4^ 
 
 44 
 
 THE 
 
 ELEMENTS 
 
 OF 
 
 ARCHITECTURE, 
 
 CoUcacd by 
 
 Henry Wotton K^, 
 
 From the 
 
 Beft AUTHOURS 
 
 AND 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 «<^ 
 
 
 
 ?4 
 
 
(51rp i. 1. Hill ICtbrara 
 
 North (Harolina ^tatp Hmttersity 
 
 Design 
 NA2515 
 
 W85 
 
ITA2515 
 
 Arch lib 74215 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2009 with funding from 
 
 NCSU Libraries 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/elementsofarchitOOwott 
 
THE 
 
 ELEMENTS 
 
 OF 
 
 ARCHITECTURE 
 
Pub/if bed for 
 
 Guy Kirk ham, F. A. I. A., 
 
 By 
 The F. A, Bassette Company, 
 
 Springfield, Maffachufetts. 
 
M %eliquice JVottonian^. S 
 
 %' i ^> 
 
 fl A COLLECTION g> 
 
 t^ CL I V E S. m 
 
 jf-ny- 
 
 "'•J^l Late 
 
 M Of <;letters, I* 
 *i (:p o E M S; g!- 
 
 ^ CHARACTERS $1 
 
 <m o F ^^ 
 
 "^M Sundry Personages -• ^l* 
 
 "^-^^ , , , ^5- 
 
 ^^ Incomparable Pieces ^5. 
 
 J* 
 
 ^r>> ^_y The curious P e N s i L of ^j. 
 evjv the Evei- Memorable st-r. 
 
 S^ Henry iVotton K^ ^> 
 
 Provofl o<iEton ColUdg. ^ 
 
 <y^ LONDON, ^ 
 
 '■C^ VuuitAhy Thorn J/s Maxey, ioK KMarmty ^> 
 »r^'v C-Bf'^'e/, and r.Gflr//?3«'«:». 1651. ^^ 
 
 •i^ i*ii <-« ku.* w4-« tiiJ ww *»■» tivi WM w* «4!# «»y «a» tu» >^ St* %f 
 
PUBLISHER' S NOTE. 
 
 The Elements of Architecture was first 
 published in 1624. A Latin translation was 
 printed with **the Great Vitruvius" in 1649. 
 Reliquia Wottoniana, including The Ele- 
 ments of Architecture, was published in 
 1651, with later editions in 1654, 
 1672, and 1685. This book is 
 reproduced from the 165 1 
 edition of Reliquiee 
 Wottonianee. 
 
THE 
 
 ELEMENTS 
 
 OF 
 
 ARCHITECTURE 
 
 Colleaed by 
 
 Henry Wotton K^, 
 
 From the 
 
 Beft AUTHOURS 
 
 AND 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 7-1215 
 
'95 
 
 THE 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Shall not rjcedQike 
 the mvfi fart of 
 fVriters) to cele- 
 brate the Subje<f^ 
 which I deliver I 
 In that point I am 
 at eafe. For Ar- 
 chitedure cvt 
 want no commendation , trherc there are 
 Noble-Men , or Noble Mindes ; / voill 
 therefore fptnd this Preface, rather akofit 
 thofe from whom I have gathered my 
 k^ww ledge : For I am hm a gatherer 
 and difpofcr of other mens fiujfe,, at my 
 bcjl value. 
 
 Our friyicipall Matter is Vitruvius, 
 and fo I P? ill often call him- who had 
 this felicity , that he wrote when the 
 Roman Empire TT^u ncer the pitch -^ Or 
 at leaf-, when An^uRus (who fwof-trcd 
 his cndeavoHrs )had fame meaning (if he 
 1 2 were 
 
196 The Preface. 
 
 Tacir.lib.i. were not mijlakf'O to hound 
 Annal. t^e Monarch te.-T"/;//, Ifay^ 
 
 iras his good hjp j For in growing and 
 enlarging times , Arts are commonly 
 droTvned in A(ftion •* Btn on the other 
 fide, it was in trmh an unhappinefle, to 
 exprejfe himfelfe fo ill^ efpeciallj writing 
 ( as hee did ) in a [eafon of the al?lejl 
 Pennes; And his obfcurit}' had this 
 f range fortune'^ That though he were 
 i?ef praclifed ^ and hefl follo\\>ed hj his 
 on?;? Country-men : jfr after the revi- 
 ving and rcpolipAng of good Literature, 
 (which the cornhtjlions and tumults of 
 the middle-Age ^^^ unciviilized ) hee 
 was heft, or at leafi , frfl underjhod hj 
 Strangers : For of the Italians that tooi^^ 
 him in h^i nd thofe that were G ta m m a r i- 
 zns feeme to have wanted Mathcmaticail 
 knowledge-^ Wr/;f Mathematicians />fr- 
 haps wanted GTimmQV.ti/ h^th werefaf- 
 ^ciently conioyned, in Leon-Batifta Al- 
 berti /^f Florentine , rAoor/i I rcp:ttc the 
 firfi learned Architect beyond the A!pe?^ 
 Bfit heflndied more indeed to m/ike him- 
 felfv an Author, then to iUuflrate his 
 Mafcer. Therefore amongf his Com- 
 menters , I my.fl {for my private con- 
 celts) 
 
The Preface. i^L 
 
 ceite) jeeld the cheife praife nnro the 
 French, in Philander; and to the high 
 Gemnans, in Guakerus Rivius iV^o he^ 
 fdes h^s notes J hath likeWifepulf/if^d the 
 mofl elaborate Tranflation, that I think. 
 it extant in anj vulgar Speech of the 
 rporld'.thoHgh not vcithoHt leeway I ing,ttciv 
 and then, fome defeEi of Artificial! termi 
 irt his own ; as J mufi Itkewtfe : For -if 
 the Saxon , (our mother tongui) did 
 complaine ', as ^ajlly ( I doubt ) in this 
 point may the Daughter: Languages, 
 for the mofi part ^ in terms of Aft and 
 Erudition , retatmng their originall po- 
 verty j Ayt^ rather- grom/tg rich And Or- 
 bunda»t in contplementaU phrafes {md. 
 ftich froth. Touching divert moderne 
 men that have -writ ten out of meere pra- 
 Bife I (hall give them thetr dtte upon 
 occafion. 
 
 And now, after this fhort Cenfure of 
 others J / Tvofildfainfatisfie an Obje(flion 
 or two, which feem to he fomewhat hea- 
 vily upon my jdf'j It will hefaid^ That I 
 handle an Art, no way fnteahle either 
 to my Imployments , crto wj Fortune. 
 nAndfo I fhall (land charged , both with 
 Intruilon^ and with Im pertinency. 
 
 1 3 Tq 
 
ip8 The Preface. 
 
 To the Tirft I at^frver, That though hj 
 the ever acknovpledged goodnejfe of my 
 Tftofl deare attd gracious S O V E- 
 R A I G N E ; and hy his long indul- 
 
 fent tolerations of my defeats, J have 
 orn abroad fame fart of his civil Service; 
 jet when J came home, and was again re- 
 fohed into mine ownjimflicity , J found 
 it fitter for my Penne (atleafi in this 
 jirfi ■publi(]Ke adventure^) to deale with 
 thefe ^lainQom^xXtTOtXiViy andtraBahle 
 Materials j then with the laberynths W 
 Myfteries «/Conrcs <««^ States j ^nd 
 ie^efrefumftionforme^ tohy have ktig 
 contemplated a famous RepubJrque, t6 
 Tumte now of Archite^ure ; then it ivai 
 ^mciently for *Hippodamus » Anftot i. 
 the Milefian, to write ofKc ui,. PoUti. 
 publiques ,who was himfelf cap. 6. 
 ^Ht an Atchkc^. 
 
 To the Second , / mafi fhrinke tfp my 
 fhoulders, as 1 have learned abroad, and 
 confejfe indeed , that my fortune is very 
 unable to exemplifie and afluate my 
 Speculations in this Art , which yet in 
 trttth , modi me the rather even from 
 my very dif ability i take encouragement 
 tohtff, that myprefentLdbwit would 
 
 iffde 
 
The Preface. 199 
 
 fifide the morefaUcur In others , jince it 
 was undertaken for no mans (ake le^e 
 then mine owne. And with that confi- 
 dence y I fell into thefe thoughts ; Of 
 whichj there were two wayes to be delit/f^ 
 red ; The one Hiftoricall , hy defcription 
 of the- frincipall Works, performed a'C- 
 ready in good part by Giorgio Vaff^L in 
 the lives ofArchitecfts. The other Lo- 
 gical I, by cajling the rules and cant ion f 
 of this Art into fome comportableM&~ 
 thod : whereof I have made choice ^ mt 
 <mly as the fhartefir and mo ft- Elemencall ; 
 Jmt indeed as the foundefl. For ihm^ 
 in pra^icall knowledges , every coitt- 
 p/f<«f Example may heare the credit of a 
 Rule* Jit per adventure Rulesjhould pre- 
 cede, that we may by them be made fit to 
 i^udge <?/ Examples : Therefore to the 
 purpofe; for I will preface no longer^ 
 
 I4 OF 
 
of ArchtteElur^, 20 1 
 
 
 O P 
 
 The elements 
 
 OF 
 
 ARCHITECTURE, 
 The Ftrjt Tart. 
 
 •»^Sf><><v><v N ArchiteBure as ill all 
 .Z^Z-^ f^ other Operative Arts-, 
 *S I Srt ttie £»^ muft dire<$t the 
 
 *y> tf/ ^^4 <^ tf« 
 
 The £Wis to build well. 
 Wel'buUding hath three Conditions, 
 Commodity, F.irM»ep^ and Delight: 
 
 A common Divifton amoiig the 
 Deliverers of this Art^ though 1 jinow 
 
 I 5 noc 
 
 D. H. HILL LIBRARY 
 North Carolina State Colleg© 
 
20Z The Elements 
 
 not how, fomwhat mifplaced by Fi- 
 truviHs himfelf, /»'/'. I. cap. 3. whom I 
 fhall be willinger to follow as a Ma- 
 iler of Proportion, then o( Method, 
 
 Now, For the attaining of thefe /«- 
 tent ions, we may confider the whole 
 Stihje^ under two generall Heads; 
 The Seat, and the Work^. 
 
 Therefore firft touching SitnatiofT^ 
 
 The Precepts thereunto belonging 
 do either concern the Totall Pofiure, 
 (as I may term it) or the Placing of 
 the Parts : whereof the firfl: fort, how- 
 Ibever ufualiy fet down by ArchitcEls 
 as a piece of their Profejjion, yet are 
 in truth borrowed from other Lear^ 
 mngs : there being between Arts and 
 Sciences, as well as between Men, 3. 
 kind of good fellowfhip, and commn- 
 cicationof iheir Principles. 
 
 For you fhallfind fomeof them to 
 be m^ttly Phyficall, touching the qua- 
 lity and temper of the Aire : which 
 being a perpetuall ambient and ingre- 
 dient, and the defe(5ls thereof incorri- 
 gible in fingle Habitations (which I 
 moft intend) doth in thofe refpeds re- 
 quire the more exquifite caution j That 
 
 ii: 
 
ofArclHteSlure. 205 
 
 it be not too £roJfe, nor too ptnetra" 
 five ; Not llibje*^ to any fo^c noy- 
 fomneffe, from Fens or Marjhei near 
 adj<5yning; nor to Minerall Exhala- 
 tions from the Soil it felf. Not undi- 
 gefted, for want of Sun-^ Not unexer- 
 cifed, for want of Wind: which were 
 to live (as it were J in a Laks^ o^ ^"^^ 
 ding Pooloi ylire, ^sJlherti the //«- 
 remiri Arckittil doth ingenioufly com- 
 pare it. 
 
 Some do rather feem a little u4fire' 
 logically as when they warn us from 
 Places of malign Jyiflnence: wher^ 
 Eanh-ijuakef^ Contagions^ Predigiom 
 Births^ or the like, are frequent with- 
 out any evident caufe : whereof the 
 Confideration is peradventure not al- 
 together vain : Some are plainly Oeco^ 
 mmicall ; As that the Seat be well wa- 
 tered, and well fuelled j That it be 
 not of too fleepy and incommodious 
 ylccejfe, to the trouble both of Friendf 
 and Family j That it lie not too far 
 from fome navigable River or Arme of 
 the Sea^ for raoreeafe of provifionjand 
 iuch other Domejlickj^oiti. 
 
 Some again may be feid to be Opti- 
 cal i 
 
204 The Elements 
 
 cal: Such I mean as concern the Pro- 
 ferties of a well chofen Proffe^ : which 
 I will call the Royalty of Sight. For as 
 there is a Lordjhlp (as it were) of the 
 Feet, wherein the Mafter doth much 
 joy when he walketh about the Line 
 of his own Pofcfficns : So there is a 
 Lordjhid likewife of the Eyc^\v\\\c\\ be- 
 ing a Ranging, and Imperious, and (I 
 might fay) an Vfnrfing Senfe^ can in- 
 dure no narrow Circumfcriftion ; but 
 muftbefed both with extent and va- 
 riety. Yet on the other fide, I find vafle 
 and indefinite views which drown all 
 apprehenfion of the uttermoft Ohjecls, 
 condemned by good Authours, as if 
 thereby fome part of the plea fu re 
 (whereof we fpeakj didpenfh. Laflly, 
 I remember a private Caution , which 
 I know not well how to fort, unlefle 
 I (hould call it Politicafi: By no means^ 
 to build too near a great Neighbour *i 
 which were, in truth, to be as unfortu- 
 nately feared on the earth,- as Mercury 
 is in the Heavens, for the mod part, 
 ever in comhuflion ot-cbfcurity under 
 brighter beams then his own. 
 
 From thefe feverall Knowledges, as I 
 
 have 
 
of ArchheEiure, 205 
 
 have faid, and perhaps from. * Juinms 
 fome other, do ArchiteUs f^eurnitaJn- 
 derive their Doarine about f^'-^/.ff* 
 EiQ<^on of Sear tiwbti&ttl •<^'*P-*- 
 have not been ib fevere as a'grcar Scho^ 
 Icrof our Ctine,wbo pcecilely re/Jrain- 
 eth a . pcrfecl SitHation^ at Icaft for 
 the main point of health, Ad honm 
 cmtra cfuan Sol radksfms fttn^it cum 
 fub Arlete orifar ; That \s^ in a word, 
 he would have the firft SalmatioH. oi 
 the Spring. JBui fuch Net4^s as thefe^ 
 wherefoevcr we £nd them m grave or 
 flight Authours, are to my conceit ra- 
 ther Wlfhes ih<sn, P reffpts ; and in that 
 quality I wiil paiTe them over. Yet I 
 muft withal I iay, that in the y«ii^f«g- of 
 ourfelves (which isakindof u}/«rrt- 
 a^e to a VUce) Builders (hould be as 
 circumfped as pvoo^rs j left when all is 
 done^that Dmm bef^U us; which our 
 Maftet doth Jay upoit Mitylene-. A 
 Tdwn^iyi truth (faith he) 
 ^mlyindlt^butfodim OpUum quidm 
 planted And fo much. . -tttrZ ti 
 taoching that which I ^ruienter fc^ 
 termed the Total Pc-^ turn. 
 
 The 
 
2o6 The Elements 
 
 The next in Order is the placing of 
 the Parts ; About which (to leave as 
 little as I may in my prefent labour, 
 unto Fancie^ which is wilde and irre- 
 gular j I will propound a Rule of mine 
 own Colle(!^ion, upon which I fell in 
 this manner. 1 had noted, that all Art 
 was then in trueft perfection, when it 
 might be reduced to fome naturall 
 Principle. Fof what are the moft judi- 
 cious Artifani but the Mimic^nes of 
 Uaturc ? This led me to contemplate 
 the Fabrick of our own Bodies, wherein 
 the High ArchitcB of the World had 
 difplayed fuch skill as did ftupifie all 
 humane reafon. There I found the 
 Heart, as the Fountain of Life, placed 
 about the Middle, for the more equall 
 communication of the vitall fpirits. 
 The Eyi feated aloft, that they might 
 defcribe the greater Circle witliin their 
 view. Th€ Arms proie»^ed on each fide, 
 for eafe of reaching. Briefly (not to lofe 
 our felves in this Ipeculation) it plainly 
 appeareth, as a Maxime drawn from Ui 
 I>ivine Light j That the Place of every 
 part is to be determined by the Vf^^ 
 Sathen from Natural! Sti^tsBftn^ td 
 
 proceed 
 
of Archiu^re. zoj 
 
 proceed to Artificiall; and in the ru- 
 deft things, to preferve feme Image of 
 the excel lentefl:- Let all the principall 
 Chambers of Deltght, All Studies and 
 Lihrarits^ be towards the Enji : F<k 
 the Morning is a friend to the Mufes. 
 All Olfices that require heat, as Kir- 
 chins, Stiltatories, Stoves, rooms for 
 Bakin^^ Brewings fVafhing^ or the like, 
 would be Merikignall. All that need a 
 cool and frefh temper, as Cellars, Puk- 
 tries , Butt erits fir ATiarics XO the North. 
 To the fame fide likewile, all that are 
 appointed for gentle Motion, as Calle" 
 ries , efpecialiy in warm Climes, or 
 that otherwife require a fteady and un- 
 vartable light, as Ptnacotheda (faith. 
 Vttruvius) by which he intendech, (if 
 I may guefle at his Greek, as we muft 
 do often even at his I^tine) certain Rt- 
 foftories for Works of Rarity in 
 Picture or other Arts, by the Italians 
 called Sfitdio/i; which at any other 
 Quarter, where the courfe of the^^^; 
 doth diveriifie the i'/?4i/oiv/, would lofe 
 mticiiOfthe if grace. And by this Rule 
 liaving always regard to che Vfe^ any 
 other Part may be fitly acccmmodated. 
 
