r i. B. Itii ajtbrarg QK26 H3 X. STATE UNIVERSITY O.H. HILL LIBRARY S00273296 T This book is due on the date indicat and is subject to a fine of "5'IVE C day thereafter. ^xC UAt.5 t976 AUG 1 jy^^j utu u 8 199i MjiJ^ K .-■C 1992 ^^^UL ^ ^f^ a/?^l^rti/?y THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA AND THEIR WORK. BY JOHN W. HARSHBERGER, Ph. D. INSTRUCTOR IN BOTANY, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA ; MEMBER OF THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION ; THE PHILADELPHIA BOTANICAL CLUB ; THE UNIVERSITY FIELD CLUB ; THE DEL- AWARE VALLEY NATURALISTS' UNION ; THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA ; THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB, AND THE SOCIETY OF BOTANICAL PHYSIOLOGISTS AND MORPHOLOGISTS. PHILADELPHIA 1899. Copyright, 1899, by John W. Hakshberger, Ph. D. PRESS OF T. C. Davis & Sons, 529 commerce st. PHILADELPHIA PREFACE. This book is the outcome of much correspondence and research. It is a contribution to the history of botany in America. Until sucli a history is written, the facts con- cerning our botanists must be recorded in some permanent form. This, the present work, endeavors to do for the region comprised within a radius of sixty miles of the City of Philadelphia. If a circle of such a radius be drawn on a map, it \vill include the cities of Lancaster and Easton. Two considerations influenced the author in adopting this limit. (1) It is the one used by the Philadelphia Botanical Club in its herborization trips ; (2) the country within that circle centralizes in Philadelphia. Every available source of information has been searched in the endeavor to obtain reliable data. The author feels the shortcomings of the book, and he hopes that the botanical public will overlook the errors consider- ing the fragmentary character of the information available in its preparation. It does not claim to be a complete list of the botanists who lived near Philadelphia; many names which ought to have been included are probably omitted for lack of information concerning them. The author believes that the omissions are few, and that the book gives the names of the greater number of Philadelphia botanists. The names are arranged according to the dates of birth in the biographical portion of the book ; according to the letters of the alphabet in the general lists. They are not IV . PREFACE. always duplicated, although those persons sketched in the biographical portion may be members of the several botan- ical societies mentioned in this work. Bibliographies of each botanist are given as far as the limits of the book would allow. Great care has been taken in the selection of illustra- tions. Many photographs of persons and places w^ere made available by the kindness of friends, so that it became necessary to select a few in order to keep the number of the illustrations within bounds. Many of the biographical sketches are taken from various journals, all of which are duly recognized in foot-notes as the source of information. The author desires to thank the many kind friends who have, by suggestion, materially lightened the labor of jDreparation. John W. Harshbeeger. Philadelphia, August 1, 1899. University of Pennsylvania. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Biographies of Botanists "*'■'■■• (General List of Botanists. ''*''' " Appendices . . ''**•• i V-Historical Account of the S.,' V. ""'^ Serial Publication, ^^ •'""™'« ^'"' " ^-Horticultu. H^^r^^ '™- ^'■^'-'elpl.ia . 422 VT Qi ^ , ^^^^' -f^airmount Park Index '~''^^*<='' "' N°W Philadelphia Tree? ''' Vll 1 41 404 431 439 ERRATA. Page 7 — For Humphrey read Humphry. '• 20 — " spice brush read spice bush. 43 — " Monastery read Hermitage. 54 — " St. Agustine read St. Augustine. 116 — " Phaenogamous and Filicoid write phaenogamous and filicoid. 131— " carex write Carex. 146— " " had been lost " read " have been lost." 147— " Britten read Britton. 18.5 — " red-wood, Sempervirens write red-Avood Sequoia sempervirens 205— " "look up as testimonial " read " look upon as," etc. 221— " Rev. Jesse Y. Burke read Jesse Y. Burk. 303—1 have adopted the German spelling Schaffer instead of Schaefifer ; the being equivalent to the English ae. 309. note— For Towendsia read Towsendia. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS WITH EXPLANATORY TEXT. Frontispiece. The Bartram Coat of Arms. Copied from the book-plate pasted in the Bartram family bible, in possession of the Pennsylvania Historical Society. Photo- graphed and reproduced in heraldic colors by Mr. Julius F. Sachse, especially for this book. In the old bible the coat of arms, in color and on sheepskin, is also found, but is prob- ably later than the book-plate, because the motto incorrectly reads : " Je avance," and John Bartram's name below is in modern type. The description of the Bartram arms is given in a foot-note on page 60 of this book. 1. Rapids Wissahickon Creek, Fairmount Park, repro- duced by the Beck Engraving Company, from a photograph taken by Rau, Philadelphia. 2. View of the Wissahickon Creek about two miles above its mouth, reproduced from a photograph taken by Rau. 3. Devil's Pool, Cresheim Creek, Wissahickon, Fair- mount Park, taken by Rau before the bridge and improve- ments were made, spoiling the romantic beauty of the spot, therefore, about 1885. The pool is behind the boy seated at the outlet. 4. Eastern Systematic Beds, Greenhouses and Biological Hall, University of Pennsylvania (looking west in Sep- tember, 1896), before the completion of the Dormitories to the right. Photographed by F. R. Newell, especially for the author. Vni LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 5. University Botanic Garden in 1898, with Biological Hall and Greenhouses looking toward Dormitories. Repro- duced from a photograph taken by Mr. J. Morton Boice. 6. Pond and Eockery, University Botanic Garden (looking south). Photographed in September, 1896, by F. R. Newell, photographer, especially for the author. 7. University Botanic Garden, Pond, Biological Hall, Palm House, and House of Janitor, in 1898 (looking north). Photographed by ^Ir. J. Morton Boice. 8. A^iew in Palm House in 1898, from a photograph taken by Mr. Aid rich Pennock, and reproduced in a pamphlet entitled : '' A Short History of the Garden, pre- pared for the Ladies' Auxiliary Committee of the Botanic Society of Pennsylvania," by J. M. Macfarlane, Director of the Garden (1899). Half-tone plate, kindly loaned by the Director, for reproduction in this book. 9. Bog, Iris Bed and Rockery, University Botanic Garden, in September, 1896. Photographed by F. R. Newell, photograjDher, especially for the author. 10. Group of Sarracenias by the Pond, University Botanic Garden, in 1898, from a photograph taken by Mr. Aldrich Pennock, for the above-mentioned pamphlet, " A Short History of the Garden," and the plate loaned for reproduction in this book. 11. Drive in University Botanic Garden (looking north- west in 1898), from a photograph taken by Mr. J. Morton Boice. 12. Main Hall, Horticultural Building, Fairmount Park, from a photograph taken by Rau, photographer, and reproduced by the Beck Engraving Company, for this book. 13. Fern House, Horticultural Building, Fairmount Park, from a photograph taken by Rau, photographer. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. JX 14. Bartram's House (west front), from an illustration m Garden and Forest, IX: 123. 15. Bartram's House (south side), showing open door of the newly (1899) erected Memorial Library, and the cele- brated Petre Pear Tree at the south-east corner, from a photograph by Rau. 16. Carved Stone Work, Bartram's House (east front). The lower window opens into the room supposed to have been Bartram's study. Over this window is a stone with this inscription : "IT IS GOD ALONE, ALMYTY LORD, THE HOLY ONE BY ME ADOR'D. lOHN BARTRAM, 1770." 17. Bartram's House (east front), from a photograph by Rau. Photograph taken by Dr. J. F. Holt, Professor in Boys' High School, about 1890. 18. Big Cypress, Bartram's Garden (looking toward the Schuylkill River). The Cypress was alive when this photo- graph was taken. Reproduced from a photograph taken by Dr. J. F. Holt about 1890. 19. Base of Big Cypress, Bartram's Garden, from a photograph taken by Dr. J. F. Holt about 1890. 20. Bartram's Garden, with large hemlock (since destroyed), along river front about 1890. Photograph taken by Dr. J. F. Holt. 21. Front of Humphry Marshall's House at Marshall- ton, Chester County, showing wooden observatory to the left. From a photograph in possession of the Academy of Natural Sciences, taken by R. S. Redfield, April 5, 1884. X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 22. Front of Marshall's House after the observatory had been removed. The door to the left leads into the so-called greenhouse of the botanist. From a photograjDh taken by the author on May 22, 1896. 23. Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Muhlenberg, from a paint- ing by I. Peale. Cut executed by Goodman & Piggott, and printed in red under the supervision of Mr. Julius F. Sachse. Plate the property of the Pennsylvania German Society, in the Proceedings of which Society, for 1896, it first appeared, illustrating an article by Professor Thomas C. Porter, " The Pennsylvanian German in the Field of the Natural Sciences." 24. Lewis David de Schweinitz, from a photograph furnished by E. A. Rau, of Bethlehem, Pa. The original was copied from a miniature painting, and this photograph, in turn, from an engraving of this miniature. 25. William Darlington, M. D., from a miniature cut furnished by Dr. William Sharpless, of West Chester, Pa. 26. Thomas Nuttall, from a photograph copied from a daguerreotype by E. A. Rau, of Bethlehem, Pa. 27. John Evans, from a photograph by G. A. Leiizi, Norristown, Pa. Loaned by his daughter, Mrs. A. E. Paxson, of Norristown, Pa. 28. Evans' House and Grounds, with flume of old mill. The house was renovated and changed by the present owner in 1896. From a photograph taken by the author, April 3, 1897. 29. Woods and Ithan Creek, Evans' Garden, from a photograph by the author, taken April 3, 1897. 30. Mill Dam in Evans' Garden (photographed in 1897). LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOXS. xi 31. Elias Duraiid, from a photograpli furnished by E. A. Rail, of Bethlehem, Pa. 32. .John H. Redfield, from a photograph furnished by E. A. Rau, Bethlehem, Pa. 33. Rev. Francis WoUe, from a photograph furnished by E. A. Ran, Bethlehem, Pa. 34. Professor Thomas C. Porter, D. D., LL. D., from a photograph taken by Alexander L. Paeh, Easton Pa in 1889. 35. George Martin, M. D., from a photograph furnished by E. A. Rau, Bethlehem, Pa. 36. Professor Thomas Meehan, from a photograpli taken about 1884. Loaned by his son, William E. Meehan, for reproduction in this book. Photograph by Hinkle, of Germantown. 37. Job B. Ellis, from an illustration in the Botanical Gazette, XV : 299 (1890). 38. John M. Maisch, from a gelatin illustration in the American Journal of Pharmacy, IjXNI : 1. January 1894. 39. William M. Canby, from a photograph by J. Paul Brown, Wilmington, Delaware; furnished to the author in 1895. 40. William Herbst, M. D., from a valuable steel engraving, loaned to the author. 41. Charles Schaffer, M. D., from a photograph by Broadbent Brothers, Philadelphia; furnished to the author. 42. Joseph T. Rothrock, B. S., M. D., from a photograph. 43. Charles Mcllvaine, from a half-tone plate loaned by him to the author. 44. Adolph W. Miller, from a half-tone plate loaned to the author. First used in the Alumni Report Philadelph College of Pharmacy, January, 1896. fna Xll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 45. William P. Wilson, Sc. D., from a half-tone plate made at the Philadelphia Commercial Museums, and loaned to the author. 46. John W. Eckfeldt, M. D., from a photograph by Rothengatter & Dillon, Philadelphia. 47. Henry Trimble, from a photograph by F. Gute- kunst Co., Philadelphia, taken in 1895. 48. George M. Beringer, from a photograph (enamel finish) by Garns & Co., Camden, N. J., taken in 1895. INTRODUCTION. Philadelphia lies in a nearly level plain, on the western bank of the River Delaware, in 39° 57^ 1 .b" N. latitude, and 75° {)' 2oA" west from Greenwich. The city is '^iS miles from the Atlantic Ocean by the DelaAvare River, 125 miles in a direct line north-east of Washington, and ^b miles south-west from New York. It is situated in a rich agricultural region, protected from the sweeping western and north-western storms by the range of hills known as the Blue Ridge. When first settled by white men, the region lying within 60 miles radius of the city, including New Jersey, was densely wooded with a great variety of fine forest trees, which, growing upon rich agricultural soil in south-eastern Pennsylvania, were rapidly cut down with the spread of cultivation. This region was the favorite haunt of the Delaware Indians. Intersected by two great streams, the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, any part of it could be reached by hunting parties in a short time by water. Into these two rivers, numerous creeks and rivulets run, swelling the volume of water which empties into the ocean at Capes May and Henlopen, and supporting a variety of important food-fishes, such as the salmon, shad, trout and cat-fish. Under cover of the trees and Avatered by the numerous streams which intersect the country, a sur- prisingly large number of herbaceous plants is to be found, which, together with the rich variety of graceful forest trees, give a peculiar charm to the entire district. In early days, the scenery must have been impressively beautiful 2 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. before the marring hand of man disturbed the equiliin'ium of nature. Forest and plain, streams and rivers tumbling over numerous cascades, rocky, fern-clad ravines, high hill summits give, even at the present day, a diversity to the landscape. Two or three spots, preserved in their primitive naturalness, still attest to the wild attractiveness of the scenery, which, nowhere very bold or grand, gives to the country a peculiarly peaceful aspect, in harmony with the moods of the early Quaker settlers. Two such places still preserve the quiet beauty of the early river scenery, namely : the Wissahickon and the Brandywine regions, a stream of the former name emptying into the Schuylkill in Fair- mount Park, and one of the latter name into the Delaware near Wilmington. The Wissahickon is one of the most romantic of American streams. The slope of the land on each side is high and abrupt. Self-guarded by these rock battlements, it retains a primeval character. Along its banks trees and vines hang down to the Avater's edge, and numerous springs drip from the rocks. Its unbroken quiet, its dense woodland, its pine-crowned hills, its sunless recesses and sense of separation from the outer world con- trast strongly with the broad meadows, flowing river, and bright sunshine of the adjacent region. The topography of the district is no less marked than the general landscape. To the east of the Delaware, the low-lying plain of southern New Jersey, with an elevation at a few points of from 200 to 300 feet above sea level, is a very striking feature. This plain geologically dates its origin to the cretaceous and tertiary periods, and is made up of alluvium along the Delaware River and Atlantic Ocean beaches, and of yellow gravel, glass sand and sandy THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 3 clays, comjDosing by far the greater extent of the so-called West Jersey tertiary formation, with the exception of a narrow band of the cretaceous green sand and marl Ijeds, potter's clay, fire sands and clay, which parallel its course with the Delaware River, extending in a north-east direc- tion to Raritan Bay. The western water-shed is traversed by streams, which, rising in the marl district and yellow- gravel region of the interior, flow into the Delaware, being affected in their lower reaches by tide-water. The eastern water-shed is intersected by several important streams, such as Mullica, Great Egg Harbor and Toms Rivers. These rivers mainly take their rise in cedar swamps and sphagnum bogs for which the region is noted. North of the marls, as we approach the mountians, a region in which red shale mainly predominates, is entered upon. West of the river, an undulating plain along the river front rises gradually to the older paleozoic hills, which reach an eleva- tion of two hundred feet or more. Back of these, as the Blue Ridge is approached, the country becomes more undulating and broken by numerous hills of various geological formations. Enough has been said by way of introduction to show that these topographic, hydrographic and geologic features have an important bearing on soil formation, and conse- quently on plant life and distribution. We find that each topographic, hydrographic and geologic district has some plants peculiar to it. Each of the plant communities, into which the flora of a district as large as Philadelphia can be divided, can be distinguished by the component plants, which, together with their collective features, give character to the vegetation of the particular geological, topographical 4 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. or hydrographical region. Such a flora as that of Phila- delphia, comjDrising in New Jersey and Pennsylvania some 1200 species at the outside, can be classified into several eco- logical communities, such as the Hydrophytic, Halophytic and Mesophytic, the first of which, by way of example, may again be further sub-divided into those societies which comprise the water plants growing in the Delaware and tributary streams and Atlantic Ocean, such as the Plankton Society, the Hydrocharite Society, the Xereid Society, the Sea Grass Society, Schizophytic Society, Reedy Swamp Society, the Swamp Society, the Sphagnum Bog Society, the Cedar Swamp Society, etc. The peculiar attractiveness of the region and the rich- ness of the flora have so enticed botanists into the field that systematic botany has been almost exclusively the depart- ment of the science practiced by a majority of those men- tioned in this work. Then, too, a living was not to be had by the prosecution of botany in America in the early days. It was pursued solely as a pastime and a healthy recreation by busy men, physicians, bankers and merchants. We find, however, in looking over the list of names, that wherever botany was pursued as the main object of life, that those men, who thus devoted their entire time to tlie science, became famous. Excluding names of the present generation, John Bartram, Humphrey Marshall, Zaccheus Collins, William Darlington, Elias Durand, John Evans, A. P. Garber, Joshua Hoopes, Peter Kalm, Adam Kuhn, James Logan, Isaac Martindale, Andre Michaux, G. IT. E. Muhlen- berg, Lewis D. von Schweinitz, Thomas Nuttall, W. P. C. Barton, Charles Pickering, Frederick Pursh, C. S. Rafinesque, John Redfield, and David Townsend, achieved distinction THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 5 along systematic lines. It was not until after the perfecting of the microscope and the epoch-making period, beginning with issue of Darwin's Origin of Species, that the modern study of botany may be said to have Ijegun in Phila- delphia. The pursuance of botany in Philadelphia and in America generally can be divided into four periods : (1) The early descriptions of the flora by persons not con- versant with botany, who described the plants after the man- ner of the old herbalists, chiefly as interesting rarities, or as useful, natural medicines. The sect of German Pietists presided over by Kelpius, established in 1694 on the lower Wissahickon, a garden where medicinal plants were raised for use and study. It may, therefore, be styled the first garden in America where a botannical arrangement of plants was made.* In 1739 was published at Ley den, in Holland, an essay in Latin, entitled, " Experimenta et Meletemata de Plantarum generatione," by the learned Governor of Pennsylvania, James Logan. It was after- wards, in 1747, republished in London, with an English translation, by Dr. John Fothergill. The experiments and observations were admirably illustrative of the doctrine of sexes of plants t established by Jacob Camerarius. This may be said to be the first work of any botanical import- ance issued by a Philadelphia botanist. Many of Logan's ideas smack of medieval scolasticism, so that he is properly placed in the Pre-Linncean period. (2) The period of the ascendency of Linna3an ideas. John Bartram was one of the first persons who may be said *Sachse. The Oer^nan Pietists of Pennsylvania, p. 75. t See an article of mine, "James Logan," Botanical Gazette, Aug., 1894. 18S9. Sack's Histori/ of Botany, 891-092. LS49. Darlington— il/e/Ho?-/a;s of Bartram ct Marshall, 21. b THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. to have used the Liniuean system in the study of plants. Dr. Benjamin Franklin introduced Bartram to European botanists, among them Doctor Gronovius, Avho presented the Quaker botanist with Linnaeus's Systema Naturae of 1740.* The overwhelming influence of the great Linnaeus gave to the botany of the eighteenth century an almost exclusively systematic and descriptive character. Linnaeus was the author of the binomial system of nomenclature of plants and animals, which still goes back to his work as its basis, and of the artificial " sexual system " of classification based on the stamens and pistils of the flowering plants, whose functions, as reproductive organs, were already realized. The order Avhich he brought out of the chaos of descri^Dtive natural history was a blessing so unalloyed, and his system was so simple and seductive, that it was many years before most botanists again began to realize that their science properly comprehends other problems than those involved in naming and pigeon-holing plants. It was while the LinuEean enthusiasm was at its height that the first Philadelphia botanists ajDpeared on the scene. In the year 1748, Peter Kalm, a Swedish naturalist, and pupil of Linnaeus, visited Pennsylvania and spent three 3' ears in exploring America, and in 1753 published his travels.f Doctor Adam Kuhn, of Philadelphia, was prolja- *1740. LiXN-EUS — Systema naiurce, in quo naturce regna trio, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species systematice proponuntur EdiLio JIauctior. 8tock- holmice, Gottfr. Kiesewetter. Bartram's copy of this book is in possession of the Pennsylvania Historical Society ; on the title page is the writing : "John Bartram His booke sent to him by Dr. Gronovius in ye year 174(5." That it is authentic is shown by the following, also written in the book: "I bought this book June 14, 1853, at the sale at Mackey's of Books of Col. Carr, who married Bartram's grand-daughter." E. D. Ingraham. '•! bought this book March 20, 1855, at the sale of Mr. Ingraham's Library by M. Thomas & Sons." A. Day. 11753-61. P. Kalm— £■« Resa til Norra America. Stockholm, III vols. 1754-64. KAhyi—Besch7-eibung der Reise nach dem nordlichen Arne/ika. Gottingen. 3 Theile (German translation). im L' ': fM* "^ ' 44k- ."^1^ ".f> }' ' ^^ iiiii ^ ^^**g DEVIL'S POOL, WISSAHICKON CREEK (circa 1885). THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 7 Wy the first professor of botany in America, appointed in 1768 to the chair of botan^^ in the University of Pennsyl- vania. He had the advantage of studying under tlie illus- trious Swede, and was said to have been a favorite pupil (Linna^o ex discipulis acceptissimus). John Bartrani next becomes pre-eminent as a botanist. In the latter end of the year 1785, Humphrey Marshall published his Arbus- tum Americanum,* a description of the trees and shrubs native of the United States. It is the first strictly Ameri- can botanical work. In 1791 William Bartram's Travels t appeared, and in 1801 Andre Michaux'sj "Oaks of North America." Two years later, in 1803, the first elementary work on botany by Prof B. S. Barton, § was published in Philadelphia. F. Andre Michaux, || in 1810, issued his splendid history of the Forest Trees of North America (Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de TAmerique Septentrionale) with elegantly colored plates. An excellent catalogue of the native and naturalized plants of North America was published by Dr. Henry^ihlenberg at Lancaster, in 1813.^ Later, Frederick or nn ^il^^^ ^UM^^^y MARSHALL-.4r6u.r«m Americanum, the American gruve f^^ and West Florida, etc., containing an account of the soil and natural produc tions of those regions. Philadelphia. r^n.r.. ^/^^°^- ^7^^^ MiCHAux-/fr.^orie des chines de I'Amerique, on descriptions et Jiuui es de toutes les especes et varietes de chenes de I'Amerique septrionale. Paris (folio). of venJnhT: \f ^^y^Vf ^"^^^^^ of Botany/ ; or outlines of the natural history of vegetables. Illustrated by forty plates. Philadelphia. II 1810. Francois Andre Mien avx- Histoire des arbres forestiers de VAmcrin ue septentrionale, considerees principalement sous les rapports de leur emploi dans les aUs et deleur introduction dans le commerce, ainsi que d^apres les avantagcs, qnils peuventoffrxraux gouvernements en Europe, et aux personnes, qui veulent former de grandes plantations. Paris. ^1813. Mvni^K^^KKG-Catalogus Plantarum America; Septentrionalis hue ^csque Cogmtarum, Indigenarum et Cicurum; or, a Catalogue of the Hitherto known .^atlve and Naturalized Plants of North America. Arranged according to the Sexual System of Linnaeus. Lancaster, isi;;. Wm. Ilnmilton. octavo pp iv 1V> 5 TPIE BOTAXISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Pursh published in London, in 1814, his vaUial)le and com- prehensive work, Flora Americae Septentrionalis."^' Arranged according to the Linn^an s>^stem there ap- peared in 1818, in two volumes, Dr. William P. C. Barton'sf Compendium Flone Philadelphica?, a hastily digested, but thoroughly useful liand-book of tlie region. Botanical works and papers began now to multiply, and the third period of Philadelphia botany was fairly entered upon with the publication in 1818 of Nuttall's " Genera of North American Plants,'" at Philadelphia. | (3) Development of the Natural System under the in- fluence of the doctrine of the constancy of species. A new direction to the study of systematic botany, and mor- phology was given in France, where the sexual system had never met with great accei:)tance. Bernard de Jussieu and his nephew, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, taking up Lin- naeus' profounder and properly scientific efforts, made the working out of the natural system, in Linnaeus' own oi)inion the highest aim of botany, the task of their lives. The key was given by the study of the order Ranunculaceffi in the Jardin des Plantes. In 1789 Jussieu's System appeared. It was not until 1815 that the natural system of Jussieu was received by the botanists of Philadelphia. In that year Abbe Correa published for the use of his class in Philadelphia a reduction of the genera of Muhlenberg's Catalogue according to the system of Jussieu. This was *1814. Pl'RSH — Flora Americce septentrionalis, or a systematic arrangement and description of the^tlants of North America. London, II vols. flSlS. W. P. C. Barton— CotJipendmm Florce Philadelphica; , coyiiaining a description of the indigenous and naturalized jilants found ivithin a circuit often miles around Philadelphia. Thiladelphia, II vols. 8. I. Preface 251 pp. II. 234 pp. cum indices. JISIS. NuTTALL— T/i« Genera of North American Plants, and a catalogue of the species of the year 1S17. Philadelphia, II vols. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. \) appended to a second edition of the catalogue issued in 1818 by Solomon Conrad, and was probably the first attem})t in the United States to group our plants by the natural method. In 1826, in conjunction with some of his intimate friends, Dr. William Darlington, of West Chester, assisted in organizing the Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science, of which institution he was president from its origin ; in the same year he published his " Florula Cestrica,"* being a catalogue of plants growing around the l)orough of West Chester, Pennsylvania. This paved the way for a large and more comprehensive manual of the botany of Chester County, which appeared in 1837 under title of " Flora Cestrica."t A third edition of this book appeared in 1853. This work at the time of its issue was one of the most com- plete local floras extant, and is still a model for all works of a similar character. The descriptions are clear, lucid and minute, and its use even to-day is not replaced by a manual of more modern issue. The study of the cryptogams received a great impetus at the hands of Lewis D. von Schweinitz, who })u])lished in 1831 a synopsis of North American fungi, " Syno})sis Fun- gorum in America Borealia Media Digentium."| Elias Durand, one of the most acute systematists of his *lS2r). Darlington— FZorttZa Cestrica: an essay towards a catalogue of the phtenogainous plants, native and naturalized, growing in the vicinity of the borough of West Chester, in Chester County, Pennsylvania, ivith brief notices of their prop- erties and uses in medicine, rural economy and the arts. West Chester, 4 min., pp. XV., 152, 3 tab. col. tl8o7. Darlington — Flora Cestrica : an attempt to enumerate and describe the flowering and fHicoid plants of Chester County, in the State of Pennsylvania. West Chester, 8. xxiii, 640 pp. 1 map col. 11831. Schweinitz— »S'v»o;).9i\s Fungorum in America Borealia Media Digen- tium. Trans. Amer. Thilos. Soc. N. S., IV p. 141 (177 pp., 4to., 1 plate). 10 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. day, who, if he had had proper encouragement, wouhl have been one of the shining lights in the botanical firmament, contributed several botanical papers to the Journal of the Acackmy of Xatural Sciences, namely, descriptions of Heer- niann's and of Pratt en's collections."^ The views of European botanists were undergoing a change under the influence of the history of development and knowledge of the minuter anatomy and embryology of the cryptogams (1840-1860). Schleiden's " Grundziige der w^ssenschaftlichen Botanik " f appeared, but its chief title is Die Botanik als inductive Wissenschaft, which indicates the point on which Schleiden laid most stress. His great object was to place the stud}^, which had been so disfigured in the text-books, on the same footing with physics and chemistry, in which the spirit of genuine inductive enquiry into nature had already asserted itself in opposition to the nature- philosophy of the immediately preceding years. This change in European thought does not seem to have had much effect on the botanists of Philadelphia, who were busy in working up the plants collected in various parts of Xorth America, both by private individuals and by the botanists of the trans-continental surveys. (4) The year 1860 may be said to mark the beginning of the modern era of botany. Darwin's Origin of Species,! *PLAxr.E HEEPOiAXXiANiE— Z>escr/ptio?is of y^ew Plants collected in South California, by Dr. A. T. Heermann, Naturalist attached to the Survey of the Pacitic Railroad route, under Lieut. R. S. Williamson, by E. Durand and Theo. C. Hilgard. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. 2nd ser., Ill, 37-40. 11842-43. Schleiden — Grundziige der wissenschaftlichcn Botanik, nebst einer methodologischen Einleitung als Anlcitung zum Studium der Fflanze. Leipzig. 2 Theile. 1S4.5-46— Second edition. (Die Botanik, als inductive Wissenschaft behandelt.) tLS59. Darwin — On the origin of species by means of natural selection ; or, the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life. London. John Murray octavo pp. ix., 502. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADKLPIIIA. 11 published in 1850, was an epoch-making book. It intro- duced the modern period of scientific thought. With the exception of Thomas Meehan, Joseph T. lioth- rock, Thomas C. Porter, Charles Pickering, John II. Red- field, Thomas P. James, Benjamin M. Everhart, Rev. Francis Wolle, Mary Treat, AVilliam P. Wilson, J. Gibbons Hunt, Emily L. Gregory, John M. Macfarlane, Job B. ElHs, George Rex, H. C. Wood, Henry Trimble, Edson S. Bastin, Ida Keller, Henry Kraemer, J. W. Harshberger and H. C. Porter, very few of the Philadelphia botanists have advanced mate- rially the science of botany according to the progress made in morphology, physiology and taxonomy. The others have unfortunately given their attention to herborizing, and have overlooked the deeper and more interesting prob- lems which are still to be worked out, such as the reasons underlying the geographical distribution of the })lants in the region, phenological inquiries or the philosophy of the time of flowering ; physiological problems suggested by growth and development, and ecological questions sug- gested by the environmental conditions. It is to be hoped, however, that with the modern training to be had at several institutions of learning, our botanists will give up discussing the difl'erences between species already described and will devote their energies to advancing modern botanical thought. The facilities for those Avho desire to obtain a modern botanical training are many. The oldest botanical centre, namely, the University of Pennsylvania, presents, in its Biological School, a place where such instruction may be had. A history of the development of botany in connection 12 THE BOTANISTS OF PPIILADP:LPHIA. with the University of Pennsylvania is interesting.* " So far as now appears, Dr. Adam Kuhn, a pupil of Linnaeus, was the first botanical professor in Philadelphia, or in the country, being appointed in the year ITGS. Tliere is, how- ever, no record of any important work connected with liis name. As early as the year 1800, Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton was teaching botany in Philadelphia, and num- bered among his pupils in 180o-'04, at the University of Pennsylvania, William Darlington, who subsequently became known as one of the most learned and exact botanists of his day in this or any other country. Dr. Darlington says of his preceptor, 'that he did more than any of his contemporaries in diftusing a taste for the natural sciences among the young men who then resorted to that school.' He also published in 1803 'the first American elementary work on botany, at Philadelphia.' " " The minutes of a trustee meeting held April 7, 1812, show that ' a letter was received from Dr. Barton request- ing the use of one of the rooms in the University to deliver his lectures on natural history and botany in.' The request could not be granted. In July, 1813, Dr. Barton resigned his professorship of materia medica, a position Avhich does not appear to have been a bed of roses. He was succeeded by Dr. Chapman. The following minute appears of a trustee meeting of November 7, 1815 :" " Whereas, the Legislature of Pennsylvania, by their Act passed the 19th March, 1805, granted to the trustees of this institution out of the moneys due to the State, the sum of three thousand dollars, for the purpose of enabling them * I have drawn largely at this point on Dr. J. T. Rothroek's sketch of the Biological School, published in the Circular of Information Bureau of Education, entitled, "Benjamin Franklin and the University of Pennsylvania " (1893). THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADPZLPHIA. 13 to establish a garden for the improvement of the science ot botany , Resolved, that Mr. Rawle, Mr. Chew and Mr. Bur.l be a committee to consider and report the best methcjd of carrying the said intention of the Legishiture into effect." "February G, 1816, at a trustee meeting Mr. C. 8. Rafinesque and Dr. William P. C. Barton ottered them- selves as candidates for the professorship of natural history and botany in the University. Dr. Barton was appointed." " The trustees received March 19, 1816, ^a letter from a society of gentlemen called the Cabinet of Sciences, relating to a botanical garden. It was referred to the committee on that subject. Mr. Binney and Mr. Gibson were added to the committee on botanical garden.' On April 2, the com- mittee was authorized to solicit subscriptions from the public towards the accompHshment of that end. Nothing having been accomplished by meeting with the Cabinet of Sciences, on April 16 the committee announced that tliey had published their application for aid in the public papers. By order of the board, the moneys available for the botanical garden were put at interest, subject to future call. Early in 1817 forty-two acres of ground had been purchased for the botanical garden. The records show that it was located in Penn Township, near the ' Canal Road,' and it was ordered that enough for the purposes of the garden should be ' fenced of!V " " Stringent economy had apparently become a necessity, and in 1819, after two years' ownership, the trustees were considering the propriety of selling the ground purchased for a botanical garden, and the professor of botany was ' allowed the use of the yard south of the University, as the same is now inclosed, for the cultivation of plants there, at his own expense, during the pleasure of the board.' " 14 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. ' " On October 4, 1818, the faculty of natural history was instituted, and the following professorships created : First, botany and horticulture ; second, natural history, including geology, zoology, and comparative anatomy ; third, miner- alogy, and chemistry, as applied to agriculture and the arts." " The only signs of life in 1820 in the department of science were now the appointment of a committee to con- sider the propriety and the cost of erecting a greenhouse, and the request from the janitor that he be allowed the use of Prof. Cooper's room for the winter, to preserve the plants ' he had collected to adorn the grounds and to encourage the love of botany.' The request w^as granted. The report of the committee on the greenhouse was laid on the table." Prof Barton, in 1822, writes to the board that he had lectured in the winters of 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, and further, that he had refused to receive the fees from the students. The botanical instruction in 1821 was discontinued because a class could not be formed. The crisis in the school of natural history, however, was reached in March, 1827. It appears that no lectures had been given for several years by the professor of natural history, including geology, or by the professor of comparative anatomy, and that the professor of botany was then hold- ing the professorship of materia medica in the newly- started Jefferson Medical College. Early in 1828 the faculty of natural history was abolished. " Now, however, it appears that the medical faculty, which would have no botany while Dr. Barton occupied the chair, had become suddenly solicitous aljout that science, and, as a result, the trustees re-establislied the chair of botany in 1829, placing it on the same footing as it was THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 15 before the institution of the facuhy of natural science, and Mr. Solomon AV. Conrad was speedily chosen to fill it. The appointment was probaldy the best that could have been made." Mr. Conrad, who died in 1831, was, as stated by one of his contemporaries, an " amiable man," and an " excellent botanist," was probably the earliest to " attempt to group our plants by the natural method." Dr. George B. Wood was elected to the chair of materia medica in the University in 1835. In addition to the creation of an admirable cabinet of drawings and specimens illustrative of materia medica, Dr. Wood erected a spacious greenhouse, in connection with a garden, and stocked them with many varieties of rare tropical and exotic plants, which he exhibited as illustrations of the subjects treated in his lectures. In 1865 Dr. Wood endowed an auxiliary faculty of medicine in the University of Pennsylvania, including a chair of botany, to which his nephew, Dr. Horatio C. Wood, was appointed in 1866. He lield this professorship for ten years, resigning the chair of botany for that of materia medica and therapeutics, made vacant by the death of Prof. Joseph Carson. Dr. Joseph T. Roth- rock was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the removal of Dr. H. C. Wood to the chair of materia medica and therapeutics, a position which he still holds. Botany, under his direction, received a great stimulus, when on December 4, 1881, the School of Biology, erected by the liberality of Dr. Horace Jayne, was opened to students. Teaching began at once, with modern biological methods. Later Dr. William P. Wilson was appointed Professor of the Anatomy and Physiology of Plants, in conjunction with Dr. Rothrock, who devoted himself to the svstematic side 16 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. of botany. All of the departments of botany, since the establishment of the school, have received consideration at the University. Morphology, taxonomy, physiology, paleo- botany, economic botany, forestry, pathological and geographical botany, have been taught at various times ; chief stress, however, being laid on morphology, taxonomy and physiolog}^, as the departments of botany most neces- sary to students. A post-graduate class in botany, composed of student candidates for the degree of doctor of philosophy, has been maintained. The teaching force of late years, consisting of Drs. Rothrock, Wilson, Macfarlane, Harsh- berger and Porter, has maintained the standard desirable in a modern school of botany. The Herbarium of the University, through the gener- osity of Mr. Isaac Burk, possesses a singularly complete repre- sentation of the flora of the vicinity of Philadelphia, con- sisting of about six thousand specimens from this and other localities. ]Mr. Aubrey H. Smith presented by will his excellent herbarium, which, with the collection made by the late Joseph Leidy, forms a most excellent working herbarium. Many specimens from the earlier government expeditions, and suites of the collections made by Parry, Hall, Barbour, Vasey, Bolander, Palmer, Lemmon, Canby, Ward, Pringle, Bebb, Wolfe, Curtis, Reverchon, Rothrock, Harshberger and others, are represented. The herbarium also contains a large proportion of our native ferns, mosses and lichens, and over two thousand species of fungi, all of which have been carefully determined. A museum of economic botany was started l)y Dr. Rothrock in con- nection with the School of Biology, and further additions were made in material collected on his cruise to the West Indies in the winter of 1889-1890. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPIIIA. 17 The University Botanic Garden was begun with the erection of the building for the School of Biology. It con- sisted, in 1888, of about a quarter of an acre of ground immediately surrounding the Biological Scliool, planted with a few systematic and experimental beds. The planted grounds were surrounded by high gravel banks, overgrown with weeds. It was not until 1890, when a large part of this glacial gravel deposit had been sold and carted away, that the botanic garden may be said to have had its inception. Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock, Professor of Botany, supervised the laying out of the ground to the east and west of the laboratory, which was planted to grass, with trees and shrubbery arranged for landscape effect. A tank pond of considerable size was also built for the growing of various w^ater-plants. A leaii-to conservatory for the growth of hot- house plants was also a feature of the garden at this time. The ground, as laid out by Dr. Rothrock with systematic regard to the position of the plants, included finally about an acre of ground surrounding the laboratory building. Several rare shrubs were set out, among them, Neviusia Alahamensis, an anomalous rosaceous plant found growing wild in the Southern states. The grass plots, shrubbery and systematic beds then occupied a terraced depression front- ing on Pine Street. The development of this garden, however, took place when Mr. C. C. Harrison accepted the provostship of the University. In 1893, immediately after his appointment to be Professor of Botany, Dr. John M. Macfarlane submitted plans for the establishment of the botanical garden, on the triangular piece of land back of the biological laboratory. Various circumstances conspired to prevent the carrying 18 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. out of these plans until the autumn of 1S04, when Dr. Mac- farlane was asked to become Professor-in-Cliarge of the Biological School. Through the fostering care of Provost Harrison and Vice-Provost FuUerton, the work steadily advanced under the direction of Prof. Macfarlane. The gravel bank, overgrown with weeds, rapidly assumed its present pleasing appearance. There are over 3000 distinct specimens growing in the gardens, while nearly 1500 more are all but ready for plant- ing. The lawns are 300 feet in length, the eastern ls.^Yn being 157 feet long and 110 feet wide, subdivided into 41 small beds, whose dimensions are 45 feet in length by oh feet in width. The western lawn is an almost exact coun- terpart of the eastern lawn. The beds contain a large num- ber of species of plants, arranged systematically according to the Engler and Prantl system. The plants are arranged and labeled with the scientific and common name, the native place or habitat and the medicinal property, if any. The donations of seeds and plants to the garden include gifts from the botanical gardens of Edinburgh, St. Peters- burgh, Dublin, Jena, Cambridge and other European botani- cal centres. On the terraced area further back a physio- logical grouping of flowering plants is now being made. Here separate beds are given to climbing, tendril-bearing, succulent, spiny, insectivorous, variegated and other series. Thus similar changes produced by environment on species that have no systematic affinity can be graphically demon- stated to the student. The arboretum is from three to five acres in extent, and will only be excelled by those of Harvard University and the Shaw Gardens, near St. Louis. The greater part of the THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 19 property will be devoted to the arboretum, which already contains a number of trees of interest and beauty. These are planted in systematic order along the drive-way which enters on Woodland Avenue and encircles the garden. A magnificent, ornamental bed, fashioned somewhat after the beautiful bed in the famous Kew Gardens, in London, is a feature. It is 200 feet long and 8 feet wide, and is filled with herbaceous plants. Unlike the series of small beds before referred to, it will not be a scientific feature, but will l)e the chief ornament of the gardens. The plants are so arranged as to present a succession of flowers from early spring to late fall. The contractor in excavating left a deep cut in which the pond, bog garden, iris bed, rockery and fernery are situ- ated. The pond, of irregular shape, this last season (1898) was filled with a splendid growth of ac[uatics, water lilies, lotuses and water hyacinths being conspicuous, while the aquatics, Marsilia quadrifolia, llyriophyllum, Nitella, Chara Limnobium, Limnocharis and Trianea hogotensis grew luxuriantly. The bog garden is situated along the ditch connecting the Victoria tank and the lake. In separate pockets formed by stones set on end are grown plants which flourish in a water-logged soil, such as Decodon verti- cillatus, Acorus calamuff, Typlia latifolia, Sparganium eurycar- pum, Drosera rotundifolia, Sarracenia purpurea, S. ftava, Helonias bullata, Orontium aquaticum, species of Carex, of Cyperus, of Sagittaria, of Juncus, and a host of others too numerous to mention. The iris bed adjoins the bog garden, and is connected with it by a pipe through which a water supply is furnished to the roots of the plants. The rock garden covers the sides of the cut in Avhiclithe lake is situa- 20 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELrHIA. ted, and is provided with separate pockets for every plant after the rockery in the botanic garden at Edinburgh. Here are grown a large number of rock plants and herba- ceous ones of a gaudy color. Narrow pathways intersect the rock garden in every direction, so that a person can study the plants closely, as well as in mass. The fernery, hardly yet thoroughly established, is in a glen through which runs a cindered path under trellis-work devoted to climbing plants, intended to protect the delicate ferns beneath. Nearby is the Bryarium for the growth of mosses. The surrounding shrubberies have been laid out so as to illustrate geographic groupings of plants. One is devoted to the swamp shrubs of the eastern States, such as the white azalea, white birch, spice brush, swamp magnolia, androme- das, huckleberries, cedar and juniper. Another includes the rhododendrons, azaleas and kalmias of our woods. Under the shade of these, native and introduced herba- ceous plants thrive, that would soon shrivel if exposed to hot suns. Through the generosity of Provost Harrison important additions were made to the plant houses at the close of the season of '97. These houses now represent more than 9000 feet of glass surface, and consist of eight houses in addition to propagating frames. One of the greenhouses, immediately connected with the laboratory for plant physiology, is in part utilized as a temperate house, in part for the work of students in plant physiology. An adjoining house, 34 X 11 feet, is arranged as a fernery, and contains a representative collection of ferns and their allies. Opening from the last are a propagating house, 40 X 10 feet, a stove house, 46 X 18 feet, and a palm house, 59 X 28 feet. The two last now THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 21 contain a varied collection of pitcher plants, aroids, melasto- mids, sensitive plants, palms, marantas, bananas, Vjamboos, etc. To the right of the palm house is a succulent house containing a type collection of cacti, euphorbias, gasterias, aloes, agaves, crassulas and otlier forms that are more or less similarly modified to live in arid regions and success- fully resist long periods of drought. On the left side of the palm house are two 'structures, each 59 X 13 feet. Tlie inner of the two now contains a fair collection of sub- tropical and tropical orchids donated by Mr. LeBoutillier, and more recently by ^Nlrs. George Wilson. Sharing the house with these are parent species and hybrid derivatives of the popular begonias and gloxinias, as well as specimens of the curious South African genus Streptocarpus, two spe- cies of which show only one of the two seed leaves, tliougli this may attain a length — as in one specimen exhibited in the greenhouses — of two to three feet. Species of Oxalis and Solanum, the curious simple-leaved Chorizema from Australia, and many other sub-tropical types of great value in under- graduate and graduate teaching find a home here. The outer or cool house lodges many plants of great botanical interest, chief among these being the celebrated venus fly- trap, several native sundews, groups of our southern sarra- cenias, and the butterworts, all celebrated as fly catchers. Recently, by permission of the highway authorities of the city of Philadelphia through a municipal act, Pine Street, between Thirty-eighth and Thirty-sixth Streets, has been taken from the city plans. The area thus vacated has been converted (1898) into a fine walk lined with trees, shrubs and rhododendrons. At the Thirty-ninth Street entrance a memorial gate-way, in keeping with the dormitory building 22 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. adjoining, has been erected by the Class of 73. A vivarium or building for small animals is in course of erection in the garden enclosure immediately in the rear and to the west of Biological Hall. A small garden is much better for scientific work than a large one, the cost of maintenance of the latter being considerable. The University garden of five or six acres is therefore admirably adapted to its pur- pose, being near to the laboratory where the botanical instruction is given. The illustrations will convey better than words the appearence of the garden after it had been planted in 1896, and again after the construction of the greenhouse additions and vivarium in 1899. The Botanical Society of Pennsylvania was instituted at the University of Pennsjdvania, October 23, 1897. Under its auspices a fortnightly series of popular meetings and of scientific meetings have been held since organization, while during the fall, spring and summer, courses of laboratory demonstrations and field excursions have been held. A great variety of interesting papers were presented during the first year of the society's existence. Living plants from various greenhouses, charts, diagrams, lantern slides and specimens added very much to the attractiveness of the several meetings. The class meetings were held at the Biological Hall of the University, where the greenhouses and garden afi'orded much interesting and valuable material. The general meetings were held in the auditorium of the Harrison Chemical Laboratory. The following persons have interested themselves in the movement : Dr. John M. Macfar- lane, Professor of Botany ; Dr. Henry Kraemer, Messrs. Pvoberts LeBoutellier, W. H. AV almslev, Drs. A. AV. Aliller, THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPJII A. 23 H. C. Porter and J. W. Harshberger. A list of tlie active members of the society is given in an appendix. The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy has also been an influential botanical centre. Several excellent botanists have occupied the chair of materia medica and botany, as John M. Maisch, Edson S. Bastin, Henry Kraemer and Clement B. Lowe. The chemical and pharmaceutical side of botany have been much emphasized, and much meri- torious work has been done, both by the chemists and botanists of the institution. The American Journal of Pharmacy is a valuable epitome of the work accomplished. The late Professors Trimble and Bastin, of the faculty, were actively engaged in botanical research, the former on the tannins of plants, the latter on the conifera) and the resins. From the College of Pharmacy many students have received an inspiration for botanical study. The Herbarium of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy possesses the col- lections of Elias Durand, Daniel B. Smith, Prof. John ^I. Maisch, and that of Isaac Martindale, purchased by Messrs. Smith, Kline, French and Company from the estate, as also numerous contributions from botanical friends and students. With a laboratory equipped for botanical and microscopical study, and with such an excellent herbarium for comparison, the College is enabled to give an extended course in botany. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia was founded March 21, 1812, by a few citizens "interested in the study of the w^orks and laws of the Creator." From the outset, the Department of Botany received a due share of attention, and the first contribution to the Academy's Her- barium * consisted of a collection of plants made in the Torrey Bulletin VIII: 42, J. II. Redfield. 24 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. environs of Paris and presented by Nicholas S. Parmentier, and still in excellent preservation. During the years which followed, this little nucleus received constant accretions from the working botanists of the day, and the names of Collins, Elliott, Pursh, Baldwin, LeConte, Conrad, Xuttall, Torrey and Pickering are inscribed on many of the early tickets of the Herbarium. In 1834 the Academy received the bequest of the col- lections made by Rev. Lewis David von Schweinitz during a period of forty years. Most of the northern species were collected by himself, but many came from Dr. Torrey, Major Le Conte, Rev. Mr. Dencke, and other correspondents. The European species were contributed by Weldon, Bentham, Brongniart, Schwaegrichen, Steudel and Zeyher. The Siberian plants were furnished by Ledebour, and those of India by Wallich and Steinhauer. Many Chinese species were collected by Mr. James Read, and from the Arctic regions were plants collected by the navigator Parry, and received through Sir William Hooker; while from South America were rich collections made by von Martins, Huffel, Hering and Baldwin. Perhaps the most valuable portion of the bequest consisted of the extensive series of the lower cryptogams, of which Yon Schweinitz had made a special study. Other valuable contributions followed the bequest of Von Schweinitz, among which may be specified the Poiteau collection of St. Domingo plants; Chilian plants from Dr. Styles and Dr. Ruschenberger ; Nuttall's collections made in his expeditions to Arkansas, Oregon and the Sandwich Islands ; Menke's Herbarium of 7000 species of European plants derived from Thunberg, Sprengel, Bernhardi, thp: botanists of Philadelphia. 25 Treviranus, Mertens, etc. ; the Ashmead collection of marine alg£e ; Lesqnereux's collection of over 700 species of algce, authenticated by the best algologists of the age, and a large collection of cryptogams from Ravenel. More recent additions are the herbaria of the late Thomas G. Lea, of Cincinnati, and of Dr. Joseph Carson, late Professor of J^Iateria Medica in the University of Pennsyl- vania ; a large collection from southern Europe and from India, made by the late John Stuart Mill, received from Miss Taylor, through the Director of the Kew gardens and the kindness of Dr. Gray ; the collections of the late Dr. Charles Pickering, made in his journeys through oriental regions in 1844 and 1845 ; Syrian and Algerian plants from Dr. George Post, of Beirut; Floridan plants from Dr. Ga^rber; Mexican plants collected by Parry, Palmer, and Pringle, and a set of mosses and hepaticae of North America, collected and named by the late Col. F. Austin. The most important accession to the Academy's collec- tion was the Short Herbarium of Dr. Charles W. Sliort, of Louisville, Ky. For this the Academy was indel)ted to the strenuous exertions of Dr. Gray in its behalf, and to the liberality of Dr. Short's family. The plants of this collection are uncommonly choice specimens, from all active collectors up tc 1863, and are laid in sheets of extra size, arranged in 325 book-form cases, of which the North American species occupy 261, and the exotic species 64. The work of arranging the earlier collections of the Academy was mainly accomplished by Nuttall and Picker- ing, followed later by Goddard, Bridges, Zantzinger, Durand, Burk, Scribner, Kedfield, Smith, Brown and Meehan. Until the removal to the new building, in 1876, the arrangement 26 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. had been after^the Linntean system in large cumbersome port-folios, in a narrow, dark and inconvenient hall. The removal gave opportunity for an entirely new arrangement, more in accordance with the progress of the science, on enclosed shelves after the most approved modern methods, and in well-lighted apartments convenient for reference and study. In 1854, the lamented Elias Durand began the work of forming a special North American Herbarium from the stores of the Academy, contributing largely from his private collection, of species collected by Lindheimer, Fendler, Wright and others. In this labor he was occupied four years. Since his death the work of perfecting this depart- ment has been continued, and nearly all of the collections made in our newer territories by Parry, Lemmon, Palmer, Kellogg Ward, Rothrock, Pringle and others have been con- tributed at various times by Gray, Canby, Parker, Meehan, Rothrock, Martindale and Redfield. This collection and the " Short Herbarium " occupy the upper of the two rooms devoted to botan}^ in the south-west corner of the building, while the lower room contains the general herbarium, and a large case devoted to the reception of fruits, seed vessels and other vegetable productions. One of the most recent additions to the Academy's Her- barium is the loan collection of the Lewis & Clark plants from the American Philosophical Society. The following is an interesting account of this recent acquisiton : " The expedition of Captains Merewether Lewis and AVilliam Clark, from what was then the village of St. Louis to the sources of the Mississippi and across to the Pacific Coast, was one of the marvels in the early history of the American THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 27 Republic* Captain Lewis started from Washington to take charge of the party on the 5th of July, 1 803. They crossed the Continent, reaching the mouth of the Columbia River, and with the loss of but one man, returned and arrived at St. Louis on the 23d of September, 1806. " The idea of exploration originated with Jefferson. In 1792 he tried to interest the American Philosophical Society in the plan. It was approved, and it was decided to place the expedition in charge of Andre Michaux. Reasons of State policy arising out of our relation with Michaux 's country, caused its abandonment. Lewis was Jefferson's private secretary, and under him the expedition finally started." The plants collected on the expedition were described by Pursh in his " Flora Americse Septrionalis," published in London, in 1814. One hundred and nineteen (119) plants are referred to, many of which he described as wholly new. Nothing was known as to the final disposition of the collections. It was lost to botanists. " It was understood that Pursh took these plants to England, and that they were left by him to Mr. A. B. Lambert, Vice-President of the LinnEean Society, under whose roof and by whose aid Pursh's great work was completed. Lambert's Herbarium was finally distributed, and, in some way not known to the writer, a number of Lewis's plants, forming Pursh's types, and marked ' from Lambert's Herbarium ' became part of the herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia." "Two years ago Professor C. S. Sargent suggested to the writer the possibility of some of the material being yet in *189S. Meehan— Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci., p. 12. 28 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. the custody of the American Philosophical Society. After long and diligent search, packages of plants were found which could only be these, as the localities on the label slips were about the same as those given in Pursh's work." After a careful scrutiny of the labels, handwriting and plant sheets it was satisftictorily determined by Mr. Meehan that the plants were those of Lewis and Clark. Pursh had evi- dently studied these collections before starting to Europe with them, leaving duplicates, where there were any, and those which were too imperfect to be easily recognized. A compari- son of Lewis's own labels and Pursh's copies shows that the latter were not always strictly copied — differences can be seen in the comparisons made in the catalogue. Pursh's notes were probably made from Lewis's original memoranda carried away with the specimens, and are, therefore, the more likely to be the exact statements of the collectors, than the copies left with these. The plants first determined by Mr. Meehan were turned over to the Gray Herbarium where they were critically studied by Messrs. Robinson and Green- man. With the freedom of three-quarters of a century the museum beetles had made sad work in the bundles. In a few cases the specimens had been wholly reduced to dust, and only fragments were left in other cases. Generally, however, they were in fair condition. The Philosophical Society wisely accepted a proposition to deposit these and other collections with the Academy of Natural Sciences, where they would be properly cared for. All these collec- tions, including those from the Kuram Valley, Afghanstan, made by Major J. E. T. Aitcheson ; from China, Japan, Formosa, Australia and Tasmania ; from the Texo-Mexican THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 29 region ; from Australia, made by Baron F. von ]\Iueller ; from the United States Forestry Commission of rare North Ameri- can trees ; from North Africa, made by Geo. Curling Joad ; from the North Pacific Survey, by William Canby ; from Alaska, by Thos. Meehan ; from the Yellowstone, made by F. Tweedy ; of ^lexican plants distributed by C. G. Pringle, the noted collector, and the veteran botanist, Dr. Palmer ; from Colorado, New Mexico and California, made by A. H. Smith ; from Chili, Bolivia and Brazil, distributed by H. H. Rusby; from Tabasco and Chiapas, in Mexico, by Prof. Rovirosa; from South America, by Thos. Morong; from the West Indies, made by Professor Leopold Krug, of the Royal Botanical Museum, Berlin; from Guatemala, distri- buted by John Donnell Smith ; from Greenland, made by Wm. E. Meehan ; from Greece, Macedonia, Asia Minor, Kurdistan and Mesopotamia, by Bornmiiller and Sintenis ; from the AVest Indies, distributed by Rothrock ; from Cali- fornia, by Brandegee, are valuable scientifically, because they represent type specimens of the new^ forms discovered by all of these collectors in different parts of the world. In addition to the phanerogams the Academy's herbarium has been enriched in recent years by the addition of many note- worthy cryptogamic collections, among these may be men- tioned a complete set of Ellis's " Centuries of North Ameri- can Fungi," Drummond's " Mosses of the Rocky Mountains and British America," a set of fungi, from the wife of the late Dr. Geo. Martin, of West Chester ; the lichen herbarium of Dr. J. W. Eckfeldt, the celebrated lichen ologist, and other collections of minor interest and importance. With these large collections the herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences may be said to be on a })ar 30 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. with those of Harvard. University, at Cambridge, Mass. ; Cohimbia College, in New York; the Missouri Botanical Garden, at St. Louis, and the United States Department of Agriculture, at Washington. In addition to the herbarium, the Academy is especially fortunate in having an almost complete file of all of the leading journals of science, in which list the botanical journals are well represented. The Academy, therefore, is well ecjuipped for active scientific work, but is hampered, like so many other institutions, by lack of funds. It is to be hoped that the endeavor which is now being made to raise an endowment to pay a first-class botanist, and to maintain the herbarium in good condition, will meet with success. The fund, to be known as the Redfield Memorial Herbarium Fund, is soreh^ needed, as the committee, consist- ing of Thomas Meehan, George M. Beringer, and Stewardson Brown, testify in their appeal to the admirers of the scientist who did so much for the herbarium. It is estimated that at least $30,000 should be raised to insure the necessary income, and the bequest * of Mr. Eedfield will serve as a nucleus. It is proposed to utilize the interest to pay a conservator or professor, who shall devote his time to the needs of the herbarium, and make the collections available at all times. Any income in excess of the sum needed for salary will be judiciously applied to shares in exploring expeditions, or other means of adding to the collections. The Philadelphia Botanical Club, organized by Dr. J. Bernard Brinton, who held the presidency until his death, has for its object the promotion of social intercourse between * See Science X. S. 1 : 470; also Philadelphia Ledger, April 2, 1895. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 31 botanists who live witliin a radius of sixty miles of tlie City of Philadelphia, the formation of a herbarium in which all of the plants of the region, carefully mounted, labeled and annotated, are represented, and the advance- ment of botany generally. Field trips during the spring, summer, and autumn months are taken to various points of botanical interest, and reports are made at each succeed- ing meeting of the plants collected. Its membership repre- sents the active botanists of the region at the present day. It has done much to advance the systematic knowledge of the plants of the district. Under the auspices, and with the co-operation of this organization. Dr. Ida Keller has undertaken the preparation of a list of the plants found within the neighborhood of Philadelphia, as represented in a radius of 60 miles or less. This work will be of great use to students of the local flora, and is to be hio-hlv commended. The study of the lower forms of plant-life has been almost entirely neglected by the greater number of botanists mentioned in this work. In order to create an interest in the fungi, especially the higher fleshy fungi, two societies have been inaugurated during 1897 and 1898. One called the Philadelphia Mycological Center, modeled after the Boston organization, meets statedly at the Academy of Natural Sciences. Topics of general interest to the members are discussed, and specimens, chiefly of the edible kinds of toad- stools, are presented for inspection. The other organization is known as the Mycological Club. Its objects are essentially similar to those of the first-mentioned society. A bulletin is published under the auspices of this club, and excursions are taken into the sur- 6'1 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. rounding country for specimens. Those interested especially in the advancement of the interests of this club are the following ladies and gentlemen : Captain Charles Mcllvaine> Mrs. S. T. Rorer, Dr. Henry Leffman, Mr. and Mrs. Talcott Williams, and Theodore Rand, C. S. Ridgway, Dr. S. C. Schmucker, and Mrs. Theodore Ely. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, organized in 1886, has done a great service to the State of Pennsylvania in interesting its people in trees and in forest preservation. As an outcome of this agitation under the leadership of the Forest Commissioner, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, and by the official organ of the Society, " Forest Leaves," three tracts of mountain land have been designated as forest reservations. The Delaware County Institute of Science at Media, Penna., founded in 1833, has for its object the diffusion of general and scientific knowledge among its members and in the community at large, and the establishment and maintenance of a library and historical record and a museum. The library of the Institute contains about four thousand volumes, covering generally the subjects of science, history and literature. The museum contains a large collection of specimens, illustrating the fauna, flora and the minerals of Delaware County. The local botanical and mineralogi- cal collections are quite complete, well arranged, and accessible to students of these subjects. The Indian archeology of the county is well represented. The Institute is divided into several sections, as follows: biological, anthropological, physical and literary sections. The Wagner Free Institute of Science, at 17th and Montgomery Avenue, Philadelphia, was founded by William Wagner to advance the cause of science by popular lectures THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 33 and demonstrations. In the past many lectures on botany have been given to interested audiences, under the auspices of the Institute, which also possesses a fine scientific and general library. Fairmount Park and its Horticultural Building also are places where the botanists of Philadelphia have received their inspiration. This building, in Moorish style, was built for the Centennial Exposition of 1876, and in it was placed a large and valuable collection of palms, orchids, tree ferns, ferns and other tropical and exotic plants. It has been altered considerably since it was built to give more light to the rapidly-growing araucarias, palms and bamboos. A visitor luxuriates in the vegetation of the fernery, the forcing-house, the temperate-house and the main hall, in which grow some magnificent specimens of Australian palm {Ptychosperma elegans) tree ferns, bamboos, traveler's tree, date palms, rubber trees, fan palms, climbing aroids, wax palms, and other tropical plants. Upon entering the door, one imagines himself in a tropical forest. The Commercial and Economic Museum, * which is owned and operated by the City of Philadelphia, is com- posed of the combined exhibits of many countries, both of raw material and the vegetable and animal products of the countries represented. This museum was established soon after the close of the Columbian Exposition. Professor Thomas Meehan and Professor W. P. Wilson, made the proposition to procure these great collections to one or two public-spirited gentlemen on September 7, 1893, and on September 12th of that year a resolution was * The Mirror, Philadelphia, Wednesday, May 8, 1895, with portraits of those prominently connected with the Philadelphia Museums. 