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THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE
INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB-
JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS
POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION
DESK.
BULLETINS
OF THE
State Geological and Natural History
Survey of Connecticut.
1. First Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State
Geological and Natural History Survey, 1903-1904.
2. A Preliminary Report on the Protozoa of the Fresh
Waters of Connecticut ; by Herbert William Conn.
3. A Preliminary Report on the Hymeniales of Connecticut;
by Edward Albert White.
4. The Clays and Clay Industries of Connecticut; by Gerald
Francis Loughlin.
5. The Ustilagineae, or Smuts, of Connecticut; by George
Perkins Clinton.
6. Manual of the Geology of Connecticut ; by William North
Rice and Herbert Ernest Gregory.
7. Preliminary Geological Map of Connecticut; by Herbert
Ernest Gregory and Henry Hollister Robinson.
8. Bibliography of Connecticut Geology; by Herbert Ernest
Gregory.
9. Second Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the
State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1905-1906.
10. A Preliminary Report on the Algae of the Fresh Waters
of Connecticut; by Herbert William Conn and Lucia Washburn
(Hazen) Webster.
11. The Bryophytes of Connecticut; by Alexander William
Evans and George Elwood Nichols.
12. Third Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State
Geological and Natural History Survey, 1907-1908.
13. The Lithology of Connecticut; by Joseph Barrell and
Gerald Francis Loughlin. [Ready shortly.]
14. Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of
Connecticut growing without cultivation ; by a Committee of the
Connecticut Botanical Society.
Bulletins i, 9, and 12 are merely administrative reports, con-
taining no scientific matter. The other bulletins may be classified
as follows:
Geology :
Bulletins 4, 6, 7, 8, 13.
Botany :
Bulletins 3, 5, 10, 11, 14.
Zoology :
Bulletin 2.
These bulletins are sold and otherwise distributed by the
State Librarian. Postage, when bulletins are sent by mail, is as
follows: No. I, $0.01; No. 2, .07; No. 3, .08; No. 4, .06;
No. 5, .03; No. 6, .12; No. 7, .06; No. 8, .05; No. 9, .02;
No. 10, .08; No. II, .07; No. 12, .02; No. 14, .15. The prices,
when the bulletins are sold, are as follows (including postage) :
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Bulletins 1-5 have been collected and bound as Volume I.
The price of this volume is $1.50. Bulletins 6-12 are bound as
Volume II. The price of this volume is $2.45. Other volumes
will follow.
It is intended to follow a liberal policy in gratuitously dis-
tributing these publications to public libraries, colleges, and
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who require particular bulletins for their work, especially to
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Applications or inquiries should be addressed to
George S. Godard,
State Librarian,
Hartford, Conn.
' If map is mounted as a wall map, and sent by express, $i.6o.
CATALOGUE SLIPS.
Con ti ectic ut. State geological and natural history survey.
Bulletin no. 14. Catalogue of the flowering plants
and ferns of Connecticut growing without cultivation.
By C. B, Graves, E. H. Eames, C. H. Bissell, L. Andrews,
E. B. Harger, and C. A. Weatherby, committee of the
Connecticut botanical society. Hartford, 1910.
569 pp., as'".
Connecticut botanical society.
Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Con-
necticut growing without cultivation. By C. B. Graves,
E. H. Eames, C. H. Bissell, L. Andrews, E. B. Harger,
and C. A. Weatherby, committee of the Connecticut
botanical society. Hartford, 1910.
569 pp., 23'=™.
(Bulletin no. 14, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.)
CATALOGUE SLIPS.
Graves, Charles Burr, and others.
Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Con-
necticut growing without cultivation. By C. B. Graves,
E. H. Eames, C. H. Bissell, L. Andrews, E. B. Harger,
and C. A Weatherby, committee of the Connecticut
botanical society Hartford, 1910.
569 pp., 2y^.
(Bulletin no. 14, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.)
EameSf Edwin Hubert, and others.
Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Con-
necticut growing without cultivation. By C. B. Graves,
E. H. Eames, C. H. Bissell, L. Andrews, E. B. Harger,
and C. A. Weatherby, committee of the Connecticut
botanical society. Hartford, 1910
569 pp., 23'=".
(Bulletin no. 14, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.)
CATALOGUE SUPS.
JiisseUf Charles Humphrey^ and others.
Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Con-
necticut growing without cultivation. By C. B. Graves,
E. H. Eames, C. H. Bissell, L. Andrews, E. B. Harger,
and C. A. Weatherby, committee of the Connecticut
botanical society. Hartford, lyiO.
569 pp., 23'='°.
(Bulletin no. 14, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.)
Andrews, Liiman, and others.
Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Con-
necticut growing without cultivation. By C. B. Graves,
E. H. Eames, C. H. Bissell, L. Andrews, E. B. Harger,
and C. A. Weatherby, committee of the Connecticut
botanical society. Hartford, 1910.
569 pp., 23^™.
(Bulletin no. 14, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.)
CATALOGUE SUPS.
Barger, Edgar Burton, and others.
Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Con-
necticut growing without cultivation. By C. B. Graves,
E. H. Eames, C. H. Bissell, L. Andrews, E. B. Harger,
and C. A. Weatherby, committee of the Connecticut
botanical society. Hartford, 1910.
569 pp., 22,"'°.
( Bulletin no. 14, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.)
Weatherby, Charles Alfred, and others.
Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Con-
necticut growing without cultivation. By C. B. Graves,
E. H. Eames, C. H. Bissell, L. Andrews, E. B. Harger,
and C. A. Weatherby, committee of the Connecticut
botanical society. Hartford, 1910.
569 pp., 23'°'.
( Bulletin no. 14, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.)
CATALOGUE SLIPS.
Botany,
Connecticut botanical society. Catalogue of the
flowering plants and ferns of Connecticut growing with-
out cultivation. By C. B. Graves and others, committee
of the Connecticut botanical society. Hartford, 1910.
569 pp., 23'".
(Bulletin no. 14, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.)
^ictie of (SloTweciicut
PUBLIC DOCUMENT No. 47
State Geological and Natural
History Survey
COMMISSIONERS
Frank Bentley Weeks, Governor of Connecticut (Chairman)
ARTHUR Twining Hadley, President of Yale University
William Arnold Shanklin, President of Wesleyan University
Plavel Sweeten Luther, President of Trinity College (Secretary)
Charles Lewis Beach, President of Connecticut Agricultural College
SUPERINTENDENT
William North Rice
Bulletin No. 14
HARTFORD
Printed for the State Geological and Natural History Survey
1910
Press of The Case, Lock-wood & Brainard Company, Hartford, Conn.
CATALOGUE
of the
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS
of
Connecticut
Growing without Cultivation <
By
CHARLES BURR GRAVES, A.B., M.D.
EDWIN HUBERT EAMES, M.D.
CHARLES HUMPHREY BISSELL
LUMAN ANDREWS
EDGAR BURTON HARGER, Ph.B., and
CHARLES ALFRED WEATHERBY, A.M.
Committee of the
CONNECTICUT BOTANICAL SOCIETY
HARTFORD
Printed for the State Geological and Natural History Survey
1910
Preface
The project of an accurate and authoritative catalogue of all
the plants known to grow without cultivation in Connecticut
originated among several enthusiastic botanists who understood
the value of records founded upon careful study of the flora in
the field as well as in the herbarium. To arouse the widest
possible interest in the undertaking the Connecticut Botanical
Society was organized in January, 1903, for the chief purpose of
accumulating and recording this knowledge, and committees
were appointed to gather and collate all available data bearing
upon this particular line of research.
The labor of this never-ending investigation had barely begun
when the State Geological and Natural History Survey was
authorized. Upon the organization of this Survey its superin-
tendent, Prof. William North Rice, sought the cooperation of
this Society to report upon the flora. It was realized then as
now that the very nature of the subject would require many years
of careful study to arrive at an approximately exact knowledge
of the distribution of our plants, since parts of the state were little
known botanically, while even those areas most carefully worked
over furnished frequent surprises.
That the present work is incomplete goes without saying. A
work of this character must always be incomplete if for no other
reasons than the advent or naturalization, from time to time, of
unexpected species, or the hybridization or artificial segregation
of some already known. But the opportunity to disseminate
existing information is very acceptable at this time, inasmuch as
the many evident deficiencies may thus be made apparent to those
who can add to our knowledge.
The present volume, treating of the ferns, fern-allies and
flowering plants, is intended to include only such species, varieties
and named forms as have been critically examined by at least
one of the compilers, and which are represented by authentic
(oAV\
6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Specimens in some herbarium. Great effort has been made to
insure accuracy in the determination of all doubtful specimens.'
Some localities, however, rest upon the authority of collectors
alone, when the species is once definitely admitted and there is
no reason to doubt identity. It has been necessary to exclude a
number of species found in previous lists, because of the absence
of any authentic specimens. Errors of determination and changes
in classification account for a large proportion of such excluded
names, while there remain a few that probably really belong to
our flora but are waiting to be rediscovered. A list of such ex-
cluded plants will be found at the end of the work. There also
will be found other data bearing upon the flora as a whole.
In the present unsettled and perplexing state of nomenclature,
it is believed that necessity exists for strict adherence to a single
standard to avoid still greater confusion. In Gray's Manual, 7th
edition, will be found a discriminating application of the rules and
usage adopted by the International Botanical Congress, at Vienna,
in 1905. This usage has been productive of the least change in
plant names, thereby proving particularly well adapted to the
purpose of this Catalogue. Moreover, by accepting this Manual
as our guide we are enabled to eliminate all descriptive matter
by referring the reader to that work. To facilitate general
reference, however, important synonymy is given so that there
need be little difficulty in coordinating names.*
Common or English names have been given considerable
attention, yet it is probable that many others are in use, some, no
doubt, by children or others of an observing nature. It is
desirable to increase our knowledge of such usage. The same
may be said of the folk-lore of our plants and of such traditional
knowledge of their medicinal and other uses as has come down
to us from earlier generations or from the aborigines.
The data relative to times of flowering and fruiting have
been compiled from carefully kept records supplemented by
herbarium material, and represent the normal habits of the plants
in our region ; yet the varying conditions of altitude, exposure,
moisture, light, season, etc., have great influence in modifying
♦ In a few instances we have used, instead of the names given in the 7th edition
of the Manual, the names published by the editors of the Manual in a list of emenda-
tions in Rhodora, vol. 11, no. 123, March, 1909.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 7
plant activities, so that for special localities or seasons the condi-
tions require special consideration. Unless otherwise stated the
dates given in the Catalogue indicate the time when the plant is
usually in flower, or, for the ferns, when the spores are mature.
The sign X preceding the name of a species indicates that it is
supposed to be of hybrid origin.
All statements indicating the comparative frequency of occur-
rence of the species are to be considered in relation to allied
species and with direct reference to the habitat cited; in other
situations the plant may not occur at all or exceptionally. A
plant " common " in its habitat should be sufficiently plentiful to
be within the observation of all who could recognize it, yet there
is a vast difference in the comparative numbers of most really
plentiful woody plants and low herbs of the same rating. " Fre-
quent, " too, is relative in the same sense. Although, as a rule,
frequent or common in the habitat and area cited, many such
plants may be rare in, or even absent from, certain intervals
where the conditions appear to be equally favorable. " Occa-
sional " needs no explanation. " Rare " is intended to apply to
those plants which appear to occur sparingly, usually in but few
localities as named. " Local " refers especially to such plants as
occur at one or more isolated or special areas, but are there
more or less plentiful, as indicated by the context.
The habitats cited are those observed in Connecticut, and
although often variable are expressive of local conditions.
In accordance with the spirit of the Act incorporating the
Survey, due attention has been given to the economic features of
the various species, when required, in notes appended to each.
Although in some respects desirable, it seems, on the whole, inad-
visable at this time to enter upon a discussion of the associations
of native plants and the probable causes leading to such congrega-
tions. It is necessary to collect much more complete data than
are now available before such discussion can be profitably taken
up. Mere lists of such plant aggregates are apt to be of no value
to most readers and of little utility to practical botanists.
It is a pleasure to acknowledge the assistance of all who have
contributed items of information toward the completeness of
this Catalogue and whose names appear throughout the work.
Particular mention should be made of Dr. B. L. Robinson and
Prof. M. L. Fernald, of the Gray Herbarium of Harvard Uni-
8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull
versity, for their very great assistance in determining or verify-
ing many doubtful or critical forms, and for granting the privilege
of utilizing the manuscript of the new edition of Gray's Manual.
Prof. A. S. Hitchcock and Mrs. Agnes Chase, of the United
States Department of Agriculture, have also given aid in certain
groups of grasses.
It is hoped that the publication of this Catalogue will stimulate
observers and collectors in all parts of the state to contribute
every item of information tending to a full knowledge of our
plants, either in relation to additional species, distribution, local
names, habitat or economic value. Communications may be sent
to any member of the committee, at the address given, prefer-
ably the one nearest and most convenient, and should be accom-
panied by specimens of sufficient diagnostic value to determine
the identity of each, together with particulars of occurrence,
dates, etc. Such specimens, to be of the greatest value for
preservation and future reference, should be carefully selected,
and may be sent in the fresh state or, preferably, after proper
drying under pressure.
C. B. Graves, New London,
E. H. Eames, Bridgeport,
C. H. Bissell, Southington,
L. Andrews, Southington,
E. B. Harger, Oxford,
C. A. Weatherby, East Hartford,
Committee of the Connecticut Botanical Society.
Contents
Page
Introduction, .....
History, ....
Geology and Physiography, .
CATALOGUE OF FLOWERING PLANTS
? AN!
) FERNS, . 17
Pteridophyta, ....
Spermatophyta,
34
Gymnospermae,
34
Angiospermae,
39
Monocotyledoneae,
39
Dicotyledoneae,
137
Appendix, .....
416
Additions and Corrections, .
416
Native Plants not found in recent years,
422
Excluded Species,
423
Fugitive Species,
430
Statistical Summaries.
435
Botanical Authors cited,
442
Index, .....
46s
Introduction.
Part I. History.
The history of botanical exploration in Connecticut may be
said to begin near the end of the second decade of the last cen-
tury. Previous to this time we have no record of any botanical
activity within the state, and if any of the older botanists visited
Connecticut it must have been cursorily.
The first resident of Connecticut whose work is of im-
portance seems to have been Dr. Eli Ives, who was born in 1779,
and was for many years professor of botany and materia medica
in Yale College. He was the author of the species Gnaphalium
decurrens, which was founded on specimens from New Haven
and from " the margin of the Housatonuck about 30 miles from
Long Island Sound. " He also described as a new species
Asclepias lanceolata from Cedar Hill, New Haven, which is the
plant now known as Acer ate s viridiflora ( Raf. ) Eaton, var.
lanceolata ( Ives ) Gray. Beside this he published notes on
Limosella, then recently discovered in America. These three
articles appeared in 1819 in the first volume of Silliman's Journal,
now known as The American Journal of Science. Twelve years
later he, in collaboration with Dr. William Tully and Dr. Melines
C. Leavenworth, published a " Catalogue of the Phaenogamous
Plants, and of the Ferns, growing without cultivation within
five miles of Yale College. " This is the earliest record of the
flora of this well-explored part of the state and contains the names
of 1 1 56 species. It was not, however, founded on specimens or
even on accurate records, and contains a few species which are
not otherwise reported from the state. The foregoing works
seem to have comprised the bulk of Dr. Ives' botanical publica-
tions and no specimens of his have been seen.
About the time of the publication of Dr. Ives' earliest articles
John Pierce Brace must have been making the observations
j,^ C. ^^^^^ ^'"^*
12 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
about Litchfield the results of which he published in 1822 in Silli-
man's Journal as " A List of Plants growing spontaneously in
Litchfield and Vicinity. " This earliest extant catalogue of the
plants of any portion of Connecticut enumerates 453 species, most
or all of which are now known from the same region. Mr.
Brace's specimens are said to be preserved at Williams College,
but they have not been seen by any member of this Committee.
We are told that Amos Eaton " prosecuted the study of botany,
chemistry and mineralogy to some extent in New Haven in 1817. "
Although we know nothing of the extent of his work on our
flora, the record is interesting from the fact that he was the
grandfather of Prof. D. C. Eaton and one of the first in America
to arouse a general interest in botany.
The earliest collectors whose specimens have been preserved
in any quantity belong to a period some years later. Dr. H. C.
Beardslee, Dr. J. W. Robbins and Charles Wright collected many
rare species during the dozen years following 1822, mostly from
1828 to 1832, some of which have only recently been rediscovered.
These gentlemen, although natives of this state, made most of
their later collections outside of Connecticut, and some specimens
lay for a long time undistributed ; so that a few species known to
these collectors are here first included in a formal flora of the
state.
The next collector whose work is of importance is Prof.
Daniel C. Eaton of Yale, who will need no eulogy either as a
man or as a scientist to those who were fortunate enough to know
him. Although primarily a student of the ferns and other
cryptogams, his knowledge of the higher plants was extensive and
accurate. He collected much in the region about New Haven
and always welcomed reports or specimens of species new to or
rare in Connecticut. His collecting, as shown by the dates in
his herbarium, began about 1856, and his specimens have been
of the greatest assistance both in botanical exploration and in
the preparation of this work.
After 1 83 1 work on the flora of Connecticut seems to have
lapsed entirely until it was taken up about 1877 by a small group
of students in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale College.
The results of their work were published as " A Catalogue of
the Flowering Plants and Higher Cryptogams growing without
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I3
cultivation within thirty miles of Yale College. " This was
published by the Berzelius Society and is often referred to as the
" Berzelius Catalogue. " The limits adopted included- less than
one-half of the state and a portion of the northern part of Long
Island. The presence of a considerable number of species cred-
ited to Long Island makes it difficult to determine the precise
number of species recorded from this state ; but the species and
varieties of plants higher than the Bryophyta which are credited
to Connecticut number about 1230. The work was prepared with
considerable care, but at least a few species were admitted with-
out the evidence of specimens, which caused a few obvious errors
as well as some conjectural ones. The idea of this work
originated with Dr. George W. Hawes and Dr. T. M. Prudden,
but several others assisted in its preparation, notably Prof. Eaton,
who later published some additions in the Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club.
Not long after this Miss Leonard of Meriden prepared a list
of plants growing near Meriden which was published after her
death by the Meriden Scientific Association. This enumerated
749 species, while 41 were added by others the next year, making
a total of 790. Owing perhaps to the posthumous character of
the work it seems never to have had proper revision, and a num-
ber of species are included which are not otherwise reported from
Connecticut, some of them of such southern range that it does
not seem likely that they can belong in a Connecticut list. The
lack of specimens prevents the inclusion here of any of these
species not reported elsewhere.
In 1882 George R. Case and William A. Setchell published a
list of the flora of Norwich and vicinity containing 668 species,
and the next year published 100 addenda. A manuscript found
among Prof. Eaton's papers gives 99 more for the year 1884,
with some corrections, making the total 856.
In 1885 James N. Bishop of Plainville published "A Cata-
logue of all the Phaenogamous Plants at present known to grow
without cultivation in the State of Connecticut. " In 1895 a
revision was issued which included also the ferns and fern-allies.
Additions and corrections were published in 1897 and another
new edition issued in 1901. This first catalogue to cover the
entire state contained in its first edition 1250 species and varieties,
14 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
which number was increased to 1743 in the edition of 1901. Mr.
Bishop deserves much credit for his efforts to increase the
knowledge of our flora, but his catalogue is rather a compilation
of all accessible reports than a critical treatment of the flora of
the state, and contains many records the validity of which cannot
now be ascertained.
Of late years a large mass of data has been accumulated by
the various collectors whose names appear in -this work. Some
of this has been published in Luman Andrews' " Flora of Meriden
Mountain," in Bissell & Andrews' " Flora of Southington," and
in Mrs. E. E. Rogers' " Flora of Norwich," as well as in scattered
notes and articles by various writers dealing with special localities
or species. The bulk of this later material, however, has found
its first publication in this present Catalogue.
Part II. Geology and Physiography. *
The State of Connecticut, measuring roughly one hundred
miles from east to west and fifty miles from north to south, has an
area of 4990 square miles, of which 145 square miles are covered
by water. The three principal rivers, the Thames, the Connecti-
cut and the Housatonic, with their tributaries, drain the interior.
As in all glaciated countries, numerous ponds or lakes and swamps
are scattered over the surface, and constitute an important
feature both from an economic and an sesthetic point of view.
According to the Atlas of the U. S. Topographical Survey the
state contains 1026 lakes or ponds, and 420 swamps.
With respect to elevation there are three well-marked
divisions running parallel with one another across the state from
north to south, namely an eastern and a western highland sepa-
rated by a central lowland area. From sea level the land
gradually rises toward the north and northwest. The eastern
highland reaches its greatest altitude of 1286 ft. at Bald Hill, in
Union, while Bear Mt., in Salisbury, with a height of 2355 ft.
marks the highest point of the western highland as well as of the
state.
The central lowland is in general a plain, gently rising toward
the northern boundary of the state where it is from one to two
* For a very full and admirable account with map, reference is made to Bulletins
No. 6 and No. 7 of this Survey.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I5
hundred feet above the level of the sea. It is, however, inter-
rupted by many sharp ridges running chiefly north and south
which rise abruptly much above the general level of the plain.
Its upper portion as far south as Middletown is traversed by the
Connecticut River. Its rock formation is sandstone belonging to
the Triassic age, while the sharp ridges referred to are of trap
rock and represent ancient eruptions of lava. The highest of
these trap ridges is West Peak of the Hanging Hills, near Meri-
den, which reaches an altitude of 1007 ft. above the sea.
The eastern and western highlands are rugged and hilly, with
only comparatively small level areas, and have a crystalline rock
formation, being made up for the most part of various kinds of
granites, gneisses, schists and limestone. The limestone forma-
tion covers a considerable irregular area in the western and north-
western parts of the state but is practically absent from other
sections.
It is a well-known fact that our wild plants are not evenly
distributed over the surface of the country. Some kinds are seen
nearly everywhere, others may be abundant in one region but
entirely absent from other sections, while still others are found
only rarely, and then but very few together. Inquiry into the
causes of this unequal distribution reveals a considerable num-
ber of factors entering in. One of the most important of these is
the chemical constitution of the soil. Rock formations as the
source of soils exercise a marked influence upon plant distribu-
tion. Many kinds of plants, it is true, are able to grow and seem
to thrive equally well upon a variety of soils, but on the other hand
there are many species that flourish only upon certain rock forma-
tions and the soils produced from them and are rarely if ever
found away from such formations. One of our best examples is
seen in the case of those species of plants which grow exclusively
upon hmestone rocks and in soils rich in lime. In like manner
seashore plants which grow only in saline soil form a well-
marked group. This relation between plant distribution and the
chemical constitution of the soil as applied to our Connecticut
plants is understood only in its most general features, and there
is here good opportunity for research. The problem is much
complicated by the fact that Connecticut soils are practically all
formed from transported material. Such material, having been
l6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
brought by glacial or water agency from a greater or less dis-
tance, may be and often is entirely different in chemical compo-
sition from the underlying rock. Hence within a small area a
variety of soils may be found, while on the other hand soils
essentially similar to each other may overlie very different bed-
rock formations.
Other influences have an important bearing in this connec-
tion. Topographic features correlated with the amount of
moisture in the soil and degrees of light and shade affect plant
distribution in a marked degree. Thus, the sand plains, the cedar
swamps, the trap rock and other precipices and the larger river
valleys have their characteristic plants.
There is another small group of species chiefly confined to the
southeastern part of the state which belongs to the flora of the
Atlantic Coast Plain of the middle and southern states. In the
case of these plants, as in that of certain northern plants found
within our borders at isolated stations far outside their usual
range, it is probable that they represent the shrunken remnants of
far larger colonies which grew there in earlier times and under
more favorable climatic conditions.
Another agency profoundly influencing the distribution of
plants is the fierce unceasing struggle for existence between the
various species.
Only a beginning has been made in working out these
problems of ecology in their application to our Connecticut flora.
They offer a fresh and inviting field for careful research, and it
is to be hoped that many observers may soon be interested to
undertake the task of supplying the deficiencies of our knowledge
in this direction.
Catalogue of Flowering Plants and Ferns,
PTERIDOPHYTA. FERN PLANTS.
POLYPODIACEAE. FERN FAMILY.
POLYPODIUM L. Polypody.
Polypodium vulgare L. (common).
Polypody.
Shaded ledges. Occasional or frequent in northern dis-
tricts, becoming common near the coast. June — Aug.
The var. cambricum (L.) Willd. has been collected at
Stonington (Miss Stanton) and at Cornwall (L. M. Under-
wood).
The rootstock is medicinal.
PHEGOPTERIS (Presl) Fee. Beech Fern.
Phegopteris polypodioides Fee (Polypodium-like).
Phegopteris Phegopteris Under w.
Long Beech Fern.
Rich moist woods and on shaded banks. Rare or local
near the coast, becoming occasional or frequent northward.
July.
Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee (six-angled fern).
Broad Beech Fern.
Rich woods either moist or dry. Occasional near the coast,
becoming frequent or common northward. Aug.
This fern is so closely related to Phegopteris polypodioides
that it is often difficult to decide to which species a given
specimen belongs.
Phegopteris Dryopteris (L.) Fee (oak-fern).
Oak Fern.
Rocky woods in rich moist soil. Rare or local over most
2
l8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY, [Bull.
of the state: East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Colchester
(Graves), Mansfield (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), East Haddam (Dr.
E. J. Thompson), Durham and Monroe (Harger), Meriden
(D. C. Eaton), Southington (Andrews), Granby (I. Hol-
comb), Bridgeport (I. Holden). Occasional or frequent in
Litchfield County. Late June — early July.
ADIANTUM L. Maidenhair.
Adiantum pedatum L. (like a bird's foot ; referring to the
method of division in the fronds).
Maidenhair.
Rich woods. Rare in the immediate vicinity of the coast ;
occasional or frequent elsewhere. July.
Thrives well in cultivation if placed in a moist, shaded and
sheltered location. The plant is medicinal.
PTERIS L. Brake. Bracken.
Pteris aquilina L. (of an eagle ; referring to the w^ing-shaped
fronds).
Pteridium aquilimim Kuhn.
Common Brake. Bracken. Brake.
Common. Usually in open ground and poor soils. Aug.
The young shoots are sometimes gathered and eaten in
the manner of Asparagus.
CHEILANTHES Sw.
Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) Watt (woolly).
Cheilanthes vestita Sw.
Hairy Lip Fern.
Very rare. New Haven, precipitous- face of West Rock
about half way up the cliff (G. Van Ingen 1892). July.
This is the only known station for this species in New Eng-
land, and it is supposed to be the northern limit of its growth.
PELLAEA Link. Cliff Brake.
Pellaea atrcpurpurea (L.) Link (dark purple).
Purple Cliff Brake.
Dry exposed ledges, preferring limestone but occurring
also on trap and rarely on gneiss. Bolton, on gneiss (A. V.
Osmun) ; Guilford, on trap (G. H. Bartlett) ; becoming rare
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I9
or local westward and frequent in the limestone district of
northwestern Connecticut. July.
The fronds vary greatly in form even on the same plant.
The rootstock is medicinal.
CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. Rock Brake.
Cryptogramma Stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl.
Pcllaea gracilis Hook.
Bellaea Stelleri Watt.
Slender Rock Brake.
Very rare. New Haven, on trap ledges at West Rock (G.
Van Ingen) ; Kent, moist shaded ledges of calcareous rock
(Eames & E. H. Austin), and Brookfield, in similar situations
(Eames) ; SaHsbury, on limestone (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July.
WOODWARDIA Smith. Chain Fern.
Woodwardia virginica (L.) Smith.
Virginia Chain Fern.
Wet open swamps, often in Sphagnum. Rare or local in
northern districts: South Windsor (A. W. Driggs), Granby
(I. Holcomb). Becoming occasional southward and frequent
near the coast. July.
Woodwardia areolata (L.) Moore (marked with little areas).
Woodzmrdia angustifolia Smith.
Net-veined Chain Fern.
Wet or swampy woods. Rare inland : East Hartford (J.
F. Smith), Oxford and Middlebury (Harger). Occasional
in the vicinity of the coast. Sept.
ASPLENIUM L. Spleenwort.
Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt. (feather-cleft).
Pinnatifid Spleenwort.
Very rare. Southington, on ledges of shale (H. C. Bige-
low) ; Sharon, on ledges of limestone (E. L Huntington).
Juiy.^
Not known from any other New England state.
XAsplenium ebenoides R. R. Scott (like the Ebony Spleen-
wort).
Scott's Spleenwort.
Two plants of this rare species, or more properly hybrid^
20 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
have been found in the state. The first was discovered in
Canaan by Mr. J. S. Adam in Sept., 1876. Mr. Adam states
that the plant flourished there until 1891, then disappeared.
A second plant was found in the same town, but at a different
station, by Mr. C. K. Averill, in Aug., 1902. Both plants were
growing on shaded limestone ledges and with or near the
two supposed parent species, Asplenimn platynetiron and
Camptosorus rhi.zophylhts.
Asplenium Trichomanes L. (ancient name for some fern).
Maidenhair Spleenwort.
Shaded ledges. Rather rare along the coast, becoming
occasional or frequent northward. July.
Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes (broad-nerved).
Asplenium ebeneum Ait.
, Ebony Spleenwort.
Frequent. Dry rocky ground, more often in half-shade.
Aug.
The van serratum (E. S. Miller) BSP. (toothed) has
been found at Middletown (Bissell), Milford (Eames & C. C.
Godfrey), and Huntington (Eames).
Asplenium montanum Willd. (of mountains).
Mountain Spleenwort.
Rare. Crevices of dry, usually overhanging ledges : Scot-
land (G. Waldo), North Stonington (Fuller & W. E. Set-
chell, Graves), Franklin and East Haddam (Graves), Beacon
Falls (A. W. Evans), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July.
The last named station represents the northern limit of its
range as now known.
Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. (wall-rue).
Rue Spleenwort.
Shaded ledges. Berlin (T. S. Brandegee), Southington
(Andrews), Granby (I. Holcomb), Sherman and New Mil-
ford (E. H. Austin) ; and occasional in the Hmestone district
of northwestern Connecticut. Not known from eastern dis-
tricts or near the coast. July.
Asplenium angustifolium Michx. (narrow-leaved).
Narrow-leaved Spleenwort.
Rare. Moist rich woods: Guilford (W. W. Denslow),
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 21
Meriden (D. C. Eaton), Southington (J. N. Bishop), Berlin
(H. W. Cowles), Avon (I. Holcomb), Salisbury (F. Rundle).
Aug.
Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. (like Acrostichum, a genus of
tropical ferns).
Asplenium thelypteroides Michx.
Silvery Spleenwort.
Woods and ravines in moist rich soil. Occasional near the
coast, becoming frequent northward. Aug.
Asplenium Filix-femina (L.) Bernh. (female fern).
Lady Fern.
Common. Woods, thickets and fence-rows. Late July —
early Aug.
A very variable species with many described forms, some of
which seem to be caused by differences in the soil, exposure
or habitat. The rootstock is medicinal, and is used as a sub-
stitute for that of the Male Fern.
CAMPTOSORUS Link. Walking Leaf.
Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link (with rooting leaves).
Walking Leaf. Walking Fern.
Shaded ledges, preferring limestone, but growing also on
granite, sandstone or trap. Found throughout, but rare or
local over most of the state, becoming frequent in the limestone
district of northwestern Connecticut. July — Aug.
Plants having the lower auricles of the fronds elongated
like the tip have been found at Southington (H. C. Bigelow),
Hamden, at Mt. Carmel (D, C. Eaton), and Salisbury (Mrs.
C. S. Phelps).
POLYSTICHUM Roth.
Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott (like Acrosti-
chum, a genus of tropical ferns).
Aspidium acrostichoides Sw.
Dryopteris acrostichoides Kuntze.
Christmas Fern.
Common. Woods and shaded banks or ledges. July.
The var. incisum Gray (cut or notched), var. Schivei-
nitzii Small, Aspidium acrostichoides Sw., var. incisum Gray,
22 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Dryopteris acrostichoides Kuntze, var. Schzveinitsii Underw.,
occurs occasionally. It is found more often late in the season
and frequently where the woods have recently been felled. A
form with crested fronds occurs at East Haddam (Weath-
erby).
ASPIDIUM Sw. Wood Fern. Shield Fern.
Aspidium Thelypteris (L.) Sw. (female fern).
Dryopteris Thelypteris Gray.
Marsh Fern.
Common. Swamps and wet ground. Aug.
Often very plentiful and sometimes cut and dried as bed-
ding for stock.
Aspidium simulatum Davenp. (imitating; referring to its re-
semblance to the Marsh Fern).
Dryopteris simulata Davenp.
Massachusetts Fern.
Wet woods and cedar swamps. Rare over most of the
state: Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), Oxford (Harger),
Southington (Bissell), Cromwell (H. C. Bigelow). Local
in New London County (Graves). Aug.
Aspidiumnoveboracense (L.) Sw% (New York).
Dryopteris noveboracensis Gray.
New York Fern.
Frequent. Woods, more often in moist ground. Aug.
Aspidium marginale (L.) Sw. (on the edge; referring to the
position of the fruit dots).
Dryopteris marginalis Gray.
Marginal Shield Fern.
Frequent. Dry rocky woods. July.
The rhizome is officinal and with that of the Male Fern
furnishes the drug Aspidium or Filix-mas. All species of the
genus possess the same property in some degree.
Aspidium Goldianum Hook.
Dryopteris Goldiana Gray.
Goldie's Fern.
Rare. Rich moist woods: North Branford (O. Harger),
Bloomfield (Miss A. Lorenz), Farmington (L Holcomb),
No. "14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 23
Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Cheshire (D. C. Eaton),
New Haven (Harger). July.
Aspidium Boottii Tuckerm.
Dryopteris Boottii Underw.
Rare or occasional. Wet woods and shaded swamps, usu-
ally growing with Aspidium cristatinn. July.
Intermediate in form and formerly considered a hybrid
between Aspidium cristatum and Aspidium spinulosiim, var.
iiitermcdimii.
Aspidium cristatum (L.) Sw. (crested).
■Dryopteris cristata Gray.
Crested Shield Fern.
Occasional or frequent. Wet woods and shaded swamps,
more often in sandy soil. July.
A hybrid between this species and Aspidium marginale
occurs at East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon & Graves), Water-
ford (Graves), Granby (I. Holcomb), and SaHsbury (Mrs.
C. S. Phelps).
Aspidium cristatum (L.) Sw., var. Clintonianum D. C. Eaton.
Dryopteris cristata Gray, var. Clintoniana Underw.
Clinton's Shield Fern.
Rare or occasional. Wet woods and shaded swamps.
July.
This variety appears to hybridize with Aspidium marginale
and also with the typical form of the species.
Aspidium spinulosum (O. F. Miiller) Sw. (with small spines).
Dryopteris spinulosa Kuntze.
Spinulose Shield Fern.
Moist or wet woods. Usually rare or local but occurring
throughout the state. Late June — early July.
This species and its varieties are desirable for cultivation
in shaded places and also grow well indoors in the fernery.
Aspidium spinulosum (O. F. Miiller) Sw., var. intermedium
(Muhl.) D. C. Eaton (intermediate).
Dryopteris spinulosa Kuntze, var. intermedia Underw.
Occasional or frequent. Moist woods and on shaded rocks.
Late June — early July.
24 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Aspidium spinulosum (O. F. Miiller) Sw., var. dilatatum
(Hoffm.) Gray (dilated).
Dryopteris spinnlosa Kuntze, var, dilatata Underw.
Broad Shield Fern.
This variety is not known in its typical state in Connecti-
cut. The forma anadenium Robinson (without glands) ap-
parently occurs at East Hartford (Weatherby), Granby and
Barkhamsted (I. Holcomb), and Southington (Andrews, Bis-
sell). It is found growing with the species or with the var.
intermedium and none of the Connecticut specimens are as
characteristic as those from mountainous districts farther
north. July.
CYSTOPTERIS Bernh. Bladder Fern.
Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. (bulb-bearing).
Filix bulbifera Underw.
Bladder Fern.
Moist rocky woods, wet ledges, meadows and banks of
streams. Not reported on the coast or from the eastern and
southwestern parts of the state. Rare or local in central dis-
tricts : Guilford, at North Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Windsor
(H. S. Clark), Simsbury (I Holcomb), Oxford (Harger).
Becoming frequent or common in northwestern Connecticut.
July-
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. (brittle).
Filix fragilis Underw.
Occasional to frequent. Rich woods, usually in leaf-mold
among rocks, sometimes found in old wells. June.
One of the earliest of our ferns to appear in the spring.
WOODSIA R. Br.
Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. (pertaining to the island Elba).
Rusty or Rock Woodsia.
Dry exposed ledges of various rock formations. Rare or
local but found in nearly all parts of the state. July.
Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. (blunt).
Blunt Woodsia.
Occasional. Woods or half-shade, usually in rocky, rather
dry places. July.
fWPERTY LIBRARY
Xc. 14] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 2$
DICKSONIA L'Her.
Dicksonia punctilobula (Michx.) Gray (with small, dotted
lobes).
Dicksonia pilosiuscula Willd.
Demist aedtia punctilobula Moore.
Hay-scented Fern.
Common. Rich woods, fence-rows and hilly pastures, in
both moist and dry ground, often forming large colonies.
Aug.
The forma cristata (Maxon) Clute (crested), and the
forma schizophylla Clute (cut-leaved) are both reported
to occur rarely with the species.
Sometimes a pest to farmers in rocky pastures, as stock
will not eat it and the plant is difficult to eradicate. It grows
well in cultivation. Forking fronds are not unusual.
ONOCLEA L.
Onoclea sensibilis L. (sensitive).
Sensitive Fern,
Common. Low fields, swamps and along streams. Sterile
June ; fertile Sept.
The var. obtusilobata (Schkuhr) Torr. (with blunt
lobes) sometimes occurs. It is apparently an abnormal form
caused by cutting or some injury to the earlier growth of the
plant.
The sterile fronds are very susceptible to early frost,
whence the name.
Onoclea Struthiopteris (L.) Hoffm. (ostrich fern).
Matteuccia Struthiopteris Todaro.
Ostrich Fern.
Rich alluvial soil. Rare in most districts, but frequent
along the Connecticut and Housatonic Rivers and their larger
tributaries. Sterile June ; fertile Aug. — Sept.
Our largest fern, the fronds occasionally reaching six feet
in height. It thrives in cultivation if given rich soil, and is
often grown for ornament.
26 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
SCHIZAEACEAE. CURLY GRASS FAMILY.
LYGODIUM Sw. Climbing Fern.
Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. (branching like the out-
spread fingers of a hand).
Creeping Fern. Hartford Fern. Climbing Fern.
Rich woods and thickets, in moist, usually sandy soil. Not
reported from western Connecticut ; rare in eastern districts :
Griswold (Harger & Graves), Lyme (Dr. E. J. Thompson).
Local at many stations in the central part of the state. Aug. —
Sept.
The following Act was passed by the Legislature and
became a law on July 8, 1869: 'Any person who shall wil-
fully and maliciously sever or take from the land of another
any of the species of plant known as Lygodium palmatum or
Creeping Fern growing and being thereon, shall be punished
by a fine not exceeding Seven Dollars or imprisonment in
county jail not exceeding thirty days or by such fine and im-
prisonment both at the discretion of the court." The penalty
for this offense was later increased. Prior to 1869 this fern
was extensively collected and pressed for decorative purposes.
OSMUNDACEAE. FLOWERING FERN
FAMILY.
OSMUNDA L. Flowering Fern.
Osmunda regalis L. (royal).
Royal Fern. Flowering Fern.
Frequent or common. Low thickets, wet meadows and
pastures and along streams. June.
The rootstock is medicinal.
Osmunda Claytoniana L.
Interrupted Fern.
Frequent or common. Old pastures, along fence-rows and
in open wood-lands. Fertile May; sterile June.
The var. dubia A. J. Grout (doubtful) occurs occasionally.
It is apparently a form caused by some injury to the plant.
All our species of Osmunda thrive in cultivation.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 27
Osmunda cinnamomea L. (cinnamon-colored).
Cinnamon Fern.
Common. Wet woods, swamps and boggy ground. Fer-
tile May; sterile June.
Both the var. frondosa Gray (leafy) and the var. incisa
J. W. Huntington (notched) sometimes occur.
The abundant tomentum found on this species is used in
nest building by certain birds.
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. ADDER'S TONGUE
FAMILY.
OPHIOGLOSSUM L. Adder's Tongue.
Ophioglossum vulgatum L. (common).
Adder's Tongue.
Moist meadows, woods and low pastures. Rare or local
though perhaps more plentiful than usually supposed as the
plant is very inconspicuous. July,
BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Moonwort. Grape Fern.
Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. (simple).
Botrychium tenehrosum A. A. Eaton.
Rare. Rich woods either dry or moist: Granby (I. Hol-
comb), Oxford (J. & O. Harger), Goshen (L. M. Under-
wood), New Milford (J. Pettibone). June.
Botanists disagree as to the proper treatment of this
species and our plants need further study.
Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstr. (lance-shaped), var.
angutisegmentum Pease & Moore (with narrow seg-
ments).
Botrychium lanceolatum of Manuals.
Rare. Moist rich woods, usually in leaf-mold: Norwich
(W. A. Setchell), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Windsor
(Weatherby), Granby (I. Holcomb), New Haven and Ox-
ford (Harger), Orange (O. Harger), Naugatuck and Strat-
ford (Fames), Winchester (Bissell), Goshen (L. M. Under-
wood), Easton (L. N. Johnson), SaHsbury (Mrs. C. S.
Phelps). Late June — early July.
This species seems to mature its spores two or three weeks
later than Botrychium ramositin when the two grow together.
28 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Botrychium ramosum (Roth) Aschers. (having many-
branches).
Botrychium matricariaefolium Braun.
Botrychium neglectum Wood.
Rich woods. Rare or local, but found throughout the
state. June.
Small forms of this are difficult to separate from Botry-
chium simplex.
Botrychium obliquum Muhl. (oblique).
Botrychium ternatuiii S\v., forma obliquum Milde.
Grape Fern.
Occasional or frequent. Meadows, woods and old pas-
tures in either dry or moist ground. Sept.
The var. elongatum Gilbert & Haberer (elongated),
and the var. dissectum (Spreng.) Clute (finely cut),
Botrychium dissectum Spreng., are occasional, growing with
the typical form.
Botrychium ternatum (Thunb.) Sw. (three-parted), var. in-
termedium D. C. Eaton (intermediate).
Botrychium obliquum Muhl., var. intermedium Underw.
Botrychium ternatum Sw., var. australe D. C. Eaton.
Rare. Rich woods: Union and Southington (Bissell),
West Hartford (Harger), Granby (I. Holcomb), Meriden
(Andrews), New Milford (C. K. Averill & E. H. Austin),
North Canaan (M. B. Tobey). Sept. A small form of this
approaching in appearance Botrychium obliquum, var. onei-
dense occurs at Granby (I. Holcomb), Plainville (Andrews),
and Plymouth (Bissell).
Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw.
Rattlesnake Fern.
Occasional or frequent. Moist rich woods. June.
The fruiting fronds are occasionally forked, and bear two,
three or four fertile panicles.
MARSILEACEAE.
MARSILEA L.
Marsilea quadrifolia L. (four-leaved).
Local. Plentiful in Bantam Lake, Litchfield, its only
known native habitat in North America. It has been intro-
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 29
duced and thrives in a pond at Cromwell (C. C. Hanmer),
and in Lake Whitney, Hamden. Aug.
EQUISETACEAE. HORSETAIL FAMILY.
EQUISETUM L. Horsetail. Scouring Rush.
Equisetum arvense L. (of cultivated ground).
Common Horsetail.
Common. Sandy soil either dry or moist. Varies greatly
according to season or habitat and several forms have been
described. Fertile May ; sterile June.
The plant is medicinal. It is said to be dangerously poison-
ous to horses when cut with hay.
Equisetum pratense Ehrh. (of meadows).
Rare. Moist sandy alluvium on the banks of the Housa-
tonic River: Oxford (Fames & Harger), Newtown (Harger).
Fertile May ; sterile June — July.
This resembles the preceding species and may have been
overlooked by other collectors.
Equisetum sylvaticum L. (growing in woods).
Occasional or local. Moist places and in wet ground about
springs. Fertile May ; sterile June — July.
Equisetum palustre L. (of marshes).
Rare. Wet meadows along the Connecticut River or on
its banks: Lyme (Graves), East Windsor (Bissell). June.
Equisetum fluviatile L. (of a river).
Equisetum limosum L.
Pipes.
Shallow water and wet meadows along streams. Frequent
along our rivers and larger streams but rare or local else-
where. Fertile May; sterile June — Aug.
Equisetum hyemale L. (lasting over the winter), var. inter-
medium A. A. Eaton (intermediate).
Scouring Rush.
Rare. Growing on railroad embankments: Hartford (H.
S. Clark), Norfolk (Bissell & H. S. Clark). May —June.
30 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Equisetum hyemale L., var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton
(allied).
Equisetum hyemale of Manuals, mainly.
Scouring Rush. Shave Grass.
Frequent. Sandy soil, usually in moist but sometimes in
dry places. May.
The siliceous stems were formerly much used for scour-
ing and polishing. The plant is medicinal.
Equisetum variegatum Schleich. (variegated), var. Jesupi A.
A. Eaton.
Equisetum variegatum of Manuals in part.
Rare. Alluvial soil along the Housatonic River : Canaan
(J. W. Robbins), Salisbury (A. W. Evans, Mrs. C. S. Phelps),
Cornwall (H. S. Clark & Bissell). May —June.
Equisetum scirpoides Michx, (like Scirpus, the Bulrush).
Rare or local. Rich woods, usually on moist hillsides :
Norfolk (J. W. Robbins), Canaan (H. S. Clark & Bissell),
Sharon and Cornwall (A. V. Osmun). May — June.
LYCOPODIACEAE. CLUB MOSS FAMILY.
LYCOPODIUM L. Club Moss.
Lycopodium Selago L. (classical name for this species).
Rare. In a cool shaded ravine near New Haven (J. A.
Allen, 1879). Sept.
Has been found at Mt. Holyoke, Mass., and should be
looked for at intermediate localities among our trap hills.
Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. (slightly shining).
Occasional. Damp mossy woods, usually in deep shade.
Sept.
Lycopodium inundatum L. (subject to flooding).
Rare or local. Open bogs, usually in sandy soil. Aug. —
Sept.
The var. Bigelgvii Tuckerm., Lycopodium adpressum
Lloyd & Underwood in part, occurs at Voluntown (Harger),
Groton (Graves), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon & Graves),
New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Milford (Eames).
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 3I
Lycopodium annotinum L. (of a year).
Rare or local. Base of trap dyke, in moist soil, North
Branford (G. H. Bartlett), and in similar situations, Durham
(Harger). Wet cold woods: Cromwell (F. K. Hallock),
Winchester (Andrews & Bissell), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour),
Redding (L. N. Johnson), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
July — Aug.
Lycopodium clavatum L. (club-shaped).
Running Pine. Common Club Moss.
Occasional. Dry woods or sometimes in moist ground.
Sept.
The var. monostachyon Grev. & Hook, (single-spiked)
is rare or local: East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Franklin (R.
W. Woodward), Stafford (Dr. E. J. Thompson & Weath-
erby), Simsbury (I. Holcomb, B. B. Bristol & Bissell),
Southington (Andrews), Wolcott (Andrews & Bissell), Nor-
folk (J. H. Barbour), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
The spores of this and other species are medicinal and
are ofificinal. They also possess peculiar mechanical properties.
Lycopodium obscurum L. (obscure).
Tree Club Moss.
Woods and old pastures, both dry and moist. Frequent
near the coast, becoming rare northward. Sept.
Lycopodium obscurum L., var. dendroideum (Michx.) D. C.
Eaton (tree-like).
Tree Club Moss.
Woods and pastures. Frequent northward, becoming rare
near the coast. Sept.
Lycopodium complanatum L. (flattened), var. flabelliforme
Fernald (fan-form).
Lycopodium complanatum of American authors in part.
Ground Pine. Christmas Green.
Common. Woods and pastures, more often in sandy soil.
Sept.
Well known and much used for Christmas decorations.
Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh (three-spiked).
Lycopodium complanatum L., var. Chamaecyparissus Milde.
Occasional. Sandy woods, either dry or moist. July —
Aug.
^2 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
SELAGINELLACEAE.
• SELAGINELLA Beauv.
Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring (growing on rocks).
Occasional. Dry exposed ledges, or sometimes on barren
soil. Aug. — Sept.
Selaginella apus (L.) Spring (footless; i. e., without a stalk).
Frequent. Moist open or half-shaded ground, usually in
meadows and pastures or about springs. July — Aug.
ISOETACEAE. QUILLWORT FAMILY.
ISOETES L. Quillwort.
Isoetes Tuckermani A. Br.
Rare or local. Growing submerged on gravelly shores of
ponds: Ledyard, North Stonington and East Lyme (Graves),
Lyme (Graves & Bissell). July — Aug.
Isoetes foveolata A. A. Eaton (minutely pitted).
Rare. Meriden, edge of small pond near West Peak (F.
W. Hall, 1873). Aug.
Isoetes saccharata Engelm. (sugary), var. Amesii A. A. Eaton.
Rare. Shallow water of ponds and rivers : Griswold
(Harger), North Stonington (Graves & Bissell), Ledyard
and Lyme (Graves). July — Aug.
Isoetes echinospora Dur. (prickly-spored), var. Braunii (Dur.)
Engelm.
Occasional. Shallow water or muddy borders of ponds
and streams, July — Sept.
Isoetes echinospora Dur., var. muricata (Dur.) Engelm.
(beset with short, hard points).
Rare. Groton, in Great Brook (Graves). July — Sept.
Forms approaching this have been found at Union (Bis-
sell), and at Lyme (Graves & Bissell).
Isoetes Gravesii A. A. Eaton.
Local. Muddy border of ponds and streams : Lyme
(Graves), Windsor (Bissell), East Haven (W. A. Setchell),
Bristol (J. N. Bishop), Plymouth (H. S. Clark & Bissell),
No. I4.J FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 33
Oxford and Huntington (Harger), Stratford (Eames),
Goshen (L. M. Underwood). Aug. — Sept.
Isoetes Dodgei A. A. Eaton,
Isoetes canadensis A. A. Eaton.
Isoetes riparia Engelm., var. canadensis Engelm.
Rare or local. Windsor, muddy river bank (Bissell),
Fairfield, in Mill River, and Westport, in Saugatuck River
( Eames ) . July — Sept.
Isoetes Engelmanni A. Br.
Occasional. Muddy border of ponds and streams, grow-
ing where it would be submerged during high water. July —
Sept.
The var. gracilis Engelm. (slender) has been found at
Groton (Graves), Southington (Bissell), Bridgeport and
Westport (Eames).
SPERMATOPHYTA. SEED PLANTS.
GYMNOSPERMAE.
TAXACEAE. YEW FAMILY.
TAXUS L. Yew.
Taxus canadensis Marsh.
Taxus minor Britton.
Ground Hemlock. American Yew.
Rocky woods, often under other evergreens. Rare or want-
ing along the coast, reaching Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers),
Guilford, at North Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Orange (D. C.
Eaton), Danbury (Eames) ; becoming occasional or frequent
northward. April — May ; fruit July — Aug.
The pulp of the fruit is edible, but all other parts of the
plant are poisonous. Drinking a decoction of the leaves has
caused death to man, and birds are said to be sometimes
poisoned by eating the seeds.
PINACEAE. PINE FAMILY.
PINUS L. Pine.
Pinus Strobus L. (classical name for some pine tree).
White Pine.
Woodlands, in various soils and exposures. Occasional
near the coast, becoming frequent northward and common in
northeastern Connecticut. May — June.
A well known and valuable timber tree ; often planted for
ornament and for wind-breaks. The bark is medicinal.
Pinus rigida Mill, (stiff).
Pitch Pine. Yellow Pine.
Poor, sterile or sandy soils. Rare or local in Litchfield
County, frequent elsewhere. May — June.
Usually a small tree, but sometimes growing larger, then
yielding a hard resinous lumber.
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 35
Pinus sylvestris L. (of woods).
Scotch Pine. Scotch Fir.
Rare or local. Fields, roadsides and woods as an escape
from cultivation: New London (Graves), Lyme (Harger &
Graves), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Bridgeport
(Fames). May. Native of Europe and Asia.
One of the valuable timber trees of Europe. It thrives
in our climate and was formerly often planted. It is of little
value as an ornamental tree, but if grown in sufficient quan-
tity might be valuable for timber.
Pinus resinosa Ait. (resinous).
Red Pine.
Rare or local. Rocky woods : Granby (I. Holcomb), Salis-
bury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May— June.
The most beautiful of our native pines and a valuable
ornamental tree. One of the timber trees of northern New
England.
LARIX Mill. Larch.
Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch (larch-like).
Larix americana Michx.
Tamarack. Hackmatack. American or Black Larch.
Swamps and bogs. Absent near the coast. Rare in the
eastern part of the state: Union (Bissell), Tolland (Graves).
Becoming occasional westward and frequent in Litchfield
County. May.
The wood is hard, strong, durable in contact with the soil,
valuable for posts and railroad ties. The bark is medicinal.
Larix decidua Mill, (falling in season).
Larix europaea DC.
European Larch.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides, fields and
waste ground: Thompson and Union (Bissell), Griswold
(Graves), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Bridgeport
(Fames). April — May. Native of northern Europe.
Hardy in almost any location and also producing a valu-
able timber. A good tree to plant for wind-breaks.
36 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
PICEA Link. Spruce.
Picea canadensis (Alill.) BSP.
Picea alba Link.
Cat Spruce. Skunk Spruce. White Spruce.
Rare. Waterford, a few trees in a pasture as an escape
from cultivation (Graves). May. Native in northern New
England and farther north.
A good tree for ornamental planting.
Picea rubra (DuRoi) Dietr. (red).
Picea nigra Link, var. rubra Engelm.
Red Spruce.
Rare. Cool woods and bogs: Litchfield (N. L. Britton),
Canaan (J. H. Putnam), SaHsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
May.
Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP.
Picea nigra Link.
Picea brevifolia Peck.
Black Spruce. Bog Spruce.
Swamps and sphagnum bogs. Rare or local over most
of the state but absent near the coast. Usually a small stunted
tree 5 to 15 ft. high but growing much larger in the cool
swamps of Litchfield County. In open bogs the trees often
produce cones when not more than 5 ft. high, and the cones
persist on the tree for many years. May.
Northward the lumber is much used in the manufacture
of wood pulp. It is the principal source of spruce gimi.
Medicinal.
Picea Abies (L.) Karst. (like Abies, the Fir).
Picea excelsa Link.
Norway Spruce.
Rare or local. Roadsides, fields and woods as an escape
from cultivation: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Southing-
ton (Andrews), Oxford (Harger), Bridgeport (Eames),
Norwalk and Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter). May. Native
of northern Europe.
Extensively planted for ornament and also for wind-
breaks.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. ^ 37
ABIES Hill. Fir.
Abies balsamea (L.) Mill, (producing balsam).
Balsam Fir. Balm-of-Gilead Fir.
Rare. Cold swamps and woods: Middlebiiry (Harger),
Goshen (J. H. Putnam & Bissell), Cornwall (E. E. Brew-
ster), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Also occurs as an
escape from cultivation at Woodstock (Weatherby), Andover
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps), and Farmington (Miss A. Lorenz).
May.
The wood is soft and weak, of little value as timber. Its
habit of early losing its lower branches makes it less desirable
for ornamental planting than some other species of ever-
greens. Canada balsam is derived from the resin of its trunk.
TSUGA (Endl.) Carr. Hemlock.
Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.
Hemlock.
Usually frequent but rather local in its distribution. Rocky
woods and on hillsides in both dry and wet situations. May.
The timber is coarse-grained and brittle, but is used for
rough lumber. The bark is much used in tanning. A valu-
able tree in cultivation for hedges and wind-breaks, and when
standing alone a desirable ornamental tree. Medicinal.
CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. Cypress. White Cedar.
Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BSP. (like Thya, classical name
for some fragrant tree).
Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea Spach.
White Cedar.
In swamps. Rare in western and central districts : Dan-
bury and New Fairfield (P. M. Augur et al.), Wolcott (A.
M. Johnson). Becoming occasional or frequent eastward.
April.
A slender tree with light and durable wood very valuable
for fence posts. It usually grows in dense colonies, choking
out other vegetation and forming cedar swamps.
THUJA L. Arbor Vitae.
Thuja occidentalis L. (western).
Arbor Vitae. White Cedar. i
38 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
Rare. Canaan, on a limestone ridge and in a near-by
swamp (C. K. Averill), Salisbury, rocky hillside and at
another locality in a deep swamp (Mrs. C. S. Phelps) ; ap-
^ parently native at these three localities. Escaped from culti-
vation to fields and roadsides at Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers),
East Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Killingly and Windsor (Bis-
sell). April — May.
Often planted for hedges or as an ornamental tree. A
valuable timber tree in northern New England. Medicinal,
the fresh tops officinal.
JUNIPERUS L. Juniper.
Juniperus communis L. (growing in colonies).
Common Juniper.
Rare. Norwich, near Spaulding's Pond (Mrs. E. E.
Rogers). May.
Juniperus communis L., var. depressa Pursh (sunk down, as
if flattened from above).
Juniperus nana of Britton's Manual in part.
Juniperus communis L., var. canadensis Loud.
Juniperus communis L., var. alpina Gray's Manual ed. 6 in
part.
Common Juniper.
Frequent. ' Dry rocky pastures and sterile hills. May.
The fruit often does not ripen until the second summer.
The oil of juniper, distilled from the fruit, is officinal. This
is medicinal, as are the tops or young branches, and is also
an essential constituent of Holland gin.
Juniperus virginiana L.
Red Cedar. Savin.
Common. Dry or sterile soils, April — May,
The wood is light, very durable in contact with the soil,
and much used for fencing. It is also used for boat building
and cabinet work. The so called " cedar-apples " found on
its branches are sometimes used medicinally, and are causa-
tive of rust on apple trees.
ANGIOSPERMAE.
MONOCOTYLEDONEAE.
TYPHACEAE. CAT-TAIL FAMILY.
TYPHA L. Cat-tail Flag.
Typha latifolia L. (broad-leaved).
Common Cat-tail.
Frequent. Wet swamps, margins of streams and ponds,
often in large colonies. June — July ; fruit Oct., persisting
through the winter.
The heads are often used for decorative purposes and
also make a fluffy stuffing for pillows, etc. The roots are
sometimes used medicinally.
Typha angustifolia L. (narrow-leaved).
Cat-tail.
Occasional in fresh-water marshes near the coast, also
found inland at Oxford (Harger), and SaHsbury (Mrs. C. S.
Phelps) ; common along the coast in salt or brackish marshes.
June ; fruit Oct., persisting through the winter.
SPARGANIACEAE. BUR-REED FAMILY.
SPARGANIUM L. Bur-reed.
Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. (broad-fruited).
Borders of ponds and streams. Rare or local over most
of the state: Groton and Lyme (Graves), East Hartford (A.
W. Driggs), Oxford (Harger), Windsor and Sharon (Bis-
sell). Becoming occasional along the coast in New Haven
and Fairfield Counties (Fames). July — Aug.
Sparganium americanum Nutt.
Sparganium simplex Huds., var. Nnttallii Engelm.
Rare or occasional. Shallow water and borders of ponds
and streams: Voluntown and East Lyme (Graves), Union
(Bissell), Hampton (Weatherby). July — Aug.
40 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Sparganium americanum Nutt., var. androcladum (Engelm.)
Fernald & A. J. Eames (having the staminate inflores-
cence branched).
Sparganium androcladum Morong.
Sparganium simplex Huds., var. androcladum Engelm.
Occasional or frequent. INIarshes, about ponds and along
streams. July — Aug.
Sparganium lucidum Fernald & A. J. Eames (shining).
Rare. Shallow water of pool, Hartford (H. S. Clark &
Weatherby) . Late Aug. — Sept.
Sparganium diversifclium Graebner (various-leaved).
Sparganium simplex Gray's Manual ed. 6 in great part.
Occasional. Borders of ponds and streams. July — Aug.
Sparganium diversifclium Graebner, var. acaule (Beeby)
Fernald & A. J. Eames (stemless).
Rare. Wet places with the typical form. July — Aug.
Sparganium angustifolium Michx. (narrow-leaved).
Sparganium simplex Huds., var. angustifolium Engelm.
Rare. Floating in deep water: Canaan (J. W. Robbins,
1828). July — Aug.
Sparganium fluctuans (Morong) Robinson (undulating).
Sparganium androcladum Morong, var. iiuctuans Morong, at
least in part.
Sparganium simplex Huds., var. Uuitans Engelm.
Rare. Deep water of cold ponds: Norfolk (J. W. Rob-
bins). July — Aug.
Sparganium minimum Fries (least; smallest).
Rare. Shallow water and mud of Twin Lakes, Salisbury
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps, A. V. Osmun & Bissell). July — Aug.
NAJADACEAE. PONDWEED FAMILY.
POTAMOGETON L. Pondweed.
Potamogeton natans L. (floating).
In ponds and slow streams. Rare or local over most of
the state: Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Oxford (Har-
ger), Sahsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps, A. V. Osmun & Bissell).
Frequent in New London County (Graves). July — Aug.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 4I
Potamogeton Oakesianus Robbins.
Rare. In ponds: Stafford (E. L. Morris), Middlebiiry
(Harger). Aug.
Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. (living on the water).
Potamogeton Nuttallii C. & S.
Potamogeton pennsylvanicus Willd.
Common. Ponds and slow or swift running streams.
June — Aug.
Potamogeton epihydrus Raf., var. cayugensis (AViegand)
Benn.
Potamogeton Nuttallii C. & S., var. cayugensis Wiegand.
Rare. Lyme, in Selden's Cove (Graves & Bissell), Ham-
den, in Lake Whitney (Eames). July — Aug.
Potamogeton alpinus Balbis (alpine).
Potamogeton rufescens Schrad.
Rare. Plainville, in cold spring water near Hamlin's Pond
(Andrews & Bissell). July — Aug.
Potamogeton americanus C. & S.
Potamogeton lonchites Tuckerm.
Potamogeton Huitans Gray's Manual ed. 6, not Roth.
Local. In the Connecticut River and adjoining coves and
creeks at Lyme (Graves) ; also at New Haven (D. C. Eaton),
Hartford (J. W. Robbins, A. W. Driggs), Westport, in the
Saugatuck River ; also in the Housatonic River near its mouth
and at New Milford (Eames), and at Oxford (Harger).
July — Sept.
Potamogeton americanus C. & S., var. novaeboracensis
(Morong) Benn.
Potamogeton lonchites Tuckerm., var. novaeboracensis Mor-
ong.
Rare. Lyme, in deep water at Selden's Cove (Graves &
Bissell). July — Aug.
Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. (beautiful; handsome).
Rare. In ponds: East Lyme, Old Lyme and Lyme
(Graves), Bridgeport (Eames). June — July.
Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. (large-leaved).
Occasional. Ponds and sluggish streams. July — Aug.
42 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. (various-leaved).
Occasional or local. Ponds and either slow or swift flow-
ing streams. July — Aug.
The forma graminifolius (Fries) Morong (grassy-
leaved) occurs at Lake Saltonstall (O. D. Allen). The forma
LONGiPEDUNCULATUS (Merat) Morong (long-stalked) has
been found at Selden's Cove, Lyme (Graves). The forma
MYRiOPHYLLUS (Robbins) Morong (myriad-leaved) occurs
at Lake Saltonstall (O. D. Allen), and Twin Lakes, Salisbury
(Bissell). The forma maximus Morong (greatest) has been
found in the Connecticut River at East Windsor (Bissell),
and in Lake Whitney, Hamden (O. D. Allen). The forma
TERRESTRis Sclilccht. (terrestrial) is often found along borders
of ponds and streams in dry seasons.
Potamogeton angustifolius Berchtold & Presl (narrow-
leaved).
Rare. Oxford, in the Housatonic River (Harger). July
— Aug.
The var. connecticutensis (Robbins) Benn., Potamoge-
ton Incens L., var. connecticutensis Robbins, occurs rarely in
ponds, lakes and rivers: Lake Saltonstall (J. W. Robbins);
in the Housatonic River at New Milford (E. H. Austin &
Eames) and Kent (C. K. Averill) ; also in Twin Lakes, Salis-
bury (Bissell).
Potamogeton lucens L. (shining).
Rare. Ponds and slow streams : Lyme, at Selden's Cove
(Graves), Meriden (Harger), Salisbury (Bissell). July —
Aug.
Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. (very long).
Local. Deep water of ponds and streams : North Bran-
ford and Wallingford (Harger), Lake Saltonstall (J. A.
Allen), Westport and Kent (Eames), Litchfield (Dr. T.
Morong), Canaan (J. W. Robbins). June — July.
Potamogeton Richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb.
Potamogeton perfoliatus L., var. lanceolatus Robbins.
Potamogeton perfoliatus L., var. Richardsonii Benn.
Common. Ponds and streams. June — July.
Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 43
Potamogeton bupleuroides Fernald (like Bupleurum, the
Thorough-wax) .
Potamogeton perfoliatus Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part, not L.
In ponds, streams and brackish waters. Occasional near
the coast, extending inland as far as East Windsor (Bissell).
July — Aug.
X Potamogeton nitens Weber (shining).
Rare. Old Saybrook, small pond near the Connecticut
River (Harger). This is apparently a hybrid between Potam-
ogeton heterophyllus and some other species, and is not known
to produce fruit.
Potamogeton zosterifolius Schum. (having leaves like Zostera,
the Eel Grass).
Rare or occasional. Ponds and streams. July — Aug.
Potamogeton Hillii Morong.
Rare. Salisbury, in Twin Lakes (Bissell). July — Aug.
Potamogeton obtusifolius ]\Iert. & Koch (blunt-leaved).
Rare. Newtown, in shallow water of a mill pond (Eames).
July — Aug.
Potamogeton Friesii Ruprecht.
Potamogeton mucronatus Gray's Manual ed. 6, not
Schrad. (?).
Rare. Southington, in pools (Andrews). July — Aug.
Potamogeton pusillus L. (very small).
Frequent. Ponds and slow streams. July — Sept.
Potamogeton pusillus L., var Sturrockii Benn.
Rare. In ponds: Waterford (Graves), Lake Saltonstall
(O.D.Allen). July— Sept.
Potamogeton lateralis Morong (lateral).
Rare. Collected at Salisbury many years ago by Dr. J.
W. Robbins ; not reported by any recent collector. July —
Aug.
Potamogeton Vaseyi Robbins.
Rare. Ponds and lakes: Lake Saltonstall (O. D. Allen,
J. A. Allen, Eames), Milford (Eames), Plymouth (J. K.
Goodrich) . July — Aug.
44 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Potamogeton gemmiparus Robbins (producing buds).
Rare. Union, shallow water of Mashapaug Pond (Bis-
sell). July — Aug.
Potamogeton foliosus Raf. (leafy).
Potamogeton pauciiiorus Pursh.
Rare or local. Ponds and slow streams : Voluntown (Har-
ger), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Newtown (Eames),
New Milford (C. K. Averill), Sharon and Salisbury (Bis-
sell). July — Aug.
Potamogeton hybridus ]\Iichx. (mongrel).
Potamogeton diversifolius Raf.
Occasional. In ponds. July — Aug.
The var. aiulti-denticulatus (Morong) Asch. & Graeb-
ner (with many fine teeth) has been found at Groton (T.
Morong), Griswold (Harger), Milford and Stratford
(Eames).
Potamogeton dimorphus Raf. (of two forms).
Potatnogetoii Spirillus Tuckerm.
Frequent. Ponds and streams. June — Aug.
Floating leaves often wanting.
Potamogeton pectinatus L. (comb-like).
Rare or local. Ponds, streams and ditches: Hartford (D.
C. Eaton), East Windsor and Salisbury (Bissell), Oxford
(Harger), Stratford, New Milford and Kent (Eames). July
— Sept.
Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakes.
Occasional or local. Ponds, ditches and slow streams.
July — Aug.
This species very rarely forms fruit.
RUPPIA L. Ditch Grass.
Ruppia maritima L. (of the sea-coast).
Ditch Grass.
Frequent in shallov/ water of pools, creeks and ditches
about salt or brackish marshes along the coast. July — Oct.
ZANNICHELLIA L. Horned Pondweed.
Zannichellia palustris L. (of marshes).
Horned Pondweed.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 45
Occasional in salt or brackish water along the coast, and
in the Housatonic River northward as far as New Milford
(C K. Averill). July — Sept.
ZOSTERA L. Grass Wrack. Eel Grass.
Zostera marina L. (of the sea).
Eel Grass.
Common along the coast in bays, salt rivers and creeks,
growing on muddy or sandy bottoms. July — Sept.
Extensively used by farmers as a fertilizer.
NAJAS L. Naiad.
Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt (flexible).
Frequent. Ponds and slow streams. July — Sept.
Najas gracillima (A. Br.) Magnus (very slender).
Najas indica Cham., var. gracillima A. Br.
Rare or local. In ponds: East Lyme and Lyme (Graves),
Stafford (Bissell), Milford, Bridgeport and Newtown
(Eames), Danbury (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). July — Sept.
JUNCAGINACEAE. ARROW GRASS FAMILY.
SCHEUCHZERIA L.
Scheuchzeria palustris L. (of marshes).
Rare. Cool sphagnum bogs: South Windsor (Weath-
erby), Burlington (J. N. Bishop), East Granby (M. Hitch-
cock), Bethany and Woodbury (Harger), Litchfield (A. L.
Train), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell). June— July.
TRIGLOCHIN L. Arrow Grass.
Triglochin maritima L. (of the sea).
Frequent in salt marshes along the coast. June — Aug.
ALISMACEAE. WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY.
SAGITTARIA L. Arrow-head.
Sagittaria longirostra (M. Micheli) J. G. Smith (long-beaked).
Rare. Groton, swampy border of pond (Harger) . July —
Sept.
46 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull
Sagittaria latifolia Willd. (broad-leaved).
Sagittaria variabilis Engelm.
Frequent or common. Marshes and shallow water of
ponds and streams. Aug. — Sept.
The forma obtusa (Muhl.) Robinson (blunt), Sagittaria
obtusa Muhl., is occasional; the forma hastata (Pursh)
Robinson (halberd-shaped), Sagittaria hastata Pursh, and
the forma gracilis (Pursh) Robinson (slender), Sagittaria
gracilis Pursh, are frequent. The forma diversifolia
(Engelm.) Robinson (various-leaved), Sagittaria variabilis
Engelm., var. diversifolia Engelm., is rare.
Sagittaria Engelmanniana J. G. Smith.
Sagittaria variabilis Engelm., var. gracilis Engelm.
Rare. Bogs and wet meadows : Waterford, Voluntown
and East Lyme (Graves), Lyme (Dr. E. J. Thompson).
Aug. — Sept.
Sagittaria arifolia Nutt. (arum-leaved).
Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon.
Rare. Wet alluvial soil on the banks of the Connecticut
River: Windsor and Hartford (Bissell). June — July.
Sagittaria heterophylla Pursh (various-leaved).
Rare or local. Muddy river shores: Norwich (W. A.
Setchell), Lyme (Graves), Wethersfield (C. Wright), East
Windsor (Bissell), Windsor (H. S. Clark), Hartford (H. S.
Clark & Bissell), Bloomfield (A. W. Driggs), Seymour and
Derby (Harger). June — July.
The var rigida (Pursh) Engelm. (stiff), Sagittaria rigida
Pursh, and the var. elliptica Engelm. (oval) sometimes
occur with the species.
Sagittaria graminea Michx. (grass-like).
Sagittaria Eatoni J. G. Smith.
Sagittaria cristata Engelm.
Occasional or local. Muddy shores of ponds and streams.
June — Aug.
Sagittaria subulata (L.) Buchenau (awl-shaped).
Sagittaria pusilla Nutt.
Sagittaria natans Michx., var. lorata Chapm.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 47
Rare or local. Lyme, muddy shore of Selden's Cove (Dr.
E, J. Thompson) ; mud of lower Housatonic River and smaller
streams along the coast in Fairfield County (Eames). July —
Sept.
Sagittaria subulata (L.) Buchenau, var. (?) gracillima (Wats.)
J. G. Smith (very slender).
Sagittaria natans Michx., var. ( ?) gracillima Wats.
Rare. East Windsor and Windsor, rock ledges in the bed
of the Connecticut River, in 3-6 ft. of water (Bissell). July.
LOPHOTOCARPUS Th. Durand.
Lophotocarpus spongiosus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith (spongy).
Sagittaria calycina Engelm., var. spongiosa Engelm.
Muddy tidal shores and meadows. Rare at Old Lyme
(Graves) and New Haven (D. C. Eaton, Harger) ; occa-
sional, Milford and westward (Eames). June — Sept.
ALISMA L. Water Plantain.
Alisma Plantago-aquatica L. (water-plantain).
Water Plantain.
Common. Muddy places and shallow water. July — Aug.
HYDROCHARITACEAE. FROG'S BIT FAMILY.
ELODEA Michx. Water-weed.
Elodea canadensis Michx.
Philotria canadensis Britton.
Ditch Moss.
Frequent. Ponds and slow streams. July — Sept.
Sometimes so plentiful as to be a nuisance in reservoirs.
VALLISNERIA L. Tape Grass. Eel Grass.
Vallisneria spiralis L. (coiled).
Eel Grass. Wild Celery.
Common in the waters of the Connecticut and Housatonic
Rivers and their larger tributaries. It also grows in Hatch
Pond, Kent (Eames), and in the Thames River at Norwich
(W. A. Setchell, Mrs. E. E. Rogers). July — Sept.
48 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
GRAMINEAE. GRASS FAMILY.
ZEA L. Corn.
Zea Mays L. (Indian name for this species).
Corn. Indian Corn. Maize.
Rare. A fugitive in waste grounds and on dumps or banks
of streams. July — Aug. Nativity unknown but supposed to
be from Mexico.
One of the most important cereals of the United States.
TRIPSACUM L. Gama Grass. Sesame Grass.
Tripsacum dactyloides L. (finger-like).
Gama Grass. Sesame Grass.
Moist or dry open ground bordering salt or brackish
marshes and creeks. Groton (Graves) and occasional along
the coast westward. July — Aug.
A large corn-Hke grass, sometimes used for fodder in the
South.
ANDROPOGON L. Beard Grass.
Andropogon scoparius Michx. (broom-like).
Broom Beard Grass. Wire Grass. Bunch Grass. Blue-stem.
Common. Open sterile ground, often covering large areas
on the sand plains. Aug. — Sept. A glaucous form is fre-
quent.
A dry wiry grass of little agricultural value in Connecti-
cut, but notable for its beautiful color in autumn and winter.
In the South and West it is considered of some value for
pasturage.
Andropogon scoparius Michx., var. littoralis (Nash) Hitchc.
(of the sea-shore).
Andropogon littoralis Nash.
Rare., Fairfield, sparingly on Fairfield Beach (Fames).
Aug. — Sept.
Andropogon virginicus L.
Dry or moist open ground. Rare or local inland, becom-
ing occasional near the coast. Late Aug. — Sept.
Andropogon furcatus Muhl. (forked).
Forked Beard Grass. Big Blue-stem. Turkey-foot.
.>. 14-] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 49
Frequent. Open ground, g-enerally in dry soil. Aug. —
Sept.
A tall and striking grass, growing in large clumps. It
is of value for hay and pasturage in some localities in the
United States.
SORGHASTRUM Nash.
Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash (nodding).
Sorghastrum avenaceum Nash.
Chrysopogon nutans Benth.
Chrysopogon avenaceus Benth.
Indian Grass. Wood Grass.
Occasional or frequent. Open, usually dry ground. Aug.
— Sept.
A tall grass, growing in clumps and with beautiful golden
brown flower-panicles.
SORGHUM Pers. Broom Corn. Sorghum.
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.
Johnson Grass.
Rare. Waterbury, in waste ground (A. E. Blewitt).
Aug. — Sept. Fugitive from the Old World. A cultivated
form of this called Kaffir Corn has been found in waste ground
at Hartford (H. S. Clark).
This species is supposed to be the original of the several
forms of Sorghum which are cultivated for sugar-making,
for use in the manufacture of brooms, for forage and for their
seeds.
DIGITARIA Scop. Finger Grass.
Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koeler (thread-shaped).
Panicum iiliforme L.
Syntherisma filiformis Nash.
Frequent. Dry sterile open ground. Aug. — Sept.
Digitaria humifusa Pers. (spread over the ground; prostrate).
Panicum glabrum Gaudin.
Syntherisma linearis Nash.
Small Crab Grass.
Occasional or frequent. Dry or moist fields, roadsides
and waste places. Aug. — Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
4
50 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT, HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
Dighana sanguinalis (L.) Scop, (blood-red).
Panicum sanguinale L.
Syntherisma sanguinalis Dulac.
Syntherisma Hmhriata Nash.
Crab Grass. Large Crab Grass. Finger Grass. Crowfoot
Grass.
Common. Waste places and cultivated ground. July —
Oct. Naturalized from Europe.
A troublesome weed in gardens and lawns. It makes good
hay if properly dried, and in the South is often harvested. In
Bohemia the seeds are used by man as a food.
LEPTOLOMA Chase.
Leptoloma cognatum (Schultes) Chase (related).
Panicum autumnale Bosc.
Fall Witch Grass.
Rare. New Haven, in dry ground and in gravelly soil
(R. W. Woodward). July.
PASPALUM L.
Paspalum setaceum Michx. (bristle-like).
Fields and pastures, mostly in dry ground. Rare in the
northern part of the state, becoming occasional near the coast.
A form with glabrous spikelets sometimes occurs. Aug. —
Sept.
Paspalum Muhlenbergii Nash.
Frequent or common. Dry open ground. Aug. — Sept.
Paspalum psammophilum Nash (sand-loving).
Paspalum prostratum Nash, not Scribn. & Merr.
Rare. Dry sandy or gravelly soil: Sprague (Graves),
Franklin (R. W. Woodward), Old Saybrook (Bissell &
Graves ) . Aug. — Sept.
Paspalum plenipilum Nash (having many hairs).
Rare. Orange, in meadows (R. W. Woodward). Sept.
Paspalum circulare Nash (round).
Rare. Groton, moist grassland (Bissell & Graves), Frank-
lin (R. W. Woodward). Sept.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 5I
PANICUM L. Panic Grass.
A large genus, made up for the most part of lowly grasses
of little or no agricultural value, but of much scientific interest.
Panicum verrucosum Muhl. (warty).
Rare. New Haven, in damp shaded ground (Harger).
Sept.— Oct.
Panicum capillare L. (hair-like).
Old-witch Grass. Tumble-weed. Tickle Grass.
Common. Cultivated ground and waste places. July —
Sept.
Panicum philadelphicum Bernh.
Panicum tiiinus Nash, according to description.
Panicum minimum Scribn. & Merr.
Dry woods and thickets and on sandy shores of ponds and
rivers. Rare in New London County (Graves) ; occasional
in southwestern Connecticut (Eames) ; extending up the
Connecticut River as far as East Windsor (Eissell). Aug. —
Sept.
Panicum miliaceum L. (millet).
Common, True, European or Broom Corn Millet.
Rare or occasional. Roadsides and waste places in and
about towns and cities. Aug. — Sept. Fugitive or adventive
from Europe.
The seeds are highly nutritious and are used in some coun-
tries as human food ; also in domestic medicine. The grain
is excellent for feeding poultry. In the Old World it has
been cultivated from prehistoric times.
Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. (having its flower-stalks
forked in pairs).
Panicum proliferum^oi American authors, not Lam.
Occasional or frequent. Chiefly in moist ground, espe-
cially on borders of ponds and rivers. Aug. — Sept.
Panicum amaroides Scribn. & Merr. (like Panicum amarum).
Panicum amarum Ell., var. minor Vasey & Scribn.
Sea beaches and sand dunes. Rare or local on the coast
eastward: Old Lyme (Graves), Guilford (Dr. Barratt). Be-
coming occasional along the Sound westward. Aug. — Oct.
52 CON^^ECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Panicum virgatum L. (wand-like).
Switch Grass. Tall Panic Grass.
In either moist or dry ground. Common along the coast
and the larger rivers, rare or occasional elsewhere. July —
Sept.
A handsome grass forming large, dense clumps and with
ample flower panicles sometimes 30 inches long. If cut early
it makes a fair quality of hay and it is also of some value as a
forage plant.
Panicum longifolium Terr, (long-leaved).
Rare or local. Open moist ground near the coast : Groton
and Montville (Graves), Fairfield (Eames). Aug. — Sept.
Panicum agrostoides Spreng. (like Agrostis, the Red Top).
Common. Low meadows and wet open grounds. July —
Sept.
Panicum stipitatum Nash (stalked).
Rare. Lyme, wet meadow at Selden's Cove (Graves &
Bissell). Aug.
Panicum depauperatum Muhl. (impoverished).
Frequent. Dry sterile or sandy ground. June — early July.
Panicum linearifolium Scribn. (narrow-leaved).
Panicum Enslini of Britton's Manual.
Common. Dry fields and in sandy or sterile places. June
— early July.
Panicum Werneri Scribn.
Rare or local. Chiefly in open, dry, sandy or gravelly
soil^ sometimes in thickets or open sandy woods : Voluntown,
Ledyard and Waterford (Graves), Franklin (R. W. Wood-
ward & Graves). June — July.
Panicum Bicknellii Nash.
Panicum nemo pant hum Ashe.
Panicum Busliii Nash.
Rare. Rocky woodlands: Norwich (Graves), New Haven
(R. W. Woodward). June.
Panicum dichotomum L. (forked in pairs).
Frequent or common. Dry woods and thickets. June —
July.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 53
Panicum barbulatum Michx. (having a little beard).
Occasional. Rocky woods and thickets usually in dry soil.
June — July.
Panicum microcarpon Muhl. in Ell. (small-fruited).
Panicum barbulatum of American authors, not Michx.
Frequent. Low moist or wet thickets and open places.
June — July.
Panicum boreale Nash (northern).
Open bogs, wet meadows and moist sandy thickets. Ap-
parently rare in southern Connecticut : Griswold and Water-
ford (Graves), Franklin (R. W. Woodward & Graves),
Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Oxford and Monroe (Har-
ger). Probably occasional in the northern part of the state.
June — July.
Panicum spretum Schult. (despised).
Panicum nitidum of recent American authors, not Lam.
Panicum Eatoni Nash.
Rare. Low meadows and sandy shores of ponds : Groton
and East Lyme (Graves), Columbia (Weatherby & Mrs. C. S.
Phelps) . June — July.
Panicum Lindheimeri Nash.
Panicum nitidum Scribn. & Merr. in part.
Dry sterile open ground. Occasional or frequent in south-
eastern and southwestern Connecticut, apparently rare else-
where: East Hartford (Weatherby), Southington (Andrews).
June — July.
Panicum huachucae Ashe.
Panicum unciphyllum of recent American authors, not Trin.
Panicum pubescens of Britton's Manual.
Common. Fields, woods and thickets usually in dry or
sandy places. June — July.
Panicum huachucae Ashe, var. silvicola Hitchc. & Chase (liv-
ing in woods).
Panicum lanuginosum of recent American authors in part.
Occasional or frequent. Woods and shaded ground in
either dry or wet soil. June — July, "
54 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY, [Bull.
Panicum implicatum Scribn. (entangled).
Panicum unciphyllum Trin., var. implicatum Scribn. & Merr.
Swamps and in wet sandy places. Rare in most parts of
the state, but occasional in southwestern Connecticut. June —
July.
Panicum meridionale Ashe (southern).
Panicum Uliculme Ashe, not Hack.
Panicum unciphyllum Trin., var. meridionale Scribn. & Merr.
Rare or occasional. Dry or sterile soil in woods or in open
ground. June — July.
Panicum oricola Hitchc. & Chase (an inhabitant of the shore.)
Rare. Barren sands along the shore of the Sound: Gro-
ton (Bissell). Probably occuring at other points on the
coast. June — Aug.
Panicum subvillosum Ashe (somewhat hairy).
Rare. Dry sandy ground : Tolland and Southington (Bis-
sell), East Hartford (Weatherby). June — July.
Panicum tennesseense Ashe.
Occasional or frequent. Woods and shaded ground more
often in moist soil. June — July.
Panicum albemarlense Ashe.
Panicum auhurne Gray's Manual ed. 7 in part.
Rare. Dry sandy woods : Waterford, at Fog Plain
( Graves ) . June — July.
Panicum scoparioides Ashe (like Panicum scoparium).
Rare. Woods or half shade in dry gravelly soil : Southing-
ton (Bissell). June — July.
Panicum pseudopubescens Nash (simulating Panicum pubes-
cens).
Panicum ovale Gray's Manual ed. 7 in part.
Rare. Southbury, alluvial ground on banks of the Pom-
peraug River (Harger). June — July.
Panicum villosissimum Nash (very hairy).
Panicum atlanticum Nash.
Panicum xanthospermum Scribn. & Mohr.
Panicum haemacarpon Ashe.
Rare. Dry rocky woods and hillsides or in meadows:
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND -FERNS. 55
Franklin (Graves, R. W. Woodward), Old Lyme (Graves),
East Hartford (Weatherby), Southington (Andrews), South-
bury (Harger). June — July.
Panicum Commonsianum Ashe.
Rare. Dry sandy or gravelly soil: East Lyme (Graves),
South Windsor (Weatherby). June.
Panicum Addisonii Nash.
Rare. Sandy plains: East Lyme (Graves), East Hart-
ford (Weatherby). June.
Panicum tsugetorum Nash (of hemlocks).
Occasional or frequent. Dry fields and woods. June —
July.
Panicum columbianum Scribn.
Panicum psammophilum Nash,
Occasional or frequent. Dry sandy fields and thickets.
June — July.
Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. (round-fruited).
Frequent to common. Fields, pastures and roadsides in
dry ground. June — Aug.
Panicum Ashei Pearson.
Panicum commutatum Scribn. & Merr,, not R, & S,
Rare or occasional. Dry, often rocky woods. June — July.
Panicum Scribnerianum Nash.
Panicum scoparium Gray's Manual ed. 6, not Lam.
Common. Dry open sterile ground. June — July.
Panicum xanthophysum Gray (having yellow bladders; re-
ferring to the yellowish fruit).
Rare. Dry open woods or sandy places : Stafford
(Graves), South Windsor (H. J. Koehler & A. W. Driggs).
July — Aug.
Panicum clandestinum L. (concealed).
Corn Grass. Deer-tongue Grass.
Common. Moist or dry soil in open or partly shaded
places. June — July,
56 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Panicum Boscii Poir.
Panicuni Porteriamim Nash.
Panicum latifoliimi of American authors, not L.
Rare or occasional. Dry rocky woodlands. June — July.
Panicum Boscii Poir., var. molle (Vasey) Hitchc. & Chase
(soft).
Panicum latifolinm L., var. inoUe Vasey.
Panicum pnhifolium Nash.
Dry woods and thickets, usually in rocky ground. Occa-
sional or local near the coast, becoming rare inland, ^wnt —
July.
Panicum latifolium L. (broad-leaved).
Panicum macrocarpon Le Conte.
Occasional or frequent. Woods and thickets, mostly in dry
ground. June — Aug.
ECHINOCHLOA Beauv.
Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. (cock-spur).
Panicum crusgalli L.
Barnyard Grass. Corn Grass. Cockspur or Cocksfoot Grass.
Common. Cultivated ground, mostly in manured soil,
waste places and banks of streams. July — Sept. Naturalized
from Europe.
Sometimes troublesome as a weed in cultivated ground,
but useful as a forage plant and for the silo.
Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link (producing grain).
Japanese Barnyard Millet or Grass. Billion-Dollar Grass.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to fields and roadsides :
Southington (Andrews), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July
— Sept. Fugitive from the Old World.
In cultivation as a forage plant. In India it is grown under
the name of Sowna Millet for its grain which is there used
as human food.
Echinochloa Walter! (Pursh) Nash.
Panicum crusgalli L., var. hispidiim Torr.
Panicum Walteri Pursh.
Ditches, marshes and river banks. Occasional or frequent
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 57
along the coast and the larger streams ; rare elsewhere. July —
Sept.
SETARIA Beauv. Bristly Foxtail Grass.
Setaria imberbis R. & S. (beardless), van perennis (Hall)
Hitchc. (perennial).
Chaetochloa versicolor Bicknell.
Perennial Foxtail Grass.
Occasional or frequent on the coast on borders of salt
marshes. Aug. — Sept.
Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. (glaucous).
Chaetochloa glauca Scribn.
Ixophorus glaucus Nash.
Foxtail. Pigeon Grass. Twitch Grass.
Common. Cultivated ground and waste places. July —
Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
Often a troublesome weed in gardens.
Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. (whorled).
Chaetochloa verticillata Scribn.
Ixophorus verticiUatus Nash.
Rough Foxtail Grass.
Rare or local. Roadsides and waste places in towns and
cities. July — Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. (green).
Chaetochloa viridis Scribn.
Ixophorus viridis Nash.
Green Foxtail. Bottle Grass.
Frequent to common. Cultivated ground and waste
places. June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe.
A weed in gardens and cultivated fields.
Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.
Chaetochloa italica Scribn.
Ixophorus italicus Nash.
Common, Italian or German Millet. Hungarian Grass.
Rare or occasional. Escaped from cultivation to road-
sides and waste places. Aug. — Sept. Adventive from Europe.
The var. germanica (Mill.) Richter, Golden-Wonder
Millet, occurs rarely.
58 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
Often grown for fodder. In the Old World from ancient
times grown for human food.
CENCHRUS L. Sandbur.
Cenchrus carolinianus Walt.
Cenchrus trihuloides of American authors, not L.
Sandbur. Hedgehog or Bur Grass.
Local, frequent or common. Dry sandy or gravelly fields
and waste ground. July — Aug. ; fruit Aug. — Sept.
Sometimes a troublesome weed.
ZIZANIA L. Water or Indian Rice.
Zizania palustris L. (of marshes).
Zizania aquatica of Manuals, not L.
Wild Rice. Water Oats.
Local or frequent. Shallow water of tidal rivers and large
streams, especially near the coast ; sometimes in ponds as at
Hatch Pond, Kent (Eames). July — Aug. ; fruit Sept. — Oct.
A highly ornamental grass. The seeds are very nutritious,
and are said to be superior to the Oriental rice. They are
greedily eaten by ducks and other birds ; also extensively
gathered for food by the Indians of the Northwest and sold
by them in the markets.
LEERSIA Sw. White Grass. Cut Grass. •
Leersia virginica Willd.
Homalo cenchrus virginicus Britton.
Cut Grass. Scratch Grass.
Frequent. Wet woods, swamps and moist places. Aug.
Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. (like Oryza, the Rice).
Homalocenchrus oryzoides Poll.
Rice Cut Grass. Scratch Grass. False Rice.
Frequent. Swamps, along streams and in ditches. Aug. —
Sept.
It makes a fair quality of hay.
PHALARIS L. Canary Grass.
Phalaris canariensis L.
Canary Grass.
Rare or occasional. Roadsides and waste places. June —
Oct. Fugitive or adventive from Europe.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 59
The seeds are used as food for cage birds, and mixed with
wheat or rye are also used in some countries for bread making.
Phalaris arundinacea L. (reed-like).
Reed Canary Grass. Sword Grass. Spires Grass.
In swamps and along streams. Rare or occasional in the
western part of the state ; becoming frequent eastward. June
-July.
The var. picta L. (painted), Ribbon Grass, is a horti-
cultural form often cultivated for ornament, and it sometimes
escapes to roadsides and waste places. The variety is intro-
duced from Europe.
A striking grass adapted for planting in wet ground.
ANTHOXANTHUM L. Sweet Vernal Grass.
Anthoxanthum odoratum L. (fragrant).
Sweet Vernal Grass.
Common. Roadsides, fields, meadows, borders of woods
and in waste places. May — June. Native of Europe.
Very fragrant in drying. Used in basket making.
HIEROCHLOE R. Br. Holy Grass.
Hierochloe odorata (L.) Wahlenb. (fragrant).
Hierochloe horealis R. & S.
Savastana odorata Scribn.
Savastana Nashii Bicknell.
Vanilla or Seneca Grass.
Rare or occasional inland: Franklin (R. W. Woodward),
Southington (Andrews), Southbury (Eames & Harger),
Sherman (Eames & E. H. Austin), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S.
Phelps). Becoming frequent about the borders of salt and
brackish marshes along the coast. May — June.
A very fragrant grass, used by the Indians in basket mak-
ing. In northern Europe this and other sweet-scented grasses
are strewn before the church doors on Saints' days.
ORYZOPSIS Michx. Mountain Rice.
Oryzopsis pungens (Torr.) Hitchc. (sharp-pointed).
Oryzopsis canadensis of Gray's Manual ed. 6.
Oryzopsis juncea BSP.
Rare. Dry woodlands: Voluntown (R. W. Woodward),
6o CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Preston (Graves), Thompson (Harger), Stafford (Weather-
by & Bissell). ^lay.
Oryzopsis asperifolia IMichx. (rough-leaved).
Rocky woods. Rare near the coast and in the south-
western part of the state ; occasional or frequent in central
and northern Connecticut. May — June.
Oryzopsis racemosa (Sm.) Ricker (racemose).
Oryzopsis mdanocarpa Muhl.
Rocky woods. Rare in the southeastern part of the state,
frequent in southwestern Connecticut, occasional elsewhere.
July — Aug.
STIPA L. Feather Grass.
Stipa avenacea L. (oat-like).
Black Oat Grass. Needle Grass. Porcupine Grass.
Reported only near the coast, in dry and rocky woods or
openings and dry, sandy soils. Occasional in the southeastern
part of the state, rare or local near New Haven, becoming
more frequent in southwestern Connecticut. June.
The seeds of this grass are injurious to sheep by clinging
to the wool and then penetrating the flesh.
ARISTIDA L. Triple-awned Grass.
Aristida dichotoma Michx. (forked).
Poverty Grass.
Common. Open, dry, sterile or sandy soil. Aug. — Sept.
Aristida gracilis Ell. (slender).
Aristida gracilis Ell., var. depauperata Gray.
Dry, sandy soil. Occasional or local near the coast, be-
coming rare northward. Aug. — Sept.
Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. (pimply).
Rare or local. Sea beaches from Orange westward. Aug.
— Sept.
Aristida purpurascens Poir. (purplish).
Dry, sterile fields and pastures. Occasional or frequent
except in the southwestern part of the state where it is rare
or local. Aug. — Sept.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 61
MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Drop-seed Grass.
Muhlenbergia sobolifere (Muhl.) Trin. (producing offshoots).
Dry rocky woods. Generally rare, but frequent in south-
western Connecticut. Aug. — Sept,
Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) BSP. (slender-flowered).
Muhlenbergia Willdenowii Trin.
Occasional or frequent. Rich or rocky woods. Aug. —
Sept.
Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. (of woods).
Rocky woods, either moist or dry. Rare or occasional
over most of the state, becoming frequent in southwestern
Connecticut. Aug. — Sept.
Muhlenbergia foliosa Trin. (closely clothed with leaves),
Muhlenbergia ambigua Torr,
Moist woods, Southington (Bissell), and probably else-
where, as the species has been confused with Muhlenbergia
mexicana. Aug. — Sept.
Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin.
Crab Grass. Knot-root Grass,
Frequent or common. Moist or rich soil in cultivated
ground, along roadsides and in waste places of towns and
cities ; also occasional in bogs and swamps and near streams,
Aug, — Sept,
Sometimes troublesome as a weed in gardens and lawns.
A cultivated form with striped leaves has escaped, and is
established in a yard at Southington (Bissell).
Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP. (racemose).
Muhlenbergia glomerata Trin.
Bogs and swamps or sometimes in dry, rocky ground.
Frequent in Litchfield County, becoming occasional or rare
eastward and southward; reaching Union and Willington
(Bissell), Franklin (R. W. Woodward), Meriden (Andrews
& Bissell), New Haven (Eaton Herb.), Monroe (Fames).
Aug, — Sept.
62 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Muhlenbergia Schreberi J. F. Gmel.
Muhlenhergia diffusa Schreb.
Drop-seed. Nimble Will.
Frequent along roadsides, in yards and waste places near
dwellings ; rare elsewhere. Aug. — Sept.
Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. (hair-like).
Hair Grass.
Rare. Rocky cliffs: Hamden (O. Harger), New Haven
(O. Harger, R. W. Woodward & Harger). Sept.
BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv.
Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. (erect).
Brachyelytrum aristatum Beauv.
Rich moist or rocky woods. Frequent except along the
coast eastward where it is rare. July — Aug.
PHLEUM L. Timothy. Herd's Grass.
Phleum pratense L. (of meadows).
Timothy. Herd's Grass, Cat-tail Grass.
Common. Fields, roadsides and pastures. June — Aug.
Naturalized from Europe.
Extensively grown and very valuable for hay. It is said
to have been introduced into Maryland in 1720 by Timothy
Hanson, hence the name " Timothy."
ALOPECURUS L. Foxtail Grass,
Alopecurus pratensis L. (of meadows).
Meadow Foxtail.
Rare. Moist fields and roadsides: New London (Graves), f
Middlebury (Harger), Southington, Litchfield and Cornwall
(Bissell). May — June. Adventive from Europe,
A desirable grass for moist pastures.
Alopecurus geniculatus L. (abruptly bent).
Marsh, Water or Floating Foxtail.
Rare or local. Wet meadows and along brooks : Hartford
(A. W. Driggs), Wethersfield (C. Wright), Southington
(Andrews & Bissell). May — June.
A good grazing grass for wet grounds.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 63
Alopecurus geniculatus L., var. aristulatus Torr. (with small
awns or bristles).
Rare. Shallow water of ditches : Meriden (Harger & Mrs.
C S. Phelps), Salisbury (Weatherby & Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
May — June.
SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Drop-seed. Rush Grass.
Sporcbclus clandestinus (Spreng.) Hitchc. (concealed).
Sporoholus asper of Manuals.
Rare. Open, rocky ground: New Haven (R. W. Wood-
ward). Sept.
Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth (rough).
Sporoholus longifolius Wood.
Dry, sandy soils. In northern districts rare or occasional :
Sahsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), New Milford (Eames), Ox-
ford (Harger), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Hartford
(C. Wright). Becoming frequent near the coast and common
about New Haven. Aug. — Sept.
Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood (having the flowers in
sheaths).
Frequent to common. Dry, sterile fields and sandy road-
sides. Aug. — Sept.
Sporobolus neglectus Nash (neglected).
Rare. Dry ground : Oxford (Weatherby). Sept.
Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray (with hidden stamens).
Occasional in the southwestern part of the state, in sandy
soil along the coast (Eames). July — Aug.
Sporobolus heterolepis Gray (various-scaled).
Rare. Dry, rocky summits: New Haven (Dr. Monson,
O. D. Allen, Harger & R. W. Woodward). Sept.
Sporobolus uniflorus (Muhl.) Scribn. & Merr. (one-flowered).
Sporoholus serotinus Gray.
Peat bogs and open swamps. Frequent in the eastern part
of the state, becoming rare or local westward : East Haven
(A. H. Young & Harger), Southington (Andrews), Wolcott
64 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
(Andrews & Bissell), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Middle-
bury (Harg-er), Norfolk (Bissell). Aug. — Sept.
A very delicate grass.
AGROSTIS L. Bent Grass.
Agrostis alba L. (white).
Fiorin. White Bent Grass. Red Top. Fine Bent. Dew Grass.
Local or occasional. Open, generally moist ground. July
— Aug. In part naturalized from Europe.
The van vulgaris (With.) Thurb. (common), Agrostis
vulgaris With., cultivated under the name of Red Top, is
common in fields and open ground and is a valuable grass for
hay and pasturage. This variety is usually introduced from
Europe but is perhaps also native.
Agrostis alba L., var. aristata Gray (awned).
Rare. Franklin, moist peaty soil in shade (R. W. Wood-
ward). July.
Agrostis alba L., var. maritima (Lam.) G. F. W, Mey. (of
the sea-coast).
Agrostis coarctata Ehrh.
Frequent along the coast in salt and brackish marshes;
rare inland as at Southington (Bissell), Oxford (Harger).
July — Sept.
Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. (wintering).
Agrostis scahra Willd.
Agrostis scabra Willd., var. montana Gray's Manual ed. 6.
Hair or Rough Hair Grass. Rough Bent. Fly-away or Silk
Grass.
Frequent or common. Dry or moist open ground, often
in sandy soil. June — Sept.
Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. (perennial).
Agrostis intermedia Scribn.
Thin Grass.
Frequent. Rich woodlands either dry or moist. Aug. —
Sept.
Agrostis canina L. (of a dog).
Brown Bent Grass. Rhode Island Bent.
Local. Meadows, East Hartford (Weatherby) ; dry, ster-
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 65
lie field on bank of the Housatonic River, Milford (Eames) ;
field, Westport (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). July. Adventive
from Europe.
POLYPOGON Desf. Beard Grass.
Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.
Beard Grass.
Rare. Waste places: Manchester (A. W. Driggs). July
— Sept. Fugitive from Europe.
CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Reed Bent Grass.
Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv.
Blue-joint Grass. Blue-stem. Reed Bent Grass.
Frequent. Wet meadows and borders of swamps. July.
A valuable grass for wet grounds, making good hay if cut
early.
Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) Barton (like Cinna, the Reed
Grass).
Calamagrostis Nuttalliana Steud.
Occasional. Bogs and open swamps. Aug. — Sept.
AMMOPHILA Host.
Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link (of sand).
Ammophila arundinacca Host.
Beach Grass. Sea Sand Reed. Psamma. Marram.
Common along the coast on sand dunes and beaches. Aug.
— Sept.
Most valuable as a sand binder, its long underground
stems holding the sand together and preventing it from being
blown by the wind.
CINNA L. Wood Reed Grass.
Cinna arundinacea L. (reed-like).
Frequent. Wet woods and shaded swamps. Aug. — Sept.
Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. (broad-leaved).
Cinna pendula Trin.
Rare. Moist shaded rocks: Barkhamsted (A. E. Blewitt),
Hartland and Colebrook (Bissell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S.
Phelps) . Aug.— Sept.
66 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
HOLCUS L.
Holcus lanatus L. (woolly).
Velvet Grass.
Occasional to frequent. Moist fields and roadsides. June
— July. Naturalized from Europe.
SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn.
Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. (blunt).
Eatonia obtusata Gray.
Rare or local. Borders of salt marshes : New Haven (R.
W. Woodward), Fairfield (Eames). June — early July.
The var. pubescens (Scribn. & Merr.) Scribn. (downy)
occurs at Stratford and Fairfield (Eames).
Sphenopholis nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. (shining).
Eatonia nitida Nash.
Eatonia Dtidleyi Vasey.
Dry, usually rocky woods. Generally frequent, but re-
ported rare in the central part of the state. May — June.
Sphenopholis pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. (pale).
Eatonia pennsylvanica Gray.
Moist or dry woods and in open, wet meadows. Occasional
along the coast, becoming frequent northward. June — early
July.
The var. major (Torr.) Scribn. (larger), Eatonia penn-
sylvanica Gray, var. major Torr., occurs at Southington and
Salisbury (Bissell).
Sphenopholis palustris (Michx.) Scribn. (of marshes).
Trisetum palustre Trin.
Trisetum pennsylvanicum Britton & Brown's 111. Flora.
Rare or occasional. Wet meadows and open swamps.
June.
TRISETUM Pers.
Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richter (spiked).
Trisetum subspicatum Beauv.
Trisetum subspicatum Beauv., var. molle Gray.
Rare. Limestone ledges: Salisbury (J. R. Churchill).
May — June.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 67
DESCHAMPSIA Beauv.
Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. (zigzag).
Common Hair Grass.
Dry woods and rocky hillsides. Frequent to common along
the coast and on banks of tidal rivers ; occurring rarely inland,
as at Salisbury (Bissell). June — July.
Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. (tufted).
Tufted Hair Grass.
Frequent on shores of tidal rivers in the southeastern part
of the state, rare or local elsewhere : New Haven (A. L. Win-
ton), Southington, introduced and established in one field
(Bissell). June — July.
AVENA L. Oat.
Avena sativa L. (sown).
Common Oat.
Occasional. Roadsides and waste places. June — July.
Fugitive from Europe.
It is extensively grown as food for man and beast and is
also reputed to have medicinal value.
ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Oat Grass.
Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. (rather tall).
Arrhenatherum avenaceum Beauv.
Tall Oat Grass.
Fields and roadsides. Occasional in most parts of the
state ; frequent in the southwestern portion. June. Natural-
ized from Europe.
DANTHONIA DC. Wild Oat Grass.
Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. (spiked).
Common. Dry, sterile soils. June — July.
Often covering large areas of dry meadow or pasture land,
but of little value either for hay or pasturage.
Danthonia compressa Aust. (flattened).
Dry woods or sometimes on exposed, ledgy places. Occa-
sional in southeastern and southwestern Connecticut, appar-
ently rare in other parts of the state : Union and Windham
68 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
(Bissell), Southingtou (Andrews & Bissell), Cheshire (A. E.
Blewitt), Naugatuck (Eames). June — July.
SPARTINA Schreb. Cord or Marsh Grass.
Spartina Michauxiana Hitchc.
Spartina cynosuroides of American authors, not Roth.
Slough, Cord, Bull or Thatch Grass. Tall Marsh Grass.
Marshes and shallow water both fresh and salt. Frequent
to common along the coast and near tidal rivers ; rare inland
as at Glastonbury (Andrews), Oxford (Harger). July —
Sept.
Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth (like Cynosurus, the Dog's-
tail Grass).
Spartina polystachya Willd.
Salt Reed Grass.
Borders of salt marshes and creeks. Rare in eastern Con-
necticut: Old Lyme (Graves), Old Saybrook (Bissell). Be-
coming occasional from New Haven westward. July — Sept.
Spartina glabra Muhl. (smooth).
Spartina stricta Roth, var. glabra Gray.
Salt Marsh Grass.
In its typical form not known in Connecticut. The var.
PILOSA Merr. (hairy) is common on borders of salt marshes
and tidal rivers. Aug. — Sept.
Forms an important part of the hay cut on the salt marshes.
Spartina glabra Muhl., var. alterniflora (Loisel.) Merr. (alter-
nate-flowered).
Spartina stricta Roth., var. alterniflora Gray.
Salt Marsh Grass.
Occasional. Borders of salt marshes and tidal streams.
Aug. — Sept.
Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. (spreading) var. juncea (Michx.)
Hitchc. (rush-like).
Spartina juncea Willd.
Trachynotia juncea Michx.
Salt Meadow Grass.
Common on salt meadows along the coast. July — Sept.
Furnishes much of the hay cut on the salt meadows.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 69
Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl., var. caespitosa (A. A. Eaton)
Hitchc. (growing in tufts).
Rare. Salt marshes: Groton (Graves). July — Aug.
CYNODON Richard. Bermuda or Scutch Grass.
Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers. (finger).
Capriola Dactylon Kuntze.
Bermuda or Scutch Grass.
Rare. Waste ground: New Haven (O. Harger). July —
Aug. Fugitive from Europe where it is native, or from the
South where it has been introduced and is often cultivated
as a pasture grass.
BOUTELOUA Lag. Mesquite Grass.
Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. (short-hanging).
Bouteloua racemosa Lag.
Atheropogon curtipendxilus Fourn.
Mesquite Grass.
Rare. Dry, open sandy soil: Oxford (H. C. Beardslee,
Harger), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Aug. — Sept.
ELEUSINE Gaertn. Goose Grass. Yard Grass.
Eleusine indica Gaertn.
Crab, Yard, or Wire Grass.
Occasional to common, chiefly near dwellings and in waste
places of towns and cities, but sometimes in country districts,
especially those in the valley of the Connecticut River. Aug,
— Sept. Naturalized from India.
LEPTOCHLOA Beauv.
Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) Gray (clustered).
Diplachne fascicularis Beauv.
Rare. Borders of salt or brackish marshes : Stonington
(Graves), Groton (Bissell & Graves), New Haven (W. A.
Setchell, Harger), Stratford (Fames & Harger). Aug. —
Sept.
70 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
PHRAGMITES Trin. Reed.
Phragmites communis Trin. (growing in colonies).
Phragmites vulgaris BSP.
Phragmites Phragmites Karst.
Wild Broom Corn.
Borders of marshes, either salt or fresh. Apparently rare
inland: Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Occasional along the
coast, becoming more frequent in the southwestern corner of
the state. Late Aug. — Sept.
A tall, striking grass with broad leaves, the largest of our
native grasses.
TRIDENS R. & S.
Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. (yellow).
Triodia cuprea Jacq.
Sieglingia seslerioides Scribn.
Tricuspis seslerioides Torr.
Tall Red Top.
Dry fields and roadsides, generally in sandy or sterile soil.
Rare in the eastern part of the state : East Lyme and the val-
ley of the Thames River (Graves). Becoming occasional
westward along the coast and in the river valleys and frequent
in southwestern Connecticut. In the Housatonic Valley it is
found as far north as Kent (Eames). Aug.
TRIPLASIS Beauv.
Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. (purple).
Triodia purpurea Hack.
Sieglingia purpurea Kuntze.
Sand Grass.
Dry, open sandy places. Occasional to frequent along the
shore; rare inland as at Lisbon (Harger). July — Sept.
MOLINIA Schrank.
Molinia coerulea (L.) Moench (sky-blue).
Rare. Well established along roadsides : New Haven (R.
W. Woodward). July — Aug. Adventive from Europe.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 7I
ERAGROSTIS Beauv.
Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. (like Hypnum, a kind of
creeping Moss).
Eragrostis reptans Nees.
Sandy shores of rivers and sometimes ponds. Frequent
in the valleys of the Connecticut and Housatonic Rivers ; rare
elsewhere. Aug. — Sept.
Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees (hair-like).
Hair Grass.
Dry fields or thin woods in sandy ground. Occasional,
becoming frequent or locally common in some parts of south-
western and central Connecticut. Aug. — Sept.
Eragrostis Frankii (Fisch., Mey. & Lall.) Steud.
Rare or local. River shores and roadsides in sandy soil:
Lyme (Graves & Bissell), Middletown (A. W. Driggs), East
Windsor, Windsor and Hartford (Bissell), Oxford (Harger),
Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Aug.— Sept.
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. (hairy).
Eragrostis Purshii Schrad.
Frequent. Dry soils, along roadsides and railways, on
river shores and in waste places. July — Sept.
Eragrostis megastachya (Koeler) Link (large-spiked).
Eragrostis major Host.
Stink Grass. Snake Grass.
Occasional or frequent. Waste places, roadsides, and as a
weed in cultivated ground. July — Sept. Naturalized from
Europe.
The fresh plant emits a strong, unpleasant odor.
Eragrostis minor Host (smaller).
Rare. Waste ground: Bridgeport (Eames). Aug. Ad-
ventive from Europe.
Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. (comb-like).
Purple Eragrostis.
Frequent or common. Dry, open ground. Aug. — Sept.
A beautiful native grass, one of the " purple grasses " dis-
tinguished by Thoreau in his essay " Autumnal Tints."
72 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
MELICA L. Melic Grass.
Melica striata (Michx.) Hitchc. (streaked).
Avena striata Michx.
Purple Oat.
Local. Rocky woods: Oxford (Harger). Limestone
ledges: Salisbury and Sharon (Bissell). May — June.
DISTICHLIS Raf. Spike Grass. Alkali Grass.
Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene (spiked).
Distichlis maritima Raf.
Alkali Grass.
Frequent or common in salt meadows along the coast.
Aug. — Sept.
It is of 'considerable value as a sand binder.
BRIZA L. Quaking Grass.
Briza media L. (intermediate).
Rare. Fields and waste places: Mansfield (R. W. Wood-
ward), Salisbury (Mrs. C, S. Phelps). June — July. Adven-
tive from Europe.
Sometimes cultivated for ornament.
DACTYLIS L. Orchard Grass.
Dactylis glomerata L. (densely clustered).
Orchard Grass.
Common. Fields, roadsides and waste places. June —
July. Naturalized from Europe.
In cultivation a valuable grass for shaded ground.
CYNOSURUS L.
Cynosurus cristatus L. (crested).
Dog's-tail Grass.
Rare. New London, well established in one lawn (Graves).
June. Adventive from Europe.
PGA L. Meadow Grass. Spear Grass,
Poa annua L. (annual).
Low Spear Grass. Goose Grass.
Common. Cultivated ground and waste places. Apr. —
Nov. Naturalized from Europe.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 73
Poa compressa L. (flattened).
Creeping Spear Grass. Wire Grass. Flat-stemmed or Canada
Blue Grass.
Common. Fields, waste places and woods, mostly in dry
ground. May — Aug. Naturalized from Europe.
Said to be a valuable grass for dry and poor soils.
Poa triflora Gilib. (three-flowered).
Poa serotina Ehrh.
Poa iiava of American authors, not L.
False Red Top. Fowl Meadow Grass. Swamp Wire Grass.
Duck Grass.
Frequent or occasional. Moist meadows. July — Aug.
A desirable grass for hay in wet ground.
Poa pratensis L. (of meadows).
June Grass. Kentucky Blue Grass. Spear Grass. Smooth
Meadow Grass.
Common. Meadows, fields and pastures. May — June.
In Connecticut naturalized from Europe.
A valuable grass for pastures and lawns, and in some parts
of the country much cultivated. The stems of this grass are
used in the manufacture of the finer grades of Leghorn hats.
Poa trivialis L. (common).
Rough-stalked Meadow Grass.
Occasional. Moist meadows, borders of streams and about
springs. June — July. Naturalized from Europe.
Poa debilis Torr. (weak).
Rare or local. Rocky woods or fields, either dry or moist :
Union, Ashford and Stafford (Weatherby & Bissell), Oxford
(Harger), New Haven (R. W. Woodward), SaHsbury (C. S.
Phelps & Bissell). May— July.
Poa alsodes Gray (of groves).
Rocky woods or along woodland brooks. Rare or local in
the eastern part of the state and along the coast westward,
becoming occasional in northwestern Connecticut. May —
June.
74 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. .[Bull.
GLYCERIA R. Br. Manna Grass.
Glyceria Torreyana (Spreng.) Hitchc.
Glyceria elongata Trin.
Panicularia elongata Kuntze.
Wet woods and along wooded brooks and borders of
swamps. Rare in southeastern Connecticut and along the
coast, becoming occasional or frequent northward. June —
July.
Glyceria obtusa (Muhl.) Trin. (blunt).
Panicularm obtusa Kuntze.
Swamps and boggy meadows. Frequent or occasional in
the southeastern part of the state and westward along the
coast ; rare inland. Mid July — Sept.
Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin.
Panicularia canadensis Kuntze.
Pearl Grass. Rattlesnake Grass. Tall Quaking Grass. Tus-
carora Rice.
Frequent. Bogs, open swamps and ditches. June — July,
Glyceria nervata (Willd.) Trin. (nerved).
Panicularia nervata Kuntze.
Fowl Meadow Grass. Manna Grass. Meadow Spear Grass.
Common. Open swamps, boggy meadows, along streams
and about ponds. June — July.
A good forage grass for wet grounds. The seeds furnish
much food for water-fowl.
Glyceria grandis Wats, (large).
Panicularia americana MacMill.
Tall Manna Grass. Reed Meadow Grass.
Moist or wet open ground. Rare in the eastern part of
the state and on the coast: Lyme (Graves), New Haven (Har-
ger), Norwalk (Bissell). Elsewhere occasional. June — July.
Glyceria pallida (Torn) Trin. (pale).
Panicularia pallida Kuntze.
Pale Manna Grass.
Occasional. Shallow water, wet bogs and swamps. June
-July.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 75
Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc. (northern).
Glyceria flidtans of American authors, not R. Br.
Panicularia Huitans of Britton's Manual.
Floating Manna Grass.
Rare. Wet meadows: Stonington (Graves), Thompson
and Woodstock (Harger), Cheshire (D. C. Eaton), Bridge-
port and Westport (Eames), Salisbury (Bissell). Tune —
July.
Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batchelder (northern).
Panicularia borealis Nash.
Rare. Swampy ground along brooks and in ditches :
Woodstock (Weatherby), Farmington (Andrews & Bissell),
Norfolk (Bissell). June — July.
Glyceria acutiflora Torr. (with pointed flowers).
Panicularia acutiflora Kuntze.
Open swamps and wet meadows. Occasional in the south-
eastern part of the state, becoming frequent or common else-
where. June.
PUCCINELLIA Pari.
Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) Rand & Redfield (narrow).
Puccinellia niaritima Pari., var.( ?) minor Gray's Manual ed. 6.
Goose Grass. Sea Spear Grass.
Rare. Old Lyme, shore of Blackball River (Graves).
June.
Puccinellia distans (L.) Pari, (standing apart).
Goose Grass.
Wet tidal sands and borders of salt marshes. Rare in
southeastern Connecticut, becoming occasional or frequent
westward. June — July.
Puccinellia Borreri (Bab.) Hitchc.
Rare. Bridgeport, sandy shore of Cedar Creek (Eames).
June — July.
Introduced from Europe.
y6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
FESTUCA L. Fescue Grass.
