Practical and Efficient SPINNING Reprint of Articles which Appeared on the Discussion Pages of the Southern Textile Bulletin During February, 1913, and WHICH WERE Submitted in Competition FOR THE Best Practical Article on Practical and Efficient Spinning PRICE 50 CENTS Clark Publishing Co., Charlotte, N. C. Tho Judges A. A. Freeman, Overseer Spinning, Riverside Mills, Danville, Va. M. R. Vick, Supt. Little River Mfg. Co., Willardville, N. C. M. T. Grimes, Supt. Chadwick-Hoskins Mill No. 5, Pineville, N. G. J. R. Donaldson, Supt. Fairfield Mills, Winnsboro, S. C. W. O. Tal/ent, Supt. Aldora Mills, Barnesville. Ga. INDEX Pags A. C. Atkinson 5L R. H. Banks 23 VV. W. Becknell •• 10 R. J. Belue 14 B. \V. Bingham • • F. E. Blair 34 A H. BouknighL 45 G. iM. Bovvden 2' G. F. Brietz 4 G. W. Brigman 39 G. R. Brook 5? H. J. Christiey 6 Jno. Curwen 38 A. R. Drake 60 W. C. Eason D' J. C. Edwards 2 W. R. Ennis, Jr '. ' E. L. Goble 3C T. C. Gore 29 John Gregson • 5' L. T. Houghton 47 L. L. Hurley 40 M. C. Johnson 5'" J. Y. Jones ■ ■ . .5^' P P. Jones 4P G. R. Kindrick 5'- B. W. Koontz 61 Jno. S. Lockman 1 W. P. Lovitt 4 '. J. H. Maves.... 3r H. B. McAbee 5" C F. McCall C^ S. L. McClure 6" J. V. McCombs • 4^" G. B. McCraokan 2? G. H. McDaniel 5" J. W. Ouzts IP S. T. Petty 6" E. H. Rodgers 3" T, L. Sannders, Jr 2^^ E. L. Sheridan P'^ L. O. Skidmore 6" Chas. M. Stov F Hamer Woods 6" E. W. Wright.. 2^ Practical and Efficient Spinning WINNER OF FIRST PRIZE. By B. W. BINGHAM, Marshall, N. C. The successful operation of spin- ning rooms calls for men who are Btrictly busmess both on and off the job. We must control ourselves in regaid to our tempers and treat all of the help like we would like to be treated. We must not have pets as this will upset things fast- er than we can adjust them and they will soon be worth- less to us. When we get to B. W. Bingham this point we are worthless to any mill. I find from 15 years' experi- ence in managing help that the only way is to treat all of the help in a kind and business-like manner and teach them that we mean what we say. It is not very hard to teach them this. All we have to do is to do just what we say and they will soon know what to expect and what not to expect. We must not spend any time talking to the help except on business concerning the mill and their welfare. If we go around tell- ing funny tales to the help they will soon look for this instead of work. Sometimes we speak before we should. We should be careful and consider things before acting, as we may act the wrong way. Never make promises unless they can be filled. If we make false promises we give the help a starting point to criticise us and they will soon know all about it. We should train our second hands to be firm but kind with the help and not allow them to make promises that can- not be fulfilled. The overseer should give the second hand orders to work by and see that he fills them. Do not allow the second hand, when giving orders, to say that the boss said so, as this will soon ruin his influence with the help and he will soon be worthless to any mill. Train the help to report anything that is not going right with their work im- mediately. When a new hand comes in take special pains to ex- plain to him the rules he must work under before putting him to work. Be sure that he understands the rules, put him to work, and ex- plain what he must do and must not do. We should do all we can to impress upon the minds of the help what it means to their welfare as well as the mill's, for them to do good work in every respect. Oiling is one of the most import- ant items in the spinning room. Why? Because without oil we can- not run the spinning room, with half oiling we cannot run but half of it, and with half oiling the ma- chinery will not last half as long as it should. Oil is cheap and la- bor is cheap, considering the price of spinning frames .so it is very important that we give this point our attention by using good oil and seeing that it is applied at the proper time. Spindles should be oiled every two weeks, if only on day time, and every week if on both night and day time. Tf we were sure we could get them oiled prop- erly, it would not be necessary to oil them so often, but as we cannot be sure that they are oiled properly, a 1 5-8 in. ring a bobbin not less it is better to be on the safe side, than 7-8 in. in diameter for 30s to We all know that a dry spindle will ^Os— the above is for 6 in. traverse, not produce good yarn, nor will Dofling plays an important part the wo. k run well. A good light ^^ ^^^^ production of our frames. To oil must be used for spindles or &et the best results use four dof- they will gum up and run badly. Use ^ers and a head doffer on each sec- anon fluid oil lor the steel roll necks [ion, havmg each boy to piece up whicli should be oiled once each his side and not allow him to tear day, the top rolls once per day, the down over five ends, and have him back steel roll and top rolls once ^o leave no ends down. Have but every week. All rolls and stands ^^^ frame stopped at a time, and should be cleaned before oiling. ^"-^^ »l'ow one minute to doff a Have a system for picking and ^^ame of 224 spindles. Divide the cleaning all rolls at a regular time, frames and have each boy clean Have the cylinder and gearing bear- ^is part of the frames. Have the ings oiled before starting time, rockers cleaned €ver> morning. Af- morning and night. The overseer t-er getting a round doffed, have should spend a few minutes in- ^ach boy to take all bobbin- down specting the oiling every day ia or- o^ ^^^ creels on his frames. Also der to know that it has been done ^^^'^ the bobbins picked up off of properly. the floor if they have dropped any. Banding a spinning frame is an This will tend to teach the boys to important item and we cannot give P'^k up a bobbin when they drop it. this point too much attention. ^ ^-hink it is well to allow the boys Bands should be made of roving some play time as they work much and uniform in size and twist. Have better than they will if they never them tied on as near the same ten- ^^^ ^ minute's rest, sion as possible. It is a well known ^^aft is a very important item, as fact that a slack band will make excessive draft will cause uneven soft yarn, which is waste and will ^^rn and bad running spinning, cause bad running spinning as the The draft should not exceed 12, and speed of the spindle is not up to ^^ ^^ 11 is much better for double the standard and different spindle roving. I find from various tests speeds call for different weights of that standard twist is best, as too travelers. This being the case it is much twist tends to weaken the impossible to have good running yarn and destroy the elasticity. We spinning with tight and loose bands should not run an excessive speed on our frames. A band tied on too and produce waste and not yarn, tight will absorb power unnecess- as this makes trouble for everybody sarily. The knots should be tied concerned and causes discontented so they will not present much ob- help. Every end that is put up struction in passing round the makes a thick place in the yarn, whorl, as a big knot will cause a Travelers play an important part jumping motion, which will cause to good running spinning, and we the ends to break down, which should give them close attention. If nieans waste and unnecessary the traveler is not the right circle, piecing up of ends. the friction will be greater from an Rings and bobbins are very im- empty bobbin to a full bobbin, ow- portant to good running spinning, ing to the fact that the empty bob- The bobbin must not be too small bin pulls the traveler toward the in diameter for the size of the ring, center of the ring, which causes as a bobbin that is too small will more of the traveFer to come in con- tend to pull the traveler toward the tact with the ring. After the bob- center of the ring instead of draw- in is half full the yarn tends to pull ing it around the ring as is desired, the traveler around the ring, and So if the bobbin is too small in di- lessens the friction greatly. We ameter it will cause uneven or must judge the traveler by experi- strained yarn and bad running menting as conditions vary, work For 1 1-2 inch rings mak- The build of bobbins is a very ing 30s to 40 hosiery yarn, a filling important point, as badly built bob- bobbin npt less than five-eights bins will cause excessive waste and inch m diameter will run well un- loss of production. If the taper is less we are using a good grade of too long the frame will be stopped cotton. From 1 in. to 1 1-8 in. sta- more times during a week to bo pie for warp yarn I would use with doffed. If the traverse speed is 4 too fast or too slow the bobbin will be soft, as the yarn will ride on one another, the thread will be crossed. In order to make a good quality and quantity of yarn we must give our rolls careful attention. See that they are properly covered and that good material is used on them. Keep good rolls in the frame; keep out bad rolls as they will make the ends run badly. When there is nothing else wrong do not allow the spinners to replace them, but have the section men to do this. Train the spinner to bring the roller to the section men immediately. When oiling rolls we should be very care- ful not to get oil on the leather of the rolls as this will rot the leather and shorten their life. We should have our frames over- hauled once a year. The frames should be lined and leveled, spin- dles plumbed at top and bottom and guide wires set. The steel rolls should be taken out and cleaned every six months. Cleaning is sure- ly one of the most important things in the spinning room as we cannot produce clean yarn on dirty frames. The roll clearers, spindle rails, guide boards, creel boards all should be cleaned systematically. The spindle rails should be cleaned with a brush and not with a broom as a broom will upset the fly and cause slubs in the yarn. The floor should be kept clean as a clean floor and ends all up makes things look good, and they are good when they are going this way. We should not al- low the spinners to drop white cot- ton on the floor. If we allow two or three pounds of this cotton to be wasted each day we are mak- ing ourselves expensive to the mill. Waste is an important item and by giving it our careful attention we can save oilr salary. Nothing makes a spinning room look worse than to see cotton all over the floor and we may rest assured that our work is not satisfactory if we allow this. We should inspect the sweep- ings before having them carried out. Keep hard waste down to a medium amount. If we make an excessive amount we are expensive overseers as this waste has the la- bor cost added to the cost of cotton and is only worth about six cents per pound, so we do not have to make very many pounds of this waste to spend our salary. TIED FOR SECOND PRIZE. By CHAS. M. STOY, Anniston, Ala. Practical and Efficient Spinning is ning is not all done in the spinning the result of useful and practical knowledge and theory applied in the manufacture of yarns under va- rious conditions, as these conditions exist and present themselves. In short it is up-to-date spinning. However, in order to have such spinning, the cotton should be prop- erly mixed, picked and carded. The rolls on the drawing frames must be set according to the length of the staple and weight of the sliver be- ing drawn, and condensed just enough to pull well on the back of the slubbers and draw evenly through the rolls. Slubbers, inter- mediates and roving frames should have the rolls properly set and drafted, having the proper twist, lay and tension gears for the number of roving being made, which is nec- essary to produce smooth, even rov- ing. A spinner may be ever so up-to- date, yet if faulty and uneven roving is turned over to him. faulty and uneven yarn will result, for spin- room. In fact, the spinning frame is Chas. M. Stoy, Anniston, Ala. only the finishing process in pro- ducing yarn. We will now proceed with the process of spinning, with the supposition that the roving is what it should be. buccessful spinning denends on constant vigilance, good manage- ment, practical knowledge, system and discipline on the part of the overseer, second hand, and section- men, and co-operation, obedience and good will on the part of the help. Cleanliness, system and care in producing good work, are points of great importance which should be impressed on the minds of the help, so that they' will understand that the right way is the only way to make good work. Management and Cleaning. These are very essential for suc- cess of a spinning room and both overseer and second hand should strive to manage their help in a firm kind way, that each hand will respect and obey their orders. Avoid partiality and familiarity. Get their confidence and lead them. Teach them that their work will be better and run better if it is kept clean. On coarse numbers the back leather rolls should be picked once a day and the front rolls twice a day. All top rolls should be clean- ed early in the morning after start- ing time and front leather rolls again immediately after the noon hour. The bottom steel rolls should be cleaned and stands picked once each week, usually on Fridays. The thread guides and roller beam should be wiped at least four time.^ a day. The sides should be brushed with a broom about every hour, and on fine work the spinners should use waste instead of a broom in cleaning the sides, as flyings from a broom often go into the yarn. Top rolls, or lever weights, should be cleaned once per week. Top clearers should be picked every hour on coarse work and every two and a half V.ours on fine work. Spin- ners should put this waste in a box and not throw it over the alleys. Clean separators and ring rails two or three times a week, accord- ing to the numbers being spun. The rockers auu underwork of the frame shou'd be cleaned once a day by the doflfers, heads and foot ends four times a day. The floor •hould be kept clean at all times, as this adds much to the looks of the room. Insist that the floor be clean and that all oily waste and sweepings be carried out before stopping time at night, taking the oily waste to the boiler room and sweepings to the waste room. Steel Rolls. The steel roll should be oiled once per day. The middle and back when the middle and back top rolls are oiled. Setting Steel Rolls and Spindles. To obtain successful results it ig necessary to have all rolls and spindles set and in good running condition. Each steel should work freely in the stand, and stand level and in line with the roll. Spinners do not complain about having too much twist as long as it will draw well and produce even and strong yarn. To do this it is necessary to have both top and bottom rolls properly set. This depends on five conditions, viz., the weight of the roving to be drawn, the amount of twist, the draft, the length of the staple and the speed of the rolls. Am a general rule it is customary to have the centers of the steel roll* set 1-8 in. farther apart than the length of the fiber. If the roving is heavy it requires a greater dis- tance. Very light roving it need» a shorter distance. Excessive twist requires a greater distance than a soft twist and a short draft require* a greater distance from center to center than a longer draft does. High speed rolls should be set a greater distance than low speed rolls, in order to give the fibers more space and time to become parallel with each other. Therefore, to get the best results, the weight of the roving, twist, draft, length of staple and speed of the rolls must be considered. Spindles should be plumbed to rings at the bottom and top of the traverse. Whenever a broken spindle is re- placed with a new one, have the section men to oil and plumb the spindle to its proper running posi- tion before leaving it. Ring Rails. Ring rails should be kept level and the rings kept down level in them, otherwise there will bo an unevea tension on the yarn. W^hen the flanges in the rings have become rough or worn, the rings should be turned. After both flanges have become worn, the ring should be replaced with a new one, as rough rings will cause bad running work. It is a good idea to put a drop of stainless oil on the rings now an* then. Oiling. conditions are altered, it will affecf Oiling and banuiug are two very the weight of the traveler needed, important items and should re- Square pomted travelers are gener- ceive especial care by the oiler and ally about one number heavier than and bander. He should be a reliable a round pomted one of the same and painstaking fellow who can un- number. Should the overseer have derstand the imporUnce of work any trouble m finding what weight well done. All bearings, draft gears, traveler is needed, he should ob- iack gears, pulleys, heart motions, tain a table giving the number of cylinders and front steel roll stands travelers to be used on different ■hould be oiled the lirst thing after numbers of yarn on different size •tarting time each morning. After rings. This does not always give oiling around he should go over the the correct traveler for his use, but /rame and tie all the bands that are will put him very near to what he off the spindles. Each band should needs and he should find what num- be the same size and have the same ber is best suited to his needs by amount of twist, and be tied on the testing a few different weights. On •pindle reasonably tight, with a fine yarns it is not necessary to ■mall lock knot, giving the spindle change travelers as they will fly a uniform speed and preventing off after running awhile. On coarse slippage. Roving bands are prefer- work they should be changed when rable to yarn bands, as when they they have become worn enough to become stretched and worn they chafe and cut the yarn. This de- will fall off the whorl, therefore pends on the speed of the spindles producing less soft yarn than yarn and the condition of the rings, bands. Therefore, there can be no set rule Roving Traverse. as to when to change travelers. Th3 roving traverse should be Belts. , , , . tiamined often ana set so that as Belts should be run with the hair near the whole of the boss of the side next to face of the pulley, tight top roll will be traversed by the enough not to slip, yet easy on the roving as possible, and never allow- bearings. They should never have ed to remain out of fix for any more than one buckle to the belt, length of time as it will hollow out and should be carded off and greas- the top rolls and make lumpy and ed regularly each week. mneven yarn and not draw even. Care of the Spinning Room. . ^. J?"*"^, ^^^ ^oilere. Frames should be leveled and After the oiler has finished band- overhauled regularly once each mg around and the spinners have ^r. Steel rolls should be taken flushed picking their rolls, the ^^^ ^nd scoured once every six oiler should pi them He should months, bearings lined, cleaned and be very careful not to get oil on ^3,1 lubricated with a heavy grease. the leather bosses. A good heavy constant attention should be given oil should be used preferably ^^g weight levers and see that noP.& lon-fluid oil, as one drop of this ^p^p ^jown on the lever boards. It i^nH ft^n^nn°?h^^^i^H?f °1^^^ '^0 have medium and two on the saddles, and thus rip^ff^ ' pyrpecivp drafts make worT "The^Tron^t'tntr'Zn^S^'h^^ -'ak%nd uneven ^arn.^'u should Xd nJi P«Ph hL inH^^hn'i.^v never exceed 12 or come under 7. oiled once each day and the back t jftjnc- rn(]^ shmild hp kpnf frPP and middle rolls three times each f^om ?hokes bv occas?ona^^^ week. On medium yarns the front InTLuh^^LuL^ roll once per day and the middle Sn frames makine varn from and hafk mils fwifP a wppk ^" irames maKing yarn irom ana nacK roiis twice a weeic. ^^^j^jg ^^^,.^^ ^j^g weights are lev- Ira velers. ered to give from 25 to 30 pounds The proper weight of the travel- pressure on the rolls. On medium er is a very important factor in the counts from 26s to 50s on single rov- production of yarn and good run- ing and fine yarns, less weight is ning work. The selection of the required. traveler depends on seven condi- Builders and take-up motions tions, viz.: number of yarn being should be oiled and examined fre- •pun, speed of spindles, quality of quently in order that they remain ■taple of cotton, amount of twist properly set. Otherwise a poorly wanted, diameter of ring, and built bobbin and tangled yarn will whether a round or square traveler result. All frames on the same i» to be used. If any one of these number of yarn should make the 7 same size bobbins. This can be eas- ing spindles. Consequently a large ily done by keeping the same length per cent of the spindles and bolsters stroke on the bobbins of each frame had to be replaced, and keeping all uaverses taking up Thread Guides. the same number of notches. On Thread guides should be set so warp wmd frames the stroke should ^j^^t the back part of the eye will be as long as possible witJhout com- cojjie directly over the center of the ing so near the ends of the bobbins top of the spindle and raised or that It will give trouble and make lowered to the best running posi- tangled yarn. In making hosiery ^^^^ ^^en the ring rail is at the top yarn on niling wind frames where of the bobbin. They should be kept warp bobbins are used, the stroke j^ Une with each other, on the bobbins should be as short n«mr.n as possible in order to fill the bob- ^ ^ ^ " "^ bins to the size of the rings. Doffers should doff every other rji^ j^ row of frames so that only X , xu X XV- 0116 side of ends are down on the It is very essential that the prop- spinner at a time. In order to get er twist per inch be put in the yarn production from frames, doffers according to the quality of stock be- should start to doffing promptly ing worked and the condition of the ^^en frames are full and doff weather. In dry warm weather, it frames speedily in rotation, being IS advisable to use more twist than careful to break as few ends down in damp or cold weather. It is also as possible, as production depends advisable to put in more twist when on how frames are doffed and the using short or weak staple cotton, length of time the frames are stop- The standard twist per inch may ped. When doffers have gotten be ascertained by taking the square around they should pick up all root of the number of yarn wanted bobbins which have fallen on the and multiplying it by the follow- floor and put them where they be- ing standards: long. Once or twice each day they For extra warp twist 5.00 should take out the white waste For ordinary warp twist 4.75 from the waste boxes and pick same For extra mule twist 4.00 before emptying. The creels For ordinary mule twist 3.75 should be wiped off once each day For extra frame filling twist.. 3.50 by the roving man and tangled For ordinary frame fill, twist 3.25 pieces of roving taken down. The For ord. hosiery frame twist 3.00 roving should be placed on the For very soft hosiery frame frames three layers high with a twist 2.80 space at the ends and the middle Separators of cones left for empty bobbins. Separators should be kept level Jl^Fi^^ii^^^l^^'H .'I'fili'^i.ijff •J.^^S and well balanced, and also kept in ^?,Tf?ii nnI^Hif?nn 'wh£h oHHc line with each other, as this adds "^^.iJ'^Z ,hl^ .To..^]^i \t ?hf much to the appearance of the "i^^^ ^^ ^^e appearance of the sides. They should be set so that ™y"^' , . .,, xu x • the bottom of the blades will rest ^n conclusion wil say that spm- directly in the center between the n rs should be taught to make good ring when it comes in contact with piecmgs, to be attentive to their the ring rail. If not properlv set it work, and not allowed to make un- often hangs the rail and causes necessary waste by cutting two or tangled work and bad nosed bobbins, ^^ijee layers of roving off bobbins. ^ninHipc They should wear aprons with large c • ^, »P»najes. pockets to put waste in and not put Spindles should be oiled every white waste on the floor. The room two weeks to be sure that every should be equipped with a good spindle IS well oiled. Some spin- system of humidifiers and humidity dies will run dry quicker than oth- and temperature kept as near a ers. especially when a band is too given standard as possible. Over- tight. If not kept well oiled they geers. second hands, section men will soon begin to wobble and jump, should set good examples and be which will cause the work to run careful and kind with the help, yet badly. In a very short time spin- flr^ always trying to increase the dies and bolsters will have gone to „ffi„;^„^,r r.f ♦>,« v,«lr^ aivtto-our hand hoys to split tiie hand too ton you can put in less twist and far down. Have it arranged so that get good strength. You ha\e to pu when the hand is drawn up to be in more twist for poor cotton and tied it will split itself in the draw- therefore cut down the front roll ing up. Tie a Hat knot and you will and lose production. Speed is alsc get the full surface of the hand. go\erned by the length of the trav- lla\e the spindles well oiled with a ei's(!, the size of the ring. etc. On uniform hand and with well oiled tli(^ same number of yarn, higher spindles you will get the full hene- speed can be run on a short traverse fit of the twist gear in use, which and a small ring than on a Ion? is a great help in making warp. The tra\erse and a large ring. Of writer took a room which had been course fine numbers are supposed run by an expert sninner, in a to !)e spun on a short traverse and mill where the looms had been a small ring, and coarse numbers standing for warps and filling. In on a long travei'se and large ring three months I had every loom run- Tliis is practical for good produc- ning and 144 warps on the tloor tion. I consider the travelers very The weavers niade better wages and we never had any trouble porlant. Tn many mills travelers keeping help. are lost simply from the lack of experience. Travellers run by cir- cles, from 1 3-4 to 3 in. circles. A 3 in. circle traveler may be put on and runmng a spmnmg room clean!.- ,u „ 1 . 11 ness and oil never hurt the ma- The best solicitor for help, ac- cording to my experiencCj is good running work. As for a system for cause the work to run well even where the rings and guides are of from 1-16 to 1-8 inch. But whai would be the result with a 1 3-4 chinery. Have the roving wiped every day, and the rollers picked. See that the section men have the . , , , „ Tx ,_. u J • rollers oiled after they are picked in. circle traveler? Tt would bmd m j^ave the rails brushed ofT cl.-an the circling, the rings soon weai sharp like a knife and cut the end and if you use a medium circle trav- eler vou will find that the machin down, cut the fibres out of the erv does not get dirtv if the spin yarn and make it uneven and weak dies are plumbed and the guide Many travelers would be lost in wires set. this way. A medium circle travelei The wav to get production is to IS the proper traveler to use. First keep the broke back ends up. and have the spindles plumbed top and the belts on the tight pullev. Havt bottom and the guide wires set the drffing arranged so that each This will kill the friction of the bov can dofl^ his half and hold him traveler and give nice, even bal- responsible for bad piecing so a? loons when the ends run to the top to cut the waste dow^.i. Bad piec- and best of all it will save the mill ing gives trouble on the looms, money and prolong the life of the winders, spoolers and anvwhere il rings. Havp the separators so as to h^g to go. Give vour dofi^ers enougn center between the rings and w^her ^.