34 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. passed by the Select and Common Councils of the City of Philadelphia authorizing the Park Commission to make col- lections for an Economic Museum. Later, arrangements were made by Professor Wilson and one member of the Park Commissioners with the ^layor, by which letters were addressed to the foreign representatives at the Columbian Exposition, stating the wish of the City of Philadelphia to obtain the exhibits of natural products at the Fair for the proposed Museum, where they might be preserved intact and so remain as a lasting proof of the advancement of the countries they represent. On October 19, 1893, Councils passed an ordinance making an appropriation of $10,000 to the Commissioners of Fairmount Park " to defray the expenses of procurement, transportation, packing, storing and display of raw and manufactured economic products now of the Columbian Exposition at Chicago." The sum of $3000 was advanced by three prominent citizens until such time as Councils should make the appropriation. This unexpected generosity saved the enterprise from what might have been a failure, since by that time other cities and institutions, realizing the benefit to their industries to be gained by such a museum, were making attempts to obtain the collections partially promised to Pennsylvania. The appropriation was finally made by Councils, and the money was judiciously expended, $20,000 provided for the project in 1894. Professor Wilson succeeded in securing displays of various materials from Mexico, from Costa Pdca, from Guatemala, from British Guiana, from Ecuador, from Colombia, from the Argentine Pvepublic, Brazil, Venezuela, Uruguay, Paraguay, Labrador, Sweden, Germany, Pvussia, Johore, Japan, Siam, New South ?0 :^ ::; o a o w o a n W "vli mi «^ §^ll«^ o 1^ THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 35 Wales, Turkey, British India, Persia, Spain, Puerto Pico and Ceylon. The objects of the museum are clearly set forth by its promoters as being : First, to bring before American manu- facturers all the varied products of the world, that they may make the best selection of material for their own especial interests. Second, to publish all possible scientific and useful information concerning these products which may aid the manufacturer and consumer in his choice. Third, to place on exhibition manufactured articles and samples, with full information from all markets which ought to be entered or controlled, and to furnish to merchants and manufacturers useful information concerning opj^ortunities in foreign lands. The exhibits consist in the main of raw materials, show- ing the vegetable and animal products of the several countries, as for instance the handsome forestry exhibit from Mexico, composed of a great number of prepared woods, many of them polished and varnished on one side, showing the grain and any particularly striking features of the wood. There are also minor forest products, such as fibres, gums, resins, tannins and medicinal plants. In many cases the collections represent big sums of money, the exhibition from the Argentine Republic, alone, having cost that government over $25,000. One of the three collections presented from Japan cost |lo,000 to prepare. The collec- tions from many of the countries are of especial interest to botanists, in that they comprise largely a display of the vegetal productions of those lands. The Museum, being in need of a building sufficiently large to accommodate the vast quantity of material in its possession, there were assigned nineteen rooms in City Hall, 36 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. all of them except three being in the basement. Many- cases were stored in the warehouses of several firms in Philadelphia, awaiting a time when they might be opened. The exhibits continued in the City Building until Sep- tember, 1895, when they were taken to South Fourth Street, a lease of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company's Buildings, which are admirably adapted to the purposes of the museum, having been made with the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- pany at advantageous terms in August of that year. The buildings now occupied have been leased for five years, and the exhibits will remain in them until the buildings are completed in West Philadelphia. These railroad build- ings are three in number. The principal one is the granite building, fronting on Fourth Street at the corner of Willing's Alley. Adjoining it also on Fourth Street is the Empire Building, three stories in height. Connected with the granite building is the rear of the annex, an enormous structure six stories high. Altogether, the museum occupies 128 rooms with a floor space of 200,000 square feet. Part of the granite building is devoted to the display of exhibits according to j^roducts, without regard to the geogra- phical location of the countries producing them. Here are shown samples from every civilized section of the world, embracing everything of foreign growth used or deemed capable of being used by American manufacturers, or which enter into or are likely to enter into American commerce. The exhibits include thousands of samples of woods, wools, silks, cottons, vegetable fibres, hides, skins, dye-stufls, tanning materials, drugs, herbs, minerals, coff'ees, spices, teas, rubber, etc.'^ * Fhiladelpkia Inquirer, Monday, March 2, 1896. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 37 Another section of the Empire Building is given over to the American forestry exhibit, 2)articular attention being given to the Southern states, which are just now being looked to in a commercial sense as they have never been before. A large part of this display was secured at the Atlanta Exposition, and includes the collection of sugar cane from Louisiana, and the interesting turpentine exhibit, showing realistically the method of collecting this valuable product of the turpentine forests. The exhibits are tastefully and convenienth^ arranged according to countries, beginning with Mexico and following with the Central and South American countries, in their order. After these come the countries of Europe, Asia and Africa. Especial prominence is given to Mexico and the Span- ish-American countries because of their growing importance to the mercantile and manufacturing interests of this coun- try. This prominence, however, is not at the expense of the exhibits from other countries, for the collections from all of them will be extensively and conveniently displayed. The exhibit from Mexico can be taken as an illustration of the completeness of the different collections. It occupies no less than nine large rooms, and embraces every possible article of commercial value that country produces. In the exhibit are collections of woods from no less than fifteen different states in the Mexican Republic, which liave already been or will be in the near future brouo-ht into use bv the manufacturers of this country. Another department, which illustrates the great scope of the museum and the thoroughness contemplated in its general plan, is the testing department. Here, with suitable 38 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. machinery and under the supervision of experts, Avill be made tests, for instance, of samples of foreign woods for the purpose of ascertaining their availability for certain uses. The scientific laboratories of botany and zoology and those of technology in connection with the museums are doing excellent work in the study of economic samples. A department, fully as invaluable to the American manufacturer as any of the others, is that in which are displayed samples of foreign manufacturers. This display consists of a complete collection of manufactured articles which certain countries, notably those of Spanish America, Australia, South Africa, etc., do not produce themselves and which they must necessarily purchase elsewhere. An inspection of this department will show an American manufacturer just what these countries buy and where they buy. A Bureau of Information is maintained whose object is to make a special study of foreign commerce, compile all data relative thereto, and make it available to the manu- facturer or consumer in as concise and definite a form as possible. The bureau is located on the third floor, and a force of men and women is actively engaged in compiling the data, arranging indexes and getting things in shape.* A libraryt is maintained in connection with the Bureau of Information, where business directories, trade and com- mercial publications, books of reference, etc., from all parts of the world are kept constantly on file. The library is receiving between 400 and 500 of the best trade publi- cations from England, France, Germany and the United States, over fifty of them coming from London alone. * See Ledger, February 19, 1896. t Fhiladelphia Inquirer, March 2, 1896. THE BOTANISTS OF PIIlLADICLrillA. 39 In addition to these are the official organs of Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Italy, Australia, Japan, Mexico and the South American countries. There is also kept a complete file of statistical docu- ments issued by different countries in relation to trade and commerce. The information and data contained in all of these publications is compiled and indexed for ready refer- ence under the most approved library methods, so that the merchant or manuf^icturer may easily and quickly find tliat which refers to the particular line of industry in which lie is interested. The authorities expect, in the near future, to move the collections to West Philadelphia, near the University of Pennsylvania. On .June 27, 1895, City Councils passed an ordinance giving over to the Trustees eight acres of land along the Schuylkill. By an ordinance approved October 10, 189(3, eight acres more were added to this, making six- teen acres. Recently $200,000 has been appropriated out of the "loan bill" to commence work on the buildings; 150,000 was granted by the State of Pennsylvania ; $100,- 000 has been raised by private subscription; and in December, 1898, the Congress of the United States passed a bill, which was signed by the President, authorizing the expenditure of $350,000 in the erection of exhibition and museum buildings for the Philadelphia Commercial Museums, so that the museums have become a national as well as a state and municipal enterprise.* A casual reader will see, after perusing this sketch of * Since writing the above, exposition buildings have been started and are well under way. An Exposition and Commercial Congress, it is planned, will be held in Philadelphia, beginning with the middle of September, 1S[}[). It is planned that two of the exposition buildings, under course of erection, will become a permanent part of the Commercial Museums. 40 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. the facilities which are presented at Philadelphia, that the city is peculiarly fitted to be the botanical centre of America. Situated between New York, the metropolis of America, and the Capitol of the United States, it is within easy reach of the metropolitan life and publishing houses of the former city, and the libraries and scientific departments of the latter city, in the Smithsonian Institute and National Museum, and in the National Congressional Library. The libraries of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, the American Philosophical Society, the Pennsylvania Histori- cal Society, the University of Pennsylvania, the Franklin Institute, the Free Library Company, and the Philadelphia Library Company present unusual opportunities for research and study. In addition to the facilities for study and research already mentioned, the city has Fairmount and Bartram's Parks, and the seed houses of national reputation of Landreth, Dreer, Buist, Blanc and Burpee, whose experi- ment farms lie within close proximity to the urban limits. Philadelphia has never very severe winters, being protected by the range of hills to the west and north-west. Lying in close proximity to New Jersey, whose peculiar flora is rich in species, and to the drainage areas of the Susquehanna, Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, it is favorably situated for botanical research. Why not make Philadelphia the Botanical Centre of America ? Biographies of Botanists. JAMES LOGAN. James Logan,* one of the fathers of Pennsylvania, and greatly distinguished for his learning and worth, was born at Lurgan, County Armagh, Ireland, October 20, 1674. He came to America in company with William Penn, in 1699. In 1701 he was appointed Secretary of the Province of Pennsylvania, and Clerk of the Council. He w^as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from 1731-39, and, as President of the Council, was for two years acting Governor of the Colony, after the death of Governor Gordon in 1736. Several years previous to his death he retired from public affairs, and spent the latter part of his life among his books, and in corresponding witli learned men in different parts of Europe. He died near Germantown, October 31, 1751, bequeathing his lil^rary of 2000 volumes to the City of Philadelphia, which now forms part of the Philadelphia Library under the name, Loganian Library. In 1735 he published his experiments upon maize in support of Linnaean doctrine of sex in plants. The results of the experiments were given in Ijrief in the letter to Peter CoUinson, published in the Philosophical Ti^ansac- tions (34 : 192-195), and later a full account was published in Latin, in a w^ork entitled, " Experimenta et Meletemata de Plantarum Generatione, etc., auctore Jacobo Logan, Judice Supremo and Prasside Concilii ProvincLr Pensilvaniensis in America, Lugduni Batavorum, Apud Cornelium Haak, * 1849. 'DAnLiiiOTOy:—Memo7-ials of Bariram and Marshall, p. 307. 42 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 1739," pp. 3-13 (preface dated Philadelphia, 1737).* In 1744 he published also a translation of Cicero's treatise, " De Senectute," at Philadelphia. The country home of James Logan was at Stenton, Germantown, adorned with many fine trees and rare shrubs and plants. t Here was spent the quiet days of an extremely eventful and busy life. CHRISTOPHER WITT. Dr. Christopher Witt,J or DeWitt, as he is occasionally named, was born in AViltshire, England, in the year 1675, he emigrated to America in the year 1704, and joined the theosophical colonists on the Wissahickon. He was then in his twenty-ninth year, and in addition to being a thorough naturalist and a skilled physician, was well versed in the mystic sciences and in astronomy. He was esteemed highly by his fellow-mystics, his services as a physician were constantly called into requisition. Shortly after the death of Kelpius, Doctor Witt, together with Daniel Geissler, removed to a small house in Germantown, upon the land owned by Christian Warmer, who, with his family, looked after the welfare of their tenants. In 1718 Dr. Witt pur- chased ground aggregating in all 125 acres. After the death of Geissler, Dr. W^itt moved, according to tradition, to the large mansion house still standing at the south-east corner of Main and High Streets. * See an article of mine, " James Logan," Botanical Gazette, August, 1894, p. 307. There are two oil paintings of Logan extant, one at the Pennsylvania Historical Society and one in Independence Hall. 1 1877, SCHARFF AND Westcott— T/ie Historic Mansions and Buildiyigs of Phila- delphia, p. 155. There is an oil painting of Stenton at the Pennsylvania Historical Society, and a pen and ink sketch by Mumford at the Philadelphia Library. X 1895. Sachse— r/ie German Pietists of Provincial Pennsylvania, p. 402. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 43 Dr. Witt was a good botanist, and upon removing to Germantown, he started a large garden for. his own profit and amusement. It is probably the first botanical garden in America, antedating Bartram's celebrated garden l)y twenty years. There seems to have been a much earlier garden located on the lower Wissahickon, at the Monastery. In George Webb's poem, Bachelor's Hall, published in 1729, he speaks of a place of retreat situated near Phila- delphia, * which was called " Bachelor's Hall, and was the headquarters of a social company. In addition to its uses for such purposes there was attached to the building a botanic garden, cultivated for the production of plants use- ful in medicine. Speaking of this building the poet says : "Close to the dome a garden shall be join'd — A fit employment for a studious mind. In our vast woods whatever simples grow, Whose virtues none but the Indians know, Within the confines of this garden brought, To rise with added lustre shall be taught ; Then culled with judgment each shall yield its juice, Saliferous balsam to the sick man's use ; A longer date of life mankind shall boast, And death shall mourn her ancient empire lost." It is known that the members of this social fraternity interested themselves sufficiently in science to append sucli a garden to their place of good-fellowship, ft>r medical purposes. It is not known who superintended the garden, which must have been under the charge of a person of more than ordinary taste. Dr. Witt corresponded for * See introduction, p. 5. This poem varies in ditferent books. The dome, referred to in the poem, is probably the observatory erected by the Rosicrucian fraternity near their garden founded in 1694. 1895. Sachsk— r/ie German Pietists of Provincial Pennsylvania, p. 71. 44 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. many years with Peter Collinson, of London, whose letters to some of the leading men in the Province mention the high esteem and regard in which Dr. Witt was held by the English naturalist. In later years, there was a friendly intercourse between Dr. Witt and John Bartram. The following letter from the latter to Peter Collinson gives an interesting picture of the j^rivate life of the learned theosophist : "June 11th, 1743. " Friend Peter : "I have lately been to visit our friend Doctor Witt, where I spent four or five hours very agreeably — sometimes in his garden, where I viewed every kind of plant, I believe, that grew therein, which afforded me a convenient oppor- tunity of asking him whether he ever observed any kind of wild roses, in this country, that was double. He said he could not remember that he ever did. So being satisfied with this amusement, we went into his study, which was furnished with books containing different kinds of learning, as philosophy, natural magic, divinity, nay, even mystic divinity ; all of which were the subjects of our discourse within doors, which alternately gave way to botany, every time we walked in the garden. I could have wished thee the enjoyment of so much diversion, as to have heard our discourse, provided thee had been well swathed from hips to arm-pits. But it happened a little of our spiritual dis- course was interrupted by a material object Avithin doors ; for the Doctor had lately purchased of a great traveler in Spain and Italy, a sample of what was imposed upon him for snake stones, which took me up a little time, beside laughing at him, to convince the Doctor that they were nothing but calcined old horse bones. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 45 " Indeed, to give the Doctor his due, he is very pleasant, facetious and plaint, and will exchange as many freedoms as most men of his years, with those he respects His understanding and judgment thee art not unacquainted with having had so long and frequent intercourse with him by letters. "When we are upon the topic of astrology, magic and mystic divinity, I am apt to be a little troublesome by mquiring into the foundation and reasonableness of these notions, which, thee knows, will not bear to be searched and examined into; though I handle these fancies with more tenderness with him than I should with manv others that are so superstitiously inclined, because I respect the man. He hath a considerable share of good in him. "The Doctor's famous Lychnis, which thee has digni- fied so highly, is, I think, unworthy of that character Sur swamps and low grounds are full of them. I had so con temptible an opinion of it as not to think it worth sending nor afford it room in my garden; but I suppose, by thy account, your climate agreeth so well, that it is much improved. The other, which I brought from Virginia grows with me about five feet high, bearing spikes of different colored flowers, for three or four months in the year, exceeding beautiful. I have another wild one finely speckled, and striped with red upon a white ground 'and \ red eye in the middle, the only one I ever saw. " Our worthy friend Golden wrote to me he had received a new edition of Linnteus's Characteres Plantarum, lately printed. He advised me to desire Gronovius to send it to me. The first I saw was at the Doctor's, and chiefly by it he hath attained the greatest knowledge in botany ^f ^ny I have discoursed with. jo„.^- Bartkam " 46 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Dr. AVitt, besides being an excellent botanist, was an ingenious mechanic, constructing the first clocks made in Pennsylvania, if not in America. He was an artist and musician. He possessed a large pipe organ, said to have been made by his own hands. The scholarly Doctor also practiced horoscopy and Avould cast nativities, using the hazel rod in his divination. When the Doctor was eighty years old his eyesight failed him, resulting finally in blindness. His slave, Robert, carefully looked after his wants until his death in the latter part of January, 1765, aged ninety years. Thus died Doctor Christopher AVitt, the last of the Rosicrucian Mystics of Germantown. He was buried in the Warmer burial-ground, in Germantown. This spot became known as Spook Hill.* Tales were told which have survived to the present time, how, upon the night following the burial of the old mystic, spectral flames were seen dancing around his grave. JOHN BARTRAM. John Bartram, founder of the celebrated Botanical Garden, Was born near the village of Darby, in Delaware (then Chester) County, Pennsylvania, on the 23rd day of March, 1699. His great grandfather, Richard Bartram, lived and died in Derbyshire, England. Richard had one son, named John, who married in Derby (England), and, with his wife, was settled for some years in the town of Ashborn, where they had three sons and one daughter. * It is located on the high ground within the square bounded by High and Haines Streets, and Morton and Hancock Streets, and is reached either by the old lane leading from Haines Street into Mechanic Street, now Colwell Street, or by the path between St. Michael's Church and the parsonage. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 47 With this family, John (following the fortunes of William Penn) removed to Pennsylvania in 1082 — the year in which the city of Philadelphia was founded — and settled in what is now Delaware County, near Darhy. He died on the first of September, 1697. The names of the three sons who accompanied him to the western world, were John, Isaac and William. John and Isaac died unmarried, the former on the 14th of June, 1692, and the latter on the 10th of January, 170S. William Bartram, the third son, was married to Elizabeth, daughter of James Hunt, at Darby Meeting, on the 27th of March, 1696. The time of his death has not been ascertained. He had three sons, and a daughter who died young. The names of the sons w^ere John (the Botanist), James and William. Of these, William went to North Carolina, and settled near Cape Fear ; James, who remained in Pennsyl- vania, left no male descendants.* John Bartram, eldest son of William and Elizabeth Bartram, and the subject of this memoir, inherited a farm near Darby, which was left to him by his Uncle Isaac. One day in spring, about the year 1725, John Bartram, after ploughing awhile in one of his fields, paused under the shade of a tree to rest. While sitting upon the grass near his panting beasts, he cast his eyes upon a daisy, which he plucked mechanically, and began to look at it with a certain languid curiosity. The more he looked, the more interested he became; observing the various parts, some perpendicular, some horizontal, some white, some yellow ; and he fell to wondering what could be the jnirposes * The Bartram Tribute. Bartram Garden, Kingsessiug. June 13 aud 11, 1S(50. published as an auxiliary aid to the purposes of the Festival given by the ladies of St. James' Episcopal Church, Kingsessiug. 1849. Darlington— .l/emor/ai* of John Bartram and Humi:ihry Marshall. 48 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. and functions of the several parts of the flower. For the first time he was struck witli his ignorance of the common things about him. " What a shame it is," said he to himself, " that I should have employed so many years in tilling the earth, and destroying so many flowers and plants without being acquainted with their structure and their uses ! " In relating the events of this day, he would declare his inability to account for such thoughts. He said it was like an inspiration, for he had never had such reflections before in his life. After pulling his daisy to pieces, and musing on the parts awhile, he took hold of his plough again, and resumed his labor. But his new thoughts did not abandon him, and a strong desire arose within him for some knowledge of the plants and flowers around him. When the bell summoned him to dinner, he related these circumstances to his wife, and made her acquainted with the desire for knowledge which had sprung up in his mind. She did not encourage him. He was not rich enough, she said, to spend any of his time in such pursuits, and she advised him to stick to his farm, which, being recently hewed out of the wilderness, demanded all his time and care. But he could not overcome his new desire. It haunted him continually, whether he was at work or at rest, at table or in bed. He resisted the impulse for four or five days, and then, finding his desires unconquerable, he hired a man to plough for him, saddled his horse and rode to Phila- delphia. Arriving at the city, then a town of ten thousand inhabitants, he went to a book store. Not knowing what book to ask for, he told the bookseller his story, and said he THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADKLPIIIA. 49 wanted a book which would give liim the l)otanical knowl- edge of which he was in search. The bookseller provided him with a work upon botany written in Latin, and a Latin grammar as well. This was sorry comfort to a mind so eager, but he was fain to i)ut the books in his saddle-l^acr, and return to his farm with them. There was a school- master in the neighborhood who taught Latin, and under him this enthusiastic student made such progress, that in three months he found himself able to translate, slowly and with difficulty, the Latin of his botanical work. The following story as told by his son AVilliani, of how Bartram became a botanist, is probably more authentic than the above story which has been so often quoted.* " Being born in a newly-settled colony, of not more than fifty years establishment, in a country where the sciences of the old continent were little known, it cannot be supposed that he could derive great advantages or assistance from school-learning or literature. He had, however, all or most of the education that could, at that time, be acquired in country schools ; and whenever an opportunity offered he studied such of the Latin and Greek grammars and classics as his circumstances enabled him to purchase; and he always sought the society of the most learned and virtuous men. " He had a very early inclination to the study of physic and surgery. He even acquired so much knowledge in the practice of the latter science as to be very useful ; and, in many instances, he gave great relief to his poor neighbors, who were unable to apply for medicines and assistance to the physicians of the city (Philadelphia). It is extremely * See Meehan's Munlhly, ix, % (LSyy). 50 THE BOTAXISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. probable that, as most of his medicines were derived from the vegetable kingdom, this circumstance might point out to him the necessity of and excite a desire for the study of botany."* James Logan was probably the first to direct the mind of John Bartram seriously to botany, as the study of a life- time. In 1729 he wrote to England for a copy of Parkin- son's Herbal, which he wanted to present to John Bartram, who, he said, was a person worthier of a heavier purse than fortune had yet allowed him, and had a genius perfectly well turned for botany. t Then he began to botanize all over the farm. In a short time he became acquainted with every plant, shrub, tree and flower in his neighborhood. Then, as opportunity favored, and the work of his farm allowed, he made botan- ical tours in Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware, being entertained by the members of the religious body to which he belonged, the Society of Friends. Ere long, his circum- stances improving, he extended his journeys into A^irginia, the Carolinas and Xew York ; until, in fact, he was acquainted with the nature and habits of every plant that grew between the Alleghany range and the Atlantic Ocean, and had recorded his observations with scientific exactness. He owed the leisure which enabled him to pursue these extensive studies to his excellent treatment of his ser- A^ants, and his superior management of his farm. At a time when almost every other farmer of any wealth culti- vated his land with negro slaves, John Bartram set his * The portion of the sketch designated by quotation marks is taken from an account of John Bartram written by his son William, and published in Professor Barton's Medical and Physical Journal. See Bartram's preface to Short's Medicina Brilunnica. (1751). t 1884. ScHARF AND \\v:^icoTT— History of Philadelphia, I, 234. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 51 negroes free, paid them eighteen pounds a year wages, taught them to read and write, sat with them at table, and took them with him to Quaker meetings.* He was the second Anglo-American who conceived the idea of establishing a botanic garden, for the reception and cultivation of the various vegetables, natives of the country, as well as of exotics, and of traveling for the discovery and acquisition of them. " He purchased a conve- nient piece of ground at sheriff's sale on the margin of the Schuylkill, at a distance of three miles from the city, f a happy situation, possessing every soil and exposure adapted to the various nature of vegetables. Here he built with his own hands a comfortable house of hewn stone, and laid out a garden, containing about five acres of ground. " He began his travels at his own expense. His various excursions rewarded his labors with the possession of a great variety of new, beautiful and useful trees, shrubs and herba- ceous plants. " A member of Franklin's celebrated club, called the ^' Junto," Joseph Breintnall, an enterprising young mer- chant of Philadelphia, much interested in science, was the means of conveying to Europe the knowledge which John Bartram had collected. One of the noted botanists then living in England was a Quaker gentleman, named Peter Collinson, a rich woolen draper, a great friend all his life of Pennsylvania and Pennsylvanians — a correspondent of Franklin for fifty years. To this excellent man Josepli * James Partox— IFood's Household Magazine, Oct., 1871, p. 1(J7. fTHE Deed— Owen Owen, SheriflF, to John Bartram bears date September 30, 1728. The garden was probablj' commenced soon afterwards. The year in which the dwelling house was erected may be gathered from an inscription on a stone in the wall, John * Ann : Bartram : 1731. 52 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Breintnall conveyed John Bartram's botanical diaries, Avhich Collinson read with extreme interest, and he opened a cor- respondence with the American botanist that terminated only with his life. " He carried on a botanical correspondence witli Queen Ulrica, of Sweden, sister of Frederick the Great. Indeed, we may say that through John Bart ram the vegetable wealth of North America was communicated to Europe. And not the vegetable wealth only, for he sent to his friend, Collinson, American turtles, birds, animals, minerals, as well as minute accounts of such things as could not be trans- ported. And all was done in the most delightfully simple, inexpensive, unj^retending manner. Peter Collinson occa- sionally sent the American botanist a pocket compass or a new suit of clothes, which Bartram received with gratitude, and repaid by a box of live turtles, or a case of stuffed birds. Probably the immense and incalculable service which John Bartram rendered Europe did not cost Europe a thousand pounds sterling. " Peter Collinson and John Bartram, both Quakers and both botanists, not only exchanged long letters by every ship upon their favorite science, but seeds, roots, cuttings, plants and trees. Almost every ship that left the Delaware conveyed something of this nature — boxes of roots, or packets of seeds — consigned to Peter Collinson in London, which on arriving were tried in Collinson's own garden, and distributed among noblemen and gentlemen interested in botany, or in the decoration of parks and grounds. To encourage Bartram to make more extensive * tours, and to compensate him for labors from which they derived so much advantage, Collinson, the Duke of Richmond and Lord Petre THE BOTANISTS OF PIIILADELPIIIA. 53 subscribed ten guineas each per annum, the vahie to be returned to them in American seeds and roots. Some years later, Bartram was appointed botanist to the king, at a saLary of fifty pounds a year — one of tlie wisest expenditures a king- ever made, for it introduced into English parks and gardens every vegetable production of North America which could be of value. In 1735 we find Collinson sending, in addi- tion to various fruit and shade trees, many flowers which seem to have been new to America, to Bartram witli others, like lilacs and double narcissus, which Bartram complains are already too numerous, as the roots Ijrought l)y the early settlers had spread enormously. " Among the new flowers for America we find tulips, double sweet-briar roses, twenty sorts of crocus, lilies, nar- cissus, gladiolus, iris and snap-dragon, also the perennial oriental poppy, cyclamens and carnations, while in return Bartram sends Collinson bush honey-suckles, fiery lilies, mountain-laurel, dog-tooth violets, wild asters, gentians, ginseng and sweet fern, with magnolia, tulip and locust trees, the hornbeam, witchhazel, cones of the spruce and hemlock, red and white cedar, and seeds of the sugar maple, about which the Englishmen were very curious.* Nor did he confine his services to Great Britain. He sent American plants and seeds to Linnaeus and to botanists all over Europe.f With the ' stimulus given to him through corres- pondence and exchange with European botanists and horticulturists he employed much of his time in traveling through the different provinces of North America, at that * The Asa Qray Bulletin, IH, April, 1895, p. 15. fPARTON— iroocZ's Household Magazine, October, 1871, p. 169. 54 THE BOTAXISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. time subject to England. Neither dangers nor difficulties impeded or confined his researches after objects in natural history. The summits of our highest mountains were ascended and explored by him. The lakes, Ontario, Iroquois and George ; the shores and sources of the rivers Hudson, Delaware, Schuylkill, Susquehanna, Alleghany and San Juan were visited by him at an early period, when it was truly a perilous undertaking to travel in the territories, or even on the frontier. The results of this extended journey are recorded in ' Observations on the Inhabitants, Climate, Soil, Rivers, Productions (Animals and other matters worthy of notice) made by Mr. John Bartram in his travels from Pennsylvania to Onondago, Oswego and the Lake Ontario.' Printed by J. Whiston and B. White, Fleet Street, 1751. " He traveled several thousand miles in Carolina and Florida. At the advanced age of near seventy years, embarking on board of a vessel at Philadelphia, he set sail for Charleston, in South Carolina. From thence he pro- ceeded by land through part of Carolina and Georgia to St. Agustine, in East Florida. When arrived at the last- mentioned place — being then appointed botanist and naturalist for the King of England, for exploring the provinces — he received his orders to search for the sources of the great river St. John's. " Leaving St. Augustine, he traveled by land to the banks of the river, and embarking in a boat at Picolata, ascended that great and beautiful river (400 miles) to its sources, attending carefully to its various branches and the lakes connected with it. Having ascended on one side of THE BOTANISTS OF PIIILADKLl'IIIA. 55 the river, he descended hy the other side to its confluence with the sea.* " In the course of this voyage or journey, he made an accurate draft and survey of tlie various widths, depths, courses and distances, both of the main stream and of the lakes and branches. He also noted the situation and quahty of the soil, the vegetable and animal productions, tog(;ther with other interesting observations, allot which were liighly approved of by the governor and sent to the Board of Trade and plantations in England, by whose direction they were ordered to be published for the benefit of the new colony. " Out of his great but unfulfilled desire to explore the Mississippi Valley grew that idea of exploring the Missouri country, discussed immediately after the Revolutionary War, by Franklin, William Bartram and the Marshalls. This discussion and hope became almost a reality ten years after- ward, when Dr. Wistar wrote to one of the Marshalls that ' Mr. Jefferson and others are much interested * * * and think they can insure a thousand guineas to any one who undertakes the journey, and can bring satisfactory proof of having passed across to the South Sea. If thee can come to town and converse with Mr. Jefferson, I am confident no small matter will stop them.' "Something happened, for ten years later, when the expedition started in 1803 that was to give us the Oregon country as proof of having reached 'the South Sea, we know it was led by Lewis and Clarke, but Jefferson's instructions to them read like extracts from Bartram's letters. " Mr. Bartram was a man of modest and gentle manners, frank, cheerful, and of great good-nature ; a lover lS-49. Darlington'— J/emori«is o/ ./o/i/i Bay-tram and HiDnphri/ Marshall. 56 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. of justice, truth, and charity. He was, himself, an example of filial, conjugal, and parental affection. His humanit}^ gentleness, and compassion were manifested upon all occa- sions, and were even extended to the animal creation. He was never known to have been at enmity with any man. During the whole course of his life there was not a single instance of his engaging in a litigious contest with any of his neighbors or others. He zealously testified against slavery ; and that his philanthropic precepts on this sub- ject might have their due weight and force, he gave liberty to a most valuable male slave, then in the prime of his life, wdio had been bred up in the family almost from infancy. " He was through life a striking example of temperance, especially in the use of vinous and spirituous liquors ; not from a passion of parsimony, but from a principle of morality. His common drink was pure water, small beer, or cider mixed with milk. Nevertheless, he always kept a good and plentiful table. Once a year — commonly on New Year's Day — he made a liberal entertainment for his relations and particular friends. "A foreign gentleman, who visited him in his old age, says, ' that when the bell announced that dinner was ready, the whole family and all the servants went into the dining- room together. At the head of the table, the father and mother took their seat. The family and the guests sat next to them ; then, the white hired men, and last of all, the negroes ; and they all dined together in harmony. One of his negroes was his steward and man of business, who went to market, sold the produce, and transacted all the business of the farm and family in Philadelphia.' '•' Wood's Household Magazine, October, 1S71. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 57 " His stature was rather above the middle size, and upright. His visage was long, and his countenance expres- sive of a degree of dignity, with a happy mixture of animation and sensibility. " He was naturally industrious and active, both in body and mind, observing that he never could find more time than he could employ to satisfaction and advantage, either in improving conversation, or in some healthy and useful bodily exercise ; and he was astonished to hear men com- plaining that they were weary of their time, and knew not what they should do. " He was born and educated in the sect called Quakers. But his religious creed may, perhaps, be best collected from a pious distich, engraven by his own hand, in very conspicuous characters upon a stone placed over tlie front window of the apartment which was destined for study nnd philosophical retirement. "IT IS GOD ALONE ALMYTY LORD THE HOLY ONE BY ME ADOR'D lOHN B ARTE AM 1770." " A man of great liberality in his religious opinions, he used to say that man's whole duty was comprised in the three-fold injunction : ' Do justice, love mercy, and walk humbly before God.' " He never coveted old age, and often observed to his children and friends that he sincerely desired that he might not live longer than he could afford assistance to himself; for he was unwilling to be a burden to his friends, or useless in society ; and that wlien death came to perform his office, there mioht not be much delay. 58 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. " To his seventy-ninth year he was a happy, cheerful, active, useful man, and he died after a short illness, sur- rounded by his large family of respectable and virtuous children. He would probably have lived longer but for his great dread that the British army, after the battle of Brandywine, would overrun his darling garden, which had been his pride and delight for fifty years. They spared it, however, but the shock of apprehension hastened the departure of the illustrious gardener." It appears by the records of the American Philosophical Society, of which John Bart ram was one of the original members, that he died on the 22nd of September, 1777, aged seventy-eight years and six months. John Bartram was married twice. His first wife was Mary, daughter of Richard Maris, of Chester ^Monthly Meeting. They were married in January, 1723, and had two sons, Richard and Isaac ; the former of whom died young. Isaac died in 1801, aged about seventy-six years. Mary Bartram died in 1727. His second wife was Ann Menden- hall, of Concord Monthly ^Meeting (then Chester) Delaware County. They were married in September, 1729, and had nine childreiL Ann Bartram survived her husband upward of six years, dying on the 29th of January, 1784, at the age of 87. Bartram was not satisfied with being merely a farmer. He desired to understand the philosoj^hy of his calling. So in September, 1728, he bought at sheriff's sale * a piece of ground on the west side of the Schuylkill river, below the Lower Ferry, on the road to Darby, which had belonged to Frederick Schobbenhausen. Here was commenced in 1730, Owen Owen, High Sheriflf to John Bartram, September 30, 1728. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 59 and finished in 1731, a house of hewn stone, of quaint, old- foshioned style of architecture, which, solid and enduriiig in its material, has stood against the dilapidatino- fingers of time for over a century and a half. It has been said tliat Bartram built this house with his own hands. Upon a stone built in the south wall, above the second story, is this inscription -."^ ^^ ee02 ^^^^^^ 2i2Zi2 ^^^j^^!^^);^ lOHN ♦ ANN : BARTRAM : 1731. The wood-work over the porch and stone and Ijrick addition on the south were added in this century. The western doorway was the original entrance, and through it one steps dow^n into the house. The rooms are, with one exception, small, and are floored with the original heavy oak boards. In one of the rooms a cupboard in tlie wall beside the chimney is shown as the place where Bartram kept his seeds. This is doubtful, when the great quantity he kept on hand is considered, and, in spite of the thick- ness of the wall, this cupboard must have been a rather w^arm place. Iwan Alexiowitz quoted by St. John, t speaking of Bartram's house and garden, says: "His house is small, but decent; there was something peculiar in its first appearance, which seemed to distinguish it from those of his neighbors ; a small tower J in tlie middle of it not only helped to strengthen it, but aftbrded convenient room for a staircase. Every disposition of the fields, * The inscription in Greek reads translated " [I] God save," possibly intended for imperative 0SO2 [2£] 2nz£ God [thee] save. Bartram used the character f for E. t 1895. Westcott— r/ie Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia, 1S3. I See frontispiece of DxKLi-^Qjos-Memorials of Bartram and Marshall, pp. 44-46. 60 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. fences and trees, seemed to bear the marks of perfect order and regularity, which in rural affairs always indicates a prosperous industry." t^ ^^ ^ ^ ^y^, entered into a large hall, where there was a long table full of victuals, at the lowest part sat his negroes, his hired men were next, then the family and myself, and at the head the venerable father and wife presided. Each reclined his head and said his prayers, divested of the tedious cant of some and of the ostentatious style of others. After dinner we quaffed an honest bottle of Madeira wine, ^ * * and then retired into his study. I was no sooner entered than I observed a coat-of-arms in a gilt frame, with the name John Bartram. The novelty of such a decoration in such a place struck me. I could not avoid asking : ' Does the Society of Friends take any pride in these armorial bear- ings, which sometimes serve as marks of distinction between families, and much oftener as food for pride and ostenta- tion.' ' Thee must know ' (said he) ' that my father was a Frenchman "^^ ; he brought the piece of painting over with him." Nearly forty years afterward, over the front window of his study was engraved this inscription : "IT IS GOD ALONE ALMYTY LORD THE HOLY ONE BY ME ADOR'D lOHN BAKTEAM 1770." Entering the house in which Robert J. Rule, with his family, now (1899) resides, the old dwelling is found to * This is an error. The reference is to a Norman Frenchman that came with William the Conqueror into England. The original spelling of the name was Bertram. The description of the coat of arms (see frontispiece) is as follows: Gu. on an escutcheon or, betw. eight crosses pattee ar. an anvil ppr. Crest — Issuing out of an antique crown or, a ram's head ppr. Motto— J'avance. CARVED STONE WORK, BARTRARI'S HOUSE (EAST FRONT). THE DUTAXISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 61 abound in querks and turns, cunning cupboards and curiously carved closets and mantels, set in the thick walls. There are seven rooms on the first floor, six on the second, and six attic rooms, and over them again is a long kjft, but it seems likely from their appearance that one or more of these rooms were made at a recent period. In the apart- ments to the right, as you enter, a quaint den with curious fastenings is noticeable, which leads out to the sunny front porch. This doorway was somewhat altered l)y Mr. East- wick, who erected on the interior a second door, thus making a small closet, the wall being over half a foot thick ; this second door should, undoubtedly, be pulled down, and the front entrance to the house facing the river again be used. In the kitchen, Mr. Eastwick's alterations are again notice- able, as the old fire-place, about five and a half feet high and well nigh six feet long, has been boarded up by a wooden wainscoating of modern appearance, which runs all around the room and detracts from the old-fashioned character of the apartment. The old fire-place, however, is still intact, and could be, with little trouble, restored to its former appearance. All the walls of the house have, unfortunately, been papered. In the sitting-room, also, the fire-place has been boarded up, and the old Franklin stove, a present from " Friend Benjamin," has been removed. In this room can still be seen Ann Bartram's china closet, a very pretty piece of old-fashioned wood- work. It is built in the wall over the mantel-piece. To the left, on one side of it, is a curious old cubby-hole, a deep closet running from tlie floor to the ceil- ing, with a recess behind in the solid wall, running back of the chimney, where Bartram secreted his money and 62 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. valuables. Passing down a short flight of steps from the sitting-room, we stand upon the floor of an airy apartment, looking towards the south, with three large windows, two looking into the garden, and one facing the river. From this room there is a doorway leading out into the garden. This apartment, it is said, was once the conservatory where rare plants and gaudy lilies bloomed. We next enter the room which John Bartram occupied. It is, perhaps, the smallest apartment in the house, with one door leading to the sitting-room and another opening on the front porch. It has a large window facing the river, and a small window, which has been pasted over with wall paper looking into the conservatory. It was in Bartram 's room, in later years it is said, that Alexander Wilson, the noted ornithologist, wrote the first pages of his great work on our American birds, under the patronage and aided by the sug- gestions of William Bartram, the son and successor of John Bartram. The old staircase which leads to the second floor is still in existence, but Mr. Eastwick removed the original balus- trade and substituted a modern one. However, he left on the first landing a fragment of the original balustrade made by Bartram, which would be a sufficient guide to duplicate the whole. The rooms on the upper floor are, no doubt, exactly as they were in Bartram's day, with the exception that the old-fashioned fire-place has been boarded up and the walls papered, and that the porch has been converted into a sleeping room. In one room the visitor is particularly impressed with the incongruous appearance of a modern iron register built into one of the walls to furnish the room with heat from a stove below. There are some of the > w X Q THE BOTANISTS OF PIIILADELPITIA. 63 quaintest and most interesting bits of old-fashioned wood- work imaginable over the mantels in these up-stairs rooms of Bartram's house. The old wood-shed figured in Meehan's MontJtly, January, 189G {Yl: 17), was for a long time Bartram's potting and packing shed, and doubtless many of the cherished plants of Collinson and other English worthies saw the light of America here for the last time. It was in this shed that the work published in 1853, describing all the trees then growing in Bartram's garden, was written. The writer of that work, Thos. Meehan, lived a mile from the garden, and to save his time the offer to fit up a room in this wood-shed was made and accepted, and " The Hand- book of Ornamental Trees " was completed under the shade of the trees of the garden.* These buildings stand about midway in the grounds, where the higher portion ends and the slope to the Schuyl- kill begins, and are reached, as in Bartram's time, by a private lane that runs in from Darby Road, and Avhich is bordered by forest trees, among them some beautiful willow and pin oaks. The lane skirts the upper part of the orchard whore Bartram experimented successfully with irrigation. Xear a group of white pines a diverging path runs diagonally from the lane across the orchard, past a fine yew, and on to the west entrance to the house, where lane and patli meet again at the doorway, after having passed through the oldest part of the garden. Near the house they cross a railroad cut (really a picturesque feature, its rocky walls curtained * The American Hand-book of Ornamental Trees, by Thomas Meehan, gardener, Philadelphia. Lippincott, (irambo ct Co., lSo3, octavo pp., xv. 257. 64 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Avith herbaceous plants and vines) that marks the site of the old kitchen garden ; between this and the house was the flower garden, and portions of the beds are yet outlined by box borders that were planted about fifty years ago. The path is, perhaps, rather more attractive than the lane. From its entrance into the grounds, across the bridge, past the barns and to the house-door it is like turning the pages of the earlier Collinson letters. First come the " narrow-leaved oaks " and " noble white pines ; " close by the bridge is " that curious tree from the Jerseys " (Hackberry, Celtis occidentaliH) ; near the west door a " sugar-tree " and horse-chestnut ; the latter, perhaps, the one that Bartram believed to have been the first to blossom in America. The garden which Bartram laid out adjoining his house by the exercise of his skill, industry and taste, became one of the most attractive places in the neighbor- hood of the city. The ground occupied six or seven acres, with a variety of soils and diff^erent exposure. The garden, according to St. John, contained a great variety of curious shrubs ; some grew in a greenhouse, over the door of which were written these lines : "Slave to no sect, who takes no private road, But looks through Nature up to Nature's God." From the house to the river the land fcills gradually, but directly in front of the house is a terrace, with remains of a box-border along its outer edge, w^here it is upheld by a dry stone retaining-wall, pierced by two narrow flights of steps. From the terrace, paths originally led by circuitous routes through the grounds and down to the river ; one of them ran near the greenhouse, whose lines are still visible. THE BOTAXISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 65 a short distance from a very beautiful yellow-wood, Cladrastis lutea. Further down, this path runs near the great cypress, Taxodium distichum brought to the garden by Bartram, and now seven feet in diameter. John Bartram * while on his journey through the Florida swamps lost his whip, and in looking for a switch saw a small sapling growing erect by the river-side. He stopped his horse, got down on the ground, and pulled it up by the roots. Instead of using it for a whip as was his intention, he put it in his saddle-bag and brought it home, planting it in the northern part of his garden, predicting at the time that it would grow to an immense height. His saying proved true, for to-day it is seven feet in diameter, and 150-175 feet high. In the southern part of the grounds are the fine magno- lias ; one of them 31. acuminata, was first made known by John Clayton in 1736. In the garden there stands a speci- men undoubtedly the one which Bartram discovered on the Susquehanna during his trip with Conrad Weiser to the Five Nations in 1743. Bartram sent plants to Peter Collin- son, in whose gardens and in those of Lord Petre it was first cultivated in Europe. Near by growls the " rose bay," as they first called the rhododendron, and a noble mossy- cup oak, one of the finest trees on the place. In other parts of the garden are found the following : Magnolia Fraseri, discovered by William Bartram in May, 1776, on the head-waters of the Keowee. It was intro- duced probably from Bartram's garden ten years later. Asimina triloba Avas first cultivated in 1736 by Peter Collinson, who probably received it from John Bartram. f *Probablj' obtained in Delaware. I give the usual version of the story. The tree, alive in 1890, is now dead. t Sargent— Silva of JSorth America, I, 24. . 66 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Gordonia puhescens. All of the specimens in cultivation are descendants of the plants collected by the Bartrams and Marshall. The specimen plants by John Bartram was described as thirty feet high by Wm. Wynne, writing to Lou- don's Gardeners' Magazine (viii, 272), in Nov. 1831, when the tree was in flower.* The large tree in the garden was blown down a few years since. Wm. DeHart, who knew the Bartrams, has a descendant of the large tree in his garden (1899) on Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, about thirty feet high. There are trees also nearly as large in Fair- mount Park and Meehan's nurseries. Oyrilla racemiflora, proved hardy, according to Xuttall, in the garden, where in 1840 he found a specimen twenty feet high and twenty-six inches in diameter. Cliftonia ligustrina, according to Nuttall (Silva II, 9-1), was also hardy here. Rhamnus Furshiana was discovered in 1805 or 1806 in what is now Montana, by the members of the trans-conti- nental expedition under the command of Lewis and Clark. f In 1838 Rafinesque describes in the " Sylva Telluriana " his Personon laurifolium, from a plant which he found in Bartram's garden. This is the earliest record of the culti- vation of the tree, for there does not seem to be much doubt that it was this plant which Rafinesque had in mind. jEscuIus Hippocastanum was brought for the first time in America from seed sent in April, 1746, to John Bartram. Quercus Fhellos %. A specimen of this peculiar tree *A notice of this tree was published in Thomas Meehans Ihe American Hand-book of Ornamental Trees, p. 127. Discovered in 1765 near Fort Barrington, on the Altamaha River in Georgia, and named Franklinia in honor of Franklin. t Sargent — Garden and Forest, ix, 76. J Sargent— iSi^ta of North America, viii, 180. BIG CYPRESS, BARTEAM'S GARDEN (1890). THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 67 growing in a field belonging to John Bartram was first described by the younger Miehaux in 1(S42, although it appears to have been known much earlier, as " that particu- lar species of oak that Dr. ^Mitchell found in tliy meadow," seeds of which Peter Collinson asked from " my good friend John," in March, 1750, w^as probably of this tree. It was destroyed, but a seedling planted by Humphry Marshall in his arboretum at Marshallton, more than a century since, still survives.'^ It is said that Washington and Franklin made frequent visits to the garden just prior to the Revolution, and used to sit under the shade of the old grape-arbor, which was located a few yards from the northern portion of the house. They w^ould sit and talk, enjoying the delightful scene of the w^ooded banks and meadows along the Schuylkill. It has rightly been called the Washington Arbor. The stone that Washington used to step upon in alighting from his door-step to the sidewalk at the house in which he lived on Sixth Street, below Market, w^as also until recently kept under this arbor. At the southern end of the old mansion you see an old pear tree still vigorous, spreading its branches. This was called by John Bartram " The Petre Pear Tree," from the fact of its having been raised from a seedling sent over from England in 17G0 by Lady Petre. f * The following catalogue of plants prepared in 1807 will give some idea ot the extent of the collections : '• A Catalogue of Trees, Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants, indigenous to the United States of America, cultivated and disposed of by John Bartram & Son at their Botanical Garden, Kingsessing, near Philadelphia. To which is added a Catalogue of Foreign Plants collected from various parts of the Globe. Philadelphia. Printed by Bartram and Reynolds, No. 58 North Second Street, 1807." fit is alive in 1899. In reply to a letter (189."i) presenting some of the pears to Prof. L. H. Bailey, Cornell University, he writes me: "It is a famous old variety, scarcely known, however, out of Bartram's own garden in Philadelphia. I had never seen it before, and I am glad to add a photograph of it to my collection of curiosities." The tree is seen to the right in the illustration of the south side of Bartram's house. 68 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. On leaving the house from the soutliern doorway may be seen a narrow gravel walk, closed in on either side by a row of rare specimens of fir trees, pines, oaks, etc. Here is the celebrated Bartram oak, Q. heterophylla."^' There may be seen also two fine specimens of boxwood sent to John Bar- tram by the Earl of Bute, from Smyrna and Tui'key, respectively. The box-trees planted about the house are of such enormous size that they interfere with all views, and near the upper corner of the house is a thorn (Christ thorn) sent by Col- linson, and near the south end is the pear tree, already referred to. Probably two of the most curious objects to be seen in the garden is the old cider press, situated on the banks of the river, drilled out of a solid piece of rock, and the grotto in the woods to one side of the house. The grave where Harvey, the slave, is buried lies to the south-east of the house, along the river front, the head-stone being almost entirely destroyed by relic hunters before the city bought the property, t Dr. James Mease, writing in 1810, said that Bartram's garden contained about eight acres. "From the house there is a gentle descent to the river Schuylkill, from the banks of which a fine prospect opens of that river and of rich meadows up and down on both sides. The Delaware is also seen at a distance. The garden contains many of the tall southern forest trees, which have been successfully introduced by the father or his son William, and have been naturalized." * Quercus heterophylla Michaux f. Hist. Am. 2 : 87 pi. 16, the Bartram Oak, probably a hybrid of Q Phellos with Q rubra, but perhaps a distinct species, inter- mediate in leaf and fruit character between the two, occurs from Staten Island to North Carolina. t Now carefully marked. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 09 Ann M., daughter of John Bartram (a nepliew of William), married Robert Carr, a printer, in March, 1809. Mr. Carr was an officer in the United States army, in the war of 1812, and conspicuous among the local militia. He was for some time Adjutant-General of the State, with the title of Colonel. After this marriage, the father of Colonel Carr's wife assisted William in the garden until his death in 1812. He was a very ingenious mechanic, and fond of using tools, but his greatest delight was in drawing and painting. He drew the greater number of plates in Pro- fessor Barton's Elements of Botany, published in 1803- William died suddenly June 22, 1823. He was never married. Colonel Carr, after his marriage, became a resi- dent of the botanic garden, and devoted himself with great care and interest to the preservation of the collection. The committee of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, which visited the garden in 1830, when it was still under the direction of Robert Carr, found the estate to be in most excellent order. They reported as follows: "The present owner is likewise adding annually and extensively,"^ and the committee consider his garden and grounds a rich deposit of the American flora. From this nursery many thousands of plants and seeds are exported every season. It is computed that there are 2000 species of our native productions, contained in a space of six acres. Plants of every size are to be seen here, from the minutest marchantia to the loftiest cypress. One of these is 112 feet high, 25 feet in circumference, and 91 years old. A young Norway spruce of 80 feet stands close by and also one of our native * Compare the Seed Catalogue of 1.S07 with that of 1S28, which is to be had at the Library of the Penna. Historical Society or the Philadelphia Library. 70 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. magnolias {M. acuminata), of the same height. Here, too, is the Kentucky Coffee Tree — the Acacia JuUhrissin, so beauti- ful in flower, and graceful in form — the fly-catcher {Dionsea muscipula), etc. " On the south of the garden is a field of three acres, preparing for a vineyard, as an addition to the one already planted. Mr. Carr has 145 sorts of grapes and has produced very good wine for some years past. " The exotic department of this garden is also very rich, consisting of 900 varieties, besides a splendid collection of more than 800 camelias, containing 36 sorts. The green and hot-houses are 196 feet long, and much framing is in use. The largest sago palm that we have ever seen is here ; the circumference of the foliage is 22 feet, and of the stem, 3 feet 4 inches. Some beautiful species of tropical produc- tion may be enumerated ; such as the Euphorbia Jietero- phylla with its large scarlet flowers, Zamia, Pandanus, Maranta, Ficus and a Testudinaria elephantipes, supposed to be 150 years old ; some curious species of cactus lately received from Mexico — these last are astonishing produc- tions, and new to us. A lemon tree from seed is worthy of notice on account of its easy propogation. j\lr. Carr's fruit nursery has been greatly improved, and wdll be enlarged next Spring to twelve acres ; its present size is eight. The trees are arranged in systematic order and the walks well graveled. Here are to be found 113 varieties of apples, 72 of pears, 22 of cherries, 17 of apricots, 45 of plums, 39 of peaches, 5 of nectarines, 3 of almonds, 6 of quinces, 5 of mulberries, 6 of raspberries, 6 of currants, 5 of filberts, S of walnuts, 6 of strawberries and 2 of medlars. Mr. Carr, who deserves so much credit for the classification of his nursery. BAKTBAM'S (JARDKN IN 1890 (LOOKING FROM KIVEK). THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 71 is no less entitled to praise for the admirable order in which his tool-house is kept. This applies likewise to the seed room, where the best method is preserved in putting up our native seeds. That apartment, moreover, contains a library of 400 volumes, in which are all the late works on botany and horticulture." * Andrew M. Eastwick had a mortgage of S15,000 against the property, and Colonel Carr and his wife, being in declining years, and their son having died, they were anxious to retire from the nursery business, and offered to give the property to Eastwick for the mortgage, f Eastwick had a fondness for ilge place, for he had made many a pleasure trip in his boyhood, by boat, to Carr's Gar- dens, and he therefore readily accepted Colonel Carr's offer. Eastwick w^as in early life a machinist, and became a locomo- tive builder, with a partner named Garrett. He afterwards associated with him Joseph Harrison, Jr., and one of the greatest achievements of the firm was the designing of an eight-wheeled freight locomotive, which was so successful that it soon became the accepted type for freight service. This locomotive attracted the attention of agents of the Emperor Nicholas of Russia, who contracted with Eastwick, Harrison, and Thomas Winans, of Baltimore, to build and equip a railroad from Moscow to St. Petersburg. At the time this offer was made by Colonel Carr, Eastwick was home on a flying trip, expecting to return to Russia within a week. Desiring, first of all, to protect the * The library of the Bartram fomily was presented to the Pennsylvania Historical Society by Wm. Middleton Bartram. One hundred books of John Bartram. ^^ illiam Bartram, and others of the family thus remain intact. For an account of this library, see Philadelphia I^ublic Ledger, Friday, September 11, ISUl. t Public Ledger, Saturday, May 30, 1S9C, p. 2. 72 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. garden and its valuable collection of trees for all time, he aj)plied to Robert Buist, who was then the leading nurser}^- man of Philadelphia, to engage for him, within one week, some one who should combine a botanical knowledge with practical horticulture and civil engineering. Buist promised to procure such a man, but found he could not do it within the limited time, and to keep faith with Eastwick, he offered his own foreman, the now well-known nurseryman and Select Councilman, Thomas Meehan, to take charge of the garden during the absence of its new proprietor in Russia. This offer was accepted, and Mr. Meehan took charge of the place, remaining there two years. About a year later, Eastwick returned from Russia, and, as it was known that he intended to build a new residence, an architect, then unknown in the city, ascertaining the spot where he proposed to erect it, drew up, without consulting Mr. Eastwick, a plan, and came with it unasked to him, requesting that he examine it. Eastwick, in a pleasant and courteous way, told the architect that it was unnecessary to examine it, as he had in mind several houses he had seen in the old world, after some of which he intended to pattern his owm. He was finally induced, however, to look at the plan, and in an off-hand way indicated his objections to it, giving the architect a sufficient knowledge of his ideas to draw a more satisfactory one. Within a week or two the archi- tect returned with a new plan, which came so near to Eastwick's ideal, that his visitor was engaged as architect of the building, which was built by a well-known Philadelphia builder, John Stewart. It was sujDposed by every one that the site of the residence would be somewhere within the THE BOTANISTS OF riilLADELrillA. 