Festuca octoflora Walt, (eight-flowered).
Festuca tenella Willd.
Slender Fescue.
Dry sandy soil or thin soil on ledges. Occasional over the
greater part of the state, becoming frequent in the south-
western portion. June — July.
Festuca rubra L. (red).
Swamps and marshes or sometimes in fields or on ledges.
Frequent or common along and near the coast ; occasional
inland. June — July.
Festuca ovina L. (of sheep).
Sheep's Fescue.
Rare or occasional. Dry fields or in sterile soils. June —
July.
The var. capillata (Lam.) Hack, (hair-like), Festuca
capillata Lam., is occasional in similar situations. The species
is native northward, but in Connecticut both that and the
variety are naturalized from Europe.
Valuable as a forage grass, especially for sheep ; also a
good grass for lawns.
Festuca elatior L. (taller).
Festuca elatior L., var. pratensis Gray.
Taller or Meadow Fescue.
Common. Meadows, fields and waste places. June — July.
Naturalized from Europe.
A grass of much value both for pasturage and hay.
Festuca nutans Spreng. (nodding).
Occasional or frequent. Rocky woodlands. June — July.
BROMUS L. Brome Grass.
Bromus secalinus L. (rye-like).
Cheat. Chess.
Occasional or frequent. Grassland, roadsides and often
in grain fields. June — Aug. Adventive from Europe.
A pernicious weed in grain fields. In some countries the
seeds are mixed with rye or wheat for use as food.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. yj
Bromus hordeaceus L. (like Hordeum, the Barley).
Bromus mollis L.
Soft Chess.
Rare. Waste places: New London (Graves), Hartford
(Bissell), Southington (Andrews). June. Adventive from
Europe.
Bromus squarrosus L. (with spreading scales).
Rare. Naugatuck, in waste ground (A. E. Blewitt). June.
Fugitive from Europe.
Bromus racemosus L. (racemed).
Waste places and roadsides. Occasional in southwestern
Connecticut (Eames). Rare elsewhere: Nev; London
(Graves), Norwich (Miss Hakes), New Haven (O. D.
Allen). June. Adventive from Europe.
Bromus commutatus Schrad. (variable).
Rare. Roadsides and waste ground : Cromwell (Andrews
& Bissell), Middletown and Southington (Bissell). June —
July. Adventive from Europe.
Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. (like Briza, the Quaking
Grass).
Rare. Waste ground: New Haven (R. W. Woodward).
July — Aug. Adventive, probably from Europe.
Bromus tectorum L. (of dwellings).
Sandy or sterile waste places. Frequent or common in or
near cities and along railroads, rare elsewhere. May — July.
Naturalized from Europe.
Bromus ciliatus L. (fringed).
Wood Chess. Hairy Brome Grass.
Dry soil of rocky woods or railroad banks. Rare near
the coast, becoming occasional northward. July — Aug.
Bromus purgans L. (purging).
Bromus ciliatus L., var. purgans Gray.
Frequent. Rocky woods and copses. July — Aug.
Bromus altissimus Pursh (tallest).
Rocky woods and shaded alluvial ground. Occasional or
local throughout the northern part of the state, extending
/S CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
southward to Lyme (Bissell), and Derby (Harger), its exact
distribution unknown. July — Aug.
Bromus Kalmii Gray.
Wild Chess.
Dry hillsides and rocky woods, or sometimes in moist
meadows. Absent or rare near the coast, becoming occasional
or frequent northward. June — July.
Bromus erectus Huds. (erect).
Rare. Introduced in one field, Southington (Bissell).
May — June. Adventive from Europe.
Bromus inermis Leyss. (unarmed ; referring to the absence of
awns).
Hungarian Brome Grass.
Rare. Fields and roadsides : East Windsor (G. S. Phelps),
Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
July. Adventive from Europe.
In Europe considered one of the best forage plants for
dry soils. Introduced and cultivated for hay in many parts
of the United States.
LOLIUM L. Darnel.
Lolium perenne L. (perennial).
Perennial Ray Grass or Rye Grass. Nonesuch. Common
Darnel.
Rare or occasional. Fields, waste places or cultivated
ground. July — Aug. Adventive from Europe.
Lolium multiflorum Lam. (many-flowered).
Lolium italicum R. Br.
Italian Rye or Ray Grass.
Rare. Waste grounds and roadsides: Bridgeport (Fames).
July — Sept.
Adventive from Europe, where it is regarded as one of the
best grasses for hay.
Lolium temulentum L. (drunken; referring to the narcotic
properties of the seeds).
Bearded Darnel.
Rare or local. Waste grounds : Bridgeport, in several
places and usually associated with Phalaris canariensis, with
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 79
which it appears to have been introduced (Eames). July.
Adventive from Europe.
AGROPYRON Gaertn.
Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. (creeping).
Couch, Quack, Quitch, Durfee, Scutch, Shear, Dog, or Knot
Grass.
Common. Fields, cultivated ground and waste places.
June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe.
A bad weed, very troublesome in cultivated ground. The
rootstocks are of medicinal value and are officinal.
Agropyron tenerum Vasey (delicate).
Rare. Naugatuck, in waste ground (A. E. Blewitt). July
— Aug. Fugitive from the western United States.
Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. (of a dog).
Awned Wheat Grass. Dog's Wheat or Couch Grass.
Occasional or local. Dry or moist thickets, fields and
woods: Killingly (Weatherby & Bissell), Union, East Had-
dam, Southington, Norfolk and Salisbury (Bissell), Oxford
(Harger). July — Aug. In part naturalized from Europe.
SECALE L. Rye.
Secale cereale L. (cereal).
Rye.
Occasional. Roadsides and waste places as an escape from
cultivation. June. Fugitive from Europe.
The grain furnishes a valuable cereal and is largely used
in the manufacture of distilled liquors.
TRITICUM L. Wheat.
Triticum sativum Lam. (sown).
Triticum vulgare Vill.
Wheat.
Local. Old fields and waste places as an escape from culti-
vation. June. Fugitive from Europe.
Easily leads all other food plants in value and importance.
8o CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
HORDEUM L. Barley.
Hordeum jubatum L. (maned).
Squirrel-tail Grass.
Rare or local. Salt marshes where it is apparently native :
Branford (Andrews & Bissell), New Haven and Milford
(Harger), Fairfield (Eames). Introduced in waste grounds:
Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Berlin (J. N. Bishop), Hart-
ford (Bissell), Bridgeport (Eames), Waterbury and Nauga-
tuck (A. E. Blewitt), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June —
Sept.
This grass is very injurious in hay, the beards of the heads
sticking in the nose and mouth of stock, even penetrating the
flesh and causing death.
Hordeum vulgare L. (common).
Common Barley.
Frequent as a weed in oat fields, rarely escaping to road-
sides and waste places, as at Southington (Andrews), Oxford
(Harger). July. Fugitive from Europe.
The grain is one of the important cereals, especially in
northern countries. Malt is made very largely from barley.
ELYMUS L. Lyme Grass. Wild Rye.
Elymus virginicus L.
Wild Rye. Terrell Grass.
Frequent along the coast, and in low grounds, mostly near
streams, inland ; rare elsewhere. July — Aug.
The var, hirsutiglumis (Scribn.) Hitchc. (with hairy
scales), Elymus hirsutiglumis Scribn., occurs at East Haven
(Harger), New Haven (Bissell), Stratford (Eames), Bridge-
port (C. K. Averill), and is occasional in the valleys of the
larger rivers.
Elymus australis Scribn. & Ball (southern).
Rare. Dry rocky hills near New Haven (O. D. Allen).
Aug.
Elymus canadensis L.
Lyme Grass, Wild Rye. Nodding Wild Rye.
Occasional, local or frequent. Moist thickets and banks
of streams. July — Sept.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 81
The var. glaucifolius (Muhl.) Gray (glaucous-leaved)
is rare or occasional, mostly near streams and rivers : Sprague
(Graves), East Windsor and New Hartford (Bissell), Water-
bury (A. E. Blewitt), Oxford (Harger), Sherman and New
Milford (Eames), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
Elymus striatus Willd. (grooved).
Slender Wild Rye.
Rare or occasional. Woods, thickets and near streams,
mostly in dry ground. July — Aug.
HYSTRIX Moench. Bottle-brush Grass.
Hystrix patula Moench (spreading).
Hystrix Hystrix Millsp.
Asprella Hystrix Willd.
Bottle-brush Grass.
Occasional to frequent. Dry, rocky woods. June — July.
CYPERACEAE. SEDGE FAMILY.
A large family, composed mostly of grass-like plants that are
found in various situations, but are specially abundant in low
grounds and often form nearly the entire vegetation in wet mead-
ows and open bogs. While they are often cut for coarse hay and
bedding for stock, they are of little economic value, and should
be rooted out and replaced where possible by species of true
grasses that will thrive in such locations. The dates given in
this family are for the time of fruiting, not of flowering, as speci-
mens should be collected when in fruit, it being impossible
otherwise in some groups to determine the exact species.
CYPERUS L. Galingale.
Cyperus diandrus Torr. (two-stamened).
Frequent. Moist, grassy places and about swamps. Aug.
— Sept.
Cyperus rivularis Kunth (of streams).
Cyperus diandrus Torr., var. castaneus Torr.
Frequent. Wet, sandy shores, along streams and about
ponds. Aug. — Sept.
82 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Cyperus Nuttallii Eddy.
Frequent along the coast on wet, sandy shores and edges
of salt marshes. Aug. — Sept.
Cyperus aristatus Rottb. (awned).
Cyperus inflexus Muhl.
Occasional. Moist, sandy soil on river banks, beside ponds
and along roadsides. Aug. — Oct.
The dried plants are pleasantly sweet-scented.
Cyperus fuscus L. (dusky).
Rare. Sandy shore of the Connecticut River near Had-
lyme Ferry, Lyme (Graves). Aug. — Sept. Fugitive from
Europe.
Cyperus dentatus Torr. (toothed).
Occasional or local. Sandy shores of ponds and streams.
Aug. — Oct.
Cyperus esculentus L. (eatable).
Frequent. Moist fields, waste ground and along rivers.
Aug. — Sept.
The var. leptostachyus Boeckl. (thin-spiked), var. an-
gustispicatus Britton, is sometimes seen.
A weed, often a pest in cultivated ground and difficult to
exterminate.
Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. (red-rooted).
Local. Plentiful along the banks of the Connecticut River
at East Windsor and Glastonbury (Bissell), Hartford (C.
Wright), Lyme (Graves). Also found along the Pequonnock
River, Bridgeport (Fames). Aug. — Sept.
The var. pumilus Engelm. (low^ occurs with the species
at Hartford (H. S. Clark & Weatherby).
Cyperus ferax Richard (fruitful).
Cyperus speciosus Vahl.
Sandy beaches and about brackish marshes near the coast.
Rare at Old Lyme (Graves) ; becoming occasional or frequent
westward. Sept. — Oct.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 83
Cyperus strigosus L. (bristly).
Common. Meadows, fields and along streams, usually in
moist, but sometimes in dry soil.
The var. capitatus Boeckl. (densely clustered) is reported
to occur. Aug. — Sept.
Often a troublesome weed in cultivated ground.
Cyperus strigosus L., var. robustior Kunth (stouter).
Rare or occasional. Fields and meadows, growing with
the typical form. Aug. — Sept.
Cyperus Grayii Torr.
Occasional along the coast on the higher portions of the
beaches and among sand dunes. Aug. — Oct.
Cyperus filiculmis Vahl (thread-stemmed).
Rare or occasional. Dry or sandy fields. July — Aug.
Cyperus filiculmis Vahl, var. macilentus Fernald (lean).
Common. Dry, sandy or sterile soil. July — Aug.
DULICHIUM Pers.
Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton (reed-like).
Dnlichiiim spafhaccum Pers.
Common. Wet places about ponds and in shallow water.
July — Sept.
ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Spike Rush.
Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) R. & S. (four-cornered).
Eleocharis mutata Britton, not R. & S.
Rare. Shallow water of pond: Guilford (G. H. Bartlett).
Aug. — Sept.
Eleocharis Robbinsii Oakes.
Rare. In ponds: Voluntown, Groton, Ledyard and East
Lyme (Graves), Griswold (Harger), Monroe (Eames), Sahs-
bury (Bissell). Sept.
Eleocharis olivacea Torr. (olive-colored).
Open bogs and muddy borders of ponds. Rare inland:
Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), Windsor (Bissell). Occa-
sional southwestward and along the coast. Aug. — Sept.
84 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. IBull. :
Eleocharis diandra C. Wright (two-stamened).
Rare. Banks and high sand bars of the Connecticut River :
Lyme (Graves), Wethersfield (C. Wright), East Windsor
(Bissell). Sept.— Oct.
Eleocharis ovata (Roth) R. & S. (egg-shaped).
Rare. Sand flats, bed of the Connecticut River, East
Windsor (Bissell). Sept. — Oct.
Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes (blunt).
Eleocharis ovata of recent Manuals.
Common. Banks of streams, about ponds and in muddy
places. Aug. — Sept.
Eleocharis Engelmanni Steud.
Rare. Gravelly or sandy border of ponds or streams :
Wethersfield (C. Wright), West Hartford (Bissell). Aug.—
Sept.
Many reports of this species should be referred to Eleo-
charis obtusa.
Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S. (of marshes).
Sphagnum bogs, marshy ground or shallow water on bor-
ders of ponds. The typical form is rare over most of the state :
East Lyme (Graves), East Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Kent
(Eames). Frequent in Fairfield County (Fames).
The var. glaucescens (Willd.) Gray (somewhat glau-
cous) is frequent throughout.
The var. major Sonder (greater), var. vigens Bailey, is
rare: East Lyme (Graves). July — Aug.
Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. (needle-shaped).
Common. Borders of ponds and in shallow water. July —
Sept.
Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) R. & S. (pimply).
Swamps, boggy meadows and wet margins of ponds and
streams. Frequent near the coast in New London County,
becoming rare or local northward and westward, reaching
Franklin (R. W. Woodward), Thompson (Weatherby & Bis-
sell), New Haven and East Haven (Harger), Orange (An-
drews), Milford (Eames). July — Sept.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 85
Eleocharis Torreyana Boeckl.
Eleocharis microcarpa of authors, not Torr.
Rare. Moist sandy soil : Voluntown, at Beach Pond (R.
W. Woodward & Graves). Aug.
Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schultes (slender).
Common. Swamps and wet places. June — Aug.
Eleocharis intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes (intermediate).
Rare. Muddy borders of ponds and on river banks : East
Windsor and Salisbury (Bissell). Sept. — Oct.
Eleocharis rostellata Torr. (small-beaked).
Marshes and wet meadows along the coast. Rare or local
in New Haven County: Milford (Eames), Orange (An-
drews), New Haven (Harger). Becoming occasional east-
ward. Aug.
STENOPHYLLUS Raf.
Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britton (hair-like).
Fimbristylis capillaris Gray.
Common. Dry or moist sterile soil. Aug. — Sept.
FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl.
Fimbristylis Frankii Steud.
Fimbristylis autumnalis of American authors in part, not R.
& S.
Frequent. A¥et places on banks of ponds and streams, or
in low meadows. Aug. — Sept.
SCIRPUS L. Bulrush. Club Rush.
Scirpus nanus Spreng. (dwarf).
Eleocharis pygmaea Torr.
Salt marshes and tidal banks along the coast. Rare east- f
ward: Groton and Montville (Graves). Becoming frequent
west of New Haven (Eames). July — Sept.
Scirpus planifolius Muhl. (fiat-leaved).
Dry woodlands. Rare in New London County: Mont-
ville, Ledyard and East Lyme (Graves). Occasional or fre-
quent elsewhere. June.
86 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU.
Scirpus hudsonianus (Michx.) Fernald.
Eriophoruni alpinum L., not Scirpus alpiniis Schleich.
Rare or local. Open bogs and wet meadows : Union, Ash-
ford and Stafford (Weatherby & Bissell), Willington (H. C.
Beardslee), Mansfield (A. F. Blakeslee), Goshen (Mr. Hop-
pin). May — early June.
Scirpus subterminalis Torr. (a little below the end).
Rare or local. Shallow water of ponds : Ledyard (W. A.
Setchell), Voluntown, Groton, East Lyme and Lyme (Graves),
Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Salisbury (Bissell). Aug.
Scirpus debilis Pursh (weak).
Frequent. Muddy borders of ponds and streams. Aug. —
Sept.
Scirpus Smithii Gray.
Rare or local. Muddy shores: Lyme (Graves), Monroe
(H. C. Beardslee), Newtown (Fames). Aug. — Sept.
Scirpus americanus Pers.
Scirpus pungens Vahl.
Three-square or Chair-maker's Rush.
Marshes and wet places. Occasional or local over most of
the state, but common along and near the coast. July — Aug.
Scirpus Torreyi Olney.
Local. Lyme, marshy banks and shallow water of the
Connecticut River (Graves). Aug.
Scirpus Olneyi Gray.
Salt or brackish marshes. Occasional or local along the
coast, also extending up the rivers as far as salt water influ-
ences. July — Aug.
The var. contortus Fames (twisted or bent) is plentiful
in a brackish marsh at Milford (Fames).
Scirpus validus Vahl (stout).
Scirpus laciistris mostly of American authors, not L.
Great Bulrush.
Frequent. Shallow water and in swamps. July — Aug.
Xo. 14- ] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 8/
Scirpus fluviatilis Torr. & Gray (of a river) .
River Bulrush.
Rare or local. Lyme and Old Lyme, in fresh and salt
creeks and marshes (Graves) ; East Windsor and Glaston-
bury, banks of the Connecticut River (Bissell). July — Sept.
Scirpus robustus Pursh (stout).
Scirpus maritinms of American authors in part.
Occasional in salt or brackish marshes on or near the coast.
July — Aug.
Scirpus campestris Britton (of fields).
Scirpus maritirmis in part, of authors.
In its typical form not known in Connecticut.
The var. paludosus (A. Nelson) Fernald (of marshes),
Scirpus paludosus A. Nelson, is frequent in marshes along
the coast.
The var. novae-angliae (Britton) Fernald, Scirpus
novae-angliae Britton, is rare or local in fresh and brackish
marshes on the coast from Milford westward (Eames). July
— Aug.
Scirpus rubrotinctus Fernald (red-dyed).
Scirpus sylvaticus L., var. digynus Gray's Manual ed. 6, not
Boecki.
Rare or local. Swamps and marshy meadows : Lyme
(Graves), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Waterbury
(Harger), Union, Glastonbury, East Windsor, Somers, Litch-
field and Norfolk (Bissell). Late June — early July.
Scirpus sylvaticus L. (of woods).
Occasional or frequent. Swamps, along streams and about
ponds. Late July — Aug.
Scirpus sylvaticus L., var. Bissellii Fernald.
Rare. Open swamps: Southington (Andrews, Bissell),
Ansonia (Harger). July.
Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. (dark green).
Rare. Moist ground : Orange, Huntington and Southbury
(Harger), Milford (Eames). Aug.
88 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
Scirpus georgianus Harper.
Scirpus atroz'irens of Manuals in part.
Frequent. Moist meadows and wet open ground. July —
early Aug.
Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl (many-leaved).
Wet meadows and shaded swamps. Rare through most
of the state: Lyme (Graves), Southington and Berlin (An-
drews & Bissell), Cheshire, Derby and Oxford (Harger),
New Haven and Milford (Eames), Colebrook (Bissell). Be-
coming frequent in Fairfield County (Eames). July.
The var. macrostachys Boeckl. (long-spiked) has been
found at Berlin (Andrews & Bissell).
Scirpus lineatus Michx. (marked with lines).
Eriophormn lineatum Benth. & Hook.
Rare or local. Wet meadows : New Haven (D. C. Eaton),
New Milford and Sharon (Bissell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S.
Phelps). July.
Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth (rush-like).
Eriophormn cyperinuni L.
Wool Grass.
Common. Sw^amps and wet places. Aug. — Sept.
The var. Andrewsii Fernald has been found at Killingly
(Weatherby & Bissell), East Hartford (Bissell), Southington
(Andrews).
Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth, var. pelius Fernald (black or
livid).
Rare. Swamps: Lyme (Graves & Bissell), Hartford and
Granby (Bissell), Oxford (Harger). Aug.
The var. condensatus Fernald (pressed together) occurs
occasionally.
Scirpus Eriophorum Michx. (wool-bearing).
Scirpus cyperinus Kunth, var. Eriophorum Britton.
Rare. Swamps: Southington (Andrews), Trumbull
(Eames). Aug. — Sept.
Scirpus pedicellatus Fernald (borne on stalks).
Swamps and wet meadows. Occasional to common along
the Connecticut River from the northern boundary of the
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 89
state to the coast ; occasional westward in southern districts.
July — Aug.
The var. pullus Fernald (dusky) is rare : Southington
and Winchester (Bissell).
Scirpus atrocinctus Fernald (dark-girded).
Eriophorum cyperinum L., var. laxum Gray.
Low meadows and bogs. Rare or absent near the coast:
New London and Lyme (Graves). Becoming occasional or
frequent in the northern part of the state. Late June — July.
The var. brack ypodus Fernald (short-stalked) occurs at
Union, Somers, East Windsor and Norfolk (Bissell).
ERIOPHORUM L. Cotton Grass.
Eriophorum callitrix Cham, (having beautiful hair).
Eriophorum vaginatum of American authors, not L.
Hare's Tail.
Rare or local. Sphagnum bogs: Willington (Weatherby
& Bissell), Southington (Andrews), Burlington (J. N. Bish-
op), Litchfield (J. P. Brace), Middlebury (Harger), Norfolk
and Salisbury (Bissell). May — early June.
Eriophorum gracile Roth (slender).
Rare or local. Boggy meadows or in sphagnum : Gris-
wold (Graves), Union (Weatherby & Bissell), Franklin (R.
W. Woodward & Graves), Coventry, Cheshire, Southington
and Burlington (Bissell), Meriden and Bethany (Harger),
Easton (Fames), New Milford (E. H. Austin), Salisbury
(Bissell). Late May — early June.
Eriophorum tenellum Nutt. (small; delicate).
Eriophorum pancinervium A. A. Eaton.
Bogs and wet meadows. Rare or local through most of
the state: South Windsor (Weatherby), Monroe and Strat-
ford (Fames), Oxford and Meriden (Harger), Orange (R.
W. Woodward), Salisbury, Southington, East Haddam and
Union (Bissell). Becoming occasional in New London
County ( Graves ) . July — Aug.
90 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
Eriophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fernald (green-
keeled).
Eriophorum polystachion of most American authors in part,
not L.
Eriophorum polystachion L., var. latifolimn Gray.
Bogs and wet meadows. Rare in New London County:
Groton and Griswold (Graves). Occasional elsewhere. June.
Eriophorum virginicum L.
Frequent. Wet meadows, bogs and sphagnum swamps.
Aug. — Sept.
The var. album Gray (white) is occasionally seen.
HEMICARPHA Nees & Arn.
Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Pax (small-flowered).
HemicarpJia sitbsquarrosa Nees.
Rare. Wet alluvium along the banks of streams : Enfield
(Andrews & Bissell), East Windsor, Hartford and Southing-
ton (Bissell), Bloomfield (N. Coleman), Oxford (H. C.
Beardslee). Aug. — Sept.
RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Beak Rush.
Rynchospora macrostachya Torr. (long-spiked).
Rynchospora corniculata Gray, var. macrostachya Britton.
Horned Rush.
Rare or local. Sphagnum bogs and shallow water of
ponds: Groton and East Lyme (Graves), Guilford (G. H.
Bartlett), Monroe (Eames), Woodbury (Harger). Aug.—
Sept.
Rynchospora fusca (L.) Ait. f. (dusky).
Rare. Sphagnum bogs or swampy meadows : Thompson
(Weatherby), Groton, Wat^rford and East Lyme (Graves),
Griswold and Woodbury (Harger), Monroe (Eames). July
— Sept.
Rynchospora alba (L.) Vahl (white).
Occasional or frequent. Peat swamps and open springy
bogs. Aug. — Sept.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. Ql
Rynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl (densely clustered).
Common. Moist fields, meadows and in wet open places.
July — Sept.
CLADIUM P. Br. Twig Rush.
Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. (like Mariscus).
Borders of ponds and marshes, either salt or fresh. Rare
or local inland: Stafford (Dr. E. J. Thompson & Weatherby),
Woodbury (Harger), Monroe (Eames), Salisbury (Mrs. C.
S. Phelps). Becoming occasional or frequent on the coast or
in its vicinity. Aug. — Sept.
SCLERIA Bergius. Nut Rush.
Scleria triglomerata Michx. (three-headed).
Sandy soil either dry or moist. Rare or local in most dis-
tricts : Oris wold, Stonington and Waterford (Graves), South
Windsor (J. F. Smith), Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Southing-
ton (Andrews & Bissell), Cheshire (Bissell). Becoming occa-
sional along the coast in Fairfield County (Eames). July —
Aug.
Scleria pauciflora Muhl. (few-flowered), var. caroliniana
(Willd.) Wood.
Scleria pauciflora of recent Manuals in part.
Rare or local. Low meadows: Columbia (Mrs. C. S.
Phelps), Hartford (H. J. Koehler). July — Sept.
Scleria verticillata Muhl. (whorled).
Local. Salisbury, plentiful in an open grassy swamp in
sandy soil (H. S. Clark & Bissell). Aug.— Sept.
CAREX L, Sedge.
Carex scoparia Schk. (broom-like).
Common. Wet open ground, or sometimes in drier places.
June —July.
The var. moniliformis Tuckerm. (necklace-shaped), and
the var. condensa Fernald (compact), both occur occasionally
with the species.
92 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. (like Tribulus, the Caltrop).
Frequent. Low meadows and swampy places. July —
Aug.
The var. turbata Bailey (confused) is occasional.
Carex tribuloides Wahlenb., var. reducta Bailey (reduced).
Carex tribuloides Wahlenb., var. moniliformis Britton.
Rare. Cool swales: Woodstock (Weatherby), Franklin
(R. W. Woodward), Winchester and Litchfield (Weatherby
& Bissell), Salisbury (Weatherby). July.
Carex siccata Dewey (dry).
Occasional or local. Dry sandy or barren ground, usually
growing in colonies. Late May — June.
Carex Crawfordii Fernald.
Local. Salisbury, in dry fields (M. L. Fernald). June.
Carex cristata Schwein. (crested).
Carex tribuloides Wahlenb., var. cristata Bailey.
Carex cristatella Britton.
Rare or local. Low meadows and thickets and along river
banks: Ledyard (Graves), Southington (Andrews & Bissell),
Oxford (Harger), Huntington and Kent (Fames), Salisbury
(Bissell). June — July.
Carex albolutescens Schwein. (yellowish-white).
Carex straminea Willd., var. foenea Torr.
Carex straminea Willd., var. cumulata Bailey.
Locally plentiful near the coast in bogs and moist sandy
ground in New London County ; has been found also on the
top of Bald Hill at 1200 ft. elevation. Union (Graves). July.
Carex mirabilis Dewey (wonderful).
Carex straminea Willd., var. mirabilis Tuckerm.
Occasional or frequent. Fields and copses, in either dry or
moist ground. June.
The var. perlonga Fernald (very long) is occasional,
usually in dry ground.
Carex mirabilis Dewey, var. tincta Fernald (dyed).
Rare. Dry open woods: East Hartford (Weatherby).
June.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 93
Carex straminea Willd. (straw-colored).
Carex tenera Dewey.
Rare. Woods and fields in wet sandy soil : Griswold
(Graves), Thompson, West Hartford and Salisbury (Bissell),
Ellington and East Hartford (Weatherby), Norfolk (Weath-
erby & Bissell). June.
Carex hormathodes Fernald (necklace-like).
Carex tenera of Britton's Manual, not Dewey.
Carex straminea Willd., var. aperta W. Boott.
In and about marshes. .Rare inland: Killingly (Bissell).
Frequent along the coast. June.
The var. invisa (W. Boott) Fernald (unseen), Carex
straminea Willd., var. invisa W. Boott, occurs on the coast
and is frequent in Fairfield County (Fames).
Carex hormathodes Fernald, var. Richii Fernald.
Rare or occasional. Wet ground throughout. June.
Carex Bicknellii Britton.
Rare or local. In meadows or on shaded ledges, in either
dry or moist ground: Sprague and Colchester (Graves),
Thompson and Franklin (R. W. Woodward), East Hartford
(Weatherby), Glastonbury and Southington (Bissell), Orange
(Harger). June — July.
Carex silicea Olney (flinty).
Frequent on dunes and sandy beaches along the coast. July.
Carex alata Torr. (winged).
Carex straminea Willd., var. alata Bailey.
Rare. In wet ground: Hartford (A. W. Driggs), South-
ington (Bissell). June.
Carex festucacea Schk. (fescue-like), var. brevier (Dewey)
Fernald (shorter).
Carex festucacea Britton in part.
Carex straminea Willd., var. brevior Dewey.
Frequent or common. Dry sandy fields. June.
Carex Bebbii Olney.
Rare. Salisbury, marshy border of ponds and sloughs
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps & A. E. Blewitt). June.
94 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
Carex foenea Willd. (hay-like).
Occasional. Dry rocky woods. June — July.
The var. perplex a Bailey (confused) occurs at East Lyme
(Graves), and at Southington (Andrews).
Carex aenea Fernald (brassy).
Rare. Salisbury, dry exposed ledges on Mt. Riga (Weath-
erby & Bissell). June.
Carex stellulata Good, (star-shaped).
. Care.v cchinata Murr., var. microstachys Boeckl.
Carex sterilis of American authors, not Willd.
Frequent. Wet meadows and swamps. Late May — June.
Carex stellulata Good., var. ormantha Fernald (having a neck-
lace-shaped inflorescence).
Rare. Wet places, growing with the typical form. June.
Carex stellulata Good., var. excelsior (Bailey) Fernald (taller).
Carex sterilis Willd., var. excelsior Bailey.
Occasional. Bogs and wet meadows. June.
Carex stellulata Good., var. cephalantha (Bailey) Fernald
(having its flowers in a head).
Carex sterilis Willd., var. cephalantha Bailey.
Carex echinata Murr., var. cephalantha Bailey.
Occasional. Borders of swamps. June.
Carex stellulata Good., var. angustata Carey (narrow).
Carex echinata Murr., var. angustata Bailey.
Rare or local. Bogs and swamps : Ledyard and Waterford
(Graves), East Hartford (A. W. Driggs & Bissell), Oxford
(Harger), Huntington (Fames). June.
Carex sterilis Willd. (sterile).
Carex echinata Murr., var. conferta Bailey.
Carex atlantica Bailey.
Swampy places. Rare over most of the state : New Lon-
don (Graves), Woodstock (R. W. Woodward & Weatherby),
East Windsor and Southington (Bissell). Frequent near the
coast in the vicinity of Bridgeport (Fames). June.
Carex scirpoides Schk. (like Scirpus, the Bulrush).
Carex interior Bailey.
Open swamps and peat bogs. Rare in eastern and central
districts: Thompson (R. W. Woodward & Weatherby),
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 95
Water ford (Graves), Lyme (Dr. E. J. Thompson), Bolton
(Weatherby), South Windsor (A. W. Driggs & Bissell),
Southington (Andrews & Bissell), New Haven (Harger).
Becoming occasional in the western part of the state. Late
May — June.
Carex scirpoides Schk., var. capillacea (Bailey) Fernald (hair-
like).
Carex interior Bailey, var. capillacea Bailey.
Shaded bogs. Rare in most parts of the state : Huntington
(Eames), Thompson, Southington and East Haven (Bissell).
Occasional in New London County (Graves). June.
Carex seorsa E. C. Howe (separate).
Wet shaded ground. Rare or local in most parts of the
state: Bolton (A. W. Driggs), East Hartford (Weatherby),
New Haven (R. W. Woodward), Southington (Andrews),
Stratford (Eames), Oxford (Harger), Litchfield (Bissell).
Occasional in New London County (Graves). June.
Carex canescens L. (somewhat hoary).
Rare. Wet woods and sphagnum bogs : Thompson, South-
ington and Norfolk (Bissell). June.
Carex canescens L., var. subloliacea Laestad. (somewhat like
Lolium, the Tare).
Rare. Wet woods: Southington (Bissell). June.
Carex canescens L., var. disjuncta Fernald (disjoined).
Care.r canescens in part and of most authors.
Frequent. Shaded swamps, wet bogs and beside brooks,
often in shallow water. June.
Carex brunnescens Poir. (brownish).
Carex canescens L., var. vulgaris Bailey.
Carex canescens L., var. alpicola Wahlenb.
Rare. Cool mossy woods and shaded peat bogs : Walling-
ford (Harger), Winchester and Salisbury (Bissell). June.
Carex bromoides Schk. (like the Brome Grass).
Wet woods, shaded swamps and in springy places. Rare
in eastern districts: Union (Bissell), East Haddam (Graves).
Becoming occasional or frequent westward. June.
96 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
Carex Deweyana Schwein.
Rare. Woodland hillsides in rich, rather dry soil : Water-
town (Harger), Colebrook (J. W. Robbins), Winchester
(Weatherby & Bissell), Southington, Torrington, Canaan and
SaHsbury (Bissell), Danbury and Ridgefield (Eames), Corn-
wall (E. E. Brewster). June.
Carex trisperrna Dewey (three-seeded).
Occasional. Cool bogs and sphagnum swamps. June —
July.
Carex tenella Schk. (delicate).
Rare. Cool mossy woods: Waterford (Graves), Stafford
(Weatherby & Bissell), Manchester (Weatherby), Norfolk
(J. W. Robbins, 1828; Bissell), Barkhamsted and Cornwall
( Bissell) . June — July.
Carex rosea Schk. (rose-like).
Frequent. Rich woods and thickets or sometimes in open
ground. June.
Carex rosea Schk., var. radiata Dewey (radiate).
Frequent. Woods, copses and meadows in either dry or
moist ground. June.
Carex rosea Schk., var. minor Boott (smaller).
Rare. Woods or in open ground, more often in dry soil:
Norwich (W. A. Setchell), East Hartford (A. W. Driggs),
Farmington (Andrews), Southington (Andrews, Bissell),
Plainville and Wolcott (Bissell). June.
Carex retroflexa Muhl. (bent backward).
Carex rosea Schk., var. retroMexa Torr.
Woods, copses and open ground, mostly in dry soil. Raref;;
in northern and eastern districts: Ledyard (Graves), Norwich
(W. A. Setchell), Scotland and Middlefield (Weatherby),
Windsor (Bissell, A. W. Driggs), Southington (Andrews & j
Bissell), Oxford (Harger). Becoming frequent in the south-
western part of the state (Fames). June.
Carex Muhlenbergii Schk.
Frequent. Dry sterile soil. June — July.
The var. enervis Boott (nerveless), var. xalapensis Brit-
ton, is rare inland: Franklin (R. W. Woodward), Killingly
and Plainville (Bissell), Southington (Andrews), Oxford
(Harger). Becoming occasional or frequent near the coast.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 97
Carex cephalophora Muhl. (head-bearing).
Frequent. Dry soils, often in woods. July.
Carex sparganioides Muhl. (like Sparganium, the Bur-reed).
Rich woods, more often in rocky places. Rare in eastern
districts: Norwich and Franklin (Graves), Bolton (A. W.
Driggs. Becoming occasional or local westward. June.
Carex cephaloidea Dewey (head-like).
Rare or occasional. Rich shaded ground, more often in
moist alluvium. June.
Carex vulpinoidea Michx. (like Carex vulpina, the Fox Sedge).
Common. Open ground, usually in moist but sometimes
in dry places. June — July.
Carex setacea Dewey (bristle-like), var. ambigua (Barratt)
Fernald (doubtful).
Carex xanthocarpa Bicknell.
Carex xanthocarpa Bicknell, var. anncctens Bicknell.
Occasional or frequent. Fields and meadows, either dry
or moist. June — July.
Carex diandra Schrank (two-stamened).
Carex feretiuscitla Good.
Local. In bogs: New Haven (O. D. Allen), Salisbury
(Bissell). June.
Carex diandra Schrank, var. ramosa (Boott) Fernald (branch-
ing).
Carex teretiiisciila Good., var. ramosa Boott.
Carex teretiiiscula Good., var. prairea Britton.
Rare. Bogs and swamps: Salisbury (M. L. Fernald).
June.
Carex stipata Muhl. (crowded).
Common. Swamps and wet meadows. June.
Carex crinita Lam. (long-haired).
Swamps and wet places. Rare in New London County:
Stonington and East Lyme (Graves). Frequent or common
elsewhere. June.
Carex crinita Lam., var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. &
Torr. (gynandrous).
7
98 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Carex gynandra Schwein.
Occasional or frequent. Swamps and wet places. June.
Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. (aquatic).
Rare. Wet meadows or cold bogs : Lyme and Oxford
(Harger), Salisbury (M. L. Fernald). June.
Carex torta Boott (twisted).
Banks of rivers and swift flowing streams. Rare near the
coast: Lyme (Graves), Darien (Harger & Eames). Becom-
ing frequent northward and common in the northwestern part
of the state. May.
Roots very long and tough, the plant forming dense tufts
or beds. The fruit ripens early and falls very quickly.
Carex striata Lam. (straight).
Sword Grass. Nigger-heads.
Very common. Swales, wet meadows and about ponds,
often forming large tussocks. June.
One of the best known and most plentiful of our sedges.
Largely cut as bedding for stock.
Carex striata Lam., var. curtissima Peck (very short).
Rare. In swamps: Waterford (Graves), Lyme (Weather-
by). June.
Carex striata Lam., var. angustata (Boott) Bailey (narrow-).
Care.v stricta Lam., var. xerocarpa Britton.
Wet meadows and in marshes. Rare in most districts :
Voluntown (Graves), South'ington (Andrews), Windsor and
Salisbury (Bissell). Locally plentiful in marshes along the
lower Housatonic River (Eames). June.
Carex stricta Lam., var. decora Bailey (elegant).
Carex Haydeni Dewey.
Rare. Low meadows: Franklin and Waterford (Graves),
East Hartford (Weatherby), Glastonbury and Southington
(Bissell). June.
Carex aurea Nutt. (golden).
Rare or local. Bloomfield, low field on outcrops of sand-
stone (Weatherby), Kent, moist calcareous rocks on the banks
of the Housatonic River (Eames & J. Pettibone), Kent, wet
upland pasture (Eames), Salisbury, moist meadows (Miss E.
L. Shaw). June — July.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 99
Carex pauciflora Lightf. (few-flowered).
Rare. Norfolk, sphagnum swamp (J. W. Robbins, 1827;
Bissell) . June.
Carex leptalea Wahlenb. (delicate).
Carcx polytrichoidcs Muhl.
Frequent. Wet mossy woods and grassy swamps. May —
June.
Carex polygama Schk. (polygamous).
Carex fusca Gray's Manual ed. 6, not All.
Local. Wet meadows and open swamps : New London
and Franklin (Graves), Bolton, East Hartford and Bloom-
field (Weatherby), East Windsor and Southington (Bissell),
Plainville (J. N. Bishop), Hamden (A. L. Winton), Milford
(Fames). May.
Carex triceps Michx. (three-headed), var, hirsuta (Willd.)
Bailey (hairy).
Carex triceps Britton in part, not Michx.
Fields and roadsides in sandy soil, either dry or moist :
Old Lyme (Graves), Salisbury (Bissell). Frequent in central
and southwestern Connecticut. June.
Carex virescens Muhl. (greenish).
Carcx virescens Muhl., var. costata Dewey.
Carcx costcllata Britton.
Frequent. Dry woods and clearings, often in leaf-mold.
July.
Carex virescens Muhl., var. Svs^anii Fernald.
Carex virescens of American authors.
Common. Dry woods and open grassy places. July.
Carex formosa Dewey (handsome).
Rare. Meadows and wooded hillsides in rich moist soil :
Salisbury (J. R, Churchill). Late May — June.
Carex Davisii Schwein. & Torr.
Rare. Alluvial soil, along river banks or borders of low
thickets: Windsor (A. W. Driggs), East Hartford (Weather-
by), Lyme and Chester (R. W. Woodward & Graves). June.
Carex gracillima Schwein. (very delicate).
Frequent. Moist woods, thickets and meadows. June.
lOO CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY, [Bull.
Carex aestivalis M. A. Curtis (of summer).
Rare. Salisbury, rocky woodland hillside (A, E. Blewitt),
June — July,
Carex Willdenowii Schk.
Rare, Dry woods: East Haven (Harger), Hamden (J. A.
Allen) . Late May — early June,
Carex umbellata Schk. (bearing umbels).
Open ground, in dry sandy or rocky places. Occasional
or frequent near the coast, becoming rare or local northward,
reaching Woodstock (R. W, Woodward & Harger), Bolton
(A. W, Driggs) and Barkhamsted (Harger). May,
The var. tonsa Fernald (clipped) occurs at North Ston-
ington, rocky slope of Lantern Hill (Graves).
Carex nigro-marginata Schwein, (black-margined).
Rare, North Stonington, dry rocky slope of Lantern Hill
(Graves). May.
Carex communis Bailey (growing in colonies),
Carex pedicellata Britton.
Carex pedicellata Britton, var, Wheeleri Britton.
Carex communis Bailey, var, Wheeleri Bailey,
Occasional or frequent. Rocky woods and on shaded
banks. May — June.
Carex varia j\Iuhl. (variable).
Occasional or frequent. Rocky or sandy woods and clear-
ings. May — June,
The var, colorata Bailey (colored) occurs with the typi-
cal form,
Carex pennsylvanica Lam.
Common, Dry sandy or sterile soil, in woods and in open
ground. May.
One of the most abundant species of the genus.
Carex pennsylvanica Lam., var. lucorum (Willd.) Fernald
(of groves).
Rare or local. Dry or moist woods : West Hartford (Dr.
E, J. Thompson), Meriden (Andrews), Southington (Bis-
sell, Andrews), Fairfield (Fames), Late May — June.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. lOI
Carex pubescens Muhl. (downy).
Woods, thickets and half-shade, usually in moist rich soil.
Rare in New London County: North Stonington (Graves).
Becoming occasional along the coast westward and frequent in
northern districts. Late May — June.
Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. (pale lead-color).
Rare. In bogs: New Haven (C. N. Shepard, 1830; O. D.
Allen ) . ]\Iay — June.
Carex panicea L. (like the Panic Grass).
Rare or local. Fields and meadows: New Haven (O. D.
Allen), Orange (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). May — June,
Native or possibly naturalized from Europe.
Carex tetanica Schk. (rigid).
Rare or local. Meadows and rocky woods : Waterford
(Graves), Sherman (E. H. Austin & Eames), Salisbury (M.
L. Fernald). Late May — June.
The var. Woodii (Dewey) Bailey occurs at Salisbury, in
a cool shaded bog (M. L. Fernald).
Carex polymorpha Muhl. (of many forms).
Rare. East Lyme, low woods (Graves), New Haven,
marshes (J. A. Allen, Andrews). June.
Carex pallescens L. (rather pale).
Common. Woods, fields and meadows, either wet or dry.
May — June.
Carex paupercula Michx. (stunted), var. pallens Fernald
(pale).
Carc.v Magcllanica of Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part, not Lam.
Local. Norfolk, plentiful in a sphagnum bog (Bissell).
June.
Carex limosa L. (growing in mud).
Rare. Sphagnum bogs: Burlington and Salisbury (Bis-
sell), Norfolk (J. W. Robbins, 1828; Weatherby). June.
Carex littoralis Schvvrein. (of the sea-shore).
Rare or local. Swampy woods in sandy soil : East Windsor
and South Windsor (Bissell), East Hartford (Weatherby),
Windsor (A. W. Driggs), Stratford (Harger). Late May —
early June.
I02 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Carex prasina AVahlenb. (leek-green).
Occasional. Along woodland brooks and in shaded
swampy places. June.
Carex eburnea Boott (ivory-like).
Care.v setifolia Britton.
Dry shaded ledges. Frequent in the limestone district of
northwestern Connecticut, extending southward as far as New
Milford (Eames). Rare or local among the trap hills of the
Connecticut Valley: Plainville (Bissell), Southington (An-
drews & Bissell), Durham (Harger). May — June.
Carex pedunculata Muhl. (stalked).
Rare, local or occasional. Wooded banks, in rich soil
either moist or dry: Franklin (Graves), Stafford (Weatherby
& Bissell), Manchester (A. W. Driggs), Windsor, Barkham-
sted and Salisbury (Bissell), Meriden (D. C. Eaton), Oxford
and Southbury (Harger), Monroe (H. C. Beardslee), Wes-
ton (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Cornwall (E. E. Brewster).
Late April — early May.
The fruit falls very quickly on ripening.
Carex plantaginea Lam. (like Plantago, the Plantain).
Rare or local. Moist rich woods: North Branford (O.
Harger), Colebrook (J. W. Robbins, 1828), Norfolk (Weath-
erby & Bissell), Torrington and Sahsbury (Bissell), Sherman
(C K. Averill). May.
Carex platyphylla Carey (broad-leaved).
Rocky hillsides in rich woods, usually in dry soil. Rare
or absent near the coast: Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter),
Huntington (Eames). Becoming occasional or frequent
northward and common in the limestone district of north-
western Connecticut. May.
Carex laxiculmis Schwein. (loose-stalked).
Frequent. Woods and half-shade, usually in rich soil.
June.
Carex digitalis Willd. (of a finger).
Common. Rich woods and glades, more often in rather
dry soil. June.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. IO3
Carex ptychocarpa Steud. (having folds on the fruit).
Rare. Waterford, in rocky woods (Graves). June.
Carex laxiflora Lam. (loose-flowered).
Rich woods. Rare in northern and eastern Connecticut,
becoming occasional or frequent in Fairfield County. Late
May — June.
Carex laxiflora Lam., var. gracillima Boott (very slender).
Rare. Borders of moist thickets: Oxford (Harger),
Litchfield (Bissell). Late May.
Carex laxiflora Lam., var. patulifolia (Dewey) Carey (with
spreading leaves).
Occasional or frequent. Rich woods or thickets. Late
May — early June.
Carex laxiflora Lam., var. styloflexa (Buckley) Boott (having
bent styles).
Ca7'cx styloflexa Buckley.
Rare. Rocky or moist woods or in sphagnum swamps :
Lyme (Graves), East Haddam (Weatherby), New Haven (J.
A. Allen), Southington (Bissell), Oxford (Harger), Fair-
field (Fames). June.
Carex laxiflora Lam., var. varians Bailey (varying).
Occasional. Rich woods and thickets. Late May — June.
Carex laxiflora Lam., var. blanda (Dewey) Boott (agreeable).
Care.v laxiflora Lam., var. striatula Carey.
Frequent or common. Rich open woods or in half-shade,
in either dry or moist ground. Late May — June.
Carex laxiflora Lam., var. latifolia Boott (broad-leaved).
Carex albursina Sheldon.
Rare or local. Moist rich woods : Groton and Waterford
(Graves), East Haven and Salisbury (Bissell), Southington
(Andrews & Bissell), Seymour (Harger), Oxford (R. W.
Woodward & Fames), Winchester (Weatherby & Bissell).
May — early June.
Carex laxiflora Lam., var. leptonervia Fernald (delicately
nerved).
Rare. Wet woods or sphagnum bogs: Franklin (R. W.
Woodward), West Hartford and Winchester (Bissell). May
— June.
I04 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bllll.
Carex Hitchcockiana Dewey.
Rare or local. Rocky hillsides in rich woods : Middlefield
(R. W. Woodward), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Plain-
ville and Farmington (Bissell). June.
Carex oligocarpa Schk. (few- fruited).
Rare. Shaded ledges in rich woods: Colebrook (J. W.
Robbins, 1828), Sahsbury (M. L. Fernald). June.
Carex conoidea Schk. (cone-shaped).
Common. Moist meadows and wet places. June.
Carex grisea Wahlenb. (gray).
Occasional. Woods and meadows in rich soil. June.
The var. rigida Bailey (rigid), var. angustifolia Gray's
Manual ed. 6, not Boott, is rare over most of the state : South-
ington, Torrington and North Canaan (Bissell). Occasional
in Fairfield County (Fames).
Carex glaucodea Tuckerm. (gray-green).
Rare. Rich or rocky woods and fields or in moist mead-
ows: Ledyard and Groton (Graves), Franklin (R. W. Wood-
ward), Hartford and West Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Meri-
den (Andrews), Woodbridge (O. D. Allen). June.
Carex granulans Muhl. (granular).
Rare or local. Moist meadows : East Haven, Meriden and
Oxford (Harger), New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Southington
(Andrews & Bissell), Bloomfield and North Canaan (Bissell),
Ridgefield and Kent (Fames & C. C. Godfrey). June.
Carex granularis Muhl., var. Haleana (Olney) Porter.
Carex granularis Aluhl., var. Shriveri Britton.
Carex Shriveri Britton.
Rare. Wet meadows and pastures: Ridgefield (Fames &
C. C. Godfrey), Salisbury (M. L. Fernald & Bissell). June.
Carex Crawei Dew^ey.
Rare. Moist fields and meadows : Salisbury ( Mrs. C. S.
Phelps & Weatherby ) . June — July.
Carex flava L. (yellow).
Low fields and meadows. Rare or absent in most dis-
tricts : Berlin (N. Coleman), Ridgefield (Fames & C. C. God-
frey). Frequent or common in Litchfield County. June.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. IO5
Carex flava L., var. rectirostra Gaudin (straight-beaked).
Carex flava L., var. graminis Bailey.
Local. Swamps and wet meadows: Woodstock (Harger),
Ashford and Stafford (Weatherby & Bissell), Union and Col-
chester (Graves). June — July.
Carex flava L., var. elatior Schlecht. (taller).
Rare. Low ground: Ridgefield and Kent (Eames & C. C.
Godfrey). June.
Carex Oederi Retz., var. pumila (Cosson & Germain) Fernald
(dwarf).
Carex flava L., var. viridula Bailey.
Carex viridula Michx.
Rare. East Haven, in moist meadows (Harger) ; New
Haven, in salt marsh (D. C. Eaton) ; Kent, in sand on shore
of pond (Eames) ; Salisbury, in wet ground (Mrs. C. S.
Phelps ) . June — July.
Carex longirostris Torr. (long-beaked).
Rich rocky woods in either moist or dry places, or on river
banks. Local from the Connecticut River westward except
near the coast in the southwestern part of the state where it
is not reported. Late May — June.
Carex castanea Wahlenb. (chestnut-colored).
Rare. Alluvial soil : Salisbury (J. Young. 1828). Appar-
ently has not been collected since that date. June.
Carex arctata Boott (contracted).
Rare. Hillsides in rich woods: Bridgeport (Eames), Bark-
hamsted, Norfolk and Canaan (Bissell), Cornwall (Harger).
May.
Carex debilis Michx. (weak), var. Rudgei Bailey.
Carex tenuis Rudge.
Frequent. Dry or moist woods and in meadows. June —
July.
Carex debilis ]\Iichx., var. interjecta Bailey (thrown between).
Rare. Rocky woods: Southington (Andrews & Bissell).
June — July.
I06 COXNECTICUT CIEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. ] Bull.
Carex scabrata Schwein. (rough).
Local or occasional. Wet woods, about springs and along
streams. July.
Carex filiformis L. (thread-like).
Open swamps and bogs. Local in the northern part of
the state: Woodstock (Weatherby), Union and East Granby
(Weatherby & Bissell), Burlington and Salisbury (Bissell).
Becoming frequent southward. June.
Carex lanuginosa Michx. (woolly).
Carex filifonnis L., var. latifolia Boeckl.
Wet meadows, bogs and about ponds. Rare in New Lon-
don County: Norwich (W. A. Setchell), Waterford and
Franklin (Graves). Frequent elsewhere. June.
Carex vestita Willd. (clothed).
Frequent or common. Sandy soils, either dry or moist.
June.
Carex oligosperma Michx. (few-seeded).
Rare. Groton, in peat bogs (Graves), South Windsor (A.
E. Blewitt). June— July.
Carex trichocarpa Aluhl. (with hairy fruit).
Local. Thomaston, in wet ground (A. E. Blewitt). June
-July.
Carex riparia W. Curtis (of river banks).
Occasional or local. Wet meadows and swamps. June.
Carex squarrosa L. (with spreading scales).
Rare or local. Wet meadows and pastures: Guilford (G.
H. Bartlett), Chester (R. W. Woodward & Harger), North
Branford and East Haven (Harger), New Haven (G. G.
Merrell), Middletown (J. Barratt), Southington (Andrews
& Bissell). June — July.
Carex typhina Michx. (like Typha, the Cat-tail).
Carex typhinoides Schwein.
Rare. Wet alluvium and in meadows : Guilford (G. H.
Bartlett), East Haven (Fames), East Hartford (A. W.
Driggs), Hartford (Harger. H. S. Clark & Bissell). June —
. July-
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. lO/
Carex Pseudo-Cyperus L. (false Cyperus).
Rare. Salisbury, muddy border of Twin I>akes (Mrs. C.
S. Phelps & Bissell). June— July.
Carex comosa Boott (having tufts of hair).
Carex Psciido-Cyperns L., var, americana Hochst.
Occasional. Swamps and wet places along streams. June
— J^^iy-
Carex hystericina Muhl. (porcupine-like).
Rare or local. Wet springy pastures and meadows and
in swales: Lyme (H. S. Clark), Manchester (Weatherby),
Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Prospect, Oxford and
Southbury (Harger), Stafford, Sharon and Salisbury (Bis-
sell). June — July.
The var. Cooleyi Dewey, var. Dudleyi Bailey, occurs at
Wethersfield (C. Wright), Southington and Sharon (Bissell).
Many reports of this species should be referred to Carex
litrida.
Carex lurida Wahlenb. (dingy brown or yellow).
Carex hirida Wahlenb., var. flaccida Bailey.
Carex lurida Wahlenb., var. parviila Bailey.
Carex hirida Wahlenb., var. exundans Bailey.
Common. Swamps and wet places. July — Aug. A hy-
brid of this with Carex lupuliaa has been found at Groton and
Lyme (Graves).
\^ery variable with several intergrading forms.
Carex lurida Wahlenb., var. gracilis (Boott) Bailey (slender).
Carex Baileyi Britton.
Rare. East Lyme, in bogs (Graves). July — Aug.
Carex Schweinitzii Dewey.
Rare. Salisbury, in open swamps and wet meadows: (M.
L. Fernald). June.
Carex retrorsa Schwein. (turned backward).
Rare or local. Wet meadows or in moist alluvial soil:
Lyme (Graves), Hunting-ton (Harger), SaHsbury (Bissell).
June —July. A supposed hybrid of this with Carex rostrata
was found in Connecticut many years ago by Charles Wright.
I08 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
Carex lupuliformis Sartwell (hop-shaped ; referring to the
head of fruit).
Carex lupulina J\Iuhl., var. polystachya Schwein. & Torr.
Rare. Bogs or shaded swamps : Southington (Andrews
& Bissell), Huntington and Monroe (Eames). Aug. — Sept.
Carex lupulina Muhl. (like Lupulus, the Hop).
Frequent or common. Swamps and wet ground. July —
Aug.
Carex lupulina Aluhl., var. pedunculata Dewey (stalked).
Local or occasional. Swamps, growing with the typical
form. July — Aug.
Carex Grayii Carey.
Carex Asa-Grayi Bailey.
Alluvial soil along streams or in moist rich ground. Local
along the Connecticut River: Lyme (Graves), Haddam (H.
S. Clark & Bissell), East Hartford (Weatherby). Rare else-
where : Middletown, at Westfield, and Southington (Andrews
& Bissell), Salisbury (G. H. Bartlett). June.
Carex Grayii Carey, var. hispidula Bailey (minutely hispid).
Local. Hartford, alluvial soil on bank of the Connecticut
River (H. S. Clark & Bissell). June.
Carex intumescens Rudge (swollen).
Frequent. Swamps and wet places, June — July.
Carex intumescens Rudge, var. Fernaldii Bailey.
Rare. Salisbury, in rocky woods (A. E. Blewitt).
Carex folliculata L. (like a small bag).
Frequent. Wet boggy meadows and swampy woods, June
— Aug.
Carex vesicaria L. (bladdery).
Carex monile of Gray's Manual ed. 6, not Tuckerm.
Occasional. Low meadows, borders of ponds and near
river banks. June,
The var. monile (Tuckerm.) Fernald (necklace), Carex
monile Tuckerm., is occasional. The var. jejuna Fer-
nald (insignificant) occurs rarely with the species. The var.
distenta Fries (swollen) is rare: East Hartford (Weather-
by), Windsor (H. S. Clark & Bissell),
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. IO9
Carex rostrata Stokes (beaked).
Carex utriciilata Boott, var. minor Boott.
Swamps and wet meadows or in shallow water. Rare
over most of the state: Waterford (Graves), Plainville, Wood-
bridge and Oxford (Harger), Monroe (Eames), Occasional
in Litchfield County (Bissell). June — July.
Carex rostrata Stokes, var. utriculata (Boott) Bailey (bottle-
like).
Carex utriculata Boott.
Peat bogs and wet meadows. Rare in most districts :
Stratford (Eames), New Haven and Monroe (Harger), East
Granby and Putnam (Weatherby), Glastonbury and Thomp-
son (Bissell). Occasional in New London County (Graves).
June — July,
Carex bullata Sclik. (having bubbles or blisters).
Carex bullata Schk., var. Olneyi Bailey.
Rare. Voluntown, in Great Cedar Swamp (Graves). June
-July.
Carex bullata Schk., var. Greenii (Boeckl.) Fernald.
Carex bullata of Manuals.
Local. In swamps : Voluntown, Stonington and Colchester
(Graves), Columbia (Weatherby), Ellington (F. N. Pease).
June — July.
Carex Tuckermani Dewey.
Rare or local. Moist alluvial soil on banks of rivers and
coves: Windsor (A. W. Driggs), Hartford (C. Wright),
Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Southbury (Harger), Tor-
rington and Salisbury (Bissell), Canaan (J. W. Robbins,
1828). June— July.
ARACEAE. ARUM FAMILY.
ARISAEMA Martins. Dragon Arum. Indian Turnip.
I Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott (three-leaved).
Arisaema triphyllum Schott, var. pusillum Peck.
Arisaema pusillum Nash.
Jack-in-the-Pulpit. Indian or Wild Turnip.
Common. Rich or moist woods. Late April — May ; fruit
late Aug. — Nov.
no CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
The corm or tuber is intensely acrid, but this property is
lost upon being heated, leaving lo to i8% of starch. The
corm is medicinal.
Arisaema Dracontium (L.) Schott (classical name for some
species of Arum).
Green Dragon. Dragon Root.
Low grounds near streams and rivers. Rare in the eastern
part of the state, becoming occasional westward. May — June ;
fruit Aug.— Sept.
PELTANDRA Raf. Arrow Arum.
Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth.
Peltandra niidulata Raf.
Arrow Arum.
Occasional or frequent. Shallow water of ponds and
streams and sometimes in bogs. June — July ; fruit Sept. —
Oct.
CALLA L. Water Arum.
Calla palustris L. (of marshes).
Wild or Marsh Calla.
Occasional or local. Cold bogs and shaded swamps, some-
times forming extensive colonies. May — June ; fruit July —
Sept.
The rootstocks are edible after an acrid principle they con-
tain has been dissipated by cooking, and they are said to be
sometimes used for food in parts of Europe. The Calla Lily
of cultivation is not a true Calla, but is a species of the genus
Richardia.
SYMPLOCARPUS Salisb. Skunk Cabbage.
Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt. (ill-smelling).
Spathyema foetida Raf.
Skunk Cabbage.
Common. Wet ground. March — April; fruit July
Sept., persisting into the winter.
The rootstocks are reputed to have medicinal value.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. Ill
ORONTIUM L. Golden Club.
Orontium aquaticum L. (aquatic).
Golden Club.
Occasional or local. Mostly in shallow waters of the larger
rivers and their tributaries where extensive colonies are often
formed ; sometimes in swamps and along small streams. May
— early June ; fruit June — July.
The seeds and rootstocks are said to have been used for
food by the Indians after destroying, by cooking, the acrid
principle which they contain.
ACORUS L. Sweet Flag. Calamus.
Acorus Calamus L. (classical name for some Reed).
Sweet Flag. Calamus.
Frequent. Wet meadows, swamps and borders of ponds
and streams, often forming large colonies. May — June.
The aromatic rootstock is often candied, is of some medici-
nal value and is officinal.
LEMNACEAE. DUCKWEED FAMILY.
SPIRODELA Schleid.
Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. (many-rooted).
Greater Duckweed.
On still water of ponds and pools. Occasional in the south-
eastern part of the state ; frequent or locally common else-
where. July — Aug.
Rarely seen in flower.
LEMNA L. Duckweed. Duck's-meat.
Lemna trisulca L. (three-furrowed).
Duck's-meat.
Still or running water. Rare in the south central, occa-
sional in the southwestern, frequent to common in the northern
and western parts of the state ; not reported from the eastern
portion. July.
Lemna valdiviana Philippi.
Lemna cyclostasa of authors.
Shallow water of ponds and rapid waters of brooks and
rivers. Occasional in the southeastern, locally common in the
112 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
southwestern part of the state ; apparently rare elsewhere.
June — July, but neither flowers or fruit seen here.
Often occurs in large tangled strings, balls and irregular
masses, either floating free or clinging to twigs and stones.
Lemna minor L. (smaller).
Lesser Duckweed.
Ponds and stagnant water of pools and ditches. Rare in
southeastern Connecticut; frequent in Hartford and Litch-
field Counties ; common in the southwestern part of the state.
June — July.
WOLFFIA Horkel.
Wolffia Columbiana Karst.
Wolfiia.
Local. Surface of ponds, plentiful where it occurs : Wood-
bury and Ridgefield (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Kent (Eames),
New Milford (J. W. Robbins, 1829), Salisbury (J. W. Rob-
bins, Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — July.
The plants of this species are the smallest of our flowering
plants, being little globules about i-25th of an inch in diameter.
ERIOCAULACEAE. PIPEWORT FAMILY.
ERIOCAULON L. Pipewort.
Eriocaulon septangulare Withering (seven-angled),
Pipewort.
Borders of ponds and rivers, in either shallow or deep
water. Frequent in the southeastern part of the state ; occa-
sional elsewhere. July — Sept.
XYRIDACEAE. YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.
XYRIS L. Yellow-eyed Grass.
Xyris caroliniana Walt.
Occasional or local. Bogs or sphagnum swamps. July —
Sept.
Xyris flexuosa Muhl. (flexuous).
Yellow-eyed Grass.
Sandy bogs. Occasional to frequent in most sections but
not reported from the southwestern part of the state. July —
Sept.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. II3
Xyris Smalliana Nash.
Xyris Congdoni Small.
Rare or local. Borders of ponds or in sandy bogs : Salem
(Graves), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon & Graves), Guil-
ford (G. H. Bartlett). Aug.— Sept.
COMMELINACEAE. SPIDERWORT FAMILY.
TRADESCANTIA L. Spiderwort.
Tradescantia virginiana L.
Trinity. Spiderwort. Spider Lily. Job's Tears.
Rare or occasional. Roadsides and waste places, or some-
times in river meadows. In most cases adventive or natural-
ized from the southeastern United States as an escape from
gardens; possibly native at Southbury (Harger) and Fairfield
(L. N. Johnson). May — July.
COMMELINA L. Day-flower.
Commelina communis L. (growing in colonies).
Commelina nudiflora of authors, not L.
Day-flower.
Occasional to frequent. Waste places and cultivated
ground as an escape from cultivation ; usually in or near cities.
July — Nov. Naturalized from the South or from Asia.
PONTEDERIACEAE. PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.
PONTEDERIA L. Pickerel-weed.
Pontederia cordata L. (heart-shaped).
Pickerel-weed.
Common. Shallow water of ponds and streams. July —
Aug.
The var. angustifolia Torr. (narrow-leaved) occurs at
Old Lyme (H. S. Clark).
HETERANTHERA R. & P. Mud Plantain.
Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. (kidney-shaped).
Rare. Muddy shores of the Housatonic River at Derby
(G. W. Hawes & Harger), and along the river southward to
salt water (Fames). Late Aug. — Sept. ; fruit Sept.— Oct.
114 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM. (doubtful).
Heteranthera graminea Vahl.
Water Star Grass.
Rare or local. Shallow water of larger rivers, such as the
Connecticut and Housatonic, or sometimes in ponds. ^ July —
Sept.
EICHHORNIA Kunth.
Eichhornia crassipes (Martins) Solms (thick-stemmed).
Water Hyacinth.
Rare. A few plants were found in the Pequonnock River,
Bridgeport (C. K. Averill, 1893). June — Aug. Fugitive
from Brazil.
The plant is not hardy in this climate, but in Florida it has
multiplied in the St. John's river system to such an extent as
seriously to obstruct navigation.
JUNCACEAE. RUSH FAMILY.
JUNCUS L. Rush. Bog Rush.
Juncus bufonius L. (of toads).
Toad Rush. Toad Grass. Frog Grass.
Frequent to common. Open, moist, sandy places. Fruit
mid-June — Aug.
Juncus Gerardi Loisel.
Black Grass.
Common on salt marshes and meadows along the coast.
Fruit June — Aug.
Is valued for fodder and constitutes much of the salt hay
cut by farmers.
Juncus tenuis Willd. (slender).
Yard Rush. Slender Rush.
Common. Fields, pastures, open woods, roadsides and
paths, in either dry or moist ground. Fruit mid- June — Sept.
This species is said to be readily eaten by stock, and when
made into hay to contain 7% crude protein.
Juncus tenuis Willd., var. anthelatus Wiegand (having a cyme
with' lateral branches overtopping the central ones).
Rare. Low sandy or grassy places : Southington (x^ndrews
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. II5
& Bissell), Lyme (Graves & Bissell), Granby (Weatherby).
Fruit July — Sept.
Juncus tenuis Willd., var. Williamsii Fernald.
Rare. Open moist or dry ground: Groton (Graves), Put-
nam (Weatherby & Bissell), Salisbury (Bissell). Fruit July
— Aug.
Juncus secundus Beauv. (one-sided).
Juncus tenuis Willd., var. secundus Engelm.
Sandy places and ledgy hillsides, mostly in dry ground.
Occasional in most districts but apparently rare in the south-
western part of the state. Fruit July — Sept.
Juncus Dudleyi Wiegand.
Rare. Sandy or sterile ground : Windsor (A. W. Driggs),
Meriden (Andrews), South Windsor, Sharon and Salisbury
(Bissell). Fruit June — July.
Juncus dichotomus Ell. (forking by pairs).
Rare on borders of salt marshes and in dry open fields near
the coast: Groton (Graves), Milford (Harger). Fruit July —
Aug.
Juncus dichotomus Ell., var. platyphyllus Wiegand (broad-
leaved).
Rare. Fields : Groton (Graves), Fruit July — Aug.
Juncus Greenei Oakes & Tuckerm.
Dry, open, generally sandy but sometimes ledgy places.
Frequent along the coast ; becoming occasional or rare inland,
reaching Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Southington, on Wol-
cott Mt. at 900 ft. elevation (Andrews), and Union, on Bald
Hill at 1250 ft. elevation (Bissell). Fruit July — Sept.
Juncus effusus L. (loosely spreading).
Bulrush. Common, Soft, Bog, or Candle Rush.
Common. Marshes, low fields and open swamps. Fruit
July — Aug.
The var. compactus Lejeune & Courtois (pressed to-
gether) has been collected at Franklin (R. W. Woodward).
Sometimes used for weaving into mats.
Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buchenau (short-headed).
Juncus canadensis J. Gay, var. brachycephalus Engelm.
Il6 COxXNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Rare. Swamps and bogs: Salisbury and Sharon (Bissell).
Fruit Aug. — Sept.
Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fernald (short-tailed).
Juncus canadensis J. Gay, var. brevicaudatus Engelm.
Juncus canadensis J. Gay, var. coarctatus Engelm.
Occasional. Bogs and moist sandy places. Fruit Aug. —
Sept.
Juncus canadensis J. Gay.
Juncus canadensis J. Gay, var. longicaudatus Engelm.
Frequent. Open swamps and wet meadows. Fruit Aug. —
Sept.
Juncus canadensis J. Gay, var. subcaudatus Engelm. (some-
what tailed).
Rare or occasional. Low moist ground, often in shade:
Sprague and Stafford (Graves), Lyme, East Windsor, Farm-
ington and Southington (Bissell). Fruit Aug. — Sept.
Juncus pelocarpus Mey. (dark-fruited).
Sandy or muddy shores of ponds and streams. Occasional
in the southeastern part of the state ; apparently rare or local
elsewhere. Fruit Aug. — Sept.
Often proliferous.
Juncus militaris Bigel. (soldierly).
Rare or local. Shallow water of ponds : Groton and East
Lyme (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett & Bissell). Fruit
July — Sept.
Juncus nodosus L. (knotty).
Knotted Rush.
River banks and moist sandy soil bordering swamps, ponds
or small streams. Rare in most districts : Oxford (Harger),
Cornwall (R. W. Woodward), Norfolk, Litchfield and Salis-
bury (Bissell). Occasional along the Connecticut River from
East Windsor (Bissell) to Lyme (Graves). Fruit July —
Aug.
Juncus brachycarpus Engelm. (short-fruited).
Rare. New London, low ground near Ocean Beach
(Graves). Fruit July. A fugitive, probably from the West
or South.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. II7
Juncus acuminatus Alichx. (taper-pointed).
Frequent. Open swamps and wet meadows. Fruit July —
Sept.
Often proliferous.
Juncus debilis Gray (weak).
Juncus acuminatus Michx., var. debilis Engelm.
Rare. Pond shores and borders of swamps : Waterford
and Ledyard (Graves). Fruit Aug.
Juncus articulatus L. (jointed).
Low and moist, mostly sandy places. Occasional to fre-
quent in New London County; rare or occasional in Middle-
sex, Hartford and Litchfield Counties ; not reported elsewhere.
Fruit July — Sept.
Juncus articulatus L., var. obtusatus Engelm. (blunt).
Rare. Low moist ground : Stafford and Glastonbury (Bis-
sell). Fruit July — Sept.
Juncus marginatus Rostk. (with a distinct border).
Frequent. Grassy places, mostly in moist ground. Fruit
July — Sept.
LUZULA DC. Wood Rush.
Luzula saltuensis Fernald (of forests).
Lusula vernalis Gray's Manual ed. 6, not DC.
Juncoides pilosum Coville, not Kuntze.
Hairy Wood Rush.
Rocky or moist open woods. Occasional in the north-
western part of the state (Bissell). Rare elsewhere : Guilford
(G. H. Bartlett), North Branford and Watertown (Harger).
April — May ; fruit May.
Luzula campestris (L.) DC. (of fields), var. nwltiflora (Ehrh.)
Celak. (many-flowered).
Luzula campestris of American authors, not DC.
Juncoides campestre of American authors, not Kuntze.
Common. Woods and fields, in either dry or moist ground.
April — May ; fruit June — July.
Il8 COXNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [ Bull.
LILIACEAE. LILY FAMILY.
CHAMAELIRIUM Willd. Devil's Bit.
Chamaelirium luteum (L.)Gray (yellow).
Chamaeliriuin caroUniamim Willd.
Blazing Star. True Unicorn-root.
Meadows and low woods. Occasional in the southwestern
part of the state, becoming rare or local northward and east-
ward, reaching Salisbury (Bissell), East Haddam (W. E.
Selden, Dr. E. J. Thompson). May — June.
The rootstock is medicinal.
MELANTHIUM L.
Melanthium latifolium Desr. (broad-leaved).
Melanthium racemosum Michx.
Crisped Bunch-flower.
Rare. Dry woods: Greenwich, at North Greenwich (P.
Alcott, 1869). July — Aug.
VERATRUM L. False Hellebore.
Veratrum viride Ait. (green).
American White Hellebore. Indian Poke. Green Hellebore.
Poor Annie.
Frequent to common. Wet woods, open swamps and wet
meadows. May — June.
The rootstock is medicinal, is an active poison and is offici-
nal. The early colonists used the plant as an insecticide.
UVULARIA L. Bellwort.
Uvularia perfoliata L. (through a leaf; i. e., with leaves clasp-
ing the stem).
Bellwort.
Frequent. Dry or moist ground, usually in woods but
sometimes occurring in fence-rows or even in fields. May —
June.
The root is medicinal and has acquired some local reputa-
tion as a remedy against snake bites.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. Iig
OAKESIA Wats.
Oakesia sessilifolia (L.) Wats, (having leaves without leaf-
stalks).
Uvniaria sessilifolia L.
Bellwort.
Frequent to common. Woods, thickets and meadows, in
either dry or moist ground. ]\Iay — June.
ALLIUM L. Onion. Garlic.
Allium tricoccum Ait. (having three grains ; referring to the
three-lobed fruit).
Wild Leek.
Occasional or frequent. Woods, usually in rich but some-
times in sandy soil. Late June — July,
If eaten by cows in the spring, the milk and butter are
tainted.
Allium canadense L.
Wild or Meadow Garlic.
Frequent. Meadows bordering streams and rivers, some-
times also in sandy ground and on dry hillsides. June.
Rarely used as a substitute for common garlic.
Allium vineale L. (of vineyards).
Field or Wild Garlic. Wild Onion.
Waste places, grain fields and meadows. Rare in south-
eastern Connecticut, occasional to frequent elsewhere. Mid-
June — July. Naturalized from Europe.
A bad weed, both in pastures, where it taints the milk of
animals feeding upon it, and in grain fields, where the bulblets
mixing with grain injure it for milling.
HOSTA Tratt. Day Lily. Plantain Lily.
Hosta caerulea (Andr.) Tratt. (sky-blue).
Funkia ovata Spreng.
Blue Day Lily.
Rare. Roadsides near dwellings as an escape from gar-
dens : Montville (Graves), Bridgeport and Fairfield (Fames).
July. Native of Japan.
120 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Hosta japonica (Thunb.) Aschers.
Funkia lancifolia Spreng.
Rare. Escaped from gardens to roadsides : Montville
(Graves), Stafford (Bissell), July — Aug. Native of Japan.
HEMEROCALLIS L. Day Lily.
Hemerocallis flava L. (yellow).
Yellow Day Lily. Lemon Lily.
Rare, Escaped from cultivation to fields and roadsides :
Groton, near Poquonnock Lake (Graves, Harger, Bissell
et al.), Meriden (Bissell), Westport (Eames), Wilton (Miss
A. E. Carpenter). June. Adventive from Europe.
Hemerocallis fulva L. (reddish-yellow).
Common Day Lily.
Frequent. Escaped from cultivation to fields, roadsides
and waste places. Mid- June — Aug. Naturalized from
Europe.
Troublesome and difficult to eradicate in moist rich ground.
LILIUM L. Lily.
Lilium philadelphicum L.
Wild Orange-red Lily. Red or Wood Lily.
Frequent. Dry or moist thickets, pastures and open woods.
Late June — ^July.
Lilium superbum L. (superb).
Turk's-cap Lily. Wild Tiger Lily.
Marshes and low fields. Frequent near the coast in the
southeastern part of the state, becoming occasional or local
westward, reaching Stamford (W. H. Hoyt) ; not reported
far inland. July — Aug.
Lilium canadense L.
Wild Yellow Lily. Canada Lily.
Frequent. Moist meadows, bogs and open swamps. July.
Lilium tigrinum Ker (of tigers).
Tiger Lily.
Rare or occasional. Escaped from gardens to fence-rows,
roadsides and waste places. Aug. Adventive from Asia.
In Japan and China the bulbs are eaten.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 121
ERYTHRONIUM L. Dog's-tooth Violet.
Erythronium americanum Ker.
Yellow Adder's Tongue. Yellow Dog's-tooth Lily or Violet.
Snake-leaf. Trout Lily.
Meadows and rich woods. Local in southeastern Connec-
ticut, common elsewhere. April — May.
Sometimes used as a pot-herb. The dried bulbs, if not
kept too long, are said to be nutritious. The leaves and root
are medicinal.
ORNITHOGALUM L. Star of Bethlehem.
Ornithogalum umbellatum L. (umbellate).
Star of Bethlehem, Go-to-Bed-Noon.
Rare or occasional. Escaped from gardens to fields and
waste places, mostly near dwellings and in shaded moist
ground. May — June. Naturalized from Europe.
MUSCARI Mill. Grape Hyacinth.
Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill, (like a cluster of grapes).
Grape Hyacinth. Babies' Breath.
Rare. Roadsides and grassland near dwellings, as an
escape from cultivation: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), East
Lyme (Graves), Seymour and Southbury (Harger), New
Haven (Eaton Herb.), Milford (Eames & C. C. Godfrey).
May. Adventive from Europe.
Muscari racemosum (L.) Mill, (racemose).
Starch Grape Hyacinth. Feather Hyacinth.
Rare or local. Grassland near dwellings: New London
and Lyme (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Fairfield
(Eames), Stamford (W. H. Hoyt). May. Naturalized from
Europe.
Reproduces quite rapidly by forming new bulbs, is very
persistent and may give much trouble in lawns.
YUCCA L. Bear Grass. Spanish Bayonet.
Yucca filamentosa L. (bearing slender threads).
Adam's Needle. Thread-and-Needle.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste ground : Groton
122 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
(Harger, Bissell, Graves et al.), Bridgeport and Fairfield
(Eames). May — July. Adventive from the South.
The plant yields a strong fiber. The roots form a lather
with water and were formerly used in the region where it is
plentiful in place of soap.
ASPARAGUS L. Asparagus.
Asparagus officinalis L. (of the shops).
Garden Asparagus.
Frequent along the coast on shores and borders of salt
marshes ; occasional in fields, waste places and along roadsides
inland. June ; fruit Aug. — Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
Widely cultivated for its young shoots.
CLINTONIA Raf.
Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. (northern).
Clintonia. Yellow Clintonia.
Rich often swampy woods. Frequent or common in the
extreme northwestern part of the state; becoming occasional
or rare southward and eastward, reaching Kent (C. K. Averill,
E. H. Austin, Eames), Bristol (W. A. Terry), East Hartford
and Manchester (A. W. Driggs), Cromwell (F. K. Hallock),
Mansfield (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), Hampton (Weatherby), Union
(Bissell), Voluntown (Graves). May — early June.
SMILACINA Desf. False Solomon's Seal.
Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. (racemose).
Vagnera racemosa Morong.
Wild Spikenard. False Spikenard.
Frequent to common. Rich usually rocky woods, thickets
and borders of fields. Mid-May — June ; fruit Sept. — Oct.
The root is medicinal.
Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. (star-shaped).
Vagnera stellata Morong.
Star-flowered Solomon's Seal.
Occasional near the coast in dry or moist, usually sandy
ground; rare or local inland on river banks, in swamps or
even in dry rocky ground. Mid-May — June.
No. 14.] FLOWERIXG PLANTS AN'D FERNS. I23
Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf. (three-leaved).
Vagnera trifolia Morong.
Three-leaved Solomon's Seal.
Rare or local. Cool sphagnum bogs: Cromwell (Andrews
& Bissell), East Hartford (H. S. Clark), Bristol (J. N.
Bishop), Colebrook (J. W. Robbins), Norfolk (Miss M. C.
Seymour), Salisbury (Bissell). May — June.
MAIANTHEMUM Wiggers.
Maianthemum canadense Desf.
Unifolium canadense Greene.
Wild Lily of the Valley. Two-leaved Solomon's Seal.
Common. Moist or dry woods and thickets. Mid-May —
June.
STREPTOPUS Alichx. Twisted-stalk.
Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. (having leaves which clasp
the stem).
Liver Berry.
Rare or local. Rich moist woods: Salisbury (Bissell, Mrs.
C. S. Phelps). May.
Streptopus roseus Michx. (rose-colored).
Liver Berry.
Rich woods, often among rocks. Occasional in the north-
western part of the state, becoming local or rare eastward and
southward, reaching Somers (Bissell), East Haddam (Dr. E.
J. Thompson, Graves), Hamden (D. C. Eaton, Harger), Mon-
roe (Harger). May.
POLYGONATUM Hill. Solomon's Seal.
Polygonatum bifiorum (Walt.) Ell. (tw^o-flowered).
Salonionia hiiiora Farwell.
Small or Yiziry Solomon's Seal.
Frequent. Woods and thickets. May — June.
The rootstock is medicinal.
Polygonatum commutatum (R. & S.) Dietrich (variable).
Polygonatum giganteum Dietrich (?).
Salonionia comniutata Farwell,
Great, Giant or Smooth Solomon's Seal.
124 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBllll.
Occasional to frequent. Usually in meadows and alluvial
soil near the larger streams ; sometimes in rich or dry woods
and thickets or on sandy banks. May — June.
The rootstock is medicinal.
CONVALLARIA L. Lily of the Valley.
Convallaria majalis L. (blooming in May).
Lily of the Valley.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides, thickets and
waste places: New Haven, at East Rock (H. M. Denslow
et al), Southington (Andrews), Oxford (Harger), Stratford
(Eames). May. In Connecticut adventive from Europe.
The rootstock and roots are medicinal and are officinal.
MEDEOLA L. Indian Cucumber-root.
Medeola virginiana L.
Indian Cucumber-root.
Rich woods. Occasional in most parts of the state, becom-
ing common in southwestern Connecticut. May — June.
The rootstock is edible, somewhat resembling cucumber in
flavor.
TRILLIUM L. Wake Robin. Birthroot.
Trillium erectum L. (erect).
Purple or Red Trillium. Birthroot. Red Benjamin.
Rich and often rocky woods. Rare or occasional in south-
eastern Connecticut, becoming frequent northward and west-
ward, and common in the southwestern part of the state. Mid-
April — May.
Both white-flowered and yellow-flowered forms are occa-
sionally found. The flowers exhale a very disagreeable odor.
Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. (large-flowered).
Large-flowered White Trillium.
Rare. Weston, in rocky rich woods (Mrs. Mabel Osgood
Wright). May.
Trillium cernuum L. (nodding).
Nodding Trillium, White Trillium.
Rich moist woods. Occasional in southeastern and south-
western Connecticut, apparently rare elsewhere. May.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I25
Trillium undulatum Willd. (wavy).
Trillium erythrocarpum Michx,
Painted Trillium,
Rich woods and shaded swamps. Occasional in the north-
western part of the state, becoming local or rare eastward and
southward, extending to Union (Bissell, Graves), Middletown
(M. Hitchcock), New Haven (E. P. Prudden), Oxford (Har-
ger) . May.
ALETRIS L. Colic-root. Star Grass.
Aletris farinosa L. (mealy).
Colic-root. Star Grass. False Unicorn-root.
Occasional or local. Fields and meadows, or moist sandy
places. Late June — July.
The rootstock is medicinal.
SMILAX L. Green Brier. Cat Brier.
Smilax herbacea L. (herbaceous).
Carrion-flower. Jacob's Ladder.
Frequent. Low thickets, borders of meadows and some-
times in drier fields. Late May — June.
The flowers exhale a most offensive odor. The herb is
somewhat medicinal. The young shoots are sometimes used
as a pot-herb and are called Wild Asparagus.
Smilax rotundifolia L. (round-leaved).
Common Green Brier. Horse, Cat, Bull or Squirrel Brier.
Common. Moist or dry woods, thickets and pastures. Late
May — June ; fruit Sept., persisting over the winter.
Smilax glauca Walt, (glaucous).
Saw, Cat or Squirrel Brier.
Common. Dry or moist open woods and thickets, often in
sandy ground. June ; fruit Sept., persisting over the winter.
The roots have been substituted for those of the Brazilian
Sarsaparilla.
Smilax hispida Muhl. (rough-hairy).
Rare. Fairfield, in moist thickets (Fames). June.
126 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
HAEMODORACEAE. BLOODWORT FAMILY.
LACHNANTHES Ell. Red-root.
Lachnanthes tinctoria (Walt.) Ell. (used for dyeing).
Gyrotheca capitata Morong.
Gyrotheca tinctoria Salisb.
Red-root.
Rare. Open boggy meadows and sandy shores of ponds :
East Lyme, several localities (Miss A. M. Ryon & Graves),
Madison (W. R. Dudley). Aug. — Sept.
DIOSCOREACEAE. YAM FAMILY.
DIOSCOREA L. Yam.
Dioscorea villosa L. (hairy).
Wild Yam or Yam-root. Colic-root. Rheumatism-root.
Moist thickets. Frequent along and near the coast and
in the valley of the Connecticut River ; occasional or rare else-
where. June — July ; fruit Sept. — Oct.
The rootstock is medicinal.
AMARYLLIDACEAE. AMARYLLIS FAMILY.
NARCISSUS L.
Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus L. (false Narcissus).
Dafifodil.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to fields and roadsides at
East Windsor (Bissell), and at several localities in the south-
western part of the state (Fames). May. Native of Europe.
Narcissus poeticus L. (of poets).
Poet's Narcissus.
Rare. Waste grounds and near old dwellings as an escape
from gardens, persistent but not inclined to spread: Oxford
(Harger), Fairfield (Fames). May. Native of Europe.
Sometimes occurs in the double-flowered form.
LEUCOJUM L.
Leucojum aestivum L. (of summer).
Summer Snowflake.
Rare, Fairfield, escaped from cultivation to waste grounds
in rich moist soil (Eames). Mid-]\Iay — mid- June. Adven-
tive from Europe.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 12/
HYPOXIS L. Star Grass.
Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville (hairy).
Hypoxis erecta L.
Yellow-eyed Grass. Star Grass.
Common. Dry or moist, open or shaded ground. May —
Oct.
IRIDACEAE. IRIS FAMILY.
IRIS L. Fleur-de-lis.
Iris versicolor L. (of various colors).
Larger Blue or Poison Flag. Fleur-de-lis. Iris. Vegetable
Mercury.
Common. Swamps and wet meadows. Mid-May — July.
The rhizome and roots are poisonous and medicinal and are
officinal. There have been cases of serious poisoning due to
mistaking the roots for those of Sweet Flag.
Iris prismatica Pursh (prism-shaped).
Slender Blue Flag.
Frequent on and near the coast in swamps, meadows and
borders of salt marshes ; rarely seen farther inland. June —
mid-July,
Iris pseudacorus L. (false Acorus).
Yellow Iris.
Rare. Escaped from gardens to marshes and low grounds :
Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Madison (Miss Roberts), East
Haddam (Dr. E. J. Thompson), Stratford (Mrs. R. H. Rus-
sell), Fairfield (Fames). Mid-May — June. Adventive from
Europe.
Iris orientalis Mill, (of the Orient).
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to marshes : Stratford,
many plants growing with Iris pseudacorus (Mrs. R. H. Rus-
sell). Late J\lay — June. Adventive from Asia.
Iris germanica L.
Fleur-de-lis.
Rare. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and fence-rows :
Oxford (Harger), Fairfield (Fames). May — June. Adven-
tive from Europe.
128 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
BELAMCANDA Adans. Blackberry Lily.
Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.
Gemmingia chinensis Kuntze.
Blackberry Lily. Leopard Flower.
Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and waste places,
more often in rocky ground. Frequent in the southwestern
part of the state, becoming occasional or rare northward and
eastward, reaching Danbury (Miss G. L. Northrop), Sharon
and Portland (Dr. E. J. Thompson), Berlin (Andrews & Bis-
sell), East Lyme (F. H. Dart), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers).
July — Aug. ; fruit Sept. — Nov. Adventive from Asia.
SISYRINCHIUM L. Blue-eyed Grass.
Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. (whitish).
Rare. New London, one plant in a dry field (Miss E. Coit,
1889). May. Fugitive from the western United States.
Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. (having an abrupt, short
point).
Meadows and woods, usually in rather dry ground. Occa-
sional in the northwestern part of the state, becoming rare
southward and eastward, reaching Newtown (Fames), Oxford
(Harger), Plainville and Glastonbury (Bissell). Mid-May ■
June.
Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill, (narrow-leaved).
Dry or moist fields. Occasional in the southwestern part
of the state ; frequent or common elsewhere. Mid-May ■
June.
Forms intermediate between Sisyrinchium angustifolium
and Sisyrinchium gramineum occur at New London, Groton
and Ledyard (Graves), and have been called Sisyrinchium
intermedium Bicknell.
Sisyrinchium gramineum Curtis (grass-like).
Sisyrinchium anceps of Gray's Manual ed. 6.
Sisyrinchium graminoides Bicknell.
Frequent or common. Fields, meadows, thickets and
woods, generally in moist ground. June.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I29
Sisyrinchium atlanticum Bicknell.
Fields, meadows and borders of salt marshes. Common
on and near the coast ; occasional or local inland. June.
Rarely occurs with white flowers.
ORCHIDACEAE. ORCHIS FAMILY.
CYPRIPEDIUM L. Lady's Slipper. Moccasin Flower.
Cypripedium parviflorutn Salisb. (small-flowered).
Smaller Yellow Lady's Slipper.
Rare or occasional. Dry sandy or rocky woods. May —
June.
The rootstock and roots are medicinal and are officinal.
As in the following variety, contact with this plant poisons
the skin of some people, the glandular hairs containing an
irritant oil.
Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb., var. pubescens (Willd.)
Knight (downy).
Cypripedium pubescens Willd.
Cypripedium hirsutum of authors, not Mill.
Large Yellow Lady's Slipper. Yellow Moccasin Flower.
American Valerian.
Rocky woods and cold swamps. Rare in the eastern part
of the state and near the coast, becoming occasional or fre-
quent northward and westward. May — June.
The rootstock and roots are medicinal and are officinal.
Cjrpripedium hirsutum Mill, (hairy).
Cypripedium spectabile Salisb.
Cypripedium reginae Walt.
Showy Lady's Slipper.
Rare or local. Swamps or wet meadows : Willington (Mrs.
C S. Phelps), Milford (Fames), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Sey-
mour), Danbury (H. C. Ryder), Cornwall (E. E. Brewster),
Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June.
Cypripedium acaule Ait. (stemless),
Stemless, Pink or Wild Lady's Slipper. Whip-poor-will's
Shoe. Wild Valerian.
Frequent. Dry open sandy or rocky woods, often under
evergreen trees. May — June,
130 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
ORCHIS L.
Orchis spectabilis L. (showy).
Galeorchis spectabilis Rydb.
Showy Orchis.
Rich woods, generally in leaf-mold. Rare near the coast;
occasional or local inland. May — early June.
HABENARIA Willd. Rein Orchis. Fringed Orchis.
Habenaria bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. (having bracts).
Coeloglossum bracteatum Pari.
Long-bracted Orchis.
Rare or local. Dry or rocky woods: Killingly (C. H.
Knowlton), Somers (Bissell), Middletown (M. Hitchcock),
Berlin (Andrews), Meriden (Harger, Andrews), Southington
(Andrews, Bissell), New Haven and Hamden (Eaton Herb.),
Granby and Simsbury (I. Holcomb), New Milford (E. H.
Austin), Kent (C. K. Averill), Sahsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
Late May — June.
Habenaria flava (L.) Gray (yellow).
Habenaria virescens Spreng.
Perularia Hava Farwell.
Small Pale Green Orchis.
Occasional or frequent. Low meadows and open swamps.
June — July.
Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. (northern).
Limnorchis hyperborea Rydb.
Limnorchis huronensis Rydb.
Tall Leafy Green Orchis.
Rich woods and wooded swamps. Rare in most districts:
Bolton (Weatherby), New Britain (Bissell), Plainville (J. N.
Bishop), Southington (Bissell, Andrews). Becoming occa-
sional or local in Litchfield County. Late June — early Aug.
Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Gray (expanded).
Limnorchis dilatata Rydb.
Tall White Bog Orchis.
Rare. Wet meadows or sphagnum bogs: Plainville (An-
drews), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour, Miss M. C. Seymour). June
-July.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I3I
Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. (shaped like a little
club).
Habenaria tridentata Hook,
Gymnadeniopsis clavellata Rydb.
Small Green Wood Orchis.
Occasional or frequent. Bogs and wet woods, July —
Aug.
Habenaria Hookeri Torr.
Habenaria Hookeri Torr., var. oblongifolia Paine.
Lysias Hookeriana Rydb.
Rich woods. Rare near the coast, becoming occasional or
local northward. June.
Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. (disk-shaped).
Lysias orbiculata Rydb.
Large Round-leaved Orchis.
Rare. In woods : South Windsor (S. P. Elmore), Windsor
(H. S. Clark), Norfolk (Miss M, C. Seymour), Salisbury
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Weatherby). June.
Habenaria macrophylla Goldie (large-leaved).
Rare. Norfolk, in pine woods (J. H. Barbour). June —
July,
Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br. (fringed).
Blephariglottis ciliaris Rydb.
Yellow Fringed Orchis.
Meadows, swamps, dry fields, thickets and open woods
along the coast. Occasional or frequent eastward, becoming
rare or local westward. Not certainly known farther inland
than Monroe (H. C. Beardslee). Mid- July — Aug.
Habenaria blephariglottis (Willd.) Torr. (eyelid-tongued:
i. e., having a fringed lip).
Blephariglottis blephariglottis Rydb,
White Fringed Orchis,
Rare. Sphagnum bogs: Cromwell (Dr. E. J. Thompson),
Bethany and Middlebury (Harger), Colebrook (J. W, Rob-
bins), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour). Aug.
132 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Habenaria lacera (Alichx.) R. Br. (torn).
Blephariglottis lacera Rydb.
Ragged or Ragged Fringed Orchis.
Occasional. Fields, meadows and open or wooded swamps.
July — mid-Aug.
Habenaria psycodes (L.) Sw. (butterfly-like).
Blephariglottis psycodes Rydb.
Smaller Purple Fringed Orchis.
Occasional. Bogs, wet meadows and open swamps. Late
June — Aug.
Habenaria fimbriata (Ait.) R. Br. (fringed).
Habenaria grandiHora Torr.
Blephariglottis grandiflora Rydb.
Large Purple Fringed Orchis,
Rare or occasional. Swamps and wet woods. Mid-June
July. _
This species usually blooms several weeks earlier than
Habenaria psycodes.
POGONIA Juss.
Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker (like Ophioglossum, the
Adder's Tongue).
Rose Pogonia. Snake or Adder's Mouth.
Occasional or frequent. Bogs and wet meadows. June —
July.
Rarely occurs with white flowers. The flowers are fra
grant.
Pogonia trianthophora (Sw.) BSP. (bearing three flowers).
Pogonia pendula Lindl.
Triphora trianthophora Rydb.
Nodding Pogonia.
Rare or local. Rich woods, usually in leaf-mold : Norwicl
(Miss M. P. Oilman, W. A. Setchell), Franklin (W. A. Set-
chell), Granby (L Holcomb), Southington (Miss F. S. Walk-
ley), Salisbury (Mrs. C. G. Beardslee & Mrs. C. S. Phelps)
Aug.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I33
Pogonia verticillata (Willd.) Nutt. (whorled).
Isotria verticillata Raf.
Whorled Pogonia.
Rare or occasional. Rich woods. Mid-May — early June.
Pogonia affinis Austin (allied).
Isotria affinis Rydb.
Smaller Whorled Pogonia.
Rare. Rich woods: New Haven (E. S. Dana), Stratford
(C. K. Averill, Eames). Mid-May — mid-June.
CALOPOGON R. Br.
Calopogon pulchellus (Sw.) R. Br. (pretty).
Limodorum tuberosum of American authors, not L.
Grass Pink. Calopogon.
Occasional or frequent. Bogs and low meadows. June —
July.
The flowers are rarely pure white.
ARETHUSA L.
Arethusa bulbosa L. (bulbous).
Arethusa.
Rare or local. Sphagnum bogs and wet meadows. Late
May — June.
SPIRANTHES Richard. Ladies' Tresses.
Spiranthes Beckii Lindl.
Spiranthes simplex Gray.
Gyrostachys simplex Kuntze.
Rare or local. Dry, sandy fields and sterile pastures. Aug.
— Sept.
Spiranthes gracilis (Bigel.) Beck (slender).
Gyrostachys gracilis Kuntze.
Frequent. Fields, meadows and open woods, in both moist
and dry ground. Aug. — Sept.
Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray (vernal).
Spiranthes praecox Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part.
Gyrostachys praecox Kuntze.
Gyrostachys linearis Rydb.
134 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. Sl'RVEY. [Bull.
Fields and meadows, usually in dry soil. Occasional to
frequent near the coast, becoming rare inland. Aug. — Sept.
Spiranthes lucida (H. H. Eaton) Ames (shining).
Spiranthes latifoUa Torr.
Gyrostachys plantaginea Britton.
Rare or local. Moist river banks: Lyme (Mrs. E. E.
Rogers), Cromwell (F. K. Hallock), Windsor (H. S. Clark),
and along the Housatonic River from Oxford (Harger),
northward to the state line. Late May — June.
Spiranthes cernua (L.) Richard (nodding).
Gyrostachys cernua Kuntze.
Frequent. Bogs, meadows and open swamps, or sometimes
in drier places. Sept. — Oct.
The var. ochroleuca (Rydb.) Ames (buff-colored),
Gyrostachys ochroleuca Rydb., occurs at Norfolk (Bissell),
Sahsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
Sometimes very fragrant.
Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham.
Gyrostachys stricta Rydb.
Rare. Sphagnum bog: Norfolk (J. H. Barbour). July.
EPIPACTIS Boehm. Rattlesnake Plantain.
Epipactis repens (L.) Crantz (creeping), var. ophioides (Fer-
nald) A. A. Eaton (snake-like).
Peramium ophioides Rydb.
Goodyera repens Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part.
Peramium repens Britton & Brown's 111. Flora in part.
Lesser Rattlesnake Plantain. Squirrel-ear.
Rare. Rocky woods under evergreens : Southington (J.
Shepard), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour). Aug.
Epipactis tesselata (Lodd.) A. A. Eaton (checkered).
Goodyera tesselata Lodd.
Peramium tesselatum Rydb.
Rattlesnake Plantain.
Rare or local. Rich woods in the northern part of the
state, mostly under evergreens: Union and Granby (Bissell),
Enfield (Andrews & Bissell), Manchester and South Windsor
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I35
(A. W. Driggs), East Hartford (Weatherby), Bristol (J. N.
Bishop), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour), Salisbury (Mrs. C.
S. Phelps). Aug.— Sept.
Epipactis pubescens (Willd.) A. A. Eaton (downy).
Goodyera pubescens R. Br.
Peramium pubescens MacMill.
Net-leaf or Downy Rattlesnake Plantain. Scrofula-weed.
Frequent. Rich woods in either dry or moist ground. Aug.
All our species of this genus are considered medicinal, the
whole plant being used.
CORALLORRHIZA Chatelain. Coral Root.
Corallorrhiza trifida Chatelain (three-cleft).
Corallorrhisa innata R. Br.
Corallorrhiza Corallorrhiza Karst.
Early Coral Root.
Rare. Cold swamps or wet pine woods: Waterford
(Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Manchester (A.
W. Driggs), Cromwell (F. K. Hallock), Windsor (Weath-
erby), Plainville (J. N. Bishop), Oxford (Harger), Win-
chester (Andrews & Harger), Barkhamsted (C. S. Phelps),
Cornwall (E. E. Brewster), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
May — June.
All the species of this genus are parasitic upon other plants
and are destitute of green parts.
Corallorrhiza maculata Raf. (spotted).
Corallorrhiza multiHora Nutt.
Corallorrhiza multiHora Nutt., var. Havida Peck.
Large Coral Root.
Occasional to frequent. Rich woods, usually in leaf-mold.
July — Sept. The form with yellow flowers occurs at Plain-
ville (H. S. Clark), and Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
Corallorrhiza odontorhiza Nutt. (having a toothed root).
Coral Root. Crawley Root. Dragon's Claw. Chicken-toes.
Rich woods either moist or dry. Occasional in southern
Connecticut, becoming rare in northern districts. Mid-Aug. —
Oct.
The rootstock is medicinal.
136 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
MICROSTYLIS Eaton. Adder's Mouth.
Microstylis monophyllos (L.) Lindl. (single-leaved).
Achroanthes nionophylla Greene.
White Adder's Mouth.
Rare. Wet mossy woods: Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps,
H. S. Clark & Bissell). June.
Microstylis unifolia (Michx.) BSP. (single-leaved).
Microstylis ophioglossoides Eaton.
Achroanthes unifolia Raf.
Green Adder's Mouth.
Rare. Rich woods either moist or dry: Norwich (W. A.
Setchell, Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Franklin (Graves), East Lyme
(Miss A, M. Ryon), Union and SaHsbury (Bissell), Bolton
(A. W. Driggs & Weatherby), Enfield and Meriden (Andrews
& Bissell), Berlin (T. S. Brandegee), Granby (I. Holcomb),
New Haven (O. Harger), Oxford (Harger), Easton
( Eames ) . July — Aug.
LIPARIS Richard. Twayblade.
Liparis liliifolia (L.) Richard (lily-leaved).
Leptorchis liliifolia Kuntze.
Large Twayblade.
Rare or occasional. Rich and moist or sometimes dry and
rocky woods. June.
Liparis Loeselii (L.) Richard.
Leptorchis Loeselii MacM.
Fen Orchis.
Rare or occasional. Bogs, moist woods and wet shaded
banks. June — July.
APLECTRUM (Nutt.) Torn Putty-root. Adam-and-Eve.
Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl.) Torn (lasting over the winter).
Aplectrum spicatum BSP.
Putty-root. Adam-and-Eve.
Rare. Rich woods: Norwich (J. Trumbull), West Hart-
ford (H. S. Clark, Miss A. Lorenz), Farmington (C. H.
Pember), Granby (L Holcomb), New Haven and Hamden
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 137
(Harger), Danbury (H. C. Ryder), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S.
Phelps). June.
The root is medicinal.
DICOTYLEDONEAE.
PIPERACEAE. PEPPER FAMILY.
SAURURUS L. Lizard's Tail.
Saururus cernuus L. (nodding).
Lizard's Tail.
Shallow water of rivers, ponds and marshes. Preston, in
the Shetucket River (W. A. Setchell, Graves), Franklin and
Spragne (Graves), along the Housatonic River from the
Sound northward as far as Oxford and Newtown (Harger,
Fames), and occasional in the southwestern part of the state
(Fames). July — Aug.
SALICACEAE. WILLOW FAMILY.
SALIX L. Willow. Osier.
Shrubs and trees with light soft wood used to some extent
for cabinet work and for fuel. Willow charcoal is considered one
of the best for medicinal and pharmaceutical use and for making
crayons and gunpowder.
Willows are propagated with the greatest ease from cuttings,
and are extensively planted as ornamental and shade trees. They
often serve also to drain wet grounds, which they do by trans-
piring great quantities of water.
In some parts of the country certain species are extensively
grown for osiers to be used in basket making and wickerwork.
The bark of most species of willow contains more or less of a
very bitter principle called salicin, used in medicine.
Salix nigra Marsh, (black).
Black Willow.
Rare or occasional. Low grounds and borders of ponds
and streams. May.
The var. falcata (Pursh) Torr. (scythe-shaped) is occa-
sional to frequent in similar situations, being more plentiful
than the typical form.
138 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
This species spreads rapidly along rivers by the rooting of
broken twigs and branches. The bark and aments are medici-
nal.
Salix pentandra L. (having five stamens).
Bay-leaved or Laurel-leaved Willow.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides : Lyme, near
Hadlyme Ferry (Graves), Norfolk (Bissell). J\Iay. Adven-
tive from Europe.
Salix lucida Aluhl. (shining).
Shining Willow. Glossy Willow.
Occasional. Swamps and borders of ponds and streams.
May.
Salix serissima (Bailey) Fernald (very late; referring to the
time of flowering and fruiting).
Autumn Willow.
Open swamps and wet pastures. Rare or local and appar-
ently confined to the northwestern part of the state : Norfolk
(Bissell), Salisbury (M. L: Fernald, Bissell). May — early
June ; fruit Aug. — Sept.
Salix fragilis L. (brittle).
Crack Willow. Brittle Willow.
Rare or local. Waste grounds, moist roadsides and banks
of streams as an escape from cultivation : East Windsor and
West Hartford (Bissell), New Haven (W. H. Patton, Har-
ger), Bridgeport (Fames). May. Naturalized from Europe.
Introduced into this country about 1850, when a company
of promoters induced many farmers to plant this willow for
hedges. Many of these old hedges now occur throughout the
state.
Salix alba L. (white).
White Willow.
The typical form of this species has not been reported from
Connecticut.
The van vitellina (L.) Koch (egg-yellow) is occasional
in moist ground, especially near ponds and streams. May.
Naturalized from Europe.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I39
A hybrid of this variety with Salix fragilis occurs rarely
in the valley of the Connecticut River (Bissell).
Often planted for ornament.
Salix babylonica L.
Weeping Willow. Ring Willow.
Rare. River banks and roadsides, as an escape from culti-
vation : Lyme (Graves & Bissell), Southington (Andrews &
Bissell), New Haven (Bissell), Stratford, Bridgeport and
Fairfield (Eames). May. Adventive from Europe.
Formerly much planted for ornament, especially in ceme-
teries.
Salix longifolia ]\Iuhl. (long-leaved),
Salix fluviatilis of authors, not Nutt.
Sand Bar or River Bank Willow.
Local. Banks of the Connecticut River from Hartford
southward: Hartford and Glastonbury (Bissell), Middletown
(Dr. Barratt, Harger, Bissell), Lyme (Graves, Bissell & An-
drews), Old Saybrook (Harger). May.
Salix cordata Muhl. (heart-shaped).
Salix cordata Muhl, var. angustata Anders.
Heart-leaved Willow.
Frequent or common. Wet ground. Late April — May ;
fruit Aug.
The var. myricoides (Muhl.) Carey (like Myrica, the
Sweet Gale), Salix aciitidens Rydb., occurs at Stratford
(Eames).
Salix pedicellaris Pursh (borne on a stalk).
Salix niyrtilloidcs of Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L.
Bog Willow.
Rare. In bogs: Stafford (Graves), East Granby (Weath-
erby). New Haven (D. C. Eaton, Harger), Norfolk (Bissell),
Cornwall (E. E. Brewster). May.
Salix discolor Muhl. (parti-colored; referring to the leaves).
Glaucous Willow. Pussy Willow.
Common. Swamps and low places, or sometimes in rather
dry ground. April.
I40 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
The var. eriocephala (Michx.) Anders, (woolly-headed),
Salix eriocephala Michx., is occasional in the southwestern
part of the state (Eames).
The var. prinoides (Pursh) Anders, (like the Black Al-
der), Salix prinoides Pursh, is rare: Stratford, Trumbull and
Bridgeport (Eames).
Hybrids of this species with Salix rostrata occur at Staf-
ford (Graves & Bissell). Hybrids with Salix humilis are ap-
parently occasional throughout.
Salix humilis Marsh, (low^).
Prairie Willow.
Occasional to frequent. Sandy thickets either dry or moist.
April — early May ; fruit May.
A hybrid of this with Salix sericea occurs at Stafford
(Graves & Bissell).
Salix tristis Ait. (dull-colored).
Dwarf Gray Willow.
Sand plains and dry open ground. Occasional to frequent
in the eastern and north central parts of the state ; rare else-
where, as at New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Bridgeport (Eames),
Oxford and Southbury (Harger). Mid-April — mid-May;
fruit May.
Salix sericea Marsh, (silky).
Silky Willow.
Frequent. Near streams and ponds and in swamps. Mid-
April — mid-May; fruit May — June.
Salix rostrata Richards, (beaked).
Salix Bebbiana Sarg.
Beaked Willow.
Frequent. Woods and thickets, in either moist or dry
ground. Late April — May ; fruit May — June.
Salix Candida Fliigge (shining white).
Hoary Willow. Sage Willow.
Local. Swamps in the northwestern part of the state:
Norfolk and Cornwall (Bissell), Salisbury (M. L. Fernald).
April ; fruit May.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I4I
The var. denudata Anders, (bared) occurs at Salisbury,
near Twin Lakes (J. R. Churchill & Bissell).
Salix purpurea L. (purple).
Purple, Bitter, Rose or Whip-cord Willow.
Rare or local. Dry or wet open ground : Voluntown
(Harger & Graves), New London (Graves), Hartford, many
plants over a wide area (H. S. Clark & Bissell), Southington
and Berlin (Andrews & Bissell), New Haven (Eaton Herb.),
Seymour (Harger), Stafford and Winchester (Bissell), SaHs-
bury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell), Waterbury (A. E.
Blewitt). April — May. Adventive from Europe.
Grown for basket rods.
Salix incana Schrank (hoary).
Gray or Lavender Willow.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to a river bank at Hart-
ford, a few plants only (H. S. Clark). April — May. Fugi-
tive from Europe.
POPULUS L. Poplar. Aspen.
Rapidly growing trees with soft, light wood, of little value
for timber, but an important source of wood-pulp and useful for
fuel in parts of the country where other wood is scarce. The
poplar of the lumberman is Liriodendron Tulipifera, the Tulip
Tree.
Populus alba L. (white).
White or Silver-leaved Poplar. Abele. White-bark.
Occasional. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and
waste places. April — May. Naturalized from Europe.
Often planted as an ornamental or shade tree, and some-
times to stop sand-blows. The bark is medicinal.
Populus tremuloides Michx. (like Populus tremula, the Eu-
ropean Aspen).
American or Quaking Aspen. Poplar. Popple. Quiver-leaf.
Trembling or White Poplar. Aspen.
Frequent. Woods, thickets and roadsides, more often in
dry ground. April — May.
One of the first trees to take possession of clearings. The
bark is medicinal.
142 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBulL
Populus grandidentata ]\Iichx. (large-toothed).
Large-toothed Aspen. Poplar. Popple.
Frequent. Moist or dry woods and clearings, more often
in rocky ground. April — May.
Populus heterophylla L. (various-leaved).
Swamp or Downy Poplar.
Rare or local. Wooded swamps and borders of ponds :
Salem and Montville (W, A. Setchell, H. C. Beardslee,
Graves), Middletown (Graves, Bissell, Andrews), Branford
and Southington (Bissell & Andrews), Guilford (G. H. Bart-
lett), East Haven and Southbury (Harger). May.
Populus balsamifera L. (balsam-bearing).
Balsam Poplar. Tacamahac.
Local. River banks, wet woods and roadsides, usually as
an escape from cultivation: Southington (H. Whitney), Mil-
ford (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Wilton (Eames & G. P. Ells),
Sherman, New Milford and Kent (E. H. Austin, C. K.
Averill). Apparently native at Norfolk (H. S. Clark & Bis-
sell). April — May.
Populus candicans Ait. (white and shining).
Populus halsamifcra L.. var. candicans Gray.
Balm of Gilead.
Rare or occasional. Roadside thickets and fence-rows as
an escape from cultivation. April — May. In Connecticut
naturalized, probably from Asia.
Occasionally planted as a shade tree. The leaf-buds and
bark are medicinal, the first named having been much used in
former times as a household remedy.
Populus deltoides Marsh, (triangular; referring to the shape
of the leaves).
Populus monilifera Ait.
Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar.
Borders of streams and in wet ground. Frequent in the
valleys of the Connecticut, Farmington and Housatonic
Rivers ; rare or occasional elsewhere. April — May.
A strong, rapidly growing tree, often planted as a shade
tree, and on the western prairies for wind-breaks.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I43
Populus nigra L. (black).
Black Poplar.
Rare. Roadsides and river banks as an escape from culti-
vation: Preston and East Lyme (Graves). April — May,
Adventive from Europe.
Has been more or less planted in this country as an orna-
mental tree for more than a hundred years. It grows more
slowly than the Cottonwood.
The var. italica Du Roi, Populus dilatata L., Lombardy
Poplar, was formerly much planted for ornament and has
rarely escaped to roadsides and river banks: Lyme (Graves
& Bissell), East Windsor (Bissell), Southington (Andrews
& Bissell), Berlin and Cheshire (Andrews), Newtown (Har-
ger), Sherman (Eames).
The variety is a quick-growing tree of striking habit, but
in this climate it is short-lived.
MYRICACEAE. SWEET GALE FAMILY.
MYRICA L.
Myrica Gale L. (classical name).
Sweet Gale. Dutch or Bog Myrtle. Golden Osier.
Swamps and borders of ponds and streams. Occasional
or local in the northern part of the state, becoming rare south-
ward ; not reported from the vicinity of the coast. April.
The leaves and buds are aromatic and medicinal.
Myrica carolinensis Mill.
Myrica cerifera of Gray's Manual ed. 6, in great part.
Bayberry. Candlewood. Waxberry. Wax Myrtle.
Frequent or common. Dry fields and pastures, sand
plains and sea shores. Late May — June ; fruit Sept., per-
sisting through the winter.
The berries yield a wax or tallow, somewhat used for
making candles which burn with a faintly aromatic odor. One
bushel of berries is said to yield four lbs. of wax. The leaves
and the bark of the roots are somewhat medicinal.
Myrica asplenifolia L. (having leaves like Asplenium, the
Spleenwort).
Comptonia peregrina Coulter.
144 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Sweet Fern.
Common. Dry or sterile ground. May ; fruit July — Aug.
The leaves and the tops have some reputation for medicinal
properties.
JUGLANDACEAE. WALNUT FAMILY.
JUGLANS L. Walnut.
Juglans cinerea L. (ashy).
Butternut. White Walnut. Oil Nut.
Frequent. Roadsides and rocky woods, generally in dry
ground. May ; fruit Oct.
The nuts are edible and are much gathered. The husks
were formerly used in dyeing cloth yellow. The bark is some-!
times used in tanning, and sugar can be obtained from the sap.i
The wood is employed in the interior finish of houses and for-,
furniture. The bark of the root is medicinal and is officinal.,
Juglans nigra L. (black).
Black Walnut.
Rare. Roadsides and rocky hillsides, in most localities
derived from planted trees: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers),
East Hartford (H. S. Clark), Newington (Bissell), Southing-
ton (Andrews & Bissell), Seymour and Southbury (Harger),
Trumbull and Easton (Fames). Probably native at North
Canaan (Bissell). May ; fruit Oct. For the most part adven-
tive from the West.
The nuts are edible. The wood is valued for cabinet work,
for the interior finish of houses, for gunstocks and in ship-
building.
CARYA Nutt. Hickory.
A very important group of trees on account of the value of
their timber and nuts. Hickory wood has great strength com-
'bined with elasticity and is extensively used in the manufac-
ture of carriages, wagons and farming implements ; also for axe,
pick and other tool handles. When exposed to the weather, how-
ever, it should be painted, as otherwise it is liable to quick decay.
Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch (egg-shaped).
Carya alba Nutt.
Hicoria ovata Britton.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I45
Shag-bark or Shell-bark Hickory, Walnut.
Frequent or common. Woods and fields, in either moist
or dry ground. Late May — early June ; fruit Oct.
The most valuable of our native nut trees both for its
timber and its fruit. The nut is the common Hickory Nut of
the markets.
Carya alba (L.) K. Koch (white).
Carya tomentosa Nutt.
Hicoria alba Britton.
Mocker Nut. White-heart Hickory.
Occasional or frequent. Rocky woods and pastures, mostly
in dry ground. Early June ; fruit Oct.
The timber is nearly equal to that of the Shag-bark Hick-
ory, the nuts not as good.
Carya microcarpa Nutt. (small-fruited).
Hicoria microcarpa Britton.
Small-fruited Hickory. Little Pignut Hickory.
Rocky woods and hillsides in either dry or moist ground.
Occasional or frequent along or near the coast, apparently not
extending far inland. Late May — early June ; fruit Oct.
The nuts are usually bitter. The open or half-open husks
often hang on the tree through the following summer.
Carya glabra (Mill.) Spach (smooth).
Carya porcina Nutt.
Hicoria glabra Britton.
Pignut or Broom Hickory. Pignut.
Occasional or frequent. Rocky woods and hillside pas-
tures. Late May — early June ; fruit Oct.
The nuts, usually bitter though sometimes sweet, are of
little value. The timber is equal in value to that of the Shag-
bark Hickory.
Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch (heart-shaped).
Carya amara Nutt.
Hicoria minima Britton.
Bitter Nut or Swamp Hickory.
Occasional. Wet woods and banks of streams. Late May
— June; fruit Oct.
Nuts very bitter, inedible.
146 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
BETULACEAE. BIRCH FAMILY.
CORYLUS L. Hazelnut. Filbert.
Corylus americana Walt.
Hazelnut or Wild Hazelnut. Hazel.
Frequent or common. Woods, thickets, pastures and road-
sides, mostly in dry ground. March — April ; fruit Sept.
The nuts of this and the following species are well flavored
and edible and are gathered to some extent.
Corylus rostrata Ait. (beaked).
Beaked Hazelnut. Filbert.
Woods, thickets and hillside pastures in dry ground. Rare
on or near the coast, occasional elsewhere. April ; fruit Sept.
OSTRYA Scop. Hop Hornbeam. Ironwood.
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch.
Ostrya virginica Willd.
American Hop Hornbeam. Leverwood. Ironwood. Deer-
wood.
Frequent. Rocky woods and thickets. May ; fruit July —
Aug.
The wood is hard and exceedingly tough, used for handles
of tools, mallets and other small articles. The bark is medici-
nal.
CARPINUS L. Hornbeam. Ironwood.
Carpinus caroliniana Walt.
American Hornbeam. Blue or Water Beech.
Frequent or common. Woods, thickets and banks of
streams. May ; fruit July — Aug.
