®ljp i. 1. Bill ICtbrarg rf^ ^^0 Nortl) (Earalina &tatr Inineraitg 4K481 H8 19?a '« i f '^'^1 ^?^ ^ ^ THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB- JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION DESK. HANDBOOK V THE TREES NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. PHOTO-DESCRIPTIVE. Br ROMEYN BECK HOUGH, B. A. Author of "American Woodt." THIRD AND REVISED EDITION LOWVILLE. N. Y.: PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 1921. COPYRIGHT, Nineteen Tiundred and seven, By ROMEYN B. HOUGH. TO THE MEMORY OF MY FATHER, DR. FRANKLIN B. HOUGH, WHO, AS THE PIONEER COMMISSIONER OF FORESTRY, FIRST STROVE TO AROUSE THE PUBLIC TO CHECK THE COURSE OF DESTRUCTION OF THE AMERICAN FORESTS, AND ESTABLISH THE PRINCIPLES OF FORESTRY, AND TO MY MOTHER, WHOSE INTEREST IN THE PLAN OF THIS HANDBOOK AND ENJOYMENT IN ITS PROGRESS HAVE BEEN AMONG THE PLEASURES OF ITS PREPARATION, IT IS MOST AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED. PREFACE, It has been thought by the writer, and has frequently been remarked by others, that a series of carefully made photographic illustrations of the fresh leaves, fruits, leafless branchlets and typical barks of our various trees would be appreciated alike by the professional botanist, the less technical nature student, the forester and the lumberman. ]\[y natural interest in the subject and peculiar vocation made the task of the preparation of such a work peculiarly inviting to me. I am required to be much in the field observing the trees, making it my personal duty to gather the woods used in the publishing of my AMEEICAN WOODS — in order that I may be able to vouch for authen- ticity - — and this gives me unusual opportunities. I accordingly entered upon the task w^ith enthusiasm, providing myself with an excellent camera, and adapt- ing it to the peculiar requirements of the work. It was not until after much experimenting, as to proper lighting, the elimina- tion of shadow, etc., that satisfactory results were obtained. The thought of a measured background — one ruled into square inches for convenience — occurred as a most satisfactory way of indicating size, which I deemed of greatest importance, owing to the great range of sizes of the objects wdiich I must show on plates of uniform size. It is hoped that this feature of the work will meet with the approval bespoken for it. When once entered upon the work it was found that many and various vicissi- tudes must be encountered, which w^ould unexpectedly prolong the work. Chief among these were the ^' off " years, during which a species does not bear fruit. For example: One season I could not find a single tree of the common Sugar Maple bearing fruit, though I examined many from northern 'New York to North Carolina and westward to Missouri. One winter not a solitary twig could I find of the Yellow Birch bearing its dormant catkins, and, naturally, not a tree bearing flowers or fruit the next summer. I searched in vain two successive seasons for the pistillate flowers of the common Butternut, so regu- larly did the late frosts of spring destroy them, though the staminate flowers appeared annually. The shortness of the period, too, during which the flowers or fruits of certain trees are in their prime, or even exist on the trees, has necessitated close watch. The exact time must' be ascertained by observation, and if, perchance, I miss it I must wait until another year for another opportunity. Then I may find it an off year (imagine my disappointment!), and still another year must be waited. Procuring specimens from lofty tree-tops are trivial ordeals compared with instances like these. Add to these vicissitudes the distribution of our trees, [V] vi Preface. and the consequent necessity of being in many places at about the same time, and it can be readily understood that the field work could not be accomplished in one or even two seasons. Indeed, it has rotiuircd several more than that. Nothing but a love of the subject wouM fortify one with the required patience. The necessity of visiting the trees in their native haunts is evident. This has brought me much in contact with tlie country folk in remote regions and has been a3S0L>iatcd with many novel and generally pleasant experiences. The visit of an '* outsider "' ofttimes seemed as welcome an occasion to them as the opportunities of their respective localities, and often contact with them, were enjoyed bv me, and I gratefully remember many acts of kindness in these hospitable people. Occasionally it was my good fortune to have the company of fellow botanists in the field and enjoy the benefits of their familiarity with the trees of their respective regions. Such was my experience in studying the interesting trees of Staten Island with ]Mr. Wm. T. Davis, for whose assistance I am very grateful. A rare treat I found in store when I dropped in upon Prof. C. D. Beadle, botanist, at Biltmore, X. C, and enjoyed a few days' sojourn with him working up certain species of the Alleghany Mountains, and to Professor and Mrs. Beadle I am under lasting obligation. For able counsel and assistance in many ^vays I am indebted to my good friend. Prof. Wm. Trelease, director Missouri Botanical Garden. To Dr. X. M. Glatfelter, whose familiarity with the Willows of Missouri was of material assistance to me, I am likewise grateful. So, too, to Mr. G. W. Letterman, with whom I made several visits to the valley of the Merrimac Kiver, Mo. I wish to acknowledge favors extended by Mr. C. C. Laney and Mr. John Dunbar, of Rochester, Prof. C. H. Peck, of Albany, and Mr. J. G. Jack, of the Arnold Arboretum, in assistance to material illustrative of various species of Crataegus of their respective regions. To Mr. E. P. Clapp, Rev. E. J. Hill, Dr. J. Schneck, :Mr. H. X. Patterson, Prof. B. O. Longyear, Prof. W. A. Buckliout, Prof. A. T. Erwin, Mr. V. R. Gardner, Mr. E. S. Steele, Mr. F. E. Boynton, Mr. T. G. Harbison, Dr. R. M. Harper, Mr. B. T. Gault, Mr. F. K. Balthis, Mr. A. J. Johnson and Mr. J. C. Teas, I wish also to extend thanks for assistance. Last, but by no means least, I gratefully acknowledge counsel and facilities extended in the use of herbarium material by Mr. Gilford Pinchot, Forester, and Mr. G. B. Sudworth, Dendrologist of the U. S. Forestry Service; by Dr. J. X. Rose of the Xational Herbarium, and by Dr. X. S. Britton, Director of the Xew York Botanical Garden. Data as to specific gravities of woods has been taken from the Report of Tenth Census of the United States, and represent ,in each case the average of two or more determinations with absolutely dry wood taken from different trees. LowviLEE. X. Y., June 29, 1907. EXPLANATION OF THE PLAN OF THE HANDBOOK. In the illustrated portion two pages which face each other are devoted to a species, practically all of the well-defined species within the area indicated being included. The few exceptions will be found mentioned after their respective genera. (See pages 418-457.) It will be observed that the background in the [)ictures of leaves, fruits and twigs are marked into squares. These are lines in all cases one inch apart; their deviation from that measurement, in the picture, indicating a propor- tional enlargement or reduction of the object, in order to make the plates of uniform size. On viewing the picture with the standard of measurement in mind the actual size of the object is at once evident. The trees selected as subjects for pictures of barks are generally of medium size, as showing the phase of bark most commonly seen, and are such as could be called characteristic examples. The measure placed upon the trunks before photographing, to indicate size, is one foot in length, excepting when otherwise stated. On the outline maps the shaded areas indicate the regions over which the trees are distributed, as indicated by outlying representatives, as nearly as is generally understood. Within the limits of such areas there are often tracts, of greater or less 'extent, where the tree in question is not found, on account of unfavorable conditions of altitude, perhaps, or of soil, moisture, etc., or of other less evident reasons. Such limited tracts could not be easily indicated on our much reduced maps. It cannot be claimed of these maps that they are always absolutely perfect, as trees may sometimes be found outside the areas generally accredited to them. In view of further perfecting the maps, for future use, the author would be obliged for whatever data the observers of trees may have and tind it convenient to send that would be important to have in this connection. The wood-structure ])ictures represent transverse sections (the end view of the grain) magnified uniforndy about fifteen diameters. That is approxi- mately the magnification secured by a good simple magnifier. Such a glass is quit^ essential in identifying woods, by comparison, having first exposed the end of the grain with a sharp knife to reveal its structure. In che foot-notes, following the letter-press on the right-hand page, will be found such s^^lonyms only as are used in recent works, wdiere the names there adopted differ froin the names used in this work. '' A. W," indicates AMERICAN WOODS, in which work the species is further considered, especially with refer<>nce to its woods, and in wliich actual specimens of same may be seen. The Roman numeral indicates the part or volume in which a species is found and the Arabic numeral its serial number. (See pages follow- ing the index at close of this volume.) [vii] KEY TO THE FAMILIES BASED MAINLY UPON FLOWERS. a Flowers unisexual, with ovules uaked. on the face of a scale ; leaves parallel-veined (Gymnosperm(r) , monoecious; ovules 2 or more with each scale; stamens numerous; fruit a cone with imbricated scales or so modified as to resemble a berry. Coniferse (p. 418). a' Flowers with ovules inclosed in a cavity — ovary — (Aitc/iospermo') and the parts of the flower in 4s or 5s; cotyledons 2 {Dicotyledons) ; flowers b Without a corolla (Apetalw), c Unisexual and d Calyx absent or irregular if present; flowers appearing e After the leaves, the staminate f From axillary buds on growth of the previous season, in drooping aments ; pistillate solitary or in few-flowered spikes terminating new shoots on the same tree; fruit a nut; leaves compound, deciduous Juglandaceae (p. 423). t' From the axils of evergreen simple leaves, in erect aments ; fruit a wax-coated berry Myricaceae (p. 424) . f^ Mostly from the axils of bud-scales at the base of new shoots and in g Drooping h Long-peduucled heads; the pistillate solitary or in pairs terminating shoots on the same tree Fagrus, in Fagacese (p. 429). h^ Slender drooping aments; pistillate flowers from axils of leaves on the same shoots Quercus, in Fagacese (p. 430). g' Erect axillary aments ; the pistillate at the bases of the same aments. Castanea, in Fagacese (p. 430). f* In heads arranged in terminal racemes. Liquidambar, in Hamamelidacese ( p. 487 ) . e' Before or with the leaves f From axillary buds which are g Covered with one or more bud-scales h Both staminate and pistillate flowers in aments and on different trees. Salicacese (p. 425). h^ Staminate only in aments ; the pistillate in slender terminal spikes on same tree Carpinus, in Betulacese. b^ In panicles, dioecious, without petals ; leaves compound ; fruit a samara. Fraxinus, in Oleacese. g^ Naked — not covered with true bud-scales ; ovary superior ; fruit an elongated compressed drupe Leitneriacese (p. 425) . f Terminating shoots of the previous season and g The staminate (only) remaining naked during the previous winter; the pistillate in spikes from lateral buds ; staminate aments h Simple: fruit a strobile.. Betula, in Betulacese (p. 428). b* Compound, 2-5 (usually 3) united at base: fruit resembling a hop. Ostrya, in Betulacese (p. 428). g- Both staminate and pistillate remaining naked during previous winter, on same branchlets Alnus, in Betulacese (p. 429). d' Calyx present and regular: flowers appearing after the leaves: dioecious: calyx becoming enlarged and succulent in the compound fruit. Moracese (p. 433). c= Perfect : calyx present, regular ; ovary superior. 1-celled and usually 1-seeded ; flowers in fascicles or racemes before or with the leaves : fruit a d Samara, winged e Nearly or quite all around Ulmus, in Ulmacese (p. 432). e- Obliquely from one end and arranged in pairs. Acer, in Aceracese (p. 446). d- Drupe Lauracese (p. 435) . b' With a corolla and that consisting of c Separate petals .( Polypetalw) d Ovary superior e Flowers perfect and f Regular g Calyx consisting of three sepals ; stamens numerous : pistils b Numerous, from an elongated receptacle: ovary 2-ovuled. Magnoliacese ( p. 434 ) . b' Few, from a globose receptacle : ovary many-ovuled. Asimina, in Anonaceae I p. 435). [ix] X Key to the Families Eased Mainly Cpon Floweks. e"- Caljx consisting of five sepals ; stamens h. Eight bnt four imperfect ; flowers in antumn. Hamamelis, in Hamelidacese (p. 436). h" Numerous : pistil solitary and i Single-celled : fruit a drupe. Prunus, in Rosacese (p. 440 1. i^ Five-celled : leaves deciduous ; fiuit j Indehiscent, a dry nut like (Irupe attaclicd to a seed-leaf which serves as a parachute Tiliaceae ( p. 44.S i . j- Dehiscent, 5-valved capsule; leaves persisient. Gordonia, in Theaceae ( ii. 44!) ) . g^ Calyx 4-5-lobed ; stamens as many as the iiet;ils and Alternate with the petals which are widely spicadini;. Euonymous, in Celastraceae (p. 446). Opposite the petals which are hood-like and envelupe them. Rhaninus, in Rhaninacese (p. 448). f- Irregular g Leaves pinnately compound or biconipovnid ; I'luit a legume. Leguminosse (p. 441). g- Leaves palmately compound; capsule with larue nut-like seeds: some flowers unisexual by abortion Hippocastanacese (p. 447 j. e^ Flowers polygamous ; fruit a f Samara g Winged all around Ptelea, in Riitacese (p. 444). g^ With long oblique wing and borne in pairs. Acerace^ ( i). 446 ) . £■ Capsule containing a solitary seed ; leaves pinnate. Xanthoxyluni, in Rutacese (p. 443). f Drupe in terminal open thyrses. Sapindus, in Sapindacese (p. 447). e' Unisexual f Mostly dicecious and occasionally pei'fect ; fruit a g Samara; leaves pinnate.... Ailanthus, in Siniarubacese (p. 444). g- Small dryish drupes in terminal thyrses or axillary pani(les. Anacardiacese (p. 444). g^ Larger berry-like drupes in small axillary clusters or solitary. Ilicacese ( p. 44."t I . f- Monoecious, in dense globose heads; leaves alternate, simple and palmatel.v veined ; fruit an akene Platanacese (p. 437) . d' Ovary inferior; fruit e Drupaceous ; leaves Twice pinnate; styles and cells of ovary 4-5. Araliacese (p. 4.")0). Simple; styles solitary Cornacese (p. 4."()). e' A pome. .Pyrus, Sorbus, Crataegus and Amelanchier, in Rosacese (p. 438). c' United petals d Ovary superior; flowers perfect; fruit a e Capsule with f Five cells and five valves. Rhododendron, Kalniia and Oxydendruni, in Ericaceae (]). 451). F Two cells septicidally dehiscent : flowers Idue. Paulownia, in Scrophulariacese (p. 457). e' Berry subtended by accrescent calyx. Diosperus, in Ebenaceae (p.. 453). e' Fleshy drupes in f Axillary fascicles Biinielia, in Sapotaceae (p. 4.52). f= Loose terminal panicles Chionanthus, in Oleacese (p.. 455). e* Dryish drupe ; leaves simple and f Alternate; flowers in crowded axillary clusters. Syniplocaceae (p. 45.3). f- Opposite; drupe 4-winged Styraceae (p. 454). e' Pod-like capsule; flowers bilabiate in ((uisiiicuous terminal panicles. Catalpa, in Bignoniaceae ( i). 456 ) . d' Ovary inferior; flowers perfect; corolla e Campanulate; stamens 10; anther cells opening by a terminal pore: fruit a berry. Vacciniuin, in Ericaceae (p. 452). e- Rotate; flowers in compound corymbs: fruit a blue (lru|ie with flattened pit. Viburnum, in Caprifoliaceae (p. 451). e' Tubular-funnelform ; flowers in globose heads; leaves opposite or in whorls of 3. Cephalanthus, in Rubiaceae (p. 456). THE NATIVE AND NATURALIZED TREES OF THE REGION OF NORTH AMERICA LYING NORTH OF THE NORTHERN BOUNDARIES OF NORTH CAROLINA, TEN- NESSEE, ARKANSAS AND OKLAHOMA AND EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, AND EXTENDING SOUTH- AVARD IN THE APPALACHIAN REGION TO NORTHERN ALABAMA AND GEORGIA. nOfEKTr LOIUMT M C. State CoUege WHITE PINE Pinus strobus L. Fig. 1. Branch with mature cones bearing beads of pitch, i ; detached clusters of leaves, 2 ; seeds, some detached from their wings, 3 ; young cones in autumn of first year, 4. 2. Trunks of two trees in Adirondack region, N. Y. 3. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the N'okthern States and Canada, The Wthite Pine is one of the tallest trees of the forests of northeastern America, some- times attaining the height of 200 ft. with a long columnar trunk 3-5 ft. in diameter. When growing in the open it develops a wiik' pyramidal head easily distinguished from all other Pines by its bluish green fine-needled foliage and the dark deeply furrowed bark with which the large trunks are vested. It once constituted the bulk of large tracts of forest, but being by far the most valuable timber tree of its range these tracts have been largely cleared away to meet the needs and was'tes' of a growing population, and now only occasional monarchs, towering head and shoulders above the surrounding forests of other growth, suggest the magnificance of tlu' primeval Pine forests. Fortunately it is quick to reproduce itself and many tracts of land, where cultivation has been neglected, become quickly covered with its new seeond growth. The wood of the White Pine is the most valuable of the Pinee for house finishing, window-sash, blinds, etc. It is light, soft, very easily worked, durable and of a light pinkisli brown color with thin lighter sap-wood. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 24.02 Ibs.i Leaves in clusters of 5, with loose-scaled de- ciduous sheaths, very slender, 3-5 in. long, pale bluish green with 3-5 rows of ventral stomata, peripheral resin-ducts and a single flbro-vascular bundle ; branchlets smooth, reddish green. Floicers: staminate yellow, about Vs in. long ; pistillate pinkish purple, erect, terminal, pedunculate. Fruit: cones become drooping and about half grown at the close of the first season, 4-10 in. long at maturity, long-stalked, cylindric and often curved, with thin unarmed scales and liberating their seeds in September ; seeds about M in. long, mottled and with large 1. A. W., II, 49. 2. For genus see p. 419. ROCK PINE. ROCKY MOUNTAIN YELLOW PINE. Finns ponderosa scopulorum Engelm.* Fig 4. Branch with mature cones and young cones at the close of the first season, i; a detached cone, 2 (Note it has broken away from branch within the base, leaving a few scales attached to branchlet) ; seeds and their wings, 3 ; detached terminal and branch buds, 4- S. Trunk of forest tree with cones at base. n r r> /^ t For these specimen and photograph of trunk I am indebted to Prof. B. O. Longyear. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States a>M) Canada. The Yellow Pine of tlio Rocky Mountain region is usually a medium size tree of from 50-70 ft. in height with trunk from 1-2 ft. in diameter, but where conditions are par- ticularly favoral)Ie attains the height of 1(»() to 125 ft., with trunk 3-4 ft. in diameter. The bark of tlie younger trunks is dark and fis- sured into rather lirni scaly ridges but these flake off with age and the bark of old trunks is more of a cinnamon-red color and broken into large scaly plates. It develops a distinct pyramidal head at first and by the gradual lengthening of the lateral branches finally a broad rounded top. It occupies well-drained uplands and mountain slopes, being particu- larly abundant in the Black Hills of Dakota, in northwestern Nebraska and on the mountains of Colorado at altitudes ranging from six to ten thousand feet. On the Colorado plateau of northern Arizona and Xew ^lexico it forms vast and valuable forests. Its peculiarity in having leaves both in clusters of two and three is exceptional to the usual habit of the Pines. The wood is rather hard, heavy and strong and useful for lumber for general construc- tion purposes, interior finisliing, etc. Leaves both in clusters of 2 and .S, .3-6 in. lonir, rigid, with slieatlis at first close and about i^ in. long but finally loose and shorter, stomatifcroiis all sides and containing 2 flbro-vascular Ijundb's and 2-.'> resin-ducts within the parenchyiiia. FloH'rrs: staminate about 1 in. long. Fruit: cones 2-4 in. long, ovoid, deciduous al)ove I lie lowest basal scales, somewhat olili(|ue with sc-iles thickened at apex and cdvered with slender strongly recurved prickles : seed 14 in. long with ample wing broadest in the center. Syn. I'. Scot)iihjrum .em. M^O^.', .x^ LOBLOLLY PINE. OLD-FIELD PINE. ROSEMARY PINE. Pinus Taeda L. Fig. 6. Branch with leaves, mature cones and young cones, i ; detached leaf-clusters, 2 ; cone with escaping seeds, 3. 7. Trunk of a large tree in Eastern Virginia. Handbook of Trees of the Northekn States and Canada. The Loblolly Pine sometimes attains the height of 125 ft. with straight trunk 2 ft. in diameter and, when growing in the open, with spreading branches which form a rounded pyramidal head. Like several others of the southern trees it extends up into the territory covered by this handbook only in the coast region, whero its somber tops of dark j;rccH are familiar objects along the borders of swamps and lowlands, in company with the Short-leaf Pine, Sweet and Sour Gums, Spanish, Pin, Laui-el and other Oaks, Moker nut Ilickorj', etc. The wood is rather brittle, weak, coarse- grained and not durable, of a yellowish brown color and abundant lighter sap-wood. It is largely manufactured into lumber for interior finishing, general construction purposes and for the spars of vessels. The weight of a cubic foot when dry is 33.90 Ibs.i Leaves in clusters of 3, with close persistent siieaths, rather slender and stiff, dark green. 6-!t in. long, witti large stomata on each face and two fibro-vasciilar bundles. Flowers: staminate yel- low, crowded ; pistillate solitary or few together, lateral (below the apex of growing shoot) yellow, short-stalked. Cones 3-5 in. long, lateral spread- ing, subsessile, reddish brown ; scales thickened at apex with prominent transverse ridges and spreading prickle. The cones often remain on the branches for a year after liberating the seeds. These are mottled, about V4 In. long and provided with a large wing broadest above the middle. 1. A. W., Xr, 274. PITCH PINE. Pinus rigida Mill. Fig. 8. Branch with leaves and mature and young cones, 1-3 ; seed-wings, 4 ; detached leaf- clusters, 5. 