73 shade of the rare trees phiiited by Bartrani, but so great was Eastwick's desire that every tree and shrulj should be preserved to posterity, that he decided to l>uild in what was then an open cornfield. During the time the house was being built, the first two years of Eastwick's absence in Russia, his family occupied the old Bartram residence, and so great was his veneration for Bartram's memory and for everything belonging to the great botanist that, although he had the house thoroughly repaired, he permitted only those changes to be made in the nature of so-called improvements, and the house is still in much the same condition as wdien occupied by John Bartram and his son William. Mr. Eastwick was not permitted to long enjoy this beautiful habitation, for at the outbreak of the Rebellion he met with severe financial losses, which crippled his resources to such an extent that it was difficult for him to maintain the establishment. During his lifetime, however, his earnest thought was for the preservation of the garden, and not- withstanding temptations to dispose of the property were continually offered, his love for the memory of Bartram was too great to permit him to part with it. In the meantime, however, he was pressing various organizations in the city to secure and preserve it. Among these was the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, which, however, was not in a financial position to accept his ofters. None of these negotiations were successful. Previous to his death his fortunes revived somewhat, but it is believed he would have disposed of the entire property if he could have been assured that the garden would be preserved. The garden was practically abandoned, after Mr. East- 74 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. wick's death, to the depredations of every passerby. The rare herbaceous and woody plants were uprooted and cut ruthlessly by local botanists, who carried away many rare plants in making herbarium specimens. The ground beneatli the trees, in 1889, was covered by a luxuriant growtli of many kinds of shrubs and herbaceous plants. The published accounts in the newspapers, of the pict- uresqueness of the old place, increased the number of visitors, who tramped down the plants and walked through the shrubbery, where before it was almost impossible to pass. The fields and meadow land was rented out by the Eastwick heirs for farming purposes, the farmer occupying the old Bartram House. City Councils, through the energy of ]\Ir. Thomas Meehan, in 1889 placed upon the city plan the following small parks : Stenton Park, Bartram's Garden, Weccacoe's Square, North wood and Juniata Parks. "^ The place was secured by the city in the early part of 1891, through the untiring energ}^ of Mr. jMeehan, who at one time had charge as head gardener of the old place under Ui\ Eastwick. The original garden comprised about five acres, begin- ning on the higher ground, a short distance west of the house, and extended beyond it toward the river. All of this land is included in the tract of about twelve acres, pur- chased by the City of Philadelphia. The city now owns, * An Ordinance to appropriate for park purposes the land contained within the boundaries of Bartram's Garden, in the Twenty-seventh Ward ; and Juniata Park, in the Twentj^-fifth Ward; and Northwood Park, in the Twenty-third Ward. Section 1, The Select and Common Councils of the City of Philadelphia do ordain that the land within the boundaries of Bartram's Garden, in the Twenty- seventh Ward, containing about eleven (U) acres, situated as follows : Bounded by Fifty-third Street, Eastwick Avenue, Fifty-fourth Street, and low water-mark of the Schuylkill River, excepting the right of way of the Chester Branch of the Philadel- phia and Reading Railroad, etc., is hereby appropriated for park purposes, and the Mayor is hereby authorized and directed to agree, if possible, with the owners of said land as to the price of the same, subject to the approval of Councils. THE liOTAXISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 75 but lias not yet taken possession of, land adjoinins; on tl,e north, and it has shortly acquired more of tlie Eastwick property adjoining- on the south. The first step toward reehiiming the gardens was taken October 18, 1S05, when Chief Eisenhower, Professor Mac- farlane, of the University of Pennsylvania, John F Lewis Forester of Fairmount Park, Talcott Williams and Eugene Elhcott visited the historic spot with an eve to restorin 111 1780 Benjamin, with one of his brother.s, was i)hice(l in an academy at York, Pa., where he remained nearly two years, pnrsuing a chissical conrse. His ekler Ijrotlit'r, who was Hving in Phihidelphia, took liim into his family wIkii he was sixteen years of age, where he remained about four years. During this time he attended, for a short period, the College of Philadelphia, and afterward took up the study of medicine under Dr. William Shippen. In the summer of 1785 he accompanied the connnission, of which his uncle, Mr. Rittenhouse, was a member, in marking the western boundary line of Pennsylvania. Young Barton was absent from Philadelphia five months, and it was on this expedition that he made acquaintance with the Indians, and began his study of their medicines and pathology, their customs and history, which interested him for the rest of his life. Young Barton, in order to obtain a thorough medical training, went to Edinburgh in the autumn of 1786, where he studied for two years, wdtli the exception of a few months spent in London. Having become a member of the Koyal Medical Society at Edinburgh, he was given the Harv^aan prize of that association for a thesis on the Hyoscijamus 7iiger of Linnaeus. Barton's first book was published in 1787. It was a booklet entitled, ^' Observations on some Parts of Natural History : to which is prefixed an Account of some Considerable Vestiges of an Ancient Date, which have been discovered in Different Parts of Xorth America." Later he left Edinburgh, and took his degree at Gc'it- tingen, returning to America toward the close of the year 1789. He began to practice in Philadelphia, where his knowledge of medical science soon caused him to be looked upon as one of the rising young men of the day. 110 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Tlie trustees of the College of Philadelphia, in estab- lishing a professorship of natural history and botany, elected Dr. Barton, then only twenty-four years of age, to the chair. This election was confirmed in the following year, when the College became a part of the University of Pennsylvania. The chair of materia medica in the Uni- versity became vacant, and this j^i'ofessorship was assigned to Dr. Barton five years later, and was held by him until he succeeded to that of Dr. Rush. He became, in 1798, one of the physicians of the Pennsylvania Hospital, which place he held for the rest of his life. Among the first works published by Dr. Barton was a memoir concerning the Fascinating Faculty which has been ascribed to the Rattlesnake and other North American Serpents, published in 1796. A supplement to this memoir was printed four years later, and a new edition in 1814. He issued a work on the materia medica of the United States, in two parts, published in 1798 and 1801 respectively,'^ and an edition of the two combined in 1810. His most important work was his " Elements of Botany," which first appe*ared in two volumes in 1803. A second edition of the first volume was issued in 1812, and of the second volume in 1814, with forty plates.f Dr. William P. C. Barton issued, after the author's death in 1836, a revised edition in one vol- ume, prefixing a biographical sketch, prepared at the request of the Philadelphia Medical Society, of which his uncle had been president. A translation of the Elements appeared in Russian. Dr. Barton also wrote extensively on other subjects * Collections for an essay towards a materia medica of the United Slates. Two parts. Philadelphia. Part 1: 1798, pp. 49. Part II: 180-1, pp. 53. t Elements of Botany ; or, Outlines of the Natural History of Vegetables. Ed. 1 : Philadelphia, 1803. Ed. II : 1812, pp. xviii, 324 ind.— 1814, iv, pp. 180, 44 ; 40 tab. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Ill besides botany. General natural history and archaeology also came in for a share of his attention. His literary work made him an indefatigable student, and led him to under- take several ambitious projects which were left unfinished by him. Only three days before his death he wrote a paper on a genus of plants which had been named in honor of him, and requested his nephew, Dr. W. P. C. Barton, to make a drawing to accompany it. The latter read the paper illustrated by him at the next meeting of the American Philosophical Society. Dr. Barton was elected to this Society, January 16, 1789, before his return from student- life abroad, and acted as one of its vice-presidents, begin- ning with January 1, 1802. Dr. Barton was a patron of botanical science. Frederick Pursh, in his Flora Americse Septentrionalis (London, 1814), describes an excursion that he was enabled to take by the aid of Prof. Barton in the beginning of 1805. Pursh, in his exploration, traveled through the mountains of Yiv- ginia and the Carolinas, and returned along the coast, reaching Philadelphia late in the autumn. Similar help was extended to Thomas Nuttall, '' whose zeal and services," to use the words of Dr. Barton, " have contributed essentially to extend our knowledge of the north west ern^and western flora of North America, and to whom the work^of Frederick Pursh is under infinite obligations." Dr. Barton further speaks of Nuttall in the following words : "I became acquainted with this young Fnglisliman in Philadelphia several years ago, and observing in him an ardent attachment to and some knowledge [of botany, I 112 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. omitted no opportunity of fostering his zeal, and of endeavoring to extend his knowledge. He had constant access to my house, and the benefit of my botanical books. In ISIO I proposed to Mr. Xuttall the undertaking of an expedition, entirely at my own expense and under my immediate direction, to explore the botany, etc., of the northern and northwestern parts of the United States and the adjoining British territories." Xuttall set out on his journey in April, 1810, ascending the Missouri with otlier travelers, whose objects were principally traffic. Return- ing, he reached St. Louis in the autumn of 1811. In the latter end of the year 1811, Xuttall returned to England from Xew Orleans. Previously to his departure he trans- mitted to Dr. Barton a number of the dried specimens and seeds which he had collected. Dr. Barton had been from early life subject to hem- orrhages. In a few years increasing ill-health decided him to try a sea voyage. He accordingly sailed for France in the spring of 1815, and returned in Xovember of that year, but without being much benefited. His condition became rapidly worse after he landed, and on the morning of December 19, 1815, he was found dead in bed. In 1797 Dr. Barton married a daughter of ]\Ir. Edward Pennington, of Philadelphia, who, with their only children, a son and a daughter, survived him. He named his son after ]Mr. Thomas Pennant, an English naturalist with whom he became acquainted while a medical student. " In figure [Dr. Barton] was tall and exceedingly well formed ; in middle life he might be considered as having been handsome. His physiognomy was strongly expressive of intelligence, and his eye was remarkably fine and penetrating. THE BOTAXLSTS OF PIIir.ADELPIlIA. U3 '■ In tcnperamcnt l,o was irritable and even choleric His spirits were irregular, his manners consequently variable, impetuous, vehement. Tiiese repeated vacillations between equanimity and depression were generally owing to the sudden and repeated attacks of his continual earthlv companion — irregular gout. "In fixmiliar conversation he was often eloquent remarkably facetious, but never witty. fault" '^' ''^ ^'''''"' ''' ''"' ^''''^' *"''^"' ''"'^ '"'^"'«^"' to a Dr. Barton corresponded with many prominent natural- ists and physicians at home and abroad. He established an enviable foreign reputation, and was elected a member of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow, the Danish Koyal Society of Sciences, the Danish Medical Society the Linna^an Society of London, and the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. FREDERICK PURSH. Frederick Pursh was born at Tobolsk, in Siberia in 1774, of German parentage.* He was educated in Dresden and came to this country in 1799, establishing himself in' Philadelphia. He was able to make the acquaintance not only of Muhlenberg, who survived until 1815, and of Wm Bartram, who died in 1823, but also of the veteran' Humphry Marshall, who died in 1805. He says : " Not far from the latter place are also tlie' extensive gardens^ William Hamilton, Esq., called the AVoodlands,t 114 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. which I found not only rich in plants from all parts of the world, but particularly so in rare and new American species. Philadelphia being a central situation, and extremely well calculated for the cultivation of plants from all the other parts of North America, I found this collection particularly valuable for furnishing me with a general knowledge of the plants of that country preparatory to more extensive travels into the interior, for the discovery of new and unknown species. Mr. John Lyon (of whom I shall have an oppor- tunity to speak hereafter), who had the management of these gardens, was then about to give them up : having the offer of being appointed his successor I embraced it, and accord- ingly in 1802, I entered upon the situation. During my stay in this place, which was until 1805, I received and collected plants from all parts of North America ; and when Michaux's ' Flora Boreali-Americana ' appeared, which was during that time, I was not only in possession of most of his plants, but had then a considerable number not described by him." His early and principal patron was Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton, who supplied the means for most of the travels which he w^as able to undertake, and who, as Pursh states, " for some time previous had been collecting materials for an American Flora." Pursh's personal explorations were not extensive. In the spring of 1805 he set out for the mountains and western territories of the Southern states, beginning at Maryland and extending to the Carolinas (in Avhich tract the interesting high mountains of Virginia and Carolina took my particular attention), returning late in the autumn through the lower countries along the sea-coast to Philadelphia. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 115 But, in tracing his stei)S by his collections and by other indications, it appears he did not reach the western borders of Virginia, nor cross its southern boundaries into the mountains of North Carolina. The peaks of Otter and Salt Pond Mountain (now Mountain Lake), were the highest elevations which he attained. The following season he went, in like manner, over the Northern states, beginning with the mountains of Pennsylvania, and extending to those in New Hampshire (in which tract he traversed the extensive and highly interesting country, of the lesser and greater lakes) and returning, as before, by the sea-coast. The diary * of this expedition, found among Dr. Barton's papers and collections in possession of the American Philosophical Society, was printed by Thomas Potts James. It shows that the journey was not as extended, or as thorough, as would be supposed ; that it was from Phila- delphia directly north to the Pocono Mountains, thence to Onondaga, and to Oswego — the only point on the Great Lakes reached — thence back to Utica, down the Mohawk Valley to Saratoga, and north to the upper part of Lake Champlain and to the lesser green mountains in the vicinity of Rutland, but not beyond. Discouraged by the lateness of the season, and disheartened, as he had all along been, by the failure and insufficiency of remittances from his patron, Pursh turned back from Rutland on the 22d of September, reached New York on the 1st of October, and Philadelphia on the 5th. The next year (1807) Pursh took charge of the botanic garden, which Dr. Hosack liad formed at Ncav York and afterward sold to tlie State, wliicli * Journal of a Botanical Excursion in the Xorlhern Parts of the iStalcs of Pennsvlvania and New York, during the year 1S07. Philadelphia, lS()i). Edited by Thomas P. James. Also see Tlie Gardener s Monthly (Meehan), X and XI. 116 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. soon made it over to Columbia College. In 1810 he made a voyage to the West Indies for the recovery of his health. Returning in the autumn of 1811, he landed at Wiscasset, in Maine, and " had an opportunity of visiting Professor Peck, of Cambridge College, near Boston," and of seeing the alpine plants which Peck had collected on the White ^lountains. The plants collected by Lewis and Clark, on their return from the far West, were studied, described, and figured by Pursh. He inserted the descriptions in his flora, distinguishing them by the words : " v. s. in Herb. Lewis." He also studied the collections made by Aloysius Enslen, sent to America by Count Lich ten stein, of Austria, which fitted up a desideratum in his collection, particularly in the plants of Lower Louisiana and Georgia. " v. s. in Herb Enslen." At the same time he had frequent opportunities of seeing the herbarium and collection of living plants of Mr. John Lyon, a gentleman, through whose industry and skill, more new and rare American plants have lately been sent into Europe than through any other channel whatever. " v. s. in Herb. Lyon." At the end of 1811, or in 1812, he went to England with his collections and notes ; and at the close of 1813, consulting, the while, the herbaria of Clayton, Pallas, Plukenet, Catesby, Morison, Sherard, Walter, and that of Banks.* The work f was completed with expedition. It con- tains 470 genera of Phsenogamous and Filicoid plants, and * See the introduction to this book p. 26 for account of the discovery and re- description of the Lewis and Clark plants described by Pursh. t Flora America Septentrionalis ; or, a Systematic Arrangement and Descrip- tion of the Plants of North America. 1814. II vols, octavo, pp. xxxvi, 751, 24 tab. col. Second edition, 1816, octavo pp. xxxvi, 751, 24 tab. col. (same impression.) THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 117 3076 species; double the number of species contained in Michaux's Flora. In the supplement, Pursh was able to include a considerable number of species, collected by Brad- bur}^ on the Upper Missouri, much to the discontent of Nuttall, who was in that region at the same time, and who, indeed, partly and imperfectly anticipated Pursh in certain cases, through the publication, by the Frazers, of a cata- logue of the plants collected by Nuttall. Pursh returned to America, settling in Canada, intend- ing to continue his studies of the North American Flora, but he died at Montreal June 11, 1820, aged 46 years. "^ BERNARD M'MAHON. Bernard M'Mahon f was born in Ireland circa 1775, of good birth and fortune. He was obliged to leave Ireland on account of his connection with one of the unsuccessful rebellions, arriving in America in 1796. He settled in Philadelphia, where, in 1809, he founded a botanic garden, which he named Upsal, partly situated on ground near the yards of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad at Huntingdon Station, Philadelphia.! M'Mahon was one of the first successful gardeners of the United States, and was a man of education, and devoted to his profession. He enjoyed the friendship of Jefferson and other distinguished Americans, and it is supposed that the arrangement for * His grave in the cemetery at Montreal was marked by admiring scientists The Gardener's Monthly (Meelian's), XXVI, p. 318. t See Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography (1888). Sargent— iS'iif/'a of North America, VII : 86. j His grand-daughter informed Dr. G. B. Keen, librarian Pennsylvania Histor- ical Society, that the garden was located at the junction of Germantown Road and Township line, being now incorporated in Fotterall Square, at 11th and Cumberland Streets. 118 THE BOTANISTS OF PPIILADELPHIA. the Lewis and Clark expedition was made at his house. M'Mahon was the author of " Tlie American Gardener's Calendar," published in 1806, a second edition in 1819, and an eleventh, revised by John Jay Smith, in 1857. Malionia, a genus of handsome evergreen shrubs of West North America, was named in his honor by Thomas Nuttall. M'Mahon's Garden was founded in 1811, about three miles north of Philadelphia (in the neighborhood of 11th and Cumberland Streets). The committee appointed by the Pennsylvania Historical Society visited the garden in 1830, kept by Mrs. M']\lahon, after the death of her husband, the founder, and reported the collection good. " Here is the largest Portlandia that we have seen, and a good selection of the succulent family, with many oranges, lemons, shaddock, etc., and splendid magnolias ; the macro- phylla, grandiflora, etc. A very large tree of Madura aurantiaca or osage orange ; a highly ornamental tree, with bright green foliage, and standing longer in the fall than any other of the deciduous tribe. It bears a large green fruit, not unlike an orange. We think that Mr. M'Mahon was the first to introduce this tree, brought back by Lewis and Clark. Here we saw an uncommon large shrub of the Lonicera tartarica, or tartarian honeysuckle ; it is twenty feet in diameter, and high in proportion. " The ground contains about twenty acres, distributed in nursery stock, and growing vegetable seeds. " Those two beautiful shrubs, the Symphoricarpos racemosus and Ribes aureum, were propagated in this nursery before any other in our vicinity ; and this was the case, too, with many other shrubs and trees. Of European trees there are several valuable specimens, such as Fraxi- THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 119 nus, Tilia, Ulmus, Fagus, Betula, Carpinus, Platanus and Pmus. On these grounds are ponds well stocked with beautiful fish and water plants, among these last is the Nymphaea odorata, with its showy white flowers, yellow anthers and sweet fragrance. " Mr. M'Mahon was an indefatigable arborist, and his garden now exhibits a row of native oaks, planted by him, containing thirty varieties; being all the kinds that he could collect in his day, either with money or zealous exertion. The willow-leaved oak is the most conspicuous, and forms a very handsome conical tree. ''Perhaps we owe as much to the late Mr. M'Mahon, as. a horticulturist, as to any individual in America. Besides his efl'orts in collecting and propogating, we are indebted to him for his excellent book on " American Gardening," which has passed through many editions."* WILLIAM BALDWIN. In the south-eastern corner of Pennsylvania, just north of the famed Mason and Dixon line, lies the county of Chester, picturesque, historic and fertile, but specially prolific for a century past in cultivators of botanical science. And in the township of Newlin,in this same county, on the 29th of March, 1779, was born William Baldwin, f the subject of this sketch. His father, Thomas Baldwin, was a member and an approved minister of the Society of j;i;iends^ He gave to the son such rudimentary education sons oA'he'uJJ'Jl American Gardener's Calendar; Adapted to the Climates and Sea- pTr/elpMa frnff ^ 'T'^ ^V^l^^on, Xursery, Seedsman and Florist, rniladelphia. Printed by B. Graves for the author. Octavo pp., v, 648, index. Baldwin ^^''" ^' ^' ^^^^^l^LD, Botanical Gazette, VIII: 233. An engraving of W pamtmg by C. \\ . Peale on stone, by a Newsam, Philadelphia, 1848. 120 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. as the common schools of the vicinity could furnish. But the youth tliirsted for knowledge, and soon hecame a teacher, daily acquiring for himself and imparting to others such store of information as was at his command. While thus engaged, his thoughts were turned to the medical profession, and he became a pupil of Dr. William A. Todd, of Downingtown, in the same county ; and afterwards, in the winter of 1802-3, attended his first course of medical lectures at the University of Pennsylvania. Here he formed the acquaintance and secured the intimate friend- ship of Dr. William Darlington, who, while suffering from a severe attack of illness, received from young Baldwin assiduous kindness and attention, which he never forgot. After his first course of lectures at Philadelphia he resumed his studies with Dr. Todd, at Downingtown, and here he became acquainted with Dr. jNIoses INIarshall, nephew of Humphry Marshall, the well-known author of '" Arbustum Americanum," and founder of a botanic garden at Mar- shallton. The nephew also had some botanical knowledge, and had been of material service to his uncle, both in the establishment of his garden, and in the preparation of his work on " American Forest Trees and Shrubs." Dr. Marshall seems to have first awakened Baldwin's taste for the study of the vegetable creation ; and the rich collection of indigenous plants in the Marshallton garden served to strengthen this taste, which soon deepened into zeal under the instruction of Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia. In 1805 Baldwin received the appointment of surgeon on a merchant ship bound to Canton. Returning from China in 1806, he resumed the medical course at the University of Pennsylvania, and on the 10th of April, 1807, he received the degree of ^I. D. He selected Wilmington, THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 121 Delaware, for the practice of his profession, and soon afterward was married to Miss Hannah M. Webster, of that city, a lady of superior intellectual endowments, and favored with a finished classical education, unusual for that day. At Wilmington he devoted his leisure to the study of the plants of that vicinity, and while there in 1811 he attracted the attention of Dr. Muhlenberg, of Lancaster, who sought a correspondence with him, which was actively maintained until Muhlenberg's death in 1815. Dr. Darlington in his ReliquicX Baldwinianx has given this correspondence to the world, and the letters on both sides, ninety in all, are characteristic of the respective writers, and illustrative of the formative period of American botany. Pulmonary weakness forced Dr. Baldwin, in the autumn of 1811, to resort to a milder climate, and he removed to the state of Georgia, residing chiefly at Savannah and St. Mary's. Here was a new and interesting field for botanical research, which he cultivated with great ardor, making long journeys on foot, with knapsack on his back, often entirely alone, penetrating far into the territory of the aborigines, among whom his peaceful principles and gentle bearing secured liim a kind reception. In 1812 war with Great Britain interrupted these pursuits, and called into use his professional abilities as a surgeon of a gunboat flotilla stationed at St. Mary's. For two years he ministered to the sick and distressed with no other aid than that of his wife. After the close of the war he was stationed at Savannah, where he was brought into close and friendly communication with Stephen Elliott, author of the " Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia."* His correspondence * 1821-24. Elliott, A Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia, in two volumes. Charlestown, I : x, 14, 606 pp., 12 tab., II : 1824, viii, 743 pp. 122 THE BOTAXISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. during these years of southern residence shows that not- withstanding the interruptions caused by professional labor, and by war's rude alarms, he lost no opportunity for botanical research, and for the acquisition of new material. Near the close of 1817 he received an appointment as surgeon of the U. S. frigate " Congress," which was to visit Buenos Ayres and other South American ports. His knowledge of natural history led to this appoint- ment, and it was accepted with the hope that his failing health might be restored. His ship touched at Rio Janeiro, Montevideo, Buenos Ayres, Maldonado, San Salvador, and Margarita. At all these places he made diligent use of his limited opportunities for collecting, and in the Philadelphia Academy are preserved many of the plants so collected. From this voyage he returned in July, 1818, rejoining his family at Wilmington. He now bent all his energies to the study of the material collected during his Southern residence, with a view to publication, under the proposed title : " Miscellaneous Sketches of Georgia and East Florida, to which will be added a descriptive catalogue of new plants, with notices of the works of Pursh, Elliott and Nuttall, to which will be added an appendix containing some account of the vegetable productions on the Rio de la Plata, etc." In September he writes Darlington : " I have to inform you that I go on slowly and, I hope, the more surely. It will not do to hurry — there has been too much hurrying among our botanists. But you may rely upon it that nothing but death or disease will prevent me from going on steadily. Both interest and knowledge increase as I go along." The Southern Cyperacesc now specially engaged his attention. His letters to Darlington and Collins at this time are full of THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 123 critical notes and minute inquiries relative to the species of Cyperus, Scirpus and Rliynchospora, and he had nearly com- pleted his elaboration of the plants of this order, and was engaged upon the genera Pa^palum and Panicum among the grasses, when he laid aside his work at a new and unex- pected call. The government was preparing to send out a new expedition for the exploration of the Upper Missouri, under the command of Major Long, to be accompanied by a corps of naturalists. Baldwin's friends, Darlington and LeConte, successfully urged his appointment as botanist, and prevailed upon him to accept. Hope of prolonging his failing health doubtless influenced his decision. In March, 1819, he made the journey over the mountains to Pitts- burg, where he joined his fellow-travelers. A small light- draft steamboat had been constructed for the long river voyage, but repeated delays ensued, and it was not till the 5th of May that the departure took place. From the beginning Baldwin seems to have sad foreboding. On the point of departure he wrote Darlington : " I shall hold out as long as I can. Whether my remains are deposited on the banks of the Missouri, or among my kindred at home, is now a matter of little consequence. For the sake of my family, and the pursuits I am engaged in, I should wish to live a few years longer." In fact, his strength was already failing, and only his enthusiasm and force of will sustained him. The boat proved unsuitable for her work — was leaky, damp, and uncomfortable, requiring constant repairs. A stop was made at Cincinnati for a week, partly for repairs and partly on account of the alarming condition of Dr. Baldwin, who remained on shore with his friend. Dr. Drake, until he rallied. As the boat made her slow way 124 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. down the Ohio and up the Mississippi and Missouri, he chafed under the restrictions, both of military rule and of increasing weakness, and in his desire to make the most of the few opportunities allowed him for collecting, he, doubt- less, exhausted his little remaining strength. On the 15th July the expedition reached Franklin, Mo., and here Dr. Baldwin was compelled to leave it. He found a hospitable home at the house of John J. Lowry, and there, September 1st, he died in his 41st year. He left a wife and four children, the youngest then an infant. The friend who knew him best said of him : " I have never j^et had the happiness to be acquainted with any man of a more amiable and upright character, more faithful in the discharge of his duties, or more zealously devoted to science and the welfare of his fellow-creatures." Dr. Baldwin's published scientific papers were but tAVO, and these were offered for pul^lication just before starting on his last journey : 1. An account of two North American species of Rottboellia, discovered on the sea-coast of Georgia. Avierican Journal Science, 1st series I, 355, 1819. 2. An account of two North American species of Cyperus from Georgia, and of four species of Kyllingia, from the Brazilian coast and from the Rio de la Plata. Trans. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, new series II, 167. Read April 16, 1819. Fortunately his unpublished memoranda fell into the hands of Dr. Torrey, and though in a crude and frag- mentary state, they were used as their author Avould have wished, as contributions for Dr. Torrey's monograph of the Cyperaceiie, and for Dr. Gray's monograph of Rhyncliospora in THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 125 Annals of New York Lyceum of KaUiral Hidory, vol. III. His lierbariuin was purchased by his friend, Collins, from whom it went to De Schweinitz, who bequeathed it to the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.'^ SOLOMON WHITE CONRAD. Solomon White Conrad f was a remarkable man, and all who remember him make this statement without reserve. He was also popular, for his house, as a natural history salon, was a favorite gathering place for all the scientific notables of the city. A descendant of Thones Kunders, who left Crefeld, Germany, July 24, 1683, and settled at Germantown. His father was John Conrad, a blacksmith, and Solomon was born July 31, 1779. We know nothing positively as as to his early life, but it is probable that he became an apprentice of a printer or bookseller. A strong liking for scientific study was early developed, and the fears of his friends were realized that he would not be successful in business. His partner ruined him financially. The out- door world was more attractive than the shop on Market Street, as the following quotation^ from the manuscript journal of a nephew will show : " My father, * "^ * with Solomon Conrad, would take long walks in search of new specimens. I went with them once on a stroll along the banks of the Schuylkill, when they saw, at the same time, in the shallow bed of the river, a fine lot of mussels. Both rushed to the spot, regardless of the rough stones and * 1843. Darlington — Reliquiae Bald winianfe ; Collins' Correspondence, Library Philadelphia Academy; James' History of Major Long's Expedition, Philadelphia, 1823. t Vi9b— Popular Science Monthly, XLVII : 257, from which the main facts given here are taken. X Quoted in Popular Science Monthly. 126 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. splashing of the muddy water, the broad tails of their plain coats standing out behind and their arms reaching out in front, eager to secure the prize." Having acquired a wide reputation as a mineralogist and a botanist, the subject of this sketch was elected Professor of Botany in the University of Pennsylvania, March 21, 1829, and delivered, ]\Iay 1st, his introductory address. In Tlie Friend, of May 9th, 1829, the late Robert Vaux, of Philadelphia, gives the following account of the lecture : " With a suc- cinct review of the history of botany, he very happily blended some biographical notices of the distinguished men to whom science owed its origin and illustration. He traced, with great acuteness and perspicuity, the analogy of vegetable and animal life, admitting the limit of human knowledge. Every view that he furnished of the subject, upon Avhich he is so well qualified to impart instruction, was just and forcible, while the simplicity of his manner and chasteness of his style were, by no means, the least interesting traits of the lecturer." Frederick Fraley, Esq., of Philadelphia, recently informed Dr. C. C. Abbot, who is related to the Conrad family, that he attended the lecture referred to, and that Mr. Vaux had not over- drawn his account. He evidently died while occupying the chair of botany in the University, for we find his name in the catalogue for 1831, his death occurring October 2, 1831. Bibliography. 1. "Remarks on the Osmunda Claytoniana of Linnseus " — Journal Academy Natural Sciences, VI : 39. 2. "Description of a new species of Juncus " — Journal Academy Natural Sciences, VI : 105. 3. "Notice of a new species of Corallorhiza " — Journal Academy Natural Sciences, VI : 145. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 127 LEWIS DAVID DE SCHWEINITZ.!^ Lewis David de Scliweinitz was born at Bethlehem Pa., February 13, ITSO.f His father is said to have belonged to an ancient and distinguished family of Silesia, Germany. He was superintendent of the '' fiscal and secular concerns " of the Moravian Brethren of North America. De Schw^einitz was, doubtless, much influenced in determining his choice of vocation by his father, but still more by his maternal ancestors. His mother was Dorothea Elizabeth de Watte- ville, daughter of Baron (afterwards Bishop) John de Watteville and Benija,* who was a daughter of Count Zinzendorf Nicolas Lewis, Count Zinzendorf (born in Dresden in 1700), was celebrated, in his early youth, for forming religious societies. He was afterwards associated with Watteville in founding the system of the " Unitas Fratrum." He established the village of Herrnhut, and from this little colony many missionaries were sent out to all parts of the world to instruct the heathen. At Germantown, and other places near, he held frequent religious discourses in 1742, and in Philadelphia, in a Latin speech, renounced his title of Count, resuming his original family name, and was afterwards know^n among the Quakers as " Friend Lewis ! " Under his immediate agency the colony of Bethlehem was founded. He died at Herrnhut, in 1760. Such a dis- tinguished example, " the ancestor of his family and the * This name appears in two forms. In the memoir of his life cited below, and in Johnson's Encyclopaedia, etc., also in the introduction to this book (pages 4, 9, •24,) it is written according to the German form, L. D. von Schweinitz. In his books, which are all in Latin or in English, it is invariably written L. D. de Schweinitz, (sometimes, L. D. de Schweiniz). His descendants write De Schweinitz, and here- after in this book that form will be used. Benija, also written Benigna. t Journal of Mycology, II : 31. This sketch is based on a Memoir read by R. Walter Johnson, May 12, 1835, before the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. lSo5. A Memoir of the late Leivis David von Schweinitz P. D.,with a sketch of His Scientific Labours, read before the Academy of Xatural Sciences of Philadelphia, May 1-2, 1635, by Walter R. Johnson. Octavo pp. 38 (with tabular view of the botanical works of Mr. de Schweinitz). 128 THE BOTAXISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. father of his denomination," deeply impressed the imagina- tion of De Schweinitz, who very early conceived the laudahle desire of entering upon a career of similar activity. This was the initiative step towards literary and scientific acquisitions. He was placed, in 1787, in the institution of the Moravian community at Nazareth. Here he remained for eleven years, and during this time, was a pupil most industrious, observant and successful. It was at Nazareth, though before he was a pupil in the institution, that he refers his first impulse to the study of botany. He visited the place in company with his grandfather. Bishop de ^^^atte- ville, and noticed on the table in one of the rooms of the school, a lichen whose name and characters were commented upon ; and from this time foi'ward he was a most enthusiastic student of the vegetable kingdom. One of the teachers at Nazareth gave him instruction in botany, and while he was a student at the place he prepared " A Partial Flora of Nazareth," which is still among his unpublished manu- scripts. He made such progress in his studies, and his deportment also was such as to secure his appointment as instructor to some of the classes while he was yet a student in the institution. In 1798 his father was called to Germany. His family accompanied him, and De Schweinitz was placed in the theological institution at Niesky, in upper Lusatia. He was associated with young men of talent and energy, and his activities were here redoubled. J. B. d' Albert ini was professor in the institution — a man of great learning and decision of character. To him De Schweinitz was drawn by strong sympathy, and their mutual esteem afterward developed into the closest intimacy. After completing his L. D. DE SCHWEINITZ. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 129 theological studies, he engaged in teaching in the academy at Niesky. He was all this time not only a diligent student of fungi, but scarcely any topic in the wide field of science escaped his notice. So many interesting and new genera and species of fungi had been found by himself and Albertini, that in 1805 a volume of about 400 pages was published by them conjointly, bearing the following title : "Conspectus Fungorum in Lusatise Superioris Agro Nis- kiensi crescentium e Methodo Persooniana. Cum tabulis xii, aeneis pictis, species novas XCIII sistendibus. Auctori- bus J. B. d' Albertini, L. D. de Schweinitz, Lipsise, 1805." De Schweinitz engaged in preaching before he left Niesky, and in 1807 he was called to similar work in the Moravian settlement at Gnadenberg, in Silesia. The follow- ing year he was called to Gnadau, in Saxony, and remained there till 1812. At this time he was appointed general agent to his Church in the United States. He married Louiza Amelia Le Doux before leaving, and with his wife was com- pelled, on account of Napoleon's operations to take a route through Denmark and Sweden, in order to embark for this country. This was advantageous to him on account of extending his acquaintance with men of learning. At Kiel, in Holstein, he became known to many professors of the University ; and that institution conveyed upon him the same year, the honorary title of Doctor of Philosophy. It was a perilous voyage to make at that time, for the United States had declared war against Great Britain. Besides they encountered terrible storms and their vessel was dismasted. They finally reached the shore in safety, and he began his work to appointment at Salem, N. C. In the meantime, " he found time to prosecute the study of botany in a dominion, scientifically speaking, all his own." 130 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. The results of his work on the fungi were communicated to the world through the publications of the Society of Naturalists at Leipsic, in 1818. His friend, Dr. D. F. Schwaegrichen, attended to the publication, and the title it bore is as follows : " Synopsis Fungorum Carolinse Superioris Secundum Observationes " Ludovici Davidis de Schweinitz. In this year he. was called to a meeting of his brethren at Herrnhut, and on his wa}^ there he visited England, France and Holland. At these places he visited learned men, and established correspondences that were of great advantage to him subsequently. Some time after his return in 1821, he published a pamphlet containing descriptions of seventy-eight hepaticae.* In the same year he sent to Silliman^s Journal (V, p. 48 (1821) pp. 31), a monograph on the genus Viola. At the end of this year he was located in his native village of Bethlehem, Pa., both to continue his church duties, and to take charge of the institution for the education of females. His herbarium was, in the meantime, rapidly increasing, his correspondence widening, and the value of his work was appreciated ; this resulted in his election to several societies of natural history in America and Europe. In 1823 he worked up the botanical collections of Say,t in Long's expedition, though he did this with great reluctance, regretting the absence of Nuttall, who had previously agreed to undertake the task. Near the close of this vear *1821. De Schweinitz, Specimen Flora? America' Septentrionalis Cn/ptoijamicce, sislens Muscos hcpaticos hucusque in America septentrionali observatos. Raleigh. Octavo, 27 pp. 1 1824. A Catalogue of Plants Collected in the North Western territory by Mr. Thomas !Say, in the year 1823, in Major Stej^hen H. Lonu Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River. Philadelphia. Octavo. Vol. II of the narrative by W. H. Keating, pp. 379-480. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 131 De Schweinitz presented to the Lyceum of Natural History at New York, a paper containing instructions for determining the American species of carex. In 1824 he published in the American Journal of Science a short paper on the " Rarer Plants of Easton, Pennsylvania."* In this year, also, his " Monograph of North American Carices " f appeared, but previous to its publication, he had placed it in the hands of Torrey, De Schweinitz having been called for the third time to Europe. He said, on his return, that " the judicious and elaborate amendments he had proposed, and the mass of new and valuable matter he had added, entitled Dr. Torrey to a participation in the authorship of the work." While he was absent (in 1824) in Europe, his paper, " Descriptions of a Number of New American Species of Sphferia," was published by the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences. He continued his mycological work on his return, having given up the superintendency of the literary institution. He devoted his leisure time to his synopsis of North American fungi ( " Synopsis Fungorum in America Borealia Media Digentum " ), designed for a European journal, but published in the Transactions of the Philo- sophical Society at Philadelphia, in 1831. His health, heretofore, ver}^ good, now began to fail. The great amount of work and care on account of his official station, and the composition of a dissertation on the affairs of his community deprived him of his usual out-door exercise, depressed his cheerful spirit and fatally undermined his health. A trip to Indiana on church duties seemed to revive him for a * List of Rarer Plants Found Near Easton, Pennsylvania, 2 pp. 8 vo. Silli- man's Journal, VIII, p. 267. 1 1824. A Monograph of the North American Species of the Genus Carex. Edited by John Torrey. New Vork. Octavo p. 283-373, 6 tab. Annals of New York Lyceum. I, p. 283. 132 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. time. But his strength gradually declined until the Stli of February, 1834, when he died calmly and unconsciously, at the age of fifty-four years. De Schweinitz was of higli stature, erect carriage and robust habit. He had an unusually amiable and attractive disposition, which made him a general favorite with high and low. His conversational powers were of a high order, and contributed much to an ease of intercourse which was an important factor of his usefulness. Humor, anecdote and repartee were always at his command, while the varied and exciting scenes through which he had passed, and the prominent personages with whom he had come in contact furnished him with an inexhaustible fund of interesting reminiscences. Strange to say, considering his German extraction, he was devoid of any appreciation for music. He spoke and wrote English, German, French and Latin, and was also acquainted with Greek. Among his well-deserved honors was the naming after him of Schweinitzia odorata (sweet pinesap), by Stephen Elliott. This is a small plant, found from Maryland south- ward, and bears a spike of flesh-colored flowers which exhale the odor of violets. De Schweinitz bequeathed his collection of plants to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. It comprised twenty-three thousand species of phonerogams, and many thousand cryptogams. A large portion of the specimens were from the most remote parts of the world, having been obtained by exchange with American and European explorers. They included the " Baldwin Collec- tion " from Florida, Brazil and La Plata which De Schweinitz had bought, and in which he had found three thousand species not before in his herbarium. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 16o JOHN LYON. We know little of the early history of John Lyon,* who introduced a number of important species of plants into English gardens (viz. : Nyssa Ogeche in 180f3.) He was probably the son of William Lyon, of Gillogie, in Forfar- shire, Scotland, who was afterward a merchant in London. Lyon came to America toward the close of the last century, for he was placed in charge of the famous gardens at Wood- lands, in Philadelphia, the property of William Hamilton, in 1802. He remained in this position until 1805 when Frederick Pursh took charge. In the following year Lyon sent to England a large collection of Hying plants and seeds, which were sold at auction near London. It is evident he soon returned to America, as he devoted several years to exploring the Carolinas, Georgia and Florida, returning in 1812 to England with another collection of plants. Again Mr. Lyon returned to America, and died before 1818, at Asheville, N. C, where he was buried. A number of species of Andromeda were formed by Thomas Nuttall into the genus Lyonia, which commemorates " the name of the late Mr. John Lyon, an indefatigible collector of North American j^lants, who fell a victim to a dangerous epidemic amidst those savage and romantic mountains which had so often been the theatre of his labors." f It was stated by Rev. Mr. Curtiss to Dr. Asa Gray that a portion of his herbarium and his journal were preserved at Asheville, where he thinks they may still be found. J *1893. Sargent, Silva of North America, V : SO. t Nuttall, Genera 1 : 266. X American Journal of Science and Arts, XLII : 10. Prof. Thomas Meehan tells me that it Is doubtful if the herbarium is preserved, but that the McDowell family possess many things left by Lyon. 134 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. WILLIAM DARLINGTON. William Darlington * was bom near the ancient village of Dilworth, now called Dilworthstown, in Birming- ham township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, April 28, 1782. His great grandfather, Abraham Darlington, the son of Job and Mary Darlington, of Darnhall, in Cheshire, Eng- land, came, whilst a young man, with his brother, John, to Pennsylvania, in the beginning of the last century, and settled, at first, near Chester. He soon, however, removed to the banks of the Brandywine, about a mile and a half above Chadd's Ford, in Birmingham township, where he remained till his death in 1776. The grandfather of William Darlington, Thomas Darlington, w^as a farmer, and his son Edward, father of William, was educated a farmer by his maternal grandfather, from whom he received, by will, the farm in Birmingham township, on which he was reared. He married Hannah, a daughter of John Townsend, of East Bradford, Chester County, by whom he had five sons and two daughters. He was an intelligent man, self-educated, and exercised a considerable influence amongst the citizens of his county, by whom he was several times elected a member of the State Legislature. He died in 1825. His eldest son, William, was early inured to the severe labors of agricultural life, and when old enough to drive or hold the plough, was kept at work in the summer, and only permitted to go to school in the winter season. The common schools of that day were lamentably deficient as compared with those of modern times, yet he succeeded in obtaining a plain English education, under John * Memorial of William Darlington, by W. T., printed at West Chester in 1S63. Also see The Gardener's Monthly (Meehan), V, pp. 157, 168, 182, with portrait. WILLIAM DARLINGTON. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 135 Forsythe, an Irish friend, one of the best teachers of that time in the county. Becoming tired and disgusted with the drudgery of farm labor, William, after much difficulty, induced his father to permit him to study medicine. With this view, in the spring of 1800 he entered the office of Dr. John Vaughan, a respectable physician of Wilmington, in the state of Delaware. Whilst pursuing, with assiduity, the study of that pro- fession which he had selected as the business of his life, he devoted those hours, which many would have given to idle recreation, in acquiring a knowledge of the French language under a private teacher, and there developed a passion for the study of languages, Avhich remained with him for life, and enabled him subsequently to make an excellent and satisfactory acquaintance with the French, Latin, Spanish and German, when opportunity was afforded. In the winters of 1802-3 and 1803-4, William Dar- lington attended the medical lectures in the University of Pennsylvania, and on the 6th of June, 1804, he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Whilst preparing his thesis, after the close of his second course of medical lectures. Doctor Darlington attended the botanical lectures of Professor Benjamin Smith Barton, and thus began his first acquaintance with that science whose beauties and pleasures he did, in later years, so much to illustrate, and in so successful a manner, as to make his name known and respected throughout the botanical world. In 1806 Dr. Darlington received the appointment of surgeon to an East India Merchantman, belonging to Phila- delphia, and made a voyage to Calcutta, whence he returned 136 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. the following year. He availed himself of the leisure afforded him in the long voyage to make an acquaintance with some of the best works then extant in English litera- ture. A sketch of the observations during this voyage was, some years afterwards, published in the form of familiar letters in the Analedic Magazine. In the year succeeding his return from Calcutta, he settled in West Chester, and resumed the practice of medicine, and was soon in the enjoyment of an extensive and profitable business ; for on the first of June, 1808, he w;)s married to Catherine, daughter of General John Lacey, of New Jersey, an officer who had served with credit and ability in the Revolutionary War. Always anxious for self-improvement. Dr. Darlington commenced the German language about that time under a private tutor, and soon made himself sufficiently familiar with it to be enabled to enter into the spirit and enjoy the beauties of the great writers of that tongue. Feeling as much interest in the subject of general, as well as of self-education, in the year 1811, he was made a trustee and secretary of the West Chester Academy, then about to be built, an institution which gave the first great impulse to popular education in his native county, and which has since sent forth from its walls men who have Ijecome distinguished in literature, science and the arts, and who owe their success in life to tlie knowledge there received. When the war with England broke out in 1812, the subject of this sketch, with other young men of the neigh- borhood, offered their services in defence of the altars and firesides of their country in case of invasion. A volunteer company was formed and drilled at AVest Chester, ready to THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 137 serve when called upon, and in September, 1814, on a requisition by the Governor of Pennsylvania for volunteer troops to aid in the protection of Philadelphia, which was supposed to be threatened by the enemy then in Chesa- peake Bay, he went to the camp on the banks of the Delaware as an ensign in the " American Grays." Having some taste and skill in military tactics, the regiment hito which his company was incorporated chose him major of the first battaUon. In this post, he served until the corps was disbanded. In the meantime, however, his fellow-citizens at home, appreciating his work as a physician, a friend of education, a citizen-soldier, and an enlightened statesman, elected him, unsolicited, a member of the 14th Congress. In 1816, in consequence of dissatisfaction existing toward his colleague in another county (the single district system not having been then adopted), he lost his election by the small majority of seven votes, but this defeat was amply atoned for by triumphant elections to the 16th and 17th Congress, from the same district. During his second term, the cele- brated Missouri question agitated the Union, and called forth the ablest efforts of the best men in Congress. On that question Dr. Darlington was found ranked with those who were desirous to restrict slavery, and raised his voice in an able and excellent speech in opposition to its extension. The Congressional district was changed in 1822 in such a manner as to give an overwhelming majority to his political opponents. Defeat, under such circumstances, being certain to the Democratic candidate, Dr. Darlington, under a sense of duty, after the honors conferred by his party, asked and obtained permission to decline a renomi- nation. 138 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. The general government, however, was not unmindful of his abilities, and the Secretary of War appointed him visitor to AVest Point, and acknowledged his services on that occasion and the valuable suggestions in his report, in the warmest manner. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1825 was aroused by the booming of the cannon that announced the completion of that great work of internal improvement, projected by De Witt Clinton, and executed by the Empire State, which connected the great lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. She then commenced her own grand scheme of canals and railroads which so much benefited the interior of the State. Dr. Darlington was one of the members of the first board of Canal Commissioners, and was associated with such men as Albert Gallatin, John Sergeant, Robert W. Patterson and David Scott, whose names hold a distinguished place in our country's annals. He served in that station two years, during the last of which he was president of the board. The duties alluded to, however, though arduous and exacting, did not prevent Dr. Darlington from bestowing some attention to natural science, and indulging his taste for botany. In 1826, in conjunction with some of his intimate friends, he assisted in organizing the Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science, of which institution he was president from its origin ; and in the same year he published " Florula Cestrica," being a catalogue of plants growing around the borough of West Chester, Pennsylvania. The arduous duties of the office of Canal Commissioner, being then performed gratuitously, and calling him away from home more than was either convenient or agreeable, he resigned that office the next year, and was almost THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 139 immediately thereafter appointed Prothonotary and Clerk of the Courts of his native county, by his pohtical and personal friend, Governor Shulze, the duties of which office he continued to discharge until 1830. Whilst in the office of Prothonotary, Dr. Darlington, and some of his medical friends, co-operated and formed the Medical Society of Chester County, an institution which has had the good effect of uniting in a fraternal union almost all the physi- cians of the county. From his long standing in his pro- fession, and the skill which he had acquired by an extensive practice, Dr. Darlington was unanimously placed at the head of the Society, which position he held till 1852, when he resigned and was immediately elected an honorary member. In 1830 he was elected president of the Bank of Chester County, of which institution he had been one of the commissioners named in the charter. He was re-elected annually, and continued in that station to his death. This bank possessed the entire confidence of the community, and its notes w^ere eagerly sought after in preference to those of other banks within range of its circulation. These happy results were mainly due to the financial abilities of the president and his old and long-tried friend, David Town- send, late cashier of the bank, a gentleman who, it is not improper to state, Avas associated with Dr. Darlington in nearly all of the public enterprises of a local character in which the latter w^as engaged. Townsend had the high compliment paid him of having his name conferred upon a new and interesting genus of Rocky Mountain plants, by his friend, Professor Hooker, the learned and talented Director of the Pvoyal Botanical Gardens at Kew, near London. 140 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. A similar honor was conferred on Dr. Darlington in 1825, by Professor De Candolle, of Geneva, for his eminent services to botany. The genus dedicated to him by De Candolle did not, however, prove to be sufficiently distinct to maintain its place as an independent genus, and his friend, Professor Torrey, of New York, dedicated to him a new and splendid genus (Darlingtonia) of California plants, of the natural order Sarraceniacea?, which, from its rarity and beauty, constitutes a worthy and fitting compliment to an industrious laborer in the agreeable fields of botanical science. In 1826 Dr. Darlington published a small book, called by him " Florula Cestrica," and later, in the year 1837, published his " Flora Cestrica," * a description of the flowering plants of Chester County, which was a new edition of his former work, much enlarged and greatly improved. The work is regarded as one of the most com- plete local Floras extant, and is a model for all works of a similar character. The first addition of the work was arranged according to the Linneean System of classification, but the Natural System was adopted for the later editions. Conceiving the idea of assisting the farmers of our country by a work expressly devoted to an account of those plants which it more especially concerns them to know, he prepared and published in 1847 his " Agricultural Botany," f in which he described in plain and familiar terms not only the useful cultivated plants, Ijut all those which a careful "^ lS26—Moi-ula Cestrica, an essay towards a catalogue of the jyhcenogamous plants, native and naturalized, growing in the vicinity of the borough of West Chester, in Chester County, Pennsylvania, with brief notices of their pro})erties and uses in medicine, rural economy and the arts. West Chester, 4 min. pp. xv, 152. 3 tab. col. Viol— Flora Cestrica, an attempt to enumerate and describe tJie floivering and Jilicoid plants of Chester County, in the State of Pennsylvania. 8 vo., pp. xviii, 640, 1 map. col. t l^^l— Agricultural Botany, an enumeration of useful plants and weeds. Philadelphia, 1847, 8 vo., pp. Iviii, 270. THE BOTANISTS OF rHILADELrHIA. 141 and industrious farmer should extirpate from liis soil. This work was one of great practical value, and there is good reason to believe that its influence produced a beneficial effect upon husbandry, not only in Chester County, but elsewhere. The deep interest he always felt in every votary of natural science, together with a strong personal attachment for a friend, induced him at an earlier day (about 1843) to collect together the letters, memoranda, etc., of Dr. William Baldwin, a native of his own county, who also was pas- sionately devoted to botany, but who died at an early age while on the expedition up the Missouri, under Major Long. These remains were given to the world in a volume entitled " Reliquiae Baldwinianae." * The pioneers of botany in Pennsylvania were Humphry Marshall and John Bartram, the former resided near West Chester, the latter near Philadelphia. Dr. Darlington col- lected, in 1849, such portions of their correspondence as still remained in existence, comprising, together with their own letters, those of many eminent botanists of the day, and published them in one large volume, with illustrations of their homes, under the title of " Memorials of Bartram and Marshall." f This correspondence of our earlier botanists affords a pleasant insight into their scientific labors, and shows the dangers they underwent and the difficulties they had to encounter in the early settlement of the country, during their expeditions into the wilderness in the prosecution of their favorite science. * IMS—Reliquice Baldwiniance. Philadelphia, Kimber et Sharpless, 8 vo., 346 pp. effigies Baldwini. i 1849— Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall, with notices of their botanical contemporaries. With illustrations. Philadelphia, 8 vo., 585 pp., 2 tab. and autographs. 142 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Dr. Darlington's later labors in the cause of natural science consisted in a new edition of the " Flora Cestrica," revised and reconstructed on the natural method, which system is now adopted by scientists at the present day. Besides this, in connection with some of the liberal-minded men of his neighborhood, he was engaged in his latter years in the composition of a work descriptive of the Natural History of Chester County in all its branches. He assumed a full share of the necessary labor, his own portion of it having been completed and ready for the press. Having always been a devoted patriot, Dr. Darlington dedicated a son, Lieutenant B. S. B. Darlington, to his country's cause, as an officer of the Navy, who, after seven- teen years of active service, died at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1845, of a disease contracted during the first cruise of our squadron on the coast of Africa. The afflicting loss of his son. Lieutenant Darlington, was soon followed by the death of Mrs. Darlington. Soon after her death he became a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In the spring of 1862 he was attacked by a slight stroke of paralysis, from which he partially recovered, but with some prostration of his physical vigor. This was followed in the early part of 1863 by another attack of the same disease, from the effects of which he gradually sank, until on Thursday, the 23rd of April, 1863, aged nearly 81 years, he passed away with his mental vigor unimpaired. In order that the people of his county might have the benefit of his materials. Dr. Darlington bequeathed his most valuable herbarium of plants, and all his botanical and most of his other scientific works, to the Chester County THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 143 Cabinet of Natural Science,* on whose shelves they are designed to remain as a rich mine, from which the earnest students of nature can glean most precious fruits. He enjoyed, in an eminent degree, the friendship of the best botanists of his day, and his correspondence with the distinguished DeCandolle, and Sir William Jackson Hooker, of the old world, and Drs. Gray and Torrey of the new, attest the high value they placed on his contributions to the science of which he was so fond. It is pleasant to know that those labors have been properly appreciated by men whose commendations are of value, for he received the highly honorable degree of LL. D. from the faculty of Yale College, and was elected a member of more than forty literary and scientific associations, among which may be mentioned the American Philosophical Society, of Philadel- phia, and the Botanical Society of the Netherlands, at Leyden. His mortal remains rest in a quiet and shady spot, selected by himself, in the beautiful Oaklands Cemetery, near those of his friends, the gallant Major Barnard, and the brave young Captain Evans, the patriots and soldiers of former wars, where the hand of affection will cause to be realized his wish inscribed upon the stone above his grave : "Plantse Cestrienses quas dilexit atqiie illustravit Super Tuniulum ejus Semper floreaut." f , T. w^^^ Botanical Gazette, V. 90, where Josiah Hoopes states that the collections XV .'■^.'' ^^'^^^^t^° '^^•^ ^a^'i^ Townseud are preserved in the Museum of the Uest Chester Slate Normal School. ^Memorial of miliam Darlington, M. D., by W. T. May 21 1863 West Chester, E. J. James, book and job printer, 1863. 144 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. CHARLES J. WISTER. Charles J. Wister was born in 1782, dying July 23rd, 1865. Elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1811, he took a deep interest in its welfare.* He was a friend and contemporary of Thomas Xuttall, with whom he botanized. His son, W. Wynne Wister, was taken by him to hear ^Ir. Xuttall's lectures in the German- town Academy, where he received an inspiration for the science which lasted a lifetime. CONSTANTINE SAMUEL RAFINESQUE [SCHMALTZ]. f PerhajDs no American botanist has been so misrepre- sented and misunderstood as Constantino Samuel Rafinesque. Vain, ambitious and eccentric to the last degree, he was the first teacher of science west of the Appalachians, and one of the pioneer naturalists of the United States. Though a volumi- nous writer in French, Italian and English, on all kinds of subjects, including religion, ethnology, sociology and natural science, his publications were, in the main, quite limited in the number of copies, and are now mostly rare. In the bibliographical list given in the sumptuous quarto of Dr. Call, nearly 450 titles are quoted of articles, pamphlets and books written by Rafinesque, of which 141 are on botanical subjects. Most of them are rubbish, pure and simple, and yet it must be said that American botany owes him a great deal more than modern systematists generally admit. * For a short obituary notice, see Tlie Gardener's Monthly (Meehan), VII, p. 271. "^ Asa Gray Bulletin, Vol. IV, No. 1., p. 6. Most of the material for this article, by G. H. Hicks, was obtained from the " The Life and Writings of Rafinesque." No. 10, Filson Club Publications. Richard Ellsworth Call, Louisville, Ky., 1895." Botanical GazeWe VIII : 177, 191. Garden and Forest, l\: l-iQ. Popular Science Monthly, 1886, p. 212. Science, N. S.,l: 384. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 145 Rafinesque was born near Constantinople, October 22, 1783, his Either being a French merchant, his mother of Ger- man parentage. His early life was spent in various parts of Europe, principally near Marseilles, France, and in Sicily. Though an omnivorous reader, claiming, in his usual exaggerated way, to have read one thousand books before twelve years of age, his schooling was very desultory, owing largely to the roving character of his father, from whom Rafinesque inherited tlie same disposition. In his earliest childhood he became greatly interested in animals and plants. Frequent walks in the neighborhood of Mar- seilles gave him opportunity to make observations on natural history. At this time he made a small botanic garden, and also began the study of fishes, birds, shells and crabs, drawing and making notes of many of them. Like Darwin, he could not bear to kill animals, but preferred to study them alive. At an early age (1802) he emigrated to this country, accepting a clerkship in Philadelphia, but his roving disposi- tion and his desire to study nature precluded the idea of busi- ness success. Returning to Sicily he pursued various scientific studies, but in 1815 he concluded to make the United States his permanent home. When ofi* the coast of Long Island the ship on which he sailed foundered, and all of his collections were lost. In 1818 he made a trip down the Ohio to Kentucky, collecting a great many specimens on the way. At this time he stopped three weeks with Audubon, who was not altogether pleased with the eccentric performances of his guest. For several years Rafinesque was professor of modern languages and natural science in the Transylvania 146 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. University at Lexington, Ky. During his term he explored nearly all the accessible portions of Kentucky and many places in Tennessee. As a teacher he was very absent- minded and the butt of many jokes perpetrated by the students. He seemed to shun society, wore ill-fitting clothes, and paid little attention to his personal appearance. In 1825 he returned to Philadelphia and made col- lecting trips in nearly all of the middle Atlantic states, also studying the mountain flora of the northern Appalachians. His closing years were passed in the most abject poverty, without friends. He lived in a garret in a house on the south side of Race (Vine ?) Street, near Fourth or Fifth, peculiar on account of the entrance with high steps,* sur- rounded by his books, minerals, plants, and other scientific collections. Here he died in 1840, and now lies in an obscure grave in Ronaldson's cemetery, at the corner of Kinth and Catharine Streets. He left a characteristic will, in which he complains bitterly of what he thought to be the ill-treatment given him by American scientists.f His personal effects consisted of eight dray-loads of books and natural history specimens, most of which had been lost or destroyed. A few specimens found their way into the University of Pennsylvania, I others are in the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences. Most of his botanical writings are scattered in news- paper and magazine articles, though he published several more pretentious works, among them being a flora of Louisiana, based entirely on the reports of two non-scientific * The Gardeners' Monthly (Meehan), X, p. 253 (1868). t See, for account of will, Garden and Forest, IV, p. 146. X Mr. Thomas Meehan tells me that the herbarium of Rafinesque came Into the possession of Mr. Isaac Burk, who presented it to the University of Pennsylvania, where it ought to he found. Search, however, has so far not revealed it. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 147 travelers. Rafinesque, himself, never saw any of the j^lants mentioned in this work, but this did not deter him from publishing therein thirty new genera and 196 new species. This eccentric botanist was a passionate lover of nature and had very lofty scientific ambitions, together with an inordinate desire to see his own name attached to plant binomials. Many of his erratic ways are to be attributed to his desultory early training. He was, however, a keen observer and no mean thinker.* In 1833, twenty-six years before " Darwin's Origin of Species " appeared, Rafinesque had already pointed out the fact of evolution, though at the time nearly all scientists believed in the fixity of species. He received many honors from various learned societies, and his reputation as a scientist extended throughout Europe. The genus Rafinesquia (Nuttall) of the Compositae, and Opuntia Rafinesqxdi, Engelmann, commemorate his name among plants. Among the genera founded by Rafinesque, which are universally accepted by American botanists, may be men- tioned : Adlumia, Cladrastis, Cymopterus, Osmorrhiza ( Wash- ingtonia),Lepachijs {Ratibida), Erechtites, Steironema, Ihjsanthes, Blephilia, Clintonia, Pelfandra and Eatonia. The last edition of " Gray's Manual " recognizes nineteen of his genera, while the recent " Check List " of the Botanical Club of North America, covering the same territory, credits him with fort3^-seven in all. In Britten and Brown's "Illustrated Flora," fifty of Rafinesque's genera are recognized. Rafinesque was quicker to discover the relationships and difference among plants than most of his contemporaries. * A history of the portraits of Rafinesque will be found in Call's " The Life and Writings of Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, pp. 64, 67. 148 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. His collections in the virgin flora of the Appalachians turned up many new forms. Unfortunately, however, working so much by himself, and with what seems an inordinate zeal to found as many new genera and species as possible, he w^as particular about neither the source nor the extent of his information, and went into the business of species and genus making in the most wholesale manner. His descriptions were hastily written and brief, con- sisting often of mere transcriptions of field notes, and many of them were based on the most unreliable data, hence his work has caused almost infinite trouble among systematists, both in botany and zoology. Had such an opportunity for comparison of plants in diff"erent herbaria been aff'orded him as now exists, he would have escaped a great many errors. In forming an estimate of his work, due allowance should be made for his lack of scientific training, his sur- roundings, and the crude state of science in his time. Enumeration of papers "^ by Rafinesque : Magazine Articles 144 Books and Pamphlets 39 Kafinesque's Magazines . 3 Original Articles in Last 233 Manuscripts 1 Total titles 420 To this summary may be added : Reprints 17 Translations 7 Books and Oversheets 3 Grand total 447 * For full enumeration and bibliographical details, see Prof. Call's book. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 149 JOHN EATTON LE CONTE. John Eattoii Le Conte * was born near Shrewsbury, New Jersey, February 22, 1784, and died in Philadelphia, November 21, 1800. His residence was partly in New York, where he was educated at Columbia College, partly in Georgia, where his father possessed a large tract of property in Liberty County. His family was of Huguenot descent, his ancestor, William, having left Normandy on the revo- cation of the Edict of Nantes to join the army of William, afterwards King of England. Thence coming to America he settled in New York, about the year 1692. His son, Peter Le Conte, was a highly esteemed physician in the lower part of New Jersey, and married Valeria, a daughter of John Eatton, of Shrewsbury, among whose numerous descendants may be counted some of our most eminent citizens. From an early age his two sons, John Le Conte and his brother Louis, showed a great love for natural history and the observation of animals and plants. As young men they spent several years in Georgia, where they cultivated their father's plantation and occupied their leisure in the pursuit of science. Here it was that they established a botanical garden, mentioned frequently by the earlier travelers in the United States. This love of nature and the observation of its phenomena has pervaded almost all the members of the Le Conte family. About the year 1817 John Le Conte entered the army of the United States as Captain of Topographical Engineers, and after serving ten years received the customary brevet as Major; but finding his health shattered by exposure during an exp loration of the St. John's River in Florida, undertaken * ms A. Gray. -Botanical Gazette, VIII, 197. A painting of Le (^onte is in tlie library of the American Philosophical Society. 150 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. in the line of duty, he made a journey to Paris in 1827, where he formed the acquaintance of many of the most eminent men of science there, and with whom he subse- quently kept up a correspondence. In 1832 or 1833 he resigned his commission in the army, and lived the retired life of an invalid in New York, until 1852, when he moved to Philadelphia. His contributions to botanical and zoological science were published mostly in the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of Neiu York, and in the Proceedings of the Acad&iuy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, from 1852 to 1860. His extensive and valuable herbarium, wdiich had been carefully reviewed by the older botanists of the country, was presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1852, and was followed shortly after his death by a large collection of fresh water mollusca of the United States, containing many original specimens of species first observed by him. No separate botanical work bears his name as author, nor any in zoology that we know of, except one on American Lepidoptera, published in connection with M. Boisduval. But the Eoyal Society's " Catalogue of Scientific Papers " records the title, place and date of publication of thirty-five of them, eleven of which are botanical. Several of these are monographs. The earliest on the " United States Species of Paspalum," was published in the year 1820 ; three others, namely, those on Utricularia, Gratiola and Ruellia, all in 1824; those on Tillandsia and Viola in 1826; that on Pancratium in 1828. He was a keen but leisurely observer and investigator, and still more leisurely writer. He was a man of very refined and winning manners, of scholarly THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 151 habits and wide reading, of an inquiring and original turn of mind, the fruitfuhicss of which was subdued by chronic invalidism. When he went to Paris he took with him his herbarium, which for that time was unusually rich in plants of Lower Georgia and Florida, and we remember his remark that his botanical acquaintances there made very free use of his permission to help themselves to the dupli- cates. There is reason to think that the remains of it went to the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. He is the father of the two Le Contes of the University of Cali- fornia. THOMAS NUTTALL. Thomas Nuttall "^ was born in 17SG, in the town of Settle in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, in humble circumstances. At an early age he was apprenticed to an uncle, a printer by trade, either in his native town or in Liverpool, where he worked as a journeyman for several years, until he went to seek employment in London. When twenty-two years of age he sailed for America, landing in Philadelphia. He was a studious young man, knowing the history of his country, familiar with some branches of natural history and even with Latin and Greek. It is thus recorded in the biographical sketch of Nuttall, read by Elias Durand f before the American Philosophical Society : "When, in 1824, Professor Torrey was preparing for publication his ' Flora of the Northern and Middle States,' * Popular Science Monthly, XLVI (189r>), 689, from which the main facts are gleaned. See also The Gardener's Monthly (Meehan). IV, p. 21, for biography to accompany the frontispiece in that journal, drawn on stone by M. S. Parker; L. X. Rosenthal, Lithographer. t Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, VII, 125. 152 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. which he dedicated to his friend Thomas Nuttall, with high compHments, the printer who was engaged upon it asked the professor who was that Xuttall so frequently referred to in his work, adding that he had once worked with a printer oi that name, who spent the greatest part of his time in reading books, and he would not be surprised if he were the same man. Professor Torrey rejoined that his surmise was correct; the printer of former times had proved a most arduous laborer in the field of science, and was now a distinguished botanist and an officer of one of the first scientific institutions of the country." It seems that Nuttall was ignorant of the tenets of botany when he landed in the United States. He used to tell the following stor}?- of himself. AValking in the fields outside of Philadelphia the morning after his arrival, he noticed a common green-brier (Smilax rotundifolia). " Egad ! " he said, " there is a passion-flower," and he cut some portions of it, which he brought home for study. His friends at the boarding-house could not satisfy him, but referred him to Professor Barton, whose residence was near. With his spec- imen Nuttall called upon Dr. B. S. Barton, who received him courteously, and explained the diff'erence between the genera Smilax and Passiflora. Noticing the intelligent inter- est of the young man, Professor Barton taught him some of the general principles of botany. This lesson made Nuttall a botanist, and Barton became his friend and patron. It was then eai^ly spring, and during the next season Nuttall took frequent rambles, eagerly gathering specimens, which he carried to Barton, who showed him how to prepare them for the herbarium. Later, he extended his excursions, going down into the lower part of the peninsula between THOMAS NUTTALL. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 153 Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, and then to the coasts of Virginia and North Carolina. About this time he met Jolni Bradbury, a Scotch natu- ralist, who had come to America to collect objects of natural history. Later, Bradbury, accompanied by Xuttall, left Philadelphia for the far West. Proceeding to St. Louis, they left that city on the last day of December, 1809, crossed the Kansas and Platte Rivers, passed through the Mandan villages, where Lewis and Clark had wintered during 1804-05, and ascended the Missouri River still higher, returning after a journey full of the greatest fatigues and dangers, well recompensed by materials and information. Nuttall spent the next eight years in Philadelphia, during the winter months overhauling and studying the collections made by him in summer excursions to various parts of the country east of the Mississippi, from Florida to the Great Lakes. As a close student, naturally reserved, Nuttall's social intercourse was limited. Prof Barton, Zaccheus Collins, Reuben Haines, M'Mahon, for whom he named his genus Mahonia, William Bartram, and Colonel Carr, were almost his only acquaintances. A room was expressly reserved for him in Colonel Carr's house. Durino- this time he prepared the descriptions for his " Genera of the North American Plants." * The reputation of Mr. Nuttall, as a botanist, prin- cipally rests upon this work printed in 1818. Prof. Torrey, in the preface to his Flora, declared that the " Genera " of Nuttall had contributed more than any other work to advance the accurate knowledge of the plants of this * 1818. Nuttall— r/ie genera of North American plajits, and a catalogue of the species to the year 1817. Philadelphia, 2 vols., octavo. I: viii 312 pp II- 254, 14 pp, ' 154 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. country. Xuttall, turning his earh^ trade to account, set the type for the greater part of the book. In 1817 Mr. Xuttall, already a Fellow of the Linna^an Society of London, was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and a member of the American Philosophical Society. One of his earliest papers in the Journal of the Academy being a description of ColUnsia, a new genus of plants, named in honor of his friend and patron, Zaccheus Collins. Xuttall wished to visit the Arkansas country, and soon after his '•' American Plants " was published, ]\Iessrs. Correa da Serra,"^ Z. Collins, William Maclure and John Vaughan, secured the funds necessary for this long journey. Leaving Philadelphia on October 2, ISIS, he reached the mouth of the Arkansas River about the middle of January, and Fort Bellepoint on April 24th. He returned with abundant collections. On returning to Philadelphia early in the spring of 1820, he immediately began the study of his Arkansas collections, preparing an account of his journey into the interior of Arkansas in 1818 and 1819, which he published in the following year. He contributed several memoirs to the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences (1820-1822), among them being one " On the Serpentine Pocks of Hoboken and the Minerals which they Contain " — for he was a mineralogist as well as botanist. He also lectured on * Correa da Serra (Jos6 Francisco), born at Serpa, Portugal, in 1751. At the time of the reunion of the Academy of Sciences of Lisbon he was made perpetual secretary (1779). After a rather checkered career in France and Portugal, he lived as a refugee in London, where he published a number of important botanical papers. In 1813 he took a voyage to the United States ; then was named Ambassador of Portugal to the United States. He died in 1823. See Baillox, Dictionaire de Botanique, from which this sketch is taken. A painting of him is in the library of the American Philosophical Society. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 155 botany to classes of young men. As a lecturer Nuttall was not remarkable for eloquence, but he always imparted to his hearers something of his own passion for botany. Mr. Nuttall was called to Harvard College at the end of 1822. The endow^ment not being sufficient to support a professor, he was appointed curator of the Botanic Garden, with light duties of instruction, so that the greater part of his time was devoted to study and to the culture of rare plants. In Cambridge, as well as in Philadelphia, he led a retired life."^ Mr. Nuttall became dissatisfied with his position at Cambridge, because he considered that he was vegetating. At this time James Brown, who was probably his only inti- mate friend at Cambridge, suggested to Nuttall that he write a book on ornithology. He began with great energy, and in 1832 produced his " Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and Canada," in two volumes of about six hundred pages each and illustrated with excellent wood-cuts. While at Cambridge he contributed papers to various scien- tific journals, and issued a text-book entitled " An Introduc- tion to Systematic and Physiological Botany.f Mr. Nuttall visited Philadelphia in 1833, with a collec- tion of plants gathered by Captain Wyeth during an overland journey to the Pacific Ocean. Captain Wyeth was about to start on a second expedition, for the Columbia Fishing and Trading Company, and Nuttall wished to accompany him. Not being able to obtain a sufficiently long leave of absence from his duties as Curator of the Botanic Garden at Cam- bridge, he resigned his position and spent the time before * See remarks of Mrs. Asa Gray in editing the papers of lier husband. tl827. Nuttall — A71 introduction to systematic and physiological botany. Cambridge. Billiard and Brown, octavo, XII : 360 pp., 12 tab. 156 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. his departure in studying Wyeth's collections and his own Arkansas plants. Nuttall and John K. Townsend, sent out jointly by the American Philosophical Society and the Academy of Natural Sciences, joined Captain Wyeth's party at Independence, Missouri, from which place they started April 28, 1834. The account of the journey is given in Townsend's "Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River," etc. On September 3d, they began to descend the Columljia, reaching Fort A^ancouver. Here the two natu- ralists remained for the rest of the autumn exploring the surrounding country. Later, desiring to pass the winter months in a warmer climate, they took passage on a Boston brig for the Sandwich Islands, where they arrived January 5, 1835. Nuttall remained two months collecting plants and shells, and then, separating from his companion, sailed for California. He spent the spring and summer on the Pacific Coast, then returned to the Sandwich Islands, sailing home on a Boston vessel returning by way of Cape Horn. He arrived home in October, 1835, and lived in Philadel- phia, where he studied the rich collections made on his long journey. Two important memoirs, the fruits of the trip across the continent, were published in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. " Nuttall Avas a remarkable-looking man. His head w^as very large, l)ald, and bore signs of a vigorous intellect ; his forehead was expansive, but his features small, and his gray eyes looked out from under fleshy brows. His com- plexion was fair, and sometimes very pale from close application to study and lack of exercise. He was above THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 157 medium height, his person stout with a slight stoop, and his walk peculiar and mincing, resembling that of an Indian." * Nuttall returned to England in December, 1841, where he resided for the remaining seventeen years of his life. An uncle who had prospered in business, having no family, left to him an estate called Nutgrove, in the neighborhood of Liverpool. Nuttall, according to the conditions of the bequest, was to reside in England at least nine months of the year. He had been thirty-four years in the United States, so that, although he had visited England in 1811, and in 1822, returning to reside permanently in the land of his birth was a hardship to our much-traveled botanist. He, therefore, hesitated for some time before accepting the new responsibilities, but consideration for his sisters and their families finally induced him to accept the property. Shortly before leaving the United States, Nuttall wrote a supplement to Michaux's Silva in three volumes.f The work appeared in 1842-1854. Nuttall returned to America, stopping in Philadelphia during the last three months of 1847 and the first three of 1848, and while here he studied at the Philadelphia Academy the plants brought by Dr. William Gambel, from the Rocky Mountains and Upper California, and prepared a paper on them which was published in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences. * For the anecdotes concerning Mr. Nuttall's peculiar ways, the reader is referred to Elias Durand's account. See also Popular Science Monthly, XLVI (1895), p. 689. t 1842-1854. Nuttall— r/ie North American 8ilva, or a description of the forest trees of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia, not described in the work of Francois Andre Michaux, and containing all the forest trees discovered in the Rocky Mountains, the territory of Oregon doivn to the shores of the Pacific, and into the confines of California, as well as in various parts of the United States, illustrated by 122 finely coloured j^lates. Philadelphia. J. Dobson, 3 vols., impr. octavo, XII: 13, 123, 148 pp.; ind. tab. col., 1-121. 158 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. His death occurred on September 10, 1859. In opening a case of plants received shortly before from ^Ir. Booth he overstramed himself, and from that time steadily declined until his death on September 10, 1859. His love of nature was great, and this, joined with untiring industry and great firmness of purpose, had raised him from the position of an unknown artisan to the foremost rank of American men of science. Elias Durand said of him immediately after his death : " No other explorer of the botany of North America has personally made more discoveries; no writer on American plants, except perhaps Prof. Asa Gray, has described more new genera and species." His name is memorialized in a genus of rosaceous plants, Nuttallia. Bibliography.* 1. "Observations on the genus Eriogonum, and the natural order Polygonete." — Journal Academy Natural Sciences, I : 24, 33. 2. "An account of two new genera of Plants ; and of a species of Tillsea, and Limosella, recently discovered on the hanks of the Delaware, in the vicinity of Philadelphia." — Journal Academy Natural Sciences, I : 111. 3. "Description of Collinsia, anew genus of plants." — Journal Aca- demy Natural Sciences, I : 189. 4. "Description of rare plants recently introduced in the gardens of Philadelphia." — Journal Academy Natural Sciences, II : 179. 5. ' ' Observations on the genus Oryzopsis. " — Journal Academy Natural Sciences, III : 125. 6. " Remarks on the species of Corallorhiza indigenous to the United States." — Journal Academy Natural Sciences, III : 135. 7. "Description of two genera of the natural order Crucifera?." — Journal Academy Natural Sciences, V : 132. 8. " Observations on a species of Anemone of the section Pulsatilla indigenous to the United States." — Journal Academy Natural Sciences, V : 158. * For complete bibliography see Popular Science Monthli/. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 159 9. " Plants collected in East Florida.^ '—SiUiman's Journal, V : 286. 10. "Description of a new species of Sarracenia." — Trans. American Philosophical Society, N. S., IV : 49. 11. "Collections towards a Flora of the Territory of Arkansas." — Trans. American Philosophical Society, X. S., V : 139. 12. " Descriptions of Plants collected by William Gambel, M. D., in the Eocky Mountains and Upper California." — .Journal Academy Natural Sciences, N. S., I : 149. 13. "A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and of Canada. The Water Birds." Boston, 1834, octavo pp. vii, 627. The same. Second Edition with additions. "The Land Birds." Boston, 1840, pp. viii, 832. 14. "A Journal of Travels into the Arkansa Territory during the year 1819, with occasional Observations on the Manners of the Aborigines." Illustrated by a Map and other engravings. Philadelphia, 1821, pp. xii, 296. 15. "Descriptions of new species and genera of plants in the natural order Compositse, collected in a tour across the Continent to the Pacific, a residence in Oregon, and a visit to the Sandwich Islands and California, during the years 1834 and 1835." — Trans. American Philosophical Society, 1841, X. S., YII : 283-453. 16. "Descriptions and notices of new and rare plants of the natural orders, Lobeliaceie, Campauulacese, YaccinieiTe and Ericacea?, collected in a journey across the Continent of North America, and during a visit to the Sandwich Islands and Upper California." — Trans. American Philosophical Society, N. S., VIII, p. 251-272. 17. "On the Serpentine Rocks of Hobokeu, and the Minerals which they contain. " — Sill iman^s Journal, IV : 16. 18. " Observations and Geological Remarks on the Minerals of Paterson and the Valley of Sparta, 'i:^ew Jevsej.^^—Silliman^s Journal, V : 239. DR. WILLIAM P. C. BARTON. Dr. William P. C. Barton was born in Philadelphia, November 17, 1786. He was descended from Rev. Thomas Barton, an Episcopal clergyman, who came to xVmerica under the patronage of the Penn family, and married in Philadelphia the sister of David Rittenhouse, the celebrated 160 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. mathematician and astronomer, and first President of the Philosophical Society. One of his sons, Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton, held the chair of Materia Medica, Natural History and Botany in the University of Pennsylvania. Another son, William Barton, Esc|., member of the Bar, was the father of Dr. AVilliam P. C. Barton. Dr. William P. C. Barton received his classical educa- tion at Princeton College. He graduated with distinction at an early age and immediately commenced the study of medicine under his uncle, Dr. B. S. Barton, and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in ISOS. The subject of his graduation thesis was deemed worthy of publication. After graduating Dr. Barton commenced practicing in Philadelphia ; he was surgeon at the Pennsylvania Hospital, and shortly afterward, upon the recommendation of the celebrated Dr. Benjamin Rush and Dr. Physick, was appointed surgeon in the Xavy. He was for many years on active duty, and distinguished himself, not only by his ability in the treatment of diseases, but by his great skill in the performance of difficult and delicate operations. During his releases from sea service he was not content to pass his time unemployed, but devoted himself with great professional ardor to the publication of various works, which, at the time, acquired considerable reputation. Among others, his work on " Marine Hospitals " (published in 1814), his " Vegetable Materia Medica," and " Flora of North America," with drawings from nature, made by himself and colored by his wife (published in 1817 and 1818), his translations of a number of treatises were exten- sively circulated, and gained for their author considerable celebritv. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 161 He was chosen Professor of Botany in the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. S. D. Gross speaks of him as a remark- able man, highly educated, learned in his profession, a graceful lecturer, an able writer, and one of the most accomplished botanists in America. Dr. Gross, during his first summer in Philadelphia, attended Dr. Barton's botani- cal class, and his botanical excursions along the banks of the Schuylkill, visiting Bartram's conservatories, or rambling about in the open field in search of specimens. In these excursions Dr. Barton was always in his happiest mood. He experienced as great delight in the discovery of a new plant as Audubon did at the sight of an unde- scribed bird. He was, in fact, a botanical enthusiast. He gave, for three years, instruction in materia medica in the Jefferson Medical School, founded in 1825 by Dr. McClellan, when he was ordered by the Navy Department to New York, and became Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. In this position he was able to serve his country with great advantage and saving to the Treasury, but, unfortunately, with little increase in popularity to himself. He introduced many reforms, corrected and abolished many abuses, secured the warm commendations and approval of the government, but the hearty ill-will and bitter persecution of those whose interests or hopes were disappointed by his fidelity. Unwilling to incur the storm of persecution to which he was thus subjected, he resigned his position as head of the Bureau, but held his post in the navy until his decease, which took place in the City of Philadelphia, February 29, 1856. He was buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery with military honors. At the time of his death Dr. Barton had been for 162 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. some Years the senior surgeon on the roll of the navy. He had in early life many personal attractions and accomplish- ments. He retained, even to advanced age, a great love for music and great conversational powers. His character was a happy combination of qualities which attracted all and repelled none. Of great courage without any bravado, of affability without servility, of true warm-hearted benevo- lence, his qualities of heart and mind were well calculated to secure lasting friends among the good and true. He married in early life Esther, daughter of Jonathan Dickin- son Sergeant, Esq., a member of the Philadelphia Bar, and granddaughter of David Rittenhouse. Dr. W. P. C. Barton was the author of the following works : Flora? Philadelphicis Prodromus, plantarum quae hactenns exploratte fuere, quseque in ipso opere ulterius describentur, exhibens enumerationem, or Prodromus of the Flora of Philadelphia, exhibiting a list of all the plants to be described in that AAork, which have as yet been collected. Phila- delphia, :\Iaxwell, 1815. 4. 100 pp. Some account of a plant used in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, as a substitute for chocolate, Holcus bicolor AVilld. Philadelphia, Palmer, 1816. Octavo, 8 pp. Vegetable ^Materia 3Iedica of the United States, or JNIedical Botany ; containing a botanical, general, and medical history of medicinal plants indigenous to the United States. Philadelphia, Carey, 1817-18. 2 vols. 4. I : XV, 273 pp. II : xvi, 243 pp., 50 tab. Compendium Florae Philadelphica?, containing a description of the indigenous and naturalized plants found within a circuit of ten miles around Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Carey, 1818. 2 vols. 8. I : 251 pp. II : 234 pp. ; ib. 1824. A Flora of North America. Illustrated by coloured figures draAvn from nature. Philadelphia, Carey & Son. 3 vols. 4. I : 1821, xix, 138 pp., 138 pp., tab. col. 1-36. With portrait of author as frontispiece. II : 1822, X, 107 pp., tab. col. 37-70. Ill : 1823, vii, 100 pp., tab. col. 71-106. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 163 Outlines of Lectures on Materia ^Nledica and Botany. 2 vols., 12mo, Phila're^ Bulletin, XVI : 67. 31. "Notes on Two Rhododendrons."— Torrf^ Bulletin, XVI: 220. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 243 32. ''Notes on Harfordia, Greene and Parry." — Torrey Bulletin, XVI : 277. 33. "New Varieties of well-known Species." — Torrey Bulletin, XVII : 15. 34. "A new North American Aster, Aster Torreyi. " — Torrey Bulletin, XVII : 37. 35. "A new Fern for North America."— To/vr^ Bulletin, XVII : 215. 36. "A Botanical Trip into Northern New Jersey." — Torrey Bulletin, XI : 90. 37. " Notes from Pennsylvania." — Torrey Bulletin, XVIII : 85. 38. "A new Liatris from North Carolina." — Torrey Bulletin, XVIII, 147. 39. " Iiespedeza striata (Thunb. ) Hook and Am." — Torrey Bulletin, XVIII : 306. 40. "Ballast Plants at South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania." — Torrey Bulletin, XIX : 9. 41. "Some Additions to our eastern Flora." — Torrey Bulletin, XIX : 128. 42. "Aster leiophyllus, n. six''— Torrey Bulletin, XX : 254. 43. "Notes on Plants of our eastern Flora." — Torrey Bulletin, XXI : 120. 44. "Scutellaria resinosa." — Torrey Bulletin, XXI : 177. 45. " Prunus Allegheniensis. " — Garden and Forest, III : 428. 46. "The Table Mountain Pine (Pinus puugeus)." — Garden and Forest, VI : 204. 47. " Magnolia glauca. " — Garden and Forest, VII : 398. JOSEPH WALTON. Joseph Walton was born in Philadelphia in 1823, and in the thirteenth year of his age was sent to AVesttown Boarding-school in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Here he imbibed some of the fondness for botany, which charac- terized the intellectual atmosphere of the institution. The school was located on a tract of 600 acres, a part of which was traversed by the east branch of Chester Creek. A large part was covered with woodland, and there was much diversity in the surface features — hill and valley, swamp 244 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. and upland alternating, and furnishing a large variety of plants. Among these were several of the orchidaceous plants, such as Orchis spectahilis, Habenaria gr.andiflora, Cypripedium pubescens, etc. ; of these, the Habenaria grand i- flora is no longer an inhabitant of the farm, the springy swamp in which it grew having been drained and brought into cultivation. As an illustration of the num- ber of species which grew on the Westtown farm, he once collected a herbarium of such flowering plants as were found on that area, including ferns, and it numbered 600 species, although his knowledge of grasses, Cyperacese, was quite imperfect. Within easy reach of the school were outcrops of serpentine, and the belt of hydro-mica schists to the south of the great limestone valleys, which added con- siderably to the botanical riches of that section of country. In those days Joseph Walton was far more of a collector than a student, but he believes no one can euthusiastically collect objects of any kind, without accpiiring at the same time a considerable amount of knowledge respecting them. After leaving Westtown, he entered Haverford School (now College). During his three years' residence there, he contracted an intimate friendship with Edward Tatnall, of Wilmington, Delaware, whose tastes were similar to his ow^n, and together they scoured the adjacent territory in pursuit of specimens. On leaving Haverford in the fall of 1836, he was employed at Westtown as one of the teachers, and con- tinued there for ten years. During this period his botanical studies were still continued. He left- Westtown in 1846, and after about one year's interval, entered into business in Philadelphia. Very little botanical progress was made at this time, except as he occasionally met "with some inter- THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 245 esting botanical novelty, as Avlien in visiting Trenton Falls, New York, he wandered into a swampy piece of woodland and came upon a patch of perhaps 100 plants of the beautiful Cypripedium spedahile in full Ijlooin. The sight awakened a strong feeling of enthusiasm. After removing to New Jersey and retiring from active business, Joseph Walton came within reach of the pine barrens, where many new forms of vegetable life re-kiudled some of his youthful interest, and he again began to collect material for an herbarium, but these latter collec- tions have been given to a reading-room in the village where he lives. His principal botanical work, if such it may be called, has been the preparation of a numl:)er of natural history articles, mostly descriptive of excursions after flowers, and notices of the plants collected. These have been published from time to time in The Friend, a weekly periodical, published in Philadelphia. GEORGE W. FAHNESTOCK, George W. Fahnestock, a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences and the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, was a botanist of local repute. A paper of his, entitled " Memoranda of the Effects of Carburetted Hydro- gen Gas on a Collection of Exotic Plants," i)ublished in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, for May, 1858, is of merit as recording his observations on the comparative injury done to greenhouse plants exposed to the gas during the winter of 1857, when the earth was frozen to an unusual depth, three feet or more. The plants are arranged serially in the paper according to Lindle^^'s system, and the effect noted. 246 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. JOSIAH GREGG. Practically nothing is known of the early life of Josiah Gregg.* A broken down constitution first made him a traveler on the prairies, which he afterwards crossed several times as a trader in the employ of Mr. Thomas G. Rockhill, a Philadelphia merchant. He contributed a series of letters on the history and condition of the Santa Fe trade to the Galveston Advertiser (1841 and 1842), and the Arkansas Intelligencer; "The Commerce of the Prairies," a journal of a Santa Fe trader during eight journeys across the great western prairies, and a residence of nearly nine years in New Mexico, was written in 1844. During a residence in New" Mexico, Gregg devoted some attention to botany and discovered several new plants. Greggia, a genus of cruci- ferous herbs of western Texas and northern Mexico, was dedicated to him by Asa Gray, as also Fraxinus Greggii. In 1840 Gregg acted as guide to General Wool's division to Chihuahua, and later he went to Saltillo with General Butler. He is supposed to have died in California, in 1850. GAVIN WATSON. Gavin Watson, M. D., was a Scotchman and active practitioner in the upper part of the City of Philadelphia. He devoted himself actively to the collecting of plants in surrounding country. He was held with disfavor by contemporary local botanists, because he, with great dis- regard to the botanists' code of honor, destroyed the localities of several rare plants by digging them up for = Sargent. Silva of North America, VI : 33. Proceedinys American Academy, XII : 63 (1876). Garden and Forest, VII : 12. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 247 sale and for herbarium exclianges. He was Secretary of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society and a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences. He died November H. DETWILER. H. Detwiler, M. D., of Easton, Pennsylvania, now deceased, collected largely years ago around Hellertown, and sent his plants to Europe. Some of his plants are found in the great Meissner Herbarium of Columljia College. EDWIN FU5SELL. Edwin Fussell, M. D., was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, and was a friend of Joshua Hoopes. He was an enthusiastic botanist, influencing the younger generation. He died in Media in 1880. GEORGE MARTIN. Dr. George Martin t was born near Claymont, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, in 1826, and received his early edu- cation at the Westtown Friends' School, after which he became a student at the University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated in medicine about 1847. He first practiced his profession at Concordville, Delaware County, where he remained about three years. Owing to delicate health he next became connected with the Fifth Street Dispensary, in which he remained some five years, at the expiration of which time he engaged with his cousin, John M. Sharpless, in the latter's chrome works in the City of Chester. During * The Gardener's Monthly (Meehan), I, p. 11. t Journal of Mycology, II: 137. Signed J. B. E. (J. B. Ellis). 248 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. the war he was connected with soldiers' hospitals in Chester, in which he rendered efficient and untiring services. In 1S66 he went to West Chester, where he continued to live until the time of his death. During the last eight or ten years of his life his health was such as to lead him and his wife to pass the winter season in Florida. At the time of his death, which occurred at his home in West Chester, October 28, 1886, he was one of the managers of the Pennsylvania Training School at Media, and a member of the Chester County Medical. Society and of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Beginning with 1878, Dr. Martin devoted much time to mycological studies, especially to the examination of the parasitic leaf fungi, and only a few days before his death had completed a "Synopsis of the North American Species of Septoria,'' as a continuation of the series of mycological papers he had already con- tributed. In his demise the medical profession loses one of its shining lights. In scientific pursuits he was also a close and earnest student, as well as a botanist of such note as to lead him into close association with the leading botanists of the day. Dr. Martin was a genial and good citizen. Plain and retiring in his manners, he was beloved by all and honored at home and abroad. Bibliography. 1. " New Florida Fungi." — Journal of 3Iyco1o(/i/, I : 97. 2. "Synopsis of the North American Species of Asterina, Dimeros- porium and Meliola." — Journal of 3Tycology, I : 133, 145. 3. " New Fungi." — Journal of Mycology. II : 128. 4. "The Phyllostictas of North America." — Journal of Mycology, II : 13, 25. 5. ' ' Enumeration and Description of the Septorias of North Ameri- ca."— Jo»r«(T7 of 3Iycology, III : 37, 49, 73, 84. GEOKGE ISFAKTIN. THK BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. "24*. > THOMAS MEEHAN. Thomas Meelian was bom March 2(3, 182(), at Potter's Bar, near Barnet (Hertford, Middlesex), Enghmd, not far from London. His father, Edward, was one of the most skillful private gardeners of England. His mother, Sarah Daneham, came of one of the oldest vSaxon farming families. The family was in the deepest poverty at the time of the birth of Thomas, who was instructed by his mother until he was twelve years of age, when he was put to work with a gardener. He inherited his love for plants from his father, and being deaf from birth, he never mingled with other boys, but spent his time in the fields as an amateur naturalist. Some of his early observations were remarkaljle, and attracted the attention of well-known men, who befriended him. His first article was published when he was thirteen years years of age, and about the same time he succeeded in hybridizing the Fuchsia, for the first time producing a race which he named St. Claii*. When fifteen years of age he made and published his first scientific dis- covery on the lines which afterward made him famous — " Irritable Stamens in the Flowers of Portulaca grandiflora " — then a new introduction from Mexico. He attracted the attention, through his diligence in the pursuit of botany, of such men as Dr. Broomfield, Dr. Thomas Belsatter, Pro- fessor C. C. Babbington, and others. His spare time, while watching by night the stoke-holes of the greenhouses, was spent in study. At seventeen he became head-gardener 'to a Mr. Vaux, and in 1S45, leaving his position, he entered the Royal Gardens at Kew, where he became acquainted with Robinson Scott. He fell under suspicion as belong- ino- to the Chartists, and thus formed the ill-will of Sir 250 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. William Hooker, Director of the Gardens, who subjected him to petty annoyances. Mr. Meehan refused to leave the gardens unless he received a certificate. Having obtained it the follo^ying year, he came to the United States (March 1, 1S4S), sailing on a vessel named " The Devonshire." He reached America on March 21st, on his twenty-second birthday, with twenty-five dollars in his pocket, traveling to Philadelphia by canal boat. He secured a position at the nurseries of Robert Buist on Darby Road, where he remained for one year, afterwards working for Andrew Eastwick, under whose supervision he laid out and restored Bartram's Garden. Leaving the employ of Eastwick, he worked for Caleb Cope, at Holmesburg, where he remained until 1853. In 1852 he married Catherine Colflesh, and after the birth of a son, started a nursery business of his own at xlmbler, with a branch nursery at Germantown, with William Saunders as partner. During the War of the Rebellion Mr. Meehan lost nearly everything ; subsequently he entered into partnership with a certain Wandell, under the business name of Meehan & Wandell. This partner- ship was eventually dissolved, Mr. Meehan taking the entire responsibility of the business, which grew rapidly, until seventy-five acres were cultivated at Germantown. In March, 1860, he was elected a memljer of the Academy of Natural Sciences, in Avhich body he has taken an active interest ever since. He was elected Vice-President after a hot fight. He is one of the oldest members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and is also a member of various learned societies, notably among which may be mentioned : The American Phil- osophical Society, the Pennsylvania Historical Society, the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, and other scientific THE BOTANISTS OF rHILADELPIIIA. 251 societies, both at home and abroad. Mr. Meehan was elected a member of the Royal Wernerian Society in 1.S44. He has been for many years Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, and an lionorary mem- ber of most of the leading Horticultural Societies of America and of the Royal Horticultural Society of London. For several successive years Professor jMeehan was elected annually to the Board of Visitors of Harvard University. When the Philadelphia Economic Museum was originated in 1894, he became one of the Trustees. When the State Board of Agriculture was formed Mr. Meehan became the State Botanist, a position wdiich he still retains. About 1853 Mr. Brinklaw started The Gardener's Monthly, Mr. Meehan assuming the editorship until the death of Mr. Charles Marot (circa 1881). He also was for a time Editor of the Agricultural Department of the Phila- delphia Press, under the management of John W. Forney. Mr. Meehan also became Horticultural and Agricultural Editor of a number of American journals, at one time con- tributing to no less than six, viz. : Maryland Farmer, New York Independent, Neiv York Tribune, and Public Ledger. While at Bartram's Garden he published a book : " Hand- book of Ornamental Trees,""^ which was well received. Mr. Meehan was the author of the descriptions which appeared with the lithographic-colored plates of plants, issued by Prang, of Boston, as '' The Flowers and Ferns of the United States," f which were published until the death of * The American Hand-book of Ornamental Trees. By Thomas Meehan, gardener. Philadelphia: Lippiucott, Grambo & Co.. 1853, octavo, pp.xv, 257. t The Native Floivers and Ferns of the United States, in their Botanical, Horticultural and Popular Aspects. By Thomas Meehan. Illustrated by chromo- lithographs. Boston: L. Prang ct Co.,Svo. I (1878), 11(1879). Series 2. 1(1880), American Natural History Publishing Co., Limited, I'hiludelphia. II (,1880), ("Charles Robson ifcCo., Philadelphia. 252 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Mr. Robson, when their issuance ceased. Their publi- cation Avas resumed when Thomas Meehan and vounoer sons established "Meehan's Monthly." in 1890.* Thomas Meehan's career as a public man began in war time, when he was joined with a numl^er of prominent men in an endeavor to compromise with the South. He was also instrumental, with others, in the drawing up of the rough draft of the Crittenden Resolutions. In 1876 he was elected a member of the School Board of Germantown. In 1880, at the demand of the Independent Republicans, he consented to stand for Common Councils on the Republican ticket. Through his endeavors, in ten years Germantown, from being traversed by dirt streets, became one of the best paved portions of the city. Mr. Meehan also secured the passage of an ordinance requiring that public school-houses be built of two stories. One of his first movements as Councilman was to introduce an ordinance to select unimproved plots over the whole city, a few miles apart, leaving them to grow in value, and then sell outlying portions, in order to pay for the parks.t This plan was pronounced illegal by the City Solicitor, the charter of Philadelphia forbidding it to sell real estate. A plan to raise a loan for purchasing the plots was also found to be impracticable, the debt of the city having already reached the limit allowed by law. The only method left was to put such plots on the plan as were not likely to be pushed for purchase for a number of years, so that they could be taken gradually as the annual income of the city permitted. * Meehan's Monthly, Devoted to General Gardening and Wild Flowers. Conducted by Thomas Meehan. Published by Thomas Meehan A: Sons, Germantown , Philadelphia. t Garden and Forest, VI : 248. TJIOMAS MKEHAN. THE BOTANISTS oF I'l I H.A I (KLril I A. 253 Bai'traiii ( iar(Kn. tlu' lirs( iiisjtirini;- tliou^ht in the movement, was, natui-ally, tlic tirst park taken. Stenton Park, the estate of Logan, the Seeretary of tlie (Vnnnion- wealth under Penn, himself a great botanist, as the natural order Loganiace^r so well commemorates, was next placed on the plan. Then followed Stouton, Juniata, Frankford, Waterview, Treaty Elm— the spot on which Penn made his celebrated treaty with the Indians— John Dickinson, AVharton, Mifflin, Harrowgate— the site of the famous Har- rowgate Springs— Vernon, Womrath, Ontario, Pleasant Kill, Fotterall, Weccacoe and Starr Gardens. Next to Bartram Garden, the crowning success of the whole movement, so largely due to :\Ir. Meehan's efforts, is Vernon Park, a tract of twelve acres in Germantown. Although recently in the family of the Wisters, it was originally laid out and planned by Meng, one of the earlv settlers in Germantown, a wealthy banker and a lover of rare plants. Under his patronage Kin, an early botanical explorer, traveled. It was largely Mr. Meehan's influence in Councils which procured an appropriation to secure the exhibits at the World's Fair, and which were later incorporated by Act of Councils, approved by the Mayor, June 15, 1894, into the Philadelphia Museums. :\Ir. Meehan has been tlie constant friend of the institution, since its inception, in pro- curing necessary legislation. Professor Meehan, as a scientific man, has corresponded with most of the scientists of prominence in l)oth Europe and America. A close correspondence was maintained with Charles Darwin, who relied on Mr. ^Median's obser- 254 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. vations for many of the facts incorporated in his books. This correspondence continued, until a shght misunder- standing between them finally put a stop to their letter- writing and pleasant intercourse. Mr. Darwin gives credit to Median's acute observations in many places in his epoch-making works. Rev. Mr. Henslow also drew upon Mr. Meehan's mint of information concerning plants in general, in the preparation of his book, " Origin of Floral Structures." Mr. Meehan's entire attention is not directed to the publication of scientific papers, but part of his time is given to experimenting, testing, observing, and collecting. Many of his observations lack the force which a perusal of the literature of the subject would give them. His published contributions to botany are numbered by the hundreds. It would be impossible in the limits imposed upon this book to enumerate his papers on botanical subjects. Mr. Meehan's views have been antagonized many times by botanists who have not leaned to his way of thinking, but they all acknowledge his worth as a man, his untiring public spirit, his wide philanthrophy, his kind heart and pleasant ways. A man of powerful build and a distinguished presence, Mr. Meehan has left his mark in the fields of legislation and science. * A trip to Meehan's nursery in Germantown well repays a lover of trees.* In no other place are American trees and shrubs raised in such quantities. Mr. Meehan early recognized that eastern America is particularly suited for deciduous-leaved plants, and that American plants are the best for America. The senior member of the firm has been 1893. Garden and Forest, VI : THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 2oO busy for years raising American oaks, maples, ashes, dog- woods and scores of other } (hints. Conws florida, one of the finest of all harcl}^ flowering trees, is raised by thousands. Trees not often seen in nurseries, like the tupelo, sassa- fras, persimmon and sycamore are here in numbers, as are the magnolias and the tulip tree. I>ut the nursery is not only noted for the cultivation of American plants ; many exotic species are cultivated on a large scale, and it is cer- tainly true that the stock of young plants of the beautiful Japanese Viburnum plicatum is larger than can be found in all other American and European nurseries combined. The Germantown nurseries contain a number of re- markable and interesting botanical specimens. Here is the original of the well-known weeping dogwood, Cornus florida, found in woods near Baltimore, and the original plant of Haleda Meehaiii, a chance seedling raised by Mr. Meehan.* There are here also a small specimen of a weeping variety of Prunus serotina and a fastigiate tree of Picea Engelmanni, produced from a graft brought by Mr. Meehan from the timber-line on Gray's Peak in Colorado. One of the best plants in the United States or Europe of the Japanese and northern China, Qaercus dentata, can be seen in this garden, thirty feet high, with a stout, Avell-formed trunk and spreading branches. The hardiness of this hand- some tree in the neighborhood of Philadelphia appears to be demonstrated. Here, too, is a fine specimen of Cedrela Sinensis, nearly thirty feet high. Near the cedrela flour- ishes one of the best specimens of Hovenia dulcis, which can be seen outside of Japan. There grows a large specimen, * Garden and Forest, V : 535, figure. 256 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. too, of Zizijplius vulgaris, the JujuLe tree ; this beautiful tree, a native also of Northern China, appears perfectly hardy in Germantown. A remarkable plant of PUrostyrax hispidum is more than twenty-five feet high, with a tall, straight trunk and wide-spreading branches. The great-leaved Oregon maple, Acer macrophylliim, is represented by three handsome specimens, twenty to thirty feet high, covered with dark green leaves. Two large plants of a weeping form of Ulmus Americana, found near Galena, in Illinois, show the value of this variety as an ornamental tree.. Of the flowering trees in the nursery nothing is so beautiful as Gordonia Altamaha, the rarest of all Xorth American trees. ]\Ir. Meehan raises it extensively, fully appreciating its value and the beauty of its large, fragrant white flowers, which resemble those of a single- flowered Camellia, and of its large leaves which in autumn assume the most brilliant scarlet tints. Among the conifers are two of much interest ; one of these, Betinospora squarrosa, a plant which deceived such a good botanist as Maximowicz, who considered it a species, but which here has entirely grown out of its juvenile squarrose- leaved form, with the excejDtion of two lower branches, and displaying its true character, showing that it is only a juvenile form of Betinospora pisifera. The second is the so-called Betinospora ericoides which, growing into its mature form, shows that this plant is only a young- state of the common arbor-vitee (Thuya occidentcdis). The ground, although devoted as a nursery to commercial pur- poses, is also a respectable botanical garden, presided over by a botanist of great experience and insight. THE IJOTANISTS OF PIIILA DKLPII I A. 257 JOHN GIBBONS HUNT. John Gil)l)ons Hunt, M. I)., was born July "27, 1S2G, and was for a long time an intimate associate of Joseph Zent- mayer in microscopy. Like Zentmayer, Dr. Hunt was not a prolific Avriter, although he contributed a numV)er of short articles to the Cincinnati Medical Neiu.'^, and some minor periodicals. As a manipulator of the microscope and preparer of objects he was unsurpassed, but he looked on this skill as only the means to an end — a knowledge of the objects themselves. Having made himself familiar with animal histology, he very early turned his attention to the anatomy of plants of which he acquired an intimate acquaintance. He was one of the very first to apply to plants the methods of staining that were in use for animal tissues, having begun before 1850. In 1S53 he first com- menced double staining vegetal tissues, by methods after- wards published by Dr. Beatty, of Baltimore, whose articles were widely quoted in the journals of this country and Europe. In 1850 he graduated from the Medical Department of tlie University of Pennsylvania, and became a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences in July, 1858, and of the College of Physicians in May, 1884. It was as a teacher that Dr. Hunt exercised his greatest influence. A practicing physician for many years in Phila- delphia, he still found time to give a great deal of attention to instructing medical students and others in the use and care of the microscope and in the preparation of microscopic slides and objects. He was Professor of Histology in the Woman's Medical College for a number of years. Founder of the Biological and Microscopical Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, and Conservator from 258 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 1872 to ISSO, Professor Hunt did much good work. He was the first professor appointed under the bydaws of the Academy to the chair of histology and microscopic tech- nology, and although master of the most refined technique, he never received a large share of popular recognition on account of his native modesty and reserve. JAMES DARRACH. James Darrach was born in Philadelphia, December 8, 1828, the son of Dr. William Darrach, a descendant of William Bradford, the first printer in Pennsylvania, and the founder of the first newspaper in New York, and Margaret Monro, descended from Colonel Plaslitt, who fell at the battle of Princeton. He was educated at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, from which he received the degree of A. B. in 1849, and that of M. D. in 1852, having spent a part of the interval in his father's office. He settled first in Philadelphia, where he resided till 1861, when he removed to Germantown. After graduating he studied analytical chemistry in Booth's Laboratory, for six or nine months. He was connected with the Pennsylvania Hospital as resi- dent for three months and as surgeon for eighteen months, including the period of what is known as the yellow fever epidemic of 1854. He delivered a course of lectures on the practice of medicine in the Philadelphia Medical School, and was Lecturer on Materia Medica in the Philadelphia School of Medicine until it dissolved. He was Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy and Clinical Assistant in the University of Pennsylvania for four years. He is a member of the Phila- delphia County Medical Society, of the College of Physi- THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 259 ciaiis, of the Pathological Society, and of the Academy of Natural Sciences. The transactions of some, if not of all of these societies, have been enriched by contiilnitions from his pen. During the late war he established the Cuyler Hospital, at Germantown, of which he was one of the surgeons in charge. Dr. Darrach married Sarah ^lorris, granddaughter of Robert Morris, the financier of the Revo- lution. With Dr. Darrach botany has always been a side issue, having first begun its study because in need of out-door exercise. At the suggestion of Dr. .Joseph Leidy, Dr. Dar- rach made a careful study of our local flora, in connection with Dr. Leidy, Charles E. Smith and Aubrey Smith, pu]> lishing the result of his researches and collections in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences for 1853, and later in a pamphlet, entitled " Plants Appearing in Flower in the Neighborhood of Philadelphia, from February to November." Printed in 1882. JOB B. ELLIS. The subject of the present sketch * was born at Potsdam, New York, January 21, 1829. He evinced a remarkable fondness for study at an early age, and the time not spent at school or at work on his father's farm, was devoted to reading. At the age of sixteen he taught the winter school at Stockholm, St. Lawrence County. Here the lad received for his services ten dollars a month and " boarded around." Five of the ten dollars was paid in cash, the other five was to be paid in grain. It was just twenty years afterward when the last of the grain was turned over to him. Having * From the Botanical Gazette, vol. XV., No. 11, p. 299. F. W. Anderson, 1890. 260 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. completed his academical course he entered Union College at Schenectady, New York, in the fall of 1849. By the end of the term his funds were exhausted, and he had to seek employment for the winter. So, in company with A. B, Smith, now a successful lawyer of Poughkeepsie, New York,, he started afoot to Saratoga County to find a school to teach. After walking for some miles they came to where the road forked in the midst of a dense pine wood. Not knowing which fork to take, a stick was set up on one end and allowed to fell. It fell towards the right-hand fork^ which the young men followed, and soon came to the village of Charlton. Here Mr. Ellis got a school, while Smith went on to Gal way, the next village, and, fortunately, got the school there. In June, 1851, Mr. Ellis graduated from Union College wdth the degree of A. B. (since advanced to A. M.), and went to Germantown, Pennsylvania, into a select school with the Rev. D. Washburn e. He had studied botany a little at college, but it was^ here that he commenced to take an active interest in phanerogamic botany, little dreaming what the outcome would be. The earliest plants he remembers collecting were Liparis liliifolia and Lygodium palmatum. In November,, 1851, he severed his connection with the school and entered the Albany Acadeni}^ as classical tutor, remaining one year. This position was better suited to his taste, for he had decided to become a professional teacher of classics. George H. Cook, recently deceased. State Geologist of New Jersey, was Principal of the Academy. The evenings were spent making blow-pipe analyses of minerals with G. W. Taylor, a fellow- tutor. The following year he and Taylor went into a select school together for three months, but as it did not pay, the jOli H. 1:LLI!S. THE BOTANISTS OF I'HILADKLPHIA. 261 school was broken uj), and Mr. Ellis returned to Potsdam. While with Taylor he saw by chance a notice of Ravenel's Fungi Caroliniani Exsiccati, the first thing of the kind ever issued in America. While at college he had frequently noticed the agarics, but not knowing where to get books or information concerning fungi, he let them alone. But upon seeing the notice of Ravenel's collection, he wrote to him and then commenced a correspondence (in 1857), inter- rupted only by the war, which lasted till Ravenel's death. He continued collecting phanerogams until 1870, at the same time giving gradually more and more attention to fungi. In 1870 he sold his phanerogamic collection, con- taining about 1000 species, to St. Lawrence University, Canton, New York. In May, 1853, he moved to Poughkeepsie, entering a Mr. Bartlett's boarding-school as classical teacher, and stayed two years. While there he and Professor Buckhout, now of State College, Centre County, Pennsylvania, col- lected plants on Saturday, and, said he : " On Sundays, too, if we could steal away, for Mr. Bartlett was very pious." In February, 1855, in company with his sister, Mrs. L. B. Doud, late of Plattsmouth, Nebraska, he left Poughkeepsie for Charleston, South Carolina, with the intention of teach- ing school there. He called on one of the professors in the South Carolina College to seek information on the subject. Said he : "I told him that I had come South to teach and make a home there. He at once asked me whence I came, and when I answei'ed from New York, he replied, while slowly swinging in his revolving office chair, ' \^>11, the state of feeling between the North and South is such that I doubt very much whether you will succeed.' " And he 262 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. didn't. From Charleston he and his sister went to Alexander, near Augusta, Georgia. Here he succeeded in obtaining a position in an academy, and taught one term. One morning he went to the class-room and found a huge living snake writhing about in the big open fire-place, sus- pended by a stout string, tied tightly about its middle, and hanging from a hook in the chimney, where the boys had placed it for fun. He returned to Potsdam, and on the 19th of April, 1856, an event took place which made it possible for him to do the enormous and valu- able work he has since done for American mycology. This was his marriage to Miss Arvilla J. Bacon, who has been a faithful partner in all the vicissitudes of life, and a constant and painstaking assistant in his mycological work for the past thirty-four years. In the fall of 1856 he became Principal of Canton Academy. In 1863 Mr. Ellis connected himself with one of the public schools in Potsdam village. He was engaged there until September, 1864, when he entered the United States Xavy at Brooklyn, New York, and spent the winter of 1864-5 on a United States steam-frigate of the Xorth Atlantic Blockading Squadron. He was present at the bombardment of Fort Fisher, three days in December, 1864, and three days in January, 1865, when the fort was taken. While on the war-ship he became acquainted with a man named Hale from New Jersey, who told him of the good climate in the vicinity of Xewfield. At the close of the War, in the spring of 1865, Mr. Ellis once more returned to his native town (which he has visited but once since), and removed his worldly possessions to Xewfield, New Jersey, where he has continuously lived, twenty-five years having THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 263 been spent under the present roof. Sinee living tliere he has been engaged in a variety of pursuits. In 1S78, he dropped every thing else and com- menced to devote his whole time to fungi, desiring to dis- seminate more widely a knowledge of North American fungi and to arouse home botanists, if possible, from their apathetic indifference towards tlu'se plants. He decided to begin in a modest way by issuing ten sets of New Jersey fungi, under the title of " Fungi Nova-Ceesarienses." He put up ten centuries on sheets of paper in boxes. Of the two sets sold one went to Dr. Farlow, tlie otlior to Mr. Isaac C. ^Fartindale. About this time Mr. Ellis went to see the latter gentleman, who asked, ''Why not call it N. A. F."? Mr. Ellis seeing the greater appropriateness and scope of such a title recalled the two sets and concluded to get out a series of centuries in bound volumes, entitled, " North American Fungi." At that time he was so pressed for means that he had not money enough to get the books made for the first two centuries. Thereupon, Prof. Farlow, who favored the scheme, had the books made in Boston and advanced them to Mr. Ellis, who paid for tliem as soon as he was able. The centuries took well from the start, and from thirty-five sets to begin with the demand rapidly increased up to fifty-three sets, which number of copies has been issued regularly for the past five or six years. Altogether thirty-six centuries have been issued. In all this great undertaking, as well as in others which might be mentioned, the cheerful interest and practical helpfulness of Mrs. Ellis has been constantly apparent. She has made and bound all the books except the first sixty, which Dr. Farlow kindly advanced for his friend at the beginning. 264 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Nearly all of the specimens have been cleaned, sorted, })ut into neat pockets, labeled and fastened into the books by her own hands. Mr. Ellis himself says, that owing to his great correspondence and the enormously burdendsome quantity of material constantly being sent to him for determination and comparison, he would not have been able to get out the " N. A. F." without her valuable aid. From 1876 to 1879, not having at that time the books and exsiccati collections necessary for independent work, many specimens were sent to Dr. M. C. Cooke, who determined and published them in GreviUea. Under the circumstances then existing this course seemed necessary, though it called out some adverse criticism at the time. Since 1880 Mr. Ellis has been associated with ^Ir. Ben- jamin M. Everhart, who has freely placed at his friend's disposal his splendid botanical library and extensive mycological collections, and to his aid and counsel Mr. Ellis feels greatly indebted. In July, 1878, jSIr. Ellis w^as elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia. In August, 1882, he was elected a corresponding member of the Cryptogam ic Society of Scotland, and in December of the same year was elected corresponding mem- ber of " Die Kaiserlich-Konigliche Zoologisch-Botanische Cxesellschaft in "Wien." Mr. Ellis leads a quiet and retired life well suited to his studious, sensitive nature. Although he moved about considerably in his younger days, he was always fond of home, as can be plainly seen from his invariable return to Potsdam, his native town, after every venture into the outer w^orld. Too much excitement of anv kind affects him THK r.OTANISTS OF PiriLADKLI'HIA. 2G5 painfully even now. M'ith considerable quiet humor he tells how that when he was teaching in Mr. Bartlett's school he determined on three different occasions to go down on the boat to New York and stay there several days to " do the city," and each time returned home on the first train he could get, suffering with a violent headache caused by the excitement of tlie trip and the noisy bustle of tlie city. His fellow-botanists feel his influence and recognize the value of his work, but wonder why they never see his kindly face at any of the botanical meetings of the country. It is simply because his health, at all times precarious, demands constant quietude coupled with strict simplicity and regularity in his daily life. A thorough scholar and quite a linguist, he is perfectly familiar with Latin, Greek, Ger- man and French, and has also a good practical knowledge of Polish, Swedish, Italian and Spanish. What Asa Gray was to American phanerogamic botany, Job B. Ellis is to American mycology. He has published besides numerous other papers on mycology, a manual of North American Pyrenomycetes * which has given a great impetus to the study of fungi in this country. Despite a checkered and toilsome life in past years, often in financial straits, and always burdened with delicate health, he has probably done more than any other man in America to advance the knowledge of our native fungi and to stimulate the ardor of every student of mycology. The collection of fungi, made by Mr. Ellis, represents the net results of over forty years continued work in collecting, determining and arranging the different species * The North American Pyrenomycetes. A Contribution to Mycologie Botany. By J. B Ellis and B. M. Everhart, with original illustrations by F. W. Anderson. New- lield, New Jersey, 1892. Octavo, 7'JJ pp., tab. 41. 