Tlie wood is close-grained and hard, of value for tool
handles, etc.
BETULA L. Birch.
The birches, while not as a rule good timber trees, are yet of
great use to man. The wood is generally light in color and weight,
but tough and well suited for the making of many small articles.
It is also good fuel and makes excellent charcoal.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I47
Betula lenta L. (tough).
Cherry, Sweet or Black Birch.
Frequent or common. Woods, in either dry rocky or rich
moist ground. May ; fruit Oct.
The wood is extensively used in cabinet work. It also
yields an oil which is practically identical with the oil of
wintergreen, is of much medicinal value and is officinal. A
beer is made from the fermented sap.
Betula lutea Michx. f. (yellow).
Yellow or Gray Birch.
Occasional or frequent. Rich or rocky woods and in
swamps. May ; fruit Oct.
A handsome tree furnishing timber of considerable value,
used in cabinet work, for boxes, etc.
Betula populifolia Marsh, (poplar-leaved).
White, Gray or Old Field Birch.
Common. Woods, clearings, pastures and roadsides,
mostly in dry sterile ground. May ; fruit Sept. — Oct.
Usually the first tree to take possession of abandoned fields.
The wood is largely used in making spools.
Betula alba L. (white), var. papyrif era (Marsh.) Spach (paper-
bearing).
Betula papyrif era Marsh.
Paper, Canoe or White Birch.
Rich woods and rocky hillsides. Rare near the coast:
Lyme (Graves), Huntington (Fames). Becoming occasional
northward and frequent in Litchfield County. May; fruit
Sept.
In northern countries the wood and bark of this species
are put to the greatest variety of uses. The wood is made
into furniture, dishes, spoons, bowls and other wooden ware,
ox yokes, shoes, casks and hoops ; the brushwood makes
wicker fences, thatch and brooms ; the bark is used for tan-
ning ; the North American Indians manufactured their canoes
of it and employed it in many other ways ; the sap of this and
other species is sometimes made into a kind of wine ; the leaves
afford a yellow dye.
148 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Betula alba L., var. cordifolia (Regel) Fernald (having heart-
shaped leaves).
Paper, Canoe or White Birch.
Rare. Rocky hillsides: Union, at Bald Hill (Bissell,
Graves), Goshen (Bissell). May; fruit Sept,
Betula pumila L. (dv^arf).
Low or Swamp Birch.
Swamps and wet ground. Local and apparently confined
to the northwestern part of the state: Cornwall (E. E. Brew-
ster), Salisbury (Bissell). May; fruit Sept.
ALNUS Hill. Alder.
Alnus incana (L.) Moench (hoary).
Alder. Speckled or Hoary Alder.
Swamps and borders of streams. Local or occasional ex-
cept in the southeastern part of the state where it is rare.
April ; fruit Sept.
The wood of this and the following species is a source of
gunpowder charcoal, and is said to be valuable also because
of its durability in water. The bark has medicinal properties.
Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. (wrinkled).
Alnus serrulata Willd.
Alder. Smooth or Tag Alder.
Frequent or common. Swamps and borders of ponds and
streams. March — April ; fruit Sept. — Oct.
Intermediate forms occur that are apparently hybrids be-
tween this and the preceding species.
FAGACEAE. BEECH FAMILY.
FAGUS L. Beech.
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (large-leaved).
Fagus ferruginea Ait.
Fagus americana Sweet.
Beech. American Beech.
Occasional or frequent. Woods and banks in either dry
or moist ground. May ; fruit Sept. — Oct.
Rarely matures perfect fruit here. The timber, hard and
close-grained but rather brittle, is used sparingly for tool
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 149
handles. The wood is not durable in contact with the soil,
but is remarkably lasting when immersed in water, hence is
largely used in making dams, sluices, etc. The purest creo-
sote for medicinal use is obtained from beech wood. A beauti-
ful tree at all seasons of the year.
CASTANEA Hill. Chestnut.
Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. (toothed).
Castanea sativa Mill., var. americana Sarg.
Chestnut.
Common. Rich woods or often in drier ground. Late
June — mid-July ; fruit late Sept. — Oct.
The nuts are sweet and edible and are extensively gathered
for market. The timber is of much value, very durable in
contact with the soil, and used especially for poles, piling and
railroad ties. One of our most abundant and valuable forest
trees. The burs furnish a lampblack used in painting, and
contain a dark brown dye. The bark and leaves are somewhat
medicinal.
QUERCUS L. Oak.
A large genus of very valuable trees, whose timber and
bark are among the most important products of the forest.
Oak wood possesses in a high degree strength, solidity, dura-
bility and resistance to water, and is largely used in ship
building and mill and bridge construction. In the making of
furniture also and the interior finish of houses it is very ex-
tensively employed. The bark of many species is much used
in tanning. Oak trees are famous for their picturesque beauty
and dignity, and it is a pity that so few large old specimens
are preserved. They are among the most valued trees on estates
and country places; in fact any farm is enhanced in value by
the possession of a few old oaks.
Quercus alba L. (white).
White Oak.
Common. Moist or dry ground and in various soils. Mid-
May — June ; fruit Sept. — Oct.
The most valuable of the oaks both for timber and for
150 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuIl.
tanning. The bark is rich in tannin, is of medicinal vakie and
is officinal. The acorns are sometimes roasted and used as
a substitute for coffee.
Quercus stellata Wang, (star-shaped).
Quercus minor Sarg.
Post Oak. Iron Oak.
Local. Usually in rocky ground on and near the coast :
East Lyme and Old Lyme (Graves), Branford (Andrews),
New Haven (C. K. Averill, Eames, Harger), Orange and
Milford (C. K. Averill, Andrews, Bissell), and westward
(Eames). Extending inland as far as Hamden, on Mt.
Carmel (A. E. Blewitt), and Huntington, at 350 ft. elevation
(Eames). May; fruit Oct.
The wood is very hard, heavy and strong. In Connecticut
only a small tree.
Quercus macrocarpa Michx. (large-fruited).
Bur Oak. Over-cup or Mossy-cup Oak.
Rich soil in bottom lands or swampy places. Rare or local
and confined to the northwestern part of the state : Canaan (J,
H. Putnam & Bissell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May;
fruit Sept. — Oct.
The wood is heavy and hard, similar to and often sold as
that of the White Oak.
Quercus bicolor Willd. (tw^o-colored).
Quercus platanoides Sudworth.
Swamp White Oak.
Frequent. Swamps and wet woods. May ; fruit Sept. —
Oct.
The wood is heavy and strong, furnishing a good quality
of timber.
Quercus Muhlenbergii Engelm.
Quercus acuminata Houba.
Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak.
Rare, Calcareous ridges in the northwestern part of the
state: Canaan (C. K. Averill), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
Also along the Housatonic River in Kent (E. H. Austin &
Eames), New Milford (C. K, Averill & E. H. Austin), and
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I5I
bordering tide water in Milford (Eames). May; fruit Sept.
— Oct.
The wood is very heavy, hard and durable.
Quercus prinoides Willd.( like Ouercus Prinus, the Chestnut
Oak).
Scrub Chestnut Oak. Chinquapin Oak.
Occasional or frequent. Dry woods, thickets and hillside
pastures, and sometimes in open sandy ground. May ; fruit
Sept.— Oct.
Quercus Prinus L. (classical name for an evergreen oak).
Chestnut or Rock Chestnut Oak.
Rocky ridges and hillsides. Occasional near the coast;
frequent or common elsewhere. May ; fruit Sept, — Oct.
The wood is durable in contact with the soil, ranking
among the oaks next to that of the White Oak for railroad
ties. The bark is rich in tannin and is much used in tanning
leather,
Quercus rubra L. (red).
Red or Champion Oak.
Frequent. Woods in all soils and various situations.
May ; fruit Sept. — Oct.
The timber of this species as well as that of Quercus coc-
cinea and Quercus velutina is relatively poor, but is more used
than formerly on account of the scarcity of better. The bark
of all three species is used in tanning and also contains a dye.
Quercus palustris Muench, (of swamps).
Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak.
Swamps and borders of ponds and streams. Common in
the Connecticut River valley and near the coast in south-
western Connecticut ; occasional or local elsewhere. May ;
fruit Sept.— Oct.
The timber is relatively of a poor quality. Grows more
rapidly than most other species of oak and is often planted
as a shade or ornamental tree,
Quercus coccinea Muench. ( scarlet).
Scarlet Oak.
Frequent. Moist or dry woodlands. May; fruit Sept, —
Oct.
The foliage takes a very brilliant color in autumn.
152 CONNECTICUT GEOL: AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Quercus velutina Lam. (velvety).
Quercus coccinea Muench., var. tinctoria A. DC.
Quercitron, Yellow-barked or Black Oak.
Occasional or frequent. Dry or gravelly uplands. May;
fruit Sept.— Oct.
Quercus ilicifolia Wang, (holly-leaved).
Quercus nana Sarg.
Bear or Black Scrub Oak.
Dry sandy or rocky sterile ground. Rare in the north-
western part of the state ; local, frequent or common else-
where. May ; fruit Sept. — Oct.
URTICACEAE. NETTLE FAMILY.
ULMUS L. Elm.
Ulmus fulva ]\Iichx. (tawny).
Slippery, Red, Rock, Sweet, Moose, Indian or Tawny Elm.
Rare to frequent. Dry or moist rocky woods and near
streams. April, rarely earlier.
The wood is hard, strong, durable in contact with the soil ;
of value for wheel-stock, fence posts, etc., and sometimes pre-
ferred for ox-yokes. The inner bark is extensively used in
medicine.
Ulmus campestris L. (of fields).
English or European Elm.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides in Hamden,
at Mt. Carmel (A. H. Graves), Oxford (Harger), and Sahs-
bury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), in horticultural forms. April —
May. Adventive from Europe.
Sometimes planted as an ornamental tree.
Ulmus americana L.
American, White, Common, Water, Swamp, Shade, Weeping
or Feathered Elm.
Common. Woods, fields, roadsides and along streams.
April, rarely earlier.
The wood is hard, strong and tough; valued for wheel-
stock, boats and ship building. One of our most beautiful
trees and extensively planted for shade or ornament.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I53
Ulmus alata Michx. (winged).
Wahoo, Winged or Witch Elm.
Rare. Spread from cultivation to roadsides and fence-
rows : Old Lyme (H. S. Clark), Plainville (J. N. Bishop).
May. Adventive from the South.
Often planted as a shade tree in the South.
CELTIS L. Hackberry. Nettle Tree.
Celtis occidentalis L. (western).
Hackberry. Sugarberry. American Nettle Tree. False Elm.
Hoop Ash.
Occasional to frequent. Dry or poor soils, especially in
river valleys and along the coast. May ; fruit Sept., and often
persisting through the winter.
The var. pumila Muhl. (dwarf) is rare or occasional in
the Housatonic River Valley in Kent, New Milford and New-
town (Eames), and Oxford (Harger, Eames).
A small tree of natural beauty, but the leaves and small
branches are usually much galled by insects. The wood is
soft, weak, elastic, and easily splits, and is of little value. The
bark is medicinal. The fruit is edible.
CANNABIS L. Hemp.
Cannabis sativa L. (sown).
Common Hemp.
Rare or occasional. Waste places throughout. July —
Sept. Adventive or naturalized from Asia.
Grown in India, it is officinal as Cannabis indica, has very
marked medicinal properties, and is the source of the intoxi-
cant " hashish." Its fibre is one of the important textile pro-
ducts, valuable for coarse cloth, cordage, etc., and its seeds
yield an oil used in paints, soap and culinary preparations.
HUMULUS L. Hop.
Humulus Lupulus L. (from Lupus, its classical name).
Common Hop.
Occasional. River banks, woods and waste places, often
as an escape from cultivation. July — Aug. ; fruit Sept.
The strobiles are used in the manufacture of beer, ale and
yeast ; also in medicine and are officinal. A good arbor-plant.
154 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Humulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc.
Japanese Hop.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation into waste ground: New-
London (Graves), Hartford (H. S. Clark & Bissell), Bridge-
port and Fairfield (Eames). Aug. — Sept. Adventive from
Japan.
Recently introduced into cultivation and becoming popular
as an arbor-plant.
MACLURA Nutt. Osage Orange. Bois d'Arc.
Madura pomifera (Raf.) Schneider (pome-bearing).
Madura aurantiaca Nutt.
Toxylon pomiferuni Sarg.
Osage or Mock Orange or Apple. Bow-wood.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation into roadsides and
neglected places: Water ford (Graves), East Haven (D. C.
Eaton), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Kent (C. K. Averill).
June. Native of the Southwest.
The wood is durable in contact with the soil and is valued
for fence posts. Formerly planted for hedges.
BROUSSONETIA L'Her.
Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent, (paper-bearing).
Paper Mulberry.
Rare. Norwalk, spontaneous in waste land (Miss A. E.
Carpenter). ]\Iay — June. Native of Asia.
MORUS L. Mulberry.
Morus rubra L. (red).
Red Mulberry.
Rare or occasional. Dry rocky woods, fields and fence-
rows. May — June; fruit July.
The wood is rather soft, coarse-grained and tough, and
is very durable in contact with the soil. The fresh fruit is'
mawkish to some palates, agreeable to others. Medicinal.
Morus alba L. (white).
White or Silkworm Mulberry.
Occasional. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides, fence-
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I55
rows and waste places. May — June; fruit late June — July.
Naturalized from the Old World.
Early in the last century extensively planted to furnish
food for silkworms, and many large old trees remain about
farmhouses. Birds and poultry are so fond of the fruit that
one or more of these trees, when properly situated, would
tend to prevent the destruction of cultivated berries maturing
during the same period.
URTICA L. Nettle.
Urtica gracilis Ait. (slender).
Slend-er or Tall Wild Nettle.
Frequent or common. Roadsides, fence-rows and waste
places. June — Aug.
A troublesome weed, best exterminated by digging.
Urtica Lyallii Wats.
Waste places, roadsides and low ground along streams.
Stafford (Graves & Bissell), Southington (Andrews), New-
town (Eames) ; and probably occurring throughout the state,
as the species has been confused with Urtica gracilis. July —
Aug.
Urtica dioica L. (dioecious).
Stinging or Great Nettle.
Rare. Waste places in rich soil: Guilford (G. H. Bart-
lett), Seymour (Harger), North Canaan (M. B. Tobey).
June — Aug. Adventive from Europe.
The plant is medicinal.
Urtica urens L. (burning).
Small or Dwarf Nettle.
Rare. Waste places, cultivated ground and about farm-
yards : Groton and Lebanon (Graves), New London (D. C.
Eaton), Southington (Andrews), Woodbridge (A. W.
Evans). June — Aug. Adventive from Europe.
The plant is medicinal.
LAPORTEA Gaud. Wood Nettle.
Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud.
Urticastritm divaricatum Kuntze.
Wood or Canada Nettle. Albany Hemp.
156 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Occasional or frequent. Moist rich woods and partial
shade. July — Aug.
PILEA Lindl. Richweed. Clearweed.
Pilea pumila (L.) Gray (dwarf).
Adicea pumila Raf.
Clearweed. Coolweed. Stingless Nettle.
Frequent. Moist rich woods and shaded places. Aug. —
Sept.
An objectionable weed in lawns and about dwellings. The
bruised plant is sometimes applied for the relief of inflamma-
tion and poisoning by species of Rims.
BOEHMERIA Jacq. False Nettle.
Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. (cylindrical).
False Nettle.
Frequent. Moist rich woods and along streams. July —
Aug.
Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw., var. scabra Porter (rough).
Rare. Rich woods: Southington (Bissell), Bridgeport (I.
Holden & Baker), Fairfield (Fames). July — Aug.
PARIETARIA L. Pellitory.
Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl.
Pellitory.
Rare or local. Rich damp shaded soil about rocks and
ledges. Seldom seen, though knowai to occur at wide intervals
throughout the state. May — Sept.
SANTALACEAE. SANDALWOOD FAMILY.
COMANDRA Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax.
Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. (umbellate). *
Bastard Toad-flax.
Frequent. Dry woods, thickets and more open places.
May — June.
LORANTHACEAE. MISTLETOE FAMILY.
ARCEUTHOBIUM Bieb.
Arceuthobium pusillum Peck (very small).
Razoiimofskya piisilla Kuntze.
Dwarf Mistletoe.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 1 57
Rare or local. Parasitic on Black Spruce : Norfolk, at
1400 ft. elevation, and Salisbury, about Bingham Pond at an
altitude of 1800 ft. (H. S. Clark & Bissell), Kent, about Spec-
tacle Ponds, where at an altitude of 1,200 ft. it also occurs on
Tamaracks (Eames & E. H. Austin). April — May; fruit
Sept.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. BIRTHWORT FAMILY.
ASARUM L. Asarabacca. Wild Ginger.
Asarum canadense L.
Wild Ginger or Ginger-root. Sweet, False or Canada Colts-
foot. Heart Snakeroot.
Rich rocky woods. Rare in the southeastern part of the
state and near the coast, occasional to locally common else-
where. Mid-April — May.
The van REFLEXUM (Bicknell) Robinson (bent backward),
Asarum reflexum Bicknell, and the var. acuminatum Ashe
(taper-pointed), Asarum acuminatum Bicknell, occur with the
species or alone, the former in its most distinct condition in
the southwestern part of the state.
Readily cultivated, and makes a pleasing ground covering
in rich shaded places. The rhizome is used medicinally and an
oil from it is used in perfumery.
ARISTOLOCHIA L. Birthwort.
Aristolochia Serpentaria L. (pertaining to a serpent).
Snakeroot. Virginia or Fine Snakeroot.
Dry rocky woods. Rare or local over most of its range:
East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), East Haddam (Dr. E. J.
Thompson, Graves), Haddam (D. C. Eaton), Meriden (W.
A. Russell), Southington (C. D. Bishop), Naugatuck (J.
Nichols), Oxford and Southbury (Harger), Newtown
(Eames). Occasional toward the coast westward. Mid-
June — ^July.
The aromatic roots are medicinal and are officinal.
POLYGONACEAE. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.
RUMEX L. Dock. Sorrel.
Rumex Patientia L. (patience).
Patience or Spring Dock. Garden or Herb Patience.
158 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
Rare. Alluvial or waste ground: Lyme (Graves), Sey-
mour (Harger). May — June. Adventive from Europe.
Sometimes cultivated for spring greens.
Rumex Britannica L.
Great Water Dock. Horse Dock.
Occasional. Swamps, fresh and brackish marshes and
shallow water along streams. July — Aug.
Rumex crispus L. (curled).
Curled, Curly, Yellow or Narrow Dock.
Common. Waste places, fields and meadows, especially
in moist situations. June — July. Naturalized from Europe.
A troublesome weed in grasslands and grain fields. The
leaves are often used as a pot-herb. The root is of value in
medicine, and is in popular use as a blood purifier.
Rumex elongatus Guss. (lengthened).
Fields and waste ground. Southington (Andrews), and
probably elsewhere, as the species has been confused with
Rumex crisptis and is presumed to occur occasionally with it.
June — July. Adventive from Europe.
Rumex mexicanus Meisn.
Rumex salicifolius of Gray's Manual ed. 6, in part, not
Weinm.
Rare. Waterbury, in waste ground (B. B. Bristol, A. E.
Blewitt). July. Adventive or fugitive from the North or !
West.
Rumex altissimus Wood (tallest).
Tall, Pale or Peach-leaved Dock.
Rare. Waste ground: Plainfield (J. L. Sheldon), New
London (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Farmington (A.
W. Driggs), Waterbury (J. M. Richardson), Naugatuck (B.
B. Bristol), Stratford (Mrs. R. H. Russell). July. In Con-
necticut probably adventive from the West.
Rumex verticillatus L. (whorled).
Swamp Dock.
Rare. Open low or swampy ground along the Connecticut
River: Lyme (Graves), Haddam and East Hartford (Weath-
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I59
erby), Glastonbury (Bissell), Hartford (Harger, Bissell).
June — July.
Rumex obtusifolius L. (blunt-leaved).
Bitter, Broad or Blunt-leaved Dock.
Common. Fields, waste places and about habitations.
June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe.
The root is medicinal.
Rumex Acetosa L. (sour).
Sorrel or Belleville Dock. Cock, Garden or Meadow Sorrel.
Rare. In grassland: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers),
Southington (Bissell, Andrews), Litchfield (W. Buell). May
— June. Adventive from Europe.
Sometimes cultivated for spring greens.
Rumex Acetosella L. (diminutive of Acetosa).
Sheep, Red, Field, Common, House or Cow Sorrel. Sour
Grass.
Common. Fields, waste places and cultivated ground,
usually in poor neglected soil. April — June. Naturalized
from Europe.
Often a troublesome weed, especially in lawns where it
persists even when frequently cut. The leaves are eaten by
children, but are poisonous when eaten freely. Sometimes
used for spring greens. Medicinal.
POLYGONUM L. Knotweed.
Polygonum exsertum Small (protruding).
Rare. Salt and brackish marshes: East Haven (Harger,
A. L. Winton), Orange (Bissell), Westport and Stamford
(Fames & C. C. Godfrey). Fruit Sept. — Oct.
Polygonum prolificum (Small) Robinson (producing off-
spring; fruitful).
Polygonum ramosissimnm Michx., var. prolificum Small.
Occasional eastward and frequent or locally common west-
ward in marshes and on shores along the coast; also occurs
along a moist roadside in Litchfield (Bissell). Fruit Aug. —
Oct.
l6o CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Polygonum aviculare L. (pertaining to birds).
Doorweed. Knotweed. Wire, Goose, Way, Knot or Crab
Grass. Bird's-tongue.
Common. Yards, waste places, roadsides and cultivated
grounds. June — Oct.
A pernicious weed in lawns, often taking complete posses-
sion. The seeds are eaten by certain birds ; the Chinese also
extract a blue dye from the plant.
Polygonum aviculare L., var. littorale (Link) Koch (of the
sea-shore).
Polygonum littorale Link.
Shore Knotweed.
Occasional on edges of salt marshes and on gravelly shores
near the coast. July — Sept.
Polygonum aviculare L., var. vegetum Ledeb. (vigorous).
This variety has been collected at a few localities and
doubtless occurs occasionally with the typical form. Its dis-
tribution is not known. July — Sept.
Polygonum erectum L. (erect).
Erect Knotweed or Goose Grass.
Frequent. Roadsides and waste places. July — Sept.
Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. (much-branched).
Bushy Knotweed.
Rare. Roadside in Ansonia, probably introduced from the
West (Harger). Aug. — Oct. Native in the West.
The forma atlanticum Robinson, our native representa-
tive of this species, is frequent about the borders of salt
meadows and on tidal shores along the coast.
Polygonum tenue Michx. (slender).
Slender Knotweed.
Frequent. Dry sterile fields and open sandy or rocky
places. July — Sept.
Polygonum lapathifolium L. (dock-leaved).
Polygonum lapathifolium L., var. incarnatum Wats.
Polygonum incarnatum of authors and ( ?) Ell.
Dock-leaved, Pale or Willow Persicaria.
Rare, local or occasional. Waste places and banks of
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 161
rivers and ponds throughout. July — Aug. Perhaps in part
naturalized from Europe.
Polygonum amphibium L. (growing on land or in water
equally well).
Water Persicaria.
Rare or local. Ponds and lakes: Preston (Graves), East
Haven (D. C. Eaton, Eames), Milford (Harger), Southing-
ton (Andrews, Bissell), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour), Ridgefield
and Kent (Eames), SaHsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell).
Aug. — Sept.
The var. terrestre Leers (terrestial) occurs rarely on
borders of ponds.
The var. Hartwrightii (Gray) Bissell, Polygonum Hart-
zvrightii Gray, is rare or local on borders of ponds : Preston
and Griswold (Graves), Southington (Andrews & Bissell),
Norfolk (J. H. Barbour), Salisbury (Bissell).
This species is remarkably variable according to the con-
ditions under which it grows. Intergrading forms connect
the typical form with the varieties and apparently with the
following species also.
Polygonum Muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats.
Polygonum emersum Britton.
Banks and shallow water about marshes, ponds and
streams. Frequent along the Connecticut River ; rare or local
elsewhere. Aug. — Sept.
Polygonum pennsylvanicum L.
Common or Pink Persicaria. Pink Knotweed.
Frequent. Aloist rich soil in open situations. July — Oct.
Often a troublesome weed.
Polygonum Careyi Olney.
Rare, Moist or wet sandy soil about ponds and in open
swamps: Ellington (F, M, Pease), East Hartford (Weath-
erby), East Windsor, Windsor and Simsbury (Bissell), South-
ington (Andrews, Bissell), Waterbury (Andrews), Oxford
and Beacon Falls (Harger), Milford and Stratford (Eames).
July — Sept.
l62 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY [Bull.
Polygonum Hydropiper L. (its classical name).
Common Smartweed or Water Pepper. Bite-tongue.
Frequent. Open wet rich soil. July — Oct.
In popular use medicinally, and in veterinary practice as a
counter-irritant.
Polygonum acre HBK. (acrid; biting).
Polygonum punctatum Ell.
Smartweed. Water Smartweed.
About ponds, pools, swamps and wet places, especially in
woods and shaded situations. Southington, rare (Bissell,
Andrews) ; frequent in the southern part of the state. July —
Sept.
Medicinal like Polygonum Hydropiper.
Polygonum acre HBK., var. leptostachyum Meisn. (slender-
spiked).
Polygonum punctatum Ell., var. leptostachyum Small.
Rare or local. Shallow water about ponds, swamps and
banks of streams: Waterford (Graves), Lyme (Bissell), East
Hartford and Simsbury (Weatherby), Southington (Andrews,
Bissell), Stratford (Eames), Waterbury (Andrews). July —
Sept.
Polygonum orientale L. (eastern).
Ragged Sailor. Kiss-me-over-the-Fence. Prince's Feather.
Rare or occasional. Waste places as an escape from old
gardens. July — Sept. Adventive from India.
An old-fashioned plant still frequent in cultivation.
Polygonum Persicaria L. (like a Peach-tree ; referring to the
shape of the leaves).
Lady's Thumb. Heartweed. Heart's-ease. Pinkweed. Red-
shank.
Common. Cultivated grounds, fields, roadsides and waste
places. June — Oct. Naturalized from Europe.
Sometimes a troublesome weed. Medicinal.
Polygonum hydropiperoides ]\Iichx. (like Polygonum Hjdro-
piper, the Water Pepper).
Smartweed. Water Smartweed. Mild Water Pepper.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I63
Frequent. Shallow water of swamps, margins of ponds
and streams. July — Sept.
Polygonum virginianum L.
Frequent. Woods and thickets in rich soil. July — Sept.
Polygonum arifolium L. (arum-leaved).
Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb. Scratch or Sickle Grass.
Occasional. Swamps, wet woods and thickets. July —
Oct.
Sometimes used medicinally.
Polygonum sagittatum L. (arrow-head shaped).
Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. Scratch Grass.
Frequent. Swamps and wet places. June — Oct.
Polygonum Convolvulus L. (like Convolvulus, the Bindweed).
Wild Buckwheat. Black, Corn, Sow or Blackbird Bindweed.
Frequent or common. Cultivated or waste grounds. June
— Oct. Naturalized from Europe.
Polygonum cilinode Michx. (having fringed nodes).
Fringed Black Bindweed.
Rocky woods and more open places. Rare over most of
its range: North Stonington (Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E.
Rogers), Farmington (Weatherby), New Haven, Seymour
and Naugatuck (Harger), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Ham-
den and Monroe (Eames). Occasional throughout northern
Litchfield County. June. — Sept.
The var. erectum Peck (upright), var. breve Peck, occurs
with the species in Litchfield County.
Sometimes used as a cover-plant for rocks.
Polygonum scandens L. (climbing).
Polygonum dumetorum L., var. scandens Gray.
Climbing False or Wild Buckwheat. Hedge, Bush or Thicket
Bindweed.
Common. Thickets and waste places. Aug. — Oct.
I
IPolygonum dumetorum L. (of thickets).
Bush or Thicket Buckwheat or Bindweed.
Rare. On ledges or rocky banks, in open woods or partial
] shade: Stratford, Trumbull and Huntington (Eames), Wood-
164 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
bury (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), New Milford (Eames & E.
H. Austin), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Also in waste
ground at Hartford (H. S. Clark). Aug. — Oct. Except in
the last locality it appears to be native. Specimens from Mil-
ford (Eames) show a transitional form approaching the forma
cristatnm (Engelm. & Gray) Robinson, Polygoumn crista-
tum Engelm. & Gray.
Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. (sharp-pointed).
Polygonum Zticcarinii Small.
Japanese Knotweed.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to Avaste places : Stoning-
ton and New London (Graves), New Haven (J. N. Bishop),
Simsbury (Bissell), Bridgeport (Eames). Sept. Adventive
from Japan.
An effective plant in masses, producing abundant bloom.
Polygonum sachalinense Schmidt.
Sacaline.
Rare. Tolland, well established in a field and along ay
roadside (Weatherby & Bissell). Aug. — Sept. Native of
eastern Asia.
A coarse forage and ornamental plant recently introduced
into this country ; perfectly hardy, but of little value where
other crops can be grown.
FAGOPYRUM Hill. Buckwheat.
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (eatable).
Fagopyniin Fagopyrum Karst.
Buckwheat. Beech-wheat. I
Occasional. Fields and roadsides, escaping from cultiva-
tion but not persisting. June — Oct. ; fruit Aug. — Oct. Fugi-
tive from Europe.
Cultivated for its seeds which are ground for food or fed
to poultry. The flowers are much frequented by honey-bees.
POLYGONELLA Michx. Jointwecd.
Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisn. (jointed).
Sand, Coast or Seaside Jointweed or Knot Grass.
Frequent on barren sands in the Connecticut Valley and
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. l6S
the southeastern part of the state, as well as the coastal dunes
and beaches throughout ; occasional or rare elsewhere in simi-
lar situations. Mid-July — Oct.
CHENOPODIACEAE. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.
CYCLOLOMA Moq. Winged Pigweed.
Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coulter (having leaves
like Atriplex).
Cycloloma platyphyllum Moq.
Cycloloma. Winged Pigweed.
Rare. Hamden, in dry ground (Miss Edwards, J. N.
Bishop). July — Aug. Fugitive from the West.
KOCHIA Roth.
Kochia Scoparia (L.) Schrad. (broom-like).
Mexican Fire Plant. Mock Cypress.
Rare. Hartford, escaped from cultivation to waste ground
(H. S. Clark & Weatherby). Sept. Fugitive or adventive
from Europe.
Cultivated for its brilliant autumnal foliage.
CHENOPODIUM L. Goosefoot. Pigweed.
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (like Ambrosia, the Ragweed).
Wormseed. Mexican Tea. Sweet Pigweed.
Waste places and roadsides. Rare or local, or in populous
districts even frequent or common. Aug. — Oct. Naturalized
from tropical America.
The seeds are sometimes used medicinally and were
formerly officinal.
Chenopodium ambrosioides L., var. anthelminticum (L.) Gray
(opposed to worms).
Chenopodium anthelminticum L.
Wormseed.
Rare. Bridgeport, in waste ground (Fames). Aug. —
Oct. Adventive from tropical America.
Chenopodium Botrys L. (a cluster of grapes ; referring to the
shape of the inflorescence).
Feather Geranium. Wormseed. Jerusalem Oak. Ambrosia.
Ambrose.
l66 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Waste places and roadsides. Rare in most districts : Nor-
wich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Hart-
ford (H. S. Clark), Plainville (Bissell), Southington (An-
drews), Oxford (Harger), New Milford (C. K. Averill).
Occasional at New London (Graves), and throughout the
southwestern part of the state (Eames). July — Sept.
Naturalized from Europe.
The seeds are sometimes used medicinally.
Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Aschers. (having heads; refer-
ring to the clusters of fruit).
Blituni capitatum L.
Strawberry Elite or Spinach.
Rare. Waterbury, in waste ground (J. M. Richardson),
Huntington, a few plants in dry 'soil near the Housatonic
River (Miss A. Wakely). June — July.
Fugitive from the West or from Europe.
Sometimes cultivated as a pot-herb.
Chenopodium rubrum L. (red).
Red or Coast Goosefoot or Elite.
Rare on salt marshes: Guilford (G. H. Eartlett), Fairfield
(Eames ) . Aug. — Oct.
Chenopodium glaucum L. (glaucous).
Oak-leaved Goosefoot.
Local. Bridgeport, plentiful along a sandy roadside
(Eames). Aug. — Oct. Adventive from Europe.
Chenopodium hybridum L. (mongrel).
Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Sowbane.
Occasional. Roadsides, waste places and river banks. July
— Oct. Native, or in part naturalized from Europe.
Chenopodium album L. (white).
Pigweed. White Goosefoot. Lamb's Quarters. Wild Spinach.
Common. Waste places, on sandy shores and as a weed
in cultivated ground. June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
The var. viride Moq. (green) is frequent with the typical
form.
Sometimes troublesome as a weed. Occasionally used as
a pot-herb.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 167
Chenopodium murale L. (of walls).
Nettle-leaved Goosefoot. Sowbane.
Rare. Waste places : New London, as a gutter-weed
(Graves), New Haven (W. A. Setchell), Fairfield (Eames).
June — Sept. Adventive from Europe.
Chenopodium urbicum L. (of the city).
City or Upright Goosefoot.
Rare. Waste places in rich soil: Ledyard (Graves), Ox-
ford (Harger), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt & Harger). Mid-
May — Aug. Adventive from Europe.
Chenopodium Boscianum Moq.
Rare. Rocky woods : Southington and Meriden (Andrews,
Bissell). Aug.— Sept.
Chenopodium leptophyllum Nutt. (slender-leaved).
Rare. Coastal beaches, sand dunes and sandy borders of
salt marshes: Groton (Graves), New Haven (F. W. Hall),
Milford (Harger, Eames), Stratford (Miss A. E. Carpenter,
Eames), Bridgeport, Westport and Norwalk (Eames). Aug.
— Sept.
BETA L. Beet.
Beta vulgaris L. (common).
Common Beet.
Rare and fugitive. Waste grounds: Bridgeport (Eames).
July. Native of southern Europe.
ATRIPLEX L. Orach.
Atriplex tatarica L.
Atriplex laciniata Koch and many authors, not L.
Rare. Naugatuck, in waste ground (A. E. Blewitt). Aug.
Fugitive from Europe.
Atriplex patula L, (spreading).
Spreading Orach.
Rare or occasional on the shores of the Sound.
The var. hastata (L.) Gray (halberd-shaped), Atriplex
hastata L., is the usual form of this variable species, and is
common on the shores of the Sound and edges of salt marshes,
l68 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
extending inland along the Connecticut River as far as Hart-
ford (H. S. Clark) ; also occurs in waste ground at Bristol
(C. D. Bishop), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt), and Litchfield
(Miss E. H. Thompson). Aug. — Sept.
The leaves are sometimes eaten as a pot-herb.
Atriplex arenaria Nutt. (of sand).
Beach Orach.
Rare or local. Sandy or gravelly shores of the Sound and
adjacent waters: Groton and Stonington (Graves), East
Haven (Harger), Milford (Eames, Harger), Stratford and
westward (Eames). Aug. — Oct.
SALICORNIA L. Samphire. Glasswort.
Salicornia mucronata Bigel. (having a short, abrupt and small
tip)._
Salicornia Bigelovii Torr.
Samphire. Glasswort. Pickle Plant.
Frequent on salt marshes along the coast. Aug. — Sept.
Sometimes gathered for pickling.
Salicornia europaea L.
Salicornia herbacea L.
Samphire. Glasswort. Pickle Plant. Chicken-toes. Crab
or Frog Grass,
Frequent or common on salt marshes and shores. Aug. —
Sept.
Often gathered for pickling.
Salicornia ambigua Michx. (doubtful).
Woody Samphire or Glasswort.
Frequent on stony shores and edges of salt marshes along^-
the coast. Aug. — Sept.
SUAEDA Forskal. Sea Elite.
Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. (of the sea-coast).
Dondia maritima Druce.
Low Sea Blite.
Occasional on stony shores along the coast and about salt
marshes and tidal rivers. July — Sept.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 169
Suaeda linearis (Ell.) Moq. (very narrow),
Dondia americana Britton, not Salsola salsa, var. americana
Pers.
Tall Sea Elite. Seaside Goosefoot.
Frequent on stony shores along the coast, about salt
marshes and near tidal rivers. Aug. — Sept.
SALSOLA L. Saltwort.
Salsola Kali L. (Arabic name).
Common or Prickly Saltwort.
Frequent on sandy shores of the Sound. July — Sept.
In Europe this species was formerly gathered and burned
for soda to be used in the manufacture of glass.
Salsola Kali L., var. tenuifolia G. F. W. Mey. (fine-leaved).
Salsola Tragus oi authors, but scarcely of L.
Russian Thistle.
Rare. Waste ground and along railroads : Hartford (H. S.
Clark & Bissell), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Naugatuck
(B, B. Bristol), Ansonia (Harger), Bridgeport (Fames),
July — Sept. Adventive from the West or from Asia.
The plant is a native of Asia, but is now a very trouble-
some weed in some parts of the West. It should always be
eradicated on its first appearance.
AMARANTHACEAE, AMARANTH FAMILY.
AMARANTHUS L. Amaranth.
Amaranthus retroflexus L. (bent backward).
Pigweed. Amaranth. Beet-root. Green Amaranth. Rough
or Common Pigweed.
Common. Waste places and cultivated ground. July —
Oct. Naturalized from tropical America.
A bad weed in cultivated ground.
Amaranthus hybridus L. (mongrel).
Pigweed. Slender Pigweed. Green Amaranth. Careless.
Frequent or common. Cultivated ground and waste places,
July — Oct. Naturalized from tropical America.
The forma hypochondriacus (L.) Robinson (curing
melancholy), Amaranthus hypochondriacus L., Prince's
170 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
Feather, is cultivated in gardens, and escapes to waste places
at Southington and Meriden (Andrews), and Bridgeport
(Eames).
The species is often a bad weed in cultivated ground.
Amaranthus paniculatus L. (panicled).
Aiiiaraiitlms hyhridus L., var. paidciilatiis U. & B.
Amaranth. Purple Amaranth.
Occasional. Roadsides, waste places and about old gardens,
especially in the more populous districts. July — Oct. Adven-
tive from tropical America.
Amaranthus graecizans L.
Amaranthus albus L.
Tumble Weed. White Amaranth or Pigweed. Bushy Pig-
weed.
Frequent. Cultivated fields and waste ground. July —
Oct.
A weed, but not usually troublesome in this state.
Amaranthus blitoides Wats, (like Blitum, the Elite).
Prostrate Amaranth.
Rare. Roadsides and waste places: Norwich (Mrs. E. E.
Rogers), New London (Graves), Hartford (H. S. Clark,
Bissell), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt & Harger), Waterbury
(A. E. Blewitt), Southbury (Harger), Milford, Bridgeport
and Norwalk (Eames). July — Sept. Adventive from the
West.
Amaranthus spinosus L. (spiny).
Spiny or Thorny Amaranth.
Rare. Waste places: New London (Graves), Norwich
(Mrs. E. E. Rogers). July — Sept. Adventive from tropical
America.
Amaranthus caudatus L. (tailed).
Prince's Feather. Love-lies-bleeding.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation into waste ground in
Bridgeport and Norwalk (Eames). Aug. Native of India.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 171
ACNIDA L. Water Hemp.
Acnida cannabina L. (like Cannabis, the Hemp).
Salt Marsh Water Hemp.
Common about salt marshes and the borders of tidal creeks
and rivers. Aug. — Sept.
Acnida tuberculata Moq. (pimply).
Acnida tamariscina Wood, var. tuberculata U. & B.
Rare. Waste ground on bank of the Connecticut River at
Hartford (Bissell), New Milford (E. H. Austin). Aug.—
Sept. Fugitive from the West.
Acnida tuberculata Moq,, var. prostrata (U. «& B.) Robinson
(prostrate).
Acnida tamariscina Wood, var. prostrata U. & B.
Rare. Cultivated ground at Oxford (Harger). Aug. —
Sept. Fugitive from the West.
PHYTOLACCACEAE. POKEWEED FAMILY.
PHYTOLACCA L. Pokeweed.
Phytolacca decandra L. (ten-stamened).
Common Pokeweed, Poke or Scoke. Garget. Pigeon Berry.
American Nightshade. Ink Berry. Red Ink Plant. Poke
Root.
Frequent. Woods, fields and waste places, especially on
burnt lands. July — Oct.
The young leaves and shoots make an excellent pot-herb,
but care must be taken to exclude any part of the root. The
berries and root have medicinal virtues and are officinal. The
root is externally applied to caked udders of cows, and the
berries are sometimes employed to color vinegar. The roots
have been mistaken for Horseradish, with fatal results, and
the plant has proved fatal to cattle eating it.
NYCTAGINACEAE. FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.
MIRABILIS L. Four-o'clock.
Mirabilis Jalapa L. (producing jalap).
Four-o'clock. Marvel of Peru.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation at Bridgeport (Fames).
Aug. — Oct. Fugitive from tropical America.
A desirable garden plant often cultivated for ornament.
172 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
OXYBAPHUS L'Her.
Oxybaphus nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet (like Nyctaginia, a
genus of this family).
Allionia nyctaginea Michx.
Umbrellawort.
Rare. Granby, in fields (I. Holcomb). June — Aug. In-
troduced from the West.
Oxybaphus hirsutus (Pursh) Sweet (hairy).
Allionia hirsuta Pursh.
Umbrellawort.
Rare. Southington, field in dry gravelly soil (Andrews).
July — Aug. Introduced from the West.
Oxybaphus linearis (Pursh) Robinson (very narrow).
Oxybaphus angustifoliiis Sweet.
Allionia linearis Pursh.
Umbrellawort.
Rare. North Haven, in sandy waste ground (A. W.
Evans). June — Aug. Introduced from the West.
ILLECEBRACEAE. KNOTWORT FAMILY.
SCLERANTHUS L. Knawel.
Scleranthus annuus L. (annual).
Knotweed. German Knot Grass. Gravel Chickweed.
Frequent. Dry, sandy or sterile fields and roadsides. May
— Nov. Naturalized from Europe.
ANYCHIA Michx. Forked Chickweed.
Anychia polygonoides Raf. (like Polygonum, the Knotweed).
Anychia dichotoma of American authors, not Michx.
Rare. Norwalk, railroad track at Wilson's Point (C. K.
Averill). June — Sept. Fugitive from the West.
Anychia canadensis (L.) BSP.
Anychia dichotoma Michx., but not of late American authors.
Anychia capillacea DC.
Forked Chickweed.
Occasional or frequent. Dry, often rocky woods. June —
Sept.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I73
AIZOACEAE. CARPET WEED FAMILY.
MOLLUGO L. Indian Chickweed.
Mollugo verticillata L. (whorled).
Carpet Weed. Indian Chickweed.
Common. Waste places, roadsides, cultivated ground and
on coastal beaches. June — Oct. Naturalized from the
warmer parts of America.
Sometimes a troublesome weed.
TETRAGONIA L.
Tetragonia expansa Murr. (spread out).
New Zealand Spinach.
Local. Waste ground : Hartford, where hundreds of
plants were growing in one locality (H. S. Clark), Fairfield
(Fames). Sept. Fugitive from Eastern Asia or New
Zealand.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE. PINK FAMILY.
SPERGULARIA J. & C. Presl. Sand Spurrey.
Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl (red).
Buda rubra Dumort,
Tissa rubra Britton.
Sand Spurrey. Sandwort.
Frequent, especially near the coast. Dry, sandy or
gravelly roadsides, paths and waste places. June — Sept.
Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. (of the sea).
Buda marina Gray's Manual ed. 6.
Tissa marina Britton.
Salt Marsh Sand Spurrey. Seaside Sandwort or Spurrey.
Common on coastal shores and borders of salt marshes.
June — Aug. Medicinal.
SPERGULA L. Spurrey.
Spergula arvensis L. (of cultivated ground).
Corn, Sand or Common Spurrey. Tares. Cow-quake. Sand-
weed. Beggar-weed.
Rare or local. Roadsides, waste places and cultivated
ground throughout. June — Nov. Naturalized from Europe.
174 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
It is said to be a nutritious and quick crop for fodder or
hay, adapted to and a renovator of dry sandy soils. Apt to
become a nuisance in some situations.
Spergula saliva Boenn. (sown).
Field Spurrey.
Rare. New London, in a cultivated field (Graves), Nor-
walk, sandy waste (Eames). July — Aug. Adventive from
Europe.
SAGINA L. Pearlwort.
Sagina decumbens (Ell.) Torn & Gray (reclining).
Sagina apetala of American authors, not Ard.
Small-flowered, Annual or Spurrey Pearlwort.
Rare or local. Dry soil of roadsides, walks and waste
places: Ledyard (Graves), Woodbury (Harger). Through-
out the coast region of the southwestern part of the state,
where it also occurs in low or moist woods (Eames). Mid-
May — Aug.
Sagina procumbens L. (trailing).
Pearlwort. Break-stone. Bird's-eye.
Occasional or frequent. Dripping rocks and wet, springy
places in woods or partial shade, also dry banks, crevices of
walls and walks and in stony or sandy wastes or sometimes
on sea-beaches. May — July.
ARENARIA L. Sandwort.
Arenaria lateriflora L. (flowering at the side).
Moehringia lateriflora Fenzl.
Blunt-leaved or Showy Sandwort.
Occasional or frequent. Moist or dry, rocky, or low
woods, meadows and even sometimes on sea-beaches. Mid-
May — June.
Arenaria macrophylla Hook, (large-leaved).
Moehringia macrophylla Torr.
Larged-leaved Sandwort.
Rare. In rather dry leaf-mold covering trap talus, in
shade: Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), and in the adjoining town
of Durham (Harger). May.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I75
Arenaria peploides L. (like Euphorbia Peplus).
Ammodenia peploides Rupr.
Sea Beach Sandwort. Sea Chickweed or Purslane.
Sandy and stony shores of the Sound. Rare in Bridge-
port (Eames), and Stratford (Miss A. E. Carpenter) ; fre-
quent in New London County (Graves) ; not reported else-
where. May — June.
Arenaria serpyllifolia L. (thyme-leaved).
Common or Thyme-leaved Sandwort.
Frequent or common. T>ry, sandy or rocky open ground.
May — July. Naturalized from Europe.
Arenaria stricta Michx. (upright).
Arenaria Michauxii Hook. f.
Rock Sandwort.
Local. Limestone ledges and banks throughout western
Litchfield County and south to Brookfield (Eames). June —
July.
Arenaria groenlandica (Retz.) Spreng,
Mountain Sandwort or Starwort.
Rare. Rock ledges: White Rocks, Middletown, where
it was first collected by H. L. Osborn in 1877, and Durham
(G. H. Bartlett). Mid-April — May.
STELLARIA L. Starwort. Chickweed.
Stellaria borealis Bigel. (northern).
Alsine borealis Britton.
Northern Stitchwort or Starwort.
Rare. Bogs, wet meadows and banks of woodland brooks :
Groton and Ledyard (Graves), Durham, Oxford and Monroe
(Harger), Southington (Andrews), New Britain and Norfolk
(Bissell), Barkhamsted (Harger), Winchester (Andrews,
Bissell & Harger), Salisbury (Mrs. C S. Phelps). May —
Aug.
Stellaria longifolia Muhl. (long-leaved).
Alsine longifolia Britton.
Long-leaved Stitchwort or Starwort.
Swamps, low meadows and wet places. Rare in the south-
176 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
eastern part of the state: Franklin and Colchester (Graves).
Frequent elsewhere. Mid-May — June.
Stellaria graminea L. (grass-like).
Alsiiie graminea Britton.
Stellaria graminea L., var. lanceolata Fenzl.
Lesser Stitchwort or Stanvort.
Wet or dry grassland, roadsides and waste places. Occa-
sional northward ; frequent near the coast. June — July.
Naturalized from Europe.
Stellaria Holostea L. (classical name).
Alsine Holostea Britton,
All-bone. Easter Bell. Greater Stitchwort or Starwort.
Rare. Woodbury, rich open woods (Fames & C. C. God-
frey) ; Norwalk, dry open wastes in Union Cemetery (Miss
A, E. Carpenter). May — June. Naturalized from Europe.
Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill (intermediate).
Alsine media L.
Common or Winter Chickweed, Tongue Grass. White
Bird's-eye.
Common, Waste places about dwellings, cultivated ground
and lawns. Feb, — Dec, Naturalized from Europe.
Sometimes a troublesome weed, especially in damp soil.
Medicinal.
CERASTIUM L. Mouse-ear Chickweed.
Cerastium arvense L. (of cultivated ground).
Field or Meadow Chickweed.
Rare. Lawns, fields, rocky banks and on ledges, usually
in dry, sandy or sterile soil: New London (Graves), Nor-
wich (Mrs. E, E. Rogers), East Lyme (Mrs. F. H, Dart),
Middletown (M. Hitchcock), East Windsor (Bissell), South-
ington (Andrews & Bissell), New Haven, on West Rock
(Harger, Fames et al.), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Sey-
mour and Oxford (Harger). May — mid-June.
Cerastium vulgatum L. (common).
Common or Larger Mouse-ear Chickweed.
Common. Woods, fields, cultivated ground and waste
places. Mid-April — Oct. Naturalized from Europe.
A persistent and bad weed in lawns.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I77
Cerastium semidecandrum L. (five-stamened).
Spring Mouse-ear. Small Mouse-ear Chickweed.
Local. East Lyme, plentiful in dry fields and pastures
near the Niantic River (Graves). May — June. Naturalized
from Europe.
Cerastium nutans Raf. (nodding).
Cerastium longipedunciilatiim of Britton's Manual.
Nodding Chickweed. Powder-horn.
Rare or local. Moist hillside woods and drier more or less
open places: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), East Lyme
(Miss A. M. Ryon), West Hartford (H. S. Clark), Farm-
ington and Newington (Bissell), Hamden (O. D. Allen),
Orange and Oxford (Harger), Huntington, Trumbull, Mil-
ford and Stratford (Eames), Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter).
Also at East Hartford, as a weed in greenhouse soil (A. W.
Driggs). May — June.
The form with apetalous flowers often occurs.
AGROSTEMMA L. Corn Cockle.
Agrostemma Githago L. (like Gith, the Fennel-flower).
Lychnis Githago Scop.
Cockle. Corn Cockle. Rose Pink or Campion.
Rare or local. Grain fields, cultivated ground and waste
places. June — July. Adventive from Europe.
In the West, where it is often abundant, its seeds injure
the appearance and quality of grain. Its seeds are poisonous
to poultry and stock, and flour containing a considerable pro-
portion of them has been made into bread and eaten with
fatal results. Thorough baking, however, destroys the poison.
Chronic poisoning due to the regular consumption of small
quantities, and finally resulting fatally, has been observed in
animals. The presence of Corn Cockle seeds in flour is
easily detected, unless it has been well bolted, by the black,
roughened scales of the seed coat.
LYCHNIS L. Campion.
Lychnis Coronaria (L.) Desr. (pertaining to a crown).
Mullein Pink or Lychnis. Rose Campion. Dusty Miller.
Rare. Roadsides and waste places as an escape from cul-
178 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
tivation: Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Cheshire (Har-
ger), Bridgeport and Fairfield (Eames). Mid- June — Aug.
Native of Europe.
Lychnis Flos-cuculi L. (cuckoo-flower).
Ragged Robin, Jack or Lychnis. Meadow Pink or Campion.
Rare or local. Fields and meadows, probably introduced
with grass seed: Waterford (Graves), Norwich, plentiful
in a meadow (Mrs. E. E. Rogers, J. Trumbull), Middletown
(J. H. Barbour), Hartford, plentiful in several fields (H. S.
Clark & Bissell), Canton (Weatherby), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S.
Phelps). Mid-May — June. Naturalized from Europe.
Lychnis chalcedonica L.
Maltese or Jerusalem Cross. Nonesuch.
Rare. Roadsides and about old houses : Oxford andj
Southbury (Harger), Bridgeport (Eames). July. Adven-
tive from Japan.
Lychnis dioica L. (dioecious).
Lychnis diurna Sibth.
Red, Morning or Day-blooming Lychnis or Campion. Red
or Poor Robin.
Rare. Moist or dry roadsides and waste places: Nor-
wich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Groton (Bissell), New London
(Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), East Haven (Eames),
New Haven (D. C. Eaton, Harger), Meriden (Andrews),
Southington (Bissell, Andrews), Darien (Mrs. W. D. Bar-
clay). June — Sept. Adventive from Europe.
Frequent in old-fashioned gardens.
Lychnis alba Mill, (white).
Lychnis vespertina Sibth.
Evening or Ever-blooming Lychnis. White Campion or
Robin. Bull-rattle.
Roadsides, fields and waste places, in either dry or moist
ground. Common in New London County (Graves) ; fre-
quent or locally common in Kent and New Milford (C. K.
Averill, E. H. Austin) ; occasional, local or rare elsewhere.
June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 179
SILENE L. Catchfly. Campion.
Silene antirrhina L. (like Antirrhinum, the Snapdragon).
Sleepy or Snapdragon Catchfly.
Frequent or common. Dry fields, roadsides, sandy places
and on rocks and ledges. Mid-May — July.
Silene antirrhina L., var. divaricata Robinson (widely diver-
gent).
Rare. Dry, sandy banks or sterile soil of ledges : South-
ington (Andrews), Milford and Stratford (Eames), Sey-
mour and Oxford (Harger), Warren (in Herb. C. W. Swan).
May — June.
Silene Armeria L. (like Armeria, the Thrift).
None-so-pretty. Sweet William, Garden or Lobel's Catchfly.
Sweet Susan. Pretty Nancy.
Rare. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and waste
places. June — Sept. Native of Europe.
Silene dichotoma Ehrh. (forked).
Forked Catchfly.
Rare. Waste places, fields and grasslands: New London
(Graves), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Bristol (J. N.
Bishop), East Windsor and Norfolk (Bissell), Seymour
(Harger), Bridgeport (Eames), Wilton (Miss A. E. Car-
penter), New Milford (Eames & E. H. Austin), Salisbury
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — Aug. Adventive from Europe.
Silene noctiflora L. (night-flowering).
Catchfly. Night-flowering Catchfly.
Rare. Roadsides and waste places about dwellings : Nor-
wich (W. A. Setchell), Southington (Andrews, Bissell),
Guilford (G. H. Bartlett and Bissell), North Branford and
Oxford (Harger), Bridgeport and Fairfield (Eames). Mid-
June — Oct. Adventive from Europe.
Silene pennsylvanica Michx.
Silene caroliniana of recent authors, perhaps of Walt.
Wild Pink. Fire Pink.
Dry, sandy soil, especially on banks. Rare or local in most
districts: along the Thames River from Norwich southwar4
(Graves), Colchester (Dr. E. J. Thompson), Scotland and
l8o CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU.
Windham (G. Waldo), North Haven (Harger), Woodbury
(Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Newtown (J. P. Blackman),
Brookfield (Eames). Becoming occasional in the south-
western part of the state. May — mid- June.
A handsome plant in cultivation.
Silene stellata (L.) Ait.f. (starry).
Starry Campion. Four-leaved Campion.
Rocky woods and thickets. Rare in its most northerly and
easterly reported localities: New Milford (Eames), Beacon
Falls (Harger), Plainville (Bissell), Simsbury (A. W.
Driggs), Newington (H. S. Clark), Middletown (Harger),
Old Lyme (Graves), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon). Fre-
quent near the coast westward. Mid-July — Sept.
A handsome plant and worthy of cultivation.
Silene latifolia (Mill.) Britten & Rendle (broad-leaved).
Silene Cucubalus Wibel.
Silene vulgaris Garcke.
Bladder Campion. Behen. Rattle Bags. Cow Bells.
Occasional or frequent. Grassland, roadsides and waste |
places. June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
SAPONARIA L.
Saponaria officinalis L. (of the shops).
Bouncing Bet. Soapwort. Old-maid's or Hedge Pink.
Common. Fields, roadsides and waste places. July —
Oct. Naturalized from Europe.
The plant has active medicinal properties, but is now
seldom used. Often occurs with double flowers.
Saponaria Vaccaria L. (cow-herb).
Vaccaria Vaccaria Britton.
Cow-herb. Field Soapwort. Cow-rattle. Cockle.
Rare. Cultivated ground and waste places: Norwich
(Mrs. E. E. Rogers), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), New
Haven (D. C. Eaton), Mansfield and Salisbury (Mrs. C. S
Phelps), Hartford (Bissell), Southington (Andrews, Bis-
sell), Waterbury (Mrs. C. H. Lyman, Jr.), Bridgeport and
Fairfield (Eames), New Milford (E. H. Austin). June
July. Introduced from Europe.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 181
GYPSOPHILA L.
Gypsophila muralis L. (of walls).
Gypsophyll. Mist.
Rare. Roadside in Granby, escaped from cultivation (I.
Holcomb). June — Sept. Fugitive from Europe.
GjT)sophila elegans Bieb. (elegant).
Rare. Southington, escaped from cultivation to field
(Andrews). June — July. Fugitive from Asia.
DIANTHUS L. Pink. Carnation.
Dianthus deltoides L. (triangular).
Maiden Pink. Meadow Pink.
Rare. Roadsides and waste ground : South Windsor
(C. C Hanmer), Plainville (J. N. Bishop), Bristol (W. A.
Terry), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson, Bissell). June —
July. Adventive from Europe.
Dianthus barbatus L. (bearded).
Sweet William. Bunch or French Pink. Bloomy-down.
Rare. Roadsides and waste places as an escape from culti-
vation: Lebanon (Mrs. C. B. Graves), Guilford (G. H.
Bartlett), Southington (Bissell, Andrews), Southbury (Har-
ger), Fairfield (Fames), Redding (Fames & C. C. Godfrey),
Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — July. Introduced
from Europe.
Dianthus Armeria L. (likeArmeria. the Thrift).
Deptford Pink.
Dry fields and roadsides and in woods. Occasional north-
ward and frequent or locally common throughout the southern
part of the state. July — Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
Dianthus plumarius L. (feathery).
Grass, Garden, Scotch or Pheasant"s-eye Pink.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation: Thompson, in an old
cemetery near Wilsonville where it is spontaneous in the grass
(Graves). May — June. Introduced from Europe.
l82 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
PORTULACACEAE. PURSLANE FAMILY.
CLAYTONIA L. Spring Beauty.
Claytonia virginica L.
Spring Beauty. Mayflower.
Rich moist woods and more open places. Occasional or
frequent in the southwestern part of the state; rare or local
elsewhere. April — May.
Easily cultivated in suitable situations.
Claytonia caroliniana Michx.
Spring Beauty. Broad-leaved Spring Beauty.
Rare or local. Rich moist woods: Middletown (M.
Hitchcock), Bristol (W. A. Terry), Barkhamsted (A. E.
Blewitt), Torrington (Miss B. A. Parker), New Milford
(E. H. Austin), Cornwall (Miss J. T. Gregory), Salisbury
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Late March — April.
PORTULACA L. Purslane.
Portulaca oleracea L. (suitable for a pot-herb).
Purslane. Pusley.
Common. Cultivated and waste ground. June — Sept
Naturalized from the South or from Europe; now cosmo-
politan.
A bad weed in any cultivated ground, especially in onion
fields. Difficult to eradicate because of its tenacity of life,
rapid growth and prolific seeding. Excellent as a pot-herb,
and some strains are cultivated for this use.
Portulaca grandiflora Hook, (large-flowered).
Portulaca. Garden or Showy Portulaca. Wax Pinks. Gar-
den or French Purslane. Rose Moss. Sun-plant.
Rarely escaped from gardens into waste places: Bridge-
port and Norwalk (Fames), Ansonia (Harger). July — Oct
Fugitive from South America.
CERATOPHYLLACEAE. HORNWORT FAMILY.
CERATOPHYLLUM L. Hornwort.
Ceratophyllum demersum L. (submerged).
Frequent. Ponds, pools and slow streams. June — July.
The var. echinatum Gray (prickly) is frequent in the
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 183
southwestern part of the state (Eames), reaching eastward
to New Haven (D. C. Eaton) and northward to Middlebury
and Woodbury (Harger). The fruit, July — Aug., is often
present in the variety, not seen otherwise.
NYMPHAEACEAE. WATER LILY FAMILY.
NYMPHAEA L. Yellow Pond Lily. Spatter-dock.
Nymphaea advena Ait. (a stranger).
Nuphar advena Ait. f.
Yellow Pond Lily. Spatter-dock. Frog, Cow, Hog, Bull-
head or Horse Lily. Brandy Bottle.
Common. Ponds, pools and slow streams. Mid-May —
Sept.
The var. variegata (Engelm.) Fernald (variegated) has
been found in Salisbury (C. C. Godfrey), Goshen (L. M.
Underwood), Kent (Eames).
The rhizome is medicinal.
X(?) Nymphaea rubrodisca (Morong) Greene (red-disked).
Nuphar advena Ait. f., var. minus Morong.
Rare. In ponds: Norfolk (J. H. Barbour), Trumbull,
Eames ) . June — Aug.
Nymphaea microphylla Pers. (small-leaved).
Nymphaea Kalmiana Sims.
Nuphar Kalmianiim Ait. f.
Small Yellow Pond Lily.
Rare or local. Ponds and still water: Lyme (Graves,
Bissell), Windham (J. W. Robbins), North Haven (Bissell),
Milford (Eames), Derby (H. C. Beardslee), Watertown
(Harger), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour). June — Aug.
CASTALIA Salisb. Water Lily. Water Nymph.
Castalia odorata (Ait.) Woodv. & Wood (fragrant).
Nymphaea odorata Ait.
Nymphaea odorata Ait., var. minor Sims.
White or Sweet-scented White Water Lily. Pond Lily.
Frequent or common. Ponds and still waters. June —
Sept.
Introduced in many ponds for its showy and fragrant
184 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
flowers, which are often gathered and sold in market. The
rhizome is medicinal.
Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene (bearing tubers).
Nymphaea reniformis of authors, not Walt.
White Pond or White Water Lily.
Rare. In deep water at Selden's Cove, Lyme (Graves &
Bissell), and at Round Pond, Ridgefield (Eames). June —
Aug.
NELUMBO Adans. Sacred Bean.
Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. (yellow).
Lotus. American or Yellow Nelumbo or Lotus. Great Water
Lily, Duck Acorn. Water Chinquapin.
Very rare. In Selden's Cove, Lyme (D. C. Eaton in 1856,
Graves, et al. ) . July — Aug.
BRASENIA Schreb. Water Shield.
Brasenia Schreberi Gmel.
Brasenia peltata Pursh.
Brasenia purpurea Casp.
Water Shield or Target. Little Water Lily. Waterleaf.
Ponds, slow streams and ditches. Frequent near the coast
in New London County, occasional or rare elsewhere. Late
June — Aug.
RANUNCULACEAE. CROWFOOT FAMILY.
RANUNCULUS L. Crowfoot. Buttercup.
Ranunculus circinatus Sibth. (coiled).
Batrachium divaricatum of authors, not Ranunculus divari-
catus Schrank.
Batrachium longirostre of Britton's Manual.
Stiff or White Water Crowfoot.
Local. Salisbury, plentiful at Lakeville in a pond and in
a stream flowing from it (M. L. Fernald, J. R. Churchill &
Bissell). May — Aug.
Ranunculus aquatilis L. (aquatic), var. capillaceus DC. (hair-
like).
Ranunculus aquatilis L., var. trichophyllus Gray.
Batrachium trie ho phy Hum Bosch.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 185
Batrachium ilaccidum Rupr.
Batrachium Drouetii Nym.
Batrachium confervoides of authors, not Fries.
Common White Water Crowfoot. Water Milfoil. Green Eel
Grass.
Occasional or frequent. Ponds and slow streams. Mid-
May — Aug".
Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh (like Cymbalaria, a genus of
the Figwort family).
Oxygraphis Cymbalaria Prantl.
Seaside Crowfoot.
Rare. Muddy shores : coves of the Thames River in
Waterford and Montville (Graves), Bridgeport (H. C.
Beardslee), Partridge Island (G. W. Hawes). July — Aug.
Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. (having leaves like the Lark-
spur).
Ranunculus multifidus Pursh, not Forskal.
Yellow Water Crowfoot.
Rare or local. Ponds and pools. May — June.
The var. terrestris (Gray) Farwell (terrestrial) is some-
times found, especially in dry seasons. It seems to be the
form taken by the species when rooting out of water, or when
left in the mud of drying ponds.
Ranunculus laxicaulis (Torr. & Gray) Darby (loose-stemmed).
Ranunculus ambigens Wats.
Ranunculus obtusiusculus Raf.
Spearwort. Water Plantain Spearwort.
Occasional. Ditches, wet places and shallow water. June
— Aug.
Ranunculus Flammula L. (a little flame), var. reptans (L.)
Meyer (creeping).
Ranunculus reptans L.
Creeping or Crawling Spearwort.
Rare. Wet sandy or rocky shores : Waterford and Sprague
(Graves), Preston (W. A. Setchell), Wethersfield (C.
Wright), Windsor (Bissell). June — Aug.
l86 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
Ranunculus sceleratus L. (cursed).
Cursed, Marsh, Ditch, or Biting Crowfoot. Water Celery.
Blisterwort.
Swamps, ditches and wet places. Along the Connecticut
River in East Hartford, rare (Weatherby, A. W. Driggs),
and Middletown, occasional (A. W. Driggs) ; along the coast
in Guilford (Bissell), and East Haven, rare (Harger) ; occa-
sional westward, especially about the junction of salt marshes
and upland. Mid-May — June.
One of our most acrid species and known to be poisonous
to stock.
Ranunculus micranthus Nutt. (small-flowered).
Ranunculus ahortivus L., var. micranthus Gray.
Rock Crowfoot.
Dry rocky woods. Occasional in the southeastern part
of the state and along the tops of the trap hills in the Connec-
ticut Valley; rare elsewhere: Oxford and Seymour (Harger),
Darien (Harger, Eames & Weatherby). May.
Ranunculus ahortivus L. (abortive).
Small-flowered, Kidney-leaved or Smooth Crowfoot.
Common. Rich, usually moist woods, thickets and more
open places. Mid- April — July.
Ranunculus ahortivus L., var. eucyclus Fernald (well-
rounded).
Rare. Moist rich woods: Sprague (Graves), Southington
(Andrews), Oxford (Harger), Brookfield (Eames), Corn-
wall and Salisbury (Bissell). May — June.
Ranunculus allegheniensis Britton.
Mountain Crowfoot.
Rare. Rich woods: Monroe and Cornwall (Harger),
Salisbury (M. L. Fernald & Bissell). May — June.
Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. (bent backward).
Hooked, Rough or Sanicle-leaved Crowfoot.
Frequent or common. Moist rich woods and more open
places. May — June.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 187
Ranunculus fascicularis Miihl. (clustered) .
Early or Tufted Buttercup or Crowfoot.
Rare. Dry woods and more open places : Franklin (R. W.
Woodward), New Haven (D. C. Eaton, G. W. Hawes),
Granby (I. Holcomb), Southbury (Harger), Woodbury
(Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Brookfield (Eames), Salisbury
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps). April— May.
Generally confused with Ranunculus hispidus.
Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. (northern).
Swamp or Marsh Buttercup or Crowfoot.
Wet meadows, swamps, ditches and along streams. Locally
plentiful in Franklin and Lyme (Graves), but not otherwise
reported from the southeastern part of the state ; elsewhere
well distributed and frequent or common. Mid-May — June.
Ranunculus hispidus Michx. (rought-hairy).
Wood or Early Buttercup or Crowfoot.
Dry or moist often rocky woods. Occasional in the north-
ern part of the state, extending southward as far as Franklin
(R. W. Woodward), Middletown (M. Hitchcock), Berlin
(Andrews), Oxford (Harger), Darien (Miss A. E. Carpen-
ter) . Late April — mid-June.
Ranunculus repens L. (creeping).
Creeping or Spotted-leaf Buttercup or Crowfoot.
Lawns and waste places in New London County, occasional
(Graves) ; Hartford, rare, and Stamford, roadside (A. W.
Driggs) ; New Hartford, bank of Farmington River, and Nor-
folk, wet woods (Bissell) ; Fairfield, moist grassy roadsides
and wastes (Eames) ; Salisbury, along a woodland brook
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell). May— July. In part natural-
ized from Europe.
The double-flowered form of the gardens has escaped to
wet fields in Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell).
Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L.f.
Bristly Buttercup or Crowfoot.
Rare or local. Open wet or swampy places and muddy
or sandy shores: Lyme, at Selden's Cove (Graves), East
Hartford (Weatherby), Enfield and Granby (A. W. Driggs),
Hamden (Bissell, Andrews), Oxford (Harger), Canaan (J.
l88 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEV. fBull.
. H. Barbour), Sharon (Bissell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
June — Aug.
Ranunculus bulbosus L. (bulbous).
Bulbous Buttercup or Crowfoot. Butter or Blister Flowers.
Gold-cups. King-cups.
Common. Fields, pastures and roadsides, usually in dry
ground. Mid-May — July. Naturalized from Europe.
A weed of the same character as Ranunculus acris, and,
like that and some other species of this genus, an acrid poison.
The irritant properties are said to be dissipated in drying.
Medicinal.
Ranunculus acris L. (acrid).
Buttercups. Tall or Meadow Buttercup or Crowfoot. Butter
or Blister Flowers.
Frequent or common. Fields, meadows and roadsides,
usually in moist soil. Mid-May — Nov. Naturalized from
Europe.
The var. Steveni (Andrz.) Lange, occurs occasionally.
A pernicious weed, especially in pastures, and avoided by
grazing animals.
THALICTRUM L. Meadow Rue.
Thalictrum dioicum L. (dioecious).
Early Meadow Rue. Feathered Columbine. Quicksilver
Weed.
Rocky hillsides in rich soil. Occasional or local near the
coast ; local, frequent or common elsewhere. Late April —
May.
Thalictrum revolutum DC. (rolled back from the edge).
Thalictrum purpurascens of Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part.
Purple or Wax-leaved Meadow Rue.
Occasional northward in dry fields and on hillsides ; fre-
quent southward, especially near the coast, in copses, dry or
moist fields and in meadows. June — July.
Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. (polygamous).
Common or Tall Meadow Rue.
Frequent or common. Low meadows, thickets and beside
streams. Late June — Aug.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. - 189
ANEMONELLA Spach.
Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach (like Thalictrum, the
Meadow Rue).
Syndesmon thalictroides Hoffmg.
Rue Anemone. Wind-flower.
Dry to moist woods, banks and more open places. Rare
near the coast in New London County ; frequent or common
elsewhere. April — May.
Easily cultivated and then often double-flowered.
HEPATICA Hill. Liverleaf. Hepatica.
Hepatica triloba Chaix (three-lobed).
Hepatica Hepatica Karst.
Hepatica. Liverleaf. Liverwort. Mayflower. Mouse-ears.
Trefoil.
Rich, usually rocky woods. Rare near the coast, becoming
occasional or frequent northward. March, rarely — mid-May.
Placed in a warm situation at any time during the winter,
potted plants will bloom. Of native plants the Liverleaf
is usually considered to be the earliest flower of spring, al-
though in their range Claytonia caroliniana and Cardamine
purpurea habitually precede it. The leaves are medicinal and
are still occasionally used in domestic practice.
Hepatica acutiloba DC. (with pointed lobes).
Hepatica acuta Britton.
Hepatica. Liverleaf. Liverwort.
Rare. Rocky woods in rich soil : Torrington and Salisbury
(Bissell), Cornwall (E. E. Brewster), Canaan (A. W.
Driggs). Late March — mid-May.
Medicinal properties the same as those of Hepatica triloba.
ANEMONE L. Anemone.
Anemone cylindrica Gray (cylindrical).
Long-fruited Anemone.
Dry roadsides, banks and borders of woods. Rare on and
near the coast: Groton (Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E.
Rogers, Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Bridgeport and
190 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. | Bull.
Easton (Eames). Becoming occasional northward and fre-
quent in the northwestern part of the state. Mid-June — July.
An acrid poison with medicinal properties.
Anemone riparia Fernald (of river banks).
Rocky woods and on river banks. Oxford, along the
Housatonic River (Harger), and occasional or local from
Litchfield northward and westward (Bissell). June — July.
Anemone virginiana L.
Tall or Summer Anemone. Thimbleweed.
Frequent. Dry woods, partial shade and in fields. Mid-
June — Aug.
Anemone canadensis L.
Anemone pennsylvanica L.
Round-leaved or Round-headed Anemone.
Moist thickets and banks. Rare over most of its range:
East Haven (A. W. Evans), Southington, apparently intro-
duced (Andrews), North Canaan and Cornwall (Bissell),
Newtown (J. P. Cowles). Locally plentiful along the
Housatonic River in Oxford, Monroe and Derby (H. C.
Beardslee, Harger). Mid-May — June.
Anemone quinquefolia L. (five-leaved).
Anemone nemorosa of Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L.
Wind-flower. Wood or Spring Anemone. Mayflower. Snow-
drop.
Common. Rich, usually moist, woods, thickets and more
open places. April — May.
An acrid poison with medicinal properties.
CLEMATIS L. Virgin's Bower.
Clematis virginiana L.
Wild Clematis. Devil's Hair. Traveler's Joy. Love Vine.
Common. Moist thickets, hedge-rows and roadsides. July
— Aug. ; fruit Sept. — Nov.
An acrid poison, and when bruised actively irritant to the
skin or eyes. The leaves and flowers are medicinal.
Clematis verticillaris DC. (whorled).
Atragene americana Sims.
Purple or Mountain Qematis or Virgin's Bower.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I9I
Dry rocky woods. Rare or local over most of its range :
North Stonington and East Haddam (Graves), Guilford (G.
H. Bartlett), Bolton (Weatherby), New Haven (D. C. Eaton,
et al.), Oxford (Harger), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
Occasional about the trap hills of central Connecticut. May.
CALTHA L. Marsh Marigold.
Caltha palustris L. (of marshes).
Marsh Marigold. Cowslips. Meadow Gowan. May-blobs.
Water-blobs.
Common or local. Swamps, wet places and along brooks.
Mid- April — May.
The young plants are much used as a pot-herb. It is hand-
some in cultivation, flourishing in rich moist soil.
TROLLIUS L. Globeflower.
Trollius laxus Salisb. (loose).
American, Spreading, Wild or Swamp Globeflower.
Rare. Swampy woods and meadows: Cornwall (E. E.
Brewster, 1879, and at the same locality, Bissell, 1903). April
— May.
COPTIS Salisb. Goldthread.
Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. (three-leaved).
Goldthread. Canker-root. Yellow-root. Mouth-root.
Swamps and wet woods, especially in sphagnum. Not re-
ported near the coast west of New Haven ; rare near the coast
eastward, mostly in sphagnous cedar swamps or cold, swampy
woods ; occasional northward, becoming frequent in the
northern part of the state. May — mid-June.
The roots have been much used as a bitter tonic and in
the form of an infusion as an astringent wash.
NIGELLA L. Fennel Flower.
Nigella sativa L. (sown).
Nutmeg Flower.
Rare. Bridgeport, in waste ground (Fames). July. Fugi-
tive from Europe.
Sometimes cultivated for its seeds which, under the name
of Black Cumin, are used for seasoning.
192 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY, [Bull.
AQUILEGIA L. Columbine.
Aquilegia canadensis L.
Wild or Red Columbine. Honeysuckle. Meeting-houses.
Rock Lily. Bells.
Occasional, frequent or common. Open or shaded places,
usually in rocky ground. Late April — June.
The var. flaviflora (Tenney) Britton (yellow-flowered)
sometimes occurs.
Aquilegia vulgaris L. (common).
Garden or European Columbine. Blue Bells. Cock's-foot.
Rare. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and waste places :
Lebanon (Graves), West Hartford (H. S. Clark & Rissell),
Oxford (Harger), Milford, Westport and Woodbury (Eames
& C. C. Godfrey), Norfolk (Weatherby). Mid-May —June.
Adventive from Europe.
The herb is medicinal.
DELPHINIUM L. Larkspur.
Delphinium Consolida L. (classical name).
Garden or Field Larkspur. Dolphin Flower. Lark-heel.
Knight's Spur.
Rare. Waste grounds: Windham (Bissell), Bridgeport
and Fairfield (Eames), Middlebury (Harger). July — Sept.
Fugitive or adventive from Europe.
The herb and seeds are medicinal. The leaves are believed
to be poisonous to stock.
Delphinium Ajacis L. (from Ajax, Greek legendary hero).
Larkspur. Rocket Larkspur.
Rare. Escaped from gardens into waste land and fields:
New London (Graves), Bridgeport and Fairfield (Eames),
Weston (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). Mid-June — Aug. Ad-
ventive from Europe.
CIMICIFUGA L. Bugbane.
Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. (Jiaving racemes).
Black or Rattle Cohosh or Snakeroot. Rattle-top. Squaw-
root.
Rich, often rocky woods. Norfolk, plentiful at one locality.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I93
but probably introduced (Miss M. C. Seymour), Southington,
rare or local (Andrews, Bissell), Oxford, common (Harger) ;
and frequent throughout the southwestern part of the state
( Eames ) . Late June — July.
The var. dissecta Gray (finely cut) occurs with the species
at Stratford (Eames).
The rootstock is valued in medicine and is officinal. In
cultivation forms a fine background for lower plants in some-
what shaded situations.
ACTAEA L. Baneberry. Cohosh.
Actaea rubra (x\it.) Willd. (red).
Actaea spicata L., var. rubra Ait.
Red Baneberry, Cohosh or Snakeroot. Red-beads. Coral-
berry. Snake-berry.
Rich, often rocky woods. Rather rare near the coast ; occa-
sional elsewhere. May — mid-June ; fruit July — Aug.
Worthy of cultivation in a wild garden or rockery. The
rootstock and roots are medicinal.
Actaea alba (L.) Mill, (white).
White Baneberry, Cohosh or Snakeroot. White-beads. Xeck-
lace-weed.
Rich, often rocky woods. Occasional northward ; frequent
southward. Mid-May — mid-June ; fruit Aug. — Sept.
The rootstock and roots are medicinal. Both this and the
preceding species contain irritant principles and are poisonous
to stock. The berries of both species are poisonous to man-
kind.
HYDRASTIS Ellis. Orange-root. Yellow Puccoon.
Hydrastis canadensis L.
Golden Seal. Yellow-root. Turmeric-root. Indian Turmeric
or Paint.
Rare. Rocky woods in rich soil : Plainville (J. N. Bishop),
Southington (Mrs. E. R. Newell). May.
The rhizome and roots possess valued medicinal properties
and are officinal.
194 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull
MAGNOLIACEAE. MAGNOLIA FAMILY.
LIRIODENDRON L. Tulip Tree.
Liriodendron Tulipifera L. (tulip-bearing).
Tulip Tree. Tulip, Hickory or Yellow Poplar. Canoe-wood.
Saddle Tree. Whitewood.
Occasional, local or frequent. Rich woods and openings.
June.
One of our largest trees and remarkable for its tall colum-
nar trunk. A beautiful tree for roadside and park planting,
rarely attacked by insects. The wood is soft, brittle, easily
worked, largely used for interior finish, cabinet work, wooden
ware, etc. The inner bark is medicinal.
MENISPERMACEAE. MOONSEED FAMILY.
MENISPERMUM L. Moonseed.
Menispermum canadense. L.
Moonseed. Yellow Parilla or Sarsaparilla.
River banks and dry rocky hillsides, in woods or partial
shade. Reported only from the western half of the state ;
occasional near the coast and on trap hills ; rare elsewhere.
June — early July ; fruit Sept. — Oct., or persisting through
the winter.
The roots are medicinal and were formerly ofificinal. Some-
times cultivated.
BERBERIDACEAE. BARBERRY FAMILY.
PODOPHYLLUM L. May Apple. Mandrake.
Podophyllum peltatum L. (peltate).
Mandrake. May, Indian, Hog or Devil's Apple. Duck's-foot.
Wild Lemon. Raccoon-berry.
Rare. Roadsides and rich woods, nearly throughout,
usually as an escape from cultivation. Mid-May — early
June; fruit July — Aug.
The fruit is edible and harmless but disagreeable to many
persons. The underground portion is medicinal and officinal
and is the source of podophyllin. It is a desirable plant to
grow in colonies for spring effects in the wild garden.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I95
CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. Blue Cohosh.
Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Alichx. (like Thalictrum, the
Meadow Rue).
Pappoose Root. Squaw-root. Blue Cohosh. Blueberry Root.
Blueberry.
Rich rocky woods, especially in moist situations ; some-
times in low wooded swamps and openings along the coast.
Rare near the coast eastward ; occasional or local elsewhere.
May ; fruit Aug. — Oct., and sparingly persistent through the
winter.
The rhizome and roots are of some value medicinally and
were formerly officinal.
BERBERIS L. Barberry.
Berberis vulgaris L. (common).
Common Barberry. European Barberry. Pepperidge Bush.
Roadsides, fence-rows and pastures. Frequent or locally
common southward, especially near the coast ; occasional else-
where. May — June ; fruit Sept. — Oct., partly persistent
through the winter. Naturalized from Europe.
The acid fruit is used to make a refreshing drink and for
preserving. The bark has medicinal properties and has ac-
quired local reputation as a spring medicine. Its beauty and
other desirable qualities make it worthy of cultivation, espec-
ially as a hedge-plant.
LAURACEAE. LAUREL FAMILY.
SASSAFRAS Nees.
I Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Kuntze (various-leaved).
Sassafras officinale Nees & Eberm.
Sassafras Sassafras Karst.
Sassafras. Saxifrax. Cinnamon-wood. Ague Tree.
Frequent. Dry or moist' woods, thickets and fence-rows,
and on rocky hillsides. May — mid-June ; fruit Sept.
The wood is aromatic, rather soft and brittle, but durable
in contact with the soil. The root-bark is medicinal and is
used as an ingredient of root beer. It furnishes a volatile oil
of agreeable odor and taste, used for flavoring candy, soap.
196 CONNECTICUT GEO!.. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull,
etc., and as an ingredient of liniments. The bark of the root,
the pith and the volatile oil are officinal. The leaves are some-
times chewed to allay thirst.
BENZOIN Fabric. Wild Allspice. Fever Bush.
Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees (of summer).
Lindera Benzoin Blume.
Benzoin Benzoin Coulter.
Spice, Benjamin or Fever Bush. Wild Allspice. Spice-wood.
Snap wood.
Common. Wet woods and thickets. Mid-April — mid-
May ; fruit Sept.— Oct.
The fragrant bark and the berries are occasionally used
medicinally.
PAPAVERACEAE. POPPY FAMILY.
ESCHSCHOLTZIA Cham.
Eschscholtzia californica Cham.
California Poppy.
Rare. Fairfield, a waif in waste ground (Fames). July.
Fugitive from the Pacific Coast.
SANGUINARIA L. Bloodroot.
Sanguinaria canadensis L.
Bloodroot. Red or White Puccoon. Red Indian Paint.
Red-root.
Rich woods and shaded places, especially in rocky situa-
tions. Rare or local near the coast ; local, frequent or com-
mon elsewhere. April — mid-May.
Flowers sometimes pink. The rootstock is employed in
medicine and is officinal.
CHELIDONIUM L. Celandine.
Chelidonium majus L. (greater).
Celandine. Swallow-wort. Tetter-wort. Kill-wart.
Occasional or frequent. Fence-rows, roadsides, crevices
of walls and rocky places and waste ground about dwellings, j
especially in shade. May — June. Naturalized from Europe.
Xhe plant is actively poisonous to stock ; is also medicinal, ,
until recently officinal.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I97
PAP AVER L. Poppy.
Papaver somniferum L. (sleep-bringing).
Garden or Opium Poppy. Common Poppy.
Rare. Waste ground as an escape from cultivation:
r)ridgeport ( Eames). July. Adventive from the Old World,
Medicinal and extensively cultivated in the East as the
source of opium.
Papaver Rhoeas L. (classical name for this species).
Red. iMeld or Corn Poppy. Corn, Canker or African Rose.
lieadaclie.
Rare. Grassland, grain fields and roadsides : Southington
(Andrews, Bissell), Stratford (Miss A. E. Carpenter, Eames),
Fairfield (Eames). June — mid-July. Fugitive from Europe.
The " Shirley," one of the handsomest of poppies in culti-
vation, is a form of this species. Known to be poisonous to
stock.
Papaver dubium L. (doubtful).
Field or Smooth-fruited Poppy.
Rare. Waste ground: Fairfield (Fames), Westport (R.
Thaxter, Miss A. E. Carpenter). May. Adventive from
Europe.
ARGEMONE L. Prickly Poppy.
Argemone alba Lestib. (white).
White Prickly Poppy.
Rare. East Lyme, one plant in newly seeded grassland
(Miss A. M. Ryon). June — July. Fugitive from the
southwest.
Argemone mexicana L.
Mexican or Prickly , Poppy. Plowering or Yellow Thistle.
Devil's Fig. Bird-in-the-Bush.
Rare. Roadside in New Haven (D. C. Eaton). July —
Aug. Fugitive from tropical America.
FUMARIACEAE. FUMITORY FAMILY.
ADLUMIA Raf. Climbing Fumitory.
Adlumia fungosa (Ait.) Greene (spongy).
Adhimia cirrhosa Raf.
Mountain or Wood Fringe. Alleghany or Canary Vine.
Fairy Creeper.
198 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BulL
Rocky hillsides, especially in shaded places or in woods.
Rare in the eastern half of the state and near the coast west-
ward : Waterford (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), New
Haven (J. A. Allen), Weston (Miss E. L. Smith). Local or
occasional northward in the western half of our area. July —
Sept.
.V liighly ornamental plant and occasionallx' cultivated.
DICENTRA Bernh.
Dicentra Cucullaria (L.) Bernh. (hood-like).
BicHcuUa Cucullaria Millsp.
Dutchman's, Kitten or Little-boy's Breeches. White Ear-
drops or Hearts. Soldier's Cap. Boys-and-Girls.
Rocky woods in rich soil. Rare in the southeastern part
of the state: Franklin (Graves). Local, occasional or fre-
quent elsewhere. April — mid-May.
Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp.
Bicuculla canadensis Millsp.
Squirrel or Turkey Corn. Girls-and-Boys.
Rare or local. ]\Ioist rich soil of woodland hillsides among
rocks: Bozrah (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Plainville (J. N.
Bishop). Torrington (Bissell). .\pril — inid-i\Iay.
The tubers arc medicinal.
CORYDALIS Medic.
Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. (evergreen).
Corydalis glauca Pursh.
Capnoides sempervirens Borkh.
Pale or Pink Corydalis.
Occasional. Thin soil and crevices of dry exposed ledges,
and in recent clearings. Mid-May — Oct.
FUMARIA L. Fumitory.
Furriaria officinalis L. (of the shops).
Common or Hedge Fumitory. Modesty.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste places, road-
sides and about old gardens: New Flaven (D. C. Eaton),
Southington (Andrews), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Oxford
(Harger), Fairfield and Newtown (Eames), Stamford
(W. H. Hoyt). Mid-May — Sept. Adventive from Europe.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. IQQ
Formerly, and rarely even now, cultivated for its reputed
medicinal properties.
CRUCIFERAE. MUSTARD FAMILY.
DRABA L.
Draba verna L. (of spring; vernal).
Whitlow or Vernal Whitlow Grass. Shad-flower.
Dry roadsides, fields and cultivated ground. Rare in
northern districts: East Hartford (J. O. Goodwin), Hart-
ford (A. W. Driggs). Occasional throughout the southern
part of the state. April — May. Naturalized from Europe.
Formerly possessed some reputation for the cure of
whitlow.
Draba caroliniana Walt.
Whitlow Grass.
Rare. Dry sterile soil: Montville and Norwich (W. A.
Setchell), Waterford (Graves), East Haven (E. B. Wilson),
Oxford (Harger), Kent (H. Mosher). Mid- April — May.
BERTEROA DC.
Berteroa incana (L.) DC. (hoary).
Hoary Alyssum.
Rare or local. Waste places and fields: Norwich (Mrs.
E. E. Rogers), Putnam (Harger), Guilford (G. H. Bart-
lett). East Windsor (Bissell), Plainville (J. N. Bishop).
Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt),
Bridgeport and Westport (Fames), Wilton (Miss A. E. Car-
penter) . June — Aug. Adventive from Europe.
LOBULARIA Desv. Sweet Alyssum.
Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. (of the seaside).
Alyssum maritimum Lam.
Koniga maritima R. Br.
Sweet Alyssum. Sweet Allison. Madwort. Snowdrift.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and waste
places: East Hartford (Weatherby), Southington (An-
drews), Bridgeport (Fames). July — Nov. Fugitive from
Europe.
20O CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
ALYSSUM L.
Alyssum alyssoides L. (like Alyssum).
Alyssum calycinuni L.
Small Alyssum.
Rare. Roadsides and wastes in dry ground : Branford
(T. j\I. Prudden), East Haven (Eames), New Haven (Har-
ger), Southington (Andrews, Bissell). May — June. Fugi-
tive or adventive from Europe.
Alyssum saxatile L. (growing among rocks).
Golden-tuft.
Rare. Griswold, escaped from a garden to field (E. F.
Burleson). June — July. Native of Europe.
THLASPI L. Penny Cress.
Thlaspi arvense L. (of cultivated land).
Eield Penny or Bastard Cress. Dish, Treacle or Mithridate
Mustard.
Rare. Waste places: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers),
East Hartford (Weatherby), Southington and Plainville
(Bissell), Waterbury (J. M. Richardson, A. E. Blewitt),
Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt), Bridgeport (J. Otis), New Mil-
ford (E. H. Austin). May — June. Fugitive or adventive
from Europe.
LEPIDIUM L. Peppergrass. Pepperwort.
Lepidium virginicum L.
Wild Peppergrass. Bird's Pepper. Tongue Grass.
Common. Dry roadsides, fields and waste grounds. June
— Sept.
Lepidium apetalum Willd. (without petals).
Lepidium iiitcrnicdiiuu of Gray's Manual, ed. 6.
Bird's Pepper. Tongue Grass. Wild Peppergrass.
Frequent or common. Fields and roadsides. June —
Aug. Naturalized from Europe or the West.
Lepidium ruderale L. (growing among rubbish).
Roadside Peppergrass.
Rare. Bridgeport, in waste ground (Eames). June.
Fugitive from Europe.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 20I
Lepidium sativum L. (sown).
Garden Cress. Garden or Golden Peppergrass. Poor Man's
Pepper.
Rare. Southington, about an old garden (Andrews) ;
Salisbury, in a poultry yard and probably introduced with
grain (A. V. Osmun). June — July. Fugitive from Europe.
Sometimes cultivated as a salad plant.
Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. (of fields).
Field, Bastard or Cow Cress. Mithridate Mustard. Poor
Man's Pepper.
Rare or occasional. Cultivated fields, sandy roadsides
and waste places. June. Adventive from Europe.
IBERIS L.
Iberis amara L. (bitter).
Candytuft. Bitter or Annual Candytuft. Clown's Mustard.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste places: South-
ington (Andrews), Bridgeport (Fames). July — Aug.
Fugitive from Europe.
CAPSELLA Medic. Shepherd's Purse.
Capsella Bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic, (shepherd's pouch).
Bursa Bursa-pastoris Britton.
Shepherd's Purse or Sprouts. Mother's Heart. Witches'
Pouches.
Common. Cultivated ground, fields, roadsides and waste
places. April — Oct. Naturalized from Europe.
Valued as a pot-herb because of its earliness. A bad weed
in cultivated ground. Medicinal.
CAMELINA Crantz. False Flax.
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz (sown).
False or Dutch Flax. Gold-of-Pleasure. Cheat. Myagrum.
Rare. Oxford, in grain fields (Harger). June — July.
Fugitive from Europe.
This, like the following species, was formerly frequent
among flax, of which it was believed to be a transmuted or
degenerate form.
202 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Camelina microcarpa Andrz. (small-fruited).
Camelina silvcstris Wallr.
False or Dutch Flax. Gold-of-Pleasure. Cheat. Myagrum.
Rare. Roadsides, grassland and grain fields : New Lon-
don (Graves), Southington (Andrews), Waterbury and
Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt), Oxford (Harger), Fairfield
(Fames), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson, Bissell). May
— July. Fugitive from Europe.
NESLIA Desv. Ball Mustard.
Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. (panicled).
Ball Mustard.
Rare. Waste ground: Bridgeport (Eames), Litchfield
(Miss E. H. Thompson). June — July. Fugitive from
Europe.
CAKILE Ludwig. Sea Rocket.
Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook, (toothless).
Cakile americana Nutt.
American Sea Rocket. Sea Cole or Rocket.
Frequent or common on the shores of the Sound and of
tidal rivers and creeks. Mid-June — Oct.
RAPHANUS L. Radish.
Raphanus Raphanistrum L.
Wild Radish. Jointed or White Charlock or Chadlock. Char-
lock. Chadlock.
Occasional, frequent or common. Cultivated ground and
waste places. June — Oct. Naturalized from Europe.
Sometimes very troublesome as a weed.
Raphanus sativus L. (sown).
Radish. Garden Radish.
Rare. Cultivated or waste ground: Southington (Bissell,
Andrews), Bridgeport and Fairfield (Eames). June — Oct.
Fugitive from Europe.
BRASSICA L. Mustard. Turnip.
Srassica alba (L.) Boiss. (white).
Sinapis alba L.
White Mustard.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS 203
Rare or local. Waste places: Waterbury (A. E. Ulewitt),
Bridgeport, in several places and plentiful in one field (I. F.
Moore, Eames). June — mid-Aug. Adventive from Europe.
The seeds are well known as a condiment and rubefacient,
and are sometimes used to preserve cider in a sweet condition.
Has been cultivated for at least 2000 years.
Brassica arvensis (L.) Kuntze (of cultivated ground).
Brassica Sinapistrum Boiss.
Charlock. Chadlock. Cadlock. Kedlock. Kerlock. Wild,
Corn or Bastard Mustard. Field or Corn Kale.
Occasional or frequent. Waste or cultivated ground. June
— July. Naturalized from Europe.
Sometimes a bad weed.
Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson (like Juncus, the Rush).
Indian or Chinese Mustard.
Cultivated fields and waste places. Frequent in the vicinity
of the coast ; occasional, local or rare elsewhere. June — Oct.
Naturalized from Asia.
The seeds are used like those of White and Black Mus-
tard, and the young leaves for greens. A bad weed in grain
fields where it occurs.
Brassica japonica Siebold.
Curled or Pot-herb Mustard. California Peppergrass.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation in garden soil at
Southington (Andrews). June — Sept. Fugitive from
Asia.
The soft, thin leaves make excellent " greens."
Brassica nigra (L.) Koch (black).
Black Mustard. Cadlock. Kedlock. Kerlock.
Occasional or frequent. Waste ground and roadsides.
June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
The young plants are sometimes used as a pot-herb. The
seeds are well known as a condiment and rubefacient and are
officinal.
Brassica campestris L. (of fields).
Rutabaga.
Occasional. Cultivated ground and waste places. Mid-
May — July. Adventive from Europe.
204 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Sometimes a bad weed. Extensively cultivated for its
roots.
Brassica Napus L. (classical name).
Rape.
Rare. Fields and waste ground. June — July. Fugitive
from Europe.
Sometimes sown for forage.
Brassica Rapa L. (classical name).
Turnip.
Occasional. Waste places and cultivated ground. June ^-
July. Fugitive from Europe.
Extensively cultivated as a vegetable.
Brassica oleracea L. (suitable for a pot-herb).
Cabbage.
Rare. Cultivated or waste ground as an escape from culti-
vation. June. Fugitive from Europe.
Well known as a vegetable.
DIPLOTAXIS DC.
Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. (of walls).
Sand Rocket or Mustard.
Rare. Cultivated or waste ground: Southington (An-
drews & Bissell), Oxford (Harger), Stamford (W. H. Hoyt).
June — Sept. Fugitive from Europe.
Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. (slender-leaved).
Wall Rocket or Mustard.
Local. Plentiful in a sandy waste in Bridgeport (Fames),
and about chalk piles in Stamford (W. H. Hoyt). July —
Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
CONRINGIA Adans. Flare's-ear Mustard.
Conringia crientalis (L.) Dumort. (of the Orient).
Hare's-ear.
Rare. Waste places: Fairfield (Fames), Xew Milford (E.
H. Austin). June. Fugitive from the Northwest or from
Europe.
Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 20$
ALLIARIA Adans. Garlic Mustard.
AUiaria officinalis Andrz. (of the shops).
Alliaria AUiaria Britton.
Sisymbrium Alliaria Scop.
Hedge Garlic.
Rare. Waste ground: Chester (Mrs. S. I. Smith), Nauga-
tuck (A. E. Blewitt), Westport (Harger). May— June.
Fugitive from Europe.
SISYMBRIUM L. Hedge Mustard.
Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop, (of the shops).
Bank Cress.
Local. Fairfield, where it is plentiful in one locality in
waste ground (Eames). Mid-May — Oct. Adventive from
Europe.
Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop., var, leiocarpum DC.
(smooth-fruited) .
Sisymbrium officinale of Manuals.
Bank Cress.
Common. Fields, roadsides and waste places. Mid-May
— Oct. Naturalized from Europe.
Sisymbrium Loeselii L.
Rare. In mill waste at Naugatuck (B. B. Bristol),
New Milford (Harger & Blewitt). July. Adventive from
Europe.
Sisymbrium altissimum L. (tallest).
Tumble Mustard.
Rare or occasional. Waste places about roadsides and
along railroads. June — Aug. Adventive from Europe or
the West.
Sisymbrium canescens Nutt. (grov^ing hoary) .
Sophia pinnata Howell.
Tansy Mustard. Hoary Hedge Mustard.
Rare. Waste ground : Clinton (J. H. Sperry, 1884). May.
Fugitive from the South.
Sisymbrium Sophia L.
Sophia Sophia Britton.
206 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. | BulL
Flixweed. Herb Sophia.
Rare. Naugatuck, in waste ground (A. E. Blewitt). June
— Aug. Fugitive from Europe.
Sisymbrium Thalianum (L.) J. Gay.
Stcnophragnia ThaUana Celak.
Thale, Mouse-ear or Wall Cress.
Rocky banks, ledges and dry or sandy fields. Rare at
Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), and at East Haven (Harger) ;
frequent along the Housatonic River at Oxford (Harger),
and occasional near the coast throughout the southwestern
part of the state. Mid-April — June. Naturalized from
Europe.
HESPERIS L. Rocket.
Hesperis matronalis L. (suitable to a matron).
Dame's or Sweet Rocket. Damask or Dame's Violet. Sum-
mer Lilac.
Rare. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and waste
places. Mid-May — Jnly. Adventive from Europe.
ERYSIMUM L. Treacle Mustard.
Erysimum cheiranthoides L. (like Cheiranthus, the Wall-
flower).
Wormseed or Treacle Mustard.
Rare or local. Cultivated and waste ground or rocky
woods: Southington (Andrews), East Hartford (C. C. Han-
mer), Waterbury (Mrs. C. H. Lyman, Jr.), Salisbury (Mrs.
C.S.Phelps). June — ^July. Fugitive from Europe or farther
west, except at Salisbury where it seems native.
RADICULA Hill. \A^ater Cress.
Radicula Nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Britten & Rendle (classi-
cal name).
Nasturtium officinale R.Br.
Roripa Nasturtium Rusby.
Water Cress. True Water Cress. Crashes. Brooklime.
In springs, ditches and along streams. Local and in all
degrees of abundance but in general rare eastward and fre-
quent westward. Late May — Oct. Naturalized from Europe.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 20/
Introduced as a salad plant and worthy of propagation for
family use. Flowers rarely purple.
Radicula sylvestris (L.) Druce (of woods).
Nasturtium sylvestre R.Br.
Roripa sylvestris Bess.
Yellow Cress. Yellow Water Cress. Creeping Yellow Cress.
Local and rare to frequent or locally common. Moist
ground along rivers, and in fields, roadsides and waste places ;
especially common in the upper Connecticut Valley. May —
July, even Oct. Naturalized from Europe.
Radicula palustris (L.) Moench (of marshes).
Nasturtium palustre DC.
Roripa palustris Bess.
Yellow Cress. Marsh Cress.
Occasional, rare or local. Wet meadows, cultivated or
waste ground, ditches and banks of streams. June — Sept.
Radicula palustris (L.) Moench, var. hispida (Desv.) Robin-
son (rough-hairy).
Nasturtium palustre DC, var. hispidmn Gray.
Roripa hispida Britton.
Hairy Yellow Cress.
Occasional or frequent. Borders of streams and ponds,
in ditches and wet places. June — Aug.
Radicula Armoracia (L.) Robinson (classical name for this
species).
Nasturtium Armoracia Fries.
Roripa Armoracia Hitchc.
Horseradish.
Occasional throughout as an escape from gardens. Wet
fields, waste places, roadsides and ditches. Mid-May — June.
Naturalized from Europe.
Roots the source of a valued condiment.
BARBAREA R. Br. Winter Cress.
Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. (common).
Barbarea Barbarea MacM.
Common Winter, Bitter, Yellow, or Rocket Cress. Yellow
Rocket.
208 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull |
Meadows, waste places and along streams, usually in moist
soil. Frequent or common except in the southeastern part
of the state where it is rare. May — June. Naturalized from
Europe.
Sometimes used as a salad plant.
Barbarea striata Andrz. (straight and upright).
Barbarea vulgaris R.Br., var. stricta Gray.
Winter Cress.
Occasional or frequent. Roadsides, waste places, fields
and along streams. May — June.
Barbarea verna (Mill.) Asch. (of spring).
Barbarea praecox Sm.
Early Winter or Belle Isle Cress. Scurvy Grass.
Rare. Cultivated fields, waste places and roadsides :
Waterford (Graves), New Haven and Oxford (Harger),
Milford, Stratford, Bridgeport and Fairfield (Fames). May
— mid-June. Adventive from Europe.
lODANTHUS Torr. & Gray.
lodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. (feather-cleft).
Thclypodium pinnatifidum Wats.
Purple Rocket.
Rare. Middletown, border of pond (M. Hitchcock, iSjt;).;
June. Fugitive from the West.
LUNARIA L. Moonwort.
Lunaria annua L. (annual).
Honesty. Satin-flower. Moonwort. Money-plant.
Rare. Westport, at Green's Farms, in a dooryard but ap-
parently self-sown (C. L. Pollard). Aug. Fugitive from
Europe.
Sometimes cultivated for winter bouquets.
DENTARIA L. Toothwort. Pepper-root.
Dentaria diphylla Michx. (two-leaved).
Pepper-root. Crinkle-root. Tooth-root. Toothwort.
Rich, moist, wet or springy woods, banks and more open
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 209
places. Occasional or local except near the coast in the south-
eastern part of the state where it has not been reported. Late
April — late May.
The fresh rootstocks are sometimes eaten as a relish.
Dentaria maxima Nutt. (greatest).
Large Pepper-root or Toothwort.
Rare. Windsor, plentiful in rich soil on banks and alluvial
bottoms beside a woodland stream (Eames). Late April —
mid-May.
Dentaria incisifolia Eames (cut-leaved).
Dentaria incisa Eames, not Small.
Rare. Rich, damp, hillside woods near the Housatonic
River in Sherman (E. H. Austin & Eames). Late April —
mid-May.
Dentaria laciniata Muhl. (slashed).
Cut-leaved Pepper-root or Toothwort.
Rare or local. Moist to rather dry soil of rich woods and
more or less shaded banks, throughout, but especially rare in
the southeastern part of the state: Norwich (Mrs. E. E.
Rogers), Old Lyme (Bissell). Mid-April — early May.
Dentaria anomala Eames (anomalous).
Rare. Moist, rich woods and banks: Plainville (Bissell),
Orange (Harger). Late April — early May.
This species occurs at stations where Dentaria diphylla and
Dentaria laciniata grow together, and is possibly a hybrid.
CARDAMINE L. Bitter Cress.
Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP. (bulbous).
Cardamine rhonihoidea DC.
Spring or Bitter Cress.
Wet woods and meadows. Rare near the coast in the
southeastern part of the state ; occasional elsewhere. Mid-
May — mid-June.
Cardamine Douglassii (Torr.) Britton.
Cardamine rliomboidca DC, var. purpurea Torr.
Cardamine purpurea Britton.
2IO CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Cardamiiie bulbosa BSP._, var. purpurea BSP.
Spring or Purple Cress.
Springy places and swamps in woods or shaded situations.
Rare at Newtown (I. P. Blackman, J. Pettibone) ; locally
plentiful in New Milford, Sherman and Kent (E. H. Austin
& Eames) ; many plants at one localit}^ in North Canaan (Bis-
sell). Late March — early May.
Cardamine pratensis L. (of meadows).
Cuckoo Flower. Ladies' Smock.
Rare. Bristol, about a garden but formerly plentiful in a
meadow (W. A. Terry), Litchfield, in a lawn (Miss E. H.
Thompson), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour), Salisbury, mar-
gin of a lake and small stream (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May.
At least in part adventive from farther north.
Cardamine parviflora L. (small-flowered).
Cardamine hirsuta L.. var. sylvatica of some American
authors.
Cardamine arenicola Britton.
Small Bitter Cress.
Occasional or local. Ledges, woods or open situations in
barren or sterile groimd. Mid-April — June.
Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl.
Cardamine hirsuta of Gray's Manual ed. 6 in great part.
Bitter Cress. Brook, Land or Lamb's Cress.
Frequent. About springs, along brooks and in wet shaded
places. May — June.
Sometimes used as a salad plant and to some extent
gathered for market.
ARABIS L. Rock Cress.
Arabis lyrata L. (lyre-shaped).
Low Rock Cress. Wall Cress.
Rocks, ledges, banks and sandy places, in dry ground.
Occasional in most districts but not reported from the south-
eastern part of the state. May — June.
Arabis glabra (L.) Bcrnh. (smooth).
Arabis perfoliata Lam.
Tower Mustard or Cress.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 2H
Rare. Fields and meadows: Norwich (W. A. Setchell),
Windsor (A. W. Driggs), Farmington (Andrews & Bissell,
Weatherby), Southbury and New Milford (Harger),
Bridgeport (E^mes). June.
Arabis Drummondi Gray.
Arabis cowdnis Wats., in great part.
Rare. Dry wooded hillsides : Montville, Franklin, Ledyard
and Old Lyme (Graves), Lisbon (Harger), Branford (A. L.
Winton), West Hartford and Bloomfield (A. W. Driggs),
Canaan (C. K. Averill). May — July.
Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop, (hairy).
Hairy Rock Cress. Wall Cress.
Rare. Rocky open woods and sandy ground : Old Lyme
(Graves), Bolton (A. W. Driggs), Oxford (Harger), Canaan
(C. K. Averill), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Mid-May —
early June.
Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. (smoothed).
Smooth Rock Cress. Wall Cress.
Rocky woods and more open places. Rare in the south-
eastern part of the state: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers),
Franklin (Graves). Occasional or frequent elsewhere. Mid-
April — May.
Arabis canadensis L.
Sickle-pod. Turkey-pod.
Occasional. Dry, rich, rocky and rather open woods. June
— Aug.
CAPPARIDACEAE. CAPER FAMILY.
POLANISIA Raf.
Polanisia graveolens Raf. (strong-smelling).
False Mustard. Clammy-weed.
Rare. Gravelly and sandy shores of the Hockanum River
at East Hartford (Weatherby), and of the Connecticut River
at Hartford (A. W. Driggs). July — Aug.
Polanisia trachysperma Torr. & Gray (rough-seeded).
Rare. Alluvial soil, Glastonbury (Mrs. F. W. Starmer).
212 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU.
gravelly and sandy margin of brook, Salisbury (Mrs. C,
S. Phelps & Weatherby), Sharon (H. S. Clark). Aug.— Sept.
Probably introduced from the West.
CLEOME L.
Cleome spinosa L. (prickly).
Spider-flower. Prickly Cleome.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste grounds : Bridge-
port and Fairfield (Eames), Norvvalk (G. P. Ells). July —
Sept. Fugitive from tropical America.
RESEDACEAE. MIGNONETTE FAMILY.
RESEDA L. Mignonette. Dyer's Rocket.
Reseda Luteola L. (yellowish).
Dyer's Weed, Weld, or Rocket. Yellow-weed.
Rare. Roadsides and waste places: Guilford (W. R. Dud-
ley), New Haven (O. Harger), Monroe (H. C. Beardslee).
June — July. Fugitive from Europe.
Reseda lutea L. (yellow).
Crambling Rocket.
Rare. Roadsides, fields and waste places: Preston (E. F.
Burleson), East Windsor (Bissell), Bridgeport (Eames),
North Canaan (M. B. Toby, Bissell), SaUsbury (Mrs. C. S.
Phelps, A. V. Osmun). May — June. Adventive from
Europe.
Reseda odorata L. (fragrant).
Common or Garden Mignonette.
Rare. Waste ground in Southington (Andrews), and
Fairfield (Eames). July — Aug. Fugitive from North
Africa.
Reseda alba L. (white).
White or Upright Mignonette.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste ground in Water-
bury (A. E. Blewitt), and Bridgeport (Eames). July — Sept.
Fugitive from Europe.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS 213
SARRACENIACEAE. PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY.
SARRACENIA L.
Sarracenia purpurea L. (purple).
Side-saddle Flower. Pitcher-plant. Huntsman's, Adam's,
Indian or Water Cup. Indian Pitcher. Dumb Watches.
Occasional, local or frequent. Sphagnum bogs or some-
times in wet meadows. Late May — June.
The root and leaves are medicinal.
DROSERACEAE. SUNDEW FAMILY.
DROSERA L. Sundew.
Drosera rotundifolia L. (round-leaved).
Round-leaved Sundew. Dew-plant.
Occasional or frequent. Bogs, wet meadows and sandy
swamps, especially in sphagnum. July — mid-Aug.
The plant is medicinal.
Drosera longifolia L. (long-leaved).
Drosera intermedia Hayne.
Drosera intermedia Hayne, var. americana DC.
Long-leaved Sundew. Dew-plant.
Rare, local or occasional. Sphagnum bogs and swamps.
Late June — Aug.
PODOSTEMACEAE. RIVER WEED FAMILY.
PODOSTEMUM Michx. River Weed.
Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. (horny-leaved).
River Weed. Thread-foot.
On rocks, stones and gravel in shallow running water.
Rare in most districts: Shetucket River in Sprague and
Franklin (Graves), Killingworth (F. W. Hall), Hartford
(D. C. Eaton), Windsor (Harger). Occasional in Oxford
(Harger), Newtown (Fames), and throughout the south-
western part of the state. Mid-June — Aug. ; fruit July — Sept.
214 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
CRASSULACEAE. ORPINE FAMILY.
PENTHORUM L. Ditch Stonecrop.
Penthorum sedoides L. (like Sedum, the Stonecrop).
Ditch or Virginia Stonecrop.
Freqvtent. Ditches, wet places and on muddy shores. July
— Aug.
The plant is medicinal.
TILLAEA L.
Tillaea aquatica L. (aquatic).
Tillaea simplex Nutt.
Pygmy Weed.
Rare or local. On tidal mud of rivers and creeks : New
Haven, plentiful about the upper reaches of tidewater in Mill
River, and Milford, sparingly along Beaver Creek (Eames).
Mid- June — Jnly.
SEDUM L. Stonecrop. Orpine.
Sedum acre L. (acrid or biting).
Mossy or Biting Stonecrop. Golden Moss or Chain.
Local. "Escaped from cultivation to roadsides, banks, rocky
places and walls in all quarters of the state and plentiful at
some stations. Mid-June — July. Naturalized from Europe.
Sedum ternatum Michx. (in threes ; referring to the arrange-
ment of the leaves).
Wild Stonecrop.
Rare. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and waste
places: Guilford (W. H. Rowland), East Haddam (Weath-
erby), Windsor (Bissell), Cheshire and Oxford (Harger),
Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour), Kent and New Milford
(Eames & E. H. Austin), Milford (Eames), Stamford (W.
H. Hoyt). May. At least in part adventive from the South.
Sedum triphyllum (Haw.) S. F. Gray (three-leaved).
Sedum piirpureiim Gray's Manual ed. 7.
Sedum Telephium Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L.
Orpine. Garden Orpine. Live-forever. Live-long. Aaron's
Rod. Bag-leaves. Witches' Money-bags. Life-of-Man,
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 2I5
Frequent. Dry or moist roadsides, fields, thickets and
about old dwellings. Aug. — Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
Rarely seen in flower.
SEMPERVIVUM L. Houseleek.
Sempervivum tectorum L. (of dwellings).
Houseleek. Hen-and-chickens.
Rare. Milford, long persistent and spreading from
former cultivation (Eames). July — Aug. Introduced from
Europe.
SAXIFRAGACEAE. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.
SAXIFRAGA L. Saxifrage.
Saxifraga pennsylvanica L.
Swamp Saxifrage.
Swamps and wet meadows. Rare near the coast, occa-
sional or frequent elsewhere. May — June.
The form with crimson petals has been collected at
New Milford by Miss S. R. Armington.
Saxifraga virginiensis Michx. "
Saxifrage. Early or Spring Saxifrage. Mayflower.
Frequent or common. Ledges, banks and in roclcy woods.
April — early June.
A form with double flowers occurs at Kent (H. Mosher).
TIARELLA L. False Miterwort.
Tiarella cordifolia L. (having heart-shaped leaves).
Foam-flower. False Miterwort. Coolwort.
Rich, wet and often rocky woods. Rare or local in most
districts: North Branford (F. W. Hall), New Haven (D. C.
Eaton), Bridgeport (Eames), Torrington (Mrs. C. S.
Phelps), Kent (C. K. Averill). Frequent in Granby and
northern Litchfield County. May — mid- June.
A beautiful plant well worthy of cultivation. Herb
medicinal.
HEUCHERA L. Alum Root.
Heuchera americana L.
Common Alum Root. American Sanicle.
2l6 COXNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Woods, banks and fence-rows. Occasional in the Housa-
tonic Valley in Litchfield County, and frequent or locally com-
mon in the southwestern part of the state, extending eastward
as far as New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Hamden (J. S. Smith),
Plainville (J. N. Bishop). Late May — early July.
The roots are very astringent and are of value medicinally.
MITELLA L. Miterwort. Bishop's Cap.
Mitella diphylla L. (two-leaved).
Miterwort. Bishop's Cap. Fringe or Fairy Cup.
Moist woods and shaded banks. Frequent or locally com-
mon northward in the western part of the state ; rare in north-
eastern Connecticut and near the coast westward ; not reported
from New London County. Late April — May.
A good plant for cultivation in rocky shaded places.
Mitella prostrata IMichx. (prostrate).
Rare. Moist rich woods : New INIilford, one plant only
(C. K. Averill & E. H. Austin) . Late April — May.
Very little is known of Mitella prostrata. As this plant
was found growing where Mitella diphylla is plentiful, it is
probable that the specimen represents an aberrant form of that
species, even though it is a good match for the type specimen
of Mitella prostrata.
Mitella nuda L. (naked).
Rare. Wet mossy woods : Litchfield (W. Buell), Winches-
ter and Salisbury, several localities (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May
— June.
CHRYSOSPLENIUM L. Golden Saxifrage.
Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein.
Water Carpet. Golden Saxifrage.
Frequent or conmion. Wet or swampy woods, springs and
rills. Mid-March — June.
PARNASSIA L. Grass of Parnassus.
Parnassia caroliniana Michx.
Grass of Parnassus.
Bogs and wet meadows. Frequent or locally common ex-
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 217
cept in the southwestern part of the state, but not reported
near the coast west of New Haven. Aug. — Sept.
Worthy of cultivation and may be grown in any sunny or
partly shaded moist or wet situation. The plant is medicinal.
PHILADELPHUS L. Mock Orange. Syringa.
Philadelphus inodorus L. (without fragrance).
Large-flowered Syringa.
Rare. Escaped about an old nursery at Wethersfield
(H. S. Clark & Bisscll). June. Fugitive from the South.
Philadelphus coronarius L. (pertaining to a crown).
Syringa. Mock Orange. Orange-flower Tree.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and waste
places: Bridgeport and Westport (Eames). June. Native of
Europe.
Philadelphus pubescens Loisel. (downy).
Syringa.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to pasture at Wethersfield
(H. S. Clark & Bissell). June. Adventive from the South.
DEUTZIA Thunb.
Deutzia scabra Thunb. (rough).
Deutzia.
Rare. Wethersfield, escaped about an old nursery (H. S.
Clark & Bissell), New London, brush lot near cemetery
(Graves). June. Fugitive from Asia.
RIBES L. Currant. Gooseberry.
Ribes Cynosbati L. (classical name).
Prickly Gooseberry. Dogberry.
Rocky woods and thickets. Occasional in northern Litch-
field County, extending southward as far as New Milford
(Eames & E. H. Austin) and eastward to New Hartford
(Bissell). It occurs also in Stafford and Tolland (A. W.
I^riggs). May; fruit July.
Ribes gracile Michx. (slender).
Ribes missouriense Nutt.
Missouri Gooseberry.
2l8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Rare. Roadside fence-row, Norvvalk (Eames & C. L.
Godfrey). May. Probably introduced from the West.
Ribes rotundifolium Michx. (round-leaved).
Wild Gooseberry.