^rk to keep them in the mill the traverse runs to the top, the Make them keep the traverser separators will center the guide dpan^ bobbins off the floor, etc. See board. Separators should be set that the spinners do not throw out even with the rail so as to pre- ^vhite cotton on the floor. Make vent ends from ballooning around tlie work run so that the spinners and clapping togofher. The best pan sit down occasionallv. Tt is o policy, as T said before, is to have good policv in the spinning room to the rine-s and guides in the pink gjve a premium to the section hand of condition. Tt wi 1 enable you tr ^^^ does best work on broken ends run a heavier traveler and stop the y had a rule for the section hand to end from clapping together, which take tab at 11 a. m. and 5 p. m. on losns travelers. ^^^j^ section, and the man doing The bands and spindles are the the best work got a premium, next problem to solve. T have been Therefore, T got results. The bob- in spinnine rooms where they run bins should have all the yarn upon everv size band from the size of a them that they will hold and the fishing line to the size of a plow builder should be adjusted so as to line. Brother overseers, have your put the right taper on the bobbins bands made of roving and have and with a well trained set of 10 dofTers ,good results will be had. see that her substitute picks the Piecing up, it not done right, will rolls and does the profer cleaning, cause a great deal ol' trouble ir Then when the regular spinner re- the spinning room. The spinners turns, she will find her frames in will complaui ol' the work of lii( good condition and will not give dolTers, and other troubles will fol- trouble. There are a great many low. things to consider in the proper The proper humidity is a great managemerrt of a spinning room, hei- m spuming yarns. Keep the and the little things are very im- temperature at 70 to 76 degrees portant. If an overseer expects to W ith a good humidfying system run a spinning room with success you can keep your room at any he has got to stay on his job, and if temperature necessary. . he does so, the carder and weaver Of course the room ought to ru- will have to slay on their jobs. My in a systematic way. One point ir ambition is to i-un all the roving I managing help may be mentioned can get and make the looms go to When a spinner stays out for a day keep away from me. Number Four By JNO. S. LOCKMAN, Avondale, Ala. I will endeavor to give a few of barely see daylight between the my idi'as as to what constitutes point of the tooth and the bottom pi-actical and elficient spinning. To of the gear. We will now put on a bf'pin with you must have a frame No. 5 traveler of some good make that is built to suit the kind of with a 2-inch riiig- and a 7-inch tra- yarn or number of yarn you are to verse. The rings are supposed to spin. I will base my argument up- be new. A 7-inch draft on single on spinning No. 12s yarn. I will be- roving and 11-inch draft on double gin by getting the frnme ready for roving is plenty for all practicable running. You must first level and purposes. Of course you can run Ime your frame. Have all bolts and longer drafts but when you do it nuls good and tight and see that you pav for it in waste the frames are well put together. Now we have the frame readv for I^nHip'fnii Th?=V'H '"''' ^ ^t' landing; I would use a band made spindle rail. The spindles must be from about 1.80, hank roving with plumbed con-ectly Stee rolls and about 3.25 turns per inch. I wou d Km her rolls ruust be set the proper make these bands to weigh, say. distance apart, and that depends nearlv 80 bands to 1 nound fo^ thi<^ upon the. length of staple cotton.you number of yarn Bands shoudbl are running. If T am running 1 inch put on moderately tight. We will staple cotton T get my front leather now consider the sneed nf thp roll as near 1 inch frorri my middle front roller of which^ 'there arl leather roll as I can that is from many difTei^ent opinions and as I center o center, and T c ose my am writing on practical spinning steel rolls up as close as they will and not theoretical spinning IdS go without changing them from not believe on these numbers then their onginal make. Roving tra- front rolls Zuld go f^ste? haS verse should traverse as far as you i.-^n to 140 turns per mir^ute WheS can make it eo without running the vou speed vour front roller vnn roving off the ends. Your gears again fill vou^ waste ba^l^^^^^^^ The f.'^/'ln 'Tr,^ ^''^^ ^?^\ '' ^^- sP'^dles should be well o ed even tention. A bad gear will do more jf they had to be run over a liiflP harm to spinning than most any for the first tir^e The c?IinHp? zi zVA%" r;;vs:." in.o'rfr4 ^iKBf^iWr^ them too deep they will bind ana front and hanf fnd m hhFp' Zul . .roal many ins,™.os cause cut y"c;?ir'"?amrset up'a's 'aboveT yarn. I set my gears so as you can ^scribed, or even in a more per- feet condition unless your rov- we make up our mind to do so. I ing is good you cannot have believe an overseer should be strict- practical and ellicient spinning, ly uubuiess aL ail Limes and yet bw The roving should be reason- periecuy geiiLle and pleasing with ably even and free Irom cut places, his help. An overseer sauuid re- It should be up to the standard in buke wnere it is needed and praise strength, and should be the same where praise is deserving, regard- hank Irom one end to the other on less ol beauty or social sLauUmg. the same bobbin. It should have An overseer tnat hasn't learned tu« just enough twist in it to pull itself art ol rebuking or scolding an oper- to the rolls without breaking. With aiive about some neglect and do- your frame as described and well ing it with a smile on his lace aa» oiled and your roving all O. K., we not learned how to handle all kiuuii will now proceed to spin. yarn. I of help. As 1 have referred to an would run my traveler as light as overseer as knowing every maciiuie I could without the ends whipping he has charge of, i mean oy mat down. See that your steel roller he should know it from a practical stands are oiled twice a day. If you standpomt and not only irom a run shell rolls in front they should tueoretical standpoint. He saoula be oiled once a week. Middle and be able as he passes through nis back rolls should be oiled once a room, to detect auytinng materially week and solid rolls should be oiled wrong witu any macume. l uo not twice a day. Your head gearing and believe overseers are made in a few cylinders should be oiled once a day. days, weeks or months any more Loose pulleys should not need very than I believe thoroughbred stock much oil as they are supposed to are made in that length of time. 1 run very little. Spindles should be believe overseers are bred and born oiled once a week. All slow motion just as our great men have been, gears and pulleys -should be oiled There are very few statesmen, ora- onee a w^eek. If you will oil your tors, lawyers, doctors and poets who traverse rods once a week WMth a are made by sending them to a good grade of lard oil you will very training school for a few months seldom have any stuck or tight rods, unless some of their ancestors We now have our frames set up had the blood of their profes- and ready to run and the first thing sion. Neither do I believe there are we need in the room is an overseer, many great cotton mill men that When I say overseer, I mean a man have been made so by a few months who understands every machine he training in some textile school un- is supposed to have charge of. I less they had the blood of that pro- may differ from every one in what fession llowing through their veins, it takes to constitute an overseer, I am not making any fight on tex- but as I am writing my views and tile schools. I think they are a grand not wiiat I have read or what some thing along with the practical pne else thinks about it I wmU give knowledge. But I have seen some it to you as I see it. I do not say go through these schools who nev- a man cannot be a good overseer er acquired the practical knowledge unless he is a sober and a Christian neither did their ancestors have any man, but I do say that every man before them. In a short time these whether he be overseer or common fellows have positions as overseers laborer ought to be a sober and a and superintendents. Nine out of Christian man. I have seen good every ten of these fellows will do overseers who were neither sober one of three things, either change or religious. And I have seen good jobs every few months, get some overseers who were both sober and good practical man to run the job religious. But here are a few traits for them, or break the company 1 think an overseer should have: He they are working for. It may seem snould be a close student of human strange to some that I am writing nature, as he wll have all classes along these lines, but I am trying ot people to contend with. I think to show what it takes to have prac- an overseer should be able to control tical and efficient spinning. himself and never allow anger to take possession of him while deal- ing wMth help. Really, I do not be lieve there is any use in people get The next important man is your second hand, or assistant overseer. He should be a good sweeper, band- er, oiler, roving man, doffer and ting what we call mad any way. It know ho'w to run a section. Tt is IS very easy to overcome when once impossible for a man to know when 12 a man has done a day's honest work mill. There is a question in th« unless he has had some practical minds of the mill owners to be experience in that work himself, settled. It has not been settled yet, The second hand should deal direct- but I believe it is in their power to ly with the help. There are no two settle it. This is the question: "How men, I care not how good and com- can we stop cotton mill people petent each may be, who can work from moving so much?" When the same set of help at the same that is stopped there has been time. A second, hand should be more done to produce practical and more of a teacher. I believe if we efllcient spinning than anything I had more teaching from overseers can conceive. Here is my remedy and second hands and less bossing — contontment, or satisfaction. A we should get along better with our satisfied hand will make good work help. I have found very few peo- if it is possible to make it good. pie in my experience, who were not How can this be brought about? willing to learn to do their work Here is my plan. When mill own- right, provided you approached ers will build for their operatives, them right and let them know that houses that are just as convenient you think they have rights and are as theirs are, they will be content- as much human as you are. I have ed. Notice T did not say as fine, but experienced two diftrent periods of as convenient. When our opera- time in my cotton mill life, of which tives' place of living is made home I thought both wore the ex- instead of hut then we will begin treme. The first was the time when to have satisfied people and less superintendent and overseers were moving. When mill owners come very overbearing with the help and to be satisfied with a reasonable would almost make the help kneel and lawful interest on the money down to them for work after they they have invested and run their had been discharged for some tri- machinery at a speed where help fie. In fact, you had to almost wor- can do just and honest work both ship them to stand any showing to the company and themselves, at all. That was a time when there then people will begin to be satis- was plenty of help and to spare. The fled and we will have less moving, next was a few years back when when mill owners begin to let the help got scarce. Mill owners got operatives share some of the big scared and they went on the ex- dividends they are declaring as treme agam. This time it was al- go^e of the mills are now doing, most the re^verse to the former time, then you will see people begin to You say what does this have to do be satisfied and less moving. When with the question? It is this— in mill owners begin to beautifv their the first period the help would re- towns bv keeping the premises venge themselves on every occa- dgan and making them sanilarv by sion possible by making bad work putting in sewerage systems 'and where they could possibly do so build their houses so one family without being caught. In the sec- can live by themselves and have a ond, the help became independent small lot to his dwelling for his and careless and did not try to convenience, then vou will see peo- make good work because they pip getting satisfied and moving knew they would not be discharged, ^ill be a thing of the past. When Even if they were there was ano h- that time comes then vou will see cr job waiting on them. I am glad practical and efilcient spinning. A to note an awakening along this second hand should be courteous line and it seems to me that mill 3^^ j^eet everv one with a smile, owners and operatives are bury- yet be firm and business-like and mg this strife and hatred that has ^o not make many promises. Do so long existed and are coming ^hat you can for vour help and tloser together as one big family, tbey will soon find out vou are in- This means more and better work terested in them and they will help wherever you find it. This feeling of you by attending strictly to their "you do me now and I will do you business. when I can" seems to be getting We now come to the section man. away from the people and I He should be well up on all the po- hope it will soon mean more ^*^'°"s ""^7 ^'"^' f"ci should be a 1-1 J rr ■ I 1 i 1 man who desires to work up to practical and efficient work not only overseer. He should never fail to m the spinning but all through the respond to any complaint from a 13 spinner at once where his services have tried to divide my letter into are needed to 'repair anything that three distinct parts and show from may be wrong with their work. He three disLiucl heads liow you may should meet all his help pleasant- produce practical and ellicieut ly wlien they need him and not snap spinning. them up and speak short to them. 1 liaxe tried to show fr^m a me- No matter now busy he may be chanical standpoint now to produre 0^' how tough the job may be that piaclical and eilicient spinning by he happens to be working on if a getting your frame set ^p rigliU spinner comes for him let him Then I tried to shom how to keep treat him or her respectfully. If he practical and eilicient spinning by follows these instructions his help liaving the rigiit kind oi maiiage- ings and having their dwellings ment m llie null from tlie agunt will like him and will make good to the section man. Then 1 trieU to be better. He should keep a close show how to have well satislicd watch over all help employed on and contented lielp to do this piac- his job. Now with the above lay tical and eilicient spinning by mak- out and a practical man as agent ing pleasant their outside surround- and superintendent, there will be ings and having their dwellings no possible chance not to have where they abide so they can truly practical and efficient spinning. I say, "I have a Home." Number Five. By R. J. BELUE, Woodruff, S. C. FRST, we will take the over- the card, and drafts this roving seer for a starting point, from 1 inch to 10 and 14 inches in because if- he is a success- length, and at the same time twists ful spinner he is, and must it into yarn. Now let me say right aK aj 3 be, the head of his depart- here that to run a spinning room mcTit. He should be a level-headed the overseer should be a good prac- ma'n, slow to anger, and always tical man who understands the ready to answer all questions of any frames and their operation. Books importance. We find that it takes are all rirht, but not in the spin- more experience to manage help in ning room, the spinning room than in any oth- Drafts. pL.iTrf/hn-- "^""^ '^■^'''■- ^r~ i tlo not believe in over 11 inches olu.^ lu ^.f^P ''h'i'" room practi- fo^ ^^^ 3^,3 ^^.^..^^ double roving and .ni^h^ijLn/.^^-P/'"®/^',"*''^'' not over 12y2 mches for 4Us lilling ^ni .nH h.H hii^.'?'^'^"^- ''^''^f' Any practical spinner knows that ff flio "^ ^^"^^ ^V°^'^ ^"^ Ignorant the longer the draft the weaker the «fn K fn ?o. n ? ^^-^P^^e^ce aud ya^ will be and bad running work ±nlri,°J^^'" ^° ""^"""'^♦..''^^PwrP'^ is sure to follow. Given good. ITZi^u^ T^uA''?''''^'' ^^^ ^^'^'^l smooth roving and the above draft ffpo^i i n.if "" spinning room. It ^ good spinner should see that his ^l,M'ihr .^hat >-o",<^annot lake a fpame is properly geared up. The w« m^f^n?,f"'^RT?,o^ K=T'^ Pk'" ^rown gear should be carefully set sons out of it. Remember that they ;^ the front roll "ear The Hnff lZ-.'l'LT.'}''''\y. ?;'^' '"'''"^I'l gear must nt together- tigMin'^th r-n in Lm.^L ♦t^ ^-^T- ^% "i^'^- croxN-n gear stud and the draft gear tL Jf?=iin ^chn.^H ^^r^ '^"^^- ^ geared well to the back roller gear, the overseer should se ect a good ^1 • . j- . u < il. bright young man for a second hand ^''L "^'"''Tk'''^^ ^?' ^''^T^'I^^k^ and then keep in touch with him at "I V^^JLI^I ^',h^ '°" ^'^^' 'k^h'^P* all times and see that he stavs on- his !!-^hh °'^ h" IK ^^""n °" ^"^'^ u'"" job. See that he has the belts or middle and back roller gears be- the tight pullevs and that he is cf use if these gears are not set care- right behind his section men, be- ^"."^ /°^ ,''''!' certainly have un- cause there are manv section men jarn. in this dav and time and are onlv For 30s and 40s made from ordi- looking for stopping time, pav day? ^ary cotton T want Dixon saddles, and Sunday^! ' both front and back, with weight on In the spinning room we find the ^H three rolls. For 50s to 80s on spinning frames. These spinning 'o^ig staple cotton I want Dixon Lu- machines receive the roving from bricating saddles which only put 14 weight on the front and back rolls and then if he breaks down a lot Levers should be set on a perlec' ol ends he must do his bad work level so that they can raise the over. 1 only allow them to stop one frame at a time. Cleaninsj Up Spuming. I do not believe in Ian rags or pasteboard rags in a spinning room for this means gouts in your yarn. Rails should be brushed olf once an hour and roving creels wiped three times a week. Thread guides should be run out at least once every hour weight witli ease wlien necessary. Oilinij Top Uolls. The top rolls should be oiled wel' and too much care cannot be taker with a drip oil can. Only the mid- dle and back top rolls should b( oiled once per week on 3Us and 4Us The front rolls should be oiled every day. The front top roll should b ua>. iiie iiom top luu m.u mu u. -^ ^^^ running Cleaned up liree tines a week. Ihe J^l^ning, besides making gouts. Creel steel rolls should be cleaned once ; ^J^pg should be wiped oil once a day. week and taken from the stands ani cleaned thoroughly at least once j year. Twist. The twist for ordinary cotton t( and the floor kept clean at all times A dirty U-oor in a spinning room cer- tainly is a sight to behold. Fast running parts, such ac pul- leys, gears, front stands and cylin- make 30s warp, I think, should bf (jj^g should be oiled twice each day 27 to 28 turns per inch with a speed on the front roll of 108 revolutions per minute, 2 3-4 gauge, 1 5-8 No Tempera I lire Temperature plays a very impor both 2 llange ring, inch traverse, and tant part in a spmnmg room Rhodes-Chandler separators. At as to even numbers and ?ood jun- present, I am running 1 3-4 inch ning work, l^eep the dry side of lh< ring, 7 inch traverse, 1 3-8 ring, No thermometer about lo ovSOde- t llange and 2 3-4 inch gauge. grees and the wet side about '0 to For 40s niling I use about 25 turns 75. or as near as you Possib ly tan per inch with a speed on the front If the heat goes up to 8o oi 90 oper roll of 110 R. P. M., 6 inch traverse, up your top transoms to let I no 1 3-8 inch ring, No. 2 llange, 2 3-4 warm air out and ^PeP the hum id- inch gauge, without any separators ily in your room as stated anove i>nmnn To havc good running work anr "'^'""?- , . this is verv essential— the carder Doffing is one of the most impor- g^o^ifj weigh 8 to 16 bobbins of tant features in a spinning room ^^^1^^ and bring them to the .^pin- Bad dolling and end piecing is the ^^j^^^ room The spinner should rst thing that I can mention. Th« -^ ^^ l^^st l-'^O vards from tlirm doff boy will tear down a nuinbei ^^^ weich them' verv carefully, Ol ends, then the end piecer comes gp^f^ij^i^r {he carder a copy of th along m :: hurry trying to keep up ^p,vhts It i" often a good prarti and trouble follows. Perhaps, the (.^i "jdoa' to pick out a batch of bob frame has been running a long tim( ^-^^^ j^ ^^uj. ^.^^^-^ and weigh then without being pieced up and th( rolls are all choked up. The piecei will leave down some of the ends and this makes trouble for the spin- ner, and there is a loss in produc- them at random. Travelers. We hear a great deal said about travelers. The writer has had a tion. The doffer boy will also lap good deal of experience on 10 to 80s, ends. This goes to the spooler roon both single and ply yarn and rso. ^ and there is had work, wasle to b. flange rings, and some experience cut off and cut and luined bobbins with almost all makes and varie- On filling the doffer boy will lap ties of travelers. I am often per- ends and run the thread up high suaded to believe that there is nol on the quills. This goes to thf so much in the make of the trav- weave room and when the filling eler as there is in the temper, the runs down tv.o-lhirds of it, it wiP style, shape and circle. These are break with a long end that will the most important features to raise the filling fork several times look after as on them depends the before it stops the loom and makes sizes and Hnnge rinsr you are using a tliin place in the cloth. This goe.' Now for the warp. T get the bes< to the cloth room and makes a los.*^ re.sults from a wide R. P. traveler. there. The writer has long since 1 1-4 inch circle, No. 2 llange ring, done aw^ay with end piecers. Each For filling I use a narrow rolled doffer must do his own end piecinj^ R. P. traveler, 1 1-2 inch circle and just as soon as the frame is startec* a No. 2 flange ring. 15 A traveler that hugs the ring too mention as it may be helpful to tight will cause a friction on your some one. A great deal has been yarn. By a careful observation you said about which is the best way to will find the end wire cut down drive the traverse. I drive my trav- at the ring. Now the overseer must erse up fast and down slow. Why? be his own judge for the weights of First, because up and down is his travelers because the size of the away from the delivery of the ring and the length of the traverse front roll, and does not pull your has a great deal to do with the yarn so hard. Second, when the weights. traverse is going up fast it is com- Waste on Floor. ing up and meoting the delivery A good spinner will teach his ^J ^'^^^ J'''^^"- ^f^'^^'l' """"^'K ^^ men to be careful about throwing ^^ne by reversmg the heart wheel, white cotton on the fioor, as this is Spoolmg and Lappinn. a great loss. Not long ago I tried A spooler tender should be very a family of spinners. I passed careful to tie all ends and not lap through the room, and behold, their them and you must be sure to see alloys were full of white cotton, she had pulled the slack out of the I told one of the girls not to throw yarn, when she ties every end so the cotton on the floor and she said that it will not kink up. This kink, that she had always thrown her if sized there, will slop a loom lap waste on the floor. What about every time where a stop motion it that. Mr. Spinner? used on the loom. If no stop mo- Solting Spindles and Guides. tion is used it may break out as a Spindle setting is another im- pick out. portant thing. A spindle should be Warping. set in the center of the ring and nqw we have come to the last the guide wire set m the center of machine before yarn is sized or the ppmdle. dressed. A geod, careful warper Roynig men should place the rov- tender means a great deal to good ing m two neat piles, two layers running weaving. She should takr high on each frame, leaving an pains in getting up the end of the opening m the middle and on each beam so it will not make a lap on end of the frame for the empty the slasher. Laps on the slasher running bobbins. mean loose ends in the weave Traverse Speed. room. So, Mr. Boss Weaver, I will Here is a point that T might turn it over to you now. Number Six. By W. W. BECKNELL, Rome, Ga. In beginning this article. I want yarn. All the roving sets in the to state that if we want to obtain creel should be kept in good condi- the best results in the spinning tion. room, we must have an etTicient Rolls should be properly adjust- man in charge of the carding. He ed to the length of the staple used must be a man who is interested in and on long staple cotton there and understands his job. knows should not be any weight on the when his settings, drafts and other middle rolls. Rolls must be look- adjustments are correct and keeps ed after closely and all those on his waste down as low as possible, which the leather is cither rough. This will prevent having much re- worn fluted or loose, should be re- worked stock which will be detri- placed with new ones for it is not mental to tho finished product. The economy to stint vourself on rolls roving should be delivered to tho arid sacrifice quality, spinner in practically a perfect The roving trumpet should trav- condition. Then it is up to the el as near the full length of the spinner to do likewise by the rolls as possible without the rov- weaver. ing runnine out at the ends. This On medium fine mimbers all the will give the benefit of the whole roving skewors should be scorch- working surface of the rolls. ed on the bottom so that they will Oiling. be hard and turn without much Everything about the frame, ex- friction, as friction will stretch the cept the spindles, should be oiled 16 on Mondays. All fast running parts, made of roving and put on as near including the front stands and front the same tension as a careful band ton rolls, if they are solid, should boy can get them, be oiled every morning. Cylinders All new bobbins should be exam- bearings and quick gears should be ined to see if they fit the spmdle oiled twice a day. Spindles should and are correct in every way o in- be oiled with the best grade of sure good running work. VVeight ipindle oil every two weeks, and levers should be of unitorm height the top and bottom back rolls oil- and the stirrups not allowed to run ed twice a week with the regular against the steel rolls, roll oil. Overhauliiifl. Waste. Steel rolls should be scoured ev- Spinners should not be allowed to cry six months and all new frames cut oir any roving when creeling. To should be re-leveled and the roller teach them, let it run near enough stands and cylinder bearings lined out to pull oir a short length of every year for two or three years, roving and explain to them that After that time they can be put off the more waste there is to rework for two or three years bcLween the worse the spinning will run. times. The bolsters should be cx- Spinners should be supplied with amined every year and where large pocket aprons and taught to either the packing or steps are keep all white waste off of the worn they should have new pack- floor, ing or steps as the case may be. The Doffing, and Production. spindle should be plumbed every There should never be more than year and guide wires re-set. All nnp fnmp ^^ traveler cleaner in the fers will be found a good invest- proper position. Rolls should be ment. Each doffer must do his own ^6^1 every day and all the lint piecing up as it reduces waste. Ney- ^ «^ « ^^^ fJo„, ^under the saddles er allow them to lap ends, or to ^^ around the steel roll stands. wrap the ends high on the quills. Roving creels should be cleaned Every frame on each number of g^.g^y ^fay and it will depend on yarn must be geared alike, the ^j^^^ numbers are being made and ratchet take up the same number xj^g „pade of cotton being used as of teeth and the stroke the same ^^ ^wv/ often the guide boards length. It is surprising the num- g^ouid bg run out and the spindle ber of spinning rooms a man can ^aiis brushed. They should be go into and find a seven inch stroke dganed often enough to keep them and find some only make six and a looking nicely. Have a certain time half, while others make six and ^ ^f ^ ^^g ^^^^^^^ ^^^ should three-quarters, with only a few 'g^^ \hat it is done at that time. In making the full seven inch stroke. |eo i machines and It 18 very plain that the frames ^rs are kept clean, the help will which make only six and one-half ^^^j^g ^^ore pride in their work than to SIX and three-quarters stroke ^^ ^ pQom where things are dirty, will get full before the ones mak- r>^„^..oi n«rv.n'es for frame donning tn suit each day so as to get around in your npods. Do a little Ipctiinne time to start again. T figure this on cleanliness, indndme thp npat out, not counting Saturdavs, so a? appearance of your girls, and see nnl fo interfere with cleaning. Bv tiow easy it is to kppp thinffs in changing in this way, vou avoid r "ood shape. T nevpc cpally blame lot of cut yarn at one time, and this the girls for not cleaning up when keeps the quality uniform. Gener- *tie overseer's and secnnd hand'i allv speaking, I think that round appearance are wor^se than that nf points are best for hard yarn, and "Dixip Slim." and the room looks square points best for soft varn. I'^'p the interior of a second class The size of rings and the length ginnery. of the traverse should bo studied Oiline should rpceivp close attpn- carefully. These should not be tion. All bearings and rolls should 18 be well lubricated at all times. A utes. This is a saving of one houi good plan is to have each sectioi and six minutes per week, or one hand to do his oiling. He will soon day in six weeks, or 5 days a year learn that careful oiling will elim- Time is precious and a minute losf inate practically all breaking down on a frame makes a difference and and this makes it much easier for one lost can never be regained, himself and cheaper for the mill Every section man ought to be en- Spindles should be oiled once f couraged to carry a walch and week, with a very light oil, as thi; taught the value of its use in se- keeps them running lightly and curing elliciency. Time every move- steadily. An unsteady spindle does ment of the help and see how nmch Hot spin well. . time can be saved by doing things A piece svstem for paying spin- quickly. A qujck moving girl car ners and doffers is the best, as this earn more than a slow one. and encourages them to strive to keer will not work as hard either, and i: the belt where it belongs and the of much more vaue m the mill, front roll running at full speed. You should ever be on the look- The number of idle spindles on I he out lor more ethcient methods in frames should be checked twice j-'^e room. Never thmk that you daily and the reason demanded as have reached the hmit m efliciency to why they are idle. A sectioi The waste problem is an impor- man who cannot keep his spindles tant one and should not be oxer- producing is poor property. looked. A great many people do not well. If the room becomes dry sud- denly and the yarn gets light A spinner should study his at- I'ealize that rovmg and scavenger mospheric conditions and keep a ^'0^\ waste amounts to much as close tab on his roving weights in 't '«. reworked, but it does. It order to keep his work running i-equires power and labor cost to make roving and hence a spinner ouRht to try to get every possible change the draft for a while, for ounce of yarn out of the rovi.