2o8 The Elements 
 
 I muft here not omit to note,that the 
 Ancient Grecians^. s.nd the Romans by 
 their example,in their Buildings abroad, 
 where the Seat was free, did almofl: 
 Religioufly fituate the Front of their 
 Houfes towards the South : perhaps 
 that the Mafters Eye, when he came 
 home, might not be dazeled, or that 
 being iIKiftrated by the Sun, it might 
 yeild the more gracefull Afpe^ ; or 
 feme fuch reafon. But from this the 
 Modern Italians do vary ; whereof I 
 fha!l fpeak moreift another place. Let 
 thus much fufficC at the prefent for the 
 Pojition ofthefeverall Members ^vihttt- 
 in muft be had, as our Authour doth 
 often infinuate, and efpecially lib 6. 
 cav.io. a fingular regard to the nature 
 or the Repon : Every Nation being 
 tyed above all Rules whatfoever, to a 
 diftretion of providing againfl their 
 f>wn Inconveniences : And therefore a 
 good Parlour in Egyft, would per- 
 chance make a good Cellar in JE»- 
 gland^ 
 
 There now followeth the fecond 
 Branch of the general! SeEtkti- touch- 
 ing the Wcrki 
 
 In 
 
of^rckteSlure. 209 
 
 '■■■I "fcW . ■■■!■■■ » !■ I ■ ■!■ ■ ^ 
 
 In thtfVork^y 1 will firfi: confider 
 the Principal! parrs, and afterwards the 
 Acceflbiy, ot Ornaments-, And in the 
 Princ^ll, firft the Preparation of the 
 Matenah:, and then the Difpofition, 
 whicfiisthei^fl?-^^. 
 
 Now, concerning the AfatcrialVjiXli 
 Although furely, it cannot difgrace an 
 AtchiteEby which doth, fo well become 
 a Pililofbpher, to look into the Proper- 
 tics of Stone and IVood : as that Fifr 
 trees, CyprefTes, Cedars^ and fuch 
 other Atr^ll2i(^\ngPUnts^ being by 
 a kind of xsaturaii rigonr (which in a 
 Man I would call pride) indexible 
 downwards, are thereby fitteil for 
 Pofts or Pillars^ or fuch upright ufe: 
 thai on the other fide. Oak, and the like 
 true hearty Tipiber, being ftrong in ^11 
 Pofitions, may be better trufted in 
 erode afld travcrfe Work ; for Sum- 
 mers, or girding, and binding Beams ^ 
 as they term them. And fo likewife 
 to obfcrve of Stone^ that fome are bet- 
 ter within, and other to bear ;^f><///7fr : 
 Nay, to defcend lower, even to examine 
 Sand;xnA Ljme,zn6. Clay (of all which 
 things VitrHvi^ hach difcourfed.with- 
 
 out 
 
2IO 
 
 71)6 Elements 
 
 out any daintinefs, and (he moft of new 
 Writers) I fay, though the Speculative 
 Part of fuch knowledge be Hberall : yet 
 to redeem this ProfeflRon, and my 
 prefent pains from indignity ; 1 muft 
 here remember, That to choofe and 
 fort the Materials for every part of 
 the Fabrick.^ is a Duty mote proper to 
 a fecond Superintendent over all the 
 Under-y^n//^;z/,called (as I take it) by 
 our Author fi^cinat or Jib. 6. cap. 1 1 . and 
 in that Place exprefTely diftinguifhed 
 from the ArchittB^ whofe glory doth 
 more confifl in the Defigaement, and 
 Idea of the whole Wi>rk^', and his trueft 
 Qtnbidon Ihoald be to mak^the Fcrmy 
 which is the nobler Part (as it were^ 
 triumph over the Matter: whereof I 
 cannot but mention by the way> a for- 
 taign Pattern; namely, the Church of 
 Santa GiuJHna. ih Padona : In truth, a 
 found piece of good Art^ where the 
 Materials being but ordmary flone, 
 without any garnifliment of Sculpture, 
 do yet ravifti the Beholder (and he 
 knows not how) by a fecret Harmony 
 in the Profortiom. And this indeed is 
 that end, at which in fome degree, 
 
 we 
 
of ArchiteBur€. 1 1 1 
 
 we (hould aim even in the priva- 
 teft works : whereunto though I 
 make bade , y? t let me firft colleft 
 a few of the leaft triviall Cautions 
 belonging :o the <^iaterixU Pr^iii- 
 jion. 
 
 Leon Bitt'tj^a ^Alherii is (b curious, 
 astowilh a!Jthe7'/»>^cut o^Kofthe 
 fame /"of-rf/?, ami allthei'f<wp out of 
 the feme Quarrk. 
 
 Phf/^n tie I'Orme tht Trench Archi* 
 >te8- goes yet fomwhatfmthcT,&' would 
 T^rve the Ljme fflsdeof the vcty fame 
 Stone, which we tnt««i co nnploy in 
 the Pf^vrk; as belike ima^rng that 
 they will iymf«fthize and joynxhc 
 better by a kind of Ori^nalkmdt^. 
 But ibch concerpts astbdefeem fbme- 
 "what too fine among this Rtthkt^e^ 
 though T do not produce them'in 
 fporf . For fufely, the like agreements 
 of Nature may have oftentimes a dif- 
 creet application to Art. Always it 
 tnuft be corrfefTed, that to make Lyme 
 without any great choice , of refufe 
 Huffe, as we commonly do, is an Bug- 
 lip} crrourof no fmall moment in our 
 Buildings. Whereas the ItdUns at this 
 
 day. 
 
ZIZ 
 
 The Elements 
 
 day, and much more the Ancients^^xA 
 hurne their firmefl: [hne^ and even frag- 
 ments 0? Marble where it was copious, 
 which ih time became almoft A'larble 
 again, orat leafl: of indiffoluble duri- 
 ty, as appeareth in the (landing Thea- 
 ters. I mufl: here not omit, while I am 
 fpeaking of this part, a certain forme of 
 ^r/V^defcribed by Daniel Barbara Ta- 
 march oi Aquileia^xn the largcfl Editir 
 on of his Commentary upon Vitruvms. 
 The Figure triangular, every fide a 
 foot long , and fome inch and a half 
 thick , which he doth commend unto 
 us for many good conditions : As that 
 they are more comnnodious in the ma- 
 nagement, of lefTe expence, of fayrer 
 (how,adding much beauty and ftrength 
 to the Mural/ Ana Us ^ where they fall 
 gracefully into an indented Wcfh *• fo 
 as I (hould wonder that we have not 
 taken them into ufe , being propoun- 
 ded by a man of good authority in 
 this knowledge; but that all Nations 
 do ftart at Novelties , and are indeed 
 married to their own Moulds, Into this 
 place might aptly fall a doubt , which 
 fome have well moved; whether the an- 
 
 cienc 
 
of jfrch'tteHun. 1 1 5 
 
 nenc hrJi^ns did burne their Brkke or 
 ik>; which a paifTagc or mo In Vitruvius 
 hath left ambigirous. Surely^ where 
 the Natxrall heat is l!tt)Hg enough to 
 fiipply the Anificiatl, it were but a cu- 
 rious folly to multiply both Labour 
 and Ex^ence. And it is befides very 
 probable , that thofe Materials with a 
 ktndely and temperate heate would 
 provd fairer, fmoother, and leUe diftor- 
 tc^^ then With a violent : Only, they 
 fuffer two exceptions. Firft , that by 
 fuch a gentle drying much time will 
 be lo(t, which might otherwife be 
 employed in compiling. Next, That 
 they will want a certain fucking and 
 foaking Thirfitnejfe , or a fiery appe- 
 tite to drink in the Z/wf , which muft 
 knit the tahrid^ liut this queftion 
 may be confined to the Sonth , where 
 there is more Sunne and patience. I 
 wiU therefore not hinder my courfe,- 
 with this incident fcruple, but clofe 
 that part which J have now in hand, 
 2^o\xtih.t Materials^ 'With aprincipall 
 caution: That fufficient Strtjfe and Mo- 
 ney be ever ready before we beginne ^ 
 For whea we build now a piece , and 
 
 then 
 
214 TbeBemnts 
 
 then another by ^//, the fVorkedties 
 and finkes uniwually, whereby the 
 fFalUs grow full of Chmki and Cr;- 
 •z'w/ ; Therefore fuch pawfing^ are 
 well reproved by Palladia^ lib.i .cap.i» 
 and by all other. And fo having glea- 
 ned thefc few remembrances touching 
 the preparation of the Matter , I may 
 now proceed to thQ^Difpofit ion theteof, 
 which muft forme the JVorke, In the 
 Forme, as, I did in the i'f ^ , Iwillfirfl: 
 confiderthe generall Figuration^ and 
 then the feverail Members. 
 
 Figures are either Jimp/e or Mixed. 
 The (imple be either Circular or Angu- 
 lar. And of Circular, either C^m- 
 pleate, or Deficient, as Ovals ^ with 
 which kindes 1 will be contented, 
 though the Diftribution might be more 
 curious. 
 
 Now the exa<5t Circle is in truth ^ 
 Figure , which for our purpofe hath 
 many fit and eminent properties j as 
 fitneffe for Commodity and Receipt , 
 being the mofl: capable ; fitneffe for 
 ftrength and duration , being the moft 
 united in his parts ; fitneffe for beau- 
 ty and delight, as imitating the cele- 
 
 flialJ 
 
of AnhiteSiure, 215 
 
 iiall Orbfs^ aadthe univerfall Forme. 
 And it feemes , bcfides, to have the ap- 
 probation of Nature, whenlhewor- 
 keth by Infiin^ , which is herfecret 
 Schook: For bird* do build theif 
 nefts Spherically. But notwithftanding 
 thefc Attributes, it is in truth a very 
 unprofitable Figure iir private Fa- 
 Hckj, a5 being ofall other the moft 
 chargeable, and much roome loft in 
 the bending of the fVallef , when it 
 comes to be divided : befides an ill 
 diftribution of light , except from the. 
 Center of the Rocfe. So as anciently it 
 was not ufuall/ave in their Temples and 
 Ampki'Tlaeateri , which n^i<i^ no 
 Compartitioas. The Ovals and othe« 
 ii)*pttf&(fl circular Formes , have the 
 fane excepdons , and lefle benefit of 
 capacity : So as there remaines' to be 
 eonHdered in this generall furvey of 
 ^ht^f-ef,, the AnguUr^ and the M^e^ 
 ofbodi Touching the <t^HguUr, \t 
 may perchance found fomwhat ftrange- 
 ly, but it is a true obfervation, chat this 
 Art doth neither love many Anvles^ 
 HOT few. For firH-, the TrUngle^ v^ich 
 hiih the fewefl fides and corners , is of 
 
 all 
 
21 6 Tloe Elements 
 
 all other the moft condemned , as be- 
 ing indeed both incapable and infirme 
 (whereof the reafon (hall be afterwards 
 rendred) and likewlfe unrefolveable 
 into any other regular Forme then it 
 lelf in the inward Partitions. 
 
 As for Figures of five, fix, feven; or 
 mott Angles \ They ar© furely fitter 
 for C^^ilitar Archite^nre (where the 
 Bulwoilks may be layed out at the Cor- 
 tters, and the fides ferve for C//r^^iW/j 
 then for civill ufe ; though I am not 
 ignorant of that famous Piece at Cafra- 
 Tola, belonging to the houfe o^Famefe^ 
 call hyBaroccio into the forme of a Pen- 
 tagone^ with a Circle infcribed, where 
 the Architc^ did ingenioufly wreftle 
 with divers inconveniences in difpofing 
 of the Lights and in faving the vacui- 
 ties. Butasdefignes of fuchnature do 
 more ayme at Rarity, thenr- Com- 
 modity ; fo, for my part, I had 
 rather admire them, then commend 
 them. 
 
 Thefe things coofidered , we are 
 both by the Precepts and by the Pra- 
 dice of the beft Builders, to refolve up- 
 on ReUanguUr Squares^ as a mean be- 
 tween 
 
of JfnhiteElure z 1 7 
 
 tween too few, and coo many Angles ; 
 and through the equall inclination of 
 the fides (which make the right An- 
 gle) flronger then the Rhombe^ or Lo- 
 fenge ^ or any other irregular Square. 
 But whether the .exa(ft Qnadrar^ or the 
 long ScjHare be the better , J finde not 
 well determined , though in mine own 
 conceit, I muft preferre the latter; 
 provided ibac the Lennh do not ex- 
 ceed the Latitude above one third 
 part, which would diminifli the beau- 
 ty* of the AjpeSh ^ as (hall appear when 
 I come to rpeak of Symmetry and Pro- 
 portion 
 
 Of mixed Figures, partly CircHlar^ 
 and partly An^nUr , I (hall need to fay 
 nothing; becaufe having handled the 
 (Imple already, the mixed, according 
 to their compofition, do participate 
 of the fame refpe(5^s- Only againft 
 thefe, there is a proper <?^Kt?i<?;;, that 
 they oflend Vniformity : Whereof I 
 am therefore opportunely induced to 
 fay fomewhat^as far re as ftiall concerne 
 the outward <i>^JpeB , which is now in 
 Difcourfe. 
 
 In Archite^ur e,t\i^Q may feem to be 
 K two 
 
ztS The Elements 
 
 two oppoGte aflfedacions, Vnifarmity 
 amd Variety^ which yet will very wdl 
 fuffer a good reconci!em€nt,as we may 
 fee in the great Pattern of Nature^ to 
 which I muft often rcfort ; For furely, 
 there can be no SrrnElHre more uni- 
 form then our Eodks in the whole FU 
 gtfration : Each fide agreeing with the 
 other, both in the number, in the qua- 
 lity, and in the meafure of the Parts : 
 And yet fome are round, as the Armet ; 
 fome flat, as the Hands ; fome promi- 
 nent, and fome more retired : So as up- 
 on ths matter, we fee that Diverfitj 
 doth not deftroy Vniformity^ and that 
 the Limbs of a noble Fahrkk^, may 
 be correfpondent enough, though they 
 be various; Provided always, that 
 we do not run into certain extra- 
 vagant Inventions , whereof I fhall 
 fpeak more largely when I come to 
 the parting and cafting of the whole 
 Workj We ought likewife to avoide 
 Enormous heights of fix or ky^n 
 Stories^zs well as irregular Forms-^ and 
 the contrary fault of low-diftended 
 Fronts^ is as unfeemly: Or again, 
 when the Face of the Buildmg is nar- 
 row. 
 
of ArchiteBun. z 1 9 
 
 ro\V,and the Flank. <Jeep •. To all which 
 extreams fome particular Nations or 
 Towns are fabjecft, whofe Narae« 
 may be civilly fpared : And fo much 
 for the generall Figuration^ or<i^/pf^ 
 of the ivorl^ 
 
 Now concerning the Parts in Seve- 
 ralty. All the Parts of every Fahricl^ 
 may be comprifed under five Heads, 
 which Divifion I receive from BatifU 
 Albertt^ to do him right. And tbcy 
 bethefe. 
 
 The Fouyidation. 
 
 The fValtt. 
 
 The Appertions OT OvertHres. 
 
 The Compartition. 
 
 And the Cover. 
 About all which Ipurpofc to gather 
 the prmcipall Cautions, and as 1 paflc 
 along, I will touch alfo the naturall 
 Reafons of yf^r ,that my rXfcourfe may 
 be the leffe MechamcalL 
 
 Firft thett concernig the Foundttien, 
 which re^uireth the ejcac^cft care ; For 
 if that happen to dance, it will marre 
 all the mirth in the Houfe : Therefore 
 that we may found our Habitation 
 firmly, we tettft^rJl examine the Bed 
 
 K of 
 
22Q 
 
 The Elements 
 
 oi Eiirih(2iS 1 may term it,) upon which 
 we will Build- & then the underfilling?, 
 or SHbflrnBio^^ as the Ancients did call 
 it : For the former, we have a generall 
 Precept in VitrHvita twice precifely re-" 
 peated by Iiim,as a Point indeed of main 
 confequence ; firft,/.i.r.5. And again 
 more fitly, /.3.f.3.inthefeword$,as Phi- 
 lander doth well corred the vulgar Co- 
 pies: Subfiru^ionis Ftindat tones fodian- 
 tttr (^ faith he) fi ejueant inveniri ad foil' 
 dy.m^& info/ido.By which words I con- 
 ceive him to commend unto us.not only 
 a diligent,but even a jealous examinati- 
 on what the Soi/ will bear; advifing 
 us, not to reft upon any appearing Se- 
 lidity^ unlefs the whole Monld through 
 which we cut , have likewife been 
 folld'^ But how deep we (hould go 
 in this fearch, he hath no where to 
 my remembrance determined, as per- 
 haps depending more upon Difcreti- 
 cn, then Regtflaritj^ according to the 
 weight of the fVork. ; yet Andrea PalU- 
 dio hath fairly adventured to reduce 
 it into Rule: Allowing for that Ca- 
 'va^lone (as he calleth it) a fixt part of 
 the height of the whole Fabrick^^ unlefs 
 
 the 
 
of ArchiteHure. 
 
 221 
 
 the Cellars be underground, under-dig^ 
 in which cafe he would have i^g^orHoU 
 us (as it Ihould feem) to ^"'^"'^ ^f 
 found fomwhac lower. *''' ^'''^^ 
 
 Some Italians do p efcribe, that 
 when they have chofen the Floor, or 
 Plot, and laid out the Limits of the 
 t^^ork^, we fliould firft of all Digge 
 J^els and Ofierns^ and other Under- 
 condu(fls and Conveyances, for the 
 Smllage of the Houfe, whence may a- 
 rife a double benefit : for both the na- 
 ture of the Mould or ^'<5;7,wou td therby 
 be fafely fearched, and moreover thofe 
 open vents^ will ferve to difchargc fuch 
 Vapours, as having orberwife noifTue, 
 •might peradventure fliake the Buil- 
 ding. This IS enough for the naturall 
 Grounding; which chough it be not a 
 Part of the folid Fabric!^, vet here was 
 the ficteft place to handle it. 
 
