name ofChermes. Others, 
 again (though they hkewife fix themielves, and 
 adhere immovably to the leaves of plants, like 
 Chermes) preferve the lorm of infed till they 
 have laid their eggs and perifh ; to thefe, that 
 author haspreferved theLinnsean generical name 
 of Coccus. Thefe are likewife diftinguifhed 
 from the Chermes by the form of their abdo- 
 men, which part, in the females, is more ob- 
 long, and compofed of a greater number of feg- 
 ments than in the females of the other genus ; a 
 kind of down, or cotton, likewife grows out of 
 their belly, which ferves as a neft in which they 
 depofit their eggs •, the males of all of them aie 
 much lefs than the females, and the larvse of all 
 the different fpecics perfectly refemble one an- 
 other. 
 
 Thefe infe<5ls, whether the Linnsan method 
 of arranging them, or that of Geoffroy is adopt- 
 ed, differ (as before obferved) from all other 
 Dipterous ones, in the want o^ halter es or poijers^ 
 and from the other clalfes, in the number of their 
 wings, which circumftances render them very 
 diftinguilhable. 
 
 GlNHS 
 
124 ORDER II. Thrips. 
 
 Genus XII. Thrips. 
 Linn. Sy^. Nat. page 743. 
 
 The roftrum of the Thrips is obfcure, or 
 fo fmali as to be fcarce perceptible. 
 
 The antennae are as long as the thorax. 
 
 The body is flender, and of equal thick- 
 nefs in its whole length. 
 
 The abdomen is reflexible, or bent 
 upwards. 
 
 The four wings are extended, incumbent 
 upon the back of the infed:, narrow in pro- 
 portion to their length, and crofs one an- 
 other at fome diflance from their bafe. 
 
 GeofFroy fays, that the antennse in this genus 
 are filiform. 
 
 He has not been able to difcover the probofcis 
 of this infed, and afferts, with Sc'iEeffer, that the 
 mouth is formed by a fimple longitudinal cleft, 
 in which, he adds, it is poffibls that the jaws 
 may be concealed 5 and as the Thrips would, in 
 
 his 
 
Thrips. HEMIPTERA. u^ 
 
 his opinion, be a Coleopterous infed, if thofe 
 jaws really exifted, he has taken that circum- 
 flance for granted, and has accordingly arranged 
 it under that clafs : the other reafons" for 
 which he has aOlgned it that place, appear 
 to me without force, fince the charadleriftics 
 from which he has deduced them are likewife 
 found in the Hemipterous in fedb ; theie are the 
 form of the antenna, their pofitioTi, that of the 
 legs, the two firfl: of which are attached to the 
 thorax, the four others to the abdomen, and the 
 confidence of their elytra, which are lefs flexible 
 than the wings. 
 .'.jidw ■ 
 
 The tarfus of each foot has only two articu- 
 lations, the fecond of which Bonani and others 
 have obferved to form a kind of veficle, or 
 bladder. 
 
 Thefe infefls are very common on flowers, 
 upon which they run, or rather leap, with great 
 vivacity, often bending their bodies upwards. 
 Their habitation is generally under the bark of 
 trees. 
 
 •Scopoli has obferved that they fkip or fpring 
 rather by means of the abdomen, than of their 
 feer ; they are in general fo fmall as fcarce to be 
 perceptible. Their larvas run as brifldy as them- 
 felves, and are often of a red colour. 
 
 ORDER. 
 
[ 126 } 
 
 ORDER III. 
 
 INSECTA LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 The infedls which compofe this or- 
 der have four wings, covered with a fari- 
 naceous powder, or a kind of fcales, 
 difpofed in regular rows, nearly in the fame 
 manner as tiles are laid upon the roofs of 
 houfes. The beautiful colours which 
 adorn the wings of Lepidopterous infedts 
 are formed by thefe fcales, and if, by any 
 accident, they are rubbed off, the wings 
 appear to be nothing more than a naked 
 membrane. 
 
 Their mouth is furnished with a fpiral 
 tongue, which they ran unfold or extend, 
 and roll up again at pleafure. 
 
 Their bodies are hairy. 
 
 This 
 
Papilio. LF.PIDOPTERA. 127 
 
 This order is divided into three genera, 
 viz. 
 
 Genus I. Papilio. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 744. 
 
 The antennae of the Papilio (generically 
 known with us by the name of Butterfly) 
 grow thicker towards their extremity, and 
 are in moft fubjedts terminated by a kind of 
 capitulum, or head. 
 
 Their wings, when fitting or at reft, are 
 eredl, infomuch,that their extremities meet 
 or touch one another above the body. 
 
 They fly in the day-time. 
 
 They are divided into feftions, diftin- 
 guilhed one from another by the following 
 charadleriftics. 
 
 I. The Equites, known by the fliape of 
 their fuperior or upper wings, 
 which are longer from their 
 hinder corner or angle to their 
 anterior extremity, than from the 
 
 fame 
 
128 ODERR III. Papilio. 
 
 fame point to their bafe j fome of 
 thefe have filiform antennas, in 
 which particular they refemble 
 the genus Fhalena^ or moths, 
 from which, however, they are 
 eafily diftinguifhed, by their out- 
 ward appearance, their bodies 
 being much lighter, or lefs bulky, 
 and not fo well covered with hair, 
 
 and by the fliape of their upper 
 wings. 
 
 The Equites are either 
 
 ^roesy which are known by the 
 bloody fpots found upon their 
 breads -, thefe are likewifc ge- 
 nerally of a dark or black 
 colour : Or 
 
 Achiviy on the breads of which 
 the bloody fpots of the 'Troes 
 are not found, and are 
 farther diftinguiflied by an 
 ocellum, or fpot, refembling 
 an eye, fituate at the inner 
 corner of their pofterior 
 
 wings 3 
 
Papillo. LEPIDOPTERA; 1 29 
 
 wings ; the colours of the 
 
 Achivi are generally gay, and 
 and they are either 
 
 Simple, of one colour : Or 
 
 Variegated, adorned with various 
 colours. 
 
 Such of the Equites as we 
 are acquainted with have fix 
 feet. 
 
 2. The Heliconii'. thefe are diftinguifhed 
 by the narrownefs of their wings, 
 which fometimes appear (efpe- 
 cially towards their extremities) 
 to be naked, or deprived of fcales 5 
 their upper wings are of an ob- 
 long form, the under ones are 
 very fhort in proportion to their 
 breadth : this laft charaderiflic, 
 however, is not univerfal -, feme 
 infed:s, which referable the Heli- 
 conii in every other particular, be- 
 ing referred to that fedion, 
 though their under wings are pro- 
 I portionably 
 
1 30 ORDER III. Papilio. 
 
 portionably long j as the Pap. 
 
 Afpolo, Mnemojyney &c. all their 
 four wings have the edges or 
 
 margins entire. 
 
 3. The Danaiy the edges of whofe wings 
 are entire. They are either 
 
 Candidly the ground colour of 
 whofe wings is always white, 
 or 
 
 Fejiivi, the canvas, or reigning 
 colour of whofe wings is 
 never white ; thefe are like- 
 wife adorned with a great 
 variety of colours, which 
 fcldom occurs in the Candid/. 
 
 The Danai refemhle the Heliconii in 
 the edges of their wings, being 
 entire, but are eafily diftinguifhed 
 by the {bape of them, thofe of 
 the Danai being round, thofe of 
 the Heliconii obiong j they ap- 
 pear likewife to be of a ftronger 
 texture, and rougher, being better 
 covered with fcales, efpecially at 
 
 their extremities. 
 
 4. The 
 
Papilib. LEPIDOPTERA. 15 r 
 
 4. The NympbaleSf diftinguKhed from the 
 
 Heliconii and Danai, by the edges 
 of their wings, which are indent- 
 ed or fcolloped. They are ei- 
 ther 
 
 Gemmati^ in which family the 
 wings are addrned with eyes ; 
 thefe eyes are found on all 
 the four wings, in fome fpe- 
 cies, in others on the upper 
 wings, in others on the 
 under wings only : Or 
 
 Phalerati, the wings in which di- 
 vifion want the eyes by 
 which the Gemmati are dif- 
 tinguifhed, but are not lefs 
 beautiful, being generally 
 painted with a great variety 
 of colours. 
 
 5. The Plebeii, which are fmaller in gene- 
 
 ral than the otherSj and are either 
 
 Riirales, diflinguifhed by the fpots 
 
 on their wings being olfcure, 
 
 I a which 
 
132 ORDER III. Papilio. 
 
 which term does not regard 
 the colours of the fpots, often 
 very beautiful, but their na- 
 ture, they not being pellucid, 
 or tranfparent : Or 
 
 Urbicoli, the fpots on the wings 
 of which are for the mod 
 part tranfparent. 
 
 The divifion of the Butterflies into families, 
 from the circumftances chofen by Linnaeus, 
 feems liable to many objedions -, the family of 
 the Plebeii, in particular, is very inaccurate, and 
 contains infefts very different from one an- 
 other, at the fame time that they refemble, and 
 have all the charaders of fome or other of the 
 preceding ones, under which many of them, I 
 think, might be properly arranged *, the remain- 
 ing Plebeii would compofe a family very didinft 
 from all the others, and which might be formed 
 into two fedions, the firft containing fmall But- 
 terflies, having long and flexible or weak tails, 
 flender bodies, and clubbed antennae, as theC«- 
 pido, the Marfyas, the Bcetkits, &c. the other 
 diflinguilhed by the fhortnefs, thicknefs, or 
 breadth of tlieir head, thorax, and abdomen, and 
 by the fliape of their upper wings, which in thefe 
 laft are pointed at their extremity, and long in 
 
 proportion 
 
Papilio. LEPIDOPTERA. 133 
 
 proportion to their width, as the Proteus^Phidias^ 
 and others. 
 
 The antennae in this laft divifion are gene- 
 rally uncinnated or crooked at their extremity ; 
 fome of" them have likewife tails, but thefe are 
 very broad and ftrong, and are always ciliated 
 or edged with a fringe of hairs, as in the Pro- 
 teus, Sec. 
 
 The bloody fpots mentioned by LinniEUs, are 
 not always found on the breafls of the Eq. Tro- 
 jani, nor is the interior angle of the Achivi al- 
 ways adorned with an eye, kt that the fureft me- 
 thod is to refer fuch Equites as are of dark or 
 mourning colours, to the family of the Trees, 
 and thole of gay, lively ones, to that of the 
 
 The under wings of a great many of the Papi- 
 liones, placed by Linnceus among his Heliconii, 
 are flightly indented, and as they are without 
 eyes, they ought, ftriflly fpsaking, to be referred 
 to the Nympkales Phakrati, but are diftinguifii- 
 able by the delicacy of their texture, and the 
 fmoothnefs of their wings, which are lefs cover- 
 ed with fcales than thofe of the laft- mentioned 
 family. 
 
 I 3 The 
 
134 ORDER III. Papilio. 
 
 The under wings of the Danai Fejiivi arc 
 likewife often indented, but in that cafe they are 
 generally edged v/ith a kind of fringe, or their 
 margins, efpecially on the under fide, furrounded 
 by one or more waved lines, or rows of white 
 fpots ; thofe Butterflies, therefore, whofe wings 
 are h\M Jligbtly indented, adorned with eyes, and 
 the margins furrounded by rows of white fpots, 
 or narrow^ waving lines, belong rather to this 
 family than to that of the Nytnphales Gemmali, 
 
 Scopoli and GeofFroy have divided this genus 
 into different families principally from the num- 
 ber of their feet •, a method which cannot eafily 
 be purfued in cabinets where exotic Butterflies 
 are. admitted, thefe parts being generally de- 
 ftroyed before luch infetfls reach Europe. The 
 other circumftances from which Geoflroy has 
 taken his divifions into families, viz. the form 
 of the caterpillars, is totally impracflicable, ex- 
 cept where the collector admits no other But- 
 terflies into his cabinet but fuch as he has 
 himfelf pofieflfed in the caterpillar flate. 
 
 The pupce of all Butterflies are ohte5fa and 
 naked, and, except thofe of the Da?iai Candidi^ 
 are fufpended perpendicularly in the open air, 
 being attached by their tail to the under fides 
 of branches of treesj leaves of plants, &c. 
 ' 2. Thofe 
 
Papilio. LEPIDOPTERA. 135 
 
 Thofe of the Danai Candidi (at lead of fuch 
 as we arc acquainted with) are fufpended ho' 
 rizontalfyt being fixed by the tail as thofe of 
 the other families, but are fupported in an 
 horizontal pofition by means of a thread pafT- 
 ed round the middle of their body and at- 
 tached obliquely to the part above the head. 
 
 The caterpillars of many of them are ex- 
 ceedingly common, and fufficiently known ; 
 thofe of many Equires have two horns fitu- 
 ate in their necks, near the head, which they 
 can Ihoot out and draw in at pleafure. It is 
 yet unknown, whether or no the others of 
 that fe<5lion have thefe horns, but it is to be 
 hoped that fome curious Entomologift will make 
 this point an objeft of his refearches : the larveC 
 of the Pap. Apoilo refembles thofe of the Equitcs 
 in that refpe(5^, 
 
 I4 Genus 
 
136 ORDER III. Sphinx. 
 
 Genus II. Sphinx. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 795. 
 
 The antennas of the Sphinges are thicker 
 in the middle than at the extremities, fome- 
 what refembling a prifm in form. 
 
 The wings are defledted, the outer mar- 
 gins declining towards the fides. 
 
 Their flight is flow and heavy. 
 
 They are divided into families, as follows; 
 
 1. The Legitimce\ thefe have either 
 
 Angulated wings, with the anus 
 fimple, not terminated by a 
 tuft of hair : Or 
 
 Entire wings, with the anus 
 iimple ; Or 
 
 Entire wings, with the anus ter- 
 minated by a tuft of hair. 
 
 2. The Adfcitc2i differing from the others 
 
 in their external appearance and 
 Caterpillars. 
 I The 
 
Sphinx. LEPIDOPTERA. vg; 
 
 The Sphinges fly either early in the morning, 
 or after (un-fet in the evening ; they fiy as it 
 were heavily and fluggilhly, often emllting a 
 kind of found. Th_ey fuck the nedtar of fiovvcrs 
 with their tongues, though they feldorn fettle 
 upon them : mofl of them undergo their meta- 
 morphofis in the earth ; their chryfuhds are ch- 
 te^la^ but inclofed in a kind of covering, or 
 web, compofed generally of courfe materials, in 
 which particular they differ entirely from the 
 preceding genus, the chryfalids belonging to 
 which are naked, and fufpended in the open air. 
 
 The bodies of mofl of their caterpillars are 
 fmooth, or without hair, and have a horn or 
 fpine ficuate above the anus ; that, however, of 
 the Sphinx FilipenduU Linn. No. 34, wants this 
 horn, as Geoffroy has obferved ; for which rea- 
 fon that author has feparated it from the other 
 fpecies, that infect alone compofing his third 
 family : his two others are diftinguiQied by their 
 having or wanting tongues ; the antennae of 
 thefe two lafl:- mentioned families, he fays, are 
 prifmaric, but throughout of equal thicknefs, 
 thofe of the Sph. Filipendulsp, on the contrary, 
 are much larger in the middle than towards their 
 extremities. 
 
 Scopoli 
 
138 ORDER III. Sphinx. 
 
 Scopoli has divided the Sphinges into two fec- 
 tions J the firft containing fuch as undergo their 
 metamorphofis in the ground ; the iecond, thofe 
 which undergo their laft changement above 
 ground. This method can only be purl'ued by 
 thofe who obferve the metamorphofis of every 
 Sphinx they place in their colledtion, fince it is 
 impoflible to procure its natural hiftory along 
 with every infedl, efpecially fuch as are fent from 
 far diftant countries : the divifions of genera 
 into fe(5lions Ihould always be taken from fome 
 remarkable circumftance found conftantly upon 
 the infefts, after their death. 
 
 The name of Hawk-moth has been given, by 
 moft Englifl] authors, to the Sphinx. 
 