-g ue- if the travelers are regulated for I'^ered to him. Besides the loss in 2/is thev will not run well if the power and labor cost m reworking yarn goes 25s or 23s. Roving musl .^'ns waste, a good deal f it is lost have plenty of twist in order to '" reworking the lappers. cards and spin well. In fact, the writer has other processes. Then. too. it does seldom seen it with too much twist "ot work well and causes bad run- If there is not plentv of twist in "'"" spinning. After being careful roving it stretcties between the ^o keep this waste to the minimiiiu, bobbins and rolls and causes weak ^^re should he taken to prevent its places in the yarn, and the ends &<^<-ting on the floor, and into the to nm badly sweepings as these sell for only A great deal of production is los' one^haU cent per pound. It ought in dotTing. It is best to work all dofTer.f in one squad in a smal' rcon>, and allow only one frame at a time to be stopped for dnfTing ^,„„„,„j f„ ,. ,,■ # This is a little hard to do where f'?''^^ ^'^""^ '^/^ selling price of to be seen that this is all thev are worth. The most expensive via^^te is thread waste, this sells for 5*4 cents per pound, which, if sub- more than one number is being the yarn, gives the loss. Traverses spun, but by clo.se atention it car 'lilnoi^ .^.h ^ITVI^n ^♦^/'^'h T''*"'"^ be handled. Tn a room of 20 fillinp o^^^^- ^"^.^ ' ^"^^^ *^^1"*^^ '" "^^e every possible ounce of yarn. To get a good production at a small labor and waste co?t it is necessary to have plenty of el1l- ing frames and 20 warp frames on 12s the writer used to run 11 doffers in one squad, and rarely ever ha< more than one frame stopped at f time. We doffed on an average f^'*'"*' labor. The way to have ihis on one frame a minute while mak- 's to have good running spinnii-i,'. I ing the round, this incliidintr the have never seen a better melliod of time consumed in emptving boxes managing help than I mention this to show what car work mnninqr nicely, keepincr the Do this nnd be done by concentrating vour y^u will not have to send •Jri"r*ial forces. Had these doffers been in delivery letters and visit neitrhhnr- two squads .the dofTinqr time wouk' ins: mills when you should be have been two minutes, which or asleep. the filling frames would hav EfTiciency in the spinninir room amounted to 22 minutes per dnv can be summed up in a few words. whereas it only required 11 min- Study your conditions dillgtntly 19 with a view to good running spin- help, the condition of equipment ning, conserve the time of your and stock in process. Number Eijjht. By J. C. EDWARDS, Rome, Ga. Spinning, which to many people between the thumb and fingers until seems a simple operation, is to me straight and clean. The settmg of both beautiful and interesting, and the back and middle rolls is ralhei I have spent more than twenty immaterial, but be careful of your years of my life in studying and front and middle rolls. Set the bot- manipulaling spinning machinery, tom rolls 1-8 inch from center ovej I have not learned all there is to the length of your longest staple. 1 know about spinning and will say set the top front rolls a little for- that the man who "knows it all' is ward from the center of the slee! of less value to his employer than rolls so as to avoid a racking mo- the man who is still learning. tion, also to let the twist run into The lirst essential to perfect spin- the bite of the rolls more freely ning is perfect roving. I mean b\ Then bring the bite of the middU this a roving well carded, of even rolls up to 1-8 inch over the length staple, not cut or stretched in after of the staple. If there is any sign processes, but of even diameter and of cockled yarn spread them fur- weight throughout its length. ther. I generally lind it necessary As spinning is a process of draw- to spread my rolls each year ir ing out, crossed and short fibres, starting in on new cotton and run lumps or motes make uneven thread them so for about two months or because the middle roll is set too until we get dryer cotton. Where far off to retard their movement you have one-third to one-half old when they enter the bite of the front cotton to mix in, this will not be roll, so they are jerked through necessary. In using extra long Mis- with no draft. Hence a slub. Ten sissippi cotton I have gotten good to one a slub that will not slip on results by removing the weight from the thread when pulled through the the middle rolls entirely. This al- fingers, can be laid to the card room lows the long staple to draw under and the card is the only machine the roll, but will retard the short which will remove the fault. T fibres somewhat, know that many will differ with this of course, spindles and guides re- statement and some supermtendentr quire constant attention and no defl- claim that gouts cannot come from nite rule will applv to all mills, bu' the card room, as they would be i will give mine for cleaning anc* drafted out many times their length operating. Steel rolls are cleaned To prove the statement, take a half each week, but lint and gum col- mch piece of roving and twist if lect in the stands, so we take them mto a rovmg back of the rolls, and out and give them a thorough clean- you will get an half inch slub be- ing each year before the hot weath- cause there is no draft. This er comes, the cost being about 5C theory will hold on every machine cents per frame. New frames shoulc" back to the card. I tell our carder be cleaned well in six months from to give me good roving and I can the time they are started, spindles, spin it on a wheel-barrow. plumbed, etc. Lever screws are With a good even roving and just gone over once a year and enough twist to wind off without should have regular attention stretching, keep your skewers and from the section men. Spin- creel stops in as good shape as pos- dies should be set when repair- siblo. On fine numbers a good idea ed. usuallv everv two vears. and IS to take the skewers out once in frames lined and leveled at this tvvo years and glaze the bottom with time. The cost of lining, leveling a hot iron which has a counter-sink and plumbing spindles is about $3.00 of the proper shape. per frame and I look over every Have the roving trumpets travel frame mvself before starting them as near the full length of the leath- up. Spindles should be oiled at er cot as possible and keep them i' least every three weeks. Traveler good shape and going. Now find the rings require some attention and length by taking a small quantity o^ should be replaced in not less than the roving or cotton and drawing i ten years, though some of them will 20 wear out in six months. Single tell me the speeds he was usmg on flange rings are much cheaper than different numbers, how many sides double nanged and, I think, should the girls were runnmg or what his be bought in preference to double drafts were. I believe that a man flanged, as it is poor economy to turn with anything less than 300 opera- rings over, as the polished surface tives should be able tp tell off hand is generally ruined by the acid in all these details, be intimately ac- the oils from long standing. Band- quaintod with all other details, and ing is a very important item. T know just what each operative can originated my own band knot and do and what they are doing, require each new man I put on to Dolling is a most important item learn it and stick to it. In this way and has always been a difficult one mv soft yarn is next to nothing am' I have learned of late years that tho I seldom see a hobbin. head doffers are usually the trouble ■ Management of help in the spin- makers. Pay doffers by the piece ning room, as in other departments, and cut out the head doffer and if requires a man of ability. To begin the section men have not time with I treat my help fairly, try tr enough to give doffing a little atten- «et a good example by being prompt tion, reduce their work so that Uiey and moral, and by giving strict at- will. If any set of boys get bohmd tention to details. I trv to make the with their work, call on another set least of them feel that T am inter- to help them out and pay them lor estcd in them and am their friend just what they do. My doffers have T teach them that it is business all about a fourth of their time lor the time with me and mv men, and cleaning and changing travelers and I am not adverse to going to some under this system they give little inconvenience to accommodate one trouble. ,f them. Below are a few things to remem- Good svstem and help connot be ber: developed by the overseer alone Cultivate the ambition of your but must be worked out by the help and promote them when they manager and superintendent as deserve it. . well However, the overseer is the Pay a good man what he is wortn. man close to the help and should be or else you are training him for tbsolutely loyal to his employers, your competitor. , , ^ ,, ^ , trving to teach the helo that the An overseer should be the first mill must prosper before they can man on the job and the last one to and the more money we can all leave. make for the company by doing the Do not work a man or woman maximum amount of good work, that your wife or sister would noi the better will be our w^orking con- work with. . jlitions. Do not carry a grouch, a smile i? Bo as careful of your assistant's better and fits your business better, •haracter as vou are of your own Do not think that there are de- and teach them that tyranny will tails of your job too small to re- not be tolerated and that profane quire your attention, language in the presence of the dq not imagine that your boss is help is prohibited. T do all the hir- always wanting to fire you, as there ing and discharging in my room and ,;vill not be the right treatment be- •tand firmly by my men as long a? [ween you if you have that in your 4hey are in the right. Rather than head. •hastise a hand, I call the attention ^ift as much of the boss' burden of my second hand to his faults. In ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^igh you were this wav the second hand learns to ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ more Jh%s''me''more'ume'To'ke;p'^ac! Romember, the hardest lesson fo- iuainteTwUh the defails oFth^e job. "^ all is to acknowledge our ignor- and see what the help is doing. I ance. went through one room recently Govern others after you govern with the overseer and he could nof yourself. 21 Number Nine. By G. B. McCRACKAN, Summitt, Miss. In writing what I think to be th( hard as a No. 3 hosiery yarn should best plan of running a spinning be twisted, although I have heard room I shall divide the subject as other good men recommend a band follows: of quite a different construction. I ist. How to get production. have also gotten best results from 2nd How to get quality tying a band with what is known as 3rd." How to keep down cost. the split knot, but in using this knot 4th. How to keep down waste. the band should not be split so far 6th. How to manage the help. that it will leave a small portion of I have often heard this question ^^i^houfanf tUis?'in''it u' mfk ^?lron'^i.Vu^V^p;fey''^n? tt;^ ^oneThVblnrvilll\"asl'oni; "^^'er'y r^^\ II'' ^hVc i. o^lli/oto^o^X^! short time and it will require two bm th?re are a lar4 number S °^ "^^^^ ""^^^ ^^'' number of bands ?hinl ♦« ^I JnlfJ^lJ^^.i ,.^,, and amount of labor to keep them =?.w^'n^?n wn Jmc Tn n^H^l fn b^IT' on. The travelers should be chang- ?h/hiHi°n^°fi HJhf°^SiL°nr.^S ed ofteu euough to prevent them n^L^ li^..T ^in ^I^L^ nl' n„r becoming sharp and cutting the hi^ nf =f°nn^tn^hf ^inin l"u^ thread. The fixers should be re- SeceJsar to have a we trained se ^^^^^^ ^° ^^^"^^"^ '^' '^^^' ^^ reg- nf H^ffo.l or,A^ fhL w Ihf ^ !?jr; ular intervals and see that they are ^L'^in^f fh^? H.Pv'?niin J^L?.^^^?n kept in good order and above eVery- fn^ T h.vi fm n? ? hit tn h. : thing else the rolls and spindles Hrff^or ?n Hn? .n'i li^o!\.^S fho> should be oilcd ofteu enough to ^^^ 1h° ZnJ^L^ilL^V^l^ keep them in good running order, and Stan 'a f?ame before the nex^ ^^^^ ^he oil sholld be put "only on one if L'ppe? 0? at\he mos'^noTto '^'^ ^'^H^^' and not on the leather, allow over two frames stopped at "ow to bet Uuality. the same time to doff. The fixers All that has been said as to get- should be required to go over their ting production can also be said in frames about once a month and sec regard to quality, and besides, the that all belt shifters are properly help should be trained to keep their set and are tight. I have known se- work clean; avoid making single rious accidents to happen because yarn where they use double rov- a frame was allowed to run with r ing, and in puttin? up ends to make loose belt shifter. On warp frame? a smooth, even splice. The spin- the traverses or ring rails should ners should also be taught to han- be set so as to leave only about die the bobbins in such a way that one-half to three-quarters of an they will not tangle them. Where inch on the top and bottom of the different colors and numbers ar« bobbins. The waste should be kept being run in the same room, a sys- olf of the spindles so as to allow tem of marking with different col- the bobbins to go down evenly on ors of crayon should be used to the spindles. If it is found neces- prevent the yarn being mixed. Too sary, the bobbins should be reamed many safeguards cannot be throwm out occasionally. The point that T around this as there is nothing that wish to make is, every yard of yarn hurts the quality of a mill's pro- should be put on i bobbin that can duct more than mixed yarn. Of be put on consistent with good course where there is only one work. To keep the ends up it is number of yarn being spun from a necessary to have all the spindles certain color of roving, the mark- set so as to be directly in the cen- ing with crayon is unnecessary. A ter of the ring and all guide wire? hand should not be allowed to piece set so that the point where the up one number of yarn with some thread passes over will be as near other number because if it is filling over the center of the spindle as it and it gets into the cloth it will is possible to get it. The band? cause a defect that will be very no- should be put on in a way that they ticeable. I was once working in a will give the best results. Person- mill where they were making fan- ally, I have gotten best results from cies and they were having consid- iDands made from about 9 strands of erable trouble with occasional three-hank roving twisted about a? streaks across the cloth. The trou- 22 ble was finally found to be that one than what is known as thread girl was in the habit of piecing up waste. It is oltcn made at the spool- No. 18s with No. 3Gs of the same ers, due to tangled yarn coming color. All hands should be care- from the spuming, and as the spuol- CuUy trained to pick up all bobbins ing generally cornea under the su- es soon as they are dropped for if pervision of the spinner it will not a bobbin is allowed to lie on the be out of place to say a little along floor it soon gets dirty, and other- this line. It is ^ ^f.^nn^ hnhZ wise damaged, and when it is final- a spooler hand to ^^^^ "11/ bobbin ly picked up it is liable to be thrown of varn, even li it is badly tang ed n wHh yam of a dUlerent numbei for my experience has ^J^^" that unless the boys are very carefully wl. n^a spooler hand^.s allowed ^ to Filling yarn should receive all does not care Ijow many she gets the carl that is generally given to ^nd will "1 ten cut otf bobbins ^ warp yarn. The bobbins should be could be saved il she weieiot al- fiUed as full as the shuttles, in i^wed to use a km! e._^^ Again, ^^if which they mit, and th on the bobb without leaving cause this trouble. There are some "^ot'^y . ,, „„ ,. ,.,„Ha,. makes of frames that have the ring fnd it is then an ea^y i"^tte rails heavier than the weights. This trace the frame up ad see tat it kind of frame will make snarly fill- is fixed, otherwise 't "iig t lui or ing if the point of the cam becomes several days ancliiake several hn^ harllv worn clred pounds of tangled >arn before How to Keep Down Cost. it is nnally discovered and fixt'd The best way to keep down cost When a Irame tangles at the top is to see that the machinery is kept of the bobbin it would usually be up to the very highest point of ef- reported by the spinner but ^ e ficiency and then ?ee that it is kept goes not wa ch the ^tjoton of the running and running at the proper bobbins. so closely and it the vvork •peed. Spinning room help are very is running fairly well it is ea.ily bad about putting their belts only overlooiiea. ebout one-half way on the tight There are many other ways in pullev, thus allowing them to lose which tangled yarn and thread •peed. This is a verv costly prac- waste can be made and prevented, tice. for it not only causes the frame but space forbids further discus- to lose production, but injures the sion here. belt also. If frames are kept clean The management of help has been well oiled, and properly fixed, it treated along with the other sub- will not require more than the reg- jects, therefore I will only add, that ular amount of help to run them to manage help it is only necessary •nd then if the help is looked after to get them to realize that you are and made to run the machines the ^jQgg^ ^i^t you mean what you say, cost per pound will be the lowesi and will keep all promises, both as possible. to rewards and punishments. Once How to Keep Down Waste. they are made to realize this it is There is no waste that is mor( only necessary to keep them realiz- expensive for a cotton mill to make ing it. Number Ten. By R. H. BANKS, Roanoke Rapids, N. C. I think all good mill m^n will The manap:or or nversepr should agree with me when I say that the be a man of good habits and good ■pinning room is the hardest roon^ sound judgment. One of the worst In the mill to run, as you have to mistakes an overseer can mnkp is •ontend with all the children. to curse before thr- boys and girls, 23 and say that he will do one thing and the following will cause bad work then turn around and do another in the spinning room. Carding thing, 't will not be long before should be done as light as possible ml^ disliked by all of the help. so that the spinner will not have to Ihe best way to manage help is draft too long. If the drafts and to systematize your room and let twists are not right in the card room the work run as smoothly as pos- they will cause bad spinning. Some sible. Have the help respect you: carders will say that their work 15 do not have any favorites, treat all all right, when they know it is not alike if possible, and always treat right, and will say that the twist the help with respect in the mill is right and that the roving will no and out for most of the troubh break back, even when their work comes from bad management. The is not right. I knew of one cas. overseer should not try to manage where the carder boasted that his children in the same way as growr work was always right, but the people. He should be a teacher and spinning was always bad. A new a leader, not a driver, treating them carder took the place later, and put as ne would like to be treated. I in 4 teeth of twist and in a few days uW./n.':.'?./c^foi o^'^^s^i'^s who the spinning room looked like v wouid m^ver speak a good word tc their help, and never use good judgment. Being a good managei does not mean running to the super intendent with petty tales and ex- cuses all the time for he has other thfns-s to look aftei- The second hand in spinning spi new room. A carder may have enough twist in the roving to keep it from breaking back, and still not have enough, for the cotton may be poor. A carder should d( all he can to make the spinning room run well. t oh«,.M * t - — „,.......„t The spinning room, as some look snouifi try to manage as well a? at it, is simple, but when vou tackle l!\r.A-'^^^^,^^\ *'i^"^.^ ^^^ seconc' it, it is a ditTerent thing. There are nann is not always given the chance a number of things I could mentior L .r^''"'^'^Tu^^-^x^^ ^^^^^ ^^'^y ^^^ that make good running work and no more authority than that of a good even yarn, as well as quality dntrer boy. The second hand shnuld and production. Of course, quality have full authority in making and quantity is what the mill own- chanees among the help and plac- ers desire. inff thorn. The overseer shnuld help The cleaning system is one of mm. hut should not ero around and the main things in a spinning room. Change them after they have been and everv overseer should have piacod by the second hand. Tf you some system of cleaning. I will not wants a hand changed, tell the give a system, as all rooms cannot second hand to make the change, or be run alike, as some are on fine the help will get so they will not work and some on coarse. There- obpy that second hand. The man- fore, the cleaning cannot all be done aeement of help is a hard problem alike. The main thing in a spin- and it is hard to advise a man riing room is good section hands 01 how to run his room, for there are fixers. They should know how tr no two rooms which can he man a^pd exactly alike. Adapt your run the work, and should train theii help on their sections to inform self to the circumstances and then them at once of any broken back apnlv common sense and .judgment Running a spinning room is no as oasy as it may seem. To get ends, or other trouble. The section men should not speak harshly to the help when they come to them good production and qualitv. it is but go with them to the trouble necpQsary in the first place to have or tell them they will be there soon good work from the card room, as possiblp. The oiler should be r Poor quality from the card room Rood reliable boy or man, and onr will muse had work. The cardcT who will work to keep his job up sboTild try to mix his potton wel' He should help the section ban-' and nick it so that he will not havr whenever he has time, for he is in " i ^rlT^ ""'' ^^"^ ^"^ ^^f^ thf" I'nf^ ^ov section hand and one who iT^xt. Ihe cardpr should not allow will not trv to work himself m on mnr-h waste to be run at onr- will not be a good oiler. I will no nmp hilt .should have it run as name over the things to oil bu nearly the same every day as pos- certain parts should be oiled everv i"t>lP. Rnnnine two or three hundred day. Bands should be tied on four pounds of waste one day. and nonr or five times a day. Some oiler will not Lake pains and will put oil come off, or to coaie in contact wa.. wliere it Uoea not Ijuloiig. TUere the nng. are some pluccb where Lou much oi; The iii'ter rods should be kepi can bo used. All places wUich ueee clean, or Lhey will make Langled oil and do uoL ycL iL will cause trou- bubbi'is and this means waste. The jjuiider IS oue oi the most import- ant tilings the section men look al- ter, lor small bobbins tangle and short stroke bobbins mean that thr Irume will be doihng too much and produce less yarn. The builde. should be set so us to get as much yarn on the bobbins as they and thi rings will permit. All irames shouk bel m tile lung run. The care o. the spinning irames re. important. The traveler is thr ed. The middle roll should be as good smallest thing about a spinnin as the front roll, or as nearly as pos sible. Bad work is also caused b steel rolls being loose in the joints frame and some overseers give i the least notice. All overseers do no like the same travelers. Some wil' and by steel rolls not being set right run heavy travelers where other for the different lengths of staple will run light ones. If they are ru; The closer you run the steel and too light they will cause bad top rolls, the better the work will work .either when the frame has just been doffed, or when it is full There are few overseers who will be. The overseer should be on tli lookout for knotty or bad yarn, fo_ it is liable to get in at anytime. Tht agree on a way of 'changing travel- roving traverse motion will caus bad work by not doing its duty ers. A worn travler will rni, I 1 I u V. 1 » chafe the yarn and cut the end rhe top clearers should be kept y^^.