 There folioweth theSdfiyu^ion^ oc 
 Ground- work of the whole Edifice, 
 which mufl fuftain the iFj/s; and 
 this IS a kind of Ari:fctall Foundation, 
 as the other was A^^/«r^/. About which 
 thefe are the chiefe Remembrances : 
 Firft, that the bottom be precifely le- 
 
 K 3 veU, 
 
1 22 The Elements 
 
 veil, where the Italians therefore com- 
 monly Jay a platform of good Board ; 
 Then that thclowefl Ledge or Row be 
 meerly of Stone^ and the broader the 
 better, clofely laid without Mortar^ 
 which is a generall Caution for all 
 parts in Building, that are contiguous 
 to Board or Timber^ becaufe Lime and 
 iVood are infociable; and if anywhere 
 unfit Confiners, then moftefpecially in 
 the Foundation. Thirdly, That the 
 bredth of the SuhfirttEtion be at lead 
 double to the injffient PVall, and more 
 or lefTe, as the weight of the Fahrick^ 
 Ihall require ; for as I muft again re- 
 peat, Difcmion may be freer then An. 
 Laftly, I find in fome a curious pre- 
 cept, that the Materials below, be laid 
 as they grew in the Quarry, fuppofing 
 them belike to have moft ftrength in 
 their Natural and Habitual Pofture. 
 For as Philippe de I'Orme obfervetb, the 
 breaking or yeilding of a ftonein this 
 part, but the bredihof the back of a 
 knife, will make a Ckft of more then 
 half a foot in the Fabric!^ aloft : So im- 
 portant 2lXQ fundamental Errors. hmong 
 which notes I have faid nothing of 
 
 Palli' 
 
of ^rdnteElure. 225 
 
 PaJUficatioyi, or Pjling of the Grmndr 
 pior^ commanded hyVitrm/iu^^ when 
 we build upon a raoift or marlhy ^yo//, 
 hecaufe that were anerrourinthe firft 
 choyce. And therefore all Seats that 
 muft ufe fuch provifion below (as Ve" 
 niee for an eminent example) would 
 perhaps upon good enquiiy, be found 
 to have been at firft chofen by the 
 Counfell of Necejpty, 
 
 Now the foundation being fearch- 
 ed, andthe^«^y?m<2/o»kid> wema/l 
 next fpeak of the yrMs. 
 
 Wals are either entire and continnall, 
 or intermitted; and the Intermlffions be 
 either Villon or Pylafiers ; for here I 
 had rather handle them, then, as fome 
 others do, among Ornaments. 
 
 The entire Muring is by Writers di- 
 verfiy diilinguilhed: By fome, accor- 
 ding to the quality of the Materinlt^ as 
 either Stone or ^rrVj^,&c.Where^by the 
 way, let me note,that to build Wats and 
 greater Works of VUnt^ whereof we 
 want not example in our IflanJ^zad par- 
 ticulaily in the' Province of Kent^ was 
 (as I conceive) meerly unknown to the 
 Ancients^ who obferving in that Matc- 
 
 K 4 riall ' 
 
■ ■ ( — " 
 
 224 The Elements 
 
 riali, a kind of Metalicall Nacure^or ac 
 lead a Vpijibility, Teem to have refolved 
 it into nobler ufe; an Art now utterly 
 lofl.or perchance kept up by a few Chy- 
 micki,. Some again do not fo much 
 confider thequality, as the Pojition of 
 the faid Materials : As when Brick 
 or fquared Stones are hid in their 
 lengths with fides and heads together, 
 or their Points conjoyned like a Net- 
 fpork^(Jox(o f^itrfivitii doth call it re- 
 ticulatumoftis) of familiar ufe (as it 
 (hould feem) ip his Age, though after- 
 wards grown out of requeft, even per- 
 haps for that fubtill fpeculation which 
 he himfelf toucheth ; becaufe fo laid, 
 they are more apt in fwagging down, 
 to pierce with their points, then in the 
 jacent Pofture, and fo to crevice the 
 Wall: But to leave fuch cares to the 
 meaner Artificers, the more eifentiall 
 are thefe. 
 
 That the iVaUs be moft exatfT^ly 
 perpendicular to the Ground-iVork^, 
 for the right (tyingle (thereon depen- 
 ding) is the true Caufe of all Stability , 
 both in Artificiall and Naturall Pofi- 
 tions: A man likewife (landing fir- 
 med. 
 
 n. H, HILL LIBRARY 
 
 Morth Carolina State CoUega 
 
of Archite Elure. 225 
 
 meft, when he (lands uprighten. Thac 
 the maflieft and heavielt Materials be 
 the loweft, as fitter to bear, then to 
 be born. That the JVorl^^^iil rifetb, 
 diminifh in thickfie^e proportionally, 
 for eafe both of weight, and of ex- 
 pence. That certain Courfes or Led" 
 ges of more flrength then the reft, be 
 interlayed like Bones ^ to fuftain the 
 Fabrick^ from totall ruine, if the under 
 parts (hould decay. Laftly, that the 
 Angles be firmly bound, which are 
 the Nerves of the whole Edifice^ and 
 therefore are commonly fortified by 
 the Italians^ even in their Brick buil- 
 dings, on each fide of the corners, with 
 well fquared Stone, yeilding both 
 flrength and grace. And fo much tou- 
 ching the entire or folid fVall, 
 
 The IntermilTions (as hath been 
 faid) are either by Pillars, or Pyliaflers. 
 
 Pi/Z^r/, which we maylikewi(e call 
 Columnes (for the word among Arti- 
 ficers isalmofl: naturalised) I could di- 
 flinguifh into Simple and Compounded. 
 But (to tread .the beaten and plainefl 
 way) there are five Orders of Piflars^^iC' 
 cording to their dignity and perfection, 
 chusraarfhalled. K 5 The 
 
226 The Element i 
 
 The Tufcan. 
 
 The Doricjuc. 
 
 The lonicjue. 
 
 The CorinthiaM. 
 
 And the Compou/id Order ^ or as 
 fornc call ic,the Roman-^ others more ge- 
 nerally the Italian. 
 
 In which dvc Orders; I will firft con- 
 CidcttheitCommunitiet^ and then their 
 Proprieties. 
 
 "their Communities (as far as I ob- 
 ferve) arc Principally three. Firft, they 
 are all i?o«W J for though fome con- 
 ceive Colurmta (^tticttrges^ mentioned 
 by Vitruvius^/il;.-^.cap.^.to have been a 
 lquaredPillar,yetwemuftpafs it over 
 as irregul3r,never received among thefe 
 Orders, no more then certain other li- 
 centious inventions, of ^rf^rW, and 
 Vinedy and Figured Column^s^ which 
 our Author himlelf condemncth, be- 
 ing in his whole Book a profefled ene- 
 my to Fancies., 
 
 Secondly, they zre sM Dimiaijhed ot 
 fontraSicd infenfibly , more or lefTe^ 
 according to the proportion of their 
 heights, from one third part of the 
 whole Shaft upwards, which Philander 
 
 doib* 
 
ofArchlteBure. 22.J 
 
 doth prefcribe by bis own precife 
 incafaring of the Ancient remainders, 
 as the mo ft gricefuli Dimintition. And 
 here I muiltake Jeave to blame a pra- 
 6ice grown (I know not how) in 
 certain places too familiar, of making 
 ruiars fwell in the middle, as if they 
 were fick of fome Tympany fix. Drcp- 
 /fjWithout any Authenrique Patcerne 
 or Rnle, to my knowledge, and un- 
 •feemely to the very judgment of 
 jighr. True it is, that in VitrHviv4jiib . 
 3. cap. 2. we finde thefe woxds,7)f adje^ 
 Siione^cjU£ adficitnr in mediis Columns ^ 
 qus, aptid Grccos "^Evjetatf appellatur, in 
 cxtremo libra erit formatio eJHS ; which 
 paffage, feeraeth to have given fome 
 countenance to this error. But of the 
 promife there made, as of diverfe other 
 elfewhere, our Mafter hath fayled us, 
 either by flip of memory, or injury of 
 time,and fo we are left in the dark, Al. 
 wayesfurel am, that befides the au- 
 thority of example which it wanteth. 
 It is likewife contrary to the Originall 
 andNaturallTj/jf, mTrees^ which at 
 Erftwas imitated in Pillars,^ Vitruvi- 
 w himfelf obferveth, lib*^. cap.i. For 
 
 who 
 
izS Tl)e Elements 
 
 who ever faw any Cyprefs , or Pine 
 (which are chere alledged) fmall below 
 and above,and tumerous in the middle; 
 unlefs It were fome difeafed Plant, as 
 Nature (though otherwife the comlieft 
 Miftrejfe) hath now and then her de- 
 formities and Irregularities ? 
 
 Thirdly, they have all their Vnder- 
 fettings^ or Pedtfials^ m height a third 
 part of the whole Columnc^ compre- 
 hending the B.ifc and C^.pita//;3ind their 
 upper Ad jun(fls, iS(tArchitravc^ Fri<.e^ 
 and (^ornice^ a fourth part of the faid 
 Pillar ; which rule, of fingular ufe and 
 facility,! find fetled \y^'^aiobo Baroccio-^ 
 and hold him a more credible Author, 
 as a man that moft intended this piece, 
 then any that vary from him in thofe 
 Dimcntions. 
 
 Thefe are their mod conHderable 
 Commumties and agreements. 
 
 Their Proprieties or DiHinU-ions will 
 beft appeare by fome reafonable de- 
 (cription of them aJl,together with their 
 Architraves, Friz,es^ and Cornices^ as 
 they are ufually handled. 
 
 Firft therefore, the Tufcan is a plain,^ 
 maflie, rurall Pillar, refembling fome 
 
 fturdy 
 
of JrchiteBure* 229 
 
 (lardy well-limb'd Labourer, homety 
 clad, in which kmde of companions 
 VnrHvim himfeif feemeth to take plea- 
 fure, Uh. 4. ca^. I The length thereof 
 fhall be fix Diameters^ of the grofleft of 
 the Pillar below. Of all proportions, 
 in truth, the moid naturall; For our 
 Author cells us, /j^. 3. cap. i.that the 
 foote of a man is the fixth part of his 
 body in ordinary meafure, and Man 
 himleif according to the faying of Fro- 
 tago-'M (which Ariflotle doth fom- 
 wbece vouchfafe to celebrate) is to -^ 
 dTre,v]av ^iD^Tav ^»/^v^ as it were, th<; 
 Prorotjpe of all exad Symmetries which 
 we have had other occafious to touch 
 before ; This (^olumne 1 have by good 
 viSimnic^iWed Rpirail,Vitrff.cap.2Mi>.'^. 
 And cherefore we need not confider 
 his. rank among the reft. The diftance 
 or Jmcrcvlumrtiation (which word Ar- 
 tificers do ufually borrow) may be 
 neer four of his o^wn Diameters^ 
 becaufe the Materials commonly layd 
 over this Pillar, were rather of wodd 
 then ftone ,. through the lightnefs 
 whereof the Architrave could not fuf- 
 fer, though thinly fupported , nor 
 
 the 
 
2 JO The Elements 
 
 the Co lu/»'/te it fc\£ being fo fubflanti- 
 all. The Contraflion aloft fliall be 
 (according to the mod received pra- 
 dice) one fourth part of his thicJoiefs 
 below. To conclude, (for I intend on- 
 ly as much as (hall ferve for a due Di- 
 jfiinguiihment , and not to delineate 
 every petty member) the Tufran is of 
 all the rudefl: Pillar, and his Principall 
 Charader Sirup licit j, 
 
 The Doricjue Order is the graved 
 that hath been received into civill 
 uk, preferving, incomparifon ofthofe 
 thatfollow,a more Mafculine AJi>e^^ 
 and little trimmer then ih^Tufcan that 
 went before, favea fober garnifliment 
 now and then of Lions heads in the 
 Cornice^ and of Trig^ljfhs and Afetcpes 
 alwayes in the J^r/^f . Sometimes Ijker 
 wife,but rarely, channeled, and a little 
 flight Sculpture about the Hypotrache- 
 lion or Necke,under the Capira/L The 
 kngthjkvcn Diameters. His rank or 
 degree, is the loweft by all Congruity, 
 as being more maflie then the other 
 three, and cenfequently abler tofup- 
 port. The Intercolumniatlon^ thrice as 
 much as his thicknefs below. The 
 
 Comrn' 
 
of Architeciure. 2:^1 
 
 ContraEiicm\oh^ oneFlftof the fame 
 meafure. To difcern him, will be a 
 peice rather of good HerMdrj^ then of 
 ArchiteBure : For he is beft known by 
 his place when he is in company, and 
 by the peculiar ornament of his FriK.e 
 (before mentioned) when he is alone. 
 
 'Xht I cnique Order ^oi\i reprefent a 
 kinde of Feminine fiendernefs, yet 
 faith VitrHvius^ not like a light Houfe- 
 wife, but in a decent drefling, hath 
 much of the ^^atrom. The length 
 ^{^il^tameters. In degree as in fub- 
 flantialneffe, next above the Doricjue^ 
 fuftayning the third, and adorning the 
 iecond Story. The IntercoUmmation 
 two of his own Diameters. The Coti" 
 traElion one fixt part. Beft known by 
 his trimmings, for the body of this 
 Columne is perpetually channeled, like 
 a thick pleighted Gown. The Cap- 
 tall dreffed on each fide, not much un- 
 like womens Wires, ma fpirall wrea- 
 thing,which they call the Ionian Voluta. 
 The Coz-wiVf indented. The Fn-^r fwel- 
 liog like a pillow; And therefore by Vi- 
 pwijis ^not unelegautly termed Palvi- 
 ^Md.lhsk are his befl CharaSers. 
 
 The 
 
z^z 
 
 The Elements 
 
 The Corinthian^ is a Columne laCivi- 
 oufly decked like a Curcezan , and 
 therein much participating (as all In- 
 ventions do) of the place where they 
 werefirft born: Corinth having been 
 without controverfie one of the wan- 
 toneftTownes in the world. This 
 Ordir is of nine T>i(imetvrs. Hts degree, 
 one Stage above the Joni^ue^ and al- 
 waiesthehigheftofthe fimple Orders. 
 The IntcrcQlumniation two of his Dia- 
 rKetcr.f^2ind a fourth part more, which 
 is of all other the comlieft didance.The 
 Conrra<flion one feventh Part. In the 
 
 Our artisans Cornice both 'Dcnte/h and 
 call them Modigliont. The Frtz.e^ 
 Teeth and adorned with all kinds of 
 Canouics. Pigur^t and various Com- 
 partments atPleafure. TheCapita!s,cut 
 into the beautifulleft leafe that Nature 
 doth yeeld ; which fu rely , next the Acq- 
 nitum P ard^/ianches(te)e6\ed peich^Lnce 
 as an ominous Plant) is the Acanthus^ 
 or Brancha Vrfina ; though Vitruvius 
 do impute the choice thereof unto 
 Chance, and we muft be contented to 
 beleeve him : In fhort,As PUinnefs did 
 Charaflarize the Tufc^n^ fo mud Beli' 
 
 cacy 
 
ofjinhiteHure, zj^ 
 
 cdcy and Variety the Corimhian Pillar ; 
 bdldes the height of his Rank. 
 
 The hft-is the Compunded Order : 
 Wis trame being a briefe of his Nature. 
 Foi this Pillar isnothiug ineffe(5^, but 
 a JMediie, or an /^ w-«J/> of all the ^rtce^ 
 dentOrrtamms, making a new kinde, 
 by ftealch $ and though the moft rich- 
 ly tricked, yet the poorefl in this, that 
 he is a borrower of all his Beaut^'. His 
 length, (that he may have fomwhat 
 of his own) Aiall be of ten Diameter/. 
 Mis degree (hould, no doubts be the 
 higheft by reafons before yeelded. But 
 few Palaces, Ancient or Moderne, ex- 
 ceed the third of the Civill Orders . The 
 Jntercolumniation but z Diameter omd 
 an half, or alwayes fomwhat lefs then 
 two.The Contradion of this Pillar muft 
 be one eighth Part lefs above then be- 
 low. To know him will be eafie by 
 the very mixture of his Ornaments, and 
 Clothing. 
 
 And fo much touching the five Or- 
 ders of Columnes,which I will conclude 
 with two or three not impertinent 
 Cautions : 
 
 Firft, that where more of thefe Or- 
 ders 
 
2J4 ^'^^ Elements 
 
 ders then one, fhall be fet in feverall 
 Stories or Contignations^ there muft bc 
 ancxquifitccare to place the ^(?/«w«fx 
 precifely, one over another, that fo 
 thcfo/id may anfwer to the/olUy and 
 the t/^cjKmVj to the t/4c/<iV/f/, aswel) 
 for Beamy ^ as ftrength of the Fabrick^: 
 And by this Caution the Confcquencc 
 is plain, that when we fpeak of the 
 Jmercohimmation or Diftance which is 
 due to each Order^ we mean in a T)o' 
 rique, lonicall, Corinthii:n *Porch, OF 
 (ioifier^OX the like of one Contignation, 
 and not In Storied Boildings. 
 
 Secondly, Let the Cohntnes above 
 tea fourth part leflfe.thea tbofe below, 
 faith Vitruvius^ liif.^^cafA. Afttange 
 Precept in my opinion; and fo ftrange, 
 that . pcradventure it were more fu- 
 table, even to his own Principles, to 
 make them rather a fourth Pirt grea- 
 ter. ¥br JiJr.'^.cap^i. where our Ma- 
 iler handleth the Ccntra^ions of Pil- 
 lars, we have an Optqm Rtile, that the 
 higher they are, the leffe (hoiild be al- 
 ways their diminution aloft, becaufe 
 the Eye\t felfe doth naturally contrad 
 all Oh]cBs more or lefle, according to 
 
 the 
 
of ArchlteEinre, 2^5 
 
 the Dijtance ; which Confideration 
 may, at firft fight, fcem to have b^en 
 Torgocten in the Caution we have 
 flow given * but Vttruvitu (the befl- In- 
 terpreter of himfelfe) hath in the fame 
 pJace of his fift Book well acquitted 
 iiis Memory by thefe words*. Cdumyie 
 (uferiorei cyiortd parte miHores^ quam 
 fnferuiref, funt con^ituenda ; prept^rea 
 tfuvdjOfer^ferevdi c^udjnnt inferiora^fir'- 
 mora^ffedebeitt ; preferring like a wife 
 Mechamck, the naturall Reafon before 
 the Mathematical A^ ieofible conceits 
 before ahUrade J. And yet libj^. capu^. 
 he ^eemetb again toaffeftiyK^^^/fy, al- 
 lowing Pillars the more they arechaiv. 
 neled, to be the more (lender ; becatrfe 
 while our Eye (faith he) doth as it 
 were diftin<Hly meafure the eminent 
 and the hollowed Parts, the Totall Ob- 
 jed appeareth the bigger, and fo as 
 mnch as thofe excavations do fub- 
 tra^, is fof^ied by a Fallacy of the 
 Sight i But here me thinks, our Ma- 
 iler (hould iikewife have rather con- 
 fibred the naturall Inconvenience ; 
 for though Pillars by channeling, be 
 feemingly ii^rofled to our Sight, yet 
 
 they 
 
2^6 The Elements 
 
 they are truely weakened in them- 
 felves ; and therefore ought perchance 
 in found reafon not to be the more 
 flender, but the more corpulent, unleffe 
 apparancts preponder truths, hut Cok- 
 tra Magiflrum non efi diffutimdunt. 
 