 Genu* 
 
Plialena. l^EPIDOPTERA, 139 
 
 Genus III. Phalena the Moth. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 808. 
 
 The antennae of the Phalenas are feta- 
 ceous, decreafing in lize from the bafe to- 
 >vards the point. 
 
 Their wings, when at reft, are in general 
 deflected. 
 
 They fly in the night. 
 
 This genus is divided into the following 
 families ; 
 
 1. Attaci, whofe wings incline down- 
 wards, and are fpread open. 
 
 Thefe have either 
 
 Pedinated antennae, without a 
 tongue. 
 
 Pectinated antennae, and a fpiral 
 tongue : Or 
 
 Setaceous antenna?, with a fpiral 
 tongue. 
 
 2. Bofnhyces, 
 
I40 ORDER III. Phalena. 
 
 2. Bombyces, whofe wings cover the body 
 
 in a pofition nearly horizontal, and 
 which have pedtinated antennae. 
 
 Thefe are either 
 
 EUngues, which want the tongue, 
 or have it fo fhort as not to 
 be manifeflly fpiral. 
 
 Again their wings are either 
 
 Reverfed or defleBed. 
 
 Ov Spirilingues, which have a fpi- 
 ral tongue, and are either 
 
 Crijlatee, with a kind of creft, or 
 tuft of hair on the back, Or 
 
 LaveSy with fmooth backs. 
 
 3. NoSfiicBf whofe wings are incumbent, as 
 
 in the Bombyces, from which 
 they differ chiefly in the forma- 
 tion of their antennse, which are 
 fetaceous. 
 
 The 
 
Phalena. LEPIDOPTERA. 141 
 
 The Noduae are either 
 
 Elingues, wanting tongues ; Or 
 Spirilingues^ having fpiral tongues. 
 
 4, GeometrcSi whofe wings, when at reft, 
 
 are extended horizontally. 
 
 The antennae, In one fubdivifion of this 
 fedlion, are 
 
 FeSiinated 
 In another, 
 
 Cetaceous* 
 
 The under wings in each of thefe divi- 
 lions are either 
 
 Angulatedy 
 
 Or round, with entire edges. 
 
 5. I'ortrkes : the wings of the Tortrices 
 
 are exceedingly obtufe ; their ex- 
 terior margin is curve, and de- 
 clines 
 
14.2 ORDER III. Phaleni. 
 
 lines towards the fides of the 
 body. 
 
 Thefe have (hort palpi. 
 
 6. Pyralis : the inner margin of the wings 
 
 in this fedion are laid one over 
 the other ; the wings themfelves 
 decline a little towards the fides 
 of the body, and in fliape re- 
 femble a delta^ or triangle ; thefe 
 have confiderable palpi of diffe- 
 rent forms, which has induced 
 Scopoli to divide them into two 
 fed:ions j the one containing thofe 
 whofc palpi are curve, or bent 
 upwards; the other, thofe in 
 which thefe parts are extended. 
 
 7. ^ima : the wings of the Tinia: are wrap- 
 
 ped or folded up round the body 
 fo as to give the infe6t a cylin- 
 drical form ; the forehead is 
 fl:r etched out, or advanced for- 
 wards. 
 
 Many 
 
Phalepa. LEPIDOPTERA. 145 
 
 Many of the Tinia; have incum- 
 bent wings expanded tl;ieir whole 
 breadth, and feem to form a very 
 diftind: fedion, differing from the 
 Tiniaj in that particular ; from 
 the Pyralides in the want of palpi, 
 and diftinguifhed from the other 
 families of Phalxna: by their por- 
 redted forehead, and a kind of 
 fringe, with which the interior 
 margins of their wings, are edged. 
 
 8. Alucitce : the wings of this divifion are 
 fplit, or divided into branches, al- 
 mofl: to their bafe. 
 
 Geoffrey bas feparated ihe lafl family of our 
 author, the Pb. AluciU, from the other Pha- 
 losn^e, under the generical name of Pterophorus^ 
 on account of the chryfalids of the infe(5ls 
 belonging to it being naked, and fufpended ho- 
 rizontally in the open air, as thofe of the Da- 
 nat Candidly or third family of butterflies, in 
 which particular they certainly differ elfentially 
 from the Phalcena, whofe Chryfalids are either 
 concealed in the ground, or proteffled from the 
 inclemency of the weather by a covering, which 
 
 fomc 
 
144 ORDER Iir. Phalena. 
 
 fome of them, as the Silk-worm, compofe of 
 the rlcheft materials. 
 
 That author has likewlfe formed the Tini^e 
 into a feparate genus with the Linn^an charac- 
 ters and name. The remaining Phalens he 
 has divided into two families •, in the firfl: of 
 which the antennae are pe(flinated ; in the other 
 filiform ; thefe families again are fubdivided 
 into the Elingues^ and the Lingual^, in each of 
 which fedions the wings are, in fome fub- 
 jefls, deflsdled^ in others, extended horizontally ; 
 among thefe he has difperfed the Tortrices and 
 Pyrdides of Linnaeus. 
 
 Scopoli obferves that this divifion, taken 
 from the antennae, labours under very great 
 difficulties, thole parts being formed differently 
 in the different fexesof Fhalens, befides that of 
 procuring both fexes of each fpecies compleat -, 
 for thefe reafons he has reunited the Bombyces 
 and Nocluis of Linnsus (feparated by Geoffroy 
 on account of the different formation of their 
 antenncE) under the title Bombyx •, thefe he 
 has divided into two feclions, the infeds belong- 
 ing to one of which, undergo their transforma- 
 tion under the ground ; the others above 
 ground ; the tongue is wanting in the firft of 
 
 thefe 
 
fhalena; LEPIDOPTERA? 145. 
 
 thefe feftions ; ia the other, fome have, fome 
 want, that part. 
 
 The GeometrsE are divided by him into three 
 feftions ; the firfl: having angulated, the fecond 
 dentated, the other entire wings. 
 
 His divlfion of the Pyralides, taken from the 
 palpi, has been mentioned above. 
 
 His TinU are likewife formed into two kc-^ 
 tions, from their wings being convoluted or ex- 
 tended. 
 
 The caterpillars of moths are either 
 Smooth, without elevations, 
 
 Or tuherculatedy with fmall gibbofitles upon 
 their bodies, refembling knots. 
 
 Nakedy without hairs or down,! 
 Or hairy. 
 
 They differ likewife in the number of their 
 feet, as follows : 
 
 The Bomhyces and No5lu^ have fixteen feet. 
 The tinU have fourteen. 
 
 K The 
 
146 ORDER III. Phalena: 
 
 The Phalcsna Gamma alone has twelve. 
 
 Mod of the Geometry have ten. 
 
 Thofe of all the different families have fix 
 feet at the breaft, or fore -part of the body, ex- 
 cept the Vinula, Furca, Lacertina, and a few 
 others ; the chief difference, therefore, lies in 
 the abdominal feet, which are either eight, fix, 
 four, or two, in number, or are entirely 
 wanting. 
 
 The caterpillars of the Geometrae have fix 
 perioral or fore feet, two tail, or hind feet, two 
 others, a little before the tail, and want the ab- 
 dominal ones, which makes them refemble 
 JLeaches in their gait. From the fame circum- 
 Itance, likewife, the name of Geometry has been 
 given to them, becaufe they feem to meafure the 
 ground over which they advance. They reft in an 
 ereft pofture, fupported only by the feet fitu- 
 ate under their tail : thofe of fuch of this family 
 as have pedlinated antennse, refemble fo much 
 the branches of the plants upon which they 
 feed, as not tobe eafily diftinguifhed from them. 
 This refemblance, without doubt, contributes 
 very much to preferve them from the voracity 
 of the different birds which prey upon them. 
 
 The 
 
Phalena. LEPIDOPTERA. 247 
 
 The caterpillars of the Tortrices roll up, and 
 fallen together by a thread the leaves of the 
 plants upon which they feed ; thus fecuring to 
 themfelves a kind of retreat. 
 
 The caterpillars of moft of the Tine^e keep 
 always under fome kind of covering, where they 
 live and feed in fecurity ; fome of them roll up 
 the leaves of plants for their habitation ; others, 
 which feed only upon the interior furface of 
 leaves, lodge themfelves under the epidermis, or 
 exterior fkin ; others, again, in woollen cloths^ 
 fkins of beads and birds, &c. Thefe all under- 
 go their metamorphofis in the places and under 
 the coverings in which they had lived -, Ibme 
 few live in fociety under a kind of web formed 
 by their joint induftry : the moths which are 
 produced from thefe laft have generally, as Lin- 
 nseus obfervesi expanded wings. 
 
 According to Geoffroy, the Caterpillars of 
 fome Tiniae have eight, others have fourteen, 
 and others, agaih, fixteeri feet. 
 
 The pups, or chryfalids, are either fimple, 
 
 bi- have a kind of hook at their extremity ; 
 
 they are all enclofed in a web or covering j fome 
 
 of them pafs that ftate under the ground, others 
 
 K 2 arc 
 
148 ' ORDER III. Phalerta; 
 
 are fixed to the under fides of branches of trees, 
 walls, &c. The webs of the firft confift gene- 
 rally of very coarfe materials, ftrongly attached 
 together by a few threads of filk. Thofe of 
 the others have generally more filk, and are 
 weaved more naturally ; that of the Silk-worm 
 furniflies an article which long was confidercd 
 as for mere luxury, but which is now of univer- 
 fal utility. 
 
 ORDER 
 
[ '49 ] 
 
 ORDER IV. 
 
 INSECTA NEUROPTERA. 
 
 The infects belonging to this order have 
 four membranaceous, naked wings, reticu- 
 lated with veins, or in which the mem- 
 branes crofs one another fo as to appear Hke 
 net-work. 
 
 Their tail is unarmed, or without a fling, 
 but is frequently furnilhed with appen- 
 dices like pincers, by which the males are 
 diflinguifhed. 
 
 This order contains the following ge- 
 nera : 
 
 Genus I. Libellula. 
 
 Lint). Syft. Nat. Pag. 901. 
 
 The mouth of the Libellula is armed 
 with jaws, which are always more than two 
 
 in number. 
 
 K3 The 
 
I50 ORDER IV. Libellula: 
 
 •' ' ' ! ^ — 
 
 The antennae are fliorter than the 
 thorax. 
 
 The wings are expanded, without folds. 
 
 The tail of the male is furniflied with a 
 kind of forceps. 
 
 The libellula are divided into two fami- 
 lies J the firft 
 
 With wings extended horizontally, when 
 at reft ; the fecond 
 
 Diftinguiftied by the eyes being placed at 
 a diftance from one another ; the wings in 
 this family are eredt and the eyes very 
 prominent. 
 
 GeofFroy adds to the above chara6lers of the 
 Libellulse, that they have three ftemmata fituate 
 between the eyes, and that their tarfi are qom- 
 pofed of three articulations. He divides them 
 into two feftions ; the firft having ere<5b wings 
 (when at reft J the fecond patent, or open and 
 extended wings. 
 
 The infedls belonging to the firft divifion of 
 -iiibellulas live chiefly upon Moths, the others 
 upon Mufcje, or flies i they are all exceeding- 
 
Libellula. NEUROPTERA. 151 
 
 ly voracious ; Linnseus calls them the Hawks 
 of Gymnopteroiis infeds. The larvse of both 
 live and run, rather than fwim, in the water i 
 they devour aquatic infects weaker than them- 
 fehes, and are not lefs voracious than the com- 
 pleat infe6ls •, they are likewife exceedingly cruel, 
 being frequently obferved to kill and tear other 
 infedts to pieces when not preflcd by hunger, 
 fince they leave the carcafes entire. 
 
 The figure of the larva is very fingular, and 
 may be feen in Geoffroyy torn. 2. tab. 
 
 The chryfalis differs very little from the larva, 
 and like it runs with great agility in the water, 
 devouring fmaller infects. It generally quits 
 the water before it undergoes its final change- 
 ment. 
 
 The manner in which fome of the Libellulae ef- 
 fectuate the work of (];eneration is truly fingular : 
 the male purfues his female on the wing, and in- 
 Head of endeavouring to win her by gentle 
 means to his embraces, feizes her with the for- 
 ceps at his tail by the neck, where he holds her 
 fall, till fhe, to get quit of fo cumberfome a bur- 
 then, willingly, or unwillingly, approaches her 
 tail, in which are fituate her organs of genera- 
 tion to the breaft of her ravifher (under which 
 his fexual parts are placedj thus united in a kind 
 K 4 oi 
 
152 ORDER IV. Libellula: 
 
 of ring, the male not quitting his hold of the 
 female's neck, they continue their flight until 
 the work is performed. 
 
 The Libellulse are by fome called Dragon^ 
 flies J by others. Adder-bolts ; they are frequently 
 met with in the fummer feafon, near (landing 
 waters, where the females go to depofit their 
 eggs; the different fexes are often differently co- 
 loured, and the fpecies vary very much, which 
 renders it difficult to diftingiiifh them. 
 
 Genos 
 
Ephemera; NEUROPTERA'; 153 
 
 Genus IJ. Ephemera. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 906. 
 
 The mouth of the Ephemera has nei- 
 ther teeth nor paipi. 
 
 The ftemmata are two in number, fi* 
 tuate above the eyes, and larger than they 
 are generally found to be in other in- 
 fers. 
 
 The wings are eredt, the hinder ones 
 much fhorter than the others. 
 
 The tail is furniflied 'with appendices, 
 refembling hairs, or briftles. 
 
 They are divided into two fedtions ; the 
 firft having two, the other three fetas, or 
 briftles, on the tail. 
 
 GeofFroy aflerts that the ftemmata are three 
 in number, which I have obferved them to be 
 in feme fpecies. 
 
 Sch^fFer adds to the Linnaean cbaraflers of 
 the Ephemera, 
 
 That 
 
154 ORDER IV. Ephemera. 
 
 That the antennae are fetaceous and ihort. 
 
 That the tarfus of each foot has five articu«" 
 lations, and 
 
 That tlie thorax is very Ihort^ 
 
 Their flight is flow and heavy, which ren- 
 I ders them an eafy prey to fwallows, and other 
 birds. 
 
 Thefe infefts differ in many particulars from 
 all others ; their caterpillars live in the water, 
 where earth and clay feem to be their only 
 nourifliment for three whole years, the time 
 they confume in preparing for their metamor- 
 phofis, which they undertake and effedl in a 
 few moments. The larva, when ready to quit 
 that fl:ate, arifes to the furface of the water, and 
 getting infl:antaneoufly rid of his fkin, becomes 
 achryfalis. This chryfalis is furniflied with wings, 
 which it makes ufe of to fly to the firfl: tree or 
 wall it meets, and there fettling, in the fame 
 moment quits a fecond ikin, and becomes a per- 
 fe<5l Ephemera. In that ftate, for which it had 
 been fo long preparing, the pleafures it enjoys 
 muft be very fenfible, if they are lively in pro- 
 portion to the fliortnefs of their duration ; the 
 
 infedl: 
 
Ephemera; NEUROPTERA; 155 
 
 infeft generally celebrating its nuptials, pro- 
 ducing the fruit of them, and dying within the 
 Ipace of a few hours, feldom or never furviving 
 the day on which it may be faid to have really 
 begun to live. 
 
 I 
 
 They differ no lefs from other infeds, in , ^ 
 
 the manner of propagating their fpecies, than * t\ 
 in the fhortnefs of their lives, and their long . u-. 
 continuation in the caterpillar (late. The fe- ' ^ 
 male Ephemera has no fooner quitted her 
 chryfalis, than fhe returns to the water from ;X a * 
 whence Ihe fprang, upon the furface of which •*" 
 (he lays her eggs -, the male, attentive to all 1^ 
 
 her motions, takes care immediately to fecun- 
 date the eggs, nearly in the fame manner as fifh 
 fa:cundate thofe of their females. (Geoff.) 
 