Rare. Rocky woods: Meriden (W. H. Patton), Southing-
ton and Salisbury (Bissell). May — July.
Ribes oxyacanthoides L. (Hawthorn-like).
Northern, Smooth or Wild Gooseberry.
Occasional. Rocky woods and thickets, roadsides and
swamps. May.
Parent of some forms well known in cultivation.
Ribes Grossularia L. (grossuhis, a small unripe fig).
Ribes Uva-crispa L.
Garden, Common or European Gooseberry. Teaberry.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides, fence-rows
and waste places : Stonington and Groton (Graves), Old Lyme
(Bissell), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Orange, Strat-
ford and Fairfield (Eames), New Milford (Eames & E. H.
Austin). Late April — May; fruit July. Native of Europe.
Cultivated in many kitchen gardens for its fruit, which is
used for tarts and jam. or in its choicer varieties for its fine
flavor uncooked.
Ribes americanum Mill.
Ribes floridum L'Her.
Wild Black, Black or Flowering Currant. Quinsy-berry.
Occasional or frequent. Native in moist woods or thickets
except in the southern part of the state, where it occurs as
an escape from cultivation in fence-rows, roadsides and waste
places. May — mid-June ; fruit mid-July — Aug.
The fruit is edible but rather insipid.
Ribes nigrum L. (black).
Garden or European Black Currant.
Rare. Bethany, escaped from cultivation to waste ground
(Eames). May — June. Fugitive from Europe.
Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. (of lakes or ponds).
Swamp Black Currant. Swamp Gooseberry.
Rare. Meriden, at Lamentation Mt. (G. H. Cornwall,
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 2I9
1842), Salisbury, wet cold woods about Bing-ham Pond
( Bissell) . May — ^June.
Ribes prostratum L'Her. (prostrate).
Skunk, Fetid or Mountain Currant.
Rare. Swampy woods: Colebrook (Weatherby), Norfolk
(J. H. Barbour), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May —
June.
Ribes vulgare Lam. (common).
Ribes rubruni of Britton's Manual in part.
Garden Red or Red Currant. Wine Currant.
Occasional. Escaped from cultivation to fence-rows, road-
sides and waste places throughout ; also occurs in rocky woods
and on borders of swamps in wild and remote places in the
northern part of the state, appearing as if native in such situa-
tions, although the species is regarded as introduced in
America. Late April — May ; fruit mid- June — July. Natural-
ized from Europe.
A well known small fruit in cultivation. It is an interest-
ing fact that in Southington the same plant is growing in the
same rock crevice where it was fifty-five years ago (Andrews).
Ribes odoratum Wendland (fragrant).
Ribes aureiim of authors, not Pursh.
Missouri, BuflFalo, Flowering, Clove, Sweet or Golden Currant.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and about
old houses: Montville (Graves), Scotland (G. Waldo), Ox-
ford (Harger), Easton and Danbury (Fames), New Milford
(Eames & E. H. Austin). Mid- April — May; fruit late July
— Aug. Adventive from the West.
The fruit is edible. Often cultivated as an ornamental
shrub.
HAMAMELIDACEAE. WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.
HAMAMELIS L. Witch-hazel.
Hamamelis virginiana L.
Witch-hazel. Spotted, Witch or Snapping Alder.
Common. Moist or wet often rocky places. Sept. — Oct.
In some situations it is a valuable shrub for late-flowering
220 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
and foliage effects. The twigs were once popular as " Divin-
ing Rods " with which crafty operators were wont to impose
upon the credulous. A distilled extract of the bark is exten-
sively used as a toilet and medicinal article and is prepared in
large quantities in some parts of the state. The bark, the twigs
and the leaves are medicinal and are officinal.
LIQUIDAMBAR L. Sweet Gum Tree.
Liquidambar Styraciflua L. (flowing with storax).
Sweet, Star-leaved or Red Gum. Bilsted.
Wet woods, fields and drier open places. South Norwalk
(G. P. Ells, Bissell), and occasional or frequent westward
near the shores of the of the Sound. May.
The wood is hard and close-grained but not strong; is
inclined to warp and shrink badly. A beautiful tree in all
stages of growth, free from injury by insects and much
planted. Medicinal. The resinous exudation (liquidambar)
is used in the preparation of chewing gum.
PLATANACEAE. PLANE TREE FAMILY.
PLATANUS L. Buttonwood. Sycamore.
Platanus occidentalis L. (western).
Buttonball. Buttonwood. Plane Tree. American or False
Sycamore.
Frequent. Low grounds along streams or sometimes in
drier places. May.
The wood is hard, compact and difficult to split or work:
used for butcher's blocks, ox-yokes, small wares and interior
finish of houses. When well grown one of our largest trees.
Sometimes planted as an ornamental tree.
ROSACEAE. ROSE FAMILY.
PHYSOCARPUS Maxim. Nine-bark.
Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim, (maple-leaved).
Opnlaster opulifolius Kuntze.
Nine-bark.
Rare. River shores: Norwich (Graves), Preston (W. A.
Setchell, Graves). June.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 221
SPIRAEA L.
Spiraea japonica L.f.
Local. Escaped from gardens to fields and roadsides:
Norwich and Preston (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Groton (Graves
& Bissell), East Haddam (Bissell), Fairfield (Eames), Stam-
ford (W. H. Hoyt). July. Native of eastern Asia.
Spiraea prunifolia Sieb. & Zucc. (plum-leaved).
Bridal Wreath.
Local. Roadsides as an escape from gardens : Groton,
Waterford and Montville (Graves), Southington (Bissell),
Milford (Eames). June — July. Native of Asia.
Spiraea chamaedryfolia L. (germander-leaved), var. ulmifolia
(Scop.) Maxim, (elm-leaved).
Roadsides and waste places as an escape from cultivation.
Monroe (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Wilton (Eames & G. P.
Ells), and occasional in the southeastern part of the state
(Graves). Late May — June. Native of the Old World.
Spiraea latifolia (Ait.) Borkh. (broad-leaved).
Spiraea salicifolia of Manuals in part.
Meadow-sweet. Queen of the Meadow. Bridewort. Aaron's
Beard.
Frequent or common. Low wet grounds, thickets and
bushy hillside pastures, or sometimes in dry ground. July —
Aug.
Spiraea tomentosa L. (woolly).
Hardback. Steeple Bush. Purple Hardback.
Frequent or common. Moist fields and thickets, old pas-
tures, or sometimes in drier places. July — Aug.
The leaves and root are medicinal.
SORBARIA A. Br.
Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br. (having leaves like Sorbus, the
Mountain Ash).
Spiraea sorbifolia L.
Ash-leaved Spiraea.
Roadsides and waste places as an escape from cultivation.
Rare in most districts: Granby and Plainville (Bissell), Ox-
222 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
ford and Seymour (Harger). Occasional through the
southern part of the state. Mid-June — mid-Aug. Native of ,
northern Asia.
PYRUS L.
Pyrus communis L. (common).
Pear. Choke or Wild Pear.
Occasional. Roadsides, fields and pastures as an escape
from cultivation. May. Native of the Old World.
Valued in cultivation for its fruit ; also its wood is used
for drawing implements, for tools, in imitation of ebony, and
by the wood engraver.
Pyrus baccata L. (berry-bearing).
Crab Apple. Siberian Crab. Small Crab Apple.
Rare. Roadsides and river banks as an escape from culti-
vation: Windsor (H. S. Clark), Hampton and Hartford
(Bissell), BerHn (Andrews). May. Native of the Old
World.
X Pyrus prunifolia Willd. (plum-leaved).
Crab Apple. Large Crab Apple.
Rare. Roadsides and fields: Ledyard (Graves), Old
Saybrook (Harger), Hartford (Bissell). May. Native of
the Old World.
This species is supposed to be of hydrid origin, derived
from a cross between Pyrus baccata and Pyrus Malus, and it
is the parent of most of the forms in cultivation.
Pyrus Malus L. (classical name for the Apple Tree).
Mains Mains Britton.
Apple. Wild Apple.
Common. Fields, roadsides, pastures and borders of
woods as an escape from cultivation. May. Native of the
Old World.
Our most valued cultivated fruit. The wood is close-
grained, hard and tough, and is used for tool handles, shoe-
makers' lasts and by the cabinet-maker.
Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L.f. (bearing leaves like the Arbute
Tree').
Aronia arbutifolia Ell.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 223
Chokeberry. Red Chokeberry. Dogberry.
Bogs and swamps or sometimes in dry situations. Rare
or occasional in the southwestern part of the state from Hunt-
ington westward (Eames). May — early June; fruit Sept.,
often persisting through the winter.
Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L.f., var. atropurpurea (Britton) Robin-
son (dark-purple).
Aronia atropurpurea Britton.
Chokeberry. Purple Chokeberry.
Shrubby swamps and low woods and thickets. Apparently
rare in northern districts, becoming occasional or frequent
near the coast. May — mid-June; fruit Sept., long persistent.
Most reports of Pyrus arbutifolia should be referred to
this variety.
Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd. (black-fruited).
Pyrus arbutifolia L. f., var. melanocarpa Hook.
Aronia nigra Britton.
Chokeberry. Black Chokeberry.
Occasional to common. Bogs, swamps and thickets, some-
times in dry or sterile soil, even on exposed ledges at all
elevations. May — early June ; Fruit Aug. — Sept.
Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC.
Sorbus americana Marsh.
American Mountain Ash. Rowan or Service Tree. Moun-
tain Sumac. Dogberry.
Rare or local. Swamps and about ponds or sometimes on
dry ledges or in rocky woods: Stafford (A. W. Driggs.
Graves), Durham and Meriden (Harger), Granby (I. Hol-
comb), Winchester (W. M. Shepardson), Norfolk (Miss
M. C. Seymour), Canaan (Bissell), Salisbury (A. W.
Driggs), Kent (E. H. Austin & Eames). May — June.
The very astringent bark and berries are employed
medicinally.
Pyrus Aucuparia (L.) Ehrh. (used in bird-catching).
Sorbus Aucuparia L.
European Mountain Ash. Rowan Tree.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to open woodland in Kil-
lingly (Bissell). June. Native of Europe.
The bark and berries are employed medicinally.
224 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBulI.
CYDONIA Pers. Quince.
Cydonia vulgaris Pers. (common).
Pyrus Cydonia L.
Common Quince.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste and wet places in
the southwestern part of the state. May ; fruit Oct. Native
of Europe.
The fruit is valued for preserving. The raw fruit and
mucilaginous seeds are used in domestic medicinal practice.
Cydonia japonica (Thunb.) Pers.
Japan Quince.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to a roadside in Strat-
ford (Eames). April. Introduced from eastern Asia.
AMELANCHIER Medic. Juneberry.
Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic.
Shad Bush. Service Berry. Sugar, Indian or May Pear.
Frequent. Dry or wet thickets, woods and banks. Mid-
April — May ; fruit June — early July.
The berries are edible but seldom found in good condition.
The wood is heav}% very hard, close-grained and strong, and
is sometimes used for tool handles and small implements.
Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic, var. tomentula Sarg. |
(w^oolly).
Amelanchier canadensis Medic, var. Botryapium Gray's j
Manual ed. 7.
Shad Bush.
Rare. Open or deep woods: Southington (Bissell),
Colebrook (M. L. Fernald), New Milford and Kent (Eames),
New Fairfield (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). Mid-April — May.
Amelanchier oblongifolia (Torr. & Gray) Roem. (oblong-
leaved).
Amelanchier canadensis Medic, var. ( ?) oblongifolia Torr. ,
& Gray.
Amelanchier Botryapium of Britton's Manual.
Amelanchier spicata of many authors, not K. Koch.
Shad Bush. Service Berry.
Common. Swamps, wet or dry woods, fields, sand plains [
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 225
and in dry, rocky or sterile places. Late April — May ; fruit
June — early July.
The fruit is edible, often better than that of the previous
species.
Amelanchier oblongifolia (Torr. & Gray) Roem., var. micro-
petala Robinson (small-petaled).
Rare. Dry plains and in sterile places : Waterford
(Graves), Southington (Bissell), Oxford and Seymour (Har-
der). May.
CRATAEGUS L. Hawthorn. White Thorn.
This genus has received much attention from botanists in
recent years and many new species have been proposed. More
careful study of these may show that a part of them would more
properly be regarded as varieties or hybrids than as true species.
Because of this uncertainty as to the proper treatment of some
forms, in the following list the recognized species are given first
in the group to which they belong. Following them will be
found the names of any proposed species of uncertain status that
may belong there, the names being printed in italics, instead of
full-faced t3^pe.
Oxyacanthae Loud.
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (having one pistil).
Crataegus Oxyacantha of American authors, not L.
Hawthorn. English Hawthorn. Hedge Thorn. Haw or
May Tree or Bush.
Rare or local. Roadsides and old pastures. Waterford
(Graves), East Hartford and West Hartford (A. W. Driggs),
New Haven (Harger), Bridgeport, Fairfield and Norwalk
(Fames), Stamford (W. H. Hoyt), Sharon, a great many
trees over a wide area (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell). Mid-
May — early June. Adventive from Europe.
Often cultivated for ornament. The berries are medicinal.
Crus-galli Loud.
Crataegus Crus-galli L. (cockspur).
Cockspur or Newcastle Thorn. Red Haw.
Pastures, roadsides and fence-rows. Occasional or fre-
226 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
quent near the coast and in the valley of the Connecticut
River ; rare elsewhere. Early June ; fruit Oct.
The var. exigua (Sarg.) Eggleston (small), Crataegus
exigua Sarg., occurs in Stonington, Waterford, Lyme and
East Haven (Graves) and in Southington (Andrews).
Punctatae Loud.
Crataegus punctata Jacq. (dotted).
Rare or local. Fence-rows and borders of woods:
Canaan, North Canaan and Salisbury (Bissell). Early June;
fruit late Sept.
Forms of uncertain status.
Crataegus iimhratilis Sarg. (living in the shade).
Rare. Border of thickets: Litchfield (Bissell). Late
May — early June ; fruit late Oct.
Intricatae Sarg.
Crataegus foetida Ashe (fetid).
Crataegus Baxteri Sarg.
Local. Old pastures in moist, heavy soil: Windsor (Bis-
sell). Late May; fruit early Oct.
Crataegus apposita Sarg. (apposite).
Crataegus intricata Sarg., not J. Lange.
Crataegus coccinea Britton, not L.
Crataegus coccinea L., var. viridis Torn & Gray in part.
Occasional. Roadsides and pastures. Mid-May — early
June ; fruit late Sept. — early Oct.
Crataegus apposita Sarg., var. Bissellii (Sarg.) Eggleston.
Crataegus Bissellii Sarg.
Rare. Old pastures: Colchester (Graves), Southington
(Andrews & Bissell), Trumbull (Fames). Late Alay ; fruit
late Sept.
Crataegus coccinea L. (scarlet).
Crataegus coccinea L., var. viridis Torr. & Gray in part.
Crataegus modesta Sarg.
Crataegus premora Ashe.
Crataegus intricata J. Lange.
Old pastures, fields and thickets. Rare in most districts:
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 22/
Preston (Graves), Trumbull (Eames), Oxford (Harger),
Southington (Andrews & Bissell). Occasional in the northern
Connecticut Valley and in the northeastern part of the state.
Late May — early June ; fruit Oct.
Crataegus Stonei Sarg.
Rare. Old pasture at Southington (Andrews). Late
May — early June; fruit Oct.
Forms of uncertain status.
Crataegus Hargeri Sarg.
Local. Fields and roadsides: Guilford (G. H. Bartlett),
Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Trumbull (Eames), and
frequent in Southbury, Oxford and Ansonia (Harger). Late
May — early June ; fruit early Oct.
Probably a form of Crataegus apposita.
Rotundifoliae Eggleston.
Crataegus rotundifolia Moench (round-leaved).
Crataegus coccinea L., var. rotundifolia Sarg.
Crataegus Gravesii Sarg.
Crataegus Dodgei Ashe.
Occasional or frequent. Roadsides, pastures and hedge-
rows. Late May ; fruit late Sept. — early Oct.
Tenuifoliae Sarg.
Crataegus macrosperma Ashe (large-seeded).
Crataegus tenella Ashe.
Local. Moist pastures and thickets : Griswold, Franklin,
Waterford and East Lyme (Graves), Stratford (Eames),
Oxford (Harger). Last half of May; fruit Sept.
The var. pentandra (Sarg.) Eggleston (having five
stamens), Crataegus pentandra Sarg., occurs at Waterford
(Graves).
The var. demissa (Sarg.) Eggleston (hanging down),
Crataegus demissa Sarg., is occasional throughout.
The var. matura (Sarg.) Eggleston (full-grown),
Crataegus matura Sarg., occurs at Groton (Graves).
Crataegus Grayana Eggleston.
Crataegus Uabcllata Sarg., not Mespilus flabellata Bosc.
Rare. East Lyme (Graves). Late May; fruit Sept.
228 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
Forms of uncertain status.
Crataegus dissimilis Sarg. (dissimilar).
Rare. East Lyme ((iraves). Last half of May; fruit
late Sept.
Crataegus Forbesae Sarg.
Occasional in the towns of New London, Lebanon and
East Lyme (Graves). Late May; fruit early Oct.
Crataegus genialis Sarg. (pleasant).
Rare. Thickets: Litchfield (Bissell). Late May; fruit
Sept.
Crataegus glaucophylla Sarg. (glaucous-leaved).
Rare. Fields: Griswold (Graves), North Canaan and
Cornwall (Bissell). Last half of May; fruit Sept.
Crataegus monstrata Sarg. (remarkable).
Locally plentiful in moist thickets in Oxford, Middlebury,
Southbury and Woodbury (Harger). Late May; fruit Sept.
Crataegus Napaea Sarg. (of a wooded dell).
Rare. Thickets in Litchfield and Cornwall (Bissell).
Late May ; fruit late Sept.
Crataegus viridimontana Sarg. (of the Green Mountains).
Rare. Thickets: Litchfield (Bissell). Last half of May ;
fruit early Sept.
Pruinosae Sarg.
Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch (frosted).
Rare. Oxford, moist thicket (Harger). Late May : fruit
early October.
The forma dissona (Sarg.) Eggleston (confused), Cra-
taegus dissona Sarg., occurs at New London, Waterford and
East Lyme (Graves), East Windsor (Bissell), Oxford (Har-
ger), Trumbull (Fames).
Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch, var. latisepala (Ashe)
Eggleston (broad-sepaled).
Crataegus latisepala Ashe.
Crataegus cognata Sarg.
Frequent in the shore towns of New London County
(Graves) ; occurs also at Windsor and Stratford (Bissell).
Late May — early June ; fruit Oct.
Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch, var. conjuncta (Sarg.)
Eggleston (connected).
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 229
Crataegus conjuncta Sarg.
Rare. Pastures: Stratford (Eames), Oxford and An-
sonia (Harger). Late May; fruit Oct.
Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch, var. Porteri (Britton)
Eggleston.
Crataegus Porteri Britton.
Crataegus levis Sarg.
Rare or local. Old pastures : Torrington and Litchfield
(Bissell). Late May; fruit early Oct.
Crataegus Jesupi Sarg.
Rare. Fence-rows and pastures : East Windsor (Bissell).
Last half of May ; fruit late Sept. — early Oct.
Forms of uncertain status.
Crataegus f estiva Sarg. (pretty).
Rare. East Lyme (Graves). Last of May; fruit Oct.
Crataegus incisa Sarg. (cut or notched).
Rare. Stratford, in rocky pastures (Eames). Late May
— early June ; fruit Oct.
Crataegus litt oralis Sarg. (of the sea-shore).
Rare. New London, Waterford and East Lyme (Graves).
Last half of May ; fruit Oct.
Crataegus Pequotorum Sarg. (pertaining to the Pequot
Indians).
Rare. Groton (Graves). Last half of May; fruit Oct.
Crataegus qiiinebaugensis Sarg.
Rare. Griswold, at Hopeville (Graves). Late May : fruit
Oct.
Coccineae Loud.
Crataegus Holmesiana Ashe.
Rare. Fields and roadsides: Milford (Eames). Litch-
field (Bissell). Last half of May; fruit Sept.
Crataegus Pringlei Sarg.
Rare. Cornwall, in fields (Bissell). Mid-May; fruit
Sept.
The var. lobulata (Sarg.) Eggleston (with small lobes),
Crataegus lobulata Sarg., Crataegus cristata Ashe, occurs at
Lyme (Graves & Bissell).
230 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. (borne on a pedicel).
Crataegus f retails Sarg.
Crataegus sejuncta Sarg.
Rare or local. Fields and roadsides: Groton (Graves),
Beacon Falls, Oxford and Middlebury (Harger), Litchfield
and Cornwall (Bissell). Last half of May; fruit early Sept.
Crataegus polita Sarg. (polished).
Rare. East Lyme (Graves). Last half of May; fruit
late Aug. — early Sept.
This and the three preceding species are well shaped trees
with handsome foliage, beautiful both in flower and fruit, and
are well worthy of cultivation for ornament.
Forms of uncertain status.
Crataegus Eamesii Sarg. '
Rare. Dry banks: Stratford (Fames), Ansonia (Har-
ger). Last half of May; fruit late Aug. — early Sept.
Crataegus neo-londinensis Sarg.
Occasional near the coast in Groton and East Lyme
(Graves). Late May; fruit early Sept.
Molles Sarg.
Crataegus Arnoldiana Sarg.
Rare. East Lyme (Graves). Mid-May; fruit early Sept.
Anomalae Sarg.
Crataegus Brainerdi Sarg.
In its typical form not known in Connecticut. The var.
SCABRIDA (Sarg.) Eggleston (rough), Crataegus seabrida
Sarg., occurs in thickets at Litchfield (Bissell). Late May;
fruit late Sept.
Macracanthae Loud.
Crataegus macracantha Lodd. (long-thorned).
Crataegus coccinea L., var. macracantha Dudley.
Rare or local. Fields and pastures : East Windsor, Litch-
field and Cornwall (Bissell). Late May — early June; fruit
Sept.
The van rhombifolia (Sarg.) Eggleston (having
lozenge-shaped leaves), Crataegus rhombifolia Sarg., occurs
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 23I
at Norwich and Griswold (Graves), and at Southington (Bis-
sell, Andrews).
Forms of uncertain status.
Crataegus ferentaria Sarg. (armed).
Rare. Franklin (Graves). Last half of May ; fruit early-
Sept.
Crataegus fulgens Sarg. (shining).
Rare. Stratford, ledges on bank of Housatonic River
(Fames). Early June; fruit late Sept. — early Oct.
Crataegus pellucida Sarg. (transparent).
Rare. Litchfield, in pastures (Bissell). Late May; fruit
late Sept.
Crataegus spatiosa Sarg. (spacious; ample).
Rare. Groton (Graves). Last half of May; fruit Sept.
Crataegus stratfordensis Sarg.
Rare. Stratford, dry bank on the coast (Fames). Early
June; fruit Sept.
FRAGARIA L. Strawberry.
Fragaria virginiana Duchesne.
Fragaria canadensis Michx. in part.
Fragaria terrae-novae Rydb.
Wild or Field Strawberry.
Common. Fields, pastures and roadsides. Late April —
May.
Berries delicious. Hybrids and derivatives are common
and valuable in cultivation. The leaves are medicinal.
Fragaria virginiana Duchesne, var. illinoensis (Prince) Gray.
Fragaria virginiana Duchesne, var. Grayana Rydb.
Rare. Waste ground: Southington (Bissell), Oxford
(Harger), Bridgeport (Fames). Apparently an escape from
cultivation. Late April — May. Introduced from the West.
Fragaria vesca L. (small or weak).
European Wood Strawberry.
Rare or local. Grassy places : New London and Gris-
wold (Graves), Hartford (Bissell), Salisbury (M. L. Fer-
nald). May — June. In Connecticut apparently naturalized
from Europe.
232 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU. •
The var. alba (Ehrh.) Rydb. (white) occurs at Southing-'
ton (Bissell).
Fragaria vesca L., var. americana Porter.
Fragaria americana Britton.
Wild or American Wood Strawberry.
Rocky woods. Rare near the coast : FrankHn and Preston
(Graves), New Haven (D. C. Eaton). Frequent northward.
May — June.
DUCHESNEA Smith. Indian Strawberry.
Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke.
Fragaria indica Andr,
Yellow, Indian or Mock Strawberr}-.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to lawns: New London
. (Graves), Stratford (Mrs. R. H. Russell), Fairfield (Fames).
April — Sept. Adventive from India.
Often grov/n in hanging-baskets for its yellow flowers and
handsome but insipid berries.
WALDSTEINIA Willd.
Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. (strawberry-like).
Barren, Dry or Yellow-flowered Strawberrry.
Rare. Rocky woods or thickets : Norfolk and Colebrook
(H. C. Beardslee), Torrington (Miss B. A. Parker). Late
April — May.
POTENTILLA L. Cinquefoil. Five-finger.
Potentilla arguta Pursh (sharp).
Drymocallis arguta R}'db.
Tall Cinquefoil.
Rare or local. Open sterile soil and on dry rocky hills.
June — Aug.
Potentilla monspeliensis L.
Potentilla norvegica Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L.
Rough Cinquefoil.
Frequent. Fields, roadsides and waste places. June —
Sept.
Potentilla monspeliensis L., var. norvegica (L.) Rydb.
Potentilla norvegica L.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 233
Rare. East Granby, rocky slopes of Peak Mt. (A. W.
Drig-gs). June— July.
Potentilla argentea L. (silvery).
Silvery or Hoary Cinquefoil.
Frequent to common. Dry, sterile or sandy open places.
Mid-May — Sept.
Potentilla intermedia L. (intermediate).
Downy Cinquefoil.
Rare. Roadsides and waste ground in Glastonbury (Bis-
sell), East Haven (Harger), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt).
June — July. Native of Europe.
Potentilla recta L. (upright).
Potentilla sulphurea Lam.
Rare. Dry fields and wastes: Norwich (Mrs. E. E.
Rogers), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Bristol (W. A.
Terry), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt), Newtown (J. M. Otis),
Kent (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). June — July. Adventive
from Europe.
Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop, (of marshes).
Comarum palustrc L.
Marsh or Purple Cinquefoil or Five-finger. Bog Straw-
berry. Purple-wort.
Rare or local. Boggy swamps and borders of lakes :
New Haven (D. C. Eaton), East Granby (Weatherby), Ham-
den, Litchfield and Danbury (Harger), Salisbury, plentiful
about Twin Lakes (Bissell, Mrs. C. S. Phelps et al.), June —
July.
Potentilla fruticosa L. (shrubby).
Dasiphora fruticosa Rydb.
Hardback. Goshen Llardhack. Shrubby Cinquefoil.
Low fields, wet pastures and boggy swamps. Rare near
the coast: East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Guilford (G. H.
Bartlett), New Haven (G. W. Hawes). Occasional elsewhere,
except in Litchfield County, where it is common and often a
serious pest in low pastures. June — Sept.
Potentilla tridentata Ait. (three-toothed).
Sibbaldiopsis tridentata Rydb.
Three-toothed or Mountain Cinquefoil or Five-finger.
234 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU.
Rare or local. Exposed ledges and bleak mountain tops:
Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour, Weatherby & Bissell), Corn-
wall (E. E. Brewster), Salisbury (Bissell et al.). May —
July.
Potentilla pacifica Howell.
Potentilla Anserina of American authors in part, not L.
Argentina Anserina Rydb., var. grandis Rydb.
Silver Weed. Argentina. Wild Tansy.
Inner edges of salt marshes along the coast. Milford,
locally plentiful (Eames), New Haven (Bissell), East Haven
(Harger), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett) ; and common eastward.
Mid-May — July.
Potentilla pumila Poir. (dwarf).
Frequent. Roadsides and fields. April — May.
The comparative distribution of this and the species next
following has not been worked out.
Potentilla canadensis L.
Yellow Strawberry. Cinquefoil. Five-finger. Running
Buttercup.
Common. Dry, open places, especially on hillsides.
April — Aug.
Potentilla canadensis L., var. simplex (Michx.) Torr. & Gray
(simple).
Potentilla simplex Michx.
Cinquefoil. Five-finger.
Frequent or common. Woods, fields and roadsides.
May — Aug.
FILIPENDULA Hill.
Filipendula rubra (Hill) Robinson (red).
Ulmaria rubra Hill.
Spiraea lohata Gronov.
Queen of the Prairie.
Rare or local. Roadsides as an escape from cultivation:
Groton and Sprague (Graves), Monroe, Trumbull and Fair-
field (Fames). June — July. Naturalized from the West.
Filipendula Ulmaria (L.) Maxim. (Ulmus, the Elm).
Ulmaria palustris Moench.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 235
Ulmaria Ulmaria Barnh.
Spiraea Ulmaria L.
Meadow-sweet, Honey-sweet. Mead-sweet. Queen of the
Meadow. Meadow Queen. Bridewort. English Meadow-
sweet.
Rare or local. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and
waste places: East Windsor and Southington (Bissell), Ox-
ford (Harger), Trumbull, Norwalk and Ridgefield (Eames).
July — mid-Aug. Native of Europe.
Filipendula hexapetala Gilib. (six-petaled).
Spiraea Filipendula L.
Pride of the Meadow. Dropwort.
Rare. Southington, escaped from cultivation to a road-
side (Andrews). May — June. Fugitive from Europe.
GEUM L. Avens.
Geum canadense Jacq.
Gemn alhnm J. F. Gmel.
White Avens. Herb Bennet.
Frequent or common. Woods, thickets and shaded places.
Mid-June — Aug.
Geum flavum (Porter) Bicknell (yellow).
Cream-colored Avens.
Occasional. Rocky woods, thickets and partially shaded
places. Mid-June — Aug.
Geum virginianum L.
Rough or White Avens. Herb Bennet. Chocolate-root. .
Frequent. Wet meadows, low thickets and along streams.
Mid-June — July.
Geum striatum Ait. (strict or straight).
Yellow or Field Avens. Herb Bennet.
Rare or local. Open swamps, wet pastures or sometimes in
dry ground. Late June — mid-Aug.
Geum rivale L. (of brook-sides).
Purple, Water or Drooping Avens. Chocolate-root. Indian
Chocolate-root.
Wet or boggy meadows. Rare near the coast : Griswold
236 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
(E. F. Burleson, Graves), Sprague (Miss Smith), Guilford
(G. H. Bartlett), New Haven and Orange (D. C. Eaton).
Occasional or local northward and usually plentiful where it
occurs. May — June.
The root is used medicinally.
KERRIA DC.
Kerria japonica (Thunb.) DC.
Japanese. Rose. Globeflower.
Rare. Ledyard, roadside as an escape from garden
(Graves). Late May — June. Introduced from eastern Asia.
RUBUS L. Bramble.
Rubus idaeus L. (of Mt. Ida.)
European Red Raspberry.
Rare. Roadsides and fence-rows : Southington, escaped
from an old garden (W. H. Blanchard), Oxford (Harger),
Bridgeport, plentiful in one locality (Eames). Mid-May —
June; fruit Jul}-. Adventive from the Old World.
Formerly much cultivated and represented by the Antwerp,
Fontenay, etc.
Rubus idaeus L., var. aculeatissimus Regel & Tiling (very
prickly).
Rubus idaeus L., var. strigosiis Maxim.
Rubus strigosus Michx.
Red or Wild Red Raspberry.
Fence-rows, pastures and thickets. Rare in the coast re-
gion of the southwestern part of the state ; occasional or
frequent elsewhere. Mid-May — June ; fruit late June — July.
Valued for its fruit in cultivation. The Cuthbert and
other light red berries of gardens are of this type.
X ? Rubus neglectus Peck (neglected).
Purple Wild Raspberry.
Rare. Moist thicket: Oxford (Harger). Mid-May —
June.
Thought to be a hybrid between Rubus idaeus var.
aculeatissimus and Rubus occidentalis. The Shafifer, Glad-
stone and Philadelphia are cultivated forms of this species.
N'O. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 237
Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim, (having purple-red hairs).
VVineberry.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to fields and roadsides:
Southington (Andrews), Fairfield (Eames), Norwalk (E. H.
Baldwin). June- — Aug. Adventive from Japan.
Cultivated as an ornamental plant and for its fruit.
Rubus occidentalis L. (western).
Black Raspberry. Thimbleberry. Black-cap.
Common. Thickets, fence-rows, roadsides and pastures.
Mid-May — June; fruit late June — July.
The Ohio, Gregg, etc., are cultivated forms of this species.
Both wild and cultivated its fruit is valued for dessert and
preserving.
The forma pallidus (Bailey) Robinson (pale) has been
found in Bridgeport (Eames) and Oxford (Harger). The
Golden Queen of the gardens is a derivative of this form.
Rubus odoratus L, (fragrant).
Purple Flowering Raspberry.
Rocky woods. Rare near the coast; becoming. occasional
or frequent northward. June — Aug. ; fruit Aug. — Sept.
Rubus triflorus Richards, (three-flowered).
Rubus americanus Britton.
Dwarf or Running Raspberry.
Wet, often rocky woods, and in wooded swamps. Rare
near the coast; becoming occasional or frequent northward.
May ; fruit June.
Sometimes occurs with pink flowers.
Rubus allegheniensis Porter.
Rubus villosus Gray's Manual ed. 6 in large part, not Ait.
Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey.
High-bush or Mulberry Blackberry.
Common in woods, thickets and pastures in the hilly and
mountainous parts of the state; occasional or local at low
elevations and in sandy soil elsewhere. Mid-May — June ;
fruit late July — Sept.
One of our most valued wild berries and often cultivated,
the Taylor being a representative. The fruit- juice and root-
238 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
bark of this and other species are valued in domestic medical
practice for their astringent properties and are also officinal.
Rubus allegheniensis Porter, var. Gravesii Fernald.
Rare. Moist or dry thickets: Groton (Graves), South-
ington (Andrews), New Milford (Eames). June; fruit
early Aug.
Rubus frondosus Bigel. (leafy).
Rubus villosus Ait., var. frondosus Torr.
Rubus philadelphicus Blanchard.
Rare or occasional. Open pastures and dry hillsides. Mid-
May — June.
Rubus pergratus Blanchard (very pleasant).
Rubus orarius Blanchard.
Rubus amnicolus Blanchard.
Rare. Roadsides and thickets: Southington (Bissell),
Winchester and Colebrook (M. L. Fernald). Late May —
early June ; fruit July.
Rubus recurvans Blanchard (recurving).
Rubus arimdelanus Blanchard.
Fields and open woods. Occasional in the northwestern
part of the state ; frequent elsewhere. Mid-May — June ;
fruit July.
Rubus Randii (Bailey) Rydb.
Rubus argutus Link, var. Randii Bailey.
Rubus recurvicaulis Blanchard.
Woods and shaded places in moist or wet ground. Rare
or occasional in central and northern Connecticut ; its exact
range unknown. June.
Rubus laciniatus Willd. (slashed).
Cut-leaved or Evergreen Blackberry.
Rare. Bridgeport, spontaneous along a sandy roadside and
in an adjoining field (E. H. Baldwin). June — July.
Probably native of Europe.
Cultivated for ornament.
Rubus cuneifolius Pursh (wedge-leaved).
Sand or Knee-high Blackberry. Ankle Brier.
Dr\' open sandy or sterile places. Occasional or frequent
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 239
in the southwestern part of the state, sometimes covering
large areas ; becoming rare northward and eastward, reaching
Newtown (Eames), Southbury (Harger), Farmington
(W. H. Blanchard), Glastonbury (Mrs. F. W. Starmer),
Colchester (Graves). June — early July; fruit mid- July —
Sept.
The fruit is delicious. The bark of the rootstock is medi-
cinal and is officinal.
Rubus Andrewsianus Blanchard.
High-bush Blackberry.
Dry or moist open or shaded situations. Occasional or
frequent over most of the state, but apparently absent from
the mountainous areas. June ; fruit mid- July — Sept.
The fruit of this species is commonly of good size and
quality and is the High-bush Blackberry usually gathered in
some parts of the state.
Rubus floricomus Blanchard (covered with flowers).
Local. Woods and pastures in heavy soils : Southington
and Meriden (W. H. Blanchard). June; fruit Aug.
Rubus setosus Bigel. (bristly).
Rub Its nigricans Rydb. in part.
Occasional or frequent. Usually in swamps and wet
ground, but sometimes in drier places. June — July.
Rubus nigricans Rydb. (blackish).
Rubus hispidus L., var. suberectiis Peck.
Rubus setosus of authors in part, not Bigel.
Rubus vermontamis Blanchard.
Rubus semlsetosus Blanchard (?).
Dry hills and plains. Apparently rare or occasional, but
its distribution is not known. June — July.
Rubus hispidus L. (rough-hairy).
Running Swamp Blackberry.
Common. Swamps, bogs, wet woods and fields, or some-
times in drier places. Mid-June — July.
Rubus villosus Ait. (hairy).
Rubus canadensis of authors, not L.
Rubus procumbens Muhl.
Dewberry. Running Brier. Running or Low Blackberry.
240 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
Dry, especially open situations. Frequent or common at
low elevations, but rare or absent in mountainous districts.
Late May — June ; fruit July — Aug.
Its berries are the best of the low vines and are not ex-
celled by those of any blackberry. The Lucretia Dewberry is
a cultivated form derived from a variety of this species.
Several recently proposed species not included in this list are
obviously closely related to Rubus villosus and await further
study.
Rubus villosus Ait., var. humifusus Torr. & Gray (spreading
over the ground).
Rubus Enslenii Trattinick.
Rubus Baileyanus Britton.
Rubus subuniilorus Rydb.
Frequent or common. Dry soil in open situations, nearly
throughout, but especially plentiful at low elevations and near
the coast. Late May — June; fruit July — Aug.
The fruit is inferior in quality to that of the typical form
of the species.
DALIBARDA Kalm.
Dalibarda repens L. (creeping).
Dalibarda.
Rare. Moist rich woods: Winchester (Andrews, Bissell),
Colebrook (J. W. Robbins), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour).
Mid- June — mid- Aug.
AGRIMONIA L. Agrimony.
Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. (having bent or hooked sepals).
Agrimonia Eupaforia Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part, not L.
Agrimonia hirsuta Bicknell.
Stickseed. Cocklebur. Beggar-ticks. Hairy Agrimony.
Frequent. Roadsides, thickets and borders of woods. Late
June — Aug.
The plant is medicinal.
Agrimonia striata Michx. (grooved).
Agrimonia Eupatoria Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part, not L.
Agrimonia Brittoniana Bicknell.
Stickseed. Beggar-ticks.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 24I
Rocky woods, thickets and more open places. Rare near
the coast and in the southwestern part of the state ; frequent
elsewhere. Late June — Sept.
Agrimonia mollis (Torr. & Gray) Britton (soft).
Agrimonia puhescens Wallr. ( ?)
Soft Agrimony.
Occasional or frequent. Dry woods, thickets and more
open places. July — Aug.
Agrimonia parviflora Ait. (small-flowered).
Small or Many-flowered Agrimony.
Rare. Fairfield, edge of wet meadow (Eames), South-
bury, roadside (Harger, Bissell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S.
Phelps). Aug.
Agrimonia rostellata Wallr. (having a little beak).
Agrimonia striata Bicknell, not Michx.
Woodland Agrimony.
Dry rich or rocky woods. Occasional in the southern part
of the state, extending northward as far as Middletown and
Southington (Bissell). July — Aug.
SANGUISORBA L. Burnet.
Sanguisorba canadensis L.
Poterimn canadense Gray.
Canadian, Wild or Great American Burnet.
Locally plentiful along the borders of tidal marshes and
about fresh-water swamps and streams near the coast; also
occurs in low grounds along the Farmington River in Windsor
(H. S. Clark), Farmington (Bissell), and Simsbury (A. W,
Driggs) ; and has been collected at Berlin (J. N. Bishop).
Mid-July — mid-Oct.
Sanguisorba minor Scop, (smaller).
Poterimn Sanguisorba L.
Sanguisorba Sanguisorba Britton.
Garden or Salad Burnet. Bloodwort. Bibernel. Pimpernel.
Toper's-plant.
Rare. Monroe, in dry rocky ground (H. C. Beardslee).
July — Sept. Fugitive from Europe or Asia.
Formerly cultivated as a salad plant.
242 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
ROSA L. » Rose.
Rosa setigera Michx. (bristle-bearing).
Climbing or Prairie Rose.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides, waste places
and thickets: Voluntovvn (Graves), Farmington (H. S.
Clark), Stratford and Bridgeport (Eames). June — July.
Adventive from the West.
Rosa blanda Ait. (smooth).
Meadow, Thornless or Early Wild Rose.
Sandy soil. Rare in most districts : Hartford (H. J. Koeh-
ler), Milford (Andrews). Occasional along the Housatonic
River from Oxford (Harger) northward. Late May — June.
Rosa spinosissima L. (very spiny).
Scotch or Burnet Rose.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides in Preston
and Franklin (Graves). June — July. Adventive from
Europe.
Rosa cinnamomea L. (cinnamon-scented).
Cinnamon or Kitchen Rose.
Rare or occasional. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides
and waste places near old houses ; in the hills of Salisbury
sometimes forming dense thickets (Bissell). June — July.
Naturalized from Europe.
Rosa rugosa Thunb. (wrinkled).
Japanese Rose.
Rare. Milford, escaped from cultivation about old house-
sites (Eames & C, C. Godfrey) ; occurs also at Bridgeport and
Greenwich (Eames). June — Aug. Adventive from Asia.
Rosa canina L. (of a dog).
Dog, Canker, Hip or Brier Rose.
Rare. Pastures and roadsides: Bolton (C. C. Hanmer),
Southington (Andrews). June — July. Adventive from
Europe.
Rosa rubiginosa L. (rusty).
Sweetbrier. Eglantine. Hip or Kitchen Rose.
Occasional or frequent. Thickets, pastures and roadsides.
June — July. Naturalized from Europe.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 243
Rosa rubiginosa L., var. micrantha (Sm.) Lindl. (small-flow-
ered.)
Small-flowered Sweetbrier.
Rare. Granby, along a roadside (H. S. Clark, Weatherby
& Bissell), New Haven (A. L. Winton). June — July. Ad-
ventive from England.
Rosa gallica L.
French, Provence or Red Rose.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and about
old house-sites: Ledyard and Franklin (Graves), Thompson
(Bissell), Southington (Andrews, Bissell, Weatherby), West-
port (Fames), Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter). June. Ad-
ventive from Europe.
An old-fashioned garden rose. The dried petals are medici-
nal and are officinal.
Rosa nitida Willd. (shining).
Shining or Northeastern Rose.
Rare, In swamps : Thompson (R. W. Woodward &
Weatherby), Stafford (Graves). June — July.
Rosa Carolina L.
Swamp Wild Rose.
Frequent or common. Swamps and in low ground. June
-July.
Rosa virginiana Mill.
Rosa lucida Ehrh.
Wild or Large Wild Rose.
Occasional or frequent. Low grounds, banks of streams,
fields and thickets. June — July.
Rosa humilis Marsh, (low).
Wild Rose. Dwarf, Low or Pasture Wild Rose.
Frequent or common. Pastures, thickets and open woods,
often in dry ground. June — July. An apparent hybrid of
this with Rosa nitida occurs at Stafford (Weatherbv & Bis-
sell).
PRUNUS L. Plum. Cherry.
?runus serotina Ehrh. (late).
Wild, Rum, Whiskey or Cabinet Cherry. Wild Black Cherry.
244 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU.
Common. Woods, pastures, fence-rows and roadsides.
Mid-May — June ; fruit Aug. — Sept.
The bark is officinal under the name " Prnnus virginiana,''
and is vakied for its tonic as well as sedative properties, the
latter due to its hydrocyanic acid, a constituent also of all other
parts of the plant. The foliage of this and probably that of re-
lated species is believed to be poisonous to cattle when wilted,
although harmless when fresh. The kernels of the seeds, inad-
vertently swallowed by children, have been fatally poisonous.
The wood is light, strong, hard and close-grained, valued for
cabinet work and interior finish. The tree is ornamental and
worthy of planting in some situations.
Prunus virginiana L.
Choke Cherry.
Thickets, woods, fence-rows and roadsides. Rare near th®
coast in the southeastern part of the state but frequent o»
common elsewhere. Mid-May — June ; fruit mid- July — Augf
Prunus pennsylvanica L. f.
Wild Red Cherry. Bird, Pin or Fire Cherry.
Occasional. Found in various soils and situations, but
especially in rocky woods and clearings. May ; fruit July.
The wood is light, soft and close-grained.
Prunus alleghaniensis Porter..
Alleghany or IMountain Plum. Sloe.
Rare. Lisbon, sandy bottoms along the Quinnebaug River,
and Lyme, bank of the Connecticut River (Graves) ; Bridge-
port, w-et thicket bordering a small stream, and Monroe, hill-
side pasture (Fames) ; Southlmry, roadside in sandy soil
(Harger). May; fruit Aug.
Prunus instititia L. (grafted).
Prunus spinosa L., var. instititia Gray's Manual ed. 6.
Damson. Bullace Plum.
Rare. Old Lyme, escaped from a hedge (Graves), Fair-
field, rocky hillside (Fames). May; fruit Aug. — Sept. Ad-
ventive from Furope.
Prunus maritima Wang, (of the sea-coast).
Beach Plum.
Xi>. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 245
In sandy soil. Frequent or common on the shores of the
Sound and about tidal streams and marshes, also occasional
in dry places a few miles inland. Mid-May — mid-June ; fruit
late Aug. — Sept.
The fruit is sometimes gathered for preserves.
Prunus Mahaleb L. (Arabic name).
Mahaleb, St. Lucie or Perfumed Cherry.
Rare or local. Fields, pastures and roadsides : New Lon-
don and Groton (Graves), Norwalk (E. H. Baldwin). May
— June. Naturalized from Europe.
Is largely imported and used for cherry-tree stocks.
Prunus Gravesii Small.
Beach Plum.
Rare. Groton, gravelly ridge near the Sound (Graves).
Last week in May ; fruit first week in Sept.
Prunus cuneata Raf. (wedge-shaped).
Prunus pumila Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part.
Sand or Dwarf Cherry.
Sand plains and tops of rocky hills. Norwich (W. A.
Setchell. Mrs. E. E. Rogers), and rare, local or occasional in
the northern two-thirds of the state. May ; fruit Aug.
Prunus avium L. (of birds).
Cherry. Sweet, Black, Bird or Mazzard Cherry.
Frequent. Roadsides, fence-rows, woods and thickets.
Late xApril — ]\Iay ; fruit mid-June— July. Naturalized from
Europe.
In its cultivated forms valuable for its fruit, that of the
wild plants being also sometimes used. The wood is valued
for cabinet work.
Prunus Cerasus L. (classical name for the Cherry-tree).
Sour, Pie, Red, Morello or Old-fashioned Cherry. Griottes.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides : Ledyard,
New London and Waterford (Graves), Thompson and Bristol
(Bissell), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Stratford (Fames).
May ; fruit July. Native of Europe.
Cultivated for its fruit.
•246 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuUl
Prunus nigra Ait. (black).
Wild, Canada or Horse Plum.
Rare. Norfolk, a few trees about an abandoned garden
(A. W. Driggs), Oxford (Harger). May ; fruit Aug. — Sept
Has given rise to some choice fruit-bearing varieties in
cultivation.
Prunus americana Marsh.
Wild Plum. Wild Yellow, Red or Goose Plum.
Wet or dry soils in various situations, especially along
streams. Rare in southern districts, becoming occasional
northward. May ; fruit mid-Aug. Apparently, in part, intro
duced near the coast.
It is the most prolific source of cultivated native Plums
suited to the cold North,
Prunus domestica L. (domestic).
Garden Plum.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and waste
places: New London (Graves), Hartford (H. S. Clark &
Bissell), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Oxford (Harger),
Fairfield (Eames & C. K. Averill). May; fruit Aug. — Sept.
Native of the Old World.
Frequently cultivated.
Prunus Persica (L.) Stokes.
Amygdalus Persica L.
Peach.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides, fence-rows
and waste places in the southern part of the state. Late April
— May ; fruit Aug. — Sept. Native of Asia.
A valued fruit in cultivation. Some forms are occasionally
cultivated for ornament. Medicinal.
LEGUMINOSAE. PULSE FAMILY.
GLEDITSIA L. Honey Locust.
Gleditsia triacanthos L. (three-thorned).
Honey Locust.
Rare, occasional or local. Pastures, roadsides and fence-
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 247
rows as an escape from cultivation. May — June. Naturalized
from the West or South.
The wood is coarse-grained but strong and durable. The
name Honey Locust is supposed to refer to the sweetness of
the pulp surrounding the seeds in the pod. Often planted for
hedges or as an ornamental tree.
CASSIA L. Senna.
Cassia marilandica L.
Wild or American Senna.
Roadsides or alluvial soil, usually in moist ground. Rare
or occasional in most sections, but frequent along the Housa-
tonic River. July — Aug.
The leaves have medicinal properties like those of officinal
Senna and are sometimes used as a substitute.
Cassia Chamaecrista L. (ground cock's-comb).
Partridge Pea.
Sandy fields and railroad banks. Common on and near the
coast, extending inland as far as Glastonbury (H. S. Clark),
and Seymour (Harger). July — Sept.
Cassia nictitans L. (winking).
Wild Sensitive Plant. Sensitive Pea.
Common. Sandy fields and dry sterile ground. July —
Sept.
CERCIS L. Redbud. Judas Tree.
Cercis canadensis L.
Redbtid.
Rare. Sparingly escaped about an old nursery at
Wethersfield (H. S. Clark & Bissell). * April. Fugitive from
the South.
BAPTISIA Vent. False Indigo.
Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. (used for dyeing).
Wild Indigo. Horsefly-weed.
Common. Dry wastes, pastures, thickets and open woods
in sandy or poor soils. July — Aug.
The leaves have been used as a substitute for Indigo and
the young shoots are sometimes eaten like Asparagus. The
roots and leaves have medicinal value.
248 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBllll.
CROTALARIA L. Rattle-box.
Crotalaria sagittalis L. (shaped like an arrow-head).
Rattle-box.
Frequent to common. Dry sandy or sterile ground. Jul\
— Sept.
This plant when present in hay is known to cause seriou-
and fatal poisoning- of horses and sometimes of cattle, its mod-
of action being similar to that of the western Loco-weeds.
CYTISUS L. Broom.
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link (broom-like).
Scotch Broom.
Rare. Meriden^ one colony by a roadside (Miss E. J.
Leonard). July — Aug. Fugitive from Europe,
The dried tops are medicinal and are officinal.
LUPINUS L. Lupine.
Lupinus perennis L. (perennial).
Wild Lupine. Blue Bean. Sundial.
Dry or sandy soil. Found nearly throughout, though
ver}' local and uneven in its distribution, but, in general, rare
westward and occasional or frequent eastward. May — June.
TRIFOLIUM L. Clover. Trefoil.
Trifolium arvense L. (of cultivated ground).
Rabbit-foot or Stone Clover.
Common. Dry fields and roadsides. June — Sept.
Naturalized from Europe.
Trifolium incarnatum L. (flesh-colored).
Crimson or Italiari" Clover.
Rare. Fields and cultivated ground as an escape from
cultivation. June — July. Fugitive from Europe.
Often grown as a cover-crop. Very brilliant when in full
bloom. All the clovers, through the agency of bacterial
nodules on their roots, are exceedingly valuable as storers of
nitrogen in the soil.
Trifolium pratense L. (of meadows).
Red, Common Red, Meadow or Pea-vine Clover.
X(). 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 249
Common. Meadows, fields and roadsides. May — June.
Naturalized from Europe.
Extensively cultivated for fodder and for fertilizer. The
blossoms are used medicinally.
Trifolium repens L. (creeping).
White or Honeysuckle Clover.
Common. Fields, meadows, roadsides and lawns. May —
June. Probably, at least for the most part, introduced from
Europe.
Valuable for pasturage, for lawns and as a honey plant.
Some authorities regard this species as the true Irish Sham-
rock.
Trifolium hybridum L. (mongrel).
Alsike or Swedish Clover.
Frequent. Cultivated fields, roadsides and waste ground,
usually in moist places. June — Aug. Naturalized from
Europe.
Valuable for hay and as a honey plant, thriving best on
heavy soils.
Trifolium agrarium L. (of fields).
Trifolium aureum at least of American authors.
Yellow or Hop Clover.
Common. Fields and roadsides. June — Aug. Natural-
ized from Europe. Of little value as a forage plant.
Trifolium procumbens L. (trailing).
Low Hop Clover.
Dry fields. Occasional to frequent near the coast ; rare
elsewhere. June — July. Naturalized from Europe.
MELILOTUS Hill. Sweet Clover.
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. (of the shops).
Yellow Melilot or Sweet Clover.
Occasional or local. Waste places. June — Aug. Natural-
ized from Europe.
The leaves and flowering tops are medicinal.
Melilotus alba Desr. (white).
White Melilot or Sweet Clover. Bokhara Clover.
250 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
Local or frequent. Roadsides and waste places. June —
Aug. Naturalized from Europe.
Sometimes grown for forage or as a honey plant. The
leaves and flowering tops are sometimes used medicinally.
MEDICAGO L. Medick.
Medicago sativa L. (sown).
Lucerne. Alfalfa.
Rare or occasional. Fields and roadsides as an escape
from cultivation. June — Aug. Introduced from Europe.
In some parts of the United States of great value as a
forage plant and important as a source of honey, but not often
successfully grown in Connecticut.
Medicago lupulina L. (hop-like).
Hop or Black Medick. Nonesuch.
Frequent. Waste places and roadsides. June — July.
Naturalized from Europe.
The seed is a common adulteration in clover seed.
Medicago arabica (L.) Huds.
Medicago macnlata Sibth.
Spotted Medick.
Rare. New London, in cultivated ground (Graves). June
— Aug. Fugitive from Europe.
Medicago hispida Gaertn. (rough-hairy).
Medicago denticulata Willd.
Toothed Medick. Bur Clover.
Rare. Hartford, in waste ground (H. S. Clark). Sept. — •
Oct. Fugitive from Europe.
HOSACKIA Dougl.
Hosackia americana (Nutt.) Piper.
Hosackia Purshiana Benth.
Lotus americanus Bischoff.
Rare. Bridgeport, a waif in waste ground (Fames). June
— Aug. Fugitive from the western United States.
LOTUS L. Bird's-foot Trefoil.
Lotus corniculatus L. (horned).
Bloom-fell. Bird's-foot Trefoil. Ground Honeysuckle.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 25I
Rare. Fields and waste ground: Naugatuck (Mrs. C. H.
Lyman & B. B. Bristol), Bridgeport (Eames). June — Sept.
Adventive from Europe.
AMORPHA L.
Amorpha fruticosa L. (shrubby).
False or Bastard Indigo.
Rare. Roadsides as an escape from cultivation: Middle-
town (Harger), Southington (Andrews), New Haven (D.
C. Eaton), Hartford and Wethersfield (Bissell). May — July.
Adventive from the West.
TEPHROSIA Pers. Hoary Pea.
Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers.
Cracca virginiana L.
Goat's Rue. Catgut.
Rare or local. Dry sandy or rocky soils. June.
The roots are sometimes used medicinally.
ROBINIA L. Locust.
Robinia Pseudo-Acacia L. (false Acacia).
Common or Black Locust. False Acacia.
Frequent. Fields and roadsides as -an escape from cultiva-
tion. June. Naturalized from the South.
Cultivated for ornament and sometimes planted to cover
sand-blows. The wood is hard and very durable, used for
fence-posts and railroad ties. The bark of the root is
medicinal.
Robinia viscosa Vent, (sticky).
Clammy Locust.
Occasional. Roadsides, fields and woods, usually in sandy
ground. June — July. Naturalized from the South.
Robinia hispida L. (rough -hairy).
Rose Acacia. Flowering or Bristly Locust.
Rare. Dry or sandy roadsides as an escape from cultiva-
tion: Groton (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), South
Windsor (Weatherby), North Haven (Harger), Berlin and
Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Seymour and South Nor-
252 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. f Bllll.
walk (Eames), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May — June.
Adventive from the Southwest.
Cultivated as as ornamental shrub.
GLYCYRRHIZA L. Liquorice.
Glycyrrhiza lepidota (Nutt.) Pursh (scaly).
Wild Liquorice.
Rare. New Haven, formerly well established on a road-
side (D. C. Eaton) ; now apparently exterminated. May —
Aug. Fugitive from the West.
CORONILLA L.
Coronilla varia L. (variable).
Crown Vetch. Russian Clover. Axwort.
Occasional. Roadsides, waste places and in open fields as
an escape from cultivation. June — Sept. Naturalized from
Europe.
Very persistent and difficult to eradicate.
DESMODIUM Desv. Tick Trefoil.
Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC. (naked-flowered).
Meibomia nudiHora Kuntze.
Occasional or frequent. Dry woods. July — Aug.
Desmodium grandifiorum (Walt.) DC. (large-flowered).
Desmodium acuminatum DC.
Meibomia grandiiiora Kuntze.
Occasional or frequent. Dry rocky woods, usually in rich
soil. July — Aug.
Desmodium rotundifolium (Michx.) DC. (round-leaved).
Meibomia Michauxii Vail.
Occasional or local. Dry woods and hillside thickets. July
— Aug.
Desmodium glabellum (Michx.) DC.
Desmodium huuiifusum Beck.
Meibomia glabella Kuntze.
Rare. Waterford, in dry woods (Graves). Aug.
Desmodium canescens (L.) DC.
Meibomia canescens Kuntze.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 253
Dry woods and sandy fields. Occasional or frequent in
the southern half of the state and in the Connecticut Valley;
rare or local elsewhere. July — Aug.
Desmodium bracteosum (Michx.) DC. (having conspicuous
bracts).
Desmodium cuspidatum Hook.
Meibomia bracteosa Kuntze.
Dry wooded banks and in thickets. Occasional or frequent
in the Connecticut Valley and in the southwestern part of the
state ; rare or absent elsewhere. July — Aug.
Desmodium Dillenii Darl.
Meibomia Dillenii Kuntze.
Occasional. Dry woods and thickets in either sandy or
rich ground. July — Aug.
Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. (panicled).
Meibomia paniciilata Kuntze.
Occasional or frequent. Dry woods and copses. July —
Aug.
Desmodium canadense (L.) DC.
Meibomia canadensis Kuntze.
Showy Tick Trefoil,
Common. Sandy fields, roadsides and open waste places.
July — Aug.
Flowers rarely pure white.
Desmodium sessilifolium (Torr.) Torr. & Gray (sessile-
leaved).
Meibomia scssilifolia Kuntze.
Dry open or thinly wooded banks and sandy railroad fill-
ings. Local or occasional in the valleys of the Thames River
system: Montville, Norwich, Preston and Windham (Graves),
Franklin and Bozrah (R. W. Woodward). July — Aug.
Desmodium rigidum (Ell.) DC. (stifif or rigid).
Meibomia rigida Kuntze.
Occasional or frequent. Dry banks and sandy roadsides.
July — Aug.
254 CONNECTICUT GEOL, AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBllll.
Desmodium obtusum (Muhl.) DC. (blunt).
Desmodium ciliare DC.
Meihomia obtiisa Vail.
Dry open ground and waste places. Occasional in the
southern part of the state, becoming rare northward, reaching
Glastonbury (Mrs. F. W, Starmer), and Manchester (Weath-
erby) . July — Aug.
Desmodium marilandicum (L.) DC.
Meihomia marilandica Kuntze.
Occasional or frequent. Dry hillsides and sandy plains.
Aug. — Sept.
LESPEDEZA Michx. Bush Clover.
Lespedeza procumbens Michx. (trailing).
Occasional. Dry woods or thickets in sandy or sterile soil.
Aug. — Sept.
Lespedeza repens (L.) Bart, (creeping).
Rare. Dry woods: New Haven (R. W. Woodward).
Aug. — Sept.
Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. (violet-colored).
Bush Clover.
Dry open woods. Occasional in most districts but not
reported from New London County. Aug. — Sept.
Lespedeza Nuttallii Darl.
Rare. Dry wooded banks or in open ground, mostly in
sandy soil: Lyme and Windham (Graves), Southington (Bis-
sell), Seymour and Oxford (Harger). Aug.
Lespedeza Stuvei Nutt.
Dry woods and rocky banks. Occasional in the south-
western part of the state, becoming rare northward and east-
ward, reaching Southington (Andrews), Windsor (Bissell),
and Waterford (Graves). Aug.
Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britten.
Lespedeza reticulata Pers.
Rare or local. Dry sandy or rocky soil. Aug. — Sept.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 255
Lespedeza frutescens (L.) Britton (shrubby).
Lespedeza Sttivci Nutt., var. intermedia Wats.
Frequent. Dry woods and sandy banks. Aug. — Sept.
Lespedeza simulata Mackenzie & Bush (imitating).
Rare. Dry sandy ground: Groton (Graves), Southington
(Bissell). Aug.
Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem, (hairy),
Lespedeza polystachya Michx.
Occasional or frequent. Dry sandy soil. Aug. — Sept.
Lespedeza capitata Michx. (having a head, referring to the
compact flower clusters).
Common. Dry fields and sandy places. Aug.
Lespedeza capitata Michx., var. velutina (Bicknell) Fernald
(velvety).
Lespedeza velutina Bicknell,
Lespedeza Bicknellii House.
I Dry sandy or sterile places. Rare or perhaps occasional
j growing with the typical form, Aug.
I CICER L. Chick Pea,
Cicer arietinum L. (ram's-head, referring to the shape of the
flowers).
Rare. One plant in waste ground : Waterbury (A, E,
Blewitt), July. Fugitive from Europe.
VICIA L. Vetch. Tare,
/icia sativa L. (sown).
Spring Vetch.
Rare. Waste ground as an escape from cultivation. June
{ — Aug. Adventive from Europe.
1 Sometimes cultivated as a forage plant or for a cover-crop.
^cia angustifolia Reichard (narrow-leaved).
Common Vetch or Tare.
Roadsides and waste ground. Rare in its typical form.
The var. segetalis (Thuillier) Koch (of corn fields),
Vicia sativa of Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L., is occasional or
frequent near the coast, becoming rare northward. June —
Aug. Naturalized from Europe,
L
256 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Vicia Faba L. (classical name for this species).
European Garden Bean.
Rare. Waste or ballast ground: Southington (Bissell),
Waterbury (A. E. Blevvitt), Bridgeport (Eames). July —
Sept. Fugitive from the Old World.
From prehistoric times has been cultivated for food. In
the maritime provinces of Canada it is grown for fodder, but
in most parts of the United States, where the summers are hot
and dry, it does not thrive.
Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Moench (four-seeded).
Slender Vetch.
Dry grassland. Rare or local in most districts: Norwich
(W. A. Setchell), Southington (Andrews), Hamden (Har-
ger). Becoming occasional from Milford (Eames, C. K.
Averill) westward along the coast. Late May — June.
Naturalized from Europe.
Vicia hirsuta (L.) S. F. Gray (hairy).
Hairy Vetch or Tare.
Rare. Stamford, in waste ground (W. H. Hoyt). May —
Sept. Fugitive from Europe.
Vicia Cracca L. (classical name for some leguminous plant).
Cow, Tufted or Blue Vetch.
Fields, meadows and roadsides. Frequent along the Con-
necticut River; rare, local or occasional elsewhere. June —
Aug. For the most part introduced from the West or North
or from Europe.
Inclined to be troublesome in grassland wherever estab-
.lished.
Vicia villosa Roth (hairy).
Hairy or Winter Vetch.
Rare. Borders of fields as an escape from cultivation:
Southington (Andrews), Salisbury (M. L. Fernald). June —
Sept. Adventive from the Old World.
Grown to a considerable extent as a cover-crop.
LENS Hill. Lentil.
Lens esculenta Moench (fit for eating).
Ervum Lens L.
Lentil.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 257
Rare. Waste places: Bridgeport (Eames), Stamford (W.
H. Hoyt) . July — Aug. Fugitive from the Old World.
This is one of the oldest, and is still one of the important
food-plants for man, especially in the warmer parts of the
Old World and the Orient, although but little cultivated in
this country.
LATHYRUS L. Vetchling. Everlasting Pea.
Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. (of the sea).
Beach Pea.
Common on beaches and sand dunes along the coast. June
— Aug.
Is found rarely with pure white flowers. The young spring
shoots make an excellent pot-herb.
Lathyrus palustris L. (of marshes), var. linearifolius Ser, (very
narrow-leaved).
Marsh Pea.
Local. Borders of salt marshes in Groton, Waterford and
Old Lyme (Graves), Old Saybrook (Harger). June — July.
Lathyrus latifolius L. (broad-leaved).
Perennial or Everlasting Pea.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides : Groton,
Norwich and Preston (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett),
Southington (Bissell), Bridgeport (Eames). June — Aug.
Adventive from Europe.
An old-fashioned garden flower, hardy under almost all
conditions of soil and light.
Lathyrus pratensis L. (of meadows).
Yellow Vetchling.
Rare. In grassland: Hartford, well established in and
near an old cemetery (H. S. Clark). July. Adventive from
Europe.
PISUM L. Pea.
Pisum sativum L. (sown).
Garden Pea,
Rare. Waste places as an escape from cultivation. June
— July. Fugitive from Europe.
258 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Pisum sativum L., var. arvense (L.) Poir. (of fields).
Field Pea.
Rare. Waste places : Bridgeport (Eames). July. Fugi-
tive from Europe.
Sometimes grown for forage.
APIOS Ludwig. Groundnut. Wild Bean.
Apios tuberosa Moench (bearing tubers).
Apios Apios MacM.
Groundnut. Wild Bean.
Occasional to frequent. Moist thickets and near streams.
July — Sept.
The tubers are said to be edible.
PHASEOLUS L. Kidney Bean.
Phaseolus polystachyus (L.) BSP. (many-spiked).
Phaseolus perennis Walt.
Wild Bean.
Rare. Rocky woods and dry banks: Franklin (R. W.
Woodward), New Haven (D. C. Eaton, R. W. Woodward),
Huntington (Harger), Norwalk (Miss M. D. Lockwood, G.
P. Ells, Bissell). Aug.
Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common).
Common or Kidney Pole Bean.
Rare. Sometimes occurs as an escape in waste ground.
July — Aug. Native of Central and South America. A fugi-
tive, not persistent here.
The var. nanus (L.) Taubert (dwarf). Field or Bush
Bean, rarely occurs in similar situations.
STROPHOSTYLES Ell.
Strophostyles helvola (L.) Britton (yellowish).
Strophostyles angulosa Ell.
Trailing Wild Bean.
Open ground in sandy soil. Common along the coast, be-
coming rare or local northward. Aug. — Sept.
No. 14. j FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 259
AMPHICARPA Ell. Hog Peanut.
Amphicarpa monoica (L.) Ell. (monoecious).
Falcata comosa of American authors.
Wild or Hog Peanut.
Common. Woods and thickets, more often in rich moist
soil. July — Sept.
Amphicarpa Pitcheri Torr. & Gray.
Falcata Pitcheri Kuntze.
Hog Peanut.
Low woods and thickets. Southington (Andrews), Fair-
field (Eames), Norwalk (Harger, Bissell), and probably occa-
sional or local near the coast eastward. July — Sept,
LINACEAE. FLAX FAMILY.
LINUM L. Flax.
Linum usitatissimum L. (most useful).
Common Flax. Linseed.
Rare. Roadsides, fields and waste places. June — Sept.
Introduced from Europe, its nativity unknown.
Well known as a cultivated plant from time immemorial;
invaluable for its fibre and oil. The fibre of the inner bark is
very strong and tough, is valuable for spinning, and is used
in the manufacture of fine linen threads and cloths, also a
great variety of coarser cords and fabrics. The seeds are the
source of linseed oil, and the residue, under the name of " oil
cake," is considered a valuable food for stock. Linseed meal
has important medicinal uses.
Linum sulcatum Riddell (furrowed).
Rare. Dry ground: Granby (Bissell), New Haven, An-
sonia, Oxford, Southbury and Woodbury (Harger), Milford
(Eames), Kent (Weatherby), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
July — Aug.
Linum striatum Walt, (grooved).
Occasional to frequent. Moist open or shaded places. July
— Aug.
26o CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bttll.
Linum virginianum L.
Wild Yellow Flax.
Frequent. Dry woods and more open places, usually in
sandy soil. July — Aug.
Linum medium (Planch.) Britton (intermediate).
Rare. Dry sandy fields : Waterford and Old Lyme
(Graves), Ledyard (Harger), Milford (Fames). July —
Sept.
OXALIDACEAE. WOOD SORREL FAMILY.
OXALIS L. Wood Sorrel.
Oxalis Acetosella L. (somewhat sour).
Common or White Wood Sorrel.
Rare or local. Rich moist woods: Granby (L Holcomb),
Barkhamsted and Colebrook (Bissell), Winchester (An-
drews), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S.
Phelps ) . June — July.
This and other species of the genus contain a compound of
oxalic acid, and if eaten in excess may give rise to poisoning.
They are somewhat medicinal.
Oxalis violacea L. (violet-colored).
Violet Wood Sorrel.
Woods and moist or dry shaded places. Rare or local, but
apparently well distributed throughout the state. May — June.
Oxalis striata L. (straight).
Oxalis corniculata L., var. stricta of Gray's Manual ed. 6 in
part.
Yellow Wood Sorrel.
Fields, roadsides and sandy places. Rare or local in
northern districts, becoming frequent near the coast. May —
Sept.
Oxalis filipes Small (with thread-like stems).
Oxalis Brittoniae Small.
Slender Yellow Wood Sorrel.
Rare or local. Dry fields and roadsides : Farmington (H.
S. Clark & Bissell), Newington, Litchfield and Cornwall (Bis-
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 26I
sell). Orange (Eames), Southbury (Harger), Salisbury (M.
L. Fernald). May — Sept.
Oxalis corniculata L. (horned).
Oxalis corniculata L., var. stricta of Gray's Manual ed. 6 ia
part.
Oxalis stricta of many authors, not L.
Oxalis Bushii Small.
Oxalis rufa Small.
Oxalis cymosa Small.
Lady's Sorrel. Tall Yellow Wood Sorrel.
Common. Woods and fields in various soils and situations.
May — Sept.
Oxalis repens Thunb. (creeping).
Oxalis corniculata L. in part, and of many later authors.
Rare or local. Florist's grounds, greenhouses and street
gutters: New London (Graves). May — June. A cosmo-
politan species, in Connecticut probably adventive from
Europe.
GERANIACEAE. GERANIUM FAMILY.
GERANIUM L. Cranesbill.
Geranium maculatum L. (spotted).
Wild Cranesbill.
Common. Fields, roadsides and woods. May — June.
The very astringent root is medicinal and is officinal.
Geranium pratense L. (of meadows).
Meadow Geranium or Cranesbill.
Rare. Naugatuck, in waste ground (B. B. Bristol). July.
Fugitive from Europe.
Geranium Robertianum L.
Herb Robert. Red Robin.
Rpcky ledges, usually in shade. Rare in eastern districts,
becoming occasional or frequent westward. May — Sept.
Geranium carolinianum L.
Occasional. Rocky woods, dry fields and waste ground.
May — July.
262 CONiNECTICUT GliOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
Geranium pusillum Burm. f. (very small).
Small-flowered Geranium or Cranesbill.
Rare. In lawns and grasslands: New Haven (Harger),
Bridgeport (liames), Monroe (H. C. Beardslee), Litchfield
(Miss E. H. Thompson). June — July. Adventive from
Europe.
Geranium dissectum L. (finely cut).
Cut-leaved Geranium or Cranesbill.
Rare. Oxford, in newly seeded ground (Harger). June.
Fugitive from Europe.
Geranium molle L. (soft).
Dove's-foot Geranium or Cranesbill.
Rare. Lawns and cultivated ground : Southington (An-
drews), Stratford (Mrs. R. H. Russell), Bridgeport (Eames),
Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson). May — June. Fugitive
from Europe.
ERODIUM L'Her. Storksbill.
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. (like Cicuta, the Poison Hem-
lock).
Storksbill. Heron's-bill.
Rare. Waste ground: New London (Graves), Norwich
(Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Glastonbury (Mrs. F. W. Starmer),
Bridgeport (Miss A. E. Carpenter), Norwalk (G. P. Ells).
May — June. Fugitive from Europe.
Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Her. (smelling of musk).
Musk Erodium or Storksbill.
Rare. Hartford, in waste grounds (H. S. Clark). Sept
Fugitive from Europe.
RUTACEAE. RUE FAMILY. '
ZANTHOXYLUM L. Prickly Ash.
Zanthoxylum americanum Mill.
Northern Prickly Ash. Prickly Ash. Toothache Tree.
Thickets, fence-rows or open fields, often in rocky ground.
Rare in the southeastern part of the state, becoming occa-
sional northward and westward and frequent in Litchfield
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 263
County. April — May. Probably southward largely an
escape from cultivation.
The bark is medicinal and is officinal ; the berries are also
sometimes used medicinally.
PTELEA L. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop Tree.
Ptelea trifoliata L. (three-leaved).
Shrubby Trefoil. Hop Tree.
Rare. Roadsides and waste places as an escape from
cultivation: Southington (Andrews), Seymour (Harger),
Ansonia (C. K. Averill), Woodbury (Eames), Huntington
(Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson).
June. Adventive from the West.
The bark of the root, the leaves and the fruit are medicinal.
SIMARUBACEAE. QUASSIA FAMILY.
AILANTHUS Desf. Tree of Heaven.
Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. (glandular),
Ailanthus. Tree of Heaven.
Occasional. Waste places, fence-rows and along roadsides.
June; fruit Oct. Naturalized from China.
A tree of rapid growth, well adapted to cultivation. It
propagates freely from seed and from root suckers and readily
accommodates itself to any soil. It was formerly supposed to
counteract malarial influences arising from the soil in which it
grew. The staminate tree, however, on account of its dis-
agreeable odor when in flower, is not desirable. The bark is
medicinal.
POLYGALACEAE. MILKWORT FAMILY.
POLYGALA L. Milkwort.
Polygala paucifolia Willd. (few-leaved).
Fringed Polygala. Flowering Wintergreen.
In woods, usually in light soil. Rare in New London
County, frequent elsewhere. May — June.
A form with white flowers has been found at New Milford
(C. K. Averill).
264 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU.
Polygala polygama Walt, (polygamous).
Milkwort.
Local or occasional. Dry sandy ground, often on sand
plains. July — Aug.
A form with white flowers occurs at Milford (Eames).
Polygala Senega L. (from Seneca Indians).
Seneca or Senega Snakeroot.
Rare. Kent, a small colony in thinly shaded, dr}' and
poor soil on the bank of the Housatonic River (C. K. Averill
& E. H. Austin) ; occurs also at New Milford (C. D. Bishop).
May — ^June.
The plant is valued medicinally and is officinal.
Polygala sanguinea L. (blood-red).
Polygala viridescens L.
Purple Milkwort.
Common. Moist or sometimes dry fields, pastures and
thin woods. July — Sept.
Occurs occasionally with white flowers.
Polygala Nuttallii Torr. & Gray.
Rare or local. Open ground in sandy soil: Groton
(Graves), Cheshire and Southington (Andrews), Plainville
(Bissell). July — Aug.
Polygala cruciata L. (cross-shaped).
Open swamps and wet meadows. Occasional or frequent
near the coast, but rare or wanting inland. July — Sept.
Polygala verticillata L. (whorled).
Whorled Polygala.
Common. Dry or sterile fields. July — Aug.
Polygala verticillata L., var. ambigua (Nutt.) Wood (doubt-
ful).
Polygala ambigua Nutt.
Apparently rare. Dry places, growing with the typical
form. The distinctions between this variety and the species
have been little recognized, and its distribution is not known.
July — Aug.
i
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 265
EUPHORBIACEAE. SPURGE FAMILY.
CROTONOPSIS Michx.
Crotonopsis linearis Michx. (very narrow; referring to the
leaves).
Local. Sandy fields and wastes : Milford, plentiful in one
locality (Eames). July — Sept.
ACALYPHA L. Three-seeded Mercury.
Acalypha virginica L.
Frequent or common. Open woods, fields and meadows.
July — Sept.
Sometimes a weed in lawns and cultivated ground.
Acalj^jha gracilens Gray (slender).
Acalypha virginica L., var. gracilens Muell. Arg.
Frequent. Dry fields and roadsides. July — Sept.
RICINUS L. Castor-oil Plant.
Ricinus communis L. (growing in colonies).
Castor-oil Plant.
Rare. A fugitive in waste grounds in Bridgeport and
Fairfield (Eames). Sept. — Oct. Native of India or Africa.
Cultivated for ornament. The oil expressed from the
seeds is medicinal and is officinal.
EUPHORBIA L. Spurge.
Euphorbia polygonifolia L. (having leaves like Polygonum,
the Knotweed).
Seaside Spurge.
Frequent along the coast on sea beaches and sand dunes.
July — Sept.
Euphorbia Preslii Guss.
Euphorbia nutans of Britton's Manual.
Occasional or frequent. Fields and roadsides, especially
in sandy soil. July — Sept.
The plant has medicinal properties and is locally known as
Fluxweed. All species of the genus are more or less medi-
cinal and some are strong irritants.
266 COxXNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Euphorbia hirsuta (Torr.) Wiegand (hairy).
Frequent or common. Sandy soil along roadsides and in
waste places, July — Sept.
Euphorbia maculata L. (spotted).
Milk Purslane.
Frequent. Sandy fields, roadsides and waste places.
July — Sept.
Euphorbia marginata Pursh (having a distinct border).
Snow-on-the-Mountain.
Rare. Waste ground: Bridgeport (Eames). Aug. —
Sept. Adventive from the West.
Often cultivated for ornament.
Euphorbia corollata L. (having a corolla).
Flowering Spurge.
Rare. Fields and waste ground: Norwich (Mrs. E. E.
Rogers), Milford (Eames), Oxford (Harger). May — Aug.
Adventive from the South or West.
The root is medicinal.
Euphorbia Ipecacuanhae L. (Brazilian Indian name).
Wild Ipecac. Ipecac Spurge.
Rare. There is in the Herbarium of the Boston Natural
History Society a specimen of this plant collected at East
Windsor by Dr. M. M. Reed. It has no date, but from what
is known of Dr. Reed it must have been collected between
1825 and 1830; not otherwise reported from the state.
May — Oct.
The root is medicinal. All species of spurge yield a very
acrid, milky juice which is irritant to the skin. Domestic
animals are sometimes poisoned by eating these plants, and the
milk of such animals is also rendered poisonous.
Euphorbia Esula L. (Pre-Linnean name for certain species of
spurge).
Faitour's Grass. Leafy Spurge.
Rare. Fields and waste ground : New London (Graves),
Manchester (A. W. Driggs), Norwalk (G. P. Ells). May —
June. Adventive from Europe.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 267
Euphorbia Cyparissias L. (classical name for some species of
spurge).
Cypress Spurge. Spurge.
Occasional. Roadsides and fields as an escape from culti-
vation, usually near dwellings or old cemeteries. June.
Naturalized from Europe.
The plant yields a yellow dye.
Euphorbia Peplus L. (classical name for this species).
Petty Spurge.
Rare. New London, well established in one yard for at
least twelve years (Graves). June — Oct. Adventive from
Europe.
Euphorbia Lathyrus L. (classical name for some spurge).
Caper or Myrtle Spurge. Mole Plant.
Rare. Waste ground: well established in Trumbull and
Bridgeport (Eames). July — Aug. Adventive from Europe.
CALLITRICHACEAE.
WATER STARWORT FAMILY.
CALLITRICHE L. Water Starwort.
Callitriche deflexa A. Br. (bent downward), var. Austini (En-
gelm.) Hegelm.
Callitriche Austini Engelm.
Moist shaded ground, usually in cart paths and little used
roads. Local or occasional except near the coast eastward,
where it is not reported. June — Aug.
Callitriche palustris L. (of marshes).
Callitriche verna L. in part.
Pools and slow running streams. Guilford (G. H. Bart-
lett), Windsor (Bissell), and occasional or frequent westward.
June — Sept.
Callitriche heterophylla Pursh (various-leaved).
Ponds and slow running streams: Woodstock (Weath-
erby & Harger), East Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Southington
(Andrews, Bissell), and occasional or frequent in the vicinity
of the coast. June — Sept.
268 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
LIMNANTHACEAE.
FALSE MERMAID FAMILY.
FLOERKEA Willd. False Mermaid.
Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. (like Proserpinaca, the Mer-
maid-weed).
Rare. Damp shaded ground: North Haven (A. H.
Graves), Orange (Fames & C. C. Gadfrey), Oxford (G. H.
Bartlett), Southbury (Harger). May.
ANACARDIACEAE. CASHEW FAMILY.
RHUS L. Sumach.
Rhus typhina L. (like Typha, the Cat-tail).
Rhus hirta Sudworth.
Staghorn Sumach.
Occasional. Open fields, thickets and fence-rows. June.
The bark and berries have properties similar to those of
Rhtis glabra.
Rhus glabra L. (smooth).
Smooth Sumach.
Frequent or common. Pastures and roadsides, usually in
dry ground. June.
Sometimes forms troublesome colonies by its running root-
stocks. The leaves and bark are sometimes used in tanning.
Galls found on its leaves are very astringent and are used as
a substitute for the imported galls. All species of the genus
are handsome, especially in their autumnal foliage, and the in-
nocuous species are particularly ornamental when grown in
suitable places.
Rhus copallina L. (producing copal).
Dwarf, Black or Shining Sumach.
Occasional, frequent or common. Pastures and rocky
woods. July — Aug.
The bark and leaves have properties similar to those of
Rhus glabra.
Rhus Vernix L. (varnish).
Rhus venenata DC.
Poison Sumach, Dogwood or Elder.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 269
Swamps and wet ground or sometimes in drier places.
Occasional in most districts, becoming frequent near the coast.
June — July.
All parts of the plant are poisonous to the touch, etc., as
in the following species, only more actively so.
Rhus Toxicodendron L. (poison tree).
Poison Ivy, Oak or Vine. Mercury. Marcury.
Frequent or common. Fence-rows, fields, woods and
meadows, in either moist or dry ground, often climbing trees
and posts. May — June.
The var. radicans (L.) Torr. (rooting), Rhus radicans
L., is often more plentiful than the typical form.
A pernicious shrub or vine that is far too plentiful. To
most persons all parts of the plant at all seasons are poisonous
to the touch; and its exhalations, even at some distance, are
equally poisonous to some, especially in a humid atmosphere
or during free perspiration. The poisonous principle is be-
lieved to be a peculiar oil which is present in all parts of the
plant and which in the minutest quantity is intensely irritant.
Cattle and horses are not afifected by it. The leaves are valued
medicinally and were formerly officinal.
Rhus canadensis Marsh.
Rhus aromatica Ait.
Sweet-scented Sumach.
Rare. Guilford, on a small outcrop of rock in a salt marsh
(G. H. Bartlett). May.
The bark of the root is an active medicinal agent.
AQUIFOLIACEAE. HOLLY FAMILY.
ILEX L. Holly.
Ilex opaca Ait. (opaque).
American Holly.
Rare. Roadsides and thickets: Waterford (Miss A. H.
Morgan), Milford (J. D. Dana), Wolcott (H. J. Bassett).
May — June; fruit Oct., lasting into the winter. Escaped
from cultivation or possibly native.
Plentiful in parts of the South, where it is extensively
270 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
gathered for use in Christmas decorations. The leaves and
bark are medicinal.
Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray (whorled).
Black Alder. Winterberry.
Common. Moist woods and swamps, or sometimes in drier
places. June — July.
The berries turn brilliant red in autumn and continue on
the bushes far into the winter. The bark and berries are used
medicinally.
Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray, var. tenuifolia (Torr.) Wats, (thin-
leaved).
Ilex bronxensis Britton.
Winterberry.
Low grounds, growing with the species. Frequent in
southwestern Connecticut (Eames) ; occasional about New
London (Graves). Rare elsewhere : Southington (Andrews),
Litchfield (Bissell). June — July.
Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray, var. padifolia (Willd.) Torr. &
Gray (having leaves like Padus, the Cherry).
Winterberry.
Occasional. Low woods and swamps, growing with the
species. June — July.
Ilex laevigata (Pursh) Gray (smoothed).
Smooth Winterberry.
Swamps and wet woods. Rare in the northern and western
parts of the state: South Windsor and Litchfield (Bissell),
Monroe and Middlebury (Harger), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S.
Phelps). Occasional in southeastern Connecticut, chiefly in
White Cedar swamps (Graves). June; fruit Sept.
Ilex glabra (L.) Gray (smooth).
Inkberry.
Local. In and about swamps: Voluntown (Harger),
Groton, New London and Waterford (Graves), Guilford
(W. R. Dudley). June.
NEMOPANTHUS Raf. Mountain Holly.
Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Trel. (having a short abrupt
point).
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 27I
Nemopanthes fascicularis Raf.
Ilicioides inner onata Britton,
Mountain Holly.
Low woods and shaded swamps. Rare near the coast, be-
coming occasional or frequent northward. May.
CELASTRACEAE. STAFF TREE FAMILY.
EVONYMUS L. Spindle Tree.
Evonymus atropurpureus Jacq. (dark purple).
Burning Bush. Waahoo. Indian Arrow-wood.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and fence-
rows: Southington (Weatherby & Bissell), Milford (Eames
& C. C. Godfrey), Stratford, Bridgeport and Easton (Eames).
June — July ; fruit Sept. — Oct. Adventive or fugitive from
the West.
Planted for ornament. The bark of the root is medicinal
and is officinal.
Evonymus alatus (Thunb.) Rupr. & Maxim, (winged).
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides: Plainfield
(Weatherby & Bissell), Milford (Eames), Oxford, Hunting-
ton and Monroe (Harger). June — July. Adventive from
eastern Asia.
Planted for ornament.
Evonymus europaeus L.
European Spindle Tree.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadside in Stratford
(Eames), and Bridgeport (Miss A. E. Carpenter). June —
July. Adventive from Europe.
Planted for ornament.
CELASTRUS L. Staff Tree. Shrubby Bitter-sweet.
Celastrus scandens L. (climbing).
Waxwork. Climbing Bitter-sweet.
Frequent. Thickets, fence-rows and along streams. May
— June ; fruit Sept. — Oct., persisting into the winter.
The dried pods are often gathered for home decorations.
A highly ornamental plant and worthy of cultivation. The
bark of the plant and root are medicinal.
272 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
STAPHYLEACEAE. BLADDER NUT FAMILY.
STAPHYLEA L. Bladder Nut.
Staphylea trifolia L. (three-leaved).
American Bladder Nut.
Rocky woods and thickets. Rare in Ne\V London County,
occasional elsewhere. Late May ; fruit Aug. — Sept.
Desirable to plant as an ornamental shrub.
ACERACEAE. MAPLE FAMILY.
ACER L. Maple.
Acer pennsylvanicum L.
Striped Maple. Moosewood.
Rocky woods in rich soil. Occasional in the northwestern
part of the state, becoming rare eastward and southward,
reaching Ashford (Bissell), East Haddam (Graves), Hunt-
ington and Redding (Eames). May.
An attractive tree at all seasons of the year.
Acer Pseudo-platanus L. (simulating Platanus, the Plane
Tree).
Sycamore Maple.
Rare. Sparingly escaped from an old nursery to a pasture
at Wethersfield (H. S. Clark & Bissell). May. Introduced
from Europe.
Sometimes planted as an ornamental tree.
Acer spicatum Lam. (spiked).
Mountain Maple.
Cool, rocky woods. Occasional in the northern part of the
state, becoming rare southward, reaching East Haddam
(Graves), Guilford, at Bluff Head (G. H. Bartlett), Meriden
(D. C. Eaton), Redding (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). May.
Acer saccharum Marsh, (sugar).
Acer saccharimim Wang., not L.
Sugar or Rock Maple.
Rocky woods, roadsides and fence-rows. Frequent or
common in northern districts, becoming rare near the coast,
except as an escape from cultivation. May.
♦
N(\ 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 273
A popular shade tree, very common in cultivation. Very
valuable for its wood, which is extensively used in cabinet
work, for floors and for fuel. " Bird's-eye Maple " is of this
species. It is also the source of genuine maple sugar. The
autumnal foliage is very brilliant.
Acer saccharum Marsh., var. nigrum (Miclix. f.) Britton
(black).
Acer saccharinum Wang., var. nigrum of Gray's Manual ed. 6.
Acer nigrum Michx. f.
Black Sugar Maple,
Rare. Roadside as an escape from cultivation : Salisbury
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May. Adventive from the North or
West.
Acer platanoides L. (like Platanus, the Plane Tree).
Norway Maple.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadside thickets in
Hartford (H. S. Clark & Bissell). May. Adventive from
Europe.
Frequent and well known in cultivation.
Acer saccharinum L. (sugary).
Acer dasycarpum Ehrh.
White, Silver or Soft Maple.
River banks and swamps. Frequent inland along the
larger streams ; rare elsewhere. March — April, rarely
earlier.
I Often planted for shade or ornament.
Acer rubrum L. (red).
Red, Swamp or Soft Maple.
Common. Swamps, low woods or sometimes in dry
ground. March — April.
The wood is largely used in the manufacture of furniture
and wooden ware and for fuel. A beautiful tree at all seasons
and one of the most brilliant in spring and fall ; it is worthy
of much more extensive cultivation. The bark is medicinal.
Acer Negundo L. (an Indian name).
Negundo aceroides Moench.
Box Elder. Ash-leaved Maple.
274 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Rare or local. River banks or roadsides. Apparently
native along the Housatonic River from Oxford (Harger)
to Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps) ; escaped from cultivation
at Putnam (Harger), Groton (Graves), Southington (An-
drews), Wethersfield (Bissell), and Norwalk (Miss A. E.
Carpenter). April — May.
It is a rapid grower, thriving best in moist ground. Often
planted as a shade tree and in the West grown for wind-breaks.
SAPINDACEAE. SOAPBERRY FAMILY.
CARDIOSPERMUM L.
Cardicspermum Halicacabum L. (classical name).
Balloon Vine. Heart-seed.
Rare. Escaped from gardens to waste ground in Bridge-
port (Eames). Oct. Fugitive from the Tropics.
AESCULUS L. Horse-chestnut. Buckeye.
Aesculus Hippocastanum L. (horse-chestnut).
Common Horse-chestnut.
Rare. Southington, escaped from cultivation to a fence-
row (Andrews). June. Native of Asia.
Extensively planted for shade or ornament.
BALSAMINACEAE. TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY.
IMPATIENS L. Balsam. Jewelweed.
Impatiens pallida Nutt. (pale).
Jmpatiens aurea Muhl. ( ?)
Pale Touch-me-not.
Damp, rocky woods. Rare in most districts, becoming
occasional in the northwestern part of the state. July —
Sept.
The herb possesses the same properties as the following
species.
Impatiens biflora Walt, (two-flowered).
Impatiens fulva Nutt.
Spotted Touch-me-not. Snap-weed. Silver Weed.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 275
Common. Moist or wet, mostly shaded places. July —
Sept.
A form with pale yellow flowers occurs at Thompson
(Weatherby & Bissell).
The plant bjsars cleistogamous fertile flowers in the earlier
stages of its growth. Medicinal; it is said also to be effica-
cious in relieving the effects of poisoning by species of Rhus
and stinging nettles.
RHAMNACEAE. BUCKTHORN FAMILY.
RHAMNUS L. Buckthorn.
Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her. (alder-leaved).
Dwarf Alder.
Rare or local. In swamps: Litchfield (Weatherby &
Bissell), Cornwall (E. E. Brewster), Norfolk (Bissell),
Salisbury (M. L. Fernald), East Granby (Harger). May.
Rhamnus cathartica L. (cathartic).
Common Buckthorn.
Rare or local. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and
pastures : Stonington, Lebanon, Woodstock and Stafford
(Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Middletown (J.
D. Cochrane), East Hartford (C. C. Hanmer), Water-
bury (A. E. Blewitt), New Milford and Kent (C. K.
Averill), Cornwall and Norfolk (Bissell), Salisbury (Mrs.
C. S. Phelps). May — June. Naturalized from Europe.
A good hedge plant. The berries and bark are actively
cathartic. Another species of this genus, Rhamnus Purshiana
DC. of western North America, furnishes the well known
Case at a sagrada.
CEANOTHUS L. Red-root.
Ceanothus americanus L.
New Jersey Tea. Red-root.
Common. Dry, open woods and fields in sterile soil.
June — July.
The leaves are said to have been used during the American
revolution as a substitute for tea. The root and leaves were
formerly used for dying wool red. Medicinal.
276 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
VITACEAE. VINE FAMILY.
PSEDERA Neck. Virginia Creeper. Woodbine.
«
Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene (five-leaved).
Aiiipclopsis quiiiqiiefolia Michx.
Parthcnocissus quinquefolia Planch.
Woodbine. American Ivy.
Frequent or common. Woods, thickets and fence-rows.
June. "
Often cultivated, and very attractive as an ornamental
plant, especially in autumnal foliage. The bark and young
twigs have medicinal properties.
Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene, var. hirsuta (Donn)
Rehder (hairy).
Woods and thickets. Occasional or frequent in Litchfield
County, not reported elsewhere. June.
Psedera vitacea (Knerr) Greene (like Vitis, the Grape).
Woodbine.
Woods and thickets. Apparently occurs in most parts of
the state, but its exact distribution and frequency are not
known. June.
VITIS L. Grape.
Vitis labrusca L. (classical name).
Northern Fox Grape. Fox or Skunk Grape.
Frequent or common. Woods, swamps and thickets.
June ; fruit mid-Aug. — Sept.
The fruit is often gathered for making jelly and preserves.
The cultivated Isabella, Catawba, Concord and Brighton
grapes are derived from this species, and it is the parent of
the greater part of American cultivated grapes. Rarely
occurs with fruit amber-green or reddish brown in color. The
Niagara and some other so-called White Grapes are deriva-
tives of this form.
Vitis aestivalis Michx. (belonging to summer).
Summer, Pigeon or Bunch Grape.
Frequent or common. Woods and thickets. June ; fruit
Sept.— Oct.
Hvbridizes to some extent with Vitis labrusca and is next
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 277
in importance to that species as a source of cultivated varieties.
Its derivatives are largely wine grapes.
Vitis bicolor Le Conte (two-colored).
Summer or Blue Grape.
Rare. In thickets: Southington and Colebrook (Bissell).
June ; fruit Sept. — Oct.
Vitis vulpina L. (pertaining to a fox).
Vitis riparia Michx.
River-bank or Frost Grape.
Frequent on banks of rivers and streams ; rare or occa-
sional in other situations. June ; fruit Sept. — Oct.
The leaves, tendrils and fruit are somewhat medicinal, as
are those of other species of the genus.
TILIACEAE. LINDEN FAMILY.
TILIA L. Linden. Basswood.
Tilia americana L.
Basswood. American Linden. Whitewood.
Occasional. Woods, fence-rows and fields. June — July.
The wood is light, white and soft, but is durable, and well
adapted for carriage bodies, cabinet work, interior finish of
houses, and light boxes, such as honey boxes. It also makes
a fine grade of charcoal. The fibrous inner bark is made into
mats and cordage. It is an important honey plant and the
saps yields sugar. The flo'wers and bark are sometimes used
medicinally.
Tilia Michauxii Nutt.
Tilia pubescens of Gray's Manual, ed. 6, not Ait.
Basswood.
Rare. Wooded hillsides: Ledyard (Graves), Franklin
(Graves, R. W. Woodward), Old Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon).
Late June — early July.
Tilia vulgaris Hayne (common).
European Linden.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides in Hartford
(H. S. Clark & Bissell). June. Introduced from Europe.
This is the species so much esteemed for street decoration
in Berlin.
278 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
MALVACEAE. MALLOW FAMILY.
ABUTILON Mill. Indian Mallow.
Abutilon Theophrasti Medic.
Abutilon Aviccnnae Gaertn.
Abutilon Abutilon Rusby.
Velvet Leaf.
Occasional. Waste places and roadsides. Aug. — Sept.
Naturalized from Asia.
Abutilon pictum (Gill.) Walp. (painted).
Abutilon striatum Dicks.
Flowering Maple. Tassel Tree.
Rare. Salisbury, a few plants in waste ground as an escape
from cultivation (H. S. Clark). June — Aug. Fugitive from
Brazil.
SIDA L.
Sida spinosa L. (spiny).
Rare. Bridgeport, several plants in a dry sandy waste
(Fames). Sept. Fugitive from the Tropics.
ALTHAEA L. Marsh Mallow.
Althaea officinalis L. (of the shops).
Marsh Mallow. Sweatweed. Mortification Root.
Rare. Borders of marshes : Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers),
Guilford (G. H. Bartlett & Bissell). July — Aug. Natural-
ized from Europe.
The root, the leaves and the flowers are medicinal, the first
named officinal. The root is very mucilaginous and is used
in the manufacture of confectionery.
Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. (rose-colored).
Hollyhock.
Rare. Waste places and street gutters as an escape from
gardens: New London (Graves), Hartford (H. S. Clark &
Bissell), New Britain (J. N. Bishop), Meriden (Andrews),
Bridgeport and Fairfield (Fames). July — Aug. Adventive
from southern Europe.
An old and deservedly popular garden plant.
Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 279
MALVA L. Mallow.
Malva rotundifolia L. (round-leaved).
Common or Dwarf Mallow. Cheeses.
Common. Waste places and cultivated fields. May — Oct.
Naturalized from Europe.
Sometimes troublesome as a weed. The plant is medicinal,
and like most species of this family abounds in mucilage.
Malva crispa L. (curled).
Curled Mallow.
Rare. Escaped from gardens to cultivated ground : East
Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Oxford (Harger). June — Aug.
Adventive from Europe.
Malva sylvestris L. (of woods).
High Mallow.
Rare or local. Roadsides and waste ground : Norwich
(Mrs. E. E. Rogers), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), New
Haven (O. D. Allen), Southington (Bissell), Oxford (Har-
ger), Bridgeport (Eames), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thomp- ,
son). Aug. — Sept. Adventive from Europe.
The plant is medicinal.
Malva moschata L, (musky).
Musk Mallow or Rose.
Rare, but found throughout the state. Escaped from
gardens to roadsides and waste ground. June — Aug. Ad-
ventive from Europe.
Malva Alcea L. (classical name for some mallow).
European Mallow.
Rare. Roadsides and waste ground as an escape from
gardens: Oris wold and East Lyme (Graves), Stafford and
Southington (Bissell), East Granby (H. S. Clark), Trumbull
(J. P. Coles), Weston (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Salisbury
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — Sept. Adventive from Europe.
HIBISCUS L. Rose Mallow.
Hibiscus syriacus L.
Rose of Sharon. Shrubby Althaea.
Rare. Meriden, ballast ground (Andrews), Fairfield,
28o CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
freely escaped to a shrubby hillside (Eames), Salisbury (C.
C. Godfrey). Aug. Naturalized from Asia.
Hibiscus Moscheutos L. (producing offsets).
Wild or Swamp Rose Mallow.
Frequent along the coast in brackish and saline marshes ;
rare inland as at Woodbury (Harger). Aug. — Sept.
The root is sometimes used medicinally. Will thrive in any
garden soil and is well worthy of cultivation.
Hibiscus Trionum L.
Bladder Ketmia. Flower-of-an-Hour.
About old gardens and in waste places as an escape from
cultivation. Rare in most districts: Ledyard (Graves),
Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), East Windsor (Bissell), Southing-
ton (Andrews). Occasional in the southw^estern part of the
state. July — Aug. Adventive from Europe.
Hibiscus esculentus L. (edible).
Okra. Gumbo.
Rare. Waste ground in Fairfield (Eames). Aug. — Sept.
Fugitive from tropical Asia.
Much cultivated in the South for its young pods which
are added to soups and stews. It can be grown successfully
in southern Connecticut.
HYPERICACEAE. ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.
HYPERICUM L. St. John's-Wort.
Hypericum Ascyron L. (classical name for some species of
St. John's-wort).
Great St. John's-wort.
Alluvial soil on banks of streams. Rare in most districts :
Wethersfield and Simsbury (A. W. Driggs), Southington
(Andrews). Occasional along the Housatonic River through-
out its course. July — Aug.
Hypericum perforatum L. (perforated).
Common St. John's-wort.
Common. Waste places, open fields and roadsides. May
— June. Naturalized from Europe.
The herb is medicinal and is used as a substitute for Arnica.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 28I
Hypericum punctatum Lam. (dotted).
Hypericum maculatum Walt., not Crantz.
Hypericum corymbosum Muhl.
Hypericum maculatum Walt., var. subpetiolatum Bicknell.
Frequent. Moist ground. July — Aug.
Hypericum prolificum L. (prolific; fertile).
Shrubby St. John's-wort.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to fields and roadsides:
Woodstock (Graves & Harger), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
June — Aug. Adventive from the South.
Hypericum adpressum Bart, (appressed).
Rare. Wet shores: Lisbon (W. A. Setchell & Graves),
Lebanon (Mrs. C. B. Graves), East Lyme (Miss A. M.
Ryon) . June — July.
Hypericum Bissellii Robinson.
Rare. Open rocky woods : Southington (Bissell). July —
Aug.
Hypericum ellipticum Hook. (oval).
Pale St. John's-wort.
Common. Moist places and along streams. Late June —
July.
Hypericum boreale (Britton) Bicknell (northern).
Hypericum canadense L., var. minimum Gray's Manual ed. 6.
Wet or moist sandy soil. Probably occasional or frequent
throughout but its exact distribution is not known. July —
Sept.
Hypericum mutilum L. (mutilated).
Dwarf St. John's-wort.
Common. Moist or wet sandy ground along streams and
in ditches and about ponds. July — Sept.
Hypericum majus (Gray) Britton (larger).
Hypericum canadense L., var. majus Gray.
Moist sandy ground, usually along streams. Rare or local
in most parts of the state: Groton (Graves), Union (Bissell),
Southington (Andrews, Bissell). Occasional along the Con-
necticut River and in parts of New Haven and Fairfield
Counties. July — Aug.
282 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
Hypericum canadense L.
Common. Sandy ground, usually in moist or wet but some-
times in dry places. July — Sept.
Hypericum gentianoides (L.) BSP. (gentian-like).
Hypericum nudicaide Walt.
Sarothra gentianoides L.
Orange Grass. Pineweed.
Common. Dry sandy or rocky ground, often plentiful on
sand plains. Aug. — Sept.
Hypericum virginicum L.
Triadenum virginicum Raf.
Elodea campanulata Pursh.
Marsh St. John's-wort.
Frequent. Swamps and in shallow water. July — Sept.
ELATINACEAE. WATERWORT FAMILY.
ELATINE L. Waterwort.
Elatine americana (Pursh) Arn.
Mud Purslane.
Muddy shores and in shallow water. Rare or local in most
districts: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Groton, Lyme and
Old Lyme (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Southington
(Andrews & Bissell), Middlebury (Harger), Kent (Fames
& E. H. Austin). Local or occasional in southwestern Con-
necticut. July — Aug.
CISTACEAE. ROCKROSE FAMILY.
HELIANTHEMUM Mill. Rockrose.
Helianthemum canadense (L. ?) Michx.
Frostweed.
Frequent. Dry sandy or gravelly places. Mid-May — July.
The plant is medicinal.
Helianthemum majus BSP. (larger).
Frostweed.
Frequent. Dry open ground in sandy or gravelly soil.
June — July.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 283
HUDSONIA L.
Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. (woolly).
False Heather. Poverty Grass.
Rare, occasional or local on sand dunes along the coast
from Groton (Graves), westward as far as Westport (Eames
& C. C. Godfrey) ; occurs also inland at Ledyard (Graves).
Late May — June.
LECHEA L. Pinweed.
Lechea villosa Ell. (hairy).
Lechea major Michx., not L.
Hairy Pinweed.
Common. Roadsides, fields and waste ground in sterile
soil. July — Aug.
Lechea minor L. (smaller).
Lechea thymifolia Michx.
■ Rare or local. Dry open ground or in half-shade : New
London and East Lyme (Graves), Middletown and Enfield
(Bissell), Southington (Andrews), Kent (Eames), Salisbury
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Aug.
Lechea intermedia Leggett (intermediate).
Lechea minor Gray's Manual ed. 6.
■ Open ground or thin woods in sterile soil. Rare near the
coast, becoming frequent or common northward. July — Aug.
Lechea maritima Leggett (of the seaside).
Lechea minor L., var. maritima Gray.
Beach Pinweed.
Frequent on sandy beaches and dunes along the coast.
July — Aug.
Lechea maritima Leggett, var. interior Robinson (inland).
Dry sandy or sterile soil. Rare or occasional in the south-
eastern part of the state, extending to Sterling (Graves), East
Hartford (Weatherby), and Southington (Andrews). July
• — Aug.
Lechea tenuifolia Michx. (fine-leaved).
Frequent. Dry sandy or sterile ground. July — Aug.
I
284 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Lechea Leggettii Britton & Hollick.
Lechea moniliformis Bicknell.
Dry or sandy places. Occasional or local in New London
County (Graves); not reported elsewhere. July — Aug.
VIOLACEAE. VIOLET FAMILY.
VIOLA L. Violet. Heart's-ease.
Viola pedata L. (like a bird's foot; referring to the form of
the leaves).
Viola pedata L., var. bicolor Pursh.
Bird-foot Violet.
Dry sandy or rocky ground. Rare in its typical form:
New Milford (Miss S. Hartwell), Branford (Miss R. Doo-
little), and rarely near the coast eastward (Graves).
The var. lineariloba DC. (very narrow-lobed), Viola
pedata of Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L., is frequent in most
parts of the state and is sometimes common on sandy plains.
May and sometimes again in Sept.
Occasionally occurs with white or pink flowers.
Viola cucullata Ait. (hooded).
Viola palmata L., var. cucullata Gray in part.
Marsh Blue Violet.
Frequent or common. Wet meadows, swamps and banks
of streams. May — June.
Sometimes occurs with white, pale or variegated flowers.
A hybrid with Viola Hmhriatula is frequent ; a h}brid with
Viola pahnata occurs at East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon) ;
hybrids with Viola papilionacea and Viola sororia are occa-
sional ; a hybrid with Viola Brittoniana occurs locally along
the coast westward (Fames) ; a hybrid with Viola septcn-
trionalis occurs at Killingly (Weatherby & Bissell) ; a hybrid
with Viola sagittata occurs at Windsor (Bissell) and Fair-
field (Fames).
This and the twelve species immediately following consti- ,
tute a group of closely related species that hybridize freely
when growing together. These hybrids show characters more
or less intermediate between those of the parents, and many of
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 285
them have been described as species. They are often plentiful
locally and vigorous in growth, but show impaired fertility,
a large proportion of the ovules never forming seeds.
Viola nephrophylla Greene (kidney-leaved).
Viola vagula Greene.
Rare. Rich humus about a cold spring on a wooded hill-
side, Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell), New Milford,
moist ledges on river bank (Bissell). May.
Viola affinis Le Conte (related).
Viola vcnustida Greene.
Viola obliqua of Britton's Manual.
Rich woods and thickets, mostly in alluvial soil. East
Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Windsor (Weatherby), Plainville
(Andrews). Southington (Bissell), and occasional along the
Housatonic River in the northwestern part of the state. May
— June.
Viola latiuscula Greene (somewhat broad).
■ Rare. Rich woods or moist grassland : Southington and
Cornwall (Bissell). May.
Viola papilionacea Pursh (butterfly-like).
Viola pahnata L., var. cucullata Gray in part.
Common. Meadows, pastures and open places. May —
June.
A hybrid with Viola sagittata occurs at Glastonbury (Bis-
sell) ; a hybrid with Viola sororia is occasional throughout.
Sometimes found with pure white flowers, or white flecked
with blue.
Viola palmata L. (palmate).
Dry woods. Rare in New London County : Ledyard
(Graves), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon). Occasional else-
where. May — June.
A hybrid of this with Viola papilionacea is sometimes
found.
Viola triloba Schwein. (three-lobed).
Viola palmata L., var. dilatata Pollard, not Ell.
Occasional. Rich woods either dry or moist. May —
June.
286 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Viola sororia Willd. (sisterly).
Viola palniata L., var. sororia Pollard.
Woolly Blue Violet.
Occasional or frequent. Woods and dry open ground.
May — June.
Viola septentrionalis Greene (northern).
Rare. Roadsides and shaded banks : Union, East Windsor,
Plainville, New Hartford and Winchester (Bissell). May —
June.
Viola fimbriatula J. E. Smith (finely fringed).
Viola sagittata Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part.
Viola ovata Nutt.
Common. Dry fields and woods. April — May.
Hybrids of this with Viola palmata, Viola papilionacea,
Viola sagittata and Viola sororia are occasional. A hybrid
with F/o/ff Brittoniana is reported from Southington
(Andrews), and occurs at Fairfield (Eames).
Rarely seen with white flowers.
Viola sagittata Ait. (arrow-head shaped).
Viola subsagittata Green.
Moist or dry sandy or heavy soils. Generally rare: East
Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Glastonbury, Windsor and Bloom-
field (Bissell), Plainville and Southington (Andrews). Occa-
sional along the coast in Fairfield County (Eames). May
—June.
A hybrid of this with Viola Brittoniana is reported from
Southington (Andrews), and occurs along the coast in Fair-
field County (Eames).
Viola Brittoniana Pollard.
Viola septemloha of authors, not LeConte.
Viola atlantica Britton, not Pomel.
Meadows or sometimes dry open places. Occasional or
local along the coast from New Haven westward (Eames).
May — June.
Viola pectinata Bicknell (comb-like).
Rare. Stratford, inner edge of salt meadows (C. C. God-
frey). May — June.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 287
I
A hybrid of this with Viola Brittoniana occurs at Strat-
ford (Eames).
Viola lanceolata L. (lance-shaped).
K Lance-leaved Violet.
Low meadows, swamps and wet places about ponds. Rare
or occasional in Litchfield County but frequent or common
elsewhere. May — June.
Viola primulifolia L. (primrose-leaved).
^. Primrose-leaved Violet.
■ Moist sandy woods, meadows and open swamps. Occa-
sional over most of the state but not reported from Litchfield
County. May — June.
Viola pallens (Banks) Brainerd (pale).
Viola blanda of recent American authors, not Willd.
Sweet White Violet.
Common. Moist or wet fields and woods or in swamps.
May — June.
Viola blanda Willd. (mild).
Viola amoena LeConte.
Viola blanda Willd., var. palustriformis Gray.
Occasional or frequent. Moist or wet woods in rich soil.
May — June.
Viola incognita Brainerd (unknown).
Rare. Deep moist or wet woods: North Canaan (Bis-
sell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps, Weatherby), Colebrook
(Weatherby). May.
Viola rotundifolia Michx. (round-leaved).
Early Yellow Violet. Round-leaved Violet.
Damp woods and cool shaded banks. Rare or local in
New London County: Waterford and Franklin (Graves),
Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers). Becoming occasional or fre-
quent northward and westward. April — May.
Viola odorata L. (fragrant).
English or Sweet Violet.
Rare. About gardens as an escape from cultivation : New
London (Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), East Wind-
L
288 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
sor (Bissell), Southington (Andrews), Waterbury (A, E.
Blewitt), Oxford (Harger), Bridgeport (Miss A. E. Carpen-
ter). April — May. Adventive from Europe.
The herb and the flowers are medicinal.
Viola pubescens Ait. (downy).
Downy Yellow Violet.
Occasional or frequent. Rich woods. Alay — June.
Viola scabriuscula Schwein. (slightly rough).
Viola pubescens Ait., var. scabriuscula Torr. & Gray.
Smooth Yellow Violet.
Rare or occasional. Rich woods usually in moist soil.
Late April — May,
Viola canadensis L.
Canada Violet.
Rare. Rocky woods in moist rich soil : New Haven,
station now obliterated (H. W. Bailey), Guilford (W. R.
Dudley), Torrington (Miss B. A. Parker), Colebrook (H.
C. Beardslee) . May — July.
Viola conspersa Reichenb. (sprinkled).
Viola canina L., var. Muhlenbergii Gray.
Viola labradorica of recent American authors, not Schrank.
Viola Muhlenbergii Torr.
Dog Violet.
Frequent. Moist or dry woods and fields. May — June.
Viola rostrata Pursh (beaked).
Long-spurred Violet.
Rich woods. Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Meriden (D. C.
Eaton), Wilton (G. P. Ells) ; becoming occasional northward
in western Connecticut. May.
Viola tricolor L. (three-color).
Heart's-ease. Johnny-jump-up. Pansy.
Rare or occasional. An escape about old gardens. May
— ^July. Introduced from Europe.
One of the oldest of garden flowers, of which the modern
Pansy is an improved form.
Viola arvensis Alurr. (of cultivated land).
Field or Wild Pansy.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 289
Rare. Cultivated ground, meadows and waste places :
Southington (Mrs. J. Dunham), Oxford (Harger), Bridge-
port (Eames). May — Oct. Adventive from Europe.
I CACTACEAE. CACTUS FAMILY.
OPUNTIA Mill. Prickly Pear. Indian Fig.
Opuntia vulgaris Mill, (common),
Opuntia Opuntia Coult.
Prickly Pear. Indian Fig.
Exposed rocks and in sandy soils. Occasional along the
coast; rare inland, reaching Scotland (G. Waldo), Guilford,
at North Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Naugatuck and Beacon
Falls (J. K. Goodrich), Seymour and Oxford (Harger).
June — July.
THYMELAEACEAE. MEZEREUM FAMILY.
DIRCA L. Leatherwood. Moosewood.
Dirca palustris L. (of marshes).
Wicopy. Leatherwood. Moosewood.
Damp rich woods. Rare near the coast and in eastern
Connecticut: Scotland (G. Waldo), Guilford (G. H. Bart-
lett), Orange (Harger), Bridgeport (Eames). Becoming
occasional northward and westward. April — May.
The bark is very tough and was formerly used by the
Indians for thongs. Medicinal.
LYTHRACEAE. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.
ROTALA L.
Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne (very branching).
Rare or local. Moist meadows and shores of ponds : Gris-
wold (Harger & Graves), Stratford, Milford and Bridgeport
(Eames) . July — Sept.
I
DECODON J. F. Gmel. Swamp Loosestrife.
Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. (whorled).
Water Willow, Swamp Loosestrife.
Local or frequent. Shallow water of swamps or edges
19
290 COXNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
of ponds and streams, sometimes plentifully bordering such
places. July — Sept.
A form with double flowers occurs at Plainville (J. N.
Bishop).
LYTHRUM L. Loosestrife.
Lythrum alatum Pursh (winged).
Rare or local. Moist fields and open swamps : Norwich
(Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Farmington (,A. W. Driggs & Weath-
erby), Fairfield (Fames), Orange and Norfolk (Bissell),
Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — Aug.
Lythrum Salicaria L. (willow-like).
Spiked or Purple Loosestrife.
Rare or local. River banks and moist meadows : East
Haddam (Dr. E. J. Thompson), Southington (Andrews, Bis-
sell), Bristol (D. C. Eaton), Fairfield (Eames), Woodbury
(H. S. Clark & Bissell), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson),
Danbury (C. K. Averill), New Milford (E. H. Austin), Sahs-
bury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Aug. Naturalized from
Europe.
CUPHEA P. Br.
Cuphea petiolata (L.) Koehne (having leaf-stalks).
Cuphea viscosissima Jacq.
Parsonsia petiolata Rusby.
Clammy Cuphea.
Moist or dry open ground and pastures. Rare in most
districts: Groton (Harger & Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bart-
lett & Bissell), East Hartford (A. W. Driggs & Weatherby),
Wallingford and Oxford (Harger), Plainville (J. N. Bishop),
Danbnry (Miss G. L. Northrop). Local throughout south-
western Connecticut (Eames). Aug. — Sept.
MELASTOMACEAE. MELASTOMA FAMILY.
RHEXIA L. Deergrass. Meadow Beauty.
Rhexia virginica L.
Meadow Beauty.
Low fields and meadows. Rare or absent in northwestern
Connecticut, becoming occasional eastward and southward and
frequent in the vicinity of the coast. July — Sept.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 29I
ONAGRACEAE. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.
LUDVIGIA L. False Loosestrife.
Ludvigia alternifolia L. (alternate-leaved).
Seedbox.
Occasional or frequent. Moist places and about swamps.
June — Aug.
Ludvigia sphaerocarpa Ell. (globular-fruited).
Rare. Guilford^ shallow water of ponds (W. H. Dudley^,
G. H. Bartlett). Aug.; fruit Sept.— Oct.
Ludvigia polycarpa Short & Peter (many-fruited).
Local. Hartford, plentiful about shallow ponds in
meadows along the Connecticut River (C. Wright, H. S. Clark
& Bissell). July — Aug.
Ludvigia palustris (L.) Ell. (of marshes).
Isnardia palustris L.
t Marsh or Water Purslane.
Frequent or common. In streams, on muddy shores or in
shallow water. June — Sept.
' EPILOBIUM L. Willow-herb.
Epilobium angustifolium L. (narrow-leaved),
Chaiiiaenerion angustifolium Scop.
Great Willow-herb. Fireweed.
Occasional or frequent. Woodlands and pastures, more
often in newly cleared land. July — Sept.
The leaves and roots are used medicinally.
Epilobium molle Torr. (soft).