 A third Caution (hall be, that all the 
 proje^ed or jutting Parts (as they arc 
 termed) be very moderate, efpecially, 
 the Cornices of the lower Orders-, for 
 whileft fome think to give them a 
 beautifull and royall Afped by their 
 Jargeneffe, they fomtimes hinder both 
 the Light within, (whereof I fluU 
 fpeak more in due place) and like- 
 wife detrad much from the view of 
 the From without, as well appeareth in 
 one of the principall Fabricks at ^ip- 
 *tice^ namely, the Palace ofthe Duke 
 Grimani on the Canal grandeyt\\\Qh. by 
 this magnificent errour, is fomewhai 
 difgraced .- I need now fay no more 
 concerning Columm r & their AdjunBs^ 
 about which Architects make fuch a 
 noyfe in their Books, as if the very 
 terms of (^Architraves^ and Friz>es^ 
 and Cornices ^ and the like, were e- 
 nough to graduate a Mafter of this 
 
 Art\ 
 
of ^rchiteBurei z^j 
 
 " _ I r 
 
 Art : yet let me before 1 paflTc to otheir 
 matter, prevent a familiar Objecf^on ; 
 It will perchance be faid, that all this 
 Dodlrine touching the five Orders^ 
 Vttvt fitter for the Quarries of AJi^ 
 which yeilded izy.Colttmnes o(6o:Foot 
 high to the Ephefiaft Temple ; or for 
 Nftmidiu^yfiherc Marbles abound; then 
 for the Spirits of England^ who muft 
 be contented with more ignoble y^<?r^- 
 rials '. Tow'ich lanfwer, That this 
 need not difcourage us : For I have 
 often at Venice Viewed with much plea- 
 fure, an Atrium Cr^rum (we may tran- 
 flateit an Anti-porch^ after the Greek 
 manner) raifed by Andrea TalUdio^ 
 upon eight Columncs of the compounded 
 Order I The Bafes of Stone, without 
 Tedifials; The shafts or Bodies of 
 meer Brick, three foot and an halfe 
 thick in the Diameter below, and con- 
 iequentiy thirty five foot high , as 
 himfelf hath defcribed them in his fe- 
 cond Book J Then which, mine Eye 
 hath n?ver yet beheld any Columnes 
 more (lately of Stone or Marble; For 
 the Bricks having firft been formed in 
 a circular LMould, and then cut before 
 
 their 
 
z^3 The Elsnmits 
 
 cheir burning into four Quarters or 
 more, the fides afterwards joyne fo 
 clofely, and the points concenter fo 
 exactly, that the Pillars appear one 
 entire Pecce ; which fhort defcription 
 I could not omit, that thereby may ap- 
 pear, how in truth we want rather 
 Art then Stuffe, to fatisfie our greateft 
 Fancies. 
 
 After Ti/iars, the next in my diftri- 
 bution are Pyhfiers, mentioned by 
 VitrHvttis, iik'i.cap. r. and fcant any 
 where elfe under the name of Par aba- 
 tes, as Philander conceiveth, which 
 Cjrammatical Point (though perchance 
 not very clear) 1 am contented to exa- 
 mine no further. Always, what we 
 mean by the thing it felfe is plain 
 enough in our own vulgar; Touch- 
 ing which, I will brielly colIc(5l the 
 moil conHderable Notes. 
 
 Pylafters muft not be too tall atid 
 llendef, left they refemble PHUrt, not 
 too "Djvarfi/h and groffe. left chey 
 imitate the Piles or Peers of Bridges; 
 Smoothnefle doth not fo naturally be- 
 come chem, as a Ku^ick Superficief f 
 for they aim more at State & Strength; 
 
 toen 
 
of ArchlteSlure. 
 
 then Elegancie, la private Buildings 
 they ought not to be narrower then 
 one Third, nor broader then two 
 parts of the whole Vacuity be^ 
 tween TyUfier aud PjUfier • but to 
 thofe that fland at the Corners, may be 
 allowed a little more Latitude by diP- 
 cretion, for ftrength of the Angles : In 
 Theaters and Z^mphl'thedters and 
 fuch weighty Works,Pa/Udio obferveth 
 them, to have been as broad as the 
 half, and now and then as the whole 
 Vacuity He noteth likewife (and 
 others confent with him) that theic 
 true Troprtion (hould be an exad 
 Sc^uare ; But for leffening of expence, 
 and enlarging of room, they are com* 
 monly narrower In Flank,^ then in 
 Front; Their principall Grace doth 
 confifl: in halfe or whole Villars ap- 
 plied unco them; in which cafe it is 
 well noted by Authours, that the Co- 
 lumnes may be allowed fomwhat a- 
 bove their ordinary length, becaufe 
 they lean unco fo good Supporters,Anii 
 thus much (hall futfice touching PyU- 
 Berf^ which IS a cheap, and a flfong,and 
 a noble kind of Stru^Hre, 
 
 Now 
 
240 The Elements 
 
 Now becaufe they areofcner, both 
 for Beauty and Majefty, found arched^ 
 then otlierwife; I am here orderly 
 led to rpeak o^o^rcks^ and under the 
 fame head of faults : for an Arch is 
 nothing indeed but a contracfled Vault ^ 
 and a Vault is but a dilated Arch : 
 Therefore to handle this Piece both 
 compendiuuriy, and fundamentally, I 
 willrefolve the whole bufinefle into a 
 
 few Thi urems. 
 
 Thcoran i . 
 
 Allfolid A/.jffj'/.zA free from impe- 
 diment , do defcend perpendicfJarly 
 downward?, becaufe Pvfiderofity is a 
 natutall inclination to the Center of 
 the World , and Nature performeth 
 her Motions by the fliorteft lines. 
 
 'Theorem 2. 
 
 Bricks moulded in their ordinary 
 Rei}angHlar forme.^ if they fhall belaid 
 one by another in a levell row, be- 
 tween any Supporters fuftaining the 
 two ends , then all the pieces between 
 
 will 
 
ofJnhiteBure 241 
 
 will neeeffarily fink even by theit 
 own natural Gravity ^ and much more, 
 if they fuffer any dfepreflion fay other 
 weight above them, becauie their 
 fides being faraUU^ they have room 
 to defcend ferjendieularly^ without im- 
 peachment , according to the former 
 Theorem ; Therefore to make them 
 (land, we muft either change their Po- 
 fture^ or their Figure^ or both. 
 
 Theorem 3 
 
 If Bricks moulded, or Stones fqua* 
 red Cufieatim (that xi^Wedge'Voife-^to^- 
 der above then below) (hall be laid in 
 a Rorv-leveU^ with their ends liippottcd, 
 35 in the precedent Theorem^ pointing 
 all to one Ceyiter ; then none of the 
 pieces between can fink till the Sap- 
 porters give way, becaufe they wint 
 room in that Figuration^ to defcend 
 perpertdicuUrly. But this is yet a weak 
 piece o^StrfiRure , becaufe the Sup- 
 ^rurs are fubjed to much impulfion, 
 efpecially if the line be long ; for which 
 reafon this F6rm i? feldom ufed, but 
 over fVind'jrves^ or narrow 'T>ot)res. 
 
 L There- 
 
24^ TJje Elements. 
 
 Therefore to fortifie the ^Vork^zs in this 
 third Theoreme^ we have fuppofed the 
 Figure oid\\ the LMatrrials different 
 from thofe in the fecond ; So likewife 
 we mull now change the ToHure^ as 
 will appear in the Theorems following. 
 
 Theoreme 4. 
 
 If the L^Utenali figured as before 
 TVedge-wife, (hall not be difpofed level- 
 Jy, but in form of fonie Arch, or porti- 
 on of a Circle, pointing all to the fame 
 Center , In this cafe neither the pieces 
 of the faid Arch can fink downwards, 
 through want of room to defcend 
 ^jrhefrft perpendicularly ; Nor the 
 Theor. Supporters or Bututenn (as 
 
 they are termed) of the Did Arch can 
 fufrcrfo much violence, as in the prece- 
 dent flat Pofture ; for the roundnefs wil 
 always make the incumbent weight 
 rather to reft upon the Supporters^ chen 
 to (hove them ; when( e may be d rawn 
 an evident Corolary : that the lafeft of 
 3\\ Arches is the Semi-circu/er, and of 
 2i\\Vafi/ts the Hemtfphere^ though not 
 abfolutely exempted from feme natu- 
 
 rall 
 
of ArchiteEhure, 245 
 
 Tail weaknefTe, * as "Baraardim BaUi 
 Ahboc of Guafidlla^ in his _^ . . . 
 Q,mnj««^y,n ^«/f.- ^"^^^ 
 ties LMechatnck£^ doth ve- t/^g gf- p„^ 
 ry well prove : where let me pviknHr 
 note by the way, thatwlien i^^^s* ^ 
 any thing is Mathematica/iy ^W'^'^^A^ 
 demoxifirated weak, it is much more 
 C^fechanicaUy weak : Errours evia: 
 occfifring moreeafily in the manage- 
 ment of Gro^e Mater mU then Lixeai 
 Defignes, 
 
 Theoreme 5. 
 As Semiciicular Arches^ or Hemi^ 
 phericall Vaults^ being raifed upon the 
 lotail Diameter^ be of all other the 
 isounded, and coniequently die Iccil- 
 reft, by the precedent Theoreme : So 
 thole arc the gracefulleft, which kee- 
 ping precifely the fame height, ihall 
 yec be diftended one fourteenth part 
 longer then the faid entire DiameM- • 
 which addition of diftent will confer 
 much to their Beauty^ and detra^ but 
 little from their Strength. 
 
 This Obfervation I find in Leon^ 
 Mofijta Alberti ; But the pra<flice how 
 iBo |H«lerve the fame height, and yec 
 
 L 2 diftend 
 
244 ^^^^ Elements 
 
 diftend the Aims or Ends of the Arch,is 
 in Albert Dnrcrs Geometry^ who taught 
 the Italiayis many an excellent Linc^ of 
 great ufe in this An. 
 
 Upon thcfe five Thcoreme*, all the 
 skill of Arching and Vaulting is groun- 
 ded ; As for thofe Arches^ which our 
 Artizans tall of the third and fourth 
 point; And the Tnfcan Writers di tcrzo^ 
 and dicjuarto acHto^ becaufe they a!- 
 wayes concurre in an acute Angle, 
 and do fpiing from divilion of the 
 *Di^mcter into three , four, or more 
 parts at pleafure ; I fay, fuch as thefe, 
 both for the naturall imbecility of the 
 (harp Angle it felfe, and likewife for 
 their very Vncomelineffe, ought to be 
 exiled from judicious eyes, and left to 
 their firfl: Inventors, the gothes or 
 Lumbards, zmongd Ol\\tt Rcliques of 
 that barbarous Age. 
 
 Thus of my Hrfl Partition of the 
 parts of every Fabricl:^ , into f\\Q 
 Heads, having gone through the two 
 former, & been incidently carried into 
 this laft Doftrin touching Arches and 
 Vaults. The next now in order are 
 the ApertioMs; under which term I 
 
 do 
 
of ArchiteHure^ 245 
 
 do comprehend Deors , TVi»dojpes, 
 Stair-cafes^ Chjmnies, or Other Con- 
 dfifts : In fliorc, all In-lets, or Out- 
 lets J To which belong two generaJl 
 Cautions. 
 
 Firft, That they be as few in num- 
 ber, and as moderate in Dimenfion, 
 as may poflibly confifl with other due 
 refpeds : for in a word, all Openings 
 are IVeaknings. 
 
 Secondly, That they do not. ap- 
 proach too near the Angles of the 
 Wals J for it were indeed a moft effen- 
 tiall Solecifme to weaken that pare 
 which muft ftrengthen alltherefl; K 
 precept well recorded, but ill pradi- 
 fed by the Italians themfelves, particu- 
 larly at Venice^ where I have obfer- 
 ved divers VergoHj or Meniana (as 
 Vitruvius leemetTi to call them, which 
 are certain baliifed out-flandings to 
 latisne cunolicy of light) ver\' dange- 
 rouQy fee forth, upon the very point It 
 felf of the Hpirjtll ArfHc. 
 
 Now, Albeit I make lufte to the 
 cafting and comparting of the whole 
 iVork^, (being indeed the vety Defi- 
 nitive Sum of this Art, to diflribute 
 
 L 3 ufe- 
 
1 4^ The Elements 
 
 ufefully and gracefully a well chofen 
 Plot) yet I will firft under their fevcrall 
 HeadSjColled briefly fome of the choy- 
 feft notes belonging to thefe particu- 
 lar Overtures, 
 
 Of "Doors and IVhd 
 
 ows. 
 
 THefe In-let s of Men and of Lights 
 Icouple together, becaufe I Hnd 
 their Dimenfions brought under one 
 Rule by Leon Albcrti (a learned Seat- 
 cher) who from the School ofPythiZ- 
 goras (where it was a fundamental! 
 Afaxlme^ that the Images of all things 
 are latent in Numbers) doth determine 
 the comelieft Proportion between 
 bredchs and heights ; Reducing Sym- 
 metrie to Sjmphonie, and the harmony 
 of Sound , to a kinde of barrKony 
 in Sights after this manner: The two 
 principal Confonances, that mofl ravifh 
 theEar, are by confent of all Nature, 
 the ^fr, a^n^ihtOBavei whereof the 
 firfl rifeth radically from the propor- 
 tion between two and three-. The o- 
 ther from the double Intervall, be- 
 tween One and Two^ or between Two 
 
 and 
 
of ^rcblteEture, 247 
 
 and Fofir^ Uz. Now if we (hall tranf- 
 port the(e proportions from Audible 
 to Vifible Ohje^s J and apply them as 
 they (hall fall fitteft (the nature of the 
 Place confidered) namely, in Tome 
 fVindows and Doors^ the Symmetne 
 of Two to Three in their Bredth and 
 Length ; In others, the double as a- 
 forefaid; There will indubitably re- 
 fult from either a gracefull and har- 
 m>nious contentment to the Eye: 
 Which fpeculation, though it may ap- 
 pear unto vulgar AnUans, perhaps too 
 lubtil, and too fublime, yet we mull 
 remember, thdiZ Vitruvius himfelf doth 
 determme many things in his profef- 
 fion by Mnfical Grounds, and much 
 commendeth in an Archite^^ a Philofo* 
 phical Spirit; that is, he would have him 
 (as I conceive it) to be no fuperHciall, 
 and floating Artificer : but a Diver into 
 Cxsifes^ & into the Mjfleries of Propor' 
 tion. Of the Ornaments belonging both 
 to Doors and fVindows^ I (hall fpeak 
 in other place ; But let me here adde 
 one Obfervation ; That our Mafier (as 
 appeareth by divers paiTages, and par- 
 ticularly Uk 6. cap. 9.) feems to have 
 
 L 4 been 
 
248 The Elements 
 
 been an cxtream Lover of Luminous 
 Roomes; And indeed, I muft confefTe, 
 that a Frank Light can mif-become 
 no <t/£difice whatfoever. Temples only 
 excepted; which were anciently dark, 
 as they are likewife at this day in feme 
 Proportion. Devotion more requiring 
 collet ed then dijfufed Spirits, 
 Lumen eft Yet on the otherfide,we muft 
 difufwum ^^j^g jj^ji j^, makeaHoufc 
 
 all ^j'/, like ^r^^ j which in Northern 
 C/»Vwf/ would be too cold, In Southern 
 too hot : And therefore the matter in- 
 deed importeth more then a merry com- 
 parifon.Befides,There is no part of Stru- 
 cture either more expenc^ful then af//?- 
 dows, or more ruinous j not only for 
 that vulgar reafon, as being expofed to 
 all violence of weather; but becaufe 
 <onfifting of fo-different and unfociable 
 pieces, as fVood, Iron, Lead^ and (J/aJfcy 
 and thofe fmaH and weak, they are ea(ily 
 fhaken ; I muft likewife remember one 
 thing, ( though it be but a Grammatical 
 Note)touching Doors.Somt were Fores 
 and fome were Valv^. Thofc (as the ve- 
 ry word may feem to import) did open 
 
 out' 
 
of ArchiteBure, 249 
 
 outwards^ Thefe inrrnrds , and were 
 commonly of two Leaves or ?anes, (as 
 we call them) thereby requiring in- 
 deed a lefler Circuit in their unfol dings ' 
 And therefore much in ufe among Ita- 
 lians at this day ; But I mufl charge 
 them with an Tmperfe^ion, for though 
 they let in as well as the former, yet 
 ihey keep out worfe.. 
 
 Of Stair-cafes. 
 
 TO make a Com pleat Smr^ 
 . cafe , is a curious piece of ^r^ 
 chiteBure: The vulgar Cautions are 
 thefe. 
 
 That it have a very liberall Light- 
 againft all Cafualty of Slip^ and 
 Fallsy ^ 
 
 That the fpace above the Head, be 
 large and airy^ which the Italians ufe 
 to call Vn hel-^fogol'^^ as it were good 
 Ventilation, becaufe a man doth fpend 
 much breath in mounting. 
 
 That the Half-paces be well diftri- 
 buted at competent diflances, for re» 
 pofing on the way. 
 
 That to avoid Encounters^ and be* 
 
zjo The Elements 
 
 ■ ■■■II— III . ■■■ ^ — M I !■ ■■ I I ■ ■ .^M^,— — M— M^^«— » 
 
 fides to gratific the beholder, the whole 
 Staire-cafe have no nigard Latitude^ 
 that is^for the principall Afcera^ at Iea{l 
 ten ioot'm Rojall Buildings. 
 
 That-the breadth of every fingle Step 
 orStaire be never lefs then one foot,aor 
 fllore then eighteen inches. 
 
 That they exceed by no means half 
 a foot in their height or thicknefs, for 
 our Legges do labour more in Eleva- 
 tion^ then in Dlfieation : Thefe I fay 
 are familiar remembrances,to which lee 
 me add. 
 
 That the fteps be layd where tliey 
 Joyn Con mi tantinodifcarpa j we may 
 tranflate it fomwhat (loafing, that fo 
 the foot may in a fort botli afcend and 
 defcend together, which though obfer- 
 vedbyfew, is afecretand delicate de- 
 ception of the pains in mounting. 
 