^^ ^^^ ^.jl ^i^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^i^g clean, also the under part of the ateel rolls, sometimes called the back guides. Roving should be kep clean, otherwise the roving wi to wear out. As to different shapes and styles, of travelers, we all like ji one make or another, but should use stretch and make uneven work The skewers should be good, for if ^'^, they are blunt they will cause th( "" roving to stretch. A liad skewoj the one which gives the best ser- The draft is one thing some over- seers do not look after as well as stops the guide wires. Boards should they should. The superintendent be kept level and guide wires kep should not allow the carder to card plumb with the spindle. The ring any heavier than is necessary, for and spindle rail should be kept lev- loo much draftmg will cause the el and the spindle kept plumb. This spinnmg to run bad. The rmgs may will not be hard to do if the spin- not be the right size, and there may die rail and ring rail are kept be other thmgs which are not right, level. A spindle out of center will but if you have a good draft and cause the end to run badly, and good cotton you will have good where a spinner has several such strong yarn. spindles, he will be behind all th. jn conclusion I will say that the time. Separators will also keep spinning of yarn is a thing that spinners behind. The blades should should be studied all the time. Every be kept in the center as nearly as person in the spinning room should possible. Do not allow blades tr be taught to help push the wheel ?5 to the front, and try to makp the of. The looks of a room are helped room the best in the mill. When by a nice clean floor and creel tops, you find a room like this. Ihe over- even though the work may run «eer has a job he should be proud badly. Number Eleven. By E. W. WRIGHT, Pell City, Ala. The overseer should be the tirsl roll, and cause bad running work, in his room in the morning and the Never make uneven yarn. All rolls last to leave at niglil. In this way should be thoroughly cleaned at he will guard against having a lol least once each day, and never al- of broken ends to contend with anc' low lumps and chokes to accum- machinery broken by boys running ulate under the saddle or al the over the room with doff boxes. If ends. Never allow rolls to run dry the overseer is in the room, or thi for the want of oil. Clean clear help expecting him, they will bo boards twice each day and never al- quiet The next duty is that of the low spinners to leave the clear second hands and section hands, and boards olT of the roll longer than it the overseer should see that they dr takes to pick rolls, and do other their duty. It is important that necessary work, the second hand should be a fairly ^^If the work gets to running bad good spinner, so if the overseer the overseer should go a fer the should be off at any time, he could [rouble at once, arid show the help manage the room and keep it in that h.s desire is o have the work ' (i order ^"" ^°"^' ^""^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^ willing to Every section man should thor- help This will create an a'nh'tion oughly understand the machine^ |n the help and they wi 1 work the which he is to look after, so that harder to keep up. Nev^r com- he will know at once where and how Plam to the spmner about the work to fix any part that might break or ™nnmg bad. The overseer should get out of order. He should alwayp keep the rolls set m accordance be on the lookout for broke back with the staple of the co ton, as ends and tight lifting rods. Never very often the cause is that he allow one to get tight enough to jolls are set too close or loo ^:^'t X^'^tJle'.^^V^ %cTJ\r roU. should be kept more varn collecting at the top of running all the time so as to catch the bobbin, he will find nine time the sliver as soon as the thread out of ten that there is one or more breaks. If the sliver is allowed to lifting rods tight, or a separator ou' collect on the thread board it will of place. This should be looker' soon fall off and break more threads after at once, as sometimes a few or cause lumps or gouts on the ones minutes wait will cause a whole next to it. The thread guide is frame to tangle something that should not be over- Each and every one from the looked. It should be set directly over overseer to the section hands, the tip of 'he spindle after the should be kind and gentle to the spindle is put in the center of the help, especially to those who wiH ring so as to prevent any strain on bear good treatment. Of course, the yarn. . . , . , , thev should be studied and treater' T don't think it is advisable to tlie* wav to get results, as we all draft the roving over 10.50 on dou- know that all cannot be treated ble roving, regardless of the num- a]i]^°^ ^ ^0°^ example. Do not feel wires arl proper!? sefLd be^Tire ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^« a^«^« "^*^ ^^^^P' ^"^ Uiat the ^Sred travelers 'are ^^ "^^^e afraid of work. When yo. use. Change the travelers at leasi f^ n.p^°Snn"' °'' f ?h '^^'^'^ ''""'" once a month on medium number^ ''" ^' f ^'°°'' P^^^' ^^^"^ "P o^^^^" T believe in overhauling but think f,^*'"'^"^ ^"^ >'°^ f ^ "^^"^^""^i ^^"""'l'. that many men go to an extreme ^hiv t°'h/ w 'if^^ ^"^ *'^^^' TV with it. If I have overhauling to °^^^- ^ ^^ "°^ ^'^^® ^"^ ^^°"bl' do. I see that it is done right, foi "" getting almost anything done. I when you get things done right anO respect my help and they respec then watch them closely, you wil' me, and I never fail to get a goo(" not have to do them over every year production and quality. 28 Number Fourteen. By T. C. GORE, Columbia, S. C. Practical and enicienL spinning Get on your job and stay there, consists in the practical manage- See that the rovmg commg mto the ment of a spinning room, getting the room is of the proper length stap e greatest production possible with and properly prepared, and made good quality and with the least up from stock to suit the yarn to be amount of waste, and keeping ma- made. Keep your machmes hi good chines in good condition. While order, avoid excessive speeds, and management forms a very important keep the machines as clean as it is part in "elliciencv," it is also nee- practical to keep them. Have a essary to have the machines in per- system for cleaning, oiling, etc., one feet working order, and set proper- which can be maintained under the ly to suit the stock being used, the conditions and circumstances which yarns being produced and condi- surround you. Then see that your lions in general. Space will not per- system is carried out and the work mit of going into details with all done as it should be. Be careful in the settings and adjustments to the selection of your help. K'-ep suit any and all conditions. There- only the best you can get. leach fore, we will only discuss the most them to make good work, keep down practical points in as plain a way waste of all kinds and be attentive as possible. It is certain that first, to their work. Have the belts kepi the stock used must be of good in good pulling order and not too quality and properly prepared for tight. Put in a system that will keep the spinning. The spinning machin- all kinds of waste in check. Use erv must be in perfect line and only good bobbins and see that they level, the spindles must be plumb fit well, and do not be wasteful with and the rings must be set to the supplies of any kind. All of these spindles. Guide wires must be things are to be considered m prac- plumb with the spindle tips, and tical and efficient spinning, the proper size bands must be used. Humidity is another very impor- The size of the rings, length of the ant thing in a spinning room. Of traverse, speed of the soindles, dis- course, the humidity, like other tance from thread guide to spindle things, must be kept to suit condi- rail, and the roll setting must be in tions. For instance, the location of unison with the stock being used the mill, kind of machinery, speeds, and varus being made. Lack of kind of yarns being spun, the size space prevents giving a complete of the yarns and the twist, control explanation of how all these things to a great extent, the amount of hu- should be done to meet the condi- midity to be used. No rule can be tions. Even though we could lay laid down as a standard, and one down a rule to meet all conditions, it not to be varied from. You must would be found necessarv at times know how to spin and then arrange to vary a little from the rules humidity to suit conditions. A lot of talk on management of help Travelers, like many other things. and some special setting and adjust- have to be tested out, the number, ments. outside affairs and things circle and style being carefully con- concerning overseers and other de- sidered. The temper, circle and partments of the mill, are out of point are the three most important place in this contest. Therefore we things to watch and decide upon will not discuss them in this article, when selecting travelers. If the spinning room is equipped Top rolls require careful atten- and set to suit conditions, then it tion. The custom of using a dam- must be kept so and operated in n aged or worn roll in the middle and practical and efficient way. Practi- back is wrong, especially on medi- cal results cnn only be obtained in um and fine yarns. Of course, on a practical way and with an over- very coarse yarns this can be done seer in charge of the room who hn^ with sfifety. Rolls should be cover- had the practical experience and od with a tight, fine grained skin of the proper training in spinning, who good quality and free from lumps has good sound judgment and the and thin places. Sufficient cushion energy to keep the spinning in good should be provided to allow the roll condition. It will then be found that to do its duty without injury to the efficiency can be had. yarn. The newly covered roll should 29 be just enough smaller than the breaking of ends on a spinning steel roll to avoid creasing or cas- frame is a matter for serious con- ing the roll to show a fluted sur- sideration. An end seldom breaks face. Creased and fluted rolls will except for some good reason. Some- produce coarser yarn than rolls of times, of course, the fault is in the smooth and even surface. Leather roving, though not always so, and rolls and the necks of the steel rolls this is where the skill of the man should be oiled regularly and prop- in charge of the room comes in. At erly with a good quality of non- this particular time the overseer fluid oil. No hooks of any kind should be able to locate and remedy should be used on the fluted part any fault or trouble which causes of the steel and bottom rolls, and the ends to break. A spinning room only hooks made of copper or other should be operated with fewest soft metal should be used to clean breakages of ends, the least amount off the accumulation of cotton of waste, smallest labor cost, small- which naturally collects and winds est cost of supplies and the least around the steel roll close up to, amount of power, and at the same or at the journal at the roll stanas. time get the greatest production of If it is found necessary to oil lifter good quality, with the least depre- rods it should be done cautiously ciation of the machinery. These and with care, as the oil may cause things can be done and must be done the rolls to stick and surplus oil if the spinning room is managed ning is to keep the spindle straight Then you are sure of practical and and free from vibrations. The efficient spinning. Number Fifteen. By E. L. GOBLE Rock Hill S. C. As a practical spinner, I will try the year, grades of cotton and nu- to give my ideas of efficiency in the merous other things which snace spinning room. First, we must con- will not permit of being mentioned, sider that we have first class card- There are grades of cotton in which ing, for we cannot have good spin- standard twist can be put in yarn ning and efficiency in the spinning of any given number, if the condi- room without good roving. After tions are favorable. However, as T having this, we consider the over- said before the twisi in yarn has seer. When I say overseer, I do not to be governed by such conditions mean merely a figurehead, I mean a as the grade of cotton, atmosphere, level-headed, practical man , with etc. Too much twist will make theoretical knowledge to know what yarn weaker than a less amount, draft should be used and to figure but this can be determined by a the same correctly. The draft is a practical eye. big factor in good spinning and it Oiling^ depends equally on the grade of cot- Oiling should be looked after very ton and the numbers of yarn bemg closely, as too much oiling on the spun. For good yarn Nos. 26s to 30s rolls is injurious to the qualitv of warps yarns do not use over 11-m. ^he yarn. Where tnere is too much draft for double rovmg, which is oil there will be found stained yarns the only successful way to make and where ttiere is not enough oil on good yarn. Draft on filling Nos. 20s other bearings about the frame it to 26s, should not exceed 12.25, dou- ^ill be found injurious. This must ble roving All practical spinneTs ^e governed according to the speed know that the shorter the draft the of the cylinder and spindles, also stronger the yarn will be, therefore, the quality of oil being used. Front adjust the roving m proportion to rolls should be well cleaned and just the overflow of the carding depart- touched with oil every day and back ment, keeping the draft just as short rolls should be cleaned every other as possible, so as not to cripple the (jav. The spindles should be exam- card room by overruning it to make jned once every few days to ascer- it keep up. tain whether or not any of them are Twist is the next important thing, running dry. If they are found to It should be governed according to be the least gummy, or sticky, they the speed, size of rings, season of should be put in condition by us- 30 ing a mixture of spindle oil and lamp This will prove a great loss if kept oil, using about two parts spindle up long. The spinner who is using oil to one part of the lamp oil. Af- travelers liner than a 9-0 should ter oiling spindles with this it will teach his spinners not to waste b) found that the mixture will en- them, but in putting them up ends, ter the bottom of the base and drive feel traveler and if it is worn sharp, all of the grit and other foreign to break it and put In a new one. substances out at the top of the By so doing it will not be necessarj base. This leaves the spindles well to break oil' and change the traveler* lubricated and in smooth running all at one time. ^ ^ v. iw condition. Spindles should be plumbed, both Dolling is a necessity and must top and bottom, every year, all bol- be done in the best and quickest sters taken out and examined. If way. Have just enough doffers, and there are any broken ones they in dolling lilling and warp, let the should be replaced with new ones, doffers do their own end piecing, and those with worn out flannel re- not tearing down any more ends covered. Then the spindles should than possible. Have only one frame be put in, the bottom screw on the at a time stopped for dofling. Doff bolster set to the spmdle, guide every other frame in line across the wires set to the center of the spin- room and then go back and take the dl% and if tising top plate ringt, next line, doing this until you have they should be tightened up. half dolfed. Then starting in, doff Temperatun- plays a very import- the next line of frames which were ant part and must be looked after skipped the first time. By so doing, very closely. A good even tempera- you do not have more than one ture should be kept, say 70 degrees side being doffed on any one spin- dry, and the wet side anywhere from ner at a time. This makes it easier 65 to 70 degrees. Spinners should on the spinner and keep the sides be taught not to throw white waste •leaner and in a nicer condition. on the floor, and doffers not allow- Cleanina ed to throw bobbins on the floor. Cleaning is a most essential thing After each round of doffing have and must be done at the proper ^'^'^^ P'^^ /^^^vP^H^'"' I'°J^,\'lL^^^^^^^ time. Cleaning must be looked af- take all of he tops and clean he ter by the section hand in charge, heads of all the /"^ames, also the Front top rolls should be picked ^0^^^/^. Tops of frames should be every day, back rolls should be wiped off twice a day and the per- picked not less than three times a son doing fjis instrucied not to week. Stands should be picked and drop or fan he lint or waste around cleaned once each week and steel so as to all •" .the ends n^akmg rolls should be picked and cleaned gouts and lumps in the yarn Spool- once each week, and should be tak- mg should be watched very close- •n out about once a year to be scour- ly- The guide wires should be set ed and cleaned lengthwise with card according to the "".mheT of >arn clothing and whitiSg. In taking out ?eing spooled but not close enough and putting back the top leather to cut or chafe the yarn, bu close rolls, care should be taken not to enough to ^atch all the gouts nnd reverse the rolls, or they will run lumps. Teach the spooler tenders against the lap. On coarse numbers, not to lap ends and when a knot is roving creel boards should be clean- tied to draw the yarn out stra.ght ed and wiped out each day and on before turning it loose, so that they fine numbers two or three times a w'U not leave a kink in the >arn week. Guides should be wiped and AJso teach ti.e spoolers not to run run out about once per hour on the spools too full, as this will cause medium numbers. On fine numbers the spool to pull over the end and this will not be required so often, make unnecessary waste. Each Roving should be brushed off six or spooler hand should be held respon- eight times a day, depending on the sible for the amount of waste nnade number being spun. Spinners each day and required to straightea •hould be taught not to carry trav- ^^P all tangled spools every morn- elcrs in their pockets, and in getting mg. Guides should be kept m line them out of the traveler cup, to take and the traverse set so as to make onlv one. If travelers are carried a round build. in the apron pocket the spinners will The overseer should at all times put waste in the same pocket and be on the lookout for the smaller when the waste is taken out. the things, for the larger ones can be traveler will be taken out with it. seen without hunting for them. 31 Mumber Sixteen. By E. H. RODGERS, Atlanta, Ga. Well carded stock is, of course, creels, one end from the lower and essential to good running work in one from the upper creel should be the spinning room. It is hardly nee- run together. Now to continue essary in discussing spinn''"~ *<- with the spinners' duties. They mention carding, except to sa, ?Tiat should wipe the creels, roving and spinners should be trained to set out backs the first thing in the morning bad work, such as hard ends, sing- and begin to pick the rolls as soon Imgs, doublings, pieces containing as this is done. They should be top clearer waste, so that it may be furnished with flannel covered taken back to the card room to be boards to clean the guide boards properly distributed and charged and should have quills to blow the for. It is a good idea to give liie accumulation of lint off of the rov- spinners a premium, say 12 1-2 ing guides and cap bar backs. Spin- cents, for all such pieces that they ners should brush off the rails about set out. these to be carefully in- four times daily, and pick top spected by the overseer. Such bob- clearers as often. They should be bins as are tangled or spoiled with encouraged to call the section oil should be caught by the roving man's attention to any bad running man, else the carder should refuse ends or bands off, or any other to be responsible for them, claim- trouble by some signal agreed up- ing that they were damaged in the on. They should pick steel rolls sDinning room. . stands once a week with a brass Now, since he is to be the first J^o^k They should never be al- to handle the stock in the spinning ^o^'^d o piece up ends. They sh9uld room, let us look back to the rov- "^ver leave the frames except in a ing man.. First, he must know the ^^^e of necessity. Spmners should different marks on the roving, in- 5^ taught that good running work dicating the different sizes and depends on a clean condition of the know, not only what varns are spun frames, especialb^ the rolls^ roving, from a kind but also the frames ^".'^e creels and rails. Talkative where such yarns are made. A good spmners should be separated as far roving man will detect roving which ^^ possible. is marked wrong or otherwise mix- The question of doffing has come ed and will be able to avoid "tear- to be one of the most serious that ing the spinners up," or "throwing confronts an overseer. First of all. the cloth off weight," or causing Put the doffers on a piece rate ba- what is sometimes mistaken for sis, thus encouraging personal ef- mixed filling. Second, he must keep fort. Warp can be run very well the empty bobbins off of the creels, without head dofl'ers, but it will be leaving those which are not prop- found to be to advantage to have erly cleaned by the spinner. Third, a steady well-paid head doffer to he must keep the boxes greased, about 30 to 40 frames of filling, cleaned inside and properlv parked Doffers should be taught just how while they are in the room -full of niuch slack to allow when winding roving or bobbins. Lastlv, he down traverses, and to grasp the should not sit on the boxes, or al- bobbin to be renewed very near the low others to do so when thev are base. They should have a wire on full of roving. On medium num- their boxes to punch out bobbins bers a roving man can take only laying those out tbat need care of. about 60 frames of 250 spin- reaming. Doffers should use short dies each. boards covered with leather to tap The roving now goes on the creels ^^'^^^ 1°^^^ ^^^^7 ?^ \^® spindle and it is next handled by the spin- ?Jey should start the traverse at ners. Now it is costlv to break out Kf: bottom of the bobbin on the pieces before they have run down ^'""1° ^nd by all means piece up to within a few inches of the end, O" the spindle tjiat is. lift the quill especially if these pieces are cut ^^ ^^^^^"^^"{^^^.i'y Draper Corn- off. Also bad gouts are made by Pany. They should be niade to keep not breaking the end of the piece 'h^ir boxes clean and bobbins oflf the just taken out just at the point ^^^'^ ^^^ should also wipe the ends where the new bobbin is pieced on. of the frames twice a week and clear Where double roving is used in the the spindles of thread waste on 32 one frame each per day on filling, little larger, to enable him to cover They, of course, join with all hands more ground. He is not needed at in the general cleaning up on Satur- all in a small room and is usually days, from 15 to 30 minutes being overworked in a large one. I have the allowance for stopping frames, seen a few spinning rooms go down Oilers should do the oiling and after changing second hands, simp- banding on 40 to 45 frames. Oil top ly because the overseer had "put rolls, cylinder bearinprs, builder it up to the second hand to run cam and front steel rolls every day it" and he himself was not as con- and back steel rolls and other slow versant of the conditions of hip moving parts, once a week. Oil room as he should have been, spindles every three weeks. Oilers The limitations of an overseer should also carry cut waste and are indefiinte. An overseer of serve as assistants to the section spinning must look beyond the hands. These men should be watch- walls of his room, and know that ed closely as their work is of work in the card room hurts or prime importance. benefits him, and also what of his A section man should be put on own work is an aid or impediment a competitive basis. A certain pro- to future processes. He should first duction with a reasonable allow- of all note the capacity and charac- ance for cost and waste moaning teristics of each person in his em- more money to him. He should be ploy, doing his utmost to avoid trou- held responsible for his help. He ble of any kind instead of sitting should place them in the morning quietly down. When it does cnme. first thing, and then begin a vigo- it is with such niomonfnni that he rous inspection of each frame, Ihe is ovenvhelmed and perplexed. He object being to make a maximum should be incessantly working to amount of good work. See that Ihe improve working conditions in his skewers are sharp and wor'x free- room and not be content with mere- ly, and that all roving steps are in lly holding on to what he already place, and guide rods set just below ihas. center of roving bobbins and far^:! He should give careful attention enough away from Iheni so as not||1o his cost, labor, power, supplies to strelch tho roving, flirt tho rnv-~and repairs, striving at all times ing traverse has a full stroke and to reduce them. He may do this by all guides are properly set. See increasing his production and aual- that all rolls are in good running ity and so thoroughly organizing condition, the seclio.i men replacing his help that every hand is work- any defective ones, that stirrups ing to his full capacifv and that do not rub the froi.t roller, that anything going wrong may be im- levers are all leveled to gauge, that mediately detected, attributed to the thread guides are in proper rela- proper person or cause and correct- tion to the spindles and 'eveled. ed. and that each band in his em- that separators are just left as cen- ploy receives the proper respect ter of space between I'ings but do and courtesy from the others, not lift thread boards at top of Now coming to the mechanical traverse or strike the traveler. See end of the room, reduce your power that spindles do not wobble, that all cost by asking that ynnr sbaftin? loose bands are cut off and replaced- be lined and leveled. Use good oak that ring rails are level, and bob- -tanned beltimr and roviner bands. b.'ns get the proper taper, ''t 1-2 in have your pullevs bushed if they at top and 1 1-4 in. at boflnni. with need if. have cylinders and all part'- a 1 .3-4 in. ring") an(i full traverse, of the frames lined and leveled and S^e that the poker rnds are cleared use the best oil available, of lint and dirt and work freelv Keep as few supplies in the room and that there is not too m.uch or as possible, nsnallv nnthinsr buf ton little waste used aerainst the rolls and travelers and these under rails, that all gears mesh pronerly. look. The nroper place for sup- that w\asfe is kept off the finors pifps is in the storeroom, this in- an 1 that all hands under the section pin(ips all change eears as well. AH n an understands fully and do what orders on the storeroom should be is expected of them. A section mar signed bv the overseer personally, can look after 40 frames. thus givinsr him opnnrtunitv to keep Instead nf being hi"? whole front, up with any carelessnec;s on the a second band should be the over- part of his men and to give proper seer's right wing. This man is put instructions regarding same, on merely to make the overseer a Encourage section men to keep 33 machinists off their jobs, but when overseer's previous experience must it is aboslutoly necessary to have tell him how and when to do tliesc one make every preparation to help things, but just allow me lo say him and get him back to the siiop as that the use of the right kind of soon as possible. Do not send such travelers will help the work as small tilings as top clearer boards ^uch as anything. Generally, the to^^the shop, but repair them your- ^^^^^^ ^^.