 The antennsE of the perfeft infefl rcfemble 
 hairs, being without joints or articulations. 
 When at reft, the fore legs are advanced or 
 ftretched out before the head. 
 
 The Ephemeras are very frequent near wa- 
 ters : they multiply amazingly in fome places, 
 infomuch that Scopoli aiTerts the peafants in 
 his neighbourhood to be difcontented with 
 
 their 
 
156 ORDER IV. Ephemera: 
 
 their ihare of them, unlefs each can colled 
 at lealt twenty cart-loads, making ufe of them 
 for manuring their lands, which purpofe they 
 anfwer exceedingly well. They arc called with" 
 us May flies. 
 
 Genus 
 
Pliryganea. NEUROPTERA: j^y ' 
 
 Genus III. Phryganea. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 908. 
 
 The mouth of the Phryganea is without 
 teeth, but is furnifhed with four palpi. 
 
 The (lemmata are three in number. 
 
 The antenna are longer than the 
 thorax. 
 
 The wings are incumbent, or laid hori- 
 zontally on the body. 
 
 The under wings are folded, fo as to be 
 concealed under the upper ones. 
 
 This genus is divided into two fec-^ 
 
 tions. 
 
 The firfl diflinguiflied by two truncated 
 fetae, refembling unfpun filken threads, 
 which terminate the abdomen. 
 
 In the fecond the abdomen is fimple, or 
 wants thofe appendices. 
 
 Geoffroy has feparated thefe two families of 
 
 Phryganeje, 
 
158 ORDER IV. Phryganea. 
 
 Phryganeas, and given to the firft: the generical 
 name of ferla. Thefe perU differ from the 
 other Phrygane£e (to which he has preferved 
 that generical name) not only in the appendices 
 of t!ie tail, but alfo in the pofition of the wings^ 
 which, in the latter, decline from the inner mar- 
 gins, towards the ifldes, fo as to refemble the 
 fidge of a houfe, and are curve, or turned up- 
 wards, at their extremity ; and in the number 
 of articulations, which compofe their tarfi, thefe, 
 in the Perla, are but three j in the Phryganea 
 they are five* 
 
 The Perlffi and Phryganeae, however, do not 
 feem to differ genetically •, their larva perfedtly 
 refembling one another, and their mannet of liv- 
 ing the fame ; they likewife perform their metar- 
 morphofis in the fame feafon, and In the tubes 
 in which they dwell while larvae. The latter, 
 however, remain confiderably longer in thechry- 
 falis than the Perlae. In the jrear 1768, I had 
 an opportunity of obferving the metamorphofis 
 of three of the perlas, and four phryganea ; 
 the Chryfalids were all kept together, and 
 in the fame degree of heat : two of the perfeft 
 infeds were produced on the eighth, and ano- 
 ther on the ninth day (after their refpedlive 
 
 transfof- 
 
Phryganea; NEUROPTERA. 159 
 
 transformations) ; thefe three proved all to be- 
 long to the firft family of Linnfean Phryganeas, 
 or the Perlas of GeofFroy. Another perfed in- 
 feft quitted the chryfalis on the fourteenth day 
 after its entering into that ftate, and two others 
 on the nineteenth day : the three lafl proved all 
 to be Phryganeae, of the fecond Linnaean divi- 
 fion, or the Phryganese of Geoffroy •, the other 
 chryfalis perifhed without coming to perfedion. 
 This circumftance, however, will, I prefume, 
 fcarce be deemed fufficient to form a generical 
 diftindion between the two infedls, tho' when 
 added to the others before-mentioned, they 
 may jointly render the divifion of the Genus 
 into families, very proper, 
 
 Scopoli has preferved the Linnscan Genus 
 jntire, with the fame charaflers, as that j 
 author has affigned to them, but has taken 
 his divifion of it into families, from different j 
 circumftances. In his firft, the wings are in- 
 cumbent, in the other defieded. That author 
 has obferved, that one fpecies of the lezard is 
 exceedingly fond of the Phryganea, and that 
 the Phryg. Bicaudata Linn. Syft. Nat, No. i. 
 carries her eggs about with her, attached to the 
 under fide of her abdomen, as fome fpiders are 
 likewife known to do. 
 
 3 Schjeffer 
 
t^o O R D E R IV. Phryganea; 
 
 SchaeflPer has divided this Genus into the Per- 
 la and Phryganea, with the fame diftinft charac- 
 ters as GeofFroy ; thefe two authors, I appre- 
 hend, were chiefly induced to purfue that me- 
 thod, becaufe the number of joints, of which 
 the Tarfi are compofed, obliged them to ar- 
 range the different kinds of Phryganea under 
 different orders. 
 
 The Antennae of the Linnsean Phry* 
 ganeae, are filiform, and they have three ftem- 
 jnata. 
 
 The lefTer Phryganeas refemble the Tineje fo 
 niuch,asnottobediflinguifhed from them without 
 difficulty ; but, upon clofe examination, efpecially 
 if the eye is aided by the microfcope, the 
 wings of the firfl are found to be almofl co* 
 vered with fhort hairs inflead of the fcales 
 ■which adorn the wings of the Tinese. The 
 mouth of the Phryganea is like wife furnifhed 
 with palpi, which are wanting in the Tineas. 
 
 The larvjE belonging to this Genus, live in 
 the vv^ater in tubes of filk, covered on the out- 
 fide with fmall pieces of wood, fand, gravel, 
 leaves of plants, &c. Nay, fometimes the larva 
 attaches to its tube the fmaller teftaceous ani- 
 mals* 
 
Phryganea. NEUROPTERA. i6t 
 
 mals, yet alive, with their ftiells, and drags 
 them about with it. They are much fought 
 after by fifhermen, by whom they are foir.e- 
 times called Stoui, or Cod Baii ; the perfeft 
 inre(5l is generally called the Spring fly, and is 
 frequent near running waters, where the females 
 refort to lay their eggs. They generally fettle 
 on the fides of walls, branches of trees, &c. 
 which are leaft expofed to the fun, whofe influ- 
 ence they feem to dread, feldom flying in the 
 day time. Swallows are obferved to feed upon 
 them. 
 
 C £N U^ 
 
i62 ORDER IV. Hfcmerobius. 
 
 Genus IV. Hemerobius. 
 
 Linn. Syfl-. Nat. page 911. 
 
 The mouth of the Hemerobius is armed 
 with two teeth, and has four palpi. 
 
 The (lemmata are wanting. 
 
 The wings are defleded, and not folded, 
 as in the preceding Genus. 
 
 The antennsB are fetaceous, advanced 
 before the head, and longer than the 
 thorax. 
 
 The thorax is of a convex form. 
 
 The Hemerobius is fufficiently diftinguifhed 
 from the Ephemera and Phryganea, by the po- 
 fition and formation of its mouth, which ad- 
 vances forwards, and is armed with teeth. 
 
 The Antennas diftinguifli it from the fol- 
 lowing Genera belonging to this order. 
 
 Schaeffer obferves, that the abdomen grows flen- 
 der towards its extremity, that the wings are in 
 fome fubjeds incumbent^ in others defie^fed, and 
 
Memeroblus. NEUROPTERA. iS^ 
 
 _ ■■---- ^ 
 
 that the Tarfi are compofed of five articu- 
 lations. 
 
 Geoffroy has referred one fpecies, the 
 Hemerob. No. 12. of our author j to his 
 G. Phrygama ; and Linnasus himfelf appears 
 doubtful to which of the two genera that in- 
 fedl belongs. 
 
 The under wings of moft Hemerobii are of 
 equal length with the upper ones ; they are all 
 four much weaker than in the preceding neurop- 
 terous genera^ which makes their flight flow 
 and unfl:eady. 
 
 Some of therh are found hear (landing wa- 
 ters, others frequent gardens and fields ; moll: 
 of them are very ill fcented. Their larvse feed 
 chiefly upon the aphides, of which they are 
 exceedingly fond j but they fometimcs devour 
 other infers, and even one another. 
 
 One fpecies belonging to this Genus, is 
 known among us by the name of the Golden 
 
 L 2 Genus 
 
i64 ORDER IV. Myrmelbn. 
 
 Genus V. Myrmeliqn. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 913. 
 
 The mouth of the Myrmelion is armed 
 with jaws, two teeth, and four long 
 palpi. 
 
 It has no flemmata-. 
 
 The tail, in the male fex, is furnished 
 with a kind of forceps, formed by two 
 ftraight filaments. 
 
 Their antenna are club-formed, and 
 as long as the thorax. 
 
 Their wings are defleded. 
 
 Geoffroy, who has defcribed only one fpecies 
 of the Myrmelion, does not obferve that the 
 tail of the male is furniflied with a forceps. 
 The fpecies he defcribed was perhaps incom- 
 pleat, or he had met with none of the male fex ; 
 he adds that the four wings are all of equal length, 
 and has given to that infeft the generical name 
 of Fcrmicaleo^ in which he is followed by 
 Scharffer, who obferves that the wings in that 
 
 genus 
 
Myrmellon. KEUROPTERA. 165 
 
 genus are defleded, and the tarfi compofed of 
 five articulations. 
 
 The laft mentioned author has given the gene- 
 rical name of Lihelloides to another fpccies, in 
 which the tail is forcipated, and the antenna; as 
 long as the body, and the abdomen as broad as 
 the thorax. 
 
 The Myrmeleon differs chi.^fly from the He- 
 merobius, under which Genus Linnaeus had 
 arranged it in the tenth edition oi his Syjiema 
 X^atura, in the form of the antennte, which 
 are much (horter than rhofe of the Hemerobius, 
 in which Genus they are likewife fetaceous : the 
 mile Hemerobius alfo wants the forceps which 
 terminates the tail of the Myrmeleon. 
 
 The larva of the Myrmeleon lives chi^fiy 
 upon ants ; the perfed inle<fl is very rare, but i« 
 fometimes met widi in landv places, and n«^ar 
 riVLilff^, 
 
 la 
 
 ( J E ^. US 
 
1 66 O R D E R IV. Panorpa, 
 
 Genus VI. Panorpa. 
 
 Linn, Syft. Nat. page 915. 
 
 The Panorpa has a horny, cylindrical 
 probofcis, with two palpi. 
 
 It has two (lemmata. 
 
 The antennae are longer than^ the 
 thorax, 
 
 The tail in the male fex is furnifhed 
 with a chela or weapon, refembling the 
 claw of a crab, or the dart of a fcorpion. 
 
 The probofcis and tail of this infed render it 
 too remarkable to be confounded with thofe of 
 any other gen^s. The following characters, 
 however, may be added to thofe of Linnasus, 
 
 viz. 
 
 The wings extended horiz-ontaJlyon the back, 
 
 when at red. 
 
 The upper and under wings of equal length. 
 
 The palpi feated at the extremity of the pro- 
 bofcis. 
 
 The 
 
Panorpa. NEUROPTERA. i6f 
 
 The tarfi compofed of five articulations. 
 
 The compleat infecl is very common in the 
 fields during the fummer feafon, but the larva 
 and chryfaHs are yet unknown. 
 
 It has been called by fome the Scorpionfiy. 
 
 L 4. Gekus 
 
i68 ORDER IV. Raphidia. 
 
 Genus VII. Raphidia, 
 
 Linn. Syft, Nat. Pag. 915. 
 
 The head of the Raphidia is of a horny 
 fubftance, and deprefled, or flattened. 
 
 The mouth is armed with two teeth, and 
 furniQied with four palpi. 
 
 The {lemmata are three in number. 
 The wings are defledied. 
 
 The antennjB are as long as the thorax, 
 the anterior part of which is lengthened 
 out, and of a cyHndrigal form. 
 
 The tail of the female is terminated by 
 an appendix refembling ^ flexible, crooked 
 briftle. 
 
 Schasffer obferves, that the antennas of the 
 Raphidia? are fetaceoiis, and their tarfi com- 
 pofed of four articulations. 
 
 According to Geoffrey, the wings are incum- 
 bent, rather than dtjledled, and the antennas fili- 
 form. 
 
 The 
 
Raphidia. NEUROPTERA. 169 
 
 The Raphidia is rarely to be met with ; it is 
 chiefly found in woods and hedges. 
 
 Linnasiis fays, that the pupas of one fpecies is 
 (though it wants wings) exceedingly iike the 
 jiioxlier. 
 
 The Iarv4 has not been defcribed. 
 
 CcNMS 
 
( I70 ) 
 
 ORDER V. 
 
 INSECTA HYMENOPTERA. 
 
 The infedls belonging to this order have 
 generally four membranaceous naked 
 wings ; the Neuters, however, in fome of 
 the genera, and in others, the males or 
 females want wings. 
 
 The tail (except in the male fex) is 
 armed with a fting. 
 
 This order contains the following ge- 
 nera. 
 
 Genus I. Cynips. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 917. 
 
 The mouth, in this genus, is armed 
 with jaws, but has no probofcis. 
 
 The fting, which is fpiral, is moAly con- 
 cealed within the body. 
 
 Geoffrey 
 
Cynips. HYMENOPTERA. 171 
 
 GcofFroy, who has confined the genus Cynips 
 to fuch of the Linnitan fpecies as have antennjc 
 containing no more than thirteen articulations, 
 and bent at their middle, or forming an angle, 
 obferves, that thofe infeds have three ilemmata j 
 that their antennas are cylindrical, and of equal 
 thicknefs in their whole length ; that their 
 ynder wings are (horter than the upper ones ; 
 that their abdomen is nearly of an oval form, 
 acute underneath, a little flattened on the fides, 
 and attached to the thorax by a fliort ftalk or 
 pedicle, and th^t their fling is not placed at the 
 jextremity of their abdomen, but under that parr, 
 between two projecting plates, which form a 
 kind of crefl.. This genus he has formed into 
 three families ; the firil containing thofe fptcies 
 in which the antennas are ccmpofed of eleven, 
 the fecond thofe which have feven, the other 
 thofe which have thirteen articulations. 
 
 He has arranged others of them, which Iiave 
 filiform antenns not bent in their middle, and 
 compofed of fourteen articulations, under a new 
 genus, which he terms Diplokpi-s j thefe, how- 
 ever, do not feem to diuer generically from the 
 Cynips, all the other characfiers afilgned to 
 them being the fame as in that genus : the 
 Jarvse of the two genera likevvife perfedly 
 refemblc one another, and live in the fame 
 
 manner 
 
172 ORDER V. Cynips. 
 
 manner under the galls of plants, caufed by the 
 infertion of the eggs by the females. 
 
 The genus termed by the fame author Eulo- 
 lophus^ of which he only dtfcribes one fpecies, 
 feems, by his account of the larva, to be a Lin- 
 nsean Cynips, with branched or pectinated an- 
 tennse \ the fting, however, is extended from the 
 extremity of the abdomen, and not from under 
 that part. Linnsus has placed it in the laft fa- 
 mily of his Ichneumons, Vid, Linn. Syjl. Nat, 
 fag. 541, Ich. f, No. 77. 
 
 Sch^fFer, whp has not feparated Linnsus*s 
 Cynipedes, obferves that their thorax is convex, 
 and their wings extended, without folds, and 
 that their tarfi have five articulations. 
 
 The gall made ufe of in the compofition of 
 ink, is formed by an infect belonging to tliis 
 
 G E N Lf s 
 
Tenthredo. HYMENOPTERA. 173 
 
 Genus II. Tenthredo. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 920. 
 
 The mouth of the Tenthredo is armed 
 with jaws, but has no probofcis. 
 
 The wings are extended, and look as if 
 fwelled, or of a bulky confiftence. 
 
 The fting, which is almoft entirely hid 
 within the abdomen, is dentated like a faw, 
 and compofed of two laminx. 
 
 Two fmall tubercules are placed upon 
 the fcutellum at fome diflance from one 
 another. 
 
 The antenna of the Tenthredines, dif- 
 fering very much in their formation and 
 number of their articulations, Linnseus 
 has divided them into different families, 
 taken from thefe circumftances, as follows : 
 
 1. Thofe with clubbed antenns. 
 
 2. Thofe whofe antennas appear to be one 
 
 continued thread, without articu- 
 lations. 
 