9. Trunk of a forest tree near Washington, D. C. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. The Pitcli Pine does 7iot often attain a greater height than 70 or .SO ft. or a greater diameter of trunk than 2 or :{ ft. W'lien grow- ing in the open fields it (ic\cl()|)s an irreguLir wide pyramidal or roundnl hcid, its rough branches usually bristling with old tardily d ■- ciduous cones. Its trunk is vested in thick dark brown bark fissured into large plates which exfoliate in irregular friable scales. It is an abundant tree in many localities of the northern states on sandy uplands which are too sterile for the support for most other trees. The wood of the Pitch Pine is of medium weight and hardness, with coarse conspicuous grain, resinous and of a brownish red color with abundant lighter sap- wood. i It is used for coarse lumber, flooring, sills, etc., and to some extent for fuel and charcoal. A cubic foot, when seasoned, weighs 32.10 lbs. It is said tliat considerable tar, turpentine and lampblack have been derived from this tree, though the principal source of supply now is in other species. Leaves in clusters of ?,, with persistent sheaths. riffid, 3-.5 in. Inntr. dark sreen, with stomata on three faces, i-esin-fliicts witliin tlie pari'ticliyma. and 2 fibro-vascular Imndli's. I'hnrrrs : staniinafe numerous. yellow (rarely inu'iile); pistillate lateral, usually in whorls of 2 or more, reddish green, with short stout stems. Cones l-o in. lono.-. lateral, often in whorls of several, ovoid, nearly sessile, with scales thickened at apex and pro- vided with curved rigid prickle ; s"eds about % in. long, triangular with rounded sides and ample wing broadest below the middle. 1. A. W., II, 50. RED PINE. "NORWAY" PINE. Pinus resinosd Ait. Fig. 10. Branch with leaves and mature and young cones, the former bearing considerable free pitch, I ; seeds, 2 ; detached leaf-clusters, 3. II. Trunk of tree, in Lewis Co., N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 11 The Red Pine occasionally attains the height of 80 or 100 ft. with broad irregular pyramidal head and dark green foliage tufted in thick needles at the ends of its rough branchlets. It is an upland tree, being found on dry sandy soil and is distinctly northern in its distribu- tion. Never forming exclusive tracts of forest of any size, it is scattered in open groves where conditions favor its development, and many of the slopes and ridges which overlook the lakes of the Adirondacks and New England are beautified by the presence of this tree. Its straight columnar trunks, rarely over 2 or 3 ft. in diameter, are vested in a reddish brown bark (hence the name) fissured into broad irregular plates and ridges which flake oft' in irregular scales. The wood is moderately heavy and hard and is valued for the spars of vessels, piles, sills, and lumber for general construction purposes. A cubic foot of the dry wood weighs 30.25 Ibs.i The bark is occasionally used for tanning pur- poses. Leaves in clusters of 2 with persistent sheaths, rattier slender. 4-6 in. long, bearing stomata on the ventral faces containing peripheral resin- ducts and 2 fibro-vascular bundles. Flowers: .«;taminate about V2 in. long, in ample clusters, dark purple ; pistillate subterminal, scarlet and with short stalks. Cones subterminal, ovoid- conical, about 2 in. long, subsessile, thickened at the rounded apex and unarmed : seeds about Vh in. long, compressed, triangular-ovoid, mottled and with ample wing broadest below the middle and oblique at apex. I. A. W., I, 19. JACK PINE. GRAY PINE. NORTHERN SCRUB PINE. Finns diraricata (Ait.) Gord.' t'lg. 12. Branch with leaves and closed mature and young cones, 1-3 ; section of branch bearing opening cones with escaping seeds, 4 : scattered seeds, 5 ; detached leaf-clusters, 6. 13. Trunk of tree as found in Essex Co., N. Y. Handbook of Treks of Tiir: Xokthf-RN States and Canada. 13 The Jack Pine attains its greatest size in the northwestern part of its range, where it is often 70 or 80 ft. in height with trunk 2 nr .{ ft. in diameter, and forms forests of con- siderable extent. Throughout the eastern part of its range, however, it is much less abundant and more reduced in stature, commonly tlirow- ing out its branches immediately above tlie ground as shown in our bark picture. its short needles and small cones incurved upon the branchlets quickly distinguish it from all of its neiglibors. It devolops a ratlier sym- metrical open top of straigtitisli branches and tough llexibh' hnmclilets and its trunk is vested in a dark reddish brown bark rough with irregular scaly plates and ridges. The wood, of which a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighs 29.67 lbs., is light, soft, not strong, and of a reddish brown color with thick lighter sap-wood. It is used for fuel and occasionallj' for railway ties, posts and lumber. 2 Leaves in roniot(> clusters of 2, % to I1/2 in. lenj;. stout. si)r(';i(liiii;-. nnjrc nr less curved and dis- tributed aienj; tlie liranclilet, with 12 tiliro-vascular bundles and resin-ducts within tlie pari'ncliyma. FloiC( rs: staniinate yellow, in crowded clusters ; pistillate darlc purple, singly or few togetlier and occasionally clusters on same shoot. Cones small, l%-2 in. lon'^, pointed and strongly incurved, narrow conical-ovoid, ol)lique at base, sessile and scales thickened at apex and furnished with a weak incurved or deciduous |iriclii in. lotlg and widest near the middle. 1. Syn. P. Unnksiaiia Lamb. 2. A. W., IV, 09. YELLOW PINE. SHORT-LEAF PINE. NORTH CAROLINA PINE. Pinus echinafa Mill.^ Fig. 14. Branch with leaves and mature and young cones, 3 ; detached leaf-clusters, 4. 15. Trunk of tree at Biltmore, N. C. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Cana 15 This valuable timber-tree occasionally at- tains till' iieiglit of 100 ft., or somewhat more, with irregular wide inrauiidal or rounded head and straight cu thickness. Its bark color with wide irrt trunk ;}-4 ft. in n reddish brown jcaly plates and ridges. It is ])articularly abundant and well developed in the lower Mississippi basin and probably no other Pine produces as much lumber for use in the central-western states as this. The wood, as a hard Pine, is considered only second to that of the Long-leaf Pine in value, and in being somewhat softer and less resin- ous than that is preferred to it for many uses. It is rather hea^'y and hard, a cu. ft. weighing 38.04 lbs., and of a reddish yellow color with thick lighter sap-wood. It is largely manufactured into lumber for interior finishing and general construction purposes. 2 Leaves 3-ij In. long in clusters of 2 (occasion- ally 3) with persistent sheaths, rather slender, flexible, dark green ; hranchlets rough. Flowers: staminate yellowish purple, about % in. long, in crowded clusters : pistillate pale rose-color, single or in whorls of 2 or 3 with stout stems. Cones oblong-ovoid, 11/2-2 in. long, single or few to- gether, subsessile, lateral and with scales thickened at apex and having a prominent transverse ridge and weak prickle ; seeds round-triangular, about three-sixteenths in. long, mottled and with ample oblique wing broadest near the center. 1. Syn. Pinus mitis Michx. 2. A. W., Ill, 75. JERSEY PINE. SCRUB PINE. Finns Virginiana Mill.^ Fig. 1 6. Branch with leaves and mature and young cones, 17. Trunk of tree rear Washington. D. C. -3, seeds, 4 : detached leaf-clusters, 5. IIanobook of Tkkes of the Nohtiikkn States and Canada. 17 The Jersey Pine is usually a tree of medium stature, rarely more than 40 or 50 ft. in height, or of greater thicivness of trunk than 18 in. In the western part of its range, how- ever, particularly in southern Indiana, it sometimes attains twice the above dimensions. It develops a rather irregular wide rounded top of long and somewhat pendulous branches, though when young the trees are more of a pyramidal habit of growth. It is readily dis- tinguished by its short twisted leaves dis- tributed in pairs along its purple branchlets. The bark of trunk is dark reddish brown, rough with scaly irregular plates and ridges. The tree has little to recommend it from an orna- mental or economic standpoint, its chief point of merit being the facility with which it propagates itself and covers neglected worn out agricultural land with new forest growth. The wood is rather light, soft, not strong, brittle and of a light reddish brown color with abundant lighter sap-wood. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 33.09 lbs. It is used for fuel and occasionally for lumber for general construction purposes.2 Leaves in remote clusters of 2, with small per- sistent sheaths, 1% to 2% in. long, dark green, stout, spreading, more or less curved and twisted, with many rows of stomata, 2 fibro-vascular bundles and resin-ducts in parenchyma ; braneli- lets flexible and distinctly purple in color. Floicrrs: staminate orange-brown, in crowded clusters ; pistillate pale and rose color, single or few together, with long stalks lateral upon the branchlets. Coucs few, narrow ovoid, 2-.'? in. long with scales thickened at apex and provided with a prickle ; seeds compressed ovoid, nearly i/4 in. long and with ample wing broadest at about the center. 1. !5yn. I'iiiiis iiioi)s Ait. 2. A. W., IV, 98. TABLE-MOUNTAIN PINE. Pinus pungens Michx, Fig. i8. Branch with leaves and mature and young cones, cone, 2 ; detached leaf-clusters, 3. 19. Trunk of tree with cones at base. Near Washington, D. C, seeds and detached scales of Handbook of Tkees of the Northern States and Canad.' 19 The Table-IMountain Pine deserves its name from being tonfined in its natural distribution mainly to tlu' dry gravelly table-lands and slopes of tlie Appalachian Mts., though it is found to be hardy and thrives well when planted outside of this limited range — over the middle and eastern states generally. To the nortliward it is local in its distribution and generally scattered among other trees such as the Yellow. Pitch and Jersey Pines, Oaks, Hickories, etc., but in the southern Alleghenies it forms nearly exclusive forests of considerable e.xtent. It rarely exceeds 60 or 70 ft. in height or 2 or 3 ft. in diameter of trunk, and develops a wide rounded or often irregular top. The bark of trunk is a dark reddish brown color rough witii irregular scaly plates and ridges. A character by which it is readily distinguished from all other eastern Pines is its massive cones armed with very thick curved spines, more suggestive of various species of the Pacific slope than are those of any other eastern species. Its wood is light, soft, brittle, coarse-grained and of a pale reddish brown color with thick lighter sap-wood. A cubic foot, when abso- lutely dry, weighs 30.75 lbs. It is little used excepting for fuel and charcoal. i Leaves in crowded clusters of 2. 2-4 in. Ion',' with short persistent sheaths, stotU, stiff, more or less twisted, with 2 fibro-vascular luiiulli's and resin-ducts in parenchyma ; branclilcts short, dark brown and rough. Flowers: staminatf yellow, in loose clusters ; the pistillate long-stalked, lateral and generally in whorls of 2 to ."> or more. Coiks short-ovoid, .".-4 in. long, lateral and in whorls upon the hranchlet, oblique at base, sessile and with scales, especially those of the outer side near base, much thickened, with prominent transverse ridge and armed with a strong Hat curved prickle : seeds rounded triangular, nearly 14 in. long, and with wings broadest near the center. 1. .\. \V. XII 298. TAMARACK. EASTERN LARCH. Larix Americana Michx.^ Fig. 20. Branchlets with fascicles of leaves and cones, i ; detached scale with its two seeds, 2 ; scattered seeds, 3 ; tip of branchlet showing solitary leaves on first season's growth, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 21. Trunk of tree, in Lewis Co., N. Y. 22. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Tkkks ok the North i:k.\ States and Can. ■21 The Tamarack is a beautiful tree not often over ()U ft. in height nor witli trunk niiuf than ti ft. in thickness. Its liuiik is usually straiglit and columnar or slightly tapering, witli scaly bark showing little tendency to become ridged and its top is usually of narrow- pyramidal form with short horizontal l)ranches and open airy foliage. It is distinctively a tree of swampy lands, venturing farther out on low lake shores and quaking sphagnum bogs than any other tree excepting sometimes the Swamp Spruce and these regions it char- acterizes in summer with its pale green foliage or lights up in autumn with its covering of bright yellow. To the northward in its range where it is very abundant, it is found also on well drained uplands forming in places ex- tensive tracts of open forest. With the Black Spruce it forms the vanguard of the forests in the subarctic regions and there maintains tree-form battling with the elements while its companion is prone upon the ground but still engaged in the struggle. The wood, of which a cubic foot when dry weighs 38.86 lbs., is rather hard, heavy, strong and very durable in contact with the soil. It is of a light orange-brown color with thin lighter sap-wood and is valued for railway ties, posts, planks and lumber for interior finishing.2 Lravrf! very slender, numerous, in fascicles on short lateral "spurs, or singly on new shoots, %- IV4 in. Ions, linear, triansular, pale green, turning yellow and falling in autumn. Floicrrfi appear with the leaves : staminate yellow, subglobose from leafless scaly buds ; pistillate oblong with rose-red rounded "scales, on lateral mostly leafy spurs. Cones oblong, about Vo in. long on short peduncles and composed of about 12 thin concave suborbicular persistent scales about twice as long as their bracts ; seeds about Vs in. long, with light brown wing broadest at about the middle.' 1. Syn. L. laracina (DuRoi) Koch. 2. A. W., I, 23. For genus see m&^F -r^^l BLUE SPRUCE. SILVER SPRUCE. Picea Parryana (Andre) Sarg.^ Fig. 23. Branchlets with leaves and mature cones, i ; detached scales, upper side (towards apex) showing seeds, 2; do, under side (towards stem), showing bract, 3; sterile branchlets, 4; branchlet from which leaves have been removed, magnified to show glabrous nature, persistent bases of leaves, etc., 5. 24. Trunk with foliage at base and 2-ft. rule. Rocky Mountains, Colo. 25. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 23 Tins beautiful Spruce is restricted in its natural home to the banks and vicinity of mountain streams of Colorado, Wyoming and Utah, between the altitudes of 0500 and H)000 ft. In these localities it sometimes attains in the forests a heij,'lit of 100 or ex- ceptionally 150 ft., with trunk 2-3 ft. in thick- ness and narrow often irregular open top. The isolated tree, however, especially in its youth, possesses a rare and uiiicpie type of beauty. Its branches grow out in sj'mmetrical whorls of flattened sprays longest near tlie ground and successively shorter towards tl-.o top, forming a perfect and beautiful pyramid. Tills is farther enhanced by the massed toliaga Oa silvery blue or tints ranging from that to a purplish blue or green, a single bed of seedlingi presenting perhaps the entire range. Its beautiful form ami color together with its hardiness make it one of the most valuable acquisitions for ornamental planting of recent years. The wood of the Blue Spruce is light, a cu. ft. weighing 2.'?. 31 lbs., soft, with satiny sur- face and suitable for the uses mentioned of the Red Spruce. - Lrarcfi risid, 4-sid('(l, from 'i in. on fertile branches to l^^ in. Ion?,' on sterile, curved, sijiny. acuminate, bluish green to silvery or dull green ; branchlets glaboiis. FInircrs reddish yellow ; pis- tillate with broad denticulate scales and acute bract. Fruit: cones subsessile, oblonsr-cylindrical. ;i^-4 in. long with ulossy rhoiiiboidai flexuose scales narrow and erose-dciuate at the elongated apex; seed M^ in. long with sliort wide wing.-' 1. Syn. P. pungens Engelm. 2. A. W., XI, 275. 3. For genus see p. 420. WHITE SPRUCE. Picea Canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P. A. HI i X > u J ■R ^\ m ^ ^^ ^^0/^ffS&KKtL n k\ % V ftJi yy' ^ i ^ ;j. 1 r^. ,;MkWfi k 1 IK^ ^ ik.J ^ 9\ ^^i'l 1 > V i — * ^3 -^^H L Fig. 26. Portion of branch bearing cones, i : seeds. 2 : end of a sterile lower branchlet, 3 ; end 27. Trunk near Lake Placid. Adirondacks, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Nortiiekn States and Canada. 25 This handsome Spruce considerably re- sembles the Balsam Fir in habit of developing when isolated a symmetrical narrow pyramidal head of dense folia^^e, and then usually does attain a greater heiglit east of the Rocky Mountains than 50 or tiU ft. When crowded in forests it attains a much greater height, sometimes even 150 ft., with straight trunk 3-4 ft. in diameter. Its bark is reddish brown, rough with irregular scales and its foliage has a marked and characteristic rank odor. In company with the Aspen, Canoe Birch, Balsam, Black Spruce, etc., it be:autifies the banks of streams and lake shores of the far north, scarcely finding even in the climate of our northernmost states a temperature cold enough for its best development. The physical properties and uses of the wood of the White Spruce are quite the same as those of the Red Spruce. A cubic foot when thoroughly seasoned weighs 25.25 lbs. 2 Leaves Mi-1 in. Ion'?, incurved and crowded on the top of the branchlets, 4-sided with stomata on each side, glaucous green and with sharp rigid tips ; branchlets glaucous. Floirers appear in May, oblong-cylindrical : staminate reddish yel- low : pistillate greenish rod with broad rounded entire scales and denticulate bracts. Con's nodding, slender, oblong-cylindrical, nearly sessilo. about 2 in. long, mostly falling in autumn ; obtuse at apex and with very thin nearly orbicular scales truncate or sometimes refuse and entire at apex ; seeds about % in. long with large wing oblique at apex. 1. Syn. Pica alba Link. ■-'. .\. W., IV, 100. RED SPRUCE. Picea ruhens Sarg.-^ Fig. 28. Branchlets with mature cones, i ; sterile lower branchlets, 2 ; detached scale, under side, 3 ; do, upper side, showing seeds, 4 ; separated seeds, s ; a terminal shoot, 6 ; branchlet magnified to show pubescence, 7. 29. Trunk and Rhododendron foliage in background. Alleghany Mountains, N. C. Handbook of Trees of the Nohtjikkx States and Canada. 27 The Red Spruce occasionally attains tlip height of 100 ft., with trunk from 2-4 ft. in diameter, but usually is considerably sniaUcr. When massed in the forests it develops a straight columnar trunk vested in a rather thin irregularly scaly reddish brown bark and small horizontal branches. Isolated trees, ex- tending their lower branches farther out, downward and then curving gracefully upward, form a wide and rather open pyramidal top. It is one of the most abundant of the forest trees of northern New York and New England, where it is associated with the Hemlock, Beech, Yellow Birch, Sugar Maple, Butternut, etc. and in places forms quite exclusive tracts of forest. The wood is light, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 28.57 lbs., and moderately soft, but strong and elastic and is valued for lumber for general construction purposes, flooring, etc. and particularly for sounding boards for musical instruments. Tt is also extensively used for paper-pulp and its resinous exudation yields a large part of the Spruce Gum of commerce.2 Lenrcfi from ^'2-% in- l<'ns. inctirvod, with acute callous tips, lustrous dark .uiccn with 4 row.s of stomal a al)ov(' and 2 rows hciicath on each side of midrib : hraru'hlcts stout, iiulicsccnt. Floirrrs open in May : staminato oblonu-cylindi-ical : jiis- tillate oblong with reflexed and thin rounded scales and small bracts. ('tuns dvoid-obloiii;, l'i-2 in. long on short straight or incurved stalks. a<'ute at apex with rigid puberulous scales rounded and entire or slightly eroded at apex, green or [)urplish, mostly falling in autumn or early winter and becoming brown ; seeds dark brown, about '^ in. long with wing broad and rounded above the middle. 1. Syn. P. rubr Poir. (in part). 2. A. W., I, 20. (Poir.) Diet. Abies nisjn BLACK SPRUCE. SWAMP SPRUCE. Picea Mariana (Mill.) B. S. P.^ Fig. 30. Branchlets with cones, i ; scale of cone, under side showing bract, 2 ; do, upper side showing seeds, 3; separated seeds, 4; end of a terminal shoot, 5; leafless branchlet enlarged to show pubescence, etc., C 31. Trunk with spray of foliage at base. Near Lake Placid, N. Y. Handkook of Treks of tjib Nortiiekn States and Canada. Tlie Black Spruce in forest {growth, wlicre f climate and conditions are most favorable, is found sometimes attaining tlie height of Sd - 100 ft., with a trunk "2-3 ft. in diameter, hut sucii conditions are only found in regions north of the United States where the climate is too severe for the endurance of most of our trees. This tree with the Tamarack marks tlie limit of tree growth in the far north and e> tends in raiigi» nearly across the continent, growing alike on holtom-lands and mountain slopes. Within the limits of the Tnited States, however, conditions seem to be Ifss favorable. Here it is confined to low bottom- lands, sphagnum swamps and the margins of ponds, where its dwarfed and picturesque luirrow forms with gracefully curved branches and bluish green foliage are pleasing and characteristic features. It is found even growing to great aga in the floating bogs about the shores of small lakes in northern Minne- sota and producing cones in abundance, even though no more than 2 or 3 ft. in height. The wood of the Black Spruce is light, a cu. ft. weighing 32. SG lbs., soft and useful for pa])er pulp and lumber when of sullicient siz:^.2 Considerable spruce gum is aho derived from this tree. Leaves usually M-% in. long, crowded and more or loss curved, stiff and with sharp callous tii)s. hluc-ffrcon with n\uiiorous stoma; a above and fcwiT Ix'noatli : liranchlois iiuhoscciit. Flowers: sinminnic iil)l(iii.t.'.l in a .lark ri.l-rd i)ark. ■ trci idal 1 icll.'