^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ As to roll setting, changing trav- and I use flat tops for 30s and above, elers, gears and such details, an and round top for below 30s. Number Seventeen. By F. E. BLAIR, Prendergast, Tenn. The overseer of spinning must from the card room should be re- have a great deal of patience to ported to the carder, handle children successfully. He Have the reels cleaned off every has all kinds of help to contend day and keep good skewers in the with, both good and bad. Study each creels. If you allow them to be one, as some require good treat- sharpened at the ends with a knife, ment, while you will have to be care- you will soon have trouble with ful with others, give them an inch them as the ends will get blunt, and they will take a yard. Handling or brushlike. This will cause ex- help is the greatest problem we have tra strain on the roving and will to face today. Hold your temper, break it, or pull it almost in two, do not swear or be unkind to the making uneven yarn, help. Do not make a promise to The leather rolls require close any one of them unless you are sure attention. Do not let them get dir- you can fulfill it. If the help find ty or dry. The front rolls should that you lie to them they will lose be cleaned and oiled each day. See confidence in you. Try to gain the that they are picked clean before good will and confidence of your oiling, and that the oiler does not help, and you will find that you get oil on all the leather of the roll, get along with them without much Oil the back and middle rolls twice trouble. Treat every one as nearly a week, always cleaning before oil- alike as possible. Do not have any ing. Some mills on different classes pets. Talk as little as possible and of work require more, and some mean what you say. D?) not get less oiling, and cleaning. Have the mad and go through your room section men take out and put in the popping off hot air. That will do rolls. Never allow the spinners to more harm than good. Keep good do it. See that none are taken out section and second hands, men who that will run. Watch this closely will take some interest and pride and you will keep your roll bill in the room. See that they treat down. the help right and that the help See that the roving traverse has treat them right. Keep m close a good stroke. Let it come as near touch with your men at all times, the ends of the rolls as possible See that they do their duty and do without running out at the sides. ^^ well. Short strokes will wear out your To get good spinning requires rolls fast. Keep the steel rolls good even roving, therefore keep in cl ian, having the spinners clean close touch with the carder. When them every week, or oftener, if nec- you get uneven roving in the frames essarv. When oiling leather rolls, making two or three different num- take 'them out. wipe the arbors off hers, you will have bad rnnninp with good waste before oiling. Keep work, and you will not be able to the weidit levers in line. Do not help it. Do not depend on your have some of them high and some regular sizing which you get from down on the creel boards. Keep the card room every day. Take 12 your stirrups in the center between to 16 bobbins from different frames the steel rolls. Watch the front each day and size them. Keep tab and bnck saddles. Keep the proper on the singling and doubling each S^^'drv fo? wLro' oT Wor^ day. Too much of this will give thread guides should be replaced by you trouble. All bad work received new ones, and see that they are 3* set. Place your set on Iho spindle Oil "the spindles every two weeks, and have it perfectly true. iSet the Have the bands as nearly the guides where the thread passes same size as possible. Roving through in the center. Set the ibands, about 120 to the pound and guides the correct distance from puL on witli about 2 pounds ten- tiie top of the bobbin by raising, or sion, will give you very good re- lowering the thread board. Keep suits. If. they are too slack they the ring rails lined and leveled, and will make slack yarn, and if too lifting rods clean. Lard oil is good tight they absorb too nmch power, to use on the lifting rods to keep i^ee tnat the bobbins lit the spin- them from slicking. There are die cups, neither too loosely or too many tangled bobbins made by the tightly. Give the spinners just as lifting rods sticking or dragging, many sides as they can keep neat Once a week is sullicient to oil and clean, and all ends up. If they them. Sometimes the wire traveler are given too much they will have cleaners become bent out of shape, dirty sides, make waste and low Use a gauge to set these at the cor- production. Teach the spinners to rect distance from the rings. Worn Put the white cotton in their pock- rings wear out travelers and make ets or waste box and not on the bad running work. When they be- Hoor. Some say they have a waste come worn, take them out and turn picker to pick it from the sweep- them over. If both sides are worn, ings. t»ut the cotton is hardly fit put in a new one. Do not let them to use any more after being dirty, get worn and sharp before replac- ^^ not allow any excuses for dirty ing them with new ones, or you will sides, or they will become chronic have bad running work. See that and soon you will have a duly and the travelers you are using fit the ^ad running room. Do not use flap llange on the ring. There are so I'ags or you will have gouty yarn, many makes and styles of travelers Have boards made with flannels on that it is hard to say which one is them to run olT the thread boards, the best. I like the round point bet- Have the doffers ready when the ter than the square point, but the frames are full. Never allow more ones which make my work run well than one frame stopped at a time might not suit yours. Whatever for dolling. Make the doffers piece kind you use, do not let them run up all ends before leaving a frame, too long without changing. Lapped ends on the bobbins make It is very important to watch out TuI^^nVli l^V^'/ I'lf ^'"h^m'' ^'f^"" for dirty, gummy spindles and those "^^ doffej Pick up a bobbin when not nrooerlv set Settinsr and ^® ^^°P^ ^^- ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ kicked p?uiJinrp^ndle's'- should' bl done tZZtl\ll:^\Tli't^ .I'ti^tl by someone who knows the business ^jli^/'i^,,^"^ ''^^ ^'^ ^^^ anything if you want good results. 'Jack- except vxasie. legs" will put you out of business I^eep the twist as near the stand- on this work. Line and level the ard as possible. Some stock re- rails, and have all old packing tak- Quires more twist than others. Do en out when you start this work, not have the drafts too long or Use the very best oil for the spin- short. Seven to 9 on single roving, dies. See that the bolster and 10 to 11 1-2 on dpuble roving is bases are clean and free from gum. about right. Setting the rolls de- Worn wicking on your bolsters Pends on the length of the staple of should be replaced with new. You the cotton being used. Set the cannot get a steady running spin- front and middle rolls 1-8 inch fur- die with a bad bolster. See that the ther apart than the length of the steps and bottom ends of the spin- staple. Set from center to center dies are in good shape. Adjust the of the rolls, bet the gears 2-3 deep, step by screwing up or down to t>o not run the work on gears with keep the shake out of the spindle, teeth broken out. See that the rolls or it will cause weak yarn. Never I'un steadily and not in a jerky way use cheap oil for the spindles as it for the yarn will be cut. Do not has a tendency to gum and stick, overspecd the frames for this makes Oil of about .S3 to 38 specific grav- waste and not yarn, loo high a ity is good. See that the oiler does spindle speed will make the bob- not miss any spindles. Blow the b'^s jump or crawl and make weak bases out to keep them clean. Keep yarn, bad running work and many the tips on the oil tubes, or lint will shaky spindles. collect there and get into the base. Watch the cost and supplies. 35 Keep both down. Get right behind themselves. Keep the belts clean, the section men about dead spin- Train the help to be at their places dies, as they look bad. Do not at starting time. Watch out for spend too much time in the ollice. bad work at your spoolers and btay in the room and keep it clean warpers, these are important. Mr. so that you will not be ashamed gpjnncr, if you want to be success- for anyone to come m at any time. ^ , , „ .,,^ 4>„„^„ VVatch out for the small things and ful, keep your eyes on the frame the larger ones will take care of and your feet on the floor. Number Eighteen. By J. H. MAYES, Fitzgerald, Ga. The success of a spinning room place the kind of cotton is to be naturally depends on the ability of considered, and in my opmion the the overseer whose duty is to pro- cleanlmess and evenness of the rov- duce a good clean smooth yarn at a ing is more important than the minimum cost. length of the staple. A successful The superintendent of a success- mill will not undertake to use any- ful mill, to encourage his overseers thing below an inch staple for num- should allow them as far as possi- bers over 30s. For example, the ble to hire the help, for we must waiter is spinnmg 14s with a two- all 'agree that the greatest problem inch ring, 1 in. traverse, 7-8 m. di- is the management of help. On tak- ameter bobbin, speed of front roller ing charge of a spinning room, the 14, and 3 m. space with separators, overseer should immediately learn This is an ideal construction for the disposition of the help, for by this number and enables me with so doing he will learn exactly how 7-8 in. staple, to use standard twist, to approach them when it is neces- which as all spinners- know, is the sary to correct them in any w^ay. square root of the number times The second hand should also do 4 3-4. Under proper conditions, likewise standard speeds can be used suc- My policy has always been to cessfuly, but it is necessary to have drill into the second hand and sec- even roving, short dralt rings, tra- tion men, the advantages of watch- verse in good condition. After all ing the little things, for an end nev- if thmgs are not kept m this condi- er breaks without a cause and a tion, some one is responsible. Un- warp is no stronger than its weak- der this head the second hand est thread. It is up to the section should perform an important duty men to keep the machines in good by seeing that the shafting and condition. Do not handicap them belting are in good condition so by refusing to furnish necessary that all frames will have the same supplies. Then demand that they speed. Some manufacturers are have a good set of tools, for when instaHmg hank clocks _ on their ring guides need setting or gears sp.mnmg frames and this is cer- need changing, thev should be ready tainly money well spent I also ike to do it right. Like the overseers the loose pulleys a little smaller they should be kind to the help on t'lan the tight ones, for this en- their sections and conduct them- ables the belts to contract when selves so as to be worthy of re- not puHmg the frames. spect. Without co-operation, the Humidity. overseer cannot hope to keep good, All humidifier builders furnish a moral contented help. I think it wet and dry bulb which enables the wise for the overseers, before mak- overseer to keep records and results ing changes or new rules, to ex- obtained under dilferent conditions, change ideas with the second hand, T do not think that humidity can for two heads are better than one, he governed in any other w^ay, for and it encourages the second hand it is well known that climatic con- to think that the overseer values ditions enable some sections of the his opinion. country to spin finer numbers than Speeds. others. There is a variety of opinion as Twist. to the proper speeds and there are Speed, staple and size of rings a great many things to consider be- govern the twist. I believe in put- fore making changes. In the first ting enough twist in yarn to get 3G good spinning, for good spinning means good weaving. Be careful, however, not to put twist enough to roh the yarn of its elasticity. The rule of twist for warp yarn is 4.75 times tlie square root, 250 hosiery, and 3.75 for filling. Dolliny. Calculations. Dolling should he watched care- Yarn table: fully, for usually it is done by small i% yd.= l thread or round of cotton boys whose only thought is getting 22 7.10 10.89 24 G.88 10.75 28 10.09 30 10.95 36 11.20 40 1093 reel 120 yd.=l skein or 1-7 hank. 840 yd.=7 skeins or 1 hank. To find counts of yarn: No. of yds.X8 1-3 =counts. Weight in grains Regulation of rolls for long staple method makes uneven yarn cotton: ' ' ' Set draw roll from center to cen ter 1-4 in. more than length of spinners to have empty frames be it done, therefore they must be carefully watched. Tliey must be taught how to doff without breaking down ends, to clean spindles which have yarn on them and to piece up well. Teach them to twist their ends when piecing, for any other Doflf as few sides as possible on the same spinner, for it is very trying on cotton. Set speeder roll from center cause there is moi'o tension on the to yarn at this time, the yarn being at center 1-8 in. more than length a strained angle from the ring to of cotton. Set spinning roll from center to center 1-lG in. more than length of cotton. Twist constant: the bobbin. Cleanliness and Waste. The above terms go hand in hand, for to eliminate waste it is neces- sary for everything to be clean. It Front roll gearXJack gearXRatio jg a good practice in- keeping the cylinder to whiTl-:-circumference room clean, to use a red flag which front steel rollXcylmder gear= tells the spinners to clean their sides constant. Production: at once. After this is done the floor ,,,,..,,, , , should be swept. A good way to 411 divided by number of yarri have sweeping done is to sweep "~ .^„^X°i"^.'-^" _-°:L,.^^"°^!: ../I?!! ^ach spinner's sides to the end of " " ' the frame, and inspect sweepings to see that no good cotton is carried ^ ^^, , ,, ^^ ,. out. Also provide sacks for the Crown gear X back roll gearxdi- gninners to deposit clean waste in. "^^^F, ^V. I^-^?!^^°"L F°^' "^^"^^ 'i'lic section men should never use knives or any kind of hooks that , „„^ ,• • , , 1 , . will scratch steel rolls for a scratch- 1,700 divided by counts of yarn cd flute will in the course of a year equals breaking strength of 120 yds. cost more than the spindle is worth to the company. See that the top rolls are evenly weighted and clean at each end for more uneven yarn is made from choked rolls than any other cause. Keep creels in good condition, guides and rings well set and plumbed for all these help to reduce waste. Insist on good ma- times equals pounds per spindle per weeli of 66 hours. Draft constant: Cr ame diameter B. R.=Constant Breaking strength (American yarn. Contraction of twist: Divide number of yarn by pro- duct of the hank roving, times the draft and substract the quotienl from one. Drafts. Below is my record of dilTerent counts. However, circumstances al- chine work, as gears which are not ter cases, but when the card room true to pitch and poorly pitched will hurt the work. To eliminate waste put plenty of taper on bobjjins and use a long stroke on filling. This means that the frames will dolT a 8.40 little quicker, but it also means 10.00 there will be no tangled bobbins. 10.50 Watch the band boys and teach will permit run short drafts No. Sinqle Roving Double Rov 4 5.71 G c.25 8 7.00 10 7.00 12 0.81 14 7.00 16 7.00 18 6.89 20 7.00 10.70 them to put the bands on at the 11.20 same tension and tie a flat knot. 10.33 While I prefer a roving band, for it 10.50 breaks quicker, I use yarn bands, 37 for they can be worked up from rubbed yarn which would otherwise be sold for a small sura. Oiling. Oil spindles every two weeks. Some may think this foolish, but it assures you that they are always full and should the oiler slight some spindle, it would probably be oiled next time before any damage was done. Oil the traverse motion thoroughly each week, oil cylinders daily and all fast running gears twice daily. Be careful to oil only the parts needing oil, for careless oiling , around the rolls, for instance, will cause unnecessary waste. Tn conclusion I will say that it is a good policy for the overseer to watch himself more closely than any one else and ask himself if he is doing his duty. By spending a few minutes each day in thoughts along this line, he will think of many things that may improve con- ditions, for there is always some- thing to be done in a spinning room. Number ISineteen. By JOHN CURWEX, E. Tallassee, Ala. I feel that the subject of "Practi- cal and Elilcient Spinning' is a very serious one, full of dilficulties, and one upon which many diver- section men, one at a time. Ask them about their work, whether they experienced any difficulties in carrying out their duties, and gent views are held. A person may whether the frames under their have very excellent ideas as to the charge are in good working order, way he would conduct a room, and Have them specify which frames yet be held back by the scarcity of in their sections produce bad work, help, or help of a poor character, if any, or are in any way trouble- Also, he may not have the liberty some. Make notes of what they say, of putting his ideas and systems into take the numbers of the frames re- operation, for the simple reason ported as being troublesome and that the person above him, who investigate them as soon as you can formerly may have been a spinner, conveniently do so. Do not, at this may have his ideas too, and wheth- er they are good, better, or worse, early time, rush in and make a number of changes and new rules, his say goes because he has the but And out where yon stand. Be authority. watchful, observant and thought- It is always best to have a thor- ful. Now take the frames accord- ough understanding upon this point ing to the numbers they are spin- before taking up a new position, ning, the coarse frames first, and and ha^e all necessary points, such give each one a thorough sizing. Do as freedom of action, etc., cleared this personally, as you are the man up. Having secured a position who comes from Missouri, you want as to know or be shown. Enter all overseer of a spinning room, say the sizmgs m your note book for one which has been run a good long future reference. Also enter them time, and having the first day gone m the official book. The object of through the usual introductions, this sizing is to find out how you proceed somewhat in the following really stand m this respect and to manner: Make yourself acquaint- show you later on whether you ed with the second hand, or assist- have improved the work any. This ant spinner. Take out your note sizing should be done before you book, and obtain from him the rou- started in to make any necessary tine of the room as carried out by changes, and will be a criterion for your predecessor. Examine this you to go by. The next thing is to routine or system of work very find out the production of each carefully. Inquire of the assistant frame and compare the result with if the svstem, as explamed to you, what you know about the produc- was faithfully carried out, and if tion. If it is below your estimate, the results were good, bad or indif- root out the cause and enter it in ferent. He will have no interested your note book. Right hero you object in keening the truth from will need to know the number of you, but should he withhold any- revolutions of the front rollers for thing of importance, other persons the various counts you are spin- and your own observations, will nmg, also the twist per inch. \ou soon reveal it to you. Now get your will want these particulars when 38 you go into the questions of pro- refer to any memoranda you may auction and quality. Take a look liave concerning it, be suru you are at tlie top leather roils to see if they right, then go ahead. Keep your are properly spaced and parallel eyes open until the changes have with the steel rolls, except the been made and watch results. In front top roll, which is usually any changes which you may deem pushed a little in advance of the it wise or necessary to make, always bottom roller. Examine the trav- proceed with circumspection, bal- elers, seeing that each frame has ancing the questions on both sides, the travelers that are best suited It is much better to leave things as for the counts, and that there are you found them than to jeopardize no odd sizes or worn travelers in your reputation by making altera- use. Have the rings looked after, tions that show no improvement and for the purpose of discovering any sometimes end by making matters loose or worn rings. Find out worse. I do not consider it neces- the number of idle spindles and sary here to put down a lot of ascertain why they are not running, "don'ts," nor to specify in detail all and make a note of the same. the small things which should be By this time you are getting ac- done. It rarely happens that a man quainted with the "look" or general is appointed spinner, without a long appearance of the room. A person experience in the spinning room, may see a few glaring or promi- The frames ought to b^ cleaned nerit things on his first visit to a or scoured at stated intervals. Oil- spmning room, but he must be there ing should be done regularlv, and for a longer time before he will be supervised, especially the spindle able to see so clearly behind the feet or steps. The machines should scenes that it will be of any prac- be overhauled and the spindles tical benefit to him. plumbed periodicallv, and all other It is not a good calculator, nor a duties faithfully attended to. The successful textile student, who is most imporlant mailer for a mill always the most efTicient man. It is man, no matter what his rating, is the man whose mill training and to formulate a system to work by, schooling have been helped out by remembering that the best system close observation of facts and a ever devised is not worth the paper clear reasoning of causes and ef- it is written on, if it is not con- fects. This phase of the overseers scientiously carried out. It would could be beneficially enlarged up- be useless for me to try to lay out on, but a lack of space prevents it. any system that could be followed Having thoroughly informed your- because the .conditions differ in each self of the conditions of the room, mill. The overseer himself is the the class of help and the general best judge of what he needs and trend of things, make your com- should be guided by the circum- parison between the way you find stances governing the case. The things and the way you think they main point is to see that the sys- should be. If you think that mat- tern which one adopts is unvarying- ters can be materially improved, ly t'secuted. Scientific manage- begin to act, cautiously and slowly, ment is nothing more or less than one thing at a time. If the produc- a highly developed system strictlv tion. let us say, is not what you enforced. think it should be, and you desire y^ conclu'^ion I will sav be to improve it, fall back upon your cfraifrhtforward'and manlv in your past experience in simi ar cases, if bearing, firm, kindlv and courteous you have had any similar transac- ,vith vour help, with patience for tions before. If not, call to mind ,u^-„ "u„„i • t^ • • i what you have seen done, or helped ^''^'^ shortcomings. Keep interest- to do when you held a subordinate ed in your work and up-to-date in position. Read up on the subject, your ideas, and you will succeed. Number Twonly. Bv G. W. BRTHMAX. Laurel Hill. X. C. Tn my opinion the first and most This, of course, is determined ac- important thing to consider in mak- cording to the stock being used and ing good running spinning, is the the length of staple, speed of the front roll per minute Second. Never put a four side 3D spinner on six sides and expect him to keep them up whether he can or not, and never put one wher( you know ho cannot keep them up Third. Never pay $1.00 and $1.25 to some spinners to run four side and to another 52c or 13c per side for the one getting pay by the side knows what th other hand is get- ting to do the same work, and the spinner gets disheartened. Fourth. Never tell a hand thai you are going to do a thing unles? you intend to do it. for if you tel' one you are going to do a thing, whether it is good or bad, and do not do it. there is nothing doing any more. Fifth. Top rolls should be clean- ed once daily and oiled three times a week: frame stands should be oiled twice a day: back steel roll? should be cleaned once per week and oiled three times: roving creels should be cleaned three times per week and spindles oiled once every two weeks. Sixth. Tf the speed is not right this cleaning and oiling is not apt to get done. If the four side spin- ner has six sides, the cleaning is not apt to be done and the next thing you know your spinning is running had and you don't know what is causing it. Seventh. Of course I believe ir the boss being boss and the hands being the hands, but at the same time treat everybody fairly. I wan! to mention a case I know of in r spinning room where the superin- tpndent wanted high speed and had his rolls making 175 turns per minute and he could not do any- thing with the spinning and scold- ed his spinner all the time. Final- Iv the spinner told the superinten- dent to let him cut the speed anr thp work would go all right. Hr cut the thread to 160 turns per minute and got much better pro- duction at 160 than at 175 turns per minute. Number Twenty-One. Bv L. L. HURLEY, Reidsville, N. C. "Practical and EfTlcient Spinning" breath for a good long while. The does not mean the ability to figure spinner must ^^^ master of his job. backward and forward, coming and ^o\ ^^'^ il^^^to ^^ J ^{l^ ^^^^^ ^oine on all gears shafts, rolls, etc.. m^st succeed, lettmg all other hilt it mean<^ 4tt n- ri-ht dowm to things be secondary. A spinning bl inesT usinf good .i^dlmenrand room will not be -m .^^^^f^'^.^ I' ^i^T^tTT r>f r.n-v. onri <^pffin£r minlifv whc-o ouc or two other things are and produHion af the r^^hfcoi unpermost in the spinner's mind. Further ineanrJtin-^th^^^ When a spinner turns to sports and ProMded thThP has the rieht sP^ning taking its place. The spm- iM-nr^of men to wo^k fo- men who ner should be a good obser^^er. keep- wi^l biiv^vha he needs in thp wav in^ liis eyes and mind alert to every of VSnlies it re.^s al^^^^^^^^ ^^«^"^- ^^ conditions, of stock, tem- with tZ ove^ eer as to wLl, the p'^rature and moisture, ^l^:^ys look roiilf will be Tn view of this we ^sr ahead and steering his course. mus;.^:nsid'er: '"(iV What kind't -^,^^^\^;,^^/ ,\^ Vu4'k^w' iu^t^'as man the overseer should be: (2) tojo ^{j-^ Yhe'sTod'hris^ work! What must be do in order to get thp best results from his room. The overseer should be a man who has sfabilify of chaT^acfer. who is ing as is possible for him to find out. There is much to loarn for the man who is reaching out for this knowl- has ^taniljty oi ,f",'^,^7^''^^- ^'"" ^^ Pdgo. Hp must know human na- honest and »1?