Epilohium strictum Muhl. (?),
Open bogs and swamps. Rare or local in the northwestern
part of the state, extending eastward to East Flartford
(Weatherby) and southward to Fairfield (Fames). Aug. —
Sept.
Epilobium densum Raf. (close together).
Epilobium lineare Muhl. (?).
Occasional to frequent. vSwamps and wet places. July —
Sept.
292 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Epilobium palustre L. (of marshes).
Rare. Litchfield, only one plant in a shaded sphagnum
bog- (Bissell). Aug. — Sept.
Epilobium palustre L., var. monticola Haussk. (living in moun-
tains).
Rare. Sphagnum bogs: Wolcott (Bissell), Monroe
(Harger), New Fairfield (Eames). Aug. — Sept.
The leaves and root are medicinal, as are those of the
species.
Epilobium coloratum Muhl. (colored).
Moist or wet shaded places. Rare in the southeastern part
of the state: Lyme (Graves). Frequent or common else-
where. July — Aug.
Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. (having glandular stems).
Damp woods and moist open ground. Rare in most dis-
tricts: Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), Norfolk and Middle-
town (Bissell), Watertown (Harger), Stratford (Eames),
New Britain (Bissell). Frequent in New London County
( Graves ) . July — Sept.
OENOTHERA L. Evening Primrose.
Oenothera cruciata Nutt. (cross-shaped).
Oenothera biemtis L., var. cruciata Torr. & Gray.
Onagra cruciata Small.
Rare or local. Waste ground: Hartford (H. S. Clark),
Salisbury (^Irs. C. S. Phelps). July — Aug.
Oenothera Oakesiana Robbins.
Oenothera biennis L., var. Oakesiana Gray.
Onagra Oakesiana Britton in part.
Frequent along the coast on sea beaches, sand dunes and
railway embankments (Graves. Eames). July — Oct.
Oenothera biennis L. (of two years).
Onagra biennis Scop.
Common Evening Primrose.
Common. Dry fields, pastures and roadsides. June —
Oct.
All parts of the plant are used medicinally.
AM. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 293
Oenothera grandiflora Ait. (large-flowered).
Oenothera biennis L., var. grandiflora Lindl.
Onagra biennis Scop., var. grandiflora Lindl.
Rare. Open ground: Franklin and Griswold (Graves),
Southington (Andrews), Bridgeport (Eames), Norfolk (J. H.
Barbour), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson). Aug. — Oct.
Adventive or fugitive from the South.
Oenothera laciniata Hill (slashed).
Oenothera sinuata L.
Rare. Waste ground: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers),
East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), East Hartford (J. F. Smith),
Derby (Harger), Bridgeport (Eames). May — June. Fugi-
tive from the southern United States.
Oenothera pumila L. (dwarf).
Kneiffia pumila Spach.
Frequent or common. Moist or dry open fields and road-
sides. June — Aug.
Oenothera fruticosa L. (shrubby).
Sundrops.
Kneiffia fruticosa Raimann.
Rare. Borders of marshes: East Haven (G. Thurber),
Fairfield (Eames). June — July.
The var. hirsuta Nutt. (rough-hairy), Kneiffia fruticosa
Raimann, var. pilosella Britton, has been found in a field at
Southington (H. M. Whitney), but afterward disappeared.
Oenothera linearis Michx. (very narrow).
Oenothera fruticosa L., var. linearis Wats.
Kneiffia linearis Spach.
Wet meadows and about marshes. Frequent or local along
the coast from New Haven (H. S. Clark) westward; ex-
tending inland to Oxford and Southbury (Harger) and
Woodbury (H. S. Clark). June — Aug.
Kneiifia Alleni Small or Oenothera fruticosa L. var. hmni-
fusa Allen is a sprawling or decumbent form of this, growing
in barren sand; it occurs at Stratford (Eames).
The var. Eamesii Robinson is rare: Stratford, sandy
shore of a salt pond (Eames).
294 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
Oenothera longipedicellata (Small) Robinson (having long
flov^er-stalks).
Kneiffia longipedicellata Small.
Low meadows and borders of marshes. Occasional on the
coast from Milford (Eames) westward: and inland at
Southbury (A. E. Blewitt) and Woodbury (H. S. Clark &
Bissell) . June — July.
Oenothera pratensis (Small) Robinson (of meadows).
Kneiffia pratensis Small.
Rare. Border of salt marsh: Bridgeport (I. F. Moore).
June.
GAURA L.
Gaura biennis L. (of two years).
Rare or local. Dry open ground : Southington (Bissell),
New Haven (H. S. Clark, Harger), Oxford and Seymour
(Harger). Aug. — Sept. In part adventive from the West.
CIRCAEA L. Enchanter's Nightshade.
Circaea lutetiana L.
Occasional or frequent. Moist woods. July — Aug.
Circaea alpina L. (alpine).
Rocky woods in moist humus. Rare in southern districts :
North Stonington (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett),
Orange and Huntington (Eames). Becoming occasional
northward. June — July.
HALORAGIDACEAE.
WATER MILFOIL FAMILY.
MYRIOPHYLLUM L. Water Milfoil.
Myriophyllum spicatum L. (spiked).
Rare. Litchfield, in Bantam Lake (T. F. Allen), Kent, in
Spectacle Ponds (Eames). July — Aug.
Myriophyllum verticillatum L. (whorled). var. pectinatum
Wallr. (comb-like).
Myriophyllum verticillatuin Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part.
Rare. In ponds and rivers: Lyme (Graves), Guilford
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 295
(G. H. Bartlett), Southington (Bissell, Andrews), Plainville
(J. N. Bishop), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson), New Mil-
ford and Kent (Eames). June — Aug.
Myriophyllum scabratum Michx. (roughened).
Myriophyllum pinnatum BSP., at least in part, possibly
Potamogeton pinnatum Walt.
Water Milfoil.
Rare. Mudd}- shores of ponds: Groton and East Lyme
( Graves ) . July — Sept.
Myriophyllum humile (Raf.) Morong (lowly).
Myriophyllum amhigmim Nutt., var. limosum Nutt.
Water Milfoil.
Rare to frequent. Borders of ponds and on muddy shores.
July — Sept.
The forma natans (DC.) Fernald (floating), Myriophyl-
hiiii ambigmmi Nutt., and the forma capillaceum (Torr.)
Fernald (hair-like), Myriophyllum ambiguum Nutt., var.
capillaceum Torr., both occur in shallow or deep water of
ponds, the latter even in rapid water.
Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel. (delicate).
Rare. Muddy shores and in shallow water : New London
County (Graves), Litchfield (T. F. Allen), Kent (E. H.
Austin & Eames). July — Aug.
PROSERPINACA L. Mermaid-weed.
Proserpinaca palustris L. (of marshes).
Mermaid-weed.
Frequent. Borders of ponds and in swamps. July — Aug.
ARALIACEAE. GINSENG FAMILY.
ACANTHOPANAX Dene. & Planch.
Acanthopanax pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Marchal (five-leaved).
Acanthopanax.
Rare. Hartford, escaped from cultivation to roadside
(H. S. Clark & Bissell). July. Adventive from Japan.
296 COXXECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
ARALIA L.
Aralia spinosa L. (spiny).
Angelica Tree. Hercules" Club. Devil's Walking-stick.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to a roadside in Bridge-
port (Eames). July — Aug. Adventive from the South.
Aralia racemosa L. (racemose).
Spikenard. American Spikenard. Spignet. Hungry-root.
Occasional. Rich woods and thickets. July — Aug.
The root is medicinal and is much used both in profes-
sional and domestic practice.
Aralia hispida Vent, (rough-haired).
Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder.
Occasional or local. Dry rocky woods or in sandy ground.
June — Aug.
The root is of medicinal value.
Aralia nudicaulis L. (naked-stemmed).
Wild, False or American Sarsaparilla.
Frequent or common. Dry or moist w^oodlands. May — June.
The aromatic root is used medicinally.
PANAX L. Ginseng.
Panax quinquefolium L. (five-leaved).
Aralia qninqnc folia Dene. & Planch.
Ginseng,
Rare. Rich woods or rocky hillsides : Lyme and East
Haddam (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Middletown
(Harger), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), West Hartford
(Miss A. Lorenz), Farmington (Bissell), Wolcott (An-
drews), W^oodbridge (P. P. Sperry), Colebrook (J. W. Rob-
bins), Goshen (L. M. Underwood), Danbury (F. Mills).
New Fairfield (Eames). June; fruit Aug.
The roots are much prized by the Chinese and are ex-
ported to China in large quantities, but they seem to be of
no great medicinal value.
Panax trifolium L. (three-leaved).
Aralia trifolia Dene. & Planch.
Dwarf Ginseng. Groundnut.
Rich moist woods, often in sandy soil. Mid-April — June.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 297
UMBELLIFERAE. PARSLEY FAMILY.
ERYNGIUM L. Eiyngo.
Eryngium planum L. (flat).
Rare. Fairfield, in sandy waste ground (Eames). Aug. —
Sept. Fugitive from Europe.
Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. (having leaves like Yucca, the
Spanish Bayonet).
Ery)igiiim aquaticiim of Britton's Manual.
Rattlesnake Master. Button Snakeroot.
Rare. Bridgeport, in a sandy field (Fames). July. In-
troduced from the South, or possibly native.
The rootstock is medicinal.
SANICULA L. Sanicle. Black Snakeroot.
Sanicula marilandica L.
Frequent. Rich woods and more open places in either
_ moist or dry ground. June — July.
■' The roots of this and the other species of the genus are
used medicinally and their fibres in veterinary practice.
Sanicula gregaria Bicknell (herding together).
Rich moist or wet woods. Rare in most districts : New
Britain (Bissell), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Norfolk
(J. H. Barbour), Seymour (Harger). Occasional in the
southwestern part of the state (Fames). June — July.
Sanicula canadensis L.
Sanicula marilandica L., var. canadensis Torr.
Occasional or frequent. Dry rocky woods. June — July.
Sanicula trifoliata Bicknell (three-leaved).
Rare or local. Woods and fence-rows : New Britain and
Plainville (Bissell), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Oxford
(Harger) . June —July.
HYDROCOTYLE L. Water Pennywort.
Hydrocotyle umbellata L. (umbellate).
Rare or local. Muddy shores and in shallow water:
Thompson (R. W. Woodward & Weatherby), Groton, East
298 COXXECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU.
Lyme and Old Lyme (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett),
New Haven (C. Wright), Hamden and Litchfield (D. C.
Eaton), Oxford (Harger), Ridgefield (Eames). June ^
Sept.
Hydrocotyle americana L.
Common. Moist woods and shaded places and in bogs.
June — Sept.
OSMORHIZA Raf. Sweet Cicely.
Osmorhiza Claytoni (Michx.) Clarke.
Osmorhisa brevistylis DC.
Washingtonia Claytoni Britton.
Sweet Cicely.
Rocky woods. Rare in the eastern part of the state, be-
coming occasional or frequent westward. Late May — June.
The roots are less aromatic than those of Osmorhisa
longistylis.
Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. (long-styled).
Washingtonia longistylis Britton.
Sweet Cicely. Anise-root. Sweet Chervil.
Frequent. Rich woods, thickets and fence-rows. May —
June.
An aromatic oil is obtained from the root.
CONIUM L. Poison Hemlock.
Conium maculatum L. (spotted).
Poison Hemlock. Spotted Parsley.
Rare. Roadsides and waste places : Groton and New
London (Graves), Oxford and Woodbury (Harger), Bridge-
port (Eames), Sharon (Bissell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S.
Phelps, Bissell). June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe.
An actively poisonous plant well known as the Hemlock of
the ancients. The fruit and leaves are medicinal, the first
named officinal. Cases of accidental poisoning to man have
arisen from mistaking the seed for anise seed, the leaves
for those of parsley, and the root for parsnips. The seed
has been found to some extent as an adulterant of anise seed.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 299
Blowing- whistles made from the hollow stem has also been
reported as a cause of poisoning.
PTILIMNIUM Raf. Mock Bishop's-weed.
Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Raf. (hair-like).
Discopleiira capillacca DC.
Mock Bishop's-weed.
Occasional to frequent in salt, brackish and fresh marshes
along the coast and within tidal influence a few miles inland ;
also extends up the Conencticut River as far as East Haddam
( Dr. E. J. Thompson) . Late July — Sept.
AEGOPODIUM L. Goutweed.
Aegopodium Podagraria L. (pertaining to gout).
Goutweed. Goutwort. Herb Gerard.
Rare. Yards, streets and waste places as an escape from
cultivation: East Windsor (Bissell). Hartford (Mrs. W.
Seliger), Norwalk (E. H. Baldwin). June. Adventive from
Europe.
■ Occurs only in the variegated form.
CICUTA L. Water Hemlock.
Cicuta maculata L. (spotted).
Spotted Cowbane. Musquash Root. Beaver Poison. Water
• Hemlock.
Frequent. Swamps and borders of streams. July — Aug.
One of the most dangerously poisonous of native plants,
and many cases of fatal poisoning to man have been reported.
As a rule the root has been mistaken for some edible or
innocent root like Horseradish, Sweet Cicely, etc. Cattle are
poisoned by eating the rootstock or by drinking water con-
taining juice from the bruised root. The leaves are used
medicinally.
'Cicuta bulbifera L. (bulb-bearing).
Water Hemlock.
Occasional or frequent. Banks of ponds and streams.
July — Aug.
b
300 COXXI-:c-TICUT GEOL. and NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
CARUM L. Caraway.
Carum Carvi L. (classical name for this species).
Caraway.
Occasional or local. Escaped from cultivation to fields
and roadsides. June — July. Adventive from Europe.
The seeds are much used to flavor cakes and cookies and
are eaten as a carminative.
PETROSELINUM Hoffm. Parsley.
Petroselinum hortense Hoffm. (of gardens).
Petroselinuni Pctroselinmn Karst.
Carum Petroselinnm Benth. & Hook.
Apiuni Petroselinnm L.
Common or Garden Parsley.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste ground in
Bridgeport and Stratford (Eames). July — Aug. Adven-
tive from Europe.
SIUM L. Water Parsnip.
Sium cicutaefolium Schrank (hemlock-leaved).
Sinm lineare Michx.
Sium Carsonii Durand.
Occasional. Swamps and along streams in wet places.
June — Sept.
CRYPTOTAENIA DC. Honewort.
Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC.
Deringa canadensis Kuntze.
Honewort.
Frequent. Moist shady places. June — July.
ZIZIA Koch.
Zizia aurea (L.) Koch (golden).
Golden Alexanders. Golden Meadow Parsnip.
Common. Low fields and wet meadows. May — June.
The var. obtusifolia Bissell (blunt-leaved), occurs at i
South Windsor and Canaan (A. W. Driggs), and Salisbury
(Bissell).
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 3OI
Zizia cordata (Walt.) DC. (heart-shaped).
Dry or wet copses. Rare in most districts: Groton
(Graves), Branford (Andrews), Farmington (D. C. Eaton).
Occasional in Fairfield County (Fames). June — Oct.
FOENICULUM Hill. Fennel.
Foeniculum vulgare Hill (common).
Foenicnlnin officinale All.
Foeniculum Foeniculum Karst.
Common or Garden Fennel.
Rare or local. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and
ballast grounds: Southington (Andrews), New Milford
(E. H. Austin & Fames), Bridgeport (Fames). July — Sept.
Adventive from Europe.
The seeds are aromatic, well known for their medicinal
properties, and are officinal.
TAENIDIA Drude.
Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude (quite entire).
Pimpinella integerrima Gray.
Yellow Pimpernel.
Rare. New Haven (A. B. Eaton, 1859), Stratford and
Milford, dry, lightly wooded banks along the Housatonic River
(Fames), also at Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter). May —
June.
LILAEOPSIS Greene.
Lilaeopsis lineata (Michx.) Greene (marked with lines).
Crantzia lineata Nutt.
Muddy tidal shores: Norwich (W. A. Setchell), Mont-
ville, East Lyme and Old Lyme (Graves). Local or occa-
sional along the coast westward. June — Aug.
LIGUSTICUM L. Lovage.
Ligusticum scothicum L.
Sea Parsley. Scotch Lovage.
Rocky shores of the Sound. Occasional from East Lyme
(Graves) eastward. July — Aug.
302 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
CORIANDRUM L. Coriander.
Coriandrum sativum L. (sown).
Coriander.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation or spontaneous in waste
places in Bridgeport (Eames). June — July. Fugitive from
Europe.
The seeds are commonly used as flavoring in confections,
pastries, liquors, etc.
AETHUSA L. Fool's Parsley.
Aethusa Cynapium L. (dog-parsley).
Fool's Parsley.
Rare. Waste ground: Norwalk (E. H. Baldwin, Eames).
June — Sept. Adventive from Europe.
The plant is poisonous.
PASTINACA L. Parsnip.
Pastinaca sativa L. (sown).
Wild or Poison Parsnip.
Common. Roadsides and waste places. June — Sept.
Naturalized from Europe.
Well known in cultivation, from which the wild plant is
an escape. The plant is poisonous to some persons.
LEVISTICUM Hill. Lovage.
Levisticum officinale (L.) Koch (of the shops).
Lignsticum Levisticum L.
Levisticum Levisticum Karst.
Lovage.
Rare. Roadsides and waste ground: Oxford (Harger),
Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Aug. Adventive
from Europe.
Commonly cultivated in old gardens for its carminative
seeds, which are believed to possess several medicinal
properties.
ANETHUM L. Dill.
Anethum graveolens L. (strong-smelling).
Dill.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation or spontaneous in waste
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 3O3
places: Stratford and Bridgeport (Eames). July — Aug.
Fugitive or adventive from Europe.
The seeds are commonly used as flavoring in confections,
pastries, liquors, etc.
HERACLEUM L. Cow Parsnip.
Heracleum lanatum Michx. (woolly).
Cow Parsnip. Masterwort.
Occasional or frequent. Roadsides and waste ground in
moist soils. June — July.
The root, leaves and seeds are medicinal.
CONIOSELINUM Fisch. Hemlock Parsley.
Conioselinum chinense (L.) BSP.
Conioselinum canadense Torn & Gray.
Hemlock Parsley.
Rare. Wet, cold woods and banks: Kent (E. H. Austin
& Eames), Cornwall (E. E. Brewster), Canaan (C. K.
Averill), Salisbury (Bissell). Aug. — Sept.
ANGELICA L. Angelica.
Angelica viilosa (Walt.) BSP. (hairy).
Angelica hirsuta Muhl.
Moist or dry fields and woods. New Haven (D. C.
Eaton), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), and occasional
westward, becoming frequent near the coast. July — Aug.
Angelica atropurpurea L. (dark purple).
Masterwort. Purple or High Angelica.
Rare to occasional. Wet ground along streams. June —
July.
The root and seeds are used medicinally. The fresh root
is poisonous.
DAUCUS L. Carrot.
Daucus Carota L. (classical name for the Carrot).
Wild Carrot.
Common. Fields, roadsides and waste places. June —
Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
One of our most persistent, troublesome and wide-spread
304 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
weeds. A statute of Connecticut enacted in 1881, provides
that " Every owner or possessor of lands shall cut down all
wild carrots and Canada thistles growing thereon, or in the
highway adjoining, so often as to prevent going to seed;
and upon failure so to do, any person aggrieved, or any
citizen of the town wherein the lands are situated, may com-
plain to any grand juror of said town, who shall thereupon
forthwith notify such owner or possessor of such complaint.
If said owner or possessor shall still neglect to comply with
the provisions of this section, he shall be fined not more than
five dollars for each and every day of such neglect after such
notice." Revised Statutes, Sec. 1374.
All parts of the plant have medicinal properties.
CORNACEAE. DOGWOOD FAMILY.
CORNUS L. Cornel. Dogwood.
Cornus canadensis L.
Dwarf or Low Cornel. Bunchberry.
Low or rocky woods and in swamps. Rare over most of
the state, becoming frequent in Litchfield County. May —
June.
Cornus florida L. (flowering).
Flowering Dogwood. Boxwood.
Occasional, local or frequent, mosth- in rocky woods. May.
One of the most beautiful of our flowering trees and
worthy of much more extensive cultivation. The bark,
especially of the root, is used medicinally, and the powdered
bark makes a good tooth-powder. The bark also yields a
scarlet dye, and mixed with sulphate of iron makes a good
black ink. The wood is heavy and close-grained and is used
to make tool-handles and other small articles of turnery.
Cornus circinata L'Her. (rounded).
Round-leaved Cornel or Dogwood.
Usually in rocky woods or on ledges. Rare in New Lon-
don County (Graves) ; local or occasional elsewhere. May —
June.
The bark is used medicinally.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 305
Cornus Amomum Mill, (classical name for some shrub).
Cornus scricea L.
Cornus Purpiisi Koehne.
Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik. Swamp DogAvood.
Frequent. Low thickets and along streams. June — July.
The bark is used medicinally.
Cornus stolonifera Michx. (shoot-bearing).
Red-osier Cornel or Dogwood.
Wet places. Common in northwestern Connecticut, ex-
tending- eastward to East Granby (I. Holcomb) and south-
ward to New Milford (C. K. Averill) ; occurs also at East
Hartford 011 a river bank (A. W. Driggs). May — June.
A good shrub for planting in moist soils.
Cornus paniculata L'Her. (panicled).
Cornus candidissima Marsh. (?), not Mill.
Panicled Cornel.
Occasional or frequent. Roadsides, thickets and borders
of woods in either dry or moist ground. July.
A handsome shrub both in flower and fruit, and well
worthy of cultivation.
Cornus alternifolia L. f. (alternate-leaved).
Dogberry.
Frequent. Fence-rows, copses and open woods. May —
June.
NYSSA L. Tupelo. Pepperidge. Sour Gum.
Nyssa sylvatica Marsh, (of woods).
Black or Sour Gum. Pepperidge. Tupelo.
Frequent. Woods and fields, usually in moist or wet
ground. June.
The wood is soft but very hard to split ; it is used for
beetle-heads, chopping-bowls, rollers, etc. A tree of inter-
esting habit and, especially in autumn, very ornamental.
Worthy of cultivation, but very difficult to transplant from
the wild.
306 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
ERICACEAE. HEATH FAMILY.
CLETHRA L. White Alder.
Clethra alnifolia L. (alder-leaved).
Sweet Pepperbush.
Swamps and low thickets. Rare in Litchfield County:
Kent (E. H. Austin), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson).
Frequent elsewhere. July — Aug.
Often cultivated for its very fragrant white flowers.
CHIMAPHILA Pursh. Pipsissewa.
Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. (umbellate).
Prince's Pine. Pipsissewa.
Occasional or frequent. Dry woods. June — July.
The leaves are medicinal and are officinal.
Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh (spotted).
Spotted Wintergreen.
Occasional or frequent. Dry woods. July — Aug.
Has medicinal properties similar to those of Chimaphila
umbellata.
MONESES Salisb. One-flowered Pyrola.
Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray (one-flowered).
Moneses grandiUora S. F. Gray.
One-flowered Pyrola or Wintergreen.
Rare or local. Pine woods: Woodstock (Graves), LTnion
(H. E. Back), Avon (H. S. Clark), East Granby (I. Hol-
comb), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour), Newtown (I. P.
Blackman), Canaan (W. H. Leggett), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S.
Phelps) . June — July.
PYROLA L. Wintergreen. Shin Leaf.
Pyrola secunda L. (one-sided).
Dry woods, often under pines and hemlocks. Rare near
the coast: Ledyard (Graves), Hamden (Harger), Orange
(Fames), Fairfield (L. N. Johnson). Occasional or local
elsewhere. June — July.
Pyrola chlorantha Sw. (green-flowered).
Dry woods, usually under evergreens. Rare near the
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 307
coast: Ledyard (Graves), Guilford (W. R. Dudley). Be-
coming occasional northward. June.
Pyrola elliptica Nutt. (oval).
Shin Leaf.
Occasional to frequent. Dry woods, usually in rich soil.
June — July.
Pyrola americana Sweet.
Pyrola rotundifolia Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L.
Round-leaved Shin Leaf.
Frequent or local. Dry woods. June — July.
This, like all other species of the genus, is sometimes used
medicinally.
MONOTROPA L. Indian Pipe. Pinesap.
Monotropa uniflora L. (single-flowered).
Indian Pipe. Corpse Plant. Fit-root. Ghost-flower.
Frequent. Moist or dry woods in rich soil. July — Aug.
The root is sometimes employed medicinally and has been
used as a substitute for opium.
Monotropa Hypopitys L. (under pine trees).
Hypopitys Hypopitys Small.
Hypopitys lanuginosa Nutt.
Hypopitys americana Small.
Pinesap. False Beech-drops.
Occasional. Rich woods. Aug. — Sept.
LEDUM L. Labrador Tea.
Ledum groenlandicum Oeder.
Ledum latifolium Ait.
Labrador Tea.
Rare or local. Bogs or sphagnum swamps : Willington
(Graves), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour). June.
The leaves are medicinal.
RHODODENDRON L.
Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Torr. (sticky).
Azalea viscosa L.
Clammy Azalea. White Swamp Honeysuckle.
308 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Low thickets and swamps. Rare or occasional in north-
western Connecticut ; frequent elsewhere. June — July.
The var. glaucum (Michx.) Gray (glaucous) is occa-
sional growing with the typical form. The var. nitidum
(Pursh) Gray (shining) is rare: Groton and Water ford
(Graves), Huntington (Eames), Oxford (Harger).
Rarely occurs with pink flowers.
Rhododendron nudiflorum (L.) Torr. (naked-flowered).
Azalea nudiflora L.
Purple, Pink or Wild Azalea. Pinxter Flower. May Apple.
Wild Honeysuckle.
Frequent or common. Woods and thickets. May — June.
This and the following species are desirable shrubs for
cultivation.
Rhododendron canescens (Michx.) G. Don (hoary).
Azalea canescens Michx.
Purple Azalea.
Rare. Woods and thickets : Colchester and Voluntown
(Graves), Norfolk and Salisbury (Bissell). May — June.
Rhododendron canadense (L.) BSP.
Rhododendron Rhodora Don.
Rhodora canadensis L.
Rhodora.
Swamps and low woods and thickets. Rare in most dis-
tricts : Voluntown (Graves), East Hartford (A. W. Driggs),
Enfield (Mrs. G. S. Phelps), BurHngton (J. N. Bishop),
Southington (J. Shepard), North Haven (A. W. Evans),
Middlebury (Harger). Occasional or local in northeastern
Connecticut. May.
Noteworthy as the subject of one of Emerson's best known
poems.
Rhododendron maximum L. (greatest).
Great Laurel. Rhododendron. Rose Bay.
Rare or local. Swampy woods or rarely on dry wooded
hillsides : Litchfield, New London and Tolland Counties. July.
One of the most striking of the broad-leaved evergreens,
and extensively planted for ornament. The leaves contain
a poisonous principle and are sometimes used in medicine.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 309
KALMIA L. American Laurel.
Kalmia latifolia L. (broad-leaved).
Mountain Laurel. Calico Bush. Spoon-wood.
Frequent, local or common. Woods and thickets. June.
Often planted for ornament. All parts of the plant are
poisonous except the wood. Many instances of fatal poison-
ing- of stock from eating this and allied plants have been
reported. Sheep and young cattle are most susceptible, but
horses and even goats have been known to die from the
effects of it. Cases of human poisoning are quite rare. The
leaves are employed medicinally.
The following act of the General Assembly was approved
and became a law April 17, 1907: — "The Mountain Laurel,
Kalmia latifolia, is hereby made, constituted, and declared to
be the State Flower of the State of Connecticut."
Kalmia angustifolia L. (narrow-leaved).
Sheep Laurel. Lambkill. Wicky.
Bogs, wet ground or open pastures. Local in Fairfield
County; frequent or common elsewhere. June — July.
Its medicinal and poisonous properties are as in Kalmia
latifolia.
Kalmia polifolia Wang, (gray-leaved).
Kalmia glaiica Ait.
Pale or Swamp Laurel.
Rare. Sphagnum bogs: Burlington (J. N. Bishop), Nor-
folk (J. H. Barbour), Litchfield. (Bissell), Woodbury (Har-
ger), Ridgefield (S. B. Mead), Kent (C. K. Averill), Salis-
bury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May — June.
LEUCOTHOE D. Don. Fetter Bush.
Leucothoe racemosa (L.) Gray (racemose).
Leucothoe.
Rare or local. Moist woods or in swamps : Groton, Water-
ford, Ledyard and East Haddam (Graves), Haddam and
Durham (Dr. E. J. Thompson), Middlefield (C S. Phelps),
East Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Stratford (Eames), Hunting-
ton (Harger). May — June.
3IO CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
ANDROMEDA L.
Andromeda glaucophylla Link (glaucous-leaved).
Andromeda Polifolia mostly of American authors, not L.
Bog or Marsh Rosemary. Marsh Holy Rose.
Rare. Sphagnum bogs: East Granby (Bissell), Litchfield
(J. P. Brace, Harger, Weatherby & Bissell), Norfolk (J.
H. Barbour), Kent (Eames, C. K. Averill), Ridgefield (S.
B. Mead), Danbury (Miss G. L. Northrop). May — June.
LYONIA Nutt.
Lyonia mariana (L.) D. Don.
Andromeda mariana L.
Pieris mariana Benth. & Hook.
Stagger-bush.
Rare. Stratford, shrubby bank near the coast (J. P.
Coles). June.
In New Jersey and southward it is injurious to sheep when
eaten by them, producing a disease called " Staggers," hence
its common name. A valuable shrub in cultivation.
Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. (like Ligustrum, the Privet).
Andromeda ligustrina Muhl.
Xolisma ligustrina Britton.
Male Berry.
Frequent or common. Woods, thickets and pastures ;
sometimes in dry but usually in moist ground. June — July.
Like tlie preceding species, is poisonous to stock, especially
to sheep.
Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC, var. foliosiflora (Alichx.) Fernald
(having leaves intermixed with the flowers).
Xolisma foliosiflora Small.
Low thickets. Forms that apparently belong with this
variety occur rarely near the coast. June — July.
CHAMAEDAPHNE Moench. Leather Leaf. Cassandra.
Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench (calyculate).
Cassandra calyculata D. Don.
Leather Leaf.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 3II
Occasional or frequent. Sphagnum swamps and wet
places. April — May.
EPIGAEA L. Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus.
Epigaea repens L. (creeping).
Trailing Arbutus. Mayflower.
Occasional or local. Rocky or sandy woods, usually pre-
ferring granite regions. April — May.
The leaves are used medicinally. In the neighborhood of
cities it has been nearly exterminated by careless flower-
gatherers. A statute of Connecticut, enacted in 1899, provides
that " Every person who shall wilfully destroy, pull up, tear
up, or dig up, any trailing arbutus from the land of another,
or who shall sell, expose for sale, or purchase or have in his
possession, any trailing arbutus with the roots or under-ground
stems attached, taken from land not owned or occupied by
him, shall be fined not more than twenty dollars." Revised
Statutes, sec. 1224.
GAULTHERIA L. Aromatic Wintergreen.
Gaultheria procumbens L. (trailing).
Wintergreen. Checkerberry. Boxberry. Teaberry. Ivory
Plum.
Occasional or frequent. Dry woods or sometimes in moist
open ground, growing in colonies. July — Aug.
The berries and the young leaves are often eaten. The
leaves and the volatile oil distilled from them are officinal
and widely used in medical practice. The oil is also largely
used as a flavoring agent.
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. Bearberry.
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (bear-grape).
Bearberry. Uva-ursi.
Dry sandy or rocky places : Voluntown and Griswold
(Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Somers and West
Hartford (Miss A. Lorenz), Middletown (J. D. Cochrane),
Southington (D. C. Eaton, Andrews). Occasional or local
near the coast. May — June.
The leaves are officinal and much used in medicine.
312 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
CHIOGENES Salisb. Creeping Snowberry.
Chiogenes hispidula (L.) Torr. & Gray (having fine rough
hairs).
Chiogenes serpylli folia Salisb.
Creeping Snowberry. White Teaberry. Moxie Plum. Capil-
laire.
Rare. Sphagnum swamps, usually in shade: Preston (W.
A. Setchell & Graves), Voluntown (Graves), Burlington (J.
N. Bishop), Bethany and Middlebury (Harger), Litchfield
(Miss E. H. Thompson), Kent (E. H. Austin), Salisbury
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps), Stafford (Weatherby). May —June.
This plant yields a volatile oil identical with that of Gaul-
theria procnrnhens.
GAYLUSSACIA HBK. Huckleberry.
Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) Torr. & Gray (bushy).
Dwarf Huckleberry.
Rare. Sphagnum bogs: Thompson (Harger), Southing-
ton (Andrews), Stratford and Huntington (Eames), Bethany
and Middlebury (Harger), Litchfield (J. P. Brace, 1822;
Weatherby & Bissell). June — July.
Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torr. & Gray (leafy).
Dangleberry. Blue Tangle.
Swamps or open sandy woods. Frequent in New London
County (Graves), becoming rare northward and westward,
reaching Putnam (Harger), Stafford and East Hartford
(Weatherby), Manchester (A. W. Driggs), East Haven,
Bethany and Oxford (Harger). June.
The berries are delicious.
Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) K. Koch (berry-bearing).
Gaylussacia resinosa Torr. & Gray.
Common or Black Huckleberry.
Common. IMoist or dry ground in various situations.
May — June.
The forma glaucocarpa (Robinson) Mackenzie (glau-
cous-fruited). Blue Huckleberry, is rare or occasional grow-
ing with the typical form.
The common Huckleberry, extensively gathered for market
M
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 3I3
and for home consumption. The fruit of the blue is often
larger and better than that of the ordinary black form.
VACCINIUM L. Blueberry. Cranberry.
Vaccinium stamineum L. (having prominent stamens).
Polycodiwn stamineum Greene.
Buckberry. Deerberry. Squaw Huckleberry.
Dry woods: Waterbury (J. M. Richardson), New Canaan
(E. H. Baldwin), and occasional in western Litchfield County.
Late May — June.
A desirable shrub for planting in shaded situations.
Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Lam.
Dwarf Blueberry. Low Sweet or Early Sweet Blueberry.
Common. Dry rocky or sandy woods. May ; fruit late
June — early July.
The var. angustifolium (Ait.) Gray (narrow-leaved)
is rare: Voluntown (Graves).
The fruit is sweet and delicious but not usually plentiful.
Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Lam., var. nigrum Wood (black).
Vaccinium nigrum Britton.
Low Black Blueberry.
Rare. Rocky woods: Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May.
Vaccinium canadense Kalm.
Sour-top or Velvet-leaf Blueberry.
Rare. Cold moist woods at an altitude of 1900 ft., Salis-
bury (Weatherby). May; fruit Aug.
Vaccinium vacillans Kalm (sw^aying).
Late Low Blueberry.
Common. Dry or rocky places. May ; fruit July.
Fruit inferior to that of the following species.
Vaccinium corymbosum L. (corymbose).
High-bush or Tall Blueberry. Common or Swamp Blueberry
or Bilberry.
Common. Swamps, borders of ponds and drier places.
May — June ; fruit late July — Aug.
Fruit much gathered for market and for domestic use.
Vaccinium corymbosum L., var. amoenum (Ait.) Gray (pleas-
ant).
314 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Swamps and wet places. Occasional in the vicinity of the.
coast. May — early June.
Vaccinium atrococcum (Gray) Heller (having black berries).
Vaccinium corymbosum L., var. atrococcum Gray.
Black High Blueberry.
Occasional. Swampy woods and wet thickets. May —
June.
Vaccinium Oxycoccos L. (sour berry).
Oxycoccus Oxycoccus MacM.
Small Cranberry.
Sphagnum bogs: Willington (Graves), Bloomfield
(Weatherby), Southington (Andrews), Bethany (Harger),
Stratford (Eames). Becoming occasional in northwestern
Connecticut. May — June ; fruit Sept. and through the winter.
The var. ovalifolium Michx. (oval-leaved), var. inter-
medium Gray's Manual ed. 7, occurs at Willington, Norfolk
and Salisbury (Bissell), Simsbury (A. W. Driggs), Cornwall
(E. E. Brewster).
Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. (large-fruited).
Oxycoccus macrocarpns Pursh.
Cranberry. Large or American Cranberry.
Occasional or frequent. Wet meadows, bogs and low
pastures. June — Aug. ; fruit Sept.
Extensively cultivated on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and
in some parts of New Jersey, for its fruit, which is of much
value and is sold everywhere in the markets. " Turkey and
Cranberry Sauce " is almost a national dish.
PLUMBAGINACEAE. LEADWORT FAMILY.
LIMONIUM Hill. Sea Lavender. Marsh Rosemary.
Limonium carolinianum (Walt.) Britton.
Statice Limonium L., var. caroliniana Gray.
Marsh Rosemary. Sea Lavender. Ink-root. Canker-root.
Common along the coast on salt marshes and meadows.
July — Sept.
The root has long been used in medicine.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 3I5
PRIMULACEAE. PRIMROSE FAMILY.
HOTTONIA L. Featherfoil. Water Violet.
Hottonia inflata Ell. (inflated).
Water Violet. American Featherfoil.
Ditches and shallow water. Rare or local near the coast ;
not reported far inland. June.
SAMOLUS L. Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed.
Samolus floribundus HBK. (abounding in flowers).
Samolus Valerandi L., var. americanus Gray.
Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed.
Occasional in salt or brackish marshes along the coast,,
and rare inland as at Ridgefield (Fames & C. C. Godfrey).
June — Oct.
LYSIMACHIA L. Loosestrife.
Lysimachia vulgaris L. (common).
Golden Loosestrife.
Rare. Wilton, along roadside (Miss A. F. Carpenter).
July. Fugitive from Europe.
Lysimachia punctata L. (dotted).
Spotted Loosestrife.
Rare. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and waste
places: Norwich (W. A. Setchell, Mrs. E. E. Rogers &
Graves), Preston (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), West-
port (Fames), Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter). June — July.
Naturalized from Europe.
Lysimachia quadrifolia L. (four-leaved).
Cross-wort.
Common. Woods and thickets. June — July.
The root is medicinal.
X Lysimachia producta (Gray) Fernald (lengthened).
Lysimachia foliosa Small.
Rare. Fields and thickets, mostly near the coast : Ledyard
(Graves), Groton and Putnam (Harger), Stratford and Fair-
field (Fames), Norwalk (Bissell), Stamford (W. H. Hoyt).
June — July.
3l6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
This is regarded as a hybrid between Lysimachia quadri-
folia and Lysimachia terrestris.
Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP. (terrestrial).
Lysimachia stricta Ait.
Frequent. Low grounds and open swamps. Late June —
Aug.
Lysimachia Nummularia L. (coin-like, referring to the shape
of the leaves).
Moneywort. Yellow Myrtle.
Frequent. Lawns, roadsides and waste places, usually in
moist soil. June — July. Naturalized from Europe.
An escape from gardens and often a pest in lawns.
The plant is medicinal, in domestic practice applied to
sores and wounds.
Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. (having its flowers in a thyrse).
Nanmhurgia thyrsiflora Duby.
Tufted Loosestrife.
Rare or local. Wet places about ponds : North Branford
(G. H. Bartlett), Bloomfield and East Granby (Weatherby),
Plainville (J. N. Bishop), Southington (Andrews), Hamden
and Litchfield (Harger), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour), Kent (C.
K. Averill). Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps, Bissell). June —
early July.
STEIRONEMA Raf.
Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. (fringed).
Fringed Loosestrife.
Frequent. Thickets and low grounds. July — Aug.
Steironema lanceolatum (Walt.) Gray (lance-shaped).
Swamps and borders of ponds and streams. Rare inland :
Ledyard and North Stonington (Graves), New Milford (L
Holden & Baker). Occasional near the coast. July — Aug.
TRIENTALIS L. Chickweed Wintergreen.
Trientalis americana (Pers.) Pursh.
Star Flower.
Occasional to frequent. Rich, usually moist woods.
May — June.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 3I7
ANAGALLIS L. Pimpernel.
Anagallis arvensis L. (of cultivated ground).
Common Pimpernel. Poor Man's Weather-glass.
Sandy or rocky ground and waste places. Rare inland:
Southington (Andrews), Oxford (Harger). Frequent on or
near the coast. June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
The var. caerulea (Schreb.) Ledeb. (sky-blue) is rare
in lawns or waste ground: Granby (I. Holcomb), Norwalk
(Miss A. E. Carpenter).
EBENACEAE. EBONY FAMILY.
DIOSPYROS L. Persimmon.
Diospyros virginiana L.
Common Persimmon.
Rare. In New Haven, at Lighthouse Point, there is a
grove of about one hundred and twenty-five small trees on
the beach not far from the water's edge. Here they are ex-
posed to fierce winds and winter storms which drive the salt
water up around them, consequently they are not in a flourish-
ing condition. This station is said to have been known as
early as 1846, when the ground where they now stand was
grassy and fertile. This is the only known station for this
species in New England, and it is possible that it may not
be native here but introduced from some more southern local-
ity. July ; fruit Oct.
OLEACEAE. OLIVE FAMILY.
FRAXINUS L. Ash.
Fraxinus americana L.
White Ash.
Frequent. Woods and fields. May.
The wood is hard, white and tough ; valued for interior
finish, furniture, carriage-building, ladders, oars, tool-handles
and agricultural implements. The bark is medicinal.
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.
Fraxinus pubescens Lam.
Fraxinus Darlingtonii Britton.
3l8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
Red, Brown or River Ash.
Frequent. Along streams and in swamps, sometimes in
drier places. May.
The timber is of less value than that of the White Ash,
though used for furniture and the interior finish of buildings.
Its medicinal properties are the same as those of Fraxinus
americana.
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh., var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg.
(lance-shaped).
Fraxinus viridis Michx.
Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh.
Green Ash.
Rare. Low grounds : Norwich, Bozrah and Stonington
(Graves), Rocky Hill (Andrews), New Haven (D. C. Eaton).
May.
Fraxinus nigra Marsh, (black).
Fraxinus samhucifolia Lam.
Black, Swamp, Basket or Hoop Ash.
Occasional. Swamps and along streams. May.
The wood is much used for interior finish, cabinet work,
barrel hoops and basket making. Medicinal properties the
same as those of Fraxinus americana.
Fraxinus excelsior L. (taller).
Rare. Fairfield, roadside distant from any known source
of origin (Fames). May. Native of the Old World.
FORSYTHIA Vahl.
Forsythia viridissima Lindl. (very green).
Golden Bell.
Rare. Wethersfield, escaped from cultivation to a pasture
(H. S. Clark & Bissell). May. Fugitive from Asia.
SYRINGA L. Lilac.
Syringa vulgaris L. (common).
Common Lilac.
Occasional. Fscaped from cultivation to roadsides and
about abandoned house-sites. May. Naturalized from Europe.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 3I9
LIGUSTRUM L. Privet.
Ligustrum vulgare L. (common).
Privet. Prim.
Roadsides and thickets as an escape from cultivation.
Rare inland: Thompson and Wethersfield (Bissell), Wood-
bury and Oxford (Plarger). Occasional or frequent near the
coast. June — July. Naturalized from Europe.
GENTIANACEAE. GENTIAN FAMILY.
SABATIA Adans.
Sabatia campestris Nutt. (growing in fields).
Rare. Bridgeport, in waste ground (Eames). Aug. —
Sept. Fugitive from the Southwest.
Sabatia stellaris Pursh (star-shaped).
Sea or Marsh Pink. Sabatia.
Occasional or local on borders of salt marshes along the
coast. July — Sept.
Rarely occurs with white flowers.
Sabatia dodecandra (L.) BSP. (having twelve stamens).
Sabatia chloroides Pursh.
Large Marsh Pink.
Rare. Marshes near the coast: Old Lyme (F. H. Dart),
Saybrook (Berzelius Catalogue), Guilford (Miss K. Dudley).
July — Sept.
GENTIANA L. Gentian.
Gentiana crinita Froel. (having long hairs; referring to the
fringed corolla).
Fringed Gentian.
Occasional or local. Moist meadows and pastures. Sept.
— Oct.
The gentian root of medicine, much used as a bitter tonic,
comes from Gentiana Intea of Europe, but our American
species have similar properties and are also used somewhat
in the same way.
Gentiana quinquefolia L. (five-leaved).
Gentiana quinqueflora Hill.
320 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
Moist fields, roadsides and thickets. New Milford (C. D.
Bishop, C. K. Averill), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson),
Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour), and occasional or frequent
in northwestern Connecticut. Sept. — Oct.
Gentiana Andrewsii Griseb.
Closed Gentian. Bottle Gentian.
Occasional or frequent. Moist places and along streams.
Sept.— Oct.
Sometimes occurs with white flowers.
BARTONIA Muhl.
Bartonia virginica (L.) BSP.
Bartonia tenella Muhl.
Occasional or frequent. Moist meadows and woods. July
— Sept.
Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Robinson (panicled).
Bartonia lanceolata Small.
Rare or local. Wet woods and meadows: Griswold (Har-
ger), Hartford (H. S. Clark), Plymouth (Bissell), Stratford
(Eames), New Milford (C. K. Averill). Aug.— Sept.
MENYANTHES L. Buckbean.
Menyanthes trifoliata L. (three-leaved).
Bog Bean. Marsh Trefoil. Water Shamrock.
Bogs, borders of ponds and in wet meadows. Occasional
or local in most parts of the state ; frequent in Litchfield
County. May — June.
The leaves and rootstock are used medicinally. In parts
of northern Europe it is used as a substitute for hops.
NYMPHOIDES Hill. Floating Heart.
Nymphoides lacunosum (Vent.) Fernald (of ponds).
Limnanthcmum lacunosum Griseb.
Floating Heart.
Rare or local. In ponds and rivers : Groton and Lyme
(Graves), Ledyard (W. A. Setchell), Branford (W. A.
Setchell & Harger), Woodstock, Mansfield and Glastonbury
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 32I
(Weatherby), Windsor (H. S. Clark, Weatherby & Bissell),
Southington (Andrews), Litchfield (C. K. Averill), Danbury
(F. Mills), Salisbury (Mrs. C S. Phelps). July — Aug.
APOCYNACEAE. DOGBANE FAMILY.
VINCA L. Periwinkle.
Vinca minor L. (smaller).
Common Periwinkle. Blue Myrtle.
Occasional. Roadsides near dwellings and about ceme-
teries, escaped from cultivation. April — May. Naturalized
from Europe.
Rarely occurs with white or variegated flowers or leaves.
APOCYNUM L. ' Dogbane. Indian Hemp.
Apocynum androsaemifolium L. (having leaves like Hyperi-
cum Androsaemum, the Tutsan).
Spreading Dogbane. Honey-bloom.
Frequent. Fields and roadsides. June — Aug.
The plant is medicinal.
Apocynum medium Greene (intermediate).
Apocynum Milleri Britton.
Apocynum urceolifer G. S. Miller.
Occasional or frequent. Dry fields, roadsides and open
woods. June — Aug.
Very variable and several forms have been described.
Apocynum cannabinum L. (hemp-like).
American, Canadian or Indian Hemp.
Frequent. Fields, thickets and roadsides, often in sterile
soil. June — July. The so-called Apocynum album Greene
is a dwarfed or prostrate form of this species growing on
rocky or sandy banks of streams or ponds, and is occasional.
The fibre has been used as hemp. The rootstock of this
and closely allied species has active medicinal properties and
is officinal.
Apocynum cannabinum L., var. pubescens (R. Br.) DC.
(downy).
Apocynum pubescens R.Br.
322 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Rare. Dry open places : East Lyme (Graves), East Haven
and Southington (Bissell), Huntington (Harger), Bridgeport
(Eames). July.
ASCLEPIADACEAE. MILKWEED FAMILY.
ASCLEPIAS L. Milkweed. Silkweed.
Asclepias tuberosa L. (tuberous).
Asclcpias tuberosa L., var. decumhens Pursh.
Asclepias decumhens L.
Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root.
Dry fields and roadsides. Rare in Litchfield County, occa-
sional to frequent in other sections. July — Aug.
The root was formerly officinal and is used medicinally.
Asclepias purpurascens L. (purplish).
Purple Milkweed.
Occasional or frequent. Moist fields and open pastures.
June — July.
Asclepias incarnata L. (flesh-colored).
Swamp Milkweed.
Borders of ponds and streams. Occasional along the
Connecticut and Housatonic Rivers and in the northwestern
part of the state ; rare elsewhere. July — Aug.
Asclepias incarnata L., var. pulchra (Ehrh.) Pers. (beautiful).
Asclepias pulchra Ehrh.
Swamp Milkweed.
Swamps and wet places. Frequent except in Litchfield
County where it is occasional or rare. July — Aug.
The root is medicinal.
Asclepias syriaca L.
Asclepias Cornuti Dene.
Common Milkweed or Silkweed.
Common. Roadsides, pastures and waste places. July —
Aug.
The root is medicinal. The young shoots are used as
Asparagus. Sometimes troublesome as a weed.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 323
Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm. (stem-clasping; referring to the
leaves).
Asclepias ohtusifolia Michx.
Open ground in sandy soil. Rare or local in southern
Fairfield County, occasional or frequent elsewhere. June —
July.
Asclepias phytolaccoides Pursh (like Phytolacca, the Poke-
weed).
Asclepias exaltata Muhl. (?).
Poke Milkweed.
Occasional. Moist woods and thickets. Late June — July.
Asclepias variegata L. (of various colors).
Rare. Dry woods: Norwich (Miss Wohlfurth), East
Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Portland (Dr. E. J. Thompson).
July.
Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. (four-leaved).
Occasional. Dry woods. June — July.
Asclepias verticillata L. (whorled).
Whorled Milkweed.
Occasional or local. Sandy or sterile ground. July —
Aug.
ACERATES Ell. Green Milkweed.
Acerates viridiflora Ell. (green-flowered).
Rare. Dry open ground: East Haven (O. Harger, H.
S. Clark), Oxford (Harger), New Milford (Eames). July
— Aug.
The var. lanceolata (Ives) Gray (lance-shaped), var.
Ivesii Britton, has been found at New Haven (E. Ives).
CYNANCHUM L.
Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers. (black).
Vincetoxicum nigrum Moench.
Black Swallow-wort.
Rare. Roadsides and fields as an escape from cultivation :
Stonington (W. E. Britton), New London (Graves), New
Haven (H. S. Clark, Harger), Oxford (Harger), Orange
and Bridgeport (Eames), Stamford (W. H. Hoyt). June —
July. Adventive from Europe.
324 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
CONVOLVULACEAE. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.
IPOMOEA L. Morning Glory.
Ipomoea coccinea L. (red).
Quamoclit coccinea Moench.
Small Red Morning Glory.
Rare. Southington, in waste ground (Andrews), Orange
(Harger). July — Sept. Fugitive from the Southwest or
from tropical America.
Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. (like Hedera, the Ivy).
Ivy-leaved Morning Glory.
Rare. Roadsides and waste ground as an escape from
gardens: New London (Graves), Glastonbury (Bissell),
Stratford (Fames), Oxford (Harger), Darien (Miss A. E.
Carpenter) . Aug. — Sept. Adventive from tropical America.
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth (purple).
Common Morning Glory.
Occasional. Waste places and about old gardens as an
escape from cultivation. July — Sept. Adventive or fugi-
tive from tropical America.
Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. F. W. Mey. (fiddle-shaped).
Wild Potato-vine. Man-of-the-Earth.
Rare. Dry soil of upland pastures : New Milford (J. W.
Robbins), Kent (E. H. Austin). June — Aug.
The root is medicinal.
CONVOLVULUS L. Bindweed.
Convolvulus spithamaeus L. (a span long).
Rare or local. Gravelly hillsides: Southington (An-
drews), Oxford (Harger), Southbury (B. B. Bristol), New
Milford (C. K. Averill & E. H. Austin), SaHsbury (Mrs.
C. S. Phelps). May — June.
Convolvulus japonicus Thunb.
California Rose.
Rare. Sandy fields as an escape from cultivation, mostly
in the double-flowered form: Plainville (Bissell), Southington
(Andrews), Trumbull (Fames), Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpen-
ter). July. Adventive from eastern Asia.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 325
Convolvulus sepium L. (of hedges).
Convolvulus septum L., var. arnericanus Sims.
Wild Morning Glory. Hedge Bindweed.
Frequent. Sandy fields, roadsides and waste places. June
— Aug.
The root is medicinal.
Convolvulus sepium L., var. pubescens (Gray) Fernald
(downy).
Convolvulus sepium L., var. repens Gray.
Convolvulus repens L.
Open fields or stony and gravelly places on and near the
coast. Frequent eastward, becoming occasional westward.
June — Aug.
The root is medicinal.
Convolvulus arvensis L. (of cultivated ground).
Field Bindweed.
Rare. Waste ground and roadsides: New London
(Graves), Hartford (H. S. Clark, Bissell), New Haven
(Miss A. E. Carpenter), Southington (Andrews), Ansonia
(Harger), Orange and Bridgeport (Fames), Westport
(Fames & C. C. Godfrey). July. Adventive from Europe.
CUSCUTA L. Dodder. Love Vine.
Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. (upon thyme).
Clover Dodder.
Rare. Clover fields: Mansfield (Mrs. C. S. Phelps),
East Windsor and Granby (Bissell), Southington (Andrews),
Oxford (Harger), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson), East
Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Fairfield (Fames). July — Sept.
Adventive from Europe.
Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich (of cultivated ground).
Field Dodder.
Rare. In fields: Granby (Bissell), Oxford and South-
bury (Harger). July — Sept.
Cuscuta Coryli Engelm. (of hazel).
Cuscuta inflexa Engelm.
Hazel Dodder.
Rare. On shrubs: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers). Aug.
326 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
Cuscuta Gronovii Willd.
Dodder. Love Vine.
Common. On herbs and low shrubs, often very plentiful
in open swamps. July — Sept.
Cuscuta compacta Juss. (compact).
Rare or local. On shrubs: Groton (Graves), Franklin
(R. W. Woodward), Milford, Stratford and Westport
(Eames). Aug. — Sept.
POLEMONIACEAE. POLEMONIUM FAMILY.
PHLOX L.
Phlox paniculata L. (panicled).
Phlox acuminata Pursh.
Phlox glandulosa Shuttlw.
Phlox amplifolia Britton.
Garden Phlox.
Occasional. Roadsides and about old gardens. Aug. —
Sept. Adventive from the Southwest.
Phlox maculata L. (spotted).
Wild Sweet William.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and waste
places: Waterford (Graves), Franklin (R. W. Woodward
& Weatherby), Fairfield, well established at two localities
(Eames). June — Aug. In Connecticut adventive from the
South or West.
The var. Candida Michx. (shining white) occurs at Fair-
field (Eames).
Phlox pilosa L. (hairy).
Rare. Moist grassy bank, Southbury (Harger). May —
June.
This is the only reported station for the species in New
England.
Phlox subulata L. (awl-shaped).
Ground or Moss Pink.
Rare to occasional. Escaped from cultivation, often in
and near old cemeteries. May, Adventive from the West.
It is seen rarely with white flowers.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 327
POLEMONIUM L. Greek Valerian.
Polemonium Van-Bruntiae Britton.
Polemonium coerulenm Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L.
Rare. In swamps: Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
June — July.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE. WATERLEAF FAMILY.
HYDROPHYLLUM L. Waterleaf.
Hydrophyllum virginianum L.
Waterleaf.
Rare or local. Moist or wet shady places : South Wind-
sor (Weatherby), Waterbury (W. H. Paton), Wilton (Miss
E. A. Carpenter, Fames), Norwalk (G. P. Ells), North
Canaan (H. N. Adams, M. B. Tobey), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S.
Phelps). June.
ELLISIA L.
Ellisia Nyctelea L.
Macrocalyx Nyctelea Kuntze.
Rare. New London, in a pasture (Mrs. E. M. Tilton).
May — July. Fugitive from the South or West.
PHACELIA Juss.
Phacelia viscida (Benth.) Terr, (sticky).
Rare. Meriden, escaped from cultivation and spontaneous
in a spot on which muck had been deposited (Miss F. J.
Leonard). June. Fugitive from California.
Phacelia Purshii Buckley.
Rare. Branford, waste ground at Short Beach (Miss
E. J. Leonard). May — June. Fugitive from the Central
States.
BORAGINACEAE. BORAGE FAMILY.
CYNOGLOSSUM L. Hound's Tongue.
Cynoglossum officinale L. (of the shops).
Common Hound's Tongue.
Rare. Roadsides and pastures: Ledyard (Graves),
Meriden and New Haven (Harger), Bridgeport (C. K.
328 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
Averill), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — Aug. Ad-
ventive from Europe.
Cynoglossum boreale Fernald (northern).
Cynoglossiiui virginiciim of Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part.
Wild Comfrey.
Rare. Rocky woods: East Haven (J. A. Allen), Meri-
den (Andrews), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour), Barkhamsted and
Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), Cornwall (E. E. Brewster).
June — July.
LAPPULA Moench. Stickseed.
Lappula virginiana (L.) Greene.
Echinospernmm virginicum Lehm.
Stickseed. Beggar's Lice.
Frequent. Woods, hedge-rows and thickets in dry ground.
July — Aug.
Lappula echinata Gilib. (prickly).
Echinosperrnum Lappula Lehm.
Lappula Lappula Karst.
Rare. Waste places: New Haven (Merrill), Seymour
(Harger), New Milford (Eames & E. H. Austin), Salisbury
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Aug. Adventive from Europe.
AMSINCKIA Lehm.
Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm. (like Lycopsis, the Bugloss).
Rare. Cultivated or waste ground: Hartford (Bissell),
Southington (Andrews), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
May — July. Fugitive from the Pacific Coast.
SYMPHYTUM L. Comfrey.
Symphytum officinale L. (of the shops).
Common Comfrey.
Rare or local. Roadsides, waste places and along streams,
usually in moist ground and as an escape from cultivation.
June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe.
Formerly used medicinally.
Symphytum tuberosum L. (tuberous).
Rare. Ditches and wet places: Guilford (G. H. Bart-
lett), Southington (Andrews). May — June. Adventive from
Europe.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 329
Symphytum asperrimum Donn (very rough).
Rough Comfrey.
Rare. Moist roadsides: Oxford (Harger), Kent
(Eames). June — Aug. Adventive from Europe.
BORAGO L. Borage.
Borage officinalis L. (of the shops).
Borage.
Rare. Bridgeport, escaped from gardens (I. Holden &
Baker) . June — Sept. Fugitive from Europe.
Cultivated for ornament and for its supposed medicinal
properties.
ANCHUSA L. Alkanet.
Anchusa ofEcinalis L. (of the shops).
Rare. Waste ground in Fairfield (Eames). June — Aug.
Adventive from Europe.
MYOSOTIS L. Forget-me-not. Scorpion Grass.
Myosotis scorpioides L. (scorpion-like).
Myosotis palustris Hill.
True Forget-me-not.
Rare. Along streams as an escape from cultivation:
North Branford and Oxford (Harger), Stratford (Eames),
Southington (Andrews). May — June. Native of Europe.
Myosotis laxa Lehm. (loose).
Wild Forget-me-not.
Frequent. Along streams and in wet places. May — June.
Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill (of cultivated ground).
Rare. In grassland: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Led-
yard (Graves), Granby (I. Holcomb). May — June.
Myosotis virginica (L.) BSP.
Myosotis verna Nutt.
Occasional or local. Dry, sterile and rocky places. May —
June.
LITHOSPERMUM L. Gromwell. Puccoon.
Lithospermum arvense L. (of cultivated ground).
Corn Gromwell. Stone-seed.
330 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Occasional. Sandy or waste places. May — June. Natu-
ralized from Europe.
Lithospermum officinale L. (of the shops).
Common Cromwell.
Rare or local. Dry fields and in rocky ground : New
Britain (Bissell), Southingtoij (Andrews), North Canaan
(Weatherby), New Milford (A. E. Blewitt). June — Sept.
Naturalized from Europe.
ONOSMODIUM Michx. False Cromwell.
Onosmodium virginianum (L.) A. DC.
Gravel-weed. Pearl-plant. Wild Job's Tears. False
Cromwell.
Rare. Dry or sandy ground: Preston (Craves), East
Haddam (Dr. E. J. Thompson), Hartford and Windsor (H.
S. Clark), New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Fairfield (Fames),
Ansonia and Southbury (Harger), Kent (E. H. Austin).
June — July.
The root and seeds are medicinal.
ECHIUM L. Viper's Bugloss.
Echium vulgare L. (common).
Viper's Bugloss. Blue-weed. Blue Devil.
Open sandy or sterile places. Rare or local over most of
the state: Montville (Craves), Windsor (H. S. Clark),
Southington (Andrews), New Haven (Harger), New Hart-
ford (Andrews & Bissell). Becoming occasional in western
Connecticut. July — Aug. Naturalized from Europe.
Sometimes occurs with rose-colored flowers. A showy
plant when in bloom, but a bad weed, difficult to eradicate.
VERBENACEAE. VERVAIN FAMILY.
VERBENA L. Vervain.
Verbena officinalis L. (of the shops).
European Vervain.
Rare. Waste ground: New Haven (J. S. Smith),
Bridgeport (Fames). June — Sept. Fugitive from the Old
World.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 33I
The herb was reputed to have many desirable properties
and was highly esteemed in old times, but is rarely if ever
used now.
Verbena urticaefolia L. (having leaves like Urtica, the Nettle).
White Vervain.
Frequent. Fields, roadsides and waste ground. July —
Aug.
Verbena angustifolia Michx. (narrow-leaved).
Rare or local. Sandy fields: Waterford (Graves), New
Haven (Harger), Orange (Fames, Andrews & Bissell),
Stratford (I. Holden & Baker), Southington (Andrews &
Bissell), Kent (E. H. Austin, Fames & C. C. Godfrey), Salis-
bury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — July.
Verbena hastata L. (spear-shaped).
Verbena hastata L., var. pinnatiMa Britton.
Blue Vervain.
Frequent. Roadsides, fields and waste places. July^-
Aug. A hybrid of this with Verbena urticaefolia has been
collected at Oxford (Harger).
Flowers sometimes rose color. The root and leaves are
medicinal and are occasionally used in domestic practice.
Verbena stricta Vent, (upright; straight).
Hoary Vervain.
Rare. Fields and waste places: Old Lyme (Graves),
Naugatuck (Mrs. C. H. Lyman), Bridgeport (Fames). June
— Aug. Adventive from the West.
Verbena bracteosa Michx. (having bracts).
Rare or local. Waste ground: Hebron (Graves), Nauga-
tuck (Mrs. C. H. Lyman), Bridgeport (Fames), Winchester
(M. L. Fernald & Weatherby). June — Aug. Adventive
from the West.
Verbena canadensis (L.) Britton.
Verbena Aiibletia Jacq.
Verbena Drnmmondi of authors.
Verbena.
Rare. Fscaped from old gardens: Southington (Bis-
332 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
sell), Oxford (Harger). June — Sept. Fugitive from the
Southwest.
Many of the cultivated forms of Verbena are derived fromf i;i
this species.
LABIATAE. MINT FAMILY.
AJUGA L. Bugle Weed.
Ajuga genevensis L.
Erect Bugle.
Rare. Along roadsides and about dwellings as an escape
from cultivation: Middletown (Miss Day), New Haven (D.
C. Eaton), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Plainville (J.
N. Bishop), Bristol (W. A. Terry), Milford (Eames & C.
C. Godfrey) . May — June. Adventive from Europe.
Flowers sometimes rose-colored or white.
TEUCRIUM L. Germander.
Teucrium canadense L.
American Germander. Wood Sage.
Rare or occasional. Fields, roadsides and in alluvial soil
along streams. July — Aug.
Teucrium canadense L., var. littcrale (Bicknell) Fernald (of
the sea shore).
Teucrium litiorale Bicknell.
Coast Germander.
Frequent on beaches and about salt meadows along the
coast. July — Aug,
TRICHOSTEMA L. Blue Curls.
Trichostema dichotomum L. (forked in pairs).
Blue Curls. Bastard Pennyroyal.
Common. Dry sandy or sterile soil. July — Sept.
Sometimes occurs with pink flowers.
Trichostema lineare Walt, (very narrow).
Rare. Milford, in sandy soil (J. W. Robbins, 1829). July
— Aug.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 333
SCUTELLARIA L. Skullcap.
Scutellaria lateriflora L. (side-flowering).
Mad-dog Skullcap.
Frequent. Wet places, usually in shade. July — Sept.
Sometimes occurs with white flowers. The plant was
formerly used as a remedy for hydrophobia, whence its com-
mon name. It is officinal in medical practice.
Scutellaria galericulata L. (having a small helmet ; referring to
the calyx).
Marsh Skullcap.
Occasional. Borders of ponds, wet places along streams,
open swamps or sometimes also on dry banks or even in sand
near the coast. June — Aug.
Sometimes occurs with pink flowers.
Scutellaria integrifolia L. (entire-leaved).
Rare. Sandy fields and in woodland, either dry or moist:
Union (G. Towne), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Lyme
(Graves), East Haddam (W. E. Nichols), East Hartford
(Weatherby), East Windsor and Rocky Hill (Bissell), Hart-
ford (H. S. Clark), Windsor Locks (Miss A. E. Carpenter).
July.
Scutellaria parvula Michx. (small), var. ambigua (Nutt.)
Fernald (doubtful).
Scutellaria parvula Britton, not Michx.
Rare. Dry sandy or rocky ground: Guilford (G. W.
Hawes), East Haven (H. C. Beardslee, Harger), Plainville
(J. N. Bishop), Orange (A. H. Young), SaHsbury (Mrs.
C.S.Phelps). June — Aug.
MARRUBIUM L. Horehound.
Marrubium vulgare L. (common).
Common Horehound.
Rare or occasional. Roadsides and waste ground as an
escape from cultivation. June — July. Naturalized from
Europe.
Used as a cough medicine and in candy. An officinal
medicine.
334 COXNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull,
SIDERITIS L. Ironwort.
Sideritis montana L. (of mountains).
Rare. Naugatuck, one plant in waste ground (A. E.
Blewitt). July. Fugitive from southeastern Europe.
AGASTACHE Clayt. Giant Hyssop.
Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze (like Nepeta, the Catnip).
Lophanthus nepetoides Benth.
Rare or local. Rocky woods and thickets: Meriden (D.
C. Eaton), Southington (Andrews), Derby (Harger), Nor-
walk (Bissell). Aug. — Sept.
Agastache scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Kuntze (having leaves
like Scrophularia, the Figwort).
Lophanthus scrophulariaefolius Benth.
Rare or occasional. Woods, thickets and waste ground,
either moist or dry. July — Aug.
The var. mollis (Fernald) Heller (soft) occurs at Fair-
field (Eames).
Agastache Foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze (like Foeniculum, the
Fennel; referring to its odor).
Lophanthus anisatus Benth.
Agastache anethiodora Britton.
Rare. Waste ground: Portland (Mrs. F. W. Starmer).
Aug. Fugitive from the West.
NEPETA L. Cat Mint.
Nepeta Cataria L. (of a cat).
Catnip.
Frequent. Fields and waste ground. July — Oct.
Naturalized from Europe.
The herb is well known to have strong attraction for cats.
Much used in domestic medical practice.
Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trevisan (like Hedera, the Ivy).
Nepeta Glechoma Benth.
Glecoma hederacea L.
Gill-over-the-Ground. Ground Ivy. Gill. Robin Runaway.
Frequent. Moist shaded places in fields, waste ground
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 335
and about old yards. April — June. Naturalized from
Europe.
Sometimes a bad weed in lawns and gardens. Formerly
used in domestic medical practice.
DRACOCEPHALUM L. Dragon Head.
Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. (small-flowered).
Dragon Head.
Rare. Southington, one plant as a fugitive in a garden
(Andrews) ; also occurs at New Milford (Eames & E. H.
Austin). June — July. Native from New York westward.
PRUNELLA L. Self-heal.
Prunella vulgaris L. (common).
Brunella vulgaris of Manuals.
Common Self-heal or Heal-all. Carpenter-weed.
Common. Fields, woods and waste ground, both dry and
moist. June — Oct.
Often a troublesome weed in lawns and difficult to eradi-
cate. Formerly used as a medicine. Sometimes occurs with
white flowers.
PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. False Dragon Head.
Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth.
Lion's Heart.
Roadsides and waste ground. Occasional in New London
County, becoming rare or local northward and westward.
Aug. Introduced from the West.
GALEOPSIS L. Hemp Nettle.
Galeopsis Tetrahit L.
Common Hemp Nettle.
Rare or occasional. Roadsides and waste grounds. July
— Sept. Introduced from Europe.
A troublesome weed in some parts of northern New
England.
Galeopsis Ladanum L.
Red Hemp Nettle.
Rare. Naugatuck, in waste ground (B. B. Bristol). June
— July. Fugitive from Europe.
336 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
LAMIUM L. Dead Nettle.
Lamium amplexicaule L. (stem-embracing; referring to the
leaves).
Henbit.
Waste or cultivated ground. Occasional in Fairfield
County ; rare or local elsewhere. May — Oct. Naturalized
from Europe.
Lamium purpureum L. (purple).
Red Dead Nettle.
Rare. Waste ground: Fairfield (Fames). May — June.
Adventive from Europe.
Lamium hybridum Vill. (mongrel).
Local. Waste or cultivated ground: Cornwall, becoming
a weed (T. S. Gold). May — June. Adventive from Europe.
Lamium maculatum L. (spotted).
Spotted Dead Nettle.
Rare. Along roadsides and in yards as an escape from
cultivation: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), New Haven (D.
C. Eaton), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Woodbury
(Harger). May — Oct. Introduced from Europe.
Sometimes occurs with white flowers.
• LEONURUS L. Motherwort.
Leonurus Cardiaca L. (of the heart).
Common Motherwort. Lion's Tail. Throw-wort.
Frequent. Roadsides and waste places. June — July.
Naturalized from Europe.
Formerly used in domestic medical practice, especially for
diseases of women, whence the common name.
BALLOTA L. Fetid Horehound.
Ballota nigra L. (black).
Black Horehound.
Rare. An escape to roadsides : New Haven (D. C. Eaton),
Milford (Fames). June — Aug. Native of Europe.
Formerly cultivated because of supposed medicinal
qualities.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 337
STACHYS L. Hedge Nettle.
Stachys hyssopifolia Michx. (hyssop-leaved).
Rare. Killingly, sandy border of pond (Bissell), Walling-
ford (N. Coleman), West Hartford (H. S. Clark). July —
Aug.
Stachys tenuifolia Willd. (thin-leaved), var. aspera (Michx.)
Fernald (rough).
Stachys aspera Michx.
Rare or local. Moist ground along streams or on road-
sides : Lyme (Graves), Glastonbury (A. W. Driggs, Bissell),
East Windsor (Bissell), Stratford (Eames). July — Aug.
Stachys palustris L. (growing in marshes).
Woundwort.
Rare. Roadsides, fields and wet meadows : Fairfield and
Bridgeport (Eames), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), New
Fairfield (Harger) . July — Aug.
The var. homotricha Fernald (having the hairs alike)
occurs at Oxford (Harger).
SALVIA L. Sage.
Salvia lyrata L. (lyre-shaped).
Lyre-leaved Sage.
Local. About a fourth of an acre of grassy meadow is
covered with this species in Woodbridge (Harger). May —
June.
Salvia pratensis L. (belonging to a meadow).
Meadow Sage.
Rare. Fields and cultivated ground: Norwich (Mrs. E.
E. Rogers), Southington (L. Fox). June. Fugitive from
Europe.
Salvia officinalis L. (of the shops).
Garden Sage.
Rare. Roadsides and cultivated ground as an escape from
cultivation: Southington (Andrews), Milford (Eames).
June. Adventive from Europe.
The leaves are officinal in medical practice, also used for
flavoring meats, cheese, etc.
338 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. | Bull.
Salvia splendens Ker (shining).
Scarlet Sage.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste places : West-
port (Eames). Sept. — Oct. Fugitive from Brazil.
MONARDA L. Horse Mint.
Monarda didyma L. (twin).
Bee Balm. Oswego Tea. Fragrant Balm.
Rare or occasional. Roadsides, about old houses and
borders of woods as an escape from cultivation. July — Aug.
Naturalized from the West.
The herb finds some popular uses in medical practice,
depending on its aromatic properties. All our species are
similar in this respect and are one of the sources of thymol.
Monarda clinopodia L. (like Clinopodium, the Basil).
Basil Balm.
Rare. Waste ground and roadsides: Ledyard (Graves),
Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt). July — Aug. Adventive from
the West.
Monarda fistulosa L. (tubular).
Wild Bergamot.
Rare. Dry soil of shrubby and waste places : East Lyme
(Miss A. M. Ryon), Bolton (Bissell), Manchester (H. S.
Qark), West Hartford and Southbury (Harger), Stratford,
Bridgeport, Fairfield and Norwalk (Eames). July — Aug.
The var. rubra Gray (red), Monarda media Willd., is
rare as an escape from gardens: Groton (Graves), Andover
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Weatherby), Somers and Southington
(Bissell), Bridgeport (Eames). The variety is adventive
from the West as is the species in part.
Monarda mollis L. (soft).
Monarda fistulosa L., var. mollis Benth.
Downy Bergamot.
Occasional or frequent. Dry pastures, waste places and
roadsides. July — Aug.
BLEPHILIA Raf.
Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. (fringed).
Wood Mint.
Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 339
Rare. Dry open ground: Plainville (Bissell), Orange
(A. W. Evans), Beacon Falls (Harger), Salisbury (Mrs.
C. S. Phelps). June.
Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. (hairy).
Wood Mint.
Rare. Border of woods : Waterbury and Thomaston (A.
E. Blewitt). June— July.
HEDEOMA Pers. Mock Pennyroyal.
Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. (like Mentha Pulegium, the
Pennyroyal).
American Pennyroyal. '
Common. Open or shaded ground, usually in dry soil.
July — Aug.
The leaves and flowering tops as well as the oil distilled
from them are officinal in medical practice and find many
popular uses in home medication. The taste and odor are
nearl}^ the same as those of true Pennyroyal, Mentha Pule-
giutii of Europe.
Hedeoma hispida Pursh (rough-hairy).
Rare. Putnam, dry plains near the Quinebaug River
(Harger). June — Aug. Adventive from the West.
MELISSA L. Balm.
Melissa officinalis L. (of the shops).
Common or Lemon Balm.
Rare. Roadsides, yards and fields near old houses as an
escape from cultivation: Ledyard and Lyme (Graves), New
Haven (D. C. Eaton), Huntington, Trumbull, Fairfield and
Norwalk (Fames). July — Sept. Native of Europe.
The leaves and tops are medicinal and were formerly
officinal.
SATUREJA L. Savory. Calamint.
Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch (common).
Clinopodium vulgare L.
Calamintha Clinopodium Benth.
Basil.
Frequent. Woods, fields and thickets. June — Sept.
340 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
HYSSOPUS L. Hyssop.
Hyssopus officinalis L. (of the shops).
Hyssop.
Rare. Roadsides as an escape from cultivation : Salisbury
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — Sept. Native of Europe.
The plant is medicinal.
ORIGANUM L. Wild Marjoram.
Origanum vulgare L. (common).
Wild Marjoram.
Rare or local. Dry pastures, roadsides and waste places :
New Haven (O. Harger et al.), Sherman (E. H. Austin &
E^mes), Kent (C. K. Averiir, , "^haron (Bissell), Salisbury
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Sept. Adventive from Europe.
PYCNANTHEMUM Michx. Mountain Mint. Basil.
Pycnanthemum clinopodioides Torr. & Gray (like Clinopod-
ium, the Basil).
Koellia clinopodioides Kuntze.
Rare. Dry ground: Southington (Andrews), Cheshire
(A. E. Blewitt), Hamden (O. Harger). Aug.
Pycnanthemum flexuosum (Walt.) BSP. (flexuous).
Pycnanthemum linifolium Pursh.
Koellia flexuosa MacM.
Occasional. Open sandy ground either dry or moist. July
— Aug.
Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) Durand & Jackson.
Pycnanthemum lanceolatum Pursh.
Koellia lanceolata MacM.
Wild Isaac.
Common. Sterile ground either dry or moist. July —
Aug.
Pycnanthemum pilosum Nutt. (hairy) .
Pycnanthemum muticum Pers., var. pilosuvi Gray.
Koellia pilosa Britton.
Rare. Edge of thicket in rather dry gravelly soil, Plain-
field (Bissell & Weatherby). Aug.— Sept.
Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 34I
Pycnanthemum verticillatum (Michx.) Pers. (whorled).
Koellia verticillata Kuntze.
Rare or occasional. Hillsides and pastures either moist
or dry. July — Aug.
Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx. (hoary-white).
Koellia in c ana Kuntze.
Occasional. Rocky copses, thin woods and clearings.
Aug.
Pycnanthemum muticum (Michx.) Pers. (pointless).
Koellia mutica Britton.
Frequent. Poor soils either dry or wet. July — Aug.
THYMUS L. Thyme.
Thymus Serpyllum L. (classical name for this plant).
Wild or Creeping Thyme.
Rare or occasional. Fields and waste places, usually in
dry ground. June — Sept. Adventive from Europe.
Sometimes cultivated and used for seasoning in cookery.
LYCOPUS L. Water Horehound.
Lycopus virginicus L.
Bugle Weed.
Wet open ground or shaded swamps. Rare in most dis-
tricts : Franklin (R. W. Woodward), Windsor (Bissell),
Hartford (H. S. Clark). Occasional or frequent near the
coast and in the southwestern part of the state. July — Sept.
The herb has medicinal properties, like other species of the
genus.
Lycopus uniflorus Michx. (one-flowered).
Lycoptis communis Bicknell.
Lycopus membranaceus Bicknell.
Bugle Weed.
Common. Wet or dry places in various soils. Aug. —
Sept.
Lycopus sessilifolius Gray (sessile-leaved).
Rare. Wet ground about ponds: Voluntown, Ledyard\
Groton and East Lyme (Graves), Old Saybrook and Middle-
bury (Harger). Aug. — Sept.
342 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Lycopus rubellus Moench (reddish).
Rare. Low ground: Groton and New London (Graves),
Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Huntington (Harger). Aug.
— Sept.
Lycopus americanus Muhl.
Lycopus sinuatns Ell.
Frequent. Moist or wet places. Aug. — Sept,
MENTHA L. Mint.
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. (long-leaved).
Mentha sylvestris L.
Horse Mint of Europe.
Rare. Fields and waysides: Ledyard (Graves), Milford
(Fames & C. C. Godfrey), Westport (Fames), July — Sept.
Naturalized from Europe.
Mentha alopecuroides Hull (like Stachys Alopecuros, the
Betony).
Mentha sylvestris L., var. alopecuroides Baker.
Rare. Roadsides in Fairfield (Fames). Aug. — Sept.
Adventive from Europe.
Mentha spicata L. (spiked).
Mentha viridis L.
Spearmint.
Frequent. Fields and roadsides in wet ground. July —
Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
The leaves and flowering tops as well as the oil distilled
from them are officinal in medical practice and are in popular
use. The herb is used in sauce for roast lamb, etc.
Mentha piperita L. (peppery).
Peppermint.
Occasional. Wet places. Aug. — Sept. Naturalized from
Europe.
The source of oil of peppermint. Like the preceding
species officinal, much used in medical practice and as a flavor
for confectionery.
Mentha aquatica L. (aquatic).
Water Mint.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 343
Rare or local. Moist ground: New London (Graves),
Southbury (T. M. Prudden), Litchfield (T. M. Allen). Aug.
— Sept, Adventive from Europe.
Mentha crispa L. (curled).
Mentha aquatica L., var. crispa Benth.
Curled Mint.
Rare or local. Roadsides: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers),
New London, Ledyard and Preston (Graves), Stratford
(Eames, Harger). Waterbury (Mrs. C. H. Lyman), Oxford
(Harger), Bridgeport (Eames). Aug. — Sept. Adventive
from Europe.
Properties similar to those of peppermint. Often culti-
vated both for ornament and use.
Mentha citrata Ehrh. (like Citrus Limonum, the Lemon : re-
ferring to its odor).
Bergamot Mint.
Rare. Roadsides and waste places in moist ground : East
Hartford (Weatherby), Rocky Hill (Mrs. F. W. Starmer),
Oxford (Harger), Litchfield (T. F. Allen), Salisbury (Mrs.
C. S. Phelps). Aug. — Sept. Adventive from Europe.
Mentha Cardiaca Gerarde (of the heart).
Mentha sativa of many American authors.
Rare. Southington, wet ground (Andrews & Bissell).
Aug. — Sept. Adventive from Europe.
Mentha gentilis L. (related).
Mentha sativa L.
Spotted or Whorled Mint. Runaway Robin.
Rare. Roadsides, waste places and about old houses :
Ledyard and Preston (Graves), Union and Salisbury
(Bissell), Bolton (Weatherby), Plainville (J. N. Bishop),
Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Bridgeport, Fairfield,
Newtown and Sherman (Eames). July — Sept. Naturalized
from Europe.
Mentha arvensis L. (of cultivated ground).
Field Mint.
Occasional. Low fields and wet places. July — Sept.
344 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
Mentha arvensis L., var. canadensis (L.) Briquet.
Mentha canadensis L.
Wild Mint.
Frequent. Wet places, often along streams. July — Sept.
COLLINSONIA L. Horse Balm.
Collinsonia canadensis L.
Richweed. Stone-root.
Common. Moist rich woods. July — Sept.
The root and herb are used in medicine.
PERILLA L.
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton (shrubby).
Perilla ocymoides L.
Rare. About old gardens as an escape from cultivation :
Groton (Mrs. C. B. Graves), Southington (Andrews), Ox-
ford (Harger), Bridgeport (Eames). July — Sept. Native
of Asia.
Sometimes cultivated as a foliage plant.
SOLANACEAE. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.
CAPSICUM L. Pepper.
Capsicum annuum L. (annual).
Red, Cayenne or Chili Pepper.
Rare. Waste ground: Hartford (H. S. Clark), Bridge-
port (Eames). July — Aug. Fugitive from the Tropics.
Well known in cultivation.
LYCOPERSICUM Mill. Tomato.
Lycopersicum esculentum Mill, (edible).
Lycopersicon Lycopersicon Karst.
Tomato.
Rare. An escape in waste places and on river shores.
Aug. — Sept. Introduced from South America.
Cultivated for its edible fruit.
SOLANUM L. Nightshade. t
Solanum tuberosum L. (producing tubers). \
Potato. ■'^
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 345
Rare. Cultivated ground and waste places. July. Fugi-
tive from temperate South America.
One of the important food plants of the world.
Solanum Dulcamara L. (bitter-sweet).
Woody Nightshade. Bittersweet. Wolf Grape. Violet
Bloom.
Frequent. Moist or wet thickets, waste grounds, road-
sides, about ponds and along streams. June — Aug. ; fruit
July — Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
The young branches and leaves are sometimes used medici-
nally and were formerly officinal. The berries are somewhat
poisonous.
Solanum nigrum L. (black). '^
Black or Common Nightshade.
Frequent. Moist rich soil or often in drier places or on
sea beaches. July — Sept. ; fruit Aug. — Oct.
Stock are sometimes poisoned by eating this plant. All
parts of the plant are said to be more or less poisonous.
This plant has recently been somewhat extensively advertised
in seed catalogues as Garden Huckleberry, and it is claimed
the ripe berries are entirely safe and wholesome either fresh
or cooked. The testimony is somewhat conflicting.
It is stated that in some countries the leaves are eaten as
a pot-herb after thorough cooking; that in the Dakotas the
plant is called Stubbleberry, and the ripe fruit is much used
for making pies and preserves.
On the other hand the best chemical authorities state
that active poisonous principles have been found in the ripe
berries as well as in other parts of the plant. The species
is quite variable, and it is probable that some plants are more
poisonous than others, in consequence of conditions of growth
not yet understood.
All things considered, its indiscriminate use as a food plant
cannot be recommended.
Solanum carolinense L.
Horse or Bull Nettle. Sand Brier.
Rare. Fields and meadows: Middletown (Bissell), Nau-
34''' COXNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
gatuck (A. E. Blewitt), Seymour (Harger), Milford and
Bridgeport (Eames), Norwalk (G. P. Ells), Salisbury (Mrs.
C. S. Phelps), New Milford (E. H. Austin), Greenwich (J.
W. Robbins). July — Sept.; fruit Aug. — Oct. Naturalized
from the South.
A pernicious weed in the South, destructive to cattle. The
root and leaves are employed medicinally.
Solanum rostratum Dunal (beaked).
Sand Bur. Buffalo Bur.
Rare. Waste or cultivated ground: New London (Miss
E. Shelly), Hartford and East Haddam (Dr. E. J. Thomp-
son), Southington (Miss L. Upson, Andrews), Naugatuck
(B. B. Bristol), Milford (Harger), Wilton (Miss A. E. Car-
penter), Kent and New Milford (E. H. Austin), Salisbury
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Sept. Adventive from the
West.
A pernicious weed which should be eradicated on its first
appearance.
PHYSALIS L. Ground Cherry.
Physalis angulata L. (angular).
Rare. Hartford, in waste ground (H. S. Clark & Bissell).
July — Sept. Fugitive from the South.
Physalis pruinosa L. (frosted).
Strawberry Tomato.
Cultivated or waste ground. Rare in most districts : Nor-
wich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Groton (Mrs. C. B. Graves),
Southington (Andrews & Bissell). Occasional in the south-
western part of the state (Eames). July — Oct.
Physalis Alkekengi L.
Winter Cherry.
Rare. New Milford, spreading from cultivation (E. H.
Austin). Fruit Aug. — Oct. Introduced from eastern Asia.
Physalis heterophylla Nees (various-leaved).
Physalis virginiana Gray's Manual ed. 6, not Mill.
Occasional. Dry fields and waste places. June — Sept. ;
fruit Aug. — Oct.
The var. ambigua (Gray) Rydb. (doubtful) sometimes
occurs with the typical form.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 347
The van nyctaginea (Dunal) Rydb. (like the Four-
o'clock) is rare: Windsor, shaded alluvial soil on bank of the
Connecticut River (Bissell).
Physalis subglabrata Mackenzie & Bush (nearly smooth).
Physalis philadelphica Gray's Manual ed. 6, perhaps not Lam.
Rare. Waste grounds, roadsides and fields : East Windsor
and Norwalk (Bissell), Bridgeport (Eames), Waterbury
(A. E. Blewitt), New Milford (Eames & E. H. Austin),
Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Sept.
Sometimes cultivated for its edible fruit.
Physalis virginiana Mill.
Physalis lanceolata Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part, not Michx.
Rare. Dry or moist fields: Southington (Andrews),
Southbury ( Harger) . June — Aug.
NICANDRA Adans. Apple of Peru.
Nicandra physalodes (L.) Pers. (like Physalis, the Ground
Cherry).
Physalodes physalodes Britton.
Apple of Peru.
Rare. Waste ground and cultivated fields : Norwich (Mrs.
E. E. Rogers), Southington (Andrews), New Haven (O.
Harger), Waterbury (H. S. Clark), Oxford and Ansonia
(Harger), Bridgeport and Norwalk (Eames), Winchester
(A. E. Blewitt), Norfolk (H. S. Clark & Bissell). July —
Sept. Adventive from Peru.
LYCIUM L. Matrimony Vine.
Lycium halimifolium Mill, (having leaves like Atriplex Hali-
mus, the Orach).
Lycium vulgar e Dunal.
Common Matrimony Vine.
Rare or local. Roadsides and about old houses. May —
Sept. ; fruit Aug. — Oct. Adventive from Europe.
DATURA L. Jamestown or Jimson Weed. Thorn Apple.
Datura Stramonium L. (old name for this species).
Stramonium. Jimson Weed. Thorn Apple.
348 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU.
Rare or occasional. Waste places, mostly in rich soil.
July — Oct. ; fruit Oct. Naturalized, probably from Asia,
The leaves are officinal and with the seeds are valued in
medicine. The plant is poisonous. In numerous instances
children have been killed by eating the seeds.
Datura Tatula L. (Persian name for this species).
Purple Stramonium. Jimson Weed. Purple Thorn Apple.
Rich w^aste places and on sea beaches. Occasional, becom-
ing frequent or common in villages and cities. July — Oct. ;
fruit Oct. Naturalized from tropical America.
Poisonous and medicinal like Datura Stramonium.
Datura Metal L. (Arabic name for this species).
Rare. Waste ground: New Haven (H. S. Clark), Bridge-
port (Eames). July — Oct.; fruit Oct.
Fugitive from tropical America.
A narcotic poison.
Datura meteloides DC. (like Datura Metel).
Rare. Waste ground : Southington, two plants seen for
a single season (Bissell & Andrews). Aug. — Sept. Fugitive
from tropical America.
A narcotic poison. Sometimes cultivated for ornament.
NICOTIANA L. Tobacco.
Nicotiana rustica L. (of the country).
Wild Tobacco.
Rare. New Plaven, waste fields (F. W. Hall, 1873), New
London (Graves). Aug. — Sept. A fugitive, its nativity un-
known, but formerly cultivated by the Indians.
Nicotiana alata Link & Otto (winged).
Rare. Waste places: Bridgeport, several stations (Eames),
Southington (Andrews). Aug. — Sept. Native of South
America.
Often cultivated as an ornamental plant.
Nicotiana Tabacum L. (Indian name).
Tobacco.
Rare. Waste ground: Bridgeport and Fairfield (Eames).
Aug. — Sept. Fugitive from South America.
Well known in cultivation.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 349
PETUNIA Juss.
Petunia axillaris (Lam.) BSP. (growing in an axil).
White Petunia.
Rare. Waste places: New London (Graves), Southington
(Andrews), Ansonia (Harger), Bridgeport and Norwalk
(Eames). July — Sept. Fugitive or in part adventive from
tropical America.
Commonly cultivated for ornament.
Petunia violacea Lindl. (violet).
Purple Petunia.
Rare. Waste ground: New London (Graves), Oxford
(Harger), Bridgeport (Eames). July — Sept. Fugitive or
in part adventive from South America.
Cultivated, Most of the forms in cultivation are hybrids
of this species with Petunia axillaris.
SCROPHULARIACEAE. FIGWORT FAMILY.
VERBASCUM L. Mullein.
Verbascum Thapsus L. (classical name for this species).
Common Mullein. Velvet Dock. Flannel-leaf.
Frequent or common. Dry fields, pastures and newly
cleared land. June — Oct. Naturalized from Europe.
The leaves, tops and flowers are used medicinally, and the
leaves are often dried and smoked like tobacco for respiratory
affections.
Verbascum phlomoides L. (like Phlomis, the Jerusalem Sage) .
Rare. Granby, a few plants in grassland (L Holcomb).
July. Fugitive from Europe.
Verbascum Blattaria L. (classical name for this species).
Moth Alullein.
Occasional. Fields, mostly in grassland and in dry soil.
June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
The var. albiflorum Kuntze (white-flowered) sometimes
occurs with the species.
Medicinal, having the same properties as Vcrbascuiu
Thapsus.
350 CONNECTICUT CEOL. AND NAT. UlST. SURVEY. [ BulL
Verbascum Pseudo-Lychnitis Schnr (simulating Verbascum
Lychnitis).
Rare. Kent, a few plants in grassland (Miss J. T.
Gregory). Aug. Fugitive from Europe.
LINARIA Hill. Toadflax.
Linaria vulgaris Hill (common).
Liiiaria Linaria Karst.
Ramsted. Butter and Eggs.
Common. Fields, roadsides and waste places. June —
Oct. Naturalized from Europe.
A troublesome weed, difficult to eradicate. Medicinal.
Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumont.
Blue Toadflax.
Common. Dry to moist mostly sterile or sandy soil. May
— Sept.
A part of the flowers are usually cleistogamous, some-
times all of them.
Linaria minor (L.) Desf. (smaller).
Chaenorrhinuin minus Lange.
Rare. Stamford, in waste ground (W. H. Hoyt). June
— Aug. Fugitive from Europe.
Linaria Elatine (L.) Mill, (classical name for some kind of
Toadflax).
Kickxia Elatine Dumont.
Elatinoides Elatine Wettst.
Rare. There is in the Eaton Herbarium a specimen of
this species collected in Connecticut by Charles Wright, but
the exact locality is not known. Not otherwise reported from
the state. June — Sept. Fugitive from Europe.
Linaria Cymbalaria (L.) Mill, (like a cymbal).
Cymbalaria Cymbalaria Wettst.
Kenilworth or Coliseum Ivy.
Rare. Roadsides, waste places and on walls : Norwich,.
Groton and New London (Graves), Windham (Bissell),
Bridgeport (Fames), Fairfield (Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright,
Eames), Seymour (Harger). June — Sept. Adventive from
Europe.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 35I
ANTIRRHINUM L. Snapdragon.
Antirrhinum Orontium L.
Small Snapdragon.
Rare. Bridgeport, one plant in waste ground (Eames).
June. Fugitive from Europe.
SCROPHULARIA L. Figwort.
Scrophularia marilandica L.
Scrophularia nodosa L., var. marilandica Gray.
Figwort. Scrofula Plant.
Fields and thickets. Rare east of the Connecticut River :
Franklin (R. W. Woodward). Occasional or frequent in the
western part of the state. July — Sept.
The herb and root are medicinal in both this and the
following species.
Scrophularia leporella Bicknell (a little hare).
Occasional or frequent. Fields, thickets and fence-rows.
Late May — early July.
A form of this with deeply laciniate leaves occurs at
Bridgeport (H. S. Clark).
PENTSTEMON Ait. Beard-tongue.
Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. (hairy).
Pentstemon puhescens Ait.
Dry fields and banks. Frequent in Litchfield County ;
rare, occasional or local in other parts of the state. Late
May — early July.
Pentstemon tubiflorus Nutt. (tubular-flowered).
Rare. Pastures and grassland: Granby (L Holcomb),
Sharon (Bissell), Kent (H. Mosher), Sahsbury (Mrs. C. S.
Phelps). June — July. Adventive from the West.
Pentstemon laevigatus Ait. (smoothed).
Pentstemon Pentstemon Britton.
Rare or occasional. Wet or dry grassland and waste
places. June — early July. Adventive from the West.
Pentstemon laevigatus Ait., var. Digitalis (Sweet) Gray (like
Digitalis, the Foxglove).
Pentstemon Digitalis Nutt.
Pentstemon calycosus Small.
352 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
Occasional, frequent or common. Moist or dry grassland.
June — early July. Introduced from the West.
Pentstemon grandiflorus Nutt. (large-flowered).
Rare. Granby, a few plants in a field (I. Holcomb).
June. Fugitive from the West.
CHELONE L. Turtlehead. Snakehead.
Chelone glabra L. (smooth).
Turtlehead. Snakehead. Balmony.
Frequent. Wet places. Aug. — Sept.
The leaves and tops are medicinal.
MIMULUS L. Monkey Flower.
Mimulus ringens L. (gaping).
Frequent. Wet thickets and open places. . July — Sept.
Mimulus alatus Ait. (winged).
Rare. Wet places and banks of streams: Lyme (Bissell),
East Hartford (J. F. Smith), Hartford (H. S. Clark), Stam-
ford (W. H. Hoyt). July — Sept.
Mimulus Langsdorffii Donn.
Mimulus luteus Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L.
Mimulus guttatus DC.
Yellow Monkey Flower.
Rare or local. Wet ground along brooks: Norfolk (J. H.
Barbour), New Milford (Miss J. T. Gregory). June — Aug.
Adventive from the Pacific Coast.
LIMOSELLA L. Mudwort.
Limosella aquatica L. (aquatic), var. tenuifolia (AA^olf) Pers.
(slender-leaved).
Limosella tenuifolia Wolf.
Mudwort.
Occasional on muddy tidal shores. June — Oct.
ILYSANTHES Raf. False Pimpernel.
Ilysanthes dubia (L.) Barnhart (doubtful).
Ilysauthes riparia Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part, and perhaps
of Raf.
Ilysanthes gratioloides Benth.
Ilysanthes attenuata Small.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 353
Frequent. Wet muddy or sandy open places and about
ponds and streams. June — Sept.
Ilysanthes anagallidea (Michx.) Robinson (like Anagallis, the
Pimpernel).
Ilysanthes diihia of American authors, not Gratiola dubia L.
Ilysanthes riparia Raf. (?).
Wet muddy or sandy places. East Haddam (Eaton
ilerb.), and occasional in the southwestern part of the state
(Eames) . June — Sept.
GRATIOLA L. Hedge Hyssop.
Gratiola virginiana L.
Common. Wet places. June — Sept.
The plant is medicinal.
Gratiola aurea Muhl. (golden).
Lake and river shores. Monroe (H. C. Beardslee), and
occasional or frequent in central and eastern Connecticut.
June — Sept.
DIGITALIS L. Foxglove.
Digitalis purpurea L. (purple).
Common Foxglove.
Rare. Bridgeport, in waste places (Eames). June — July.
Fugitive from Europe.
VERONICA L. Speedwell.
Veronica virginica L.
Leptandra virginica Nutt.
Culver's-root. Culver's Physic.
Occasional to frequent. Fields, thickets and fence-rows.
July — Aug.
The rhizome and roots are medicinal and are officinal.
Veronica longifolia L. (long-leaved).
Rare. Roadsides as an escape from cultivation : Water-
ford (E. F. Burleson), Union (Bissell), Milford and Fair-
field (Eames). July — Aug. Native of Europe.
Veronica americana Schwein.
American Brooklime.
Springs and wet places. Windsor (Eames & Harger),
354 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Southington (Andrews & Bissell), and occasional throughout
the western part of the state. May — Aug.
Medicinal. Said to be also used as a salad plant.
Veronica scutellata L. (platter-like, in allusion to the flat
flowers).
Swamp or Marsh Speedwell.
Occasional or frequent. Wet places. May — Oct.
Veronica officinalis L. (of the shops).
Speedwell. Paul's Betony. Common Speedwell.
Common. Dry fields and woods. May — June.
The plant has medicinal uses.
Veronica Chamaedrys L. (classical name for Germander).
Bird's-eye.
Rare. In grassland: New London (Graves), Norfolk
(Miss M. C. Seymour). May — June. Adventive from
Europe.
Veronica Teucrium L. (like the Germander).
Rare. Fairfield, grassy roadside (Eames), Salisbury
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June. Native of Europe.
The plant is medicinal.
Veronica serpyllifolia L. (thyme-leaved).
Creeping or Thyme-leaved Speedwell.
Frequent or common. Fields and thickets, usually in
moist, but sometimes in dry soil. May — July.
Often troublesome as a weed in lawns.
Veronica peregrina L. (foreign),
Neckweed. Purslane Speedwell.
Frequent. Cultivated and waste ground either dry or
moist. April — June.
Medicinal, resembling Veronica officinalis in its proper-
ties. Sometimes troublesome as a weed.
Veronica arvensis L. (of cultivated ground).
Corn Speedwell.
Occasional or frequent. Along the shore a weed in culti-
vated ground or along sandy roadsides ; inland mostly in dry
J
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 355
' rocky woods or on ledges. May — June. Naturalized from
Europe.
Medicinal like Veronica ofHcinalis.
Veronica Tournefortii C. C. Gmel.
Veronica Buxhaiimii Tenore.
Veronica byzantina BSP.
Rare. Cultivated or waste ground: Oxford (Harger),
Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson). April — Nov. Adven-
tive from Europe.
Veronica hederaefolia L. (ivy-leaved).
Ivy-leaved Speedwell.
Rare. Norfolk, introduced along roadsides (Miss M. C.
Seymour) . April — June. Fugitive from Europe.
GERARDIA L. Gerardia.
Gerardia pedicularia L, (like Pedicularis, the Lousewort).
Dasystoma pedicularia Benth.
Lousewort.
Occasional. Dry sandy or rocky woods and fields, Aug.
— Sept.
The plant is medicinal.
Gerardia fiava L. (yellow).
Dasystoma iiava Wood.
Downy Yellow or False Foxglove.
Frequent. Dry woods and thickets. July — Sept.
Gerardia virginica (L.) BSP.
Gerardia quercifolia Pursh.
Dasystoma virginica Britton.
Oak-leaved or Smooth False Foxglove.
Dry woods. Occasional, becoming frequent near the coast.
Aug. — Sept.
This and the preceding species are root-parasitic,
Gerardia purpurea L. (purple).
Purple Gerardia.
Frequent along the coast in moist fields and borders of
marshes. Aug. — Oct,
35^ CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
Gerardia paupercula (Gray) Britton (stunted).
Gerardia purpurea L., var. paupercula Gray.
Wet sandy places. Rare inland: Thompson (Weatherby
& Bissell), Union and Salisbury (Bissell), East Hartford
and Simsbury (Weatherby), Enfield and Southington (An-
drews & Bissell). Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson).
Occasional or frequent along the coast. Aug. — Oct.
Gerardia maritima Raf. (of the seaside).
Seaside Gerardia.
Occasional or local on the coast in salt marshes. Aug. —
Oct.
Gerardia tenuifolia V'ahl (slender-leaved).
Gerardia Gattingeri Small.
Gerardia.
Frequent or common. Woods, thickets and fields, mostly
in dry soils. Aug. — Sept.
The var. macrophylla Benth. (large-leaved), Gerardia
Besseyana Britton, occurs at Wethersfield (C. Wright), and
at Orange (Bissell).
Gerardia parvifolia Chapman (small-leaved).
Gerardia Skinneriana Gray's Manual ed. 6, not Wood.
Rare. Farmington, in sandy woods (Miss C. A. Shepard).
Aug. — Sept.
CASTILLEJA Mutis. Painted Cup.
Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. (scarlet).
Scarlet Painted Cup. Meadow Pink. Nosebleed. Headache
Plant. Soldiers on the Green.
Occasional, local or frequent. Wet meadows and pastures.
April — June.
The root was formerly used in medicine. The species is
root-parasitic. Sometimes seen with yellow flowers.
MELAMPYRUM L. Cow Wheat.
Melampyrum lineare Lam. (very narrow).
Melampyrum americanum Michx.
Cow Wheat.
Common. Dry woods. June — Aug.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 357
PEDICULARIS L. Lousewort.
Pedicularis canadensis L.
Common Lousewort. Wood Betony. Greaseweed.
Frequent or common. Fields and woods in either dry or
moist ground. May — June.
Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. (lance-shaped).
Swamp Lousewort.
Bogs and wet meadows. Rare, occasional or local in most
parts of the state, but not reported from Fairfield County.
Aug. — Sept.
RHINANTHUS L. Yellow Rattle.
Rhinanthus Crista-galli L. (cock's-comb).
Rhinanthiis minor Ehrh.
Rattle. Yellow Rattle. Rattle-box.
Local. Fields and meadows, either moist or dry: North
Branford and New Haven (Harger), Cheshire (Miss Hotch-
kiss), Waterbury (Eaton Herb.), and occasional westward
and southward as far as Milford (W. A. Setchell, H. S.
Clark, Fames), and Stratford (Fames). May — June.
SCHWALBEA L. Chafif-seed.
Schwalbea americana L.
Chafif-seed.
Rare. Fast Lyme, gravelly roadside (Mrs. C. B. Graves).
May — July.
LENTIBULARIACEAE.
BLADDERWORT FAMILY.
UTRICULARIA L. Bladderwort.
Utricularia inflata Walt, (inflated).
In still water. Rare in most districts: Mansfield (Weath-
erby), Windsor (A. W. Driggs & Weatherby), Bristol
(J. N. Bishop). Occasional in New London County
( Graves ) . July — Sept.
Utricularia clandestina Nutt. (secret).
Rare. Muddy pools or shores: Waterford (Graves),
Fairfield (L. N. Johnson). July.
358 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Utricularia vulgaris L. (common), var. americana Gray.
Utricularia vulgaris of Manuals in part.
Greater Bladderwort.
Occasional or local. Still water or slow streams. June —
Aug.
Utricularia minor L. (lesser).
Smaller Bladderwort.
Rare. In still water: East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon),
New Haven (Eaton Herb.), Fairfield, Milford and Ridgefield
(Eames), Easton (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Salisbury (Mrs.
C. S. Phelps). May— June.
Utricularia gibba L. (humped).
Rare, local or occasional. Shallow water or mud about
swamps, pools and ponds. July — Oct.
Utricularia biflora Lam. (two-flowered).
Rare. Ponds and pools: Groton (Graves), Southington
( Andrews ) . July — Sept.
Utricularia intermedia Hayne (intermediate).
Sphagnum bogs and borders of ponds. Rare in northern
districts, becoming occasional in the southern part of the
state. May — July.
The flowers are seldom seen.
Utricularia purpurea Walt, (purple).
Purple Bladderwort.
In ponds. Rare or local in most districts : Middlebury
(Harger), Mansfield (Weatherby), Guilford (G. H. Bart-
lett). Occasional near the coast in New London County |i
(Graves). Aug.
Utricularia resupinata B. D. Greene (bent backward).
Rare. East Lyme, at Dodge's Pond (Graves), Woodbury,
in a sphagnum bog (B. B. Bristol et al.). July — Sept.
Utricularia cornuta Michx. (horned).
Muddy or sphagnum bogs. Salisbury (Bissell), Norfolk
(J. W. Robbins, J. H. Barbour), Woodbury, Bethany and
Kent (Harger), Southington (Andrews), and occasional in
New London County (Graves). Aug.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 359
OROBANCHACEAE. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.
EPIFAGUS Nutt. Cancer-root. Beech-drops.
Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart.
Leptamnium virginiamim Raf.
Beech-drops.
Occasional. Dry woods, under beech trees. Aug. — Sept.
The earlier flowers are cleistogamous. Medicinal.
CONOPHOLIS Wallr. Squaw-root. Cancer-root.
Conopholis americana (L. f.) Wallr.
Cancer-root.
Rare. Rich woods: Plainville (J. N. Bishop), Southing-
ton (Andrews & Bissell), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), New
Haven (Eaton Herb,). June.
OROBANCHE L. Broom-rape.
Orobanche uniflora L. (one-flowered).
Aphyllon unifloriim L. Gray.
Thalesia uniflora Britton.
One-flowered Cancer-root.
Occasional or frequent. Dry or moist woods and thickets,
sometimes in fields or by roadsides. May — June.
The plant is medicinal.
BIGNONIACEAE. BIGNONIA FAMILY.
TECOMA Juss. Trumpet-flower.
Tecoma radicans (L.) Juss. (rooting).
Trumpet Creeper.
Rare or local. Roadsides and thickets as an escape from
cultivation. Aug. — Sept. Adventive from the South.
Cultivated for ornament. In the South it becomes a per-
nicious weed in cultivated ground.
CATALPA Scop. Indian Bean. Catalpa.
Catalpa bignonioides Walt, (like Bignonia).
Catalpa Catalpa Karst.
Catalpa. Candle or Bean Tree.
Rare. Fidds and roadsides as an escape from cultivation :
Norwich and New London (Graves), Southington (An-
360 CONNECTICUT C.EOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
drews), Huntington and Southbury (Harger), Bridgeport
(Eames). June. Adventive from the Gulf States.
Planted for ornament and valuable farther south for its
timber.
MARTYNIACEAE. MARTYNIA FAMILY.
MARTYNIA L. Unicorn-plant.
Martynia louisiana Alill.
Martynia proboscidea Gloxin.
Unicorn-plant. Proboscis Flower.
Rare. Cultivated ground: Oxford (Harger). July —
Oct. Fugitive from the Southwest.
The young pods are used for pickling.
PHRYMACEAE. LOPSEED FAMILY.
PHRYMA L. Lopseed.
Phryma Leptostachya L. (slender-spiked).
Lopseed.
Occasional. Rich woods and thickets. July — Aug.
PLANTAGINACEAE. PLANTAIN FAMILY.
PLANTAGO L. Plantain. Ribwort.
Plantago major L. (larger).
Common Plantain.
Common. Fields, waste places and especially along paths
and roadsides. June — Sept.
The var. intermedia (GiHb.) Dene, (intermediate), Plan-
tago halophila Bicknell, is frequent on the borders of salt
marshes and rarely occurs inland.
The leaves and root are medicinal. The young leaves
are used as a pot-herb. An unsightly and pernicious weed in
lawns.
Plantago Rugelii Dene.
Plantain.
Common. Moist fields, yards, thickets and woods. June
— Aug.
The young leaves are used as a pot-herb.
\(X 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 361
Plantago decipiens Barneoud (deceiving).
Plantago maritima Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L.
Seaside Plantain.
Occasional to common in salt marshes and on tidal shores.
July — Oct.
Plantago lanceolata L. (lance-shaped).
English Plantain. Rib Grass. Ripple Grass.
Common. Fields, roadsides and waste ground. May —
Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
A troublesome weed. The plant is medicinal.
Plantago aristata Michx. (bearing bristles).
Plantago patagonica Jacq., var. aristata Gray.
Occasional. Dry fields and roadsides. June — Aug. In-
troduced from the West and becoming more frequent.
Plantago virginica L.
Dry rocky or sandy soil. Rare or local in most districts :
Rocky Hill (M. Hitchcock), New Haven and Oxford (Har-
ger), Norwalk (Miss A. E. Carpenter, Eames), New Milford
(E. H. Austin). Occasional in New London County
( Graves ) . May — June.
Plantago elongata Pursh (lengthened).
Plantago pusilla Nutt.
Rare. Old Lyme, sandy roadside (Bissell), Guilford, thin
soil on the edges of granite outcrops (G. H. Bartlett). May.
RUBIACEAE. MADDER FAMILY.
ASPERULA L.
Asperula glauca (L.) Bess, (glaucous). ^
Aspcnila galioides Bieb.
Woodruff.
Rare. Southington, in fields (Bissell). June. Adventive
from Europe.
GALIUM L. Bedstraw. Cleavers.
Galium Aparine L. (classical name for some species of Bed-
straw).
Cleavers. Goose Grass.
362 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Frequent. Moist thickets and waste places. May — June.
The plant is medicinal.
Galium varum L. (true).
Yellow Bedstraw.
Rare. Fields and waste ground: Waterford (Graves),
Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Plainville (C. D. Bishop), Nauga-
tuck (B. B. Bristol), Huntington (Karnes), Stratford (Mrs.
R. H. Russell), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour), Southbury
(Weatherby & Harger), Monroe (Fames & C. C. Godfrey),
Stamford (W. H. Hoyt), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
June — July. Adventive from Europe.
Galium Wirtgenii F. Schultz.
Rare. Norfolk, in grassland (Miss M. C. Seymour).
June. Fugitive from Europe.
Galium pilosum Ait. (hairy).
Frequent. Dry soil of woods and fields. July — Aug.
Galium pilosum Ait., var. puncticulosum (Michx.) Torr. &
Gray (minutely punctate).
Rare. Dry ground: South Windsor (A. W. Driggs).
July — Aug.
Galium circaezans Michx. (imitating Circaea, the Enchanter's
Nightshade).
Wild Liquorice.
Occasional or frequent. Rich woods. June — July.
Galium lanceolatum Torr. (lance-shaped).
Wild Liquorice.
Rich woods. Rare in New London County: Norwich
(Mrs. F. E. Rogers), Ledyard and Salem (Graves). Becom-
ing occasional to frequent northward and westward. June —
July.
Galium boreale L. (northern).
Northern Bedstraw.
Fields and rocky banks. Farmington (Miss Willard),
New Britain (Bissell), Derby (Harger), Milford (Fames),
and occasional northwestward. June — July.
Galium Mollugo L. (classical name for some bur-bearing
plant).
Wild Madder.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 363
Rare. Roadsides and grassland : East Haddam (Dr. E.
J. Thompson), Granby (I. Holcomb), Southington and
Winchester (Bissell), Bridgeport, Fairfield and Westport
(Eames). June — July. Naturalized from Europe.
The plant is medicinal. »
Galium erectum Huds. (erect).
Rare. Grassy fields: Plainville (Bissell), Southington
(Andrews & Bissell), Westport (Eames), Norwalk (Eames
& C. C. Godfrey), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May —
June. Adventive from Europe.
Galium palustre L. (of marshes).
Rare or local. Swamps: New London (Graves), Lyme
(Graves, Harger), Plainville and Southington (Bissell),
Litchfield (Bissell & Weatherby). June — July.
Galium trifidum L. (three-cleft).
Galium trifidum L., var. pusillum Gray.
Rare. Cold swamps: Norfolk and Sharon (Bissell),
Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell). July — Aug.
Galium Claytoni Michx.
Galium trifidum Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part.
Frequent. Swamps and bogs. June — Aug.
Galium tinctorium L. (used for dyeing).
Galium trifidum L., var. latifolium Torr.
Frequent. Bogs and swamps. June — July.
Galium labradoricum Wiegand.
Galium tinctorium L., var. labradoricum Wiegand.
Rare. Larch swamps: Norfolk (H. S. Clark & Bissell),
Salisbury (M. L. Fernald). Late May — June.
Galium asprellum Michx. (slightly rough).
Rough Bedstraw.
Frequent. Swamps and borders of streams. July.
Galium triflorum Michx. (three-flowered).
Sweet-scented Bedstraw.
Frequent. Dry woods, often in rocky ground. June —
Aug.
DIODIA L. Buttonweed.
Diodia teres Walt, (rounded).
Rare or local. Beaches along the coast and in dry sandy
364 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
fields: Old Saybrook (Bissell), New Haven (O. Harger),
Bridgeport (L. N. Johnson), Fairfield, plentiful on the beach
(Eames), Sherman, introduced in grassland (Eames, E. H.
Austin & J. Pettibone). July — Oct.
MITCHELLA L. Partridge Berry.
Mitchella repens L. (creeping).
Partridge Berry. Squaw Vine. Checkerberry.
Frequent or common. Rich woods. June — July ; fruit
Sept., persisting through the winter.
The berries are edible but insipid. A form with white
berries is reported from Canaan. The plant is medicinal and
was formerly much used by Indian squaws.
CEPHALANTHUS L. Buttonbush.
Cephalanthus occidentalis L. (w^estern).
Buttonbush.
Common. Shallow water of ponds, swamps and ditches.
July — Aug.
The bark is medicinal.
HOUSTONIA L.
Houstonia caerulea L. (sky-blue).
Bluets. Innocence. Mayflower.
Common. Fields and woods, mostly in moist ground.
April — June.
Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. (long-leaved).
Houstonia purpurea L., var. longifolia Gray.
Rare or local. Dry ground : Ledyard (Mrs. C. B. Graves),
Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Waterford (Miss Crofton),
East Lyme (Mrs. F. H. Dart & Miss Bond), Sprague (Miss
Smith), Granby (I. Holcomb), Oxford (Harger), Salisbury
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June— July.
Houstonia lanceolata (Poir.) Britton (lanceolate).
Houstonia purpurea L.. var. calycosa Gray.
Rare. Upland meadow in Wilton (Miss M. K. Jennings).
June — July. Adventive from the West or possibly native.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 365
CAPRIFOLIACEAE. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
DIERVILLA Adans. Bush Honeysuckle.
Diervilla Lonicera Mill, (like Lonicera, the Honeysuckle).
Diervilla trifida Moench.
Diervilla Diervilla MacM.
Bush Honeysuckle.
Frequent. Dry or moist woods and on banks. May —
July.
Medicinal.
LONICERA L. Honeysuckle.
Lonicera caerulea L. (sky-blue), var. villosa (Michx.) Torr.
& Gray (hairy).
Lonicera caerulea of Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L.
Mountain Fly Honeysuckle.
Swamps and low or rocky pastures and thickets. Plain-.
ville (J. N. Bishop), Griswold and Voluntown (Graves) ;
and occasional or even common in northeastern Connecticut,
where it is sometimes troublesome in pastures and is locally
known as Hardback. May — June ; fruit June — July.
The berries are edible, resembling the blueberry in flavor.
Lonicera tatarica L.
Tartarian Honeysuckle.
Rare. Roadsides as an escape from cultivation : Fairfield
(Fames), Redding (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Cornwall (H.
S. Clark & Bissell). May. Introduced from Asia.
Lonicera canadensis Marsh.
Lonicera ciliata Muhl.
American Fly Honeysuckle.
Dry rocky woods. Old Lyme (Graves), North Branford
(A. W. Evans), Middletown (L. N. Johnson), Meriden
(Eaton Herb.), and occasional in Litchfield County. May;
fruit June.
Lonicera Xylosteum L. (bone-wood ; referring to the hardness
of the wood).
European Fly Honeysuckle.
Rare. Westport, escaped from cultivation to a roadside
366 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
(Eames). Mid-May — early June; fruit Aug. — Sept. Na-
tive of the Old World.
Lonicera orientalis Lam. (of the Orient).
Rare. Escaped from an old nursery to a pasture at
Wethersfield (H. S. Clark & Bissell). June. Adventive from
Asia.
Lonicera japonica Thunb.
Japanese Honeysuckle.
Roadsides and thickets. Occasional or local in most dis-
tricts, becoming frequent near the coast. June — Oct.
Naturalized from Asia.
Medicinal. Often cultivated for ornament.
Lonicera sempervirens L. (evergreen).
Trumpet Honeysuckle.
Occasional in woods and copses near the coast ; also es-
caped from cultivation inland at South Windsor (A. W.
Driggs), East Hartford (Weatherby), Salisbury (Mrs. C.
S. Phelps). June; fruit Aug.
Cultivated for ornament. Medicinal.
Lonicera dioica L. (dioecious).
Lonicera glauca Hill.
Wild Honeysuckle.
Occasional. Woods and thickets. May — mid- June ;
fruit July.