 Laftly, to reduce this doflrine to 
 fome Naturally or at leafl: Mathcmati- 
 call ground, (our Mafier^^s we kajlb.g 
 tap. I.) borroweth thofe proportions 
 that make the fides of a ReSi angular 
 Triangle., which the Ancient Schoole 
 did exprefs m lowed termes, by the 
 mumbeis of 3. 4 and; J. That is. Three 
 
 for 
 
of Arch'iteHure. a 51 
 
 for the Perpendic filar ^ from the Sidre^ 
 had to tbe ground ; Foure fof the 
 Craund -line il felf, or Kecejfion from 
 the wail; And F/w for the whole /«- 
 dinatuxn or floapenefs in the afcent ; 
 which proportion, faith he, will make 
 Temp^ratits gradnum lihrationes. Hi- 
 tlierto of Staire-cafes which are dire<5l : 
 There are likewife Spirally or C^ekje 
 flaires^ either CirctiUr^ or Ovall^ and 
 fometimes running about a Pillar. 
 fometimes vacant^herein PalUdio^ (A 
 man in this pointof fingular felicity) 
 was wont to divide the Btaineter of the 
 firfl fort into three parts, yeelding one 
 to the PMar^ and two to the Steps j Of 
 the fecond into four, whereof he gave 
 two to the Stairef,txnd two to the Vaeu-- 
 itjy which had all their light from a^ 
 bove. And this in exa<^ Ovali is a Ma- 
 fter-piece. 
 
 OfChimnies, 
 
 IN the prefent huCintCsJtaliayts (who 
 make very frugall fires, are perchance 
 notthe beft Counfellers. j Therefore 
 from thqn we may better learn, both 
 
 how 
 
252 
 
 The Elements 
 
 howtoraife faire Mantels wichin the 
 roomes, and how to difguifc graceful- 
 ly the fhafts of Chimmes abroad fas 
 £ hey life) in fundry formes, (which I 
 (hal handle in the later part of my La* 
 hour) and th.ercfl I will extract from 
 Philippe dcl'Ormi , in this pa it of his 
 /^^«r/(:^morediiigcnr,then in any other ; 
 or, to do him nghr, then anv man 
 eUe. 
 
 Firft, lie obferveth veiy foberly, 
 that wlio in the difpoHtion of any 
 Building Will conHder tlie nature of 
 the Region, and iUqI'I'i/icIi i that oidma- 
 rily blow fiomthr-, or that Q^.i'v/^j^; 
 mjght fo cafl; the roomes which fhali 
 mofl need Hre , that he fhould little 
 feare theincommodjty o^S/ziokj. and 
 therefore he tlunkes that inconveni- 
 ence, for the moA parr, to protecdc 
 from fome inconfiderare beginning. 
 Or ifch.e eirour lay not m the Difpofm- 
 ov}^ but in tlie StruBkrc it felf ; tiien he 
 makes a Logicall enquiry. That cither 
 the fVi,/4c IS too much let in above, ac 
 the mouth of the Sha/r^ or the Smoke 
 ftifled below : If noneof thcfe, Tiieii 
 there is a repulflon of the fi-mc, by 
 
 fome. 
 
of AnhkeBure. ^5 J 
 
 ibme higher Hi/l or Fahickj, that flutl 
 overtop the Chimney, and workc the 
 former efFed : If likewife nor this. 
 Then he concludes, that the Roome 
 which is infefted,- mud be neceflarily 
 both little and clofe, fo as the fmoke 
 cannot ilTue by a naturall Principle, 
 parting a fuccellion and fupply of new 
 yljrc. 
 
 Now, In thcfe cafes he fuggefteth 
 divers Artificial! remedies, of which! 
 will allow one a Wale Dejcnptioyi^ be- 
 cauie \th\ouKih.o^ Ehilofophie, and 
 was touched by VitrHvim himfelf,//^.i 
 £vr/>.6. but by this man ingenioufly ap- 
 plied to the prefent ufe • He will have 
 us provide two hollow brafs Balls of 
 realbnableca|)acitie, with little holes 6- 
 penin both, for reception of Water, 
 when the Air ftiall be firft fucked out ; 
 Oneofthefe we mufl: place with the 
 hole upwards, upon an iron Wire, that 
 ftaltravcrfe i\\t Chimney , a little above 
 the Mantcll, at the ordinary height of 
 the iharpeft heate or flames , whereof 
 the water within being rarified, and 
 by rarifadion refolved into JVindp, 
 will break out, and fo force up tho 
 
 fm.cke. 
 
254 ^^ Elements 
 
 fmoke, which othcrwife might linger 
 in the Tiinyicli^ by the way, and of- 
 tentimes revert ; With the other, (faith 
 he) wc may fupply the place of the for- 
 mer, when It IS ejcliaufted; or for a 
 need blow the lire in the mean' while. 
 Which Invention I have intcrpofed for 
 fomc little intertamment of the Reader; 
 I Will conclude with a note fiom Pai- 
 ladto^ who obferveth that the A;icicnts 
 did warm their Roomes with certain 
 fecret Pipes that came through tiie 
 Walles, tranfponingheate (a<; 1 con- 
 ceive it) to fundry parts of the Houfe 
 from one common rnrnacc ; T am 
 ready to baptize them CalidaUs^ as 
 well as they are termed Vtnn-d^Els 
 and Aqu£-diiU:i that convey Windc 
 and Water ; which whether it were a 
 cuflome or a delicacie, was furely both 
 for thrift, and for ufe, far beyond the 
 German Stova ; And I fhould prefer 
 it likewife before our own fafhion, if 
 the very fight of a fire did not add to 
 ,. ,, , theRoome a kind of 
 
 y '1 KtpiitatioK, as old 
 fli)to? iho^- Horn, riomer doth teach us 
 Epigr. in a verfe,fufficient to 
 
 prove 
 
a/ 4rthkeBure. -^55 
 
 prove chat himfelf was not blind, as 
 ibme wonld lay to his charge. 
 
 Touching Candu^s for the SuiUttge^ 
 and other necefficie^ of the Houfe, 
 {whkh how bafe foever in ufe, yet for 
 health of the inhabitanKs, are as con- 
 (iderable,& perhaps more then the reft) 
 I findc in our Authors, this Counfell j 
 That Art (hould imitate NutHre^ in 
 tbofe ignoble conve>'ances 5 and fep^- 
 rate them from Sight,. ( where there 
 wants a running Water) mto the moft- 
 rcmote, and loweft, and thickeft jvirt 
 f^ the Fottndatioyj ; with fecrct vents 
 ..iiring up-through the Walls like a 
 THntiell to the wilde Aire aloft : which 
 all Italian Artiians commend for the 
 difchai^e of noyfome vapours, though 
 elfe-whcre to my knowledge little pra- 
 aifed. 
 
 Thus havmg co:nfidered the prece- 
 dent Apenigns, ot Ovtrtur es, in Csve- 
 rallcy, according to their particular 
 Requiikes, I am now come to the ca- 
 fting antl Contexture of the whole 
 /^<?r;^,comprehended under the term of 
 Com^anition : Into which (being the 
 maineil piece) I cannot enter withouc 
 
 a 
 
2^6 The Elements 
 
 a fewgenerall Precautions, as 1 have 
 done in otlier Parts. 
 
 Firfl: therefore, Let no man that in- 
 tcndeth to build, fettle his Fancy upon 
 a drauglit of the ^K^/'/^f in fupcr^ how 
 exactly foever meafured, or neatly fee 
 otf in /Jf '■//?( ff/i^r ; And mudi lefs up- 
 on a bate Pl.mt thereof, as they call 
 the Schicgrcphui OxGround li/ics ; With- 
 out a A'fodell or Type of the whole Strn- 
 [iptrcA^A of every parcell and Partition 
 in Paftbordox H'ood. 
 
 Next, that the faid Model be as plain 
 as may be, without colours or other 
 bcautifying,lefl: tiie pleafure of the Eye 
 preoccupate the Judgment ; which ad- 
 vife,oniittcd by the ItaliaA Architc&s, 
 I Hnd in Philippe cle i'Drmc' ; and there- 
 fore (though Frayicc be not the Theater 
 of bcfl Buildings) It did merit fome 
 mention of his name. 
 
 Laftly, rhe bigger that this T)pehe, 
 it is Hill the better, not that I will per- 
 fwadea man to fuch an enormity, as 
 that A'feddl made by Am onto Labaco,oi 
 Saint Peters Church in Rome^ contain- 
 ing 22 foot in length, 16 in breadth, 
 and 13 in heighth, and co£ling 4i84« 
 
 crowns : 
 
of^nhiteHure, 257 
 
 crowns : The price, in trudi, of a rea- 
 fonable Chappel : Yet in a Fabrick of 
 (bine4o.or ^o.thoafand pounds charge, 
 Iwi{h3o. pounds at leaft laid out Se- 
 fi>re hand m an exad Model/ ; for a lit- 
 demiferyin the Premfes^ may eafily 
 breed fome abfordity of greater charge, 
 in the Conclnfton. 
 
 Now, ^fter thefe premonifhments 
 I will come to the Compartition it felfe, 
 JBy which, the Authors of this Art (as 
 hath been touched before) doe un- 
 defdand, zgracefull and ufefnll diftd- 
 biicion, of the whole Gronnd plot both 
 for roomes of Oj^c^, and oi Receptim 
 or EntertAinment^ as far as the Capa- 
 city therof,and the nature ofthcCoun. 
 trey will comport. Which circumftan- 
 ces in the prefenr Subje<5i, are all of 
 main confideration, and might yeeld 
 more difcourfe then an Elementall Rap' 
 fodie will permit. Therefore (to ana- 
 tomize briefly this Definition) the 
 Gracefulnefs ( whereof we fpeake) 
 will confift in double Analogies or cor- 
 refpondencic. Firft between the Barts 
 and the JVhoU^ whereby a great Fa' 
 brickS^axM. hdMt great Partitions ^reat 
 
 Lights^ 
 
258 Tl)e Elements 
 
 Lights^ ^reat Entrances, great Pillars 
 or PjUflers ; In Aim, all the Members 
 great. The next between the Parts 
 themfelves, not only confidering their 
 Bredths^ and Lengths^ as before when 
 we fpakeof Doors and Windoy^s-^hyxx. 
 here Ukewife enters a third refpe(!^ of 
 Height, a point (I muft confefle) hard- 
 ly rcduceable to any generall precept. 
 
 True it is, that the Ancients did 
 determine the Longitude of all Rooms^ 
 which were longer- then broad, by 
 the double of their Latitude, Vitruvins 
 lih.6.cap.'y. And the Height h by the half 
 of the bredth and length fummed to- 
 gether. But when the Room was pre- 
 cifcly fquare,chey made the Height half 
 as much more as the Latitude ; which 
 Dimenfions the modern Architeil:s 
 have taken leave to var^' upon difcre- 
 tion : Somcimes fquarmg the Lati- 
 tude, ^ndit\\Qn making the Diagoma/ or 
 overthwart Line, from Angle 10 Angle, 
 of the faid Scjuare ; the meafure of the 
 Heighth fomtimes more, but feldom 
 lower then the full bredth it felf; 
 which boldnefle of quitting the old 
 Proportions.^ fome attribute firftto Mi- 
 
 chael 
 
of Arch'tteShre. 1 59 
 
 chaei Aitgelo da Buonaroti, perchance 
 upon the credit he had before gotten 
 intwo other Arts. 
 
 The fecond Point is Vfefulne^e^ 
 which will confift in a fufficient NHm- 
 her of Rooms, of all forts, and in their 
 apt Colxrence.mlYiQViX. difi'/.tSticfj^vjilh- 
 out coHfnfiott ; fo as the beholder may 
 not Only call xliVna, Fahrkahen raccol- 
 ta, as ItatiAns ufe to fpeak of well uni- 
 ted Worksj but likewlfe^ that it may 
 appear ciry and fpiyitous^ and fit for 
 the welcome of chearfull Guefts ; a* 
 bout which the principali DifliculC'/ 
 will be in contriving the Lights^ and 
 Stair-cafes , whereof I wiU touch a 
 note or cwo : For die firft, I obferve 
 that the ancient Archite^s were at 
 much eafe. For both the Greekj and 
 Rom\ws (of whofe private dwellings 
 yitrnvius hath left us fom^ defcripti- 
 on) had commonly two c/oiftered open. 
 Cowts, one ferving for the Womem 
 fide, and the other for the Men ; who 
 yet perchance now adays would take 
 fo much reparation unkindly. Howfo- 
 cver, by this means, the reception of 
 Light into the Body of the building, 
 
 was 
 
26o The Elements 
 
 was very prompt, both from without 
 and from within : whicli wc muftnow 
 fupply either by fome open foi^m of 
 the Fabnck^^ or among gracefull re- 
 fuges, by Tarrafing any Story which is 
 in danger of darkneffe ; or laftly, by 
 perpendicular Lights from the Roof^ of 
 all other the mofl: natural!, as fhall be 
 (hewed anon. For the fecond Dif- 
 ficulty, whichiscaftingof the Stair- 
 cafes ; That being in it felf no hard 
 point, but only as they are incom- 
 orances of room for other ufe, (which 
 lights were not) I am therefore aptlv 
 moved here to fpeakof them. And firft 
 of Offices. 
 
 1 have marked a willingneffe in the 
 Italian Artifans, to diflributc the AT/r- 
 chin^ Punfrie^Bakf^oKf(\waP)ui'^ Roorm: 
 and even the Tiuuc^y likewife, under 
 ground; next above the hot^ndation^^vA 
 fomtimes levell with the plain , or 
 Floor of tiie CflUr railing the hift 
 Afcent into the houfe Fifteen Foot, or 
 more for tliat End , which belides 
 the benefit of removing fuch Annoies 
 out of fight, and the fining of fo 
 much more room above, doth alio 
 
 by 
 
of JlrchiteHurp,, 26 
 
 by elevation of the Front, add Majeliy 
 to the whole AfpeH:. And withfucha 
 difpofition of the principall Suir-cafe, 
 which commonly doth deliver us into 
 the Plaw of the fecond Story^ there 
 may be wonders done with a little 
 room, whereof J could alledge brave 
 Examples abroad^, and none more Ar- 
 tificial! and Delicious , then a Houfe 
 built by Rankle Barbara Patriarch of 
 Aquikia^tiQit mentioned, among the 
 memorable Commenters upon Vitruvi- 
 Hs, ^ti\\c Definition (above determi- 
 ned) doth call US to fome confideration 
 of our own Country ; where though all 
 the other petty 0$ces (before rehear- 
 fed j may well enough be fo remote, 
 yet by the naturall Hofpitality of En-r 
 
 fland^ the Buttery muft bemorevifi- 
 le, and we need perchance for our 
 Ranngesy a more fpacious and lumi- 
 nous Kit chin then the forefaid Com- 
 partition will bear ; with a more com- 
 petent nearnefle likewife to the Di~ 
 ■ating Room, or el(e befides other Incon- 
 veniences, perhaps fome of the Difhes 
 •mayilrag^^ by the way ; Hear let me 
 note a Common defed, that we have 
 
 of 
 
i6z The Elements 
 
 of a very ufcfiill Roome^ called by the 
 Italians^ I ITinello'^ and familiar, nay 
 almoflenentiall, in all their great Z'^- 
 miiies. It is a Place properly appointed 
 to conferve the meat chat is taken from 
 the Table, till the /^<?;>f/-/ eat, which 
 with us by an old fafliion , is more 
 unleemly let by in the mean while. 
 
 Now touching the diftribution of 
 Lodging chambers j I muft here take 
 leave to reprove a faH^Jon , which I 
 know not how , hath prevailed 
 through Iralie, though without an- 
 cient examples, asfarr as I can per- 
 ceive by yitruvifu. The thing I mean, 
 is, that they fo cad their panuions^ as 
 when all Doors are open, a man may fee 
 through the whole Ho«/<?, which doth 
 neceiwrily put an intoUerable fervi- 
 rude upon ail the Chambers fave the 
 Inmojh ^ where none can arrive but 
 through the reft ; or elfe the iValles 
 mud be extream thick for fecrec pifTa- 
 ges. And yec this alfo will no;:fervethe 
 turn , without at leafl Three doors 
 to every Roome : A thing mod infuf- 
 ferabie in cold and windy Regions,and 
 every wliere no fmall weakening to 
 
 the 
 
of AnhtteElure, z6^ 
 
 the whole fVork^: Therefore with us 
 that want no cooling, I cannot com- 
 niend the dired opposition of fuch 
 Overtures , being indeed meerely 
 grounded upon the fond ambition 
 of difplayingto a Stranger all our /«r- 
 ititure2XontSigh^ which therefore is 
 moft maintained by them that mean 
 to harbour but a few; whereby they 
 make onely advantage of the vanity^ 
 and feldome prove the Inconvinience. 
 There is-likewife another defecfl fas 
 abfurdities are feldome folicarie) which 
 will neceffarily follow upon fuch a fer- 
 vile difpofmg of inward Chambers; 
 That they mu ft be forced to muke as 
 many common great Kucmcs^ as tliere 
 fhall befevevall Stories-^yN\\\c\\ fbefides 
 that they are ufually dark , a point 
 hardly avoided , running as they 
 do, through the middle of the whole 
 Hofje) do likcwife devouie fo much 
 Place, that thereby they want other 
 Galleries , and Roomes of Retreate^ 
 which I have offenconfidered among 
 them (Imu i confefs) with no fmall 
 wonder ; lor I o-.^ferve t\o Nation 
 in the World, by nature l\oi:c fi^ivate 
 
 and 
 
264 Tl)e Elements 
 
 and rcfcrved, then the Italian j and on 
 the other C\&t^ in no Hahitatio?is lefs 
 privacie ; fo as there is a kind of Con- 
 flid between their IhvelUyig and their 
 ^«>:^ : It might here perchance be 
 expeded, that 1 ftiould at leafl: defcribe 
 ( which others have done in draughts 
 ixnd: dejigfjcs ) divers formes ofP/ayns 
 and Partitions, and varities o^Jftven- 
 tioits^ But fpeculative fVritcrs (as I am) 
 are not bound tocomprife all particu- 
 lar Cafes within the Latitude of the 
 SuhjeH which they handle ; General] 
 Lights, :xnd^Dire5iions, and pointings 
 at fome faults, is fufficient. The reft 
 muft be committed to the fagacity of 
 the Architen-ysho will be often put to 
 divers ingenious (hifts, when he is tc 
 wreftle with fcarcity of Ground. As 
 ^^ , ,. ., fometimes * to damm 
 it umfi,nia dm- ?"e Room (though of 
 mu, as when a fpeciall ule) for thebe- 
 Butcery is caft nefit and beauty of all 
 under 3 ftayre- the reft; Another while. 
 Cafe or the hkc. ^^ ^^^^ ^j^^j-^ ^^^^^^ ^ 
 
 whiclj are moft in Sigh^ and to leave 
 the other ( like a cunning Painter ) 
 in ihadow , cum mult is ^lits^ which 
 
 it 
 
\^ 
 
 of^chiteSiure z6^ 
 
 it were infinite to purfue. I will there- 
 fore clofe this Part touching Compar- 
 tition , as chearfully as I can, with 
 a fiiort defcription of a J-'eafiing 
 or entertaining Room , after the t/£- 
 gy^tian manner, who feem fat leafl: 
 till the time of F/^r«z'/«ij from the an- 
 cient Hebrews and PhenicianS (whence 
 all knowledge did flow) to have retain- 
 ed, with other Sciences, in a high degree, 
 alfo the Principles, and pra^ice of this 
 magnificent Art. For as far as I may 
 conjedure byoui Mailers Text, lih.6. 
 cap.') (where as m many other places 
 he hath tortured his Interpreters') there 
 could no Form for fuch a Royall life 
 be comparably imagined like that of 
 the forefaid iV*<r/«?«, which Ifhall ad- 
 venture to explain. 
 