^"?li!^"l-/Jj^X%f 'I^ ture. and figuratively speaking, kepp o what IS going on and readv at all thumb on every pulse in the times to decide and act wisely, ine dav has passed when a man can cov- \' , ^, i i ^ »•„„ ^f er his room about one mornin? in ^ Now as to the actual duties of the month, chargimr around, firing \^^ .^^'"'Y'' ^"^ ^f^' ^^. ^Zl^7Jl'^ mit twn nr three hands ^ettine Pv- -'ffil •'^"d efRcient. He should ffpt er\Ue in a^stTr^'nd then sneaki^ the very best possible second hnnd^ off for a smoke and hardlv display- one whom he can rely on for truth ing energy enough to draw his and honesty and fair dealing, a man 40 who will carry out to his very best for a very small sum. Otherwise it ability what he is ordered to do. re- is left as an eyesore and a leak in gai-dless of any previous customs the profits. No good spinner can he has liad. Thus, the overseer is rest when such conditions exist in able to train his help to be level- his room. A little thought shows headed, reasonable and dependable, what he is losing, not only everv It is only with this class of help thai day, but every hour, in production the greatest elhciency can be ob- and good precedent to those under tained. No spinner should tolerate him. a shiftless and inditl'erent element The work for each hand should as such people are a great hindrance be carefully outlined and as much to elliciency. All section men and system practiced as possible. All oilers should be made to realize oiling and cleaning should be done that they are in line of promotion at regular times, all things being and should be carefully trained and arranged so tiiat they will be as con- watched, as the overseer must de- venient to the different operatives pend on these men for much of his as possible. fixing and cleaning of frames It is ^^^ ^^^^ should be provided with important to create a disposition on g^^^ smooth roving bands that will the part of these young men to be not splinter and break ends on rov- as ef icient as possible. No overseer j^g. Roving should be laid on the should fail to show and explain fi-a^es in two or three places, so as anything to any of his second or ^o be convenient from either end section men when they show a dis- ^v the center ot the frames. Empty position to learn, as it not only edu- i^obbins should be taken off fre- cates your helpers, but inspires quently and tops of creels kept in loyalty, which will prove of value good condition, poth now and m after years. r^ • t j ■ , cr It is not onlv important to have a . Convenient and easy running dojf- good class of help, but is important ;"/J^^\^| jf ^ou d b^^^^ad and^hey for the numbers to be watched con- fha tno tlnie^s wafted bv the doffe? stantly and kept right, or it will re- kovs tSe:^"n^ at^ea^^^ and unhandy rad';Snnirw^'r?orthfoufj;'5v' boL^s'^'oTod blooms VlZldTeC ?n^ fl^no'nle^jlesTv^rste^and b^ad J^-'i lr:^,v^"d1rtv%""a°^drrt7not- ehfn^e'f 7hP^ ^,^1^^ of 'tt^'^flfnl" roci^'of^'all 'of' he 'fr'es'h 'clian?- chines. The length of the staple onnpanncp of thp mom and his i should be watched and the rolls ^fo,e or less denre.TnT'effeV kept the right distance apart, so as "^°',^ °^ less depressing ettect,. to insure strong and even work. It .Close attention should be^ given to is highly important that the frames the belts, as a great loss ^f produc- be kept in running condition and [ion often occurs before a counter up to a standard that every one in belt is noticed slipping for want of the room will realize that the ma- a lit le castor oil or tal ow. The chinery is in good condition and speed of the different classes of that thev are not fighting a machine work should be given attention as that is improperly geared up or set mjich may sometimes be gained by in such a way as to make waste, changing speed on certain num- ugly bobbins and bad work, thus bers to suit the work, causing them to do unnecessary T am not able to lay out a rule by work on account of their foreman which all spinners may go in hand- not doing his full duty in keeping ling the different departments of the frames in a perfect working con- their work, as there are no two dition. jobs which can be run the same No spindles should be allowed to way. Do not be too swift, but be stand idle for want of a perfect cyl- on your job every day and I am inder rim, new guides, creel steps, quite sure that the average man or other causes. These thinsrs can will grow to be Practical and Effi- be easily fixed or new pieces bought cient in his spinning. Number Twenty-Two. By G. F. BRIETZ, Lumberlon, N. G. The four most important things as this figures very largely in the to be considered in practical and weekly output and cost per pound, efficient spinning are: as on this basis the mill prospers 'St. Care of machinery. or goes under. 2nd. Management of help (to get Suppose our weekly production and to holdj. is 4,000 pounds No. 14s; 7,500 pounds 3rd. Quality of yarn. No. 20s, and 10,000 pounds No. 24s. 4th. Quantity. If we reduce each number to System is the most important hanks, and then divide the total thing. Inaugurate a practical sys- hanks by the total poands it will tern for oiling, cleaning and dolling, give us our average number. If making a high grade hosiery Example: yarn, have and maintain a stand- 4,000X14=56,000 ard twist. The best way to do this 7,500X20=150,000 is to have a table of standard twist 10,000 X '4=240,000 plainly marked at overseer's desk, 7,500+4,000+ 10,000=21,500 or always on person. Have every 150,000+56,000+24,000=44o,000 frame plainly marked with draft 440,000^-21,500=20.74 average no. and twist constants. If we have 9,000 spindles and pro- Some overseers may be a little duce 21,500 lbs., average 20.74 uy di- shy on arithmetic, and unable to viding the spindles run into the work out a constant for himself pounds produced will ^?how the then let him get some one else to pounds per spindle, work out his constants for him, and Example: have it plainly marked on end of 21,500^9,000= 2.40 lbs. per spin- frame, where it can be easily seen die average number. Suppose the twist constant h It is much easier to got full pjo- 82,880, and he wishes to put in 14 duction in a room on Pew numbers, twists per inch; he simply divides say from four to six numbers, Ihan 82,880 by 14, which will show him in a run of moie than eight to ten the gear to use. Again, if he find, numbers, owing to the necessity of he has on No. 48 twist gear, and emptying and filling doff boxes, runs that into his constant, he will In a run of many numbers it is find he is putting in 19.75 twist pei a good investment to have a man inch. employed, whose duty it is to dump In some rooms there are likely each box into proper place, or bin to be several difi'erent constants as doffers come from spinning when this is the case, the more rea- room. son why each frame should b( Two reasons why it is easier to plainly marked, being sure how- get standard production on combed ever, that whenever the constant yarn, than on carded: First, owing is changed ,to change tag or placarc to eliminating of short fibers the on end of frame. work runs better. Second, the fact It is presumed that every well that a higher price is paid for it regulated mill, has its own stand- more perfect work is expected, ard of twist; peculiarly its own, a? and this within itself necessitates different grades of yarn of the a more rigid system of cleaning and same number, require differenl oiling which allows a higher speed twist, for instance: warp twist, and better production, filling twist, hosiery twist, mule Here is an item on practical and twist, long staple, and short staple efficient spinning that in many mills The practical spinner who is ag- does not get as close attention as it gressive and wants to keep up with deserves, especially thread or the times, should have a produc- spring waste. tion table, showing how manj in a mill producing, say 22,00« pounds per week and per spindle lbs., average No. 25, one-third o( should be obtained, and if he is one per cent string: waste may be • unable to reach it. he should be reasonable production of waste, able to truthfully state why. Many produce as much as one per Every practical spinner ought tc cent and do not think much about know, or learn as soon as possibh it. because they haven't stopped to how to figure his average number count the cost. 42 The string waste is the most ex- 7. Encourage cleanliness among pensive of all waste, because in help. that slate is is practically a liuish- g^ ^^ep spindles, rings, and ed article, the diUerence being in guides set true pound, or to Riverside Mill at 6 rfrt^' '^^^'^ ^^^^ ^"^ ^"'^"^^ "^ cents per pound. One per cent it verses. 220 lbs. per week, one-third of 1 1^- ^eep weight even in line and per cent is 73 lbs. per week, a dif- evenly balanced . ference of 147 pounds per week af 11. See that both ends of rolls 24 cents, difference between Phila- are the same size. delphia price and Augusta price, ^g. Remember that for good |',"«",?l!"^ ^° ^'^^•f per week, or spinning, you must have good lit- Um.ob per year for just this one ^f and well balanced bobbm. Item alone, caused by carelessness ^|^ ^^^^.^ j^^ travelers wear too at tne mill. ^^^^ before changing. An overseer should systematical- 14. Bands of even size and ten- ly take a sizing, or weighing from ■ mauL whemeTte has So'T^airfe? " 'S'^^P. ^^^ °" ^"'■""^^ ^"^ or 300 frames. It will require a out of bobbins, short time, not more than two and !«• t^e sure that frames are a half minutes to each frame, and properly geared. ,.,.., he will by doing this often find sur- 17. Humidity of air lends its prises awaiting him before he getj part towards practical and em- through. It is possible that a cient spinning, wrong gear has been put on, or tha' 18. l^on't forget that gooQ hrst- roving has been mixed; something class roving may be delivered to that he did not expect to find. Sup- the spinning room, and by bad and pose that this does take from one careless managing poor yarn may to three hours of his valuable time be turned out. ■ , „ that, and his experience is what he The writer recalls one inslanc. is paid for! of a mill, that was making high Anolher thing that will help to |S''|,hpSy'e™"a,'rel'wl?en '"rd make an overseer valuable and a™ nS^t t e knit fabric showed t^atLne^^t^ ?CLl\rfZe nry. "anS'Sp^paVe^i';?/^^'^^^^ ciallv if he has manv as fi'ftv m remedies, it was found that by re- Sne hundred framS that before h[ Cueing the speed and the tens.or. has gotten through' he will have on drawing frame the trouble was other surprises to greet him; some overcome. frames will be found under speed Many of us will remember tm because belts slipped, either the article that appeared in a text; e direct drive or one of the counter Paper a few years ago of a Utile belts were slipping or else accident- tack in the leather condenser ro ally, of course, the wrong twist to Denn warper that gave the iml gear has been put on! a black eye. and caused several able A few of the very many things ^"^/•^"'^f^lhnMf'Is^^hi^mtrfoxec that writer has found necessary in "/'"^Tn^, % l^Vinis Th = Lnh^s practical and efficient spinning dur- ^h^t spoil the vines This apples . , • ii, as we to textile things as scrip- mg a long service among the ^^^^^ things. frames: Some of us have passed through 1. Thorough mixing. several Presidential campaigns, anr 2. Keep out damp cotton. a few panics, bu;, the mill thai o TVT^t t^ u 4 „. u i makes eternal vinnance its motu in ^nHnn ^^ ^^^ ^''^ """"'^ "^^'^^ ^"d accepts the maxim of that il m Luuun. lustrious statesman who said, "in 4. Systematic oiling and clean- tj^p of peace prepare for war," ^^S- usually run on. 5. Systematic inspection of roll- •rs. 6. Keep room clean. 43 Number Twenty -Three. By W. P. LOVITT, Barnesville, Ga. After 20 years' experience I will I do not use separators on the fill- write this to give my ideas in re- ing. On filling the guide wires are gard to spinning. At the present set 3 inches from the top of the time I am overseer of 15,000 spin- bobbins, length of traverse 6 1-2 dies, making 28s filling and 24s inches, diameter of ring 1 7-8. T warps. I draft my warp 11.50 and use a No. 5-0 traveler on the filling, my filling 12.77. The twist per I try to find a spindle out about inch in filling is 19.68 and in warp it once a day. so that the section men is 23.15. The speed of the front roll will stay on the job. is 110 revolutions per minute and Almost every spinner knows how the filling front roll is 115 R. P. M. to set a spindle, and knows such I have mv section men stay on things as setting the rollers for long their jobs looking for things which or short staple cotton We all know mav need attention, such as rolls that if a frame is not sel right we out, bands oflf, broke back ends, bad cannot get production. The way I work, broken spindles, etc. They run the room is to keep ever^-thing see that the sweepers keep the running and m shape. On Thurs- frames clean and have the belts on day night I can stop the warp T the tight pulleys. I do not stop k^|P S^i4\^Pnd ^so'^afte? ?he more than one frame at a time for .^iners about theirs I want to doffing, and have each dolTer do his. ''/J?^^! /uS mv 20 vear/exneri own piecing. I haNe the heads !^L t L.VJ\^.^n?L fn^^nt. J S clpinpd twipp a dav "Evprvhnriv ^"ce I have worked for some over- works but flther" in mv sDinrdn^ «eers who did not know much about workb put latner in m> spinning ^^^.^^ .^^^^ ^^^ ^j^ ^^^^ ^j^^ ^^^^ room and he walks around all day Getting the job is the hardest thing looking for something to kick about, ^bout a large room. I want to say The first thing I do when I come that if a spinner keeps his eyes in in the morning is to take off my open and not look so much at the coat and go around and say good twist when it runs badly, that hr morning to the section men. I ask would get off more work. When them how they are fixed for the work runs badly I look around to day. If some of the help want to locate the trouble. As T said before. get off for the day, I see that the if a spinner will size two or three section men have some others to times a day, he can run standard take their places, and that they are twist. capable of doing the work. Then Keep the temperature of the I send the section men to the card room about 80 and the humidity room to get a size and put it in so about 70. I could say things for a we can see what we are doing. T week which might do good, but the size twice a day and let the carder only thing to talk to the carder know at once whether it is 26's, 27's about is good even roving, and the or 28's fillings or 23's, 24's or 25's way to tell that the beams weigh warps. I do not change my back even 3 or 4 pounds off. gear any more since I have started i think a warper beam should not to size twice a day. When I size vary more than 4 pounds on 24s once a week, T change the back gear ^.grp. If it does, vou may expect four times a week. I have my rov- your work to run iDadlv. \Z .Tp?i j^.rf f n'' '''^^^' ^"l^ ' Almost any kind of a' spinner can i?TnnH/mIn Jhnnl'^^'^.^'^^l^-^- r^^ 24s. but Mr. Jinni nf 1?^^ .nr. ff^' T"*! ^"/^^ Spinner, do not go to sleep on your Lnr.nH w^.n T An.'!^ t^'l ^^ ?"' i^h and run 21s 22s, 23s, 24s and hP L. H Hnnp T h.l Her has an end to piece. e^' S'vcs you the nglit stuff, not See that the frames are properly cut and uneven roving. Number Twenty-Four. By A. H. BOUKNIGHT, Newberry, S. G. How to obtain quanity and qual- in my experience, has run success- ity in spinning is no small prob- fully and given satisfaction, ihis lem, but there is a way, and a best prompts me to say that in m\ way. And this we are all seeking, judgment the best thing to do is to It seems to me that the first thing lind which make suits your rings worth due consideration from the best, use it and no other, this is overseer is the weight or number my idea from experience. As to tne of the roving. I only mention number of travelers, there can number, because at this writing we hardly be a standard set, even on are going to treat spinning, hence the same number of yarn, lor there we must suppose the roving to be are so many things that cause va- all right. Without good roving sue- nations. The age of the ring ai- cessful spinning is impossible. Any- fects the number of the travelers way, the overseer should watch to be used. For example: l see closely the number, for in the num- good results from No. 3 travelers bers depend largely the success of on No. 17s warp, and No. 3 travelers the whole room, because their ef- on 17 filling. The best way to regu- fect is a general one. Really, T late the number of the travelers, do not know of any one hindrance think, is to put on a number Uiat that can do so much damage in so runs best, when frames are lull or short a time as the number. empty. In other words, we want a The next thing worthy of atten- traveler that will not balloon and tion, which has its effect on the break down when your warp frame whole room, is the humidity. There is full, and one that will not cause can hardly be set a standard of a too much friction and break when degree of humidity for all rooms, the bobbins are empty, for different conditions and num- Oiling is also a thing for much bers of yarn require different de- consideration. In oiling there are grees of humidity. I find that 50 three ways of making mistakes, or 60 degrees is all that is neces- First too much oil; next, too lit- sary, and too much is sure to cause tie, and third, putting it in at the trouble, as well as too little. wrong place, and this especially Another great factor in spinning counts for much on the roller. 'The is the temperature. This not only rollers should be kept oiled just effects the work in the room, but often enough to keep them slightly also has its effect on the help, moist with oil and still not enough Therefore, it is necessary that the to rub off of the steel rolls, nor temperature be kept at a normal enough to get on the leather of the degree, and good judgment or to leather rolls. The latter has a show when a room is too hot or great deal to do with getting black cold. oil on the yarn. On the other hand. As for drafts, my experience has if the rolls get too dry they will been that good results can be got- sometimes run irregularly and ten with from 6 to 8 draft on sin- make knotty, kinky yarn. The oth- gle creel roving. er parts of the frames should be The next essential to good spin- oiled carefully, for good oiling not ning is the right kind and number only helps in quanity and quality, of traveler to be used. One thing but also helps much in supplies be- that I have found is that only ono ing decreased. The oiling of the make of traveler for the same ring, spindles is a very important point 45 and should be carefully looked The next feature is the backbone after. of all. We have discussed what we Now for the bands and band boys, must do, now we come face to face Are they worth consideration? I with the people the work has to be say "yes, indeed," for these two done by. The question in brief is, have something to do with every how is the best way to manage bobbin of yarn spun. Therefore it First, the overseer should be an is necessary that the bands be made upright, sober man, with good judg- of the best material, twisted and ment and business principles, and made right and then tied on to of an appreciative nature, aad the make good yarn, not soft. The size second hand should be the same of the band ought to be well con- kind of a man. The section men sidered too, to suit the whorl. should be, first of all, attentive to Next I will mention the overhaul- their work and say what they mean, ing and plumbing of the spindles, mean what they say, with due re- This ought to be done once or twice spect for the help. A great deal a year. The steel rolls ought to be depends on the section men. espe- kept in good shape and cleaned cially where most of the help are twice a year or more, and the children. Another disadvantage in frames lined and leveled. this room is that there is no way Cleanliness is essential to good except by watching, of detecting work, that we know is true. Begin what spmner or doffer does a had with the floor. I believe that a Piece of work. In the face of this good clean fioor is the best induce- fact there are only two methods by ment to the help to keep the ma- which the help can successfully chines clean. If the frames are kept be deallh with. One is by enforc- clean, the lumps and gouts will be m? strict discipline, and close lessened considerablv, for a large watching. The better way. is to deal per cent of lumps and gouts come with them with love, kindness and from dirty machinerv. discipline, so that they will rpsppct The belts also require attention themselves, the overseer and see- in order to help in production, ^lo" TM°° "'♦T^ ^°/°,^^-' "^'^^ '^'"l" They should be cleaned regularly fimental to either of them or to and taken up if found to be slack, the company. Tf a spirit of this P, . . • XI ■ X kind can be created among the ma- Proper twist is another import- ^0^^^ ^f ^hp help, a victnrv will ant means of pbtainmg good run- jja^.g j^p^^ ^.^^ Tt i^ absolntelv ning wor-k. It is especially import- impossible for all of the help to be ant to have plenty of twist for good watched at the same time. Tn deal- warps, and in getting prduction. j^g with help, the most critic 1 pfirt Next I will mention the most im- of the day is in placing them, portant work in connection with Every emplovee ought to do his spinning. This is do/Ting. It might own work and do all of it too. Phow be properly called the governor of the help that their job. be it ever production, because if all the other go humble, carries witn 't respon- necessary things mentioned are hur- sihilities. and that vou ar^ trusting riedly done, and the dofTmg half them with that responsibilitv. done the production will not be y^ conclusion T will sav that the what.it should but will vary much spooling and warping ought to be with the variation in speed and th,^ attenfivelv seen after, or good varn perfection in doffing. Not only does fp^m the "spinning frames can ensi- doffing affect the production, but i^. j^e botched up with knots and the qua ity of the work is affected ^j^ks on these machines. My last in that the ends are verv often left _, • x xi. j j down, thus leaving the spinner with ^^vice to the overseer and second torn up sides and lapping ends also, hand is to keep wide awake if you both of which are calculated to do are seeking success in spinning. Tf harm Let us remember that doff- either become drowsv. vour section mg time is a strenuous time for .,, , ^ n '<• ."u u ^ n the spinner at best. My advice is ^^^ ^'^^' nod and all of the help will to have the head doffer or section go to sleep, and results will be hand to put about 100 per cent of naught, even if evervthink else is his time with the doffers and end ^ll right. Pushing the help, to?eth- piecers and never let more than one ... , , ,' i. xv, u- or two frames be stopped at a ^^ ^'^^ knowledge of the machm- time. .All bobbins snould be kepr ery, is indispensable to successful off of the floor. and efficient spinning. 46 Number Twenty-Five. By L. T. HOUGHTON, Worcester, Mass. Practical and efficient spinning problem the solution of which will consists in obtaining the best pos- pay good dividends. No one appears sibie results with the equipment af to know what the weight on the top hand, wliiio the least waste in power rolls should be. Even the makers and material, and also least possible of the frames do not agree, one waste in labor, and the fewest pos- make frame puts double the weigh! sible idle spindles. There are few if on the rolls for spinning the same any mills in this country where the yarn as his competitor. Investiga- spindles are not needlessly idle tion will show different makes of while dofling, long enough to pay frames working side by side on the the expense of doffing.. The usual same identical roving, one frame us- timo for dofling will average from ing double the weight on the top three to ten minutes, when the work rolls as the other. For practical if properly handled, could be done elTiciency in the spinning room, eli- in less than one minute. Concen- minate useless weight on the top tration is the secret; with twelve rolls. "Doller Bovs" on one frame, there Broken ends is another matter fo) is onlv one-third the idle spindles the serious consideration of the there would be, if the "Doffer Bovs" practical spinner, and everything were divided up on three frames possible should be done, to keej The labor cost would be the same in them down to the minimum. Every both cases. The power cost, is near- known cause of broken ends should ly the same for an idle spindle, as be eliminated. Thread guides are for one at work. The "process o1 a prolific cause of broken ends: the "Dofling" should receive the care- guide should deliver the thread with ful consideration of the spinner. the least possible resistance: and The waste of power is another cut or grooved guides should not matter of considerable importance be tolerated. The guide should b( Every bearing should be properb exactly centered over the spindle oiled, especially the top rolls. How Some spinners may think, that sr many top rolls are there in use that little as one-sixteimth of an inch will not show erosion where the sad- either way from the center will not dies bear on them? There is a make much difference with broker grnwin? feeling among spinners that ends. Yet actual, reliable tests top rolls carry too much weight have shown that it does, especially the front roll. That now These points of loss and waste an carries nearlv all the weight applied of great importance. Yet get very to the saddle. What is the best little consideration from the average weiffht for top rolls? Who knows'^ overseer; (whose "Old Bess." was r One manufacturer of frames, uses cyclopedia of spinning knowledge) about one-half the weight on top and who is apparently, unable tr rolls that is used bv his competi- ^^t out of the "old ruts." or profit tor: and both build the frame foi by the experience of nther« nie rail will stand at the top. change draft gear required, change too long and will cause the Example: What change draft yarn to tangle at this point. Some gear will be required to change times the counter weights are set frnm t4s yarn, spun from 2.40 hank too far out on the counter lever, roving, using a 42 tooth change with the result that too much weight draft gear, to 20s yarn, spun from is out on the traverse. This wiT 3.40 hank roving? make the traverse hard to star' 14x3.40X42=1000.20. back from the top change and in 20X2.40=49. and 48X1999.20-^48= many cases it will cause the tra- 41.65 teeth, the change draft gear verse chain, which connects the To find the twist per inch: Thr builder to the counter weights to product of the front roller gear and break. The next evil about the tra- the ratio of the spindle to the cylin- verse is the lifter rod. Anythin; (jen. divided by the product of thr which causes friction on the top cylinder gear and the circumfer- roll will ransie the yarn. The q-^(.q jn inches of the front rollei efrnke of the warp motion traverse equals the twist per inch, should not go higner than with one- Example: The twist gear per half inch of tne top or within th( jj^p,^ ^^.j^,^ the following: 108 tooth tame distance of the bottom. f^^j^l^ roHeP g^^^,. gO tooth stud Rules for the Spinner. gear: ratio of 7-8-inch whirl to 7-in. 7.000 grains is one pound. 