 '|. Tl-ofc 
 
iy4 ORDER V. TenthrcJc?: 
 
 3. Thofe with pectinated antennae. 
 
 4. Thofe which have antennae nearly cla* 
 
 vated, or with a club lefs obferv- 
 able than that in the firfl family, 
 and which are articulated. 
 
 5. Thofe with filiform antennae, compofcd 
 
 of feven or eight articulations> be- 
 fides the bafc. 
 
 6. Thofe with fetaceous antennse, compofed 
 
 of feveral articulations. 
 
 Geoffroy and Scha?ffer have feparated the 
 firft of thefe families from the others (though 
 their larv^ and metamorphofis argue them not 
 to differ generically) and have given their new 
 genus the name of Crahro^ with the following 
 chara<5lers : 
 
 The antenna club formed. 
 
 The under wings Ihorter than the uppef 
 ones. 
 
 The mouth armed with jaws. 
 
 The fling placed at the extremity of the ab- 
 domen, and ferrated. 
 
 a. The 
 
Tenthredo. HYMENOPTERA. 175 
 
 The abdomen throughout of equal fize, and 
 clofely joined to the thorax. 
 
 Three ftemmata. 
 
 The remaining Tenthredines which, according 
 to Geoffrey, have fihform antennas, that author 
 has divided into three families •, the firfl: com- 
 pofed of fuch as have nine ; the fecond of fuch 
 as have eleven, and the third of fuch as have 
 thirteen articulations in their antennse. The 
 fame author obferves, that the under wings, 
 likewife, of the Tenthredo^ are fhorter than the 
 upper ones ; that the abdomen is clofely united 
 to the thorax, not joined to it by a petiolum, or 
 little (talk, as in the Cynips, nor becoming 
 fmaller from its extremity towards its bafe, fo a^ 
 tp form a kind of petiolum, as in the Ichneumon ; 
 ^nd that tiie antennae differ from thofe of the lad- 
 mentioned genus in the form of their articula- 
 tions, thefe in the Tenthredo are long, and 
 rather rough, which makes their antennse appear 
 as if compofed of fo many knots ; thofe of the 
 Ichneumon, on the contrary, are fo very fhorc 
 as fcarce to be perceptible, and exceedingly 
 fmooth, fo that, if not attentively examined, the 
 antennje would appear to be inarciculated, or 
 Jike a briftle. 
 
 Scopoli 
 
17^ O R D E R V. Tenthrcda; 
 
 Scopoli, who has only defcribed a fmall 
 number of Tcnthredines, has divided them 
 into two families ; the firft containing thofe 
 with felavatedj the other, thofe having fili' 
 form antennse, with feven or eight articula- 
 tions : thefe laft, he obfervcs, turn afide, or bend 
 downwards their antennse, when under appre- 
 henfions of danger. The different fexes in this 
 genus are in general differently coloured, which 
 circumflance renders the knowledge of the 
 fpecies very difBcult. 
 
 The larva of the Tenthredo differs entirely 
 from that of all the other Hymenopterous infects, 
 and refembles that of the Butterfly and Moth fo 
 much as cafily to be millaken for one of them : 
 this refemblance has induced fome Entomolo* 
 gifts, who had attributed the term caterpillar 
 to the larvas of lepidopterous infe<51:s alone, to 
 call thofe of the Tenthredo falfe caterpillars j 
 there is neverthelefs one certain rule to diftin- 
 guifh them by, that is by examining the num- 
 ber of their feet ; thefe, in the true caterpillar, 
 never exceed fixteen, and are feldom fo many 5 
 thofe of the falfe one, on the contrary, always 
 exceed that number, being generally from eigh- 
 teen to twenty -two : the fix firft, or peroral 
 ones,are hard, or fcaly, and terminate each in a 
 point, as thofe of the true caterpillar -, the re- 
 maining 
 
Tenthredo. HYMENOPTERA. 177 
 
 maining ones are fofc and membranaceous, but 
 deprived of the crotchets which terminate the 
 membranaceous feet of the others : befides this 
 diftinftion taken from the number of the feet, 
 their heads are formed very differently j that of 
 the falfe caterpillar confiding of one hard fcale; 
 that of the true one, on the contrary, is com- 
 pofed of two pieces, or fcalcs, which Geoffroy 
 calls hcods ; the eyes of thefe lafl are likewife 
 much larger than thofe of the others. 
 
 Thel arvfe of the Tenthredines feed chiefly upon 
 the rofe and willow trees, and undergo their iaft 
 changemenc in the earth ; their fhrowd, or web, 
 refembles net-work, being compofed of large, 
 filken threads, between each of which great 
 Spaces are left, perhaps to let the humidity of the 
 earth pierce to the chryfalis ; the leafl: excefs of 
 humidity ordrynefs in the earth kills thofe chry- 
 falids, for which reafon it is very difficult to 
 bring them to perfeftion in boxes : out of more 
 than three hundred larvas of Tenthredines, 
 which were nourifhed by Geoffroy, notmore than 
 five or fix fucceeded, though he took the utmoft 
 pains to keep the earth in a proper ftate. Vid, 
 Geoff. Paris. /. 2, />. 269. 
 
 The Tenthredo is called, by fome Englifh 
 Authors, the Saw-fly^ from the formation of 
 
 M its 
 
178 O RDER V. Tcnthredo. 
 
 its fting, which differs from that of all other in- 
 fe6ls (that of the following genus only excepted) 
 in being dentated or armed with teeth, like the 
 inftrument from which its name is taken •, this 
 fting, however, is not in the lead dangerous, 
 iis weaknefs preventing the infedt from doing 
 any mifchief with it. 
 
 Genits 
 
Sirex. HYMONOPTERA. 179 
 
 Genus III. Sirex. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 928. 
 
 The mouth of the Sirex is armed with 
 two ftrong jaws. 
 
 The palpi, which are two in number, 
 are truncated. 
 
 The antennae are filiform, and contaiA 
 upwards of twenty-four articulations. 
 
 The (ling is dentarted like a faw, pro- 
 jedled, ftrong, and ftifF. 
 
 The abdomen is flender, and terminates 
 in a point or fpine, from under which the 
 f^ing proje<5ts. 
 
 The wings are lanceolated (their extre- 
 mities being drawn to a (harp point) and 
 are extended their whole length, not folded 
 as thofe of the Vcfpa. 
 
 Scopoli has arranged th^ Sirices along with 
 
 ^e Ichneumons, as Linnseus had likewife done 
 
 in the former editions of his Syftcma Nature 5 
 
 M 2 ^hof« 
 
l8o ORDER V. Sirex, 
 
 thofe inre(5ts, however, differ very much in their 
 external appearance, formation, and manners j 
 the abdomen of the Sirex is as broad as the 
 thorax, and clofely connected with, or joined to, 
 that part : the abdomen of the Ichneumon, on 
 the contrary, is either joined to the thorax by a 
 petiolum or ftalk, or grows much larger to- 
 wards its extremity than at its bafe •, the 
 fting of the female Ichneumon terminates 
 -the abdomen, and is of a cylindrical form ; 
 that of the female Sirex projecfts from the 
 under fide of the abdomen, is denta- 
 ted like a faw, and the abdomen itfelf is ter- 
 miftated by a kind of horn or fpine. The fe- 
 male of the Ichneumon lays her eggs in the bo- 
 dies of other infeds (which (lie pierces for that 
 purpofe with her fting) and particularly in the bo- 
 dies of caterpillars of Lepidopterous infeds, upon 
 which the larvje feed, and where they remain 
 till prepared for the chryfalis flate ; the female 
 Sirex lays her eggs in the interior of decayed 
 trees ; the larva mofu probably feeds upon the 
 wood, and always undergoes its laft metamor- 
 phofis in the place where it had lived while in 
 the caterpillar ftate; From all thefe circum- 
 ftances, we may I prefume fafely conclude, that 
 the Sirex differs generically from the Ich- 
 , neumon. 
 
 Geoffroy 
 
Sirex. HYMENOPTERA. jSi 
 
 Geoffrey has only defcribed one fpecies be- 
 longing to this genus j to that infecl he has 
 given the geneiical nanic of Urocerus, a name 
 taken from the point which terminates the ab- 
 domen, and -which it were to be wifhed that 
 Linnreiis had adopted, fince he himfelf looks 
 upon the needlefs multiplication or changemenc 
 of trivial names as a fault. 
 
 Schfeffer has followed Geoffroy in tlie names 
 and charaders of this genus. Thefe two au- 
 thors add to the Linnasan characlers, that the 
 tarfi are compofed of five articulations, and 
 the under wings (horter than the upper 
 ones. 
 
 The Sirex is very rare to be met with, but 
 feveral fpecies of ic have been caught in Eng- 
 land. It is generally called the Tailed PFafp. 
 
 M 3 6£Nvs 
 
iS2 ORDER V. Ichneumon. 
 
 Genus IV. Ichneumon. 
 
 LiMN'. Syft. Nat. page 930. 
 
 The mouth of the Ichneumon is armed 
 with jaws, without any tongue. 
 
 The antenna? contain more than thirty 
 articulations. 
 
 The abdomen is generally joined to the 
 body by a pedicle, or ftalk. 
 
 The fting is exferted, or projeds beyond 
 the abdomen, and is inclofed in a cylindfi- 
 cai fheath, compofed of two valves. 
 
 The Ichneumons are divided into fami- 
 lies, from the colour of their fcutellun; and 
 antenncc, as follow ; 
 
 1, Thofe with the fcutellum white, and 
 
 the antennx noted vyith a white 
 ring, or circle. 
 
 2. Thofe with a white fcutellum, and black 
 
 antenna;. 
 
 3. Thofe- 
 
Ichneumon. HYMENOPTERA. 183 
 
 3. Thofe vvhofe Icutellum k of the fame 
 colour with the thorax, and 
 which have a white ring on the 
 antennae. 
 
 4. ^hofe with the fcutellum of the lame 
 
 colour as the thorax, and the an- 
 tennx black and fctaceojs. 
 
 5. Thofe whofe antennce are yellow and 
 
 fetaceous. 
 
 6. Thofe with filiform antennae, having the 
 
 abdomen of an oval and flender 
 form. The antenna in this fa- 
 mily often contain no more than 
 ten articulations, the firfl of which 
 is much longer than the others, 
 and the infecfts in general are much 
 fmaller than the preceding ones. 
 
 ScopoH has united the Sirices of Linnspus 
 with this genus, dividing it into two families ; 
 the firfl containing the laft-mentioned infects ; 
 the fecond, the Ichneumons. He aflei ts, that 
 the under wings, in the firft family, are folded, 
 M 4 the 
 
1 84 ORDER V. Ichneumon. 
 
 the fecond he has fubdivided from the colour of 
 their antennas. 
 
 Geoffroy adds to the Linn^an charaders of 
 the Ichneumon, that its antennae are in a conti- 
 nual trembling motion ; that the upper wings 
 are longer than the under ones, and the 
 (lemmata three in number. That author has 
 arranged fome Ichneumons belonging to the 
 lad family, which have the abdomen of an oval 
 form, under the firft family of his Cynips. 
 
 Linnaeus (as has been before obferved) has 
 placed the Eulophus of Geoffroy under this ge- 
 nus, from which that infedt differs in its an- 
 tennse, which are pedtinated. 
 
 Its larva, from the account given of it by Geof- 
 froy, muft refemble that of the Cynips -, but 
 Linnseus afferts that, like that of the Ichneumon, 
 \t lives in the bodies of other larvae. 
 
 The fpecles of Ichneumons are not eafily de- 
 termined, the different fcxes varying much in 
 their colours, nor can thediftinft fpecific charac- 
 ters be well taken from any other circum- 
 ftance. 
 
 Many 
 
Ichneumon. HYMENOPTERA. 185 
 
 Many apterous infefls are found, which, 
 without doubt, belong to this genus ; thefe very 
 much refemble the aprerous MtuilLi;^ from 
 which they are diftinguifhed, when living, by the 
 continual vibration of their antenns, which mo- 
 ition is not obferved in the antennse of the Mii- 
 tilte, and after death, by the roundnefs of their 
 thorax, which is lefs retufe than that of the other 
 genus, and by their long and flender abdomen, 
 which is likevvife frequently joined to the tho- 
 rax by a petiolum. They are diftinguifhed 
 from the Sphex, which they like wife refemble, 
 by the number of articulations in their an- 
 tenna. 
 
 Some of thefe apterous Ichneumons are, with- 
 out doubt, females, having the fting, through 
 which that fex depofit their eggs ; others of 
 them appear, from their being deprived of that 
 iling, to be males. Geoffroy however afferts, 
 that they are all females : perhaps that author 
 had only met with fuch as had (tings. 
 
 The larv^ of many Ichneumons not only 
 Jive, but likewife undergo their metamorphofis, 
 in the chryfalids or caterpillars of Lepidopte- 
 rous infeds ; others of them, when arrived at 
 their full growth, pierce the flcins of their lodg- 
 ": menK, 
 
1^6 ORDER V. Ichneumon. 
 
 mcnts, which they quit, and fixing theinfejves 
 to the fides of walls, branches of trees, &c. 
 there pafs the chryfalis ftate under cover of a 
 fjlken web. 
 
 The name of Ichiuumon-fly has been given to 
 this genus, by fome Englifh authors. 
 
 S^NCSr 
 
Sphex. HYMENOPTERA. 187 
 
 ^ ' ' ^ f n il >. . .i ..» 
 
 Genus V. Sphex. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 941. 
 
 The mouth of the Sphex is armed wltlj 
 jaws, but has no tongue. 
 
 The articulations of their antennas ar^ 
 ten in number. 
 
 The wings, in each fex, are extended, 
 without folds, and laid horizontally upon 
 the back. 
 
 The fting, which is fliarp and pointed, 
 is concealed within the abdomen. 
 
 This genus is divided into two families ; 
 in the £rfl: of which, the abdomen is petio- 
 lated, or joined to the thorax by a flalk ; m 
 the other, the abdomen is fubfefile, or of a 
 (lender make, nearly of equal lize in its 
 whole lengthj and attached to the abdomei> 
 wdihout a petiolum. 
 
 Scopoli has divided his Spheges (to which he 
 gives the lame characters as above, excepting 
 what relates tatheir aitennas) into three families j 
 
i88 ORDER V. Sphex. 
 
 the two firfl of which are Linnsan Spheges, 
 and diftingiiifhed from one another by the fame 
 circumftances as by Linnaeus ; the third (the 
 abdomen of which he fays is fefiile) contains 
 the Chryfes of our author, which differ from the 
 Spheges in the formation of their antennae, in 
 the lateral fcaie of the abdomen, which the laft-> 
 mentioned infed^s want, and in the fpines which 
 terminate the thorax and belly, 
 
 Geoffrey has placed fuch Spheges as were 
 known to him among his Ichneumons, as 
 Linnaeus had likewife done, in the tenth edi- 
 tion of his Syfl. Naturae. It has already been 
 fhewn, that they differ from that genus in the 
 number of articulations which compofe their 
 antennse, and in the pofition of their fling, 
 which in the laft- mentioned senus is exferted. 
 
 &^ 
 
 SchasfFer has, like Linnseus, feparated the 
 Spheges from the Ichneumons, and afTigns 
 them the follovvino- characters : 
 
 't3 
 
 The tarfus of each foot compofed of five 
 articulations. 
 
 The antennas club-formed, and bent. 
 
 The mouth armed with jaws, and furnifliecj 
 with palpi. g 
 
 The 
 
Sphex. HYMENOPTERA. 189 
 
 The flemmata three in number. 
 
 The wings extended, incumbent, without 
 •folds, and the under ones fhorter than the 
 upper ones. 
 
 The abdomen of an oblong form. 
 
 The (ling pointed, and concealed within 
 the abdomen. 
 