 Let us conceive a Floor ot <t>^reao£ 
 goodly length, (for example at leall 
 of 110. foot) with the breadth fom- 
 what more then the half of the Longi- 
 tude, whereof the reafon fhal be after- 
 wards rendred. About the two longeft 
 Sides and Head of the faid Room fhall 
 run an Order oi Pillars^ which PalUdio 
 doth fuppofe Corinthian, as I fee by his 
 
 M de- 
 
266 Tl:)e Elements- 
 
 defign) fupplying that point ou^ of 
 Greece, becaufe we know no Order ^io- 
 pQt to Egypt. The Fourth Side I will 
 leave free for the Emrance: On the 
 forefaid TilUrs was laid an Architrave, 
 which Vitruvi^s mentioneth alone ; 
 PallcJio adds thereunto fand with 
 reafon) both Frcez. and Cornice, over 
 which went up.a continued JVall, and 
 therein half or three quarter Pillars an- 
 fwering diredly to the Order below 
 but a fourth Part lefTe ; and between 
 thefe half Columnes above the whole 
 Room was windowed round about. 
 
 Naw, from the loweft T///^/'/ there 
 was laid over a Contignation or Floor 
 born upon the outward ^f-'-^r/i', and the 
 Hf^^of the Columns with T'^rn/ff and 
 Pavement, Snb Aio (faith our Mafter;) 
 and fo indeed he might fafely deter- 
 mine the matter in Egy^t, where they 
 fear no Clouds: Therefore P<«/W/o, 
 (who leaveth this Tarrace uncovered 
 in the middle, 2iV\^ hallifcd about) did 
 perchance conftrue him rightly ,though 
 therein difcording from others: Al- 
 ways we muft underftand. a fufficient 
 breadth of Pavement left betv/een the 
 
 open 
 
of ArchkeElure^ 267 
 
 Open part and the Wirtdows^ for fonic 
 delight of Specflatours, that might look 
 down into the Room ; The Lmtudt 
 Ihavefuppofed, contrary to fomefor* 
 met Pofitions, a little more then the 
 half of the length ; becaufe the Pil- 
 lars (landing at a competent diftance 
 from the outmoft Wdl^ will, by inter- 
 ception of the Sight, fomwhat in ap- 
 pearance diminim the breadth^ In 
 which cafes, (as 1 have touched once 
 or twice before) Difcretion may' be 
 more licentious then Art. This is the 
 defcription of an Egyptian room for 
 Teafts and other foUitics. About the 
 jvails whereof we muH: imagine en- 
 tire Statues placed below, and illumi- 
 nated by the defcending Light from 
 the Tarrace, as likewife from the Win- 
 dows between the half Pillars above.* 
 So as this Room had abundant and ad** 
 vantageous Light ; and befides other 
 garnifhing, mufl: needs receive much 
 State by the very heighthof the/?oi)f, 
 that lay over tw^o Orders o^Columnes 
 And fo havihg run through the four 
 parts of my firft generall T)ivifion^ 
 namely, V oundations ,, Walls ^ Apertt' 
 
 M 2 C«F; 
 
268 The Elements 
 
 ortf^ znd Compartitiott ; thcHoufem^y 
 now have leave to put on his Hat; 
 fiaving hitherto been uncovered it 
 felf, and confequently unfit to cover 
 others. Which point, though it be the 
 lafi: of this Art in execution, yet it is 
 always in [attention the firft: For who 
 would build but for Shelter? There- 
 fore obtaining both the Phce^ and the 
 dignity of zFinallCaufe^ it hath been 
 diligently handled by divers, but by 
 none more learnedly then Bernardino 
 Baldi Abbot of Guaflalla (before ci- 
 ted upon other occafion) who doth 
 fundamentally, and Mathematically de- 
 monftrate the firmed Knittings of the 
 upper Timbers^ which make the Roof. 
 But it hath been rather my Scoff, in 
 ihefe Elements^ to fetch the ground of 
 all from Nature her felf, which indeed 
 isthefimpleft Mother of Art. There- 
 fore I will now only deliver a few of 
 the properefi-, and (as I may fay) of the 
 naturalleft confiderations that belong 
 to this remaining Piece. 
 
 There are two Extremities to be a- 
 voided in the Cover, or Roof: That 
 it be not too heavy, nor too light. The 
 
 firft 
 
of AnhiteHure, 26^ 
 
 firf}^ will fuffer a vulgar objedion of 
 preiling too much -the under-work. 
 The other containeth a more fecrec 
 inconvenience • for the Cover is not 
 only a bare defence, but likewife a 
 kind 0? Bandog Ligature to the whole 
 Fabrick^ and therefore would require 
 fome reafonable weight. But of the 
 two extreams , a Houfe Top-heavy 
 is the word-. Next, there mufl be a 
 care of E<^nalitj^ih^i the Edifice be not 
 prefled oa the one fide more then on 
 the other ; and here Palladio doth 
 wiih^(like a cautelous Artizan) that 
 the inward Walls might bear fome 
 good fhare in the burthen, and the 
 outward be the iefle charged. 
 
 Thirdly, the Italian are very pre- 
 cife in giving the Cover a gracefull fen^ 
 dence of Jlo,tp»ejfey dividing the whole 
 breadth into nine Parts; whereof two 
 (hall ferve for the elevation of the high- 
 eft Toppe or Ridge from the loweS. 
 But in this Point the quality of the Re- 
 gion is confiderable : For (as our Fi- 
 trnvius infinuateth) thofe Climes thaC 
 fear the falling and lying of much 
 Snow, ought to provide more inclining 
 
 M J Pernio 
 
270 T/?^ Elements 
 
 Pcntices : and Comelimjfe muft yeild 
 to" Necejjjtj. 
 
 Thefe are the ufefuilell: Cautions 
 which I find in Amhours, couching the 
 lad Head of our Divifion , where- 
 with I will conclude the firft Part of 
 my prefent Travel. The fecond re- 
 maineth concerning Ornaments with- 
 in, or without the Fahrkk : A Piece 
 not fo dry as the meer Contemplati- 
 on of Proportions. And therefore I 
 hope therein fomwhat to refrefti both 
 the Readtr, and my klf^ 
 
 OF 
 
271 
 
 mmmmmmmmmmm) 
 
 OF 
 
 The elements 
 
 OF 
 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 T'he Second Tan. 
 
 iMiisF?,'^ ? Mans propej 
 4^ p ^# -^^^r^^ Houfe and 
 ►jS -^ ?§|. '^'!''»^, being the Thea-' 
 
 ^^<p^^ iheSeate o( Se/f-fmiL 
 «»y the Comfortahlefi part of his owrt 
 X/ff, thenobleft of his Sons I/theri- 
 tance^ a kind of private Princedome ; 
 Nay, to the Po/f/or/ thereof, an £- 
 fitomie of the whole ;F(?r/^ ; may well 
 
 deferve 
 
272 The Elements 
 
 deferve by thcfe Attrihntcs^ accor- 
 ding to the degree of the CMafler, to 
 be decently and deligbtfHllj/ adorned. 
 For which end, there are two ^rts 
 attending on ArchiteHnre ^ like two 
 of herprincipallCf^f/fB'C'Wf)?, to drefs 
 and trimme their CMijirefs ; P I c- 
 T u R E ind Sculpture : Between 
 whom, before I proceed any further, I 
 will venture to determine an ancient 
 quarrell about their Precedence, with 
 this DiflinElion ; that in the garnifliing 
 ofF^hricki , Sct^lpture no doubt muft 
 hciVQ the prehemlfieiice^ as being indeed 
 of neerer affinity to Arclo'neBHreit k\?, 
 and confequently the more naturall, 
 and more {\xt2\y\e Ornament. But on the 
 other fide, (to confider thefe two Arts 
 as I ihall do Philo(ofhKall)\ and not 
 CMIechanicallj) An excellent Piece of 
 ""Puintitjg^xs, to my judgment, the mor 
 admirable OhjtB , becaufe it come 
 neer an Artificia/l Mi/'acie,to make di- 
 verfe diftind Eminences appear up- 
 on a FLit by force of Shadowes , and 
 yet the Shadowes themfelves not to ap- 
 pear : which I conceive to be the ut- 
 Lermoft value and vertue of a TainteK 
 
 ana 
 
of ArchiteSlure. zj^ 
 
 and CO which very few have arrived in 
 all Aget, 
 
 In theft two Arts (zs they are appli- 
 able to the Subjeii which I handle) it 
 (ball be fit firft to confider how to 
 (hoofe them j and next how to dijpofe 
 them. To guide us in the choyce^ wa 
 have a Rule fomwhere (I well remem- 
 ber) in Pliny, and it is a pretty obfer- 
 vation; That they do mutually help 
 to cenfure one another. For PiBure 
 )s beil when it (landeth off, as if it 
 were carved ; and Scstlptun is beil 
 when it appeareth (6 tender^ as if it 
 were fainted : Imean, when there is 
 fuch a feeming foftnefs in the Limbes^ 
 zs if not a Chiffell had hewed them out 
 o(Stoȣ/)r other JldateriaJl^ but a Pen- 
 fi^hdid drawn and flroaked them in 
 O;/; whicli the judicious Poet took wel 
 to his Fancy. 
 
 Excudenr aIU fpirantia Mollitu ay a. 
 But this generality is notfufficient 
 to make a good chooser ,without a more 
 particular contraAion of his Judge- 
 ment. Therefore when a Piece of 
 An islet before us,letthe firfl Caution 
 be, not to. ask who madeic, leaft the 
 M 5 l£.ame^ 
 
TTjAf TheElemtnts 
 
 Fame of the Author doe Captivate the 
 T ancle of the Buyer. For,that excellent 
 men doe alwaies excellently., is a falfe 
 Gonclufion; wherupon I obferve a- 
 rrong Italian Artizans three notable 
 Vhrafes^ which well decipher the de- 
 grees of their iVorki. 
 
 They will tel you, that a thing was 
 done Con diligenz,a,(^onfiudio^ and Con 
 Amore ; The firfl: is but a bare and or- 
 dinary diligence. The fecond is a learned 
 diligence-, The third is much more, e- 
 ven a loving diligence : They mean not 
 with love to the Dejpeaker of the VVorke^ 
 Sut with a love and delight in the 
 .Vorke it felfe, upon fome fpeciall 
 Fancy to this, or that Story ; And 
 when all chefe concurre (particularly 
 thelaft) m 2,n eminent A f:t hour .^ Then 
 ^trohd^ncQTitiamufecityOi h (p\Siai\yroin 
 will ferve the turn, v/idiout farther In- 
 cjuifition j^Otherwife Artizans have not 
 only their Growths and PerfcSiions^ but 
 likewife their Plains and Times. 
 
 The next Caution mud be (to pro- 
 ceed Z-o^/r^/Zj) that in judging of the 
 iF'ork^ it felf, we be not diflraded 
 with too many things ac once jThere- 
 
 fpre 
 
of ArchkeEiure, 275 
 
 fore firft (to beginne with TiSiure .) 
 we are to obferve whether it be well 
 drawn, for as more elegant Artisans 
 term it) vjqW Defgn'd '^ Then, whe- 
 ther it be well Colound^ which be the 
 two general! Heads ; And each of them 
 hath two principall Requtfttei ; For in 
 well Defigning^ there muft be Truth 
 and Cjrace-j In well ColoHring,Force and 
 AfeBioK; All other Trat/es are but 
 Confequences of thefe. 
 
 Truth (as we Metaphorically take 
 it in this Art) is a f^fi and Natural P re- 
 port ion in every Part of the determined 
 Figure. Gr^ce is a certain /rff Difpof- 
 tion in the whole Draught, anfwerable 
 to that unaffeded Franknefle of F({JJn. 
 on in a living Body.^ Man or Woman, 
 which doth animate Beauty where it is, 
 and fupply it, where it is not, 
 
 Force confifteth in the Roundlngs and 
 Raifings of the/f or/^, according as the 
 Limbs do more or leHe require it ; So 
 as the Beholder (hall fpie no jharpnejfe 
 in the bordering Lines ; As when Tay- 
 lors cut out a Sute, which Italians io- 
 aptly term according to that compa- 
 rifon, Contorni taglienti-y Not any j?^?- 
 
 nej[c 
 
276 The Elements 
 
 ncffe within the Bodie of the Figure^ 
 which how it is done , we mufl: fetch 
 from a higher Difcipline ; For the Of- 
 tickj teach us. That 'AflainemWdi'^' 
 ^tditfromimm, and fas it were) embof- 
 fcd^ if tfifi Parts farthefl: from the Axel- 
 tree fix middle ^f^w^of the^j^jdiall be 
 the mofl: fliadowed; Becaufe in all 
 Dark^ejfe, there is a kind of Deepmjfe. 
 But as in the Art offerfwafion , one of 
 the mod Fundamentall Precepts is the 
 Concealment of Art ; So here likewife, 
 the Sight muft be fweetiy deceived by 
 an infenfible paffage , from brighter co- 
 lours to dimmer ^\Nhkh Italian Arti- 
 z,ans call the middle TinSiures^ That is. 
 Not as the Wj/Vf J" and jolkes o(Egs lie 
 in the Shel,mth vifible diftindion'^ But 
 as when they ite beaten^ and blended'm 
 a Dijb^ which is the neareft com- 
 parifon that I can fuddenly con- 
 ceive. 
 
 Laftly , ^ffeBion is the Lively Re- 
 frefentment of any faffton whatfoever,as 
 if the Figures ftood not upon a Cloth 
 or BMrd,\)\xt as if they were an:i?ig \x^- 
 onzStage-, And here I muft remember^ 
 m. truth with much marvell, a note 
 
 wliich. 
 
of ArchtteHure* 277 
 
 which I have received from excellent 
 tydrtiz^ns, that though GladnefTe and 
 Grief be oppojites in Nature ; yet they 
 are fuch Neighbours and Conjiyiers in 
 Art, that the leaft touch of ^Penfill 
 will tranflate z crying, into a laughing 
 Face i as it is reprefented by Homer in 
 the perfon of HeElors wife; as Painters 
 and Poets have always had a kind of 
 congeniality, 
 
 I A I A A. ^. 
 
 TLaiif ih, «<^' A^y.h KtiaJ^u d'i^etjo x6at^ 
 ActxjvHi' yi?J.a'A(TA- • That is. 
 
 She took^herfon into her arms ^ rveep- 
 ingly Unghing. 
 
 Which Inftance,befides divers other, 
 doth often reduce unto my 'memory 
 that ingenuous Speculation of the Car- 
 dinal CftfanHs , extant in his Works, 
 touching the coincidence of Extremes. 
 And thus much of the four Requifites, 
 and PerfeEtions in PiH-ure. 
 In Sculpt fire nkewife,theTwo firll are 
 abfolutly neceflary ; The third im- 
 pertinentj For Solid Figures need no 
 
 elevati-* 
 
2yS The Elements 
 
 elevation, by force of Lights ^ ot /ba- 
 dowes ; Therefore in the Room of this, 
 we rnay put (as hath been before 
 touched) a kind oiTender-neffe^ by the 
 Italians tGvmed Morl;idez,z,a^ wherein 
 the Chize//^ I muft confefle, hath more 
 glory then the Pe^j/i/ ; that being fo 
 hard d^nlyifvrnment^ and working upon 
 fo unpliant fluffe, can yet leave Strokes 
 of fo gentle appearance. 
 
 The Fourth, which is theexpreffing 
 ot e^fefhcn (as farrc as it doth depend 
 upon the <^iilvitj znd Geliure of the 
 figure) is as proper to the Carver, ^sto 
 the Painter-^ though {^v/onrs, no doubt, 
 have therein the greatefl power^where- 
 upon , perchance , did firft grow with 
 us the Fajhion ofcoloHring,t\^i\ Kigali 
 Statues^ jvhich I mull take leave to call 
 an English Barbarifme. 
 
 Now in thefe four Recjuijites already 
 rehearfed, it is flrange to note,that no 
 j4rttz.anj having ever been blamed for 
 excelfe m any of the three laft ; only 
 Truth (which ftiould feem the moft 
 Innocent ) hath fuffered fome Objedi- 
 on; and all ayiges have yeelded fome 
 one or two Artificers fo prodigioufly 
 
 ex- 
 
of AtchiteEiure. 279 
 
 es:qui(ice, that rhijy have bten reputed 
 too Naturall in theif Dranghts; which 
 will well appear by a famous paflage 
 in QuifinihaXjtoMching tht Chara^ers 
 of the ancient zAniz^ans^ falling now 
 fo aptly intomy memory , that I mull 
 aads tranflace it, as in. truth it may 
 ■well deferve. 
 
 The place which I intend , is extant 
 in the laft Chapter fave one of his 
 whole fVorkf , beginning thus in 
 Latine; 
 
 Trimt, efuorum quidem of era mn ve^ 
 pHfiatis tnodo gratia vifenda ftifft c/ari 
 PiBorex^fuLffe dicumur PolygnotuS*ir- 
 qu€ Aglaophon,Cirr. 
 