84C cylinder is 7.2.5; 20 tooth cylinder yards is one hank. The number ol gear, 1 in.X3.1416, the circumfer- yarn is the number of hanks in ence of the front roller. one pound. The hank roving, di- 108X80X7.25=62.040. Tidpd bv the doubling and multi- 20X1X3.1416=62.83 plied by the draft gives the numhei 62,640^62.83=996.90 twist constant, of yarn. Allow from two to five pei xo find what change twist gear cent for contraction in the twist. To will be required when changing find the draft on spinning frames from one number of yarn to an- rhe product of the hack roller gear ofiipr: Rule: Square the number the crown gear, and the diametei of teeth in the twist gear being used of the front rollers divided hv thr and multiply by the number of yarn product of the front roller penr and being spun. Divide this product by the diameter of the back roller sea the number of yarn desired. The •Quals the draft constant. Draft square root of the quotient will be 51 tho mimbpr of teeth in the change change twist gear required. genr roquired. To find the standard twist of Example: What change twist frame varn. Rnle: Multiply bv thr gear will be required to change square >oot of the number of varn. from 20s warp yarn to 16s warp using 4.75 for warp varn. 3.50 for yarn on 20s now using 46 tooth filling, and 3.00 for hosiery yarn. ''^'("v'rSm ^®^''- Example: What is the standard 21 1(1 X 20= '(^390 ^^^^^ P^"" ^"^^ °^ ^^^ ^'^-^P yarn? 42.3204^10=2 6~'i5. 4X1.5=10.00=Twist per inch. Square root of 2,645=51.33 tooth Square root of 16=4. Number Twenty-Nine. By H. B. McABEE, Laurinburg, N. C. TO run a spinning room sue- does not come up to the production cessfully, the spinner must of the man who is running a little make friends with the under the table speed to suit the carder, and between them condition he has to meet, get the best roving possible. No Some spinners have a great many spinner can run his room success- ideas about the weight of travelers, fully without good roving. The Travelers. dm ft should be as short as will ^y jfjga is to work out the traveler allow good running work. The which will run best on the work twist should be in accord with the yg^ ^re running. All machinery, grade of stock being used. This {^e floor, and everything about the thing of a "standard twist" will j-q^^ should be kept clean and make waste and not yarn. Spin- bright. The oiling should be done dies, rings and thread should be set regularly with the best oil you can rierht at all times, and frames kept lf■^^y^ linod and leveled. ' Hpln The steel rolls should be in line. „ , ^ ^ ^ .,, . ,, clean and set for the stock bein? Much has been written m these run. Top foils are verv important columns about help and most of it and should be well covered and not has been good. We all know that allowed to run too long. A great the spinner has the worst end of manv spinners make poor varn the help question, on account of the and have bad running work because young ones m the spinning room, thev are trving to keep down roller The spinner should be a sober, bills moral man, kind and pleasant with Top rolls ought to be kept clean the help, but "firm as a rock." He and as free from oil as possible, should tell his help pleasantly what thouETh the bearing should have oil he wants done and then see that enousfh to run lightlv. Speed is they do it. If they do not obey, let another very important thing, them go as there are usually plen- Some spinners sav "I am running ty of good people who want to work my rolls faster than the table set m a good spinning room, down by the machine builder and Above a'l things the spinner must making big production," while at stay on his job. No man can run the same time they are making a a room ""nd spend a good part of large amount of lap waste, their his time in an ofllce, or talking to work is running bad and the num- every one around the mill and out ber of pounds of yarn produced of it. Number Thirty. By C. H. McDANIEL, LaGrange, Ga. T think that in making the state- upon the production of this depart- ment that the spinning room is the ment. I do not mean to say that responsible part of a cotton mill, the carding and weaving do not it will meet with the approval of count for anything in the manufac- the majority of mill men. The repu- ture of yarns and cloth, for with- tation of the entire plant depends out the carding we would have no 52 •pinning. We are also aware of the extent, I think it a bad idea to I'act tliat if card and weave rooms write off your rules and have them did not produce work of quality, posted about ttie room, for when it w'ould be impossible to sell the the help are reading them, soint goods of the mill, no matter how bum will probably say to some ol well the spininng was done. On them, "If I were you I would not the other hand, in a yarn mill, no do that for you can get a job at matter how well the carding is the mill I came from. Tht-y are managed, and no matter how good needing spinners and you will not a carder you have, if the spinning have to do the cleaning there." is not run right there will be con- My ideas about cleaning tlie spin- tinuous kicking from the buyers of ning room are to have the rollers the product ,and in many cases thf picked every morning by 8 o'clock, loss of sales and the reputation of the roving wiped under by 10 the mill, in many mills, no mat- o'clock, the spindles cleaned by 11 ter how well the weave room is a. m., and the back sides wiped by lun, if it does not get the yarn to 11:30. The top clearers should be weave, it cannot produce cloth of picked out at least three limes quality. daily, and the back rolls in the af- Tlie overseer of the spinning room ternoon. The back rolls should be should be a man of good judgment oiled twice a week and the Iront and capable in every respect. He rolls on coarse work oiled twice a should be a man of experience and day. I think that the spindles familiar with every process in the should be oiled twice every twc spinning room, one who is not weeks. The only way 1 can get afraid of work to keep his room ii production is to keep every spin- good order. He should be kindly die making yarn and the bells on in disposition, but hrm in all deal- the tight pulleys. When you get ings with his help. The overseer production, you keep your cost should teach his second hand tr down, and if you do not get pro- carry out his rules to the fullest duction your cost is always high. Number Thirty-One. By G. R. BROOK, College Park, Ga. I think spinning to begin with be oiled every day and bf«ck steel should have an ambitious man in rolls should be oiled once a week, charge who has unlimited confi- See that the oiling is done right, dence in himself, to get a high per- See that your belts are in good centage of production and a good shape, and that there is not any quality of yarn. more weight on your rocker shafts It would first be necessary for than you can help and that your him to respect his help as he ex- spindles are plumb at top and bol- pects them to respect him. and be- tom. Use a narrow traveler with ing strictly positive with them and a round point and a good roving keep the spinners at their places band made from roving. Draper so as to never have their spinning gives 120 bands to the pound, but running bad. for No. 25s I prefer even more than For instance, we were running this, say 140 bands to the pound, No. 25s yarns. We would have if they are made from fine rovmg, spinners ' wipe their roving on say 5 hank roving. A band like this Tuesdav and Friday of each week, will run in the bottom of the groove pick their top rolls everv day and of whorl and give the best rosults their steel rolls on Tuesday and on filling or warp. The avernge Friday of each week, have them life of this band is from nine to ten brush their rails every two hours, months if properly made, pick clearers twice a day. and see Dofiing is an important feature that each spinner is provided with in the spinning and should be man- an apron with large pockets in or- aged carefully. In spinning sovoral der to keep white waste off the different numbers, each number floor. should be timed as to how Ions? it Do not allow spinners to cut any takes to run a doff, then get a clock waste off of the bobbin. Have your dial for each number and set the top rolls oilpd twice a woek with hands of the clock at the timp you a good oil. Front steel rolls should want your doffers to start dofling. 53 Always have them set from three to on your spinning than you will lose five minutes fast. See that doflers on si^ooiing: anil wiiidmg. start on the time you have set for Yoii should have do(Tc-rs rl<*an off them and not allow them to stop the frames twice a day and have but one frame at a time. Have your floor swept every two hours. Have frames making standard speed a second hand whom you can put (Draper), Some spinners say they confidence in, and do most of the will not stand this speed, but if you business through him. By doing keep your spinning in order, it will this you have more influence when stand it all right, and on numbers you have to say anything, around what I have given they will Without a good saddle a man run Draper speed fine. cannot make spinning run wpII. The advantage I claim m settmg Dixon's is a good one. With this the clock a little fast, is that if saddle, with Sppakman's Patont one frame fills up a little faster Lever Screw, you can adjust vnnr than the others, or doffers break weight right. I prefer a 3^-inch down a frame of ends or don't dofT guage without separators for mpdi- quite as fast on one dou as they do um numbers with a Whitin Gravity on others, this little time takes spindle and double creel roving, c^re of all that. Sonie would say The writer has practiced these this doning just a few minutes ^„^i,„,,i„„ *»,,■„„„ a t i-„^ , «i ahead of time would run up the Particular things and I know they cost of spooling or winding, but T are practical and are not impossi- am quite sure you will gain more ble. Number Thirty-Two. By G. R. KINDRICK, Yorkville, S. C. I have found by experience in mix old rings with new ones. The running a spinning room that the traverse should be properly bal- following things must be looked af- anced and have the proper ad.just- ter carefully: ment so that the top of the bob- See that the frame is in perfect bin will have enough taper to stand line and leveled. the handling it receives from spin- Use only good top rolls and be ners to doffers. sure that the steel rolls are in good See that all gears are set corret- shape and have the proper setting ly and are of the right pitch. for the cotton being used. See that the twist is right and Guide wires must be good and that the draft is in the bounds of have the proper setting over the reason, and use double creel rov- spindles, and must be the right dis- ing if possible. tance from the top of the bobin. Keep all parts well oiled and See that the travelers are the properly cleaned. right number for the yarn bping Have just as few rules as possible. spun, and that they are changed at Be sure they are the best you can the proper time. Keep the spindles have and carry them out. plumb and straight. Show the help that you appreci- The size of the rings should be ate pprfect work and they will governed according to the num- probably make the more of it for ber of yarn being made. Do not you. Numbef Thirty-Three. By J. Y. JONES, Newberry, S. C. In my opinion the subject under the time. The next thing is to keep discussion is one of the most im- all spindles running at all times and portant connected with the manu- see that all ends are running. These facture of yarns. I think the first may seem small things, but in my thing to do is to get production and opinion, the small things are the in order to do this there are several things to be watched in a spinning things which have to be watched room. The management of help is very closely. The first is to keep to be taken into consideration in the belts on the tight pulleys all running a spinning room. It is nec- 54 cssary to train tlie lielp to keep all duction, but lack of space prevents tlie ends and Iraines running at all them Iroin being inenLioned. The limes. We know that the children whole matter of getting production or younger help are employed in can be sunnned up in.th< one word the spinning room and therefore it "push." takes more time and attention to the help to have them realize the im- poiiance of keeping thf machinery running. This is the first thing in getl ing pi'oduclion. The next thing is to keep the frames and spindles in proper con- dition. To do this it is necessary to have good section men who will be on the lookout for anything that may not be adjusted properly and altend to it immediately, and men who will see that no frames or spin- dles are standing idle when they oughl to be running. Good Running Work. The first thing in making good work is to see that the roving conies from the card room in good condition. See that all roving skewers run pei^fectly free and that all steps are in so there will be no strain on the roving, as this would cause unnecessary draft. This makes the ends come down and somelimes causes roving to break back, with a resultant loss in production and extra work for the spinner. Then see that ell roving trumpets are kept The next point to* be watched is n'^o^n"^^' a 1."°''''"^' P° unnecessary the oiling of the frames. If they are kept properly oiled they will not have to stand often. This is espe- cially true of the spindles. Very often a spindle will become dry and •lick, causing a loss of time. draft. All roving traverses should be working properly at all times, as this is very essential to good run- ning work. See that they traverse the full length of the leather roller. See that all rollers are cleared once U is (he dGly of' the section men ^ day, so that they will run freely, to have the frames dolTed as quick ly as possible. They should not al low more than two frames stoppec' af a lime in dofTing on a section. Keep in a good set of leather rolls at all times. Watch the laps on the leather rollers. See that they are properly made and correctly and should see that all of the ends P"f '" ^^^^^ frame so that they will are picked up as snon as the frames ?°^ f"" against the lap. Have the are started up after dofTing. Tt is the duty of the section men to be on (heir sections at starting time and see that all frames are start- ed as snon as possible. Also it i the duly of the section men to re- quire Uie spinners to report to them front rollers oiled twice eacli day and the back rollers oiled at least once a week. Keep the steel rolls oiled and oiled often, say twice each day for the front rollers and once a week for the back rollers. It is a good idea to take the steel rollers all frnmes or ends which are out °"^ °^ ^}^ ^''^T. °'!f^» °^ ^^^'P^ .^ of order. As soon as these dcfpcts ^^^L^^}- f °"\' ^'l^,.^"^^^'. ^^^ •^" re reported to them thev should ?l *"^ ^'/"^ ,^^^*' °*^ ^}^^ ^^^?S' Y'P® repair them and put them in oper- ation. The overseer, second hand and sfofion men should keep down all th" waste possible, as it means that more yarn will be produced It is their duty to look out for (an- them with clean waste, powder them with whiting, and put a good grease on the bearings of the middle and back rollers. See that there are no loose or crooked joints. If there are any, have them tightened and pipd yarn and'fix the frames imnid straightened before putting them diateb. They must see that no yarn is cut off of the bobbins and spoolers, as this means moi-e yarn for the company. They should also watch the cost of operating the spinning room very carefully. These are a few of the many things to be wafchfd in getting production. In back in the frames. Inspect the rol- lers in general and see if they need any attention. Put the rollers back in the frame, put the leather rolls back and see that all weights are properly hung. See that none are resting on the board and that none of them are too high. This will give uniform weight on all the rollers. regard to figuring the changes. I do V.'^Ti''^ Y'f"^ "" "" . ^^'^ ''""''''!; not think that it is necessary to )^atch out for worn traverse and give fhcm here. It makes little dif- ev^'' sPf'f'ws, as they will become ference. as the drafts have to be '"^l^l^! ^"^ "°t *^^^^ ^^^ proper made in accordance with the yarn which is beiner made. There are many other thinsrs which could be mentioned in regard to getting pro- weight. Be sure to have the proper twist in the yarn you are spinning. If you have not sufficient twist it will cause bad running work. See that production and bad running work, tlie guide wires are correctly set Careful attention should be given and in good condition. Sometimes to the temperature and iiumidiLy ol' they become , worn or rough and the spinning room. These should cause ends to come down. Have the be regulated by the number of yarn proper travelers for the yarn you being spun. are running and see that they do I have never seen a spinning room not get too badly worn before too clean. The cleaner you keep changing. Rings should be in good a room, the better it will run. Thit- condition, not rough or broken. The refers to the machinery. Then there rings should be perfectly level. It are the sanitary conditions of the is very important to watch the rings room. Some may think this will closely in a spinning room. have nothing to do in getting pro- See that all spindles are straight duction and good runnmg work. If and have good points on them, and things are kept in a good sanitary that they run perfectly free. Keep condition, it tends to make the help good bolsters and bases for the feel better and more apt to do ehi- spindles to run in. Keep the spin- cient work, and preserves the health dies well oiled at all times and see of the operatives. The lloor and that they are kept in the center of walls should be kept clean and the ring, or in other words, plumb- white at all times, ed. In order to plumb a spmdle it In conclusion, I think that if a is first necessary to get the whole spinning room is watched carefully frame perfectly level, to get ring you will get good production and rail level, have the lifting rod good running work. These points 1 working perfectly, get each ring have mentioned are only a few of level on the ring rail and to get the many, many things to be walch- each spindle in the center of the ed in getting results. I have tried rings, both at the top and bottom in writing this article to mention traverses. This is one of the things only the things which come up in that helps spinning as much as any a 'practical way, both in getting one thing which can be done. My production and good running work, idea of plumbing spindles is to keep I have not mentioned any theory. a man busy at it all the time and These things have come under my try to have each frame plumbed observation, and if these things are twice a year. watched closely the work will be The next thing to watch out for turned over to the spooler and is the bands. See that they are weaver in good condition. There arc properly tied and have the prop- a good many things which could be er tension, so as to cause no slack said in regard to spooling and warp- yarn. Slack yarn means loss of ing, but lack of space prevents. Number Thirty-Four By M. C. JOHNSON, Jackson, Ga. I will try to lay out a week's run all other fast running parts of the as I think a spinning room should frame. If your spinners have been be run. The room I have in mind is taught to do certain things at cer- a 12.000-spindle room on an aver- tain times they will, when the time age number of 18s yarn. First, on comes, get busy and do them. Monday morning have everybody They begin cleaning top rolls and at their place at the s arting of the just here I will say that the front wheel. Have your section men and rolls in mind are shell rolls. By oilers divided up so each one can this time the oiler has finished oil- have a cer am number of frames j^g all fast running parts of his to start. When the whistle or bell frames and is now ready to oil his gives the signal, shove the bolts on front rolls as fast as the spinner the tight pulleys. A practical man can clean them. The spinner puts can place his help in three mm- the clear boards back on as soon as utes because he knows nist wha possible in order to keep laps off each spinner can do and knows ,iust the front rolls. A good oiler will where to put them. While the spin- have found time to tie on his bands ners are getting their sides straight- before beginning to oil his shell, and ened up, have your oilers oiling right here I want to say that if heads, front steel roll stands, and your oiler is not a good one, you 56 had better lot him go as soon as you can fill his place. Having finislied oiling shells by ten or ten-lhii-ty, your oiler will put on all his bands, oil loose pul- leys, and unravel a few bands for DofTers should clean heads twice each day and rockers once, and keep all bobbins o(T the Moor and lop of frames. You should know just how long your frames should run and then have them dofTt'd by the clock. leys, aiKJ UlHUVUl tl ll-W UimH> lUl IIILMI llllNC LllUlli UVllH U uy LIHJ <.MJ<-n.. the aflernoon. After the noon hour Don't leave this to the dolTt-rs as to „ . _ . U 1 Il,„ r „ ,.K,.,,I^I ..iir^ f/^T. he will oil all fast running parts of the frame.c jvist as he did in the forenoon. Then he will oil spin- dles, having his frames divided so as not to have too many each week, but divided so as to reach them a.l least every three weeks. If your speeds are above the standard you should oil the spindles every two weeks. Of course, the oiler has other duties to perform, such as taking out waste, filling fire buck- ets, cleaning down, etc., but have a time to do those things and do them on time. Oil shells once each week with the frame running. About two drops of oil put up close to the shell on end of arbor is enough as the shell will draw the oil in land will keep sufficient for one week's run. All fast running parts are oiled twice a day. Oiling is a how long the fram(>s should run. for if you do, you will find that if your dnilers are dofilng by the piece, they will dolT them before they are full, and if working by the day they will let them nm too full and cause a lot of tangled yarn. I find it a good plan to make a clock, or as many as you need, one for each set of doff- ers. Make this clock face on any kind of smooth board, pulling hands on it. and just at dolT lime move the hands around to the time when frames will be full again. By this method the overseer can tell in his rounds just what time each set of dofTers will have to start dolTmg. They will soon get the hab- it and be at it on time. A good second hand is always on the job and covers his room as often as possible with an eye that verv important part in the spinning sees things in his room and not room, and a great deal could written on this subject be every passing automobile or train. The best second or section man you lll.lfll I'll imS »11U,|CLL. J. lie IJ^OL ov.< ^..-.. ---. .j.....-^.. . . We will new tai ' 1 • 1 11 ir „,^t;.-.™ ♦l-.r>Tv-, fr^nrt-t rinunr' whom we left finishins up her rolls about ten o'clock. After her roll? are done, she has nothing to do but keep all ends running, brush her rails once each hour, wipe out guide boards often enough to keep them clean, wipe out backs about live o'clock in the afternoon, and spend all spare time in her own alley, either sitting down or standing, just as she likes. This finishes up Mon- dav's work. Tuesday the spinner should clear front rolls soon as convenient in the morning, wipe top roving in the afternoon. On Wednesday, clean all top rolls in the forenoon wipe out bottom roving in the af- ternoon. Thursday, clean front rolls in the morning, also steel rollF and back stands, and wipe top roving in the afternoon. Friday clean top rolls in the forenoon and pick front roll stands (use nothine but a good brass hook for this, and wipe out the bottom rovinar in the afternoon. Saturday, (stoppins at noon) everything must be clpaned Top and bottom rovinsr must he wiped, ring rails, spindle rails, and in fact all parts of the frame must be cleaned and left in eood shape to begin with on the follow- ing Monday self, promoting them from doffors to oilers and then no to section and second hand. By so doing, they will know vour system of doing things and wiil help you to carry it out to the letter. Fifty per cent of the section men you hire from other mills and who claim to know their job. onlv look for stopping time, pay day, Sunday, and a transpor- tation. A practical man knows when his rovinsr is ri.£rht. Tt should not be twisted too hard, hut at the same timo must have sufTlcient strenarth to draw itself over the creel rods without causing it to weaken. Creel or rovin? sets should he put in per- fectly Ipvel and stuck in will; pood glue, so as to give the roving a free and easy motion. Tt is a had idpa to run over an eleven draft on double roving and ovpc eight on sincle rovinff. Excessive drafts makp wpak and unpvpn yarns. T prpfpr about a ton and a half for doublp rovine and a seven and a half for single roving. Rolls must bp spt to suit the stork. Tn my expprience. T have found that in uparlv pvpry upw crop of cotton, it is npce«!«arv to make some changes in mv rolls to suit the staple. There are no fixed rules for the 57 little tiling called a traveler. It is one ol the things which you cannot liguie out accuiuLeiy. To get WL'iyht and number to suit cer- tain >arns, a man must know Ironi expenuiice when lie has tlie right traveler. The weiglit of the trav- eler niQst be governed according to the speed ol Irauie, length ol' Ira- verse, size ol' ring, twist of yarns, etc. I have used many dillerenl makes ol' travelers but I hnd that the liat top travelers give belter saLislaction than any other on high speed warp yarns. When the bob- bin is full they do not Uy o(Y like the old style traveler. Spindles should be plumbed at least every two years, frames lined and lev- elled and guide wire properly set. 