-. .]) NV.tll :uid {\u- V litrlit Wlii'ii -^nowin^' apart tiDin otli volops ii ratlicr ()|)cn wide |i\ rai outward eurviii-,' <>r drn(i|dn,u lir: Hat sprays of foiia^'c air par and graceful in appearance, of dark j;recii color ahove and sliowinj,' in ]iretty contrast the whitish under surfaces wliCTi turned up by the winds. The heauty is enhanced in early suninier by each liranrhlet Ixdn^' tijtped with the delicate lij;ht j,n-cen lu'w shoots of the season. It was once one of llie most abundant trees of the nortlieastern forest, but such is the value of its bark for tanning purposes that tliey have nearly all been destroyed, only scattering trees now remaining. It thrives on well-drained uplands and slopes of ravines usually in company with the White Pine, Red S]inice. .Maples, Beech. Yellow Birch, etc., though in places forming (piite exclusive tracts of forest. The wood is .soft, light (a cu. ft. weighing 26.42 lbs.) brittle and mainly u.sed for coarse lumber for general construction purposes. The bark of the tree for tanning purposes has, until recent advances in prices of lumber, been considered its chief point of value.i Learrs flat, ol)long-linear, %-% in. long, rounded at apex, lustrous and centrally grooved ahove and whitish with ."» or C rows of stomata on each side of midrib beneath ; branehlets rough with their persistent bases. Floirvrs appear in May: staminate light yellow; pistillate pinkish green with broad laciniate liraets shorter than their scales. Cones ovatt^-oblong. '■_>-% in. long, acute with short stalk, snborhiciilar scales and broad truncate laciniate l)racts : seeds about one- sixteenth in. long and wings about twice as long, broadest near the bases. - 1. A. W., I, 21. 2. For genus see p. 420. CAROLINA HEMLOCK. Tsuga Cavoliniana Eiigcli Fig. 35. Branch with leaves and open cones liberating seeds, i ; isolated seeds, 2. z6. Trtink of tree, on Blue Ridge Mountains, N. C. Handbook of Tkees of the ISTortiiekn States and Canada. 33 This rare troo is coiirmcd to the Blue Ridge of the Allegheny Mts., ranging in altitude from about ^UOO to ;W}00 ft., in cnnipany with tiie eoiuuion llenih.k. \Miite I'ine. various Oaks, lliekories. Sugar Maple, Sour-wood, Silver- bell Tree, ete., or oceasioiuillv forinint: (luite exclusive groves. our-woou lly forming (jt It rarely exceeds 7t) ft. in lieiglit or 2 ft. in diameter of trunk, and has rather comjiact pyramidal top and dark fur- rowed bark of trunk. It is so often confined to Bteep and almost inaccessible crags with roots intertwined among the rocks that we are led to infer that it alone is capable of maintain- ing a foothold in such localities, and that the other trees of the forest ninst have crowded it out from places of easier footing. It is a tree well worthy of ornamental planting for which it is occasionally employed. Its wood is very similar to that of tlie com- mon Hemlock, a cu. ft. weigliing 20.04 lbs., and applicable to the same uses though not abundant enough to be of commercial im- portance.! I. ((ins flat. linear. ^U-% in. Ions, potiolate. olitiisc and often refuse at apex, lustrous dark green and with conspicuous central groove alcove, marked with white bands of 7 or 8 rows of stoniata on each side of the midrib beneath and forming a flatfish spray but not as flat as that of the 7'. raiwdrnsis. Flowers: staminate purplish ; pistiUate purple with broad ovate bracts about as Ions; as the scales. Cours ohions, 1-1 i/o in. long with short stalks and oblong obtuse fine but scarcely woody puberulous scales widely spreading at maturity and ample bracts about half as long as scales ; seeds about one-sixth in. long with large wing broadest near the base. .\. W.. XII 200. BALSAM FIR. Ahies halsamea (L.) Mill. Fig. 27- Branchlet with mature closed cone bearing beads of pitch, i ; section of upper main stem of tree, with branchlet bearing disintegrating cones, and scattered scales and seeds, 2 (Note the very small bract) ; detached closed cones, 3 ; sterile branchlets, 4 ; leafless branchlet magnified, 5. 38. Trunk showing blisters and trickling free pitch, above. 39. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Tre,ks of the North khx States axd Canada. 35 Tliis is a handsome tree of characteristie aspect and rarely attains more than 75 ft. in height or with trunk more than ly-^ ft. in diameter. Its brandies are arranged in whorls usually of from 4-G, the longest at the bottom and the others successively shorter to a narrow pointed summit. The bark of all but the oldest trunks is abundantly supplied with resin blisters which yield the Canada Balsam of commerce. Very different from the Fraser Fir this tree is a lover of bottom-lands and moist slopes, and is of very wide distribu- tion. Its abundant spire-shaped tops indicate the location of swampy tracts in northern regions from the Atlantic nearly to the Pacific, and its soft fragrant branches can be gen- erally depended upon to furnish the favorite " balsam pillows " for campers throughout the forests of this vast range. Rarely forming ex- clusive forests of any extent, it associates with the Tamarack, Black Ash, Black Spruce, Arbor Vitse, etc. or where it is less common on up- lands with Beeches, Hemlocks, etc. Its wood, a cu. ft. of which when absolutely dry weigliing 2.3.80 lbs., is occasionally sawn into lumber for boxes, etc., and of late is being used in the manufacture of paper, i Leaves about % in. long and aciito, on com' boaring branches, and 1 in. or mort' and mostly rounded at apes on sterile liranclu's. I'hnrirs in May : pistillate with nearly orbicular purple scales smaller than the bracts which ar(> obcor- date, serrulate with projected slender tip. Cones 2-4 in. long, oblong-cylindrical, rounded at tip generally bearing beads of free pitch with scales about twice as long as the bracts, or rarely with bracts somewhat longer than the scales.^ 1. A. W., I, 22. 2. For genus see p. 421. FRASER FIR. Ahies Fraseri (Pursh.) Lindl. branchlet with dis- sterile branchlet, under side, s ; same, upper side, 6 ; do, from near top of the Fig. 40. Tip of main stem of tree bearing branchlet with mature cones integrating cone, 2; detached scales and seed, 3 (Note the large exserted bract) terminal, 4 ; do, from lower branch tree, 7- 41. Trunk with spray of foliage at base. Great Smoky Mountains, N. C. Handbook of Tkees of the JSTobthkux Statks and Caxada, Tlie Frasor Fir is a Irco of medium size, usually :{()-. ")0 ft. in lici;;hl. or soiuetiuios 70 ft., witii trunk l-ii'j It. in diaini'trr. Wiicii sufliciently isolatcl it (irvcloiis a distinct pyramidal top witli wliorls of lonj,' horizontal lower branches, those above successively shorter to the pointed apc.\. The bark of the younj^-r trunks is copiously resin-blistered, tluit of older trunks becoming covered with thin yel- lowish gray papery scales, (piite different from that of the Balsam Fir. One of the most re- stricted trees of eastern rnitcil States in dis- tribution it is found only at altitudes of from 4000 to 6000 ft. on tiie highest peaks of t'le Allegheny Mountains, clothing their dry sum- mits either with exclusive groves or in com- pany with the Red Spruce (called locally by the mountaineers " He Balsam " in distinction from this the "Site Balsam ") Mountain Ash. Yellow Birch, etc. This requirement in the Fraser Fir for dry localities is strangely dif- ferent from tlie love of the Northern Balsam Fir for wet low-lands. Its wood is light, a cu. ft. weighing 22.22 lbs. and seems to be but little used, perhaps due to inaccessibility though applicable to the uses mentioned of the other species. Its branches are jjopular for use in making balsam pillows.i Leaves flat, %-l in. Ion?, those of the sterile branches emarginate and those of the fertile acute at apex, dark green and centrally grooved above, silvery white beneath with 8-12 rows of stomata. Flou-rrs in May : staminate reddish yellow : pis- tillate with scales much broader than long and shorter than the exscrted i).'ile yellow-green br.-u-ts. Cones mature in ScptiMiilier, (ivoM-eblong, 2-2Vj in. long, dark imrple with scales wider tban long'and with long exserted pale yellow-green rettexed bracts, aristate at apex : si'eds about % in. long with very wide wing oblique at apex. 1. A. W.. XII, 300. BALD CYPRESS. Taxodiinn distichmn (L.) Rich. Fig. 42. Fruiting branchlet with closed cones, i ; cone disintegrating, 2 ; scale and seed in section, 3 ; sterile branchlet from lower branches, 4 ; branchlet bearing clusters of staminate flower-buds, 5 ; branchlet in winter, 6. 43. Trunks and "knees" in St. Francis River swamp, Ark. 44. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Noktiikrn vState.s and Canada. 39 This valuable and majestic tree occasionally attains the height of 150 ft. with a trunk 8 or 10 ft. in diameter. W lien young it dcvclo])^ a symmetrical pyramidal top with upturned branches and drooping branehlets, but the old forest monarchs are more like inverted pyra mids in shape, with wide and Hat or slightly rounded tops narowing down to long naked trunks. Its trunk is very wide and strongly buttressed at base, especially when growing in water or wet localities, and there it also send-^ up from its roots steeple-shaped projections known as " knees," the functions of which seem to be mechanical — to anchor the tree more firmly in the loose soil in which it grows. In the southern part of its range it occupies vast tracts of swampy lands, either forming nearly exclusive forests or in company with the Tupelos, Sweet Gum, \Yater Locust, Red Bay. etc. To the northward it is less abundant and is found in company with various swamp- loving trees. Its wood, of which a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighs 28.31 lbs., is one of the great resources of the southern states being highly valued for railway ties, posts, shingles, lumber for general construction purposes, etc. Its great durability, innnunity from the attacks of parasites and non-liability to great shrinking or warping make it one of our most valuable woods for all wood-work exposed to the weather, for tank construction, cooperage, etc. Its value for the latter use is enhanced by its comparative freedom from coloring or flavor- ing ingredients. 1 T.rai-rs Vo--% in. Ions. thin, apiculatcd. rather light yellow groon, di'cidiious and form ins a fhit spray of whicli the hranchh'ts arc also dccidiious ; shorter ^calo-lilvc leaves on tlowerins brandies. Floircis: staminate in paniclos 4-.") in. long : fiower- bnds nearly % in. long, purple at maturity. Cones suhglobose. about 1 in. in diameter, usually few together at the end of the branch. - 1. A. W., V, 119. 2. For genus see p. 421. ARBOR VIT/E. WHITE CEDAR. Thuja occidentalis L. Fig. 45. Branchlets with mature cones, i ; scattered seeds, 2. 46. Trunk with branch at base. Adirondack region, N. Y. 47. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of 'riiF Xoktiikkx States and ("anada. The Arbor- Vitse is a tree commonly from 50-00 ft. in lu'i"ht and 2-:) ft. in di.inicttT of 41 trunk, or sometinies larj^cr, and dexelops a wide-based pyramidal lu-ad wlu-n growing apart from otlier trees. ll soin<'tinii's forms exclusive and dense forests in swampy locali- ties and along the banks of streams, but is oftener in company with the Black Ash, Swamp Spruce, Canoe Birch, Red and Silver Maples, Tamarack, Balsam Fir, etc. It is abundant and of quite general distribution in sudiciently moist localities throughout the northern jjart of its range, but in the southern Alleghenies occurs only at high altitudes. The fragrant light wood of the Arl)or-Vitie, of wiiich a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 19.72 lbs., is highly valued in the con- struction of light boats, canoes, etc., and is one of the best woods within its realm for shingles, and from the slim forest-grown trunks of this tree more than any other come the fence posts and telegraph poles of the northeastern states and Canada. It is often jjlanted for ornamental purposes and several nursery forms are found. Medicinal properties are ascribed to its leaves.i Leaves of the ultimate branchlets scale-like, ap- pressed. about Vs in. long apiculate and glandular, the 2 lateral rows .strongly keeled and the other two rows flat, forming a very flat branehlet. Floicers in April and May, inconspicuous ; stami- nate yellow ; pistillate purplish green. Cones ma- ture in early autumn, %-% in. long; seeds about % in. long with wings about as broad as the body.= 1. A. W., I, 24. 2. Eor genus see p. 421. k:J^ :.r*^Sfe^ COAST WHITE CEDAR. Chamwcy puris thyoides (L.) B. S. P. Fig. 48. Sterile branchlet, i ; fertile branchlets with mature cones, 2 ; scattered seeds, 3. 49. Trunk of tree, near Seaford, Delaware. 50. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Treks of the NoiniiKKN States and Canada. 43 Thi3 is one of the most beautiful as well as one of the most useful of the cone-bearing trees of eastern America, liftinj,' its s|)ire shaped top to a heiglit of 70 or HO ft. and having a trunk eonunonly '1 ft. and oceasion- ully 3 or 4 ft. in diameter. This is vested in a reddish l)ro\vn lihrous bark wliich exfoliates lengthwise in thin strips, giving to old forest trunks a decidedly shaggy ap|)earanee. It occupies quite exclusively cold swamps in tlie coast region, particularly of New England south of Massachusetts Bay, localities in New Jersey, etc., where it forms dense forests Farther south it is often found associating with the Bald Cypress, Swamj) JJay, Tupelo (him, Holly, Sweet Gum, Pin Oak, Laurel Oak, etc. Its wood, of which a cubic foot when abso- lutely drj' weiglis 20.70 lbs., is very light, durable and u.seful in the manufacture of piils, woodenware and boat building and for rail- way ties, posts, etc- Leavcs on the ultimate l)ranclies dark glaucour; Kreen, about one-sixteenth in. long, triangular- ovate, acute, closely aiipressed, the lateral row.s keeled and the vertical convex, each having a dis- cf>id gland, making fhit l>r;uiclilets. \isiially dryin ; and tiM'iiing lirown the second season and long per- sisting: those on vigorous shoots about Vs in. Ion - and spreading at apex, lldircrs : .^laminate with :" or *■> pairs of stamens having rounded connectives; pistillate suhglohose with more acute and spread ing scales and blackish ovules. Cdiiis globos '. about Vt in. in diameter, very glaucous at ma turity, with acute or reflexed bosses and each sca'p bearing 1 or 2 gray-brown seeds about Vh in. long and dark brown wings as broad as the bodv.' 1. Syn. Cuprrsstis ihyoidcs sphacroidca Spacb. 2. A. W., Ill, 74. ;{. For genus see p. 422. CJiamaccylaiis ^^-^ ^aX'^ VV-r^^^ '9iW- r cbio. r "- ^— -^'~^ c'rC^^'^ 'W '-^ \t^0-'- % T'l-r >f^ /^?§-'#-^. / / i. V ^sV ■t. .r \ ) ^-^ ■ t i ^ A'\ RED CEDAR. Juniperus Yirginiana L. Fig. 51. Fruiting branchlets, a branchlet of staminate flowers (to the left above) and a sterile branchlet from vigorous shoot (to the right). 52. Trunk of tree in southern Missouri. 53- Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. [Iandbook of Tkkks of tiik XoirniKitx Statks and Caxad 45 The Red Cedar is uRually not over 40 or oO ft. in hoi<^lit, but e\cL'[)tiuii;illy twice as tall, witli trunk I'loui ■J-.'! ft. or more in (lianu'tcr. This is freijuc'iitly huttres.sed and is vested in a fibrous bark whieii e.\foliates lengthwise in strips. \Miile young its top is generally nar- elongate and lop outwards, forming finally .i wide irregular pyramidal or rounded top. It if. a tree of wide distribution and found alike on dry gravelly slopes, rocky ridges and less abundantly on rieh bottom lands. Its pic- tures(jue form is a feature of almost every southern landscape from the sand-hills of tlie coast to the valleys of the interior, and on the bluffs of the New England coast sturdy in- dividuals combat the winds close to the ocean's spray. Its light fragrant wood of which a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 30.70 lbs. is of a purple-red color, very durable and pe- culiarly valuable for making moth-p'roof chests for clothing, for wooden ware, lead pencil coverings, fence posts, etc., and its berries and foliage possess medicinal properties. i Li arcs of two sorts, scalo-liko, opposite, closely appressed, one-sixteenth in. Ions and forming "a slender 4-sided branchlet. generally acute or obtuse, glandular-dotted and dark green, or on young or vigorous shoots subulate. %-% in. long and lighter grcrii : buds nakrd. I'hnrcr.i in very early spring, terminal, {iioccidiis : staminate with 1(1 or 1'2 stamens with rouiulod entire connectives and gen- erally 4 pollen sacs: pistillate with violet-colored acute and spreading scales. Fndt subglobose. about Vi in. in diameter, dark blue with glaucous bloom, at maturity sweetish resinous flesh and usually 1 or li acute s<'cds ; cotylcdmis.- 1. A. W., I, 25. 2. P'or genus see p. 422. m^s^ ^i^-^ ' ^' ^ i"^ ^^ "'^' '^ ^ ^mmFsm^m ajm^s^, m. JUNIPER. Juniperus communis L. Fig. 54. Fruiting branchlets, i ; sterile branchlets, 2. 55. Small trunk with scattered leaves and spray of foliage at bas Adirondagks, N. Y. Near Bonaparte Lake, Handbook of Trees of the jSToktjiekx States and Canada. 47 The Juniper though generally only an humble shrub has tiie distinction of being the most widely distributed tree of the northern hemisphere. It is found not only ranging over the greater part of the North American continent but also central and northern Eu- rope, and Asia as far south as nearly to the Mediterranean and to tlie Ilimilayas, but only in very limited areas of this vast domain does it become a tree; in America only on the hills of a few counties of southern Illinois. It usually sends out a cluster of stems close to the ground and these curving upwards form a flat saucer-shaped bush, sometimes 20 ft. across and only 3 or 4 ft. high. When a tree it attains the height of 20 or 30 ft. with an irregular open head and short trunk sonictimcs 10-12 in. in diameter. Its wood is hard, but rather light and easily worked, verj' close-grained, durable and of a light brown color with lighter sap-wood. In Europe it is sometimes used for fuel and in India burned as incense. In Europe its sweet- ish fruit is used as an ingredient of gin. Leaves in whorls of 3, spreading. V4-V2 in. long, often curved, rigid with sharp tips, articulate at base, lustrous dark green or bronze-green below, snowy white with bands of stomata ahovo : tnids scaly. Flowers in late spring, axillary : sfami- nate composed of 5 or 6 whorls each of :'. stamens bearing broad connectives and ?> or 4 antlicr-ccUs : pistillate consisting of 3 ovules open at apex, alternate, with 3 minute fleshy scales and sur- rounded with ."> or r> whorls "of ternate scales. Fruit matures the third season, subglobose, about 14 in. in diameter, dark blue with bloom, sweet flesh and 1-3 bony seeds which are about % in. long, angled, and penetrated with resin glands. 1 3 /is ^' — — I — k, ^ 1 r' v. J1'"U .->•;,"!'/■' BLACK WALNUT. Juglans nigra L. Fig. 56. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i; fruit moved, 3 ; a vigorous leaf, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 57. Trunk of tree in Genesee valley, N. Y. 58. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. in cross-section, JIandkook of Treks of tiik Xoktiiki.-.x Statks and Canada. 49 The Black Walnut attains tlio lioij,'lit of lUO to ir)() ft. in till' forests, with a trunk 4 (i ft. in (lianiotcr, vested in a |)r()niinently ridj^^'d dark brown bark. When gruwinj,' apart from surrounding objects it develops a synmietrieal rounded top of beautiful foliage. Once an abundant tree and constituting a considerable portion of large tracts of forest, particularly in the great Mississippi Basin, its valuable wood has caused its almost complete destruc- tion as a commercial product. The value of its timber was early recognized, as history tell us that it was an article of export to Eng- land early in the seventeenth century. Of late years new trees are being propagated which eventually will in a measure take the place of the natural forests. The heart- wood is of a rich dark brown color, very durable in contact with the soil, and highly prized for furniture, gun-stocks, interior finishing, etc. A cubic foot, when ab- solutely dry, weighs 38.11 lbs. Occasional " figured " trees are of almost fabulous valu?.i The nuts of this tree were an important article of food with the Indians and are still gathered for domestic use and the local market. Leaves 1-2 ft. long with puliprulcnt petioles and l.'?-2.'? ovate-lanceolate inoqiiilatoral leaflets, ro\mdPd or siibcordate at base, serrate, acuminate, pubescent beneath : petioles pubernlent. Flowers (May-.Iime) ; staminate aments stout. 2-4 in. long; calyx with (5 nearly orbicular lobes, pubescent out- side ; bracts nearly triangular, rusty tomentose ; stamens 20-.'>0 ; pistillate in 2-."i-flowered spikes, plandular-hairy bracts and pale reddish green plnnidsc stigm'a. Fruit solitary or in clusters of 2 or :;, siiliiilobose. light yellow-green, papillose; niit round oval, compressed, sculptured, 4-celled at • ly, edible.- BUTTERNUT. WHITE WALNUT. OIL-NUT. Juglans cinerea L. Fig. 59. Branchlet bearing leaves and cluster of fruit, i ; fruit in cross-section, 2 ; dried nuts with epicarp removed, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 60. Isolated trunk in Black River valley, Lewis Co., N. Y. Handbook of Tkkks ok tiik XcMrniKKN States axd Caxada. 51 The Butternut wlion growing in the open rarely attains a greater height than (i(J or 70 ft., its short trunk soiuetinies ;! or 4 ft. in diameter suun dividing into a few hirge id fa hranehes, wiiieli spi wide symmetrieal Ihit or rounded toj). In forests it sometimes attains tlu- lieight of 100 ft. It prefers rieh soil along tiie haid^s of streams and on low hillsides, eommonly in company with the Beeeh, Yellow Jiireh, Maples, Elms, Red Si)ruee, etc. Its wood is light, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 25. 4G lbs., not strong, of a gray-brown color and is valued for interior llnishing, cabinet work, etc. Its sap is rieh in sugar, and a fairly good quality of syrup is made from it. though it does not harden to form cakes; its bark possesses cathartic properties; its nuts make a delicious food, and the shucks are used for dying purposes. i Leaves 11-17 In. long, viscid-pubescent, with stout petioles and 11-19 oblong-lanceolate .yellow- ish green rugose leaflets which are rounded and unequal at base, acuminate, finely serrate excejit at base, turning .vellow in autumn and falling early. Floirem (May-.Tune) : staininate aments lU.-:! in. at first and cldngating to .".-.". in.; caly.x yellow-green nsimlly (i-lcibcd with rusty pubescent acute bracts; stanii'us s-lii witli dark brown anthers and sliglitly lobed conneetives ; pistillate in :!-.S-ilowered spikes with sticky glandular hairs, pointed caly.x-lobes and l)riglit red plumose sti-.r- nias usually not fully unfolding luitil after libera- tion of pollen. Fruit in racemose clusters of 2-."». ovoid-oblong, 1 1/^-2 i/i in. long, sticky pubescent with rough deeply sculptured 4-ribl)ed nut, acuminate at apex, 2-celled at base, 1-celled above and containing a very oily edible seed. I. A. W., I. 14. BITTER-NUT HICKORY. Ilicoria mini ma (Marsh.) Britt. Fig. 6i. Fruiting branchlet with leaf and fruit, i ; nuts with epicarp removed, nuts in section and with shell partly removed, 3 ; leaf from vigorous shoot, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 62. Trunk of tree in Genesee River valley, N. Y. 63. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Han DBOOK Tin-: 11 X( AND ('ax \1»A. .Jo Tlie Bitter-nut IlicUory wIkmi growing in tlie forests on racist butloni l.nuis o.-c-asioiially al tains the heigiit of 100 ft., ami when .uiowiiig apart from otlier tiecs devt'lops a well rouiulotl but often irregular top of handsome foliage, its straiglit coluiniiar trunk is sometimes -2 or 3 ft. in diameter and vested in a character istic brownish gray bark with close scaly al- most reticulate ridges. It thrives best in low moist soil in company with the Silver and Red Maples, Black Ash. Elms, etc.. but is often found also on rolling uplands. Being very hardy and less fastidious than the other Hickories in conditions of soil in which it grows, it is more uniform in its distribution and probably the most abundant representative of its genus. Its wood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso lutely dry weighing 47.06 lbs., hard and strong and is valued for tool handles, agricultural implements, hoops, ox-yokes, etc., and makes an excellent fuel.- Leaves 6-10 in. long, pubescent when young, •with rather slender petioles, leflets 7-11, sessile, lanceolate to obovate, 2-6 in. long, thin and firm, usually unequal at base, coarsely serrate, lon"» taper-pointed, dark green and glabrous above, pubescent beneath ; winter buds bright yellow, compressed, with 2 pairs of valvate caducous scales. Flowers (May-.June) ; staminate aments 2-4 in. long, slightly pubescent : calyx-lobes about equal but middle one narrower : stamens 4 ; an- thers yellow, deeply ermarginate. Fruit subglo- l)ose to obovoid, %-lV2 in. long with 4 sutures prominently winged from apex to about the middle ; husk thin, tardily dehiscent ; nut thin- sholled, compressed, often broader than long ; seed reddish brown, deeply rugose and very bitter. 1. Syn. Carya amara Nutt. 2. A. W., II, 37. 3. For genus see pp. 423-424. WATER HICKORY. Hicoria aquatica (Miclix. f.) Britt.^ Fig. 64. Branchlet bearing leaves, i ; fruit with closed epicarp, 2 ; do, with epicarp partly removed, 3 ; isolated nuts, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 65. Trunk of tree in Red River valley, Ark. The bark is often more shaggy than here shown. Handbook of Trees of the Xortjikkx States and Canada. 55 The Water Hickory is economically the least important of the Hickories. It is usually a small or medium-size tree from 50 to 70 ft. in iieiglit, but in forests of the bottom-lands of the lower Mississippi valley it attains the height of 80-100 ft. with straight columnar trunk 2-2i/_. ft. in diameter, and narrow ir- regular toj). When isolated it develops an oblong or obovoid top of long rigid branches of which the lowermost are drooping. As its name implies it is distinctly a water- loving tree, being confined mostly to low swamps in the southern states, inundated dur- ing a considerable portion of the year, in com- pany with the Planer tree, Swamp Privet, Water Locust, Water and Pumpkin Ashes, Cotton Gum, Red Titi, Cypress, Red Maple, etc. Its dark-colored angular nuts possess a kernel usually too astringent and bitter to be eaten, but I have seen a tree of this species in southeastern Arkansas yielding nuts of sweet delicious flavor. The wood of the Water Hickory is heavy, a cubic foot weighing 40.16 lbs., hard and brittle, suitable ciiiefly for fuel. In sectioning this wood we have found it to be permeated with numerous dark-colored flecks and streaks of some substance of such hardness as to turn the edge of the hardest steel. 2 Leaves S-16 in. long, with slender scurfy-pubes- rent petiole and rachis and 0-1.''. lanco-ovate leaf- lets the lateral more or less falcate, spssilo. usually unequally wed?e-shaped at base, acuminatr. 2-'3 in. long, thinnish. glandular-dotted, glabrous dark green above. Floirers: staminate aments glandular-pubpscent : calyx-lobes about equal. Fruit romi)rossed. obovoidoblong. commonly ob- lique with winced sutures, thin yellowish pubcs cent husk and flattened brown prominently ridged nut and very rugose thin shell much conyoluted and usually bitter kernel. 1. Carya aquatica Nutt. 2. A. W., V, 115. PECAN. Hicoria Pecan {Mnvah.) Jiritt. Fig. 66. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i ; nuts with open or remnveart from other trees it de- velops a very large ovoid or obovoid ro.indtHi top. oftentimes seeming out of proportion to the size of its trunk. It prefers low rich ground in the neigliborhood of streams subject to occasional inundation. Its wood is hea\y, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry, weighing 44.75 Ib.s., rather hard and very tough and flexible, tliough not con- sidered as valuable as that of the other Hickories. It is occasionally used in the manu- facture of agricultural implements and i.s ex- cellent for fuel. 2 Its delicious nuts, improved greatly by selection and cultivation, constitute its chief point of value and are an important article of commerce. For the production of these the tree is grown in extensive planta- tions. Leaves 12-20 in. long with 9-15 lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong falcate siibsessile leaflets which are long-pointed, inetiuilateral and rounded or wedge-shaped at base : bud-scales fi'w, valvafe. Floirrrs in early June ; staminate in sulisi'ssilc aments. ."-f) in. long: calyx with middle Icilio linear and much longer than the oliloug lateral lobes. Fruit in clusters of oil, oblong-cylindrie. pointed. 1-2 1/. in. long, with prominent ' sutures and thin brittle husk splitting to the base ; nut 1-2 in. long, pointed, with smooth thin brown shell with black markings, thin astringent dissepiments and delicious seed. 1. Syn. Carya oUiacfoi 2. A. W., XI, 267. lis Nutt. SHAG-BARK HICKORY. Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt. Fig. 68. Branch with mature leaves and fruit, i ; epicarp removed showing thick valves and nuts, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 69, Trunk of a tree near North Rush, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Northeen States and Canada. an important IS The Shag-bark Hickory forest tree occasionally attaiiiiiif,' or oven sur- passing the height of 100 ft., with straight columnar trunk 2-3 ft. in diameter vested in a singular gray bark. This exfoliates in long iiard plate-like strips, which, hanging long at- tached at their upper ends, suggest an ap- pearance of shagginess; hence its name. Wlien growing apart from other trees it develops an oblong or obovoid top with strong graceful upright branches, pendent lower branches and clean handsome foliage. It thrives best on low hill sides and along the banks of streams where it is commonly associated with the Bass- wood, Maples, Cottonwood, Oaks, other Hick- ories, etc. The wood of this tree is hard, strong and tough, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weigh- ing 52.17 lbs., and is highly valued for tool- handles, agricultural implements, baskets, for fuel, etc., and it is this tree which yields the common small hickory nuts of commerce. 2 Leaves 8-20 in. lon^. with rather stont potinlos and 5 (rarely 7) leaflets which arc dv.Ttr-Ian olate to obovate, rather cunoate and uiictnial at base, acuminate, serrate, thick and firm, dark ,i;recn above, paler beneath; bud-scales iml)ri(ate(i. the inner ones accrescent. Floircr.y in .May : stanii- nate 4-5 in. long, in glandular-hairy anieius : middle lobe of calyx narrow and much longer than the rounded lateral lobes; stamens 4; pistillate in 2-5-flowered spikes, rusty-tomentose. Fruit l-.S together, 1-2 V.> in. long, subglobose. depressed at apex, with thick husk splitting soon to the base ; nut whitish, compressed, more or less 4-angled, i-j-1 in. long; seed with rich delicious flavor. 1. Syn. Catya alba Nutt. 2. A. W., II, 36. BIG SHELL-BARK HICKORY. KING-NUT. Ilicoria Jaciniosa (^lichx. f.) Sarg.-^ Fig. 70. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter, 2 The superposed branchlet is natural size; the other objects considerably reduced. 71 Trunk with leaves at base. Genesee River valley, N. Y. Handbook of Trej^s of the Noktiiern States and Canada. This stately Hickory occasionally attains the height of 120 ft. and 3 or 4 ft. in dianictor of trunk. When growing apart from otlier trees it develops an oblong or suliovoid top with drooping lower branches and witli large handsome leaves. Its trunk is vested in very much the same kind of shaggy gray bark that is seen on the Shag-bark trunks, thoiigli tin- long scales as a rule do not curve outward as much as do those of that species. It is also more distinctly a tree of the bottom-lands ( for which reason it is somotinics called the Bot- tom Shell-bark) associating there with the Cottonwood, Hackberry, Slippery p]lm, Pep- peridge, Sweet Cum, Swamp White and Burr Oaks, Black and Red Maples, etc. Its wood, of which a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighs .")(). .■33 lbs., is very similar to that of the Shag-bark in properties and valued for tool-handles, agricultural implements, etc. 2 The nuts are not considered quite as delicate as those of the Shag-bark in flavor and they do not generally command quite as high a price in the trade. Lrnrrs ll!-24 in. loni;, the stout petioles often persist inj; late into the winter; leftets 7 (cx- oeptionally ."> or !t). olilonj; lanceolate to ohovati', usually (iiili(|Ui' at base icxceiiting the teruiiiiali. strrale acuminate at apex, dark green above, paler and pubescent beneath. Floircrs in May: stanii- nate with central calyx-lobe narrow and twice as long as the lateral ones. Fruit solitary or 2 or ."? to'jether, oblong. l%-2i/. in. long with thick woody husk and compressed thick-shelled yellowish white nut \V^-2V4 in. Ions; with prominent stout point at base ; seed bright brown, rich and delicious. 1. Syii. Carya sulcata .Nutt. 2. A. w., nr, 04. 61 MOCKER-NUT HICKORY. Hicoria alba (L.) Britt.^ Fig. 72. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; leafless branchlet in late winter, 2 The outer scales of the terminal bud are falling away. 73. Trunk of a tree at Biltmore, N. C. Handbook of Tkees of the Noktjieen States axd Canada. 63 A tioc soiiu'liiiu's attaining the height of 90 or lOU ft. with tiiini< :{ ft. in tliickness, thougli usually funsiik'iahiy sniallcr. When isolated from otlier trws it develops an oblong or rather wide-topped head with strong up- right lateral and [)endent lower i)ranehes. The bark of tr\ink is df a gray color, rough with obscure sealy ridges. It is more com- monly found on hillsides and ridges than is the Big Shell-bark, which it leaves to tlie in- undated river bottoms and rarely invades its territory. In the northern ])ari of its range it is mainly conlined to the coast region where it associates with the \arious Oaks, Red Cedar, Sassafras, Sweet IJircli, Sweet Gum, Tulip, etc. To the southward it is more abun- dant and more generally distributed. The wood of the ]\Iocker-nut is heavy, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 51.21 lbs., strong and tough, and is used in the manufacture of tool-handles, agricultural im- plements, etc., and is excellent for fuel.'- The nuts command about the same price in the trade as those of the Big Shell-bark. Lravrs 8-15 in. long, fragrant when crushed, with stellate pubescent petioles and 7-0 oblong- lanceolate to obovate acuminate serrate leaflets which are lustrous dark green above and paler and pubescent beneath ; twigs tomentose : bud-scales imbricated, the outer early deciduous, the inner tomontos(> and accrescent. Floirrrs in May ; staniinate in stellate pubescent aments : calyx with central lobo linear and much longer than the lateral on(^s : stamens 4 with rod anthers : pis- tillate in 2-.">-fl(>wcri'd spiki's. Fniit globose-oblong, lVL>-2 in. long, with thick husk s])litting nearly to the base; nut lirownisli white, variable in shape, 4-ridged with very thick shell and sweet seed. 1. Syn. Carya toinciitosa Nutt. 2. A. W., IV. 00. PIG-NUT HICKORY. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britt.^ Fig. 74. Branchlet with leaves and fruit and scattered specimens of the fruit, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 75. Trunk of a tree with leaves at base. Staten Island, N. Y. Handbook of Treies of the NortjiivRn States axd (\\y.\r>.\. 65 The Pig nut Hfickory in tlie forest attains the lieiglit uf SO-IUU ft. witli trunk soiiu-times 3 or 4 ft. in dianietor. When in tin- open fields it forks rather low and develops an oblong or obovoid top with strong upright and pendulous often contorted branches. Tlic bark of trunk is of a grayish color and finally be- comes rougli with close scaly ridges. Tiie tree inliahjts uplands and ridges in abundance, especially in llic norlhcrn states, and is said to be found at liighor altitudes than any of the other Hickories. The wood of the Pig-nut Hickory is heaAy, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 51.21 lbs., strong and tough and is used in the manufacture of tool-handles, agricultural im- plements, etc., and for fuel.- The nuts are ex- tremely variable in quality, some being quite astringent and others of pleasant flavor. Lrarrs S-12 in. long, glabrous at maturit.v and with .5-7 (rarely 9) leaflets which are from oblong- lanceolate to obovate, rounded and mostl.v un- equal at base, sharply serrate, dark green above. paler beneath, the upper much larger than the lowest : winter buds with 8-10 imbricated scales, the outer falling early, the innermost accrescent and falling when about 1 in. long. Floiros in May : staniinate aments ^!-7 in. long : calyx-lobes usually about equal but middle one narrower ; pis- tillate in 2-."i-flowered spikes : stigmas yellow. Fruit obovoid-oblong or pyriform. usually com- pressed, with thin husk tardily dehiscent and smooth or somewhat angled brownish thick-shelled Dut having astringent or edible seed, 1. Syn. Carya porcinn Nutt. 2. A. \V.. Ill, 6.".. SMALL-FRUITED HICKORY. Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britt.^ # fc^A. _ ^'i ♦ 4 Jp r r ■f- i Fig. 76. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; nut and valves of epicarp, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. TT. Trunk of a tree near Richmond, Staten Island, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the N^oktiiern States A forest tree attaining the iieiglit of SO or 100 ft., witli siiapi'ly trunk 2-3 ft. in diameter, vested in a rougii gray barii which exfoliates in narrow plates. When isolated from other trees it develops a full rounded or oblong top of upright and spreading topmost and lateral branches and lowermost pendulous. It in- habits mainly well drained slopes and hill- sides in company with the I'ig-iiut and Shag- bark Hickories, various Oaks, the Red Cedar, Dogwood, Sassafras, etc. The wood is firm, strong and tough and is used in the manufacture of agricultural im plements, tool-handles, etc., and makes ex cellent fuel. 2 The nuts are sweet and of de lieious flavor but too small to be of commercial importance. Leaves 8-12 or l.'i in. long, glabrous, with 5-7 sessile leaflet.? mostly 3-5 in. long, ovate-lanceolati' to oblong, serrate, acuminate at apex ; winter buds with 6-8 scales, the innermost accrescent. Flowers in May ; staminate aments glabrous, middel lobe of calyx equalling or somewhat longer than the lateral ones. Fruit (ripe in September) subglo- bose or globose-oblong, less than 1 in. in length, with thin husk splitting to the base ; nut subglo- bose, slightly compressed with thin shell and sweet seed. 1. Syn. Cnrija iiiic ir. odorata Sarg. 2. A. W., IV, 91 ocariKi Xutt. nu ijlabi PALE-LEAF HICKORY. Hicoria villosa (Sarg.) Ashe.* Fig. 78. Fruiting branchlet and mature nuts. Branchlet in winter. 79. Trunk of a tree in forest at Biltmore, N. C. Handbook of Trees of tjik Xoiv- riii:i{.\ Siaiks a.xd Cax. 69 The Pale-leaf Hickory is a forest tree of iiKMlium size, iinl oft.^ii iiioiv tlum 40 or 5(1 ft. in liciglil or 18 or '20 in. in tiiickiicss of trunk which is covered with a grayish brown hark. very rough with prominent connected scaly ridges. When growing apart from other trees it develops a rather narrow oblong top with up- right branches and pendulous lower branches. It inhabits well drained slopes, sandy plains and rocky ridges, sometimes fruiting when only a few feet in height. It is abun- dant in the southern part of its range, par- ticularly the foothill region of the southern Alleghanies. Its wood is heavy, hard, strong and tough and excellent for tool-handles, agricultural implements and for fuel. 2 The nuts are swe?t and edible. Leaves 6-10 in. long, with slender pubescent petioles and usually 7 (sometimes 5 or 9) leflets which vary from lanceolate to lance-obovate, ser- rate, acuminate, and when young pubescent and covered beneath with silvery peltate scales and resin-globules, but at maturity glabrous dark green above and yellowish beneath ; winter buds small with 6-8 imbricated scales, the outer dotted with resin-globules. Flowers staminate in scurfy pubes- cent catkins. 5-7 in. long ; central calyx-lolie much longer thah the lateral ones. Fridt subglobose to pyriform, 1-1% in. long, compressed with thin husk splitting nearly to the base: nut slightly angled, pale brown with thick shell and small sweet seed. 1. Syn. Ilicuria paUida Ashe. WAX MYRTLE. BAYBERRY. CANDLEBERRY. Myrica cerifera L. So. Fruiting branchlets and detached leaves from vigorous shoots 8^. Trunk of a tree near coast of North Carolina. 82. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Tkees of the Xoktiiki;x States and Canada. The Wax Myrtle is a slender tree occasion- ally attaineing the height of 30 or 40 ft. with usually crooked or inclined trunl-; 10-12 in. in diameter. When isolated from other trees it develops a rather narrow oblong top of small slender branches. It attains its largest size in the coast region of the southern Atlantic and Gulf states where it is a common tree. It is found in moist woods or encroaching upon the sand hills in the vicinity of the sea coast in company with the Yaupon, Wild Olive, Red Bay, Live Oak, etc., or, farther inland, in swamps and bottom-lands in company witli the Sweet Bay, Loblolly Bay, Sparkleberry, Red Maple, Sweet-leaf, etc. Its fine-grained soft wood, of which a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 35.1.3 lbs., is little used, though suitable for use in turnery. Its fruit is sometimes gathered by the country folk and the waxy covering removed by heat- ing in water. This is then gathered and cast into candles which when lighted burn with a distinctly bluish light.i Leaves oblong-lanceolato to oblanceolate, IM;--' in. long, cunoatp at base and dccurrent on tho short petiole, acute, remotely serrate chiefly atiove the middle or entire, dark green above and paler beneath, fragrant with yellow resin glands. Flowers (March-April) dioecious; staminate aments %-% in. long, cylindric ; stamens few: pistillate aments oblong, shorter than the stami- nate. Fruit globose drupes, V» in. or less in diameter, coated with bluish white wax and tipped with base of style, ripening in e.arly autumn and long persisting.^ 1. A. W.. XI, liOS. ■J. For genus see p. 424. V -Ife.' '■9.'- wSLk pt 4- ^-••.'ove, pale and tilaii- cous beneath; petioles slender, eloiii^aled and with- f>ut glands ; stipules reniforni but mostly fimacious. /■'loircrs appear witli tlie li'aves in li^rmiiinl aments on leafy branchlets ; scales yellow, villous l)t)th sides, caducous : stamens .'>-!» with filaments hairy at base ; pistillate aments loose with lonsr-stalked narrow-ovoid glabrous ovaries and nearly sessile emarginate stigmas. Fruit globose conical with long slender pedicels. = 1. A. W., Ill, 71. 2. For genus sec pp. 4i:."-42G. LONG-STALK WILLOW. WARD WILLOW. Sahx longipes Anders.^ Fig. 89. Fruiting branchlets, i ; detached capsules, 2 ; leaves from vigorous shoots, 3 ; branchlets in winter, 4. 90. Trunk of small tree. Meramec River valley, Mo. Handbook of Treks of the North ekn States and Canada. 77 A small tree, rarely over .'id ft. in licit^lit or S or 1(1 in. in thickness of trunk, which is vesteil in a dark i)n.\\ii hark rou; distribution, skirting the low banks of streams and lake shores from the Atlantic nearly to the Pacific. It is very abundant in the ]\Iis- sissippi valley and throughout the Atlantic states, and attains its largest dimensions in southern Illinois and in the Colorado River valley in Texas. The light soft wood is said to check badly in drying and is little used save for fuel and for charcoal. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 27.77 Ibs.i The bark is rich in tanning and is used in domestic practice in I the treatment of fevers. Leavcfi involute in the hud, lancpolato. some- times falcati' (markedly so in var. fnU-iitu) very Ion',; atlenuate often witti curved tip. .".-Ci in. Ions;, wedge-sliaped or rounded at t)ase. finely serrate. jjlahrous lijilit jrreen above, soniewliat paler and sometimes pubescent on the veins beneath and with the very sliort plandless petioles : winter buds small, about Mi in. Ions;. Flotnrx pxijandin-j with the leaves ; aments l-T in. long, terminal on short leafy branchlets : .'scales ypllow, mnnded at apex, ha'ry on inner surfnce : stamens o-T with filaments hairy at base : ovary loni-ovoid. stalked, and with thick nearly sessile sti-rmas. Fniit ( .Ttine-.Tidy ) : capsules ovoid, pradnally narrowing above the middle, about Vh in. lon^. short-stalked, glabrous. S. niam falcntn ( Prush ) Torr. is a form, with narrower and more falcate leaves gr(>en both sides, ran.ging from Massachusetts to Ohio and Florida. 1. A. w., II, a:,. SHINING WILLOW. GLOSSY-LEAF WILLOW. Salix lucidii Muehl. I-ig. 93. Portion of a branchlet bearing mature fruit, shoots, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 94. Trunk of tree in Lewis Co., N. Y. detached capsules, 2 ; leaves of vigorous Handbook of Trees of the Noktjikkn Statks and Canada. 