266 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. of Xorth American Fungi, and contains specimens of tlie majority of the species found in this country, including many of the species published by De Schweinitz, as well as a large part of those collected by Curtis and Ravenel, and type specimens of all the species published by J. B. Ellis, either alone or in connection with others (Cooke, Everhart, Martin, Kellermann, Langlois, Holway, Dearness and Gal- loway), many hundreds of new species, the most of which are not found in any other collection. On account of the more general interest now felt in the study of mycology, specimens have been sent for determination from all parts of the country, from Alaska to Texas and Florida, and from Maine to California, so that the collection contains a greater variety of forms than anv previously made here. Amono; the collectors who have contributed S23ecimens are Dr. H. W. Ravenel, of South Carolina ; Dr. John Macoun, Botanist of the Canadian Geological and Natural Historical Survey ; Mr. John Dearness, County School Superintendent, London, Canada ; Rev. F. D. Kelsey, F. W. Anderson, and ]\Ir. and Mrs. H. ^I. Fitch, of ^lontana ; the late AVilliam C. Car- penter, from Oregon ; AV. N. Suksdorf, from "Washington ; Dr. H. AV. Harkness, from California; Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, from Colorado ; Dr. W. A. Kellermann, from Kansas ; Rev. C. H. Demetrio and Dr. B. T. Galloway, from Missouri ; Rev. A. B. Langlois, from Louisiana ; Professor S. M. Tracy, from Mississippi ; Dr. George Martin and Colonel W. W. Calkins, from Florida ; Mr. Commons, from Delaware ; Mr. Benjamin ]\L Everhart, from Pennsylvania ; Professor C. H. Peck, from Xew York State; E. W. D. Llolway, from Iowa, and various others from other parts of the country. Besides the Xorth American species, the THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 2G7 Herbarium contains about 500 species collected by Spe- gazzini and Balansa in South America, and 200 or more from Messrs. Patouillard and Gaillard, collected by the latter in the Orinoco country and Venezuela. Important collections have also been sent from Sierra Leone, on the west coast of Africa, by the Rev. J. xVugustus Cole. Many valuable specimens, especially of the larger fungi, from various parts of the world, mostly from India and Australia, have been received from Dr. M. C. Cooke, of London. All this material, together with the extensive collections made around Newfield, New Jersey, is arranged in 150 cjuarto volumes of the same style as the North American Fungi and in 100 tin cans and wooden boxes, the latter 12 x 10 x 6 inches, with hinges and clasps for fastening ; the tin cans being 10 inches high and SJ inches in diameter, with close-fitting covers, so as to make the contents safe from the depredations of insects. Of the regular exsiccati, the Herbarium contains : 1. North American Fungi, 36 volumes or centuries ; each volume containing 100 species of fungi, represented by actual specimens, w4th printed labels giving name of fungus, locality and host, with name of the collector. Besides the specimens with printed label, this set contains duplicate specimens of many of the species from different localities or on different hosts, with many postal cards and letters from various European and American mycologists, referring to species whose authenticity may have been called in question. 2. Ravenel's Fungi Americani, 800 species, edited by Dr. M. C. Cooke. This collection is valuable, as furnishing* authentic specimens of the species described by Dr. Cooke. 3. Ravenel's Fungi Caroliniani Exsiccati, 5 centuries "268 THE BOTANISTS OK PJriLADKI.PHI A. ill bound volumes like the North America Flora. This was issued from lS'y'2 to 1860, and has been out of the market for thirty years. It is valuable as furnishing authentic specimens of many of the species described by Berkeley and Curtis. 4. De Thumen's Fungi Austriaci, centuries 6-12 (1872- 1874) containing 600 species of Austrian fungi. The specimens were originally distributed on loose sheets in pasteboard covers, but they have in this and other exsiccati issued in this form, all been arranged in bound volumes like the Xorth American Flora. 5. De Thumen's Mycotheca Universalis, centuries 1-23 (1875-1884). This collection embraces specimens from all parts of the world. 6. Linhart's Hungarian Fungi, complete, 5 centuries (1883-1885). 7. Saccardo's Mycotheca Veneta, centuries 12, 13, 15 and 16 (incomplete). The specimens in these four centuries are on loose sheets in pasteboard covers, as originally issued. 8. Rabenhorst's Fungi Europsei, 1900 numbers (19 -centuries), including the continuation, by Winter and Paszchke. 9. Desmazieres, Plantes Cryptogames de France, a com- plete set of the first edition (1830-1851) lacking only 125 numbers in fascicles I-X. This is a very valuable col- lection, comprising with four fascicles of edition 2d (1852- 1854) 38 complete volumes in the original binding (50 numbers in each volume). The set in the Ellis Herbarium formerly belonged to the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, and accompanying many of the specimens are drawings by j\Ir. Berkeley, representing the Tin^: BOTANISTS OF philadp:lphia. 269 spores, and thus adding materially to the value of the set. There is also a complete index to all the species in both editions. As far as known, there is only one other set of this collection in America. 10. Sydow's Mycotheca Marchica, a comj^lete set 43 centuries, containing 3400 numbers. This collection was commenced in 18S0, and is still being issued. 11. Sydow's Uredinece (1889-1892) 12 fascicles, 600 num- bers ; all that have been issued up to this date (1892). The species in this collection are represented and illustrated by copious specimens, and the collection is considered to be one of the most valuable in this order of Funo-i. 12. A collection of about 700 species of Finland Fungi from Dr. P. A. Karsten, Mustiala, Finland. All the different orders of Fungi are represented in this collection, especially the Thelephorex and Polyporex, including many of the new species published by Dr. Karsten. 13. Eriksson's Fungi Parasitici Scandinavici Exsiccati, 10 fascicles, 500 numbers (1882-1890). The fascicles are in the original binding, and everything, from the specimens themselves to the finish of the books which contain them, is strictly first-class. The series is not yet complete. 14. Krieger's Fungi Saxonici Exsiccati, 21 foscicles, 1050 numbers (1885-1892), complete as far as issued. A very valuable collection on account of the excellent speci- mens, which are ample and good. 15. Spegazzini, Hongos Sud Americanos, 5 decades, 50 numbers (1881), representing species of South American Fungi, collected in the Argentine Republic. 16. Fungi Guaranitici, 400 species, collected by Balansa, in Brazil. 270 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 17. Cooke's Fungi Britannici, 2d series, 1 century, with specimens of 100 species of British Fungi, each illus- trated with a drawing showing the characters of the species. 18. Cooke's Fungi Britannici, 7 centuries, 1st series, complete, containing specimens of 700 species of British Fungi, arranged and named by Dr. M. C. Cooke. The specimens are arranged in 7 volumes, like those used in the North American Fungi. 19. Micro Fungi Britannici, collected, named and pre- pared by Rev. J. E. Vize, Westpool, England, 5 centuries, Avith specimens of 500 species of British micro-fungi. 20. L. Romell, Fungi Exsiccati Scandinavici, century 1st, containing specimens of 100 Scandinavian Fungi. 21. I. Funghi Parassiti delle Piante Coltivate od Utili, per cura di Giovanni Briosi and Fridiano Cavara. Nine fascicles, illustrating 225 species of fungi parasitic on culti- vated or useful plants. Published at Pavia, Italy, 1888- 1892. This is one of the most valuable exsiccati, each species being accompanied by a fine drawing. 22. F. Cavara Fungi Langobardiee Exsiccati, pugillus I-IV, Pavia, Italy, 1892, containing 200 species of Italian Fungi, 23. Economic Fungi, Seymour and Earle, fascicles I-IV (1890-1892), containing 200 specimens of North Ameri- can parasitic fungi. The specimens show the different forms of the same species from different localities and on different plants. 24. Kansas Fungi, by Kellerman and Swingle, 2 fas- cicles, containing specimens of 50 species of Kansas Fungi. 25. Rehm's Ascomycetes, Nos. 1-1050, a complete set of this valuable collection, containing specimens illus- THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 271 tratiiig 1050 species of asycomycetous fungi. On account of the bulk}' character of many of the specimens, this col- lection is arranged in nine boxes, the specimens, in the order of their numbers, being fastened on heavy sheets of paper and laid in the boxes in such a way as to be readily lifted out to admit of the examination of any particular number. On account of the character of the specimens and the reputation of Dr. Rehm, who issued them, this is one of the most valuable of all exsiccati. 26. Kunze's Fungi Selecti, 5 centuries, containing 500 specimens of fungi, mostly collected around Eisleben, Germany. It is one of the old standard collections, the specimens being arranged in boxes as in Rehm's Ascomycetes. 27. Fendler's Venezuelan Fungi, 100 species, determined by Berkeley. These are from the herbarium of the late Dr. H. W. Ravenel. There are about 100 species of Wright's Cuban Fungi, also determined by Berkeley. 28. Roumeguere's Fungi Gallici, 67 centuries, contain- ing 6700 specimens of Fungi, mostly collected in France. The Exsiccati (1-28) are arranged in 230 (mostly bound) volumes, like those used in the North American Fungi, only more elaborate, being covered with marbled paper, with the covers bound in cloth. These 230 volumes do not include Rehm's Ascomycetes and Kunze's Fungi Selecti, which, as already stated, are in boxes. To make the herbarium available for practical use, a card index, alphabetically arranged, has been prepared, so that any specimen of the forty thousand estimated to be in the collection, can be found in less than a minute's time, whether contained in one of the bound volumes or in one of the boxes or cans. 272 THE BOTANISTS OF rHILADELPHIA. Besides the collection of Fungi, there is a small col- lection of Lichens, including a complete set of Lojka's Lichenotheca Universalis (250 species) and about 300 species of American lichens, put up in six bound volumes, uniform with the rest. There are also 300 numbers of Rehm's C'ladonia?, and 300 numbers of Macoun's Canadian Mosses^ the latter arranged in three bound volumes."^ This extensive mycological herbarium has been })ur- chased f (1896) by the Board of Managers of the New York r>()tanical Garden, and will l)e deposited in the fire-proof nuiseum building of the garden, wdiich is about completed in Bronx Park. The purchase also includes a consider- able portion of Mr. Ellis' librar}^ and the collection will be taken to New York and placed in a fire-proof storage warehouse until it is finally placed in the garden. ALBERT COMMONS. Albert Commons, the son of John and Ann (Pliipps) Commons, was born in the village of Doe Run, West ^Lirl- borough Tow^iship, Chester County, Pennsylvania, January 23, 1820, the fifth on his father's side, from Elizabeth Max- well (a niece of Daniel Defoe) of London, England, who came over in 1725 and was married to Thomas Job, of Nottingham, Maryland. On his mother's side he is seventh in descent from Joseph Phipps, wdio came over with Penn's Colonists in 1682, and who was elected a representative from Chester County to the first Assembly that met at Philadelphia in 1683. Owing to ill-health and a delicate constitution, the only education Albert Commons received was that obtained at the * Description by Mr. Ellis in pamphlet form, issued October 15, 1892. t See Garden and Forest, IX : 110, March 11, 1896. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 273 country district school, where he became interested in botany through an older half brother, Franklin Commons, who, while a student at the Academy at Union ville, in 1839, had purchased a copy of Darlington's " Flora Cestrica," and also had a tin collecting box made. Thus equipped, the brothers made excursions to collect botanical and mineralogical specimens, until at the time of his brother's decease in 1842, they had acquired a collection of about five hundred botanical specimens. Albert's first botanical trip in Dela- ware was in 1842, when, soon after the removal to the farm, his brother took him along- on one of his excursions around the neighborhood. Ever since that he has taken an interest in botanical pursuits, and has now a larger collection of the plants of Delaware, perhaps, than any other in the state. Having nearly three thousand species listed — of mosses, over sixty species ; hepatics, forty species ; lichens, IGO species, and of fungi, 1300 species. JOHN niCHAEL HAISCH. John Michael Maisch * was born in Germany, at Hanau-on-the-Main, January 30, 1831, his father being Conrad ^laisch, a merchant of moderate means in that town. He attended, at first, a private school, then the city free school, and later the middle public school. Here he soon attracted the attention of his teacher, Pastor Worishoffer, and by him he was employed to correct the lessons of the lower class, and in return received instructions in the rudiments of French. At the age of twelve and a half years he left this school, and on the advice of his parents he determined to learn the jewelry * American Journal of Pharmacy, January. 1894, LXVI : 1. 274 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Ijusiness. His instruction lasted, however, only a few days, as he was still of the age when he was compelled by law to attend school, and his parents could not obtain an official dismissal. School Inspector Roeder, on the recommendation of Pastor Worishoffer, however, obtained for him free instruction in the class of the Realschule, into which he was taken on trial. Here, again, he proved an apt scholar, and drew the attention of his teacher. Pastor Beinhauer. Roeder, having obtained permission to open an Ober-realschule, Maisch was taken into the third division. Theobald, the teacher of botany and zoology, became interested in the vouncr student, and revealed to him the wonders of the microscope. Under the same direction Maisch attended Ijotanical and mineralogical excursions in the vicinity of Hanau. These opportunities caused Maisch to give up his intention of studying theology and devote himself entirely to the natural sciences as a life-work, but it seemed as if fate had ordained otherwise. Compelled to leave Germany on account of his connec- tion with a party of revolutionists, he emigrated to America, landing in Baltimore in 1849. On his arrival he was almost penniless, and to supply the necessaries of life, he obtained employment in a paper-box manufactory, and sub- seipiently in a mattress factory until aljout half a year later, when he made the acquaintance of Dr. Wiss ; this gentleman desired to open a drug store, which he afterwards succeeded in doing, and Mr. Maisch took charge of the store for him during a few months in 1S50, after being instructed by Dr. Wiss and Dr. A^ogler. Towards the end of 1851, the store was sold, and Maisch then oljtained employment in AVashington, where he held the position of assistant in a drug store until 1853, when he came to Philadelphia, as his JOHN M. iNIAISCH. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 275 parents and some of his sisters had arrived from Europe. Until 1855 lie acted as clerk in Philadelphia and New York, and in the latter part of this year was employed in a chemical factory of Brooklyn. In 1856 Mr. Maisch returned to Philadelphia and accepted the position of clerk, with E. B. Garrigues and Robert Shoemaker and Company, until 1859 ; he then took charge of one of the departments of instruction in the School of Pharmacy for medical students, which was conducted by Professor Parrish, in an upper room in the building at the south-west corner of Eighth and Arch Streets, the first story of which was occupied as his drug store. In 1861 Mr. Maisch was called to the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York, as Professor of Pharmacy and Materia Medica, and for the time in which he was not engaged in his duties at the College, he found employment at the laboratory of Dr. E. R. Squibb. In 1863 Professor Maisch returned to Philadelphia to organize and conduct the United States Army Laboratory, proposed by Surgeon-General Hammond, and of this he was Director until the close of the war. After the close of the war, Professor Maisch opened a drug store at 1607 Ridge Avenue, which he conducted until 1871, wdien he was compelled to dispose of it, in order to give his whole attention to his duties at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and the secretaryshij) of the American Pharmaceutical Association. In 1856 Mr. Maisch joined the American Pharmaceutical Association, and in 1860 was made Reporter on the Progress of Pharmacy. Here he introduced the arrangement of the articles which has since been retained. In 1863 he was made First Vice-President; in 1865, was elected Permanent Secretary, which position he retained until the time of his death. 276 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. The College of Pharmacy attracted the attention of Mr. Maisch as soon as he arrived in Philadelphia, and it was not long hefore he was elected a member, and became a contributor to its journal. The earnest manner and industrious habits of the young German made an impres- sion upon the Editor of the Journal and the Professor of Pharmacy in the College, AVilliam Procter, Jr. On the relinquishment of the chair of pharmacy, in 1866, by Professor Procter, on account of ill health, John M. Maisch was called upon to fill the vacancy. In 1867, however. Professor Maisch exchanged chairs with Professor Parrish, and at the same time the title of the chair of materia medica, formerly held by Professor Parrish was enlarged, so that it became that of materia medica and botany. Professor ^laisch retained the chair of materia medica and botany until the time of his death, a period of twenty-six years, and the services whicli he has rendered to American Pharmacy during this time will never be forgotten. When ill-health compelled Professor Procter, in 1870, to resign the editorship of the American Journal of Pharmarj/y Professor Maisch was unanimously chosen to fill the posi- tion, and at the same time the Journal was enlarged by making it a monthly instead of a bi-monthly publication, and the same qualities, with which he was so plentifully endowed, were now enlisted in this new field of labor. The year 1870 was an eventful one for him, for in addition to his other duties, he was called to take charge of the chemical laboratory, which had been organized in the college, through the eff'orts of the Alumni Association. His interest in pharmaceutical literature, and Ms desire to add to the sum of knowledge in his chosen pro- THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 277 fessioii, was manifested soon after he arrived in Philadelphia, and the first paper that he wrote for the Americaji Journal of Pharmacy appeared in ^hirch, 1854, the title being : " On the Adulteration of Drugs and Chemical Preparations." Conjointly, with Dr. Alfred Stille, was issued the ^' National Dispensatory," each author dividing the field of labor between them. Professor Stille writing the medical and the therapeutical portions, whilst Professor Maisch supplied the botanical, chemical and pharmaceutical material ; this work has gone through four editions. He also issued a work entitled, " Organic Materia Medica." * On the 24th of September, 1860, he was elected mem])er of the Board of Trustees of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. His first botanical paper appeared in the Journal in 1861, and is entitled " On Chelidonium Majus." This contains also a chemical account of the constituents and properties of the plant. From 1861, when his first botanical paper was pub- lished, until 1893, when his last paper appeared, " On the Tubers of Dioscorea Species," a large number of important articles appeared from his pen. In 1892 Professor Maisch's friends noticed that at times he appeared to be suffering, and for the first time in many years he was occasionally compelled to relinquish some of his lectures. It was not, however, until April, 1893, that he experienced a difticulty in swallowing food. At first no one realized the significance of this symptom, and it was only after a considerable increase of this painful sensation that he sought medical advice. Gradually, but surely, the * A Manual of Organic Materia Medica, beiJig a Guide to Materia Medica of the Vegetables and Animal Kingdoms for the Use of Students, Druggists, Phar- inacists and Phi/sicians. By John M. Maisch, Ph. D. Third edition. Lea Brothers & €o., 1887, octavo, xv, 532 pp. 278 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. orifice of the oesophagus became smaller and smaller, and it Avas soon recognized that a malignant growth was pressing upon it to such an extent that solid food could no longer find an entrance into the stomach, and after five months of pain- ful suffering, which he bore with fortitude and resignation, he peacefully passed away on the 10th of September, 1893. Just before death he was awarded the Hanbury Gold Medal for distinguished services and for original research in the natural history and chemistry of drugs. His mind was imbued with a love for science, and the characteristic which thoroughly pervaded all of Professor ^laisch's work as a scientist, was the persistent search for truth, for he would never rest until he was satisfied that the utmost effort had been put forth to eliminate error, and it was the knowledge of this trait in his character which gave to his scientific opinions so much weight. Outspoken often to bruscjueness in condemning error, his mind was always open to conviction, and he was never ashamed to change his views when he was convinced that they were not correct. WILLIAM MARRIOTT CANBY. A\'illiam Marriott Canby was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 19, 1S31. He was educated mainly by private tutors and at private schools. His father was a successful merchant in Philadelphia. When William was five years of age, the family removed to Wilmington, Dela- ware, where before the boy was twenty years of age he had purchased a farm on the Brandywine, near Chaddsford, Penn- sylvania. He had an early predilection for botany, but could ^ever find time to devote himself exclusively to it. Several THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 279 articles have been written on insectivorous plants, notably those on Dionxa in the Gardener's Monthly, on Darlingtonia and on Drosera. He has pursued systematic botany, publish- ing many species and describing several new ones. The main work of Mr. Canby's life has been the accumulation of a splendid herbarium of 30,000 species, now in possession of the College of Pharmacy, of Xew York, and one of 8000 species, mainly from the United States, made for the Society of Natural History of Delaware. Mr. Canby during his active life has botanized exten- sively in almost all parts of the United States and Canada, and has distributed very many thousands of specimens. He has had the personal friendship of such botanists, as Drs. Gray, Engelmann, Sargent and others, besides having a very large and widespread botanical correspondence in many parts of the world. In 1866 he again removed to Wilmington, Delaware, where, as a business man, he has been engaged as Receiver and President of the Delaware Western Railroad Company; President of the Wilmington Institute (Library, etc.), of the House of Friendless and Destitute Children, of the Asso- ciated Charities ; President of the Wilmington Savings Fund Society, of the Delaware Field Club, of the Delaware Society of Natural History, and a director in various financial institutions. The large and fine herbarium of William M. Canby '^ was purchased by the College of Pharmacy, of the City of New York, and deposited in their building, on Sixty-eighth Street, near the Boulevard. Mr. Canby's early fondness for botanical pursuits found a welcome opportunity * 1892. 2'orrey Botanical Bulletin, XIX : 336. 280 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. for gratification when a bronchial trouble drove him to Florida early in tlie year 1858. Coming homeward by way of Savannah and Aiken, South Carolina, quite a large and varied collection was made. This was supplemented in August by a month's botanizing in the mountains of southwestern Virginia, especially about the cliffs of New River and the Salt Pond Mountain. A two months' visit to Europe next opened some opportunities for exchange and correspondence. Up to August, 1860, efforts were mainly confined to ol)taining specimens of the flora of Delaware, eastern Penn- sylvania and the pine barrens of New Jersey. At the date mentioned an extensive journey was made to New York, New England and Canada. The collections made at this time enabled him to exchange extensively with botanists in the three western states of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, as well as with some in New England and New York. Among these may be mentioned Dr. Vasey, Messrs. Hall and Bebb, of Illinois; Watson, Hope and Lapham, of "Wisconsin; SuUivant, of Ohio, Dr. Sartwell and Judge Clinton, of New York, and several in New England. Pro- fessor Porter and Dr. Traill Green, of Pennsylvania, were also most esteemed correspondents. About this time, also, Mr. Canby became acquainted Avith Drs. Gray, Torre}" and Engelmann, and active corre- spondence and most valuable exchanges were the result. The immense stores of foreign botanical treasures which at that time came to Dr. Gray were freely shared with Mr. Canby. He also became a purchaser of all valuable sets of American plants which he could find. The first of these were those of Dr. Parrv and Messrs. Hall and Harbour, WILLIAM M. CANBY. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 281 made around Pike's Peak and other Colorado mountains, and the plains at their base. He also purchased from the late Charles Wright more than two thousand numbers of his Cuban collection. At the death of Mr. Sullivant his large collection was sent to Dr. Gray, and through his kindness the whole of the foreign collection was incorporated in the Canby Her- barium. This was particularly rich in the Spanish and Orecian collections of Boissier, in the Siberian and Altai collections of Bunge and Ledebour, in the Italian collections of Tenore and Gasparini, and in a large and valuable representation of the plants of France and Germany. He also obtained a part of the A^enezuela collection of Fendler, and a goodly number of that of ^hmdon and other collec- tors in the Cordilleras of South America. He also received many specimens from Schultes Bipontinus, Dr. Schnor and Xarl Keck, of the various German countries, from Professor Parlatore, of Italy, Rene Lenormand, of France, and many others. From Professor Lenormand was also received a very fine collection of the peculiar flora of New Caledonia, which had been placed in his hands for study and distribution. While on the subject of foreign specimens it must not be forgotten to mention the many thousands of species received from Baron von Mueller, of Australia, Professor MacOwen, of South xlfrica, and Dr. Cheeseman, of New Zealand. In this country j\Ir. Canby has exchanged with every one he could find who made good specimens, and has purchased all the collections of Curtiss, Hall, Bolander, Kellogg, and the other California and Oregon botanists. Later he corresponded with Professor Post, of Syria, and 282 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. received almost the whole of his excellent collections in Leljanon and the Holy Land. Mr. Ball sent him many specimens from his herbarium, a very rich one, and also a suite illustrating his flora of Morocco. Besides this, he matle an excursion to Colorado and one to California, which resulted in the acquisition of several new species and many valuable specimens. In 1868 he again spent a winter in Florida, coming north, as before, by way of western South Carolina and Virginia. This resulted in the gathering of about 12,000 speci- mens, which were mostly valuable for exchange, as well as in a more direct way. He has also, either alone or in company with Drs. Gray and Engelmann, Professor Sargent and Mr. Redfield, made excursions to the mountains- of North Carolina, the results of which added much to the value of his herbarium. He also purchased the fine col- lection of Fendler, in Trinidad ; of Garber, Sintenis, and others in Porto Rico ; of Garber, in South Florida ; of Pringle, Palmer and Parry in Mexico and the border states^ and has, unusually full sets of the various government collections, and of the various collectors of the Sandwich Island plants. The very extensive collections of Dr. Rusby in Arizona and New Mexico, and in South America, and that of ^Ir. Bang in the latter continent, are incorporated in the her- barium, as are also the valuable collections of Professor Greene, of Mrs. Austin and Mrs. Ames, and of Professor Lemmon, Dr. Parry, Messrs. Jones, Parish, Orcutt, Howell, Cusick, Tweedy, Suksdorf, and many others in the far West and South. ^h)st full and valuable collections were received from Dr. :\Iellichamp, of South Carolina, illustra- ting Elliott's flora. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPPIIA. 28^ Lastly, as one of the botanists of Mr. Villard's North Trans-Continental Survey, a fall suite of all the collections made by it, came to his herbarium. With these, also, came the collections of the Canadian Government Survey, and a large contribution from Professor Macoun's private col- lection. From this account it will be seen that during* thirty years no collection, which enterprise and money could secure, failed to become represented in the Canby Herbarium. RACHEL L. BODLEY. Rachel L. Bodley was born in Cincinnati, December 7^ 1831. She was blessed with an excellent mother, under whose pious and devoted care her early education was received until she was twelve years old. Shortly afterward she entered the Wesley an Female College of Cincinnati, in 1844. Throughout the five years' college course she acquitted her- self with honor, and in 1860 she was made preceptor in the higher collegiate branches, but feeling dissatisfied with her qualifications, and having a greater work in view, she came to this city and entered the Polytechnic College as a special student of chemistry and physics. After two years' work here she returned to her home, and was made Professor of Natural Science in the Cincinnati Female Seminary. While professor in this seminary, an extensive collection of specimens in natural history was bequeathed to it by Joseph Clark. Professor Bodley, in the preface to the cata- logue of this collection, says : " In the midst of abounding wealth, famine was inevitable through lack of classification." LTpon the task of making this catalogue, she entered single- handed with a resolute will. There were foreign plants, she writes, British ferns and mosses, and packages of plants '284 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. from New Zealand. In the absence of any reliable manual which embraced the countries represented by these plants, they were classified as far as orders and genera with Lindley's " Vegetable Kingdom " as a guide. The mass was carefully opened, the plants identified, arranged in labelled sheets of uniform size, and the whole placed in a convenient herbarium case in complete readiness for reference and study. During three years she labored patiently and faithfully upon it during her leisure hours, and it was only in her fourth summer vacation that she finished the forty-eight page catalogue of plants, which made a valuable contribution to local botanical knowledge. It must have been a valuable part of the laboratory practice on which she labored with such earnestness, and the practical results were shown in the delightful and able lectures which she delivered on cryptogamous plants of land and sea during the spring of 1867 and 1868. In 1865 she was elected to the chair of chemistry and toxicology in the Woman's Medical College. In 1874 she was made the Dean of the Faculty, which position she held until the time of her death. In 1873 Professor Bodley w^as elected corresponding member of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History ; in 1876 she was elected to the New York Academy of Sciences, and the same year to the American Chemical Society of New York City. In 1879 the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon her by the Woman's Medical College. She w^as elected a member of the Franklin Institute in 1880. Professor Bodley was deeply interested in education, as is shown by her election in February, 1882, to be a School Director of the Twenty-ninth Section in Philadelphia. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 285 Her papers on botany were mainly contributed to the Philadelphia Ledger, where a series on sea-weeds, collected at Longport, attracted considerable and favorable attention. Death ended her scientific labors on June 15, 1888. JOSIAH H00PE5. Josiah Hoopes was born in West Chester, Pennsyl- vania, November 9, 1832. AVhen three years of age, his parents removed to Philadelphia, where they resided for fifteen years, thence returning to West Chester, where the subject of this sketch has been a resident since. In early life he attended one of the grammar schools of Philadelphia until the establishment of Friends' Central School, a noted institution of learning, where he completed his course of study. Descending from the same emigrant ancestor as John Bartram, the noted botanist, he early developed a love for nature, which was fostered by constant intercourse with the three distinguished botanists. Dr. William Darlington, David Townsend and Joshua Hoopes, all residents of West Chester. To the enthusiasm of these gentlemen as teachers, is due the love for trees and plants that was so early developed in the pupil, so that after a practical acquaint- ance with the flora of his native county, his field of study was ambitiously enlarged to embrace more especially the arborescent vegetation of the world. In this line he was particularly drawn to the Coniferss, a natural order opening up to the student of botany so many unsolved problems and interesting lessons in plant-life, that the love of his earlier years has continued with increasing interest until the present time. In his chosen path he was very fortunate in pos- sessing the acquaintance and correspondence of the late 286 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Dr. George Engelmann, of St. Louis, and Dr. C. C. Parry, of Davenport, Iowa, as well as the critical and valued assist- ance of the late Dr. Asa, Gray, of Cambridge, and Dr. Max- well T. Masters, of London, England. Without such efh- cient aid it would liave been practically impossible for him to publish his unpretentious little work on the "Cone- bearing Plants of the World," which was issued in 1868, and dedicated to his life-long friend and preceptor, Dr. William Darlington.* In April, 1866, he was elected a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, at a period when the only active botanists connected therewith, numbered but three or four. Although business cares and distance from the city prevented him from taking an active part in assisting to re-arrange the extensive herbarium belonging to the institution, nevertheless, his deep interest in the work prompted him to render his assistance whenever available, and the large and valuable collection of cones belonging to the Academy is almost exclusively owing to his own individual exertions. At a time when the flora of the western states and territories was but imperfectly under- stood, he, in company with congenial botanical friends, made extensive collections in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, as well as on the Pacific coast, which resulted in a volum- inous herbarium, now in charge of an institution of learning where the younger generation of students may reap the benefit of his life-work in the field of botanical science. The subject of this sketch has written but few strictly scientific papers for publication, as the aim of his life has * I'he Book of Evergreens. A Practical Treatise on the Coniferce, or Cone- Bearing Plants. By Josiah Hoopes. Illustrated. New York, Orange, Judd & Com- pany. Octavo, pp. vi, 435. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 287 been rather to secure the attention of the severely practical student of horticulture, and induce a more lively interest in those who rarely look beneath the surface of plant problems. With this view, he was for many years connected with the New York Tribune, and it is to be hoped that his efforts to explain some of the mysteries of plant-life, as recorded in its columns, may have borne good fruit. As an aid to a better acquaintance with the resinous trees, about twenty or more years ago, he selected a suitable lot of ground, wherein was tested specimens of every known species and well marked variety of this important order, this being perhaps the first effort of the kind in the United States. The task proved far greater than most would sup- pose, as the tender and uncertain class of trees required constant attention to preserve their health, and although at the present time, a large number have succumbed to the vicissitudes of our variable climate, there still remain many very beautiful specimens which are at once the joy and pride of their owner. His love for trees and plants, thus early shown in life, was the main inducement for him to engage in the propagation and sale of these commodities, so that after forty-three years of business life, as a nurseryman, he feels that possibly the time may not have been misspent, and that the result may prove a more enduring and bene- ficial monument to his memory, than could otherwise have been devised. Twenty years ago Mr. Josiah Hoopes planted in con- nection with his nursery in AVest Chester, a pinetum with a view of testing the hardiness and adaptability of his favorite plants to the climate of the Middle States. The collection, which was made as complete as possible, was 288 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELrHIA. planted on the top of a hill somewhat protected by neigh- boring plantations, and in good, strong, well-drained soiL No special care has been given to the plants, and those which remain are standing in a thick sod of grass. A writer in Garden and Forest, November 1, 1893, (VI : 458), says of the pinetum : " Before describing the trees that are left standing, it will be well to explain that all the species and varieties of Cupressus have disappeared entirely, as have most of the South European, Indian, Mexic-an, and South American species and their varieties. With a few exceptions, all the conifers of the Pacific States of North America have succumbed to our cold winters or moist summers. Few of the pines which were planted twenty years ago are left. The European Pinus sylvestris, P. Austriaca and P. Laricio are alive, but have passed the period of their greatest beauty and show signs of premature decay. Pinus Strobus nivea has grown into a compact and handsome plant, but the other forms of the white-pine have disappeared, owing, perhaps, to the attacks of a new enemy, which, Mr. Hoopes informs me, has destroyed many of the white-pines in West Chester. P. monticola, its western representative, has grown into a tall, thin specimen, some twenty feet high, showing the thin, lanky habit of this tree in cultivation, which is, however, one of the hardiest of the western pines here at the east, although as an ornamental tree it cannot be compared with the native white-pine. Of the other white-pines, the sugar-pine, P. Lamhertiana, of California, and P. excelsa, of the Himalayas have disap- peared, but the collection still boasts, in perfect health and beauty, one of the best specimens of P. Pence, of southeastern Europe, which can be found in cultivation — a thp: botanists of Philadelphia. 289 narrow, compact pyramid fifteen feet high, and clothed with foliage to the ground. P. densiflora, easily distin- guished hy the wdiite terminal buds, is eighteen feet high, wide-branched and covered with cones. As an ornamental tree it is no better than the Austrian pine, and is inferior to our native red-pine, P. resinom, our northern pitch- pine (P. rig Ida), wdiich wo looked for in vain. They appear to have succumbed, as have the following American species : P. palitstris, P. Sabinlaaa, P. flexilis, P. pungens, P. inops and P. Taeda, while P. Jcoraiensis, of Corea, and P. Bungeana, of northern China, have grown into remarkable specimens. " Several firs have grow^n into handsome trees, although it should be remembered that a fir twenty years old is at its best as an ornamental tree, and that with greater age it too often grows thin in the lower branches and loses much of the perfection of form which makes some young firs beautiful objects. To the lover of rare trees the most inter- esting fir in the collection is a plant of Abies amabilis, of the Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington. This plant has evidently had a hard time in getting a start, but now looks strong and vigorous, and is about six feet high. Two or three handsome specimens of the white-fir of the Sierras, the Abies concolor of botanists, and in gardens variously called A. Lowiana, A. lasiocarpa, and ^1. Parsonsiano, bear witness to the beauty and hardiness of this noble tree, which is the only Pacific Coast fir which is really satis- factory in the eastern states. A. Nordmanniana, which has grown taller than any other fir in the collection, appears to be suffering from an overproduction of cones, and, more- over, is getting thin near the ground, showing tliat in our 200 TIIK BUTANlJSTS OF PHILADELPHIA. eliiiiate it is only in early age tliat this tree is usually con- sidered very hardy or dcsiral>le, here, is in perfect condition and great l)eauty, and so are good specimens of A. apJialonica, A. cilicia, one of the best of all firs in our climate, and ^1. ApolUnis. A remarkably slender and compact pyramidal form of the fir of Europe, A. pedhiaia, is one of the most noteworthy plants in the collection. " Among the spruces, Picea orientalis takes the lead in beauty and vigor. This tree, so far as is possible to judge at this time, is one of the handsomest and most satisfactory of all the exotic conifers which have been brought into our gardens. The Colorado spruce, P. pungens and P. Engel- mcuiiii, are in good condition ; indeed, the hardiness and vigor of these two trees seem able to resist any sort of climate or soil that can be found in the northern or middle states. The tide- water spruce, of the nortli-west coast, P. sitcJiOisis, is ragged and unsatisf^ictory, and appears to suffer from the cold of the Pennsylvania winters, and the long, hot, dry summers. On the other hand, P. SmitJimita, of the Himalayas, is in excellent condition, and promises to grow into a large and beautiful tree. A remarkably fine plant of what is known as Whale's Norway spruce, a pendulous- branched sport of the Norway spruce, which originated many years ago near Boston, will interest tliose who care for trees of monstrous form. "There are no remarkable specimens of Juniperus in the collection, and the Cedars have all gone, although in a neighboring garden there is a good plant of the Lebanon variety. There is a healthy little specimen of the western mountain hemlock, Tsuga Pattoniann. There is a fair, but not a remarkable specimen of the Japanese Siadopitys, and TPIE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 291 large plants of the Japanese Retinosporas {Cliaynsecyparis obiusa and C. pisifera), but none of the juvenile forms of these two trees liave attained any size or beauty." Enough, perhaps, has been said to show the value of this pinetuni as an object lesson to planters of coniferous trees. BENJAMIN HERITAGE. Benjamin Heritage was born about two miles from Mickleton, Greenwich Township, New Jersey, August 18, 1833. He w^as educated in the public schools, and pursued farming near Mickleton until 1885. All of his leisure time has been devoted to the study of botany and the collection of plants. His herbarium is noted for the beauty of the specimens and for its richness in the rare and local plants of New Jersey. Mr. Heritage contributed numerous specimens of weeds to the " Two Centuries of American Weeds," pre- pared and issued by Professor Byron Halstead, of Rutger's College. Mr. Heritage is a member of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, and is active in its welfare. 'His most important paper is entitled, '^ Preliminary Notes on Nelum- bium luteum." * WILLIAM HERBST. Dr. William Herbst was born September 24, 1833, near the City of Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania. His father was Dr. Frederick William Herbst, who emigrated from Saxony, Germany, in the year of 1825. While a mere youth, he used to accompany his flither in his daily visits to the sick in Berks County, where the son^stji^cquired a taste for botany. While the father was * Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XXH : 2(>6. 292 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. engaged with his patients, his son would gather specimens. He was quite foscinated with the fanciful names given to the specimens, which he got out of an old German botany. In those days it was difficult to procure good literature on the subject of botany. AVhen a mere youth, fifty years ago, he heard of a botanical work by a Mrs. Lincoln. He tried to get a copy in Reading, but none could be had, so he was obliged to send to Philadelphia. Receiving it, he made good use of it, prizing it more than other books. The common schools in those days did not satisfy his father, so the boy was sent to the Xazareth Moravian Seminary, to Freemont Seminary at Norristown, and finally to Williston Seminary, East Hampton, Massachusetts. At the latter place his wish was fully gratified by being allowed to study botany, under Dr. Edward Hitchcock, who recom- mended the new book on botany (Wood's first edition). He explored fields, meadows, and woods in the vicinity of East Hampton in search of specimens, which were arranged in an herbarium, sometimes neglecting his other studies in pursuit of his favorite science. After returning home from AVilliston Seminary, he commenced to read medicine, with his father as preceptor, during which period he made frequent excursions among the hills and valleys of Berks. He remembers, with pleasure, the excursions taken with the late Dr. John P. Heister, of Reading, an enthusiastic botanist. After reading medicine at home he entered Jefferson Medical College, and graduated in the class of 1855, locating in the small but ancient village of Trexlertown, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania. The study of the flora of Lehigh County has, since his En^f-ir^AHRvtc" /^^^^^^^^^^.^ (^A^^-^^>^ THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 293 location at Trexlertown, received his attention for the last forty years. For a number of years he occupied the chair of botany at Muhlenberg College, Pennsylvania. Of late years he has made fungi a special study, especially the Basidiomycetes, of which he has a large collection. His principal correspondent is Professor Charles H. Peck, of Albany, New York, who, under date of August 25, 1894, acknowledges the discovery of a new species in the following: " That was a splendid fungus you sent me. It is an undescribed species of Sparassis. I propose to name it, with your consent, Sparassis Herbstii, sp. nov." He also found the only specimens of the fungus Queletia mirabilis Fr. ever procured in this country, and Professor Peck wrote, having seen the plant : " Thanks for your kind offer to send me some more specimens of Queletia mirabilis Fr. So far you are the only one to find it in this country." In Professor Peck's report of 1895 of " New Fungi " are found four new species which this collector added to the list. His published articles are very few, published in an Allentown local paper as follows : " The '* Selfish Flower " — Gentiana Andrewsii : ''Welcome Spring Flowers;" "Corn Smut and Superstition ; " " Mushroons or Toadstools." GEORGE MACLOSKIE. George Macloskie * was born at Castledown, County Derry, Ireland, September 14, 1834. He attended Queen's College, Belfast, where he received a gold medal in natural science in 1857, and in physical science in 1858. *See Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, from which the main facts are taken. 294 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Subsequently having studied theology, he became a Presby- terian minister, and was installed over the Parish of Bally- goney during the period of ISGl to 1873. From 1873 to 1875 he was the Secretary of the Bible and Colportage Society. When he was called to the chair of biology in Princeton in 1874, where he has been since. Professor Macloskie received the honorary degree of D. Sc. from Queen's University and that of LL. D. from London University, where, in 1871, he received a gold medal for special excellence in a law examination. He is a member of several scientific societies, and is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. His writings, include papers on entomology and on botany, publislied in the American Katuralist and in Psyche, and he has published a book on " Elementary Botany " (New York, 1883, second edition 1887). A few of his most important publications have been printed in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, ''Veget- able Spiralism," XXII : 4G5 ; " Observations on Antidromy,'' XXIII: 202; "Further Observations on Antidromy," XXIII: 240; " Internal Antidromy," XXIII : 536 ; " Heat of Imbibition by Seeds," XXV : 272. J. BERNARD BRINTON. Dr. J. Bernard Brinton '^- was born near Waynesburg, Chester County, Pennsylvania, August 10, 1835. His parents belonged to the religious Society of Friends. His early education was received at this place, and subsequently at the High School in Philadelphia, during the short residence of the family in that city, previous to removal to a farm in Maryland, in 1848. He began the study of *1S95. Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XXII : March, 3893, with portrait. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 295 medicine in 1857, and matriculated at the Jefferson Medical College, from wliieh school he was graduated on March 25, 1859. During his college course, the attention of Professor Samuel D. Gross was attracted to him by the assiduit}' dis- played in his studies, and furthermore by the successful management of an aneurism case treated by digital com- pression. As a result he was appointed Chief of the Surgical Clinic soon after graduation. He lectured on practical anatomy at the Philadelphia School of Anatomy and Operative Surgery, and also conducted a quiz on materia medica. From his graduation to the breaking out of the Civil War, he was an active practitioner of medicine, and in 1860 was a delegate to the American Medical Association, held in Xew Haven, Connecticut. But the fire of patriotism proved too strong for the peaceful tenets of his fathers, and led him early in the war to apply for the position of assistant surgeon in the regular army. He successfully passed the rigorous examination, and his commission was dated April 1(3, 18(32, signed by the President, Abraham Lincoln, and Edwin ^1. Stanton, Secretary of War. On September 14, 1863, he was appointed Medical Purveyor to the Army of the Potomac, and he retained that position to the close of the war. During his entire army life he continued his botanical studies and collection of plants. At this time it was his good fortune to meet another officer equally interested in the study of the same science, Major-General G. K. Warren. A wayside flower served as a means of introducing these officers, and tlio occasion of that meeting was a favorite reminiscence of 296 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Dr. Brinton. The collections he made during the A^irginia campaign were captured hy the Confederate, Colonel Mosby, at Belle Plain, May 12, 18(34, and burned with the supply wagons. Dr. Brinton, himself, barely escaped capture. On May 13, 1865, he was brevetted Captain and Major for o-allant and meritorious services, and on November lOth, of the same year, he resigned from the army. His services to the Union were marked by his usual application and devotion to duty, and his report at the close of his term of office was considered a remarkably accurate record for one handling a vast amount of material under such turbulent conditions. Returning to Philadelphia, he continued m the prac- tice of medicine for a few years. Desiring more leisure time for the study of his chosen science, he abandoned medicine and engaged in various manufacturing pursuits. On October 29, 1878, he was elected a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, and in the same year he connected himself with the Botanical Section of that institution. He was faithful in attendance and contributed many speci- mens, notes, and verbal communications. He was an inde- fatio^able collector, and made numerous excursions in Penn- sylvania and neighboring states. He made a special study of the peculiar flora of the pine barrens of New Jersey, in which he was recognized as an authority. He acceptably tilled numerous positions of honor and trust in the Academy of Natural Sciences, and at the time of his death was a member of the Board of Councillors. During the session of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science in Philadelphia, in 1884, he was elected a member, and he acted as guide to an excursion of visiting botanists to the pine barren region of New Jersey. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 297 Only the ardent lovers of nature can understand his feelings when, on that occasion he showed Dr. Asa Gray and Mr. Carruthers, President of the Linna3an Society, the secluded Schizsca pusilla Pursh. Nor can the joy of those gentlemen be expressed when their eyes rested on that quaint fern form growing wild for the first time. He was elected to active membership in the Torrey Botanical Club, of New York, January, 1891. Although publishing but little on botanical subjects, he corresponded with most of the botanical authorities in America and made numerous exchanges. Perhaps his most important labor consisted in inducing the young to study botany, and his greatest pleasure seemed to be in imparting to others, either in the field or in his " den," a portion of his rich store of knowledge. Chiefly with this object in view, he founded the Philadelphia Botanical Club, in December, 1892, of which he was President from its organization until the time of his decease. Dr. Brinton was married on November 13, 1862, to Salhe W. Clemens, of Philadelphia. A married daughter and two sons survived him. As a source of consolation, after the death of his wife, he engaged more earnestly in botanical studies. Dr. Brinton was noted for the accurac}^ of his observa- tions in field excursions, in which he was generally recog- nized as the leader and guide. His methods were always painstaking and careful, and in his aim to secure choice specimens, no trouble, labor nor expense was too great. His botanical specimens were preserved in the most approved and artistic style and identified with the most scrupulous care. He had a marvelous memorv for names 298 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. and characters. This gift enabled him to recognize speci- mens wliich he had not met Avith for many years. He personally constructed in the most skillful manner his herbarium cases, tables, stands, microscopical cabinets, etc., with a degree of perfection rarely excelled by expert artisans. AVhile so ardently devoted to nature in her various manifestations, Dr. Brinton did not overlook the advantages of linguistic attainments. In his earlier life much of his time was devoted to the study of German, in which language he conversed fluently. He was also profi- cient in Latin and French. Physically, Dr. Brinton seemed to embody the highest expression of perfect manhood. His commanding presence and graceful bearing stamped him at once as a leader. His powerful frame enabled him to endure and overcome great hardship and fatigue. The botanical community in which he moved met with a severe loss in his sudden death on December 6, 1894. MARY TREAT. ^Irs. Mary Treat, an American naturalist, whose ori- ginal researches liave been gratefully acknowledged by scientists at home and abroad, was l:)orn in 1835, in Tomp- kins County, New York ; but for the past twenty-seven years has made her home in Vineland, New Jersey. She was married, in 18G1, to Dr. Joseph Treat, who died in 1879. She began her studies at a time when text-books on the natural sciences were rare, and pursued them mainly by self-directed investigations in the field of nature, receiving encouragement and assistance by correspondence TPIE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 299 with such men as Darwin, Forel, Mayer, Asa Gray, and others, who in turn have frequently expressed their ol:)liga- tions to her. Endowed by nature Avith a spirit of enduring patience, and developing a deep enthusiasm for her life-work, she joyfully devoted to it countless hours of silent watching in the heat of summer suns, sittting or standing statue-like in her " Insect Menagerie," or finding her delight in bending over the microscope while others slept. In botany, in addition to a close and exhaustive study of the flora of New Jersey and of Florida, Mrs. Treat has made the insectivorous plants her special study, and has given to them prolonged investigation, visiting Florida for this purpose in 1876, 1877 and 1878. The results of her researches in regard to the structure and habits of Droseray. Diondsa, Plnguiciila, Sarracenia, and especially of Utricularia have been valuable additions to science. In her " Home Studies in Nature " she criticised Dar- win's statement as to the manner in which the latter plant entraps its victims ; to which Darwin replied : " It is pretty clear that I am quite wrong," and accepted her conclusion. In his work on " Insectivorous Plants," he again pays a just tribute to her unusual powers of careful observation, saying (page 281) : " Perhaps the blades of vigorous plants would bend over captured insects, and Dr. Canby informs me that this is the case ; but the movement cannot be strongly pronounced, as it was not observed by Mrs. Treat." The following incident also illustrates the prevision with which she set forth some of the facts regarding the peculiar behavior of insects under the allurements ot^ Sarracenia mriolaris, and which she styled a kind of 300 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. " demoralization '' or '' drunkenness." She embodied her conclusions in a chapter of one of her books about to be pul)hshed in 1873. Professor Gray wished to dissuade her from the puljlication of these statements, saying : " You know none of the botanists agree with you." " I cannot help it," she replied. " It must go in, for I have seen it for myself, and I know it is so." And now, after nearly twenty years, her statements and discoveries in this especial line are corroborated by the botanists of to-day, and described in words almost identical with her own, written so many years ago. Her long continued and productive studies of spiders, ants, and other insects and of birds, are scarcely less important in their results, as is shown by her valuable con- tributions to periodicals and the annals of scientific societies throughout a period of over twenty-five years. Although Mrs. Treat's name is too closely connected with imperishable work to be forgotten, and is commemo- Tated in the nomenclature of various plants and insects which have either been named in her honor by the compli- ment of scientific men, or because their discovery was accredited to her, yet it will ever be most honored by those who have known her personally in more intimate relation- ship. Her most prominent characteristic is a modesty so shrinking as to make any public recognition of her services painful to her, while her joyous enthusiasm for her chosen life-work is so great and so contagious that her home is always a centre of attraction, where are welcomed all who care to learn even the alphabet of her beloved book of nature, and where she dispenses the bounty of her gifts and THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 301 attainments with a modest lavishness and an unwearied patience, which appears to be to her their own reward.* Besides frequent contributions to Garden and Forest y mentioned below, she has published, in book-form, and in a style at once simple, polished and technically exact, the following works : " Home Studies in Nature " ; " Chapters on xlnts " ; " Injurious Insects of the Farm and Garden ; '^ " My Garden Pets," and " Through a Microscope." Mrs. Treat has described the various phases of plant life as they have apjDeared in the pine barrens of southern New Jersey in Garden and Forest : 1. " Botanical Names," III : 206. 2. "The Wild Garden, " III : 442 . 3. "September in the Pines," III : 463. 4. " October in the Pines," III ; 524. 5. "Ornamental Fruits in the Pines," III : 534. 6. " Evergreens in the New Jersey Pine Region," III : 546. 7. " The Pines at Christmas Time," IV : 14. 8. "Insect Enemies of the Pitch Pine," IV : 62. 9. "How to make a Wild Garden," IV : 188. 10. " Notes from a Wild Garden," IV : 351. 11. " Spring in the New Jersey Pines," V : 220. 12. " Weeds in Southern New Jersey," V : 292. 13. "Water-plants in Southern New Jersey," V : 363. 14. "Climbing Plants in the Pines," V : 400. 15. " Edible Fruits in the Pines," V : 435. 16. "Late Autumn in the Pines," V : 567. 17. "Native Plants for Winter Decoration," VI : 141. 18. "Summer in the Pines," VI : 314. 19. " Late Summer in the Pines," VI : 382. 20. " The Pines in October," VI : 443. 21. "Winter-blooming Plants in the Pines," VII : 102. * The facts for this sketch were furnished by one of Mrs. Treat's pupils, M. E. Hall. 302 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 22. '' March in the Piues," YII : 142. 23. "A New Jersey Garden in Spring," VII : 212. 24. " Early June in the Pines," VII : 243. 25. " Wayside Plants in the Piues," VII : 302. 26. "November in a New Jei-sey Garden," VII : 458. 27. " Late Autumn in the Pines," VII : 482. 28. "Christmas in the Pines," VIII : 3. 29. " Troublesome Grasses in Southern New Jersey," VIII : 103. 30. "In the Pines," VIII : 203. 31. "Early Summer in the Pines," VIII : 262. 32. "The Pines in a Dry Summer," VIII : 362. 33. " Autumn Color in the Pines," VIII : 452. 34. "The Heaths among the Pines in Early Winter," VIII : 492. 35. "The Pines in August," IX : 332. 36. " Early Autumn in the Pines," IX : 412. 37. " Weeds in Southern New Jersey," X : 313. 38. "Cruelty of Asclepias," X : 341. 39. " Autumn Flowers in the Pines," X: 411. 40. " Autumn Fruits in the Piues," X : 471. ABRAHAM PASCAL GARBER. Abraham Pascal Garber * was born at Columbia, Penn- sylvania, in 1888. He took the degree of A. B. at Lafayette College where he acquired a taste for botany, and later graduated from the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Garber practiced medicine for a short time in Pittsburg, but was obliged to seek a milder climate on account of ill-health. He passed several winters in Southern Florida, where he found many new species of plants, as Eugenia Garheri, Liatris Garberi, Hahenaria Garheri, which perpetuate his memory. He also discovered that a number of West Indian trees were present in Florida. One plant especially, Xanthoxylum emarginatum, was dis- * Sargent. iSilva of North America, 1 : 6G. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 303 covered by him on an island in Biscayne Bay in 1S77, growing as a small slirub, and has never been collected since. Dr. Garber made an excursion to Puerto Rico in 1880. Garber ia of a single species, a Florida shrub with Liatris-like flowers, commemorate Dr. Garber's service to American botany. He contrilKited to the Botanical Gazette the followinsr o papers : 1. '' Xotes on Tillandsia," II : 59. 2. " Botanical Rambles in East Florida," II : TO, 82. 3. "Botanical Rambles in Middle Florida," II : 102. 4. "Ferns in South Florida," III-IY : 82. CHARLES SCHAFFER. Charles Schaffer, M. D., was born in Philadelphia, Feln-uary 4, 1838. His father, Charles Schaffer, was a wholesale druggist in tlie vicinity Sixth and Market Street ; his mother was Priscilla Morgan, daughter of Stacy K. Potts, an old Philadelphia merchant. His early education was received at the hands of a private tutor who prepared him for the University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated in medicine in March, 1859. After graduation he spent a short time in volunteer service in the Chester Hospital in 1863, which position he was obliged to leave on account of illness. He was also attending physician at the Mission Hospital and Dispensatory from 1874 to 1880, when it closed. Dr. Schaffer has long been interested in botany, and is perfectly familiar with the flora of Philadelphia and vicinage. As a member of the Philadelphia County Medical Society, Fellow of the College of Physicans of Philadelphia, Fellow of the Geological Society of America, member of the 304 TPIE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, of tlie Chester County Historical Society, of the American Philosophical Society, he has had abundant opportunity to cultivate science, and especially his favorite science, botany. AUSTIN CRAIG APGAR. Austin Craig Apgar was born at Peapack, Somerset County, New York, August 4, 1838. His career in science began at the State Normal School of New Jersey, where he has taught botany and zoology from 1866 to 1899. When Professor L. Agassiz opened the summer school at Penikese, Massachusetts, in 1873 and 1874, Professor Apgar availed liimself of this opportunity to become acquainted with such men as Professors Agassiz, Burt G. Wilder, A. S. Packard, Edward S. Morse and David S. Jordan. Professor Apgar has taught botany in the summer schools at Glen Falls, New York ; Asbury Park, New Jersey ; Fort Worth, Texas ; Bedford City and Salem, Virginia, and Chicago, Illinois. The following is a list of his books and papers on botany : ' ' Plant Analysis. ' ' 1874. "Pocket Key of Trees." 1891. " Trees of the Northern United States." 1892. "Extraordinary Vitality of a Girdled Limh.^^— Journal of the Trenton Natural Historical Soeietij, January, 1889. "Study of Plant Life in Our Schools." — Sixteenth Annual II ejwrt of the [New Jersey'] State Board of Aor Day Circular of New York State, 1895. CHAKLES SCHAFFEK. THE BOTANISTS OF THILADELPHIA. 305 JOSEPH TRIMBLE ROTHROCK. Joseph Trimble Rothrock, son of Dr. Abraham and Phoebe Brinton Rothrock, was born April 9, 1839, in the little village of McVeytown, Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, where his father was for half a century and more the leading physician. He traces his fondness for botany to his mother, who was distantly related to the late Dr. William Darlington, long the most famous botanist in eastern Pennsylvania. The subject of this sketch received his earliest educa- tion in the public schools of McVeytown. Later he studied at Freeland Seminary (now Ursinus College) in Montgomery County. Leaving this he prepared for Harvard University, at Academia, a thriving, successful school in Juniata County. He was graduated from the Law^rence Scientific School, of Harvard, in the summer of 1864, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Science. Like many another youth in those stirring times, his patriotism got the better of even his desire for knowledge, and soon after entering Harvard he left to join the army, wdiere he served two years, until it was plain that the back-bone of the Rebellion had been broken. His first term of service was as a private soldier in Company D, 131st Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. He was wounded through the thigh in the first battle of Fredericksburg, where his company, when participating in the celebrated charge of General Humphrey, had killed or w^ounded thirty-four out of forty-two men. His second term of service was as Captain of Company E, 20th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry. During the second term he saw much hard 306 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. service. Early in 1SG4 he returned to Harvard University to complete his course of study, and in July of that year passed his examination successfully and received his degree of Bachelor of Science. Professor Asa Gray had been his chief preceptor. The winter of 1864-1865 was spent in medical study in the University of Pennsylvania. In March, 1865, he started via Nicaragua to California. He made a narrow escape with his life in Nicaragua, from an attack of Panama fever. In June he was on the Frazer River, on his way to its extreme headwaters, Avhere at Lake Tatleh, in British Columbia, the headquarters of the telegraph company (in that region) were established. During the winter of 1865-1866 he traveled over 2000 miles on snow-shoes, and penetrated into regions that were practically unknown. He returned the following spring to Philadelphia, and in 1867 received his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania. The next two years he held the chair of botany in the State Agricultural College. May 27, 1868, he married Martha, daughter of Addison and Elizabeth May, of West Chester. In the spring of 1869 he located as a physician in Wilkes-Barre, and soon acquired a lucrative practice, which was largely surgical in character. He was one of the most active in founding the Wilkes-Barre Hos- pital, which has now grown into one of the large institu- tions of the State. During the years 1873, 1874 and 1875, Dr. Pothrock was surgeon and botanist to Lieutenant Wheeler's Exploring Expedition west of the 100th meridian. During these years he made large botanical collections in Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and California. The results of his THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 307 field Avork were published in, and made up the quarto Volume ^'I of tlie reports of Lieutenant Wheeler. In 1877 Dr. Rothrock was elected Professor of Botany in the University of Pennsylvania, which position he still holds, though he has been absent on leave for several years devoting his time and energy to the forestry cause in this State. In the winter of 1889-90 he made a voyage to the West Indies in his yacht, the "White Cap," and obtained important scientific collections. In June, 1893, he was appointed the first Forestry Commissioner of the State by Governor Pattison. His associate was the venerable and accomplished William F. Shunk. Their joint report was presented to the Legislature of Pennsylvania, March 12, 1895. It may be regarded as being the first attempt at a rational forest policy for the State. On September 14, 1895, Dr. Rothrock was appointed Forestry Commissioner by Governor Hastings. As a teacher, Dr. Rothrock showed himself at his best. He inspired his pupils with a desire to learn about plants, taking great pains in the laboratory to develop the students' powers of observation to the utmost. If he had a character which predominated, it was thoroughness. Not once did he rest satisfied until he had obtained from a pupil the best results possible under the circumstances. From the outset he not only encouraged, but requested a student to see, think and conclude for himself, often without aid from books and always without unnecessary aid from him. This may appear to many as harsh treatment, but systems of teaching can only be judged by their result, and in this light Professor Rothrock's method stands abundantly 308 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. vindicated. How wivtched the system of education which " crams " a lad with facts and leaves him unable to stand alone when beyond the authority of the preceptor. To the fullest extent Dr. Rothrock recognized this, and to prevent such a result insisted on mental discipline, which left a student with a well-grounded confidence in his own powers. It is probable that Dr. Rothrock would, himself, regard his relation to the forestry cause of the State as indi- cating his most important life-work. The State Forestry Commission Report * makes a volume of nearly 400 pages, and no public document issued by the state in many years contains so much valuable information as this. It gives, in detail, with illustrations and other matter intended to throw light upon the forestry question in this State, the results of the important work done by Professor J. T. Rothrock and Colonel W. F. Shunk, under the Act of May 23, 1893. The illustrations embrace forty-seven plates, showing the conditions existing in the wooded sections of the State and some effects of the forest fires. There are also plates showing the naked hills and rapid drainage, which causes very high and very low water. Colonel Shunk devotes his attention to the water-sheds of the Commonwealth, wild lands from which forest reserves may be selected, and the influence of woods on the flow of streams. Professor Rothrock treats the subject in all its phases. A summary of the contents shows a codification of all the Acts of Assembly relating to forestry, timber lands, trees, etc., the original forest conditions of Pennsyl- * Annnal Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture for 1895. Part II : Division of Forestry, comprising Report of Pennsylvania Forestry Commis- sion, appointed by Act of Legislature, approved May 23, 1893. By J. T. Rothrock, M. D., Botanist Member; William F. Shunk, Engineer Member. State Printer, 1896, octavo, oCil pp., 47 plates, 6 maps. JOSEPH T. KOTHROCK. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 309 vania, the waste areas, state forest lands, time and fire as elements in the forestry problem, a table of forest fires, relations of forest to the water supply, table relating to water failure, catalogue of forest trees of Pennsylvania having commercial value, detailed statement of cleared and timber lands by counties, and timber rafted for the last twenty years to Williamsport. Considerable space is given in the report to suggestions as to sections of the State suitable for a forest reserve. In 1894 there were sold in this State no less than 1,509,159 acres for taxes, which aggre- gated $290,386.13, an area equal to one-nineteenth of the area of the Commonwealth."^ As a lecturer, as connected with the Michaux Lecture Fund of the American Philosophical Society and with the Forestry Association of Pennsylvania, Dr. Rothrock had a pleasing way of reinforcing his remarks by stereopticon views of trees, landscapes and historical places of his own making. His lectures have always been well attended. It should be said of Dr. Eothrock, that in abandoning the field of scientific botany to popularize the forestry cause in Pennsylvania, he did it reluctantly and only on the most absolute conviction of duty, and with the full knowl- edge that in so doing he was jeopardizing his standing as a botanist. He is a member of the American Philosophical Society and the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. A genus of Asclepiadacese, from lower California, com- memorates Dr. Rothrock 's services to botany.f His writings are : * Philadelphia Ledger, October 26, 1896. t Proceedings American Academy, XX : (1885) 295. (Rothrockia cordifolia). Also in Wheeler's Survey Report Pyrrhopappus Rothroekii, Gray ; Halenia Roth- rockii, Gray ; Stachys Rothroekii, Gray ; Towendsia Rothroekii, Gray ; Artemisia Rothroekii, Gray; Nama Rothroeki, Gray. 310 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELrHIA. 1. "The Morphology of the Andrfeciiim of Fumariacere." — Proceed- ings of Boston Society Natural History, IX : 246 (1862). 2. "Revision of the North American Gaurine^e." — Proceedings of American Academy of Arts and Sciences, VI : (1864) pp. 347-354. 3. "Sketch of the Flora of Alaska." — Smithsonian Report, 1867, pp. 433-463. 4. "Conservation and Correlation of Vital Force." — {American Naturalist tor 1877?) 5. Volume VI of Wheeler Survey Reports, mainly written by Dr. Rothrock, published in 1878. (United States Geological Surveys, West of 100th Meridian. ) 6. "Vacation Cruising," 1884.— J. B. Lippincott & Co. 7. "The Fertilization of Flowers." — American Naturalist, I : 64. 8. ' ' List of and Notes upon the Lichens collected by Dr. T. H. Bean in Alaska, etc." — Proceedings United States National 3Iuseum (1884), VII : 1. In the Botanical Gazette the following articles are from the pen of Dr. Rothrock : 9. "Chia." land II : 17. 10. "A Valuable Work." 18. 11. "A New Preparation for Poisoning Plants. " 27. 12. "Damiana." 28. 13. " Diplopappus ericoides." 70. 14. " Sisyrynchium Arizonicum, Rothrock." 125. 15. "Chimaja." 126. 16. "Poisonous Properties of Leguminosee." 133. 17. "A Convenient Microscope." Ill and IV : 37. 18. " Staining and Double Staining Vegetable Tissues." 201. 19. "The Colorado Berberis." 242. 20. " How to make Permanent Botanical Objects for the Microscope." V and VI : 27. 21. " Notes on Modes of Work in the Laboratory of Professor De Bary in Strassburg." 193, 204. 22. "Home and Foreign Modes of Teaching Botany." 233. 23. "A Reply to Emesby." VII and VIII : 8. 24. " Eriodictyon glutinosum as Indicating Evolution." 384. 25. " The Arizona Potato. " 208. 2ba. " Dr. George Martin." XI : 338. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 311 He has been a constant contributor to Fored Leaves, the official organ of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, as follows : 26. ''Tree Growth as Determined by Location." 11:18. 27. "The Chestnut Tree." II : 35. 28. " Brandy wine Banks above the Ford." II : 50. 29. " Concerning Our Sassafras Trees. " II : G7. 30. " Pinus rigida on the Dunes at Cape Henlopen." II : 83. 31. "Along the Coast Northward." II : 99. 32. "The Row Farm Walnut Tree." 11:133. 33. "Red Cedar, Savin." II: 148. 34. "Mangroves." Ill : 5. 35. " The Old Field or Loblolly Pine." Ill : 25. 36. " The Tulip Poplar, or Poplar Tree." Ill : 85. 37. "The Button wood." IV : 5. 38. "The Over Cup Oak." IV : 22. 39. "The Black Walnut." IV : 38. 40. "Our Shell-bark Hickory." IV : 56. 41. "The Persimmon." IV : 72. 42. "The Forest PrimevaL" IV : 88. 43. " The American, or White Elm." IV : 104. 44. "The White Ash." IV : 120. 45. "White Pine." IV : 152. 46. "The Hemlock." IV : 169. 47. "River Birch." IV : 185. 48. "Fire and Flood." V : 8. 49. "The Rock Oak." V : 25. 50. "The Beech." V : 40. 51. "The Sugar Maple." V : 56. 52. "The Locust Tree." V : 72. 53. "The Bitter Nut Hickory." V : 89. 54. "The Swamp White Oak." V : 104. 55. "The American Linden." V : 136. 56. " Red Pine, Norway Pine." V : 152. 57. " Silver Maple, White Maple, Soft Maple." V : 168. 58. "Kentucky Coffee Tree." V : 184. 59. " Nyssa sylvatica. " VI : 8. 312 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 60. ''Iron Wood, Hop-Hornbeam." VI : 40. 61. " Tree Form and Tree Photog^aph5^ " YI : 72. 62. "Carvatomentosa." VI : 88. 63. "KockOak, Kock Chestnut Oak. " VI : 104. 64. "Pin Oak." VI : 121. 65. "Eed Maple." VI : 137. 66. " Yellow Birch. " YI : 152. 67. "Black Birch." VI : 169. 68. "The Bed Spruce." VI : 184. 69. "Honey Locust." VI : 201. 70. "Swamp Magnolia." VII : 8. 71. "Big White Oaks." VII : 24. 72. " A Pennsylvania Sequoia. " VII: 24. 73. "The Black Spruce." VII : 40. 74. "The Origin of Floral Structures. EevicAv of Rev. George Hen- slow's Book." — The American. 75. " Some Observations on the Bahamas and Jamaica." — Proceedings American Philosopliical Society, XXIX : 145. 76. ' 'A Monstrous Specimen of Rudbeckia hirta. ' ' — Contributions Botan- ical Laboratory University of Pennsylvania, I : 3. 77. "A Nascent Variety of Brunella vulgaris." — Contributions Botanical Laboratory University of Pennsylvania, I : 64. 78. "A Rare Button wood." — Garden and Forest, III : 69. 79. "The Action of Root Hairs, Illustrated." — Garden and Forest, III : 94. 80. " Poisonous Properties of the Leguminoste. " — Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, 1877, 274. 81. "Relation of the Medullary Rays to the Strength of Timber."— Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, 1884, 14. 82. "The Internal Cambium Ring in Gelsemium sempervirens. — Pro- ceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, 1885, 22. 83. "Mimicry Among Plants." — Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, 1888, 12. 84. " Remarks on Death of Professor Asa Gray. " — Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, 1888, 62. 85. "The Sand Dunes of LeAves, Delaware." — Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, 1889, 134. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 313 86. " Report of the Department of Agriculture of Pennsylvania. Part II. Division of Forestry." 1895, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Octavo, 361 pages. Illustrated. 87. "Third Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. Part II. Division of Forestry." Wm. Stanley Ray, State Printer. Octavo, 309 pages, 21 figures, 12 plates. CHARLES McILVAINE. Charles Mcllvaine, son of Hon. Abraham R. Mcllvaine and Anna (Mulvaney) Mcllvaine, was born on Springton Farm, part of the old Penii Manor of Springton, on the 31st of May, 1S40. The Mcllvaine family were of Scotch-Irish extraction. In 1529 they were the Lairds of Gremit, and a powerful Sept of the House of Kennedy — the Earls of Casilis. James Mcllvaine, from whom the subject of this sketch is descended, emigrated from County Antrim, Ireland, and settled near Chester, in the year 1740. Abraham R. Mcllvaine, father of Charles, was a patri- otic and public-spirited citizen. He represented Chester County in the State Legislature in 1836 ; was a member of the Electoral College of Pennsylvania in 1840, casting his vote for General Harrison for President, and represented the Seventh Congressional District in Congress from 1842 to 1846, inclusive. During his whole active life he was a pro- nounced Unionist, and at the breaking out of the late war encouraged his son Charles, then division engineer on the East Brandywine & Waynesburg Railroad, to aid in the suppression of the Rebellion, his own delicate health and age alone preventing him from going to the field himself Charles Mcllvaine, though only just of age, raised a company of volunteers, of which he was elected captain, 314 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. and was mustered into the service of the United States in October, 1861. He united his company with the Ninety- seventh Regiment of Pennsylvania Vohmteers as Com- pany H. Captain Mcllvaine filled many important staff and military positions, and served his country with distinc- tion and bravery, until compelled to resign on account of ill-health on June 10, 1863. His early education was received at the hands of private teachers and at the public schools of Indian Town and Brandywine Manor. He afterwards spent eighteen months at the Northwest Grammar School of Philadelphia, but was compelled to leave there at the age of thirteen because of failing health. Being fond of reading and study, he has been a hard student since that age, and may be called a self-educated man. With the exception of letters written upon art matters while in Europe in 1873 and 1874, Captain Mcllvaine pub- lished but little until 1881, when he became a contributor to the Detroit Free Press, in which he has published many humorous poems and prose sketches, in the dialect of the West Virginia mountaineers, under his nom de plume of " Tobe Hodge." The " Tim Price " yarns and " Powerful Temperance," humorous sketches, and the stories of the " The Twins of Weasel Branch," " The Ghost of Aaron's Prong," and " The Waifs of Fighting Rocks," met with great popular favor. Under his nom de plume and proper name he has contributed to nearly all the leading American magazines, and is, under his proper name, a well-known writer upon scientific subjects — edible and non-edible fungi being his specialty. Puck, Judge, and Harper's publications and others, published much of his humorous work, signed CHARLES McILVAINE. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 315 and unsigned. His story, entitled " A Legend of Polecat Hollow," which originally appeared in The Continent, has been re-published in England in book-form, where it has had a large sale. He excels as a writer of humorous and dialectical poems, and as a writer of short stories he has had excellent success. Since 1881 Captain Mcllvaine has indefatigably devoted himself to determining, by experiments upon himself, which of the many hundred varieties of toadstools are suitable for food, which are not, and which of the latter either contain matter injurious to the human system, minor poisons, or poisons deadly in effect. He has thus tested nearly five hundred species. The most imjDortant of Captain Mcllvaine's discoveries is to be found in an article entitled, " Amanitin and its Antidote," published in The Medical and Surgical Reporter, December 12 and 19, 1885, and afterward embodied in an article " The Deadly and Minor Poisons of Toadstools," in The Therapeutic Gazette, May 15, 1893, which was re-printed in pamphlet form. These articles clearly demonstrate that atropin is the antidote to the terrible, deadly poison of the Amanitse. He has in course of preparation an important book, entitled : " Eight hundred American Fungi, Mushrooms, Toadstools." In it 750 edible forms are described, and sixty poisonous or suspected plants. Recipes for cooking the edible ones are also to be added. The value of Captain Mcllvaine's work, in a field in a which he stands pre-emi- nently alone, lies in the correction of the many existing fallacies relating to toadstools; the segregation of edible species from those which are harmful, and the confirmation of by far the greater number of varieties as wholesome, palatable, plentiful food. 316 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. HORATIO C. WOOD. Horatio C. AVood,"^ AL D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and Clinical Professor of the Diseases of the Nervous System in the University of Pennsylvania, Physician to the Philadelphia Hospital, and member of the National Academy of Science, etc., was born January 13, 1841, at Philadelphia. He was the son of Horatio C. Wood, Sr., and Elizabeth H., daughter of John Bacon, for many years Treasurer of the City of Philadelphia. He Avas descended on his father's side from Richard Wood, who emigrated from Bristol, England, in 1682 or 1683, and settled in Philadelphia. The family afterward removed to New Jersey, the generation preceding Dr. Wood returning to Philadelphia. He is a nephew of the late Dr. George B. Wood, who died childless. Intermingled with the English blood is a Scotch strain, coming down, according to the genealogical researches by ]\Ir. Gideon Scull, of England, from a brother of Robert Bruce, of Scotland. Dr. Wood developed a fondness for natural history early in life. His literary education was received at Friends' Schools, among the most notable of which was the Westtown Boarding School, near West Chester, Pennsylvania. The natural bent of his mind was toward professional studies. He studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, and received his degree in March, 1862. But before he entered upon his medical course, he had become an earnest worker at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and distinguished himself in the scientific field by original work. His first original paper, published when he was nineteen years old, appeared in the Proceedimgs of the * Therapeutic Gazette, 1884. THE BOTANISTS OF PPIILADELPHIA. 317 Academy for 1860. It was entitled, " Contriljutioiis to the Carboniferous Flora of the United States, and Catalogue of the Carboniferous Plants in the Museum of the .Icadeniy, with Description of Three New Species." Immediately after graduating in medicine. Dr. Wood was appointed one of the resident physicians of the Phila- delphia Hospital, where he remained- one year, after which he served a similar term at the Pennsylvania Hospital, spending, during the war, considerable time in the military hospitals in and about Philadelphia and Washington. He commenced the active practice of his profession in Phila- delphia in ISGo. He now began the special work in therapeutics and materia medica, but still continued his natural history studies, and published several papers on natural science, especially on histological botany. His chief botanical work, " Prodromus of a Study of North American Fresh-water Alga3," wdiich long remained the standard work on the subject, until the work of Wolle appeared, was published June 18, 1869. In 1866 Dr. Wood was appointed by the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, Professor of Botany in the Auxiliary Faculty of Medicine, which had been estabhshed and endowed by his uncle. Professor George B. Wood. About 1870 he began to study especially nervous diseases, and on the organization of the new university hospital, in March, 1874, he was appointed Clinical Lecturer on Nervous Diseases, which position, in 1875, was made a professorship by the Trustees of the University. In 1870 he was appointed one of the visiting physicians of the Philadelphia Hospital, and since 1872 he has given his attention solely to the science and art of medicine, abandoning entirely his general 318 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. natural history studies. In 1876, on the death of Professor Joseph Carson, he was chosen Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the Medical Department of the Uni- versity of Penns3^1vania, soon after which he resigned the chair of botany in the Auxiliary Faculty of Medicine. Dr. AVood made his debut in the journalistic field July, 1871, as the editor of New Remedies, published in New York by William Wood & Company, in which position he con- tinued until January, 1873. In 1873 he became editor of the Philadelphia Medical Times, published by J. B. Lippin- cott & Company, resigning this position in 1873. Professor Wood is the sole editor of the latter half of the fourteenth edition of the " United States Dispensatory," and his able revision of the fifteenth edition, in company with Professors J. P. Remington and Sadtler is well known. The success of this has exceeded that of any previous edition of the book, about 15,000 copies of it having been sold in a twelve-month. Dr. Wood's brochure on " Brain Work and Over Work," in 1879, has been read with interest by the general practitioner all over the land ; and the same may be said in regard to a volume entitled " Food for Invalids," published in conjunction with Dr. Fothergill, of London, in 1880. But the work which crowns the effort of his life is the " Treatise on Materia Medica and Therapeutics," published in 1875, the fifth edition in 1883. This was the first one published in the English language, in which the physio- logical action of drugs was brought prominently forward as a ground-work of a treatise on therapeutics. Dr. Wood has been connected as active or honorary member with the following learned bodies: Lyceum of THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 319 Natural History, of New York ; American Medical Asso- ciation, American Philosophical Society, Societe d'Hygiene, Paris; Amer. I. Sci. Kwai, Japan (Tokio). He is still actively engaged in the practice of medicine, and as a professor in the most prominent medical school of the country occupies an exalted place among professional men. USELMA C. SMITH. Uselma C. Smith, a local botanist of repute, was born June 9, 1841, in the West, where his parents had removed from Philadelphia. He was educated in the public schools of the Western Reserve. He studied law and was admitted to the bar January 16, 1864. In August, 1868, he was elected a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and as the Solicitor, Member of the Council and Chairman of the Finance Committee takes an active interest in the welfare of the institution. After the lamented death of Dr. J. B. Brinton, Mr. Smith was elected President of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, an institu- tion of working botanists, founded by Dr. Brinton. ADOLPH WILLIAM MILLER. Adolph William Miller * was born, October 8, 1841, at Berge, in the former Kingdom of Hanover (now a province of Prussia), in a building occupied as a pharmacy by his father, William H. Miller ; this store being a branch (Filial Apotheke) of the one belonging to his maternal grandfather, Franz von Lengerken, at Ankum, some three miles distant. He came to this country with his parents in the fall of 1848, a t the age of seven years. Landing at New Orleans, * Published in Alumni Report (Philadelphia College of Pharmacy), XXXH ■ p. 79. January, ;.896, with portrait. 320 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. after a tedious voyage in a sailing vessel, the family ascended the Mississippi on a very slow steamboat, and reached St. Louis about Christmas. His father purchased a property in Belleville, St. Clair County, Illinois, some four- teen miles east of St. Louis, and there opened a drug store. Young Adolph attended the public schools in Belleville for five years, and also received private instruction in Latin, French and German. At the age of twelve he entered the store of Edward T. Robinson, at the southwest corner of Fourth and Market Streets, St. Louis, Missouri. Mr. Eobinson had then but recently graduated from the Philadelphia College of Phar- macy, having been apprenticed to the well-known firm of Bullock and Crenshaw. Mr. Miller remained here for nearly four years, the store in the meanwhile passing into the hands of Robert Parham and Samuel W. Hendel — both of them former Philadelphians. ]\Ir. Hendel was also a graduate of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, having been employed in the store of Henry C. Blair. In the meanwhile, the father, W. H. Miller, had sold his property in Belleville, and opened a drug store in the then frontier post of St. Paul, Minnesota, where he was joined, in 1857, by his son. While assisting his father, he continued his studies in Latin, Greek and mathematics in the College of St. Paul. On account of the high praise which had so frequently been bestowed on the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy by all of his former employers, ^Ir. Miller early resolved to avail himself of its teaching resources. With the opening of navigation in the spring of 1860 — there being no railroads in the Territory of Minne- sota at that time — he descended the Mississippi to St. Louis, ADOLPJl W. MILLER THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 321 came by rail to Philadelphia, and found employment in the drug store of Ferdinand Roller, at the southeast corner of Twelfth and Mt. Vernon Streets, and subsequently with Henry 0. D. Banks, at Fourth and Callowhill Streets. Mr. Miller graduated from the Philadelphia College of Phar- macy in 1862, the age Cjualifications then not being rigidly insisted upon. Immediately after graduating, and before being of age, he was offered a partnership with his former employer, the firm then being styled Henry 0. D. Banks & Company. Some three years later, Mr. Banks retired, and the remaining partners established the new firm of Aschenbach & Miller, which has continued in business to the present time, although its establishment was removed to the northwest corner of Third and Callowhill Streets. Without any intention of changing his profession, Mr. Miller resolved to study medicine, chiefly for the educational advantages connected therewith. As every successive course of lectures in the medical colleges, at that time, was an exact repetition, he decided to have, at least, the benefit of the different views entertained by the then most prominent teachers. He therefore matriculated in 1869 at the Jefferson Medical College, where he attended one full course of lectures. His next regular course was taken at the University of Pennsylvania, then occupying the site where the Phila- delphia Post-Office is now located, from which he graduated in medicine in 1871. He then continued a series of studies in the Auxiliary Department of Medicine of the University, receiving its diploma as Ph. D. in 1872. He has also received the honorary title of D. 0. from the Mt. Vernon Institute of Elocution and Languages of this city. 322 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Shortly after the establishment of a pharmaceutical laboratory in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, Dr. Miller was elected Demonstrator of Phar- macy, which position he has held continuously. Some ten years ago he was also appointed Lecturer on Materia Medica in the University, which office he also still holds. Dr. Miller has been President of the Alumni Associa- tion of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and a most active member ; President of the Alumni Association of the Auxiliary Department of ^ledicine of the University of Pennsylvania ; President of the Alumni Association of the National School of Elocution and Oratory, and he is at present President of the Lotus Club, Corresponding Secretary of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and President of the Botanical Society of Pennsylvania. He has also been President of the Eisner and Mendelson Company, of New York, from the time of its incorporation. Dr. ]\Iiller was married to Margaretta T. Ash, of Phila- delphia, the ceremony being performed by Mayor Alexander Henry. He has three daughters living, one of whom is married to William C. Helweg, and another to Alden H. Weed, both of this city. ISAAC C. MARTINDALE. Isaac C. Martindale * was born in Byberry, Phila- delphia County, Pennsylvania, July 15, 1842. His parents belonging to the Society of Friends, his early education was acquired chiefly in the Quaker schools. He began the study of natural history while on the parental farm, and in the absence of books he acquired considerable scientific knowl- * 1895. Torrey Botanical Bulletin, XX : 98. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 323 edge by close application. He left the farm and became a clerk in a bank at Byberry. In 1875 he became Cashier of the National State Bank of Camden. Later, when the Camden National Bank was established, the cashiership was confided to him. He was for some years Treasurer of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, a position in which his financial ability made him eminently useful. The study of botany was to him a welcome relaxation. He acquainted himself with the plants in the vicinity of Byberry, and in a short trip to Europe his eyes were delighted by the mountain flora of Switzerland. After his removal to Camden, close proximity to the rich and peculiar flora of the " Jersey Pines " opened to him a new fleld, in the study of which he profited by the companionship and accurate local knowledge of the lamented Charles F. Parker. With most assiduous effort, most untiring industry, and with a large outlay of money, he increased and per- fected his herbarium, which had few, if any rivals, among the private collections in the land. He published in the American Naturalist (November, 1879), a list of plants collected on an excursion with some members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, to the vicinity of Pike's Peak in 1878. In 1880 he read before the West New Jersey Surveyor's Association a paper entitled "Notes Upon the Bartram Oak " (Quercus heterophylla), with a summar}^ of the literature. There appeared in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, for 1880, a short paper on '^ Sexual Variations in Castanea Americana." Mr. Martin- dale had time to prepare a " list of the marine alga?, hitherto observed on the coasts of New Jersey and Staten Island," 324 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. which was published in the first volume of the '' Memoirs of the Torrey Club." His studies of the ballast plants also deserve notice in speaking of his botanical work. He wrote a very just and feeling biographical sketch of his friend, Charles F. Parker, who had died the previous September.* Mr. Martindale also devoted himself to other sciences. Entomology received a share of his attention, and in 1863 he was made a corresponding member of the American Entomological Society. He devoted himself to the study of the Lepidoptera, and made a collection which experts in that department have pronounced as one of the finest in America. He interested himself in meteorology, and was one of the observers for the Smithsonian Institute. He also investigated the history of his native town (Byberry), and studied his family genealogy. It is to be feared that Mr. Martindale over-taxed his strength, and, perhaps, had he shortened his hours of labor he might have been spared to the world for many years longer. Symptoms of failing health led him to resign his position within a week or two before his death, in order that he might be restored by travel. Commencing his study of plants at the time that systematic botany alone seemed to engage almost the entire attention of botanists, Mr. Martindale's collections soon secured him an acquaintance with the recognized botanical authorities. The herbarium f was commenced in his early man- hood, and its collection and arrangement occupied at least * Proceedings of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, November, 1883. f American Journal of Pharmacy, LXVI : 251. May, 1894. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 325 twenty-five years. During a great portion of tliis time he enjoyed the friendship and assistance in this work of Charles F. Parker. The collection consisted of seven large walnut cases, compactly filled with mounted specimens. " It is impossible to form any definite idea of the number of plants contained, as on many of the sheets several speci- mens are attached from different localities. The specimens are all handsomely mounted on white paper, and properly arranged in heavy manila paper genus covers, and in natural order divisions, the plan of arrangement adopted being that of Durand's Index, corresponding with the nomenclature of the Genera Plantarum of Bentham and Hooker. " Every division of systematic botany is well repre- sented. Not only the Phanerogamia or flowering plants, but the Pteridophyta, including a magnificent collection of ferns; the mosses and liverworts, and the Thallophyta are represented by a collection of alg^e, fungi and lichens. It was the aim of Mr. Martindale to make his collection complete and a representative herbarium, and it is univer- sally acknowledged as surpassing, both in numl^ers and in the perfection of style and arrangement, any private col- lection in America. " His proximity to and knowledge of the peculiar flora of the pine barrens of New Jersey, gave him a fund of material valuable for exchanges, and he was not slow to take advantage of this in obtaining valuable specimens to complete his own collection. His correspondence and exchanges were numerous, including such countries as Canada, Brazil, England, France, Germany, Austria and Scandinavia, and the flora of these are represented in the 326 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. herbarium. Mr. Martindale paid considerable attention to the peculiar and miscellaneous plants of the ballast grounds, and this class, difficult of study to the ordinary student, because not contained in our local manuals, is likewise well represented. " In addition to making extensive collections himself, and exchanging with numerous botanists, both at home and abroad, he acquired, by purchase, the best collections offered. No collector submitted a list of desirable plants but that he was made happy by an order from Mr. Martindale, and he was a liberal contributor to every botanical expedition. Among the many noted American collectors, whose col- lections are here represented, may be mentioned : Parry, Garber, Lemmon, Rothrock, Rusby, Curtiss, Howell, Reynolds, Palmer, and those magnificent collections made in the southwestern states and territories and in Mexico, by C. G. Pringle. " In 1881 he purchased the herbarium of Dr. Ferdinand Rugel, of Tennessee, which was replete in the representation of the flora of the southern states, thus receiving a large addition to his already extensive collections from this region. These specimens were remounted and distributed through his herbarium. A great part of the herbarium of his friend and co-laborer, Charles F. Parker, who had made a special study of the flora of New Jersey, is preserved in this collection. Likewise the collections of C. F. Austin. " No expense was spared to make his herbarium com- plete and perfect in every respect, and the outlay was large. It is estimated that in the collection and arrangement of this magnificent herbarium, Mr. Martindale had spent at least §15,000. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELrHIA. OZ i " Beyond any statement of the money value of tlie her- barium, its true value will be in its importance to scientific study and future investigations. Mr. Martindale's studies brouo^ht him in contact with the botanical teachers and authorities, and numerous are the specimens bearing the labels of such eminent botanists as Dr. Asa Gray, John M. Coulter, Sereno Watson, Dr. N. L. Britton, Professor E. L. Greene, Dr. Vasey, Professor Macoun, Professor Underwood, Dr. Porter and William Canby. " The specimens and various genera or orders, difficult of determination, have been very generally submitted to specialists in the various departments, and their notes and reference will add materially to the value of this collection. Many of the composites were examined and determined by Dr. Gray while preparing the volume of his Synoptical Flora of North America, covering that order. " In the catalogue of the plants of New Jersey, forming part of the geological survey of that state, Professor N. L. Britton frequently refers to the herbarium of Mr. Martin- dale as authority for statements made." It is the intention of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, to whom the herbarium was presented through the liberality of Messrs. Smith, Kline, French & Company, to preserve the Martindale Herbarium intact as a reference herbarium, and, under proper regulations, it will be open to visiting botanists for study and consultation. Bibliography. 1. "Variation iu Leaves." — Botanical Gazette, I : 46. 2. " The Introduction of Foreign Plants." — Botanical Gazette, II : 55. 3. "Ferns from Rock Castle Spring, Kentucky." — Botanical Gazette, II : 62. 328 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 4. "More about Ballast Plants."— J5o^/n/c-a/ Gazette. II: 127. 5. ' ' Orobanche minor in New Jersey. ' ' — Botnn iced Gazette, III-IV : 73. 6. "Germination and Growth of Parasitic Plants." — Botanical Gazette, Y-YI : 38. 7. "Quercusheterophylla." — Botanical Gazette, V-VI : 303. 8. "Osmunda cinnamomea var. frondosa." — Botanical Gazette^ YII-YIII : 86. 9. "Sudden Appearance of Plants." — Torrey Botanical Bulletin, YI : 105. 10. "Opuntia vulgaris, a New Jersey Plant." — Torrey Botanical Bulletin, YI : 105. LINN^US FUSSELL. Linnaeus Fussell, M. D., son of Dr. Edwin Fussell, of Delaware County, a leading and well-informed botanist, and one of the most actiYe observers, constantly giving attention to the study of plants, was born September 2, 1842. At present he is President of the Biological Section of the Delaware County Institute of Science. A. F. K. KROUT. A. F. K. Krout was born in the village of Line Lex- ington, in New Britain Township, Bucks County, Pennsyl- vania, February 2, 18-43. He was educated in the public schools of Bucks County, and received his academic training at the North AVales Institute, in Montgomery County. His principal work has been teaching. He first taught in the public schools of Bucks County, after which he held the position of Supervising Principal of the following borough schools in Pennsylvania : Coplay, Lehigh County ; Emlenton, Venango County ; Lehighton, Carbon County ; Wyoming, Luzerne County. In June, 1883, he gave up teaching to become the Cor- poration Accountant and Cashier for the Coplay Iron Com- THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 329 pany, a corporation owned principally and controlled by Mr. E. P. Wilbur, former President of tlie Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, This position he held for five years, after which he resumed his professional work in the Borough of Emlenton. In 1876 he appeared before the State Board of Examiners for the Normal Schools, passed the exami- nation successfully, and became an authorized teacher of didactics. He became a resident of Philadelphia in 1892, when he took charge of the Business Departments of Temple College, Broad and Berks Streets, and of the Union College of Business, Broad and Market Streets. He found much pleasure in pursuing a course of general studies in science and language, and in 1877 Franklin and Marshall College recognized his industry as a student, and conferred on him the degree of Master of Arts. Having the confidence of the people at his permanent home in Coplay, he was frequently called upon to fill positions of honor and responsibility. He was the first commissioned Magistrate when that town became a borough, which office he held from 1869 to 1890. He was Secretary of Town Council for thirteen years and School Director five years. The judges of the courts frequently appointed him to serve on road juries and commissions, and there are few townships in Lehigh County in which he was not called to execute these appointments. His favorite study since 1869 has been botany. When not in the class-room he has been out- in the fields. When he came to Philadelphia he i3repared himself further in botany, 1)y taking, for three years, the special course for teachers in botanv and zooloov at the Universitv of 330 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Pennsylvania. The work done in the botanical line may here be mentioned : 1. " The Flora of Lehigh County, Pennsylvania," in conjunction with Dr. William Herbst, the eminent mycolo- gist, who is still a resident of the County. The greater part of the Lehigh collection is deposited in the Herbarium of the Philadelphia Botanical Club at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 2. " The Grasses of Philadelphia," 1898. These were contributed to Dr. Thomas C. Porter's Pennsylvania Her- barium at Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania. 3. " The cataloguing of the Bartonian Collection when deposited with the Academy of Natural Sciences by the Philosophical Society in 1897." This collection contains the plants collected by Pursh on his memorable trips from Philadelphia to the high mountains of North Carolina, and to the Great Lakes and the White Mountains, in 1806 and 1807. Professor Krout is a member of the Biological Society and the Pennsylvania Botanical Society at the University. At the Academy of Natural Sciences he is a member of the Botanical Section, Microscopical and Biological Sections, Philadelphia Botanical Club, the Pennsylvania ^lycological Society, and is now President of the Philadelphia Moss Chapter. ED50N 5EWELL BASTIN. Edson Sewell Bastin was born May 29, 1813, in Azaukee County, Wisconsin. His father was one of the pioneer farmers of what was then a new territory, a hardy, industrious man, with little more than a district school education, but well endowed with hard sense and pluck. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. dol Edson's mother was a sweet-natured woman, domestic in her tastes, quiet in her manners but keenly observant, and though not a botanist in the scientific sense, a lover of flowers and with a mind well stored with plant lore. At the age of twelve the boy's heart was saddened, almost broken, by the death of his mother. It was indeed an irreparable loss, though three years afterwards when the father re-married, the children learned to love and revere their step-mother, whose afl'ectionate nature and nobility of character once more made their home a cheerful and happy one. The boy led the usual life of a farmer lad in those days, attending district school in the old log school-house in winters, and helping at farm work in summer time until about sixteen years of age, when he was sent away to school at Carroll College, in Waukesha. His patriotism was deeply stirred by the events of 1862, and stopping midway in his college course, he enlisted as a private in the 2Sth Wisconsin Infantry in August of that year, and in December went with his regi- ment to the front. He participated in the stirring cam- paigns against Vicksburg and Arkansas Post, fought in the battle of Helena, and marched with General Steele to the capture of Little Rock. He had suffered much in health from the malarial climate and the severe exposure incident to camp life, and soon after reaching Little Rock applied for and secured a clerkship at headc|uarters, where he found employment suited to his tastes, and the opportunity to regain his accustomed physical vigor. He must have impressed his superiors favorably, for at the end of a year, at the re-organization of the Fourth Arkansas Cavalry, he was appointed a Captain in that 332 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. regiment. At the close of the war, although recommended by an examining board of officers for a cadetship at West Point, he determined to leave the military service, partly because, on account of his father's death, affairs at home needed his attention, and partly because he had no relish for a military career. He was determined, however, to obtain, if possible, a liberal education, and so in the autumn of the same year, 1865, he resumed his collegiate course, this time at the Uni- versity of Chicago. From this institution he was graduated in 1867. He then spent three j-^ears in the study of theology only to reach the conclusion at the close of his course, that he knew less of the sulyect than he thought he knew at the beginning. These studies were therefore laid aside, and the 3'oung man began to take a deeper interest in things demonstrable. Wearied by close application to l)ooks, with health con- siderably im[)aired, and not a little disappointed at the outcome of his years of study, he gave up the idea of entering a profession, and determined to go into business. Ere long the opportunity presented itself, and he entered a drug store and began the study of pharmacy. His love of plants, first learned at his mother's knee, and rekindled by his course in botany at college, brief and unsatisfactory as this was, now received a new stimulus. He began with collecting and studying native medicinal plants, but his enthusiasm soon carried him much l3eyond this, and it was not long before he had identified the larger proportion of the local phcenogamous plants. In fact, his drug business received a much larger share of attention on its scientific than on its financial side. It consequently languished, and THE BOTANISTS OP PHILADELPHIA. 333 before three years had passed its discouraged young pro- prietor had sold out. With the feeHng that, after all, business was not to be his life occupation, his attention now began to be turned toward the teacher's profession. After giving instruction in common school branches for a year or more, he was offered by Chancellor Burroughs, for whom he entertained a strong affection, the position of Registrar of his Alma Mater, the University of Chicago. This was gladly accepted in the hope that it would afford him the coveted opportuni- ties for pursuing his scientific studies, the taste for which had been rendered keener still by perusal of the works of Darwin, Wallace, Huxley and Tyndall. This was in the year 1874. It happened not long afterwards that the Uni- versity wanted a teacher for a class in botany, and as the young registrar's interest in the subject was now Avell known to the trustees, he was asked to take charge of the class, which he did with such success, that in two years he was elected to the chair of geology and botany. This position he held until 1883, wdien, owing to differences between the President of the University and himself on the doctrine of evolution, he resigned. Some years previous to this event, however, he had been giving lectures on botany in the Chicago College of Pharmacy, and, as this institution developed rapidly, he undertook the additional work of instruction in materia medica and devoted now his entire time to the development of these departments. One of the results of his work was the establishment of a botanical laboratory, the first of its kind connected with an independent College of Pharmacy in this country. 334 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. In 1890 Professor Bastin accepted the chair of materia medica and botany in the Northwestern University School of Pharmacy, where he also organized a new botanical and microscopical laboratory. But this had onl}^ just been accomplished when he was called to the Philadelphia Col- lege of Pharmacy to occupy the position vacated by the death of Professor John M. Maisch. After coming to Philadelphia, in 1894, Professor Bastin's department was extended by the organization of a large and thoroughly equipped laboratory for the study of micro-botany and pharmacognosy. The professor was identified with the purchase of the herbarium of the late Isaac C. Martindale, a collection especially rich in the local plants of Phila- delphia and vicinage. Professor Bastin allied himself with the botanical interests of Philadelphia, and, it was to have been hoped that he would have been spared to continue with the same energy his botanical labors, but after a short illness death claimed him on April 6, 1897.* Bibliography. 1. ''Elements of Botany." 1887. 2. "Vegetable Histology." 1887. 3. "College Botany." 1889. 4. " Questions on College Botany. " 1892. 5. " Laboratory Exercises in Botany. " 1895. 6. "A Fact Bearing upon the Evolution of the Genus Cypripedium." — Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1883, 310. 7. " Plant Uairs.''— Western Druggist, 1884. 8. "Sanguinaria Canadensis." — Pharmacist, 1885. 9. " Starches of Eoot and Khizome Drugs."— T///« Torrey Botanical Club, XVII : 225, 4 plates. 20. "The Grasses of Roaue Mountain."— £o/rt»/caZ Gazette, XIV : 253. Illustrated. 21. " Mexican Grasses. " — Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1891, 292, 1 plate. 22. "Grasses of Mountain Meadow and Deer Favk^.''— Proceed inys Society for Promotion of Agricultural Sciences, 1889. (Reprinted with illus- trations in Bulletin Tenn. Agr. Expr. Station). 23. "Index to Grass Names." — Proceedings Society for Promotion of Agricultural Sciences, pp. 18, 1890. 24. " The Grasses of Tennessee. " Fart I.— Bulletin Tenn. Agr. E.cpr. Station, V, No. 2, pp. 89. Part II : 141 pp., 42 plates. 1894. 25. "Mount Kataadn and its Flora.''— Botanical Gazette, XVII : 46. 26. "Weeds of the Farm.''— Bulletin Tenn. Agr. Expr. Stedion, I, No. 3. 27. "The True Grasses." By E. Hackel. Translated from Die Nediirlichen Pflanzenfamilien. By F. Lamson-Scribner and Effiie A. South- worth. 8 vo., pp. 227. Henry Holt & Co., 1890. 28. "Fungous Diseases of the Grape and other Plants and their Treat- ment." 12 mo., pp. 136. Illustrated. J. T. Lovett & Co. 29. "Report on the Fungous Diseases of the Gr-A^tYiwe.''— Bulletin No. 2 Botanical Dirision U. S. Dept. Agriculture. 1886, pp. 136, plates 7. 30. "Black Rot. Physalospora ^\^\.^\ii\\\\."— Proceedings 7th Annual Meeting Society for Promotion of Agricultural Sciences, 1886, pp. 7. 31. "Botanical Characters of Black Rot. Physalospora Bidwelli Saec."— Botanical Gazette, XI : 297, plate 1. 32. "New Observations on the Fungus of Black Rot of Grapes." — Proceedinejs 9th Annucd Meeting of Society for Promotion of Agricultural Sciences, 1888. 33. " Successful Treatment of Black Rot."— /(/em. 34. " Report on the Extent, Severity and Treatment of Black Rot and BroATO Rot in Northern Ohio, in 1889."— 5«?/e^/u No. 11 Botanical Division of U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1890, 7 pp. 35. "Black Rot." Scribner & Viala. Bulletin No. 7 of Botanical Division of U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1888, pp. 29, plate 1. 36. "Report on the Experiments made in 1887 in the Treatment of the Downv Mildew and Black Rot of the Grape Yhie.''— Bulletin No. oof 362 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. ihe Botanical Division of U. S. Department of Agriculture^ 1888, pp. 110. Illustrated. 37. "Report on Experiments made in 1888 in the Treatment of the Downy Mildew and Black Rot of the Grape Vine." — Bulletin Ko. 10 of Botanical Division of U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1889, 6 pp. 38. ' ' On a New Fungous Disease of the Vine. Greeneria fuli- ginea." Scribner & Viala. — Proceedings 8th Annual Meeting of Society for Promotion of Agricultural Sciences^ 1883. 39. ''Fungicides." Circular No. 5 of the '^Section of Vegetable Pathology." — U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1887. 40. "Notes on Orange Leaf -Scab." — Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XIII : 1>^1. 41. "Fungous Diseases of the Vine and their Remedies." — Proceedings of the Xew Jersey State Horticultural Society, 1886. 42. " Observations the Past Season on Grape Rot and Mildew." — Pro- ceedings New Jersey State Horticultural Society, 1887. 43. "Fungous Diseases of Plants." — An Address delivered before the East Tennessee Far)ners^ Convention at the 16th Annual Meeting , 1891. 1885. — "Report as Assistant Botanist on the Fungous Diseases of Plants," 10 pp. Annual Report U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1886. — "Report as Special Agent in charge of the Mycologieal Section," 31 pp., 8 plates, 3 maps. Annual Report U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1887. — "Report as Chief of the Section of Vegetable Pathology," 74 pp., 17 plates. Annual Report U. S. Department of Agriculture. • ' Fungous Diseases of the Grape and other Plants ' ' ( with numerous figures), 12 mo., 134 jDp. J. T. Lovett & Co., Little Silver, New^ Jereey, 1890 (issued in 1891). 1895. — "Grasses as Sand and Soil Binders," 16 px). Illustrated. Repi-int from Year Book of U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1895. Under Professor Scribner's supervision, as Chief of the Division of Agrostology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, have been issued eighteen bulletins descriptive of grasses. Bulletin 3, " Useful and Ornamental Grasses " ; Bulletin 14, " Economic Grasses " and Bulletins 7 and 17, " American Grasses," (Illustrated) are especially note-worthy as from Professor Scribner's pen. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELrHIA. 363 In addition to the above enumerated papers, contribu- tions to horticultural and agricultural papers may be noted, especially to Colman's Rural World, Maine Farmer, Home Farm, and Orchard and Garden. In the last named paper a series of illustrated articles on the fungous diseases of plants appeared. HAROLD WINGATE. Harold Wingate was born in 1852, and was educated at the Philadelphia Central High School. He became interested in mycology, particularly in the Myxomycetes, and during the relaxation from his 'duties in connection with the International Navigation Company, has done much collecting of the Mycetozoa. He is the author of various papers on new genera and species of these interesting plants, and has a collection containing the local flora and types from many European authors. Bibliography. 1. "a New Geuiis of Myxomvcetes. " — Journal of 3IycoJo(/y, II : 125. 2. " Tilmadoche comi^acta, u. sp." — Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, 1889 : 48. 3. "Notes on Euteridium Eozeanum." — Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, 1889 : 156. 4. "The Spores of the Myxomycetes, " — Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, 1889 : 188. 5. " Note on Orthotricha. " — Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, 1889 : 189. 6. " Orcadella operculata Wing, a New Myxomycete." — Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, 1889 : 280. HENRY TRIMBLE. Henry Trimble, the son of Stephen M. Trimble, was born May 22, 1853, at Chester, Pennsylvania. In his youth he attended regularly the Westtown Boarding School in 364 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Chester County, Pennsylvania, receiving a very thorough general education from that well-known school. He was apprenticed in the drug business in 1872, and supplemented this equipment by the regular course of study in the Phila- delphia College of Pharmacy, from which he received his diploma in 1876. Later, he passed two years at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, pursuing special studies in organic and analytical chemistry. On May 28, 1878, he formed a business partnership with C. W. Warrington, with whom for five years he conducted a retail drug business at the corner of Fifth and Callowhill Streets, Philadelphia. In 1879 he was made asssistant to Professor Sacltler, at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and four years later was appointed Professor of Analytical Chemistry in the college. In this connection he served, and during all the time he had charge of the analytical laboratory, directing many original investigations with students, the results of which have been published in the American Journal of Pharmacy, partly under the joint names of himself and student, and occasionally in the name of the student alone. His own investigations were directed largely to the study of the tannins, with which investigation his name will cer- tainly be linked indissolubly in scientific literature. These mvestigations he collected together in a most valuable and comprehensive monograph, "The Tannins," * of which Vol- ume I was issued in 1892, and the second volume in 1894. This work was very favoral)ly received both in this country and abroad. His " Hand-Book of Analvtical Chemistrv," * TTie Tannins. A Monograph on the History, Preparation, Properties, Methods of Estimation, aiid Uses of the Vegetable Astringents. By Henry Trimble, Ph.M. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company. 1.1892, octavo, pp.16'*. II, 1894, pp. 172. HENRY TRIMBLE. THE BOTANISTS OF PPIILADELPHIA. 305 first published in 1885, went through four editions and has been used in a number of schools. It is now a part of the laro-er " Text-Book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry," which he prepared with Professor Sadtler, and which was issued in 1895. Professor Trimble, on March 2Gth, 1894, was unani- mously elected Editor of the American Journal of Pharmacy, to succeed Professor John :M. Maisch, wdio for many years had so ably presided over the destinies of this valuable journal. Haverford College conferred on him the honorary degree of A. ^L, in 1895. He died in August, 1898, mourned alike by the College and scientific world as a conscientious worker and staunch friend. Bibliography. 1. "A Robust Pin Oali.''— Garden and Forest, VII : 498. 2. "On the Tanning Properties of the Bark of Three North American Trees."— GVoY/e?i and Forest, VIII : 293. 3. " Oil of Birch.''— Garden and Forest, VIII : 303. 4. "Salt and Sugar in Washingtonia filamentosa." — Garden and Forest, IX : 133. 5. "The Tannin Value of Some North American Trees." — Garden and Forest, IX : 162. 6. "The Tannins of the Palmettos."— GVoY/e^ and Forest, IX: 182. 7. ' ' Estimation of Quiuia. ' ' — American Journal of Fharmaey, 1877: 536. 8. "Oils of Peppermint and Spearmint." — American Journal of Fhar- maey, 1885 : 484. 9. "Analysis of Phlox CavoMnn.' '—American Journal of Fharmaey, 1886 : 479. 10. "Bitter Principles of Burdock Fruit." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1888 : 79. 11. "Some Indian Food Plants, Shepherdia argentina." — American Journal of Fharmaey, 1888 : 593. 12. "Catechu and Gambier." — American Journal of Fharmaey, 1888 : 497. 366 THE BOTAXISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 13. "Canaigre." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1889: 395. 14. "Some Indian Plants Foods." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1889 : 4, 556. 15. " Eupatorium purpureum." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1890 : 73. 16. "California Soap Plant." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1890 : 598. 17. "Peucedanum Canbyi." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1890: 281. 18. "Some American Galls." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1890: 563. 19. " Carum Gairdneri. " — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1891 : 525. 20. " Purshia trideutata." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1892: 69. 21. "Proximate Principle from Phytolacca decandra." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1893 : 273. 22. "Four Oak Galls from India." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1894 : 299. 23. "Cultivation of Ginseng." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1894 : 399. 24. "Oils of Wintergreen and Birch." — American Journal of Phar- macy, 1895 : 560. 25. " Report on Tannins." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1895 : 516. 26. "Recent Literature on the Soja Bean." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1.^96 : 309, 350. 27. "The Tannin of Some Acorns." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1896 : 601, 634. 28. "North American Coniferse, with Professor Edson S. Bastin." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1896 : 21, 65, 136, 199, 242, 321, 383, 409, 554, 642. Republished in pamphlet form. WILLIAM E. MEEHAN. William E. Meelian, the oldest son of Thomas Meehan, was born at Holmesburg, Philadelphia, August 31, 1853. He was educated in the private schools and learned the nursery and florist business, at the same time taking an active interest in scientific matters. He was one of the founders of the Germantown Natural History Society, started in 1868. This societv turned out a number of able THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 367 men, such as Carvill Lewis, the geologist. In 18S3 he abandoned the nursery business for literary pursuits, writing a number of stories for different papers. He became, in 1886, a reporter on the Germantoiun Gazette, and later its editor. He became, in 1887, a correspondent reporter for the Philadelphia Ledger until 1889, when he was made an associate editor, having charge of the science, including botany. When the relief expedition was sent out in 1892 to the assistance of Lieutenant Peary, who had wintered in the Arctic Regions, Mr. Meehan went as the botanist, the result of his scientific work being pubhshed in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences. j\Ir. Meehan contributed to the Public Ledger a series of articles on " Notable Trees," and has written for various magazines. A large pamphlet of his on " Fish, Fishing and Fisheries of Pennsylvania," published by the State, is a vahiable resume of these interests in the Keystone State. JOHN MUIRHEAD MACFARLANE. John ^luirhead Macfarlane was born in 1855 at Kirk- caldy, a busy manufacturing town within view of the Scottish capital. He received his early education first at a private school, and later at the High School of his native place. In 1876 he matriculated at the University of Edinburgh, and began the study of botany under the late Professor John Hutton Balfour, in 1877. He was Senior Prizeman and Medalist in the class of practical botany, and obtained honors in the systematic class. At the same time he gained the Gilchrist Prize for a report, illustrated by a series of specimens, upon the fossil flora of the Edinburdi Coal Fields. 368 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. In the following year he was asked to assist in the class of practical botany, and to undertake some work in the University Herbarium. In 1880 he graduated Bachelor of Science, and was appointed Private Assistant to the late Professor Dickson, successor to Professor Balfour in the chair of botany. This position he retained till 1888, when he was appointed Principal Assistant by the University Senate. In 1881 he was chosen Lecturer on Botany in the Royal Veterinary College, and was elected by the committee of St. George's College tutor to its recently established Correspondence Botany Classes. Here he was the first to introduce the system of transmitting numerous specimens at regular intervals for examination and description. This plan was continued by him for seven years, and has since been largely adopted by similar institutions. In 1883 he graduated Doctor of Science, when he pre- sented a thesis on " The Structure, Division, and History of Vegetable and Animal Cells." Shortly afterwards he was made Superintendent of the large herbarium of the Uni- versity, located in the herbarium building at the Poyal Botanic Garden. This post he held till 1888, when he resigned to aid in the development of the laboratory and museum departments. In 1885 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and to its " Transactions " he contributed papers on botanical subjects. In the same year he accepted the post of Acting Secretary of the Botanical Society, and for six years thereafter he edited the Society's yearly " Transactions." In 1887 the Committee of the Association for the Uni- THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 3G9 yersity Education of W^onieii appointed liini lecturer for the year, when liis class was attended by sixty-two students. In 1888 he became Principal Assistant in the University, and was thus called on to direct large classes in lecture and laboratory work. He thus acquired exceptional opportuni- ties for fiimiliarizing himself with the work of all depart- ments of a large botanical school, situated in the midst of one of the richest botanic gardens in the world. Teaching in the class-room, research in the laboratory, organization work in the herbarium and museum, or demonstration in the field, filled up the hours of a busy life. In the early period of his Edinburgh life he amassed large collections of fossil plants, and published a paper " On Lepidophloios, a Genus of Coal Measure Plants." The fossils he presented to the museum of the botanic garden, where they are now deposited. His studies on cell structure, on pitchered insectivorous plants, on the minute structure of hybrids, on dicotyledonous stems, and many other topics, extended from 1S83 to 1891, but are only in part published as yet. In 1891 the Research Committee of the Royal Society voted him twenty-five pounds to publish investigations on hybrid plants. His results embodied in the " Transactions of the Roijal Society of Edinburgh'^ attracted the attention of biologists to a large and important field for investigation. In the same year he made some remarkable discoveries regarding the sensitive movements of the ^^enus Fly Trap, which later were laid before the Botanical Section at the Washington meeting of the American Association. The completed research was published a year later in " Contri- butions from the Botanical Laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania. 370 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Attracted by the wide field offered for earnest workers in this country, Dr. Macfarlane resolved, in the summer of 1891, to settle here, and during the winter of 1891 and 1892 elaborated several papers that have since seen the light. He also conducted University Extension Classes at Lansdowne and Haddonfield. The interest of the students in these and other centres was aroused ; natural history societies were instituted, and all of them affiliated about three years ago as " The Delaware Valley Naturalists' Union," with a membership between 300 and 400. In the summer of 1892 he was elected Professor of Biology in the University of Pennsylvania, and about a year later Professor of Botany. Immediately on his appointment to the latter chair, he submitted plans for the establishment of a botanical garden on the land surround- ing the Biological School. Various circumstances conspired to prevent the accomplishment of this till the autumn of 1894, when he w^as asked to become Professor-in-Charge of the Biological School. Thereafter, through the fostering care of Provost Harrison and A'ice-Provost Fullerton, the work steadily advanced, till now the University has a suite of ten plant-houses, a set of seed pits, upwards of eighty beds devoted to the natural orders of plants, rock gardens, lily ponds, a hardy fernery and a small arboretum. With parties of the botanical students. Professor Mac- farlane has examined the flora of the Blue Mountains, the Alleghanies, the southern states, as well as the region nearer Philadelphia. Extensive collections have been made, on these occasions, for the botanic garden, and in recognition of his services, the University Trustees appointed him Director of the Garden in June, 1896. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 371 On October 10, 1807 was organized the Botanical Society of Pennsylvania, largely through the interest and energy of Professor Macfarlane. This Association has already done much active botanical work. His published writings, in recent years, have mainly been on sensitive plants, and on the best methods of organizing botanical museums and gardens. He is a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, and others. Bibliography. 1. " Notes on the Action of some Aniline Dyes on Vegetable Tissues." — Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, XIV : 190. 2. "On Lepidophloios, a genus of Coal Measure Plants." — Trans- actions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, XIV : 181. 3. " The Structure and Division of the Vegetable Cell.' — Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, XIV : 192. 4. " Obsen-ations on Vegetable and Animal Cells." Part I. — Trans- actions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, XXX : 585. 5. " On the Distribution of Honey -glands in Pitchered Insectivorous -plants.''— Nature, XXXI: 171. 6. "On the Division and Conjugation of Spirogyra." — Transactions of the British Association, Aberdeen, 1885, 1088. 7. "On a Microscopic Fungus in Fossil Wood from Bowling." — Transactions of the British Association, Aberdeen, 1885, 1088. 8. " On a New Method of Preparing Epidermal Tissues of Pitcher- plants." — Transactions of the British Association, Aberdeen, 1885, 1088. 9. "Observations on Pitchered Insectivorous Plants." Part I. — Annals of Botany, III, 1889. 10. "Observations on Pitchered Insectivorous Plants." Part II. — Annals of Botany, VII, 1893. 11. "A Comparison of the Minute Structure of Plant Hybrids with that of their Parents, audits Bearing on Biological Problems." — Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, XXXVII : 203, Plates 1-8, 1892. 372 THE BOTAXISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 12. ''Contributions to the History of Dionaa Muscipula." — Contribu- tions from the Botanical Laboratory of the UnivcrMity of Pennsylvania^ I : 7. 13. "Botanical Gardens and their Value." — Alumni Report of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, XXXII, February, 1896, p. 112. 14. " Irrito Contractility in Plants." — Biological Lectures, Wood's Holl. Session of 1893, p. 185. 15. " Sensitive Plants under Colored Screens." 16. "Observations on some^ Hybrids between Drosera filiformis and D. intermedia." — Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania, II : 87. 17. "Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Pennsylvania. — Trans- actions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Pennsylvania, I : 111. CHARLES SUMNER DOLLEY. Charles Sumner Dolley, M. D., was born in Elyria, Lorraine County, Ohio, June 16, 1856. xls Professor of Biology in Swarthmore College during 1885 and 1886, and as Professor of Biology in the University of Pennsylvania until 1892, his main work was in zoology. His botanical work was crystallized in a '' Provisional List of the Plants of the Bahama Islands," published in Proceedings of tJie Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (1889, p. 349). Since 1892 Professor Dolley has taught the biological sciences, particularly botany, in the Philadelphia High School. CHARLES S. BOYER.l Charles S. Boyer was of German and French parentage, descended from settlers who came to Montgomery County in 1750. His father was a strong Abolitionist, who, as a volunteer in a Pennsylvania regiment, after hard service, died in a Confederate prison. He was born in Philadelphia in 1856, was educated in THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. o/o the public school, and graduated, with honor, from the Central High School in 1.S74. In 1875 he entered the Academic Department of Brown University, graduating in the class of 1879. At the time of graduation Charles Boyer was honored with the position of class poet. In 1885 he received from Brown University the degree of A. M. Since graduation he has been engaged in teaching mathe- matics and the classics, and is, at present, a school supervisor of Philadelphia. As a boy, his botanical education was chiefly gained from rambles around Philadelphia, his botanical collection Cjuite extensively representing the flora of Pennsylvania, together with portions of New England. But for many years Professor Boyer's entire attention has been given to microscopical work, more especially to the group known as the Diatomacese. His collection includes several thousand slides of separate named forms, the result of hours of work. His librar}'^ includes as large a number of works on DiatomaceEe as will probably be found in a private col- lection in this country, the result of many years collecting. Professor Boyer's papers, thus far published, consist entirely of contributions to scientific journals, including articles on microscopic technique in the Obfierver, and others on the Diatoms in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. His papers on botany are : " A Fossil Marine Diatomaceous Deposit at St. Augustine, Florida " ; " A Diatomaceous Deposit from an Artesian Well at AVildwood, New Jersey." A translation of the latter paper appeared in a Parisian journal, Le Diatomiste, Vol. 11. " The Mounting of Diatoms," Practical Microscopy, January and May, 1895. 