SYMPHORICARPOS Ludwig. Snowberry.
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench (circular).
Symphoricarpos vulgaris Michx.
Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos MacM.
Indian Currant. Coral-berry.
Rare. Roadsides as an escape from cultivation : Water-
ford (Graves), Hartford (H. S. Clark & Bissell), Monroe
and Seymour (Harger), Bridgeport and Darien (Eames),
New Milford (C. K. Averill), SaHsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
July — Sept. ; fruit Oct. — Dec. Introduced from the West
or South.
Cultivated for ornament, as is the following species.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 367
Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. (racemed), var. laevigatus
Fernald (smoothed).
Symphoricarpos racemosus of authors, not Michx.
Snowberry. Snowball.
Rare. Roadsides and about old house sites as an escape
from cultivation: Ledyard and Montville (Graves), Southing-
ton (Andrews), Goshen (Bissell), Oxford (Harger), Milford,
Fairfield and Ridgefield (Eames). June — Aug.; fruit Sept.
— Oct. Introduced from the Northwest.
LINNAEA L. Twin-flower.
Linnaea borealis L. (northern), var. americana (Forbes) Reh-
der.
Linnaea borealis Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L.
Linnaea. Twin-flower.
Rare. Woods, either moist or dry : Ledyard and Franklin
(Graves), Glastonbury (Mrs. F. W. Starmer), Granby (L
Holcomb), New Haven, formerly on East Rock (H. C.
Beardslee), Milford (G. B. Grinnell, W. A. Setchell), Corn-
wall (E. E. Brewster). June.
TRIOSTEUM L. Horse Gentian. Feverwort.
Triosteum perfoliatum L. (with leaves meeting around the
stem).
Feverwort. Tinker's Weed. Wild Coffee.
Frequent in dry fields and copses in the shore towns ; not
reported inland. Late May — June ; fruit Sept. — Oct.
Medicinal, as is the following species.
Triosteum aurantiacum Bicknell (orange-colored).
Feverwort. Wild Coffee. Horse Gentian.
Dry woods, copses or pastures. Groton (Bissell), Frank-
lin (Graves), and occasional or local westward and north-
ward. May — June ; fruit Aug. — Sept.
Triosteum angustifolium L. (narrow-leaved).
Rare. Rocky or sandy open woods : South Windsor and
East Granby (H. S. Clark), Milford and Stratford, four
widely separated stations (Eames). May; fruit Aug.
368 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
VIBURNUM L. Arrow-wood. Laurestinus.
Viburnum alnifolium Marsh, (alder-leavecl).
Viburnum lantanoides Michx.
Hobble-bush. Witch Hobble. Moosewood.
Rich woods. Union (Graves, Bissell), Hamden (D. C.
Eaton), Monroe (H. C. Beardslee), Redding (F. Mills),
and occasional or frequent in the northwestern part of the
state. May ; fruit July.
Viburnum Opulus L. (classical name for some Alaple), var.
americanum (Mill.) Ait.
Viburnum Opulus Gray's Maiu:al ed. 6, not L.
Viburnum americanum Mill.
High-bush Cranberry. Cranberry Tree. Cramp-bark. Pim-
bina.
Swamps and wet ground. Southington (Andrews),
Waterbury (H. J. Bassett), Brookfield (C. K. Averill), and
rare or local through the northwestern part of the state. May
— June ; fruit Aug.
The fruit is edible. The bark is of considerable value
medicinally and is officinal. A cultivated form of the Euro-
pean J'ibuniuni Opulus with transformed florets is the com-
mon Snowball of cultivation.
Viburnum acerifolium L. (maple-leaved).
Maple-leaved Viburnum. Dockmackie. Arrow-wood.
Common. Dry woods and thickets. June ; fruit July —
Aug.
Medicinal.
Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh (downy).
Downy Arrow-wood.
Rare. Dry rocky woods; Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), New
Haven (Eaton Herb.), Meriden (Bissell), Southington (An-
drews), Cheshire (Harger), Hamden and Kent (Eames),
Salisbury (C. K. Averill). May — June; fruit Aug.
Viburnum dentatum L. (toothed).
Arrow-wood. Mealy Tree.
Frequent. Swamps and on banks of streams. June ; fruit
Aug.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 369
Viburnum cassinoides L. (like Ilex Cassine, the Yaupon).
Withe-rod. Wild Raisin.
Swamps and wet woods. Frequent except in the south-
western part of Fairfield County where it is not known. June ;
fruit Aug. — Sept.
Viburnum nudum L. (naked).
AVild Raisin.
Rare. Swampy woods: Milford and Derby (Fames).
Late June — July.
Viburnum Lentago L. (tough; pliant).
Sweet Viburnum. Sheepberry. Nannyberry. W'ild Raisin.
Occasional or frequent. Thickets and fence-rows in either
dry or wet ground. Late May — June ; fruit Sept. — Oct.
The var. sphaerocarpum Gray (round-fruited) some-
times occurs with the species, but its distribution is not known.
The fruit is edible but is unpalatable to many persons.
The bark of the root is medicinal and is officinal, with, and
under the name of, Vibuniuj>i pruiiifoUnm.
Viburnum prunifolium L. (plum-leaved).
Black Haw. Sloe. Stag-bush.
Rocky woods and thickets. Fairfield (Fames), and occa-
sional or frequent near the coast westward. May — early
June ; fruit Sept.
The var. globosum Nash (spherical) occurs at Greenwich
(Bissell).
The bark of the root is much valued for its medicinal
properties and is officinal.
SAMBUCUS L. Flder.
Sambucus canadensis L.
Common or Black-berried Elder.
Common. Moist thickets and fence-rows. Mid-June —
July ; fruit Aug. — Sept.
The berries are used for making wine. The fruit and
l)ark are medicinal, as are the flowers which were formerly
officinal.
Sambucus racemosa L. (racemed).
Sambucus pubciis Michx.
Red-berried Flder.
24
370 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. 'SURVEY. [Bull.
Rocky woods and thickets. Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers),.
North Stonington, Preston and East Haddam (Graves), New
Haven and Trumbaill (Eames), Wilton (Eames & G. P. Ells),
and occasional or frequent northward. May ; fruit June —
July.
VALERIANACEAE. VALERIAN FAMILY.
VALERIANA L. Valerian.
Valeriana officinalis L. (of the shops).
Garden A^alerian or Heliotrope,
Rare. Roadsides as an escape from cultivation : Water-
ford and Lebanon (Graves), Southington (Andrews), Nor-
folk (Miss M. C. Seymour), Fairfield (Eames), Westport
(Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Darien (Miss A. E. Carpenter).
June. Introduced from Europe.
The root is well known for its medicinal properties and
is officinal.
VALERIANELLA Hill. Corn Salad. Lamb's Lettuce.
Valerianella Locusta (L.) Betcke (old name for this plant).
ValcriancUa oUtoria Poll.
Corn Salad.
Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste ground in Fair-
field (Eames). Aug. Fugitive from Europe.
Abroad is prized as a fall and winter salad plant, but is
little known in America.
Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. (having rays).
Rare. Waterford, many plants on the banks of the Nian-
tic River (Miss E. Shelly). June — July.
DIPSACACEAE. TEASEL FAMILY.
DIPSACUS L. Teasel.
Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. (of the woods).
Wild Teasel. Gipsy Combs.
Rare. Roadsides, pastures and waste places : Middletown
(W. H. Blanchard), Southington (Andrews), New Haven
Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 37I
(Eaton Herb.), Milford, Bridgeport and Newtown (Eames),
Southbury (Harger), Goshen (Bissell), Salisbury (C. C. God-
frey). July — Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
The plant is medicinal.
KNAUTIA L.
Knautia arvensis (L.) T. Coulter (of cultivated ground).
Scahiosa arvensis L.
Field Scabious.
Rare. Southington, a few plants in an old field (W. N.
Clute). June — July. Fugitive from Europe.
CUCURBITACEAE. GOURD FAMILY.
MOMORDICA L. Balsam-apple.
Momordica Charantia L.
Balsam-apple. Art Pumpkin. La-kwa.
Rare. Waste ground in Hartford (H. S. Clark & Bis-
sell). Aug. — Sept. Fugitive from the Tropics.
The fruit is sometimes used medicinally. Cultivated for
its fruit by the Chinese.
CITRULLUS Neck.
Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.
Citrullns Citrullus Karst.
Watermelon. Citron.
Rare. Waste places and about dumping grounds. July —
Sept. Fugitive from Africa.
CUCUMIS L.
Cucumis Melo L. (an apple-shaped melon).
Melon. IMuskmelon. Cantaloupe.
Rare. Waste or cultivated ground. June — Aug. Fug'-
tive from southern Asia.
Common in cultivation, having many varieties dependent
on the nature of the fruit.
Cucumis sativus L. (sown ; planted).
Cucumber.
Rare. Waste ground about gardens and on dumps. July
— Aug. Fugitive from southern Asia. ^
3/2 CONNFXTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
CUCURBITA L. Gourd. Squash. Tumpkin.
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne (greatest).
Hubbard Squash. Marrow Squash.
Rare. Cultivated and waste ground. July — Aug. Fugi-
tive, probably from tropical America.
Cucurbita moschata Duchesne (musky).
China Squash. Canada or Winter Crookneck Squash.
Rare. Waste ground and about dumps. July — Aug.
Fugitive, probably from tropical America.
Cucurbita Pepo L. (classical name).
Pumpkin.
Rare or occasional. Waste places and cultivated ground.
July — Aug. Fugitive, probably from tropical America.
Was formerly cultivated by the Indians.
Cucurbita Pepo L., var. condensa Bailey (condensed).
Summer Crookneck Squash. Scallop Squash.
Rare. Waste and cultivated ground. June — Aug. Fugi-
tive from tropical America.
SICYOS L. One-seeded Bur Cucumber.
Sicyos angulatus L. (angular).
Star Cucumber.
Moist rich soil of river lianks and waste places. Frequent
to common along the coast and larger rivers ; rare elsewhere.
Aug. — Sept.
ECHINOCYSTIS Torr. & Gray. Wild Balsam-apple.
Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & Gray (lobed).
MicraDipclis lobata Greene.
Wild Cucumber.
Occasional or frequent. Moist rich soil along streams and
in waste places. July — Sept.
Often planted for ornament.
CAMPANULACEAE. BLUEBELL FAMILY.
SPECULARIA Fabricius. Venus's Looking-glass.
Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. (with leaves that meet \
around the stem). |
Lcgouzia perfoliata Britton.
Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 373
\'enus"s Looking-glass.
Frequent to common. Dry woods and fields. June — Aug.
Reduced forms occur having all the flowers cleistogamous.
CAMPANULA L. Eellflower.
Campanula rapunculoides L. (like Campanula Rapunculus, the
Rampion).
liellflower. •
Occasional. Roadsides and waste places. June — Oct.
Naturalized from Europe.
The var. ucranica (Bess.) K. Koch occurs at (7iroton
(Graves), Putnam and Southington (Bissell), Huntington
(Eames).
Campanula rotundifolia L. (round-leaved).
Campanula intercedens Witasek.
Harebell. Bluebell.
Dry, often rocky soil or on ledges. Rare in the eastern,
central and southern parts of the state, becoming frequent
or common in northwestern Connecticut. June — Sept.
Campanula patula L. (open; spreading).
Rare. Plainfield, a few plants in a newly seeded field
(J. L. Sheldon). June. Fugitive from Europe.
Campanula aparinoides Pursh (like Galium Aparine, the Bed-
straw).
Marsh Bellflower.
Frequent. Bogs and wet meadows. Late June — Jtdy.
Campanula carpatica Jacq.
Rare. Southington, a few plants in newly seeded ground
(Andrews & Bissell). May — June. Fugitive from Europe.
JASIONE L. Sheep's-bit.
Jasione montana L. (of mountains).
Sheep's-bit.
Rare. Plainfield, a few plants in a newly seeded field
(J. L. Sheldon), East Lyme (Miss F. McCook). June.
Fugitive from Europe.
374 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
LOBELIACEAE. LOBELIA FAMILY.
LOBELIA L.
Lobelia cardinalis L. (cardinal).
Cardinal-flower.
Frequent. Open or shaded wet places. July — Sept.
One of our most brilliant flowers, and often succeeds well
in cultivation. The plant is sometimes used medicinally.
Lobelia siphilitica L. (syphilitic).
Great Blue Lobelia.
Moist grassland or borders of streams. Orange (Fames),
Oxford (Harger), and occasional westward and northward,
becoming frequent or common in Litchfield County. July —
Sept.
The plant is sometimes used medicinally.
Lobelia spicata Lam. (spiked).
Frequent to common. Fields and meadows. June — Aug.
Lobelia Kalmii L.
Swamps and on wet ledges. Goshen (J. P. Brace, 1822),
Litchfield and Norfolk (Bissell), New Milford (C. K. Averill
& E. H. Austin), becoming frequent in the limestone district
of northwestern Connecticut. July — Oct.
Lobelia infiata L. (inflated).
Indian Tobacco.
Common. Woods, fields, roadsides and cultivated ground.
July — Oct.
The leaves, tops and seeds are medicinal, the leaves and
tops officinal. Somewhat poisonous, resembling tobacco in
in its action.
Lobelia Dortmanna L.
Water Lobelia.
In ponds and lakes. Rare in most districts : Salisbury
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps), Canaan (J. H. Barbour), Litchfield (L.
M. Underwood), Middlebury (Harger), Ridgefield (Fames),
Monroe (H. C. Beardslee), Mansfield (Weatherby), Thomp-
son (R. W. Woodward & Weatherby), Killingly (Weatherby
& Bissell), Salem (W. A. Setchell), Griswold (E. F. Burle-
V.i. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 375
son. Occasional near the coast in New London County.
July — Sept.
COMPOSITAE. COMPOSITE FAMILY.
VERNONIA Schreb. Ironweed.
Vernonia noveboracensis VVilld.
Ironweed.
Occasional, frequent or common. Low pastures and open
swamps. July — Sept.
The root is medicinal. Sometimes a troublesome weed in
low pastures.
EUPATORIUM L. Thoroughwort.
Eupatorium purpureum L. (purple).
Joe-Pye Weed. Purple Boneset. Trumpet Weed. Queen
of the Meadow. Gravel-root.
Rare, local or frequent. Moist woods and in swamps.
July — Sept.
The root is valued for its medicinal properties and the
leaves are also used.
Eupatorium purpureum L., var. maculatum (L.) Darl.
(spotted).
Eupatorium maculatum L.
Joe-Pye Weed. Trumpet Weed. Purple Boneset.
Common. Open swampy places. July — Sept.
Sometimes occurs with white flowers. Medicinal like the
typical form of the species.
Eupatorium purpureum L., var. amoenum (Pursh) Gray
(pleasant).
Eupatorium maculatum L., var. amoenum Britton.
Rare. In swamps: Preston (Graves), Huntington
( Eames ) . July — Sept.
Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. (having leaves like Hyssop).
Rare. Dry ground, mostly in the shore towns : East Lyme
(Miss A. M. Ryon & Graves), Old Saybrook, Westbrook and
Orange (Harger), Bridgeport (Eames). Inland at Southing-
ton (Bissell). Aug. — Sept.
37*5 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx. (having leaves like Ver-
bena, the A^ervain).
Eupatorium tcucrifoliuin Willd.
Rough Boneset.
Open woods and borders of swamps, usualh^ in sandy
soil. Rare at Monroe (Harger), and Southington (Bissell) ;
occasional in the valley of the Connecticut River, becoming
frequent near and along the coast. Aug. — Sept.
]\Iedicinal like Eupatorium perfoliatum.
Eupatorium pubescens Muhl. (downy).
Eupatorium rotundifolium L., var. ovatum Torr.
Open woods and thickets, mostly in dry ground. Rare at
Stratford (Eaton Herb., Eames), and East Haven (Bissell) ;
occasional in New London County and in the valley of the
Connecticut River. Aug. — Sept.
Eupatorium sessilifolium L. (sessile-leaved).
Upland Boneset.
Dry woods. Rare in most districts : Southington and
Meriden (Andrews & Bissell), Beacon Falls, Ansonia and
Seymour (Harger), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Occa-
sional in the vicinity of the coast. Aug. — Sept.
Eupatorium perfoliatum L. (with leaves meeting around the
stem).
Boneset. Thoroughwort. Ague-weed. Wild Sage.
Common. Low or wet ground. Aug. — Sept.
The var. truncatum Gray (cut off) is rare: Old Say-
brook (Harger), Woodbury (Eames & C. C. Godfrey).
A form with the leaves in whorls of three has been col-
lected at Bolton (Dr. E. J. Thompson).
The leaves and tops are much used in domestic medicine
and are officinal.
Eupatorium urticaefolium Reichard (having leaves like Urtica,
the Nettle).
Eupatorium agcratoides L.f.
White Snakeroot.
Occasional, local or frequent. Rocky woods in rich soil.
Aug. — Sept.
The root is medicinal.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 377
Eupatorium aromaticum L. (aromatic).
White Snakeroot.
Rare. Dry woods: Lisbon (Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E.
E. Rogers), New Haven (Eaton Herb.). Aug.
The root is used medicinally like that of Eupatorium
urticac folium.
MIKANIA Willd. Climbing Hemp-weed.
Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. (climbing).
Willoughbya scandens Kuntze.
Climbing Boneset or Hemp-weed.
Swamps and along streams. Occasional or local in most
parts of the state ; frequent in southwestern Connecticut. Aug.
— Sept.
LIATRIS Schreb. Button Snakeroot. Blazing Star.
Liatris scariosa Willd. (thin and dry).
Lacinaria scariosa Hill.
Devil's Bit. Blazing Star.
Dry, mostly sandy soil of fields, thickets and sand dunes.
Frequent in the shore towns ; occasional or local northward,
especially in the central part of the state. Aug. — Oct.
The root is medicinal.
GRINDELIA Willd. Gum-plant. Tar-weed.
Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal (with spreading scales).
Gum-plant.
Rare. Waste ground: Naugatuck (B. B. Bristol). July
— Sept. Fugitive from the West.
The plant is used as a medicine by the Indians. The
leaves and fruiting tops are officinal.
CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. Golden Aster.
Chrysopsis falcata (Pursh) Ell. (sickle-shaped).
Golden Aster.
In sand, especially on sea beaches. Rare inland : Colchester
(Dr. E. J, Thompson). Plentiful on the coast from Milford
(Harger, Fames) westward to Westport, especially on beaches
in Stratford and Bridgeport (Fames). July — Oct.
378 COXNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [ Bull.
SOLIDAGO L. Golden-rod.
Solidago squarrosa Muhl. (with spreading scales).
Rare or local. Dry rocky woods in either trap or lime-
stone soils: Meriden (Eaton Herb.), Berlin and New Britain
(Bissell), Southington (Andrews), Farmington and Cheshire
(Harger), Salisbury (Bissell). Aug. — Sept.
Solidago caesia L. (bluish-gray).
Frequent. Woods and thickets, usually in rich soil. Late
Aug.— Oct.
The var. axillaris (Pursh) Gray (axillary) is occasional
with the species. The var. paniculata Gray (panicled) oc-
curs at Willington (Bissell) and New Haven (D. C. Eaton).
A hybrid with Solidago latifolia has been collected at Lantern
Hill, North Stonington (Graves).
Solidago latifolia L. (broad-leaved).
Solidago Hexicaulis L. in part.
Occasional or local. Rich, often rocky, woods. Aug. —
Oct.
Solidago bicolor L. (two-colored).
White Golden-rod.
Common. Dry fields and open woods. Aug. — Oct.
Solidago hispida Muhl. (rough-hairy).
Solidago bicolor L., var. concolor Torr. & Gray.
Rare. Dry rocky woods or fields : Franklin (R. W. Wood-
ward), Waterford (Graves), Meriden (Andrews), Simsbury
(L Holcomb), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Oxford (Harger),
Farmington and Winchester (Bissell). Aug. — Sept.
Solidago puberula Nutt. (slightly downy).
Rare or local. Rocky or sandy woods and fields, some-
times in moist ground : North Stonington, Voluntown, Water-
ford and Stafford (Graves), Union (Graves, Bissell), Hamp-
ton and East Hartford (Weatherby), Glastonbury (Mrs. F.
W. Starmer), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Southington (An-
drews & Bissell), Oxford (Harger), Milford (Fames), Salis-
bury (Bissell). Aug. — Sept.
A handsome species.
Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 379
Solidago uliginosa Nutt. (growing in marshes).
Rare. Salisbury, in swamps (Bissell). Aug. — Sept.
Solidago speciosa Nutt. (showy).
Dry fields, pastures and open woods. Putnam (Weath-
erby & Bissell), Willington (Graves & Bissell), Hampton and
South Windsor (Weatherby), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps,
Bissell) ; becoming occasional southward and frequent near
the coast. Sept. — Oct.
Of striking habit and a beautiful plant when in flower.
Solidago sempervirens L. (evergreen).
Common on and about salt marshes and along tidal
streams. Aug. — Oct.
Solidago patula Muhl. (open; spreading).
Wet places, either open or shaded. Rare in New London
County. Occasional or frequent elsewhere. Aug. — Sept.
Solidago arguta Ait. (sharp).
Rocky woods or in half-shade. Rare in New London
County: Franklin (R. W. Woodward). Occasional or fre-
quent elsewhere. Aug. — Sept.
Solidago juncea Ait. (like Juncus, the Rush).
Common. Dry fields and roadsides. July — Aug.
This is the earliest to bloom of our common Golden-rods.
A form approaching var. ramosa Porter & Britton has
been found at Wolcott (H. S. Clark & Bissell), and Derby
(Eames).
Solidago neglecta Torr. & Gray (neglected).
Frequent. Swamps and open bogs. Aug. — Sept.
Solidago uniligulata (DC.) Porter (having one ray flower).
Solidago neglecta Torr. & Gray, van linoides Gray.
Rare. In swamps: Groton (Graves), Thompson (Weath-
erby & Bissell), Franklin (R. W. Woodward). SaHsbury
(Bissell). Aug.
Solidago odora Ait. (fragrant).
Sweet Golden-rod.
Dry woods and copses, usually in sandy soil. Occasional
380 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
in the central part of the state and in the valley of the Housa-
tonic River; frequent near the coast. July — Aug.
The leaves and tops are used medicinally.
Solidago Elliottii Terr. & Gray.
Rare. Usually in swampy ground but sometimes in drier
places: Voluntown, Groton and Waterford (Graves), Wind-
sor (H. S. Clark, Weatherby & Bissell), Southington (An-
drews & Bissell), Glastonbury and Goshen (Bissell). Sept.
Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. (having leaves like Ulmiis, the Elm).
Occasional. Dry woods and copses. Aug. — Sept.
Solidago rugosa ]\Iill. (wrinkled).
Solidago altissinia of authors, not L.
Golden-rod. Wallweed.
Common. Fields, thickets and roadsides in various soils.
Aug. — Oct.
The var. sphagnophila Graves (loving peat-moss) occurs
in sphagnum swamps in Voluntown and Waterford (Graves).
X Solidago asperula Desf. (roughish).
Rocky ground. Occasional on the coast from the mouth
of the Connecticut River eastward (Graves). Aug. — Sept.
This is believed to be a hybrid between Solidago rugosa
and Solidago semperzirens.
Solidago aspera Ait. (rough).
Solidago rugosa of Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part.
Occasional. Woods, fields and roadsides, usually in dry
ground. Aug. — Sept.
Solidago nemoralis Ait. (of groves).
Common. Dry fields and open places. Aug. — Sept.
Solidago canadensis L.
Solidago canadensis L., var. glahrata Porter.
Rare. Alluvial soil at Selden's Cove, Lyme (Graves).
Late July — Aug.
Solidago altissima L. (tallest).
Solidago canadensis of Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part.
Solidago canadensis L., var. scahra Torr. & Gray.
Solidago canadensis L., var. scabriuscula Porter.
Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 381
Golden-rod.
Common. Fields, roadsides and fence-rows. Aug. — Sept.
A handsome and well-marked species.
Solidago serotina Ait. (late).
Rare, occasional or local. IMoist places, often in alluvial
soil. July — Aug.
Solidago serotina Ait., var. gigantea (Ait.) Gray (gigantic).
Occasional or frequent. Low fields and thickets and bor-
ders of swamps. Aug. — Sept.
Solidago rigida L. (stiff).
Rare or local. Dry fields and open woods : Stonington
and Mansfield (Graves), Andover (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), East
Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon, Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bart-
lett), Branford (O. Harger), East Haven and Brookfield
(Harger), Milford (Bissell), Stratford (Eames). Monroe
(H. C. Beardslee), Norwalk (E. H. Baldwin). Aug.— Oct.
Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. (grass-leaved), var. Nut-
tallii (Greene) Fernald.
Solidago lanccolata Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part.
Enthamia grmninifolia Britton's Manual in part.
Frequent or common. Moist ground, usually in rich soil,
and in swamps. Aug. — Sept.
Solidago tenuifolia Pursh (narrow-leaved).
Enthamia caroliniana of American authors in part, not Greene.
Enthamia tennifolia Greene.
Dry or moist fields. Common in southwestern Connecti-
cut ; occasional or local elsewhere. Aug. — Oct.
Sometimes troublesome to farmers as a weed in pastures.
BOLTONIA L'FIer.
Boltonia asteroides (L.) L'Her. (aster-like).
Boltonia.
Rare. Roadsides, waste ground and rocky woods : Thomp-
son (Weatherby & Bissell), Hartford (A. W. Driggs). Meri-
den (R. W. Woodward & Andrews). Sept. Introduced from
the West.
A good plant for hardy borders and often cultivated for
ornament.
382 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
ASTER L. Starwort. Aster. Frost-flower.
Aster divaricatus L. (widely divergent).
Aster corynihosus Ait.
Aster cannesiniis Burgess.
Aster tenebrosus Burgess.
Aster divaricatus and varieties Burgess.
Aster Claytoni Burgess.
Aster Claytoni Burgess, var. crispicans Burgess.
Common. Woods and thickets, in either moist or dry
ground. Aug. — Sept.
A very variable species with many described forms.
Aster Schreberi Nees.
Aster curvescens Burgess.
Aster curvescens Burgess, var. nmhelliformis Burgess.
Aster curvescens Burgess, var. oviformis Burgess.
Rare, local or frequent. Woods and thickets, usually in
rich soil. July — Aug.
Aster macrophyllus L. (large-leaved).
Aster roscidus Burgess.
Aster macrophyllus and varieties Burgess.
Rare or occasional. Rich woods, more often in rocky
places. Mid-July — Sept.
The var. pinguifolius Burgess (greasy-leaved) occurs
at Colchester (Graves), Meriden and Southington (Andrews
& Bissell), Bristol and Norwalk (Bissell), Trumbull and
Fairfield (Fames), Bridgeport and New Milford (C. K.
Averill).
The var. ianthinus (Burgess) Fernald (violet-colored),
Aster ianthinus Burgess, Aster violaris Burgess, Aster multi-
formis Burgess, Aster nobilis Burgess, is rare: Groton
(Graves), Union (Bissell), Meriden (Andrews), Milford (H,
S. Clark), Fairfield County (Fames).
Aster Herveyi Gray.
Rare. Dry woods: Groton (Graves), Stratford (Fames).
Aug. — Sept.
Aster spectabilis Ait. (showy).
Rare. Dry rocky or sandy soil : Voluntown, Groton and
Waterford (Graves). Sept.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 383
Aster radula Ait. (a scraper; referring to the rough leaves).
Rare. Low ground: Voluntown (Graves), East Hartford
(Weatherby), Hamden (Eaton Herb.). Sept.
Aster novae-angliae L.
New England Aster.
Frequent. Fields and roadsides, usually in moist rich soil.
Aug. — (3ct.
The var. roseus (Desf.) DC. (rosy; pink) is sometimes
seen.
One of the most beautiful of our Asters.
Aster patens Ait. (spreading).
Frequent. Dry fields and open woods, in sandy or sterile
soil. Aug. — Sept.
Aster undulatus L. (wavy).
Aster undulatus and varieties Burgess.
Common. Woods, thickets and fields in dry soil. Aug. —
Oct.
A very variable species.
Aster cordifolius L. (having heart-shaped leaves).
Aster cordifolius and varieties Burgess.
Common. Woods, thickets and roadsides. Sept. — Oct.
The var. polycephalus Porter (many-headed) is occa-
sional, as well as a variety of forms intermediate between it
and the species. A hybrid with Aster ericoides occurs at
Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell).
Aster Lowrieanus Porter.
Rare. Dry open woods: New Haven (R. W. Woodward).
Sept.
The var. lanceolatus Porter (lance-shaped), var. land-
folius Porter, Aster cordifolius L., var. lanceolatus Porter,
is rare or local in rich woods.
A great variety of intermediates between tlie variety and
the typical form have been noted.
Aster laevis L. (smooth).
Frequent or common. Moist or dry fields, thickets and
borders of woods. Late July — Sept.
384 CONNECTICUT GEOL, AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU.
The van amplifolius Porter (large-leaved) occurs at
Hampton (A. W. Driggs).
Very variable as to form of leaf. A handsome species.
Aster concinnus Willd. (neat; elegant).
Rare. Southington, rock crevices of dry shaded ledges
at Meriden Mt. (Andrews). Sept.
One of the rarest plants of North America. Three, or
doubtfully four, other stations only are known. See Rhodora
2 :i66.
Aster ericoides L. (like Erica, the Heath).
Common. Dry mostly open places. Sept. — Oct.
The var. villosus Torr. & Gray (hairy), var. pilosus
Porter, is occasional in New London County (Graves), and
occurs as far west as New Haven (J. A. Allen). A hybrid
with Aster undulatus occurs at Oxford (Harger).
Aster amethystinus Nutt. (of the color of amethyst).
Rare. Dry to moist open ground : New London and
Sprague (Graves), Oxford and Southbury (Harger), Salis-
bury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Sept.
Aster multiflorus Ait. (many-flowered).
Common. Dry fields and roadsides. Sept. — Oct.
The var. exiguus Fernald (small; mean) sometimes oc-
curs with the typical form.
Aster dumosus L. (bushy).
Dry soil of open fields or in half shade. Southington
(Andrews & Bissell), Farmington (Bissell), Manchester
(Weatherby), Stafford (Graves), Old Saybrook (Bissell);
becoming frequent in eastern Connecticut. July — Sept. The
so-called Aster Gravesii Burgess is apparently a hylirid of
Aster dumosus with some other species, probably Aster lacins,
and occurs at Water ford (Graves).
Aster dumosus L., var. coridifolius (Michx.) Torr. & Gray
(having leaves like Coris, a genus of the Primrose Fam-
ily).
Rare. Sandy thickets or more open ground : Ellington
(Weatherby), Southington (Bissell). Aug. — Sept.
Aster dumosus L., var. strictior Torr. & Gray (more upright).
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 385
Rare. Dry fields : Stafford and Groton (Graves). Aug. —
Sept.
Aster vimineus Lam. (bearing long flexible twigs).
Common. Moist fields and roadsides. Aug. — Oct.
The var. foliolosus Gray (leafy) is occasional, growing
with the typical form.
Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton (having one-sided flower-clus-
ters).
Aster diffusus Ait.
Aster lateriflorus Britton, var. pendulus Burgess.
Common. Fields and woods in either moist or dry ground.
Aug. — Oct.
Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton, var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl.) Por-
ter (hairy-stemmed).
Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl.
Aster diffusus Ait., var. hirsuticaulis Gray.
Occasional. Moist shaded ground. Sept. — Oct.
Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton, var. thyrsoideus (Gray) Shel-
don (wand-like).
Aster diffusus Ait., var. thyrsoideus Gray.
Rare. Fields: Fairfield and Westport (Fames). Sept. —
Oct.
Aster Tradescanti L.
Rare. In swamps: Fast Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Strat-
ford (Fames), Salisbury (Bissell). Aug. — Sept.
Aster paniculatus Lam. (panicled).
Frequent or common. Moist roadsides and thickets, and
in alluvial soil along streams. Aug. — Sept.
The var. simplex (Willd.) Burgess (simple) and the var.
ACUTiDENS^ Burgess (having sharp teeth) occur rarely in
moist ground.
Aster longifolius Lam. (long-leaved).
Rare. In swamps: Farmington and Litchfield (Bissell).
Sept.
Aster novi-belgii L.
Moist or wet ground or in swamps. Common along the
25
386 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
coast ; frequent in the Connecticut Valley ; occasional, local
or rare elsewhere. Sept. — Oct.
Aster tardiflorus L. (late-flowering).
Rare. Borders of swamps and in low thickets : Stafford,
Plymouth and Salisbury (Bissell). Sept.
Aster prenanthoides Muhl. (like Prenanthes, the Rattlesnake-
root).
Rare. Wet thickets: Trumbull (Eames). A specimen
in the Bassett Herbarium at Waterbury, labelled " Ct.," is
apparently of this species. Sept.
Aster puniceus L. (crimson).
Red-stalked Aster.
Frequent to common. Open or wooded wet places. Aug.
— Sept.
The var. compactus Fernald (close) ; the var. firmus
(Nees) Torn & Gray (strong), var. laevicaulis Gray; the
var. DEMissus Lindl. (low) ; and the var. lucidulus Gray
(somewhat shining) are all reported to occur rarely or occa-
sionally with the species.
The root is medicinal.
Aster umbellatus Mill, (umbellate).
Doellingcria lunhellata Nees.
Frequent. Moist woods and thickets. July — Sept.
Aster infirmus IMichx. (not strong).
Docllingeria infirma Greene.
Rare. Dry woods and thickets: West Hartford (Har-
ger), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Meriden and Wol-
cott (Andrews), New Milford and Kent (C. K. Averill),
New Fairfield (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). July — Aug.
Aster linariifolius L. (having leaves like Linaria, the Toad-
flax).
lonactis linariifolius Greene.
Frequent or local. Dry open sandy or sterile soil. Aug. —
Oct.
Aster tataricus L. f.
Siberian Aster.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, 387
Rare. Killingly, escaped from cultivation to waste ground
(Graves). Oct. Introduced from Asia.
Aster acuminatus Michx, (taper-pointed).
Occasional or frequent. Rich woods. Aug. — Sept.
Aster tenuifolius L. (slender-leaved).
Frequent in salt marshes and about tidal waters. Aug. —
Oct.
Aster subulatus Michx. (awl-shaped).
Common in salt marshes. Sept. — Oct.
ERIGERON L. Fleabane.
Erigeron pulchellus Michx. (pretty) .
Erigeron hellidifolius Muhl.
Robin's Plantain.
Common. Fields, meadows and op6n woods, usually in
moist soil. May — June.
! Erigeron philadelphicus L.
Daisy Fleabane. Skevish.
Fields, meadows and roadsides. Norwich (J. Trumbull),
Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Southington (Andrews), and fre-
quent in towns along the Connecticut and Housatonic Rivers.
June — July.
The herb is medicinal.
Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. (annual).
Daisy Fleabane. Sweet Scabious.
Common. Fields and waste places. June — Sept.
The herb has medicinal properties.
Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) BSP. (branching),
Erigeron strigosus Muhl.
Daisy Fleabane.
Common. Fields and waste places. June — Sept.
The var. discoideus (Robbins) BSP. (having disk flowers
only) is occasional with the species.
Erigeron canadensis L.
Leptilon canadense Britton.
Horse-weed. Canada Fleabane. Butter-weed.
388 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Common. Cultivated and waste ground. July — Oct,
The herb is used medicinally and the oil distilled from it
is ofificinal. Often a troublesome weed.
SERICOCARPUS Nees. White-topped Aster.
Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) BSP. (aster-like).
Sericocarpus conyzoides Nees.
Common. Dry woods and fields, July — Aug.
Sericocarpus linifolius (L.) BSP. (having leaves like Linum,
the Flax).
Sericocarpus solidagineus Nees,
Rare or local. Dry fields, woods and on rocky summits:
Groton and Waterford (Graves), East Hartford (A. W.
Driggs & Weatherby), East Windsor (Bissell), Southington
and Plainville (Audrews, Bissell), Hamden, Waterbury and
Oxford (Harger), Beacon Falls and Huntington (Fames).
July — Aug.
BACCHARIS L. Groundsel Tree.
Baccharis halimifolia L. (having leaves like Atriplex Halimus).
Groundsel Tree. Pencil Tree.
Rare. Borders of salt marshes : Stonington and Groton
(Graves), New London (Miss M, Crofton), Fast Lyme (Miss
A. M. Ryon, Gen. Haskins), East Haven (Harger), Bridge-
port (C. K. Averill, Fames), Norwalk (Miss A, F. Carpenter,
Bissell). Sept.; fruit Oct.
PLUCHEA Cass, Marsh Fleabane,
Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC, (having the odor of camphor).
Salt Marsh Fleabane,
Frequent on salt marshes along the coast. Aug. — Oct.
Rarely occurs with white flowers.
ANTENNARIA Gaertn. Everlasting. Ladies' Tobacco.
Pussy's Toes,
Antennaria Parlinii Fernald,
Antennaria arnoglossa Greene.
Rare. Dry woods and banks: Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), i
East Hartford (Weatherby), New Haven (M, L, Fernald),
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 389
Woodstock, Wallingford and Monroe (Harger), Winchester
(Bissell). May.
Antennaria canadensis Greene.
Rare or local. Dry woods and fields: Stafford (Graves),
Lisbon and Southbury (Harger), Bolton, East Hartford and
Salisbury (Weatherby), West Hartford (A. W. Driggs),
Southington (Andrews & Bissell), North Canaan (Bissell).
May.
Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards, (plantain-leaved).
Antennaria plantaginea R. Br.
Plantain-leaved Everlasting.
Frequent to common. Dry woods and fields. Late April
— May.
Antennaria fallax Greene (deceitful).
Antennaria ambigens Fernald.
Dry woods and fields. Frequent in the southwestern part
of the state, becoming local or occasional eastward and north-
ward. May.
Antennaria neodioica Greene.
Frequent. Dry fields and open woods. April — May.
Antennaria neglecta Greene (neglected).
Indian Tobacco.
Common. Dry or sterile places, mostly in open fields.
April — May.
The earliest flowering and most plentiful species of the
genus.
ANAPHALIS DC. Everlasting.
Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook, (pearly).
Pearly Everlasting.
Frequent to common. Fields and pastures, usually in dry
soil. July — Sept.
The leaves are medicinal and reputed to be a cure for
rattlesnake bite.
GNAPHALIUM L. Cudweed.
Gnaphalium polycephalum Michx. (many-headed)
Gnaphalium obtusifoliiim of Britton's Manual.
390 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
Common or Sweet Everlasting.
Common. Dry ground in various soils. Aug. — Sept.
Gnaphalium decurrens Ives (decurrent).
Everlasting.
Rare or local. Dry fields and woods: Southington (Bis-
sell), New Haven (E. Ives), Oxford, Seymour and Middle-
bury (Harger), Litchfield (Eaton Herb.), Huntington, New
Milford and Kent (Eames), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
Aug. — Sept.
Gnaphalium uliginosum L. (growing in marshes).
Cudweed. Low Cudweed.
Common. Fields and roadsides in moist ground. June —
Sept.
Gnaphalium purpureum L. (purple).
Purplish Cudweed.
Rare or local. Dry fields and pastures : Stonington, Gro-
ton and Waterford (Graves). June — Aug.
INULA L. Elecampane.
Inula Helenium L. (classical name).
Elecampane.
Occasional to frequent. Fields, pastures and roadsides,
mostly in moist rich soil. July — Sept. Naturalized from
Europe.
The root is medicinal and was formerly officinal.
POLYMNIA L. Leafcup.
Polymnia canadensis L.
Leafcup.
Rare or local. Rocky open woods on slopes of loose trap
rock: North Branford (G. H. Bartlett), Durham, north end
of Pistapaug Pond (O. D. Allen), also in Wallingford, in a
similar situation y^ mile from the Durham locality (Harger).
Sept.
SILPHIUM L. Rosin-weed.
Silphium perfoliatum L. (having leaves that meet around the
stem).
Cup Plant.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 39I
Rare. Waste ground: Southington (Weatherby & Bis-
sell), Fairfield (Eames). Aug. Introduced from the West.
The rhizome is medicinal.
IVA L. Marsh Elder. Highwater-shrub.
Iva oraria Bartlett (of the coast).
Iva frutescens of Gray's Manual ed, 6, not L.
Highwater-shrub.
Common on salt marshes and seashores. July — Sept.
Iva xanthifolia Nutt. (having leaves like Xanthium, the Clot-
bur).
Rare. Waste places: Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt), Bridge-
port (Eames), New Milford (E. H. Austin). July — Sept.
Introduced from the West.
AMBROSIA L. Ragweed.
Ambrosia bidentata Michx. (two-toothed).
Rare. Bridgeport, in waste ground (Eames). Sept.
Fugitive from the West.
Ambrosia trifida L. (three-cleft).
Great Ragweed.
Moist places and alluvial flats. Usually rare; but local,
frequent or common along the larger rivers and in south-
western Connecticut. Aug. — Sept.
The var. integri folia (Muhl.) Torr. & Gray (having
entire leaves) is occasional with the typical form.
A coarse and unsightly weed.
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (having leaves like Artemisia, the
Wormwood).
Ragweed. Hog-weed. Bitter-weed. Roman Wormwood.
Common. Open places, especially in waste and cultivated
ground. July — Sept.
A troublesome and pernicious weed in all soils. Its pollen
is said to cause hay fever. The plant is medicinal.
XANTHIUM L. Clotbur. Cocklebur.
Xanthium spinosum L. (spiny) .
Prickly or Spiny Clotbur.
392 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVR;Y. [Bull.
Rare. Waste ground: Bridgeport (Eames), Naugatuck
(A. E. Blewitt). Aug.— Sept. ; fruit Sept.— Nov. Adven-
tive from tropical America.
The leaves are medicinal.
Xanthium canadense Mill.
Xanfhitwi glabratiun Britton.
Xanthium piingcns Wallr. (?).
Xanthium strumarium of Britton & Brown's 111. Flora.
Rare or local. Sandy roadsides and beaches, banks of
streams and in waste places : Stratford and Fairfield (Eames),
Oxford (Harger), West Hartford, Goshen, Norwalk and
Sharon (Bissell). Aug. — Sept.
Xanthium commune Britton (growing in colonies).
Rare. Banks of streams and in waste places : East Wind-
sor (Bissell), Stratford, Bridgeport, Fairfield and New Mil-
ford (Fames), Stamford (A. W. Driggs). Aug. — Sept.
Xanthium echinatum Murr. (hedgehog-like).
Xanthium canadense Mill., var. echinatum Gray.
Frequent or common. Waste places, banks of streams
and about ponds. Aug. — Sept.
HELIOPSIS Pers. Ox-eye.
Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet (like Helianthus, the Sun-
flower).
Heliopsis laevis Pers.
Rare. Waste ground and sandy woods : Southington
(Andrews & Bissell), Seymour (Harger), Naugatuck (A. E.
Blewitt). Fairfield (Eames). July — Sept. Introduced from
the West.
Heliopsis scabra Dunal (rough).
Rare. Dry fields and roadsides: East Lyme (Miss A.
M. Ryon & Graves), Montville (Graves), Berlin (Andrews
& Bissell), Cheshire (A. E. Blewitt), Oxford (Harger), Sey-
mour and Huntington (Eames). July — Sept.
RUDBECKIA L. Cone-flower.
Rudbeckia triloba L. (three-lobed).
Rare. Roadsides and banks of streams : Hartford (H. S.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 393
Clark & Bissell), Meriden (Andrews), Waterbury (A. E.
Blewitt), Woodbury (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), New Mil-
ford (C. K. Averill, Eames), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
Aug. — Sept. Introduced from the West.
Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh (somewhat woolly).
Rare. Roadside in Windsor (Bissell). Aug. — Sept.
Adventive from the West.
Rudbeckia hirta L. (rough).
Yellow Daisy. Black-eyed Susan, Nigger-head.
Common. Fields and meadows, more often in dry ground.
June — Aug. Introduced from the West.
Rudbeckia speciosa Wenderoth (showy).
Cone-flower.
Local. Waterford (Miss A. Smith), Brookfield, fairly
plentiful in a field and along a roadside (Harger). Aug. —
Sept. Adventive from the south-central United States.
Rudbeckia laciniata L. (slashed).
Tall Cone-flower. Thimble-weed.
Occasional to frequent. Moist thickets and along streams.
July — Sept.
A double-flowered form of this is often cultivated for
ornament under the name of Golden Glow, and sometimes
escapes to roadsides and waste ground. The plant is medicinal.
BRAUNERIA Neck. Purple Cone-flower.
Brauneria pallida (Nutt.) Britton (pale).
Echinacea angustifolia of authors, not DC.
Purple Cone-flower.
Rare. Dry ground: Griswold (E. F. Burleson), East
Lyme (Mrs. F. H. Dart), Vernon (A. W. Driggs), Southing-
ton (Andrews). July. Adventive from the West.
LEPACHYS Raf.
Lepachys pinnata (Vent.) Torr. & Gray (pinnate).
Ratihida pinnata Barnhart.
Cone-flower.
Rare. Oxford, in dry fields (Harger). Aug. Fugitive
from the West.
394 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST, SURVEY. [BuU.
HELIANTHUS L. Sunflower.
Helianthus annuus L. (annual).
Common Sunflower.
Occasional. Waste places as an escape from cultivation.
July — Sept. Adventive from the western United States.
Cultivated for ornament and for its seeds which yield
an oil or are fed to poultry. The plant is medicinal.
Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. (provided with leaf-stalks).
Rare. Roadsides and waste ground as an escape from
cultivation: East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Hartford (H. S.
Qark), Naugatuck (B. B. Bristol), New Milford (E. H.
Austin). Aug. — Sept. Introduced from the western United
States.
Helianthus debihs Nutt, (weak).
Rare, Waste ground: Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt).
Sept. — Oct. Fugitive from the South,
Helianthus debilis Nutt,, var, cucumerifolius (Torr, & Gray)
Gray (cucumber-leaved).
Rare. New London, escaped from gardens (Graves),
Bridgeport (Eames). July — Aug, Fugitive from the South-
west,
Helianthus scaberrimus Ell. (very rough).
Helianthus rigidus Desf.
Rare, Dry fields: Waterbury (A, E, Blewitt), Oxford
(Harger), Aug. — Sept, Adventive from the West.
Helianthus laetiflorus Pers. (flowering abundantly).
Rare, Glastonbury, along roadside and in waste ground
(Bissell), Aug, — Sept, Adventive from the West,
Helianthus grosseserratus Martens (coarsely toothed).
Rare, Fields and open places : Newington, apparently
native at this station (Weatherby), Oxford, probably intro-
duced (Harger), Aug, — Sept,
Helianthus giganteus L, (gigantic),
Helianthus giganteus L,, var, ambiguus Torr. & Gray,
Moist ground and banks of streams. Occasional or fre-
quent near the coast eastward, becoming common in the south-
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 395
western part of the state; extending inland as far as Water-
bury (H. J. Bassett) and Kent (Eames). Aug. — Sept.
Helianthus Maximiliani Schrad.
Rare. Waste ground: Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt), New
Milford (E. H. Austin), Bridgeport (Eames). Mid-July —
Aug. Fugitive from the western United States.
Helianthus divaricatus L. (widely diverging).
Common. Dry fields, thickets and open woods. July —
Sept.
Helianthus strumosus L. (bearing wens or swellings).
Frequent. Thickets and borders of woods. Aug. — Sept.
The var. mollis Torr. & Gray (soft), var. macrophyllus
Britton, is rare: Groton (Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E.
Rogers), Willington (Graves & Bissell).
Helianthus trachehifolius Mill, (having leaves like Trachelium,
the Throatwort).
Rare. There is a specimen of this in the Gray Herbarium
collected at New Haven by Charles Wright. Not otherwise
known from the state. Aug. — Sept.
Helianthus decapetalus L. (having ten petals).
Wild Sunflower.
Frequent. Moist or dry woods, thickets and fence-rows.
Aug. — Sept.
Helianthus tuberosus L. (bearing tubers.)
Jerusalem Artichoke.
Occasional. Waste places and roadsides. Aug. — Oct.
Naturalized from the West.
The tubers are edible and are used for pickles and salads ;
they also furnish a valuable food for stock. The plant was
formerly cultivated by the Indians.
COREOPSIS L. Tickseed.
Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. (used for dyeing).
Rare. Waste places: New London (Graves), Southington
(Andrews), Bridgeport, Stratford and Norwalk (Fames).
June — Sept. Adventive from the West.
396 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
Coreopsis lanceolata L. (lance-shaped).
Rare. Roadsides: Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Ox-
ford (Harger). July. Adventive from the Southwest.
BIDENS L. Bur Marigold.
Bidens discoidea (Torr. & Gray) Britton (having only disk
flowers).
Coreopsis discoidea Torr. & Gray.
Swamps and about ponds. Occasional near the coast and
throughout the valley of the Connecticut River. Aug. — Sept,
Bidens frondosa L. (leafy).
Bidens melanocarpa Wiegand.
Common Beggar-ticks. Stick-tight.
Common. Moist fields, swamps, waste places and culti-
vated ground. Aug. — Sept.
Bidens vulgata Greene (common).
Bidens frondosa Wiegand, not L.
Beggar-ticks. Stick-tight.
Frequent. Fields, roadsides and cultivated ground, in
moist soil. Aug. — Sept.
Bidens comosa (Gray) Wiegand (bearing a tuft of hairs).
Bidens connata Muhl., var. comosa Gray.
Frequent. Moist soil in various situations. Aug. — Oct
Bidens connata Muhl., var. petiolata (Nutt.) Farwell (having
leaf-stalks).
Bidens connata of authors in part.
Swamp Beggar-ticks.
Frequent. Swamps and wet woods. Aug. — Sept.
A form with ray flowers occurs occasionally.
Bidens cernua L. (nodding).
Bidens cernua L., var. elliptic a Wiegand.
Stick-tight.
Common. Wet meadows, along ditches and on shores.
Sept.— Oct.
Bidens laevis (L.) BSP. (smooth).
Bidens chrysanthemoides Michx.
Bur Marigold.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 397
Marshes and borders of ponds and streams. Frequent
near the coast in southwestern Connecticut and inland as far
as Ridgefield (Eames & C. C. Godfrey) ; occurs also along
the Connecticut River throughout its course; not reported
elsewhere. Aug. — Oct.
Bidens bipinnata L, (twice-pinnate).
Spanish Needles.
Rocky woods, roadsides and waste places in sandy soil.
New London (Graves), Oxford (Harger), and occasional
in the southwestern part of the state, Aug. — Oct,
The plant is medicinal.
Bidens leucantha Willd. (white-flowered).
Rare. Hartford, in waste ground (H, S. Clark). Sept.
Fugitive from the South.
Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britton (with hairy seeds).
Coreopsis trichosperma Michx,
Tickseed Sunflower,
Rare. New Haven, Goffe St. (O. Harger). Aug.— Oct.
Bidens aristosa (Michx,) Britton (bearing bristles).
Coreopsis aristosa Michx.
Rare, Waste places: Norwich (Mrs. E. E, Rogers),
Lebanon and Windham (Graves), Sept, Fugitive from the
West,
Bidens Beckii Torr,
Water Marigold,
Rare, In ponds: Lyme (Graves), Guilford (G. H, Bart-
lett), Wallingford (Harger), North Haven (Eaton Herb,),
Plainville (J. N. Bishop), East Granby (Harger), Danbury
(Eames & C. C. Godfrey). Aug. — Sept,
GALINSOGA Ruiz & Pavon,
Galinsoga parviflora Cav, (small-flowered),
Galinsoga,
Local, Waste ground, mostly in cities, July — Sept, Ad-
ventive from tropical America,
The var, hispida DC, (rough-hairy) is often more plen-
tiful than the typical form.
398 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST, SURVEY. [BuU.
HELENIUM L. Sneezeweed.
Helenium nudiflorum Nutt. (naked-flowered).
Rare. Fields: Groton (Mrs. C. B. Graves), East Lyme
(F. H. Dart), Bridgeport (Fames). June — Oct. Intro-
duced from the South.
Helenium autumnale L. (autumnal).
Sneezeweed. Staggerwort.
Occasional or frequent. Swamps and on river banks.
Aug. — Oct.
The herb is used as a substitute for Arnica and in powder
as a snuff for catarrh. The flowers are poisonous and cattle
and horses are sometimes killed b}^ eating freely of them,
Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. (fine-leaved).
Rare. Bridgeport, in railroad wastes (Fames), Aug. —
Sept. Adventive from the South.
ACHILLEA L. Yarrow.
Achillea Millefolium L. (thousand-leaved).
Common Yarrow. Milfoil.
Common. Fields and waste ground. June — Nov.
A form with pink or reddish flowers is grown for orna-
ment and sometimes escapes from gardens to roadsides. The
plant is medicinal.
Achillea lanulosa Nutt. (woolly).
Yarrow.
Rare. Fields and waste ground : Southington (Andrews),
and probably elsewhere, as it has not been distinguished from
Achillea Millefolium. July — Aug. Introduced from the
West.
ANTHEMIS L. Chamomile.
Anthemis Cotula L. (like Cotula, the Buck's-horn).
May-weed. Dog Fennel. Fetid Chamomile.
Common. Roadsides and waste places. June — Nov.
Naturalized from Europe.
The plant is medicinal.
Anthemis arvensis L. (of cultivated ground).
Corn Chamomile.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 399
Rare. Roadsides and waste ground. May — June. Ad-
ventive from Europe.
The var. agrestis (Wallr.) DC. (of fields) occurs rarely
in waste ground.
Both the species and the variety are medicinal.
Anthemis nobilis L. (well-known).
Garden Chamomile.
Rare. Wolcott, roadside near a deserted dwelling (An-
drews & Bissell). Aug. Fugitive from Europe.
The plant is medicinal, the flower-heads officinal.
Anthemis tinctoria L. (used for dyeing).
Golden Marguerite. Yellow Chamomile.
Rare. Roadsides and grassland as an escape from culti-
vation : Franklin (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), East Windsor (Bis-
sell), Southington (Andrews), Oxford (Harger), Fairfield
(Fames), Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter), Litchfield (Miss
E. H. Thompson). June — Aug. Adventive from Europe.
Often cultivated for ornament.
MATRICARIA L. Wild Chamomile.
Matricaria inodora L. (odorless).
Rare. Waste places and in grain fields : Naugatuck
(B. B. Bristol), Bridgeport (Fames), Oxford and Southbury
(Harger), Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter). June — Sept.
Fugitive from Europe.
Vlatricaria Chamomilla L. (classical name for this plant).
German Chamomile.
Rare. Naugatuck, waste ground (B. B. Bristol). July —
Aug. Fugitive from Europe.
The dried flower-heads are officinal, and are much used in
household practice, especially by German people.
j^atricaria suaveolens (Pursh) Buchenau (sweet-smelling).
! Matricaria matricarioides Porter.
Matricaria discoidea DC.
Pineapple-weed,
Rare. Waste places: Naugatuck (B. B. Bristol), Bridge-
port (Fames). July. Fugitive from the Pacific Coast.
4CXD CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
CHRYSANTHEMUM L.
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L. (white-floAvered), van
pinnatifidum Lecoq & Lamotte (pinnately cleft).
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum of Manuals.
Daisy. White or Ox-eye Daisy. White-weed. Marguerite.
Common. Fields, meadows and roadsides. May — July.
Naturalized from Europe.
Often a troublesome weed in grassland. The plant is
medicinal.
Chrysanthemum Parthenium (L.) Bernh. (ancient name of
some plant).
Feverfew.
Rare. Waste ground as an escape from gardens. June —
Aug. Introduced from Europe.
The herb is medicinal.
Chrysanthemum Balsamita L., var. tanacetoides Boiss. (like
Tanacetum, the Tansy).
Costmary. Alecost. Mint Geranium.
Rare. Escaped from gardens to fields and roadsides : East i
Lyme (Graves), Groton (Graves & Bissell), Southington
(Andrews & Bissell), Oxford (Harger), Trumbull (Fames),
Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter). Sept. — Oct. Adventive
from Asia.
Medicinal.
TANACETUM L. Tansy.
Tanacetum vulgare L. (common).
Common Tansy.
Frequent. Roadsides and waste places. July — Oct.
Naturalized from Europe.
The var. crispum DC. (crisped) is occasional with the
species.
The leaves and flowering tops are medicinal and were
formerly officinal.
ARTEMISIA L. Wormwood.
Artemisia caudata Michx. (tailed).
Dry sandy ground. Common along the coast, extending
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 4OI
inland as far as Wallingford and Haddam (Bissell), and
Seymour (Harger). Aug. — Sept.
Artemisia campestris L. (of fields), var. pubescens (Jord. &
Fourr.) Rouy & Foucaud (downy).
Rare. Naugatuck, in waste ground (A. E. Blewitt, Har-
ger). Mid-Aug. — Sept. Fugitive from Europe.
Artemisia Abrotanum L. (classical name for this species).
Old Man. Southernwood.
Rare. Waste ground as an escape from gardens : Bridge-
port and Fairfield (Eames). July — Oct. Fugitive from
Europe.
Medicinal much like Artemisia Absinthium.
Artemisia vulgaris L. (common).
Common Mugwort. Felon-herb. Sailor's Tobacco.
Rare or occasional. Roadsides, waste ground and about
old gardens: New London and Sprague (Graves), East Hart-
ford (Weatherby), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Lisbon,
Oxford and Southbury (Harger), Fairfield County (Eames).
July — Sept. Adventive from Europe.
The plant is medicinal.
Artemisia Dracunculus L. (classical name for this species).
Tarragon. Estragon.
Rare. Naugatuck, in waste ground (B. B. Bristol). July
— Sept. Fugitive from Europe.
In Europe it is cultivated for its leaves which are used for
seasoning.
Artemisia Stelleriana Bess.
Dusty Miller. Beach Wormwood. Old Woman.
Occasional on sea-shores in New London County (Graves).
July — Aug. Naturalized from Asia.
Sometimes cultivated for ornament.
Artemisia biennis Willd. (biennial).
Rare. Waste ground: Bloomfield (Bissell), Naugatuck
(B. B. Bristol), Stratford (Harger), New Milford (E. H.
Austin). Sept. Adventive from the West.
Artemisia annua L. (annual).
Rare. Waste ground: East Lyme (Graves), Naugatuck
26
402 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
(B. B. Bristol), Bridgeport (Eames). Aug. — Sept. Fugitive
from Asia.
Artemisia Absinthium L.( classical name for this plant).
Wormwood.
Rare. Roadsides and waste places as an escape from
gardens: East Windsor (Bissell), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt),
Oxford (Harger), Milford and Fairfield (Eames), Sahsbury
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Aug. — Sept. Adventive from Europe.
The leaves and tops were formerly much prized in domes-
tic medicine and were until recently officinal.
Artemisia pontica L.
Roman Wormwood.
Rare. Roadsides as an escape from cultivation : Scotland
(Graves), Southington (Weatherby & Bissell), Salisbury
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Aug. Adventive from Europe.
In Europe this species is much used in the preparation of
absinthe.
Artemisia frigida Willd. (cold).
Rare. Naugatuck, in waste ground (B. B. Bristol). Aug.
Fugitive from the western United States.
TUSSILAGO L. Coltsfoot.
Tussilago Farfara L. (classical name for this species).
Coltsfoot. Coughwort.
Occasional or local. Wet places, roadsides and along
streams, usually in heavy soils. March — May. Naturalized
from Europe.
A popular remedy for coughs and colds and much used
in domestic medical practice.
PETASITES Hill. Sweet Coltsfoot.
Petasites palmatus (Ait.) Gray (palmate).
Sweet Coltsfoot.
Rare. Salisbury, wet cold woods (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
April.
Petasites vulgaris Hill (common).
Petasites Petasites Karst.
Butterbur.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 4O3
Rare. Hartford, escaped from a garden (Mrs. W. Seli-
ger). April. Fugitive from Europe.
The plant. is medicinal.
ERECHTITES Raf. Fireweed.
Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. (having leaves like Hiera-
cium, the Hawkweed).
Erechtites praealta Raf.
Fireweed. Pilewort.
Common. Fields, roadsides and woodland clearings in
either dry or moist ground ; also on borders of salt marshes.
July — Oct.
The plant is medicinal.
CALENDULA L. Marigold.
Calendula officinalis L. (of the shops).
Pot Marigold. Calendula. Mary-bud.
Rare. Waste ground as an escape from gardens : South-
ington (Andrews, Bissell), South Norwalk (Miss A. E. Car-
penter). July — Aug. Fugitive from southern Europe.
This is the " Marygold " of Shakespeare. The dried
flowers are medicinal, often used in the treatment of wounds.
CACALIA L. Indian Plantain.
Cacalia suaveolens L. (sweet-smelling).
Synosma suaveolens Raf.
Indian Plantain.
Dry or moist open woods or banks. Rare in most dis-
tricts : East Haven (D. C. Eaton et al.), Derby (H, C. Beards-
lee). Local near the coast from Orange westward (Fames),
July — Sept.
SENECIO L. Groundsel. Ragwort. Squaw-weed.
Senecio vulgaris L. (common).
Common Groundsel.
Rare. Waste and cultivated ground : New London
(Graves), Hartford (H. S. Clark), Southington (Andrews),
Bridgeport (Miss A. E. Carpenter). June — Nov. Adven-
tive from Europe.
The plant is medicinal.
404 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull.
Senecio viscosus L. (sticky).
Rare. Waste ground : Stamford (Eames & W. H. Hoyt).
July — Aug. Adventive from Europe.
Senecio obovatus Muhl. (inversely egg-shaped ; the broad end
up).
Senecio aureus L., var. obovatus Torr. & Gray.
Squaw-weed. Ragwort.
Dry soil, mostly in open woods. Occasional to frequent
west of the Connecticut River, but not reported from the
eastern part of the state. May — June.
Senecio aureus L. (golden).
Life-root. Golden Ragweed or Ragwort. Swamp Squaw-
weed. '
Frequent to common. Swamps or in wet ground. May —
June.
The roots and tops of this and allied species are used
medicinally.
Senecio Balsamitae Muhl., var. praelongus Greenman (very
long).
Senecio aureus L., var. Balsainitac Gray's Manual ed. 6 in
part.
Rare. Dry grassland and open woods : Oxford and South-
bury (Harger), Woodbury (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). June.
No other specimens of this variety have been seen and none
of the typical form. Probably most reports of the latter are
based on forms of Senecio ohoz'atus.
ARCTIUM L. Burdock.
Arctium Lappa L. (a bur).
Arctium Lappa L., var. majus Gray.
Great Burdock.
Roadsides and waste ground. Rare or local in the southern
part of the state, becoming occasional northw^ard. July —
Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
The roots of this and allied species are officinal and the
seeds and leaves are also used medicinally. Both this and the
following species are unsightly weeds.
Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS y\ND FERNS. 405
Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. (smaller).
Arctium Lappa L., var. minus Gray.
Arctium Lappa L., var. tomentosum Gray.
Arctium tomentosum of Britton's Manual in part.
Common Burdock.
Common. Roadsides and waste places. July — Oct.
Naturalized from Europe. A form with woolly involucral
bracts sometimes occurs.
CARDUUS L. Plumeless Thistle.
Carduus acanthoides L. (like Acanthus, the Bear's-breech).
Curled Thistle.
Rare. Waste ground: Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps).
July — Aug. Fugitive from Europe.
CIRSIUM Hill. Common or Plumed Thistle.
Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Hill (lance-shaped).
Carduus lanceolatus L.
Cnicus lanceolatus Willd.
Common or Bull Thistle.
Frequent. Roadsides and pastures. July — Sept. Natural-
ized from Europe.
Cirsium spinosissimum (Walt.) Scop, (very spiny).
Carduus spinosissinms Walt.
Cnicus horridulus Pursh.
Yellow Thistle.
Occasional in fields and borders of salt marshes along the
coast. June — July.
Rarely occurs with purple flowers.
Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. (of different colors).
Carduus discolor Nutt.
Cnicus altissimus Willd., var. discolor Gray.
Field Thistle.
Fields and thickets. Occasional in most sections, but fre-
quent to common along the coast and throughout the Housa-
tonic Valley. Aug. — Sept.
Flowers sometimes white.
406 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVl'.Y. [Bull.
Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng-. (tallest).
Car duns altissimus L.
Cnicus altissinms Willd.
Tall Thistle.
Rare. Introduced with garden seed about a yard, a few
plants only, Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Aug. — Sept.
Fugitive from the West.
Cirsium muticum Michx. (pointless).
Cardmis muticus Pers.
Cnicus muticus Pursh.
Swamp Thistle.
Frequent. Swamps and moist thickets. Aug. — Sept.
Cirsium pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng. (low).
Carduiis odoratus Porter.
Cnicus pumilus Torr.
Pasture or Bull Thistle.
Common. Fields and pastures. July — Sept.
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop, (of cultivated ground).
Carduiis arvensis Robson.
Cnicus arvensis Hoffm.
Canada Thistle.
Frequent. Fields, meadows, pastures and waste ground.
June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe.
The var. vestitum Wimm. & Grab, (clothed) and the
var. integrifolium Wimm. & Grab, (entire-leaved) occur
in grassland in SaHsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell) ; the
first named variety has also been found at Orange { Weath-
erby).
A pernicious weed extremely difficult to eradicate. The
root is medicinal.
A statute of Connecticut enacted in 1881, provides that
" Every owner or possessor of lands shall cut down all wild
carrots and Canada thistles growing thereon, or in the high-
way adjoining, so often as to prevent them going to seed ;
and upon failure so to do, any person aggrieved, or any citizen
of the town wherein the lands are situated, may complain to
any grand juror of said town, who shall thereupon forthwith
notify such owner or possessor of such complaint. Tf said
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 407
owner or possessor shall still neglect to comply with the pro-
visions of this section, he shall be fined not more than five
dollars, for each and every day of such neglect after such
notice." Revised Statutes, sec. 1374.
ONOPORDUM L. Cotton or Scotch Thistle.
Onopordum Acanthium L.
Cotton Thistle.
Rare. Fields and roadsides : Ledyard, Groton and Water-
ford (Graves), New Haven (Harger). July — Sept. Ad-
ventive from Europe.
CENTAUREA L. Star Thistle.
Centaurea Jacea L.
Meadow Centaury.
Rare. Fields: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Guilford
(G. H, Bartlett), Southington (Bissell), Bridgeport (Fames).
June — Sept. Adventive from Europe.
Centaurea Jacea L., var. lacera Koch (torn).
Rare. In fields: Granby (Bissell), Naugatuck (A. E.
Blewitt), Oxford (Harger), Bridgeport (Fames). June —
Sept. Adventive from Europe.
Centaurea Cyanus L. (classical name for this species).
Corn-flower. Bluebottle. Bachelor's Button.
Rare. Waste ground and about gardens as an escape
from cultivation: Ledyard and Lyme (Graves), Fast Wind-
sor (Bissell), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Seymour and
Oxford (Harger), Fairfield County (Fames). June — Oct.
Introduced from Europe.
Often cultivated for ornament. The plant is medicinal.
Centaurea nigra L. (black).
Spanish Buttons. Hardheads. Knapweed. Black Centaury.
Rare. Roadsides and waste ground : New London and
Waterford (Graves), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Bridge-
port (Fames), Norwalk (G. P. Ells), Salisbury (Bissell).
May — Aug. Introduced from Europe.
Centaurea nigra L., var. radiata DC. (bearing rays).
Rare. Waste ground: Waterbury (J. N. Bishop), Oxford
408 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bill'
(Harger), Bridgeport (Eames). May — Aug. IntroducKi
from Europe.
Centaurea maculosa Lam. (spotted).
Rare. Fields and waste ground: Griswold (E. F. Burli -
son), Granby (I. Holcomb), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thonii.
son), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Aug. Adventive from
Europe.
Centaurea vochinensis Bernh.
Rare. Fields and roadsides : Southington (Andrews >S:
Bissell), Fairfield and Darien (G. P. Ells). June — Seja
Adventive from Europe.
LAPSANA L. Nipple-wort.
Lapsana communis L. (growing in colonies).
Nipple-wort.
Rare. Waste ground: New Haven (A. W. Evans). June
— Sept. Adventive from Europe.
CICHORIUM L. Succory. Chicory.
Cichorium Intybus L. (classical name for this species).
Cichorium Intybus L.. var. dk'oricatuiii of American authors,
probably not DC.
Common Chicory. Blue Sailors.
Occasional or frequent. Fields and roadsides. June —
Aug. Naturalized from Europe.
The root is medicinal ; it is also used as an adulterant
of and substitute for cofifee. The flowers are sometimes rose-
color or rarely pure white.
KRIGIA Schreb. Dwarf Dandelion.
Krigia virginica (L.) Willd.
Adopogon caroliniamim Britton.
Dwarf Dandelion.
Frequent. Dry sandy or sterile ground. April — Sej't.
Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt. (stem-clasping).
Adopogon virginiciim Kuntze.
Cynthia.
Rare. Dry sandy soil : Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson),
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 4O9
Southbury (Mrs. H. G. Morse), Washington (C. C. God-
frey), Greenwich (W. P. Alcott). May — July.
HYPOCHAERIS L. Cat's-ear.
Hypochaeris radicata L. (having roots ; referring to the long
tap-roots).
Cat's-ear.
Rare. In grassland: Southington (Bissell), Bridgeport
and Fairfield (Eames). July. Adventive from Europe.
Has proved to be a bad weed in some parts of New
England.
LEONTODON L. Hawkbit.
Leontodon autumnalis L. (autumnal).
Fall Dandelion. Arnica.
Moist grassland. Guilford (G. H. Bartlett) ; and frequent
or common in the town of Thompson (Weatherby & Bissell),
also in Hartford County and some adjacent towns. May —
Nov. Naturalized from Europe.
Leontodon autumnalis L., var. pratensis Koch (of meadows).
Fall Dandelion.
Moist grassland. Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Litch-
field (Miss E. H. Thompson) ; and occasional in Hartford
County. May — Nov. Naturalized from Europe.
Leontodon hastilis L. (like a spear-shaft).
Rare. Southington, in fields (Bissell). May — June.
Fugitive from Europe.
Leontodon nudicaulis (L.) Banks (naked-stemmed).
Leontodon hirtiis L.
Local. In grassland : Waterford, plentiful at one station
(Graves), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon). July — Aug.
Naturalized from Europe.
PICRIS L.
Picris hieracioides L. (like Hieracium, the Hawkweed).
Rare or local. Fields and waste places: Old Lyme
(E. F. WilHams), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Westport,
plentiful in one locality, and Bridgeport (Eames), Salisbury
4IO CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
(Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell). June — July. Adventive from
Europe.
Picris echioides L. (like Echium, the Viper's Bugloss).
Ox-tongue.
Rare. Southington, in cultivated ground (Andrews),
Fairfield, in grassland (Eames). July — Sept. Fugitive from
Europe.
TRAGOPOGON L. Goat's Beard.
Tragopogon porrifolius L. (having leaves like Allium Porrum,
the Leek).
Oyster-plant. Salsify.
Rare. Fields and roadsides: Tolland (Weatherby & Bis-
sell), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Ridgefield (W. H.
Hoyt). May — June. Adventive from Europe.
Tragopogon pratensis L. (of meadows).
Goat's Beard.
Fields and roadsides. Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers),
Orange (Harger), and occasional in the western part of the
state. June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
The root is medicinal.
TARAXACUM Ludwig. Dandelion.
Taraxacum officinale Weber (of the shops).
Taraxacum Taraxacum Karst.
Common Dandelion.
Common. Fields, lawns and waste ground. April — Nov.,
but especially in May. Naturalized from Europe.
The root is medicinal and is officinal ; it is also used as a
substitute for cofifee. The plant is much used as a pot-herb.
Taraxacum officinale Weber, var. palustre (Sm.) Blytt (of
marshes).
Frequent. Moist fields and waste places. April — Nov.
Naturalized from Europe.
Uses and properties as in the typical form of the species.
Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. (red-seeded).
Red-seeded Dandelion.
Local. Usually in dry but sometimes in moist fields or
.\u. 14. J FLOWERING PLANTS AND FP:RNS. 4II
open woods. May — Nov., especially in May. Naturalized
from Europe.
Uses and properties as in Taraxacum officinale.
SONCHUS L. Sow Thistle.
Sonchus arvensis L. (of cultivated ground).
Field Sow Thistle.
Rare. Roadsides and waste places: Norwich (W. A. Set-
chell), New London and Montville (Graves), Preston (Mrs.
E. E. Rogers), East Hartford (Weatherby), Bridgeport
(Eames). Late Jnne — Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
Sonchus oleraceus L. (suitable for a pot-herb).
Common Sow Thistle.
Occasional. Waste and cultivated grounds. July — Oct.
Naturalized from Europe.
Medicinal.
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill (rough).
Spiny-leaved Sow Thistle.
Rare to occasional. Waste ground and on shores. July —
Aug. Naturalized from Europe.
LACTUCA L. Lettuce.
Lactuca scariola L.
Prickly Lettuce.
Rare. Waste ground: New London (Graves), Naugatuck
(B. B. Bristol), Norwalk (Eames). July — Aug. Adventive
from Europe.
The herb is medicinal.
Lactuca scariola L., var. integrata Gren. & Godr. (entire).
Lactuca virosa of American authors, not L.
Prickly Lettuce.
Occasional. Waste ground, mostly near railroads or in
populous districts. Aug. — Sept. Naturalized from Europe.
The herb is medicinal.
Lactuca canadensis L.
Wild Lettuce. Horse-weed.
Common. Fields and roadsides. June — Aug.
The var. Montana Britton (of mountains), var. integri-
412 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
folia of some authors, not Lactuca integrifolia Bigel., is rare
or occasional with the typical form.
The plant is medicinal.
Lactuca integrifolia Bigel. (entire-leaved).
Lactuca sagittifolia of Britton's Manual in part.
Rare. Roadsides and fields: Union (Bissell), Hartford
(A. W. Driggs), Seymour (Eames & C. K. Averill). Prob-
ably occurring at other localities, its distribution unknown.
July — Sept.
Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. (hairy).
Rare. Dry woods or fields : Groton, Montville and Water-
ford (Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Elhngton,
Bristol and Wolcott (Bissell), Southington (Andrews, Bis-
sell), Meriden (Andrews), Oxford and Southbury (Harger),
Stratford and Fairfield (Eames). July — Aug.
Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. (having spikes).
Lactuca Icucophaea Gray.
Wild Blue Lettuce.
Frequent. Roadsides, thickets and woodlands. Aug. —
Sept.
Lactuca saliva L. (sown; planted).
Lettuce.
Rare. Waste ground as an escape from cultivation :
Bridgeport (Eames). June — Aug. Fugitive from Europe.
Well known as a salad plant.
CREPIS L. Hawk's Beard.
Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. (hair-like).
Crepis virens L.
Crepis virens L., var. dentata Bisch.
Rare. In grassland: Groton (Graves), North Stonington
and Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Plainfield (J. L. Sheldon),
East Hartford (C. C. Hanmer), East Windsor (Bissell),
Oxford (Harger), Nor walk (G. P. Ells), Greenwich (W. E.
Wheelock) . Aug. — Sept. Adventive from Europe.
Crepis tectorum L. (of dwellings).
Rare. North Stonington (Mrs. E. E. Rogers). Sept.
Adventive from Europe.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 4I3
Crepis taraxacifolia Thuill. (having leaves like Taraxacum,
the Dandelion).
Rare. Southington, in grassland (Bissell). May — June.
Fugitive from Europe.
Crepis setosa Haller f. (bristly).
Rare. Fairfield, in grassland, probably introduced with
grass seed (Fames). Sept. — Oct. Adventive from Europe.
Crepis rigida W. & K. (stifif).
Rare. Southington, in fields (Bissell). June — July.
Fugitive from Europe.
PRENANTHES L. Rattlesnake-root.
Prenanthes alba L. (white).
Nabalus albus Hook.
White Lettuce. Rattlesnake-root.
Rare, local or frequent. Open woods, copses and fence-
rows. Aug. — Oct.
The plant and roots are medicinal.
Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh (classical name).
Nabalus serpentarius Hook.
Lion's-foot. Gall-of-the-earth.
Woods and thickets. Voluntown, Waterford and Wind-
ham (Graves), Groton and Oxford (Harger), Southington
(Bissell), and occasional toward the south and southwest.
Aug. — Oct.
The root and leaves are medicinal.
Prenanthes trifoliolata (Cass.) Fernald (with three leaflets).
Nabalus trifoliolatiis Cass.
Prenanthes serpentaria Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part, not Pursh.
Gall-of-the-earth.
Frequent. Woods and thickets. Aug. — Oct.
Extremely variable in leaf form.
Prenanthes altissima L. (very tall).
Nabalus altissimus Hook.
Gall-of-the-earth.
Occasional or frequent. Rich woods. Aug. — Oct.
The var. hispidula Fernald (minutely hispid) occurs at
Stafford (Graves & Bissell), and Oxford (Harger).
414 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
The plant is medicinal. All species of Prenanthes have
been used as a remedy for the bites of venomous snakes.
(
HIERACIUM L. Hawkweed.
Hieracium Pilosella L. (somewhat hairy).
Mouse-ear. i
Rare. Dry grassland: Southington (Andrews), Wilton
(Miss A. E. Carpenter). May — July. Adventive from ii
Europe.
Hieracium aurantiacum L. (orange-colored).
Orange Hawkweed. Devil's Paint-brush. Grim the Collier.
Rare, occasional or local. Dry to wet woods, fields and
roadsides. June. Naturalized from Europe.
A bad weed in some parts of northern New England.
Hieracium fioribundum Wimm. & Grab, (many-flowered).
Rare. Fields and waste ground: Guilford (G. H. Bart-
lett), Wallingford (A. W. Evans & Harger), East Haven
(Andrews), Cheshire (Bissell), Southington (M. W. Fris-
bie). May — June. Adventive from Europe.
Hieracium pratense Tausch (of meadows).
King Devil.
Rare. Fields: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Bristol
(H. S. Clark & J. N. Bishop), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt),
Stamford (W. H. Hoyt). June. Adventive from Europe.
Hieracium venosum L. (veiny).
Rattlesnake-weed. Poor Robin's Plantain.
Frequent. Dry woods and fields. June — July.
The van subcaulescens Torr. & Gray (having a short
stem) is occasional with the species.
The leaves and tops are medicinal.
Hieracium paniculatum L. (having an open, branched flower-
cluster).
Frequent. Dry woods. July — Sept.
Hieracium marianum Willd.
Rare. Dry woods: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Frank-
lin (R. W. Woodward), Glastonbury (A. W. Driggs),
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 415
Orange and Oxford (Harger), Huntington and Woodbury
(Eames), Salisbury (Bissell). July.
Hieracium scabrum Michx. (rough).
Frequent. Woods and thickets, mostly in dry soil. July
J — Sept.
jHieracium Gronovii L.
I Hairy Hawkweed.
' Dry fields or open woods, in sandy or sterile soil. Fre-
quent in most districts but not reported from Litchfield County.
Aug. — Oct.
jUieracium canadense Michx.
Canada Hawkweed.
Occasional. Fields and thickets in either moist or dry
j soil. Aug. — Sept.
4l6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Appendix.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
Page 19, under Woodzvardia virginica, add : Stafford
(Weatherby).
Page 22, under Aspidium marginale, add : The var.
ELEGANs J. Robinson (elegant) has been found in rich woods
at New Fairfield (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). Forms ap-
proaching this variety are not rare.
Page 2)Z-' after Isoctcs Dodgci, insert :
Isoetes Dodgei A. A. Eaton, var. Robbinsii A. A. Eaton.
Rare. North Stonington, shallow water of Lantern Hill
Pond (Graves & Bissell). July — Sept.
Page 35, under Pinus syizrstris. add : Wethersfield (H. S.
Clark & Bissell).
Page 39, under Sparganium eurycarpiim, after "A. W.
Driggs " change text to read : East Windsor, Windsor and
Sharon, at Indian Pond (Bissell). Occasional along the
Housatonic River from Oxford (Harger) northward, and near
the coast in New Haven and Fairfield Counties.
Page 43, under Potamogcton hiipleuroidcs, add: Kent
(Eames).
Page 49, under Sorghum Imlepcnse, add: New Haven
(Bissell).
Page 51, under Panicuin philadelphiciim, add: Sharon,
at Mudge Pond (Weatherby).
Page 52, under Panicum Wcrneri, add : Southbury
(Weatherby), New Milford (Bissell).
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 417
Page 54, under Paniciini subvillosum, add : Orange
(Bissell).
Pages 54-55, under Panicum villosissimiim, omit " South-
bury (Harger)," and add: Kent (Bissell).
Page 66, under Trisetum spicatmn, add : East Granby, on
trap ledges (Harger).
Page 69, under Spartina patens, var. caespitosa, add:
Bridgeport (Eames).
Page y2, under Brisa media, add : Southbury, along road-
side (Harger),
Page 72, under Cynosurus cristatus, add : Oxford, in a
lawn (Harger).
Page yj, under Bromus commutatus, add: Middletown,
at several widely separated localities (Bissell). Omit " Fugi-
tive " and substitute : Adventive.
Page yy, after Bromus tectorum, insert:
Bromus sterilis L. (sterile).
Local. Middletown, well established on sandy railroad
embankments (Bissell). June. Adventive from Europe.
Pages 77-78, under Bromus altissimus, add : Franklin
(R. W. Woodward).
Page 78, after Bromus altissimus, insert :
Bromus incanus (Shear) Hitchc. (hoary).
Rare. Putnam, thicket near river bank (Weatherby &
Bissell). July — Aug.
Page 81, after Elymus canadensis, insert :
Elymus brachystachys Scribn. & Ball (short-spiked).
Rare. Naugatuck, in dry ground, introduced with mill
waste (A. E. Blewitt). Fugitive from the southwestern
United States.
Page 84, under Eleocharis diandra, add : Hartford
(Bissell).
27
4l8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Page 84, under Eleocharis ovata, add : Hartford
(Weatherby & Bissell).
Page 85, under Eleocharis intermedia, add : Sharon, at
Indian Pond (R. W. Woodward).
Page 87, under Scirpus rubrotinctus, add : New Milford
(Harger).
Page 87, under Scirpus atrovirens, add: Franklin (R. W.
Woodward), New Britain and Canaan (Bissell).
Page 88, under Scirpus cyperinus, var. peliiis, add :
Colebrook and Salisbury (M. L. Fernald).
Page 90, under Rynchospora alba, add : the var. macra
Clarke (large) occurs at Southington (Bissell).
Page 92, under Carex tribuloides, var. reducta, change
statement of range to read: Rare or occasional in the
northern half of the state.
Page 93, under Carex straminea, change statement of range
to read : Occasional or local in the northern half of the state.
Page 94, under Carex foenea, var. perplexa, add:
Thomaston (A. E. Blewitt).
Page 96, after Carex trisperma, insert:
Carex trisperma Dewey, var. Billingsii Knight.
Local. Bethany, plentiful in a swamp (B. B. Bristol &
A. E. Blewitt). June— July.
Page 98, under Carex aurea, add : Sherman (A. E. Blewitt
& Harger).
Page 99, under Carex Davisii, add: East Granby
(Harger).
Page 100, under Carex aestivalis, add: Colebrook (M. L.
Fernald).
Page 100, after Carex umbellata, insert:
Carex umbellata Schk., var. brevirostris Boott (short-beaked).
Rare. Cheshire, dry rocky hills (A. E. Blewitt). June.
Very large plants growing in large tufts.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 419
Page loi, under Care.v polynwrpha, add: Waterbiiry
(A. E. Blewitt).
Page 104, under Car ex iiava, add: Waterbury (A. E.
Blewitt).
Page 105, under Carcx ca^tanea, add: Canaan, moist
sandy thicket (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & A. E. Blewitt).
Page 106, under Carex trichocarpa, add : New Milford,
plentiful in meadows along the Housatonic River.
Page 107, under Carex retrorsa, add: Sherman (A. E.
Blewitt & Harger).
Page 108, under Carex intumescens, var. Fernaldii, add:
Colebrook, many plants in rich woods (M. L. Fernald).
Page 112, under WolMa columbiana, add: Orange
(Harger).
Page 112, before Xyris caroliniana, insert:
<yris montana Ries (of mountains).
Rare. Woodbury, in sphagnum bog (Harger). July —
Aug.
Pages 114-115, under Juncus tenuis, var. anthelatus, add:
East Haven (Bissell).
Page 115, under Juncus Dudleyi, change statement of
habitat and range to read : Sandy or sterile ground, in either
moist or dry places. East Granby (Harger), South Windsor
(Bissell), Meriden (Andrews), and occasional in the north-
western part of the state.
Pages 115-116, under Juncus brachycephalus, add: Kent
(Eames), New Milford (Bissell).
Page 123, under Smilacina trifolia, add: Stafford
(Weatherby).
Page 131, under Habenaria orbiculata, add: Ledyard
(B. T. Avery, Jr.).
420 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. \
Page 133, under Pogonia aMnis, add: Ledyard (B. T.
Avery, Jr.).
Page 134, under Spiranthes ceniua, var. ochroleuca, add:
Occasional in the southern part of the state.
Page 136, under Microstylis monophyllos, add: Colebrook
(Bissell).
Pages 139-140, under Salix discolor, var. erioccphala, add:
Durham (J. Barratt).
Pages 139-140, under Salix discolor, var. prinoides, add:
Durham (J. Barratt).
Page 140, after Salix sericea, insert :
Salix subsericea (Anders.) Schneider (somewhat silky).
Rare or local. Colebrook, wet ground along roadsides and
borders of woods (M. L. Fernald & Bissell). April — mid-
May ; fruit May — June.
Page 143, under Myrica Gale, omit " not reported from
the vicinity of the coast."
Page 146, after Corylus ro strata, insert :
Corylus heterophylla Fisch. (various-leaved).
Rare. Wethersfield, sparingly escaped about an old
nursery (H. S. Qark & Bissell). April; fruit Sept. Fugitive
from Europe.
Page 154, under Madura pomifera, add: Wethersfield
(Bissell).
Page 158, under Rumex elongatus, add: New Britain
(Bissell).
Pages 160-161, under Polygonum lapathifolium, add : The
var. NODOSUM (Pers.) Weinmann (knotty) occurs at Lyme
(Graves & Bissell).
Page 164, under Polygonum cuspidatum, add : Southington
(Andrews).
Page 165, under Cycloloma atriplicifoliuni, add : Danbury
(Fames & C. C Godfrey).
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 421
Page 165, under Kochia Scoparia, add: New London
(Graves), Derby, along a roadside (Harger).
Page 167, under Beta vulgaris, add : Sometimes found
about dumping grounds.
Page 169, under Salsola Kali, add : The var. caroliniana
(Walt.) Nutt. occurs with the typical form.
Page 173, after Spergulariu marina, insert:
Spergularia canadensis (Pers.) Don.
Buda borealis Wats.
Tissa canadensis Britton.
Rare. Groton, border of salt marsh at Esker Point
(Graves & Bissell). June — Aug.
Page 179, under Silene noctiiiora, add : Winchester (M. L.
Fernald & Weatherby).
Page 186, under Ranunculus sceleratus, add: Wethersfield
(Dr. E. J. Thompson), Newington (Bissell).
Page 186, under Ranunculus allegheniensis, add : Redding
(Eames & C. C. Godfrey).
Page 191, after Nigella saliva, insert:
Nigella damascena L.
Love-in-a-Mist.
Rare. Newtown, about a garden (Eames & C. C. Godfrey).
June. Fugitive from Eurasia.
Sometimes cultivated for ornament.
Page 194, under Podophyllum peltatum, add : Perhaps
native at Southington (Bissell).
Page 196, under Eschscholtsia calif ornica, add : Roadside,
Salisbury (R. W. Woodward & Weatherby).
Page 200, under Alyssum alyssoides, add : Griswold
(E. F. Burleson).
Page 201, after Lepidium campestre, insert:
Lepidium Draba L. (like Draba, the Whitlow Grass).
Hoary Cress.
422 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Rare. Guilford, a few plants in a field (G. H. Bartlett).
May — June. Fugitive from Europe.
Page 202, under Brasska alba, add: Hartford (Bissell).
Page 242, under Rosa setigera, add : Middlefield (Bissell).
Page 242, under Rosa spinosissima, add: Cornwall
(Miss M. J. Whitney).
Page 292, under Epilobium adenocaulon, add : Monroe
(Harger).
Page 347, after Lycium halimifolium, insert :
HYOSCYAMUS L. Henbane.
Hyoscyamus niger L. (black).
Black Henbane.
Rare. Middletown, in waste ground (J. Barratt). June —
July. Fugitive from Europe.
The plant is medicinal, the leaves of the second year's
growth officinal.
Page 396, after Bidens comosa, insert:
Bidens connata Muhl. (united).
Rare. Swamps and borders of streams : Lyme (Graves
& Bissell), Huntington and Milford (Harger). Aug. — Sept.
NATIVE PLANTS NOT FOUND IN RECENT YEARS.
The species named below were found growing in Connecticut
by former collectors whose specimens have been preserved, but
none of them have been seen within the last twenty years, and
most of them have not been found for a much longer period.
They are listed here to call special attention to them that it may
be ascertained whether they can at present be found growing in
the state or not.
Lycopodium Selago L.
Isoetes foveolata A. A. Eaton.
Sparganium angustifolium Michx.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 423
Sparganium fluctuans (Morong) Robinson.
Potamogeton lateralis Morong.
Elymus australis Scribn. & Ball.
Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd.
Melanthium latifolium Desr.
Euphorbia Ipecacuanhae L.
Acerates viridiflora Ell., var. lanceolata (Ives) Gray.
Trichostema lineare Walt.
Helianthus tracheliifolius Mill.
Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britton.
EXCLUDED SPECIES.
The following species and varieties, reported from Connecticut
in earlier lists, have been omitted from the present Catalogue,
either because of known errors, or because no authentic speci-
mens of them have been found.
The names are those of the older lists ; in all cases, however,
in which they diflFer from those in the seventh edition of Gray's
Manual, the latter are also given, after the original names.
Abbreviations indicate the list or lists in which each species
appears. These abbreviations and the lists they represent, are
as follows :
Berz. A Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Higher Cryp-
togams growing without cultivation within thirty
miles of Yale College. Published by the Berzelius So-
ciety. New Haven, 1878.
Bi. Bishop, James N. A Catalogue of all Phaenogamous
Plants at present known to grow in the State of Con-
necticut. Rep. Sec. Conn. Board Agric. 1884-5. Hart-
ford, 1885.
B2. Same, 2d edition. Vascular Cryptogams added. Rep.
Sec. Conn. Board Agric. 1895. Hartford, 1896.
Ba. Same, Additions and Corrections. Rep. Sec. Conn. Board
Agric. 1897. Hartford, 1898.
B3. Same, 3d edition. Rep. Sec. Conn. Board Agric. 1900.
Hartford, 1901.
424 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Biss. Bissell, C. H. Fern Flora of Connecticut. Fern Bul-
letin, vol. xiv, 1906.
B. & A. Bissell, C. H., and Andrews, Luman. Flora of the
Town of Southington and Vicinity. Conn. School
Document No. 222. [Hartford] 1902.
Br. Brace, John P. List of Plants growing spontaneously
in Litchfield and in its Vicinity. American Jour, of
Science, vol. iv, 1822.
C. & S. Case, George R., and Setchell, William A. A Cat-
alogue of Wild Plants growing in Norwich and Vicinity,
arranged in the order of flowering for the year 1882.
Norwich, 1883.
D. Driggs, A. W. Notes on the Flora of Connecticut. Conn.
School Document No. 198. [Hartford] 1901.
Leon. Leonard, Emily J. Catalogue of the Phaenogamous
and Vascular Cryptogamous Plants found growing in
Meriden, Conn. Trans. Meriden Sci. Ass., i, 1884. Meri-
den, 1885.
R. Rogers, Mrs. Elisha E. Flora of Norwich. Conn. School
Document No. 213. [Hartford] 1902.
Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. Biss.
An error in transcribing. Should have read Cryp-
togramma Stelleri.
Asplenium viride Huds. B2.
Noted as doubtful by Bishop.
Dryopteris aculeata Braunii (Spenner) Underw. Polystichum
Braunii (Spenner) Fee B2.
Botrychium Lunaria Sw. B2, B3, R.
Probably Botrychium simplex.
Isoetes lacustris L, B2, B3.
An error in determination. Plant was Isoetes Tucker-
mani.
Pinus inops Ait. Pinus virginiana Mill. Ba.
An error in determination. Tree was Pinus sylvestris.
Juniperus Sabina L., var. procumbens Pursh. Juniperus hori-
zontalis Moench. B2, B3.
An error in determination. Plant was Juniperus com-
munis, var. depressa.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 425
Potamogeton crispus L. B2, B3.
Triglochin palustris L. Berz., Bi, B2, B3.
Paspalum laeve Michx. Berz., Bi, B2, B3, R.
Avena fatua L. B2, B3.
Danthonia sericea Nutt. Leon.
Poa flexuosa Muhl. Poa autumnalis Muhl. Bi, B2, B3.
Festuca ovina L,, var. duriuscula Hack. Ba, B3.
An error in determination. Plant was Festuca rubra.
Cyperus Houghtonii Torr. B3.
An error in determination. Plant was Cyperus fili-
culmis.
Scirpus supinus L., var. Hallii Gray. Scirpus Hallii Gray.
B2.
Rynchospora capillacea Torr. B2, B3.
Carex adusta Boott. Berz., Bi.
Carex exilis Dewey. C. & S., B3, R.
Perhaps correct, but no specimen has been seen by the
committee.
Carex Goodenowii J. Gay. B3.
Lemna perpusilla Torr. Ba.
Juncus scirpoides Lam. Bi, B2, B3.
ITelonias bullata L. Leon.
Allium sativum L. Bi, B2, B3.
Lilium Catesbaei Walt. Leon.
Cypripedium arietinum R. Br. Berz., Bi, B2, B3.
Perhaps correct, but no specimen has been seen.
Cypripedium candidum Willd. B3, D.
Habenaria rotundifolia Richards. Orchis rotundifolia Banks.
Bi, B2, B3.
Probably actually collected by Dr. J. W. Robbins, but
no specimen has been seen.
Habenaria peramoena Gray. Leon.
426 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY, [Bull.
Salix petiolaris Sm. B3.
An error in determination.
Alnus viridis DC. B3.
Rumex sanguineus L. B2, B3.
Rumex maritimus L. Rumex persicarioides L. Bi, B2.
Polygonum maritimum L. B2.
Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus L. B2, B3.
An error in determination. Plant was Atriplex patula,
var. hastata.
Stellaria pubera Michx. Leon.
Cerastium viscosum L. Berz., C. & S., Bi, B2, B3, R.
Holosteum umbellatum L. Leon.
Silene nivea Otth. B2, B3.
Talinum teretifolium Pursh. Berz., Bi, B2, B3.
Specimen extant, but not certainly from Connecticut.
Ranunculus Flammula L. Br.
Thalictrum clavatum DC. Leon.
Berberis canadensis Pursh. B2.
An error in determination. Plant was Berberis vul-
garis.
Crataegus tomentosa L. Berz., Leon., Bi, B3,
Geum macrophyllum Willd. B2, B3.
Probably Geum strictum.
Rubus invisus Bailey. B. & A.
An error in determination. Plant was a form of Rubus
villosus.
Baptisia australis R. Br. Leon.
Trifolium medium L. Leon.
Desmodium strictum DC. B3.
Clitoria mariana L. Leon.
Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. Ba, B3.
Euphorbia dentata Michx. Br., Leon.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 427
Vitis indivisa Willd. Cissus Ampelopsis Pers. Leon.
Vitis bipinnata Torr. & Gray. Cissus arborea (L.) Des Monl-
ins. Leon.
Vitis cordifolia Michx. Berz., Leon., Bi, B2, B3, R.
An error in determination. Plant was Vitis vulpina.
Helianthemum corymbosum Michx. Leon.
Viola striata Ait. Bi, B2, B3.
Specimens extant, but not certainly from Connecticut.
Viola canina L. Leon.
Probably carelessly written for Viola canina, var. syl-
vestris of Gray's Manual ed. 5 (= Viola conspersa).
Opuntia Rafinesquii Engelm. Berz., Bi, B2, B3.
Epilobium Hornemanni Reichenb. B2.
An error in determination. Plant was probably Epilo-
bium adenocaulon.
Hippuris vulgaris L. Berz., Bi, B2, B3.
Bupleurum rotundifolium L. Berz., Bi, B2, B3.
Probably correct, but no specimen has been seen.
Thaspium aureum Nutt. Br. (as Smyrneum), C & S., Leon.,
Bi, B2.
Probably Zizia aurea.
Thaspium trifoliatum Gray. Berz., Bi, B2.
Probably Zizia aurea.
Thaspium barbinode Nutt. C. & S.
An error in determination.
Azalea arborescens Pursh. Rhododendron arborescens
(Pursh) Torr. Leon.
Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. C. & S.
An error in determination.
Vaccinium corymbosum Ait., var. pallidum Gray. Leon.
Samolus Valerandi L. B2, B3, R.
Probably Samolus fioribundus.
Gentiana Amarella L. B2, B3.
Probably Gentiana quinquefolia.
428 CONNECTICUIT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST SURVEY. [Bull.
Gentiana Saponaria L. Br., B2.
Probably Gentiana Andrewsii.
Apocynum cannabinum L., var. hypericifolium Gray. Ba.
Periploca graeca L. Leon.
Perhaps correct, but no specimen has been seen.
Asclepiodora viridis Gray. B2.
Probably meant for Acerates viridiflora.
Asclepias paupercula Michx. Asclepias lanceolata Walt.
Leon.
Asclepias ovalifolia Decsne. Leon.
Asclepias parviflora Pursh. Asclepias perennis Walt. Leon.
Cuscuta tenuiflora Engelm. Cuscuta Cephalanthi Engelm.
Leon.
Ajuga reptans L. Berz., Bi, B2, B3, B. & A.
An error in determination. The plant was Ajuga gen-
evensis.
Isanthus caeruleus Michx. Isanthus brachiatus (L.) BSP.
Br., B2, B3.
Scutellaria saxatilis Riddell. Leon.
Lamium album L. Berz., Bi, B2, B3, B. & A.
Probably wrong determination. In two cases the plant
is known to have been a white-flowered form of Lamium
maculatum.
Stachys palustris L., var. cordata Gray. Stachys cordata Rid-
dell. Berz., Bi, B2, B3.
Probably a form of Stachys tenuifolia, var. aspera.
Monarda punctata L. Leon.
Satureja hortensis L. Berz., Bi, B2, B3.
Pycnanthemum aristatum Michx. Br.
Mentha rotundifolia L. Bi, B2, B3.
Physalis pubescens L. Leon., Bi, B2.
Linaria genistifolia Mill. C. & S.
Antirrhinum majus L. B3.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 429
Mimulus Jamesii Torr. Mimulus glabratus HBK., var. Jamesii
(Torr. & Gray) Gray. Ba.
An error in determination. Probably Alinulus Langs-
dorffii.
Micranthemum Nuttallii Gray. Micranthemum micranthe-
moides (Nutt.) Wettst. Bi, B2, B3.
Veronica Anagallis L. Veronica Anagallis-aquatica I.. B2.
Probably Veronica americana.
Veronica Beccabunga L. Br.
I Veronica agrestis L. C. & S.
Gerardia linifolia Nutt. Leon.
Utricularia striata LeConte. Utricularia fibrosa Walt. Bi.
Lonicera Caprifolium L. Leon., Bi, B2, B3.
Valeriana edulis Nutt. Bi, B2, B3,
Campanula americana L. C. & S., Leon.
C. & S. report later corrected by them.
Liatris squarrosa Willd. B2, B3.
An error in determination. Plant was Liatris scariosa.
Liatris cylindracea Michx. B2, B3.
Chrysopsis mariana Nutt. B3.
Specimens extant, bvit not certainly from Connecticut.
Solidago stricta Ait. Leon.
Aster concolor L. Bi, B2, B3.
Aster sagittifolius L. B2, B3.
Aster salicifolius Willd. B2, B3.
An error in determination.
Diplopappus amygdalinus Torr. & Gray. Aster umbellatus
Mill., var. latifolius Gray. Leon.
Helianthus angustifolius L. B2, B3.
Helianthus doronicoides Lam. Bi, B2, B3.
Coreopsis rosea Nutt. B3.
In B3 occurs also the combination Helianthus scabra (sic),
430 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
without author citation, and in Leon, the combinations Saponaria
iiiflata, Ampclopsis trifolia and Centaur ea arvense (sic). Of
these the first two are probably errors for Heliopsis scabra and
Silene inflata respectively. The others are presumably mistakes
of the same sort, but it is not apparent for what they were
intended.
According to Britton's Manual, 3d ed., Scleria reticularis
Michx., var. pubescens Britton, occurs in Connecticut; and, on
the strength of presumably reliable records, Gray's Manual, 7th
ed., credits Setaria imberbis R. & S. to the state. The committee,
however, have seen no specimens of these plants from Connecti-
cut, and they are therefore omitted from the present Catalogue.
FUGITIVE SPECIES.
The species named in the following lists of fugitives are
known to have occurred spontaneously in Connecticut, thus
requiring mention in the Catalogue. For convenience of refer-
ence they are given in their proper place under the families to
which they belong. They are not, however, to be regarded as
properly forming a part of our uncultivated flora, and in making
up the tables of statistics that follow they are left out of account
entirely.
These fugitives may be separated into groups as follows :
Group i.
Species of which neither seed nor plant is ordinarily hardy in
this climate and which can therefore continue but for a single
season ; mostly plants of dumping grounds.
Zea Mays L.
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.
Cicer arietinum L.
Vicia Faba L.
Pisum sativum L.
Pisum sativum L., var. arvense (L.) Poir.
Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Phaseolus vulgaris L., var. nanus (L.) Taubert.
Ricimis communis L.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 43 1
Abutilon pictum (Gill.) Walp.
Hibiscus esculentus L.
Group 2.
Annual or biennial species cultivated either for use or orna-
ment, that persist for a year or two in the locality where culti-
vated or where the seeds may be accidentally scattered ; perennials,
joften grown for ornament, that rarely escape and maintain them-
iselves for a few years and later disappear ; and species that appear
spontaneously but remain only a year or two.
Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.
Avena sativa L.
Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Kuntze.
Secale cereale L.
Triticum sativum Lam.
Hordeum vulgare L.
Cyperus fuscus L.
Juncus brachycarpus Engelm.
Sisyrinchium albidum Raf.
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.
Beta vulgaris L.
Portulaca grandiflora Hook.
Papaver Rhoeas L.
Argemone alba Lestib.
Argemone mexicana L.
Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv.
Lepidium sativum L.
Raphanus sativus L.
Brassica Napus L.
Brassica Rapa L.
Brassica oleracea L.
Lunaria annua L.
Cleome spinosa L.
Reseda alba L.
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link.
Trifolium incarnatum L.
Glycyrrhiza lepidota (Nutt.) Pursh.
Geranium dissectum L.
Anethum graveolens L.
432 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Lysimachia vulgaris L.
Ipomoea coccinea L.
Verbena officinalis L.
Salvia pratensis L.
Salvia splendens Ker.
Capsicum annuum L.
Solanum tuberosum L.
Datura meteloides DC.
Nicotiana rustica L.
Nicotiana Tabacum L.
Linaria Elatine (L.) Mill.
Pentstemon grandiflorus Nutt.
Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.
Cucumis Melo L.
Cucumis sativus L.
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne.
Cucurbita moschata Duchesne.
Cucurbita Pepo L.
Cucurbita Pepo L., var. condensa Bailey.
Anthemis nobilis L.
Artemisia Abrotanum L.
Calendula officinalis L.
Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng.
Leontodon hastilis L.
Lactuca sativa L.
Crepis taraxacifolia Thuill.
Crepis rigida W. & K.
Group 3.
Species that are cultivated and inclined to escape, and species
that appear spontaneously, the latter mostly brought in with hay
or grain, with grass or clover seed, in mill supplies and by rail-
roads ; that are of so recent introduction or have been so little
observed that it is not yet known whether they will persist.
The line drawn between this group and a number of species
regarded as adventive is of necessity somewhat arbitrary, and
no doubt further observation will show that some of the species
listed here have become a part of our uncultivated flora. It is
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 433
also possible that a species now considered adventive and well
established may later disappear.
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers,
Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link.
Bromus squarrosus L.
Agropyron tenerum Vasey.
Elymus brachystachys Scribn. & Ball.
Salix incana Schrank.
Corylus heterophylla Fisch.
Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coulter.
Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Aschers.
Atriplex tatarica L.
Acnida tuberculata Moq.
Acnida tuberculata Moq., van prostrata (U. & B.) Robinson.
Mirabilis Jalapa L.
Anychia polygonoides Raf.
Tetragonia expansa Murr,
Gypsophila muralis L.
Gypsophila elegans Bieb.
Nigella sativa L.
Nigella damascena L.
Eschscholtzia californica Cham.
Lepidium ruderale L.
Lepidium Draba L.
Iberis amara L.
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz.
Camelina microcarpa Andrz.
Neslia paniculata (L.) Desf.
Brassica japonica Siebold.
Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC.
Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort.
Alliaria officinalis Andrz.
Sisymbrium canescens Nutt.
Sisymbrium Sophia L.
lodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud.
Reseda Luteola L.
Reseda odorata L.
Philadelphus inodorus L.
Deutzia scabra Thunb.
28
434 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU
Ribes nigrum L.
Filipendula hexapetala Gilib.
Sanguisorba minor Scop.
Cercis canadensis L.
Medicago arabica Hiids.
Medicago hispida Gaertn.
Hosackia americana (Nutt.) Piper.
Vicia hirsuta (L.) S. F. Gray.
Lens esculenta Moench.
Geranium pratense L.
Geranium molle L.
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her.
Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Her.
Cardiospermum Halicacabum L.
Sida spinosa L.
Oenothera laciniata Hill.
Eryngium planum L.
Coriandrum sativum L.
Forsythia viridissima Lindl.
Sabatia campestris Nutt.
Ellisia Nyctelea L.
Phacelia viscida (Benth.) Torr.
Phacelia Purshii Buckley.
Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm.
Borago officinalis L. [
Verbena canadensis (L.) Britton.
Sideritis montana L.
Agastache Foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze.
Galeopsis Ladanum L.
Physalis angulata L.
Hyoscyamus niger L.
Datura Metel L.
Verbascum phlomoides L.
Verbascum Pseudo-Lychnitis Schur.
Linaria minor (L.) Desf.
Antirrhinum Orontium L.
Digitalis purpurea L.
Veronica hederaefolia L.
Martynia louisiana Mill.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 435
Galium Wirtgenii F. Schultz.
Valerianella Loctista (L.) Betcke.
Knautia arvensis (L.) T. Coulter.
Momordica Charantia L.
Campanula patula L.
Campanula carpatica Jacq.
Jasione montana L.
Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal.
Ambrosia bidendata Michx.
Lepachys pinnata (Vent.) Torr. & Gray.
Helianthus debilis Nutt.
Helianthus debilis Nutt., var. cucumerifolius (Torr. & Gray)
Gray.
Helianthus Maximiliani Schrad.
Bidens leucantha Willd.
Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton.
Matricaria inodora L.
Matricaria Chamomilla L.
Matricaria suaveolens (Pursh) Buchenau.
Artemisia campestris L., var. pubescens (Jord. & Fourr.)
Rouy & Foucaud.
Artemisia Dracunculus L.
Artemisia annua L.
Artemisia frigida Willd.
Petasites vulgaris Hill.
Carduus acanthoides L.
Centaurea nigra L., var. radiata DC.
Picris echioides L.
Total number of fugitive species and varieties listed 169.
STATISTICAL SUMMARIES.
Tabular List of Families.
Genera. Species. Varieties and
Families. Named Forms.
Native. Introd. Native. Introd. Native. Introd.
ITERIDOPHYTA
Polypodiaceae 16 ... Z7 ■ ■ ■ 10
Schizaeaceae i ... i
Osmundaceae i ... 3 ... 3
436
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Families.
Ophioglossaceae
Marsileaceae
Equisetaceae
Lycopodiaceae
Selaginellaceae
Isoetaceae
Native. Introd.
2
I
I
I
I
I
SPERMATOPHYTA
GYMNOSPERMAE
Taxaceae
Pinaceae
ANGIOSPERMAE
MONOCOTYLEDONEAE
Typhaceae
Sparganiaceae
Najadaceae
Juncaginaceae
Alismaceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Gramineae
Cyperaceae
Araceae
Lemnaceae
Eriocaulaceae
Xyridaceae
Commelinaceae
Pontederiaceae
Juncaceae
Liliaceae
Haemodoraceae
Dioscoreaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Iridaceae
Orchidaceae
DiCOTYLEDONEAE
Piperaceae
Salicaceae
Myricaceae
Juglandaceae
Betulaceae
Fagaceae
Urticaceae
Santalaceae
Loranthaceae
Species.
Native. Introd.
7
I
2
7
33
2
9
2
146
174
7
5
I
4
I
3
20
30
I
I
I
6
40
Varieties and
Named Forms.
Native. Introd.
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
437
Families.
Genera.
Native. Introd
Spec
Native.
ies.
Introd.
Varieties and
Named Forms.
Native. Introd
Aristolochiaceae
2
2
2
Polygonaceae
3
22
14
8
Chenopodiaceae
5
[ 12
7
2 3
Amaranthaceae
2
2
6
I
Phytolaccaceae
I
Nyctaginaceae
3
Illecebraceae
I
I
Aizoaceae
I
Caryophyllaceae
6 I
) II
24
I
Portulacaceae
I
I
...
Ceratophyllaceae
I
I
Nymphaeaceae
4
I
Ranunculaceae
13
f 37
5
5 I
Magnoliaceae
I
Menispermaceae
I
Berberidaceae
I 2
2
Lauraceae
2
Papaveraceae
I 2
3
... ...
Fumariaceae
3
I
... ...
Cruciferae
9 <
) 22
25
Capparidaceae
I
I
Resedaceae
I
Sarraceniaceae
I
... ...
Droseraceae
I
Podostemaceae
I
... ...
Crassulaceae
2 2
3
Saxifragaceae
7
I 15
6
Hamamelidaceae
2
... ...
Platanaceae
I
Rosaceae
15
5 79
35
21 3
Leguminosae
13 i
I 38
23
I I
Linaceae
I
I
Oxalidaceae
I
I
Geraniaceae
I
I
Rutaceae
I
I
... ...
Simarubaceae
I
Polygalaceae
I
I
Euphorbiaceae
3
6
Callitrichaceae
I
Limnanthaceae
I
Anacardiaceae
I
I
Aquifoliaceae
2
2
Celastraceae
I
3
Staphyleaceae
I
Aceraceae
I
6
2
I
438
CONNECTICUT
GEOL. AND NAT. HIST.
SURVEY. [Bull.
Genera.
Families.
Native. Introd.
Species.
Native. Introd.
Varieties and
Named Forms.
Native. Introd.
Sapindaceae
Balsaminaceae
I
2
Rhamnaceae
2
2
Vitaceae
2
6
I
Tiliaceae
I
2
Malvaceae
I
I
10
Hypericaceae
I
II
2
Elatinaceae
I
I
Cistaceae
3
9
I
Violaceae
I
25
3
I
Cactaceae
I
r
Thymelaeaceae
I
I
Lythraceae
4
4
I
Melastomaceae
I
I
Onagraceae
5
21
I
3
Haloragidaceae
2
6
2
Araliaceae
2
5
2
Umbelliferae
15
10
23
10
I
Cornaceae
2
8
Ericaceae
i8
39
8
Plumbaginaceae
I
I
Primulaceae
5
9
3
Ebenaceae
I
I
Oleaceae
I
3
3
I
Gentianaceae
5
9
Apocynaceae
I
3
I
I
Asclepiadaceae
2
lO
I
2
Convolvulaceae
3
7
5
I
Polemoniaceae
2
2
3
Hydrophyllaceae
I
I
Boraginaceae
4
6
10
Verbenaceae
I
3
2
Labiatae
15
34
3T
4 I
Solanaceae
2
5
12
2
Scrophulariaceae
15
32
12
I 2
Lentibulariaceae
I
10
Orobanchaceae
3
3
Bignoniaceae
2
Phrymaceae
I
I
Plantaginaceae
I
5
2
I
Rubiaceae
5
17
4
I
Caprifoliaceae
6
20
6
2
Valerianaceae
I
I
I
Dipsacaceae
I
Cucurbitaceae
2
2
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
439
Genera.
Families.
Native. Introd.
Species. Varieties and
Named Forms.
Native. Introd. Native. Introd.
Campanulaceae
2
3
I
I
Lobeliaceae
I
6
Compositae
34
22
146
69
33
10
SUMMARY
BY DIVISIONS
AND CLASSES.
Pteridophyta
25
74
22
Spermatophyta
454
142
1407
461
233
31
Gymnospermae
9
13
4
I
Angiospermae
445
142
1394
457
232
31
Monocotyledoneae
123
21
495
61
113
3
Dicotyledoneae
322
121
899
396
119
28
SUMMARY
BY
MINOR GROUPS
Families
134
Genera
native
479
introduced
142
total
621
Species
native
. 1481
introduced
. 461
total
1942
Varieties and
Named
Forms
native
. 255
introduced
31
total
.
286
Whole number of different plants (species, varieties and named
forms), not including those listed as fugitives, 2,228.
ORIGIN OF INTRODUCED SPECIES.
Temperate
North
America.
Tropical
America.
Pinaceae
Gramineae
Commelinaceae
Liliaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Iridaceae
Salicaceae
Urticaceae f
Polygonaceae
Chenopodiaceae
2
Amaranthaceae
5
Nyctaginaceae
Illecebraceae
Europe.
3
42
Eurasia. Asia. Unknown.
440
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
Bull.
Temperate
North
Tropical
America.
Aizoaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Portulacaceae
Ranunculaceae
Berberidaceae
Papaveraceae
Fumariaceae
Cruciferae
Capparidaceae
Resedaceae
Crassulaceae
Saxifragaceae
Rosaceae
Leguminosae
Linaceae
Oxalidaceae
Geraniaceae
Rutaceae
Simarubaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Celastraceae
Aceraceae
Sapindaceae
Rhamnaceae
Tiliaceae
Malvaceae
Hypericaceae
Violaceae
Lythraceae
Onagraceae
Araliaceae
Umbelliferae
Primulaceae
Oleaceae
Apocynaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Convolvulaceae
Polemoniaceae
Boraginaceae
Verbenaceae
Labiatae
Solanaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Bignoniaceae
Plantaginaceae
Europe. Eurasia. Asia. Unknown
21
I
6
I
3
I
24
I
3
3
13
i6
t4.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
441
Temperature.
North Tropical
America. America.
Europe.
Rubiaceae
Caprifoliaceae
2
Valerianaceae
Dipsacaceae
...
Campanulaceae
Compositae
20 3
53
Eurasia. Asia. Unknown.
VARIETIES AND NAMED FORMS IN SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL
GENERA,
Species.
Native. Introd.
Varieties and
Named Forms.
Native. Introd.
Total.
Potamogeton
27
..
10
37
Panicum
40
I
2
43
Bromus
5
8
13
Cyperus
12
4
16
Eleocharis
14
2
16
Scirpus
Carex
23
III
9
53
32
164
Juncus
18
6
24
Habenaria
13
13
Salix
13
5
5
23
Quercus
12
12
Rumex
3
7
10
Polygonum
18
7
8
33
Chenopodium
4
6
2
12
Ranunculus
16
2
2
I
21
Ribes
6
4
10
Crataegus
18
I
II
30
Potentilla
9
2
2
13
Rosa
5
7
13
Rubus
16
3
4
23
Prunus
9
6
15
Desmodium
13
13
Euphorbia
5
6
II
Hypericum
II
2
13
Viola
25
3
I
29
Mentha
I
9
I
II
Veronica
6
5
II
Galium
II
3
I
15
Solidago
27
4
31
Aster
32
I
19
52
Helianthus
6
5
I
12
Bidens
10
I
II
442 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
BOTANICAL AUTHORS CITED,
The following list is not entirely complete, but is intended
to summarize such information as the Committee were able
to gather in the time, and with the resources, at their disposal.
A. A. Eaton. Alvah Augustus Eaton, 1865-1908. United
States. Student particularly of the Isoctaceae and Eqiii-
setaceae of North America.
A. Br. See Braun.
Adans. Michel Adanson, 1727-1806. Author of a work on
the families of plants.
A. DC. Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus De Candolle. 1806-
1893. Switzerland. Editor of the Prodromus after his
father's death, and contributor to it; author of works on
botanical geography, etc.
Ait. William Alton, 1731-1793. England. Author of Hortus ,
Kewensis.
Ait. f. William Townsend Alton, 1766-1849. England.
Director of the Royal Gardens at Kew.
A. J. Eames. Arthur Johnson Eames. LTnited States.
A. J. Grout. Abel Joel Grout. United States. Student of
North American mosses.
All. Carlo Allioni, 1725-1804. Italy. Prof, of Botany at
Turin.
Ames. Oakes Ames. United States. Director of the Botanic
Garden, Harvard University. Student of Orchidaceae.
Anders. Nils Johan Andersson, 1821-1880. Sweden. Prof.
of Botany at Stockholm. Author of a monograph of the
genus Salix, etc.