81 The Shining Willow is ing the height of 25 ft. rarely 10 or I'Z in. in din often shrubby than arlx growth. Its branc'lu's gi ward forming a rather bi inhabits the banks of str sMiali tree attain- ith a sliort trunk scent in lialiit of u|irigii« and o.it- d rounded top. It us, lake-sliures and swamps in eompany witli tiie (Raucous and otlu'r Willows, Alders, etc. among which its shining bright green leaves may be quickly dis- tinguished. It is a species of quite wide dis- tribution and greater abundance in the nortli- ern part of its range than to the southward. Economically the species is of little import- ance, though its conspicuous flowering aments in early spring, and later its clean glistening foliage, give it value for planting in suitald;' localities for ornamental jjurposes. Leaves Involute in the l)ud, lanceolate to ovate- lanceolate, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, mostly long-acuminate, Hnel.v serrate, 2-6 in. loni. coriaceous, covered with scattered pubescence when the.v unfold but finall.v glabrous, lustrous dark green above, slightly paler and with broad yellow- ish midribs beneath ; petioles stont, puberulous glandular at apex : stipules small oblong or semi cordate, glandular-serrale. Floirers aments termi- nating stout lateial leafy branchlets, erect, with thick tomentose peduncles ; sca'es pale yellow, rounded at apes, denticulate, glabrous above ; the staminate short, stout and densely flowered : stamens usually .5 with long free filaments, hairy at base : pistillate ament more slender with elon- gated long-stalked glabrous ovary and nearly ses- sile emarginate stigma. Fruit ca|)sule long ovoid, acute, much longer than the pedicel, lustrous and often long persistent after liberating the seeds. BRITTLE WILLOW. Salix fragilis L Fig. 95- Portion of branchlet bearing mature fruit, i ; end of vigorous leafy shoot, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 96. Trunk of tree in Albany, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the ISToirniKux States axd Caxada. 8! The Brittle Willow is a native Of Kiirope and Asia, where it is one Of the most useful of the Willows in the production of valuable timber. It was early introduced into Auierica and has become extensively naturali/cd throughout the eastern states and Canada. It is a tree of very rapid growth, attaininj,' a large size, sometimes 70 or 80 ft. in liciglit with truidi '.i or 4 ft. or more in tliicUncss, covered with a rough scaly-ridgcd gray harU. Its full rounded top of upriglit and s|)r('ading branches and clean foliage maUe it a desirable tree for ornamental planting in moist locali- ties, but its special value is for planting along the banks of streams to prevent erosion. This can be very easily accomplished by simply sticking stakes made from freshly cut branches into the moist soil in early spring- time. Soon they become clothed with foliage and in a surprisingly short time sturdy trees. The tree takes its name from the twigs being very brittle at base, a strong wind usually leaving the ground beneath a tree strewn with them. The wood of the Brittle Willow is very light, soft, tough and of a reddish brown color with thick whiter sap-wood. Lumber is manu- factured from the tree in Europe and is said to be more durable than that of most of in. Ions, taiiering to base, long acuminate, fiiicl.v senate, sillt.v hairy both sides when younj;, fi'ahroiis at maturity and dark preen al)ove. paler and glaucous beneath ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous ; petioles i.-s in. long or less, slightly if at all glandular : branchlets glabrous, t;right yellow or reddish tinted. F/outis appearing with the leaves aments terminating lateral leafy branchlets, scales yellowish, falling before the ripening of 'the fruit ; stigmas nearly sessile. Fruit: capsules narrow-ovoid, pointed, glabrous, with very short pedicel. 1. Syn. Salix alba var. vitvUina Koch. •2. A. \V.. II. tC. lOHK MISSOURI WILLOW. Salix Missouriensis Muehl,^ Fig. 103. Branchlet with mature fruit, i ; branchlet with vigorous leaves and stipules, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 104. Trunk of a tree near St. Louis, Mo. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 01 Tlie Mi^ssollri Willow occasionally attains the lieiglit of 50 or tJU ft. with trunk from 10 to 14 in. in diameter. It (lc\t'lo|)s a ratlicr narrow roiuulcd top of iij)rijjlit slender smooth barked branches, and the bark of trunk is of a grayish color, tiiin and smooth or with low firm ridges. It is a tree of limited distribntion and confined mainly to the low rieli bottom- lands of the lower Missouri River, wliere it is found in company with the Black Uillow, Sand-bar Willow, Peach-leaf Willow, the Sweet Gum, Green Ash. Red Maple, etc. The wood is unimportant tliough sometimes used for charcoal. - Leaves involute in the bud, lanceolate to ob- lanceolate and occasionall.v ovate-lanceolate. ;>-."> in. long, narrowed and wedge-shaped or rounded at base, acuminate, finely serrate with small gland-tipped teeth, pubescent at first but finall.v nearly glabrous, dark green above, paler and often glaucous beneath : petioles pubescent ; tin- persistent stipules semicordate, ofter M; in. long : winter buds large and hoary-tomentose : branchlets pubescent the first season. Floirrrs unfold very early (February-March) on short branchlets bearing small scale-like leaves ; staminate about IVi in. long: scales light green, hairy outside: stamens 2 with long glabrous free filaments : ovary glabrous, beaked, with very short style and emarginate stigmas. Fruit: a narrow cylindrical ovoid V long-pointed capsule with slender stalk about as long as the scale. 1. Syn. Salix cordata var. vcstita Sarg. •J. .\. W., XII. 297. ^ V'^'f \ 4k. y^ ^K- £v:. yj; f :y aT^^ ^i n^- 1 ) y^-c^-^ o J|^ J. rt-^ ^^<^^ "> ''"^H^^ ^Jx) ■^ SPi.0. r ^"V LL ■/■ uD'°^yltT^ 4^ ^^ \ fir ^i:^F^ ^ ^^ iVLAfoA ^y/ ■7^ \) ^-\ f -^ 7 ^ y^> GLAUCOUS WILLOW. Salix discolor Miielil, Fig. 105. Branchlet with leaves and mature fruit, i ; empty capsules, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 106. Trunk of tree with leaves at base in Black River valley, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Xoktiikkn States and Canada. 93 The r;iaiicc)iis U'IIIdw randy attains a greater lieij^lit tiiaii 20 i r i2.') ft. or f^reater (iiaiiieter of trunk tliaii I'. or 14 in., ant! coin- inoiily is no nioic tlian a iarjre siuul. with nnniero'.is crooked stems t ro;n a eoiunion l.ise. W'lien it attains the stat ire of a t re:' it de- velops a rather wide roun i.'d toj) witli nunier- (),is u|irii,dit or arrhiny liranclies and short trui It is the (Mnnnion I'lissi/ Willotr in tlie parkmre of .diildnn. who hail with deii-ht its oidar<,Mn<,' iiairy catkins as tlie first evidence of approiichiiiij; >])rin,i;. and liatlicr l)iinclies of its branches for iionie decoration. Tlie tree is indeed at this season a handsome ohje-t. and when in full llower the humming of numerous bees among its branches ttdls us that tbey find in its flowers their first harvests after their long winter's lest. It is an abundant species, growing along the baid lind. narrow nlilont;. or ol)long-lancpolatp, '2-'t in. Ions;, acute at l)()th ends, remotely crenate-serrate. pubescent at first but finally glal)rous thiclv and firm, dai'k green above, glaucous white beneath with btroad midribs ; stipules seraicordate and commonly caducous ; winter buds rather large, purple and lustrous. Flowers in earliest spring, iu'fore the loaves, in dense erect sessile aments. 1 in. or more in length, pale tomentose with dark rod and finally blackish scales covered on the back with long silky white hairs ; stamens 2. with long glabrous filaments : ovary villous with short style and entire spread- ing stigmas. Fruit cajtsules narrow vonical, pubescent and with long point. COTTONWOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR. CAROLINA POPLAR. Populus deltoides Marsh.' Fig. 107. Branchlet with leaves and mature fruit, i ; leafless branchlet bearing two flower-buds (the larger ones) and leaf-buds, 2 ; terminal of a vigorous shoot, showing angular nature, ^. 108. Trunk of tree on Genesee River bank above Rochester, N. Y. 109. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Koktiikijx Statk.s and Canada. 95 This stately tree is the hirgest representa- tive of its genus, sometimes surpassing 100 ft. in height, with trunk G-8 ft. in diameter. It develops a full wide or rounded top with few- massive branches, and these often spreading far out extend their drooping branches and shining dark green leaves over a very wide area. It is confined to the rich moist soil of river bot toms and the banks of streams and along those of the mid-continental regions it is the largest and most characteristic tree. East of the Alleghany Mountains it is less abundant and a smaller tree; still here and there con- spicuously large trees are found. Tlie wood is light and soft, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 24.24 lbs., and is used for paper pulp, in the manufacture of lumber for packing cases and for fuel. Owing to ten- dency to warp and difficulty in seasoning it is little valued for lumber. In early days, how- ever, before railroads crossed the western plains the pioneer settlers found in the Cotton- wood trunks material for building purposes from the rough stockade to the houses and buildings of their first villages. - Leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, 3-7 in. long, usually abruptly acuminate at apex, truncate or slightly cordate at base, crenate-serrate, entire at liasc. at first jrummy with fragrant exudation but tinally lustrous dark green above, pairr hciicatli : pctiidi's loni;. slender, and laterally coiiipi^'ssi'd. I'lain is (.\pril-May) : aments short-stalked ; staminate stout and densely flowered. .{-."> in. lonu: ; stamens numerous : pistillate at first smaller Init elongat- ing as fruit ripens; scales glabrous, laciniate. Friiit with ovoid 2-4-valved capsules, which liber- ates in May their crowded contents of small light brown seeds with cottony coma. y. (Irltoides occidentalis Rydb. is a western form ranging from Sask. to New Mexico with leaves broader at base, longer-acuminate and more coarsely toothed with young branches shining, light yellow." 1. Syn. Populus monilifcra Ait. 2. A. W., II, 48. 3. For genus sec pp. 42G-4-7. ■■■..'?' 1 1^ 1 *''^i*^f"y^ -^j::^i^X^SVt/s;;- ?? ^ jt» "V^ ••sC .%z -^ V • ---.^■i.- •..••• -?• .■•••-? • LOMBARDY POPLAR. Populus nigra Italica DuEoi.^ Fig. no. Branchlet with mature leaves. As staminate trees only are found in this country we are unable to illustrate the fruit. Leafless branchlet in winter. III. Trunk of tree near I.owville, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of tub jSTortiiekx States am> ("anada. 07 The Lombardy Poplar is tlio most disluu't of tlie roplars in habit of -serrate and ciliair-iiia' siinefl, pulieseent when yoiinfr lint (inall.v ulaluon- ciark sreen above, whitish: stronsily id iculiilctl ami sometimes rusty lien ea 111 : petinlcs ticailv trrn. and veins liencatli eommnnly piilirscciit : Inids \;\v-< and covered with a sticky aromatic n'sin. h'loin i s in piilx'sccnt aments. the scales falliim early stamens ir>-:',0: lobes of stigma hroad and larur /•'(•i/i7 capsules crowded on the stems, ovoid, - valved and with short pedicels. r^J^^^ ^•*-~' -^i""*,.-'- "Wait. ■ -ff* 1. Svn. Pnpiiliis Gray. bnl'iliDiifrrn BALSAM POPLAR. Populus halsamifera L. 'ig. ii8. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i; leafless branchlet in winter, 119. Trunk of tree, in Lewis Co., N. Y. Handbook of Trkes of tiik Noktiikkx Stat AM) Canada. 105 The Balsam Poplar sometimes attains in the forest a height of 100 ft. ami a trunk diameter of or tJ ft. \\ hen isolated from other trees it develops a rather narrow irregular pyra- midal open top of few large branches, and its parti-eolored leaves, as their dark green upper surfaces and light under surfaces show suc- cessively as moved by the wind, make it a handsome object. It is distinctly a northern tree, tliriving and attaining its largest size along tlie banks of the streams which are tribu- tary to the ^lackenzie River in a climate too severe for the existence of most other trees. In those cold regions this is the largest and most characteristic tree. It is confined mainly to alluvial bottom-lands and borders of swamps, and in our northern states, where it finds its southernmost limit of distribution, is by no means as large a tree as it is to the northward. Its wood is soft and light, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 22.65 lbs., and in the region of the Great Lakes and northern INIichi- gan is used for paper pulp, and in the manu- facture of boxes, pails, etc.i Lcavfs .3-6 in. lon,<;. ovate, roimded or broadly ounoato at base with crenate-serrate .slishtly thickened margin, acute or aciiiiilnate at apex, darlv glabrous green above, much pnhr and con- spicuously reticulated-veined and sdinctinics rusty beneath : petioles long, terete : winter buds large, taper-pointed and very resinous. Floircrs (in .Vpril) ; Scales of aments scarlous, brown, lacine- atc lobed : stamens 20-80 ; ovary ovoid, slightly, 2-lobed and with 2 large dilated stigmas. Fruit (ripe in May) with ovoid oblong 2-valved short- pediceled capsules ; capsules about % in. long. SWAMP POPLAR. Popnlus heterophylla L. ig. 120. Branchlet with leaves and mature fruit, i; leafless branchlet in winter, 121. Trunk of tree, with leaves at base, near Kennett, Mo. Handbook of Trees of the Noktiikun SrAiics and Canada. 107 The Swamp Poplar wlioro conditions are favorable for best de\eln])nu'nt, in tlic lowor Mississippi \'alley. attains a licij,'lit uf SO or 90 ft., with straight cdhnHnar trnnk I'.i ft. in diameter vested in a grayish brown bark with prominent scaly ridges, and develops an open irregular top with few large brandies. In the Atlantic states it rarely attains a greater height than 40 or 50 ft. Here it i.s rare and local and is confined to tlie borders of ponds and swamps more or less permanently in- undated. In the Mississippi basin it is more abundant, and it is found in company with the Honey and Water Locusts, Mississippi Hack- berry, Swamp White Oak, Red and Drummond Maples, Sweet Gums, Tupelos, etc. The wood of the Swamp Poplar is of a grayish brown color with light sap-wood. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 25.48 lbs. It is manufactured into lumber, under the name of Black Poplar, for interior finish- ing, etc.i LcarcM 4 8 in. lone;, broad ovate with petioles long and terete, varying from round to cordate at base, crenate, obtuse or subacute at apex, covered with white woolly tomentum at first but finally glabrous with brown buds acute or obtuse, resin- ous. Flowers (April-May) glabrous scarious fim- bricated scales, staminate aments stout, densely- flowered, finally 2-:*. in. lonsj and drooping ; stamens 12-20; pistillate aments small, raceme- like, few-flowered with short style; ovary ovoid. and thick 2 or ."t-lobed sti^-mas. Fruit (ripe in May) with ovoid-oblong pointiMl 2-:!-valved cap- sules, shorter than or efpialling the pedicels. 1. A. W., IV, 97. QUAKING ASP. TREMBLING POPLAR. POPPLE. Pop id us t re undo ides Miclix. Fig. 122. Branchlets with mature and young leaves, i ; isolated empty capsules, 2 ; a capsule and its actual contents, procured by confining the capsule at the time of opening, 3 ; branchlet in winter with cluster of flower-buds near tip, 4. 123. Trunk of tree in Essex Co., N. Y. Note the transition from smooth young bark to rough old bark. Handbook of Trees of the I^okthern States am* ( 10l> Ihe Quaking Asp is usually a slender tree developing in the open a loose rounded top, and the trunk seldom more than 18 in. or 2 ft. in diameter, but in forests where it attains its largest size it grows to a height of 90 or 100 ft. with trunk sometimes 3 ft. in diameter. The bark of branches and young trunks is of a pale yellowish green color, or often nearly white, and on older trunks becomes fissured and divided into nearly black scalj^ ridges. A conspicuous f-ature of tlie tree is the constant iL'itation of its small rounded leaves, occasioned even by tlie slightest breezes, on account of their long llattened stems. It is a very useful tree in the economy of Nature in that its seeds, seeming possessed of an exceptional power of germination, are easilj^ scattered In the winds, and it quickly covers forest lands recently denuded by fires with a fresh growth of little forest trees. In the shelter of these the tender seeds of more useful trees germinate and thrive, and eventually monopolize the soil, ungratefully crowding to the wall by their overpowering shade the slender Aspens which assisted them into existence. The wood is light, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 25.1.3 lbs., soft and is used mainly in tlie manufacture of paper pulp and excelsior.' Leaves ovate to siiborbicular, lMi-3 in. Ion?, rounded or sut)cordatP at base, short acuminato at apex, with finely crenato and ciliate margin, glabrous : petioles very slender and laterally com- pressed : winter buds slabroiis. Flowers 1V.-2 in. Ions : .scales deeply .'i-.">-cleft info linear" lobes frinped with gray hairs : staminate aments with disk entire, and 0-12 stamens: stigmas 2 with linear lobes. Fruit (May-.Iune) capsules oblong conical. 2-valved ; seeds" about l-;i2 in. long, obovate. \V. LARGE-TOOTH POPLAR. ASPEN. Populus grandidentata Mickx, Fig. 124. Fruiting branchlet with mature and young leaves, 1-2; isolated capsules, 3; tip of young shoot, 4 (Note the velvety pubescence as compared with the glabrous young leaves of P. tremuloides) ; branchlet in winter, s- 125. Trunk showing the smooth young bark above and the furrowed older bark at base, Lewis Co., N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the North ekn States and Canada. Ill The Large-tooth Poplar rarely if ever at- tains a greater height tlian 70 or 80 ft. or 2 ft. in thickness of trunk. Wlicii sullicieiitly isolated from otlu-r trws it devi-lops a loose oval or rounded top of liimdsoinc clcnii foliajic always rustling with the slightest lucczo, (Mi account of the peculiar formation of petioles. The hark of hranches and younger trunks is smooth and of a grayish green color. Later it becomes fissured into rough lirni ridges. It is found mostly on sandy slopes and the baidcs of streams in company with the Hemlock, Pines, Oaks, Maples, 8had-l)ush, Butternut. Red Spruce, etc. As with the Quaking Asp, its hardy seeds scattered widely by the wind quickly clothe with new verdure tracts of forest lands recently denuded by fires. Then protected by the shade of these seedlings the more tender seeds of more useful trees are able to germinate and grow. Its wood is light, a cubic foot weighing 28.87 lbs., soft and not strong and is used in the manufacture of excelsior. ])aper, wooden- ware and occasionally for lumber. i Leaves orbicular-ova tp, '5-6 in. lon^. coarsely and irregularly dentate, from obtuse to rounded at base, sliort acuminate, densely white tomentose at flr.st but finally glabrous, thinand firm ; petioles Ion?, slender and laterally compressed ; winter Itiids puberulons. Floirer.i: aments 1-3 in lonsr ; sc.Tles with silky pale hairs and irregularly ,5-7- fleft ; stamens 6-12 : stigmas 2 with long filiform lobes. Fruit (May-.Tune) : capsules long-conie. 2- valved. about i/s in. long; seeds dark brown, minute. 1. .\. W., I, IS. WHITE POPLAR. ABELE. SILVER-LEAF POPLAR. Populus alba L. Fig. 126. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i; isolated empty capsules, 2; branchlet winter, 3. 127. Trunk with leaves at base. Near Albany, N. Y. IIandkook of Tkees ok the Xoktiikkx States and Canada. 11 The W'liito Poplar is a nativo of central and southern Kurope, the eorre^pondinii latitudes of Asia, as far east as the lliniahiya Moun- tains, and of northern Africa. 11 was ( arly introduced into this counlry fur oi n unental l)urposes and has heeonie nalurali/eil in many Idealities throuj^hout northeastern L'niteil Slates and Canada. It is a larye tree some- times attaining the height of 100 ft. with trunk .'i (u- 4 ft. or more in diameter, vested ill a eharaeteristie gn'enish gray and wliitisli hark of liraneiies and upper trunk, wliih- tliit at the hase of old trunks becomes deeply ehft into tirm dark ridges. It commonly (le\ehi[)s a large irregular open broad or rounded t(jp. The contrast between the dark green ujiper surfaces of its leaves and the velvety wliite miller >urfaces causes a i)leasing scintillating eliVct a> tiiey are agitated by the wind, and this gives to the White Poplar a peculiar ornamental value. The abundance of the trees about the >.itcs of old country Iinmes attests its long po[)ularity as an ornamental tree and its hardiness, but the rapidity and persistence with which it spreads, by means of its long >toloniferous roots, makes it in some places a nuisance. Its wood is light, soft, tough and of a red- dish yellow color with nearly white sap-wood.' Leaves f|iiito varial)lo l)nt commonly suborbicii lar or broad ovate. 2-4 in. Ions, obtuse or nciiti' at apex, tnincnte or cordate at l)ase, irregiilaih dentate, sinuate-dentate or lespeciall.v on y\->>\- ous shoots) palmately ."'.-.")- lobed and with pciidl.s and branehlets white velvety toiueiitos(> at first. but many of the leaves heciiiiiini; ylabriite late iu the .season dark fjreen above or bv Inie suiiinur often scurfy or nearly slabrmis beneath, wliib those on viRoroiis shoots retain their white to- mentum beneath: petioles shorter than the blade; branehlets and bud in winter white scurfy to- mentose. Floircrs staniinate aments lV>-2 in. long (becoming :i-4 in. long) stout: pi'stillate aments more slender: stigmas digitately lobed. Fruit: capsules ovoid-oblong, about .{-IG in. long, 2-valved. Popiiliix alba var. IMUann (Rolle's Poplar) was found in Turkestan in 1S7.">. They are tre<-s with narrow pyramidal tops of fastigiate branches and are now extensively planted for ornanienta! purposes in the Atlantic states. They are con- sidered as of greater (unamental value than is tlie typical form. 1. A. \V., IV, 96. HORNBEAM. BLUE OR WATER BEECH. IRON-WOOD. Carpinus Caroliniana Walt. Fig. 128. Branchlet bearing leaves and fruit, i; detached nutlets with their involucres, 2; leafy branchlet, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 129. Trunk of tree at Biltmore, N. C. 130. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hi^NDBOOK OF TkEES OF THE NoKTJlEBN StATES AND CaNADA. 