374 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. The work upon which he is at present engaged is a " SynojDsis of the Biddulphoid Forms of the Diatomace?e, with complete Descriptions of Species occurring in North America and a Revision of the Classification." It is nearly completed. Professor Boyer is a member of the following societies : American Microscopical Society, Torrey Botanical Club of New York, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Geographical Club. CHARLES C. WILLIAMSON. Charles C. Williamson was born in Philadelphia, November 1, 1857, and was educated in the private schools of the city. In 1877 he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania as a mechanical engineer. As a boy, he was interested more especially in entomology, until he became absorbed in botany, which was taken up as a side issue. Removing to Harrisburg, during his spare time he col- lected extensively about that place and around Johnstown, Pennsylvania, where, after leaving Harrisburg, he spent four years. Philadelphia then became his place of resi- dence, Mr. • Williamson being engaged as Professor of Drawing in Girard College and in the Spring Garden Institute. He has taken several botanical trips to Florida, two to Wilmington, North Carolina, and to the mountains of North Carolina, where he made extensive col- lections. The living plants collected on the latter trip were presented to the Botanic Garden of the University of Penn- sylvania. His herbarium numbers some 2000 sheets. Mr. Williamson is a life member of the Academy of Natural Sciences and member of the Botanical Section. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 375 HELEN ABBOTT (MICHAEL). Helen Abbott (Michael) was born in Philadelphia, December 23, 1857. She left a musical career in LS.So, and began her scientific studies, attending some lecture courses at the Woman's Medical College in Philadelphia, from 1883 to 1884. In 188-1 she passed final examinations in anatomy, pliysiology and chemistry. From 1884 to 1888 Miss Abbott worked at the Philadelphia College of Phar- macy, under the direction of Professors Sadtler and Trimble. In 1888 she was married to Arthur Michael, a chemist. After her marriage she followed chemical studies and investigations with Mr. Michael, in their private laboratory on the Isle of Wight, for four years. For the last two years they have been working at Tufts College, Mrs. Michael working privately on the glucosides. Mrs. ^lichael is a member of the American Philosophical Society, and corre- sponding member of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. The following is a list of her papers on the chemical side of botany : 1. " Nutritive Value of Condiments." — Polyclinic Journal, 1883. 2. "Analysis of the Bark of Fouquieria splendeus." — Proceed in f/s American Association Advancement of Science, 1884, 190. American Journal of PJiarmacy, February, 1885, 81. 3. "A Chemical Study of Yucca augustifolia. " — Proceedings American Association Advancement of Science, 1886, 125. 4. " Preliminary Analysis of a Honduras Plant, ' Chichipate.' " 5. "Certain Constituents of Plants, considered in relation to their Morphology and Evolution.'' — Botanical Gazette, XI: 270. 6. "On Htematoxylin in the Bark of Saraca. Indica." — Proceedimjs Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1886, 352. 7. "Plant Chemistry as an Applied Science." — Journal Franklin Institute, 3rd Ser., XCIV : 1. 8. "The Chemical Basis of Plant Form." — Journal Franlclin Insti- tute. 3rd Ser., XCIV : 161. O/b THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 9. " Plant AnalysivS as illustrated by the Production of Sugar from Sorghum." — Proceedings Alumni Association American College of Pharmacy, 1887. 10. "The Chemistry of the Lower and the Higher Plants." — American Kaiuralisf, 1887, 719, 800. 11. "The Occurrence of Solid Hydrocar])ous in Plants." — American CJirmicalJournal, X: 439. (1888.) JOSEPH CRAWFORD. Joseph Crawford was born December 20, 1858, within sound of the water of the Perkiomen, made famous by Audubon, Say, Wilson, and others. His early education, until he was fifteen or sixteen years of age, was spent at the county schools, together with a two years' course at the High School at Norristown, where he finished his scholastic career. Even then his interest in botany showed itself. He graduated in 1884 from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, where he attended the lectures and studied botany under the late Professor John M. Maisch. While a druggist at Tuckerton, New Jersey, he collected plants in that neighborhood and became much interested in the flora of New Jersey. Entering business for himself in Philadel- phia, in 1884, his botanical studies were carried on spas- modically until 1892, when he associated himself with the late Dr. J. Bernard Brinton, accompanying that botanist in his outings. Through Dr. Briiiton, Mr. Crawford became interested in the Academy of Natural Sciences, and also of the Botanical Section. He, with Dr. Brinton, was instrumental in the founda- tion of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, which meets monthly and has for its object the study of the plants found especially within a radius of sixty miles of the city. As Chairman of the Botanical Committee of the Pennsylvania THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 377 Pharmaceutical Association, Mr. Crawford has entered heartily into the i)lan of making a check-list of Pennsyl- vania plants, his herbarium containing many phmts of very local distribution. GEORGE MAHLON BERINGER. George Malilon Beringer was born in the city of Phila- delphia, February 3, ISGO, and was educated in the city schools, being graduated from the Central High School in the year 187G. He immediately began the study of the drug business with the well-known firm of Bullock & Cren- shaw, with whom he remained until 1892, when he pur- chased the store of the late Albert P. Brown, in Camden, New Jersey. He was graduated by the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 18S0, taking for the subject of his thesis " Citrate of Caffeine." He began writing for the American Journal of Pharmacy in 1882. His papers, numbering over forty articles, are of a very general interest, covering formulas of practical pharmaceutical interest for every worker in the drug store, such as syrupus aurantii. syrupus lactucarii, tinctura moschi, tinctura strophanthi, essence of pepsin, solution of malate of iron, mullein oil, an improve- ment in Liebig's condensers, phenol sodique, and resin of podophyllum. In chemistry, his papers include "The Nature and Manufacture of Aristol," " Quinine Bimurias, Bromoform, Determination of Melting Points," " Formula for Liquor Carbonis Detergens," "The Four Chlorides," " Uiig : Boroglyceride," " Notes on the Oleo-Resins," and a paper on " Oil of Bay," " Pimenti and Cloves," " Hypo- phosphorous Acid," "The Tritration of Ammonium Car- bonate," " Purification of Benzin, Aleates, Phytoxylin." and one on " The ^^^lue of Ehrlich's Test in Urinalvsis." 378 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. His papers on the literature of pharmacy consist of translations, a critical revision of the United States Pharma- copoea of 1890, a paper on '' The Apocynacese in Materia Medica," one on " The Recognition of Elixirs by the Pliar- macopcea," " Notes on the Rhus Poisoning," " Notes on the Genus Myrica," on " The Different Commercial Varieties of Vanilla," vnth illustrations; "Notes on Loco Weeds," " Sophistication of Insect Powder with Hungarian Daisy," " Adulterations of Elm Bark," and also one on " The Sophis- tication of Flaxseed Meal," and a valuable paper on " Expressed Oil of Almonds." These all appeared in the American Journal of Pliannacy. The editor of Parrislis Pharmacy received valuable assistance in the revision of the fifth edition. He furnished a review of the " National Formulary " for the Polyclinic, which was reprinted in the Druggist Circular in 1889. A supplementary paper upon " The Oil of Bay " was published by him in the Druggist Circular. He furnished an article for the P/iarmaceutical Journal and Transactions, upon " Pharmacy in America," which appeared in January, 1890. Mr. Beringer has been active as a field botanist, and has contributed many interesting plants to the Herbarium of the Philadelphia Botanical Club. T. CHALKLEY PALMER. T. Chalkley Palmer was born October 23, 1860, near Media, Pennsylvania ; the son of Lewis Palmer, a local mineralogist and botanist. He was educated at Westtown Boarding School, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and at Haverford College, Pennsylvania, graduating from the latter in 1882. GEORGE M. BERING ER. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 379 Professionally, he is a chemist, having, as clieniist of the Sharpless Dye-wood Extracting Company since 1882, paid especial attention to dyestuffs. Since 1874 he has been a student of botany, his studies being mostly confined to the local flora, especially that of Delaware County. He has been enabled to make several additions to the flora of the county, contributed to the records of the Delaware County Institute of Science, Media, Pennsylvania. He has been a member of the Botanical Committee of that society for six years. Chairman of the Committee two years, and President since 1894, having been re-elected in 1894 and 1896. Lately, Mr. Palmer and his brother, John Palmer, have interested themselves in the study and collection of diatoms. Mr. Palmer has written several popular science articles for The Student, The Friend, and the Philadelphia WeeJcly American. A paper on " Isoetes Saccharata " appeared in the Botanical Gazette for January, 1895, and one on " Respira- tion in Diatoms," in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1897. Mr. Palmer is a member of the Society of Chemical Industry (British), the Society of Dyers and Colorists (British), Societe Chimique de Paris, the Franklin Institute, the xlcademy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. F. D. CHESTER. F. D. Chester was born October 10, 1801, and was educated at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, and at Cornell Universit}^ where he received the degree of B.S. in 1882, and M.S. in 1885. From 1882 to 18S5, he was Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in Delaware 380 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. College. Between 1885 and 1894 he occnpied the chair of geology and botany in the same institution. During this time he was mycologist for the Delaware College Agricul- tural Experiment Station, in connection with which insti- tion he has done most of his botanical work. In 1887 he was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ; in 1889, a Fellow of the American Geological Society, and 1892, a member of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science.* IDA A. KELLER. Dr. Ida A. Keller was graduated from the Girls' High School of Philadelphia in 1883. From 1884 to 1886 she was a student in the Department of Biology in the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, and the year following was assistant in the herbarium at Bryn j\Iawr College. From 1887 to 1889 Dr. Keller was a student at the University of Leipzig with Professor Wilhelm Pfeffer, the leading plant physiologist of the day, and with Professor Friedrich Stohmann in chemistry. In 1889 and 1890, she was a student at the University of Zurich, where she received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The two years following. Dr. Keller was Lecturer in Botany at Bryn Mawr College, and from 1893 to the present has been Teacher of Chemistry and Director of the Natural History Department at the Girls' High School. She is a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, and has undertaken, under the auspices of the clul), the compilation of a " Flora of Philadelphia and Vicinity." * For Geological papers see Am. Jour. Sci.; Proceedings of A. A. A. 8.; Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci.; Second Qeol. Survey of Penna. and U. S. Geol. Survey. For botanical papers see Reports of Del. College Agr. Expt. Sta. THE BOTANISTS OF PlIILADKLPIIIA. 381 In a paper * entitled " Notes on tlie Cross-Fertilization of Flowers b}" Insects " (Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1800), Dr. Keller boldly challenged the asser- tions of Darwin and others, that cross-fertilization of flowers is of utmost value to the individual species, and supports the contention of the opposing school that the great bulk of colored flowering plants are self-fertilized ; that self-ferti- lizers are every way as healthy and vigorous, and immensely more productive than those dependent on insect aid ; and, finally, that where plants are so dependent, they are the worst fitted to engage in the struggle for life, the great underlying principle in natural selection. As a result largely of Dr. Keller's paper, the Gardener's Chronicle, com- menting on her deductions, says : " It will certainly be somewhat of a shock to some conservative people to hear that the cherished convictions have been ruthlessly undermined. It seems we must give up believing that nature loves cross-fertilization, and adapts herself to it, and that the lovely hues of flowers are due to insects. The evolutionist must set to work and get some new theories to suit these fin de siecle opinions. How can we account for the beautiful colors and beautiful scents which please our senses, but apparently do not please insects at all ? We must have more experiments before the question of relation between flowers and insects can be satisfactorily settled." Bibliography. 1. " Uber die Protoplasma Stromung im Pflanzenreich." Zurich, 1890. 2. "The Phenomena of Fertilization in the Flowers of Monarda fistulosa." — Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1892. * See editorial, Public Ledger, Thursday, October 29, 1S96. 382 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 3. "The Glandular Haii^ of Brasenia peltata, Pursb." — Proceedings Academy Katund Sciences, 1893. 4. "The Jelly-like Secretion of the Fruit of Peltandra uudulata, Eaf. " — Proceedings Academy Xatural Sciences. 1895. 5. "On the Color in the Aril of Celastrus scaudens." — Proceedings Academy A^aUtral Sciences, 1896. Reported in the Public Ledger. 6. "Notes on the Study of the Cross-Fertilization of Flowers bv Insects." — Proceedings Academy Xatural Sciences, 1896. A. ARTHUR HELLER. A. Arthur Heller, the youngest of a family of five sons, was born March 21, 1867, in Montour County, Pennsylvania. Always averse to the life of a farmer, an opportunity to learn the " arts and mysteries of printing " was given him in 1881. Accordingly, his mother, a widow since his birth, removed to Lancaster, where his oldest brother, now Rev. C. B. Heller, of Mt. Crawford, Virginia, was just beginning his course in the Theological Seminary of Franklin and Mar- shall College. About September 10, 1881, he entered the service of the Inquirer Printing & Publishing Company, now the Wickersham Company. After two years' work as a journeyman, he entered the Academy of Franklin and Marshall College, and five years later, in 1892, graduated from the college with the degree of B. A. His mother at that time had several students in her house as boarders, who were engaged- iust then in studying botany. The plants which they brought in from their trips seemed very beautiful to the boy, who had to spend ten hours a day at the type case, with very few opportuni- ties to get out into the country. To a girl friend, in 1884, who is now his wife, and who was then in the High School, and also studying botany, he confided his opinion that botany must be a very nice study, and that he wished he THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 383 could have a chance at it. She offered her services as teacher, and put him to work at Gray's Lessons. In the fall of 1888, he entered the Freshman class of Franklin and Marshall College, where the acquaintance of a classmate, John K. Small, who was mucli interested in botany, was speedily made. The two at once became insep- arable companions, and spent all their spare time in botanizing. During the fall of 1888, and spring of 1889, not a week passed without at least one collecting trip being made. It was mainly during this time that the fifty or sixty additions to the known phanerogamous flora of Lan- caster County were made. The vacation of 1889 was spent by Mr. Heller in the neighborhood of his birthplace, the greater part with his brother, A. C. Heller, at Berwich, Columbia County, Penn- sylvania. While here, he began a correspondence with the veteran botanist. Dr. Thomas C. Porter, of Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, and collected a number of plants for him. Having decided to visit his oldest brother. Rev. B. C. Heller, then located near Salisbury. North Carolina, during the vacation of 1890, Dr. Porter and Dr. X. L. Britton. of Columbia College, New York, kindly advanced funds and assisted him in disposing of sets of the plants collected. This visit to the " Tar Heel " State was a very enjoy- able one, and introduced him to many now plants. The greater part of the time was spent about Heilig's Mill, at the parsonage, twelve miles south of Salisbury. Between this place and Salisbury is a tract of granite containing many rare plants. But the crowning event of the summer was a visit to Blowing- Rock, where some three weeks were 384 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. spent. This is a summer resort, in the crest of the Blue Ridge, at 4000 feet elevation. Grandfather was the first mountain visited. This grand old mountain, classic in the annals of southern botany as the foraging ground of botanists from the elder Michaux to the present time, stands like an immense sentinel some ten miles west of Blowing Rock. Trips were also made to Table Rock (which Dr. Gray always would call Table Mountain), thirty-five miles distant, and to Roan, fifty miles west. Three new species were collected : Solidago Roanenns Porter, on the slopes of Roan ; Liatris Heller I Porter, on the " blowing rock," and Lotui^ Helleri Britton, at Heilig's MilL Pentstemon Smallii Heller was collected in fruit, but not named until four years later. So well pleased were he and Mr. Small with the results of this trip, that they decided to make it in company during the next vacation. Accordingly, early in June they started, stopping at Lynchburg, Virginia, to make a side trip to Roanoke. Here they obtained a number of rare plants, among them the recently published Oxalis grandis Small and Oxalis recurva Ell. A stop was also made at Fall Creek, near Danville, and a number of species col- lected, one of which was Senecio Smallii Britton. Only a few days were spent at Heilig's Mill, and by June 10, they were quartered at Blowing Rock. Pentstemon Smallii, with its handsome rose-purple flowers, was in full Ijloom, and so, too, was Rhododendron Cataiubiense, and occasional belated bushes of Azalea lutea. Two delightful months were spent in the mountains. Grand- father was visited three times, and Roan and Table Rock once. On the slopes of Grandfather the long- neglected Lilium Carolinia.num Michaux was found in THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 385 quantity. ThaUdriini roriacrum (Britton) Small, wliich occurs all tlirouah that region, was collected at Blowing- Rock, and Thalidnnn macrostylinn (Shuttle), Small and Heller, at Hickor}^ in a meadow. Thalidrum pohjgamurn , w^ith which the latter has been associated as a variety, was not seen, and proba])ly does not occur in western North Carolina. Upon returning from the mountains, a few days were again spent at Heilig's Mill, and a trip made to the falls of the Yadkin Ri«v^er, a very picturesque place, and of much botanical interest. Solidago Yadkinenns (Porter) Small and Acer leucoderme Small were obtained on this day. The distribution of the plants collected during this and the preceding year brought Mr. Heller to the notice of American botanists, and very unexpectedly in March, 1892, came an offer from Rev. George Vasey, Botanist of the Department of Agriculture, to join a botanical expedi- tion then being organized to make explorations in northern Idaho. As the work of the senior class was almost over, permission was readily granted him to take his examinations in advance, and on April lltli he started for Minneapolis, Minnesota, where the party was organized. The party was commissioned for five months, and in that time traveled through some interesting country, from the mouth of the Clearwater River to the north shore of Lake Pend d' Oreille. In December of that year he visited New York, and became personally acquainted with Dr. Britton. In Feb- ruary, 1893, he again went to New York, where he spent two or three months, working with Dr. Britton. The col- lecting season was spent in Virginia, principally in the 386 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. south-eastern part. A trip was also made to White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, after the rare Clematis ovata Pursh and Trifolium Virginicum Small. Two trips were also made to the mountains of North CaroHna after rare species. During the season several new species were collected, and a number added to the Gray " Manual Range." Upon the opening of Columbia College, in October, he entered upon a post-graduate course, but circumstances compelled him to abandon it early in December. He immediately decided to spend the following season in Texas, and March 3, .1894, found him located at Corpus Christi. Four months were spent at Corpus Christi and Kerville, a small town seventy miles west of San Antonio. The Lone Star State proved the best botanical ground yet visited. Some ten or fifteen new species were discovered, and many rare ones collected. On the way to the collecting field he spent a day with the Director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Dr. William Trelease. The results of his visit to Texas were incorporated in a report entitled : " Botanical Explorations in Southern Texas during the Season of 1894." In it are 116 pages of descriptive matter, including lengthy critical notes on many species. Part of July and August was spent at Washington, determining the Texas collection at the National Herbarium, and later, some weeks at New York, verifying doubtful species. As a member of the Torrey Botanical Club, and an Associate Editor of the Bulletin, visits to the metropolis now became rather frequent. At the close of 1894, there being a vacancy at the Mis- souri Botanical Garden, Professor Trelease kindly offered him the position of Assistant, Ijut the offer was regretfully THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 387 declined, as he had decided to visit the Hawaiian IsLands, long famous for tlieir unique flora. Ilonoliihi was reached March 15, 1895, and eight months spent on the islands of Kauai and Oahu. Of both flowering plants and cryptogams, about sevent3^-fiYe new species were discovered. While at San Francisco, the botanists of the University of California, at Berkeley, and of Leland Stanford, Jr., were visited, and nearly all of the time spent at the herljarium of the California Academy of Sciences. Early in December he again arrived in Lancaster, and after Christmas repaired to New York to verify the deter- minations made from Hildebrand's " Flora of the Hawaiian Islands." In April, 1896, Mr. Heller and wife started for Idaho to spend the summer in collecting. Two months were spent at Lewiston, at the junction of the Clearwater and Snake Rivers, and the same length of time in the Craig Mountains, at Lake Waha and Forest, twenty and thirty-five miles respectively, south of Lewaston. The usual number of interesting species were collected, among them a dozen or more new ones. While at Lewiston an offer of the position of Assistant Botanist of the Geological and Natural History Survey was tendered him and promptly accepted. He was later located at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, where he had charge of the rapidly growing herbarium of that institution. In March, 1898, was issued by Dr. Heller a new check list of North American plants. It contains a list of 14,534 names, an increase of 2000 names over any catalogue previously issued. It is the direct outcome of Dr. Heller's connection with the large herbarium at the 388 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. University of Minnesota. Dr. and Mrs. Heller started in 1898 on a botanical trij^ to the newly acquired tropical island, Puerto Rico, under the auspices of the New York Botanical Garden. They returned in June, 1899, with a large collection of plants, especially from the northern side of the island. Bibliography. 1. " Notes on the Flora of North Carolina." — Bulletin Torrey Botanical Cluh, XYIII : 186, 1891, pp. 7. 2. "A Botanical Tri-p.^^— College Student, Franklin and Marshall College, 1891. 3. "On the Flora of North Carolina and Contiguous Territor\\" — Memoirs Torrey Botanical Cluh, III, No. 1, 1892, pp. 39. 4. " Aspleniuni Bradleyi, Eaton." — Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XX : 18, 1893, pp. 2. 5. ' ' Preliminary Eeport on the Flora of Luzerne County, Pennsyl- vania."— £»?7f^m Torrey Botanical Club, XX : 55, 1893, pp. 13. 6. ' ' Preliminary List of the Lichens of Lancaster County, Pennsyl- vania, Lancaster, Pennsylvania," Februar\", 1893, pp. 4. 7. " Plants from Virginia new to Gray's Manual Range, with Notes on other Species. " — Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XXI: 21, 1894, pp. 7. 8. "A B.eqxiest.''— Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XXI: 314, 1894, pp. 7. 9. " Botanical Exploration in Southern Texas during the Season of 1894." — Contributions to Herbarium, Franklin and Marshall College, Lan- caster, Pennsylvania, No. 1, February 6, 1895. Plates 1-9, pp. 116. 10. " Notes on Kuhnistera. " — Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XXIII: 117, 1896. Plate 262, pp. 9. HENRY KRAEMER. Henry Kraemer was born in Philadelphia on July 22, 1868. His parents died when he was in his third year. Thrown upon the world, he was admitted to Girard College, from which institution he graduated in 1883, being awarded the first prize scholarship. On January 1, 1884, he was THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 389 apprenticed to Dr. Lowe, and dnrin<,^ the five years of apprenticeship was a student of the Philadcli)hia College of Pharmacy, graduating with the class of '.S!). V\) to this time the field of medicine was his ambition ; but the work of the senior year, while he w^as engaged on a thesis on the "Microscopical and Chemical Study of White Oak Bark," caused him to turn liis energies in a i)liarmacognostical direction. The result of this thesis brought him the John M. Maisch microscope prize, as well as the Henry C. Lea prize of one hundred dollars for the best thesis of the class. For a short time he was an assistant to Professor S. P. Sadtler at the University of Pennsylvania, and was called from this position in 1890 as an Instructor in Pharmacognosy, etc., to the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York. Here he labored for two years, but in the meantime became con- vinced that he needed further preparation for the work he washed to do ; so, in the second year, he Ijegan a course of study at the School of Mines of Columbia University. Li 1895 he completed this course and ^vas awarded the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy. In April, 1895, he became Professor of Botany, Pharmacognosy and Materia ]\Iedica at the School of Pharmacy of the Northwestern University, with the privilege of spending a year abroad. During this year, an " arbeit " was undertaken and finished, wdth the approval of the Faculty of the University of Marburg. This, with the successful passing of the required examination, brought him his degree of Doctor of Philosophy.* In 1897 Dr. Kraemer was elected Professor of Botany in the Phila- delphia College of Pharmacy, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Professor Bastin. * Philadelphia Ledger, May 8, 1S97, with portrait. 390 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. From 1892 to 1805 he was a reporter for the Progress of Pharmacy, of the American Pharmaceutical Association, and for a while was the editor of the Alumni Journal, of the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York. He w^as Sec- retary of the Botanical Society of Pennsylvania, during 1897 and 1898, and has been acting editor of the Americayi Journal of Pharmacy since the death of Professor Henry Trimble. Bibliography. 1. "Tannin of Quercus alba." — American .Journal of Pharmacy^ 1890, 236. 2. "Fungi.'- — American Journal of Pharmacy , 1894, 424. 3. " A Microscopical and Chemical Examination of Cloves." — Amer- ican Journal of Pharmacy, 1894, 479. 4. "The World's Columbian Exposition from a Botanical Stand- point." — American Journal of Pharviacy, 1894, 80. 5. " The Materia Medica of Ceylon." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1894, 530. 6. "The Violet Perfume." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1895. 7. "Chinquapin (Castanea pumila, Mill)." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1895, 453. 8. "The Pharmacist and the Microscope." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1897, 398. 9. "Botanical Study of Viola tricolor." — Inaugural Dissertation, Ilarburg, 1897. 10. "Examination of Powdered Drugs." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1897, 523. 11. " Asarum Canadense." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1898, 144. 12. " Note on Saffron." — American Journal of I^harmacy, 1898, 386, 13. "Qualitative Examination of Powdered Vegetable Drugs." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1898, 506, 558, 607. 14. "The Study of Starch Grains and its Application." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1899, 174. 15. "Origin and Detection of Mucilage in Plants." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1899, 267, 285. 16. "On the Morphology of the Genus Viola." — Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XXVI : 174. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 391 JOHN WILLIAM HARSHBERQER. John William Harshberger* was born in Philadel[.hia, January 1, 18G9, of indigenous American stock, his ancestors on his father's (Abram Harshberger, ^LD,) side having immigrated to Central Pennsylvania from near Coblenz on the Rhine, in 1735, and on liis mother's (Jane Harris Walk) side just prior to the outbreak of the French and Indian Wars in 1755. He claims German ancestry on his father's side (Hirschberger, Rhone), and on his mother's, by inter- marriage, Scotch-Irish (Brown, Oliver), English (Harris) and Sclavic (Walk). He went while a child to the kinder- garten taught by an aunt. Until nine years of age, he was taught at home ; and during this time, in 1877, was created his love for botany and plants, having accompanied his aunt on the botanical excursions conducted by Professor Jacob Ennis to the country in the immediate vicinage of Philadelphia. At nine, he entered the public school at Haddington, West Philadelphia, and, by succes- sive steps, passed through the entire public school system of Philadelphia, until his graduation from the Central High School, in June, 1888, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In 1888, he entered the Biological School of the University of Pennsylvania on one of the public school scholar- ships. His studies at the University engrossed all of his time for the next four years, when, in 1892, he received the degree of Bachelor of Science. In 1890, having spent some time in study at the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, he was appointed Assistant Instructor in Botany, serving under Professor Joseph T. Rothrock and Professor William P. Wilson, from whom he received a practical pedagogical * A half-tone portrait appeared in Traffic, IV : 18, Philadelphia. March, isoo. '392 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. training, his theoretical knowledge of pedagogy being obtained in lS92-'93, while a member of the University Extension Seminar. Having combined with his studies for the bachelor's degree the branches leading to the degree of Doctor of Philos- oi)hy, in June, 1893, he was granted that degree by the Uni- versity, having prepared as a thesis, " Maize : A Botanical and Economic Study," which was published in Vol. I, No. 2, Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory, University of Penn- sylvania. This piece of work was noticed favorably in botanical journals, both at home and abroad. The pam- phlet of one hundred and twenty-five pages was later trans- lated into Spanish by Dr. Nicolas Leon, of Mexico."^" In 1893 he w^as appointed Instructor in Botany, Biology and Zoology at the University, in the Veterinary Department, where he teaches botany, general biology and zoology, and in the School of Biology, where he teaches botany. In order to make his lectures in the Veterinary School more attractive and interesting. Dr. Harshberger drew in colored crayons a series of three hundred or more botanical and zoological wall charts. These are mounted on muslin, the crayon being fastened perma- nently to the black pattern paper by means of gum mastich dissolved in alcohol. In the fall of 1896 Dr. Harshberger was appointed a lecturer in the Philosophical Faculty of the University, where, as one of the teacliers, he will give instruction to the student candidates for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. For three years, ending 1895, he was one of the staff of * El Maiz. Estudio Botdnico y Economico por John W. Hars[h]berger, Ph. D., (Universidad de Pensilvania) Traduccion, octavo, 164 pp. Mexico. 1S94. THE BOTANISTS OF I'llI LA DELPHIA. 393 teacliers at the Kittenliouse Academy, Pliiladdpliia (Dr. De B. K. Ludwig and Professor E. ]>. W'aplcs. Principals), instructing the students in clii'inistry, })hysics and astro- nomy. In June, 1S05, he was asked to revise tlie hotanieal words and terms in Worcester's Dictionaiy. wliich was undergoing revision at Lipi)incotts. This work, besides the lectures delivered before the University Archeological Association on ethno-botanical subjects, and his profes- sional duties at the University, have given him little spare time for exhaustive original research, to which he is most inclined. During the month of July, 1806, he delivered before a class of teachers and others interested in botany, attending the Summer School of the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching, a course of lectures on " The Natural History of Field and Garden Plants," as also during the fall of 1896 a course on fungi in the depart- ment of the University for teachers. In 1897 he was one of corps of lecturers in the Department of Lectures, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. Dr. Harshberger is a member of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, in the meetings of which he takes a deep interest, having made several communications to that body, notably on his observations on Talinum tcretifolium of the serpentine barrens of Chester County, and on the flora of Luray, Virginia, and vicinity, which he visited in 1894. He is also a member of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso- ciation, the University Field Club, and of the Delaware Valley Naturalists' Union, having been the Treasurer of the latter association during 1895-1896, and President of the Field Club at the same time. In 1898 he was elected 394 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Treasurer of the newly organized Botanical Society of Penn- sylvania, to which he has made several interesting com- munications. Besides these duties, Dr. Harshberger has had time to write articles for the botanical and educational press, a list of which papers is given below. His private herbarium, mounted and classified, consists of some 1500 sheets, repre- senting so many species, and his botanical library some 300 volumes, very rich in the scientific bulletins and reports issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, as also in the more recent German works and translations. He has done considerable collecting in the neighbor- hood of Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, Delaware, ]\Iary- land, Virginia, West Virginia, and is conversant with the flora of the pine barrens and cedar swamps of New Jersey. In the summer of 1892 he visited Europe, and while abroad spent some time at Kew, and the Jardin des Plantes, visiting also Rothamsted, the celebrated experimental farm. During the latter part of the summer of 1896, having completed the revision of the botanical words for the English dictionary. Dr. Harshberger took a trip to Mexico, where he botanized extensively. The flora of the Valley of Mexico w^as especially studied, the results of which study are given in several pu-olications, noticed at the end of this sketch. During his sojourn in Mexico, side trips were taken to the tropical forests at Cordoba, Orizaba and the palm forests and tropical forests on the Tampico Branch of the Mexican Central Railroad, as also to Guada- lajara, where extensive collections of living, dried and alcoholic plants v\^ere made. On the way to and from Mexico, opportunity was afforded him to study the flora of THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 395 southwestern Texas, along- the Rio Grande. Tlie jtreliin- inary results of this Mexican trip were published in a paper in the Ama-ican Journal of Pharmacy, November, 1896, a translation of which paper, by Dr. Nicolas Leon,* appeared in a Mexican newspaper, El Tiempo, for December 4, 1896. Durino- the summer of 1897 he took a six weeks' trip to California and the Northwest. While in California he visited the primeval redwood forests on Humboldt Bay, near Eureka, California, being accorded the privileges of the lumbering camps situated there. He also visited the Calaveras and Tuolumne big tree groves, and became thus acquainted with the magnificent grandeur of Sequoia gigantea, Pinus ponder osa and P. Lambertiana. The Yosemite Valley was visited on this trip, and here he had the oppor- tunity of botanizing. On the homeward journey a visit w^as paid to the forests of the State of Washington, and a trip of seven days w^as made through the Yellowstone National Park, where the flora of the Park, especially of the geysers and hot springs, was studied. The summer vacation of 1898 was spent abroad. A hasty run was made through Ireland, Scotland, England, Holland and France, Avhere the several important centres of botanical interest were visited. :Most of the time abroad was spent in studying the laboratories and methods of the German universities. The laboratories at Bonn, Berlin, Dresden and Munich were inspected. Here Dr. Harsh- berger made the personal acquaintance of the leaders of *Dr. Nicolas Leon, of Mexico, was born at Quiroga, State of Michoacan, December G, 1859. He adopted the career of medicine and obtained the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1883. He was Professor of Botany in the national colleges of Morelia and Oaxaca. He has published a number of botanical papers and transla- tions, noticed in his book, Biblioteca Botanico Mexicana, octavo, 372 pp., Mexico, 1895. 396 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. botanical thought abroad. Two weeks were spent amidst the alpine flora of the Bernese Oberland, the Mount Blanc range and the neighborhood of Zermatt, within sight of Monte Rosa and the Matterhorn. A number of botanic gardens were visited : Dublin, Edinburgh, Cambridge, Kew, Ro3^al Society, Amsterdam, Bonn, Berlin, Dresden, Vienna, Munich, Zurich, Berne, Paris and Oxford. Many sugges- tions came to him in comparing the American botanical institutes (most of which he has personalh^ visited) with those of England and of the continent. Much inspiration w^as derived from this trip abroad. An inspection of the museums suggested many lines of work in connection with his ethno-botanical studies. Bibliography. 1. ''A Few Pennsylvania Forestry Statistics." — Forest Leaves^ II: 37, March, April, 1889. 2. "The Wissahickon Woods."— (?rtrfZe» fl»r7^ore§/, IV: 129 (1891). 3. "Plants for the Seashore." — Garden and Forest, V: 45, January 27, 1892. 4. " An Abnormal Development of the Inflorescence of Dionoea." — Contrib. Bot. Lah., University of Pennsylvania, I: 45. 5. "Maize: A Botanical and Economic Study. " — Contrih. Bot. Lah. University of Pennsylvania, I: 75, 202. 6. "A Philadelphia Court of Honor." — Philadelphia Ledger, Decem- ber 7, 1893. 7. "An Additional Poisonous Plant." — Botanical Gazette, XIX : 159, April, 1894, Garden and Forest, VII : 170. 8. "Geographical Biology .''—Education, XIV : 513, May, 1894. 9. "James Logan, an Early Contributor to the Doctrine of Sex in V\dLJi\s,.''— Botanical Gazette, XIX: 307, August, 1894. 10. "Plant Forms on Mexican and Central American Tablets." American Antiquarian, XVI : 299, September, 1894. 11. "The Origin of Our Vernal Flora. "—^c/e/ice, N. S., 1:92, January 25, 1895. THE BOTANISTS OF I'l 1 1 1.A DKLl'J 1 1 A. 397 12. " The Ori-iu of Paper and Cloth."— 7'/v#^, IV: 1>^, March, 1895. 13. " When is Rhus toxicodendron Most Active? ''—(iardni and Fonxt^ Vlir : 239. 14. "Review of Dennert's Ver-,deichen(U' PlhinzennK.ii.hologie."— Science, N. S., II : 311, September G, 1?:595. 15. "El Maiz Estudio i;ot:'inicoy Econoniico." Transhition of (6) by Dr. Nicohis Leon. — (huiddlupc-irtddhjo, Mexico, \^S)\. 16. "Mnseum and Garden."— /A'/V// Knn'uKj Tihynijili, l'hila(hl])hia, XLIV : 5, October 26, 1895. 17. "The Botanists of Philadelphia." A Preliminary List. Circular Letter dated October 30, 1895. 18. "The Need of Competent Plant Doctors."— 7::(/«m//o?i, XVI : 110, November, 1895. 19. "Some New Ideas Ethuo-Botany."— Brief of Lecture. Evening Telegraph, Thursday, December 5, 1895. 20. "Donations to the Botanical Museum."— 77«' J\nnsylraninn, December 2, 1895, p. 3. 21. " Ethno-Botanic Gardens. "—6'c/cntr, N. S., Ill: 203, February 7, 1896. 22. " The Purposes of Ethno-Botany. " — Botanical Gazette, XXI: 146, March, 1896. American Antiquarian, XVII : 73, March, 1896. 23. "Is the Pumpkin an American Plant ? "—.Sc/cmr, N. S., Ill: 889, June 19, 1896. 24. "Some Recent Mexican Publications. "-^SaVjicc, N. S., IV: 539, October 9, 1896. 25. A Botanical Excursion to Mexico. ' ^—American Journal of Pharmacy, LXVIII : 588, November, 1896. 26. "Fertile Crosses between Teosinthe and Maize." — (,'arden and Forest, IX : 522. 27. "Una Excursion botanica a Mexico." Translation by Dr. Nicolas Leon.— El Tiempo, Diario Catolieo, Ano XIV, numlx^r 3968. Viernes, 4 de Diciembre de 1896 (Friday, December 4, 1896). 28. "Would make a good Fark.''— Public Ledger, February 1, 1897, p. 9. 29. "Notes on the Hybrid of Maize and Teosinthe."— 67^7/^ and Forest, X : 48, February 13, 1897. 30. "A Communication."— 77te iV7i«82//ra«m?j, February 13, 1897. 398 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 3L "Natural History, Charts and Illustrations."— i:fZMC«??on, XVII : 493, April, 1897. 32. '' An Ecological Stud}- of the genus Talinum, with Descriptions of Tv^o Species.'^— Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XXIV: 178, April, 1897. 33. "John Evans and His Garden.''— Garden and Forest, X: 182, May 12, 1897. 34. "The Native Dahlias of Mexico.''— ,S'c/e>Jce, N. S., VI: 908, December 17, 1897. 35. "The Vegetation of the Yellowstone Hot Springs." — American Journal of Pharmacy, LXIX : 625, December, 1897. 36. " Water Storage and Conduction in Senecio prsecox from Mexico." Abstract of paper read at Ithaca, New York, before Society Botanical Physiologists and Morphologists. — Science, N. S., VII : 120. Botanical Gazette, February, 1898, p. 116. 37. " A Re^-iew of Our Knowledge of Phy to-Bezoars. " — The Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Archives, XIX : 143, March, 1898. 38. "A Few Ecological Notes."- .4.sa Gray Bulletin, VI: 37, April, 1898. 39. "Home and School Window GardeuQ.''— Education, XVIII: 555, May, 1898. 40. The Uses of Plants among the Ancient Peruvians." — Bulletin of the Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania, I : 146, April, 1898. 41. " A Mexican Tropical Botanic Station." — The Botanical Gazette, XXIV : 362, May, 1898. 42. "Abnormal Flowers of Verbesina." — Asa Gray Bulletin, Yl : 67, August, 1898. 43. " Botanical Observations o. the Mexican Flora, especially on the Flora of the Valley of Mexico." — Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, August, 1898, 372, pp. 41. 44. "Peanut, Arachis hypogoea." — 3Ieehan\s Monthly, VIII: 191, December, 1898. 45. " Some Morphological Structure in Paulownia imperialis. " Paper, read before Society of Plant Morphology and Physiology, New York, December, 1898. Abstracted in American Naturalist March, 1899. — University Bulletin, III : 160. 46. ' ' The Names of the Big Tree of California. ' '—Forest Leaves, VII : 25. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 399 47. "Water Storage and Coiuluction in Senecio pnecox from Mexico." — Contrib. Bot. Lab. University of Pcnnsi/lrajna, II : 31. 48. "Statistical Information concerning the Production of Fruit in Certain Plants. — Contrib. Bot. Lab. Unircrsiti/ of Prnnsytrnnid. II: 100. 49. " Thermotropic Movements in the Leaves of Klj(Mh)dendron maximum L." — Proceedings Acadnny of Natural Sciences, 18JJ9. 210, with 3 figures in text. oO. "Local Plant Names in New Jersey." — harden and Forest, V: 395, January, 27, 1892. 51. "Transmitted Characteristics in a White Angora Cat." — Science, N. S., IX: 554, April 14, 1899. 52. "Origin of the Potato, Solanum tuberosum." — Jleehan's Monthly, IX : 111, July, 1899. ALEXANDER MACELWEE. Alexander jNIacEhvee was born in Glas,c:ow, Scotland, January 28, 18G9, — the first of a family that now numbers eleven. At an early age he was sent to one of the primary schools of his native city ; thence to the public schools, where he received a good elementary education. At the age of twelve, he passed the highest standard with honors, and then went to work. His first experience was as an office-boy in a commission agent's office at a salary of three shillings per week. He remained here nearly a year, and then left for a better position in a wholesale drug ware- house. Here Mr. MacElwee helped to mix up compounds, bottle flavoring stuffs, and run errands. He remained here until October, 1883, when he left Glasgow to join his parents in the New World. He arrived in Philadelphia October 16, 1883, and shortly afterwards secured a position as gardener's boy in the garden of A. J. Drexel. at Thirty-nintli and AVal- nut Streets. At this time he knew absolutely nothing about plants ; and so, shortly after, he conceived the idea of studying botany. During the year 1886, he first attended 400 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. the meetings of the Botanical Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, and became at once interested. Mr. MacElwee remained at Drexel's garden for nearly four years, then secured a position in the nursery of Hugh Graham, at Eighteenth and Thompson Streets. Here he had charge of several houses — one entirely of ferns, another of palms, etc. In 1888 he entered on a three years' apprenticeship as a bricklayer. This calling gave him a great deal of spare time, which he devoted to collecting plants, insects, min- erals, etc. It Avas during this time that he mounted a mag- nificent collection of plants presented by the late Isaac C. Martindale to the Botanical Club, xls soon as his appren- ticeship had expired, he secured a position as assistant gardener in the garden of Hon. John AVanamaker, at Jenkintown, Pennsylvania. Here he remained for a time until he obtained a better-paying situation in the city. Mr. MacElwee still continued his botanical rambles, hunting everywhere for strange plants. He traveled a great deal in the company of the late Dr. J. Bernard Brinton, who kindly helped him in many ways. In April, 1894, he left the gard^ii in Germantown to take charge of the Martindale Herbarium, which had been pre- sented to the College of Pharmacy. Here, with the aid of about ten persons, he labored until the immense herbarium w^as in place. Over 1000 specimens were mounted, and up- wards of 100,000 sheets labeled, representing over 250,000 specimens, completing the work about midsummer. In September of the same year (1894), he was asked to become gardener of the proposed Botanic Garden at the University of Pennsylvania, where he spent some time, until the laying-out of this garden was completed. THE BOTANISTS OF PIIILADKM'iriA. 401 Mr. MacElwce resigned liis position as gardener to accept a position elsewhere in a private demesne. Recently he has become Curator of the Herbarium started in connection with the Philadelphia Commercial Museums, and has begun its development by initiating a cori'es])ondence and exchange with l)otanists in diiierent i)arts of the world. He has written these articles : 1. "Notes on some Species of Cucumis." — (inrdcn and Fond, VIII: 475. 2. " Vitis pterophora." — Gunlen and Forent, IX : 315. 3. "A Few Mormodicas." — Garden and Forest, IX : 66. MORRIS E. LEEDS. Morris E. Leeds, born in Philadelphia, March 0, 18G9 ; educated at Westtown Boarding School and Haverford Col- lege, graduating B. S. in 1888; taught natural science at Westtown, 1888-89; studied physics and mathe- matics at the University of Berlin, 1892-93. Engaged in the manufacture and sale of scientific instruments with Queen & Co. Member of the Philadelphia Botanical Club and the Torrey Botanical Club. JOHN GIFFORD. John Gilford was born at May's Landing, New Jersey, February 8, 1870. When about sixteen years of age, he entered Swarthmore College, and was graduated from that institution with the degree of B. S. While at college, he devoted considerable of his time to general natural science, and after graduation he spent one year as a special student of mycology at the University of Michigan. The following winter, 1892-93, Mr. Gifford traveled through the Bahamas and Florida. In company with Rev. John E. Peters, he has botanized considerably through southern New Jersey, and is one of the best posted persons on the flora of tliat 402 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. region. The year following his residence at Ann xVrbor found Mr. Gifford at Johns Hopkins Hospital, studying bacteriology, accompanying the Johns Hopkins expedition to Jamaica, in the spring and summer of that year. The three years following he was Instructor in Botany at Swarthmore College until the end of his third year, when he was allowed leaye of absence for four months, which he spent in Louisiana, British Honduras, Yucatan, Guatemala and Spanish Honduras. In the spring of 1894, Mr. Gifford was appointed Forester of the Geological Suryey of New Jersey, and has since been deyoting his entire energies to the prosecution of this laudable object, the protection and reforestration of the timber lands of New Jersey. As editor of The Forester, he has had the opportunity of molding public opinion both in his own and neighboring states in further- ance of the forestry cause. His " Report on Forestr}^ " from the Annual Report of the State Geologist, for 1894, is both a yaluable contribution to botany, especially ecological botany, and to forestry. Mr. Gifford, haying pursued the forestiy course, in the German Forestry School at ^Munich, will take his degree from that institution in 1898-99, as a Doctor of Forestry. A few articles froilx-^his pen haye appeared in Garden and Forest, as follows : 1. " Distribution of the White Cedar in New Jersey." — IX : 63. 2. " Reforesting Waste Lands in Holland."— IX : 423. ARTHUR N. LEEDS. Arthur X. Leeds, born in Philadelphia, October 14, 1870; educated at Westtown School and Hayerford Col- lege, graduating B. S. in 1889, and M. A., 1890 ; Treasurer of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, member of the Academy of Natural Sciences. THE BOTANISTS OF J'lII LA DKLTII I A. 403 JESSE M. GREENMAN. Jesse M. Greeiiman, a graduate of tlie University of Pennsylvania, in the Natural History course, was identified with the Biological School of the University (18S0-1893), as one of the instructors of botany, taking charge also of its greenhouse, until he was called to Harvard University in 1894. As Assistant in the Gray Herl)ariuni, connected witli the Cambridge Botanical Garden, lie lias separately and in conjunction with Dr. B. L. Robinson, the Curator, published numerous papers describing new plants, mainly Mexican, which have appeared serially in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences from 1S94 to the present. GENERAL LIST OF BOTANISTS. The names of persons in the following list comprise many of botanical importance ; but, for lack of information concerning them, or because, upon application, a biographical account was not forthcoming, they have been incorporated in a General List, and have been excluded from the descrip- tive portion of this book. Many of the persons so listed are worthy, from their contributions to botanical science, of more extended notice, but, for the reasons stated above, it was found impossible to include a biographical sketch of them : Adlum, Major Johx."^ A horticulturist of note, who wrote two books upon the grape, the first edition being the first American grape book. Florists' Ex- change, March 30, 1895, contains a note of his horti- cultural work by Professor L. H. Bailey. See also Bailey, " The Evolution of Our Native Fruits," fron- tispiece and pp. 50 and 59 (1S98). Allam, G. Edward. Bethl^^iem, Pa. Allen, Augusta A. Germantown, Pa. Allex, Mrs. Juliette B. Camden, X. J. Arthur, Prof. J. C, of Purdue University, Lafaj^ette, Ind., and Botanist to the Indiana Agricultural Experi- ment Station ; was for over a year a resident of Philadelphia. (Physiology.) AsHMEAD, Samuel.* (Algte.) Barbeck, William.* (Cryptogams.) Barnard, Joseph M.* * Deceased. 404 the botanists of i'm i la dki.l'hia. 405 Barnard, Vincent.* Bassett, Wm. J. Ilammonton, X. J. Beal, Dr. George N. Beaver, Dr. Daniel B. D. Readinor, Pa. Bell, John. A botanist, gardener, and lover of plants, of Haddington, Philadelphia. Bitner, Henry F. Millersville State Normal Seliool, Lan- caster County, Pa. Blair, Dr. T. S. Harrisburg, Pa. BoHN, I. G. Lickdale, Lebanon County, Pa. Bolton, Dr. B. Meade. Chief of Bacteriological Depart- ment, City of Philadelphia. BoYER, Howard N. Reading, Pa. Bradford, James G. Reading, Pa. (Cryptogams.) Brasier, a. J.* Philadelphia. Bridges, Dr. Robert.* Philadelphia. Brinckle, William D.* An experimenter Avith the rasp- berry, Philadelphia, 1820-1863. See Bailey, "The Evolution of Our Native Fruits," p. 282. Bromfield, E. T., D. D. Philadelphia. Browne, Peter A.* Buckley, S. B.* Philadelphia. Bunting, Dr. Martha. Special student in biology, Uni- versit}^ of Pennsylvania ; graduate student in Bryn Mawr College, where she obtained her Ph. D ; teacher in Woman's College, Baltimore, and Philadelphia Girls' High School ; author of " The Structure of the Cork Tissues in Roots of Some Rosaceous Genera," Contributions from Botanical Lahoratory, University of Pennsylvania^ II : 54, with plate. * Deceased. 406 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. BussiER, Miss K. Germantown, Philadelphia. Chambers, Miss Sara D. Assisted in botany at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Cochrane, Professor. West Chester, Pa. Collins, Zaccheus.* Vice-President American Philosophi- cal Society and member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, where he did good work on the herbarium. Born 1764, died June 12, 1831, aged 67. CoLSON, Miss Jessie. Prominently identified with the inter- ests of the Woodstown Natural History Club, and a trained botanist, having studied at Swarthmore Col- lege and the Biological School of the University of Pennsylvania, where she was Assistant for one year. CoNARD, Henry S. A teacher in the Westtown School and Fellow in Biology, University of Pennsylvania. Author of a paper on Painter's Arboretum. CoRREA, Abbe.* In 1815 he published, for the use of his classes in Philadelphia, a reduction of the genera in Muhlenberg's Catalogue, according to the natural families of plants of Jussieu. This was appended to the second editioi], jof the catalogue, issued in 1818 by Solomon Conrad, and was probably the earliest attempt in the United States to group our plants by the natural method. See page 154 of this book. Cressman, Newton F. Pel ham, Germantown. Cressman, Philip."^ Cross, Dr. Laura B. Student and graduate of the Depart- ment of Biology, University of Pennsylvania. Davis, Nelson F. Lewisburg, Pa. * Deceased. THE BOTANISTS OF I'll I LA I)1:L1'II I A. 407 DsHAJiT, William. A coiUeinponiiy of Willimn liar- tram, tlie owner of a garden al Fifly-lifili anihcsceits, iJirca jxilnstris, Pijrv.s coronaria. Dick, John. Nurseryman and liorist. AVas born in LSlS, and died Dccemlx^r 20, ISOS. Drown, Edward. Florist and botanist, Weldon, Pa. EsREY, Dr.* Febiger, Christian,* of Wilmington, Del. A diatomist who labored incessantly for twenty years, amassing a col- lection which is now in possession of the ^licro- scopical Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Fetterolf, Dr. Daniel W. Philadelphia. Fox, Henry. Student in the Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania. Garrigues, S. S.* Philadelphia. Goddard, Dr. Paul B.* Philadelphia. Green, Dr. Edgar M. Easton, Pa. Griffith, R. E.* Gross, Christian. Landisville, Atlantic County, N. J. Hacker, William. Philadelphia. Haines, William S.* A lawyer of note, resident in AVest Chester. Was well known for his devotion to scientific pursuits, having added many interesting species to the mycologic flora of Chester County. He died February 22, 18S4, in West Chester, Pa. Harvey, Professor F. L., of Orono, Maine, formerly a resi- dent of Philadelphia. * Deceased. 408 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Harris, Robert C, M. D.* Studied the evolution and variation in our cultivated plants by experimental culture. He was especially interested in the cucurbits, having raised nearly all sorts. Harvey, Miss Margaret B. Bryn Mawr, Pa. Heubener, Dr.,* of Bethlehem, Pa., who published " Cata- logue of the Plants of Northampton County " in Sil- liman^s Journal. HiLGARD, Dr. T. G. HiMES, Wm., Jr. Bon view, Lancaster Countv, Pa. Holmes, Miss Mary E. Philadelphia. Holt, Dr. J. F. Professor of the Natural Sciences in the Philadelphia High School. HuBNER, Rev. Mr.* A contemporary of Humphry Mar- shall, mentioned in Darlington's "Memorials of Bartram and Marshall " (page 572). Hunt, Dr. Emily G. Philadelphia. A very entertaining lecturer on plants. Jackson, John, and his son,* Jackson, William.* Were friends and neighbors of Humphr}^ Marshall in the year 1777. They com- menced a highly interesting collection of plants at their home in Londongrove, which, in 1849, was still in good condition. IvAMPMAN, Dr.* a contemporary of Humphry Marshall. Kenderdine, Robert S.* Philadelphia. Kercher, Dr. D. E. Philadelphia. (]\Iyxomycetes.) Kitchel, H. S. Bethlehem, Pa. Knight, D. Allen. Philadelphia. Kramsh, Rev. Samuel.* A contemporary of Humphry Marshall, with whom he corresponded. * Deceased. THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 409 Laubach, S. H. Riegelsvilks Ikicks ('ounty, Pa. Le Boutillikr, Rop,ekts. An orchid connoisseur, German- town, Philadelphia. Legaux, Peter.* A vine grower at Spring Mills, Pa., about 1800. See Bailey, "The Evolution of Our Native Fruits," pp. 19, 25, 42. Leidy, Dr. Joseph.* A distinguished Ijiologist. His herbarium is in the possession of the University of Pennsylvania. Lewis, May. Lewis, Dr. F. W. A diatomist and microscopist. Lewton, Frederick L. One of the curators at the Phila- delphia Commercial Museums, familiar with the local flora and author of a paper on " The Classifica- tion of Gums and Resins" — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1899. Lochman, Charles L. A photographer of flowers and plants, Bethlehem, Pa. Mack, I. Lathrop. Hammonton, N. J. Maclure, WiLLiAM.f A member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, and its president for more than twenty years ; was a successful London merchant. He resided for many years in Philadelphia. He made a geological survey of the United States, a description of which was published in 1809. After him was named the osage orange, Madura aurantiaca. Maison, Robert S., M. D., of Chester, Pa. March, Benjamin S. Matos, Louis J. Philadelphia Commercial Museums. * Deceased. t The Gardeners' Monthly (Meehan), II, p. 360. See for more extended biography, Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography. 410 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Meehax, Joseph. A horticulturist and botanist (brother of Thomas). Germantown. Milner, Nathax.* Miller, Dr. Morris B. Media, Pa. M'MixN, John.* McKexxey, Raxdolph E. B. Student in the Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, where he took the degrees of B. S. and M. S. Author of " Obser- vations on the Development of Some Embryo-sacs," Contributions from Botanical Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, II : 80, with plate. NiEDERLEix, Gustavo. A German botanist from South America ; Chief of the Scientific Department of the Commercial Museums. He has traveled extensively in South America, Europe, and the far East, and is the author of a number of valuable botanical papers in German, Spanish and English. Null, Amos B. Bonview, Lancaster County, Pa. Omexsetter, Johx K. Otis, Miss Lois M. Assistant in Botany, Girls' High School, Philadelphia. Peirce, Joshua,"^ and Peirce, Samuel,"^ of East Marlborough, Chester County, Pa., in 1800 began to adorn their premises by tasteful culture and planting until they produced an arboretum of considerable interest and importance. The trees planted by them were many of them still standing in 1896, when the place was visited by the writer, in company with Dr. W. T. Sharpless, of West Chester. A large and fine tree, in full flower, of Magnolia macrophylla, was especially noted. * Deceased. THE BOTANISTS OK I'll 1 LA I )i:iJ*H I A. 411 Pennington, Dk. Makv En(;lk. A eart'ful clK'Hiico-physi- ological woi'kiT, late' Fellow in J>()tany, rnivcrsity of Pennsylvania, and author oi' a vahiaUK' papci* in the Botanical Contribuiioii.s of the Jjnivfn^ity of l*eim- sylvania, 1 : 203, entitled, " A Cheniico-Physiological Study of Spirogyra nitida." Pennock, Edward. Dealer in botanical and medical sup- plies, Philadelphia. Peters, Rev. John E. A botanist and collector of con- siderable insight, located as pastor successively at May's Landing, Pleasantville and Camden, N. J. Porter, Dr. Hob art C. Graduate of Princeton in 18S1 ; received the degree of B. L. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1884, and Ph. D. from the Univer- sity of Rostock, Germany in 1894; Instructor in Botany, University of Pennsylvania, and translator of "xA Text-Book of Botany," by Strasburger, Noll, Schenck, and Schimper, 1808. Dr. Porter has special- ized on the alga3 and the vascular cryptogams, hav- ing, as Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy and Department for Teachers, given extended labora- tory courses on the same. Potts, Cpiarles. Price, Ferris W. Swarthmore College, Pa. PuGH, Evan.* Mentioned as a collector of plants in the ••' Flora Cestrica." Putnam, Miss Bessie L. Harmonsburg, Pa. Pyle, Miss Gheretien G. A\'ilmington, Del. Rand, Theodore. Rau, Eugene A., of Bethlehem, Pa. A student of mosses and fungi. * Deceased. 412 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Ravexel, Dr. Mazyck P. Bacteriologist to State Live Stock and Sanitary Board, and Instructor in Bacteri- ology, University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Ravenel has published extensively on bacteriological sub- jects. Eead, James. Remington, Professor J. P. Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. Richter, Walter H. Ashbourne, Pa. Rorer, Mrs. S. T. Interested in fungi as a valuable food supply. Philadelphia. RoTHROCK, Dr. Harry. West Chester, Pa. Ruschenberger, Dr. W. S. W.'^ A distinguished Phila- delphia scientist, who, in the early days of his career in 1831 and 1833, published, in Silliman's Journal, a translation of a paper by Dr. C. P. Bertero, entitled, " A List of the Plants of Chili." Later, he published " Elements of Natural History," embracing zoology, botaii}^ and geology (two volumes, 1850). RusHMORE, Dr. Edward. Plainfield, N. J. Ruth, Dr. Harry F. Lehnenberg, Bucks County, Pa. RuTTER, A. C. Sellersville, Pa. Saunders, C. F. Philadelphia, Pa. A popular contributor to the botanical and horticultural press. Sayers, Mrs. Edwin S. Philadelphia. Schively, Dr. Mary. Philadelphia. ScHivELY, Dr. Adeline F. Received from the University of Pennsylvania, in 1892, a certificate in biology, and in 1897 the degree of Ph. D. from the same institution. She was made Honorary Fellow in * Deceased. THE BOTANISTS OF I'll I LADKLTHI A. 413 Botany in 1S*J7, which lH'll()\vslii[> she still holds. Dr. Schively, as Assistant in the Dcpailnient of Biology, Girls' Normal School, has done much to stimulate an interest in botany among her students. She is the author of several botanical papers, viz. : "Contributions to the Life History of Amphicariui'a monoica," Contribuiions Botanical Laboratory, I'ai- versity of Pennsylvania, 1 : 270 and II : 20. Schmucker,Dr. Samuel Christian. A graduate of Muh- lenberg College in 1882, with the degree of A. B. From the same institution, in 1884, he received the degree of S. B. ; 1885, A. M. ; S. M., 1801. He is Professor of Biology in the West Chester State Normal School, and Honorary Fellow in Botany, University of Pennsylvania, 1807, to date. Sensenig, David M. West Chester, Pa. Shafer, John A., Ph. G. Carnot, Pa. Shaw, C. H. Graduate Student Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, and Teacher of Biology in Temple College, Philadelphia. Shulze, John A. Philadelphia. (Diatoms.) Simmons, John. Simons, Miss Elizabeth A. Assistant in Botany, Girls' High School, Philadelphia. Author of " Compara- tive Studies on the Rate of Circumnutation of Some Flowering Plants," Contributiom from Botanical Laboratory, Umversity of Pennsylvania, II : 00. Smith, Benjamin H. A botanist of repute, actively engaged in the scientific work of the Academy of Natural Sciences. He has one of the finest private herba- riums in the city. 414 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Smith, Miss Amelia C. Student in the Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania. Author of a paper on " Aphyllon vniflorum.^' SxYDER, Jacob.* Stauffer, Jacob."^ Lancaster, Pa. Stenz, Charles F. Natrona, Pa. Stokes, A. S. Stowell, Willard a. Trenton, N. J. SuTTOX, Harry I. Philadelphia. Thompson, Miss Caroline B. Student in the Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, and author of a paper on " The Structure and Development of Internal Phloem in Gelsemium sempervirens. Ait," Contributions from Botanical Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, II : 41, with plate. Trimble, William. A botanist familiar with the plants of Philadelphia and vicinity. Trimble, Dr. Samuel. Lima, Delaware County, Pa. Troth, Henry. A noted photographer of plants and flowers. Philadelphia. A^AN Vleck, Rev. Jacob. A contemporary of Humphry Marshall. Walmsley, W. H. a diatomist, micro-photographer and noted optician. Watters, Prof. Leon H. Media, Pa. A microscopist of some note. Weaver, Gerritt E. H. Philadelphia. Williams, Miss, New Hope, Pa. A maker of excellent water-color sketches of wild flowers. * Deceased. THE BOTANISTS OF PiriLADELPIIIA. 415 Wilson, Dk. Lucy Lan<;don Williams. Tcaclici' of tlie Natural Sciences in the Philaddpliia ( iirls' Normal School ; graduate (Ph.D.) University of Pennsyl- vania, and author of several books and papers on science subjects. A recent paper is notewortliy : " Observations on Conopholis Americana." Coiitrihu- tions from Botanical Laboratory, University of Pennsyl- vania, II : 3, with six plates. WiSTER, Caspar.* WiSTAR, Caspar, Jr.* WoLLE, Jacob,* of Bethlehem, Pa., was l)orn at Bethany, on the Island of St. John, West Indies, August, 17SS, and died at Bethlehem, April, 18G3. He was for a number of years Justice of the Peace, and had a fine collection of plants. Zantzinger, AVm. S. Zell, Mrs. Lydia Dieler. Librarian Linna-an Society, Lancaster, Pa. * Deceased. APPENDICES. APPENDIX I. Members of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, who are actively collecting and herborizing. Corrected to November 26, 1895. BiDDLE, Charles J., Bassett, Frank L., Brown, Stewardson, Brown, Dr. A. P., Carson, Dr. Elwood M., Cheney, Jesse S., Day, Richard H., Day, Frank Miles, Evans, Dr. William, Holmes, Jesse H., Jahn, Albrecht, Kerniski, Professor J. B., Kirk, Elwood J., Krout, Professor A. F. K., Kimball, C. W., Kite, Nathan, Longstreth, M. R., LiPPiNcoTT, Charles D., Lightfoot, Dr. Thomas M. LoESSLE, Henry A., Philadelphia. Hammonton, X. J. Germantown. German town. Xorristown, Pa. Philadelphia. Germantown. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Newtown, Pa. Philadelphia. Lancaster, Pa. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Haddonfield, N. J. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Swedesboro, N. J. Germantown. Philadelphia. 416 THE BOTANISTS OF rHILADELPHIA. 417 Moms, J. Bernard, MoERCK, Frank X., MoYER, Dr. J. S., Oberholtzer, John E., Pennypacker, J. T., Reed, Dr. W. H., Saurman, B. F., Schneider, Louis, Spencely, Cornelius, Serrill, Wm. J., Stone, Hugh E., Stone, Witmer, Stiles, Harry', Stahr, President J. S., Saunders, C. F., Turner, Alexander, Thomas, Dr. Joseph, Woodbury, Dr. Frank, Yeadon, Pa. Philadelphia. Quakertown, Pa. Norristown, Pa. Wilmington, Del. Norristown, Pa. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Coatesville, Pa. Germantown, Pa. Haddonfield, N. J. Lancaster, Pa. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Quakertown, Pa. Philadelphia. APPENDIX 11. Members of the Botanical Society of Pennsylvania, 1 897- 1 899. Abbott, Miss E. 0., Abernethy, Miss E. G., AsHMORE, Miss L. J., Bancroft, Miss Margaret, Barr, Miss E., Barker, Miss D., Belden, Miss J. C, Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Haddonfield, N. J. Wayne, Delaware Co., Pa. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. 418 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Bengard, Miss L. E., Berry, Miss, BoYER, Professor Charles S. Brock, Robert C. H., Brock, Mrs. C. H., Brown, Miss, Bunting, Dr. Martha, Banes, R. C. Barclay, F. W., Brock, John W., Bancroft, Miss Margaret, Clark, Miss Edith, Claye, Miss C. B. F., Cliff, Miss Etta, Coles, Mrs. J. W., Coles, Miss, CoNARD, Henry S., CoRNMAN, Mrs. Mary, Crowell, Miss H. W., Crowell, Miss M. C, Croft, Samuel, Craig, Dr. W. F., Curtis, Miss, Colfelt, Mrs. R., Carr, Mrs. Cassandra, Dougherty, T. Harvey, Dissel, Charles, Ehinger, Professor C. E., Fox, Mrs. L. R., Free, Dr. G. B. M., FiNDLAY, William, Moorestown, N. J. Pliiladelphia. , Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Haverford, Pa. Philadelphia. Haddonfield, X. J. Philadelphia. Moorestown, N. J. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Westtown Academy, Pa. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. West Chester, Pa. Philadelphia. Williamson School, Pa. Philadelphia. THE BOTANISTS OF PIIILADKLPIIIA. 4111 Gendell, Miss Lucy, Gardiner, Miss Ella J., Garretson, Miss Marian, Gibson, Miss Mary, Gilbert, Miss, Harrison, Provost C. C, Harrison, Mrs. C. C, Haigh, Mrs. M. B., Hall, Annie B., Hallowell, Mrs. Sarah P. F., Harshberger, Dr. J. W., Heston, Mrs., Head, Miss Harriet, Homer, Mathias, Hodgson, Miss E., Houston, S. F., Hunt, Dr. Emily, Henry, Mr. & Mrs. C. W., Harris, Mrs. W. T., Harper, W. W., Ide, Miss Nellie, James, Miss S., Jones, Miss Julia F., Johnston, Mrs. Emory" R., Kraemer, Professor Henry", Lathrop, Dr. Ruth, Larkin, Mrs. Sophie, Lindsay, Miss, Le Boutillier, Roberts, Longshore, M. Elizabeth, LowBER, Miss, Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadel[>hia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Newtown, Bucks County, Pa. Philadelphia. Lansdowne, Pa. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Cynw3"d, Pa. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Lansdowne, Pa. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Chester. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Cynwyd, Pa. Philadelphia. 420 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. LuDwiG, Miss Florence, Mackenzie, Miss Adele, Macfarlane, Professor J. M., Manning, Miss Katherine S., Marshall, Mrs. H. R., McMichael, C. Emory, Michener, Professor, Miller, Dr. Adolph W., Morton, Charles, MoRWiTZ, Joseph, Myers, Miss Jane V., Marot, Philip, Manning, Katherine S., Nassau, Mrs. C, Newlin, Miss Sarah, Nicholson, Miss Katherine, Oliver, General Paul A., Palmer, T. Chalkley, Pennock, Aldrich, Pendleton, Miss C, Porter, Dr. H. C, Peart, Mrs. Mary, Roberts, Miss C. E., Roberts, Miss F. A., Robertson, Mrs. A. D., Robins, Thomas, Rorer, Mrs. S. T., RoRER, Mr., Ravenel, Dr. M. P., Sabold, Miss E. C, Sayre, Professor, Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Cynwyd, Mont. Co., Pa. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Forest Roads, Fern Lodge, Oliver's Mills, Pa. Media, Pa. Lansdowne, Pa. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Bala, Pa. Bala, Pa. Ridley Park, Pa. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. THE BOTANISTS OF PHTLADKLl'HIA, 421 SCHMUCKER, Dr. S. C, Schuyler, Miss, Shaw, C. S., ScHivELY, Dr. Adeline F., ScHivELY, Miss M. S., Sill, Mrs. Harold, Smith, Miss Ethel, Smith, Miss C. M., Shallcross, Miss Rebecca, Snowden, Miss Louise, Spear, Mrs. Louise M., Staley, Miss S., Strawhower, Miss E. F., Stetson, John P., Snowden, Mrs. A. Louden, Sell, Mrs. Pauline W., Townsend, Edgar N., Trainor, Mrs. Newlin, TuNDLE, Miss, Vansant, Miss Belle, Walmsley, W. H., Wetherill, Anna T., Williams, Dr. Talcott, Watters, Professor Leon, WOODBRIDGE, MrS., Williams, Mrs. Mary, Wicks, Mrs. M. B., Wind EL, Francis, Williams, Thyrza C, Yarnall, Miss, Yarnall, Miss, West Cliester, Pa. Lansdowne, Pa. Philadelpliia. Pliiladelpliia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Wallingford, Pa. Layfayette Hall, Montgomery Co., Pa. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Rutledge, Pa. Chester, Pa. Haddonfield, N. J. George School, Bucks Co., Pa Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Media, Pa. Chester, Pa. Philadelphia. Rutledge, Pa. West Chester, Pa. Haddonfield, N. J. Philadelphia. Yeadon, Delaware Co., Pa. 422 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. appendix hi. Philadelphia Moss Chapter. The Philadelphia Moss Chapter was organized in February, 1899, by those interested in the study of the moss flora of the neighborhood. The following officers were elected : President, Dr. A. F. K. Krout ; Recording Secre- tary and Treasurer, Mr. Alexander McElwee ; Correspond- ing Secretary, Mrs. Josephine B. Lowe. The object of the Chapter is to gather and classify the Musci hepatic^ and Musci frondosi of the neighborhood, and to gradually make an herbarium of the typical forms found in the vicinity of the city. appendix iv. An Historical Account of the Scientific Journals and Serial Publications Issued from Philadelphia. C Containing articles on botany, and from related departments of science.) 1. Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, compiled by one of the secretaries. From the Manuscript Minutes of the Meetings from 174J to 1838. Philadelphia, 1884, pp. iii, 1875, with index. 2. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, held at Philadelphia, for Promoting Useful Knowledge. Volume I, octavo, for the years 1838, 1839 and 1840. This publication has been continued to date. THE BOTANISTS OF rHILADKLlM I I A. ['2o 3. Transactions of the American Philosopliical Society, held at Pliiladelphia, for Proniotin*;- L^S(■flll Knowledge. Volume I, from January 1, ITOU, to January 1. 1771 : Philadelphia, 1771, large octavo. Second edition corrected 1789, runs until Volume VI, 1809, the size of the i)age gradually increasing. Volume I, new series, Philadelphia, 1818, runs to Vol. XVI, 1890. 4. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia. Volume I, Part 1, 1817. Part 2, 1818, running to Vol. VIII, Part 1, 1839, and Part 2, 1842, when it was enlarged to quarto. Volume I, second series, 1847-1 S.jO, running to the last number issued. Volume XI, Part 2, 1899. 5. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Volume 1, 1841, 1842, 1843, octavo; printed in 1843, running to present year. 6. The Franklin Journal and American Mechanics' Magazine, devoted to the Useful xlrts. Internal Improvements and General Science, under the Patronage of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania. . Volume I, Phila- delphia, 1826, octavo running to Volume IV, 1827, when it was named : Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania, devoted to the Mechanic Arts, Manufactures, General Science, and the recording of American and other Patented Inventions. Volume I, new series, 1828, ran to Volume XXVI, 1840, when the third series was begun, running to date (74th year). In Volume XVII, 1836, the title was again changed to read: Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania and Mechanics' Register, devoted to Mechanical and Physical Science, Civil Endneerinp;, the Arts and Manufactures, and the recording of American and other Patented Inventions. The title was 424 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. changed at Volume XLII (third series), 1861, to read : Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsyl- vania, for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, devoted to Mechanical and Physical Science, Civil Engineering, the Arts and Manufactures. At Volume LIV (third series), 1867, the present title was adopted : The Journal of the Franklin Institute, devoted to Science and the Mechanic Arts. 7. Journal of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. Volume I, octavo, Philadelphia, 1830, ran to Volume VI, when it became the American Journal of Pharmacy. Volume I, new series, running to Volume XVIII, 1852, when it became third series. Volume I, 1853, running to Volume XLII, 1870, when the fourth series was started. Volume I, 1871, running to date, 1899, the last volume being No. 71, of all the series. 8. Also under the auspices of the College of Pharmacy, the Alumni Report, published by the Alumni Association, beginning with Volume I, 1864. 9. Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association, published in Philadelphia from 1852 to date, Volume XLVI, 1898. 10. The Gardeners' Monthly and Horticultural Adver- tiser, devoted to Horticulture, Arboriculture, Botany and Rural Affairs. Edited by Thomas Meehan. Volume 1, 1 859. The title was changed to read (Volume XVI, 1874), The Gardeners' Monthly and Horticultural Advertiser, devoted to Horticulture, Arboriculture, and Rural Affairs, running to Volume XXIX, 1887, and one number. Volume XXX, January, 1888, when it ceased. Later, under the editorial supervision of Thomas Meehan & Sons, a new journal was started under the name : Median's Monthly. A Magazine THE BOTANISTS OF Pll I I.A Dlll.ril I A. i'l'j of Horticulture, Botany and Kindred Su])JL'cts. \^)luin('S I and II, 1891-1892, running to date. 11. The American Naturalist. \^)luine 1. published at Salem, Mass., 1868 (octavo), until \^»luiiic XX. 1n7<*>. when it was printed at Boston, until A'olume XII. 1.s7n. wlicn the publication was transferred to Pliiladeli)]iia, wliere it still continues to be printed. 12. Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science of Philadelphia. Quarto, Volume T. May, ISST. \V)lume II, December, 1889. Volume III, Part I. August, 1890. Part 2, December, 1892. Part 3, March, 1.S95. Part 4, April, 1898. Volume IV, January, 1891), begun. Volume V, January, 1898, begun. 13. Forest Leaves, started July, 1880, has run to Volume VII, No. 4, August, 1899. Published bi-monthly by the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. 14. Contributions from the Botanical Laljoratory of the University of Pennsylvania. A serial [)uljlication, begun in 1892, and devoted to botanical articles by the profes.sors, instructors and students of the School of Biology. The first two numbers of Volume I were published under similar cover, and the title of the plates were similarly printed (Bot. Cont. Univ. Penna.), but No. 3, A\»lume I. 1S1»7. was published for the University of Pennsylvania, with the authorization of the Committee on' Publication. The covers now conform with Publications of the University of Penn- sylvania (new series). As set forth in the classification, the Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory belong- to Group II, Serial Publications, Series in Bofauy. The articles that have so far appeared are as follows : * *The headings of the phites in Volume I. Xo. :i, and Volume H. No. 1, were changed, the numbers being unbracketed. as in the two previous numbers, and the title reading " Bot. Contrib. Univ. Penna." 426 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Volume I — No. 1. (Plates I-XIII.) 1. ^'A Monstrous Specimen of Rudbeckia hirta, L." Bj' J. T. Eothrock, B. S., M. D. 2. ''Contributions to the Histoiy of Dionsea Muscipula, Ellis." By J. M. Macfarlane, D. Sc. 3. *' An Abnormal Development of the Inflorescence of Dionsea." By John W. Harshberger, A. B., B. S. 4. " :\Iangrove Tannin." By H. Trimble, Ph. M. 5. "Observations on Epigsea repens, L." By W. P. Wilson, D. Sc. 6. "A Nascent Variety of Brunella vulgaris, L." By J. T. Roth- rock, B. S., M. D. 7. '' Preliminary Observations on the Movements of the Leaves of Melilotus alba, L., and other plants. By W. P. Wilson, Sc. D. and J. M. Greenman. Volume I — Xo. 2. (Plates XIV-XVII.) 8. "Maize: A Botanical and Economic Study." By John W. Harshberger, Ph. D. (Plates XVIII-XXXVI.) 9. " A Chemico-Physiological Study of Spirogyra nitida" By Mary E. Pennington, Ph. D. 10. " On the Structure and Pollination of the Flowers of Eupatorium ageratoides and E. coelestinum. By Laura B. Cross, Ph. D. 11. " Contributions to the Life-History of Amphicarpsea monoica. ' ' By Adeline F. Schively, Ph. D. Volume II — No. 1. (Plates I-XIL) 1. "Observations on Conopholis Americana." By Lucy L. W. Wilson, Ph. D., Head of the Biological Department, Philadelphia Normal School for Girls. (With plates i-vi. ) 2. "Recent Observations on Amphicarpaea Monoica." By Adeline F. Schively, Ph. D., Honorary Fellow in Botany. THE BOTANISTS 01' I'l I II.A I »i:i.I'J 11 A. j'JT 3. "Water Storage and Conduction in Senccio pnicox. I). C, from Mexico." By John AV. Harshberger, Ph. I)., InstiiiL-t appendix v. Horticultural Hall, Fairmount Park. A history of the botanists of rhikKk-lphia would not be complete without an account of the horticuUural build- incr erected in Fairmount Park for the Centennial Exi)osi- tion of 187(3. Without doubt, tlie liorticultural, botanical, forestal and floral exhibits at the Pkiladelpkia Centennial Exposition stimulated the scientific interests of tku country and also the horticultural, lumber and florist industries estabhshed in the United States. The horticultural build- ing erected then, still stands, and is, in itself, a great botanical institution, supported by the City of Pkiladelpkia. A sketck of tke structure, written for tke "Historical Register of tke Centennial Exposition,* will give a better idea of its arrangement and size. " It is located on tke Lansdowne Terrace, a skort distance nortli of tke Art Gallery, and kas, like tke kUter, a commanding view of tke Sckuylkill Piver, and a portion of tke city. Tke design is m tke Mauresque style of arcki- tecture of tke twelftk century, tke principal materials, externally, being iron and glass. Tke lengtk is 383 feet, tke widtk, 193 feet, and tke keigkt to tke top of [hv lantern seventy-two feet.f " Tke main floor is occupied by tke central conservatory, 230 X 80 feet, and fifty-five feet kigk, surmounted by tke lantern, 170 feet long, twenty feet wide, an19. Acorus Calamus, 19. Action of Aniline Dyes on Vegetable Tissues, 371. Additions to our Native Flora, 242. Adlumia, 147. Adulteration of Drugs and Chemical Pre- parations, On the, 277. Adulterations of Elm Bark, 378. Aerating ( )rgans of Swamp Plants, 339. Aesculus HipiMioastanum, (iti. Agassiz, Professor L. and Penikese, 304. Agricultural Botany, Darlington's, 140. Aitcheson, Major J. E. T , 28. Alton, William. 9(3. Alaska, Flora of, :510. Alaska Lichens, 310. Alaskan plants, 29. Albertini. .1. B. d', 128. Alectoria Cetrariza, 357. Alexiowitz, Ivvan, story by, 59. Algerian plants, 25. Alleghany River, 54. Alluvium. 2. Almonds at Bartram's, 70. Aloes, 21. Alpine flora of Switzerland studied, :o9t). Alstrit-meria fecula. 207. Alterations by Kastwick,r)l. Alumni Report, Phihidelphia College of Pharmacy, account of. 424. Algpe, freshwater, 222 : of the New Jersey coast, ■.123 : Prodromus of Freshwater, •611 ; study of, 411. Amanitine, 31.5. American Birds, List of, 87. American forestry exliibit, 37. American Gardener's Calendar. The, lis. American Gardener, .MMalion's, is;;. American Journal of Pharmacy. "23 ; edi- torship of, 27(5 : accoiuit of, 424. American Naturalist, The, 42.5. American Ornithologj', The, 87. American I'hilosophical Societv. 27. 10, 90, 94. 95, 9(;. 97. lU-S ; Prctceediligs of. 422. American Wt-eds. Two Centurifs of. 2".il. Ami)liicarpa'a inonoica, Life History of, 41:',. Analytical Chemistry, Hand-book of, 'MA. Anatomy, Elements of. :i54. Anatomy, a special department of bot- any, :U5. Anders, J. M., biography of, :i50. Anderson. V. W., 2t;ti. Androeium of the Fumariacete, 310. Andropoy:on, Notes on, :V»0. Anemone of the Section Pulsatilla. I'W. Aniline Dyes. Action of, :!71. Animal temperatures. es.say on, 20>). Animal and Plants, (ieographical Distri- bution of. 192. Angelica dicliotoma, 2ls. Annual Fruited Oaks. 2;>5. Antidote of .\manitin, 315. Antidromv. Internal ; Observations on, 294. Ants. Chapters on, :^01. Apgar. Austin Craig, biography pendifes, 41(i-l;M;. Apples at Bartram's, 70. Apricots at Bartram's, 70. Appropriations by Congress, :^9. Arachis hypogrea. :^9S. Arbeit of Professtir Kraemer. :>*<9. Arboretum of J. K. Eslilemann. 2(is : of the Jacksons. 40s ; of the Painter brothers. 1S5; of the Peirce brotiiers, 410; of the Cniversity of Pennsyl- vania, 18 ; Arnold. 391. Arbor Vita-, 2.5(;. Arbusttnn Americanum. 7, 8i). 98, 120. Arbustrum Americanum (see ante i. Aristol, Nature of, :i77. Arizona Potato, The, 31(,t. Arizona )»lants. 2^2. ArkansasTerritory, Travels in. 1.59. Arnold .Vrboretmii. 391. Arrangement of Lewis and Clark expe- dition, lis. Artemisia Rothrockii. :W«). Articles by l>uraniL 175 ; Ra(ineS(|ue, 148; Solomon Conrad, VM ; Mrs. Treat. :iOL Arthur. Prof. J. ('.. 4UI. .\s!irum Canadense. 2is. :^90 ; structure of. Ascent of Motint Washington, 19. Asclepiadaceie. Genus of, 30i». 439 440 INDEX. Ascomycetes. Rehm's, 270. Asimina triloba, Cultivation of, 60. Ash, Tiie White, :U1. Ashmead collection of marine algae, 25. Aspidium aculeatum, 218; Lonehitis, 218. Asplenium Bradleyi, 388 ; ebenoides, 218. Aster cordifolius, 242; Torreyi, 242. Asterina, Synopsis of, 24S. Astragalus mollissimus, 242. Astronomic work of Jacob Ennis, 198. Atlantic City Diatoms, 352. Atlantic Ocean, 4. Atlas of the United States, 239. Attractiveness of the Philadelphia Dis- trict, 4. Andibertia Vaseyi, 242. Austin, Col. F.. 25; Collections of, 326. Austin, Mrs., Collections of, 282. Australian fungi, 267; palm, 33; plants, 28; 29. Autobiographical Notes of Ezra Miche- ner, 17S. Auxiliary Faculty of Medicine, endow- ment of, 15, 182. Azalea calendulacea, 87 ; lutea, 384 ; white, 20. Babbington, Prof. C. C, 249. Jiache, Franklin, iiiographical Memoir of, 182. Bachelor's Hall, a poem, 43. Bacteriological papers, 412. Bahamas and Jamaica, Observations on, 312. Bahama Plants, 372. Bailey, Prof. L. H., 404; letter from, 67. Bald Cypress, Studies on, 338. Baldwin, Dr. William, 24, 219 ; biography of, 119 ; papers of, 124; travels of, 122, 123. Balfour, John Hutton, 367. Balfour, Prof., 368. Ballast plants, 211, 220, 328 : at South Bethlehem, 243. Balsam of Peru, 208. Bambusa Stems and Incandescent Light- ing, 340. Banks' herbarium, 116. Bunks, Sir Joseph, 102 ; correspondence with Moses Marshall, 101. Barbadoes, History of, 190. Barton, Dr. Benj.'s., 160; biography of, 108 ; book of, 7 ; botanical teaching of, 12 ; portrait of, lOS ; and Nuttall, 112, 152; patron of Pursh, 114. Barton's Elements of Botany, 87. Barton, W. P. C, 4; biography of, 159; book of, 8. Barton, Prof., in 1822, 14. Bartonian Collection catalogued, 330. Bartram, John, 4, 5, 7, 86, 141, 171, 285; biography of, 46 et seq.; letter from, 44 ; Botanic Garden, 169, 194 ; ap- pointed King's botanist, 53; book of, 54 ; creed of, 57 ; library of, 71. Bartram's Garden, 250, 251, 349 ; bought, 2.53; described, 63 ; purchase by Phil- adelphia, 74: visit of Pennsylvania Horticultural Society to, 88. Bartram Park, 40. Bartram : coat of arms, 60 ; cypress, 433 house built, .51 ; house described, 61 and Linnaeus, r^i ; and Logan, 50 oak, 68, 433 : oak, notes on, 323 ; room 62; woodshed, 63. Bartram's Preface to Medicina Britan- nica, .50. Bartram's slave, Harvey, 68; travels, 54; treatment of servants, 50. Bartram, Ann, married to Col. Carr, 69. Bartram, William, 153 ; biography of, 86 ; elected professor in University of Pennsylvania, S6 ; travels of, 7, 86. Basidiomycetes, 293. Bastin, Edson S., 23, 389 ; biography of, 330. Bay window in Marshall's house, 85. Bean, Dr. T. H., collection of lichens, 310. Bechdolt, Robert G., biography of, 346; travels of, 348. Beech, The, 311, 236. Beetles' work on Lewis and Clark plants, 28. Belsatter, Dr. Thomas, 249. Benjamin Franklin and the University of Pennsylvania, 12. Bentham, George, 24. Benzin, Purification of, 377. Berberis, The Colorado, 310. Beringer, George M., biography of, 377 ; and herbarium fund, 30. Berlin, Botanical Museum, 29. Berlin, laboratories in, 395. Bernhardi, 24. Bessey, Professor Charles E., 359. Bibliography of Joseph Carson, 206 ; Frank Lamson-Scribner. 360 ; George .Martin, 248; Nuttall, 15s, iry.i ; Thomas C. Porter, 241; John H. Kedfield, 217: Rev. Francis Wolle, 223 ; J. T. Roth- rock, :310; W. P. Wilson, :«8 ; C. H. Kain, ;^52 : E. A. Ran, :>52 ; Henry Trimble, :^65 ; J. M. Macfarlane, 371 ; Ida A. Keller, 381: A. A. Heller, 388: Henry Kraemer, 390 : J. W. Harsh- berger, 396. Biddulphoid Forms of Diatoms, 374. ! Big cypress, 65. Bigelow's Medical Botany. 94. Big tree, 180 ; California, Names of, 398. Bilgram, Hugo, biography of, 34.5. Binomial system of nomenclature, 6. Biological " and Microscopical Section Academy of Natural Sciences, founded, 2.57. Biological School, 11 ; Sketch of, 12. Birch, black, :312; river, 311 ; white, 20; yellow, 312. Birds of America, List of, 87. Black rot, 361. Blanc's farm, 40. Blephilia, 147. Blue Ridge, 1, 3. Blunston Oak, 4:55. Bodley. Rachel L., biography of, 283. Bog garden, 19. Boisser, collections of, 28. Bonn, laboratory at, 395. Bonpland Aime, 97. Book of Evergreens, 286. Booth's Laboratory, 258. Boroglyceride, 377. Borraginacese, 24. Botanic Garden of University, 113 ; in- ception of, 17; established, 370; de- scription of, 17 et seq. Botanic Garden at Marshallton, 82. Botanic Station, Tropical Mexican, 398. Botanical Check List, 242. Botanical Gardens, Value of, 372. iM»i;x. 141 Botanical Club of l'hila(k-li)liiu, organ- ized, 121)7: nientioneil, :;u. Botanical Explorations in Southern Texas during the Season of lS9l, W»\. Botanical Society of Pennsylvania, or- ganized, :'.71 ; description of, 22; Transactions and Proceedings of. 42S. Botanical trips of A. A. Heller, :iS4, liS") et se(i. Botanist of Peary Expedition, 807. Botanists, (leneral List of, 101. Botany at College of Pharmacy, 23. Botany, Elements of, :>:V1. Botany. Foreign and Home Teaching of, 310. Botany. Stimulus of. l'\ Bouud'ary of Venezuela and (;uiana, luo. Boxes for fungi, 2(i7. Boxwood, (i8. Boyer, Charles S.. biography of, 372. Bradbury, .lohn, l.')3. Brandywine Banks. 311. Brandywiue Creek, 2; region, 2. Braseiila peltata, <;iandu!ar Hairs of, 382. Breathing organs of bald cypress. 3:-58. Breintnall, .Joseph, "d. Bridges, Robert, 25 ; biography of, iy5 ; oil painting of. 19."i. Briosi, Giovanni, 270. Brinton, Dr. .1. Bernard, 30, 3.'i9, 376, 400; biography of, 2l) 1 : death of, 319. British Empire in India, History of, 1S2. Britton. Dr. N. L., 2311. 327, :;.V.), :383, 3So. Britton it Brown's lllustrateee's farm, 40. Itush lioncy-suckles, 53. Buttoinvood. A Kare, 312. Buttonwood Tree, The Rodman, 433. Cabinet of Sciences, Chester County, 9 ; letter from, 13. Cacao, SUirches in. SM. Calavera.s Hlg-irin- Grove. :VX>. California: Nutmeg, 2i)7 ; plant!:, 29 ; soap plant, -.UU; : travels in. :595. Calisava Hark. 207. Calkin's. Cul. W. W., 2(;<;. Call. Kiclmrd Ellsworth, book by. IH. Callilriche dellc.xa var Anstiiii. :H1. I Cambium, Internal, of (Jelsi-iniuui. 312. ' Cambrjilgf Mutanical Garden. 1o;',. I Cambridge, seeds from. 1>. Campanulacea', new plants of l.')9. ! Camellias at Bartram's, 70. i Camellia houses. ]'X'.. Camellia Landrethii. 19:5. Camerarius, .(acob. 5. Canailian .Mos.ses. 272. Canaigre, :{66. Canl)y. Wm. M.. 16, 26, 29. 2'.K». 327 ; bio- graphy of. 27^: herbarium of. 279: travels of. 2so. Cape Henlojien. 1. Cape May. 1. Carboniferous Flora of the l". S.. 317. Carburetted Hyilrogenaml Exotic Plants, i 245. Card Index of Ellis's fungi. '271. Carex torta. :M1. Carex, American Si>ecies of. 131. Carices, Monograph of, 1:!1 ; of Penna.. I List of, '241. I Carpenter, William C. 'Jic. Carr. Col. Robert, 69, 87, 88, 153 ; nursery of, 70. Carson, Dr. .Joseph, 25 ; biography of. 199; bibliography of, '206; death of. 318. t Carson, Hampton L.. 202. Carum Gainineri. ^M'<('>. Carya toiiieniosa. :;12. Castanea Americana. Sex>ial Variations in, :;2:',. Castanea immila, :'.90. Catalogue of Plants at Bartram Garden, ! fi7. Catalogue of Plants of Delaware County, Pa.. 189. • Catalogue of Plants collected by .. ' Cat-fish, 1. Cavara. Fridiano. '270: Fungi Lango- bardi;e Exsiccati. '270. Cedar red. 5:; : white. 5:5 ; of Lebanon, 185. '• Cedar swamps. :;. i Cedar Swamji Society. I. t'edrela sinensis. 2.'>5. Celastrus scandens. Color in Aril of. :>S2. Cell Wall. Manner of (Growth of, 35.5. Celtis occidentalis. 64. Cemetery, Laurel Hill, is:;. Cemeteries, movement tomoilernize, 183. Centennial Exposition. :^:!. l_*lt. Centuries of Fungi, -263, '264; of North American Fungi, 29. Cevlon, Materia Medica of, 390. ChamiiH'Vparis ol)tu.«yi. '291 : pisifera. 29l. Chapman. Dr. A. W,. :r>3. Chapters on .Vnts, :',ul. Chara. 19. ('haracteres Plantarum. 45. Chart of Class of Birds. 2WA; of (ieology, 2:11 ; of the Races of Men, •2:15 : of the Vegetable Kingdom, 234. 442 INDEX. Charts, Natural History, 398; of Trees, 335. Chartists, 249. Check List of the Botanical Club of North America, 147 ; of Pennsylvania Plants, 377; of North American Plants, 387. Cheliflonium majus. On, 277. Chemical side of botany, 23. Cherry Barks, Structure' of, 335. Cherries at Bartram's, 70. Chester, F. D., biography of, 379. Chester County, botany of, 9 ; Cabinet of Sciences, 9, 138. Chestnut Tree, 311. Chevalier's Cross, Order Merite Agricole, 359. Chia, :^10. Chieipate, Analysis of, 375. Chilian plants, l>4,. 412. Chimaja, 310. Chinquapin, 390. Chisati, Prof., 337. Chorizema, 21. Christ in Song, Dr. Schaff s, 2:57. Christianity in India, History of, 182, Christ thorn. (58. 433. Chronological History of Plants, 193. Church of St. Michael's, 46. Cicero's De Senectute, 42. Cider press at Bartram's, 68. Cinchona bicolorata, 207. Cinna, Observations on, '660. Circumnutation, Rate of in Flowering Plants, 413. Citrate of Caffeine, 377. City Hall and Economic Museum, 36. City Museums, Report on, 339. Civilization of the Indian Nations, 223. Cladrastis, 147 ; flava, 4:36 ; lutea, 65. Cladonia, Rehm's, 272. Class of Birds, Chart of, 234. Class of '73, memorial gate erected by, 22. Classes in botany of Dr. Traill Green, 209. Clay, :i. Clayton, John, 65 ; herbarium of, 116. Clematis ovata, 386. Cliftonia ligustrina, 66. Clintonia borealis, 147. Clocks, first, in America, 46. Cloves, Study of, :590. Coat of Arms, Bartram. 60 Cockerell, T. D. A., 266. Coffin made of Paulownia, 180. Cole, Rev. .1. Augustus, 267. Cole's Latin Dictionary. 79. Collections of Durand,"l76. Collections for an Essay toward a Materia Medicaofthe U. S., 110. Collections from Japan, 'So ; of Ledebour, 281. College Botany, 3:34. College of Pharmacy, City of New York purchases Canby''s herbarium, 279. College of Pharmacy of Philadelphia, description of botany at, 23 ; herba- rium of, 23 ; laboratory of, 23. College of Philadelphia, 89, 109. Collins, Zaccheus, 4, 24, 95, 153 ; corre- spondence of, 218. Collinsia, a new genus of plants. 154. Collinson, Peter, 4, .51, 52 ; letter to, 44. Colorado plants, 29. Colorado, Synopsis of the Flora of, 2:38. Columbia College and Hosack's Garden, 116. Columbian Exposition, :33, 34; from a botanical standpoint, 390. Commercial and Economic Museum, 33 ; established, ;338. Commissioner of Foresty, 307. Committee of Penna. Horticultural So- ciety visits Bartram Garden in 1830, 69. Commons, Albert, biography of, 272. Compendium Florte Philadelphicse, 8, 162. Commerce of the Prairies, 246. Commercial Museum, herbarium of, 401. Common Councils, Thos. Meehan's career in, 2.52. Communities, Ecologic, 4. Compass of Bartram, 52. Conard, Henry S., 185. Condiments, Nutritive Value of, 375. Cone-bearing Plants of the World, 286. Cones of hemlock, 53. Cones of spruce, 53. Congressional Library, 40. Coniferse, North American, Contributions to, 3:35 ; studied by Henry Trimble and E. S. Bastin, :366 ; work on, 23; study and planting of, 285 ; Treatise on, 286. Conopholis, Americana, Observations on, 415. Conrad, Solomon \V., 9. 24, 15; biography of. 125. Conservatory, lean-to. 17. Conspectus Fungorum. 129. Constancy of species, doctrine of. 8. ! Contributions from Botanical Labora- tory, University of Pennsylvania, account of, 42o ; contents of, 426, 427. Cooke, Dr. M. »:., 264, 266, 267; Fungi Britannici, 270. Cooking of mushrooms and toadstools, :315. Corema Conradii, 217, 218, 219. Coreopsis discoidea, 341 ; senifolia, 349. Cork Tissues in Rosaceous Genera, 405. Cork Wings, Development of. :355, Corn Smut and Superstition, 293. Cornus florida, 2.55 ; mas, 433. Corpus Christi, Texas, botanical trip to, :386. Correa. Abbe, 8. Correa da Serra, biography of, 1.54. Correspondence botany classes, 368. Costa Rica, Account of, 428. Cost of Horticultural Hall, Fairmount Park, 4:30. Coulter, Dr. John M., :327, :359. Crawford, Joseph, biography of, :376 ; mentioned, 2:37, 2:39. Creed of Bartram, 57. Crepis tectorum, :341. Cretaceous green sand, 3. Cretaceous period, 2. Critraria minutissima, ;344. Crittenden Resolutions, 252. Cross fertilization, current views of, challenged, 381. Cross Fertilization of Flowers by Insects, Notes on, :38l. Crosses of Teosinthe and Maize, 397. Cruise to West Indies, 16. Cruise of White Cap, 307. Cuban Fungi, Wright's, 271. Cucumis, Notes on, 401. Cucurbits, study of, 408. Cupressus, varieties of, 288. Currants at Bartram's, 70. INDKX. 443 Curtiss. Rev. Mr., 1:5:5, 2S1. :i2(;. Cymoptenis. 147. CyperaceH', Monogrriij)!! of, I'Jl. Cypress, Bartram, 4'P;:]. Cypripediiun, Evolution of, :',:*.!. Cypripediuni piibeseens, ■2U. Cyrilla raceinitlora, ('>t'>. Dahlias, Native, of Mexico, :-«ts. Daisy, the. and .John J'.artram, 17. Daniiana, :;U). Dana, Professor, I'.rJ. Darlington, Dr. William, i, li, 12, 120, 1(;4, IWi, ISO, 2.S5, :iOri ; biography of, VM ; book by, r,, s:^ : herljarium of, 142; public" services of, 1:57 et seq.; Reli(iuife Baldwiniante, !»7, 121. Darlingtonia, 140. 27<>. Darrach, .James, biography of, 2r>s. Darwin. < harles. book of, 10: criticised, 29'.); Origin of Species, "); and Tiiomas Meehan, 25:^, 2r>4 ; views challenged, 3S1 ; Insectivorous Plants, by, 2yy. Datura Tatula. Vitality of Seeds, 242. Dearness, Mr. .Iohn,2(jr). Death of Bartram, nS ; of Lyon, at Ashe- ville, N. C, 13:S ; of John H. Redtield, resolutions on. 215. De Bary, Professor, laboratory of, olO. Decadon verticillata, 19, De Candolle, Professor, of Geneva, 140. De Hart, William, 434 ; sketch of, 407 ; his Gordonia pubescens, (5(3, 4;S3. De Lavatione Frigida, S«. Delaware County. Catalogue of Plants, 189 ; History of, 1S9 ; Institute of Sci- ences, founding of, 189 ; sketch of In- stitute, -^2. Delaware Indians, 1. Delaware plants, 27:^. Delaware River, 1, 3, ;>!. Delaware Valley Naturalists' Union, olO. Demetrio. Rev. C. H., 2(5(5. Demoralization of Plants, :100. Dencke. Rev. Mr.. 21. ;i<5. Denuert's Vergleichende Pflanzenmorph- ologie. Review of, ;:597. Deposit of Lewis and Clark's plants, 28. Descendants of Penn Treaty Elm, 432. De Schweintz, L. D., 4 Descriptio, Uberior graminum, 9"i. Description of Plants collected Vjy Wil- liam (Jambel, 159, 2:-52. Descriptions of Sphaeria, 1:^1. DeSenectute, Cicero's 42. Desmazieres, Plantes Cryptogames de France, 2(58. Desmids, 223; of the United States, 222. De Thumen's Fungi Austriaci, 2(58 ; My- cotheca Universalis, 2(58. Detwiler, H., biography of, 24(5. Development of Natural System, 8. Development of University Garden, 17. DeWitt, 42. Diachoea Thomasii, 344. Diaries of P>artram, 52. Diarv of I'ursh, 115. Diatomace.-e, fossil, :^52 ; of North Amer- ica, 222 ; papers on, 373. Diatoms, Notes on, ;^52 ; Respiration in, 379; slides, 352; study of, by C. S. Boyer, 373; studied by C. H. Kain, 351. Dickinson, Park, 253. Dickson, Professor, 368. Dies Ira-, 2:57. Dittenbach. Elias, 211 ; blofjmphy of, rj>3. Dillenius. 10. Dve stutts, M). Eastwick, Andrew, engages Thos. .Mee- han, 250 ; fondness for liartram's gar- den. 71 ; house burnt. 75 ; house torn down. 7(5: a locomotive buibler and machinist, 71 : mortgage, 71; prop- erty i)urchased, 72. 75. Eaton ia, 117. Eckfehlt. .Tohn W., biography of, :>i6; lichens of. 29. Ecologic: Communities. 4 ; Notes, :^98 ; Studv of (ienus Talinum, :i98 ; ques- tions, 11. Economic botanv, 1(5, :;:>1; at I nivers- ity, 1(5. Economic fungi, 270. Economic Museum, 33. Edible fungi, 315. Edict of Nantes, 149. Edinburgh Botanic (;arden, curator of, 193; seeds from. is. Edinburgh Coal Fields, fossil tlora of, 3(57. Eisenhower, Chief, 75. Electric Lighting and Stems of Bamboo, :^40. Elements of Botany, Barton, 7, S7, 110. Elementary liotany, Macloskie, •-'*.>4. Elements of Plant Anatomy, 355. 444 INDEX. Elements of Natural History, 412. Elevation of southern New Jersey. Elliott. Stephen, 24, 96; book of, 121; tiora of, 2S2. Ellis. Job. B., 11, 34o, 346; biography of. 2.">y : centuries of fungi, 29 ; associated with B. M. Everhardt, 227 ; moves to Newfield. N. J., 262. Ellis's fungi, card index to. 271. Elm, The American : The White, 311. El Maiz : E^tudio Botanico y Economico, 3'.)2. Elm Bark, .\dulterations of, 378. Elv. Mrs. Theodore, 32. Enibrvo Sacs, Development of, 410. Emesby. Reply to, :310. Empire 15uilding, 36. Endowment of an Auxiliary Faculty of Medicine, 1S2. Engelman. Dr. George, 280, 282, 286. Engler and Prantl System, 18. English dictionary, 394. Engraved stone of south gable, Bart- ram house, 59. Engraved stone over window, east front, 57. Engraving of Baldwin, 119. Ennis, Jacob, biography of, 197 ; conducts tield excursions, 198 : excursions of, :-;9l ; missionary labors in Java and Sumatra. 197. Enslen, Aloysius, 116. EnteridiumRoyeanum, 363. Enumeration of publications of Rafin- esque. 148. Epigaea repens. Observations on, 339. Equator, Accumulation of Plant Life at, :U8. Eragrostis Purshii, 342. Eranthishyemalis, 349 Ericaceae, new plants of, 159. Eriksson's Fungi Parasitici Scandinavici Exsiccati, 269. Eriochloa, A New, mO. Eriodictyon glutinosum. :510. Ervthrsea chilensis, 206 ; Muhlenbergii. * 96. Eshlemann. Jacob, 208; biography of, 20.S. Essay on Scammony, 207. Estate of William Hamilton, 113. Estate of Nuttall, 1.57. Estimate of the work of J. B. Ellis, 265. Ethno-botany. :-]97. Ethno-botanical subjects, lectures on, .393. Eugenia Garberi. 302. Eupatorium pur]>ureum, 366. Euphorbia heterophylla, 70. Euphrasia otticinalis", 219. European botanists, views of, 10. European cornel, 433. European trip of J. W. Harshberger, 395. Evans, John. 4, 185; biography of, 167; garden of, 169: location of, 172; and his Garden, :>J8. Evergreens, Book of, 286. Everhart. Benjamin M., 11, 266; associ- ated with J. B. Ellis. 264, 227 ; bio- graphy of, 227. Evolution in plants, study of, 408. Evolution, Raflnesque's views on, 147. Examination of Powdered Drugs, :o90. Excursions of the Botanical Society of Pennsylvania. 22 ; of J. Bernard Brin- ton, 296. Exhibits from Argentine Republic, 35 ; from Mexico, 35 ; of World's Fair, 253, ;3:>S ; procured from foreign coun- tries, :34. Exploring expedition of Lieut. Wheeler, 306 ; to South Seas, 191. Exploration of White Mountains. 191. Experimenta et Meletemata Plantarum. 5. 41. Experimental beds, 17: farms near citv, 40. Exposition of 1899, ?,'J. Exsiccati of J. B. Ellis, 271. Faculty of Natural Historv. institution of, 14. Fahnestock, George W., biographv of, 245. Fairmount Park, 2, 33, 40: flora of, 220; pi ntiug of trees in, :^49. Family Kitchen Garden, 195. Family of Muhlenberg. 92. Farlow. Prof. W. G., 263, 359. Fecula of Alstr«meria, 207. Fedias of eastern United States, 242. Fendler, plants of. 26 ; Venezuelan fungi, 271. Ferns, Dr. Eckfeldt's collection of, 358; of North America, 218 : from Rock Castle. 327 : in South Florida, 303. Fertilization of Flowers, olO. I Field excursions, 31 ; by Jacob Ennis, 198. Field and garden plants, lectures on, 393. Fighting Rocks, Waifs of, 314. Filberts at P>artram's, 70. Finland Fungi, 269. Finnish literature, Dr. Porter's contribu- tion to, 2:39. Fire, at Bartram's, 75; in Herbarium of Lafayette College, 238. Fire sand, 3. First botanical professor in America, 7. First period of botany in Philadelphia, 5. Fish, Fishing, Fisheries of Pennsylvania, pamphlet on, ;367. Flaxseed Meal, Sophistication of, 378. Flora of Alaska, 310. Flora Americse Septentrionalis. 8, 27, 111, 116. Flora Boreali Americana, U4. Flora Cestrica. 9, 140, 167, 180. 224, 2:34, 273; indebted to Joshua Hoopes, 166. Flora of Fairmount Park, 220. Flora of geysers, studied, 395. Flora Lancastriensis, 94. Flora of Lehigh County, 292, 330: of Martha's Vinevard and Nantucket, 219: of Mount" Desert. Me.. 219; of New Jersev. studied bv Mrs. Treat, 299 ; of North America. 160, 162 ; of the Northern and Middle States, 1.51 ; of the Westtown Farm, 244. Flora Philadeli)hicte, 179. Flora Philadelphicte Prodromus, 162. Floral Structures, Origin of, 312. Florida Plants, Two new, 242. Florida plants, 25. Florula Cestrica, 9, 13S 140, 168, 180. Flowers, Fertilization of, ;310. Flower Garden Directory, 195. Flowers and Ferns of the United States, The Native, 2.51. Flowers, water color sketches of, 414, Food-fishes, 1. iNi»i;x 44. Foreign riants, Introduction ol. :;J7. Forest (irowtli, Sanitary Innui*m-e of, 827. Forest Leaves, :i2, :',11 : account of, 42;'). Forest Leaves, paintings of, 2:{4. Forest i)riuH'val, :U1. Forest I'reserves, sections suite*! for, :W0. Forest Trees of America, translati<»n of, Forest Trees, Tennsylvania an ; biography of, HC. Fotterail .<(iuare, 117: Park,2<;8. Founders' l)ay at Lafayette (\>llege, 28L Everhart, 227 ; by Dr. Herbst, 298. Fungicides, :^(;2. Funghi Parassiti del Piante Coltivate od rtili, 270. Fussell, Edwin, biography of, 247. Fussell, Linnteus, M. D., biography of, 82.S. Galls. Four Oak, from India. :¥>{). Galls. Some American, :!(')6. Galveston .Advertiser. 216. Gambel, William, biography of, 281 ; fate of, 282 ; ]ilants of, 1.57. Gambelia speciosa, 282. Gambler. 86.5. Garber. Dr. A. P., 4, 2.5. 282, :^47 : bio- graphy of, :-]02 ; excursion to Puerto Rico, :^08. Garberia, :^08. Garden of Bartram started, .58. (iardeu. Botanic, at Iniversity of Penn- sylvania. 17. (Jarden of .lohn Evans, descrii)tion of. 169 et se<|. Gunleii of Dr. Ilo.^ack, 11.5. Garden of nuMJicinal plants on Lower \N isNiliickcin, .5. Garden Pels. My. -.M. (ianleners" .Monthly, accfiunt of, 424. fiaiirineie. North American, 310. (ihosl of Aaron's Prong, ;;14. Gifford, John, 427; biography of, 401; travels of. 402. Gingk(. biloba. 11;;: at Woodlands. 4:;4. Ginseng. .5:; ; cultivation of. :',. (iordonia Altamaha, 2.5(; ; pubescens, 407. l;n. Gordonia pubescens collected by the Bartrams, V,r, ; De Hart's. 4:W. G(ittingen. I'niversity of, :;:^6. Governor Logan, 5. Gelsemium sempervirens. Internal Cam- bium of, 312; Internal Phloem of, 414. Genera of North American Plants, s. 1.5:]. Genera Plautarum.Bentham and Hooker, Genera of Katinesque, 147. General List of Botanists. 404. Gentiana alba. 242 : Andrewsii, 293 ; Chirayita, 207. Geographical Biology. :!9<; : botany. It!; distribution. 11. Geographical Distribution of Animals and Plants. 192. Geology of Philadelphia. 2. Geology. Chart of. 2:'rJ. Geranium maculatum. Structure of, :>>5. Gerard's Herbal. 79. German Pietists. 5. Germantown yellow-wood. 4:?<). Gey.ser Hora studie2 : of Muhlenberg. 96; of Pennsylvania. List of. '242: of Phila- delphia. :>iO ; jiapers on, ;>60. :i61, :>62 ; as Sand and Soil Binders, ;>62 ; Useful and Mrnauu'Utal, :;62. Gravel banks. 17. (travel, yellow. 2. Grave of KaMnesque. 14(i. Grave-stone of Bartram's slave, 68; of Dr. William Darlington, 14:;. Gray, Dr. Asa, '25, 26, •Jli;, •j.su. -^s^. 286, 297, ;t27;:5:^6; tries to dissuade -Mrs. Treat, ;^00 : remarks on death of, :^12. :->40 ; and John H. Re. Halesia Meehani. 2.55. Halslead. Prof. Byron, 291. Haines. Reuben, 153. Hamilton. William. 133; estate of, 113: of Woodlands. 4:^. Hamilton Walk. 21. Hanbury Gold Medal, 278. Hand-book of Analytical Chemistry, 364. Hand-book of Ornamental Trees, 251 ; written at Bartram Garden, 63. Harfordia. Notes on, 242. HarknessDr. H. W.. 266. Harrison, Dr. C. C, 17, 18, 75, 870 ; gener- osity of. 20. Harrowgate Park, 25.3. Harshberger, John W., 11, 16, 23; article by, 5. 172 : teaching of, 16 ; biography of, :-}9l : European trip of, 395. Hawaiian Islands. Flora of, :387. Hazel-rod in divination, 46. Harvey, slave of Bartram, 68. Heermann"s collections, 10. Heister, John P., 292; biography of, 186. Heleuiuni Hoopesii, 166. Helleborus niger. 207. Heller, A. A., biography of, 382. Helonias bullata, 19 : in Xew Jersey, ;>52. Hemiarcyria clavata, :344. Hemlock. The, SU. Hemlock P>arks, Structure of, 335. Hemlock cones, .53. Henslow, Rev. Geo. and Thos. Meehan. 2.54. Henslow, Rev. Geo., book of, 312. HepatiCct. 25, 273. Herbal of Parkinson, .50. Herbalists, 5. Herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 218; sketch of. 23 et seq.: and J H. Redfield, 214. Herbaria of Clayton, Pallas, Plukenet, Catesby. Morison, Sherard, Walter, Banks, 116. Herbarium of Isaac Burk. 220: William Canby, 279: College of Pharmacv. 23: Columbia Universitv. :50 : of Commercial Museums. 401: Dr. Dar- lington, 142; Department of Agri- culture. 30: of De Schweinitz. l:)0; of Durand. 177 ; of Edinburgh Botanic Garden. :J6S: of J. W. Harshberger, 394: of Harvard. :B0: of Latavette College, 2:38: of Lambert, 27; of J. C. Martindale, :324 ; of Menke, 24, 196 : Missouri Botanical Garden, 30 ; of Muhlenberg, 96, 218 ; North Ameri- can. 26 : of Pennsylvania. 2:>8 ; of Rafinesque, 146 ; of Aubrey H. Smith, 210 : of the University of Pennsyl- vania. 16. Herbst, Dr. Wm., 186, 291. 330 ; biographv of, 29. Heritage, Benjamin, biography of, 29. Hermitage (incorrectly Monastery), gar- den at, 43. Heuchera Americana. Structure of, 3:55. Hibbertand Buist. 194. Hibbert's florist establishment, 194. Hickories. The, 236. Hickorv, The Butter Nut. 311 ; Shell Bark. 'P,ll. Hicks. G. H.. Article by. 144. Hieracium aurantiacum. 219. Hildebrand's Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, 387. Himalaya seeds, 169. Historic Mansions and Buildings of Phil- adelphia, 42. Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 40. History of Barbadoes, 190: "of the British Empire in India. 182; of Christianity in India, 182 : Chronological, of Plants. 193; of Delaware Co.. 167, 189: of Girard College, 182 : of Haver- ford College, 174 : of the Medical Department of the Univ. of Pa.. 205, 208; of the Pennsvlvania Hos- pital, 182: of the Univ.'of Pa.. ls2. Histoire des arbres forestiers de I'Amer- ique, 7. Histoire des Chenes de I'Amerique. 7. Hitchcock, Dr. Edward. 292. Holcus bicolor, a substitute for choco- late, 162. Hoi way, E. W. D.. 266. Home Studies in Nature, 299. Honey Glands of Pitcher plants. 371. Honey Locust. 312. Hongos Sud Americanos. 269. Hooker, Sir Wm. J.. 24, 163, 195, 2.50. Hoopes, Joshua, 4, 164. 285; biographv of. 285. Hoopesia, 166. Hop hornbeam, 312. Horoscopy practiced, 46. Horticultural Building. Fairmount Park, :33 : account of, 429. Horticultural Society of Penna., 40. Horticulture in Philadelphia, strides of, 194. Hot-houses at Bartranys, 70. Hot springs. Vegetation of, :59S. House of Bartram described, 61 : of East- wick, 78; of H. Marshall, 84. House Plants as Sanitary Agents. 350. House of Rafinesque, 146. Hovenia dulcis. 255. How to Know Trees. ;304. Humboldt. Alexander von. 97. Hungarian Fungi, Linhart, 268. Hungarian Daisy. Sophisticated with In- sect Powder. 37>i Hunt. J. Gibbons. 11; biography of, 2.57. INDKX W Huxley, Professitr, 'J:>.'>. Hyacinths. WatiT, I'.i. Hyljrids of Droseia liiliforiuis and D. in- tt.'iinerids. Minute Structure of, o71. Hybrid I'lants. publications on, :^(ilt. Hybridity of Hartrani Oak. CS. Hydroca"rl)ons in I'lants, :;7ti. Hydroeliaritc Society. 1. Hydrographic features of riiiladelphia, l:?. Hyoscyanius nisrer 101». Hyi.oi.liosphorous Acid, :;77. Idaho, botanical trips to. :>S.5, :>S7. Ilysantiies. 1 17. lilustrateil Flora, Britton and Brown's, 1 17. illustrations of Medical Botany, 203, 207. Imbibition of Seeds. Heat of, 2*)4. Ininiiirration of Maisch to America, 274. Imjicrial Academy of Erlan^en, 97. Imjirovements at Hiirtram's (ianlen. I't. Incei)tion of the Lewis and Clark expe- dition, lO.'i. Independence Hall. IJ. Index Flora Lancastriensis, 94. Index of the (ienera in the Herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences, India Cinnamon, 207. India Opium, 207. Indian Food Plants, mr^, :]r>f>. Indian funt^i. 2(>7. Indian Plant Hunter, The, 184. Indian plants, 24. Indians, Delaware, 1. Injurious Insects of the Farm and Gar- ■ den, :-;0l. Inoculation for Smallpox, 101. Inscription on Gravestone of Dr. Dar- lington. 14:5. Inscription over window, r>7, GO. Insect Menagerie, 299. Insectivorous plants, articles on, 279; Pltchered. :;71. Insectivorous Plants, Darwin's, 299. Inside of Hartram house, (Jl : Marshall house. 84. Institution of Natural History Faculty, 14. Insular vegetation. 219. Intramolecular respiration. 339. Introduction. I. Introduction of Lombardy Poplar and Norway Maple, 131. Introduction to .Systematic and Physio- logical liotany, lo;\ Iris bed. 19. Iris. Structure of, 33ri. Iron wood. 312. Irocjuois Lake. .^L Irritable stamens in the Flowers of Por- tulaca grandillora.2l9. Irrlto-contractility in Plants. 372. Isoetes Engelmnnni, 31 ; saccharata, 379. Itaiiiin collections, 2S1. Ithan Creek, 172. Ivy Lodge, (lermantown, 1S3 .lackson arl)oretum, Londongrove, Pa. 40S. Jackson, Halliday, biography of, 223. .lalap plant. 2iHi. .lanus. 'ihoinas P.. 11 : biography of. is^". : an3. Junii)erus, 20, 290. Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de, S. Jussieu. Bernard de, x. Jussleu's System, s. Justice of i'eace, Moses Marshall as, 107. Kain, Charles Henry, biography of, :;.'>0. Kalm, Peter. 4, (5 : biograi>hy of, 77 : book of, 77 : and Linnpeus ; travels, 0. Kalmias, 20. Kalevala, The, 2:37. Kansas fungi. 270. Karsten, Dr. P. A., of Mustiala. Finland, 2(59. Keck. Karl, specimens of, 281. Keen, Dr. G. B., 117. Keller, Dr. Ida. 11 ; biography of, :580; work on U)cal tlora. 31. Kellermann. Dr. W. A., 2tit). Kellermann and Swingle Kansas fungi, 270. Kellogg, 26, 281. Kelpius, ri: death of. 42. Kelsey, Kev. F. D.. 2(56. Kentucky cotfee-tree, 70, 311. Kew (iarilen, 19, 1:59. Key West, Fla.. collecting trip t(^. :'.H. KilVington. Robert, biography of. 1^^. Kimber, Abigail. l)iography of. 167 : teacher of (irace Anna Lewis. 234. Kin. Mathias. 4:^(5; biography of. 1x4. King's. Clarence, expedition of. 1^7. Kingsessing. 47. 7>>, S6, h',y>. Knees of bald cypress, :*>:>. Kraemer, Dr. Henry, 11. 22, 23: Itiogra- phy of, 3SS. Krami)h. Kev. Samuel, 96. Kriegers Fuuiji Saxonici Kxsiccati. 2i!9. Krout. Dr. A. F. K.. 122: biograi^hy of, :WS. Krug. Prof. Leopold. 29. Kuhn. Dr. Atlam. 4. 6, 12; biography of, ss; uiedical studv of. ss ; electiim to College of Phil:i' "'' ••'•-'-^■ eoHec- u Vi • l"^'''l>»iriuin of, 824, ;wi Mar!iu;Von"'r°''''''"''''^*'^'^'-'^-'-'- Manshall, Humphry, I, 7. 101', lU. 171- AHmstum Aniericauum, 7; biof,'rapby MarsJmlltou, Hotanic Garden ut, sl' Marshall s hou.se, inside of M Marshall Moses. li'O: biography of, ')7- travels of, 1()l', K),"). ' i>r!irslin!lia, s], ](»:•, joi. Marsilia <|uadrifolia, ll». Masters, Dr. Maxwell T., L'.sc, '^^^'^.V-I'^V^^'"^ '••'*' '-'^ College of I'banuacv -'•->; Ireatise on, ;;is. Maupay's garden. V.)l. Mauvaisc's Terres, Plants of, 211. Mr alia Kdunm.l C, biograj-hy of, ;^J.S. Me (.well laniily at A.sheville, N. C, 1:«. ')f'''r?' ^■"t'^- ^'^'irl«s. ^^; biography M'u!ft^!i.' ^%"'^'^' biography of, 117. MMahons American Gardener. 188- gajden, Meeluin, Prof. Thomas, 11, 2r>, 2(5, 2<) 88 • and Hartram Garden, (i.!, 7'> 71 • hio'"- rai.hy of, 219: Handl.ook' ..f 'orna- mental Trees. 2.^1 ; and herbarium fund, 80: observations on pl.-uits ";">! • I elected a visitor of ilarvanl Cniver- , Meehans Monthly, siarte. Meissner ilerbarium of C.lumbia (Jol- b'ge, 217. ^fclic:e, Kevision of, :u\U. Melitotusalba, Movement.- of Leaves of, Meliola. SyiK.psis of, 21.S. ^bdlichamp, I)r.,2.'<2. Memoranda of the Effects of Carburetted lydrogen (Jas on a Collection of Kxotic Plants, 21."). Memorials of 15artram and Marshall. 83, Memorial botanical librarv. 7<;. Miinorial Kuneracea>, 124 : of N. A Carices, 181 : on Pasi)alum, ir)0:on Rhynchospora, 124 ; on Tannins, :W4 • on Viola, 1:^0. ^Monographs of Philadeli)hia Commercial Museums, account of, 42.S. Mormodicas, A Few, 401. Morphology, advance of, 11. Morphology, It]; of the Andnecium of the Fumariaceie. 810. Morison's herbarium, lie. Morocco, Flora of, 2S2. Moroiig, Dr. Thos., 29. Morris. Robert. Sago Palm, 4:55. Mortgage of Eastwick on Rartram's Gar- <) Midler, Dr. Gliristian. 97.' ^lulilenberg, Gotthilf H. K., 1 ls| • and Dr. P.a'dwin. 121: biography of irj ; book of. 7 ; corrvs|.oudencc of. 98, 97 ; and the grasses, 9(i. 450 INDEX. Muhlenberg family. 02. Muhlenberg's Catalogue, reduction of. s. 406 ; Herbarium, M, 21i>. Muhlenbergia. '.Hi. Mulberries at Bartram's, 70. Mullein Oil. :J77. Mullica Kiver, :-;. :Munich, Forestry School at, 102. Munich^ laboratory at, :->9ii. Musci. catalogue of N. A., 352; frondosi, •122 ; hepatiea', 122. Mnshroouis or Toailstools.. 2'.)o. Musiiroouis, cooking of, :-!l.i. Musfuui of Economic Botany, !(>. Museum Buildings in West Philadelphia, ^fuseum and garden, 397. Museums of Philadelphia, 2.^3. Mvcetozoa. Study of. 803. Mycologic Center, Bulletin of, 12S. Mycological Club. Sketch of. :n ; herba- rium of W. C. Stevenson, 3i'!. Mycologic Flora of Chester County, 407: work of Geo. Martin, 248. Mycotheca Marchica, 269; Universalis. 268 ; Veneta (Saccardo), 26S. Myrica inodora. S7. Myrica, Notes on Genus. 37S. Mystics of Germantown, 46 Mystic sciences, 42. Myxomycetes. Mr. Bilgram?- . omlliiuii of, 34;i ; New American, iVi-t : A new genus of, 363 ; studv of, 342, 343, 345, 363. Nageli at Munich, 337. Nama Rothrocki, 309. Name of Schweinitz, von or de? 127. Names of California Big-tree, 398. Nantucket, Flora of, 219. National l)ispen.satory, 277. National Export Exposition, account of, 428. Native Flora, Additions to our, 242. Nativities cast, 46. National Museum. 40. Natural HLstory, Elements of, 412. Natural System, development of, 48. Nectandra Puchurv— major and minor, 207. Nectaries. Secretion of Water from, 339. Nectarines at Kartram's. 70. N'eiderlein. Gustav, Sketch of. 410. N'elumbium luteum. Preliminary Notes on, 291. Nereid Society, 4. Xeviusia Alabamennis, 17. New Caledonia, Plants of, 281. New .Jersey Forester, 402. New .Jersey Oora, studied by Dr. J. B. Brinton, 296. New .Jersey plants. Catalogue of, 242. New .Jersey flora and Mrs. Treat, 299. New Mexican plants. 29. 282. New Remedies, editor of. 318. .\'ew York Botanical Garden, 272. Xew Zealand plants, 281. Nicaragua, 306; Account of, 428. Nitella. 19. Noisette Pose. 194. Nom de plume of Capt. Mcllvaine, 314. North American fungi, 263. North American Fungi, description of centuries, 267. North American Herbarium, 2i'. ! North American Plants, Check List of, :587. North American Pyrenomycetes, The, j 205. ' North American Sylva, 157. North Brook Chestnut Tree. 431. North C'arolina, Plora of, 388. North Pacific Survey, 29. Norway maple, introduced, 434. Norway pine, 311. Norway spruce. 69. North wood Park, 74. Nostoc, 223. Notable trees, articles on. 367. i Notes on some Species of Cucumis, 401. Notes of Travel, 186. Nursery of Josiah Hoopes, 287. Nursery of Thomas Meehan & Sons, 254. I Nutgrove, estate of Nuttall, 157. I Nuttall, Thomas, 4, 24. 25, 144; assistant of. 231 ; and B. S. Barton. 112 ; bibli- ography of, 1.5S. 159: biography of, 151; book of. 8: at Cambridge, 1.55; collections of, 24; lectures of, 197; paper by, 2:^2 : pecan tree of. 436 ; portrait of, 151: return to England, 157; return to America, 157; travels of, 112, 1;54, 156. Nuttallia, 1.58. Nymphsea odorata. 118. Nyssa Ogeche, l:J3; svlvatica, :^,11. Oak: Pin, ;^12 : The Rock, 311, 312; The Swamp White, 311. Oaks, The, 2;S5; of North America, 7.. Objects of Commercial I\[useum. :^5. Observations on the Inhabitants, Cli- mate, Soil, etc., Bartram's, .54. Observations of Mr. Meehan, 251. Observations on Some Parts of Natural History, 109. Odes of Horace, 2:^,7. Oil of Bay, 377, 378. Oil of Birch, :^65. Oil i:>aintings of Logan. 42. Old field pine, 311. Oleo-resins, Notes on, :577. On Plants and Animals in their Wild State. 192. On the Colonies of Plants Observed Near Philadelphia, 210. Ontario Lake, 54. Ontario Park, 253. Opuntia Rafinesquii, 147 ; vulgaris in New Jersey, 328. Orange leaf scab, 362. Orcadella operculata, 363. I Orchids, m. Orchis spectabilis, 244. Order of Worship, Reformed Church, 2;^7. Ordinance setting aside Bartram Garden, 74. Oregon maple, 256. Organic Materia Medica, Manual of. 277. Origin of Floral Structures. :312. Origin of Species, Darwin's, 5, 10. Origin of Stars, The, 198. Ornamental bed, 19. Ornamental Trees, Handbook of, 25. Ornithology, The American. 87. Orobanche minor in New Jersey, 328. Orontium aquaticum, 19. Orthotricha. Note on, :S63. Oryzoi)Sis, 1.58. 0.sage orange, 118; introduetiou of, 9. IN I) MX. 4r,i fJsmorrluzii, 1 17. OsimiiiMo ciniiMnininfa, var. Irornlosn, ill's. OulliiH's of I.oftnifs on M.-Hi-rin Mcilicn iind linttiny, k;:;. ( >\ iT-cMip (»jiU. ;;il. Oxalis, 21 ; ^Mainlis, :",.K| ; recurvii, '.\x\. I'jiiiiters" Arhoroliiiii. ISfi: jiajuT (in. llXi. I'MJnter, .lacdlt, l>ii>Kiai»hv of, JIO. I'aintcr, Miiisliall. liiovrni'i.liy of ISl. J'aiiitiiit,' in oil of Koheit hrid^L's, 1<)'> ; of (;oo. J$. \Vo(.(l. ISO. Painlini,'sof Forest Leaves, 2:;l. raiiitiii^'s of Lofjan. 12. I'alanu'dea earmita. Skeleton of, ;MH. raieo-lxitany, li;. IS?. raieozf)ic hills, H. Talni house of University, 21. I'allas's herljarium. ]U\. rainier, T. Chalkley, bio^M•aI>hy of, ".7S ; articles by, :!7lt. Palmer, Lewis, biographv of. :'.ls. I'ahiier, Dr., IC, 2o,2(;, 2y. 2.S2, :32(3. I'alinetto. The, :!-10. raliiiettos, Tannins of. ofiS. I'aiiaw-tree. l:!:5 ; at Vernon Park, VM). I'ajier and Ck»th. Origin of, :V.)1. Parasitic Plants, Germination and (irowth of, :S2S. Pardee Hall, burning of, 2:is. Parker, Charles ¥., 2(5. 211, ■Pi2?,, r,2i; l)iography of, 22. Peck, Professor of Cambridge, 110. Peck, Prof. C. H., 2(30, 293. Pediastrums of the U. S.. 222. Peirce arboretum, 410. Peltandra undulata. Jelly-like Secretion of Fruit, ;3.S2. Penikese. Mass., 3(M. Penn's colonists, 272. Pennsylvania Forestry Association, 32 : Flora, Sketch of, 239 : Forestry Statis- tics, 390; Herbarium, 238; Historical Society, 40 ; Horticultural Society, 40; Hospital, History of, 1S2 ; Plants, Check List of, :-i77 ; Railroad Com- pany's Building, 'M'>. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, first exhibition of. 194. Penn Treaty Elm, 4:32 ; descendants of, 432. Pentstemon Ificvigatus, 341 ; Smallii, 384. Peppermint, Oil of, :^()5. Pepsin, Essence of, :-;77. Pereira's Materia Medica, 203. Permanent Objects for Microscope, 310. Persimmon, 2."), :',ii, Personon laurifolium. (U\. Peters. Rev. Jolin K.. Kil. Pelre Pear Tree, 07, 1:'.:'.. I'encechuuun Canbvi. :U'>t). PfeMer. Dr. Williuin, :{:{7, :;so. I'hullus, A New, :{.'.2. I'harmacy, American Journal of. 424. Pharmaceutical Cliemi.stry, Text-hook b(jok of. ;3<;5. Pharmaceutical Side of Hotnny, 2:^. Phurmacopiiia by (Jeo. li. Wood, 182; revised. 2(M. Phenol sr)di(iue, 377. Phenologicul incjuiries, 11. Philadelphia, a botunio centre, 40. Philadeljihia liotunical Club, sketch of, :^0: founded. :'.70. Philadeljiliia College of Pharmacy 17:'. ; Alumni Iveport of, 424. Philadelpiiia Court ttf Honor, :;90. I Philadelphia's distance from Atlantic I Ocean, New York, Washington, L Philadelj)liiu, first settlement of. 1 ; grasses of, :3:30; Library Company of. 40 ; Moss Cha}>ter. description of,"422 ; Mu.seums, 2.53 ; Mycological Center, 31 , 42.S. Phhem in Gelsemium sempervirens, 414. Phlox Carolina, Analysis of, :^«35. Photographs of Marshall house, 8;5. Phyllostictas of North America, 24k. Physalospora Bidwellii, :301. I'hysic. study of, by Bartram, 449. Physiology, advance c»f, 11. Phyto-Bez'oars, Review of our Knowle. Picea Engelmanni, 2.55, 290; orientalis, •290 : pungens. 290 ; Sitchensis, 290 ; Smith iana, 290. Pickering, Charles. 4, 11. 24, 25 ; biogra- phy of, 190 ; travels of. 192. Pietists. German. 5. Pike's Peak, Plants of,:«:^. Pimenti and Cloves, ;^77. Pines. Articles on the, :301, 302, 288. 289. Pine, Norway, 311 ; The Red, :311. Pine Street removed from City plan, 21. Pinetum of Josiah Hoopes, description of, 288. Pinguicula, Mrs. Treat's studies on, 299. Pin Oak, Robust, :305. Pinus Austriaca. 28.S: Bank.siana, 219; Bungeana. '289 ; densiliora. 289 ; ex- celsa, 283; ttexilis, 28',i : inops. 2><\) : Koraiensis. •2«9 ; Lambertiana. 2.s8, 295 : Larieio, 288 ; monticola. J.ss ; palus- tris, '289; Pence. •2S8 ; ponderosji. ;395 ; l)ungens, 24:?, '289: resinosa. 2S9 ; rigida, 289; rigida at Cape Henlo- jten, 311; Sabiniana. '2S\t ; Strobus nivea.288; .sylveslris ; Tada. 289. Pioneers of Science in America, 92. Pitchered Insectivorous ['hints, :^7I. Pitcher-plants, Preparation of Ei)idermis of, :371. Plan to explore western territories, 55. Plankton Society, I. Plant Analysis, ;30l ; Chemistry, :^75 ; Communities, 3 ; Doctors, Need of, :?97 ; Form, Chemical Basis of. :^75 ; Forms on Mexico Tablets. :^90 ; Hairs, :5:vl ; Names in New Jersey, 399. Plantu' Heermannianie. 10, 177. Planttc Kaneana^ (Jro.'uljiiidii-M', 177. 452 INDEX. Plantfe Pmttenianrc, 177. riantacro rat.-isronica, var Aristata, ?A\. riaiitf.- CiyiitdLranies do France. 208. riaiitiiis "'t' coiiiffroiis trees, 2.S7. riuntinK of trees in Fairmount I'ark, 310. I'lants Appearing in Flower in the Neigh- borhood of I'hihidelphia from Feb- ruary to November, 251). Plants of Arctic Regions, 24; from Asia Minor, 21); Australia, 2S; of Bahamas, ?,T2; of Bolivia, 21); of Hrazil, 2;); of Chiapas Mexico, 29 ; of Chili, 21) ; of China, 28 ; of Delaware, 27o ; of Formosa, 28; ofFrancc. 2S; collected by Wm. Ciambel, 2o2; of Germany, 281 ; from Greece, 29 ; from Green- land, 29; from Guatemala, 29; of the Holy Land, 282; of Japan, 28; from Kurdistan, 29; of Lancaster Co., 241 ; of Lebanon, 282; of Lewis and Clark, 116; of John Lyon, 116; from Mace- donia. 29 ; of Mauvaises Terres, 211 ; from Mesopotamia, 29; of Tal)aseo, Mexico, 29 ; of New Caledonia, 281 ; Catalogue of New Jersey, 242 ; of Pike's Peak, 32:^; of South America, 29 ; of Tasmania, 28 ; from West In- dies, 29. Plukenet's herbarium, IIG. Plums at Bartram's, 70. Podophyllum Resin, 377; Structure of, 335. Podophyllum peltatum. Variations of, 242. Poems bv Cieo. Webb, 43. Poems of llalliday Jackson, 223. Poinsett, Mr., Mexican Minister, 195. Poinsettia pulcherrima, introduction of, 195. Poisonous fungi, 315. Poisonous Plant, An Additional, ?,<:)C,. Poleeat Hollow, Legend of, 315. Poleinoniacea', 241. Polygonacea-, 241. Polyporeie, 209. Pond of University, 19. Poplar Tree, 311. Pores of Libriform Tissues, 3.55. Porter, Dr. H. C, 11, 16, 23; sketch of, 411. Porter, Prof. Thos. C, 11, 280, 327, aS3 ; biogra])hy of, 236 ; tribute to, 239 ; bibliography of. 241; encourages R. (i.F.eehdoldt, 347. Port land ia, Us. I'uerto Rican I'lants, 282. Portrait of Wm. Bartram, 86; of J. W. Harshberger, :39l ; of Adam Kuhn, 88; of Le Conte, 149; of Muhlenl>erg, 92; ofRafinesque, 147; of Thos. Nut- tall, 151 ; of David Townsend, 164 ; of Dr. Casper Wistar, 108. Portulaca grandiflora, Irritable Stamens of, 249. Post-graduate Class in Botany, 16. Post, Dr., of Syria, 25, 281. Potamogeton crispus, Discovery of in America, 22.5. Potato, The Arizona, 310 ; Origin of, 399. Potter s Clay, 3. Powerful Temperance Sketches, 314. Practice of Medicine, Treatise on, 182. Pratt, Henry, garden of, 194. Pratten's collections, 10. Preface to Medieina Britannica, 50. Preliminary Notes on Nelumbium lu- teum, 291. Prc-Linnfpan Period, 5. I'rimeval forests, 311, 395. Primeval Forest, 311. Pringle, Prof. C. G., 16, 25, 26, 29, 282, 326. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, account of, 423; American Phannaceutical Associaion, account of, 421 ; .Vuiericau Philo.sophical So- ciety, 422. Prodromus of Fresh Water Algte, 317. I'roduction of Fruit, Statistics of, :^99. Progress of Systematic I'.otany in North America, adihess on, 2:',9. Proposition of Moses Miirshall for west- ern exi'lorations, 105. Prunus Alleghaniensis, a new plum, 242, 243 ; scroti na, weei)ing variety of, 255. Pterostyrax hisiiidum. 256. Ptychos]ienii:i elegaus, :;3. Public career of Thomas Meehan, 252. Public services of Wm. Darlington, l;J7. Public School, Landreth, 91. Puerto Rico, botanical exploration of, :>ss ; visited by Dr. Garber, 303. Pumpkin, An American Plant, 397. Purchase of Bartram's Garden, 72, 74; of Ellis's herbaria, 272 ; of Martin- dale's herbarium, 327. Pursh, Frederick, 4, 24, 96, 111, 133, 330; book of, 8; and Lewis and Clark plants, 27 ; biography of, 113 ; travels of, 114, 115 ; diary of, 115. Purshia tridentata, ;}66. Pvrenomycetes, The North American, 265. Pyrrhopappus Rothrockii, 309. Pyrus coronaria, 407. Quaker settlers, early, 2. Quassia amara, 207 ; excel sa, 207. Queen Ulrica of Sweden, 52. Queletia mirabilis, 293. Quercus dentata, 255; Gambelii, 233; heterophvlla, 6S, 323. :-!28 ; hetero- phylla, liybridity of, 6s ; heterophylla at Marshallton, 83; Phellos, 66; mac- rocarpa, 185, 349. Questions on College Botany, 334. Quinces at Bartram's 70. Quincy's Medical Lexicon, 79. (iuiuia, Kstiuiation of, 365. Quinine P.imurias, 377. Rabenhorst's Fungi Europfci, 268. Races of Man, Chart of, 234 ; movement of, 192 ; their Geographical Distribu- tion, 192. Rafinesque, C. S., 4, 66; biography of, 144 ; candidacy of University of Pennsylvania, 13 ; and Durand, 176 ; views on evolutian, 147 ; genera of, 147 ; grave of, 146 ; herbarium of, 146 ; and Charles F. Parker, 230 ; portraits of, 147. Rafinesquia, 147. Rambles in East Florida, 303. Ramsey, William H., 172. Rand, Theodore. 32. Ranunciilaeea;, s. Ranunculus abortivus var. micranthus, Ml. Rarer Plants of Easton, 131. Rare shrubs at Stenton, 42. Raspberries at Bartram's, 70. iNni:x Ufispborry experiments on, 10'). Kale orc'iremniHiliitioii in I'limls. II:;. Kiitlh'simke, l-'asciiuitinj: i-'iicully f»f, HO. Ruvenei. Dr. II. W./J.'), 1S(». L-Cd. JTl ; I : Kiinf,'i Anierii-aiii, •^(•7 ; Caio- liiiiaiii K.xsiecali, 'J1. Ran, Knj,'ene A., I»i(»,i,'ni|iliy of, ;V)'J. Read, Mr. .James, 21. Red cedar. r>r., :;il. Re-ilis(H>very of I.ewisaml ('lark Plants, \U\. Redliehl. .lohn II., I, 11. LT.. 'JC, 'JSJ, :i;V.) ; artiele l.y, ll'.i; he(|nest <»f, :'.0; l)ioKra- ].hy of, Jll ; l)ihlio.i,M-ai>iiy, 217; Con- servator of IJotanieal Seetion, 21:?; resolntions on death of, 2ir>. Re. • Reetlv .'>\vami)i^ociety, 1. Relurestini; Waste Lands in Holland. 102. Rehm's Aseoniyeetes, 270; CIaduni:c, Reiehert, John, 105. Reinke, Prof., :'.:;7. JU'liqniie I'.ahhvinianie, 07, 121, 111. Removal of Tliomas i*. James to Cam- brid.w, l'^7. Report on Forests, 'iOl, 313; of Forestry Commission, :^08; Report on Forestry, Gilford's, 402. Reserves, forest, section suited for, 309. Resins, Classitlcatioii of,10W ; work on, 23. Resin of I'odoiihylliim, 377. Respiration iu i'lanls, 330; in Diatoms, 371). Resolutions on death of John H. Red- field, 215. Retinosi)ora ericoides, 250 ; pisifera, 2;^C ; scjuarrosa, 250; Japanese, 201. Revision of the Pharm.acopS4. Robinson, Dr. B. L., 40:?. Rockery, University Garden, 19, 20. Roekhill, Thomas (i., a merchant, 24G. Rodman Ruttonwood Tree, l;W. Romell, L., Fungi Exsiccati Scandina- vici, 270. Ronaldson's Cemetery, 140. Rooms in Bartram House, 59, 01. Root Hairs, Action of, 312. Rorer, Mrs. S. T., :r2. Rosaceous Genera, Structure of Cork Tissues in, 405. Rose bay, 05. Rose Manual, 195. Itosierucinn Mystics, 40. Rothroek, Dr. J..seph T..11. 10, 20, 32, ISO. :;20, :U). :'.9l ; article by, 12; bioirrapliy «»f :i05; botJinist to Wheeler expedi- tion, -.m: collections of, 29 ; cruise to West Hidies, Hi; election (.t, b.; lec- tures by,;^09; tcuehing of, b>; travels of. ;mk;. Kothrockiacordifolia, :'.0".>. Roumegiiere's Fungi GuUici, 271. Rovirosa, Prof., 29. Roval Botanic Museum, Berlin, 29, ISI. Roval Garden at Kew, 249. RuilbiTkia hirta, A Monstrous Specimen of, 312. Rugel, Dr. Ferdinand, •.V'C. Rule, Rttbert J.,00. Rushy. l)r.,2.S2, :'.20. Ruschenberger, Dr. W. S. W., 24 ; sketch of l)otanical work, 112. Russian translation , 1<. Schilpf. Dr. Johann Davi. Schrader, Heinrieh Adolph. 90. Schreber, 90. Schultes Bipontinus, 2bl. SchuylkiU River, 1. 454 TXBEX. Pohwfofrri fallen. Dr. D. F., 24, 1:^,0. Sclnvartz, J'rctf. Olof. 90. Sclnvart/.inarm. H. J., architect of TTor- ticnltuiiil Hall, Fairmoimt Park, l:;0. Schwendener, Prof., o-il, o54. Schweinitz, L. 1>. de, 4, 24 ; bequest of, 24 ; blof?raphy, 127 ; book by, ii ; herbarium of, IBO; journeys of, 129; published species of, 2(H). Schweinitzia odorata. ]:-;2. Sciadopitys, 290. Scientitic Journals, historical account of, 422. Scolasticism, medieval, 5. Scott, Prof. William B., address of, 2:;9. Scrophulariacere, 241. Scutellaria nervosa, 225; resinosa, 24.5; saxatilis, 225. Scytonema, 22:5. SeJi si ; Gadkinensis, ;i85. Sorghum, Sugar from, :;76. South African jdants, 2si. South American plants, 24. South Floridan jdants, 282. Soulh Seas, Kx]>ionition of, 191. Soutliworlh, .Miss Ellie, 3.54. Spanisli plants. 281. Spalding, Mrs. Volney M., 354. Sparassis, Herbstii, 293. Sparganium eurycarpum, 19. Spearmint, Oil of, 305. Specimen Florre Americsc Septentrionalis Cryptogamicpe, 130. Spectral flames, 46. Spegazzini.267; Hongos Sud Americanos, 269. Sphseria, Descriptions of, 1:51. Sphagna, Additions to Habitats of, 352. Sphagnum bogs, 3 ; Bog Society, 4. Spirali.sm, Vegetable, 294. Spirogyra Cells, Abnormal Growth of, 355. Spirogyra, Conjugation of, 371. Spirogvra nitida, Chemico-physiological Study of, 411. Spook Hill, 46. Spores of Myxomycetes, 363. Spreugel Kurt, 90. Spruce, The Red, cones, 53 ; tidewater, 290. Stachys cordata, 242 ; Rothrockii, :509. Staining of vegetable tissues, double, 2.57. Staining of vegetable tissues, 310. Staircase in Bartram house, 02. Starches in Cacao, :5:^4 ; of Root and Rliizome Drugs. 3:14. Starch Grains, Study of, 390. State Botanist of Pennsylvania, 251. Statistics of Pennsylvania Forests, :590. St. Augustine, Life and Labors of, 2:57. St. Domingo plants, 24. Steironema, 147. Stellaria humifusa, 219. Stenton, Germantown, 42 ; Park, 74, 253. Stevenson, Wm. C, Jr., 345; biography of, :540. St. John quoted, 59. St. Michael's Church, Germantown, 40. Story of big cypress, 65 ; of the daisy and Bartram, 47. St. Petersburg, seeds from, 18. Strawberries at Bartram's, 70. Strength of Timber and Medullary Rays, :512. Strides of horticulture in Philadelphia, 194. NDFtX 455 Stuartia pentagvna. S7. Study of Mosses. 1.S7. Study in Forestry, with original Puiut- iligs of Forest Leaves, 2:>1. Siinar ('aiie,2;'>7. ~uf,'ar Maiile, The, 311; seeds of, 58. Siii,'ar fnmi Sorj^huni. 87('>. Suilal)ility of Philadelphia as u botanical c'AMitre, 10. Suksdorf, William, 2(M\, 282. Suliivaiit, NV. T.. 1S7, 2X0 ; ooUeotions of, 2SI : letter of, 22(!. Suniiiier Sciioois in Hotany, :>>'.). Superstition and Corn Smut, 2'.io. Sus(|uehauna Kiver. ;")•! Swamp mtiKUolia. 20. Swamp Plant, Aerating Organs of, 330. Swamp Society, 4. Sweet fern, ri3. Sycamore, 2n.'i. Sydow's Mycotheca Marcliica, 2G0 ; llredinese, 2()9. Syllabus of Lectures on I\Iatoria ]Me90 ; Value of North Ameri- can Trees, :365. Tanning material, ;?6 : Properties of Bark of American Trees, :3()5. Tannins, A Monograph on. :^61 ; Report on. 3(5() ; of Palmettos, Hiv^ ; work on, 23. ■ Tatnall, Edward, biography of, 225. 'I'axodium distichum, 65, 185. Taxonomy, advance of, 11. Taxonomy, 16. Teachingof botany, 310. Telegraph Company, headtjuarters of, 306. Teosinthe and Maize, Fertile Crosses of, Tertiary ])eriod, 2. 3. Testing department, :37. Tfstudinaria elephantipes, 70.. Tetramerism in Lilium auratum, 218. Texas Sarsaparilla. 207. Texas Southern, botanical explorations of. 388. Texo-Mexican plants, 28. Text-book of Botany, Strasburger, Noll, Schenck. Schim])er, 111. Text-book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, :^()5. Thalictrum coriaceum, :>s,'> ; pulygamum, 385 ; macrostylum, 385. Thelephorefp, 260. Theosophical colonists, 12. Therapeuticsand Pharmacology , Treatise on, 182. Therapeutics. Treatise on, 318. Thermotroi)i(; Movements in Leaves of Rluxlodendron, 3'.i0. Thesis of H. S. Bartcm, 100. Third period of botany in Pliiia., 8. Thorn at Bartram Oarden,68. Thuja occidentalis, 256. Till:ea. 158. Tiilandsia, 150; Notes on, ;303. Tilmadoclie compacta, :^C>3. Timber line of high mountains, Meehan's views on, 21H. Tim Price Yarns, 31 1. Tinctura mosclii, 377. Tinctura strophanti, :377. Tinicum Island, 210. Toadstools, cooking of, 315; edil>le, 31, 315 ; poisonous, 315. Tobe Hodge, :^.ll. Toms Kiver. 3. Topographical Atlas of Pennsylvania, Walling it (iray, 2;i0. Topographv of Philadelphia, 2. Torrey, Pr»)f. John, 151, 280; and Gray, 96. Torrey 's Peak, 218. Tower of 13artram house, 50. Townsend, David, 1, 285; biography of, 163 ; portrait of, 164. Townsendia, 163, 164, errata. Townsendia Rothrockii, :)00. Townsend, .John K.. 156. Tracey, Prof. S. M., 266. Transactions American Philosophical Society, account of, 123. ; Wagner Free Institute, 425. Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Pennsylvania, account of, 428. Trans-Continental Survey, Villard's, 283. Translation of German Text-book of ' Botany, 411 ; of Greek inscription, Bartram house, 59 ; of Michaux's Forest Trees of America, 183. Transpiration and Leaves, 340 ; of plants, 350. Transylvania University, 145. Trautvetteria palmata, 87. Travels into Arkansa Territory, 159. Travels of Dr. William Baldwin. 122; of Bartram. 51, 54; of V\'m. Bartram, 7, 86 ; of Wm. Canbv, 280 ; of Wm. Gambel, 2:U : of John Giftord, 402; of Kalm, 77 ; of Moses Marshall, 102 ; of J. C. Martindale, :^23; of Nuttall, 112, 153, 156 ; of Dr. Pickering, 192 ; of Pursh, 114 ; of Rothrock, 306. Travels through North and South Carolina, etc., 86. Traveler's tree, ;S3. Trelease, Dr. William, :iso. Treat, Mary, 11 ; articles by. 111; biog- raphy of, 298 ; mentioned by Darwin, 299. Treatise on Coniferne. 286 ; on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 318; on Navigation, 79; on the Practice of Medicine, 1>^2 ; on Therapeuticsand Pharmacology, isi>. Treatment of servants by Bartram, 50. Treaty Elm Park, 253. I Treaty Elm, 432. 456 INDEX. Tree Charts, 235; ferns. 38; form, 312; growth, 311 : photography, 312. Trees in Bnrtram Garden, 433 ; of Phila- delphia, sketch of noted, 431. Trianea bogatensis, 10. Tribute to Prof. Thomas C. Porter, 239. Trichias, Bamh'd-spore, 344. Trifolium Virginieuui. 3S(;. Trimble, Prof. Henry, 11, 23, 375, 3'JO ; biograpliy of, 3(]d. Trinidad plants, 282. Trips of Moses Marshall. 105. Tritratiou of Aniuionium Carbonate, 377. Tropical Botanic Station, 31)H. Tropical forest, imaginary, 33. Trout, 1. Trustees of University, letter to. 13. Tsuga Pattoniana, 2'JO. Tubers of Dioscorea species, 277, Tubulina cylindrica. Notes on Develop- ment of, 343. Tuckerman, Dr., ISO, 35G. Tulip poplar, :311. Tulip tree, 255. Tunnel Rock, Fairmount Park, planted with trees, 349. Tuolumne Big-tree Grove, 395. Tupelo, 255. Turkev boxwood, 433. Tyler. John .T., 185. Typha latifolia, 19. Tweedy, F., 29, 195, 282. Tweedia, 195. Twins of Weasel Branch, 314. rimus Americana, 250. Ulrica, Queen, of Sweden, 52. Uncle Isaac, 47. T'nderwood, Prof., 327. Unitas Fratrum, 127. University Extension Classes, 370. University of Pennsylvania, 40, 97 : chair of botany at, 7 ; Botanic Garden of, 17; History of, 182; oldest botanical centre, 11. University of Upsal, 88. Umbilicaria, 96. Upsal, 88; M'Mahon's called, 117; Uni- versity of, 88. Uredinea;, Sydow's, 269. Utricularia, 150 ; Mrs. Treat's studies on, 299. Use of Plants among Ancient Peruvians, 398. Vacation Cruising, 310. Vaccine-'e, new plants of, 159. Valerianella Woodsiana var. patellaria, 341. Yalsei, Additions to, 346. Valley of Mexico, Flora of, 398. Value of Botanical Gardens, 372. Vanduzen, Matthew, 4:^2. Vanilla, Varieties of, ;^78. Van Vleck, .Jacob, 97. Variation in plants, study of, 408. Variation in Leaves, :^27. Vascular cryptogams, study of, 411. Vasev, Dr. George, 16, 280, 327, 385. Vauxhall Garden, 433. Vegetable fd^es, 136. Vegetable and Animal Cells, Structure and Division of, 368. Vegetable Cell, Structure and Division of, 371. Vegetable Histology, 334. Vegetable Kingdom, Chart of, 2;34. Vegetable Kingdom, Lindley's. 2.S4. Vegetable Materia Medica, 160; of the U.S.. 162 Vegetable Tissues, Staining of, 310. Vegetation of Yellowstone Hot Springs, 398. Venus tiv-trap, 21 ; movement of leaves of, 369. Venezuela Fungi, 271 . Venezuela and Guiana, boundary of, 190. Veratrum viride. Structure of, ;>J5. Verbena Tweediana. 195. Verbesina, Abnormal Flowers of, 398. Vernal Flora, Origin of, ;^96. Vernon Park, 184, 253; papaw trees of, 43(i ; trees of, 4:56. Viburnum plicatum, 2.55. Victoria regia discovered, 190. Victoria tank, 19. Villard's North Trans-Continental Sur- vey, 28:3. Vine, Fungous Diseases of, :362. Vine growing at Spring Mills, Pa., 409. Viola, 1.50; monograph on, 130; Mori)h- ologv of, :i90. Violet Perfume, 390. Viola tricolor. Botanical Study of, 390. Viola tricolor, var. arvensis, 242. Vir.gilia lutea, 4:5:3. Visit of Pennsylvania Horticultural Society to Bartram Garden, 88. Vital Force, Correlation of, 310. Vitality of Girdled Limb, >m. Vitis pterophora. 401. Vou Schweiuitz, L. D., 4, 9, 24. Wagner Free Institute, sketch ot, 32 ; Transactions of, 425. Walmslev, W. H., 22. Waifs of Fighting Rocks. 314. Walliug &, Gray's Topographical Atlas, 2:^9. Walnuts, The, 236. Walnuts atBartram's, 70. Walnut, The Black, :511 ; The Row Farm, •Ml. Walter's herbarium, 116. Walton, Joseph, article by, 245; bio- graphy of, 243. Wanamaker. John, garden of, 400. Waples, Professor E. B., :593. Warmer burial-ground, 46. Washington, Arbor, 67. Washingtonia, 147. Washingtonia filamentosa, Salt and Sugar in, :365. Watson's Botany of Clarence King's Expedition, 187. Water-color sketches of flowers, 414. Watson, Gavin, biography of, 246. Waterhouse, John F., biography of, 172 lectures of, 173. Water liyacinths, 19 ; lilies, 19. Water Storage and Conduction in Senecio prfecox, 398, :399. Wax Palms, :«. Weasel r.ranch. Twins of, 314. Wel)b. George, Poem of. 43. Weetls. Two Centuries of American, 291 ; of Maine, ?M. Welcouu" Spring Flowers, 293. West Indi.'in trt'cs in Klorida. ;*.