 A great number of exotic infefts have lately 
 been brought from different countries, which 
 would certainly belong to this genus, if they 
 were not provided with long membranaceous 
 tongues, like thofe of the Bee, from which 
 genus other circumftances again feparate them. 
 Whether or no thefe inTedls differ generically 
 from the Sphex does not appear to have been 
 determined. 
 
 Many fpecies of this genus are common in 
 England ; they are chiefly found in woods and 
 hedges ; their larvas feed upon dead infedls, in 
 the bodies of which they are produced from the 
 egg •, fome fpecies dig holes in the earth with 
 their fore feet, like dogs, in which holes they 
 bury dead infedb, chiefly fpiders or Lepidopte- 
 rous larvs, and after having depofited their eggs 
 
 In 
 
IQO O R D E R V. Sphex. 
 
 in the bodies of thefe infe(5ls, they carefully clofe 
 the holes with earth. 
 
 It is very probable that fome fpecies of Apte- 
 rous Spheges are found in England, which 
 matter muft be determined by the external ap- 
 pearance, the fling*s being concealed within the 
 abdomen, and the number of articulations in 
 the antennsc. 
 
 The Sphex is called by fome, the Ichneumon- 
 
 <?1N 
 
 OS 
 
Chryfis. HYMENOPTERAii 191. 
 
 Genus VI. Chrysis. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 947. 
 
 The mouth of the Chryfis is armed with 
 jaws, but has no probofcis. 
 
 The antennsE are filiform : the firft arti- 
 culation is long in proportion to the exte- 
 rior ones, which are eleven in number. 
 
 The abdomen is elevated in the middle> 
 like an arch {fornkatum) with a kind of la- 
 teral fcale on the under fide. 
 
 The anus is dentated, or terminated by 
 teeth or fpines, and likewife armed with a 
 iting, which projeds a little. 
 
 The wings are extended, not folded, a's 
 it! the Vefpa. 
 
 The body is of a (hining colour, and ap» 
 pears as if gilt. 
 
 Scopoli, as before obfsrved, has arranged the 
 Chryfes among hii Sphcgcs. 
 
 Geoffrey 
 
192 ORDER V. Chryfis, 
 
 Geoffroy has placed them among the Vefpse, 
 as Linnsus had done in the tenth edition of his 
 Syftem : he has, however, formed them into a 
 feparate family, under the title oi Golden Wafps. 
 They differ chiefly from that genus in the pofi- 
 tion of their wings, which are not folded, and in 
 the fpines fituate on each extremity of the tho- 
 rax, in mofl fpecies of the Chryfis. 
 
 Schasffer has adopted Linnasus's method in 
 preference to that of Geoffroy, adding to the 
 charaders of that author, that the antennas are 
 bent and cylindrical •, that the tarfus of each foot 
 is compofed of five articulations ; that the four 
 wings are all equally traofparent, and have very 
 few nerves or membranes ; and that the abdo- 
 men is oval, and.of equal fize with the thorax. 
 
 The Chryfis lives chiefly in the holes of old 
 walls, where they likewife lay their eggs : their 
 larvas refennble that of the Wafp. •" 
 
 Genus 
 
Vefpa. HYMENOPTERA. 193 
 
 Genus VII. Vespa, the Wasp. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. Pag. 984. 
 
 The mouth of the Vefpa is armed with 
 jaws, but has no tongue. 
 
 The upper wings arc folded In both fexes. 
 
 The fting, which is fharp and pointed, 
 is concealed within the abdomen. 
 
 The body is fmooth, without hair; 
 
 The eyes (as obfervcd by De Geer) 
 are lunular. 
 
 Geoffrey affigns the following chara<5lers to 
 the Warp. 
 
 The antennse bent, with the firft articulation 
 very long in proportion to the others. 
 
 The inferior wings Ihorter than the upper 
 ones. 
 
 The mouth armed with jaws, and provided 
 with an infle5led membranaceous tongue. 
 
 The fting fmooth and pointed. 
 
 N The 
 
194 ORDER V. Vefpa. 
 
 The abdomen attached to the thorax by a 
 fhort pedicle. 
 
 Three ftemmata. 
 
 The body fmooch, without any hairs upon it. 
 
 From the above it will appear, that Linnseus 
 and GeofFroy differ very eflentially with regard 
 to one charader affigned by the latter to the 
 Wafp, viz. that of its having a membranaceous 
 tongue, the exiftence of which Linnseus denies, 
 but which, according to the other, is placed in 
 the mouth between the jaws, bent inwards under 
 ^the bread, and compofed of feveral pieces or 
 membranaceous iilaments, exadly like that of 
 the Bee ; this difference, in a matter to all ap- 
 pearance fo eafy to be decided, is furprifing: 
 No author, befides Geoffrey, that I am acquaint- 
 ed with, pretends that the Wafp has a tongue, 
 nor could I ever perceive it, though 1 have pur- 
 pofely examined a great number of European 
 Wafps, and particularly fuch fpecies as are de- 
 fcribed by that author, and which were taken in 
 France •, all, indeed, have a kind of broad, mem- 
 branaceous fkin under the jaws, at the bafe, or 
 upon the fides of which, the palpi are feated ; 
 this membrane does not, however, in the Icaft 
 refemble a tongue, nor does it feem calculated to 
 
 fervc 
 
Vefpn. HYMENOPTERA. 195 
 
 fcrve inftead cf one ; it has the appearance of a 
 little bag with the mouth downwards, but doe» 
 not clofe on the under fide i towards the end It 
 is jagged, and divided into lobes, exaflly 
 like the petals of Tome flowers. If Geoffroy 
 took this membrane (which is always very fhort) 
 for a tongue refembling that of the Bee, he was 
 certainly miftaken, or had not examined it with 
 fufficient attention. 
 
 IJnnJEUs's charaflef perhaps ought not to be 
 taken for generical, fince he himfelf defcribes 
 one exotic fpecies, and feveral others are found 
 in the cabinets of the curious, which are pro- 
 vided with tongues ; the.e, indeed, differ Very 
 much from the tongue of the Bee, being (in 
 fuch fpecies as I have met with, and particularly 
 in two or three which I poirefs myfelf) fliort, 
 ftiff, extended, and concealed under the upper 
 lip, which for that purpofe is drawn or length- 
 ened out into a horny, pointed probofcis ; the bo- 
 dies of fome of thefe infecls are hairy, like Bees, 
 others are fmooth, or without hairs. It is to be 
 hoped that fome ingenious traveller will take 
 upon himfelf the taflc of examining whether 
 or no thefe laft- mentioned infecfls differ ge- 
 nerically from the Wdfp and the Bee, or 
 to which of them the different fpecies be- 
 long, which can only be done by thofe who (hall 
 N 2 have 
 
196 ORDER V. Vefpa. 
 
 have opportunities of examining their manner 
 of living and metamorphofis. 
 
 SchaefFer fays, that the mouth of the wafp is 
 furnifhed with palpi, but does not mention the 
 tongue ; the tarfi, according to him, are com- 
 pofed of five articulations. 
 
 Scopoli fays, that the wafp has no tongue. 
 
 Many kinds of Wafps live in focieties, after 
 the manner of Bees, and like them make 
 combs, in which they depofit their eggs •, they 
 likewife feed their larvae with honey, but of a 
 very inferior quality to that of the Bee ; others 
 of them conftrudl a different or feparate nefl for 
 each egg. 
 
 The larvae and chryfalids of all of them re- 
 femble that of the Bee. 
 
 Genus 
 
Apis. HYMENOPTERA. 19; 
 
 Genus VIII. Apis, the Bee. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 953. 
 
 The mouth of the Bee is armed with 
 jaws, and furniflied with a probofcis, in- 
 clofed in a bivalve (heath, and inclined 
 downwards under the body. 
 
 The wings are extended, and without 
 folds in each fex. 
 
 The females and neuters carry a (harp 
 pointed fling concealed in their abdo- 
 men. 
 
 This Genus is divided into two families, 
 the firft containing fuch as have the body 
 fmooth, without any, or with very few hairs; 
 the fecond, compofcd of thofe whofc bo- 
 dies arc very hairy, and which emit a found 
 as they fly. 
 
 Scopoll having obferved that the quantity of 
 
 hair on the bodies of the different fpecies of 
 
 Bees, encreafes fo gradually, as likewife the 
 
 N 5 noifc 
 
19S O R D E R V. Apis. 
 
 nolle they make in their flight, as to render it 
 difficult to determiiie where the firft family of 
 Linnsus fhall end, or the other commence, 
 has therefore preferred to divide them into 
 families^ f;om the form of their antennse, 
 which in fome are whole and extended, in others 
 bent, and forming an angle from their bafe ; 
 this divifion feems liable to fewer inconve- 
 niencies than that of Linnaeus, though it 
 frequently connefls Bees which differ much in 
 their outward appearance. 
 
 Geoffroy obferves that the under wings of 
 the Bees are fliorter than the upper ones -, that 
 the firft articulation of their antenna in each 
 fcx, is much longer than the others ; that the 
 abdomen isjoin'd to the thorax by a fhort pe- 
 dicle, and that they have three ftemmata. He 
 has divided them into families for the fame cir- 
 cumftances as Linnaeus. 
 
 The tarfi in this Genus are compofed of four 
 articulations. 
 
 The Bee is too well known to be eafily 
 confounded with any other Genus of In- 
 fcfls. The female of the domeftic Bee is 
 much larger than the male or neuter ; her an- 
 tennae contain fifteen articulations •, her abdomen 
 is compofed of fcven fegmcntSjand is muchlon2;er 
 3 than 
 
Apis. HYMENOPTERA. 199 
 
 than her wings. The antennae of the male con- 
 tain only eleven articulations, nor has that fex 
 any fting -, the neuters are much fmaller than 
 the males or females, their antennse contain fif- 
 teen articulations •, they are likewife remarkable 
 by the hairinefs of the under fide of their hind- 
 moft thighs, which refemble a kind ot brufh, 
 with which they gather the fine powder fcat- 
 tered fiom x.\\q Anihera of flowers, and from 
 which the wax or comb is made. 
 
 The induftry of thefe little animals, which 
 is as profitabfe as curious in itfelf, will 
 always continue to excite the admiration of 
 the wifer part of mankind, Swammerdam, 
 Reaumur, Hagftrom, D'Aubenton, Geofiroy, 
 and other authors, have wrote their hiftory with 
 great accuracy. Swammerdam, above all, de- 
 ferves to be read with the greateft attention. 
 
 N 4 Genus 
 
200 ORDER V. Formica. 
 
 Genus IX. Formica, the Ant. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 962. 
 
 The Formica (called among us the 
 Pifmire, Emmit, or Ant) is diftinguifhed 
 by the little upright fcalc which is fituate 
 between the thorax and the abdomen. 
 
 The fting with which the females and 
 neuters are armed, is concealed within the 
 abdomen. 
 
 The males and females are winged, the 
 neuters apterous. 
 
 To the above characflers of the Ant, Geoff- 
 roy adds that the antennae form an angle, their 
 firft articulation being very long in proportion 
 to the others, that the (lemmata are three in 
 number, and the abdomen joined to the thorax 
 by a (hortftalk. 
 
 Schseffer likewife adds, that the mouth is 
 armed with jaws, that the wings are inciim- 
 
 benr, 
 
Formica. HYMENOPTERA. 201 
 
 bent, and the taiTi compofed of five articu- 
 lations. 
 
 The Ants live in focieties compofed of males, 
 females, and neuters -, the males are much 
 fmaller than the females and neuters, but are 
 diftingui'hable from the largenefs of their eyes, 
 which are not fo well proportioned to the fize 
 of their body as in the other fexes. 
 
 No fooner is the work of generation per- 
 formed, than the male and female ants perifh, as 
 well as moft of the neuters ; fome of thefe, how- 
 ever, outlive the winter, but pafs that feafon in 
 their habitation, without movement, or any 
 figns of life. How ufelefs then would be 
 that prudence and affiduity in laying up a (lock 
 of provifions for the winter, attributed, for fo 
 many ages, to the Ant ? 
 
 The female Ant feems to take no farther 
 care of the young, after having depofited her 
 eggs ; the important office of nourifhing the 
 larvae, and preferving the chryfalids, is entirely 
 left to the neuters, whofe affedlion for a progeny 
 neither begot nor brought forth by them, can 
 never be fufficiently wondered at ; they labour 
 jncefTantly to fupply the larvs: with provifions, 
 
 and 
 
202 O R D E R V. Form 
 
 ica. 
 
 arnd are conftantly employed in preferving the 
 chryfalids from humidity in wet feafons, or ex- 
 pofing them to the warmth of the fun when it 
 is fair. Thefe chryfalids are much larger than 
 themfelves, yet are carried about by them with 
 eafe ; many kinds of birds are very fond of, 
 and devour them, as well as the Ants them- 
 felves. 
 
 Genus 
 
Miuilla. HYMENOPTERA. 203 
 
 Genus X. Mutilla. 
 Linn. Syfl. Nat. page 966. 
 The Mutilla;, for the moft part, want 
 
 wings. 
 
 Their body is covered with a kind of 
 down. 
 
 The thorax ftrikes off bluntly at its 
 bafe, or rifes perpendicularly from the 
 part where joined to the abdomen. 
 
 The fling is pointed, and concealed 
 within the body. 
 
 The Mutills are as yet very I:tde known, 
 only two or three fpecies have been found with 
 wings, and we are ignorant whether thefe are 
 males or females; perhaps they live in fociety like 
 the Ant, and the apterous fpecies are neuters. 
 Moft of the infers without wings, arranged by 
 different authors under this Genus, appear to be 
 either Ichneumon's or Spheges -, that defcribed 
 by Scopoli was moft probably an Ichneumon, 
 from the vibraung motion of its antennae •, and 
 
 Linna-us 
 
204 O R D E R V. Mutilla. 
 
 Linnseus himfelf is of opinion, that two of the 
 five European fpecies defcribed by him, belong 
 rather to the laft- mentioned Genus than to the 
 Mutilla ; thefe two fpecies, as well as the Mu- 
 tilla Europ/ea, Linn. No. 4. have been found in 
 England, but their manner of living, their 
 larvae, and metamorphofis, are wholly unknown, 
 as the Genus itfelf appears to have been to 
 GeofFroy and Schaeffer, fince neither of thefe au- 
 thors has defcribed any of the fpecies belonging 
 to it. 
 
 ORDER 
 
( 205 ) 
 
 ORDER VI. 
 
 INSECTA DIPTERA. 
 
 The infedls belonging to this order have 
 two wings. 
 
 They are furniflied with a poifer or ba- 
 lancer, (Halteres) fituate under each wing; 
 which is terminated by a capltulum or 
 knob. The bafe is concealed or fecured 
 under a little fcale, by which it is covered 
 as by a fhed. 
 
 This order contains the following ge- 
 nera, viz. 
 
 Genus I. Oestrus. 
 
 LiNM. Syft. Nat. Pag. gSg. 
 
 The Oeftrus has no mouth, in the place 
 of which three fmall imprefled points are 
 
 found 
 
2o6 ORDER VI. OeftrL^^. 
 
 found, without any vifible probofcis or 
 roftrum. 
 
 Geoffroy obferves, that the antennse of the 
 Oeftrus are fetaceous, and grow, or are placed, 
 upon a fmall point or button.- 
 
 They have three {lemmata. 
 
 Frifch, in his defcription of the Oeftrus Bo- 
 vis, Linn. No. i, alTerts, tliat that infed: has a 
 roftrum, which it can draw within its head, 
 and fhoot out at pleafure. 
 
 Schseffer obferves, that the abdomen in this 
 
 Genus is of equal fize with the thorax. 
 
 •:.-o.-Tij 
 
 The larvae of the Ocflri lay hid in the bo- 
 dies of cattle, where they are nourifhed the 
 whole winter ; the perfect infedls are to be met 
 with in the fummer almofl: wherever horfes, 
 cows, or fheep are grazing \, fome of them lay 
 their eggs under the fkin of cows or oxen, which 
 they pierce for that purpofe •, others, for the 
 fame end, enter the inteilines of horfts by 
 the anus, and others, again, depofit them in the 
 noftrils of fheep j in thefe different habitations 
 
 the 
 
Oeflrus. DIPTERA; 207 
 
 the larvae refide till full grown, when they let 
 themfelves fall to the earth, and generally pafs 
 the chryfalid flate under cover of the firft (lone 
 they meet with. 
 