115 The Hornbeam in the forest sometimes at- tains the height Of 30 or 40 ft. and a diameter of trunk of 18 in. or 2 ft. vested in a thin very close and smooth bluish gray bark often mot- tled witli lighter or darker tints. When iso- lated from oilier trees it develops a broad open head with numerous tough branches, the larger of which and the trunk are much furrowed and ridged, suggestive of knotted sinews, on ac- count of wiiicli resemblance the Indians called it " Otantahrteweii," meaning " //ic lean tree." It grows (in low moist bottom-lands in com- pany with tlie Holly, Sweet Bay, Swamp Buy, Gums, lied .Ma])le, Water Locust, Prickly Ash, etc. in the south Atlantic states, where it is more abundant than northward and at- tains its largest size. In the northern part of its range it is a small tree with less sym- metrical and crooked trunks or often a tall shrub. Here it is commonly found along the banks of streams over whose waters it extends its many handsome sprays of beautiful foliage and curious clusters of leaf-like fruit. The wood of the Hornbeam is hea\'j', a cubic foot when dry weighing 45.41 lbs., tough, strong and of a light brown color with abun- dant whitish sap-wood. It is used chiefly for fuel thougl,! suitable for tool-handles, and articles of wooden ware.i Lrarrs ovate-olilong, acumiDate, rounded or si and unequally soi'rate w often iii('(|uil;it('ial. pulic but finally Klalirous, du pressed veins above, palt hairs in the axils of 2-5 in. long, acute or bcordate at base, sharply th stout spreadins tooth, icoul and plioato at first 1- alid with tufts of \vhito veins lioucath ; petioles slender, pubescent ; winter-hiids ovoid, acute somewhat incurved with numerous brown white- margined scales. Floircrs: starainate aments I-l'.. in. long; pistillate V2-% in. long with green scales and scarlet style.s. Fruit nuts Vg in. liiui with invo ucres with stout stalljs 1-1 1/2 in. long with middle lobe large and serrate on one side and one lateral lobe commonly wan ting. - 1. A. W., II, 42. 2. For genus see p. 427. HOP HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD. Ostrya Virginiana (Mill.) Koch. Fig. 131. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; involucral sacs opened, to show nutlets, and detached nutlets, 2 ; branchlets in winter bearing young staminate aments and leaf-buds, 3. 132. Trunk of tree, in Lewis Co., N. Y. 133. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Tkees of the Northern Si ir The Hop MonibtMin is a liaiidsoine tree of medium size rarely over (30 or 70 ft. in licifjlit or 2 ft. in diameter of trunk. W'lien isolate 1 it develops a broad rounded top of many small tough branches, and when covered with its rich yellow-green leaves and pale hop-like fruit is a handsome object. The bark of trunk is rough with narrow louse elongated scales. It in- habits wt'll-drained gravelly ridges and slopes and in tlic nortliLM-n Atlantic states, where it is abundant and reaches its largest size, is as- sociated with the Beech, Sugar Maple, Yellow Birch, White and Cork Elms, Butternut. White Ash, etc. Its wood is heaAy, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 51.63 lbs., hard, tough, and is used in the manufacture of tool-handles and other small articles of wooden ware, for fuel, etc.i Leaves ovate-oblong, 2-5 in. long, acute or acuminate, narrowed and rounded or cordate often inequilateral at base, sharply and unequally ser- rate, at maturity glabrous and dull yellow-green with impressed midribs and veins above, lighter and downy beneath, especially along the midribs and in the axils of the veins. Flowers: staminatr aments about 14 in. long during the winter and when unfolding 2-3 in. long ; pistillate aments very slender, with hairy stems and light green or red- dish leaf-like scales, those near the base the longest. Fruit: strobules 1M!-214 in. long with slender stems about 1 in. long ; involucral sacs about % in. long, pubescent. = 1. A. W., II, 41. 2. For genus see p. 42S. WHITE BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH. OLD-FIELD BIRCH. Betula populifolia Marsh. Fig. 134. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, the one to the right bearing also young staminate anient, i ; broken cone with scattered cone-scales and seeds, 2 ; vigorous leafy shoot, 3 : branchiet with leaf-buds and young aments in winter, 4 ; do, with flower-buds only, 5. 135. Cluster of trunks, near Albany, N. Y. 136. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the ISortiiern States and Canada. 119 This is the smaUcst of the tree Birdies of eastern North America, coinnionly not more than 2(1 or ;{() ft., or exeeptionally 40 ft., in height, with trunk sometimes IS in. in di- ameter. Tiie hark of younger trees is dull creamy white, usually with dark triangular marks at the insertion of branches, and peeling ofl tardily in strips around the trunk. On older trunks it is darker and rough with transverse fissures. It develops a narrow and more or less irregular top of many small branches commonly clothing the stem to the ground. With its long stemmed small leaves in constant agitation by the wind, like those of the Quaking Asp, and white bark, it is a conspicuous and interesting object. It com- monly grows in dry sandy and often quite barren soil^ springing up in abundance after forest fires and alTording by its shade a shelter for the germinating of the more tender seeds of more useful trees. Its wood, a cubic foot of whicli, when abso- lutely dry. weighs 35.00 lbs., is used in the manufacture of small wooden-ware, as spools, clothes-pins, slioe-pogs. Iioops for casks, etc.. and is excellent for fuel and cliarcoal.i trianKnlai'-dvoid, from --:'>U_, slender points, truncate, i-date and entire at l)ase. dou .ulandular teetli, dai rrarcs with vei slii,'htlv ( with sj) Rreen and .i^landnlai-foiiKlicned above and slij;litly paler and smooth Ijcneath : petioles long and slender; l)ranchlots resin-glandular. Floiccrs tin- folding with the leaves : staminate aments solitary or in pairs, about 1 in. or less in length and slender in winter, becoming from 2-.SV2 in- Ion-;, will) apiculate scales ; pistillate aments slender, alieni v.. in. long, on glandular pedicels of about the same length with pale green scales. Fruit: stro- biles cylindrical, nliout % in. long and '4 in. thick, erect or spreading with slender peduncle : scales with lateral lobes recurved, the middle one narrow; nutlet narrower than its wings.- I. .\. W.. III. 70. CANOE BIRCH. PAPER BIRCH. Betida ijapyrifera INFarsli.^ Big. 137. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit and young staminate catkins, i ; broken cone with scattered seeds and cone-scales, 2 ; branchlets in winter, one bearing young catkins for the next season's flowers, 3. 138. Trunk of tree in Adirondack region, N. Y. Handbook of Trkks of tiif. Xoktiikicx Statkh and Canada. 121 The Paper Birt'li. west of tlie Rooky Moun- tains, is said to attain a lu'lglit of 120 ft. with trunk from 3-4 ft. in thii-kness, but elsewliere rarely e.xceeds 70 or 80 ft. in height. When isolated from other trees it develops a full rounded and usually irregular top of many branches. The bark of the larger branches and young trunks is laiiiinatc. smooth and of creamy or i\ory w hiti'Mi'ss, marked with long horizontal rai.sed lenticels. As the trunk en- larges the bark becomes more or less streaked and blotched with blackish and the outer layers separate and roll back in large ragged sheets. On very old trunks the bark at base becomes broken into large closely appressed irregular scales. It inhabits rich slopes and ornaments the banks of northern streams and lake-shores from the Atlantic to the Pacific, ranging north- ward to the Arctic Circle. With the northern Indians its bark, impervious to water, is an indispensable material for the manufacture of their canoes and for many articles for domestic use. The wood, of which a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighs 37.11 lbs., is used in the manufacture of wooden- ware, wood-pulp, etc., and is excellent for fuel. 2 Leaves ovate. 2-4 in. long, acute or acuminato at apex, rounded or obtuse ( cordate in var. ronli- folia Fern.) and entire at liase, doubly or ir- FPfruIarly serrate, thick and firm at maturity, glabrous dark green above, paler and pubescent on the veins and with black glands beneath. Floircrx: staminate amcnts ''j-l^i in. long in winter, fin-illy ;>-4 in. lonir : pistillate aments l-H^ in. lon>?, slender, with lii^ht i^reen scales and red styles. Fruit: strobiles cylliKlrieal, about 1% in. long, drooping, glabrous, middle lobe of scales longer than broad ; nutlet much narrower than its wings. 1. Syn. /{. jKiiii/raci u .\ . L'. A. \V, II, 4: RIVER BIRCH. WATER BIRCH. RED BIRCH Betula nigra L. Fig. 139. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; isolated scales of fruiting cone, 2; seeds, 3; assortment of leaves, 4. 140. Trunk of tree in Washington, D. C. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 123 This interesting tree occasionally attains the height of 80 or 90 ft. with trunk 4 to 5 ft. in diameter. When isolated it develops a narrow oblong head of many small branches, but with age a fuller, rounder and usually irregular picturesque head. The bark of branches is smooth at first, of a lustrous red- dish brown color, but with age breaks and separates into successive layers which curl up and long persist as thin papery scales of various tints of red and brown. These form a veritable mat on the larger limbs and trunks of medium size, while the bark of old trunks becomes rough with thick irregular plate like scales. It inhabits the banks of streams sub- ject to frequent inundation, and here its grace- ful branches hanging over the waters and al- most touching their surface with long sprays of handsome foliage add greatly to their charm. Prof. Sargent has called attention to the fact that the early ripening of the seeds of this and other riparian trees greatly assures their germination and growth, as they fall on the banks at the season of low water, germinate and make substantial growth when a later seed would have found only water in which to perish. The wood of the River Birch, of which a cubic foot when dry weighs 35.91 lbs., is used in the manufacture of wooden ware, etc.i Lea res rhombic-ovate, acute, 2-4 in. long, wide cuneate or almost truncate and entire at base, serrate and serratoly-lolird (ir doubly serrate, pale tomentose at first but finally lustrous dark green above and tomentos" on midiMbs and veins be- neath ; petioles slender, tomentose ; branchlets the first season tomentose. Flowers: staminate aments 1 in. or less long in winter with rounded lustrous scales finally 2-3 in. long: pistillate aments about Vi in. long with pubescent ciliat" scales. Fruit ripening in May or .Tune in cylindri- cal strobiles 1-1 V2 in- long, with short tomentose IM'duneles and scales with .". about equal narrow lolies : nutlet oval and alxmt as wide as the ciliate wings. 1. A. W., IV, 95. SWEET BIRCH. BLACK BIRCH. CHERRY BIRCH. Betida Iciita I.. Fig. 141. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i ; scales from cone and seeds, 2 and 3; branchlets in winter, one bearing young staminate catkins, 4. 142. Trunk of tree near New York. Handbook of Tijef.s of the Xortiikkx States and Canada. 125 Tho Sweet Bircli attains tlie height of 70 or SO ft., witli a trunk diaiiiefcr (if from 2-5 ft., and when <,'r<)\viTii,' away fruni other trees de- velof)s a syninietrical ovoid or ])yraniidal top at first witii many stronjj; small branehes, but finally rounded or broad by the lengthening of the lateral l)ranches. The bark of truid< is at first smooth and peels off transversely in thin strips, but finally becomes fissured with large and small irregular scales suggesting the bark of the Black Cherry, for which re.ison the tree is sometimes called the Cherry I^ireh. The darkness of its color gives it the name of Black Birch and from the sweet aromatic flavor of its leaves and bark it is called the Sweet Birch. It flourishes on rich well-drained up- lands, and in early spring while tiie branches are bare of leaves and it is trimmed with its golden tassels of catkins, unloading their pollen on the lightest touch, it is a particu- larly handsome object. 'I"he wood is heavy, hard and strong, a cubic foot wlien absolutely dry weighing 47.47 lbs., and is valued in the manufacture of furniture, agricultural implements and general wooden ware, and for fuel.^ Leaves ovate to ovatc-nbloi)?^. 2ij to '> in. Ions;. acute to acumiaate at apex, iduiidcd or cordate at base, sharply unevenly senate, silky pubescent at first but finally slabroiis sliiniir^ green above, paler and ijubcsient along the prominent veins be- neath ; petioles stout, hairy and grooved above. Flowers stamiuate generally in clusters. 1 in. or less in length and Vs in. thicli and scales with free apiculate tips in winter, finally 3-4 in. long in spring ; pistillate aments % in. long with greenish round-pointed scales and pink styles. Fruit: strobules erect ovoid-oblong, sessile, 1-1 i/i in. long, glabrous with lobes of scales about equal, lateral lobes divergent ; nutlet obovoid, broader than its wings. W. 44. YELLOW BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH. Betula lutea Michx. Fig. 143. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i ; cone scales, 2 ; seeds. 3 : branchlet bearing leaves and young staminate catkins for next season's flowering, 4; branchlets in young catkins, 5. 144- Trunk of tree, Lewis Co., N. Y. winter, two bearing Handbook of Tkees of the NoKTiii:i:.\ Ca.xai The Yellow Birch is a large and important forest tree of the northeastern states and tlie eastern provinces of Canada, sometimes at- taining the heigiit of 100 ft. with trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter. When isolated it develops a broad rounded top of many small straigiit- ish branches. Its peculiar bark is its most striking feature and distinguishes it from all other trees of the forest. The bark on its branches and smaller trunks is very smooth and lustrous silvery or golden gray, breaking finally as the trunk e.xpands and rolling back in ribbon-like strips and curls, which long re- main attached rustling with every passing breeze. On very old trunks the character of the bark is quite ditTerent. as it is there rougli with irregular plate-like scales. It inhabits rich moist uplands in company in our northern forests with the Beech, Sugar and Red Maples, Black and White Ash, White Elm, Hop Horn- beam, etc. Its wood is hard and strong, a cubic foot, when absolutely dry, weighing 40.84 lbs., and is highly valued in the manufacture of agri- cultural implements, wooden ware, etc., and furniture, occasional " figured " trees being especially valuable for the latter use. It is also one of the best woods of its range for fuel.i Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, 2-r> in. long, acute or acuminate at apox. louiulfd. <)l)tuse or heart- shaped at base, sliarply doubly serrate, silky pubescent at tirst luit tinally jilabroiis dull green above, paler and with silky bails on midrib and prominent veins beneath ; petioles slender, liairy : branehlets at first green and pilose piiliesceiit but finally smooth. Flowers: staminale aments usually in clusters of 2-4, 3-3^2 in. long wben fully ex- panded ( %-l in. long in winter and % in. thick! with rounded scales ; pistillate aments about % in. long with acute pilose scales ; styles pink. Fruit an erect, subsessile, pubescent oblon;; stro- bile, 1-1 Vi in. long witb lobes of scales about equal, ciliolate and slightly spreading witb obovate nutlet about as broad as its wiugs. 1. .\. W., I, 17. SEA-SIDE ALDER. Almis maritima (Marsh.) j\luelil. Fig. 145. Leafy branchlet in late summer, i ; do, bearing and seeds, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 146. Trunk of tree near Seaford, Del. T47. Wood structure masnified 15 diameters. mature fruit, 2 ; open strobiles Handbook of Trees of the Nohtjikkx States and Canada, 129 This curious ;uid iiitorostiiig Aider is a small tree, Ofrasionallv attaiiiiu-,' tlio lieight of 30 ft., witli narrow tO|) an. I slciulcr hranclies and smootli liarkcil truMk .") or (i in. in di ainrtcr. It is very di>tiiut from all other Alders in several respeets. Its liright glos-y green foliage is in strong eontrast to the dull green of the other Alders, and its period of hh.ssoniing. instead of being when the trees are leilless in early >prii;g. as with the other sjiefies, is not until autumn. Then the ell'eft of its golden catkins and handsome foliage together is very pleasing and gives the tree a peculiar ornamental xalue. (^)uite as diflerent, too. as this tree is from the other Alders in its foliage and period of lloweriiig is it in its distribution. The Alders are generally species of wide distribution, but this is limited to two small areas, one near the sea coast ou the Delaware and ^Maryland peninsula and the other far inland on the banks of the Tied Kiver in Indian Territory. Its wood is light, a cubic foot weighing 31.14 lbs., soft and with numerous larg? medullary rays. I.ains ovate-oblong to obovate, wedge-shaiicd at base, usually acute or acumiuato at apex, r<^- motely and sharply serrate, scurfy pubescent wlna young but at maturity dark green and very lust- rous, pale and minutely glandular punctate 'i •- neath. rion-vrs expanding in September, llie staminate aments in racemes, l\->--Vi in- long from tlie a.'dls of the upper leaves ; the pistillate usually solitary from the axils of lower leaves. Fniil: strobile about % in. long with thinnisli crenate-lobed scales and wingless oblong-obovate seeds liberated late in autumn of the year subsc- (luent to fertilization.' 1. I\jr genus sop p. 4 'JO. BLACK ALDER. EUROPEAN ALDER. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Grertn. Fig 148. Branchlet, with mature leaves and fruit, and young aments (both staminate and pis- tillate) for next season's flowers, i ; portion of cone with detached scales and seeds, 2 ; branchlet in winter bearing young staminate (the larger) and pistillate (the smaller) aments, 3 ; do. with leaf-buds only, 149. Trunk of tree with leaves at base. Ftaten Island, N. Y. Handbook of Tkeks of the Noktiikkn States and Canada. 131 The Black Akior is a naturalized troo found in various localities in the Atlantii; states, particularly in southern New York and Xew Jersey. In its native home it is generally dis tributcd over Europe, western Asia and northern Africa in moist localities, and at tains a height of from 50 to 70 ft. with a eymmetrical pyramidal or when old rounded top, and with trunk 1-2 ft. in diameter. Being a vigorous growing tree of desirable (pialities for ornamental planting, particularly on low grounds, it was brought to America and planted for ornamental purposes, and being possessed of a hardy adaptable constitution it seeds freely and grows spontaneously in suit able localities. Few introduced trees of the ornamental value of this are so well suited to planting in very wet localities. Those are mainly Willows and Poplars and among them the straight smooth trunks of the Black Alder, with their symmetrical tops of hand- some foliage, have a very pleasing eflfect. They are not, however, very long-lived trees with us, and individuals are not found as large as those in their native land. In Europe the tree is of considerable com mercial importance, as its soft straight grained wood is easily worked and valuable in turnery, for wooden-ware, wooden-shoes, etc., and for carving. It is valued, too, for water pipes, pumps, piles, etc., and is largely used for charcoal and fuel. The bark and fruit are used in tanning leather and a yello v dye is made from the bark and leaves. The bark is also used in medicine, having astringent and alterative properties. Lravrx orljiciilnr to ohovato. 2-r) in. long, mostly obtuse at l);isi' ami rdiusc or iNJiuidcd ,it aprx. irroKuInrly scn-alr-di'tnatc distinctly ijlulinous at first, Klaliroiis dull ^n'''" al>ovo. Krccn and f,'':il)rous or pnt)i>sci'nt on tti(> veins lioneath. Floircru ap- pear in onrl.v spring l)oforo the leaves ; staminatc amonts L'-.'! in. and the pistillate about V> in. loni;. Fruit: strohile oblong-ovoid. 1/2-% in. long, with wingless seeds. BEECH. Fagus Americana Sweet.^ Fig. 150. Fruiting branchlet with mature fruit, i; leafy branchlet, 2; open involucre, 3; nuts from same, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 151. Trunk of tree on bank of Black River, Lewis Co., N. Y. 152. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Teees of the Northern States and Canai> The Beech is one of tlie most distinct and beautiful trees of our eastern American forests, sometimes surjiassin^' lUO ft. in hei^'ht aiui witli straight coluiuiuir trunk ;> or 4 ft. in thickness vested in its trim smoolli l,luisli gray bark. When isohitcd it .h'v.'lops a rounded or broad upri^^ht spreading,' ti)[) ot many brandies an,l >l.'ndcM- branchlcts. It in- habits ricli well-drained uplanils and slopes, in the north in conii.aiiy with the Sugar Maple, Birches, Hop llondHMni, liasswood. Hemlock, etc. and in the south is found along the borders of swam()s and bottom-lands. It often in old age sends up many shoots from its roots which form a thicket about its base, and as the parent declines the fittest of these survive and grow into trees to take its place. It is a beautiful tree at all times, each successive season of the year giving to it a peculiar charm, and not the least of these is its leafless condition in winter. Its nuts form the chief article of food for many denizens of the forest and they are sometimes gathered and sold in northern markets. The wood, a cubic foot of which, when abso- lutely dry, weighs 42.8!) lbs., is used in the manufacture of furniture, wooden-ware, plane- stocks, etc., and for fuel.-' Leaves ovate-olilong, H-6 in. Ions;, acuminate, wedge-shaped, rounded or cordate at base, coarsely serrate, a vein terminating in each tooth, [yule green and silky tomentose when they unfold, hut finally glabrous darli green aljove, paler and witli hairs in the axils and y both man and beast. Chestnut wood, a cu. ft. of which when abso- lutely dry weighs 28.07 lbs., is very durable in contact with the soil and makes useful lumber for many purposes. It is also rieli in tannin, which is extracted and used for tan- ning purposes.2 Lea res oblong-lanceolate, fi-0 in. Ions, enneati'. roundt^d or obtuse at base, piibe.seen*: at first, ylalii-ous both sides and firm at maturity, dark Kieen above, paler beneath ; petioles short, stout, puberulous. Flowers: { .Tune-.Tuly ) : staminale aments numerous. 8-6 in. long with stout tomen- tose stems: androgynous aments 2V2-^ in. Ions. Fruit nut %-l in. long, much compressed and 2-:> together in each involucre which is glol)ose, about 2 in. in diameter, densely covered with pricl.' AND Canada. 