 The whole Pajfuge InJEngliJh 
 ftandethlhus. 
 
 THE firft Painter f of Name, 
 whofe tForket be confiderable 
 for afly thiz^ more then only Am- 
 tufuitj , are faid £0 have been Pcljg'-- 
 mtus and Agia^pbon ; whofe bare Co^ 
 lettring (he meaos I thiflk in jv/ifV^ and 
 UaciO hach eV€Q yet fo many follower?, 
 that tfaoie rudeand firft Elements^ as it 
 
 were 
 
zSo The Elements 
 
 were of chat, which within a while, 
 became an Art, are preferred before 
 the greateft Painters that have been 
 extant after them , out of a certain 
 Competition (as I conceive it) in point 
 of jHdgeme:yit. After thefe, Zeuxes and 
 ParafiHs not far diftant in age, both a- 
 bout the time of the Pelofonaeftan W^r^ 
 (for in Xenofhon we have a Dialogue 
 between P^trafitts and Socrates) did 
 add much to this Art. Of which 
 the firfl is faid to have invented the 
 due difpofition of Lights and Shadows'^ 
 Thefecond, to have more fubtilly ex- 
 amined, the Trmh of Lines in the 
 Draught ; for Zeuxes did make Limh 
 bigger then the life, deeming his 
 iFignres^ thereby the more ftately and 
 Majeftical; and therein(asfome think) 
 imitating Hower^ whom the flouteft 
 Form doth pleafe, even in fVomen. On 
 the other fide, Parafitu did exadly li- 
 mit all the Proportions ro,as they cal him 
 the Lavp'giver^ becaufe in the Images of 
 the Gods^ and ofHerolcal Perfonages^o» 
 thers have followed his Patterns like z 
 decree-. But PiElnre^A moflflourifti 
 about the days of Phili^y and even to 
 
 the 
 
of JrchkeBure. 28 1 
 
 the Succdfours of Alexander j yet by 
 fundry Hahilities'^^ov Proto£enef did ex- 
 ccll in Dillnnce ; Pam^hiltts and Me- 
 lamhiM in due Proportiort; Amiphi/us in 
 a frankfacility ; T^fw of i'^w^J/jin 
 fhamhoi Fantafie and conceiving of 
 Pajponsi Afeller^ in Invention and 
 ^<«-^, whereof he doth himfelf moft 
 ▼aunt ; Euphramr deferves admirati- 
 on, that being in other excellent iJr/^ 
 Ses a principall Man, he was likewife 
 a wondrous Artizan, both in Painting 
 and Sculpture. The like difference we 
 mayobferve among ih^ Statuaries ; for 
 the works of C^lon and Egejias were 
 fomwhac fiiffe^ like the Tujcan Man- 
 ner ; Thofe of C^lamis not done with 
 fo cold ftroaks ; And Myron more ten- 
 der then the former j a diligent Decency 
 in Polycletus above others ; to whom 
 though the higheft prayfe be attribu- 
 ted by the moft, yet left he fhould go 
 free from exception, fome think he 
 wanted fohrme^e ; for as he may per- 
 chance he fatd to have added a comely 
 T>imenfion to humane (hape, fomwhat 
 above the truth ; fo on the other fide, 
 he feemed not to have fullv cxprefled 
 
 the 
 
28z T})e Elements 
 
 the Majefij of the gods : Moreover, 
 he is faid not to have medled wil- 
 lingly with ih^ graver age ^ as not ad- 
 venturing beyond fmcoth cheekj : But 
 thefe vertues that were wanting in 7<?- 
 liclevHs, were fupplied by Phidias and 
 Alcmenes ; yet Phidias was a better Ar- 
 tizanin the reprefenting o^Gods, then 
 of Men ; and in his works of Ivory ^ 
 beyond all emulation, even though he 
 had left nothing behind him but his 
 <JMinerva^i Athens^ or the Olympian 
 7upiter m E /is ^vfhoCG Beauty feems to 
 nave added fomwhat, even to the re- 
 ceived Religion ; the Majefiy of the 
 IVork^, as it were, equalling the Z>f/>;'. 
 To Truth, they affirm Lyfippas and 
 Praxiteles^ to have made the neareft 
 approach : for Demetrim is therein re- 
 prehended, as rather exceeding then 
 deficient ; having been a greater aimer 
 at Likenejfe, then at Love/i/ie(fe. 
 
 This is that witty Cenfure of the 
 ancient Artizans which QjiintilUan 
 hath left us, where the laft Chara^er 
 of Demetrius doth require a little Phi- 
 lofophical Examination ; How an Arti- 
 ficer yjh.ok end is the Imitation of Na- 
 
 tnre^ 
 
of ArchtteBure. 285 
 
 tirre, can be too naturail ; which like- 
 wife in our days was either the fault, 
 or (to fpeak more gently) the too 
 much perfedionof-^/i^(rrrZ>/^rfr, and 
 perhaps alfo of Michael Angelo da 'Buo- 
 naroti, between whom I have heard 
 noted by an ingenuous Artizan a pre- 
 ty nice difference, that thcGerman did 
 too much expreffe that which was ; and 
 the Italian.that ^hich Jhouid be : Which 
 fevere. Obfervation o^ Nature, by the 
 one in her c6?rmo»efi, and by the other 
 in her aiffolfttefi Forms, mufl: needs 
 produce in both a kind of Rigidity^ 
 and confequentty more Natura/fiejfe 
 ihen Gracefptlneffe : This is the clea- 
 Tcft reafofl, why fome exad SymrnS' 
 trifts have been blamed for being too 
 true, as near as 1 can deliver my con- 
 ceit. And fo much couching the choice 
 of Figure and Scttlptttre : The next is, 
 the application of both to the beanti- 
 fjing of Tabricks. 
 
 Firfi: therefore, touching Pi^ftre^ 
 there doth occurre a very pertinent 
 doubt, which hath been pafted over 
 too (lightly, not only by fome Men, 
 butbyfomeiV4f;V»/; namely, whether 
 
 this 
 
284 The Elements 
 
 this Ornament can well become the Out- 
 fide oi'houfes^ wherein the Germans have 
 made fo little fcruple , tiiattheir beft 
 Towns are the mofl; painted, as Augufia 
 and Norcmhergh. To determine this 
 queftion in a word It is true , that a 
 Story well fet out with a good Uaniiy 
 will every where take a 'judicious eye: 
 But yet withall it is as true, that various 
 colours on the Oat -tva/lcso( Buildings 
 have alwayes in them more Deiignt 
 then Dignit^r; Therefore I would there 
 admit no Taintings but in Blacky and 
 white ^ nor even in thatkinde anyF»- 
 gures (iftheroome be capable) under 
 Nine or Ten foot high , which will re- 
 quire no ordinary Jrtiz,aM; becaufe the 
 faults are more vifible then in fmall 
 Defignes. In unfigmed paintings the no- 
 bleft is the imitation of ^^r^/f/, and 
 oi Archite^ure it k\?^^% Arches pTree^s,^ 
 Columnes^ and the like. 
 
 Now for the Jnjide , here growcs 
 another doubt , wherein Grotejca ( » 
 the Italians) or Anti<jiftevjork (a$we 
 call it) (hould be received, againft the 
 cxprefle authority of Vitrnviw him- 
 ielf, iHf.-j'Cap.^. viherePiSiffr-^Ckith 
 
 he) 
 
of ^rchkeBure, 285 
 
 he) fte'iHi, c[f{odeJi;feHpotefieJfe-^t3ir 
 eluding by this fevere definition, all 
 Figures compofed of different Natures 
 or Sexes ; fo as a Sjrene or a Centtunre 
 had been intolerable in his eye : But 
 in this we muft take leave to depart 
 from our Mafter;and the rather.becaufe 
 he (pake out of his own Profeflfion , al- 
 lowing Painters (who have ever been as 
 Kttle limited as Poets) a lefle fcope in 
 their imaginations , even then the gra- 
 ved Phi/o/opbers , who fomctimes do 
 ftrve themfelves of Infiances that have 
 no- Exi(ienve in Natttre ; as we fee in 
 Plato's Amfhisboena^^Arifldtles BirCdm 
 Cervfts. And (to fettle this point) what 
 was indeed more common and fami- 
 llat among the Romanes themfelvw, 
 then the PiSiure zndStatue ofTermiftHf . 
 even one of their Deities ? which yet if 
 we well confider, is but a piece of gyo- 
 tefca ; I am for thele reafons unwilling 
 to impoverifh that Art,thongh T could 
 Wifh fuch medlie and motiie Defignes 
 confined only to the Ornament of 
 Freet^er^ and Borders, their propereft 
 ptace. As for other Storied tvoi^e'i 
 Ti^rm Pf^afles^ I doubt our cUm be 
 
 too 
 
2 86 1^)6 Elements 
 
 too ycclding and moifl: for (nchGar- 
 nijh yicnt • therefore leaving it to the 
 Dwellers difcretion according to the 
 quality of his Seat, I will only add a 
 Caution or two about the difpofingof 
 ViBurcs within. 
 
 Firfl, That no Room be furnifhed 
 with too many ; which, in truth, were 
 a Surfet of Omantent, unlefTe they be 
 Galleries, or fomc peculiar Repofitory 
 for Rarities of Art. 
 
 Next, That the bcfl: Pieces Se placed 
 not where there are the leafi, but where 
 there are the fewefi lights : therfore 
 not only Rooms windowed on both 
 Qnd^^ which we call through-lighted ; 
 but with two or moe windows on the 
 fame fide, are enemies to this Art : and 
 fure it is, that no Painting can be feen 
 in full perfeiflion, but (as all Nature is 
 illuminated jby ^fmgle Light. 
 
 Thirdly, That in the placing there be 
 fome care alfo taken how the Paiftter 
 did (land in* the w^or'kjng^ which an in- 
 telligent Eje will eafily difcover ; and 
 that poftare is the mofl: natural : fo as 
 Italian Pieces will appear bed in a 
 Room where the Windows are high, 
 
 becaufc 
 
ofArcb'tteSture, 2 S7 
 
 becaufe they are commonly made to a 
 defcending Light, which of ali other 
 doth fet off mens Faces in their trueft 
 fpirit. 
 
 Laftly, That they be as properly be- 
 ftowed for their quality ^^s fitly for their 
 grace : that is, chearefuU Paintings in 
 Feafiing and Banquetting Rooms, Gr^ 
 ver Stories in Galleries ; Land-skips and 
 Bofcage^ and fuch ivilde works,in open 
 Tarraccs^ or in Summer houfes (dAv^z 
 call them) and the like. 
 
 And thus much oiPiH^re, which 
 let me clofe with this Note ; that 
 though my former Difcourfe may ferve 
 perchance for fome reafonable leading 
 in the choice of fuch delights ; yet let 
 no man hope by fuch a Jpeculative eru- 
 dition, to difcern the MaBerlj and mj- 
 fieri oti^ touches of y4n^ but an Artizan 
 himfelf; to whom therfore we muft 
 leave the prerogative to cenfure the 
 manner & handling, as he himfelf mull 
 likewife Jeavefome points, perchance 
 of no leffe value, to others ; as for ex- 
 ample, whether the Storj be rightly r<?- 
 pre/emed, the Figures m true aflion, the 
 Perfons futed to their feveral qualities, 
 
 the 
 
288 The Elements 
 
 the affeEiions proper and firong^ and 
 fuch like Obfetvations. 
 
 Now for Sculpture, I muft likewife 
 begin with a Controverfie, as before 
 (falling into this Placej) or let me ra- 
 ther call it a very meer Fancy ftrange- 
 ly taken by PalUdio, who having no- 
 ted in an old Arch or two at Verona^ 
 fome part of the Materials already cut 
 in fine Forms ^ and fome ftnpolijhed , 
 doth conclude ( according to his Lg- 
 gickj upon this particular, that the 
 Ancients did leave the outward Face 
 of their Marbles or Free-fione without 
 any Sculpture^ till they were laid and 
 cemented in the Body of the Building; 
 For which likewife he findeth a rea- 
 fon (as many do now and then very 
 wittily, even before the thing it felf be 
 true) that the Materials being left 
 rough were more managable in the/l/<«- 
 fons hand, then if they had beenfmooth; 
 And that fo the ftdes might be laid 
 together the more exadly; Which 
 Conceit, once taken, he feems to 
 have further imprinted , by marking 
 in certain Storied Sculptures of old 
 time, how precifely the Parts and Lines 
 
 of 
 
of jitchiteBure a 8^ 
 
 oi^t Figures that pafs from one Stone 
 to another, do meet; which he thinks 
 could hardly fall out fo right, (for- 
 getting while he fpeakes oi Anchnt 
 things, the ancient Diligence) unlefs 
 they had been cut after the joymng 
 of the Materials. But a 11 thefe Induce' 
 mmts cannot countervailefhe fole/«- 
 convenience oijhaking and Disjoynting 
 theCommjfuresmthio many Strokes 
 of the Ckzell, befides an Incommodiopu 
 Working on Scaffolds -, efpecially ha- 
 ving no teftimony to confirme it^ 
 that I have yet feen , among the records 
 oiArt: Nay, it is indeed rather true, 
 tlwt they d^^fqHare, and carve, and 
 folifh thtix Stone and C^^r^^f Works, 
 even in the very Cave of the Qj^arry^ 
 before it was hardened by, open Aire : 
 But (to leave difputation) I will fee 
 down a few Pofttive notes for the 
 placing of Sculpture ; becaufe the chu* 
 ling hath been handled before 
 
 Thattirftof all, it be not coo ge--^ 
 nerall and a^tindant, which would make 
 a Houfe look like a Cahinet: and in this 
 point, morAl Philofophy, which tempe- 
 iQlh Fancies^ is the Superintendent or 
 An N That 
 
apo The Elements 
 
 That efpecially, there be a due mo- 
 deration of this Ofmmtm in the hi ft 
 approach; whereour Authors do more 
 commend (I mean about the Princi- 
 pal! Entrance) a Doriijfte, then a Ca» 
 riyithian garnifhment ; So as if the 
 great Doore be Arched with (bme 
 Brave Head^ cut in fine Stone or J^^r- 
 ^/f forthe /Cfjofthe Arch^ and two 
 Incumbent Figures gracefully leaning 
 upon it towards one another, as ^ 
 they meant to conferr , I (hould 
 thinke this a fufficient Entertainment 
 for the firft Reception of any judlciottj 
 Sight, which I could wilh iecondcd 
 with two great (landing Statues on each 
 fide of a paved way that {11311 lead up 
 into the Fahrkk.^ fo as the Beholder 
 at the firft entrance may palfe his Eye 
 between them. 
 
 That the Nices, if they contiain Ft- 
 gures o^ white Stone or Marble, be not 
 coloured in their Qoncavky too black^^ 
 For though (^ontraria juxta fe pojita 
 magi^ illHcefcmt (by an old Rule) ; yet 
 it hath been fubtilly, and indeed truly 
 iioted,that our Stght'is not well conten- 
 ted with tlwfe fuddea departments 
 
 from 
 
ofjnhiteSlare. 291 
 
 fiom oncextream to another; Therfore 
 let them have rather a D«/^7STin(5hire, 
 then an abfolutc l^Uck: 
 
 Th9Zfim and delicate Sculptures he 
 helped with Neef-wfs , and Grofs 
 VJitixdifianci ; which was well feen in 
 die old controverfie between Phi- 
 Mof and Alcmenes ihoutthe Statue d^ 
 Venus : wherein the Hrft did (hew dif- 
 credon, and fave labour, becaufe the 
 Works was to be veiwed at good 
 Height, which did drown the fweet 
 and diligent ftrokes of his Adverfaryi 
 A famous emulation of two principall 
 ArtUans^ <:elebrated even by the Gretk 
 Poets. 
 
 That in the placing of ftanding Fi' 
 gures aloft, we muft fet them in a Fo- 
 ytcre fomwhat bowing forward ; be- 
 caufe (faith our Mafter, lih.%.c<tf.T^. out 
 of a better Art then his own) .the z'^ 
 /iwZf beam of our eye, extended to the 
 Head of the faid Figures, being longer 
 then to the Voote, muil neceHaniy, 
 make that farr appear farther ; fo as 
 to reduce it to an ered or upright fo~ 
 fitio», there mud be allowed a due ad- 
 vantj^ge offioo^ing towards us which 
 N z Albert 
 
2^z The Elements 
 
 Albert 1)nrer hath exadly taught in 
 his fore-mentioned Geometry. Our 
 VitrHvtHs calleth this affedion in the 
 £ye^ a refufination of the Figure : For 
 which word (being in truth his own, 
 for ought I know) we are almoft as 
 much beholding to him, as for the 
 Obfervation it felf : And let thus 
 much fummarily fuffice touching the 
 choice and ufe of thefe adorning Arts. 
 For to fpeak of garnifhing the Fa.* 
 ^nVi^with a Kovp of ere<fl:ed Statues a 
 bout the Cornice of every Contignation 
 or Story, were difcourfe mofe proper 
 for Athens or Rome^ in the time of their 
 true greatneife, when (as Plinie recor- 
 detli of his own Age) there were near 
 as many carved Images^ as Hving Men ; 
 like a noble contention, even in point 
 of Fertility^ between Art and Nature^ 
 which pafTage doth not only argue 
 an infinite aoundance, both^ of Arti- 
 z.ans and Materials ; but likewile of 
 Magnificent and Majefiicall Defires in 
 every common perfon of ^hofe times , 
 more or lefTe, according to chetr For- 
 tunes. And true it is indeed, that the 
 Marble Aionuwents & Memmes cfviel 
 
 de. 
 
of AnhtteSlure. 29^ 
 
 deferving Men, wherewith the very 
 high ways were fireived on each fide, 
 was not a bare and tranficory Enter- 
 tainment of the £je, or only a gentle 
 deception of Time to the Traveller : 
 But had alfo a fecret and flrong Jftfiu- 
 ence^ even into the advancement of the 
 Ulfonarchy, by continuall reprefenta- 
 tion of vertuous Examples ; fo as in 
 that point, ART became a piece of 
 State. 
 
 Now, as I have before fubordinated 
 PiEiure znd Scfilpture to Archite^ure, 
 as their Miftreffe J fo there are certain 
 inferiour Arts likewife fubordinate 
 to them ; As under Pidure, Mofaique ; 
 under Sculpture,P/<«/?/^/^f ; which two 
 I only nominate, as the fitteft to gar- 
 nifh Pabricks. 
 