 The Oeftrus is in fome places known by the 
 name of theG^^ F^. 
 
 Genus 
 
2oS ORDER VI. Tipula. 
 
 Genus II. Tipula. 
 
 Linn. Syfl:. Nat. page 970. 
 
 The head of the Tipula is long, or 
 feems lengthened out. 
 
 The upper jaw is formed like an 
 arch. 
 
 The palpi arc two in number, curve, 
 and longer than the head. 
 
 The probofcis is Ihort, and bent in- 
 wards. 
 
 They are divided into two fe(5lions, the 
 firft containing thofe in which the wings 
 are open or extended when at reft -, the 
 other thofe whofe wings cover the body 
 horizontally when fitting. 
 
 Scopoli has divided the tipula into two fa- 
 milies, in the firft of which their antennas are pec- 
 tinated in the males, bothfexes in the other have 
 fimplc antennae. 
 
 J ' Geoffrey 
 
Tipiila. D I P T E R A. 209 
 
 Geoffroy has felefled fome of the Linnsean 
 Tipnlse, in which the antennsc appear to be per- 
 foliated, and are (horter than the head, and ar- 
 ranged them under a new genus, to which he 
 has given the name of Bibio. The antennae, in 
 the figure he has given of the Bibio, appear ra- 
 ther to be formed of large articulations, growing 
 regularly fmaller towards the extremity, than 
 perfoliated •, In the antennae of the Bibio, fi- 
 gured by Schasffer, the articulations feem to be 
 largefl: in the midfile, and to decreafe in fize to- 
 wards the bafe and extremity. The larvse of 
 the Bibiones differ very effentially from thofe of 
 the Tipulse, in the number of their ftigmates, 
 which, like thofe of the caterpillars of Lepidop- 
 terous infedls, are arranged along the body on 
 each fegment ; in the Tipulx;, they are but four 
 in number, two at the head and two at the tail ; 
 thefe laft are found in the trunks of decayed 
 trees, thofe of the Bibio are moft frequent in the 
 dung of cows. The Tipulas have three ftem- 
 mata. 
 
 They are called, by fome Englifh authors, 
 Crane-Flies : many kinds of fiQi, birds, and 
 larvae of aquatic infers devour them. 
 
 O Genus 
 
2IO ORDER VI. Mufca. 
 
 Genus III. Musca. 
 
 Ltnn. Syfl-. Nat. page 979. 
 
 The mouth of the Mufca is formed by a 
 foft, flelhy probofcis, with two lateral lips ; 
 it wants palpi. 
 
 The Mufcx are divided into different 
 families, from the form of their antennse, 
 as follows : 
 
 1. Filatce, with fimple antennae, or whofe 
 
 antenniE are without any lateral 
 hair or feather. 
 
 2. Armata, in which the antennae are fur- 
 
 nished with a lateral hair, or fea- 
 ther y thefe laft are either 
 
 T^omentofa^ or Piloj£. 
 
 The bodies of the T^omentofce are 
 downy, though fcarce per- 
 ceptibly fo ; and they are 
 cither 
 
 Thmatce 
 
Mufca. DIPTERA, 21 r 
 
 Plwnatce^ having a lateral plume, 
 or feather on the antennae : Or 
 
 Setarice, withafimple hair on the 
 lide of the antennje. 
 
 The PHofa have a fmall number 
 of haJBS fcattered upon their 
 bodies, principally upon the 
 thorax j they are either 
 
 Plumata, with a lateral feather : 
 Or 
 
 Setarice, with a lateral hair. 
 
 Geoffrey has divided the Linn^ean Mufcaf 
 into the lollowing genera : 
 
 I. Stratiomys: This genus comprehends fuch 
 of them as have the hinder part of the 
 thorax armed with fpincs, and the an- 
 tenn:E without any lateral hair or fea- 
 ther, and forming an angle from the 
 end of the firft joint, which is much 
 longer than the others ; it is farther 
 divided into two families, the firfl hav- 
 ing two, the other fix fpines, on the 
 thorax. 
 
 O2 The 
 
2i« ORDER VI. Mufca. 
 
 The larvse of this genus live in the water, 
 and devour fmall aquatic infe(5bs •, the fly itfelf 
 is found frequently near pools of water, whi- 
 ther it reforts to lay its eggs. 
 
 2. Mufca^ compofed of fuch Linn^ean Mufcse 
 as have folid antennas, of a flattifh form, 
 fomewhat refembling the mouth of a 
 fpoon in fhape, and accompanied by a 
 lateral hair j this genus he has divided 
 into families, from the following cir- 
 cumftances : 
 
 I. Thofe whofe wings are of various co- 
 
 Q" 
 
 lours. 
 
 2. Thofe which have, on the fore part of 
 
 the head, a kind of pelicle, or mem- 
 brane, which appears as if fwelled, and 
 forms to the infed: a kind of mafk, ge- 
 nerally of a light colour. 
 
 3. Thofe whofe bodies are of various co- 
 
 lours. 
 
 4. Thofe of a gold colour,. 
 
 5. Thofe of the mod common colours, or 
 
 fuch as have nothing remarkable about 
 them. 
 
 3 The 
 
Mufca. DIPT ERA. 21$ 
 
 " " " " "'' - — ■■ l.ll 111 — ^■■■■^ ^- M Ml,^ 
 
 The larvas of fome of this genus devour the 
 the Aphides -, thefe larvae feem to want eyes, 
 and lengthen or ftretch out their head as if to 
 feel for their prey j others live in and confume 
 all kinds of putrid flelh ; others are found 
 in cheefe ; oihers, again, in the excrement of 
 different animal^ ; many live in the water, and 
 prefer the mofl putrid and muddy. 
 
 3. VoLucELLA, which genus contains the 
 
 Mufc^ Plumata of Linnseus, or thofe 
 whofe antennae are furnifhed with a la- 
 teral feather. 
 
 The mouth of this genus, according 
 to Geoffroy, is formed by a probofcis 
 concealed within a flieath. 
 
 The larva of the voluncella perfecT:ly refem- 
 bles that of the Mufca, and is frequent upon 
 the rofe. 
 
 4. Nemotelus : this genus is compofed of fuch 
 
 Linnasan Mufcs as have moniliform 
 antennse ending in a kind of fliarp 
 point. 
 
 The mouth refembles that of the 
 Voluncella. 
 
 O 3 5. SCATHCPSF, 
 
214 ORDER Vr. Mufca. 
 
 5. ScATHOPSi, which differs from his Mufca 
 only in the fhape of the antennae, which 
 are fihform. 
 
 Schaeffer has adopted all thefe new genera, 
 and obferves that they have each three ftem- 
 mata. 
 
 Scopoli has formed the following new genera 
 from the Linnsan Mufcse, on account of the 
 different formation of their probofcis, or an- 
 tennas : 
 
 1. Mitfca, to which he gives the following 
 charafters : 
 
 The mouth armed with a retraftable probofcis, 
 which is dilated at its extremity, and furnifhed 
 with clavated palpi, fituate at its bafe. 
 
 2. Ceria : the roftrum of the Ceria is formed 
 like that of the Mufca. 
 
 The antennse are moniliform, with the laft 
 articulation larger than the others. 
 
 This genus belongs to the firft family of I^in- 
 njcan Mufcse. 
 
 3, Conops : 
 
Mufca. DIPTERA. 215 
 
 3. Conops : which genus is diilinguifheil by 
 the following characters : 
 
 The mouth armed with a quadrifcted roftrum, 
 two of which fetrc are longer than the others j 
 the fheath of the roftrum is retra6lib!e, fiefhy, 
 and terminated by lips : the upper lip is formed 
 by two lobes, the under one is bifid. 
 
 The fetre or biiftles above-mentioned, are fi- 
 tuate, ia this and the following genera, at the 
 bafe, and extended longitudinally towards the 
 extremity of the roftrum. 
 
 The Conops is formed in part from fuch 
 LinnfEan Mufcse as have a lateral feather, in 
 part from fuch as have a lateral hair on their 
 antennas J and Scopoii has divided them, from 
 that circumftance, into two families. 
 
 4. Anthrax-, the mouth of the Anthrax is 
 armed with a bifeted roftrum ; the flieath is 
 fleftiy at its bafe, and retradible ; its extremity 
 is fimply dilated, not divided into lips, as in the 
 Conops. 
 
 The palpi are feated in the middle of the 
 roftrum. 
 
 O 4 Scopoii 
 
2i6 ORDER VI. Mufca. 
 
 Scopoli has only defcribed one fpecies of- 
 this genus, which is the Mufca Morio, No. 9, 
 of Linnaeus. 
 
 The Mufcse are the moft common of all in- 
 icds, and are known to every one. The name 
 of Fiy is particularly applied to them. 
 
 Genus 
 
Tabanus. D I P T E R A. 217 
 
 Genus IV. Tabanus. 
 Linn. Syfl. Nat. page 999. 
 
 The mouth of the Tabanus is extended 
 into a flefliy probofcis, teroiinated by two 
 lips. 
 
 The roftrum is furniilied with two 
 pointed palpi placed on each fide of, and 
 parallel to, the probofcis. 
 
 Scopoli afligtis the following charaflers to the 
 Tabanus : 
 
 The mouth armed with a probofcis, on which 
 are five bridles ; thefe bridles are feated (as in 
 his Conops, Anthrax, &c.) at the bafe of the 
 roftrum, and extended almoft to its extremity. 
 
 The flieath is univalve and obtufe. 
 
 The palpi are two in number, acuminated, 
 porreded, parallel, and incumbent upon the 
 roftrum, fo as to form a kind of fecond or upper 
 valve to the fheath. 
 
 The fpecific chara6lers of the Tabani are 
 chiefly taken from the colour of the eyes, which 
 
 this 
 
^i8 ORD ER VI. Tabanus. 
 
 this author obferves ought to be examined 
 while the infedt is yet alive. 
 
 Geoffroy afferts, that the roftrum of the Ta- 
 banus is accompanied by two llrong teeth, 
 with which the infefl pierces the fl<ins of 
 horfes, &c. No other author has mentioned 
 the exiftence of thefe teeth, nor could I ever 
 perceive them. 
 
 The antenn:^, according to the fame au- 
 thor, are of a conic form, and divided into four 
 parts, being generally compofed of feven articu- 
 lations, the three firft of which, from the bafe, 
 are much larger than the four others, and form, 
 as it were, three diftindl pieces ; the four others 
 are much Ihorter, and appear as if confounded 
 together, or forming only one piece j the third 
 piece is generally larger than the two firfl:, and 
 attended with a kind of lateral appendix, which 
 makes the antennse appear as if forkid. 
 
 Schacffer obferves, that the Tabani have three 
 ilemmata, and that their abdomen is as broad as 
 their thorax. 
 
 The Tabani nouridi themfelves with the blood 
 cf horf;s and cattle. As they are moft frequent 
 
 near 
 
Tabanns. D I P T E R A. 219 
 
 near watry places, ic is probable that their 
 larvae are aquatic, though De Geer aflerts that 
 they live under the earth. 
 
 They have been named Burr el or Whame Flies, 
 by fome Englifh authors. 
 
 Gin us 
 
220 ORDER VI. Culcx. 
 
 Genus V. Culex. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page icor. 
 
 The mouth of the Culex is formed by a 
 flexible fheath, enclofing fetas, or briftles, 
 pointed like flings. 
 
 According to Scopoli, the bridles of the rof- 
 trum in this genus are four in number, and two 
 of them are longer than the others ; the fheath 
 is long and porreded, and the palpi are incum- 
 bent upon the bafe of the roflrum. 
 
 The antennae of the female Culices are fili- 
 form, thofeof the males feathered. The thorax, 
 in both kxQS^ is gibbous, and the abdomen atte- 
 nuated, growing fmaller from its bafe to its ex- 
 tremity •, this part, in the females, is generally 
 longer than the wings ; in the male, on the 
 contrary, it is much (horter : the wings, in 
 both fexes, are extended horizontally along 
 the abdomen. The Culices have no lem- 
 mata ; they very much refemble the fmaller 
 Tipulas, from which, however, as Geoffroy ob- 
 ferves, they may be eafily diftinguifhed by their 
 mouth, which, on comparing the charaflers 
 given to the two genera, or the infecfls them- 
 fclves, will appear to be formed very diffe- 
 rently. 
 
 The 
 
Culex. DIPT ERA. 221 
 
 The larvae of the Culices are very frequent 
 in flanding waters •, their bodies are compofcd 
 of nine fegments, which diminifh in fize and 
 length from the head towards the extremity of 
 the body -, the laft of thefe feclions is furnifhed 
 with a kind of ftigmate, through which the larva 
 breathes, frequently rifing, for that purpofe, 
 to the top of the water. The head of the 
 chryfalis is fo much bent under the bread, that 
 the thorax appears to be the mod advanced 
 part of the body ; the fligmatesare placed upon 
 the back of the thorax ; the fegments of the 
 abdomen diminifh in fize towards its extremity, 
 the laft terminates in a kind of flat tail or fin, 
 by means of which the infedl fwims or moves 
 itfelf in the water. 
 
 The Culices generally frequent woods and 
 watry places ^ they are known by the name of 
 Midges. 
 
 Scopoli informs us, that where large quanti- 
 ties of them are found, the foil is generally 
 marfhy, and the air unvvholfome. 
 
 The females are very troublefome, and fling ' 
 feverely, which the males are feldom obfervcd 
 to do. 
 
 Genus 
 
22 2 ORDER Vr. Empis. 
 
 Genus VI. Empis. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. Pag. looj. 
 
 The probofcis of the Empis Is of a flrong 
 horny fubftance, it is bivalve, inclined 
 downwards under the head and breaft, and 
 longer than the thorax : the valves are ho- 
 rizontal. 
 
 Scopoli has placed the only fpecies of this 
 genus, which he has defcribed among his /^filiy 
 to which genus he gives the follov/ing cha- 
 racters : 
 
 The mouth armed with a quadrifeted pro- 
 bofcis : the (heath porred:ed, flift, longer than 
 the head, and bivalve. He adds, that the head 
 is fmal), of a roundifli form, the back gibbous, 
 the feet long, and the roftrum fmall and in- 
 fleded. 
 
 According to SchsefFer, the antennas in this 
 
 genus are compoled of three articulations, the 
 
 firfl: of which is Jong and filiform ; the fecond 
 
 very Ihort and globular -, the third much larger 
 
 at its bafe than in the middle, from whence, 
 
 again, it grows larger, and is finally terminated 
 
 by a long and fharp point. 
 
 The 
 
Empis. DIPTERA. 225 
 
 The wings in this genus are Incumbent. 
 
 Scha^ffer fays that the antennse are of a conic 
 form. 
 
 The Empis feems not to have been known to 
 GeofF.oy. 
 
 The perre<5l infects are common upon flowers, 
 and in gardens, but I do not find that the larv^ 
 orchryfalids have been defcribed by any author. 
 
 Gi 
 
 \('5 
 
224 ORDER VI. Conops. 
 
 ■' fc^—^.-* ■■— ■ ■ ■ .^■^■■l■■^■. ,. , I i^— Mi* !■ I [ | i^B ih^ 
 
 Genus VII. Conops. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1004. 
 
 The probofcis of the Conops is por- 
 reded and jointed. 
 
 Scopoli has given the following definition 
 of the genus, named by him Empis, and 
 under which he has arranged fome of the 
 Linnzean Conopfides : 
 
 The mouth armed Vv'ith an unifeted pro- 
 bofcis, which is membranaceous at its bafe 
 (where the palpi are fituate) and capable of 
 being drawn in and extended ; towards the end 
 it is ftiff, long, porrecfted, and attenuated. 
 