1 The Chinquapin is a small tree and is otten found fruiting in abundance as a shrub. Under favorable conditions it attains the height of 4U or 51) ft. and a trunk diameter of 2 or 3 ft., but tliese dimensions are rare. Wlien isolated it develops a low broad rounded tup. similar to that of tlic L'licslmit. but nnudi smaller. It iidiabits dry iiillsi.k's and uplands as well as rich bottom-lands and. like the Chestnut, is of greatest beauty when in early summer, after the close of the liowering season of nearly all other trees, it puts out its numer- ous fragrant yellow catkins. In September its well-guarded fruit, which it produces in abun- dance, is ripe and liberated, and this, though a small nut, is tlelicious in llavor and is oc- casion.illy gathered for market. The wood is similar to that of the Chestnut \\ith very thin sa])-\\ood, a cui)ic foot, when absolutely dry, weighing ;36.09 lbs., and is used for fence posts, railway ties, etc.i Leaves narrow-oblong, .S-.5 in. long, mostly aciitp at apex, narrowed and wedge-shaped or rounded at base, coarsely serrate with slender pointed teeth, tomentoso at first, at maturity glabrous dark green above, whitish tomentose beneath : petioles short stout and branchlcts the first season pubescent. Floirrrs (.Tune-.Tuly ) : staminate aments 2-6 in. long, hoary-tomentose : pistillate flowers at the bases of the upper androgynous aments, sessile or nearly so. Fndt: involucres 1-1 14 in. in diameter, commonly in spike-like clusters, densely crowded with slender sharp spines outside, opening gen- erally by 2 or 3 valves and contnining a sinule round-ovoid lustrous dark brown nut pointed and white-pubescent at apex, V>-% I"- long and con- taining a lartre sweet seed naked at apex with scars of abortive ovules. RED OAK. Quercus rubra L. Snt^r^", ?M ?^'ll' ''''''""^ "'^.^"'■^ ^'^°''"' ^"^ ^^^^^s ^"d young acorns, i ; branchlet in rnSlo':^at^u'Je1he'\'ol?o:fng"season^?.""' ''^'"^ ^^^"'^'"^ '^""^ ^^^'^^ °^" '""^ P^^^'°"^ ™- 159- Large trunk of tree in Genesee valley, N. Y 1 60. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. HaISiDBOOK of ThKKS of TJIK NORTIIEUN StATES AND CaNADA. 139 One of the commonest and largest of the Oaks of the Atlantic states, the Red Oak, in the forest sometimes surpasses 100 ft. in height with columnar trunk 3 or 4 ft. or more in diameter. When isolated from other trees it develops a wide rounded top with few large far-reaching branches. It inliabits rich up- lands, well drained slopes and river banks, in company with the White and Red Pines, Aspen, Balsam Poplar, Red Maple, etc., among which its shining dark green foliage shows in pleas- ing contrast. Seeming possessed of a con- stitution hardier or more adaptable than other Oaks it ranges farther north than any other species and is more abundantly grown in Eu- rope than any other American Oak. The wood of this species, though inferior to that of the White Oak, is largely used for in- terior finishing, furniture, etc. A cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighs 40.76 Ibs.i in. lonjj, obtuse or uminate at apex, pin- way to Lrnvcs oval to obovate, rounded at base, acute or nately divided about half way to midrib with obliijiie sinuses rounded at the bottom and tri- ansiilar lobes broad at base and l-.'vtoothed at apex with bristle-pointed teeth, at maturity glab- rous dark green above, paler and usually glabrous beneath. Flowers (May-.Tune) : staminate in pubescent aments. .S-.") in' long : calyx 4-r.-lobed ; stamens 4-6 : pistillate tlowers with glabrous peduncles : styles elongated and spreading. Fruit, ripe in October, of the second year after flowering solitary or in pairs, with short stalk ; acorn oval with broad fiat base, %-lV4 in. long, shell to- mentose inside, abortive ovules apical, acorn sub- tended by a very shallow saucer of closely im- bricated puberulous scales." SOUTHERN RED OAK. SCHNECK'S OAK. Que re us Texana Biickl.^ Fig. i6i. Branchlet with leaves and fruit and young acorns, i ; branchlet in winter bearing young acorns and leaf-buds. 162. Trunk of tree in Meramec River valley, Mo. Handbook Tki F rilK XORTHKKN StATKS AM) CaNADA. 141 This trco in tlio rich hottom-lands of the Wabasli Kivcr U:\>\u i< said to attain a lipiylit of nearly 200 ft., witii sturdy Imltrcssod trunk ?.)inc1iiiics 7-S ft. in (iianu'tcr and 80-!M) ft. to its hranclu's — dinicnsions whicli would niaUo this one of tlie larsicst of the American Oaks — but such a size is very exceptional, as it i.s usually a niucli smaller tree. It is com- mon alonjT the hanks of sticams and bottom- lands of the ]\Iississip|)i ba.sin in company with the Cottonwood. River Birch, Sour Gum, Sweet Hum. llackberry. C, lice tree. Red and Silver Maples, etc. In the extreme western [)art of its range it is sometimes found fruiting as a large shrub. Its wood is considered by lumbermen as of better grade than that of the Northern Red Oak. It is applied to the same uses as that timber and is generally not distinguished from it in commerce. 2 Leaves ovate to broad oval, SV^-S in. Ion?, trun- cate or broad wedge-shaped at liase, deeplj' pin natifld with broad rounded sinuses and ">-0 spreading lobes narrow below and spreading.' and dentate at apex with bristle-pointed teeth, at ma- turity thin, firm and shinin'i diirk s;reen above paler and with tufts of whitish hairs in axils be- neath. Flowers: staminate in slender pubescent aments ; calyx 4-.") with laciniately cut lobes; pistillate with short tomentose peduncles, stigmas red. Fruit usually solitary, sessile or with short stalks, ovoid, puberulons light brown acorn, Vj-lVj in. long, sometimes striated. 2-;! times as high as the shallow or somewhat turbinate cup with thin closely appressed light brown tomentose scales. 1. Syn. Qiierciis Schneukii Britt ■_'. A. W. XII, -I'.ii. PIN OAK. SWAMP OAK. Quercus jMlustris Muencb. Fig. 163. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter bearing young acorns and leaf-buds, 2. 164. Trunk of tree near St. Louis, Mo. Handbook of Treks of tiiio Northern States and Canada. 143 The Pin Oak occasionally attains the height of 70 or 80 ft. with trunk 2 or 3 ft. in diame- ter vested in a close snioothish bark. \\ lien growing in the open it develops an ohhjng or narrow rounded top of many upright and spreading branches, the lowermost reaching downwards nearly to the ground. It is one of our most distinct and beautiful Oaks, witli its clear-cut, handsome leavesand smooth columnar trunks, and well worthy of more extensive planting for ornamental purposes. It natii rally grows in deep rich soil of bottom-lands and the borders of ponds and swamps in com- pany with the Sour Gum, Sweet Gum. Ked Maple, Swamp Poplar, Water Beech. Horn- beam, etc., but thrives well when transplanted to dryer situations. The wood of the Pin Oak is used for in- terior finishing, shingles, clap-boards, etc., and in cooperage. A cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighs 43.24 Ibs.i Leaves obovate and broad oblong in outline, 4-6 in. long, pinnatified with broad rounded sinuses and 5-7 spreading lobes wide near apex and usually each 2-.S-toothed and bristle-tipped, at maturity lustrous dark green above, paler and with tufts of pale hairs in axils beneath ; petioles slender. Flowers: staminate aments slender, pubescent, 2-.'> in. long ; calyx lobes denticulate : pistillate with tomentose podunclos and slondor spreading bright red stigmas. Fruit: acorns maturing second year, subglobose or nearly hemispherical, about Vy in. in diameter, with light brown shell, tomentose in- side and with thin saucer-shaped or slightly tur- binate cup with thin closely appressed puberulous scales. 1. .\. \V., IV. 9-1. HILL'S OAK. NORTHERN PIN OAK. Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill. Fig. 165. Fruiting branchlet with both mature and young acorns, i ; leaves from vigorous shoots, 2 ; branchlet in late autumn from which leaves have been removed, 3. These specimens were taken from the type tree near Glenwood, Chicago, 111. 166. Trunk of tree with spray of foliage at base. Near Chicago, 111. For the bark picture and specimens of leaves and fruit the author is indebted to Rev. E. J. Hill. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 145 This interesting and distinct Oak has only recently been iiKule known to science, through the keen observation of its discoverer whose name it bears, it is an Oak of medium size attaining tiie height vf tiO or 70 ft., with short trunk 2 or 3 ft. in tliickness vested in smootiiish or closely ribbed i>aik similar to that of the Pin Oak. Similar to the I'in Oak. too, is its habit of devtdopiiig an oblong top of many upright and iiorizontal upper branches and drooping lower branches, sending out many small branches near tiie ground. .\s these lowfM'most die ill eoii-.c(|uence of too imicii shade from those ; bove, they break otl' and their bases persist for some time as stul>s or pins about the trunk and. as Mr. Hill suggests, it is doubtless due to these that this and the southern <^. pahiNtris are commonly called the Pin Oaks. Unlike the southern species, which inhabits mainly moist low-lands, this tree is rather an inhabitant of well-drained uplands, though sometimes found on the borders of ponds and in low woods. As its habitat is north of that of the other tree, the two ranges overlapping in the" latitude of northern Indiana and Illinois, and this is already known as the Pin Oak. I suggest the name Northern Pin Oak as appro- priate to distinguish it from the more southern tree. L-~ narrow icpand- dentate ■ lii-istle-tipiied lolx-s and wide rounded sinuses, liistroiis sr'*''" above, paler and jilabrous or nearly so l)eneath : ijetioles slender, glabrous. 1-2 in. long. Floircr.i with spreading recurved styles. Fruit maturing the second year, solitary or in pairs, short-peduncled or sessile with mostly elliptiral chestnut-brown acorns Vi-% in. long and half invested by the thick turbinate cup of thin Email puberulous closely appressed scales. SCARLET OAK. Quercus coccinea Muench. Fig. 167. A leaf from vigorous shoot and fruiting branchlet, with mature and young acorns, branchlet in late winter bearing young acorns and leaf-buds, 2. 168. Trunk of tree at Biltmore, N. C. Handbook of Tkees of the Nokthekn States and Canada. lit of 70 or 147 The Scarlet Oak att;iiii^ tlio lici 80 ft. with trunk dianieter of 2 ( ered with a dark brown sliallow reddish internally. Its lial)it of isolated from otlicr trees is to for or oblong head often (juite irrejiuia of r ."5 ft., cov- lidj^ed bark. ;ii)\vtli when n a rounded ■ and always md- beautiful in summer on account of its some deeply-lobed leaves. But it is not mil 11 it takes on its brilliant autumnal cidors IhaL its beauty and individuality arc especially pro- nounced. Then the appropriateness of its name is at once evident, as it assumes a brilliant scarlet color, and' other tints of icd, and re- tains them until late in the autunm after the leaves of many of its associates have withered and fallen. It is an abundant tree over a larj^e portion of its ran^e. jKuticularly in the coast region, growing in sandy soil and on gravelly slopes and uplands in compixny with the Red, Black and other Oaks, the Pig-nut and Shag-bark Hickories, the Sweet Birch, Red Cedar, etc. Its wood is not distinguished from that of the Red Oak in commerce or in uses. A cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighs 40.15 Ibs.i Leaves broad obtivatc or oval in outline, trun- cate or obtuse at base, deeply pinnatifid witb wide rounded sinuses and ■')-!> spreadinu lobes, repand- dentate, with few spri>adiiis liristle-pointed teeth at, the ends, reddish and imle pul)eseent at first, tlien light green and at iiiatiirily glabrous. lust- rous above, paler and sunn'i iincs liaiiy tufted in the axils of the veins beneath : petioles Ion:, slender. Flowers staniinate anients slender, glab- rous : calyx 4-5-Iobed : styles slender, recurved. Fruit sessile or short-stalked, solitary or in pa'rs with usually short ovoid brown and occasionally striated acorns about half enveloped in a deep large turbinate cup with thin closely imbricated pointed scales. 1. A. W., ITT, 00 YELLOW OAK. BLACK OAK. QUERCITRON OAK. Quercus vehdina Lam.' Fig. 169. Fruiting branchlet, with mature and young acorns, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 170. Trunk of tree with leaves at base. Biltmore, N. C. Handbook of Trees of the JSTortiiekn States and Canada. 149 This abundant and widely distributed Oak constitutes a considerable portion of tlie Oak forests of the Atlantic staies. frequently at- taining the height of 70 or 80 ft. and has been known to considerably sur[)ass 100 ft. in height, witli trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter. The bark of trunk is tirnUy riilged, d:\vk brown or blackish outside and distinctly yellowish within. When growing apart from other trees it develops a rather wide rounded or oblong top of which a noticeable feature is its large lustrous leaves, particularly those of its lower branches. In autumn they assume tints varying from dull red to orange and brown. The wood, of which a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighs 43. DO lbs., is not distinguished in commerce and uses from that of the Red Oak.- The inner b;uk yields tannin, a yellow dye, and is sometimes used in medicine. Leaves obovate to oblong in outline, .'^-12 in. long, mostly obtuse but sometimes truncate or rounded at base, pinnatel.v lobed generally to about tiie middle with round-pointed sinuses and usually 7 more or less oblique lobes sparingly mucronate dentate at apex, broader at base and the terminal pair the larucst. red at first then hoary-pubescent and at maturity lustrous t\;\vk iifeen aliov«>. paler and pubescent and hairy-tufted in the axils of tlic veins lieni'Uth. Leaves are sometimes found hardly distinj;uislialil(> from those of the Scarlet Oak. Fliiin rs: staminate ameiits 4-(; in. Ion,;; with calyx pubescent and acute lobes ; pistillate aments with short tomentose peduncles and red stigmas. Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or short-stalked with stout ovoid brown and often striated and sometimes pubescent acorn, 1^-% in. long, almost Im'f eover(>d witli the deep turbinate cup with thin light brown scarions margined scales, closely imbricated at the base and loosely so or somewhat spreading nearer the edges of the cup. 1. Syn. Qtnrcus tiiivtoriu Hartr. 2. A. W., IV, 9:5. m^ .m^-;.^-/ SPANISH OAK. Quercus digitatd (Marsh.) Sudw, M H^ V ^^^K.^^^^1 H 1^1 Fig. 171. Branchlet, with mature and young acorns, and an assortment of leaves; leafless branch- let in winter. 172. Trunk of tree near Suffolk, Va. Handbook or Tijees of the jSTortiiekn States and Canada. 151 This interesting Oak is usually not more than 70 or 80 ft. in height or with trunk more than 2 or 3 ft. in diameter, but in the stately forests of tlie lower Ohio basin it oecasionally attains 100 ft. in height with trunk 4 or 5 ft. in thiekness. When isolated it develops a wide roiiiiilcd top of still" far-reaching branches and stout biiUU'hk'ts. The drooping nature of llic leaves give the tree a jicculiar asjiecl which is at once noticeable and quite ditl'erent from that of other Oaks. It is an al)undant tree of the South Atlantic and (iulf states, extending up into the northcastcni states only along the coast and in the Mississippi X'alley. The name Spanish Oak is said to have been given to this tree by' early Spanish settlers on account of a similarity in its leaves to those of an Oak they were familiar with in Spain. Its vi'ood is heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weigiiing 4.3.18 lbs., hard and strong and is used for the same purposes as the Red Oak. Its bark also is rich in tannin. 2 /.((/rr.v variable, oblons; to obovato, rounded or wed-c sliaped at base and often irre.i;iilai-l.v deeply phitiatifid with 3-7 olilique and often falcate or Inii'j; and narrow entire or dentate and bristle- tipped acnniinate lobes or sometimes with merely 8 shoi't-spreadinsf lobes at apex, lustrous dark preen above and gray or pubescent beneath. FIniccrs: staminate with thin scarious pube.scent 4-r)-lobed calyx : stismas slender, dark red. Fniil sessile or short-stalked aroi-n, about % in. Ions and not more than one-third coverpd by the thin flat or turbinate shallow cn|) covered with thin obtuse closely appressed scales. 1. Syn. Qucrciis falcafa Michx. 2. A. W., XI, 26!). SWAMP SPANISH OAK. Quercus pagodcefolia (Ell.) Aslie. Fig. 173. Fruiting branchlet with both mature and young acorns, leaves from vigorous shoots; leafless branchlet in late autumn. 174- Trunk of tree with a spray of foliage at base. Near Mt. Carmel, 111. For photograph of trunk and for leaf and fruit specimens the author is indebted to Dr. J. Schenck of Mt. Carmel, 111. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 153 This beautiful and stately Oak attains the height of upwards of 100 ft. in forest-growth with straight coluniiKir Iniiik 4 or 5 ft. in diameter. Wlifn isolnti'ii fruiii other trees, as occasionally found un liver banks where it has room for full develu[inieiit. its nias-;ive brandies fiirin a wide rounded toi). and its ample i>.uly- colored leaves as they dis[)hiy sueee»ively llieir dark-gieen and silvery-wliiti' surt'aeo. when agitated by the wind, make it a beautiful ob- ject. The bark of trunk is of a dark gray color fissured into rather narrow ridges of firm small scales. It is distinctly a tree of alluvial bottom-lands and the banks of streams subject to inunda- tion, reaching its greatest development in northern Mississippi and eastern Arkansas where it is a very valuable timber tree. The wood is heavy, hard, and strong and useful for interior finishing, furniture, agri- cultural implements, etc., nearly equaling in value the wood of tlie White Oak and is really one of the very best of the Red Onk group. Leaves oval to obloni; in outline, 5-10 in. Ion?, wide-cuneate, truncate or rounded at base, with 5-7 wide-based and often falcate narrow-pointed mostly entire bristle-tipped si)rcadinj? lobes, at maturity lustrous dark green above, pale tomentose beneath ; branchlets tomentose at first. Fruit short-stalked with short subglobose puberuious acorn about % in. in diameter and nearly half Invested by the fla*^ or slightly turbinate cup of small puhernions sfal.^s. '^J^i^V:^ ^:-^mB^0 ■^"" '^x'^'L-'r^"'^ BLACK JACK OAK. hiercus Marilandica Muench.' Fig. 175- Fruiting branchlet with mature and young acorns, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 176. Trunk of tree on Staten Island, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 155 The Black Jack Oak is a tree of medium size, occasionally attaining the height of 40 or 50 ft., with a trunk rarely more than 18 in. or 2 ft. in thickn-ess, and these dimensions are at- tained only by trios which are especially favoifd hy soil and tliniate. When isolated fidiii other trees il develojjs a rounded dome- shaped or ubovuid top with wide sprcadin;,' lateral branches and droojjing lower branches. It is a singular fact tliat it is limited in dis- tribution mainly to dry sandy barrens, the conditions there, whieh most trees cannot tol- erate, seeming to be what this tree actually requires for its existence. Rare or local and poorly developed in tlie northern part of its range it is abundant southward, particularly in the lower INIississippi Valley, where it attains its largest dimensions. Its singular dark green glossy leaves, tufted at the ends of the branch- lets, are pleasing and familiar objects within its range even to those who only casually observe trees. The wood of the Black Jack is hard and heavy, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weigh- ing 45.64 lbs., and is little used except for fuel and charcoal, for which it is excellent. Leaves obovate. very broad and rounclod ami entire or more or less 3-lobed and bristle-tipi)ed at apex and rounded or cordate at tbe narrow ba-;e. When young stellate-pubescent above and rusty tomentose beneath, and at maturity thick and lustrous dark green above, yellowish and scurfy pubescent beneath ; petioles short, stout and pubescent. Flowers: staminate in slender hairy aments : cal.yx with 4-5 broad lobes : anthers apiculate ; pistillate flowers with rusty tomentose peduncles. Fruit sessile or nearly so with suh- globnsp acorns puberulous near apex and hnlf covei-ed with the turbinate cup of rather thin loosely imbricated pubescent scales. 1. Syn. Qiicrciis nigra Wang. WATER OAK. DUCK OAK. POSSUM OAK. Quercus nigra L.^ Fig. :77. Fruiting branchlet with both mnturo and young acorns. :; tip of a vigorous shoot, .: branchlet in winter, 3- 178. Trunk of tree in southwestern Ar'/ansas. IIandrook of Tkees of the NoRTJiKKN States and Canada. "157 The Water Oak, as its name implies, grows naturally only on the moist bottom-lands or on ridges in the vicinity of same, and attains the height of 70 or 80 ft., witli cohmiiiar trunk 2-31^ ft. in diaiiictor. When not cruwded by other trees it develops a rather narruw oblong or sometimes wide rounded top witli many branches. A near enough view to reveal tlie many forms and sizes of its leaves surprises one accustomed only to the northern oaks, wiiich have leaves of generally more constant forms. Being a handsome tree, of rapid growth and easily transplanted, it is used extensively as a shade tree in the streets and parks of the cities and villages of the southern states. The wood of the Water Oak is hard and heavy, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weigh- ing 45.14 lbs., and heretofore has been little used except for fuel and charcoal. - Leaves variable but mostly nan-ow-obovatc, tiaperins gradually fiom the broad loundi'd and ehtire or more or less ^-lobed apex to a cuneate base; or on vigorous or sterile branchlets the leaves ace pinnately lobed about half way to the midrib with 8-7 short triangular oblique bristle- tipped lobes: linear-lanceolate leaves with inter mediate forms also occur, pubescent at first but at maturity glabrous and dark green aliove. paler and glabrous or with hairs in the axils of veins beneath, tardily deciduous during the winter. h'loiccrs: staminate aments hairy, 2-H in. lon-z : calvx thin, pubescent, with 4-.^) rounded lobes : pistillate with short thick tomentose pedimcles ; stigmas red. recurved. F)-iiit short-stalked with short globose ovoid or hemispheric ac orn, about 1/2 in. long, rounded and pubescent at the pointed apex and scarcely half enveloped by the flat saucei-- shaped cup having Ihin small closely im- bricated pale-pubescent scales. 1. Syn. Q. aquatica Walt. 2. A. W.. V. 118. WILLOW OAK. Quercus Phellos L. Fig- 179- Branchlet bearing leaves and mature and young acorns, i ; detached acorns and cups, branchlet in winter, 3. 180. Trunk of tree on grounds of Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Handbook of Treks of the JSTortiiern States and Canada. 