 Mofaiejue is a kind of Painting in 
 fmall Pebbles^ Cockles and Shels of fun- 
 dry colours ; and of late days likewife 
 with pieces of Gla^e figured at plea- 
 fure ; an Omamem^ in t ruth, of much 
 beauty, and long life^ but of moft ufe- 
 in paveme»ts znA floorings. 
 
 Plaft-i(jHe is not only under Sculp" 
 pure, but indeed vQty Sculpture itfelf/ 
 
 N 3 'but 
 
25>4 '^1^^ Elements 
 
 but with this difference ; that the 
 P/afierer doth make his Figures by y^eU 
 ditivn^ and the (^^rver by Sn^firaBiopr; 
 wherupon Michael A^igelo was wont to 
 fay fomwhat pleafantly. That Scuh- 
 ture was nothing but Si purgation of/u" 
 ferfluities. For take away frotn a piece 
 of wood or ftone all that isff*perfl»Mf, 
 and the remainder is the intended Fi~ 
 gure. Of this p'lafiick^Jn , the chief 
 ufe with us.is in the graceful! fretting 
 of Roofs : But the Jtaliam apply it 
 to the mantling of Chimneys Wllh 
 great Figures. A cheap piece of Magni- 
 jicence^ and as durable ainjoft witbrn 
 doors, as harder Forms in tfie weather. 
 And here, though it be a little excurfi- 
 ©n, I cannot paffe unremembred a- 
 gain, their manner of difguifing the 
 lliafts of Chimneys in various fafhions, 
 whereof the nobleft is tb^ Pyramidall ; 
 being in truth a piece of polite and 
 civill difcretion, to convert even the 
 conduits of foot and fmoak into Or- 
 nawuents ; whereof I have hitherto fpo- 
 ken as far as may concern the Body of 
 the Building. 
 Now t\\^i^~2i.it Ornament s 2\(o with- 
 out. 
 
of ArcUteEhure, z^iy 
 
 out as Gardenf^ Fountai/is, Groves ^ Con- 
 jervat-ories of rare Beafis, Birds, and F/- 
 jhes. Of which i^noblerklnd of Crea- 
 tures, fVe o'^ght not (^ith our greacefl: 
 Mailer among the Sons of Nature) 
 chjldt(hly TO de- ^„-^^ lib.i.ap.^. 
 Ipife the Conxem- de fart. Anim. SH f/.n 
 plat ion J for i» all fv^i^aiv^y 'gauJ^nwi 
 thinfrs that are rhj) '^^f^^ AjtiAoli^av 
 naturaU, there is ^'V ^^''l^'"' E" 
 
 ^ ',. , TACT/ y) Ton a/VS-IKOli 
 
 ever fomhm that itiT^ri :^ctvi^'oy. 
 js admirable. Of 
 
 thefe external delights a word or two. 
 Firft, I mud note a certain contrariety 
 between hmlding & gardening : For as 
 Fah-icks. (hould b^ regular, io Gardens 
 fliould be irregular, or at leaft cafl into 
 a very wild Regularity. To exemplifie 
 my conceit ; I have feen a Garden (for 
 the maner perchance incomparable) in- 
 to which the firft Accefle was a high 
 walk like a TarraceS^om whence might 
 be taken a generall view of the whole 
 Plot below, but rather in a dehghtfuU 
 confufion,then with any plain diftincli- 
 on of the pieces. From this the Beholder 
 defcending many fleps, was afterwards 
 conveyed again by fcverall mountings 
 N 4 and 
 
2c^6 The Elements 
 
 and valivQ^:^ to various enrerra'inments 
 of Ins feTit ;ind fight : which I fhall not 
 need CO dorcribc(rorth-U were poetical) 
 lec me only note this, that every one of 
 ihefediverntieSjWasasif he had \i\nAiu' 
 gicail) tranfported into a new Gardm. 
 
 WvX though other Coumrcj! have 
 more benefit of Sun then we, and ther- 
 by more properly tied to contemplate 
 this delight ; yet have I feen in our ot^^k, 
 a delicate and diligent canojity^ furely 
 without para/if/ among forraign Na- 
 rio^f : Namely, in the Garden of Sir 
 I-hnrj Fanpjuiv^ at his Seat in fVare. 
 Park^; where I wel remember, he did fo 
 precifely examine t!ie//r;<r/«;'f/ and fe^- 
 foyjsof his fio)vrf^ tliat in their fetti/igs^ 
 the iyirvurdift of tliofe which v;ere to 
 come up at the fame time, fhould be al- 
 ways a little darksr then the o;^/ wo/?, 
 and fo fer\ethem for a kind of gentle 
 (hiidovr^ like a piece, not of Natun, but 
 of /^^y: which mention(incident tothis 
 place) I liave willingly made of his 
 N,me, for the dear fr/>«^y2>./) that was 
 long between us : though 1 mufl, con- 
 fefle, with much wrong to his other 
 lertfics ; which deferve a more folid 
 
 Memc 
 
of Ai'cUuBure. zyj 
 
 Met»criali^ then among thefe vacant 
 pt>fervations. So much oi Gardenf. 
 
 Wxiuntainsittfiguredy or oftly plain 
 ff^arer^d-rforkl-: Of either Of wJuch, I 
 ^rlldefcribea matchleffe pattern* 
 
 Thefirftjdone by the famous hand 
 O^ Micael AngeU da Buonaroti^ in the 
 figure of a ftordy woman ^ tvajhrng and 
 vnnding of linnen clothes ; m whkh. 
 Aft, (he rorinffs out the water that 
 made the Fountain ; which was a grace- 
 fiill and natural conceit in the Artificer, 
 implying this rule; That ^MdefigMs oi 
 this kindj (hould he proper. 
 
 The other doth merit fomelargweXr 
 preflion ; There went a long, ftraight, 
 iBoflle walk of competent, breadth* 
 ^en, and foft under foot; lifted oa 
 both fides with ^n A^aduB of whice 
 ftone, breft-high, which had a hollow 
 channell on the top, where ran a prety 
 trickling ftream ; on the f<(/^? whereof, 
 were couched very thick all along, cer^ 
 tain fmall ^ipes of lead, in little holes * 
 fo neatly, that they could notbewell 
 perceived , till- by the tu rn^i ng of a cock, 
 they did fprout over interchangeably 
 from- fide, to fide, above mans height,. 
 
 N 5 in. 
 
2^S The Elements 
 
 in form of Arehef, without any intelr- 
 fedion or meeting aloft, becaufe the 
 pipes v/ere not exacftly oppofitejfo as the 
 Beholder^ befides that which was flu- 
 ent in the Aqmdy.Sls on both hands in 
 his view, did walk, as it were,- under a 
 continual! Bower and Hemfphere of 
 water,without any drop falling on him. 
 An invention for refrediment, furely 
 far excelling all the Alexandrian Deli- 
 cacies, and Pnefirnatickjof Here. 
 
 Groves, and artificial! Devices under 
 ground, are of great expence, and little 
 dignity; which for my part, I could wifli 
 converted here into thofe Crjptefia^ 
 wherof mention is made among the cu- 
 rious provifions ofTtcho Braghe the/)-^« 
 mJhPtolomie^ as I may well call him : 
 which were deep concaves in Gardens, 
 where the Stars might be obferved even 
 at noon. For (by the way) to tWnk that 
 the brightnefs of the Suns body above, 
 doth drown our difcerning of the Icflec 
 lights, is a popular errour ; the fole im- 
 pediment being that hjftre, which by 
 refleBion^ doth fpread about us from 
 the face of the Earth ; fo as the caves 
 J>efore touched, may well conduce, not 
 
 to 
 
of ArckuUun. 299 
 
 CO a delicious, but to a learned pleaCure. 
 - In Aviaries of wire, to keep Birds of 
 «tl fores, the halians (though no'vvafl- 
 iiilJ Nation) do in fome places bellow 
 vaft ejtpence ; including great fcope of 
 froUnd^ variety of htijhts^ trees of good 
 height, running wrfr^r/, andfomtime a 
 Stove annexed, to contempex the Air in 
 Winter. So as thofe Chanrerc^fes^VLnl^^^Q. 
 they be fuch is perhaps delight as much 
 in cheir Wing, as in their voice, m'ay hve 
 iong among fo good provifions, and 
 room, before they know chat they are 
 prifotsers ; reducing often to my me- 
 mory that conceit of the Roman Stoick^, 
 who in comparifon of his own free cojt- 
 temptations^ did think divers great and 
 fplendent fortunes of his time, little 
 more then ccmmodiomca'ptivtttes. 
 
 Concerning Ponds of pleafure near 
 the habitation] iwilf referre my feif to 
 a grave Author ot our own (though 
 more illuftrious by his other 
 ■* work) namely, 'S^nsbHri- ^'^ "^"^"^ 
 enfis dePtfani Cuud.erc. 
 
 And here J will end the fecond part 
 iQMzhiingOrnameMts^ hoih rvithin^ and 
 
 \^ithaui the Fabruki 
 
 Now 
 
goo The Elements 
 
 Now, as almoft all thofe which have 
 delivered the Elements of Logick.^. do 
 ufually conclude with a Chapter tou- 
 ching Metiod- lb T am here feized with 
 a kind of criticall fpirir, and defirous 
 toftiut up thefe building Elements with 
 fome Methodicall dire(!lion how to cert- 
 fur e Fabricks already railed: for indeed,, 
 without fome way to contra(ft oi]r 
 fii(^gement^Vf\(i(:\\ among fo many par- 
 ticulars would be loft by diffuHor 
 \ fliould think it almoft harder to be .. 
 good QenCurer^ then a good ArchittB: : 
 Becaufe the '^orkiyig part may be helped 
 with T>diberAtion^\3X. the Judging muft 
 flow from an extemporall habit. There- 
 fore (not to leave this hd Piece with- 
 out fome Light) I could wi(h him that 
 Cometh to examine any nobler Work.^ 
 firftof all to examme himfelfe, whe- 
 ther perchance the fight of many brave 
 things before (which remain like im- 
 prefled forms) have not made him 
 apt to think nothing good but that 
 which is xhtbeft: for this./7//»?o/^^ were 
 too fowre. Next, before he come to 
 fettle any imaginable opinion, let him 
 bv all means fcek to inform hira- 
 
 m 
 
of JrchheBure. joi 
 
 1 
 
 ftlfprecifely, of the Age ohhtPForke 
 upon which he muft pafle his Do^^r. 
 Andifhelhall finde theapparant Dt- 
 cayes co exceed the proportion of Time; 
 then let him conclude without farther 
 inquifition, as an abfolute Decree, that 
 either the Materials were too fight ^ 
 or the Seate is nought. Now , after 
 thefe premifies , if the Houfe beVound 
 to bear his yeares well, (which is al- 
 ways a token of found ccnflitmion) 
 Then let him fuddenly rumie back- 
 wards, (for the Method oiccnfuring is 
 contrary to t\\t Method otcompofing) 
 from theOrnamems ( which firft allure 
 the Ey e)K.o the moreeffential Members^ 
 till at laft he be able to forme this Con- 
 clufton^ that the ;^c;r;^f \s. Commodious 
 Firme, ^nd Delightful I; whichf asjfaid 
 in the beginning) are the three capitall 
 Conditions tequlted in good Bmldings^ 
 by all Authors, both Ancient and Mo- 
 derne. And this is, as I may term ir, 
 the moft Sciemifcall way ofCenfuring. 
 There are two other which I muflnot 
 forget : The firft in qeorgio Fajfari, 
 before his laborious w^cr/^ of the lives 
 QtAnhiteUf^ which is to palTe a run- 
 ning 
 
J02. 
 
 Tk Elements 
 
 ning examination over, the whole J?- 
 difice, according to the properties of a 
 veil jhafen Man. As whether the ^/?/x 
 (land upright upon clean footing and 
 Fomdation. ; whether the Fahrickhc 
 of a beautiful! Srature; whether for the 
 ^rf^i/f/? it appear well l^umi/heJ; whe- 
 tlier the principal! Entrance be on the 
 middle Line oftheF;'o«for/'^f, like 
 our Mokthes; whether xhtfVindmcs^ts 
 out Eyes., be fetin equall number and 
 diflance on both fides; whether the 
 Offices, like the Veins in our Bodies, be 
 ufeful^ diftributed , and fo forth. For 
 this ayillegoricall review may be driven 
 as farre as any iVtt will , that is at lea- 
 fure. 
 
 The fecond way is in Vitruvius him- 
 felf, lih. 1. ca^. 2. where hefummarily 
 determineth fix Cmfiderations , which 
 accompliih this whole Aft. 
 
 Ordinatio, 
 
 Dijpo/itio. 
 
 Ettrjthmia. 
 
 Symmetria, 
 
 Decor, and. 
 
 Difirihutio. 
 
 Whereof ( in my conceit ) wc may 
 
 fparc 
 
fpare him the firft two ; for as farre as 
 J can perceive, either by his Interpreters^ 
 at by his own Text (which in that very 
 pUce , where perchance he fhould be 
 chare(h, is of all other {.hcciowd/efi) he 
 meaneth nothing by Ordination^ but a 
 well fetling of the Modell or Scale of 
 the vfhokTVorke. Norhy Difpo fit ion, 
 more then a neat and full expreflion of 
 thefirfi: fdea or Defignement thereof; 
 which perchancedo more belong to the 
 Artificer , then to the Cenfurer. The 
 other four are enough to condemne, or 
 abfolve any Vahrick_ whatfoever. 
 Whereof Euryth'/nia is that agreeable 
 Harmony between the breadth, length, 
 and height of all the Roomes of the Fa- 
 bnck^^ which fuddenly^where it is^ tak- 
 eth every Beholder by the fecret power 
 oi Proportion: wherein let me only note 
 this, That though the leaft ^rror or of'- 
 fence that can be committed againft 
 fight, is excefle of height; yet that fault 
 is no where of fmall importance, be- 
 caufe it is the greateJft offence againft 
 thePurfe. 
 
 Symmetriit is the convenience t.\\^t 
 lUnneth beCweenithe.P^n/ and the 
 
J 04 The Elements 
 
 ivhole ^ whereof I have formerly fpo- 
 ken. 
 
 Decor is the keeping of. a due Re- 
 ff>eEl between the Inhabitant and the 
 Habitation. Whence Pa/Udins did con- 
 clude, that the principall Entrance vr3.s 
 never to be regulated by any certaine 
 Dimenftons ^ but by the dignity of the 
 Mafler ; yet to exceed rather in the 
 more, then in the lejfe, is a mark of 
 Generofity^ and may always be excufed 
 with fome noble Emblem^ or Infcripti- 
 on^ as that of the Conte M BeviUccjHa^ 
 over his htg^Gate at ri?rof7^,where per- 
 chance had been committed a little 
 Dijprofortton. 
 
 Patet fanua: Cormagis. 
 
 And here likewife I muft- remem- 
 ber our ever memorable Sir Philip Sid- 
 ney, fwhofe Wit was in truth the very 
 rule of Congruity ) who well knowing 
 that BafiViHs (as he had painted the 
 State of his Minde) did rather want 
 fome extraordinary Formes to enter- 
 taine his Fancy , then roome for Cour" 
 tiers ; was contented to place him in.a 
 Star-like Lodge ; which othetwife in 
 fevere "jadgment of Art, nadbeen: an, 
 
cf^rchiteBure, 305 
 
 incommodious Figure. 
 
 Dlflributio is that ufefull Cafiing of 
 all . Roomes for Office , Emenainment^ 
 or Vleafure ; which I have handled be- 
 fore at more length then any other 
 Piece. 
 
 Thefe are the Foure Bea^ which 
 ever)' man Ihould runneover, before 
 he pafTeany determinate Cenjfure up- 
 on the Works that he (hall view,where- 
 withlwill clofe this laftpart, touch- 
 ing Ornaments. Againfl which (me 
 thinks J I hear an ObjeRion , even from 
 fome well-meaning man ; That thefe 
 delightfuU Crafts.^ may be divers wayes 
 ill applied in a Land. I mufl confeHe 
 indeed , there may be a Lufcivioia.^ 
 and there may be likewife d^fn^erfi-itioui 
 ufe, both of Picly.re and of Scal^tu^e: 
 To which poilibility of mifapplicati- 
 on, not only ihtk SerrA- liber all htxs 
 are fubjetH: ; but even the higheft per- 
 fedions and e-ndowments of Nature. As 
 Beamy in a light woman ; Eloquence 
 in a mutinous man ; Refolution in an 
 AfTafinate; Prudent Obfervation of 
 houres and humours,in a corrupt Cour- 
 tier ^ Sharpneffe of wit and argument 
 
 in 
 
^o6 The Elements 
 
 in ^ reducing Schaler, and the like. 
 Nay, finally lee me aske , What Art 
 can be more pernicious , then even 
 Religion it fcif.if it felf be con- 
 verted into an Inftrument of A R T : 
 Therefore , Ab abuti adnon uti, n'cga- 
 tHr confequentia. 
 
 Thus having flitched in fome fort 
 together thefe Animadverfiow, tou- 
 ching , ArthiteBure , and the Orna.- 
 mtnts thereof; I now feel that con- 
 temfUtive fpirits are a$ rcfllelTe as a- 
 Hive ; for doubting with my felf ,, ( as 
 all weaknefle is jealous) that I may be 
 thought to have fpent my poor ob- 
 fervation abroad about nothing but 
 Stone and Timber ,. and fuch Rubbage; 
 I am thereby led into an immodefly 
 of proclaiming another iVorki ^ which 
 1 have long devoted to the fervice of 
 my Countrej : Namely, A Thilofophi- 
 call Survey oi Education^ which is in- 
 deed a fecond Buildings or repairing of 
 Nature, and as I may term it, a kind of 
 (.JMorall ArchtteUare ; whereof fuch 
 Notes as I have taken in my forraigrie 
 
 tranf- 
 
of ArchiteHure, 2 07 
 
 tfanfcurfions or abcxles , I hope to ut- 
 ter without publick offence, though 
 ftill with the freedom of a plain Ken-^ 
 ti/h-mzn. In the mean while I have 
 let thefe other Gleanings flie a- 
 broad , like the Bird out of 
 the Arkj^ to difcover what 
 footing may be for that 
 which fl\all 
 follow. 
 
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 North Carolina Stats College