Andr. Henry C. Andrews. England. Botanical artist and
engraver; conducted the Botanists' Repository, 1799-1811,
Andrz. Anton Lukianowicz Andrzejowski, 1784-1868. Rus-
sia. Prof, of Botany at Wilna.
A. Nelson. Aven Nelson. United States. Prof, of Botany
at the State L^niversity of Wyoming. Author of articles
on Rocky Mountain botany.
Angstr. Johan Angstroem. Sweden. Author of a work on
mosses of Scandinavia, published 1842.
Ard. Pietro Arduino, 1728-1805. Italy.
Arn. George Arnold Walker Arnott, 1799- 1868. Scotland.
Aschers., Ascherson. Paul Friedrich August Ascherson.
Germany. Prof, of Botany at the University of Berlin.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 443
Ashe. William Willard Ashe. United States. Botanist,
North Carolina Geological Survey.
Aust. Coe Finch Austin, 1831-1880. United States. Curator
of the Herbarium at Columbia University. Student espe-
cially of North American mosses.
Ave-Lallemant. See Lall.
Bab. Charles Cardale Babington. England. Prof, of Botany
at Cambridge University. Author of a manual of British
botany, published 1843, ^^c.
Bailey. Liberty Hyde Bailey. United States. Director of
the College of Agriculture at Cornell University. Author
of studies of the genus Carex and of many works relating
to horticulture.
Baker. John Gilbert Baker. England. Formerly Keeper of
the Herbarium of the Royal Gardens, Kew.
Balbis. Giovanni Battista Balbis, 1765-1831. Italy. Prof, at
Turin.
Ball. Carleton Roy Ball. United States. Agronomist in the
Department of Agriculture.
Banks. Joseph Banks, 1743-1820. England. President of
the Royal Society. Explorer, and generous patron of
science.
Barneoud. F. Marius Barneoud. France. Author of a mono-
graph of the Plantaginaceae, published 1845.
Barnh. John Hendley Barnhart. United States. Librarian,
New York Botanical Garden.
Barratt. Joseph Barratt. 1707-1882. United States. Student
chiefly of willows and sedges.
Bart., Barton. William Paul Crillon Barton. 1787-1856.
United States. Prof, at the University of Pennsylvania.
Author of Compendium Florae Philadelphicae, and of a
flora of North America.
Bartlett. Harley Harris Bartlett. United States.
B. D. Greene. Benjamin D. Greene, 1793-1863. United
States.
Beauv. Ambroise Marie Frangois Joseph Palisot de Beauvois,
1755-1820. France. Author of a great work on grasses.
Beck. Lewis Caleb Beck, 1798-1853. United States. Prof.
at various colleges. Author of Botany of the Northern
and Middle States.
Beeby. William Hadden Beeby. England.
Benn. Arthur Bennett. England.
444 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Benth. George Bentham, 1800-1884. England. Author or
joint author of many important botanical works.
Berchtold. Friedrich, Graf von Berchtold, b. 1780. Bohemia.
Bergius. Peter Jonas Bergius, 1730-1790. Sweden.
Bernh. Johann Jacob Bernhardi, 1774-1850. Germany. Prof.
of Botany at Erfurt.
Bess. Wilhelm S. J. G. von Besser, 1784-1842. Austria.
Betcke. Ernst Friedrich Betcke. Germany. Author of a
work on the genus Valerianella, published 1826.
Beyrich. Karl Beyrich, d. 1834. Germany.
Bicknell. Eugene Pintard Bicknell. United States. Author
of many articles on North American plants.
Bieb. Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein, 1768-
1826. Germany and Russia. Author of works on the flora
of Southern Russia.
Bigel. Jacob Bigelow, 1787-1879. United States. Author of
Florula Bostoniensis, and of a Medical Botany.
Bisch., Bischoff. Gottlieb Wilhelm Bischoff, 1 797-1854.
Germany. Prof, of Botany at Heidelberg.
Bissell. Charles Humphrey Bissell. United States.
Blanchard. William Henry Blanchard. United States.
Blume. Karl Ludwig Blunie, 1796-1862. Holland. Director
of the Royal Herbarium at Leyden. Author of a great
flora of Java.
Blytt. Matthias Numsen Blytt, 1789-1862. Norway. Prof.
of Botany at Christiania. Author of a flora of Norway.
Boeckl. Johann Otto Boeckeler, 1803- 1899. Germany.
Writer on Cyperaccae.
Boehm. Georg Rudolf Boehmer, 1723-1803. Germany. Prof.
at Wittenberg. (Boehmcria Jacq.)
Boenn. Clemens Maria Friedrich von Boenninghausen, 1785-
1864. Germany.
Boiss. Edmond Boissier, 1810-1885. Switzerland. Author
of a Flora Orientalis, various studies of the genus Euphor-
bia, etc.
Bonpland. See HBK.
Boott. Francis Boott, 1792-1863. United States and England.
Author of a great work on the genus Carex. See also W.
Boott.
Borkh. Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen, 1760-1806. Germany.
Bosc. Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc, 1759-182S. France.
Bosch. Roelof Benjamin van den Bosch, 1810-1862. Holland.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 445
Braun. Alexander Carl Heinrich Braiin, 1805-1877. Germany.
Professor at the University of Berlin. Writer on
Cryptogams.
Bray. See U. & B.
Briquet. John Isaac Briquet. Switzerland. Director of the
Geneva Botanic Garden.
Britten. James Britten. England. Senior Assistant, De-
partment of Botany, British Museum. Editor, Journal of
Botany.
Britton. Nathaniel Lord Britton. United States. Director,
New York Botanical Garden. Author of Illustrated Flora
of the Northern States and Canada (with Addison Brown),
Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada,
and numerous botanical papers.
Brown. Addison Brown. United States. See also R. Br.
Browne. See P. Br.
BSP. Nathaniel Lord Britton, E. E. Sterns and Justus
Poggenburg. Authors of a Preliminary Catalogue of the
Plants of the Vicinity of New York.
Buchenau. Franz Georg Philipp Buchenau, 1831-1906.
Germany.
Buckley. Samuel Botsford Buckley, 1809-1884. United
States.
Burgess. Edward Sanford Burgess. United States. Prof,
of Natural Science, Normal College, New York. Author
of studies of the genus Aster.
Burm. f. Nickolaus Laurens Burmann, 1734-1793. Holland.
Bush. B. F. Bush. United States.
Candolle. See A. DC, DC.
C. & S. A. von Chamisso and D. F. L. von Schlechtendal.
See Cham, and Schlecht.
Carey. John Carey, 1797-1880. England and United States.
Lived and collected in the United States, 1830 to 1852;
wrote on willows and sedges.
Carr. Elie Abel Carriere, 1818-1896. France. Editor of
Revue Horticole ; author of a monograph of Coniferae.
Casp. Robert Caspary, 1818-1887. Germany. Prof, of
Botany at Konigsberg. Wrote on water plants.
Cass. Alexandre Henri Gabriel, Comte de Cassini, 1781-1832.
France.
446 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT, HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Cav. Antonio Jose Cavanilles, 1745-1804. Spain. Prof, of
Botany at Madrid.
C. C. Gmel. Carl Christian Gmelin, 1762-1837. Germany.
Celak, Ladislav Celakovsky, 1834-1902. Bohemia. Prof, of
Botany at Prague.
Chaix. Dominique Chaix, 1731-1800. France.
Cham, Adalbert von Chamisso, 1781-1838. Germany. Poet
and naturalist.
Chapm. Alvan Wentworth Chapman, 1809-1899. United
States. Author of a standard flora of the Southern States.
Chase. (Mrs.) Agnes Chase. United States. Assistant in
S3^stematic agrostology, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Chatelain. Jean Jacques Chatelain. Author of a work on the
genus CoraUorrhisa, published 1760.
Clarke. Charles Baron Clarke, 1832-1906. England. Student
principally of the Cyperaceae.
Clayt. John Clayton, 1685-1 773. Physician and collector in
Virginia, and correspondent of Gronovius, whose Flora
Virginica was based on Clayton's collections and notes.
{Claytonia L.)
Clute. Willard Nelson Clute. United States. Student of
North American ferns and fern-allies.
Cosson. Ernest Cosson, 1819-1889. France.
Coulter. John Merle Coulter. United States. Prof, of
Botany at the University of Chicago. Author of a manual
of Rocky Alountain Botany, botanical text-books, etc. See
also T. Coulter.
Courtois. Richard Courtois, 1806-1835. Belgium. Prof, at
Liege.
Coville. Frederick Vernon Coville. United States. Botanist,
U. S. Department of Agriculture. Curator, U. S. National
Herbarium. Author of many botanical papers.
Crantz. Heinrich Johann Nepomuk Crantz, 1722-1799.
Austria. Prof, at Vienna.
Curtis. William Curtis, 1746-1799. England. Founder of
Curtis's Botanical Magazine. See also M. A. Curtis.
C. Wright. Charles Wright, 1811-1886. United States.
Made important collections in the southwestern U. S. and
in Cuba.
Cyrill. Domenico Cyrillo, 1730-1799. Italy. Prof, at Naples.
Darby. John Darby, 1804-1877. United States. Author of a
Botany of the Southern States.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 447
Dad. William Darlington, 1782- 1863. United States.
Author of Flora Cestrica, a local flora of the vicinity of
West Chester, Penn.
Davenp. George Edward Davenport, 1833-1907. United
States. Student of American ferns.
DC. Augustin Pyramus De Candolle, 1778-1841. France
and Switzerland. Projector of the Prodromus, writer of
its earlier volumes and of other important botanical work.
See also A. DC.
D. C. Eaton, Daniel Cady Eaton, 1834-1895. United States.
Prof, of Botany at Yale University. Author of Ferns of
North America, etc.
Dene. Joseph Decaisne, 1809-1882. France. Prof, at the
Jardin des Plantes, Paris.
D. Don. David Don, 1800-1841. England. Prof, at King's
College, London.
De Candolle. See A. DC, DC.
Desf. Rene Louiche Desfontaines, 1750-1833. France. Prof.
at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris.
Desr. Desrousseaux.
Desv. Augustin Nicaise Desvaux, 1784-1856. France. Prof.
of Botany at Angers.
Dewey. Chester Dewey, 17S4-1867. United States. Prof, at
Rochester University. Student of American Cariccs.
Dicks. James Dickson, 1738- 1822. Scotland. {Dicksonia
L'Her.)
Dietr. Friedrich Gottlieb Dietrich, 1768-1850. Germany.
Director of the Botanic Garden at Eisenach.
Don. See D. Don, G. Don.
Donn. James Donn, 1758-1813. England. Author of Hortus
Cantabrigiensis.
Dougl. David Douglas, 1799-1834. Scotland. Collected
much in northwestern North America.
Druce. George Claridge Druce. England. Author of various
works on the British flora.
Drude. Oskar Drude. Germany. Prof, at Dresden. Author
of works on plant geography, etc.
Duby. Jean Etienne Duby, b. 1798. Switzerland. Author
of studies in the Primulaceae.
1 Duchesne. Antoine Nicolas Duchesne, 1747-1827. France.
Dudley. William Russell Dudley. United States. Prof, of
Botany at Leland Stanford, Jr., University.
448 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
Du£r. Pierre Dufresne, 1786-1836. France. Author of a
work on the Valerianaceae.
Dulac. J. Dulac. France. Author of a Flora du Departe-
ment des Hautes Pyrenees, 1867.
Dumont. Jules Sebastien Cesar Dumont d'Urville, 1 790-1 842.
France.
Dumort. Barthelemy Charles Dumortier, 1797-1878.
Belgium.
Dunal. Michel Felix Dunal, 1 789-1 856. France. Prof, of
Botany at Montpellier. Author of a monograph of
Solanum and allied genera, etc.
Dur. Michel Charles Durieu de Maisonneuve, 1796-1878.
France. Director of the Botanic Garden at Bordeaux.
Durand. Elias Durand, 1 794-1873. United States. Collector
of North American plants. See also Th. Durand.
DuRoi. Johann Philipp DuRoi, 1741-1785. Germany. Author
of a work on the trees of North America.
Eames. Edwin Hubert Fames. United States. See also
A. J. Eames.
Eaton. See A. A. Eaton, D. C. Eaton, H. H. Eaton.
Ebermaier. Karl Heinrich Ebermaier, 1802-1870. Germany.
Eddy. Caspar Wistar Eddy. United States. Author of a
local flora, Pla\ntae Plandomenses, published 1808.
Eggleston, Willard Webster Eggleston. United States.
Collector ; student of Crataegus.
E. Hitchc. Edward Hitchcock, 1793-1864. United States.
Prof, at Amherst College. Author of a Catalogue of Plants
in the Vicinity of Amherst College, etc.
Ehrh. Friedrich Ehrhart, 1742-1795. Germany.
Ell. Stephen Elliott, 1771-1830. United States. Author of
Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia.
Ellis. John Ellis, 1711-1776. England. {Ellisia L.)
Endlicher. Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher, 1804-
1849. Prof, at Vienna and Director of the Botanic Garden.
Author of a Genera Plantarum.
Engelm. George Engelmann, 1809-1884. United States.
Studied and monographed more or less completely several
difficult genera of North American plants.
E. S. Miller. Elihu Sandford Miller. United States.
Fabric. Philipp Konrad Fabricius, 1 714-1774. Germany.
Prof, at Helmstadt.
Farwell. Oliver Atkins Farwell. United States.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 449
Fee. Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fee, 1789-1874. France.
Prof, of Botany at Strassburg. AVriter on ferns.
Fenzl. Eduard Fenzl, 1808-1879. Austria. Curator of the
Botanical Aluseum at Vienna.
Fernald. Merritt Lyndon Fernald. United States. Assistant
Prof, of Botany, Harvard University, Author of many
papers and monographs deaHng with the North American
and Mexican floras.
Fisch. Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von Fischer, 1782-1854.
Russia. Director of the Botanic Garden at St. Petersburg.
Fliigge. Johann Fliigge, 1775-1816. Germany.
Focke. Wilhelm Olbers Focke. Germany.
Forbes. John Forbes, 1773-1861. England. Gardener at
Woburn Abbey. Author of Hortus Woburnensis.
Forskal. Pehr Forskal, 1736-1768. Sweden. Collected in
Egypt and Arabia.
Foucaud. Julien Foucaud, 1847-1904. France.
Fourn. Pierre Nicolas Eugene Fournier, 1834-1884. France.
Author of works on Mexican ferns and grasses.
Fourr. Jules Fourreau. France.
Fries. Elias Magnus Fries, 1794-1878. Sweden. Prof, at
Upsala. Author of many works on systematic botany,
chiefly of the lower Cryptogams.
Fritsch. Karl Fritsch. Austria. Prof, of Botany at the
University of Graz.
Froel. Joseph Alo3''S Froelich, 1766-1841. Germany. Author
of a monograph of the genus Gentiana, etc.
F. Schultz. Friedrich Wilhelm Schultz, b. 1804. Germany.
Gaertn. Joseph Gaertner, 1732-1791. Germany.
Garcke. Friedrich August Garcke, 1819-1904. Germany.
Prof, at Berlin. Author of a standard manual of the
German flora.
Gaud. Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupre, 1789-1864. France.
Gaudin. Jean Frangois Gottlieb Philippe Gaudin, 1766-1833.
Switzerland. Author of a Flora Helvetica.
j Gay. See J. Gay.
I G. Don. George Don, 1798-1856. England.
i Germain. Ernest Germain de Saint-Pierre. France.
Gilbert. Benjamin Davis Gilbert, 1835-1907. United States.
Student of American ferns.
Gilib. Jean Emmanuel Gilibert, 1741-1814. Prof, at Wilna,
Russia, and at Lyons, France.
450 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Gill. John Gillies, d. before 1837. Lived and collected in
South America.
Gloxin. Benjamin Peter Gloxin. France. Published Oh-
servationes Botanicae, 1785.
Gmel. Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin, 1743-1774. Russia. See also
C. C. Gmel., J. F. Gmel.
Godr. Dominique Alexandre Godron, 1807-1880. France.
Prof, at Nancy. Joint author of a flora of France.
Goldie. John Goldie, 1793-1886. Scotland and Canada.
Traveled and collected in eastern North America in the
early 19th century.
Good. Samuel Goodenough, 1743-1827. England.
Grab. Heinrich Emmanuel Grabowski, 1792-1842. Germany.
Graebner. Paul Graebner. Germany. Curator of the Ro}al
Botanic Garden at Dahlem.
Graves. Charles Burr Graves. United States.
Gray. Asa Gray, 1810-1888. United States. The most
distinguished of American botanists ; for many years Prof.
of Natural History at Harvard University. Author of
the w^ell-known Manual of the Botany of the Northeastern
States, Synoptical Flora of North America, etc. See also
S. F. Gray.
Greene. Edward Lee Greene. United States. Former Prof.
of Botany at the University of California and at tlie
Catholic University of America, Georgetown. Author of
many articles and monographs dealing with North
American plants. See also B. D. Greene.
Greenman. Jesse More Greenman. United States. Field
Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
Gren. Charles Grenier, 1808-1875. France. Prof, at
Besancon. Joint author (with Godron) of a flora of
France.
Grev. Robert Kaye Greville, 1794-1866. Scotland. Prof, at
Edinburgh. Author or joint author of several works, •
mostly on cryptogamic plants.
Griseb. Heinrich Rudolf August Grisebach, 1814-1879.
Germany. Prof of Botany at Gottingen. Author of a
monograph of the Gentianaceae, Flora of the British West
Indies, etc.
Gronov. Jan Fredrik Gronovius, 1690- 1762. Holland.
Author of a Flora Virginica ; a distinguished botanist in
his time.
Grout. See A. J. Grout.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 45 1
G. S. Miller. Gerrit Smith Miller, Jr. United States. As-
sistant Curator, U. S. National Museum.
Guss. Giovanni Gussone, 1787-1866. Italy. Prof, of Botany
at Naples.
Haberer. Joseph V. Haberer. United States.
Hack. Eduard Hackel. Austria. Author of works on
grasses.
Haller f. Gottlieb Emmanuel von Haller, 1730-1786.
Switzerland.
Harper. Roland MacMillan Harper. United States.
Haussk. Carl Haussknecht.
Haw. Adrian Hardy Haworth, 1 772-1833. England. Author
of Synopsis Plantarum Succulentarum.
Hayne. Friedrich Gottlieb Hayne, 1763-1832. Germany.
Prof, at Berlin.
HBK. Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt,
} 1796-1859. Germany. Aime Jacques Alexandre Bonpland,
1773-1858. France. Karl Sigismund Kunth, q. v. Joint
' authors of a great work on plants of the New World.
iHegelm. Christoph Friedrich Plegelmaier, 1833-1906.
Germany. Prof, at Tiibingen. Author of a monograph of
the genus Callitriche, etc.
Heller. Amos Arthur Heller. United States. Collector;
! author of a Catalogue of North American Plants, etc.
H. H. Eaton. Hezekiah Hulbert Eaton, 1809-1832. United
States.
Hill. John Hill, 1716-1775. England.
Hitchc. Albert Spear Hitchcock. United States. Systematic
Agrostologist, U. S. Department of Agriculture. See also
E. Hitchc.
iochst. Christian Friedrich Hochstetter, 1787-1860.
Germany,
lioffm. Georg Franz Hoffman, 1761-1826. Germany and
I Russia. Prof, of Botany at Gottingen and Moscow.
'■loffmg. Johann Centurius, Graf von Hoffmansegg, 1766-
1849. Germany,
lollick. Charles Arthur Hollick. United States. Author of
papers on the botany and geology of the vicinity of New
York.
look. William Jackson Hooker, 1785-1865. England. Di-
rector of the Royal Garden at Kew. Author of Species
Filicum, and of much important botanical work.
452 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Hook. f. Joseph Dalton Hooker. England. Former Director
of the Royal Garden and Museum at Kevv. Joint author
(with Bentham) of an authoritative work on the genera
of plants. Author of Flora of British India, etc.
Horkel. Johann Horkel, 1769-1846. Germany. Prof, at
the University of Berlin.
Hornem. Jens Wilken Hornemann, 1770-1841. Denmark.
Prof, of Botany at Copenhagen.
Host. Nicolaus Thomas Host, 1761-1834. Austria. Wrote
on Austrian grasses.
Houba. J. Houba. Belgium (?). Author of a work on oaks,
published 1887.
House. Homer Doliver House. United States.
Howell. Thomas Howell. United States. Author of a flora
of the Northwestern States.
Huds. William Hudson, 1730-1793. England. Author of a
Flora Anglica. (Htidsonia L.)
Hull. John Hull, 1761-1843. England. Author of a British
Flora.
Humboldt. See HBK.
Ives. Eli Ives, 1779-1861. United States. Prof, at Yale
College.
Jackson. Benjamin Daydon Jackson. England. Curator of
the Herbarium of the Linnean Society, London. Joint
author of the Index Kewensis.
Jacq. Nicolaus Joseph Jacquin, 1727-1817.^ Austria. Col-j
lected in tropical America. Author of several important
botanical works.
J. E. Smith. See Sm.
J. F. Gmel. Johann Friedrich Gmelin, 1748-1804. Germany
Prof, at Tiibingen and Gottingen.
J. Gay. Jacques Gay, 1 786-1864. France.
J. G. Smith. Jared Gage Smith. United States. In charge
of U. S. Agricultural Experiment Station, Hawaii.
Jord. Alexis Jordan. France. Joint author (with Fourreau)
of Breviarium Plantarum Novarum, 1866.
Juss. Antoine Laurent Jussieu, 1748-1836. France. Prof
at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. The first to attempt tc
define the natural families of plants, in his Genen
Plantarum, 1774.
Kalm. Pehr Kalm, 1715-1779. Finland. Traveled and col-
lected in America. (Kalmia L.)
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 453
Karst. Hermann Gustav Karl Wilhelm Karsten, 1817-1908.
Austria and Germany. Prof, at Vienna.
Ker. John Bellenden Ker, i765(?)-i87i. England.
Kitaibel. See W. & K.
K. Koch. See Koch.
Knight. Ora Willis Knight. United States.
Koch. Karl Heinrich Emil Koch, 1809-1879. Germany.
Prof, at Berlin.
Koehne, Bernhard Adalbert Emil Koehne. Germany. Prof.
at Berlin. Dendrologist ; author of a monograph of the
Lythraceae of the United States.
Koeler. Georg Ludwig Koeler, d. 1807. Germany. Prof.
at Mainz.
Kuhn. Friedrich Adalbert Maximilian Kuhn, 1842-1894.
Germany. Writer on ferns.
Kunth. Karl Sigismund Kunth, 1788-1850. Germany. Prof.
at Berlin. Author of Enumeratio Plantarum, a work
designed to supplement the Prodromus, Revisio Graminum,
etc. See also HBK.
Kuntze. Karl Ernst Otto Kuntze, 1843-1907. Germany.
Author of Revisio Generum Plantarum, a work chiefly
nomenclatorial.
L. Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne), 1707-1778. Sweden.
Prof, of Botany at Upsala. The " Father of Botany."
Inventor of the binomial system of nomenclature. His
Species Plantarum is accepted as the basis of modern
descriptive botany. (Linnaea Gronov.)
Laestad. Lars Levi Laestadius, b. 1800. Lapland.
Lag. Mariano Lagasca, 1776-1839. Spain. Wrote on Mexican
and Spanish plants.
Lall. Julius Leopold Eduard Ave-Lallemant, 1803- 1867.
Germany.
Lam. Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre Monnet de Lamarck,
1744-1829. France. Distinguished naturalist and philos-
opher; author of a theory of organic evolution which
anticipated Darwin's.
Lamotte. Martial Lamotte. France.
Lamson-Scribner. See Scribn.
Lange. Johan Martin Christian Lange, 1818-1898. Denmark.
Prof, of Botany at Copenhagen.
Le Conte. John Eaton Le Conte, 1784-1860. United States.
Author of papers on various genera of North American
plants.
454 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
Lecoq. Henri Lecoq, 1802-1871. France. Prof, at Clermont-
Ferrand.
Ledeb. Karl Friedrich von Ledebour, 1785-1851. Russia.
Prof, at Dorpat. Author of Flora Altaica, Flora Rossica.
Leers. Johann Daniel Leers, 1727-1774. Germany.
(Leersia Sw.)
Leggett. William Henry Leggett, 1816-1882. United States.
Founder of the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.
Studied the genus Lechea.
Lehm. Johann Georg Christian Lehmann, 1792-1860.
Germany. Prof, and Director of the Botanic Garden at
Hamburg.
Lejeune. Alexander Ludwig Simon Lejeune, 1 779-1858.
Belgium. Joint author (with Courtois) of Compendium
Florae Belgicae.
Lestib. Frangois Joseph Lestiboudois, d. 181 5. France. Prof.
of Botany at Lille.
Leyss. Friedrich Wilhelm von Leysser, 1731-1815. Germany.
L. f. Carl von Linne, the son, 1741-1783. Sweden. Prof, at
Upsala.
L'Her. Charles Louis L'Heritier de Brutelle, 1746-1800.
France.
Lightf. John Lightfoot, 1735-1788. England. Author of a
flora of Scotland.
Lindl. John Lindley, 1799-1865. England. Prof, of Botany
at London. Distinguished as a horticulturist and author i
of many botanical works. ,
Link. Heinrich Friedrich Link, 1 767-1 851. German3^ Prof. |
of Botany at Berlin. j
Linnaeus, Linne. See L., L. f.
Lodd. Conrad Loddiges. England. Nurseryman neari
London; conducted Loddiges' Botanical Cabinet, 1817-1833.
Loisel. Jean Louis Auguste Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, 1774-
1849. France.
Loud. John Claudius Loudon, 1783-1843. England. Author
of an encyclopedia of plants native and cultivated in Great
Britain, Arboretum et Fruticetum Brittanicum, etc.
Ludwig. Christian Gottlieb Ludwig, 1709-1773. Germany,,
(Lndvigia L.)
Mackenzie. Kenneth Kent Mackenzie. United States.
MacMill. Conway MacMillan. L^nited States. Author of
works on Minnesota plants.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 455
M. A. Curtis. Moses Ashley Curtis, 1 808-1 873. United States.
Author of a flora of North Carolina and of important
studies of North American fungi.
Magnus. Paul Magnus.
Marchal. Elie Marchal. Belgium.
Marsh. Humphrey Marshall, 1722-1801. United States.
Author of a work on American trees and shrubs.
Martens. Martin Martens, 1797-1863. Belgium. Prof, of
Botany at Louvain.
Martius. Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martins, 1794-1868.
Germany. Prof, at Munich.
Maxim. Karl Johann Maximowicz, 1827-1891. Russia. Wrote
much on Asiatic plants.
Maxon. William Ralph Maxon. United States. Assistant
Curator, U. S. National Museum. Writer on ferns.
Medic. Friedrich Casimir Medicus, 1 736-1 808. Germany.
Director of the Botanic Garden at Mannheim.
Meisn. Karl Friedrich Meisner, 1800-1874. Switzerland.
Prof, of Botany at Basle,
i Merat. Frangois Victor Merat, 1780-1851. France.
I Merr. Elmer Drew Merrill. United States. Government
Botanist in the Philippine Islands.
Mart. Karl Heinrich Mertens, 1796-1830. Russia.
Mey. Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer, 1791-1858. Germany.
Prof, of Botany at Konigsberg.
I Micheli. See M. Micheli.
Michx. Andre Michaux, 1746-1802, France, but carried on
much botanical work in North America.
Michx. f. Frangois Andre Michaux, 1770-1855. France and
United States. Son of the preceding. Author of a work
on the trees of North America.
Milde. Julius Milde, 1824-1871. Germany. Author of works
on mosses and pteridophytes.
Mill. Philip Miller, 1691-1771. England. Author of a cele-
brated Dictionary of Gardening.
! Miller. See E. S. Miller, G. S. Miller, Mill.
' Millsp. Charles Frederic Millspaugh. Curator, Department
of Botany, Field Museum of Natural Plistory, Chicago.
Author of a flora of West Virginia and of numerous articles
dealing chiefly with the plants of Mexico and the West
Indies.
M. Micheli. Marco MicheH, 1844-1902. Switzerland.
456 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Moench. Konrad Moench, 1744-1805. Germany. Prof, at
Marburg.
Mohr. Carl Theodor Mohr, 1824-1901. United States.
Botanist, Geological Survey of Alabama. Author of Plant
Life of Alabama, etc.
Moore. Thomas Moore, 1821-1887. England. Curator of the
Chelsea Botanic Garden. Author of an Index Filicum, etc.
See also Pease & Moore.
Moq. Christian Horace Benedict Alfred Moquin-Tandon,
1804-1863. France.
Morong. Thomas Morong, 1827-1894. United States. Curator
of the Herbarium at Columbia University. Collected in
Paraguay. Published much on Najadaceae.
Muell. Arg. Johann Mueller of Aargau, 1829-1896. Switzer-
land. Director of the Geneva Botanic Garden and Curator
of the Delessert Herbarium.
Muench. Otto, Freiherr von Muenchhausen, 1 716-1774.
Germany.
Muhl. Gotthilf Henry Ernest Muhlenberg, 1756-1817. United
States. Correspondent of many European botanists.
Author of a Catalogue of North American Plants, De-
scription of North American Grasses, etc. (Muhlenbergia
Schreb.)
Mullen See A/Iuell. Arg., O. F. Miiller.
Murr. Johann Andreas Murray, 1740-1791. Germany. Prof,
at Gottingen.
Mutis. Jose Celestino ]\Iutis, 1732-1808. Spain.
Nash. George Valentine Nash. United States. Curator of
Plantations, New York Botanical Garden. Writer on
North American grasses.
Neck. Noel Joseph de Necker, 1729-1793. Germany.
Nees. Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck, 1776-
1858. Germany. Prof, of Botany at Breslau.
Nelson. See A. Nelson.
Nutt. Thomas Nuttall, 1786-1859. United States and
England. Explorer, botanist and ornithologist. Director
of the Harvard Botanic Garden. Author of Genera of
North American Plants, Forest Trees of the United States.
Nym. Carl Fredrik Nyman, 1820-1893. Sweden.
Oakes. William Oakes, 1799-1848. United States. Collector
and student of the New England flora. (Oakesia Wats.)
Oeder. Georg Christian Oeder, 1728-1791. Germany. Author
of works on the plants of Denmark and Norway.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 457
O. F. Miiller. Otto Friedrich Muller, 1730-1784. Denmark.
Oiney. Stephen T. Olney, 1812-1878. United States. Author
of a Catalogue of Rhode Island Plants ; student of Carices.
Otto. Friedrich Otto, 1782-1856. Germany.
Paine. John Alsop Paine. United States. Author of Plants
of Oneida County [New York] and Vicinity.
Pari. Filippo Parlatore, 1816-1877. Italy. Prof, of Botany
at Florence.
Pavon. Jose Pavon, fl. about 1800. Spain.
Pax. Ferdinand Pax. Germany. Prof, of Botany at the
University of Breslau.
P. Br. Patrick Browne, 1720-1790. Ireland. Author of Civil
and Natural History of Jamaica.
Pease & Moore. Arthur Stanley Pease and Albert Hanford
Moore. United States.
Peck. Charles Horton Peck. United States. State Botanist
of New York. Author of many botanical reports, dealing
chiefly with fungi.
Pers. Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, 1 755-1837. Germany,
etc. Author of Synopsis Plantarum and several works on
fungi.
Peter. Robert Peter, b. 1805. United States. Geologist and
botanist.
Philippi. Rudolph Amandus Philippi, 1808- 1904. Chile. Di-
rector of the Museum at Santiago.
Piper. Charles Vancouver Piper. United States. Agrostolo-
gist, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Author of a flora of
the State of Washington.
Planch. Jules Emile Planchon, 1823-1888. France. Prof, at
Montpellier.
Poggenburg. See BSP.
Poir. Jean Louis Marie Poiret, 1755-1834. France.
Poll. Johann Adam Pollich, 1 740-1 780. Germany.
Pollard. Charles Louis Pollard. United States. Author of
many botanical articles, especially on the genus Viola.
Pomel. Nicola-Auguste Pomel, 1821-1898. France.
Porter. Thomas Conrad Porter, 1822-190T. United States.
Prof, of Natural Sciences at Lafayette College. Author of
Botany of Pennsylvania, etc.
Prantl. Karl Anton Eugen Prantl, 1849-1893. Germany.
Prof, at Breslau.
Presl. Karel Boriwog Presl, 1794-1852. Bohemia. Prof, at
Prague.
458 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Prince. William Robert Prince, 1795-1869. United States.
Horticulturist.
Pursh. Frederick Traugott Pursh, 1774-1820. Traveled for
12 years in the United States. Author of Flora Americae
Septentrionalis.
Raf. Constantino Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1784-1842.
Prof, of Natural History at Transylvania University,
Kentucky. A keen, but erratic botanist.
Raimann. Rudolf Raimann. Austria. Prof, at Vienna.
Rand. Edward Lothrop Rand. United States.
R. Br. Robert Brown, 1773-1858. England. A distinguished
botanist, author of many important works.
Redfield. John Howard Redfield, 1815-1895. United States.
Joint author (with Rand) of a flora of Mt. Desert.
Regel. Eduard August von Regel, 1815-1892. Russia. Di-
rector of the Botanic Garden at St. Petersburg.
Rehder. Alfred Rehder. United States. Assistant at the
Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University.
Reichard. Johann Jakob Reichard, 1743-1782. Germany.
Reichenb. Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach, 1793-1879.
Germany. Prof, at Dresden.
Rendle. Alfred Barton Rendle. England. Keeper, Depart-
ment of Botany, British Museum.
Retz. Anders Johan Retzius, 1742-1821. Sweden. Prof, at
Lund.
Richard. Louis Claude Marie Richard, 1754-1821. France.
Richards. John Richardson, 1787-1865. England. Surgeon
and naturalist with Sir John Franklin's earlier expeditions.
Wrote a botanical appendix to Franklin's narrative.
Ricker. Percy Leroy Ricker. United States. Scientific
Assistant in Taxonomy, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
Riddell. John Leonard Riddell, 1807-1867. United States.
Prof, at the University of Louisiana. Author of Synopsis
of the Flora of the Western States, Plants of Ohio, etc.
Ries. Heinrich Ries. United States. Prof, at Cornell Uni-
versity.
Robbins. James Watson Robbins, 1801-1879. United States.
Collected in New England, the Lake region, Virginia and
Maryland. Student of Potamogeton.
Robinson. Benjamin Lincoln Robinson. United States. Prof,
of Systematic Botany and Curator of the Gray Herbarium,
Harvard University. Author of many papers on the plants
of North America and Mexico, a flora of the Galapagos \
Islands, etc.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 459
Robson. Stephen Robson. England. Author of a British
flora, published 1777.
Roem, Johann Jacob Roemer, 1763-1819. Switzerland. Prof.
at Zurich.
Rostk. Friedrich Wilhelm Gottlieb Rostkovius, 1770-1848.
Germany.
Roth. Albrecht Wilhelm Roth, 1757-1834. Germany.
Rottb. Christian Fries Rottboell, 1727-1797. Denmark. Prof.
of Botany at Copenhagen.
Rouy. Georges-C-Ch. Rouy. France.
Roxb. William Roxburgh, 1759-1815. India. Director of the
Botanic Garden at Calcutta. Wrote on plants of India.
Rudge. Edward Rudge, 1763- 1846. England.
Ruiz. Hipolito Ruiz, 1754-1815. Spain. Joint author (with
Pavon) of a flora of Peru and Chile.
Rupr., Ruprecht. Franz J. Ruprecht, 1814-1870. Russia.
Curator of the Herbarium of the Imperial Academy of
Sciences, St. Petersburg.
Rusby. Henry Hurd Rusby. United States. Prof., Depart-
ment of Pharmacy, Columbia University.
Rydb. Per Axel Rydberg. United States. Curator, New
York Botanical Garden. Author of several monographs,
floras of Montana and Colorado, etc.
Salisb. Richard Anthony Salisbury, 1761-1829. England.
Sarg. Charles Sprague Sargent. United States. Prof, of
Arboriculture and Director of the Arnold Arboretum,
Harvard University. Author of Silva of North America,
etc.
Sartwell. Henry Parker Sartwell, 1792-1867. United States.
Student of Carices.
Schk. Christian Schkuhr, 1741-1811. Germany. Author of a
work on sedges.
Schlecht. Diedrich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal, 1794-
1866. Germany. Prof, at Halle.
Schleich. J. C. Schleicher. Author of a flora of Switzerland,
1800.
Schleid. Matthias Jacob Schleiden, 1804-1881. Germany.
Schmidt. Wilhelm Ludwig Ewald Schmidt, 1804-1843.
Germany.
Schneider. Camillo Karl Schneider. Austria.
Schott. Heinrich Wilhelm Schott 1794-1865. Austria.
Director of the Imperial Garden at Schonbrunn. Author
of a monograph of the Araccae, etc.
460 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.
Schrad. Heinrich Adolpli Schrader, 1 767-1836. Germany.
Prof, of Botany at Gottingen.
Schrank. Franz von Paula Schrank, 1747- 1835. Germany.
Prof, of Botany at Munich.
Schreb. Johann Daniel Christian von Schreber, 1739-1810.
Germany.
Schult., Schultes. Joseph August Schultes, 1773-1831. Ger-
many. Prof, at Landeshut.
Schultz. See F. Schultz.
Schum. Christian Friedrich Schumacher, 1757-1830. Denmark.
Schur. Philipp Johann Ferdinand Schur, b. 1799. Austria.
Schwein. Lewis David von Schweinitz, 1780-1834. United
States. Student of fungi, in which department his work
is of much importance, and author of monographs of P'iola
and the North American species of Carex.
Scop. Johann Anton Scopoli, 1723-1788. Italy. Prof, at
Pavia.
Scribn. Frank Lamson-Scribner. United States. Author of
many articles on grasses.
Ser. Nicolas Charles Seringe, 1776-1858. France. Prof, at
Lyons.
S. F. Gray. Samuel Frederick Gray, fl. 1780-1836. England.
Shear. Cornelius Lott Shear. United States. Pathologist,
U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Short. Charles Wilkins Short, 1 794-1 863. United States.
Joint author (with Peter) of Plants of Kentucky.
Shuttlw. Robert Shuttleworth, d. 1874. England and
Switzerland.
Sibth. John Sibthorp, 1758- 1796. England. Author of a
flora of Greece.
Sieb. Philipp Franz von Siebold, 1 796-1 866. Germany.
Sims. John Sims, 1792-1838. England. For many years
editor of Curtis' Botanical Magazine.
Sm., Smith. James Edward Smith, 1759-1828. England. See
also J. G. Smith.
Small. John Kunkel Small. United States. Curator of the
Museums, New York Botanical Garden. Author of a flora
of the southeastern United States, etc.
Solms. Herman, Graf zu Solms-Laubach. Germany. Former
Prof, at the University of Strassburg.
Sonder. Otto Wilhelm Sonder, 1812-1888. Germany.
Spach. Eduard Spach, 1801-1879. France.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 461
Spreng. Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel, 1766-1833.
Germany. Prof, of Botany at Halle.
Spring. Anton Frangois Spring, 1814-1872. Belgium. Prof.
at Liege. Author of a monograph of the Lycopodiaccae.
Sterns. See BSP.
Steud. Ernst Gottlieb Steudel, 1783-1856. Germany.
Stokes. Jonathan Stokes, 1755-1831. England.
Sudworth. George Bishop Sudworth. United States. Chief
of Dendrology, Forest Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
Sw. Olaf Swartz, 1760-1818. Sweden. Prof, at Stockholm.
Author of a flora of the West Indies, Synopsis Filicum,
etc.
Sweet. Robert Sweet, 1783-1835. England.
Taubert. Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert, 1862-1897.
Germany.
Tausch. Ignaz Friedrich Tausch, b. 1848. Bohemia.
T. Coulter. Thomas Coulter, d. 1843. Ireland. Published
a monograph of Dipsacaceae.
Tenney. Sanborn Tenney, 1827-1877. United States. Prof.
at Vassar and Williams Colleges.
Tenore. Michele Tenore, 1 780-1861. Italy. Prof, of Botany
at Naples.
Th. Durand. Theophile Durand. Belgium. Director of the
Brussels Botanic Garden.
Thuill., Thuillier. Jean Louis Thuillier, 1757-1822. France.
Thunb. Carl Peter Thunberg, 1743-1822. Sweden. Prof, of
Botany at Upsala. Author of a Flora Japonica, etc.
Thurb. George Thurber, 1821-1890. United States. Botanist
of the Mexican Boundary Commission. Student of Grasses.
Todaro. Agostino Todaro, 1818-1892. Italy. Director of
the Botanic Garden at Palermo.
Torr. John Torrey, 1796-1873. United States. Botanist
and chemist. Author of a flora of New York, a monograph
of the North American Cyperaceae, etc. Joint author (with
Gray) of a flora of North America.
Tratt. Leopold Trattinick, 1764-1849. Austria. Curator at
the Herbarium in Vienna.
Trev. Christian Ludolf Treviranus, 1779-1864. Germany.
Prof, of Botany at Bonn.
Trevisan. Vittore, Conte Trevisan, b. 1818. Italy.
Trin. Karl Bernhard Trinius, 1778-1844. Russia. Writer
on grasses.
462 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.
Tuckerm. Edward Tuckerman, 1817-1886. United States.
Prof, of Botany at Amherst College. Author of papers
on Carex and Potamogcton, a catalogue of plants of the
vicinity of Amherst College, works on lichens, etc.
U. & B. Edwin B. Uline and William L. Bray. United
States. Authors of a monograph of North American
Amaranthaceae.
Underw. Lucien Marcus Underwood, 1853-1907. United
States. Prof, at Columbia University. Author of Our
Native Ferns, and articles on ferns and Hepaticae.
Vahl. Martin Vahl, 1749-1804. Denmark. Prof, of Botany
at Copenhagen.
Vail. (Miss) Anna Murray Vail. United States.
Vasey. George Vasey, 1822-1893. United States. Botanist,
U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Wrote on grasses.
Vent. Etienne Pierre Ventenat, 1757-1808. France.
Vill. Dominique Villars, 1745-1814. France.
Wahlenb. Georg Wahlenberg, 1781-1851. Sweden. Prof.
at Upsala.
Wallr. Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth, 1792- 1857.
Germany.
Walp. Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers, 1816-1853. Germany.
Walt. Thomas Walter, d. 1788. United States. Author of
Flora Caroliniana.
W. & K. Franz Adam, Graf von Waldstein, 1759-1823, and
Paul Kitaibel, 1757-1817. Austria. Authors of a work
on the plants of Hungary.
Wang. Friedrich Adam Julius von Wangenheim, 1747-1800.
Germany. Author of works on North American trees
and shrubs.
Wats. Sereno Watson, 1826-1892. United States. Prof, and
Curator of the Gray Herbarium at Harvard University.
Author of a Bibliographical Index to North American
Botany, and of many articles dealing mostly with the
flora of the western United States and Mexico.
Watt. David Allan Poe Watt. Canada.
W. Boott. William Boott, 1805-1887. United States.
Collector; student of grasses and sedges.
W. Curtis. See Curtis.
Weber. Georg Heinrich Weber, 1752-1828. Germany. Prof.
of Botany at Kiel.
Weinm. J. A. Weinmann, 1782-1858. Russia.
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 463
Wenderoth. Georg Wilhelm Franz Wenderoth, 1774-1861.
Germany. Prof, of Botany at Marburg.
Wendl., Wendland. Johann Christoph Wendland, 1755-1828.
j Germany.
Wettst. Richard Wettstein. Austria. Prof, and Director of
I the Botanic Garden at Vienna.
Iwibel. August Wilhelm Eberhard Christoph Wibel, 1775-
I 1814. Germany.
jWiegand. Karl McKay Wiegand. United States. Associate
] Prof, of Botany, Wellesley College.
Wiggers. Heinrich August Ludwig Wiggers, 1803-1880.
Germany.
Willd. Karl Ludwig Willdenow, 1765-1812. Germany. Prof.
of Botany at Berlin.
IWimmer. Friedrich Wimmer, 1803-1868. Germany.
Witasek. (Frl.) Johanna Witasek. Austria.
|With. William Withering, 1741-1799. England.
jWood. Alphonso Wood, 1810-1881. United States. Author
i of botanical text-books, and of a flora of the Northeastern
States.
Woodv. William Woodville, I748(?) -1805. England.
Wright. See C. Wright.
Wulf. Franz Xavier Wulfen, 1728-1805. Austria. Prof, at
Klagenfurt.
Zucc. Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini, 1797-1848. Germany. Prof,
of Botany at Munich.
Index.
Aaron's Beard 221
Aaron's Rod 214
Abele 141
Abies zi
balsamea Z7
Abutilon 278
Abufilon 278
pictum 278, 431
striatum 278
Theophrasti 278
Avicennae 278
Acacia
False 251
Rose 251
Acalypha 265
gracilens 265
virginica 265
var. gracilens 265
Acanthopanax 295
pentaphyllum 295
Acer 272
dasycarpum 273
Negundo 273
nigrum 273
pennsylvanicum 272
platanoides 273
Pseudo-platanus 272
rub rum 273
saccharinum 272, 273
var. nigrum 273
saccharum 272
var. nigrum 273
spicatum 272
Aceraceae 272, 437, 440
Acerates 323
viridiflora 323, 42S
var. Ivesii 323
" lanceolata 323, 423
• In this index, synonyms
necticut but excluded from the
30
Achillea 398
lanulosa 398
Millefolium 398
Achroanthes
monophylla 136
unifolia 136
Acnida 171
cannabina 171
tamariscina
var. prostrata lyi
" tuherculata 171
tuberculata 171, 433
var. prostrata 171, 433
Acorus III
Calamus iii
Actaea 193
alba 193
rubra 193
spicata
var. rubra 193
Adam-and-Eve 136
Adam's Cup 213
Adam's Needle 121
Adder's Mouth 132
Green 136
White 136
Adder's Tongue 27
Yellow 121
Adder's Tongue Family 27
Adiantum 18
pedatum 18
Adicea
pumila 156
Adlumia 197
cirrhosa 197
fungosa 197
Adopogon
carolinianum 408
and names of species previously reported from Con-
present catalogue, are printed in italics.
466
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
Bull.
Adopogon
virginicum 408
Aegopodium 299
Podagraria 299
Aesculus 274
Hippocastanum 274
Aethusa 302
Cynapium 302
African Rose 197
Agastache 334
anetliiodora 334
Foeniculum 334, 434
nepetoides 334
scrophulfiriaefolia 334
var. mollis 334
Agrimonia 240
Brittoniana 240
Eupatoria 240
gryposepala 240
hirsuta 240
mollis 241
parviflora 241
pubescens 241
rostellata 241
striata 240, 241
Agrimony 240
Hairy 240
Many-flowered 241
Small 241
Soft 241
Woodland 241
Agropyron 79
caninum 79
repens 79
tenerum 79. 433
Agrostemma 177
Githago 177
Agrostis 64
alba 64
var. aristata 64
" maritima 64
" vulgaris 64
canina 64
coarctafa 64
hyemalis 64
intermedia 64
perennans 64
Agrostis
scabra 64
var. montana 64
vulgaris 64
Ague Tree 195
Ague-weed 376
Ailanthus 263
glandulosa 263
Aizoaceae 173, 437, 440
Ajuga 332
genevensis 332, 428
rep tans 428
Albany Hemp 155
Alder 148
Black 270
Dwarf 275
Hoary 148
Smooth 148
Snapping 148, 219
Speckled 148
Spotted 219
Tag 148
White 306
Witch 219
Alecost 400
Aletris 125
farinosa 125
Alexanders
Golden 300
Alfalfa 250
Alisma 47
Plantago-aquatica 47
AHsmaceae 45, 436
Alkali Grass 72
Alkanet 329
All-bone 176
Alleghany Plum 244
Vine 197
Alliaria 205
Alliaria 205
officinalis 205,433
Allionia
hirsuta 172
linearis 17^
nyctaginea 172
Allison
Sweet 199
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
467
Allium 119
canadense 119
sativum 425
tricoccum 119
vineale 119
Allspice
Wild 196
Alnus 148
incana 148
rugosa 148
serridata 148
viridis 426
Alopecurus 62
geniculatus 62
var. aristulatus 63
pratensis 62
Alsike Clover 249
Alsine
borealis 175
gr amine a 176
Holostea 176
longifolia 175
media 176
Althaea 278
officinalis 278
rosea 278
Althaea
Shrubby 279
Alum Root 215
Common 215
Alyssum 200
alyssoides 200, 421
calycinum 200
maritimum 199
saxatile 200
Alyssum
Hoary 199
Small 200
Sweet 199
Amaranth 169, 170
Green 169
Prostrate 170
Purple 170
Spiny 170
Thorny 170
White 170
Amaranth Family 169
Amaranthaceae 169, 437, 439
Amaranthus 169
albus 170
blitoides 170
caudatus 170
graecizans 170
hybridus 169
forma hypochondriacus 169
var. paniculatiis 170
hypochondriacus 169
paniculatus 170
retroflexus 169
spinosus 170
Amaryllidaceae 126, 436, 439
Amaryllis Family 126
Ambrose 165
Ambrosia 165, 391
artemisiifolia 391
bidentata 391, 435
trifida 391
var. integrifolia 391
Amelanchier 224
Botryapium 224
canadensis 224
var. Botryapium 224
" oblongifolia 224
" tomentula 224
oblongifolia 224
var. micropetala 225
spicata 224
American Aspen 141
Beech 148
Bladder Nut 272
Brooklime 353
Cranberry 314
Elm 152
Featherfoil 315
Fly Honeysuckle 365
Germander 332
Globeflower 191
Hemp 321
Holly 269
Hornbeam 146
Ivy 276
Larch 35
Laurel 309
Linden 277
Lotus 184
Mountain Ash 223
468
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
American
Nelumbo 184
Nettle Tree 153
Nightshade 171
Penn.vroyal 339
Sanicle 215
Sarsaparilla 296
Senna 247
Spikenard 296
Sycamore 220
Valerian 129
White Hellebore 118
Wood Strawberry 232
Yew 34
Ammodenia
peploides 175
Ammophila 65
arenaria 65
arundinacea 65
Amorpha 251
fruticosa 251
Ampelopsis
quinquefolia 276
trifolia 430
Amphicarpa 259
monoica 259
Pitcheri 259
Amsinckia 328
lycopsoides 328, 434
Amygdalus
Persica 246
Anacardiaceae 268, 437
Anagallis 317
arvensis 317
var. caerulea 317
Anaphalis 389
margaritacea 389
Anchusa 329
ofificinalis 329
Andromeda 310
glaucophylla 310
ligiistrina 310
tnariana 310
Polifolia 310
Andropogon 48
furcatus 48
littoralis 48
scoparius 48
Andropogon
var. littoralis 48
virginicus 48
Anemone 189
canadensis 190
cylindrica 189
nemorosa 190
pennsylvanka 190
quinquefolia 190
riparia 190
virginiana 190
Anemone 189
Long-fruited 189
Round-headed 190
Round-leaved 190
Rue 189
Spring 190
Summer 190
Tall 190
Wood 190
Anemonella 189
thalictroides 189
Anethum 302
graveolens 302, 431
Angelica 303
atropurpurea 303
hirsuta 303
villosa 303
Angelica 303
High 303
Purple 303
Angelica Tree 296
Anise-root 298
Ankle Brier 238
Annual Candytuft 201
Pearlwort 174
Antennaria 388
amhigens 389
arnoglossa 388
canadensis 389
fallax 389
neglecta 389
neodioica 389
Parlinii 388
plantaginea 389
plantaginifolia 389
Anthemis 398
arvensis 398
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
469
Anthemis
var. agrestis 399
Cotula 398
nobilis 399, 432
tinctoria 399
Anthoxanthum 59
odoratum 59
Antirrhinum 351
majus 428
Orontium 351, 434
Anychia 172
canadensis 172
capillacca iy2
dichotoma 172
polygonoides 172, 433
Aphyllon
uniiiorum 359
Apios 258
Apios 258
tuberosa 258
Apium
Petroseliniim 300
Aplectrum 136
hyemale 136
spicatnm 136
Apocynaceae 321, 438, 440
Apocynum 321
album 321
androsaemifolium 321
cannabinum 321
var. hypericifolinm 428
" pubescens 321
medium 321
Milleri 321
pubescens 321
urceoUfer 321
Apple 222
Crab 222
Devil's 194
Hog 194
Indian 194
Large Crab 222
May 194, 308
Mock 154
Osage 154
Purple Thorn 348
Apple
Small Crab 222
Thorn 347
Wild 222
Apple of Peru 347
Aquifoliaceae 269, 437
Aquilegia 192
canadensis 192
var. flaviflora 192
vulgaris 192
Arabis 210
canadensis 211
coniinis 211
Drummondi 211
glabra 210
hirsuta 211
laevigata 211
lyrata 210
pcrfoliata 210
Araceae 109, 436
A rail a 296
hispid a 296
nudicaulis 296
quinquefolia 296
racemosa 296
spinosa 296
tri folia 296
Araliaceae 295, 438, 440
Arbor Vitae 37
Arbutus
Trailing 311
Arceuthobium 156
pusillum 156
Arctium 404
Lappa 404
var. majus 404
" mimis 405
" tomentosum 405
minus 405
tomentosum 405
Arctostaphylos 311
Uva-ursi 311
Arenaria 174
proenlandica 175
lateriflora 174
macrophylla 174
470
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull
Arenaria
Michauxii IJS
peploides 175
serpyllifolia 175
stricta 175
Arethusa 133
bulbosa 133
Argemone 197
alba 197, 431
mexicana 197, 431
Argentina 234
Anserina
var. grandis 234
Arisaema 109
Dracontium no
pusillum 109
triphyllum 109
var. pusillum 109
Aristida 60
dichotoma 60
gracilis 60
var. depauperata 60
purpurascens 60
tuberculosa 60
Aristolochia 157
Serpentaria 157
Aristolochiaceae 157, 437
Arnica 409
Aromatic Wintergreen 311
Aronia
arbutifolia 222
atropurpurea 223
nigra 223
Arrhenatherum 6y
avenaceum 67
elatius 6y
Arrow Arum no
Grass 45
Grass Family 45
Arrow-head 45
Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb 163
Arrow-wood 368
Downy 368
Indian 271
Art Pumpkin 371
Artemisia 400
Abrotanum 401, 432
Artemisia
Absinthium 402
annua 401, 435
biennis 401
campestris
var. pubescens 401, 435
caudata 400
Dracunculus 401, 435
frigida 402, 435
pontica 402
Stelleriana 401
vulgaris 401
Artichoke
Jerusalem 395
Arum
Arrow no
Dragon 109
Water no
Arum Family 109
Asarabacca 157
Asarum 157
acuminatum 157
canadense 157
var. acuminatum 157
" reflexum 157
reilexum 157
Asclepiadaceae 322, 438, 440
Asclepias 322
amplexicaulis 323
Cornnti 322
decnmhens 322
exaltata 2,2^
incarnata 322
var. pulchra 322
lanceolata 428
ohtusifoUa 323
ovaUfoJia 428
parviUora 428
panpercula 428
perennis 428
phytolaccoides 323
pulchra 322
purpurascens 322
quadrifolia 323
syriaca 322
tuberosa 322
var. decumhens 322
\
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
471
Asclepias
variegata 323
verticillata 323
Asclepiodora
viridis 428
Ash 317
American Mountain 223
Basket 318
Black 318
Brown 318
European Mountain 223
Green 318
Hoop 153, 318
Northern Prickly 262
Prickly 262
Red 318
River 318
Swamp 318
White 317
Ash-leaved Maple 273
Spiraea 221
Asparagus 122
officinalis 122
Asparagus 122
Garden 122
Wild 125
Aspen 141
American 141
Large-toothed 142
Quaking 141
Asperula 361
galioides 361
glauca 361
Aspidium 22
acrostichoides 21
var. incisum 21
Boottii 23
cristatum 23
var. Clintonianum 23
Goldianum 22
marginale 22
var. elegans 416
noveboracense 22
simulatum 22
spinulosum 23
var. dilatatum 24
forma anadenium 24
Aspidium
var. intermedium 23
Thelypteris 22
Asplenium 19
acrostichoides 21
angusti folium 20
ebeneum 20
ebenoides 19
Filix-femina 21
montanum 20
pinnatifidum 19
platyneuron 20
var. serratum 20
Ruta-muraria 20
thelypteroides 21
Trichomanes 20
viride 424
Asprella
Hystrtx 81
Aster 382, 441
acuminatus 387
amethystinus 384
carmesinus 382
Claytoni 382
var. crispicans 382
concinnus 384
concolor 429
cordifolius 383
var. lanceolatus 383
" polycephalus 383
corymbosus 382
curvescens 382
var. oviformis 382
" iimhelliformis 382
diffusiis 385
var. hirsuticaulis 385
" thyrsoideus 385
divaricatus 382
dumosus 384
var. coridifolius 384
" strictior 384
ericoides 384
var. pilosus 384
" villosus 384
Gravesii 384
Herveyi 382
hirsuticaulis 385
472
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Aster
ianthinus 382
infirmus 386
laevis 383
var. amplifolius 384
lateriflorus 385
var. hirsuticaulis 385
" pendulus 385
" thyrsoideus 385
linariifolius 386
longifolius 385
Lowrieanus 383
var. lanceolatus 383
" lancifolius 383
macrophyllus 382
var. ianthinus 382
" pinguifolius 382
multiflorus 384
var. exiguus 384
multiformis 382
nob His 382
novae-angliae 383
var. roseus 383
novi-belgii 385
paniculatus 385
var. acutidens 385
" simplex 385
patens 383
prenanthoides 386
puniceus 386
var. compactus 386
" demissus 386
" firmus 386
" laevicauHs 386
" lucidulus 386
radula 383
roscidus 382
sagittifolius 429
salicifolius 429
Schreberi 382
spectabilis 382
subulatns 387
tardiflorus 386
tataricus 386
tenebrosus 382
tenuifoliiis 387
Tradescanti 385
Aster
umbellatus 386
var. latif alius 429
undulatus 383
vimineus 385
var. foliolosus 385
violaris 382
Aster 382
Golden 2,77
New England 383
Red-stalked 386
Siberian 386
White-topped 388
Atheropogon
curtipendulus 69
Atragene
americana 190
Atriplex 167
arenaria 168
hast at a 167
laciniafa 167
patula 167
var. hastata 167, 426
tatarica 167, 433
Autumn Willov^r 138
Avena 67
fatua 425
sativ.a 67, 431
striata 72
Avens 235
Cream-colored 235
Drooping 235
Field 23s
Purple 235
Rough 23s
Water 235
White 235
Yellow 23s
Awned Wheat Grass 79
Axwort 252
Azalea
arborescens 427
canescens 308
nudiHora 308
viscosa 307
Azalea
Clammy 307
No. 14,]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
473
Azalea
Pink 308
Purple 308
Wild 308
Babies' Breath 121
Baccharis 388
halimifolia 388
Bachelor's Button 407
Bag-leaves 214
Ball Mustard 202
Balloon Vine 274
Ballota 336
nigra 336
Balm 339
Basil 338
Bee 338
Common 339
Fragrant 338
Horse 344
Lemon 339
Balm of Gilead 142
Balm-of-Gilead Fir 2s7
Balmony 352
Balsam 274
Balsam Fir 37
Poplar 142
Balsam-apple 371
Wild 372
Balsaminaceae 274, 438
Baneberry 193
Red 193
White 193
Bank Cress 205
Baptisia 247
anstralis 426
tinctoria 247
Barbarea 207
Barbarea 207
praecox 208
stricta 208
verna 208
vulgaris 207
var. stricta 208
Barberry 195
Common 195
European 195'
Barberry Family 194
Barley 80
Common 80
Barnyard Grass 56
Barren Strawberry 232
Bartonia 320
lanceolata 320
paniculata 320
tenella 320
virginica 320
Basil 339, 340
Basil Balm 338
Basket Ash 318
Basswood 277
Bastard Cress 200, 201
Indigo 251
Mustard 203
Pennyroyal 332
Toad-flax 156
Batrachimn
confervoides 185
divaricatum 184
Drouetii 185
Aaccidum 185
longirostre 184
trichophylluni 184
Bay
Rose 308
Bayberry 143
Bay-leaved Willow 138
Beach Grass 65
Orach 168
Pea 257
Pinweed 283
Plum 244
Wormwood 401
Beak Rush 90
Beaked Hazelnut 146
Willow 140
Bean
Blue 248
Bog 320
Bush 258
Common Pole 258
European Garden 256
Field 258
Indian 359
Kidney 258
474
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Bean
Kidney Pole 258
Sacred 184
Trailing Wild 258
Wild 258
Bean Tree 359
Bear 'Grass 121
Oak 152
Bearberry 311
Beard Grass 48, 65
Bearded Darnel 78
Beard-tongue 351
Beaver Poison 299
Bedstraw 361
Northern 362
Rough 363
Sweet-scented 363
Yellow 362
Bee Balm 338
Beech 148
American 148
Blue 146
Water 146
Beech Family 148
Fern 17
Beech-drops 359
False 307
Beech-wheat 164
Beet 167
Common 167
Beet-root 169
Beggar's Lice 328
Beggar-ticks 240, 396
Common 396
Swamp 396
Beggar-weed 173
Behen 180
Belamcanda 128
chinensis 128
Belle Isle Cress 208
Belleville Dock 159
Bellflower 373
Marsh 373
Bells 192
Bellwort 118, 119
Benjamin Bush 196
Bent
Fine 64
Rhode Island 64
Rough 64
Bent Grass 64
Benzoin 196
aestivale 196
Benzoin 196
Berberidaceae 194, 437, 440
Berberis 195
canadensis 426
vulgaris 195, 426
Bergamot
Downy 338
Wild 338
Bergamot Mint 343
Bermuda Grass 69
Berteroa 199
incana 199
Beta 167
vulgaris 167, 421, 431
Betony
Paul's 354
Wood 357
Betula 146
alba
var. cordifolia 148
" papyrifera 147
lenta 147
lutea 147
papyrifera 147
populifolia 147
pumila 148
Betulaceae 146, 436
Bibernel 241
Bicuculla
canadensis 198
Cucullaria 198
Bidens 396, 441
aristosa 397, 435
Beckii 397
bipinnata 397
cernua 396
var. elliptic a 396
chrysanthemoides 396
comosa 396
connata 422
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
475
Bidens
var. comosa 396
" petiolata 396
discoidea 396
frondosa 396
laevis 396
leucantha 397, 435
nielanocarpa 396
trichospernia 397, 423
vulgata 396
Big Blue-stem 48
Bignonia Family 359
Bignoniaceae 359, 438, 440
Bilberry
Common 313
Swamp 313
Billion-Dollar Grass 56
Bilsted 220
Bindweed 324
Black 163
Blackbird 163
Bush 163
Corn 163
Field 325
Fringed Black 163
Hedge 163, 325
Sow 163
Thicket 163
Birch 146
Black 147
Canoe 147, 148
Cherry 147
Gray 147
Low 148
Old Field 147
Paper 147, 148
Swamp 148
Sweet 147
White 147, 148
Yellow 147
Birch Family 146
Bird Cherry 244, 245
Bird-foot Violet 284
Bird-in-the-Bush 197
Bird's Pepper 200
Bird's-eye 174, 354
White 176
Bird's-eye Maple 2^2
Bird's-foot Trefoil 250
Bird's-tongue 160
Birthroot 124
Birthwort 157
Birthwort Family 157
Bishop's Cap 216
Bishop's-weed
Mock 299
Bite-tongue 162
Biting Crowfoot 186
Stonecrop 214
Bitter Candytuft 201
Cress 207, 209, 210
Dock 159
Nut Hickory 145
Willow 141
Bitter-sweet 345
Climbing 271
Shrubby 271
Bitter-weed 391
Black Alder 270
Ash 318
Bindweed 163
Birch 147
Centaury 407
Cherry 245
Chokeberry 223
Cohosh 192
Currant 218
Grass 114
Gum 305
Haw 369
Henbane 422
High Blueberry 314
Horehound ^Z^
Huckleberry 312
Larch 35
Locust 251
Medick 250
Mustard 203
Nightshade 345
Oak 152
Poplar 143
Raspberry 237
Scrub Oak 152
Snakeroot 192, 297
476
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY
[Bull.
Black
Spruce 36
Sumach 268
Swallow-wort 323
Walnut 144
Willow 137
Black-berried Elder 369
Blackberry
Cut-leaved 238
Evergreen 238
High-bush 237, 239
Knee-high 238
Low 239
Mulberry 237
Running 239
" Swamp 239
Sand 238
Blackberry Lily 128
Blackbird Bindweed 163
Black-cap 237
Black-eyed Susan 393
Bladder Campion 180
Fern 24
Ketmia 280
Nut 272
Nut Family 272
Bladderwort 357
Greater 358
Purple 358
Smaller 358
Bladderwort Family 357
Blazing Star 118, 2>71
Blephariglottis
blephariglottis 131
cilia7-is 131
grandiAora 131
lac era 131
psycodes 131
Blephilia 338
ciliata 338
hirsuta 339
Blister Flowers 188
Blisterwort 186
Blite
Coast 166
Low Sea 168
Blite
Red 166
Sea 168
Strawberry 166
Tall Sea 169
Blitutn
capitatum 166
Bloodroot 196
Bloodwort 241
Bloodwort Family 126
Bloom-fell 250
Bloomy-down 181
Blue Bean 248
Beech 146
Bells 192
Cohosh 195
Curls 332
Devil 330
Flag 127
Grape 277
Huckleberry 312
Myrtle 321
Sailors 408
Tangle 312
Toad-flax 350
Vervain 331
Vetch 256
Bluebell 373
Bluebell Family 372
Blueberry 195, 313
Black High 314
Common 313
Dwarf 313
Early Sweet 313
High-bush 313
Late Low 313
Low Black 313
" Sweet 313
Sour-top 313
Swamp 313
Tall 313
Velvet-leaf 313
Blueberry Root 195
Bluebottle 407
Blue-eyed Grass 128
Blue-joint Grass 65
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
477
Blue-Stem 48, 65
Big 48
Bluets 364
Blue-weed 330
Blunt Woodsia 24
Blunt-leaved Dock 159
Sandwort 174
Boehmeria 156
cylindrica 156
var. scabra 156
Bog Bean 320
Myrtle 143
Rosemary 310
Rush 114, 115
Spruce 36
Strawberry 233
Willow 139
Bois d'Arc 154
Bokhara Clover 249
Boltonia 381
asteroides 381
Boneset zi^
Climbing 377
Purple 375
Rough 376
Upland 376
Borage 329
Borage Family 327
Boraginaceae 327, 438, 440
Borago 329
officinalis 329, 434
Botrychium 27
dissectum 28
lanceolatum 27
var. angustisegmentum 27
Lunaria 424
matricariae folium 28
neglectum 28
obliquum 28
var. dissectum 28
" elongatum 28
" intermedium 28
" oneidense 28
ramosum 28
simplex 27, 424
tenehrosum 27
ternatum
Botrychmm
forma obliquum 28
var. australe 28
intermedium 2.i
virginianum 28
Bottle Gentian 320
Grass 57
Bottle-brush Grass 81
Bouncing Bet 180
Bouteloua 69
curtipendula 69
racemosa 69
Bow-wood 154
Box Elder 273
Boxberry 311
Boxwood 304
Boys-and-Girls 198
Brachyelytrum 62
aristatum 62
e rectum 62
Bracken 18
Brake 18
Cliff 18
Common 18
Purple Cliff 18
Rock 19
Slender Rock 19
Bramble 236
Brandy Bottle 183
Brasenia 184
peltata 184
purpurea 184
Schreberi 184
Brassica 202
alba 202, 422
arvensis 203
campestris 203
japonica 203, 433
juncea 203
Napus 204, 431
nigra 203
oleracea 204, 431
Rapa 204, 431
Sinapistrum 203
Brauneria 393
pallida 393
Break-stone 174
478
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Bridal Wreath 221
Bridewort 221, 235
Brier
Ankle 238
Bull 125
Cat 125
Common Green 125
Green 125
Horse 125
Running 239
Sand 345
Saw 125
Squirrel 125
Brier Rose 242
Bristly Buttercup 187
Crowfoot 187
Locust 251
Sarsaparilla 296
Brittle Willow 138
Briza ^2
media 72, 417
Broad Dock 159
Broad-leaved Spring Beauty 182
Brome Grass 76
Bromus 76, 441
altissimus TJ, 417
brizaeformis "jy
ciliatus TJ
var. purgans 77
commutatus 77, 417
erectus 78
hordeaceus 77
incanus 417
inermis 78
Kalmii 78
mollis 77
purgans 77
racemosus 77
secalinus 76
squarrosus 77, 433
sterilis 417
tectorum 77
Brook Cress 210
Brooklime 206
American 353
Brook-weed 315
Broom 248
Broom
Scotch 248
Broom Corn 49.
Corn Millet 51
Hickory 145
Broom-rape 359
Broom-rape Family 359
Broussonetia 154
papyrifera 154
Brown Ash 318
Brunella
vulgaris 335
Buckbean 320
Buckberry 313
Buckeye 274
Buckthorn 275
Common 275
Buckthorn Family 275
Buckwheat 164
Bush 163
Climbing False 163
Climbing Wild 163
Thicket 163
Wild 163
Buckwheat Family 157
Biida
borealis 173
marina 173
rubra 173
Buffalo Bur 346
Currant 219
Bugbane 192
Bugle
Erect 332
Bugle Weed 332, 341
Bugloss
Viper's 330
Bulbous Buttercup 188
Crowfoot 188
Bull Brier 125
Grass 68
Nettle 345
Thistle 405, 406
Bullace Plum 244
Bull-head Lily 183
Bull-rattle 178
Bulrush 85, 115
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
479
Bulrush
Great 86
River 87
Bunch Grape 276
Grass 48
Pink 181
Bunchberry 304
Bunch-flower
Crisped 118
Bupleurum
rotiuidifolium 427
Bur Clover 250
Grass 58
Marigold 396
Oak 150
Burdock 404
Common 405
Great 404
Burnet 241
Canadian 241
Garden 241
Great American 241
Salad 241
Wild 241
Burnet Rose 242
Burning Bush 271
Bur-reed 39
Bur-reed Family 39
Bursa
Bursa-pastoris 201
Bush Bean 258
Bindweed 163
Buckwheat 163
Clover 254
Honeysuckle 365
Bushy Knotweed 160
Pigweed 170
Butter and Eggs 350
Butter Flowers 188
Butterbur 402
Buttercup 184
Bristly 187
Bulbous 188
Creeping 187
Early 187
Marsh 187
Meadow 188
Buttercup
Running 234
Spotted-leaf 187
Swamp 187
Tall 188
Tufted 187
Wood 187
Buttercups 188
Butterfly-weed 322
Butternut 144
Butter-weed 387
Button Snakeroot 297, 377
Buttonball 220
Buttonbush 364
Buttonweed 363
Buttonwood 220
Cabbage 204
Skunk no
Cabinet Cherry 243
Cacalia 403
suaveolens 403
Cactaceae 289, 438
Cactus Family 289
Cadlock 203
Cakile 202
americana 202
edentula 202
Calamagrostis 65
canadensis 65
cinnoides 65
Nuttalliana 65
Calamint 339
Calamintha
Clino podium 339
Calamus in
Calendula 403
officinalis 403, 432
Calico Bush 309
California Peppergrass 203
Poppy 196
Rose 324
Calla I TO
palustris no
Calla
Marsh no
Wild no
Callitrichaceae 267, 437
48o
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Callitriche 267
Austini 267
defiexa
var. Austini 267
heterophylla 267
palustris 267
verna 267
Calopogon 133
pulchellus 133
Caltha 191
palustris 191
Camelina 201
microcarpa 202, 433
sativa 201, 433
silvestris 202
Campanula 373
aniericana 429
aparinoides ^73
carpatica 373, 435
intercedens 373
patula 373, 435
rapunculoides 373
var. ucranica 373
rotundifolia 373
Campanulaceae 372, 439, 441
Campion 177, 179
Bladder 180
Day-blooming 178
Four-leaved 180
Meadow 178
Morning 178
Red 178
Rose 177
Starry 180
White 178
Camptosorus 21
rhizophyllus 21
Canada Blue Grass 73
Coltsfoot 157
Fleabane 387
Hawkweed 415
Lily 120
Nettle iss
Plum 246
Squash 372
Thistle 406
Violet 288
Canadian Burnet 241
Hemp 321
Canary Grass 58
Vine 197
Cancer-root 191, 359
One-flowered 359
Candle Rush 115
Tree 359
Candlewood 143
Candytuft 201
Annual 201
Bitter 201
Canker Rose 197, 242
Canker-root 314
Cannabis 153
indica 153
sativa 153
Canoe Birch 147, 148
Canoe-wood 194
Cantaloupe 371
Caper Family 211
Spurge 267
Capillaire 312
Capnoides
sempervirens 198
Capparidaceae 211, 437, 440
Caprifoliaceae 365, 438, 441
Capriola
Dactylon 69
Capsella 201
Bursa-pastoris 201
Capsicum 344
annuum 344, 432
Caraway 300
Cardamine 209
arenicola 210
bulbosa 209
var. purpurea 210
Douglassii 209
hirsuta 210
var. sylvatica 210
parviflora 210
pennsylvanica 210
pratensis 210
purpurea 189, 209
rhomb oidea 209
var. purpurea 209
No. 14.]
Cardinal-flower 374
Cardiospermum 274
Halicacabum 274, 434
Carduus 405
acanthoides 405, 435
altissimus 406
arvensis 406
discolor 405
lanceolatus 405
mutictts 406
odoratus 406
spinosissintus 405
Careless 169
Carex 91, 441
adusta 425
aenea 94
aestivalis 100, 418
alata 93
albolutescens 92
albursina 103
aquatilis 98
arctata 105
Asa-Grayi 108
atlantica 94
aurea 98, 418
Baileyi 107
Bebbii 93
Bicknellii 93
bromoides 95
brunnescens 95
bullata 109
var. Greenii 109
" Olneyi 109
canescens 95
var. alpicola 95
" disjuncta 95
" subloliacea 95
" vulgaris 95
castanea 105, 419
cephaloidea 97
cephalophora 97
communis 100
var. Wheeleri 100
comosa 107
conoidea 104
costellata 99
Crawei 104
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
481
Carex
Crawfordii 92
crinita 97
var. gynandra 97
cristata 92
cristatella 92
Davisii 99, 418
debilis
var. inter jecta 105
" Rudgei 105
Deweyana 96
diandra 97
var. ramosa 97
digitalis 102
eburnea 102
echinata
var. angustata 94
" cephalantha 94
" conferta 94
" microstachys 94
exilis 425
festucacea 93
var. brevior 93
filiformis 106
var. latifolia 106
flava 104, 419
var. elatior 105
" graminis 105
" rectirostra 105
" viridula 105
foenea 94
var. perplexa 94, 418
folliculata 108
formosa 99
fusca 99
glaucodea 104
Goodenowii 425
gracillima 99
granularis 104
var. Haleana 104
" Schriveri 104
Grayii 108
var. hispidula 108
grisea 104
var. angustifolia 104
" rigida 104
gynandra 98
482
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Carex
Haydeni 98
Hitchcockiana 104
hormathodes 93
var. invisa 93
" Richii 93
hystericina 107
var. Cooleyi 107
" Dudleyi 107
interior 94
var. capillacea 95
intumescens 108
var. Fernaldii 108, 419
lanuginosa 106
laxiculmis 102
laxiflora 103
var. blanda 103
" gracillima 103
" latifolia 103
" leptonervia 103
" patulifolia 103
" striatula 103
" styloflexa 103
" varians 103
leptalea 99
limosa loi
littoralis loi
livida loi, 423
longirostris 105
lupuliformis 108
lupulina 108
var. pedunculata 108
" polystachya 108
lurida 107
var. eximdans 107
" Haccida 107
" gracilis 107
" parvula 107
magellanica loi
mirabilis 92
var. perlonga 92
" tincta 92
monile 108
Muhlenbergii 96
var. enervis 96
" xalapensis 96
nigro-marginata 100
Carex
Oederi
var. pumila 105
oligocarpa 104
oligospernia 106
pallescens loi
panicea loi
pauciflora 99
paupercula
var. pallens loi
pedicellata 100
var. Wheeleri 100
pedunculata 102
pennsylvanica 100
var. lucorum 100
plantaginea 102
platyphylla 102
polygama 99
polymorpha loi, 419
polytrichoides 99
prasina 102
Pseudo-Cyperus 107
var. americana 107
pt3'chocarpa 103
pubescens loi
retroflexa 96
retrorsa 107, 419
riparia 106
rosea 96
var. minor 96
" radiata 96
" retroflexa 96
rostrata 109
var. utriculata 109
scabrata 106
Schweinitzii 107
scirpoides 94
var. capillacea 95
scoparia 91
var. condensa 91
" moniliformis 91
seorsa 95
setacea
var. ambigua 97
setifolia 102
Shriveri 104
siccata 92
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
483
Carex
silicea 93
sparganioides 97
squafrosa 106
stellulata 94
var. angustata 94
" cephalantha 94
" excelsior 94
" ormantha 94
sterilis 94
var. ceplialantha 94
" excelsior 94
stipata 97
straminea 93, 418
var. alata 93
" aperta 93
" brevior 93
" cumulata 92
" foeiiea 92
" invisa 93
" mirabilis 92
stricta 98
var. angustata 98
" curtissima 98
" decora 98
" xerocarpa 98
styloAexa 103
tenella 96
tenera 93
tenuis 105
teretiuscula 97
var. prairea 97
" ramosa 97
tetanica loi
var. Woodii loi
torta 98
tribuloides 92
var. cristata 92
" moniliformis 92
" reducta 92, 418
" turbata 92
triceps 99
var. hirsuta 99
trichocarpa 106, 419
trisperma 96
var. BilHngsii 418
Tuckermani 109
Carex
typhina 106
typhinoides 106
umbellata 100
var. brevirostris 418
" tonsa 100
utriculata 109
var. minor 109
varia 100
var. colorata 100
vesicaria 108
var. distenta 108
" jejuna 108
" monile 108
vestita 106
virescens 99
var costata 99
" Swanii 99
viridula 105
vulpinoidea 97
Willdenowii 100
xanthocarpa 97
var. annectens 97
Carnation 181
Carpenter-vi^eed 335
Carpet Weed 173
Carpet Weed Family 173
Carpinus 146
caroliniana 146
Carrion-flower 125
Carrot 303
Wild 303
Carum 300
Carvi 300
Petroselinum 300
Carya 144
alba 144, 145^
amara 145
cordiformis 145
glabra 145
microcarpa 145
ovata 144
porcina 145
tomentosa 145
Caryophyllaceae 173, 437, 440
Cashew Family 268
Cassandra 310
484
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Cassandra
calyculata 310
Cassia 247
Chamaecrista 247
marilandica 247
nictitans 247
Castalia 183
odorata 183
tuberosa 184
Castanea 149
dentata 149
sativa
var. amei-icana 149
Castilleja 356
coccinea 356
Castor-oil Plant 265
Cat Brier 125
Mint 334
Spruce 36
Catalpa 359
bignonioides 359
Catalpa 359
Catchfly 179
Forked 179
Garden 179
Lobel's 179
Night-flowering 179
Sleepy 179
Snapdragon 179
Sweet William 179
Catgut 251
Catnip 334
Cat's-ear 409
Cat-tail 39
Common 39
Cat-tail Family 39
Flag 39
Grass 62
Cauloph^dlum 195
thalictroides 195
Cayenne Pepper 344
Ceanothus 275
americanus 275
Cedar
Red 38
White 37
Celandine 196
Celastraceae 271, 437, 440
Celastrus 271
scandens 271
Celery
Water 186
Wild 47
Celtis 153
occidentalis 153
var. pumila 153
Cenchrus 58
carolinianus 58
tribuloides 58
Centaurea 407
arvense 430
Cyanus 407
Jacea 407
var. lacera 407
maculosa 408
nigra 407
var. radiata 407, 435
vochinensis 408
Centaury
Black 407
Meadow 407
Cephalanthus 364
occidentalis 364
Cerastium 176
arvense 176
longipedunculatmn .177
nutans 177
semidecandrum 177
vise sum 426
vulgatum 176
Ceratophyllaceae 182. 437
Ceratophyllum 182
demersum 182
var. echinatum 182
Cercis 247
canadensis 247, 434
Chadlock 202, 203
Jointed 202
White 202
Chaenorrhinum
minus 350
Chaetochloa
glauca 57
italica 57
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
485
Chaetochloa
versicolor 57
verticillata 57
viridis 57
Chaff-seed 357
Chain Fern 19
Chair-maker's Rush 86
Chamaecyparis 37
sphaeroidea 37
thyoides 37
Chamaedaphne 310
calyculata 310
Chamaelirium 118
carolinianum 118
luteum 118
Chamaenerion
angiistifolium 291
Chamomile 398
Corn 398
Fetid 398
Garden 399
German 399
Wild 399
Yellow 399
Champion Oak 151
Charlock 202, 203
Jointed 202
White 202
Cheat 76, 201, 202
Checkerberry 311, 364
Cheeses 279
Cheilanthes 18
lanosa 18
vestita 18
Chelidonium 196
ma jus 196
Chelone 352
glabra 352
Chenopodiaceae 165. 437, 439
Chenopodium 165, 441
album 166
var. viride 166
ambrosioides 165
var. anthelminticum 165
anthelminticum 165
Bonns-Henricus 426
Boscianum 167
Chenopodium
Botrys 165
capitatum 166, 433
glaucum 166
hybridum 166
leptophyllum 167
murale 167
rubrum 166
urbicum 167
Cherry 243, 245
Bird 244, 245
Black 245
Cabinet 243
Choke 244
Dwarf 24s
Fire 244
Ground 346
Mahaleb 245
Mazzard 245
Morello 245
Old-fashioned 245
Perfumed 245
Pie 245
Pin 244
Red 245
Rum 243
Saint Lucie 245
Sand 245
Sour 24s
Sweet 245'
Whiskey 243
Wild 243
" Black 243
. " Red 244
Winter 346
Cherry Birch 147
Chervil
Sweet 298
Chess 76
Soft 77
Wild 78
Wood 77
Chestnut 149, 151
Chestnut Oak 150
Chick Pea 255
Chicken-toes 135, 168
Chickweed 175
486
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Chickweed
Common 176
Mouse-ear 176
Field 176
Forked 172
Gravel 172
Indian 173
Larger Mouse-ear 176
Meadow 176
Mouse-ear 176
Nodding 177
Sea 175
Small Mouse-ear 177
Winter 176
Chickweed Wintergreen 316
Chicory 408
Common 408
Chili Pepper 344
Chimaphila 306
maculata 306
umbellata 306
China Squash 372
Chinese Mustard 203
Chinquapin
Water 184
Chinquapin Oak 151
Chiogenes 312
hispidula 312
serpyllifolia 312
Chocolate-root 235
Indian 235
Choke Cherry 244
Pear 222
Chokeberry 223
Black 223
Purple 223
Red 223
Christmas Fern 21
" Green 31
Chrysanthemum 400
Balsamita
var. tanacetoides 400
Leucanthemum 400
var. pinnatifidum 400
Parthenium 400
Chrysopogon
avenaceus 49
Chrysopogon
nutans 49
Chrysopsis 277
falcata 377
mariana 429
Chrysosplenium 216
americanum 216
Cicely
Sweet 298
Cicer 255
arietinum 255, 430
Cichorium 408
Intybus 408
var. divaricatum 408
Cicuta 299
bulbifera 299
maculata 299
Cimicifuga 192
racemosa 192
var. dissecta 193
Cinna 65
arundinacea 65
latifolia 65
pendula 65
Cinnamon Fern 27
Rose 242
Cinnamon-wood 195
Cinquefoil 232, 234
Downy 22Z
Hoary 233
Marsh 233 ~
Mountain 233
Purple 233
Rough 232
Shrubby 233
Silvery 233
Tall 232
Three-toothed 233
Circaea 294
alpina 294
lutetiana 294
Cirsium 405
altissimum 406, 432
arvense 406 ,
var. integrifolium 406
" vestitum 406
discolor 405
i
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
487
Cirsium
lanceolatum 405
muticum 406
pumilum 406
spinosissimum 405
Cissus
Ampelopsis 427
arborca 427
Cistaceae 282, 438
Citron 371
Citrullus 371
Citrullus 271
vulgaris 371, 432
City Goosefoot 167
Cladium 91
mariscoides 91
Clammy Azalea 307
Cuphea 290
Locust 251
Clammy-weed 211
Claytonia 182
caroliniana 182, 189
virginica 182
Clearweed 156
Cleavers 361
Clematis 190
verticillaris 190
virginiana 190
Clematis
Mountain 190
Purple 190
Wild 190
Cleome 212
spinosa 212, 431
Cleome
Prickly 212
Clethra 306
alnifolia 306
aiff Brake 18
Qimbing Bitter-sweet 271
Boneset 377
False Buckwheat 163
Fern 26
Fumitory 197
Hemp-weed 377
Rose 242
C lino podium
vulgare 339
Clintonia 122
borealis 122
Clintonia 122
Yellow 122
Clitoria
mariana 426
Closed Gentian 320
Clotbur 391
Prickly 391
Spiny 391
Clove Currant 219
Clover 248
Alsike 249
Bokhara 249
Bur 250
Bush 254
Common Red 248
Crimson 248
Honeysuckle 249
Hop 249
Italian 248
Low Hop 249
Meadow 248
Pea-vine 248
Rabbit-foot 248
Red 248
Russian 252
Stone 248
Swedish 249
Sweet 249
White 249
" Sweet 249
Yellow 249
" Sweet 249
Clover Dodder 325
Clown's Mustard 201
Club Moss 30
Moss Family 30
Rush 85
Cnicus
altissimus 406
var. discolor 405
arvensis 406
horridtdus 405
488
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Cnicus
lanceolatus 405
muticus 406
pumilus 406
Coast Elite 166
Germander 332
Goosefoot 166
Jointweed 164
Cock Sorrel 159
Cockle 177, 180
Corn 177
Cocklebur 240, 391
Cocksfoot 192
Cocksfoot Grass 56
Cockspur Grass 56
Thorn 225
Coeloglossum
bracteatum 130
Coffee
Wild 367
Cohosh 193
Black 192
Blue 19s
Rattle 192
Red 193
White 193
Cole
Sea 202
Colic-root 125, 126
Coliseum Ivy 350
Collinsonia 344
canadensis 344
Coltsfoot 402
Canada 157
False 157
Sweet 157, 402
Columbine 192
European 192
Feathered 188
Garden 192
Red 192
Wild 192
Comandra 156
umbellata 156
Comarum
pahistre 233
Com f rev 328
Comfrey
Common 328
Rough 329
Wild 328
Commelina 113
communis 113
nudMora 113
Commelinaceae 113, 430, 439
Compositae 375, 439, 441
Composite Family 375
Comptonia
peregrina 143
Cone-flower 392, 393
Purple 393
Tall 393
Conioselinum 303
canadense 303
chinense 303
Conium 298
maculatum 298
Conopholis 359
americana 359
Conringia 204
orientalis 204, 433
Convallaria 124
majalis 124
Convolvulaceae 324, 438, 440
Convolvulus 324
arvensis 325
japonicus 324
re pens 325
sepium 325
var. americanus 325
" pubescens 325
" re pens 325
spithamaeus 324
Convolvulus Family 324
Coolweed 156
Coolwort 215
Coptis 191
trifolia 191
Coral Root 135
Early 135
Large 135
Coral-berry 193, 366
Corallorrhiza 135
Corallorrhiza 135
No. 14.
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
Corallorrhiza
innata 135
maculata 135
multiHora 135
var. Havida 135
odontorhiza 135
trifida 135
Cord Grass 68
Coreopsis 395
aristosa 397
discoidea 396
lanceolata 396
rosea 429
tinctoria 395
triclwspenna 397
Coriander 302
Coriandrum 302
sativum 302, 434
Corn 48
Broom 49
Indian 48
Kaffir 49
Squirrel 198
Turkey 198
Wild Broom 70
Corn Bindweed 163
Chamomile 398
Cockle 177
Grass 55, 56
Gromwell 329
Kale 203
Mustard 203
Poppy 197
Rose 197
Salad 370
Speedwell 354
Spurrey 173
Cornaceae 304, 438
Cornel 304
Dwarf 304
Low 304
Panicled 305
Red-osier 305
Round-leaved 304
Silky 305
Corn-flower 407
Cornus 304
Cornus
alternifolia 305
Amomum 305
canadensis 304
candidissinia 305
circinata 304
florida 304
paniculata 305
Perpusi 305
sericea 305
stolonifera 305
Coronilla 252
varia 252
Corpse Plant 307
Corydalis 198
glaiica 198
sempervirens 198
Corydalis
Pale 198
Pink 198
Corylus 146
americana 146
heterophylla 420, 433
rostrata 146
Costmary 400
Cotton Grass 90
Thistle 407
Cottonwood 142
Couch Grass 79
Coughwort 402
Cow Bells 180
Cress 201
Lily 183
Parsnip 303
Sorrel 159
Vetch 256
Wheat 356
Cowbane
Spotted 299
Cow-herb 180
Cow-quake 173
Cow-rattle 180
Cowslips 191
Crab
Siberian 222
Crab Apple 222
Grass 50, 61, 69, 160, 168
490
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull
Cracca
virginiana 251
Crack Willow 138
Crambling Rocket 212
Cramp-bark 368
Cranberry 313, 314
American 314
High-bush 368
Large 314
Small 314
Cranberry Tree 368
Cranesbill 261
Cut-leaved 262
Dove's-foot 262
Meadow 261
Small-flowered 262
Wild 261
Crantzia
lineata 301
Crashes 206
Crassulaceae 214, 437, ^40
Crataegus 225, 441
apposita 226
var. Bissellii 226
Arnoldiana 230
Baxteri 226
Bissellii 226
Brainerdi 230
var. scabrida 230
coccinea 226
var. mdcracantha 230
" rotundifolia 227
" viridis 226
cognata 228
conjuncta 229
cristata 229
Crus-galli 225
var. exigua 226
demissa 227
dissimilis 228
dissona 228
Dodgei 227
Eamesii 230
exigua 226
ferentaria 231
festiva 229
Hahellata 227
Crataegus
foetida 226
Forbesae 228
fretalis 230
fulgens 231
genialis 228
glaucophylla 228
Gravesii 227
Grayana 227
Hargeri 227
Holmesiana 229
incisa 229
intricata 226
Jesupi 229
latisepala 228
levis 229
littoralis 229
lobulata 229
macracantha 230
var. rhombifolia 230
macrosperma 227
var. demissa 227
" matura 227
" pentandra 227
matura 227
modesta 226
monogyna 225
monstrata 228
Napaea 228
neo-londinensis 230
Oxyacantha 225
pedicellata 230
pellucida 231
pentandra 227
Pequotorum 229
polita 230
Porteri 229
premora 226
Pringlei 229
var. lobulata 229
pruinosa 228
forma dissona 228
var. conjuncta 228
" latisepala 228
" Porteri 229
punctata 226
quinebaugensis 229
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
491
Crataegus
rhombifolia 230
rotundifolia 227
scabrida 230
sejuncta 230
spatiosa 231
Stonei 227
stratfordensis 231
tenella 227 ■
tomentosa 426
umbratilis 226
viridimontana 228
Crawley Root 135
Crawling Spearwort 185
Cream-colored Avens 235
Creeping Buttercup 187
Crowfoot 187
Fern 26
Snowberry 312
Spearwort 185
Speedwell 354
Thyme 341
Crepis 412
capillaris 412
rigida 413, 432
setosa 413
taraxacifolia 413, 432
tectorum 412
virens 412
var. dentata 412
Cress
Bank 205
Bastard 200, 201
Belle Isle 208
Bitter 207, 209, 210
Brook 210
Common Winter 207
Cow 201
Creeping Yellow 207
Early Winter 208
Field 201
Field Penny 200
Garden 201
Hairy Rock 211
" Yellow 207
Hoary 421
Lamb's 210
Cress
Land 210
Low Rock 210
Marsh 207
Mouse-ear 206
Penny 200
Purple 210
Rock 210
Rocket 207
Small Bitter 210
Smooth Rock 211
Spring 209, 210
Thale 206
Tower 210
True Water 206
Wall 206, 210, 211
Water 206
Winter 207, 208
Yellow 207
Water 207
Crimson Clover 248
Crinkle-root 208
Crisped Bunch-flower 118
Cross-wort 315
Crotalaria 248
sagittalis 248
Crotonopsis 265
linearis 265
Crowfoot 184
Biting 186
Bristly 187
Bulbous 188
Common White Water 185
Creeping 187
Cursed 1S6
Ditch 186
Early 187
Hooked 186
Kidney-leaved 186 .
Marsh 186, 187
Meadow 188
Mountain 186
Rock 186
Rough 186
Sanicle-leaved 186
Seaside 185
Small-flowered t86
492
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT, HIST. SURVEY.
Crowfoot
Smooth i86
Spotted-leaf 187
Stiff Water 184
Swamp 187
Tall 188
Tufted 187
White Water 184
Wood 187
Yellow Water 185
Crowfoot Family 184
Grass 50
Crown Vetch 252
Cruciferae 199, 437, 440
Cryptogramma 19
acrostichoides 424
Stelleri 19, 424
Cryptotaenia 300
canadensis 300
Cuckoo Flower 210
Cucumber 371
One-seeded Bur 372
Star S72
Wild 372
Cucumber-root
Indian 124
Cucumis 371
Melo 371, 432
sativus 371, 432
Cucurbita 372
maxima 372, 432
moschata 372, 432
Pepo 372, 432
var. condensa 372, 432
Cucurbitaceae 371, 438
Cudweed 389, 390
Low 390
Purplish 390
Culver's Physic 353
Culver's-root 353
Cup Plant 390
Cuphea 290
petiolata 290
viscosissima 290
Cuphea 290
Clammy 290
Curled Dock 158
Curled
Mallow 279
Mint 343
Mustard 203
Thistle 405
Curly Dock 158
Grass Family 26
Currant 217
Black 218
Buffalo 219
Clove 219
European Black 218
Fetid 219
Flowering 218, 219
Garden Black 218
" Red 219
Golden 219
Indian 366
Missouri 219
Mountain 219
Red 219
Skunk 219
Swamp Black 218
Sweet 219
Wild Black 218
Wine 219
Cursed Crowfoot 186
Cuscuta 325
arvensis 325
cephalanthi 428
compacta 326
Coryli 32s
Epithymum 325
Gronovii 326
inHexa 325
tenuiiiora 428
Cut Grass 58
Cut-leaved Blackberry 238
Cranesbill 262
Geranium 262
Pepper-root 209
Toothwort 209
Cycloloma 165
atriplicifolium 165. 420, 433
platyphyllum 165
Cydonia 224
japonica 224
No. 14.
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
493
Cydonia
vulgaris 224
Cymbalaria
Cymbalaria 350
Cynanchum 323
nigrum 323
Cyiiodon 69
Dactylon 69, 431
Cynoglossum 327
boreale 328
officinale 327
virginicum 328
Cynosurus 72
cristatus 72, 417
Cynthia 408
Cyperaceae 81, 436
Cyperus 81, 441
aristatus 82
dentatus 82
diandrus 81
van castancus 8r
erythrorhizos 82
var. pumilus 82
esculentus 82
var. angiistispicatiis 82
" leptostachyus 82
ferax 82
filiculmis 83, 425
var. macilentus 83
fuscus 82, 431
Grayii 83
Houghtonii 425
inHexus 82
NuttalHi 82
rivularis 81
speciosus 82
strigosus 83
var. capitatus 83
" robustior 83
Cypress 37
Mock 165
Cypress Spurge 267
Cypripedium 129
acaule 129
arietinum 425
candidum 425
hirsutum 129
Cypripedium
parviflorum 129
var. pubescens 129
pubescens 129
reginae 129
spectabile i2g
Cystopteris 24
bulbifera 24
fragilis 24
Cytisus 248
scoparius 248, 431
Dactylis 72
glome rata 72
Daffodil 126
Daisy
Ox-eye 400
White 400
Yellowr 393
Daisy Fleabane 387
Dalibarda 240
repens 240
Damask Violet 206
Dame's Rocket 206
" Violet 206
Damson 244
Dandelion 410
Common 410
Dwarf 408
Fall 409
Red-seeded 410
Dangleberry 312
Danthonia 67
compressa 67
sericea 425
spicata 67
Darnel 78
Bearded 78
Common 78
Dasipliora
friiticosa 233
Dasystoma
■Rava 355
pedicularia 355
virginica 355
Datura 347
Metel 348, 434
meteloides 348, 432
494
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull,
Datura
Stramonium 347
Tatula 348
Daucus 303
Carota 303
Day Lily 119, 120
Day-blooming Campion 178
Lychnis 178
Day-flower 113
Dead Nettle 336
Decodon 289
verticillatus 289
Deerberry 313
Deergrass 290
Deer-tongue Grass 55
Deerwood 146
Delphinium 192
Ajacis 192
Consolida 192
Dennstaedtia
punctilobida 25
Dentaria 208
anomala 209
diphylla 208
incisa 209
incisifolia 209
laciniata 209
maxima 209
Deptford Pink 181
Deringa
canadensis 300
Deschampsia 67
caespitosa 67
flexuosa 67
Desmodium 252, 441
acuminatum 252
bracteosum 253
canadense 253
canescens 252
ciliare 254
cuspidatum 253
Dillenii 253
glabellum 252
grandiflqrum 252
humifumm 252
marilandicum 254
nudiflorum 252
Desmodium
obtusum 254
paniculatum 253
rigidum 253
roLundi folium 252
sessilifolium 253
strictum 426
Deutzia 217
scabra 217, 433
Devil's Apple 194
Bit 118, 377
Fig 197
Hair 190
Paint-brush 414
Walking-stick 296
Dew Grass 64
Dewberry 239
Dew-plant 213
Dianthus 181
Armeria 181
barbatus 181
deltoides 181
plumarius 181
Dicentra 198
canadensis 198
Cucullaria 198
Dicksonia 25
pilosiitscula 25
punctilobula 25
forma cristata 25
" schizophylla 25
Diervilla 365
Diervilla 365
Lonicera 365
triMa 365
Digitalis 353
purpurea 353, 434
Digitaria 49
filiformis 49
humifusa 49
sanguinalis 50
Dill 302
Diodia 363
teres 363
Dioscorea 126
villosa 126
Dioscoreaceae 126, 436
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
495
Diospyros 317
virginiana 317
Diplacline
fasciciilaris 69
Diplopappus
amygdalinus 429
Diplotaxis 204
muralis 204, 433
tenuifolia 204
Dipsacaceae 370, 438, 441
Dipsacus 370
sylvestris 370
Dirca 289
palustris 289
Discopleura
capillacea 299
Dish Mustard 200
Distichlis 72
maritima 72
spicata 72
Ditch Crowfoot 186
Grass 44
Moss 47
Stonecrop 214
Dock 157
Belleville 159
Bitter 159
Blunt-leaved 159
Broad 159
Curled 158
Curly 158
Great Water 158
Horse 158
Narrow 158
Pale 158
Patience 157
Peach-leaved 158
Sorrel 159
Spring 157
Swamp 158
Tall 158
Velvet 349
Yellow 158
Dock-leaved Persicaria 160
Dockmackie 368
Dodder 325, 326
Clover 325
Dodder
Field 325
Hazel 325
Doellingeria
infirma 386
umbellata 386
Dog Fennel 398
Grass 79
Rose 242
Violet 288
Dogbane 321
Spreading 321
Dogbane Family 321
Dogberry 217, 223, 305
Dog's Couch Grass 79
Dog's Wheat Grass 79
Dog's-tail Grass 72
Dog's-tooth Violet 121
Dogwood 304
Flowering 304
Poison 268
Red-osier 305
Round-leaved 304
Swamp 305
Dogwood Family 304
Dolphin Flower 192
Dondia
americana i6q
maritima 168
Doorweed 160
Dove's-foot Cranesbill 262
Geranium 262
Downy Arrow-wood 368
Bergamot 338
Cinquefoil 233
Poplar 142
Yellow Foxglove 355
Violet 288
Draba 199
caroliniana 199
verna 199
Dracocephalum 335
parviflorum 335
Dragon
Green no
Dragon Arum 109
Head 335
496
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Dragon
Root no
Dragon's Claw 135
Drooping Avens 235
Drop-seed 62, 63
Drop-seed Grass 61
Dropwort 235
Drosera 213
intermedia 213
var. americana 213
longifolia 213
rotundifolia 213
Droseraceae 213, 437
Dry Strawberry 232
Drymocallis
arguta 232
Dryopteris
acrostichoides 21
var. Schweinitzii 21
aculeata Braunii 424
Boottii 23
cristata 23
var. Clintoniana 23
Goldiana 22
marginalis 22
noveboracensis 22
simulata 22
spinulosa 23
var. dilatata 24
" intermedia 23
Thelypteris 22
Duchesnea 232
indica 232
Duck Acorn 184
Grass 7^
Duck's-foot 194
Duck's-meat in
Duckweed iii
Greater in
Lesser 112
Duckweed Family in
Dulichium 83
arundinaceum 83
spathaceum 83
Dumb Watches 213
Durfee Grass 79
Dusty Miller 177, 401
Dutch Flax 201, 202
Myrtle 143
Dutchman's Breeches ic
Dwarf Alder 275
Blueberry 313
Cherry 245
Cornel 304
Dandelion 408
Ginseng 296
Huckleberry 312
Mallow 279
Mistletoe 156
Nettle 155
Raspberry 237
St. John's-wort 281
Sumach 268
Dyer's Rocket 212
Weed 212
Weld 212
Early Buttercup 187
Coral Root 135
Crowfoot 187
Meadow Rue 188
Saxifrage 215
Sweet Blueberry 313
Yellow Violet 287
Easter Bell 176
Eatonia
Dudleyi 66
nitida 66
obtusata 66
pennsylvanica 66
var. major 66
Ebenaceae 317, 438
Ebony Family 317
Spleenwort 20
Echinacea
angustifolia 393
Echinochloa 56
crusgalli 56
frumentacea 56, 433
Walteri 56
Echinocystis 372
lobata 372
Echin sperm u m
Lappula 328 .
virginicum 328
No. 14.
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
497
Echium 330
vulgare 330
Eel Grass 45, 47
Eglantine 242
Eichhornia 114
crassipes 114, 430
Elatinaceae 282, 438
Elatine 282
americana 282
Elatinoides
Elatine 350
Elder 369
Black-berried 369
Box 273
Common 369
Marsh 391
Poison 268
Red-berried 369
Wild 296
Elecampane 390
Eleocharis 83, 441
acicularis 84
diandra 84, 417
Engelmanni 84
intermedia 85, 418
microcarpa 85
mutata 83
obtusa 84
olivacea 83
ovata 84, 418
palustris 84
var. glaucescens 84
" major 84
" vigens 84
pygmaea 85
quadrangulata 83
Robbinsii 83
rostellata 85
tenuis 85
Torreyana 85
tuberculosa 84
Eleusine 69
indica 69
EUisia 327
Nyctelea 327, 434
Elm 152
32
Elm
American 152
Common 152
English 152
European, 152
False 153
Feathered 152
Indian 152
Moose 152
Red 152
Rock 152
Shade 152
Slippery 152
Swamp 152
Sweet 152
Tawny 152
Wahoo 153
Water 152
Weeping 152
White 152
Winged 153
Witch 153
Elodea 47
campanulata 282
canadensis 47
Elymus 80
australis 80, 423
brachystachys 417, 433
canadensis 80
var. glaucifolius 81
hirsutigltimis 80
striatus 81
virginicus 80
var. hirsutiglumis 80
Enchanter's Nightshade 294
English Elm 152
Hawthorn 225
Meadow-sweet 235
Plantain 361
Violet 287
Epifagus 359
virginiana 359
Epigaea 311
repens 311
Epilobium 291
adenocaulon 292, 422, 427
498
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY,
Bull
Epilobium
angustifolium 291
coloratum 292
densum 291
Hornemanni 427
lineare 292
molle 291
palustre 292
var. monticola 292
strictiim 291
Epipactis 134
pubescens 135
repens
var. ophioides 134
tesselata 134
Equisetaceae 29, 436
Equisetum 29
arvense 29
fluviatile 29
hyemale 30
var. affine 30
" intermedium 29
limosutn 29
palustre 29
pratense 29
scirpoides 30
sylvaticum 29
variegatum 30
var. Jesupi 30
Eragrostis 71
capillaris 71
Frankii 71
hypnoides 71
major 71
megastachya 71
minor 71
pectinacea 71
pilosa 71
Purshii 71
reptans 71
Eragrostis
Purple 71
Erechtites 403
hieracifolia 403
praealta 403
Erect Bugle 332
Erect
Goose Grass 160
Knotweed 160
Ericaceae 306, 438
Erigeron 387
annuus 387
bellidifolius 387
canadensis 387
philadelphicus 387
pulchellus 387
ramosus 387
var. discoideus 387
strigosus 387
Eriocaulaceae 112, 436
Eriocaulon 112
septangulare 112
Eriophorum 89
alpinum 86
callitrix 89
cyperinum 88
var. laxum 89
gracile 89
lineatum 88
paucinervium 89
polystachyon 90
var. latifolium 90
tenellum 89
vaginatum 89
virginicum 90
var. album 90
viridi-carinatum 90
Erodium 262
cicutarium 262, 434
moschatum 262, 434
Erodium
Musk 262
Ervum
Lens 256
Eryngium 297
aquattcum 297
planum 297, 434
yuccifolium 297
Eryngo 297
Erysimum 206
cheiranthoides 206
Erythronium 121
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
499
Erythronium
americanum 121
Eschscholtzia 196
californica 196, 421, 433
Estragon 401
Eupatorium 375
ageratoides 376
aromaticum 2)77
hyssopifolium 375
maculatum 375
var. amoenum 375
perfoliatum 376
var. truncatum 376
pubescens 376
purpureum 375
var. amoenum 375
" maculatum 375
rotundifolium
var. ovatum 2i7^
sessilifolium 376
teucrifoUum 2)7^
urticaefolium 376
verbenaefolium 376
Euphorbia 265, 441
corollata 266
Cyparissias 267
dentata 426
Esula 266
glyptosperma 426
hirsuta 266
Ipecacuanhae 266, 423
Lathyrus 267
maculata 266
marginata 266
nutans 265
Peplus 267
polygonifolia 265
Preslii 265
Euphorbiaceae 265, 437, 440
European Barberry 195
Columbine 192
Elm 152
Fly Honeysuckle 365
Garden Bean 256
Gooseberry 218
Larch 35
European
Linden 277
Mallow 279
Millet SI
Mountain Ash 223
Spindle Tree 271
Vervain 330
Wood Strawberry 231
Euihamia
caroliniana 381
graminifolia 381
tenuifolia 381
Evening Lychnis 178
Primrose 292
Primrose Family 291
Ever-blooming Lychnis 178
Evergreen Blackberry 238
Everlasting 388, 389, 390
Common 390
Pearly 389
Plantain-leaved 389
Sweet 390
Everlasting Pea 257
Evonymus 271
alatus 271
atropurpureus 271
europaeus 271
Fagaceae 148, 436
Fagopyrum 164
esculentum 164, 431
Fagopyrum 164
Fagus 148
americana 148
ferruginea 148
grandifolia 148
Fairy Creeper 197
Cup 216
Faitour's Grass 266
F ale at a
comosa 259
Pitcheri 259
Fall Dandelion 409
False Acacia 251
Beech-drops 307
Coltsfoot 157
Dragon Head 335
Soo
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull
False
Elm 153
Flax 201, 202
Foxglove 355
Gromwell 330
Heather 283
Hellebore 118
Indigo 247, 251
Loosestrife 291
Mermaid 268
" Family 268
Miterwort 215
Mustard 211
Nettle 156
Pimpernel 352
Red Top -jz
Rice 58
Sarsaparilla 296
Solomon's Seal 122
Spikenard 122
Sycamore 220
Unicorn-root 125
Feather Geranium 165
Grass 60
Hyacinth 121
Feathered Columbine 1}
Elm 152
Featherfoil 315
American 315
Felon-herb 401
Fen Orchis 136
Fennel 301
Common 301
Dog 398
Garden 301
Fennel Flower 191
Fern
Beech 17
Bladder 24
Broad Beech 17
" . Shield 24
Chain 19
Christmas 21
Cinnamon 27
Climbing 26
Qinton's Shield 23
Fern
Creeping 26
Crested Shield 23
Flowering 26
Goldie's 22
Grape 27
Hairy Lip 18
Hartford 26
Hay-scented 25
Interrupted 26
Lady 21
Long Beech 17
Marginal Shield 22
Marsh 22
Massachusetts 22
Net-veined Chain 19
New York 22
Oak 17
Ostrich 25
Rattlesnake 28
Royal 26
Sensitive 25
Shield 22
Spinulose Shield 23
Sweet 144
Virginia Chain 19
Walking 21
Wood 22
Fern Family 17
Fescue
Meadow ^6
Sheep's 76
Slender 76
Taller yd
Fescue Grass 76
Festuca yd
capillata 76
elatior 76
var. pratensis 76
nutans 76
octoflora 76
ovina 76
var. capillata 76
" duriuscula 425
rubra 76, 425
tcnella 76
I
Bull No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
501
Fetid Chamomile 398
Currant 219
Horehound 336
Fetter Bush 309
Fever Bush 196
Feverfew 400
Feverwort 367
Field Avens 235
Bean 258
Bindweed 325
Chickweed 176
Cress 201
Dodder 325
Garlic 119
Kale 203
Larkspur 192
Mint 343
Pansy 288
Pea 258
Poppy 197
Scabious 371
Soapwort 180
Sorrel 159
Spurrey 174
Strawberry 231
Thistle 405
Fig
Devil's 197
Indian 289
Figwort 351
Figwort Family 349
Filbert 146
Filipendula 234
hexapetala 235, 434
rubra 234
Ulmaria 234
Filix
hulhifera 24
fragilis 24
Fimbristylis 85
autumnalis 85
capillaris 85
Frankii 85
Fine Bent 64
Snakeroot 157
Finger Grass 49, 50
Fiorin 64
Fir 2,7
Balm-of-Gilead yj
Balsam 2>7
Scotch 35
Fire Cherry 244
Fire Plant
Mexican 165
Fire Pink 179
Fireweed 291, 403
Fit-root 307
Five-finger 232, 234
Marsh 233
Mountain 233
Purple 233
Three-toothed 233
Flag
Blue 127
Cat-tail 39
Larger Blue 127
Poison 127
Slender Blue 127
Sweet III
Flannel-leaf 349
Flax 259
Common 259
Dutch 201, 202
False 201, 202
Wild Yellow 260
Flax Family 259
Fleabane 387
Canada 387
Daisy 387
Marsh 388
Salt Marsh 388
Fleur-de-lis 127
Flixweed 206
Floating Foxtail 62
Heart 320
Floerkea 268
proserpinacoides 268
Flowering Currant 218, 219
Dogwood 304
Fern 26
" Family 26
Locust 251
Maple 278
Spurge 266
502
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Flowering
Thistle 197
Wintergreen 263
Flower-of-an-Hour 280
Fly-away Grass 64
Foam-flower 215
Foeniculum 301
Foeniculum 301
officinale 301
vulgare 301
Fool's Parsley 302
Forget-me-not 329
True 329
Wild 329
Forked Catchfly 179
Chickweed 172
Forsythia 318
viridissima 318, 434
Four-leaved Campion 180
Four-o'clock 171
Four-o'clock Family 171
Fowl Meadow Grass y:^, 74
Fox Grape 276
Foxglove 353
Common 353
Downy False 355
" Yellow 355
Oak-leaved False 355
Smooth False 355
Foxtail 57
Floating 62
Green 57
Marsh 62
Meadow 62
Water 62
Foxtail Grass 62
Fragaria 231
americana 232
canadensis 231
indica 232
terrae-novae 231
vesca 231
var. alba 232
" americana 232
virginiana 231
var. Gray ana 231
illinoensis 231
Fragrant Balm 338
Fraxinus 317
americana 317
Darlingtonii 317
excelsior 318
lance olata 318
nigra 318
pennsylvanica 317
var. lanceolata 318
pubescens 317
sambucifolia 318
viridis 318
French Pink 181
Purslane 182
Rose 243
Fringe Cup 216
Fringed Gentian 319
Loosestrife 316
Orchis 130
Polygala 263
Frog Grass 114, 168
Lily 183
Frog's Bit Family 47
Frost Grape 277
Frost-flower 382
Frostweed 282
Fumaria 198
officinalis 198
Fumariaceae 197, 437, 440
Fumitory 198
Climbing 197
Common 198
Hedge 198
Fumitory Family 197
Funkia
lancifolia 120
ovata 119
Galeopsis 335
Ladanum 335, 434
Tetrahit 335
Galeorchis
spectabilis 130
Galingale 81
Galinsoga 397
parviflora 397
var. hispida 397
Galium 361, 441
No. 14.
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
503
Galium
Aparine 361
asprellum 363
boreale 362
circaezans 362
Claytoni 363
erectum 363
labradoricum 363
lanceolatum 362
MoUugo 362
palustre 363
pilosum 362
var. puncticulosum 362
tinctorium 363
var. labradoricum 363
trifidum 363
var. latifolium 363
" pusillum 363
triflorum 363
verum 362
Wirtgenii 362, 435
Gall-of-the-Earth 413
Gama Grass 48
Garden Asparagus 122
Black Currant 218
Burnet 241
Catchfly 179
Chamomile 399
Columbine 192
Cress 201
Fennel 301
Gooseberry 218
Heliotrope 370
Huckleberry 345
Larkspur 192
Mignonette 212
Orpine 214
Parsley 300
Patience 157
Pea 257
Peppergrass 201
Phlox 326
Pink 181
Plum 246
Poppy 197
Portulaca 182
Purslane 182
Garden
Radish 202
Red Currant 219
Sage 337
Sorrel 159
Valerian 370
Garget 171
Garlic 119
Field 119
Hedge 205
Meadow 119
Wild 119
Garlic Mustard 205
Gaultheria 311
procumbens 311
Gaura 294
biennis 294
Gaylussacia 312
baccata 312
forma glaucocarpa 312
du;Tiosa 312
frondosa 312
resinosa 312
Gemmingia
chinensis 128
Gentian 319
Bottle 320
Closed 320
Fringed 319
Horse 367
Gentian Family 319
Gentiana 319
Amarella 427
Andrewsii 320, 428
crinita 319
quinquefolia 319, 427
quinqueUora 319
Saponaria 428
Gentianaceae 319, 438
Geraniaceae 261, 437, 440
Geranium 261
carolinianum 261
dissectum 262, 431
maculatum 261
molle 262, 434
pratense 261, 434
pusillum 262
504
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
Bull.
Geranium
Robertianum 261
Geranium
Cut-leaved 262
Dove's-foot 262
Feather 165
Meadow 261
Mint 400
Small-flowered 262
Geranium Family 261
Gerardia 355
Besseyana 356
flava 355
Gattingeri 356
linifolia 429
m.Tiitima 356
parvi folia 356
paupercula 356
pedicularia 355
purpurea 355
var. paupercula 356
quercifolia 355
Skinneriana 356
tenuifolia 356
var. niacrophylla 356
virginica 355
Gerardia 355, 356
Purple 355
Seaside 356
German Chamomile 399
Millet 57
Germander 332
American 332
Coast 332
Geum 235
album 235
canadense 235
flavum 23s
macrophyllum 426
rivale 235
striatum 235, 426
virginianum 235
Ghost-flower 307
Giant Hyssop 334
Solomon's Seal 123
Gill 334
Gill-over-the-Ground 334
Ginger
Wild 157
Ginger-root
Wild 157
Ginseng 296
Dwarf 296
Ginseng Family 295
Gipsy Combs 370
Girls-and-Boys 198
Glasswort 168
Woody 168
Glaucous Willow 139
Glecoma
hederacea 334
Gleditsia 246
triacanthos 246
Globeflower 191, 236
American 191
Spreading 191
Swamp 191
Wild 191
Glossy Willow 138
Glyceria 74
acutiflora 75
borealis 75
canadensis 74
elongata 74
Huitans 75
grandis 74
nervata 74
obtusa 74
pallida 74
septentrionalis 75
Torreyana 74
Glycyrrhiza 252
lepidota 252, 431
Gnaphalium 389
decurrens 390
ohtusifolium 389
polycephalum 389
purpureum 390
uliginosum 390
Goat's Beard 410
Rue 251
Gold-cups 188
Golden Alexanders 300
Aster 377
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
505
Golden
Bell 318
Chain 214
Club III
Currant 219
Glow 393
Loosestrife 315
Marguerite 399
Meadow Parsnip 300
Moss 214
Osier 143
Peppergrass 201
Ragweed 404
Ragwort 404
Saxifrage 216
Seal 193
Golden-rod 378, 380, 381
Sweet 379
White 378
Golden-tuft 200
Golden-Wonder Millet 57
Goldie's Fern 22
Gold-of-Pleasure 201, 202
Goldthread 191
Goodyera
pubescens 135
repens 134
tesselata 134
Goose Grass 69, y2, 75, 160, 361
Gooseberry 217
Common 218
European 218
Garden 218
Missouri 217
Northern 218
Prickly 217
Smooth 218
Swamp 218
Wild 218
Goosefoot 165
City 167
Coast 166
Maple-leaved 166
Nettle-leaved 167
Oak-leaved 166
Red 166
Seaside 169
Goosefoot
Upright 167
White 166
Goosefoot Family 165
Goshen Hardback 233
Go-to-Bed-Noon 121
Gourd 372
Gourd Family 371
Goutweed 299
Goutwort 299
Gowan
Meadow 191
Gramineae 48, 436, 439
Grape 276
Blue 277
Bunch 276
Fox 276
Frost 277
Northern Fox 276
Pigeon 276
River-bank 277
Skunk 276
Summer 276, 277
Wolf 345
Grape Fern 27
Hyacinth 121
Grass
Alkali 72
Arrow 45
Awned Wheat 79
Barnyard 56
Beach 65
Bear 121
Beard 48, 65
Bent 64
Bermuda 69
Billion-Dollar 56
Black 114
Black Oat 60
Blue-eyed 128
Blue- joint 65
Bottle 57
Bottle-brush 81
Bristly Foxtail 57
Brome 76
Broom Beard 48
Brown Bent 64
5o6
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY,
[Bull.