 The Stomoxys of Geoffroy is a Ljnn?ean 
 Conops, and the Empis of Scopoli ; he de- 
 fcribes it as follows : 
 
 The antennae terminated (like thofe of the 
 Mufc£e) by a flat and Iblid articulation, fhaped 
 like the mouth of a fpoon, with a lateral brifble, 
 which, when clofely examined, appears to be 
 Tcry hairy. 
 
 The 
 
Conops. D I P T E R A. 225 
 
 The mouth formed by a probofcis, which is 
 jfhaped hke an aw], fimp'e and acute. 
 
 Three ilemmata. 
 
 Tills Infeft very much refembles the Mufca 
 Bomejlica, or common Fly, but is dlftinguifhed 
 by the different formation of its roftrum. 
 
 The genus termed Sicus^ by Scopoli, con- 
 tains two fpecies of Linnjean Conopfides, viz. 
 the Conops Tefiacea, No. 11, and the Conops 
 Buccata^ No. 12, The Sicus is diltinguiflied 
 by the following chara6lers ; 
 
 The mouth armed with an unifeted probofcis, 
 with a ftiff, porreded, and long flieath, broken 
 or bent in the middle, and infle6led. 
 
 The palpi feated at the bafe of the (heath. 
 
 The Sicus differs chiefly from the Empis of 
 the fame author in the formation of its pro- 
 bofcis. 
 
 The Stomoxoides of SchaefFer Is the Sicus of 
 Scopoli ; he has defcribcd it as follows : 
 
 The antennae (haped like thofe of the Lin* 
 nsean Mufcse, with a lateral hair, 
 
 P The 
 
226 ORDER VI. Conops. 
 
 The mouth formed by a porredled probofcis 
 which is bent, or (huts like a clafp- knife. 
 
 Three flemmata. 
 
 The abdomen for the moft part curve. 
 
 The Rhingia of Scopoli is likewife a Linnaean 
 Conops ; he defcribes it as follows : 
 
 The mouth armed with a trifeted probofcis ; 
 the middle briftle longer than the others, and 
 bifid, the lateral ones (on which the palpi are 
 feated) of equal length with one another •, the 
 (heath of the roftrum is univalve, attenuated, 
 and applied to the canal of the mouth. 
 
 The Conops is chiefly found in meadows and 
 fields, where the different fpecies are very trou- 
 blefome to cattle, 
 
 I do not know that the larvas or chryfalids 
 have been defcribed. 
 
 Genus 
 
Afilus. DIPT ERA. 2 2jr 
 
 ■a..!. 
 
 Genus VIII. Asilus. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page ioq6. 
 
 The roftrum of the Afilus is hard, or 
 horny, porrcdled, extended out its whole 
 length, and bivalve. 
 
 Scopoli has arranged many of the Linnjean 
 Afili under the genus called by him Erax, to 
 which he afligns the following charaders : 
 
 The mouth armed with a trifeted probofciSj 
 or on the bafe of which are feated three briftles, 
 two of which are fhorter than the others, on 
 which the palpi are often feated. 
 
 The (heath, which does not exceed the head 
 in length, is compofed only of one valve. 
 
 The 4^lus of that author differs from his 
 Erax chiefly in the form of its probofcis, which 
 contains four fetse, or briftles ; the fheath is por- 
 refted, ft iff, longer than the head, and bi- 
 valve. 
 
 P 2 Schseffer 
 
228 ORDER VI. Afilus. 
 
 Schaeffer defcribes the Afilus as follows : 
 
 The antennse with a briftle arifing from a 
 cone. 
 
 Three flemmata. 
 
 The mouth, with a probofcis, which is ex- 
 tended, horny, fetaceous, and bivalve. 
 
 The thorax gibbous. 
 The abdomen attenuated. 
 
 The feet made for running. 
 
 The halteres very large. 
 
 The feet of the Afili, as Geoffroy obferves, 
 are large, and the articulations, which are 
 five in number, fhort, and fhaped like a 
 heart. 
 
 i^ The Afilus is called, by fome authors, the 
 Wafp-Fly, and not improperly, fince, like the 
 .Wafp, it flings feverely whatever offends it, 
 though with a different inftrument, viz. its 
 
 probofcis. 
 
Afilus. DIPT ERA. 229 
 
 piobofcis, for which reafon it ought not to be 
 taken without precaution. 
 
 Many fpecies of them are not uncommon in 
 watry meadows, where they very much in- 
 commode the horfes and cattle. 
 
 Its larvse, or chry Talis have not been defcribed 
 that I know of. 
 
 P 3 Genus 
 
^30 ORDER VI. Bombylius. 
 
 Genus IX. Bombylius, 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1009. 
 
 The roftrum of the Bombylius is por- 
 redled, fetaceous, very long, and formed 
 by two horizontal valves, in which are 
 contained fetaceous ftings or briftles. 
 
 Scopoli, who defcribes under this title only the 
 fame fpecies found in the SyJlemaN^iurajObkrves^ 
 that the probofcis is long, porreded, and bivalve, 
 and that the upper valve is entire at its extre- 
 mity, bearded, and fhorter than the under one, 
 which laft is bifid at its end, and not hairy ; 
 that the (wo palpi are deprefled, and feated at 
 the bafe of the inferior valve ; and that the 
 bridles at the bafe of the probofcis are two in 
 number. 
 
 GeofFroy has placed the only one of this 
 genus which he had met with, among his Afili, 
 from which genus it differs in the number of 
 bridles feated at the bafe of the probofcis, which 
 are four in number in the Afilusj in the length 
 of the probofcis, which part is much longer in 
 the Bombylius than that of the Afilus ; and in 
 the pofition of the wings, which in the laft-men- 
 
 tioned 
 
Bombylius. D I P T E R A. 431 
 
 tioned genus are crofled one over the other, 
 but in the other are open. 
 
 Schsffer obferves, that the antenna are 
 broken or bent, fetaceous, and of a conic form ; 
 that the ftemmata are three in number ; that 
 the abdomen is as broad as the thorax, and the 
 wings patent, or open. 
 
 Several fpecies of the Bombylii are very 
 common in the fpring about the months of 
 March and April j they are generally found up- 
 on flowers in woods and low marfhy grounds. 
 
 Their larv^ are probably aquatic, fmce the 
 perfed infeds frequent waters. I do not know 
 that they have been defcribed. 
 
 P 4. ORDER 
 
23t ORDER VI. Hippobofca. 
 
 Genus X. Hippobosca. 
 Linn. Syfl. Nat. page loio. 
 
 The roftrum of the Hippobofca is bi- 
 valve, cylindrical, obtufe, and wavering or 
 Shaking:, as if ill fixed to the mouth. 
 
 The feet are armed with many nails, or 
 crotchets. 
 
 Scopoli adds to thefe charad:ers, that the 
 roflrum lias only one briftle. 
 
 Geoffroy obferves, that the Hippobofcse are 
 remarkable in being the only genus of Dipte- 
 rous infefts which want fteramata, except only 
 the Culex ; their antennje are fetaceous, very 
 fliort, and cpmpofed of a fingle hair j they are 
 yery'flat, hard, and as it were fcaly : it is very 
 difficult to Ivill them by compre.Tion. 
 
 The wings, in fomc fubjefts, are crofTed one 
 over the other, in others are open. 
 
 Sch^Eifer obferves, that their abdomen is as 
 fcrozid as the thorax. 
 
 The Hippobcfcas have been called, by feme 
 authors, Spidsr-Flies^ from the great relem- 
 
 blance 
 
I-Tippobofca. DIPTERA. 273 
 
 blance which one of them bears to that infeft ; 
 others have called them Hor/e-FIies, by which 
 name they are more generally known ; they are 
 found frequently in woods and marlhy places, 
 but mod commonly on the bodies of birds, 
 horfes and other quadrupedes, fucking their 
 blood, upon which alone they fubfiQ.. Their 
 larva?, are unknown. One of the fpecies is 
 known to be pupiparous ; the egg of this in- 
 feci is larger than the mother, and is rather a 
 pupa or chryfalis, than a real egg, fincethe com- 
 plcat or winged infedt is produced from it. 
 
 iFNUS 
 
( 234 ) 
 
 ORDER Vir. 
 
 INSECTA AFTER A. 
 
 This order contains all fuch infects as 
 want wings in either fex. 
 
 It has been before obferved, that many 
 infe(fts are found to want wings, which, 
 however, cannot be referred to this order, 
 becaufe one or other fex of the fame fpe- 
 cies is furnifhed with thofe parts. Bru^ 
 Tiiche, m his Syflem of Entomology, has 
 indeed arranged every infedl wanting wings 
 under his Apterous order, without taking 
 notice of the wings in the different fexes of 
 the fame fpecies, which creates a ftrange 
 confufion, as the different fexes of the fame 
 infedl mufl often be fough' for under diffe- 
 rent orders: thus the Apteroub Aphis, the fe- 
 male Coccus, the neuters of Ants, the Apte- 
 rous Mutillje, are feparated from the others 
 of iheir own fpecies, and arranged among 
 
 infeds 
 
Lcplfma. A P T E R A. 23 r 
 
 infeds with which they have no affinity. He 
 has Hkewile placed the pupa of the Gryllus 
 under this order, which is doubly improper 
 for the reafon above mentioned, and as not 
 being a compleat infed:. 
 
 The whole fpecies, or every fex of the 
 fame infed, muft want wings in order to 
 render it apterous in the fenfe of LinnjEus, 
 and to place it under this order, which 
 contains the following genera : 
 
 Genus I. Lepisma. 
 Linn. Sy ft. Nat. page 1012. 
 
 The Lepifma has fix feet, formed for 
 running. 
 
 The mouth is furnished with four palpi, 
 of which two are fetaceous, and two capi- 
 tated. 
 
 The tail is terminated by extended briflles. 
 
 The body is imbricated with fcales. 
 
 SchasfTer aflerts, that the Lepifma has only 
 
 two palpi J that its antennas are fetaceous ; the 
 
 « briftles 
 
236 ORDER VII. Lepifma. 
 
 briftJes of its tail three^ and its eyes two in num- 
 ber ; and that the l"x feet are broad and fcaly at 
 their bafe, and formed for running. 
 
 GeofFroy, who has given the name oi Forbicina 
 to this genus, fays, likewife, that the feet are 
 broad and fcaly at their bafe. He is of opinion, 
 that the antennae are fetaceous rather than fili- 
 form. 
 
 Scopoli obferves, that the tail of the Lepifma 
 is not made for leaping as that of the Podura. 
 
 The inre(5ls belonging to this genus are very 
 frequent under old floors, wainfcots, &c. efpe- 
 cially in damp houfes ; they run with great 
 fwiftnefs, and are generally of bright, Ibining 
 colours ; they are fuppofed to live upon Wood- 
 Lice, or by fucking tlie humidity of the wood 
 under which they live. 
 
 Genus 
 
Podura. A P T E R A. 237 
 
 Genus II. Podura. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1013. 
 
 The Podura has fix feet, which arc 
 formed for running. 
 
 The eyes are two in number. 
 
 The tail is forked, bent inwards under 
 the body, elaftic, and adts Hke a fpring, by 
 which the infedl leaps. 
 
 The antenna: are long and fetaceous. 
 
 Schasffer fays, with Geoffrey, that the body 
 is covered with fcales, and the laft-mentioned 
 author has divided the Podur£e into tvio fami- 
 lies ; the firfl containing thofe of a fliort and 
 globular form ; the other, thofe of a long and 
 flender make ; the antennas, according to the 
 fame author, are filiform. 
 
 The Podura pretty much refembles the Pedi- 
 culus, from which it differs principally in its 
 tail ; that part, when the infecl is at reft, or 
 walks undifturbed, is bent under the abdomen, 
 and preferved in a kind of groove, from which, 
 
 when 
 
23^ ORDER ^IL Pod 
 
 ura. 
 
 when inclined to leap, the infed withdraws it, 
 and by ftriklngit with force againft the ground, 
 is thrown to a confiderable diftance. 
 
 The Poduras are generally found upon the 
 ground infand or gravel-pits, or under branches 
 of trees, ftones, &c. in humid places. One 
 fpecies is found upon the water, upon the fur- 
 face of which it leaps with great agility. It is 
 not known upon what any of them feed. 
 
 Genus 
 
Termes. A P T E R A. 239 
 
 Genus III. Termes. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1015. 
 
 The Termes has fix feet made for run- 
 ning. 
 
 Two eyes. 
 
 Setaceous antennas : And 
 
 The mouth armed with two jaws. 
 
 Scopoli fays, that the Termes refembles the 
 Pediculas, or Loufe, and GeofFroy has defcribed 
 the only one he knew as fuch. Vid. Geoff. 
 Paris. 2, p. 601 i fed. No. 12. 
 
 They are generally called IVood-Lice. 
 
 Genus 
 
240 ORDER Vir. Pediculus. 
 
 Genus IV. Pediculus. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1016. 
 
 The Pediculus has fix feet formed for 
 walking. 
 
 It has two eyes. 
 
 Its mouth contains an exferted fting. 
 
 The antennae are as long as the thorax. 
 
 The abdomen is deprefled, and as it were 
 formed of different lobes. 
 
 But few of the pediculi of quadrupedes and 
 birds have been obfcirved, and the fpecific cha- 
 rafters of (till fewer determined ; though it is 
 pretty certain that almoft every different ani- 
 mal is infefled with a different fpecies of them. 
 
 Schseffer fays, that the antenna of the Pedi- 
 culus are fetaceous, and the head diftincft from 
 the thorax, which parts appear to him to be 
 united in fome other genera belonging to this 
 this order. 
 
 The 
 
Pediculus. AFTER A. 24: 
 
 The Pediculi are of various forms or (hapes ; 
 fome of them are almofl oval, others oblong, 
 other again very long and flender ; their head 
 is large, their eyes prominent, and their abdo- 
 men compofed, in fome, of more, in others, 
 fewer fegments, from fix to ten i their tarfi are 
 compofed of three articulations y the crotchet, 
 or nail, is femilunular, and very fharp. 
 
 They are oviparous animals, and their eggs 
 are pretty large •, they change their fkin feveral 
 times before they are full grown j they are 
 thought to be hermaphrodites, which circum- 
 ftance may account in part for their prodigious 
 multiplication. 
 
 Swammerdam, who had differed a great 
 number, and has given a very good hiftory 
 of them, afllires, that he never found onC 
 without an ovary, nor ever found the exte- 
 rior parts of generation peculiar to the male 
 fex. If they are all formed thus, the Loufe is 
 an hermaphrodite of a very particular kind, 
 and muft be able to foecundate itfclf without 
 copulation, which no other animal can do. 
 Many kinds of vermes, or worms y are herma- 
 phrodites, but far from being able to fcecundate 
 themfelves, they have occafion for a double 
 Q_ copulation. 
 
242 ORDER VII. Pediculus. 
 
 copulation, each individual performing the of- 
 fice both of male and female. This matter de- 
 ferves the ferions attention of hntomologifts, 
 and may be determined, perhaps, without great 
 difficulty, thefe infers being fo common. Fid. 
 Geoff. Paris : torn. 2, pag. 506. 
 
 GiNrs 
 
PuleX. A P T E R A; 24^ 
 
 Genus V. Pulex, the Flea. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1021. 
 
 The feet of the Flea are fix in number^ 
 and formed for leaping. 
 
 It has two eyes. 
 
 The antennse are filiform* 
 
 The roftrum is bent inwards, fetaeeoiis,' 
 and conceals a fling. 
 
 The abdomen is comprefied or flattened* 
 
 Schfeffer obferveSj that the body of the Flea 
 is covered with fcales. 
 
 The roftrum, according to ScopoH, is bi- 
 valve. 
 