'Ihe overseer must be a man of good, sound judgment, with a level head, strictly temperate, and a man who can control his temper. The management cf help is the secret ol the si)inners' success. An overseer should study the disposition of eacl; new hand as he comes in to work, and it he is good at. reading faces or characters, he can tell in two or three days just how to approach him. or her, as the case may be. Some of my help I speak too often, to others I speak only when I have to. Some you can be kind to and others you must speak to harshly. However you should let yoiir harshness be only from the lips and not from the heart, and when you have occasion to give one a good jacking up, make it convenient to pass by soon afterwards and liave something to say in a friendly way, never bringing up the old troubie again. I find it is a good plan when a boy goes wrong to appeal to his honor, telling him that he has been taught better at home, and advise him as you would a boy of your own. Never make a promise you cannot fullill. It is really better to do more than you promise. I could write and keep on writ- ing on th^ management of help but I will stop. An overseer should size his yarns from fresh roving just otr the spindles once each day, be- tween 10 a. m. and 3 p. m., in order to get the average humidity of the room. Size from warp bobbins about half full to get the best aver- age number and it is a good plan to take ten bobbins at random and size from them about every two or three days. You can get the best average by figuring out a section beam from your warpers once a day. Number Thirty-Five. By JOHN GREGSON, Eufaula, Ala. Upon taking a spinning room, a your spindle speed. If given a fair man should first ascertain the spindle speed, you can sometimes speeds, especially the spindle speed got more production than with a Otherwise, he is running in the dark high spindle speed as the high and guess work is not very elTicient. spindle speed will call for extra Then see to the condition of the twist and then not even give satis- frames. See that the different parts faction. Whereas, a lower spindle are set up right and ring rails lev- speed will often permit you to take el. both lengthwise and crosswise, advantage of the twist gear, more and spindles concentric with the than counterbalancing the extra ring. See that the top clearers are spindle speed. in good condition and under clear- I think an overseer should show ers also, otherwise it will cause his ability in this part of his work, trouble in spinning. After ascer- as sometimes he can take a good taining the grade of stock used, se;- opportunity to put up his produc- that the draft rollers are properlv tion, when he has some good stock gauged, as longer stock requires in process, and few superintendents the rollers further apart than short will object to him giving a little ex- stock. A good distance to set the tra twist in case of poorer stock, rollers about 4-32 of an inch fur- provided he takes the advantage men- ther apart than the length of the tioned. In regard to speed of spindles stock. Do not use an excessive will say that I believe the more vou draft, if possible do without it. exceed 9,000 R. P. M., the worse In regard to twist, I think there is y^'^rn you get and at the same time too much attention paid to the ta- you considerably shorten the life bles given in books, for a great deal of a spindle, depends upon the stock used au^ In using a little less than stand- ard turns per inch, you do not al- grade and sliould on no account ways reduce tlie strength of your be used on any other part of a spin- yarn by any means, but at the same ning frame as all otiier parts need time you are increasing tlie elastic- a more substantial oil, running at ity ol your yain. Uf course 1 do not a mucli slower speed than the spin- mean for you to run the spindles dies. 8,uuu 11. P. M. on all counts of yarn, Regarding bobbins and quills, it as the coarser you are spmnmg the should be seen that tliey lit the speed must .be proportionately re- spindles well as when they fit at duced. dilTerenl points, full advantage of Cleaning and oilmg are two very ti^, stroke of the Urter cannot be essential factors m a spuming room, taken. Further, it is the cause of and should be done very systemati- considerable tangled bobbins. Waste cally, and this can be attained by being on the spindles is another writing out a set of rules and post- y^jng to be avoided as Ibis causes ing in a conspicuous place in the tangled bobbins, room where all the help can see them j ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^,^1^ ^^^ to go into and insist upon the rules being car- ^^^^.^ -^ ^,^^^^.^ ^^ travelers used, for ned out. ,,• • i this depends a great deal on condi- n regard to doffing this is where ^j ^^^^^ ^^ glf^^,,^ be seen that a big leakage slips in If It is not very .j^^ ' ti.aveler cleaners connected closely attended to. Dohers should j^j^ ^j^ ^^.^ i^^ ^ ^ position be trained to keep well together ^ prevent lint accumulating on the and no to be on three or four dif- traveler. Bands for driving spin- ferent frames at one time, which is ^, ^ y,^ j^ -^g^ ^ogg attention olten seen m some mills Not more ^ all slack bands removed at than one Iranie at a time should "' " be stopped, that is more than one i^ ' , , , .* i- i frame to each set of uofTers, other- Be Us also need close attention and wise the loss in production in a should never be allowed to be put year's time is considerable. fFur- on too tight as this is too great a ther, there is too much loss through strain on (he bearings and loose doffers lapping ends on bobbins or PuUey, causing same to wear out quills more than once and this ^"ickly Belts will do their work should not be allowed. much better if given a coating on I think that the care of spindles t^e outside with some good gi ease, is not given the attention that it or currier s dubbin for prefojence, ought to have and I believe it would as t'lis will keep them in good con- be beneficial to have the spindles 1'^^'°"' ^"^,^^'i^P^ ^'^^? °v"A n .' blades removed at periodical times they will do their work better than to be oiled. using the sticky substances so olt- It would be of still more bene- 6" used. fit to remove the bolsters and pump The climatic conditions should or swab out the bases, after oiling receive the closest attention and hu- them with kerosene oil which is midifiers worked to the best advan- helpful in removing the gummy tage. In conclusion, the overseer gtutr often found in bases. should at all times use civility, tact. The spindle oil should be of good and firmness, but never familiarity. Number Thirty-Six. By W. C. EASON, Marshall, N. C. To handle a spinning room sue- mill. Speak to them when you meet cessfuly. you should be very firm them on the street, and let them with vour help. Never make them know that you respect them. "Jack a promise that cannot be filled, them up" when they need it. but do Speak kindly to them when you it in a nice way. Let them know speak to them about making good that you are boss and mean busi- work and explain to them how to do ness. Pay every cent that the job 80. and whv it should be done. Give pays if they run it as they should, them a pleasant smile instead of a If they do not run the .job as well frown. Promote the girls and boys as it should be run, do not pay as fast as you can, and let them them the full price and explain it know that you are interested in to them. Train the second hand to their welfare as well as that of tho be firm and never make promises 59 to the help which he cannot carry allow them to stop more than one out. When employing help, ex- frame at a time, nor to leave th« plain to them what your rules frames with the ends down and half are, and what you expect them to pieced up. DofTers should not take do, so there will not he any misun- more than one minute to doff a derstanding. Do not make pets of frame. Do not put so many frames any of the help. Gain the confidence on the boys that they will not have of the help and they will be willing time to play some, for this will dis- to do all you ask of. them. coui-age them and they will never Oiling. hurry. Do not give the spmners loo Oilinff is verv imoortant Snend "^^"^ ^'^^^' °^ ^'^^^' ^^■'" ^^^ /^° ^^ oV ' A .f^^^JZ ,"",?° „l"rr„„ ;^^^^ much cleaning as they should. yarn caused by poor oiling, an un- iTniiJ^'l 'nT?hfi^°lnH^^Z/c^'n''".ha necessary amount of waste'and cost Avm^ '°^f ^^^^ ^^f ^f^^^^'^^ ^^^l of minnlipt; Ranrlino- jo nnnfhor J'l^"- ^^^ uini ine iraveiers are ?mpor?.?irilem^'te U.a %hrbanas t^^ nroo^o'; Tr^^'oU^of h^isf^i7'?he^;^- P-n" ^ -o"rl tlTon 'nSer,re See' thar th^band bovs keep tKl" «'^^^ «"d not allow the travelers to bands on and Ue a ve^y' smaTl knot H?."in?n; w wilrrnn 'h.'dTv"'s".f to avoid slack and uneven yarn. Do ^^\t Pte^n^r. ui e suUs the " room not allow the band boys to wait wf wXh thither i^^ame^^^^^^ around for a dozen bands to get off f.^f ',. keen ns near haT temnera- before they start into put them on, K. .o l.L.vio ]^ ih^l l.nl^ J^,T for idlp qnindlps mpnn a 1nou varn ^P^"°'^^ "^^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^ can sa^^e waste and the cost of la- ^ -. ■ , , ^^ ' , , , , , bor. Teach the second hand to keep Use four doffers and a head dof- the belts clean. Castor oil applied fer to bear down and wind tra- freelv, will preserve and prolong verses. The doffers should doff and the life of the belts and add pounds piece up their own half. Do not to the production. Number Thirty-Seven. By A. R. DRAKE, College Park, Ga. I am a young spinner, with 15 on double roving hosiery varn. If years experience. I have found out the draft is too long it will cause that a man must be a hustler to run thick and thin places in the yarn. a spinning room, or he will get lost Short draft will make lumpy" and among the tangled up sides. The cockley yarn. The day has come doffers will keep so far ahead of when we must get quality and him that he will not know whether quantity at the same time. Some he is running the room, or whether spinners say speed" up if you are the doffers are running it. too low. Determine your spoed The first thing a man should do and see if it is too high and if it is in taking a new room is to get start- reduce it, as it will pav in the long ed right, and then stay right. How run. Get the speed right, the belts should he do this? Watch for the on the tight pulleys, get- up the weak spots. My motto is "When broke back ends and push the dof- you once get anything up. do not let fers. it fall." Keep put'Jng something up. The best way to get the doffers to until you have everything up and work is to give them certain privi- then you will not have so much to leges and encourage them. When do. How should the overseer man- they have spare time, let them go age to keep up the room? T will try out and play in the fresh air. Then to tell from my experience, from they will feel more like working doffer up, what T have found out. when dofTing time comes. Tf they do The first thing to do is to get the not hurry to get the frames going, machines set up properly by an ex- keep them inside for a doff or two. pert. See that the roving is even This will teach them to work bet- and has the right twist. The draft ter. on spinning should not be over 10 The whole life of the spinning 60 room is good help. Show me a with the sweepings, or carried to gpiiining room where tlie work runs the waste room. In the first place, well and I will show you a set ol" try to reduce the white waste as well trained spinners. If spinners much as possible. To do this get want good work they must keep it the sides cleaned un nicely and keep cleaned up. This means keepmg the them that way. See tliat the spin- rolls clean, the sides wiped oil' and dies, guides, rings and bolsters are brushed. Keep good rollers in the set right lor the staple ol' cotton, sides. If an end is not set correct- See that the weight levers do iiot ly, the spinners should have the rest on the board, for while this fixer straighten it. A good spinner will not necessarily make the work will do all this. What does it take run badly it will injure the finished to make a good spinner? A good spinning. Sometimes the ends do overseer, one who vv'ill take an in- not come down every time the iev- terest in the help. He must get in ers are resting on the board, and and show them what he is after, this makes weak yarn. If the ends Show them that your idea is right, do not come down the spinner will then you will get the desired re- make a slub in getting them back, suits. It is a great loss to the com- which makes waste. See that the pany for the spinners to throw rollers are cleaned and oiled and white cotton on the floor. By the that good rollers aro put in when time you figure what It costs in the ^^^^ ^ ^^j^ ^^^ ^ high a market, what it cost to make it, and . ^, ^. . • , , to prepare it for spinning, you will speed. The main thing is to have see that it is too dear to throw out good spinners and doffers. Number Thirty-Eight. By B. W. KOONTZ, Spray, N. G. What do you know about running that depends on the number, but a spinning room? That is a great clean them often enough to keep question, a larger one than the writ- them thoroughly clean. Some rooms er is able to handle, but I may be on fine numbers clean rolls once a able to say one word that will help day, other rooms oi' fine numbers some one, and that reason alone will clean them every two days, anyway, make it worth while for me to say a keep them clean. Be careful about few things. the cleaning. Do not let the spinners The overseer should be the first fan out guides as this causes the person on the job in the morning skewers to choke up with gouts and and at noon time as well, if possible, make the roving pull hard, probably The belts should be on the tight pul- stretching it. Besides it will catch ley when the whistle blows to begin on the yarn and make bad work, work. The spinner should be sure I will not suggest any draft, as that he gets good roving, as on this this depends on the cotton being depends largely the success of the run. Some of us have been taught •pinner. Without a good carder we to set the rollers 1-8 of an inch would all get in the hole. The wider than the length of the staple, boxes in which the roving is dofl^ed This will not work in all cases. On should be carefully looked after, so coarse numbers we should make a as not to tear up the roving with greater allowance than on fine num- the splinters. The man who hauls bers. I recall one instance where the roving should be taught to ban- No. 7s yarn was being spun with die it carefully, and not to lay more 85 hank roving and with 3-4 or 7-8 than three lavers high on top of '"ch stanlc, the rollers being set one the frames. This prevents the rov- inch. They were spread 1-1 more ing from falling on the floor. Run all with good results. Be very careful of the roving off of the <.ops once a in setting the rolls. They should be week, so that no old rovin^- will ac- set with a gauge and carefully cumulate. tightened. The spinners should be taught to Have a regular time for oiling for break the roving short when creel- this is a very important part of the ing the roving so as not to make spinning. The rolls should be oil- doublings. The rollers should be ed regularly and carefully so as not kept clean. I will not say just how to gum the rollers; in other words, many times a day to clean them, for oil the journals, not the leather. 61 WaLcli llio rolls or the work of Itie Tins is an mipoiLaiiL point for if roiliT coverer. Do not use rollert- liie In veler is loo liglil you will Willi bull' seams. The slicp man llnd thai the libri-s are not bemg should be cautioned when buir lied down by the twist. The vibra- stams ai-e put in the rolls. Also tions will be so great that the yarn watch uul for loose covers on rolls, will be whipped out on the sepa- See that the roving guides are work- rators and weak yarn results. On ing well and that the roll does not the other hand, if tiie travelers are hollow out in the middle. The steel loo heavy they will stretch the yarn roll should be cleaned often enough and damage the ring. The bands to keep the ilutes well cleaned. This- should be uniform, about 120 pounds depends on the numbers being made, to the pound is a good size band. If The spindles should be oiled every the bands do not get to the bottom two weeks bv a good trusty man. of the whorl, the yarn does not get Many spindles have been ruined the proper twist, and "many yards of yarn as well by Production. trusting the oiling to some care- First of all be sure to watch the less bov. Oiling should be done by belts and keep them in good pulling the same person all the time, so condition and never forget that a that if the overseer finds the spin- big portion of the production de- dles are not oiled well he will know pends upon good belts. The spin- who to look for. When they are ner should examine his tight pul- oiled by one boy one time and an- leys and see that they do not run other the next, it is hard to tell warm and cool your belt for pull- which one has slighted the work. ing. Screw up the dolTer boy and Travelers are important. Watch do not have but one frame stopped the vibration of the thread and you at a time for dofling. Keep a nice can soon learn to tell whether the clean floor and the help will get traveler is too light or too heavy, along better. Number Thirty-Nine. By L. 0. SKIDMORE, Asheville, N. C. I will base my remarks on the dies should be handled with much practical side of this question, and care and very closely looked after, they wW] apply to the kind of yarn They should be oiled as often as I am now spinning, that is, 14s to 16s. needed and kept running steadily I find in spinning coarse yarns like for when they are bent or wobbly these that it is necessary to stav on they will not do good work. T find the job. for a small stoppage means that I get the best results by having a big loss in the production. It is the sides gone over once a year and necessary for the overseer to train all of the crooked spindles straight- the help to do their dutv as thev are ened and bolsters taken out and told. I find it best to be kind and washed. If the above system is positive with people, rather than carried out there will not be much ill tempered and crabbed with them, soft yarn made. We all knew that When we get the help to stav at the evil of soft yarn adds a great their posts of dutv it is not hard percentage to the breakage on to get the work done. All overseers spooling and warping and makes a know that the management of help lot of unneccessary waste, mean- means a great deal in running a ing a loss of money for the corn- spinning room, although it is not pany. Be very careful with rolls. I all there is to it. When we get good find that going over the fiuted rolls roving from the card room, then every six months keeps them m we can produce good yarn. Of very good shape. I take them out course there are many things which of the stand and clean out the bear- will produce bad running work in ing and cut off some old brooms and tl e spinning room, and some of "ib the flutes out good. Then clean these causes I will now mention. the flutes out with good waste, af- All of the bands are to be uni- ^er the steel rolls are Put back in form in size and not too large. Five place Then take the top rolls, clean- strand bands from 2 hank roving '"" them off and replacing any had makes a very nice hand. Bands o^^s with new rolls. After they should all be put on with as near the have been saddled up. start the same tension as possible. All spin- frames and level the levers so that 62 lliCy will not go down and interfere unnecessary breakage , and will V. ith the weight, which belongs on cause the ring and traveler both to the top rolls. wear out much quicker than il" the Roving in the creels should be kept spindh's are in the ri^lit places, eljan. If cotton gets rubbed on the I find that a great deal of tangled end of the roving and the ends yarn is caused by the section men squared it will cause friction and not watching the traverse motion stietch the roving between the roy- closely enough. If the overseer will ins? bobbin and the back rolls. This keep behind the section men, have makes uneven yarn and causes the the lifting rods cleaned out and work to run badly. the traverse rigging tighten<'d and It is necessary to keep good cloth keep the counter weights so tliey on the top clearers so they will clean will not rest on the floor when the the lint olT cots of the top roils. cam is at the top change, that the Keep good cloth on the scavenger tangled production can be reduced, rolls and keep them in good shape This means a smaller percentage of all the time. If there is a scaven- waste. Prevention is better than ger roll out or one that will not cure. turn, when an end breaks the sliver The ring traveler is a very im- wiil lap around the top of the steel portant matter. I find by experi- rolls. or else fly over to the next end ence that I got the best results with and make bad yarn. a round pointed traveler because if All spindles should be in the cen- lasts longer than a square pointed ter of the rings at both top and bot- traveler, gives a more even friction torn. I me:^n that when the ring on the yarn, and with it I can use rail is at the top of bobbin the a heavier weight and spin less sin- gpindle ought to be in the center gle roving. I prefer just as heavy of the ring. Also when the ring a traveler as can be used to make rail is at the bottom, the spindle the work run well when using sepa- ought to be in the center of the rators f-^r if the traveler is lisrht ring. The only way to have the the >arn will chafe a?ainst the spindles right is to have them separator blades and tenter, plumbed both top and bottom. A blind man cannot run a spin- It is necessary to have the guide ning room for an overseer some- wires right over the center of the times has to take some very long top of the spindle. The above set- shots with the eye. The overseer ting will cause the ring traveler to must see more than anyone else, have the same friction all the w-ay for the simple reason that anyone around. Otherwise the ends will bp can see a spinning frame which is jerked and there will be uneven on fire, but it is the little things friction, which will cause a lot of which give the most trouble. Number Forty. By S. T. PETTY, Fries, Va. Spinning is only a question of to be changed. All spinners should common sense. It is a well known try f'leir twist at least once pvery fact that we must have good stock week with several gears and put from the card room, and to get this <^rt fbp one that givps the bpst we must co-operate with the card- brpakinp: streneth. Before doing er. Do this and you will never thi« test your breaking maehinp. have any complaint from the Oiling: is a very important thing weaver. Watch the stock the card- in spinning:. Spindles should be er is running: and make him ?ive w-atched very closely and not al- you enniigrh twist to keep the fibprs lowed \n gro too lone: without oil- inferlnrkpd. See that there is no ing. T find it a good policy to eaeh stretch between the bobbin and the dav to take the number of Mip last trumpet. frame oiled. With this svstem The most important thine about <';p^'' f'll "'^^'^^ ^^.,. ^">; ^^^"^("^ spinning is draftin?. See that vou s^-^^ 'cannot run a job without them, at It, instead of allowing them to ^,^1 be careful of what you have are continual!-. K'vng trouble. Then '^^^ stoppages for breakdowns, see that th. -..'ction man docs not Steel rolls should be taken out onc» take a , ■■•>\ .•■.i and put it in when a year and scoured. Number Forty-One. By H. J. CHRISTLEY, Roanoke, Va. Practical and efficient spinning is enough and always run them ai a very broad subject, and I will fast as you can keep the ends run- uot try to do it full justice, but may ning, but remember that it is the bp able to say something that will ends running that makes produc- help some one. tion in the spinning ruoni. Wlu-n In the first place an overseer your work runs badly, get down should know enough about carding among the spinners and ask them to know when he is getting the just what the trouble is and nine right roving he needs to produce times out of ten they can tell you the counts he is running. The rov- and then you can mend the trouble, ing should not have too much twist You may walk up and down the in it and the roving skewers and spare floor with your hat in your creel boards should be kept in hand and curse, but it will not do proper shape so as to let the rov- a bit of good. Perhaps the section ing run off at the even tension. man has put on the wrong twist The roving traverse should be set gear or draft. I have known such to run as near each end of the boss to be the case. If sizing the yarn on rolls as possible and should be does not give satisfaction take down kept going all the time and not al- the casing and examine the gears lowed to dwell at each end. Each sec- yourself. This will often stop ir- tion hand should see to this and if regularity in the weight of the fin- the roving traverse should stop for ished goods. any length of time the roll should The oiling is another factor. All be replaced with new ones as each fast motions should be oiled at least old one will have a groove in it once a day and all slow moving which causes gouts in the yarn and parts once a week. Spindles should the ends will not run as they should be oiled according to the speeds thereby causing waste and decreas- they are running once every one to ing production. The proper twist three weeks. Roving bands should and draft is an important factor, be used with the knot that gives The draft should not be too long the best results. The spinning room and too much twist should not be should have a flag system for sig- used. nals to the section men and band The overseer should try differ- boys, say a red flag for bands and ent makes and weights of travel- a blue flag for the section men. The ers and use the one that gives the spinners should be taught to raise best results. The speed of the the red flag when the band comes frame has a great deal to do with ofT and the band boy to lower the its running well or badly and never flag when he has tied the band on. for one moment think that the fast- To show the advantage of this sys- er the frame runs the more produc- tern, I will give an example. Say tion you will get, for instead of a band boy has fifty frames or one making yarn you may be making hundred sides. He must canvas all waste and sending back to the pick- these sides from one end to the er room what the carder has sent other to find a band off. and if a to the spinning room. Of course band comes off behind him on the the frames should be run fast side he has just passed, it must 64 stay ofT until he has looked over the down ends, and should piece up other ninety-nine sides before he their own ends. A piece-up hand is finds it However, if he goes by the something a spinning room should flag he can watch for them and go not have. Only one frame should be direct to the sides that need him. It stopped at a time. Doffers should is the same with the section man. keep all the tan;;l.!d work from He can go direct to the frame and around the spoolers and they will hL'T^'lL'^fn ^?^^ ■? '^r^I!^ ''''^'^ ^'^ "ot have to make much of it Win happens to find it. The spinner the confidence of your help by being should raise the flag for everything the right sort of man yourself and from a broke back end on up I teach them the more the company know of no better system than this makes the more they will promote to keep the spindles going and each your help when they deservA if tJ'rTise ?he"flae'' '°'''^ '' ''' '^''' h '}' ou7ThoeZns^llT^nce '^'oTng is'tnother thing that ?h"e'y earn.^^BrLneft rnTstrll^K should not be treated as a trivial with every one and do not fnrlpf matter Dofifers should be trained the company for that 1 where yo^^^^^ to do their work without breaking pay comes from. Number Forty-Two. By HOMER WOODS, Lexington, S. G. wiuTJ^/tH'h ^l^^'^'y?''^ r""*" "]^" A" overseer should be a man that will agree with me when I say the is not afraid of ffettinff his hind? o^a^ nT ?nTn'' ^^' T^\ '"^P^^^^"* Soiled whS it ?s nfcessfry To keep doP.n'? maki nnv Hrf?^^''^''""^v: J^ S^^ ^°°"^ ^P ^0 Standard he should P? fhP r^n Lo^ differerice wheth- hustle himself and make everything fhP rpn^ .f,^f T,r '^",ri' y^'."' ""der him do likewise. An over- nnnn ?ho mfo^f^^ ^?^*v!"'" depends seer should be a kind man but firm hSppH Th^o '^Li^' ° the yarn pro- in all his decisions and never make clpc,. mJn nnH "^H^ ""^^ ^^ ^ ^^^'*- Promises to his help that he cannot Class man and deliver good even comply with. Z^J" S ^m'1\'^^^''' ^'^.^ ^^K^^^,iPl"- The second hand should be a man Kp i, Tiwnvc /' '\ •'^°''^'^ P^' 0^ SO°d moral habits and a man from .nm?wh lo ^°T^h '""^ mP""'?,^ ^^^f' ^0^^^ ^0^ the interest of the it,„L-,-r,o. ♦>,« hqo.voh drawn through the front rolls tear- ^^"^ ^^^^"^ ^^^^ making the desired ing down ends and making gouty yarns ,and system in his room, he yarn. Doffer guards broken off al- should be an efficient manager. m