Grass
Bull 68
Bunch 48
Bur 58
Canada Blue "ji
Canary 58
Cat-tail 62
Coast Knot 164
Cocksfoot 56
Cockspur 56
Common Hair 67
Cord 68
Corn 55, 56
Cotton 90
Couch 79
Crab 50, 61, 69, 160, 168
Creeping Spear "j})
Crowfoot 50
Cut 58
Deer-tongue 55
Dew 64
Ditch 44
Dog 79
Dog's Couch 79
Dog's Wheat 79
Dog's-tail 72
Drop-seed 61
Duck Ti
Durfee 79
Eel 45, 47
Erect Goose 160
Faitour's 266
Fall Witch 50
Feather 60
Fescue 76
Finger 49, 50
Flat-stemmed Blue "/},
Floating Manna 75
Fly-away 64
Forked Beard 48
Fowl Meadow T^, 74
Foxtail 62
Frog 114, 168
Gama 48
German Knot 172
Goose 69, 72, 75, 160, 361
Green Eel 185
Grass
Hair 62, 64, 71
Hairy Brome 'J^
Hedgehog 58
Herd's 62
Holy 59
Hungarian 57
Brome 78
Indian 49
Italian Ray 78
" Rye 78
Japanese Barnyard 56
Johnson 49
June ^z
Kentucky Blue "Ji
Knot 79, 160
Knot-root 61
Large Crab 50
Low Spear 72
Lyme 80
Manna 74
Marsh 68
Meadow 72
" Spear 74
Melic 72
Mesquite 69
Needle 60
Oat 67
Old-witch 51
Orange 282
Orchard 72
Pale Manna 74
Panic 51
Pearl 74
Perennial Foxtail 57
Ray 78
Rye 78
Pigeon 57
Porcupine 60
Poverty 283
Quack 79
Quaking 72
Quitch 79
Rattlesnake 74
Reed Bent 65
" Canary 59
" Meadow 74
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
507
Grass
Rib 361
Ribbon 59
Rice Cut 58
Ripple 361
Rough Foxtail 57
" Hair 64
Rough-stalked Meadow "j-^
Rush 63
Salt Marsh 68
" Meadow (&
" Reed 68
Sand 70
" Knot 164
Scorpion 329
Scratch 58, 163
Scurvy 208
Scutch 69, 79
Sea Spear 75
Seaside Knot 164
Seneca 59
Sesame 48
Shave 30
Shear 79
Sickle 163
Silk 64
Slough 68
Small Crab 49
Smooth Meadow "^i
Snake 71
Sour 159
Spear 72, Tz
Spike "^2
Spires 59
Squirrel-tail 80
Star 125, 127
Stink 71
Swamp Wire ^2)
Sweet Vernal 59
Switch 52
Sword 59, 98
Tall Manna 74
" Marsh 68
" Oat 67
" Panic 52
" Quaking 74
Tape 47
Grass
Terrell 80
Thatch 68
Thin 64
Tickle 51
Toad 114
Tongue 176, 200
Triple-awned 60
Tufted Hair 67
Twitch 57
Vanilla 59
Velvet 66
Vernal Whitlow 199
Water Star 114
Way 160
White 58
" Bent 64
Whitlow 199
Wild Oat 67
Wire 48, 69, Ti, 160
Wood 49
Reed 65
Wool 88
Yard 69
Yellow-eyed 112, 127
Grass Family 48
Grass of Parnassus 216
Grass Pink 133, 181
Wrack 45
Gratiola 353
aurea 353
duhia 353
virginiana 353
Gravel Chickweed 172
Gravel-root 375
Gravel-weed 330
Gray Birch 147
Willow 141
Greaseweed 357
Great American Burnet 241
Blue Lobelia 374
Bulrush 86
Burdock 404
Laurel 308
Nettle 155
Ragweed 391
St. John's-wort 280
5o8
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
Bull.
Great
Solomon's Seal 123
Water Dock 158
Willow-herb 291
Greater Bladderwort 358
Duckweed iii
Starwort 176
Stitchwort 176
Greek Valerian 327
Green Adders Mouth 136
Amaranth 169
Ash 318
Brier 125
Dragon no
Foxtail 57
Hellebore 118
Milkweed 323
Grim the Collier 414
Grindelia 377
squarrosa ZTJ, 435
Griottes 245
Gromwell 329
Common 330
Corn 329
False 330
Ground Cherry 346
Hemlock 34
Honeysuckle 250
Ivy 334
Laurel 311
Pine 31
Pink 326
Groundnut 258, 296
Groundsel 403
Common 403
Groundsel Tree 388
Gum
Black 305
Red 220
Sour 305
Star-leaved 220
Sweet 220
Gum Tree
Sweet 220
Gumbo 280
Gum-plant 377
Gymnadeniopsis
clavellata 131
Gypsophila 181
elegans 181, 433
muralis 181, 433
Gypsophyll 181
Gyrostachys
cernua 134
gracilis 133
linearis 133
ochroleuca 134
plant aginea 134
praecox 133
simplex 133
stricta 134
Gyrotheca
capitata 126
tinctoria 126
Habenaria 130, 441
blephariglottis 131
bracteata 130
ciliaris 131
clavellata 131
dilatata 130
fimbriata 132
flava 130
grandi flora 132
Hookeri 131
var. oblongifolia 131
hyperborea 130
lacera 132
macrophylla 131
orbiculata 131, 419
peramoena 425
psycodes 132
rotundifolia 425
tridentata 131
virescens 130
Hackberry 153
Hackmatack 35
Haemodoraceae 126, 436
Hair Grass 62, 64, 71
Hairy Agrimony 240
Hawkweed 415
Lip Fern 18
Pinweed 283
Solomon's Seal 123
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
509
Hairy
Tare 256
Vetch 256
Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb 163
Haloragidaceae 294, 438
Hamamelidaceae 219, 437
Hamamelis 219
virginiana 219
Hardback 221, 233, 365
Goshen 233
Purple 221
Hardheads 407
Harebell 373
Hare's Tail 89
Hare's-ear 204
Hare's-ear Mustard 204
Hartford Fern 26
Haw
Black 369
Red 225
Haw Bush 225
Tree 225
Hawkbit 409
Hawk's-beard 412
Hawkweed 414
Canada 415
Hairy 415
Orange 414
Hawthorn 225
English 225
Hay-scented Fern 25
Hazel 146
Hazel Dodder 325
Hazelnut 146
Beaked 146
Wild 146
Headache 197
Headache Plant 356
Heal-all
Common 335
Heart Snakeroot 157
Heart-leaved Willow 139
Heart's-ease 162, 284, 288
Heart-seed 274
Heartweed 162
Heath Family 306
Heather
False 283
Hedeoma 339
hispida 339
pulegioides 339
Hedge Bindweed 163, 325
Fumitory 198
Garlic 205
Hyssop 353
Mustard 205
Nettle 237
Pink 180
Thorn 225
Hedgehog Grass 58
Helenium 398
autumnale 398
nudiflorum 398
tenuifolium 398
Helianthemum 282
canadense 282
corymbosum 427
majus 282
Helianthus 394, 441
angustifolius 429
annuus 394
debilis 394, 435
var. cucumerifolius 394, 435
decapetalus 395
divaricatus 395
doronicoides 429
giganteus 394
var. ambiguus 394
grosseserratus 394
laetiflorus 394
Maximiliani 395, 435
petiolaris 394
rigidus 394
scaberrimus 394
scabra 429
strumosus 395
var. macro phyllus 395
" mollis 395
tracheliifolius 395, 423
tuberosus 395
Heliopsis 392
helianthoides 392
laevis 392
510
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Heliopsis
scabra 392, 430
Heliotrope
Garden 370
Hellebore
American White 118
False 118
Green 118
Helonias
bullata 425
Hemerocallis 120
flava 120
fulva 120
Hemicarpha 90
micrantha 90
suhsquarrosa 90
Hemlock 2,7
Ground 34
Poison 298
Water 299
Hemlock Parsley 303
Hemp 153
Albany 155
American 321
Canadian 321
Common 153
Indian 321
Salt Marsh Water 171
Water 171
Hemp Nettle 335
Hemp-weed
Climbing ^yy
Hen-and-Chickens 215
Henbane 422
Black 422
Henbit ^z^
Hepatica 189
acuta 189
acutiloba 189
Hepatica 189
triloba 189
Heracleum 303
lanatum 303
Herb Bennet 235
Gerard 299
Patience 157
Robert 261
Herb
Sophia 206
Hercules' Club 296
Herd's Grass 62
Heron's-bill 262
Hesperis 206
matronalis 206
Heteranthera 113
dubia 114
graminea 114
reniformis 113
Heuchera 215
americana 215
Hibiscus 279
esculentus 280, 431
Moscheutos 280
syriacus 279
Trionum 280
Plickory 144
Bitter Nut 145
Broom 145
Little Pignut 145
Pignut 145
Shag-bark 145
Shell-bark 145
Small-fruited 145
Swamp 145
White-heart 145
Hickory Poplar 194
Hicoria
alba 145
glabra 145
microcarpa 145
minima 145
ovata 144
Hieracium 414
aurantiacum 414
canadense 415
floribundum 414
Gronovii 415
marianum 414
paniculatum 414
Pilosella 414
pratense 414
scabrum 415
venosum 414
var. subcaulescens 414
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
511
Hierochloe 59
borealis 59
odorata 59
High Angelica 303
Mallow 279
High-bush Blackberry 237, 239
Blueberry 313
Cranberry 368
Highwater-shrub 391
Hip Rose 242
Hippuris
vulgaris 427
Hoary Alder 148
Alyssum 199
Cinquefoil 233
Cress 421
Pea 251
Vervain 331
Willow 140
Hobble-bush 368
Hog Apple 194
Lily 183
Peanut 259
Hog-weed 391
Holcus 66
lanatus 66
Holly 269
American 269
Mountain 270, 271
Holly Family 269
Hollyhock 278
Holosteum
umbellatum 426
Holy Grass 59
Homalocenchrus
oryzoides 58
virginicus 58
Honesty 208
Honewort 300
Honey Locust 246
Honey-bloom 321
Honeysuckle 192, 365
American Fly 365
Bush 365
European Fly 365
Ground 250
Japanese 366
Honeysuckle
Mountain Fly 365
Tartarian 365
Trumpet 366
White Swamp 307
Wild 308, 366
Honeysuckle Clover 249
Honeysuckle Family 365
Honey-sweet 235
Hooked Crowfoot 186
Hoop Ash 153, 318
Hop 153
Common 153
Japanese 154
Hop Clover 249
Hornbeam 146
Medick 250
Tree 263
Hordeum 80
jubatum 80
vulgare 80, 431
Horehound 333
Black 336
Common 333
Fetid 336
Water 341
Hornbeam 146
American 146
Hop 146
Hop 146
Horned Pondweed 44
Rush 90
Hornwort 182
Hornwort Family 182
Horse Balm 344
Brier 125
Dock 158
Gentian 367
Lily 183
Mint 338, 342
Nettle 345
Plum 246
Horse-chestnut 274
Common 274
Horsefly-weed 247
Horseradish 207
Horsetail 29
512
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Horsetail
Common 29
Horsetail Family 29
Horse-weed 387, 411
Hosackia 250 .
americana 250, 434
Purshiana 250
Hosta 119
caerulea 119
japonica 120
Hottonia 315
inflata 315
Hound's Tongue 327
Common 327
House Sorrel 159
Houseleek 215
Houstonia 364
coerulea 364
lanceolata 364
longifolia 364
purpurea
var. calycosa 364
" longifolia 364
Hubbard Squash 372
Huckleberry 312
Black 312
Blue 312
Common 312
Dwarf 312
Garden 345
Squaw 313
Hudsonia 283
tomentosa 283
Humulus 153
japonicus 154
Lupulus 153
Hungarian Grass 57
Hungry-root 296
Huntsman's Cup 213
Hyacinth
Feather 121
Grape 121
Starch Grape 121
Water 114
Hydrastis 193
canadensis 193
Hydrocharitaceae 47, 436
Hydrocotyle 297
americana 298
umbellata 297
Hydrophyllaceae 327, 438
Hydrophyllum 327
virginianum 327
Hyoscyamus 422
niger 422, 434
Hypericaceae 280, 438, 440
Hypericum 280, 441
adpressum 281
Ascyron 280
Bissellii 281
boreale 281
canadense 282
var. majus 281
" minimum 281
corymbosum 281
ellipticum 281
gentianoides 282
maciilatum 281
var. subpetiolatum 281
majus 281
mutilum 281
nudicaiile 282
perforatum 280
prolificum 281
punctatum 281
virginicum 282
Hypochaeris 409
radicata 409
Hypopitys
americana 307
Hypopitys 307
lanuginosa 307
Hypoxis 127
erecta 127
hirsuta 127
Hyssop 340
Giant 334
Hedge 353
Hyssopus 340
officinalis 340
Hystrix 81
Hystrix 81
patula 81
Iberis 201
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
513
Iberis
amara 201, 433
Ilex 269
bronxensis 270
glabra 270
laevigata 270
opaca 269
verticillata 270
var. padifolia 270
" tenuifolia 270
Ilicioides
mucronata 271
Illecebraceae 172, 437, 439
Ilysanthes 352
anagallidea 353
atteniiata 352
dubia 352, 353
gratioloides 352
riparia 352, 353
Impatiens 274
aurea 274
biflora 274
fulva 274
pallida 274
Indian Apple 194
Arrow-wood 271
Bean 359
Chickweed 173
Chocolate-root 233
Corn 48
Cucumber-root 124
Cup 213
Currant 366
Elm 152
Fig 289
Grass 49
Hemp 321
Mallow 278
Mustard 203
Paint 193
Pear 224
Pipe 307
Pitcher 213
Plantain 403
Poke 118
Rice 58
Strawberry 232
Indian
Tobacco 374, 389
Turmeric 193
Turnip 109
Indigo
Bastard 251
False 247, 251
Wild 247
Ink Plant
Red 171
Inkberry 171, 270
Ink-root 314
Innocence 364
Interrupted Fern 26
Inula 390
Helenium 390
lodanthus 208
pinnatifidus 208, 433
lonactis
linariif alius 386
Ipecac
Wild 266
Ipecac Spurge 266
Ipomoea 324
coccinea 324, 432
hederacea 324
pandurata 324
purpurea 324
Iridaceae 127, 436, 439
Iris 127
germanica 127
orientalis 127
prismatica 127
Pseudacorus 127
versicolor 127
Iris 127
Yellow 127
Iris Family 127
Iron Oak 150
Ironweed 375
Ironwood 146
Ironwort 334
Isantlms
hrachiatiis 428
caeruleus 428
Isnardia
palustris 291
514
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Isoetaceae 32, 436
Isoetes 32
canadensis 33
Dodgei 33
var. Robbinsii 416
echinospora
var. Braunii 32
" muricata 32
Engelmanni 33
var. gracilis 33
foveolata 32, 422
Gravesii 32
lacustris 424
riparia
var. canadensis 33
saccharata
var. Amesii 32
Tuckermani 32, 424
Isotria
aMnis 133
verticillata 133
Italian Clover 248
Millet 57
Ray Grass 78
Rye Grass 78
Iva 391
frutescens 391
oraria 391
xanthifolia 391
Ivory Plum 311
Ivy
American 276
Coliseum 350
Ground 334
Kenilworth 350
Poison 269
Ivy-leaved Morning Glory 324
Speedwell 355
Ixophorus
glaiicus 57
ifalicus 57
verticillatus 57
viridis 57
Jack-in-the-Pulpit 109
Jacob's Ladder 125
Jamestown Weed 347
Japan Quince 224
Japanese Barnyard Millet 56
Honeysuckle 366
Hop 154
Knotweed 164
Rose 236, 242
Jasione 373
montana 373, 435
Jerusalem Artichoke 395
Cross 178
Oak 165
Jewelweed 274
Jimson Weed 347, 348
Job's Tears 113
Wild 330
Joe-Pye Weed 375
Johnny-jump-up 288
Johnson Grass 49
Jointed Chadlock 202
Charlock 202
Jointweed 164
Coast 164
Sand 164
Seaside 164
Judas Tree 247
Juglandaceae 144, 436
Juglans 144
cinerea 144
nigra 144
Juncaceae 114, 436
Juncaginaceae 45, 436
Juncoides
campestre 117
pilosum 117
Juncus 114, 441
acuminatus 117
var. debilis 117
articulatus 117
var. obtusatus 117
brachycarpus 116, 431
brach3^cephalus 115, 419
brevicaudatus 116
bufonius 114
canadensis 116
var. hrachycephaltis 115
" brevicaudatus 115
" coarctatus 116
" longicaudatus 116
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
515
Juncus
var. subcaudatus 116
debilis 117
dichotomus 115
var. platyphyllus 115
Dudleyi 115, 419
effusus 115
var. compactus 115
Gerardi 114
Greenei 115
marginatus 117
militaris 116
nodosus 116
pelocarpus 116
scirp aides 425
secundus 115
tenuis 114
var. anthelatus 114, 419
" secundus 1.15
" WilHamsii 115
June Grass 73
Juneberry 224
Juniper 38
Common 38
Juniperus 38
communis 38
var. alpina 38
" canadensis 38
" depressa 38, 424
horisontalis 424
nana 38
Sabina
var. procumhens 424
virginiana 38
Kaffir Corn 49
Kale
Corn 203
Field 203
Kalmia 309
angustifolia 309
glaiica 309
lati folia 309
poli folia 309
Kedlock 203
Kenilworth Ivy 350
Kentucky Blue Grass 73
Kerlock 203
Kerria 236
japonica 236
Ketmia
Bladder 280
Kickxia
Elatine 350
Kidney Bean 258
Kidney-leaved Crowfoot 186
Kill-wart 196
King Devil 414
King-cups 188
Kinnikinnik 305
Kiss-me-over-the-Fence 162
Kitchen Rose 242
Kitten Breeches 198
Knapweed 407
Knautia 371
arvensis 371, 435
Knawel 172
Knee-high Blackberry 238
Kneiffia
Alleni 293
fruticosa 293
var. pilosella 293
linearis 293
longipedicellata 2f)2>
pratensis 293
pumlla 293
Knight's Spur 192
Knot Grass 79, 160
Knot-root Grass 61
Knotted Rush 116
Knotweed 159, 172
Bushy 160
Erect 160
Japanese 164
Pink 161
Shore 160
Slender 160
Knotwort Family 172
Kochia 165
Scoparia 165, 421
Koellia
clinopodioides 340
Aexuosa 340
incana 341
lanceolata 340
5i<^
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST, SURVEY.
Bull.
Koellia
mutica 341
pilosa 340
verticillata 341
Koniga
maritinia 199
Krigia 408
amplexicaulis 408
virginica 408
Labiatae 332, 438, 440
Labrador Tea 307
Lachnanthes 126
tinctoria 126
Lacinaria
scariosa 277
Lactuca
canadensis 411
var. integri folia 411
" montana 411
hirsuta 412
integrifolia 412
leucophaea 412
sagittifolia 412
sativa 412, 432
scariola 411
var. integrata 411
spicata 412
virosa 411
Ladies' Smock 210
Tobacco 388
Tresses 133
Lad}^ Fern 21
Lady's Slipper 129
Large Yellow 129
Pink 129
Showy 129
Smaller Yellow 129
Stemless 129
Wild 129
Lady's Sorrel 261
" Thumb 162
La-kwa 371
Lamb's Cress 210
Lettuce 370
Quarters 166
Lambkill 309
Lamium 336
Lamium
album 428
amplexicaule 336
hybridum 336
maculatum 336, 428
purpureum 336
Lance-leaved Violet 287
Land Cress 210
Laportea 155
canadensis 155
Lappula 328
echinata 328
Lappula 328
virginiana 328
Lapsana 408
communis 408
Larch 35
American 35
Black 35
European 35
Large Coral Root 135
Cranberry 314
Pepper-root 209
Round-leaved Orchis 131
Toothwort 209
Twayblade 136
Large-flowered Syringa 217
Large-flowered White Trillium 124
Large-leaved Sandwort 174
Large-toothed Aspen 142
Larix 35
americana 35
decidua 35
europaea 35
laricina 35
Lark-heel 192
Larkspur 192
Field 192
Garden 192
Rocket 192
Late Low Blueberry 313
Lathyrus 257
latifolius 257
maritimus 257
palustris
var. linearifoHus 257
pratensis 257
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
517
Lauraceae 195, 437
Laurel
American 309
Great 308
Ground 311
Mountain 309
Pale 309
Sheep 309
Swamp 309
Laurel Family 195
Laurel-leaved Willow 138
Laurestinus 368
Lavender
Sea 314
Lavender Willow 141
Leadwort Family 314
Leafcup 390
Leafy Spurge 266
Leather Leaf 310
Leatherwood 289
Lechea 283
intermedia 283
Leggettii 284
major 283
maritima 283
var. interior 283
minor 283
var. maritima 283
moniliformis 284
tenuifolia 283
thy mi folia 283
villosa 283
Ledum 307
groenlandicum 307
latifolium 307
Leek
Wild 119
Leersia 58
oryzoides 58
virginica 58
Legoiizia
perfoliata 372
Leguminosae 246, 437, 440
Lemna iii
cyclostasa iii
minor 112
perpusilla 425
Lemna
trisulca 11 1
valdiviana 11 1
Lemnaceae iii, 436
Lemon
Wild 194
Lemon Balm 339
Lily 120
Lens 256
esculenta 256, 434
Lentibulariaceae 357, 438
Lentil 256
Leontodon 409
autumnalis 409
var. pratensis 409
hastilis 409, 43a
hirtiis 409
nudicaulis 409
Leonurus 336
Cardiaca 2>?>^
Leopard Flower 128
Lepachys 393
pinnata 393, 435
Lepidium 200
apetalum 200
campestre 201
Draba 421, 433
intermedium 200
ruderale 200, 433
sativum 201, 431
virginicum 200
Leptamnium
virginianum 359
Leptandra
virginica 353
Leptilon
canadense 387
Leptochloa 69
fascicularis 69
Leptoloma 50
cognatum 50
Lept orchis
liliifolia 136
Locselii 136
Lespedeza 254
Bicknellii 255
capitata 255
Si8
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Lespedeza
var. velutina 255
frutescens 255
hirta 255
Nuttallii 254
polystachya 255
procumbens 254
repens 254
reticulata 254
simulata 255
Stuvei 254
var. intermedia 255
velutina 255
violacea 254
virginica 254
Lesser Duckweed iii
Starwort 176
Stitchwort 176
Lettuce 411, 412
Lamb's 370
Prickly 411
White 413
Wild 411
" Blue 412
Leucojum 126
aestivum 126
Leucothoe 309
racemosa 309
Leverwood 146
Levisticum 302
Levisticum 302
officinale 302
Liatris 377
■ cylindracea 429
scariosa 377, 429
squarrosa 429
Life-of-Man 214
Life-root 404
Ligusticum 301
Levisticum 302
scothicum 301
Ligustrum 319
vulgare 319
Lilac 318
Common 318
Summer 206
Lilaeopsis 301
Lilaeopsis
lineata 301
Liliaceae 118, 436, 439
Lilium 120
canadense 120
Catesbaei 425
philadelphicum 120
superbum 120
tigrinum 120
Lily
Blackberry 128
Blue Day 119
Bull-head 183
Canada 120
Common Day 120
Cow 183
Day 119, 120
Frog 183
Great Water 184
Hog 183
Horse 183
Lemon 120
Little Water 184
Plantain 119
Pond 183
Red 120
Rock 192
Small Yellow Pond 183
Spider 113
Sweet-scented White Water 183
Tiger 120
Trout 121
Turk's-cap 120
Water 183
White Pond 183
" Water 183, 184
Wild Orange-red 120
" Tiger 120
" Yellow 120
Wood 120
Yellow Day 120
" Dog's-tooth 121
Pond 183
Lily Family 118
Lily of the Valley 124
Wild 123
Limnanthaceae 268, 437
No. 14.
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS,
519
Limnanthemum
lacunosum 320
Limnorchis
dilatata 130
huronensis 130
hyperhorea 130
Limodorum
tuberosum 133
Limonium 314
carolinianum 314
Limosella 352
aquatica
var. tenuifolia 352
tenuifolia 352
Linaceae 259, 437, 440
Linaria 350
canadensis 350
Cymbalaria 350
Elatine 350, 432
genistifolia 428
Linaria 350
minor 350, 434
vulgaris 350
Linden 277
American 277
European 277
Linden Family 277
Lindera
Benzoin 196
Linnaea ^,67
borealis 2^7
var. americana 367
Linseed 259
Linum 259
medium 260
striatum 259
sulcatum 259
usitatissimum 259
virginianum 260
Lion's Heart 335
Tail 336
Lion's-foot 413
Liparis 136
liliifolia 136
Loeselii 136
Liquidambar 220
Styraciflua 220
Liquorice 252
Wild 252, 362
Liriodendron 194
Tulipifera 194
Lithospermum 329
arvense 329
officinale 330
Little Pignut Hickory 145
Little-boy's Breeches 198
Live-for-ever 214
Live-long 214
Liver Berry 123
Liverleaf 189
Liverwort 189
Lizard's Tail 137
Lobelia 374
cardinalis 374
Dortmanna 374
inflata 374
Kalmii 374
siphilitica 374
spicata 374
Lobelia
Great Blue 374
Water 374
Lobelia Family 374
Lobeliaceae 374, 439
Lobel's Catchfly 179
Lobularia 199
maritima 199, 431
Locust 251
Black 251
Bristly 251
Clammy 251
Common 251
Flowering 251
Honey 246
Lolium 78
italic um 78
multiflorum 78
perenne 78
temulentum 78
Loinbardy Poplar 143
Long-bracted Orchis 130
Long-fruited Anemone 189
Long-leaved Starwort 175
Stitchwort 175
520
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT, HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Long-leaved
Sundew 213
Long-spurred Violet 288
Lonicera 365
caerulea 365
van villosa 365
canadensis 365
caprifolium 429
ciliata 365
dioica 366
glauca 366
japonica 366
orientalis z(>^
sempervirens 366
tatarica 365
Xylosteum 365
Loosestrife 290, 315
False 291
Fringed 316
Golden 315
Purple 290
Spiked 290
Spotted 315
Sviramp 289
Tufted 316
Loosestrife Family 289
Lophanthus
anisatus 334
nepet aides 334
scrophulariaef alius 334
Lophotocarpus 47
spongiosus 47
Lopseed 360
Lopseed Family 360
Loranthaceae 156, 436
Lotus 250
americanus 250
corniculatus 250
Lotus 184
American 184
Yellow 184
Lousewort 355, 357
Common 357
Swamp 357
Lovage 301. 302
Scotch 301
Love Vine 190, 325, 326
Love-in-a-Mist 421
Love-lies-bleeding 170
Low Birch 148
Black Blueberry 313
Blackberry 239
Cornel 304
Cudweed 390
Sweet Blueberry 313
Lucerne 250
Ludvigia 291
alternifolia 291
palustris 291
polycarpa 291
sphaerocarpa 291
Lunaria 208
annua 208, 431
Lupine 248
Wild 248
Lupinus 248
perennis 248
Luzula 117
campestris 117
var. multiflora 117
saltuensis 117
vernalis 117
Lychnis 177
alba 178
chalcedonica 178
Coronaria 177
dioica 178
diurna 178
Flos-cuculi 178
Git hag 177
vespertina 178
Lychnis
Day-blooming 178
Evening 178
Ever-blooming 178
Morning 178
Mullein 177
Ragged 178
Red 178
Lycium 347
halimifolium 347
vulgare 247
Lycopersicum 344
esculentum 344
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
52]
Lycopersicum
Lycopersicon 344
Lycopodiaceae 30, 436
Lycopodium 30
adpressum 30
annotinum 31
clavatum 31
var. monostachyon 31
complanatum 31
var. chamaecyparissus 31
" flabelliforme 31
inundatum 30
var. Bigelovii 30
lucidulum 30
obscurum 31
var. dendroideum 31
Selago 30, 422
tristachyum 31
Lycopus 341
americanus 342
communis 341
membranaceus 341
rubellus 342
sessilifolius 341
sinuatus 342
uniflorus 341
virginicus 341
Lygodium 26
palmatum 26
Lyme Grass 80
Lyonia 310
ligustrina 310
var. foliosiflora 310
mariana 310
Lyre-leaved Sage 337
Lysias
Hookeriana 131
orbiculata 131
Lysimachia 315 ^
foliosa 315
Nummularia 316
producta 315
punctata 315
quadrifolia 315
stricfa 316
terrestris 316
thyrsiflora 316
Lysimachia
vulgaris 315, 432
Lythraceae 289, 438, 440
Lythrum 290
alatum 290
Salicaria 290
Madura 154
aurantiaca 154
pomifera 154, 420
Macrocalyx
Nyctelea 327
Madder
Wild 362
Madder Family 361
Mad-dog Skullcap 333
Madwort 199
Magnolia Family 194
Magnoliaceae 194, 437
Mahaleb Cherry 245
Maianthemum 123
canadense 123
Maiden Pink 181
Maidenhair 18
Maidenhair Spleenwort 20
Maize 48
Male Berry 310
Mallow 279
Common 279
Curled 279
Dwarf 279
European 279
High 279
Indian 278
Marsh 278
Musk 279
Rose 279
Swamp Rose 280
Wild Rose 280
Mallow Family 278
Maltese Cross 178
Mains
Mains 222
Malva 279
Alcea 279
crispa 279
moschata 279
rotundifolia 279
522
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
Bull.
Malva
sylvestris 279
Malvaceae 278, 438, 440
Mandrake 194
Manna Grass 74
Man-of-the-Earth 324
Many-flowered Agrimony 241
Maple 272
Ash-leaved 273
Bird's-eye 2^2,
Black Sugar 273
Flowering 278
Mountain 272
Norway 273
Red 273
Rock 2^2
Silver 273
Soft 273
Striped 272
Sugar 272
Swamp 273
Sycamore 272
White 273
Maple Family 272
Maple-leaved Goosefoot 166
Viburnum 368
Marcury 269
Marguerite 400
Golden 399
Marigold 403
Bur 396
Marsh 191
Pot 403
Water 397
Marjoram
Wild 340
Marram 65
Marrow Squash 372
Marrubium 333
vulgare 333
Marsh Bellflower 373
Buttercup 187
Calla no
Cinquefoil 2^2,
Cress 207
Crowfoot 186, 187
Elder 391
Marsh
Fern 22
Five-finger 233
Fleabanc 388
Foxtail 62
Grass 68
Holy Rose 310
Mallow 278
Marigold 191
Pea 257
Pink 319
Purslane 291
Rosemary 310, 314
St. John's-wort 282
Skullcap ZZZ
Speedwell 354
Trefoil 320
Marsilea 28
quadrifolia 28
Marsileaceae 28, 436
Martynia 360
louisiana 360, 434
proboscidea 360
Martynia Family 360
Martyniaceae 360
Marvel of Peru 171
Mary-bud 403
Massachusetts Fern 22
Masterwort 303
Matricaria 399
Chamomilla 399, 435
discoidea 399
inodora 399, 435
matricarioides 399
suaveolens 399, 435
Matrimony Vine 347
Common 347
Matteuccia
Strufhtopteris 25
May Apple 194, 308
Bush 225
Pear 224
Tree 225
May-blobs 191
Mayflower 182, 189, 190, 215, 311.
364
May-weed 398
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
523
Mazzard Cherry 245
Mead-sweet 235
Meadow Beauty 290
Buttercup 188
Campion 178
Centaury 407
Chickweed 176
Clover 248
Cranesbill 261
Crowfoot 188
Fescue 76
Foxtail 62
Garlic 119
Geranium 261
Gowan 191
Grass 72
Pink 178, 181, 356
Queen 235
Rose 242
Rue 188
Sage 237
Sorrel 159
Meadow-sweet 221, 235
English 235
Mealy Tree 368
Medeola 124
virginiana 124
Medicago 250
arabica 250, 434
denticu^ata 250
hispida 250, 434
lupulina 250
maculata 250
sativa 250
Medick 250
Black 250
Hop 250
Spotted 250
Toothed 250
Meetmg-houses 192
Meihomia
bracteosa 253
canadensis 253
canescens 252
Dillemi 253
glabella 252
,s;randiHora 252
Meibomia
marylandica 254
Michaiixii 252
nudiUora 252
obtusa 254
paniculata 253
rigida 253
sessilifolia 253
Melampyrum 356
americanum 356
lineare 356
Melanthium 118
latifolium 118, 423
racemosum 118
Melastoma Family 290
Melastomaceae 290, 438
Melic Grass 72
Melica 72
striata 72
Melilot
White 249
Yellow 249
Melilotus 249
alba 249
officinalis 249
Melissa 339
officinalis 339
Melon 371
Menispermaceae 194, 437
Menispermum 194
canadense 194
Mentha 342, 441
alopecuroides 342
aquatica 342
var. crispa 343
arvensis 343
var. canadensis 344
canadensis 344
Cardiaca 343
citrata 343
crispa 343
gentilis 343
longifolia 342
piperita 342
roHtndifoUa 428
sativa 343
spicata 342
524
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Mentha
sylvestris 342
var. alopecuroides 342
viridis 342
Menyanthes 320
^ trifoHata 320
Mercury 269
Three-seeded 265
Vegetable 127
Mermaid-weed 295
Mespilus
Habellata 227
Mesquite Grass 69
Mexican Fire Plant 165
Poppy 197
Tea 165
Mezereum Family 289
Micrampelis
lobata 372
Micranthemum
micranthemoides 429
Nuttallii 429
Microstylis 136
monophyllos 136, 420
ophioglossoides 136
unifolia 136
Mignonette 212
Common 212
Garden 212
Upright 212
White 212
Mignonette Family 212
Mikania 2,77
scandens 377
Mild Water Pepper 162
Milfoil 398
Water 185, 294, 295
Milk Purslane 266
Milkweed 322
Common 322
Green 323
Poke 323
Purple 322
Swamp 322
Whorl ed 323
Milkweed Family 322
Milkwort 263, 264
Milkwort
Purple 264
Milkwort Family 263
Millet
Broom Corn 51
Common 51, 57
European 51
German 57
Golden- Wonder 57
Italian 57
Japanese Barnyard 56
Sowna 56
True 51
Mimulus 352
alatus 352
glabratus
var. Jamesii 429
guttatus 352
Jamesii 429
Langsdorffii 352, 429
luteus 352
ringens 352
Mint 342
Bergamot 343
Cat 334
Curled 343
Field 343
Horse 338, 342
Mountain 340
Spotted 343
Water 342
Whorled 343
Wild 344
Wood 338, 339
Mint Pamily 332
Geranium 400
Mirabilis 171
Jalapa 171, 433
Missouri Currant 219
Gooseberry 217
Mist i8r
Mistletoe
Dwarf 156
Mistletoe Family 156
Mitchella 364
repens 364
Mitella 216
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
525
Mitella
diphylla 216
nuda 216
prostrata 216
Miterwort 216
False 215
Mithridate Mustard 200, 201
Moccasin Flower 129
Yellow 129
Mock Apple 154
Bishop's-weed 299
Cypress 165
Orange 154, 217
Pennyroyal 339
Strawberry 232
Mocker Nut 145
Modesty 198
Moehringia
lateriflora 174
macro phylla 174
Mole Plant 267
Molinia 70
coerulea 70
Mollugo 173
verticillata 173
Momordica 371
Charantia 371, 435
Monarda 33S
didyma 338
clinopodia 338
fistulosa 338
var. mollis 338
" rubra 338
media 338
mollis 338
punctata 428
Moneses 306
grandiHora 306
uniflora 306
Money-plant 208
Moneywort 316
Monkey Flower 352
Yellow 352
Monotropa 307
Hypopitys 307
uniflora 307
Moonseed igi
Moonseed Family 194
Moonwort 27, 208
Moose Elm 152
Moosewood 272, 289, 368
Morello Cherry 245
Morning Campion 178
Morning Glory 324
Common 324
Ivy-leaved 324
Small Red 324
Wild 325
Morning Lychnis 178
Mortification Root 278
Morus 154
alba 154
rubra 154
Moss
Club 30
Common Club 31
Ditch 47
Golden 214
Rose 182
Tree Club 31
Moss Pink 326
Mossy Stonecrop 214
Mossy-cup Oak 150
Moth Mullein 349
Mother's Heart 201
Motherwort 336
Common 336
IMountain Ash 223
Cinquefoil 233
Clematis 190
Crowfoot 186
Currant 219
Five-finger 233
Fly Honeysuckle 365
Fringe 197
Holly 270, 271
Laurel 308
Maple 272
Mint 340
Plum 244
Rice 59
Sandwort 175
Spleenwort 20
Starwort 175
526
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Mountain
Sumach 223
Virgin's Bower 190
Mouse-ear 414
Spring 177
Mouse-ear Chickweed 176
Cress 206
Mouse-ears 189
Mouth-root 191
Moxie Plum 312
Mud Plantain 113
Purslane 282
Mudwort 352
Mugwort
Common 401
Muhlenbergia 61
ambigna 61
capillaris 62
diifusa 62
foliosa 61
glomerata 61
mexicana 61
racemosa 61
Schreberi 62
sobolifera 61
sylvatica 61
tenuiflora 61
Willdenowii 61
Mulberry 154
Paper 154
Red 154
Silkworm 154
White 154
Mulberry Blackberry 237
Mullein 349
Common 349
Moth 349
Mullein Lychnis 177
Pink 177
Muscari 121
botryoides 121
racemosum 121
Musk Erodium 262
Mallow 279
Rose 279
Storksbill 262
Muskmelon 371
Musquash Root 299
Mustard 202
Ball 202
Bastard 203
Black 203
Chinese 203
Clown's 201
Corn 203
Curled 203
Dish 200
False 211
Garlic 205
Hare's-ear 204
Hedge 205
Hoary Hedge 205
Indian 203
Mithridate 200, 201
Pot-herb 203
Sand 204
Tansy 205
Tower 210
Treacle 200, 206
Tumble 205
Wall 204
White 202
Wild 203
Wormseed 206
Mustard Family 199
Myagrum 201, 202
Myosotis 329
arvensis 329
laxa 329
palustris 329
scorpioides 329
verna 329
virginica 329
Myrica 143
asplenifolia 143
carolinensis 143
cerifera 143
Gale 143, 420
Myricaceae 143, 436
Myriophyllum 294
ambiguum 295
van capillaceuni 295
" limosum 295
humile 295
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
527
Myriophyllum
forma capillaceum 295
natans 295
pinnatum 295
scabratum 295
spicatum 294
tenellum 295
verticillatum
var. pectinatum 294
Myrtle
Blue 321
Bog 143
Dutch 143
Wax 143
Yellow 316
Myrtle Spurge 267
Nabalus
albiis 413
altissinms 413
serpentarius 413
trifoliolatus 413
Naiad 45
Najadaceae 40, 436
Najas 45
flexilis 45
gracillima 45
indica 45
var. gracillima 45
Nannyberry 369
Narcissus 126
poeticus 126
Pseudo-Narcissus 126
Narcissus
Poet's 126
Narrow Dock 158
Narrow-leaved Spleenwort 20
Nasturtium
Armor acia 207
oiKcinale 206
palnstre 207
var. hispidum 207
sylvestre 207
Naumbergia
thyrsi-flora 316
Necklace Poplar 142
Necklace-weed 193
Neckweed 354
Needle Grass 60
Negundo
aceroides 273
Nelumbo 184
lutea 184
Nelumbo
American 184
Yellow 184
Nemopanthus 270
fascicularis 271
mucronatus 270
Nepeta 334
Cataria 334
Glechoma 334
hederacea 334
Neslia 202
paniculata 202, 433
Net-leaf Plantain 135
Nettle 155
Bull 345
Canada 155
Common Hemp 335
Dead 2Z^
Dwarf 15s
False 156
Great 155
Hedge 337
Hemp 335
Horse 345
Red Dead 336
" Hemp 335
Slender 155
Small 155
Spotted Dead 336
Stinging 155
Stingless 156
Tall Wild 155
Wood 155
Nettle Family 152
Nettle Tree 153
American 153
Nettle-leaved Goosefoot 167
Newcastle Thorn 225
New England Aster 383
New Jersey Tea 275
New York Fern 22
New Zealand Spinach 173
528
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Nicandra 347
physalodes 347
Nicotiana 348
alata 348
rustica 348, 432
Tabacum 348, 432
Nigella 191
damascena 421, 433
sativa 191, 433
Nigger-head 393
Nigger-heads 98
Night-flowering Catchfly 179
Nightshade 344
American 171
Black 345
Common 345
Enchanter's 294
Woody 345
Nightshade Family 344
Nimble Will 62
Nine-bark 220
Nipple-wort 408
Nodding Chickweed 177
Pogonia 132
Trillium 124
None-so-pretty 179
Nonesuch 78, 178, 250
Northeastern Rose 243
Northern Bedstraw 362
Gooseberry 218
Starwort 175
Stitchwort 175
Norway Maple 273
Spruce 36
Nosebleed 356
Nuphar
advena 183
var. mimts 183
Kalmianum 183
Nut Rush 91
Nutmeg Flower 191
Nyctaginaceae 171, 437, 439
Nymphaea 183
advena 183
var. variegata 183
Kalmiana 183
microphylla 183
Nymphaea
odorata 183
var. minor 183
reniformis 184
rubrodisca 183
Nymphaeaceae 183, 437
Nymphoides 320
lacunosum 320
Nyssa 305
sylvatica 305
Oak 149
Bear 152
Black 152
" Scrub 152
Bur 150
Champion 151
Chestnut 150, 151
Chinquapin 151
Iron 150
Jerusalem 165
Mossy-cup 150
Over-cup 150
Pin 151
Poison 269
Post 150
Quercitron 152
Red 151
Rock Chestnut 151
Scarlet 151
Scrub Chestnut 151
Swamp Spanish 151
" White 150
White 149
Yellow 150
Yellow-barked 152
Oak Fern 17
Oakesia 119
sessilifolia 119
Oak-leaved Goosefoot r66
Oat 67
Common 6y
Purple 72
Oat Grass 67
Oats
Water 58
Oenothera 292
biennis 292
No. 14.
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
529
Oenothera
var. cruciata 292
" grandiHora 293
" Oakesiana 2^2
cruciata 292
fruticosa 293
var. hirsuta 293
humifusa 293
" linearis 293
grandiflora 293
laciniata 293, 434
linearis 293
var. Eamesii 293
longipedicellata 294
Oakesiana 292
pratensis 294
pumila 293
sinuata 293
Oil Nut 144
Okra 280
Old Field Birch 147
Man 401
Woman 401
Old-fashioned Cherry 245
Old-maid's Pink 180
Old-witch Grass 51
Oleaceae 317, 438, 440
Olive Family 317
Onagra
biennis 292
var. grandiAora 293
cruciata 292
Oakesiana 292
Onagraceae 291, 438, 440
One-flowered Cancer-root 359
Pyrola 306
Wintergreen 306
Onion 119
Wild 119
Onoclea 25
sensibilis 25
var. obtusilobata 25
Struthiopteris 25
Onopordum 407
Acanthium 407
Onosmodium 330
virginianum 330
34
Ophioglossaceae 27, 436
Ophioglossum 27
vulgatum 2y
Opium Poppy 197
Opulaster
opulif alius 220
Opuntia 289
Opuntia 289
RaHnesquii 427
vulgaris 289
Orach 167
Beach 168
Spreading 167
Orange
Mock 154, 217
Osage 154
Orange Grass 282
Hawkweed 414
Orange-flower Tree 217
Orange-root 193
Orchard Grass 72
Orchidaceae 129, 436
Orchis 130
rotundifolia 425
spectabilis 130
Orchis
Fen 136
Fringed 130
Large Purple Fringed 132
" Round-leaved 131
Long-bracted 130
Ragged 132
" Fringed 132
Rein 130
Showy 130
Small Green Wood 131
" Pale Green 130
Smaller Purple Fringed 132
Tall Leafy Green 130
" White Bog 130
White Fringed 131
Yellow Fringed 131
Orchis Family 129
Origanum 340
vulgare 340
Ornithogalum 121
umbellatum 121
530
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
Orobanchaceae 359, 438
Orobanche 359
uniflora 359
Orontium in
aquaticum in
Orpine 214
Garden 214
Orpine P'amily 214
Oryzopsis 59
asperifolia 60
canadensis 59
juncea 59
melanocarpa 60
pungens 59
racemosa 60
Osage Apple 154
Orange 154
Osier 137
Golden 143
Osmorhiza 298
brevistylis 298
Claytoni 298
longistylis 298
Osmunda 26
cinnamomea 27
var. frondosa 27
" incisa 27
Claytoniana 26
var. dubia 26
regalis 26
Osmundaceae 26, 435
Ostrich Fern 25
Ostrya 146
virginiana 146
virginica 146
Oswego Tea 338
Over-cup Oak 150
Oxalidaceae 260, 437, 440
Oxalis 260
Acetosella 260
Brittoniae 260
Bushii 261
corniculata 261
var. stricfa 260, 261
cymosa 26:
filipes 260
repens 261
Oxalis
rufa 261
stricta 260, 261
violacea 260
Ox-eye 392
Ox-eye Daisy 400
Ox-tongue 410
Oxybaphus 172
angustif alius 172
hirsutus 172
linearis 172
nyctagineus 172
Oxycoccus
macrocarpus 314
Oxycoccus 314
Oxygraphis
Cynibalaria 185
Oyster-plant 410
Painted Cup 356
Scarlet 356
Painted Trillium 125
Pale Corydalis 198
Dock 158
Laurel 309
Persicaria 160
St. John's-wort 281
Touch-me-not 274
Panax 296
quinquefolium 296
trifolium 296
Panic Grass 51
Panicled Cornel 305
Panicularia
acutiHora 7S
americana 74
borealis 75
canadensis 74
elongata 74
Huitans 75
nervata 74
ohtusa 74
pallida 74
Panicum 51, 441
Addisonii 55
agrostoides 52
albemarlense 54
amaroides 51
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
531
Panicum
amarum
var. minor 51
Ashei 55
atlanticutn 54
auburne 54
autumnale 50
barbulatum 53
Bicknellii 52
boreale 53
Boscii 56
var. molle 56
Bushii 52
capillare 51
clandestinum 55
columbianum 55
Commonsianum 55
covimutatum 55
cms gain 56
var. hispidum 56
depauperatum 52
dichotomiflorum 51
dichotomum 52
Eatoni 53
Enslini 52
aiiculme 54
aiiforme 49
glabrum 49
haemacarpon 54
huachucae 53
var. silvicola 53
implicatnm 54
latifolium 56
var. molle 56
laniiginosum 53
Lindheimeri 53
linearifolium 52
longifolium 52
macrocarpon 56
meridionale 54
microcarpon 53
miliaceum 51
minimum 51
minus 51
nemopanthum 52
nitidum 53
oricola 54
Panicum
ovale 54
philadelphicum 51, 416
Porterianum 56
proliferum 51
psammophilum 55
pseudopubescens 54
pubescens 53
pubifolium 56
sanguinale 50
scoparioides 54
scoparium 55
Scribnerianum 55
sphaerocarpon 55
spretum 53
stipitatum 52
subvillosum 54, 417
tennesseense 54
tsugetorum 55
unciphyllum 53 '
var. implicatum 54
" meridionale 54
verrucosum 51
villosissimum 54, 417
virgatum 52
Walteri 56
Werneri 52, 416
xanthophysum 55
xanthospermiim 54
Pansy 288
Field 288
Wild 288
Papaver 197
dubium 197
Rhoeas 197, 431
somniferum 197
Papaveraceae 196, 437, 440
Paper Birch 147, 148
Mulberry 154
Pappoose Root 195
Parietaria 156
pennsylvanica 156
Parilla
Yellow 194
Parnassia 216
caroliniana 216
Parsley 300
532
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull
Parsley
Common 300
Fool's 302
Garden 300
Hemlock 303
Sea 301
Spotted 298
Parsley Family 297
Parsnip 302
Cow 303
Golden Meadow 300
Poison 302
Water 300
Wild 302
Parsonsia
petiolata 290
Parthenocissus
quinqiiefolia 276
Partridge Berry 364
Pea 247 •
Paspalum 50
circulare 50
laeve 425
Muhlenbergii 50
plenipilum 50
prostrahim 50
psammophilum 50
setaceum 50
Pastinaca 302
sativa 302
Pasture Thistle 406
Patience
Garden 157
Patience Dock 157
Paul's Betony 354
Pea 257
Beach 257
Chick 255
Everlasting 257
Field 258
Garden 257
Hoary 251
Marsh 257
Partridge 247
Perennial 257
Sensitive 247
Peach 246
Peach-leaved Dock 158
Peanut
Hog 259
Wild 259
Pear 222
Choke 222
Indian 224
May 224
Prickly 289
Sugar 224
Wild 222
Pearl Grass 74
Pearl-plant 330
Pearlwort 174
Annual 174
Small-flowered 174
Spurrey 174
Pearly Everlasting 389
Pea-vine Clover 248
Pedicularis 357
canadensis 357
lanceolata 357
Pellaea 18
atropurpurea 18
gracilis 19
Stelleri 19
Pellitory 156
Peltandra no
undulata no
virginica no
Pencil Tree 388
Penny Cress 200
Pennyroyal 339
American 339
Bastard 332
Mock 339
Pennywort
Water 297
Penthorum 214
sedoides 214
Pentstemon 351
calycosus 351
Digitalis 351
grandiflorus 352, 432
hirsutus 351
laevigatus 351
var. Digitalis 351
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
533
Pentstemon
Pentstenton 351
pubescens 351
tubiflorus 351
■ Pepper 344
Bird's 200
Cayenne 344
Chili 344
Common Water 162
Mild Water 162
Poor Man's 201
Red 344
Pepper Family 137
Pepperbush
Sweet 306
Peppergrass 200
California 203
Garden 201
Golden 201
Roadside 200
Wild 200
Pepperidge 305
Pepperidge Bush 195
Peppermint 342
Pepper-root 208
Cut-leaved 209
Large 209
Pepperwort 200
Peramium
ophioides 134
pubescens 135
repens 134
tesselatum 134
Perennial Pea 257
Perfumed Cherry .45
Perilla 344
frutescens 344
ocymoides 344
Periploca
graeca 428
Periwinkle 321
Common 321
Persicaria
Common 161
Dock-leaved 160
Pale 160
Pink 161
Persicaria
Water 161
Willow 160
Persimmon 317
Common 317
Perularia
iiava 130
Petasites 402
palmatus 402
Petasites 402
vulgaris 402, 435
Petroselinum 300
hortense 300
Petroselinum 300
Petty Spurge 267
Petunia 349
axillaris 349
violacea 349
Petunia
Purple 349
White 349
Phacelia 327
Purshii ^27, 434
viscida 327, 434
Phalaris 58
arundinacea 59
var. picta 59
canariensis 58
Phaseolus 258
perennis 258
polystachyus 258
vulgaris 258, 430
var. nanus 258, 430
Pheasant's-eye Pink 181
Phegopteris 17
Dryopteris 17
hexagonoptera 17
Phegopteris 17
polypodioides 17
Philadelphus 217
coronarius 217
inodorus 217, 433
pubescens 217
Philotria
canadensis 47
Phleum 62
pratense 62
534
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
Bull
Phlox 326
acuminata 326
amplifolia 326
glandulosa 326
maculata 326
var. Candida 326
paniculata 326
pilosa 326
subulata 326
Phlox
Garden 326
Phragmites 70
communis 70
Phragmites 70
vulgaris 70
Phryma 360
Leptostachya 360
Phrymaceae 360, 438
Physalis 346
Alkekengi 346
angulata 346, 434
heterophylla 346
var. ambigua 346
" nyctaginea 347
lanceolata 347
philadelphica 347
pruinosa 346
puhescens 428
subglabrata 347
virginiana 346, 347
Physalodes
physalodes 347
Physocarpus 220
opulifolius 220
Physostegia 335
virginiana 335
Phytolacca 171
decandra 171
Phytolaccaceae 171, 437
Picea 36
Abies 36
alha 36
brevifolia 36
canadensis 36
excelsa 36
mariana 36
nigra 36
Picea
var. rubra 36
rubra 36
Pickerel-weed 113
Pickerel-weed Family 113
Pickle Plant 168
Picris 409
echioides 410, 435
hieracioides 409
Pie Cherry 245
Pieris
mariana 310
Pigeon Berry 171
Grape 276
Grass 57
Pignut 14s
Pignut Hickory 145
Pigweed 165, 166, 169
Bushy 170
Common 169
Rough 169
Slender 169
Sweet 165
White 170
Winged 165
Pilea 156
pumila 156
Pilewort 403
Pimbina 368
Pimpernel 241, 317
Common 317
False 352
Water 315
Yellow 301
Pimpinella
integerrima 301
Pin Cherry 244
Oak ISO
Pinaceae 34, 436, 439
Pine 34
Ground 31
Pitch 34
Prince's 306
Red 35
Running 31
Scotch 35
White 34
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
535
Pine
Yellow 34
Pine Family 34
Pineapple-weed 399
Pinesap 307
Pineweed 282
Pink 181
Bunch 181
Deptford 181
Fire 179
French 181
Garden 181
Grass 133, 181
Ground 326
Hedge 180
Large Marsh 319
Maiden 181
Marsh 319
Meadow 178, 181, 356
Moss 326
Mullein 177
Old-maid's 180
Pheasant's-eye 181
Rose 177
Scotch 181
Sea 319
Wild 179
Pink Azalea 308
Corydalis 198
Family 173
Knotweed 161
Lady's Slipper 129
Persicaria 161
Pinks
Wax 182
Pinkweed 162
Pinnatifid Spleenwort 19
Pinus 34
inops 424
resinosa 35
rigida 34
Strobus 34
sylvestris 35, 416, 424
virginiana 424
Pinweed 283
Beach 283
Hairy 283
Pinxter Flower 308
Piperaceae 137, 436
Pipes 29
Pipewort 112
Pipewort Family 112
Pipsissewa 306
Pisum 257
sativum 257, 430
var. arvense 258, 430
Pitch Pine 34
Pitcher-plant 213
Pitcher-plant Family 213
Plane Tree 220
Plane Tree Family 220
Plantaginaceae 360, 438, 440
Plantago 360
aristata 361
decipiens 361
elongata 361
halophila 360
lanceolata 361
major 360
var. intermedia 360
mariiinta 361
patagonica
var. aristata 361
pus ilia 361
Rugelii 360
virginica 361
Plantain 360
Common 360
Downy Rattlesnake 135
English 361
Indian 403
Lesser Rattlesnake 134
Mud 113
Net-leaf 135
Poor Robin's 414
Rattlesnake 134
Robin's 387
Seaside 361
Water 47
Plantain Family 360
Lily 119
Plantain-leaved Everlasting 389
Platanaceae 220, 437
Platanus 220
536
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Platanus
occidentalis 220
Pleurisy-root 322
Pluchea 388
camphorata 388
Plum 243
Alleghany 244
Beach 244, 245
Bullace 244
Canada 246
Garden 246
Horse 246
Ivory 311
Mountain 244
Moxie 312
Wild 246
" Goose 246
" Red 246
" Yellow 246
Plumbaginaceae 314, 438
Plumed Thistle 405
Plumeless Thistle 405
Poa ^2
alsodes T2,
annua 72
auttimnalis 425
compressa 73
debilis 72
Hava yz
Hexuosa 425
pratensis 72>
serotina 73
triflora 73
trivialis 73
Podophyllum 194
peltatum 194, 421
Podostemaceae 213, 437
Podostemum 213
ceratophyllum 213
Poet's Narcissus 126
Pogonia 132
affinis 133, 420
ophioglossoides 132
pendiila 132
trianthophora 132
verticiilata 133
Pogonia
Nodding 132
Rose 132
Smaller Whorled 133
Whorled 133
Poison Dogwood 268
Elder 268
Flag 127
Hemlock 298
Ivy 269
Oak 269
Parsnip 302
Sumach 268
Vine 269
Poke
Common 171
Indian 118
Poke Milkweed z^z
Root 171
Pokeweed 171
Common 171
Pokeweed Family 171
Polanisia 211
graveolens 211
trachysperma 211
Polemoniaceae 326, 438, 440
Polemonium 327
coeriileum 327
Van-Bruntiae 327
Polemonium Family z^
Polycodium
stamineum 313
Polygala 263
ambigua 264
cruciata 264
Nuttallii 264
paucifolia 263
polygama 264
sanguinea 264
Senega 264
verticiilata 264
var. ambigua 264
viridescens 264
Polygala
Fringed 263
Whorled 264
Polygalaceae 263, 437
No. 14.
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
537
Polygonaceae 157, 437, 439
Polygonatum 123
biflorum 123
commutatum 123
giganteum 123
Polygonella 164
articulata 164
Polygonum 159, 441
acre 162
var. leptostachyum 162
amphibium 161
var. Hartwrightii 161
" terrestre 161
arifolium 163
aviculare 160
var. littorale 160
" vegetum 160
Careyi 161
cilinode 163
var. breve 163
" erectum 163
Convolvulus 163
crista turn 164
cuspidatum 164, 420
dumetorum 163
forma cristatum 164
var. scandens 163
emersum 161
erectum 160
exsertum 159
Hartwrightii 161
Hydropiper 162
hydropiperoides 162
incarnatiini 160
lapathifoHum 160
var. incarnatum 160
" nodosum 420
littorale 160
maritimum 426
Muhlenbergii 161
orientale 162
pennsylvanicum 161
Persicaria 162
prolificum 159
punctatum 162
var. leptostachyum 162
ramosissimum 160
Polygonum
forma atlanticum 160
var. prolHicum 159
sachalinense 164
sagittatum 163
scandens 163
tenue 160
virginianum 163
Zuccarinii 164
Polymnia 390
canadensis 390
Polypodiaceae 17, 435
Polypodium 17
vulgare 17
var. cambricum 17
Polypody 17
Polypogon 65
monspeliensis 65, 431
Polystichum 21
acrostichoides 21
var. incisum 21
" Schweinitzii 21
Braunii 424
Pond Lily 183
Pondweed 40
Horned 44
Pondweed Family 40
Pontederia 113
cordata 113
var. angustifolia 113
Pontederiaceae 113, 436
Poor Annie 118
Poor Man's Pepper 201
Poor Man's Weather Glass 317
Poor Robin 178
Poor Robin's Plantain 414
Poplar 141
Balsam 142
Black 143
Downy 142
Hickory 194
Lombardy 143
Necklace 142
Silver-leaf 141
Swamp 142
Trembling 141
Tulip 194
1
538
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT, HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Poplar
White 141
Yellow 194
Popple 141
Poppy 197
California 196
Common 197
Corn 197
Field 197
Garden 197
Mexican 197
Opium 197
Prickly 197
Red 197
Shirley 197
Smooth-fruited 197
White Prickly 197
Poppy Family ig6
Populus 141
alba 141
balsamifera 142
var. candicans 142
candicans 142
deltoides 142
dilatata 143
grandidentata 142
heterophylla 142
monilifera 142
nigra 143
var. italica 143
tremuioides 141
Porcupine Grass 60
Portulaca 182
grandiflora 182, 431
oleracea 182
Portulaca 182
Garden 182
Showy 182
Portulacaceae 182, 437, 440
Post Oak 150
Pot Marigold 403
Potamogeton 40, 441
alpinus 41
americanus 41
var. novaeboracensis 41
amplifolius 41
angustifolius 42
Potamogeton
var. connecticutensis 42
bupleuroides 43, 416
crispus 425
dimorphus 44
diversif alius 44
epihydrus 41
var. cayugensis 41
Auitans 41
foliosus 44
Friesii 43
gemmiparus 44
heterophyllus 42
forma gi-ammifolius 42
" longipedunculatus 42
" maximus 42
" myriophyllus 42
" terrestris 42
Hillii 43
hybridus 44
var. multi-denticulatus 44
lateralis 43, 423
lonchites 41
var. novaeboracensis 41
lucens 42
var. connecticutensis 42
mucronatus 43
natans 40
nitens 43
Nuttallii 41
var. cayugensis 41
Oakesianus 41
obtusifolius 43
pauciAorus 44
pectinatus 44
pennsylvanicus 41
perfoliatus 43
var. lanceolatus 42
" Richardsonii 42
pinnatum 295
praelongus 42
pulcher 41
pusillus 43
var. Sturrockii 43
Richardsonii 42
Robbinsii 44
rufescens 41
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
539
Potamogcton
Spirillus 44
Vaseyi 43
zosterifolius 43
Potato 344
Potato-vine
Wild 324
Potentilla 232, 441
Anserina 234
argentea 233
arguta 232
canadensis 234
var. simplex 234
fruticosa 233
intermedia 233
monspeliensis 232
var. norvegica 232
norvegica 232
pacifica 234
palustris 233
pumila 234
recta 233
simplex 234
sulphur ea 233
tridentata 233
Poterium
canadense 241
Sanguisorba 241
Pot-herb Mustard 203
Poverty Grass 283
Powder-horn 177
Prairie Rose 242
Willow 140
Prenanthes 413
alba 413
altissima 413
var. hispidula 413
serpentaria 4^3
trifoliolata 4^3
Pretty Nancy 179
Prickly Ash 262
Cleome 212
Clotbur 391
Gooseberry 217
Lettuce 411
Pear 289
Poppy 197
Prickly
Saltwort 169
Pride of the Meadow 235
Prim 319
Primrose
Common Evening 292
Evening 292
Primrose Family 3^5
Primrose-leaved Violet 287
Primulaceae 315, 438, 440
Prince's Feather 162, 169, 170
Pine 306
Privet 319
Proboscis Flower 360
Proserpinaca 295
palustris 295
Prostrate Amaranth 170
Provence Rose 243
Prunella 335
vulgaris 335
Prunus 243, 441
alleghaniensis 244
americana 246
avium 245
Cerasus 245
cuneata 245
domestica 246
Gravesii 245
instititia 244
Mahaleb 245
maritima 244
nigra 246
pennsylvanica 244
Persica 246
pumila 245
serotina 243
spinosa
var. instititia 244
virginiana 244
Psamma 65
Psedera 276
quinque folia 276
var. hirsuta 276
vitacea 276
Ptelea 263
trifoliata 263
540
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY,
[Bull.
Pteridium
aquilinum i8
Pteris i8
aquilina i8
Ptilimnium 299
capillaceum 299
Puccinellia 75
angustata 75
Borreri 75
distans 75
maritima
var. minor 75
Puccoon 329
Red 196
White 196
Yellow 193
Pulse Family 246
Pumpkin 372
Art 371
Purple Amaranth 170
Angelica 303
Avens 235
Azalea 308
Bladderwort 358
Boneset 375
Chokeberry 223
Cinquefoil 2Z2i
Clematis 190
Cone-flower 393
Cress 210
Eragrostis 71
Five-finger 22,Z
Flowering Raspberry 237
Gerardia 355
Hardback 221
Loosestrife 290
Meadow Rue 188
Milkweed 322
Milkwort 264
Oat 72
Petunia 349
Rocket 208
Stramonium 348
Trillium 124
Virgin's Bower 190
Wild Raspberry 236
Willow 141
Purple-wort 233
Purplish Cudweed 390
Purslane 182
French 182
Garden 182
Marsh 291
Milk 266
Mud 282
Sea 175
Water 291
Purslane Family 182
Speedwell 354
Pusley 182
Pussy Willow 139
Pussy's Toes 388
Putty-root 136
Pycnanthemum 340
aristatum 428
clinopodioides 340
flexuosum 340
incanum 341
lanceolatum 340
linifolium 340
muticum 341
var. pilosum 340
pilosum 340
verticillatum 341
virginianum 340
Pygmy Weed 214
Pyrola 306
americana 307
chlorantha 306
elliptica 307
rotundifolia 307
secunda 306
Pyrola
One-flowered 306
Pyrus 222
americana 223
arbutifolia 222
var. atropurpurea 223
" melanocarpa 223
Aucuparia 223
baccata 222
communis 222
Cydonia 224
Malus 222
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
541
Pyrus
melanocarpa 223
prunifolia 222
Quack Grass 79
Quaking Aspen 141
Grass 72
Quamociit
coccinea 324
Quassia Family 263
Queen of the Meadow 221, 235, 375
Queen of the Prairie 234
Quercitron Oak 152
Quercus 149, 441
acuminata 150
alba 149
bicolor 150
coccinea 151
var. tinctoria 152
ilicifolia 152
macrocarpa 150
minor 150
Muhlenbergii 150
nana 152
palustris 151
platanoides 150
prinoides 151
Prinus 151
rubra 151
stellata 150
velutina 151, 152
Quicksilver Weed 188
Quillwort 32
Quillwort Family 32
Quince 224
Common 224
Japan 224
Quinsy-berry 218
Quitch Grass 79
Quiver-leaf 141
Rabbit- foot Clover 248
Raccoon-berry 194
Radicula 206
Armoracia 207
Nasturtium-aquaticum 206
palustris 207
var. hispida 207
sylvestris 207
Radish 202
Garden 202
Wild 202
Ragged Jack 178
Lychnis 178
Orchis 132
Robin 178
Sailor 162
Ragweed 391
Golden 404
Great 391
Ragwort 403, 404
Golden 404
Raisin
Wild 369
Ramsted 350
Ranunculaceae 184, 437, 440
Ranunculus 184, 441
abortivus 186
var. eucyclus 186
" micranthus 186
acris 187
var. Steveni 187
allegheniensis 186, 421
ambigens 185
aquatilis
var. capillaceus 184
" triclwphyllus 184
bulbosus 187
circinatus 184
Cymbalaria 185
delphinifolius 185
var. terrestris 185
divaricatus 184
fascicularis 187
Flammula 426
var. reptans 185
hispidus 187
laxicaulis 185
micranthus 186
multi£dtis 185
obtusiusculus 185
pennsylvanicus 187
recurvatus 186
repens 187
reptans 185
542
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Ranunculus
sceleratus i86, 421
septentrionalis 187
Rape 204
Raphanus 202
Raphanistrum 202
sativus 202, 431
Raspberry
Black 237
Dwarf 237
European Red 236
Purple Flowering 237
" Wild 236
Red 236
Running 237
Wild Red 236
Ratibida
pinnata 393
Rattle 357
Yellow 357
Rattle Bags 180
Cohosh 192
Snakeroot 192
Rattle-box 248, 357
Rattlesnake Fern 28
Grass 74
Master 297
Plantain 134
Rattlesnake-root 413
Rattlesnake-weed 414
Rattle-top 192
Rasoumofskya
pusilla 156
Red Ash 318
Baneberry 193
Benjamin 124
Blite 166
Campion 178
Cedar 38
Cherry 245
Chokeberry 223
Clover 248
Cohosh 193
Columbine 192
Currant 219
Elm 152
Goosefoot 166
Red
Gum 220
Haw 225
Indian Paint 196
Ink Plant 171
Lily 120
Lychnis 178
Maple 273
Mulberry 154
Oak 151
Pepper 344
Pine 35
Poppy 197
Puccoon 196
Raspberry 236
Robin 178, 261
Rose 243
Snakeroot 193
Sorrel 159
Spruce 2,^
Top 64
Trillium 124
Red-beads 193
Red-berried Elder 369
Redbud 247
Red-osier Cornel 305
Dogwood 305
Red-root 126, 196, 275
Red-seeded Dandelion 410
Red-shank 162
Red-stalked Aster 386
Reed 70
Sea Sand 65
kein Orchis 130
Reseda 212
alba 212, 431
lutea 212
Luteola 212, 433
odorata 212, 433
Resedaceae 212, 437, 440
Rhamnaceae 275, 438, 440
Rhamnus 275
alnifolia 275
cathartica 275
Rheumatism-root 126
Rhexia 290
virginica 290
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
543
Rhinanthus 357
Crista-galli 357
minor 357
Rhode Island Bent 64
Rhododendron 307
arborescens 427
canadense 308
canescens 308
maximum 308
nudiflorum 308
Rhodora 308
viscosum 307
var. glaucum 308
" nitidum 308
Rhodora
canadensis 308
Rhus 268
aromatica 269
canadensis 269
copallina 268
glabra 268
hirta 268
radicans 269
Toxicodendron 269
var. radicans 269
typhina 268
venenata 268
Vernix 268
Rib Grass 361
Ribbon Grass 59
Ribes 217, 441
americanum 218
aureum 219
Cynosbati 217
Horidum 218
gracile 217
Grossularia 218
lacustre 218
missouriense 2iy
nigruin 218, 434
odoratum 219
oxyacanthoides 218
prostratum 219
rotundifolium 218
rubrum 219
Uva-crispa 218
vulgare 219
Ribwort 360
Rice
False 58
Indian 58
Mountain 59
Tuscarora 74
Water 58
Wild 58
Richweed 156, 344
Ricinus 265
communis 265, 430
Ring Willow 139
Ripple Grass 361
River Ash 318
Bulrush 86
Weed 213
" Family 213
River-bank Grape 277
Willow 139
Roadside Peppergrass 200
Robin Runaway 334
Robinia 251
hispida 251
Pseudo- Acacia 251
viscosa 251
Robin's Plantain 387
Rock Brake 19
Cress 210
Crowfoot 186
Elm 152
Lily 192
Maple 272
Sandwort 175
Woodsia 24
Rockrose 282
Rockrose Family 282
Rocket 206
American Sea 202
Crambling 212
Dame's 206
Dyer's 212
Purple 208
Sand 204
Sea 202
Sweet 206
Wall 204
Yellow 207
544
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY,
[Bull.
Rocket Cress 207
Larkspur 192
Roman Wormwood 391, 402
Roripa
Armoracia 207
his pi da 207
Nasturtium 206
palustris 207
sylvestris 207
Rosa 242, 441
blanda 242
canina 242
Carolina 243
cinnamomea 242
gallica 243
humilis 243
lucida 243
nitida 243
rubiginosa 242
var. micrantha 243
rugosa 242
setigera 242, 422
spinosissima 242, 422
virginiana 243
Rosaceae 220, 437, 440
Rose 242
African 197
Brier 242
Burnet 242
California 324
Canker 197, 242
Cinnamon 242
Qimbing 242
Corn 197
Dog 242
Dwarf Wild 243
Early Wild 242
French 243
Hip 242
Japanese 236, 242
Kitchen 242
Large Wild 243
Low Wild 243
Marsh Holy 310
Meadow 242
Musk 279
Northeastern 243
Rose
Pasture Wild 243
Prairie 242
Provence 243
Red 243
Scotch 242
Shining 243
Swamp Wild 243
Thornless 242
Wild 243
Rose Acacia 251
Bay 308
Campion 177
Family 220
Mallow 279
Moss 182
Pink 177
Pogonia 132
Willow 141
Rose of Sharon 279
Rosemary
Bog 310
Marsh 310, 314
Rosin-weed 390
Rotala 289
ramosior 289
Rough Avens 235
Bedstraw 362
Bent 64
Boneset 376
Cinquefoil 232
Comfrey 329
Crowfoot 186
Pigweed 169
Round-headed Anemone 190
Round-leaved Anemone 190
Cornel 304
Dogwood 304
Shin Leaf 307
Sundew 213
Violet 287
Rowan Tree 22^
Royal Fern 26
Rubiaceae 361, 438, 441
Rubus 236, 441
allegheniensis 237
var. Gravesii 238
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
545
Rubus
aniericanus 237
amnicolus 238
Andrewsianus 239
argutus
var. Randii 238
arundelanus 238
Baileyanus 240
canadensis 239
cuneifolius 238
Enslenii 240
floricomus 239
frondosus 238
hispidus 239
var. suberectus 239
idaeus 236
var. aculeatissimiis 236
" sfrigosus 236
invisus 426
laciniatus 238
neglectus 236
nigricans 239
nigrobaccus 237
occidentalis 237
forma pallidus 237
odoratus 237
orarius 238
pergratus 238
philadelphicus 238
phoenicolasius 237
procumbens 239
Randii 238
recurvans 238
recurvicaulis 238
semisetosus 239
setosus 239
strigosus 236
subuniHorus 240
triflorus 237
vermontanus 239
villosus 237, 239, 426
var. frondosus 238
" humifusus 240
Rudbeckia 392
hirta 393
laciniata 393
speciosa 393
35
Rudbeckia
subtomentosa 393
triloba 392
Rue
Common Meadow 188
Early Meadow 188
Goat's 251
Meadow 188
Purple Meadow 188
Tall Meadow 188
Wax-leaved Meadow 188
Rue Anemone 189
Family 262
Spleenwort 20
Rum Cherry 243
Rumex 157, 441
Acetosa 159
Acetosella 159
altissimus 158
Britannica 158
crispus 158
elongatus 158, 420
maritimus 426
mexicanus 158
obtusifolius 159
Patientia 157
persicarioides 426
salicifolius 158
sanguineus 426
verticillatus 158
Runaway Robin 343
Running Blackberry 239
Brier 239
Buttercup 234
Pine 31
Raspberry 237
Swamp Blackberry 239
Ruppia 44
maritima 44
Rush 114
Beak 90
Bog 114, 115
Candle 115
Chair-maker's 86
Club 85
Common 115
Hairy Wood 117
54-6
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Rush
Horned 90
Knotted 116
Nut 91
Scouring 29
Slender 114
Soft IIS
Spike 83
Three-square 86
Toad 114
Twig 91
Wood 117
Yard 114
Rush Family 114
Grass 63
Russian Clover 252
Thistle 169
Rusty Woodsia 24
Rutabaga 203
Rutaceae 262, 437, 440
Rye 79
Nodding Wild 80
Slender Wild 81
Wild 80
Rynchospora 90
alba 90
var. macra 418
cap iliac e a 425
corniculata
var. macrostachya 90
fusca 90
glomerata 91
macrostachya 90
Sabatia 319
campestris 319, 434
chloroides 319
dodecandra 319
stellaris 319
Sacaline 164
Sacred Bean 184
Saddle Tree 194
Sage 337
Garden 337
Lyre-leaved ^27
Meadow 337
Scarlet 338
Wild 376
Sage
Wood 332
Sage Willow 140
Sagina 174
apetala 174
decumbens 174
procumbens 174
Sagittaria 45
arifolia 46
calycina 47
var. spongiosa 47
cristata 46
cuneata 46
Eatoni 46
Engelmanniana 46
gracilis 46
graminea 46
hastata 46
heterophylla 46
var. elliptica 46
" rigida 46
latifolia 46
forma diversifolia 46
" gracilis 46
" hastata 46
" obtusa 46
longirostra 45
natans
var. gracillinia 47
" lorata 46
obtusa 46
pusilla 46
rigida 46
subulata 46
var. gracillima 47
variabilis 46
var. diversifolia 46
" gracilis 46
Sailor's Tobacco 401
St. John's-wort 280
Common 280
Dwarf 281
Great 280
Marsh 282
Pale 281
Shrubby 281
St. John's-wort Family 280
No. 14.
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
547
St. Lucie Cherry 245
Salad Burnet 241
Salicaceae 137, 436, 439
Salicornia 168
ambigua 168
Bigelovii 168
europaea 168
herbacea 168
mucronata 168
Salix 137, 441
acutidens 139
alba
var. vitellina 138
babylonica 139
Bebbiana 140
Candida 140
var. denudata 141
cordata 139
var. angustata 139
" myricoides 139
discolor 139
var. eriocephala 140, 420
" prinoides 140, 420
eriocephala 140
Huviatilis 139
fragilis 138
humilis 140
incana 141, 433
longifolia 139
lucida 138
myrtilloides 139
nigra 137
var. falcata 137
pedicellaris 139
pentandra 138
petiolaris 426
prinoides 140
purpurea 141
rostrata 140
sericea 140
serissima 138
subsericea 420
tristis 140
Salomonia
biAora 123
commufata 123
Salsify 410
Salsola 169
Kali 169
var. caroliniana 421
" tenuifolia 169
salsa
var. americana 169
Tragus 169
Salt Marsh Grass 68
Meadow Grass 68
Reed Grass 68
Saltwort 169
Common 169
Prickly 169
Salvia 337
lyrata 2>2>7
officinalis 2>2i7
pratensis 22,7, 432
splendens 338, 432
Sambucus 369
canadensis 369
pubens 369
racemosa 369
Samolus 315
floribundus 315, 427
Valerandi 427
var. americaiiits 315
Samphire 168
Woody 168
Sand Bar Willow 139
Blackberry 238
Brier 345
Bur 346
Cherry 245
Grass 70
Jointweed 164
Mustard 204
Rocket 204
Spurrey 173
Sandalwood Family 156
Sandbur 58
Sand-weed 173
Sandwort 173, 174
Blunt-leaved 174
Common 175
Large-leaved 174
Mountain 175
Rock 175
548
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Sandwort ■
Sea Beach 175
Seaside 173
Showy 174
Thyme-leaved 175
Sanguinaria 196
canadensis 196
Sanguisorba 241
canadensis 241
minor 241, 434
Sanguisorba 241
Sanicle 297
American 215
Sanicle-leaved Crowfoot li
Sanicula 297
canadensis 297
gregaria 297
marilandica 297
var. canadensis 297
trifoliata 297
Santalaceae 156, 436
Sapindaceae 274, 438, 440
Saponaria 180
inUata 430
officinalis 180
Vaccaria 180
Sarothra
gentianoides 282
Sarracenia 213
purpurea 213
Sarraceniaceae 213, 437
Sarsaparilla
American 296
Bristly 296
False 296
Wild 296
Yellow 194
Sassafras 195
officinale 195
Sassafras 195
variifolium 195
Satin-flower 208
Satureja 339
hortensis 428
vulgaris 339
Saururus 137
cernuus 137
Savastana
Nashii 59
odorala 59
Savin 38
Savory 339
Saw Brier 125
Saxifraga 215
pennsylvanica 215
virginiensis 215
Saxifragaceae 215, 437. 440
Saxifrage 215
Early 215
Golden 216
Spring 215
Swamp 215
Saxifrage Family 215
Saxifrax 195
Scahiosa
arvensis 371
Scabious
Field 371
Sweet 387
Scallop Squash 372
Scarlet Oak 151
Painted Cup 356
Sage 338
Scheuchzeria 45
palustris 45
Schizaeaceae 26, 435
Schwalbea 357
americana 357
Scirpus 85, 441
alpinus 86
americanus 86
atrocinctus 89
var. brachypodus 89
atrovirens 87, 88, 418
campestris 87
var. novae-angliae 87
" paludosus 87
cyperinus 88
var. Andrewsii 88
" condensatus 88
" Eriophorum 88
" pelius 88, 418
debilis 86
Eriophorum 88
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
549
Scirpus
fluviatilis 87
georgianus 88
Hallii 425
hudsonianus 86
lacustris 86
lineatus 88
maritimns 87
nanus 85
novae-angliae 87
Olneyi 86
van contortus 86
paludosus 87
pedicellatus 88
var. pullus 89
planifolius 85
polyphyllus 88
var. macrostachys 88
pungens 86
robustus 87
rubrotinctus 87. 418
Smithii 86
subterminalis 86
supinus
var. Hallii 425
sylvaticus 87
var. Bissellii 87
" digynus 87
Torreyi 86
validus 86
Scleranthus 172
annuus 172
Scleria 91
pauciflora 91
var. caroliniana 91
reticularis
var. pubescens 430
triglomerata 91
verticillata 91
Scoke
Common 171
Scorpion Grass 329
Scotch Broom 248
Fir 35
Lovage 301
Pine 35
Pink 181
Rose 242
Scotch
Thistle 407
Scott's Spleenwort 19
Scouring Rush 29
Scratch Grass 58, 163
Scrofula Plant 351
Scrophularia 351
leporella 351
marilandica 351
nodosa
var. marilandica 351
Scrophulariaceae 349, 438, 440
Scurvy Grass 208
Scutch Grass 69, 79
Scutellaria 333
galericulata 333
integrifolia 22,2,
lateriflora 2>2>2
parvula 2,2,2
var. ambigua 222
saxatilis 428
Sea Beach Sandwort 175
Elite 168
Chickweed 175
Cole 202
Lavender 314
Parsley 301
Pink 319
Purslane 175
Rocket 202
Seaside Crowfoot 185
Gerardia 356
Goosefoot 169
Jointweed 164
Plantain 361
Sandwort 173
Spurge 265
Spurrey 173
Secale 79
cereale 79, 431
Sedge 91
Sedge Family 81
Sedum 214
acre 214
purpureum 214
Telephium 214
ternatum 214
550
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Sedum
triphyllum 214
Seedbox 291
Selaginella 32
apus 32
rupestris 32
Selaginellaceae 32, 436
Self-heal 335
Common 335
Sempervivum 215
tectorum 215
Seneca Grass 59
Snakeroot 264
Senecio 403
aureus 404
var. Balsamitae 404
" obovatus 404
Balsamitae
var. praelongus 404
obovatus 404
viscosus 404
vulgaris 403
Senega Snakeroot 264
Senna 247
American 247
Wild 247
Sensitive Fern 25
Pea 247
Plant
Wild 247
Sericocarpus 388
asteroides 388
conyzoides 388
linifolius 388
solidagineus 388
Service Berry 224
Tree 223
Sesame Grass 48
Setaria 57
glauca 57
imberbis 430
var. perennis 57
italica 57
var. germanica 57
verticillata 57
viridis 57
Shad Bush 224
Shad-flower 199
Shade Elm 152
Shag-bark Hickory 145
Shamrock
Water 320
Shave Grass 30
Shear Grass 79
Sheep Laurel 309
Sorrel 159
Sheepberry 369
Sheep's Fescue 76
Sheep's-bit Z7i
Shell-bark Hickory 145
Shepherd's Purse 201
Sprouts 201
Shield Fern 22
Shin Leaf 306, 307
Round-leaved 307
Shining Rose 243
Sumach 268
Willow 138
Shirley Poppy 197
Shore Knotweed 160
Showy Lady's Slipper 129
Orchis 130
Portulaca 182
Sandwort 174
Shrubby Althaea 279
Bitter-sweet 271
Cinquefoil 233
St. John's-wort 281
Trefoil 263
Sibbaldiopsis
tridentata 233
Siberian Aster 386
Crab 222
Sickle Grass 163
Sickle-pod 211
Sicyos 372
artgulatus 372
Sida 278
spinosa 278, 434
Side-saddle Flower 213
Sideritis 334
montana 334, 434
Sieglingia
purpurea 70
No. 14.
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
551
Sieglingia
seslerioides 70
Sileue 179
antirrhina 179
var. divaricata 179
Armeria 179
caroliniana 179
Cucubalus 180
dichotoma 179
inflata 430
latifolia 180
nivea 426
noctiflora 179, 421
pennsylvanica 179
stellata 180
vulgaris 180
Silk Grass 64
Silkweed 322
Common 322
Silkworm Mulberry 154
Silky Cornel 305
Willow 140
Silphium 390
perfoliatum 390
Silver Maple 273
Weed 234, 274
Silver-leaf Poplar 141
Silvery Cinquefoil 233
Spleenwort 21
Simarubaceae 263, 437, 440
Si nap is
alba 202
Sisymbrium 205
Alliaria 205
altissimum 205
canescens 205, 433
Loeselii 205
officinale 205
var. leiocarpum 205
Sophia 20S, 433
Thalianum 206
Sisyrinchium 128
albidum 128, 431
anceps 128
angustifolium 128
atlanticum 129
gramineum 128
Sisyrinchium
graminoides 128
intermedium 128
mucronatum 128
Sium 300
Carsonii 300
cicutaefolium 300
line are 300
Skevish 387
Skullcap 333
Mad-dog 2Z2>
Marsh 333
Skunk Cabbage no
Currant 219
Grape 276
Spruce 36
Sleepy Catchfly 179
Slender Fescue 76
Knotweed 160
Nettle 155
Pigweed 169
Rush 114
Vetch 256
Slippery Elm 152
Sloe 244, 369
Slough Grass 68
Small Agrimony 241
Alyssum 200
Cranberry 314
Green Wood Orchis 131
Nettle iss
Pale Green Orchis 130
Red Morning Glory 324
Snapdragon 351
Solomon's Seal 123
Smaller Bladderwort 358
Small-flowered Cranesbill 262
Crowfoot 186
Geranium 262
Pearlwort 174
Sweetbrier 243
Small-fruited Hickory 145
Smartweed 162
Common 162
Water 162
Smilacina 122
racemosa 122
552
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Smilacina
stellata 122
trifolia 123, 419
Smilax 125
glauca 125
herbacea 125
hispida 125
rotundifolia 125
Smooth Alder 148
Crowfoot 186
Gooseberry 218
Solomon's Seal 123
Sumach 268
Winterberry 270
Yellow Violet 288
Smooth-fruited Poppy 197
Snake Grass 71
Mouth 132
Snake-berry 193
Snakehead 352
Snake-leaf 121
Snakeroot 157
Black 192, 297
Button 297, 2)11
Fine 157
Heart 157
Rattle 192
Red 193
Seneca 264
Senega 264
Virginia 157
White 193, 376, 2,71
Snapdragon 351
Small 351
Snapdragon Catchfly 179
Snapping Alder 219
Snap-weed 274
Snap-wood 196
Sneezeweed 398
Snowball 367. 368
Snowberry 366, z^y
Creeping 312
Snowdrift 199
Snowdrop 190
Snow-on-the-Mountain 266
Soapberry Family 274
Soapwort 180
Soapwort
Field 180
Soft Agrimony 241
Chess ^y
Maple 273
Rush 115
Solanaceae 344, 438, 440
Solanum 344
carolinense 345
Dulcamara 345
nigrum 345
rostratum 346
tuberosum 344, 432
Soldier's Cap 198
Soldiers on the Green 356
Solidago 378, 441
altissima 380
arguta 379
aspera 380
asperula 380
bicolor 378
var. concolor 378
caesia 378
var. axillaris 378
" paniculata 378
canadensis 380
var. glabrata 380
" scahra 380
" scabriuscula 380
Elliottii 380
Aexicatdis 378
graminifolia
var. Nuttallii 381
hispida 378
juncea 379
var. ramosa 379
lanceolata 381
latifolia 378
neglecta 379
var. linoides 379
nemoralis 380
odora 379
patula 379
puberula 378
rigida 381
rugosa 380
var. sphagnophila 380
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
553
Solidago
sempervirens 379
serotina 381
var. gigantea 381
speciosa 379
squarrosa 378
strict a 429
tenuifolia 381
uliginosa 379
ulmifolia 380
uniligulata 379
Solomon's Seal 123
False 122
Giant 123
Great 123
Hairy 123
Small 123
Smooth 123
Star-flowered 122
Three-leaved 122
Two-leaved 123
Sonchus 411 ^
arvensis 411
asper 411
oleraceus 411
Sophia
pinnata 205
Sophia 205
Sorbaria 221
sorbifolia 221
Sorbus
americana 223
Aucuparia 223
Sorghastrum 49
avenaceum 49
nutans 49
Sorghum 49
halepense 49, 416, 433
Sorrel 157
Cock 159
Common 159
" Wood 260
Cow 159
Field 159
Garden 159
House 159
Lady's 261
Sorrel
Meadow 159
Red 159
Sheep 159
Slender Yellow Wood 260
Tall Yellow Wood 261
Violet Wood 260
White Wood 260
Wood 260
Yellow Wood 260
Sorrel Dock 159
Sour Cherry 245
Grass 159
Gum 305
Sour-top Blueberry 313
Southernwood 401
Sow Bindweed 163
Thistle 411
Sowbane 166, 167
Sowna Millet 56
Spanish Bayonet 121
Buttons 407
Needles 397
Sparganiaceae 39, 436
Sparganium 39
americanum 39
var. androcladum 40
androcladum 40
var. Huctuans 40
angustifolium 40, 422
diversifolium 40
var. acaule 40
eurycarpum 39, 416
fluctuans 40, 423
lucidum 40
minimum 40
simplex 40
var. androcladum 40
" angustifolium 40
" fluitans 40
" Nuttallii 39
Spartina 68
cynosuroides 68
glabra 68
var. alterniflora 68
" pilosa 68
juncea 68
554
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Spartina
Michauxiana 68
patens
var. caespitosa 69, 417
var. juncea 68
polystachya 68
strict a
var. alterniHora 68
" glabra 68
Spathyema
foetida no
Spatter-dock 183
Spear Grass 72, 7^
Spearmint 342
Spearwort 185
Crawling 185
Creeping 185
Water Plantain 185
Speckled Alder 148
Specularia 372
perfoliata 372
Speedwell 353, 354
Common 354
Corn 354
Creeping 354
Ivy-leaved 355
Marsh 354
Purslane 354
Swamp 354
Thyme-leaved 354
Spergula 173
arvensis 173
sativa 174
Spergularia 173
canadensis 421
marina 173
rubra 173
Sphenopholis (£
nitida 66
obtusata 66
var. pubescens 66
pallens (^
var. major 66
palustris 66
Spice Bush 196
Spice-wood 196
Spider Lily 113
%
Spider-flower 212
Spiderwort 113
Spiderwort Family 113
Spignet 296
Spike Grass 72
Rush 83
Spiked Loosestrife 290
Spikenard 296
American 296
False 122
Wild 122
Spinach
New Zealand 173
Strawberry 166
Wild 166
Spindle Tree 271
European 271
Spiny Amaranth 170
Clotbur 391
Spiraea 221
chamaedrifolia 221
var. ulmifolia
Filipendula 235
japonica 221
latifolia 221
lobata 234
prunifolia 221
salicifolia 22 1
sorbifolia 221
tomentosa 221
Ulmaria 235
Spiraea
Ash-leaved 221
Spiranthes 133
Beckii 133
cernua 134
var. ochroleuca 134, 420
gracilis 133
latifolia 134
lucida 134
praecox 133
Romanzoffiana 134
simplex 133
vernalis 133
Spires Grass 59
Spirodela in
polyrhiza iii
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
555
Spleenwort 19
Ebony 20
Maidenhair 20
Mountain 20
Narrow-leaved 20
Pinnatifid 19
Rue 20
Scott's 19
Silvery 21
Spoon-wood 309
Sporobolus 63
asper 63
clandestinus 63
cryptandrus 63
heterolepis 63
longifolius 63
neglectus 63
serotinus 63
uniflorus 63
vaginiflorus 63
Spotted Alder 219
Cowbane 299
Loosestrife 315
Medick 250
Mint 343
Parsley 298
Touch-me-not 274
Wintergreen 306
Spotted-leaf Buttercup 187
Crowfoot 187
Spreading Dogbane 321
Globeflower 191
Orach 167
Spring Anemone 190
Beauty 182
Cress 209, 210
Dock 157
Mouse-ear 177
Saxifrage 215
Vetch 255
Spruce 36
Black 36
Bog 36
Cat 36
Norway 36
Red 36
Spruce
Skunk 36
White 36
Spurge 26s, 267
Caper 267
Cypress 267
Flowering 266
Ipecac 266
Leafy 266
Myrtle 267
Petty 267
Seaside 265
Spurge Family 265
Spurrey 173
Common 173
Corn 173
Field 174
Salt Marsh Sand 173
Sand 173
Seaside 173
Spurrey Pearlwort 174
Squash 372
Canada 372
China 372
Hubbard 372
Marrow 372
Scallop 372
Summer Crookneck 372
Winter Crookneck 372
Squaw Huckleberry 313
Vine 364
Squaw-root 192, 195, 359
Squaw-weed 403, 404
Swamp 404
Squirrel Brier 125
Corn 198
Squirrel-ear 134
Squirrel-tail Grass 80
Stachys 337
asp era 337
cordata 428
hyssopifolia 337
palustris 337
var. cordata 42S
var. homotricha 337
tenui folia
var. aspera 337, 428
556
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Staff Tree 271
Staff Tree Family 271
Stag-bush 369
Stagger-bush 310
Staggerwort 398
Staghorn Sumach 268
Staphylea 272
trifolia 272
Staphyleaceae 272, 437
Star Cucumber 372
Flower 316
Grass 125, 127
Thistle 407
Star of Bethlehem 121
Star-flowered Solomon's Seal 122
Star-leaved Gum 220
Starry Campion 180
Starwort 175, 382
Greater 176
Lesser 176
Long-leaved 175
Mountain 175
Northern 175
Water 267
Stat ice
Limonium
var. caroliniana 314
Steeple Bush 221
Steironema 316
ciliatum 316
lanceolatum 316
Stellaria 175
borealis 175
graminea 176
var. lanceolata 176
Holostea 176
longifolia 175
media 176
puhera 426
Stemless Lady's Slipper 129
Stenophragma
Thaliana 206
Stenophyllus 85
capillaris 85
Stickseed 240, 328
Stick-tight 396
Stiff Water Crowfoot 184
Stinging Nettle 155
Stingless Nettle 156
Stink Grass yi
Stipa 60
avenacea 60
Stitchwort
Greater 176
Lesser 176
Long-leaved 175
Northern 175
Stone Clover 248
Stonecrop 214
Biting 214
Ditch 214
Mossy 214
Virginia 214
Wild 214
Stone-root 344
Stone-seed 329
Storksbill 262
Musk 262
Stramonium 347
Purple 348
Strawberry 231
American Wood 232
Barren 232
Bog 233
Dry 232
European Wood 231
Field 231
Indian 232
Mock 232
Wild 231, 232
Yellow 232, 234
Yellow-flowered 232
Strawberry BHte 166
Spinach 166
Tomato 346
Streptopus 123
amplexifolius 123
roseus 123
Striped Maple 272
Strophostyles 258
angulosa 258
helvola 258
Stubbleberry 345
Suaeda 168
No. 14.
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
557
Suaeda
linearis 169
maritima 168
Succory 408
Sugar Maple 272
Pear 224
Sugarberry 153
Sumach 268
Black 268
Dwarf 268
Mountain 223
Poison 268
Shining 268
Smooth 268
Staghorn 268
Sweet-scented 269
Summer Anemone 190
Grape 276, 277
Lilac 206
Snowflake 126
Sundew 213
Long-leaved 213
Round-leaved 213
Sundew Family 213
Sundial 248
Sunflower 394
Common 394
Tickseed 397
Wild 395
Sun-plant 182
Swallow-wort 196
Black 222
Swamp Ash 318
Beggar-ticks 396
Bilberry 313
Birch 148
Blueberry 313
Buttercup 187
Crowfoot 187
Dock 158
Dogwood 305
Elm 152
Globeflower 191
Gooseberry 218
Hickory 145
Laurel 309
Loosestrife 289
Swamp
Lousewort 357
Maple 272
Milkweed 322
Poplar 142
Saxifrage 215
Spanish Oak 151
Speedwell 354
Squaw-weed 404
Thistle 406
White Oak 150
Sweatweed 278
Swedish Clover 249
Sweet Allison 199
Alyssum 199
Birch 147
Cherry 245
Chervil 298
Cicely 298
Clover 249
Coltsfoot 157, 402
Currant 219
Elm 152
Everlasting 390
Fern 144
Flag III
Gale 143
" Family 143
Golden-rod 379
Gum 220
" Tree 220
Pepperbush 306
Pigweed 165
Rocket 206
Scabious 387
Susan 179
Vernal Grass 59
Viburnum 369
Violet 287
White Violet 287
William 181, 326
Sweetbrier 242
Small-flowered 243
Sweet-scented Bedstraw 2^3
Sumach 269
Switch Grass 52
Sword Grass 59, 98
558
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Sycamore 220
American 220
False 220
Sycamore Maple 272
Symphoricarpos 366
orbiculatus 366
racemosus 367
var. laevigatus 367
Symphoricarpos 366
vulgaris 366
Symphytum 328
asperrimum 329
officinale 328
tuberosum 328
Symplocarpus no
foetidus no
Syndesmon
thalictroides 189
Synosma
suaveolens 403
Syntherisma
■Rliformis 49
Umbriata 50
linearis 49
sanguinalis 50
Syringa 318
vulgaris 318
Syringa 217
Large-flowered 217
Tacamahac 142
Taenidia 301
integerrima 301
Tag Alder 148
Talinum
teretifolinm 426
Tall Anemone 190
Blueberry 313
Buttercup 188
Cinquefoil 232
Cone-flower 393
Crowfoot 188
Dock 158
Leafy Green Orchis 130
Meadow Rue 188
Red Top 70
Thistle 406
White Bog Orchis 130
Tall
Wild Nettle 155
Taller Fescue 76
Tamarack 35
Tanacetum 400
vulgare 400
var. crispum 400
Tansy 400
Common 400
Wild 234
Tansy Mustard 205
Tape Grass 47
Taraxacum 410
erythrospermum 410
officinale 410
var. palustre 410
Taraxacum 410
Tare 255
Common 255
Hairy 256
Tares 173
Tarragon 401
Tartarian Honeysuckle 365
Tar-weed 377
Tassel Tree 278
Tawny Elm 152
Taxaceae 34, 436
Taxus 34
canadensis 34
minor 34
Tea
Labrador 307
Mexican 165
New Jersey 275
Oswego 338
Teaherry 218, 311
White 312
Tear-thumb
Arrow-leaved 163
Halberd-leaved 163
Teasel 370
Wild 370
Teasel Family 370
Tecoma 359
radicans 359
Tephrosia 251
virginiana 251
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
559
Terrell Grass 80
Tetragonia 173
expansa 173, 433
Tetter-wort 196
Teucrium 332
canadense 332
var. littorale 332
littorale 332
Thale Cress 206
Thalesia
uniAora 359
Thalictrum 188
clavatum 426
dioicum 188
polygamum 188
purpurascens 188
revolutum 188
Thaspium
aureum 427
barbinode 427
trifoliatum 427
Thatch Grass 68
Thelypodium
pinnatifidum 208
Thicket Bindweed 163
Buckwheat 163
Thimbleberry 237
Thimbleweed 190, 393
Thin Grass 64
Thistle
Bull 405, 406
Canada 406
Common 405
" Sow 4T1
Cotton 407
Curled 405
Field 405
" Sow 411
Flowering 197
Pasture 406
Plumed 405
Plumeless 405
Russian 169
Scotch 407
Sow 411
Spiny-leaved Sow 411
Star 407
Thistle
Swamp 406
Tall 406
Yellow 197, 405
Thlaspi 200
arvense 200
Thorn
Cockspur 225
Hedge 225
Newcastle 225
White 225
Thorn Apple 347
Thornless Rose 242
Thorny Amaranth 170
Thoroughwort 375, 376
Thread-and-Needle 121
Thread-foot 213
Three-leaved Solomon's Seal 123
Three-seeded Mercury 265
Three-square Rush 86
Three-toothed Cinquefoil 232
Five-finger 233
Throw-wort 336
Thuja 37
occidentalis 37
Thyme 341
Creeping 341
Wild 341
Thymelaeaceae 289, 438
Thyme-leaved Sandwort 175
Speedwell 354
Thymus 341
Serpyllum 341
Tiarella 215
cordifolia 215
Tick Trefoil 252
Tickle Grass 51
Tickseed 395
Tickseed Sunflower 397
Tiger Lily 120
Tilia 277
americana 277
Michauxii 277
pubescens 277
vulgaris 277
Tiliaceae 277, 438, 440
Tillaea 214
56o
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Tillaea
aquatica 214
simplex 214
Timothy 62
Tinker's Weed 367
Tissa
canadensis 173
marina 173
rubra 173
Toad Grass 114
Rush 114
Toad-flax 350
Bastard 156
Blue 350
Tobacco 348
Indian 374, 389
Ladies' 388
Sailor's 401
Wild 348
Tomato 344
Strawberry 346
Tongue Grass 176, 200
Toothache Tree 262
Toothed Medick 250
Tooth-root 208
Toothwort 208
Cut-leaved 209
Large 209
Toper's-plant 241
Touch-me-not
Pale 274
Spotted 274
Touch-me-not Family 274
Tower Cress 210
Mustard 210
Toxylon
pomiferum 154
Trachynotia
juncea 68
Tradescantia 113
virginiana 113
Tragopogon 410
porrifolius 410
pratensis 410
Trailing Arbutus 311
Traveler's Joy igo
Treacle Mustard 200, 206
Tree of Heaven 263
Trefoil 189, 248
Bird's-foot 250
Marsh 320
Showy Tick 253
Shrubby 263
Tick 252
Trembling Poplar 141
Triadentim
virginicum 282
Trichostema 332
dichotomum 332
lineare 332, 423
Tricuspis
seslerioides 70
Tridens 70
fiavus 70
Trientalis 316
americana 316
Trifolium 248
agrarium 249
arvense 248
aureum 249
hybridum 249
incarnatum 248, 431
medium 426
pratense 248
procumbens 249
repens 249
Triglochin 45
maritima 45
palustris 425
Trillium 124
cernuum 124
erectum 124
erythrocarpum 125
grandiflorum 124
undulatum 125
Trillium
Large-flowered White 124
Nodding 124
Painted 125
Purple 124
Red 124
White 124
Trinity 113
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
561
Triodia
cuprea 70
purpurea 70
Triosteum 367
angusti folium 367
aurantiacum 367
perfoliatum 367
Triphora
trianthophora 132
Triplasis 70
purpurea 70
Triple-awned Grass 60
Tripsacum 48
dactyloides 48
Trisetum 66
palustre 66
pennsyhanicum 66
spicatum 66, 417
suhspicatum 66
var. niolle 66
Triticum 79
sativum 79, 431
vulgare 79
Trollius 191
laxus 191
Trout Lily 121
Trumpet Creeper 359
Honeysuckle 2>66
Weed 375
Trumpet-flower 359
Tsuga 37
canadensis 2>7
Tufted Buttercup 187
Crowfoot 187
Loosestrife 316
Vetch 256
Tulip Poplar 194
Tree 194
Tumble Mustard 205
Weed 51, 170
Tupelo 305
Turkey Corn 198
Turkey-foot 48
Turkey-pod 211
Turk's-cap Lily 120
Turmeric
Indian 193
36
Turmeric-root 193
Turnip 202, 204
Indian 109
Wild 109
Turtlehead 352
Tuscarora Rice 74
Tussilago 402
Farfara 402
Twayblade 136
Large 136
Twig Rush 91
Twin-flower 367
Twisted-stalk 123
Twitch Grass 57
Two-leaved Solomon's Seal 123
Typha 39
angustifolia 39
latifolia 39
Typhaceae 39, 436
Ulmaria
palustris 234
rubra 234
Ulmaria 235
Ulmus 152
alata 153
americana 152
campestris 152
fulva 152
Umbelliferae 297, 438, 440
Umbrellawort 172
Unicorn-plant 360
Unicorn-root 118
False 125
True 118
Unifolium
canadense 123
Upland Boneset 376
Upright Goosefoot 167
Mignonette 212
Urtica 155
dioica 155
gracilis 155
Lyallii ISS
urens 155
Urticaceae 152, 436, 439
Urticastrnm
divaricatum 155
562
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Utricularia 357
biflora 358
clandestina 357
cornuta 358
Hbrosa 429
gibba 358
inflata 357
intermedia 358
minor 358
purpurea 358
resupinata 358
striata 429
vulgaris 358
var. americana 358
Uva-ursi 311
Uvularia 118
perfoliata 118
sessiii folia 119
Vaccaria
Vaccaria 180
Vaccinium 313
arboreuin 427
atrococcum 314
canadense 313
corymbosum 313
var. amoenum 313
" atrococcum 314
" pallidum 427
macrocarpon 314
nigrum 313
Oxycoccos 314
var. intermedium 314
pennsylvanicum 313
var. angustifolium 313
" nigrum 313
stamineum 313
vacillans 313
Vagnera
racemosa 122
stellata 122
trifolia 123
Valerian 370
American 129
Garden 370
Greek 327
Wild 129
Valerian Family 370
Valeriana 370
edulis 429
officinalis 370
Valerianaceae 370, 438, 441
Valerianella 370
Locusta 370, 435
olitoria 370
radiata 370
Vallisneria 47
spiralis 47
Vanilla Grass 59
Vegetable Mercury 127
Velvet Dock 349
Grass 66
Leaf 278
Velvet-leaf Blueberry 313
Venus' Looking-glass 372, 373
Veratrum 118
viride 118
Verbascum 349
Blattaria 349
var. albiflorum 349
phlomoides 349, 434
Pseudo-Lychnitis 350, 434
Thapsus 349
Verbena 330, 331
angustifolia 331
Aubletia 331
hracteosa 331
canadensis 331, 434
Dtummondi 331
hastata 331
var. pinnatiMa 331
officinalis 330, 432
stricta 331
urticaefolia 331
Verbenaceae 330, 438, 440
Vernonia 375
noveboracensis 375
Veronica 353, 441
agrestis 429
americana 353, 429
AnagalUs 429
arvensis 354
Beccabunga 429
Buxbaumii 355
bysantina 355
No. 14,]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
563
Veronica
Chamaedrys 354
hederaefolia 355. 434
longifolia 353
officinalis 354
peregrina 354
scutellata 354
serpyllifolia 354
Teucrium 354
Tournefortii 355
virginica 353
Vervain 330
Blue 331
European 330
Hoary 331
White 331
Vervain Family 330
Vetch 255
Blue 256
Common 255
Cow 256
Crown 252
Hairy 256
Slender 256
Spring 255
Tufted 256
Winter 256
Vetchling 257
Yellow 257
Viburnum 368
acerifolium 368
alnifolium 368
americanum 368
cassinoides 369
dentatum 368
lantanoides 368
Lentago 369
var. sphaerocarpum 369
nudum 369
Opulus 368
var. americanum 368
prunifolium 369
var. globosum 369
pubescens 368
Viburnum
Maple-leaved 368
Sweet 369
Vicia 255
angustifolia 255
var. segetalis 255
Cracca 256
Faba 256, 430
hirsuta 256, 434
sativa 255
tetrasperma 256
villosa 256
Vinca 321
minor 321
Vincetoxicum
nigrum 2i^2>
Vine Family 276
Viola 284, 441
affinis 285
amoena 287
arvensis 288
atlantica 286
blanda 287
var. palustriformis 287
Brittoniana 286
canadensis 288
canina 427
var. Mulilcnhergii 288
" sylvestris 427
conspersa 288. 427
cucullata 284
fimbriatula 286
incognita 287
labradorica 288
lanceolata 287
latiuscula 285
Muhlenhergii 288
nephrophylla 285
ohliqua 285
odorata 287
ovata 286
p aliens 287
palmata 285
var. cucullata 284, 285
" dilatafa 285
" sororia 286
papilionacea 285
pectinata 286
pedata 284
var. bicolor 284
564
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Viola
var. lineariloba 284
primulifolia 287
pubescens 288
var. scahriuscula 28S
rostrata 288
rotundifolia 287
sagittata 286
scahriuscula 288
septemloba 286
septentrionalis 286
sororia 286
striata 427
subsagittata 286
tricolor 288
triloba 285
vagula 285
venustula 285
Violaceae 284, 438, 440
Violet 284
Bird-foot 284
Canada 288
Damask 206
Dame's 206
Dog 288
Dog's-tooth 121
Downy Yellow 288
Early Yellow 287
English 287
Lance-leaved 287
Long-spurred 288
Marsh Blue 284
Primrose-leaved 287
Round-leaved 287
Smooth Yellow 288
Sweet 287
White 287
Water 315
Woolly Blue 286
Violet Bloom 345
Violet Family 284
Viper's Bugloss 330
Virginia Creeper 276
Snakeroot 157
Stonecrop 214
Virgin's Bower 190
Mountain 190
Virgin's Bower
Purple 190
Vitaceae 276, 438
Vitis 276
aestivalis 276
bicolor 277
hipinnata 427
cordifolia 427
indivisa 427
labrusca 276
rip aria 277
vulpina 277, 427
Waahoo 271
Wahoo Elm 153
Wake Robin 124
Waldsteinia 232
fragarioides 232
Walking Fern 21
Leaf 21
Wall Cress 206, 210, 211
Mustard 204
Rocket 204
Wallweed 380
Walnut 144, 145
Black 144
White 144
Walnut Family 144
Washingtonia
Claytoni 298
longistylis 298
Water Arum no
Avens 235
Beech 146
Carpet 216
Celery 186
Chinquapin 184
Cress 206
Crowfoot 184, 185
Cup 213
Elm 152
Foxtail 62
Hemlock 299
Hemp 171
Horehound 341
Hyacinth 114
Lily 183
" Family 183
No. 14.]
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
565
Water
Lobelia 374
Marigold 397
Milfoil 185, 294
" Family 294
Mint 342
Nymph 183
Oats 58
Parsnip 300
Pennywort 297
Persicaria 161
Pimpernel 315
Plantain 47
Family 45
Purslane 291
Rice 58
Shamrock 320
Shield 184
Smartweed 162
Star Grass 114
Starwort 267
" Family 267
Target 184
Violet 315
Willow 289
Water-blobs 191
Waterleaf 184, 327
Waterleaf Family 327
Watermelon 371
Water-weed 47
Waterwort 282
Waterwort Family 282
Wax Myrtle 143
Pinks 182
Waxberry 143
Wax-leaved Meadow Rue i"
Waxwork 271
Way Grass 160
Weeping Elm 152
Willow 139
Weld
Dyer's 212
Wheat 79
Cow 356
Whip-cord Willow 141
Whip-poor-will's Shoe 129
Whiskey Cherry 243
White Adder's Mouth 136
Alder 306
Amaranth 170
Ash 317
Avens 235
Baneberry 193
Birch 147, 148
Bird's-eye 176
Campion 178
Cedar 37
Chadlock 202
Charlock 202
Clover 249
Cohosh 193
Daisy 400
Ear-drops 198
Elm 152
Golden-rod 378
Goosefoot 166
Grass 58
Hearts 198
Hellebore 118
Lettuce 413
Maple 273
Melilot 249
Mignonette 212
Mulberry 154
Mustard 202
Oak 149
Petunia 349
Pigweed 170 «
Pine 34
Poplar 141
Puccoon 196
Robin 178
Snakeroot 193, zi^, 2,77
Spruce 36
Swamp Honeysuckle 307
Teaberry 312
Thorn 225
Trillium 124
Vervain 331
Walnut 144
Water Crowfoot 184
Willow 138
White-bark 141
White-beads 193
566
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
White-heart Hickory 145
White-topped Aster 38S
White-weed 400
Whitewood 194, 2'/'/
Whitlow Grass 199
Whorled Milkweed Z22,
Mint 343
Pogonia 132
Poly gal a 264
Wicky 309
Wicopy 289
Wild Allspice 196
Apple 222
Asparagus 125
Azalea 308
Balsam-apple 372
Bean 258
Bergamot 338
Black Currant 218
Blue Lettuce 412
Broom Corn 70
Buckwheat 163
Burnet 241
Calla no
Carrot 303
Celery 47
Chamomile 399
Cherry 243
Chess 78
Clematis 190
Coffee 367
Columbine 192
Comfrey 328
Cranesbill 261
Cucumber 372
Elder 296
Forget-me-not 329
Garlic 119
Ginger 157
Ginger-root 157
Globeflower 191
Goose Plum 246
Gooseberry 218
Hazelnut 146
Honeysuckle 30S, 366
Indigo 247
Ipecac 266
Wild
Isaac j40
Job's Tears 330
Lady's Slipper 129
Leek 119
Lemon 194
Lettuce 411
Lily of the Valley 123
Liquorice 252, 362
Lupine 248
Madder 362
Marjoram 340
Mint 344
Morning Glory 325
Mustard 203
Onion 119
Orange-red Lily 120
Pansy 288
Parsnip 302
Peanut 259
Pear 222
Peppergrass 200
Pink 179
Plum 246
Potato-vine 324
Radish 202
Raisin 369
Rice 58
Rose 243
Rye 80
Sage 376
Sarsaparilla 296
Senna 247
Sensitive Plant 247
Spikenard 122
Spinach 166
Stonecrop 214
Strawberry 231, 232
Sunflower 395
Sweet William 326
Tansy 234
Teasel 370
Thyme 341
Tobacco 348
Turnip 109
Valerian 129
Yam 126
N(
14.J
Wild
Yam-root 126
Yellow Flax 260
Lily 120
Willoughbya
scandens 2,77
Willow 137
Autumn 138
Bay-leaved 138
Beaked 140
Bitter 141
Black 137
Bog 139
Brittle 138
Crack 138
Dwarf Gray 140
Glaucous 139
Glossy 138
Gray 141
Heart-leaved 139
Hoary 140
Laurel-leaved 138
Lavender 141
Prairie 140
Purple 141
Pussy 139
Ring 139
River Bank 139
Rose 141
Sage 140
Sand Bar 139
Shining 138
Silky 140
Water 289
Weeping 139
Whip-cord 141
White 138
Willow Family 137
Persicaria 160
Willow-herb 291
Great 291
Wind-flower 189, 190
Wine Currant 219
Wineberry ^yj
Winged Elm 153
Pigweed 165
Winter Cherry ^^,6
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
Winter
Chickweed 176
Cress 207, 208
Crookneck Squash 7,^2
Vetch 256
W'interberry 270
Smooth 270
Wintergreen 306, 311
Aromatic 311
Chickweed 316
Flowering 263
One-flowered 306
Spotted 306
Wire Grass 48, 69, 7Z, 160
Witch Alder 219
Elm 153
Hobble ^t'^
Witches' Money-bags 214
Witches' Pouches 201
Witch-hazel 219
Witch-hazel Family 219
Withe-rod 369
Wolf Grape 345
Wolffia 112
Columbiana 112, 419
Wood Anemone 190
Betony 357
Buttercup 187
Chess 77
Crowfoot 187
Fern 22
Fringe 197
Grass 49
Lily 120 .
Mint 338. 339
Nettle 155
Reed Grass 65
Rush 117
Sage Z2,2
Sorrel 260
Family 260
Woodbine 276
Woodland Agrimony 241
Woodruff 361
Woodsia 24
ilvensis 24
obtusa 24
567
568
CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
[Bull.
Woodsia
Blunt 24
Rock 24
Rusty 24
Woodwardia 19
angustifolia 19
areolata 19
virginica 19, 416
Woody Glasswort 168
Nightshade 345
Samphire 168
Wool Grass 88
Woolly Blue Violet 286
Wormseed 165
Wormseed Mustard 206
Wormwood 400, 402
Beach 401
Roman 391, 402
Woundwort 337
Xanthium 391
canadense 392
var. echinatum 392
commune 392
echinatum 392
glabratiim 392
piingens 392
spinosum 391
strumarhim 392
Xolisma
foliosiflora 310
ligiistrina 310
Xyridaceae 112, 436
Xyris 112
caroliniana 112
Congdoni 113
flexuosa 112
montana 419
Smalliana 113
Yam 126
Wild 126
Yam Family 126
Yam-root
Wild 126
Yard Grass 69
Rush 114
Yarrow 398
Common 398
Yellow Adder's Tongue 121
Avens 235
Bedstraw 362
Birch 147
Chamomile 399
Clintonia 122
Clover 249
Cress 207
Daisy 393
Dock 158
Dog's Tooth Lily 121
Iris 127
Lotus 184
Melilot 249
Moccasin Flower 129
Monkey Flower 352
Myrtle 316
Nelumbo 184
Oak 150
Parilla 194
Pimpernel 301
Pine 34
Poplar 194
Puccoon 193
Rattle 357
Rocket 207
Sarsaparilla 194
Strawberry 232, 234
Thistle 197, 405
Vetchling 257
Water Crowfoot 185
Yellow-barked Oak 152
Yellow-eyed Grass 113, 127
Yellow-eyed Grass Family 113
Yellow-flowered Strawberry 232
Yellow-root 191, 193
Yellow-weed 212
Yew 34
American 34
Yew Family 34
Yucca 121
filamentosa 121
Zannichellia 44
palustris 44
Zanthoxylum 262
americanum 262
Zea 48
No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 569
Zea Zizia
Mays 48, 430 aurea 300, 427
Zizania 58 var. obtusifolia 300
aquatica 58 cordata 301
palustris 58 Zostera 45
Zizia 300 marina 45
ft. C. State Cotkfe
N. MANCHESTER,
INDIANA 46962
North Carolina State University Libraries
?AmOGuI OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS_AND_FERNS
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