 The Flea is the only infc6t belonging to this 
 order that undergoes the fame metamorphofis 
 with thofe of the other orders, all the other ap- 
 terous infeds being produced in their perfe<5fc 
 (late, either by the mother, or from the egg. 
 The larva has a forked tail, and fpins a cover- 
 Q,a ing 
 
244 ORDER VII. Pulex. 
 
 ing for the pupa, which has feet, of which, how- 
 ever, it can make no ufe, they being immove- 
 able. The larva may be nourifhed in boxes, 
 find fed with flies, of which they are very fond. 
 
 They are very fmall, lively, and creep like 
 caterpillars •, they pafs fourteen or fifteen days 
 in their larva ftate, before they undergo their fe- 
 cond changement. 
 
 Genus 
 
Acarus. A P T E R A. 245 
 
 Genus VI. Acarus. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page I0^2. 
 
 The infers belonging to this genus have 
 eight feet. 
 
 Two eyes placed on the fides of the 
 head, remote from one another. 
 
 And two articulated tentacula in the form 
 of feet. 
 
 Schaeffer obferves, that the head of the Acarus 
 is united to the thorax, in which it differs from 
 the foregoing genera belonging to this order ; 
 that its feet are made for running, its antennse, 
 (the tentacula of Linnaeus) articulated, and 
 made like feet, and that it has a pointed rof- 
 trum. 
 
 Geoffroy and the laft-mentioned author have 
 given to the Acarus Longicornis^ Linn. No. 29, 
 and another, which Linnasus has fince placed 
 among the Phalangia (Phal No. 4, Cancroides) 
 the generical name of Chelifer ; thefe differ from 
 the other Acari in the form of their antennas, 
 which are terminated by a kind of claw, refem- 
 bling that of a crab. They have given the fame 
 Q^ 3 generical 
 
246 ORDER Vir. Acarus. 
 
 generical charaders to the other Acari, as Lin- 
 nseus. 
 
 The mouth of the Acarus is formed by a very 
 fmall roftrum enclofed in a fheath ; the anten- 
 nae are Ihorter than the probofcis, except in one 
 fpecies, which is called, from that circumftancc, 
 the Acarus Longicornis. The thorax is of the 
 fame fize with the head, and fo confounded with 
 the iibdomen as not to be diftinguiflied but by 
 it§ hardnefs. The Acari live chiefly upon other 
 animals, quadrupedes, birds and infedls ; fome 
 of the laft- mentioned clafs are often quite co- 
 vered with them j others of them live in the 
 water, others upon trees, plants, &c. They are 
 oviparous, but their copulation and metaroor- 
 phofis have not yet been obferyed. 
 
 Genui 
 
Phalangium. A P T E R A. 247 
 
 Genus VII. Phalangium. 
 
 liiNN. Syft. Nat. Pag. 1027. 
 
 The Phalangium has eight feet. 
 
 Two eyes on the fummit of the head, 
 near each other, and two others on the 
 fides. 
 
 The antenna:, which are fixed to the 
 fore part of the head, are made Hke the 
 feet. 
 
 The abdomen is round. 
 
 The Phalangium Opiiio, Linn. No. 2, differs 
 from the others in the number of its eyes, which 
 are but two. 
 
 According to Scha^ffer and Geoffrey, the two 
 palpi in this genus are cheliform, and the an- 
 tenn£E formed like feet, and angulated. 
 
 The head and thorax are united without any 
 joint. 
 
 Only one fpecies of the Phalangium is com- 
 mon in Europe 5 the feet of this infed are very 
 Q^ 4 flendcr 
 
£48 ORDER VII. Phalangium. 
 
 flender, weak, and liable to be broken, Geof- 
 frey is of opinion, that thefe feet, when broken, 
 grow again like the claws of a crab, he having 
 once found a fpecimen with feven entire legs, 
 of the natural, or common length, and the 
 eighth much fhorter ; he is farther induced to 
 believe it, from the feeming analogy between the 
 Crab and the Phalangium : this matter is cu- 
 rious, and merits obfervation. 
 
 The tarfi are compofed of a very great num- 
 ber of fhort articulations. 
 
 The Phalangia are in general nodlurnal ani- 
 mals, flying the light, and fearching for their 
 prey in the night time ; many of them devour 
 the Acari, Wood-lice, fpiders, Sec. Some of 
 them live in the fea, attached to the bodies of the 
 larger aquatic animals ; others live in the trunks 
 of decayed trees. I'heir manner of copulation 
 and produ(5tion is wholly unknov/n. 
 
 GtNUS 
 
Aranea. A P T E R A. 249 
 
 Genus VIII. Aranea, the Spider. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. Pag. 1030. 
 
 The feet of the ^Aranejc are eight in 
 number. 
 
 They have eight eyes. 
 
 Their mouth is aimed with two crotchets. 
 
 Their palpi are two in number, articu- 
 lated, and headed by the genitalia of the 
 males, in that fex. 
 
 The anus contains inflruments for fplii- 
 ning, fhaped like nipples or teats. 
 
 Schsffer adds to the above chara(5lers of the 
 Spider, that the feet are made for running, the 
 head united to the thorax, and the abdomen 
 (which is of an oblong oval form)joined to the tho- 
 rax by a ihort ftalk or pedicle. He has divided 
 this genus into different families, according to the 
 various fituation of the eyes, in which he followed 
 Frifch, Geoffroy, and others. The eyes of fpiders 
 are immoveable, and their ftruflure is different 
 from that of the eyes of moft other infedls, 
 confifting each of only one lenfe, which deprives 
 3 them 
 
250 ORDER Vir. Aranea. 
 
 them of the faculty of multiplying objefts, as 
 their immobility does that of feeing fuch objedts 
 as are placed otherwife than exadly before each 
 eye. 
 
 Geofiroy aflerts, that all fpiders have eight 
 eyes, and that the eye, at each extremity of 
 the line, in the fpecies which Linnsus believed 
 to have only fix, is double. 
 
 Spiders prey upon all weaker infe6ls, even 
 thofe of their own fpecies, and are themfelves de- 
 (Iroyed by Spheges and Ichneumons ; they vary 
 in colour according to their age, and often the 
 different fexes of the fame fpecies differ in that 
 particular ; they cafl off or change their Ikin ; 
 they are not preferved perfect in cabinets with- 
 out great difficulty, on account of their great 
 humidity. 
 
 GzNirs 
 
Sf!orpio. A P T E R A. 251 
 
 Genus IX. Scorpio, the Scorpion. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1037. 
 
 The Scorpion has eight feet, and two 
 claws, which laft are fituate on the fore 
 p.art of the head. 
 
 It has eight eyes, three of which are feat^ 
 cd on each fide of the thorax, and the 
 two others on the back. 
 
 The palpi are two in number, and che- 
 liform. 
 
 The tail is lengthened out, articulated, 
 and terminated by a (harp, crooked fling. 
 
 On the under fide, between the bread 
 and abdomen, are placed two inflruments, 
 called pedlines^ from their form, which re- 
 fembles that of a comb. 
 
 Linnaeus obfcrves, that this genus is n^t 
 found in Sweden ; nor do I know that they are 
 to be met with any where in the norihern parts of 
 Europe. 
 
 Schasffer adds, to the charaiflers given o' • - 
 Scorpion by Linnaeus, that the feet ai. 
 
252 ORDER VIL Scorpio. 
 
 for running -, the head united with the thorax, 
 and the tail long and articulated. 
 
 * 
 
 The claws fituate upon the head are, accord- 
 ing to the fame author, the antennas of the in- 
 led i Scopoli calls them palpi. 
 
 The venom of the Scorpion is accounted 
 more dangerous than that of any other infefb, 
 and has been frequently attended with the lofs 
 of life, in hot climates, as we are informed 
 by different travellers. 
 
 Genus 
 
Cancer." A P T E R A. 253 
 
 Genus X. Cancer, the Crab-. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1038. 
 
 The Crab has eight feet (fometimes ten 
 or fix) befides two hands terminated by the 
 claws. 
 
 It has two moveable eyes, generally 
 projedling from the head, or placed upon a 
 kind of flalk. 
 
 It has two palpi armed with claws. 
 
 The tail is articulated, and unarmed, or 
 without any kind of fling. 
 
 This genus is divided into families, as 
 follows : 
 
 I . The Brachyiiri, or Jhort tailed crabs, in 
 which the thorax is either 
 
 Smooth, and the fides of it entire ; 
 
 Smooth, with the fides jagged or in- 
 dented ; 
 
 Hairy, or fpinou«5 on the upper part j 
 
 Armed 
 
254 ORDER VII. Cancer. 
 
 Armed with fpines on the upper 
 part J Or 
 
 With an uneven furfacc. 
 
 2. Macrouri, or long tailed crabs : thefc 
 are fubdivided from the following 
 circumftances : 
 
 Thofe having a fmooth thorax -, 
 
 Thofe with an uneven or tubercu- 
 lated thorax ; 
 
 Thofe which have the thorax armed 
 with fpines ; 
 
 Thofe in which the hand is without 
 fingers, and the thorax of an ob- 
 long form ; 
 
 Thofe in which the (hell of the tho- 
 rax is fliorter than that part, which 
 it does not cover entirely. 
 
 Some fpecies of each of thefe families are 
 parafitici ; thefe, for the moft part, live in 
 the fhells of other teftaceous animals, and 
 their tails want the leaves, or plates, which 
 terminate the tails of the other crabs. 
 
 The 
 
Cancer. A P T E R A. 25^ 
 
 The crab has two long, and two, or four, 
 fhort antenna?, which laft are by fome called 
 palpi. 
 
 Schaeffer obferves, that the antennjc of the 
 crabs are long and fetaceous (without making 
 mention of the fiiorter antennje or palpi) the 
 head united to the thorax, the mouth armed 
 with jaws, and the body covered with a cruft or 
 (hell. 
 
 GeofFroy aflerts, that the head of the Cancri 
 Macrouri or long tailed crabs^ is not united with, 
 but diftindl from the thorax j the fame author 
 numbers the claws among the feet, and calls the 
 fhorier antennse the palpi, as does likewife Sco- 
 poli. 
 
 The Crabs are long-lived, and change their 
 cruftaceous flcin every year, which changement 
 is not effeded without great difficulty ; the in- 
 ftruments of generation are two in number, in 
 each fex, and they copulate breaft to bread, 
 refupinata feniina ; the female carries her eggs, 
 vi^hich are exceedingly numerous, in a duller 
 under her tail. They feed equally upon plants, 
 dead and live animals, and frequently the ftrong 
 and healthy ones devour fuch as have juft 
 changed their fkin, at which time they are weak, 
 
 languilhing, 
 
256 ORDER VII. Cancer. 
 
 languifhing, and their new fkin foft; at this 
 time they likewife fall a prey to many other 
 animals, and chiefly to different fpecies of the 
 marine polypus. Some authors afiert, that the 
 Crab changes its ftomach and inteflines at the 
 fame time with the ficin. 
 
 jC3 
 
 Genus 
 
Monoculus. APTERA. 257 
 
 Genus XI. Monoculus. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1057. 
 
 The feet of the JVIonoculus are made 
 for fwimming. 
 
 The body is covered with a crufl:, or 
 fhell. 
 
 The eyes are fixed in the fliell, very 
 near one another. 
 
 The infefls belonging to this genus have ge- 
 nerally been thought to have two eyes, but 
 placed fo near to one another as fcarce to be dif- 
 tinguifhed ; GeofFroy however aflerts, that fe- 
 veral of them have in fadt only one eye ; to thefe 
 he has preferved the name of Monoculus, Thefe 
 are likewife farther diftinguifhed by their an- 
 tennae, which in fome are divided and fubdivided 
 into branches, like plants, with feveral lateral 
 hairs, in others are more than two in number. 
 To the remaining ones, in which two eyes are 
 plainly perceptible, he has given the generical 
 name of Binoculus \ the antenna in this genus 
 are fetaceous, and the tail forked. The feet, ac- 
 cording to the fame author, are fix in number 
 R (in 
 
258 ORDER VII. Monoculus. 
 
 (in each of his genera •,) but, according to 
 Schsffer, they are many in number, and 
 branched. Perhaps that Author miftook the 
 antennas for feet, and indeed mod of the 
 fpecies make ufe of the antennae to fwim, 
 and hkewile to leap with ; he has changed the 
 generical name of our author to that of Bran' 
 chipus. The MonocuH are both oviparous and 
 viviparous; they Hve in fl-agnated waters; fome of 
 them feed upon plants, others attach themfelves 
 firmly to the bodies of different filh, whofe blood 
 they fuck for their nourifhment -, they fwim, or 
 rather fpring upon the water, with great agility j 
 they are in general very fmall, but lay an amazing 
 number of eggs -, they lofe all motion, and 
 feem to ceafe to live in fummer, when the great 
 droughts have deprived them of water, but re- 
 vive when reftored to their proper element. 
 
 Linnai^us relates, that one fpecies of them, 
 which is of a red colour, is fometimes fo nume- 
 rous as to make the waters appear as if changed 
 into blood. 
 
 Gemus 
 
Onlfcus. A P T E R A. 259 
 
 Genus XII. Oniscus. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1069* 
 
 The Onifcus has fourteen feet^ 
 The antennas are fetaceous, and 
 
 The body of an oval form. 
 
 Geoffrey adds to the above characters of the 
 Onifcus, that the antennas are bent. He has fe- 
 pa rated the Onifc. Jquaticus, Linn. Syji. Nat, 
 No, 1 1, from the other fpecies, under the gene- 
 rical name of JfelluSy on account of the number 
 of antenna in that infe6l, which are four -, two 
 of thefe are longer than the others, but they 
 are all bent : he obferves that the head, in both 
 thefe genera, is intimately joined to the thorax. 
 
 Schaeffer has followed Geoffroy in this divi- 
 fion of the Linnaean genus, and obferves, that 
 the feet of the Afellus are made for running, 
 that the body is oblong, and the mouth furnilh- 
 ed with two palpi. 
 
 R 2 The 
 
z6o ORDER VII. Onifcus. 
 
 The Onifci change their Ikin, like many other 
 apterous infects •, it is compofed of feveral cruf- 
 taceous plates. 
 
 They are found frequently in houfes, gar- 
 dens, and woods ; fome fpecies live in the 
 water ; they are fometimes called Hog-lice^ and 
 one fpecies is made m'iz of in medicine. 
 
 Gehvi 
 
Scolopendra A P T E R A. s^i 
 
 Gentjs XIII. Scolopendra. 
 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1062. 
 
 The feet, in this genus, are as many 
 in number, on each fide, as the fegments 
 of the body. 
 
 The antennjE are fetaceous. 
 
 The palpi two in number, and jointed, 
 or formed of various articulations. 
 
 The body is deprefled, or flat. 
 
 GeofFroy and SchsefFer aflerr, that the anten- 
 nJE of the Scolopendra are filiform, and compofed 
 of many Qiort articulations ; the feet, accord- 
 ing to the fame author, are never fewer than 
 twenty-four. 
 
 The body of the Scolopendra is flat, and 
 compofed of a great many rings, or fegments, 
 which augment, as the infed advances in age, 
 till it is fully grown, for which reafon the fpe- 
 cies can rarely be determined with any cer- 
 tainty : it changes its flcin in the fame manner 
 as the two preceding genera : fome fpecies are 
 frequent in gardens, and all humid places, 
 under ftones, &c. 
 
 R 3 Genus 
 
4^2 ORDER VII. Julus. 
 
 Genus XIV. Julus. 
 Linn. Syft. Nat. page 10364 
 
 The feet, in this genus, are very nume- 
 rous, being, on each fide, twice as many 
 as the fegments of the body. 
 
 The antenna are moniliform, 
 
 The palpi are two in iiumber, and arti» 
 culated. 
 
 The body is of a femicylindric form, 
 
 Geoffroy and Schasffer obferve, that the an^ 
 tennse are compofed of five articulations, and 
 the feet always more than an hundred in 
 number. 
 
 The JuU differ from the ScolopendriE in the 
 fhape of their body, and number of their feet, 
 which laft are likewife very (hort ; the fkin is 
 exceedingly hard, and is caft off or changed, 
 like that of the Scclopendras, &c. They arc 
 frequent in humid places. 
 
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