159 This curious Oak in foipsts occasionally at- t.iiiKs tlic iiei-ilit of 70 or 80 ft., and wlion isolated from otlicr trees develops aii ovoid or rounded quite syuiuieti ical top with many slen- der branches. The trunks are sumetimes ;5 or 4 ft. in thickness, cuhnnnar and vestcil in a smoothisli bark, .somewliat roughened om old trunks by shallow lon-itudinal ridyes. It in- habits the inarjiins of swamps and sti'eams and sandy uplands mo^t abundantly in the soutii- ern states (t]iou,i;h not in the immediate vicin- ity of the coast) and in the lower .d ississi])pi basin. It is a handsome tree and especially curious to those whose familiarity with the oaks is limited to the broad-leaved species of the northern states. This tree to them seems to have the leaves of a willow and the acorns of an oak — a feature which gives it its com- mon name. Its wood is used to snnio extent for lumber and shingles, but mainly for fu(d and eliareo:il. A cu. ft. when absolutel}' dry wei^i,'hs 40.57 lbs.' I.rnvrx oblong lanceolate 2i/2-''> '«• Ions;, acute at both ends with very short petiole and usually hn'stle-tipped, entire or with slis;htly undulatf> and revoliite margins: revolute in the bud and liiibt green and pubescent when they unfold but finally lustrous light green, paler and usually c'abrous with pubescpnt midribs beneath, h'loircrs: staminate calyx yellow, pubescent. 4-r)-lobed : pis- tillate with short glabrous peduncles and slendpr recurved stigmas. Fruit sessile or with sho-t stalks, usually solitary, with subglobose or hemis- pherical pale-pubescent nut and thin flat saucer shaped cup enveloping only its base and covered with small thin closely imbricated scales. 1. A. W., XI. 271. LAUREL OAK. Qucrcus laurifolia Miclix. Fig. i8i. Fruiting branchlet bearing leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter bearing young acorns, 2. 182. Trunk of tree on the border of Dismal Swamp, Va. Ham Trk OF THE X()UJiiKi;.\ Sta'i- A.\l) ( 'a.NAD \. h; Tliis intorostiiiliort tliick trunk — the emblem of strengtli ;uid snlidity. It tiikcs its name from the lii^lit cnlor of thr scily ridgpil i.nrk. tlie aptness of which is >ho\vn in tlie accompanying illustration. it is one of tlu' most common and gcniTil]\- distributed Oaks of the Atlantic states and .M is^i>-,ippi basin, growing alike on rich u]il mds and ri\er bot- toms where not too moist, in company with several of the Hickories. Tnlipt ree. Sweet and Sour Gums, Magnolias. Ited and other Oaks. etc. Its wood, of which a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighs 4(i..S.) lbs., is the standard of excellence among the Oaks and is used for fur- niture-making, interior finishing, cooperage, the manufacture of agriculutral im|)lements. bas- kets, railroad ties, etc.. and for fuel.i Lrarrx obovate to olilnim. wcdue sliaped at base, sinuate pinnatifid witli iisn.illy .".7 broad, but sometimes narrow, obliiim rdiiinleil entire lolies. red and pale pubescent wlnu tlie.v unfold lint finally .glabrous dark green above, paler beneath. 4-0 in. Ions, turning rich dark red in autumn, witherina: and hangin? to the branches until late in the winter; petioles stout glabrous. Floiros staminate aments 21/.-4 in. Inns:; cal.Vs .yellow, pubescent; stamen*: 6S; pistillate with broad in volucral scales and short dilated stigmas. Fniit maturing the first aiUnmn. sessile or nearly so. abortive ovules basal : acorn avoid oblong, lustrous, about % in. long and about 'i covered by the flattish hemispheric tomentose cup. warty below with thickened and united scales which near tlie rim are thin and membranuiis. I A. W.. II. 38. POST OAK. Quercus minor (Marsli.) Sarg.' Fig. 188. Fruiting branchlet and an assortment of leaves and acorns, x; branchlet in wmter. .. 189. Trunk of tree near St. Louis, Mo. Handbook of Trees of the ]^oktiii:i;.\ Statks and Canada. 167 The Post Oak is usually a tree of medium stature attaining a height of 50 or 60 ft., but in the exceptional forests of the Ohio basin it is said to attain a height of 100 ft. and 1l3 trunk a diameter of about 3 ft. Wlien growing in the open fields it develops a rounded or obovoid top with stout branchlets and shining dark green foliage, wliicli in autumn turns to various shades of yellow and l)r(>wn. It is one of the most marked of our oaks in the peculiarity of its leaves, which, tufted at the ends of the branchlets in great star-shaped clusters, suggests at once the appropriateness of Wangenheim's name, Q. stellatd. It inhabits limestone ridges and sandy plains in company with the Black Jack, Red, White and other Oaks, the Sassafras, Gums, Flowering Dogwood, Red Cedar, etc. Its heavy, hard and durable wood is valued in the manufacture of agricultural implements, casks, etc., and to some extent for furniture. It is also used extensively for railway ties, fence posts, etc., and makes excellent fuel. A cubic foot Avhen absolutely dry weighs 52.14 Ibs.2 Lrnrcs broad-obovate. 4-8 in. long, ciinoate or rounded at base, deeply lyrate-pinnatifid with usually v\ (sometimes '.\ or 7) wide diversent en- tire or undulate rounded lobes, the central pair much the largest and usually notched, at ma- turity firm shinin? dark green with scattered stellate hairs above, grayish or yellowish imlics- oent beneath: petioles and midribs iHibcsrcnt. Flowers: staminate calyx yellow with ."> laciniatdy cut lobes; stigmas short, dilated. Fruit maturin : the first year, sessile or nearly so ; acorn ovoid- oblong, 1/2-1 In. long, about half inclosed by the hemispheric cup. . 1. Syn. Q. obtiisiloba Michx. Q. stellata Wang. 2. A. W., IV. 92. BURR OAK. MOSSY-CUP OAK. Quercus macrocarpa Miclix. Fig. 190. Branchlet with mature fruit and leaves, near Lexington, Ky. 191. Trunk of tree in Genesee valley, N. Y. ; branchlet in winter, 2 ; specimens fror Handbook of Trees of the Nortiiebn States and The Burr Oak has been known to attain the great height of 170 ft. and G or 7 ft. in diame- ter of trunk, in the magnificent forests of the Wabash Kiver basin — dimensions wliich make this one of the very largest American O.iks. but such trees are very uncommon. When isolated it develops an ovoid or rounded top ■with large branches and stout branchlets. As- sociate with its majestic stature the beauty of its party-colored foliage and its large acorns with mossy-fringed cups and we have one of the most interesting trees of its genus. It in- habits almost exclusively rich bottom-lands, excepting the western part of its range, in company with the Swamp White Oak, the Black and Silver ilaples. Big Shelbark Hick- ory, Hackberry, Elms, etc. Its wood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry, weighing 40.45 lbs., tough and stiDiiL;.! It i^ fully (Miual in properties to that of tlie White Oak and usually not distin- guished from it in commerce. It is highly valued for sliip building, furniture, interior finishing, agricultural implements, baskets. railway ties, fuel, etc. Lrnvr.t obovate to oblons. n-9 in. long:, mostly wedge-shaped at base, deeply lyrate-pinnatifid. with i")-? lobes the terminal one the larjrest and irregularly crenate dentate, sometimes nearly en- tire, lustrous dark green above and whitish pubes- cent beneath : petioles short. Flowers: staminate aments slender. 2-0 in. long ; calyx yellowish with 4-6 lacinately-toothed lobes. Fniit solitary or in pairs, sessile or with stalk shorter than the petioles : acorn broad-ovoid, usually rounded or depressed at apex from i/> in. in length on northern trees to 2 in. on southern trees, with usually thick tomentose cups, tuberculate below and with scales near the rim prolonged into awn like tips forming a fringed border. Canada. H't9 OVER-CUP OAK. Quercus lyrata Walt. Fig. 192. Fruiting branchlet, i ; detached acorns showing laceration of cup, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 193. Trunk of tree in vicinity of Dismal Swamp, Va. Handbook of Trees of the Nortiiekn States and Can; 171 The Overcup Oak is a tree Ordinarily or medium stature, but rarely attains the height of nearly 100 ft. with trunk 3 or 4 ft in diameter. In its distribution it is eonlincd to swamps and low wet bottom-lands, often that are more or less inundated during the greater part of the year. Its associates in these localities are the Water and Laurel Oaks, Swamp Bay. Tupelo Gum. Water Chun. Water Ash, River Birch, Cypress, etc. It is not often found isolated from other trees, but when so it has a handsome oblong or rounded top with more or less pendulous branchlets. The wood of the Overcup Oak is heavy, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 51.80 lbs., hard, strong, and is durable in contact with the soil. These desirable qualities make it applicable to the same uses as those to which the White Oak is applied, from which it is not distinguished in commerce. i Leaves obovate-obloug. wedge-shaped at base, lyrate-pinnatifid or lobed to beyond the middle, with 5-0 entire or sparingly-toothed triangular oblique lobes the upper pair usually the larger and more divergent, shining dark green above, white tomentose beneath. Flowers: staminate araents 3-6 in. long ; calyx with 5 acute lobes. Fruit sessile or with short peduncles : nut mostly de- pressed globose and nearly or quite enveloped by the cup which is rathor thin, hoary tomentose, with thick rugged united scales at the l)ase but gradually thinner towards the margin, which often splits irregularly. 1. .A. \V., XII. 2!):i. SWAMP WHITE OAK. Quercus platanoides (Lam.) Sndw. Fig. 194. Fruiting branchlet with detached acorns and an assortment of leaves, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 195. Trunk of tree near Albany, N. Y. IIax UOOK OK Tl NoKTiiEEN States and Canada. 173 The Swamp White Oak is a tree commonly 60 or 70 ft. in liciglit with trunk 2 or 3 ft. in tliickness, but wlicn crow dec! by otlicr trees in forest growtli lias been known to attain the height of DO or 100 ft. Tlie siiort stout trunks of isolated trees arc sometimes or 8 ft. in thickness. The tops of these are usu- ally broad or rounded, with numerous tortu- (HIS l)iaiiclies. and iiioi-f or less i)endulou3 branchlets which often fringe the trunk al)ovc. As its name implies it inhabits the low grounds of bolloni-Iands growing in company with the Red and Silver Maples, King-nut Hickory, Sweet and Sour Gums, Over-cup, Pin and Burr Oaks, Green and Black Ashes, etc. Its wood is heavy, hard and tough, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 47.75 lbs. and is applied to the same uses as that of the White Oak, no distinction being made between the two in commerce. - Leaves ol)ovate to obovate-oblong, wedse-sbapod at base, rounded or obtuse at apex, cdaiscly sinuate-crenate with 6-8 pairs of primary veins or sometimes pinnately lobed with rounded entin' lobes, tomentose at first but at maturity dai-li green and lustrous above, whitish and more or loss tomentose beneath ; petioles stout Va-l in. long. Floivcrs staminate aments 2-4 in. long with light yellow and deeply .S-0-lobed calyx ; pistillate with long tomentose peduncles and short red stiamas. Fruit commonly in pairs with peduncle 2-6 times as long as the petioles : nut ovoid. %-l in. long. ii\Uicscent at ape.x and about nne-tbird enveloped by the beinisplieric toiiienlose cup. some- times tuberculate at Itase but smooth near rim and with tips of scales free and contorted. 1. Syu. (Juervus bivotur Wilil •J. .\. \V.. Iir. 00. cow OAK. BASKET OAK. Quercus Michauxii Nntt. Fig. 196. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 197, Trunk of tree in border of Dismal Swamp, Va. Handbook of Trees of the Nortiiebn States and Canada. 175 This large and inipoitnnt Oak is one of the most valuable tiiiil)er tires of the southern states, and in forests sometimes attains the height of 100 ft., with columnar trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter vested in a pale gray scaly ridged bark. It is one of our handsomest Oak- with its ample leaves showing alternately their glossy dark green upper surfaces and velvety white lower surfaces, as agitated by the wind. It is confined in its distribution mainly to low swampy grounds, rich bottom- lands and the borders of streams subject to frequent inundation, where it is found in com- pany with tlie Water Hickory, Swamp Bay, Planer Tree, Water and Laurel Oaks, the Gums, Red IVIaple, etc. Its wood, of which a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 50.10 lbs., is hard, tough, strong and very durable in contact with the soil and is highly valued for furniture and interior finish- ing, cooperage, the manufacture of agricultural iniplonicnts, fence posts, fuel, etc., and is con- sidered the best of our woods for the manu- facture of baskets. 1 Leaves obovato. usually 4-8 In. long, broad, oli tnse or rounded at base, acute or acuminate, i-cirii larly crcnato-toothed, with 8-12 pairs of pi-iniary veins terminating in the teeth, rather thick, lust- rous dark green ahove. wliitisli and velvety pubes rent beneath. Flmrcrs: staniinate aments slender, ."1-4 in. long; pistillate with short tomentose pe- duncles and sbort red stigmas. Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or nearly so; nut I-IV2 in. in li'Hgtb. ovoid-oblong and about 14 enveloped in the Imary tnnienldsi' closely inibrieated pointed scales, those near the base tbiek t uliereiilate. 1. A. W., V, 116. CHESTNUT OAK. ROCK OAK. Quercus Prhms L. I-ig. 198. Fruiting branchlet with an assortment of leaves and acorns, i ; branchlet in winter, 199- Trunk of tree near Albany, N. Y. Handbook of Trep:s of the Noktjikkn States and Canada. 177 The Chestnut Oak ii-^ii,illy nttnins a height of from ()() to 70 ft., Iml in forests wliore foiiditions ;uc csiu'cially favoralilo somctiines '(Id ft., with trunk :! or 4 ft in dianioter vested in :i dark firm l)roadly ridj,'cd l)ark. A tree of tliis spccios of excejjtional tliickiiess of trunk, as well as being famous from historic association, is the " Washington Oak," located on the east bank of the Hudson River near Fishkill. It is 7 ft. in diameter and the esti- mated age of the tree, based upon the known age of a fallen companion, is eight or ten centuries. 1 The Cliestnut Oak inhabits well drained slopes, uplands anil rocky ridges in company with the Sliag-bark and Pig-nut Hickories, various Oaks, the Tulip-tree, etc. A cubic foot of its absolutely dry wood weighs 46.73 lbs., and is used for the same purposes as that of the White Oak.2 Its bark is used for tanning leather. Leaves from ohlong-Ianceolatc to obovate, ob- tuse, acute or acuminate at apex, from obtuse to subeordate at base, coarsely crenate, with 10 to 10 pairs of straight primary veins, glabrous dark green above, paler and puberulous beneath. Flowers: staminate with 7-9 calyx lobes : pistillate with short dark red stigmas. Fruit single or in pairs with pedicels shorter than the petioles : nut ovoid-oblong, lustrous brown, from 1-1 1/^ in. long and about half immersed in the thin pubescent cup which is somewhat roughened outside by the thickened centers and free tips of its scales. 1. A. W., Ill, 07. CHINQUAPIN OAK. CHESTNUT OAK. YELLOW OAK. Querciis acuminata (Miclix.) HoiiLa.^ Fig. 200. Fruiting liranchlets and detached leaves and acorns, i and 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. ::oi. Trunk of tree near North Rush, N. Y. Handbook of Trkics ok the Northern Statks and Canada. 170 Tlio rhinqnnpin T'ak is nn abiindaiit trop west of the Allegheny .Mountains, and in the luxuriant forests of the Wabash Kiver \alley of southern Indiana and Illinois has hi'cn known to attain the e\.c|)t ional height of Hit) n.. with -Iraight ((duMinar trunk I?-.') ft. i!i thickness above the wide buttressed base, but it is generally a niueli smaller tree and in the eastern part of its range uneotunion and local in its distribution. When growing apart from other trees it develoits an oblong or rounded top of many branches, and its trunk is vested in a pale gray scaly-ridged bark. Its leaves very much resemble those of the Chestnut and in autumn turn to various tints of orange and red. The wood is heavy, a cubic foot when thor- oughly dry weighing 53.63 lbs., strong and hard and is extensively used in cooperage, the construction of agricultural iiiijilenients, furni- ture, etc.. and for posts and railway ties.-' Lrarrs lanceolato-ohlons;, to obovate. 4-8 in. long, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, acute or acuminate at apex, erpially and coarsely serrate, with glandnlar-mucronate teeth, darlc green above, whitish pubescent beneath, the straight prominent veins terminating in the teeth : petioles slender. Flotrers: staminate aments pilose. 3-4 in. long, with yellow 5-6-lobed calyx ; stigmas short, red. Fruit sessile or short-pedunclate with lustroiis brown short ovoid acorn Vj-% in. long and half invested by the hoary-tomentose hemispheric cup covered with small appressed scales : seed some- times edible. A division of this species has recently been suggested, and the name Q. Alexander! Britt ap- plied to covf-r trees with leaves broader above the middle and acnins with rather shallow cnps. l>ut. inasmuch ns both forms of leav(>s and acorns are often found on the same tree, the proposed new species would hardly seem to be valid. 1. Syn. Q. Miililrnbcrf/ii Engelm. 2. A. \V., Ill, ()S. LIVE OAK. Quercus Yirginiana Mill.^ FitT 202. Fruiting branchlets with an assortment of leaves and acorns. 203. Trunk of tree and portion of a gigantic grape-vine killed by Arhich became involved in a crotch of the oak. 204. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. constriction of its base, Handbook of Trees of the iSToRTiiEKisr States and Canada. IS] The T.ivo 0:il< i-; (he ninst majestic and im- pressive Uak (.1 thr Athiiilic slates. Its heij^ht, rarely www than M m (U) f(.. is nut as re- markable as its great spread of brandies. Rs massive trunk is sometimes or S ft. in diame ter and usually divides near tlie L'ldund inli) a few ,;^real In anelie-.. wbieli -oiiielimes reaeii uut iH.ri/ontally finm .Id in 7.") ft. — a -rcald distance tlian timsc of any other American tree. \'isitors to tliecoist rc-imis of t lie Soul li- ern States are always ini|.ressi.d with theinate hoar.v- tomentose cup wiib small aitpressed scales; seed sweet. 1. Syn. Querciis virens .Vit. 2. A. W., V, 117. WHITE ELM. WATER ELM. Ulmus Americana L. Fi-. 205. Branchlet with mature fruit and young leaves, surrounded with mature leaves gathered later, i ; branchlet in winter bearing three leaf-buds above and four flower-buds below, enlarged, 2. 206. Trunk of tree. Lowville, N. Y. 207. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 1S3 The Wliite Elm is one of the largest trees of the Atlantii- States, freciueiitly attaining the height of 100 or 125 ft. witli a trunk G to 10 ft. in diameter. These large trunks are widely buttressed at base and in the forest usually columnar and undivided to the height of 30-00 ft. or more. Its beautiful form when growing in the open field is a familiar and beloved feature of almost every landscape of New England and the Northern States. These trees usually divide within 20 or .SO ft. from the ground into few large branches, which rise u|)war(l. ramify and curve gracefully outward, forming a broad rounded or Hat top with more or less drooping branchlets. The trunk and large limbs are often fringed to tlie ground with short contorted branches. It inhabits naturally moist bottom-lands and the borders of streams. The wood when absolutely dry weighs 40.56 pounds per cubic foot, is strong, tough and difficult to split, and is a favorite timl)er for wagon making, particularly tlie hubs of wheels. and for saddle-trees, tool-handles, etc.i LravcH oval to oblong-obovate. rounded or honrt- phaped on one .side at Ijase and short or wcd','i'- shai)ed ou the other, abruptly acuminate at api'x. doubly serrate, dark green and smooth or ncai-lv so above, paler beneath. Flowers . before th'c leaves, in fascicles, with slender drooping .iointed pedicels ; calyx with 7-0 short rounded lobes ; ovary and styles light green. Fruit, ripening as the leaves unfold, an oval-obovate samara short stipitate, glabrous with ciliate margins. - 1. A. w., II, ;{:i. 2. For genus see p. V.Vi. Wi^^ h ^-^.'r^ li'^^^ JZ^P^k^ Vi^^^ y^^-/f^f^ pQ;;^'ALi^^''»<>'A I""** kT^r o ''■^' °^ /Ck^v B^^ ^M \S&4 & ^y W^iv'^ •"■c^jp XVV ^'^'n / 5>*~>:y v\ --» i\\ \ M \J {,-\^, CORK ELM. ROCK ELM. Uhiuis Thoiiuisi Sai-o'.i Fig. 208. Branchlet with mature fruit and leaves nearly full grown, surrounded with mature leaves gathered later, i ; branchlet in winter enlarged to show minute characters, 2. 209. Trunk of tree, in Martinsburg, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the jSToKriiKRN States and C; 185 The Cork Elm attains the lioii^^lit of SO-100 ft., with trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diaiix'tcr, ami in forests has a straii^lit coluiniiar trunk sonic- times free from hramiics to tiic iu'i<,'lit of CO or 70 ft. When growing outside of tiic forest its habit of growtli is generally quite different from that of tlie ^Yhitc Kim, as it develops a ratlicr narrow oblong top \\ith strongly droop ing lateral and lower branches and corky- winged branclilots, as shown in our trunk ])ic- ture. It is a tree inhabiting uplands, rocky ridges and slopes, in company with the Sugar Maple, Hop Hornbeam, Butternut, Basswood, White Ash, Beech, etc.. but is much less abundant and general in its distribution than the W^hite Elm. Its wood is heavy, a cubic foot weighing when absolutely dry 45.25 lbs., and is especially sought where great strength, toughness and flexibility are required, as in the manufacture of heavy agricultural implements, the handles of tools, etc.2 Lcfirrs obovate-oltlonT. narrow and obtuse to subcoi-date and somewhat ineciuilateral at base, doubly serrate, with usually incurved teeth, smooth lustrous dark .sreen above, pale pubescent beneath : petioles and branchlets pubescent : buds taper-pointed with puberulous oiliate scales. Flotrcis in racemes with slender tiliform jointed pedicels ; calyx 7-8-lobed ; anthers purple. Fruit ripening when the leaves are about half grown, samaras obovate-oblong, pale, obscurely nerved, pubescent and ciliate. 1. Ulmtis racemosa Thomas. 2. A. W., II, 34. WINGED ELM. ['hints alata :\Iiclix. Tm,, 210 Section of corky branch with branchlets bearing mature fruit, i (Observe the leaf- h^ds Le sLrc "as ye swollen) ; branchlet with mature leaves. .; branchlet in winter showing 'eaf-buds andTncipient corky flanges, 3 : do, bearing leaf-buds above and flower-buds below, 4. 211. Trunk of tree near Kennett, Mo. Handbook of Trees of the Xorthekx States and Canada. 187 Coinparpd witli the liriir cliiis nf tlie North- ern States, tho \\'iri,-,'e(l Kliii is a tree of medium size. It rarely attains a j^rcatcr lu'i^'ht than 50 or (iO ft. or ^ival.T tliicknc-s of tniir,< tliaii 2 ft., and wlicii isolated foi lus a >yin- metrical ol)loii,- or ohovoid top. it iiihal)its well drained upland- and th.' borders ,^f swamps and streams, hein.u ni(i>t aliundant ia tiie regions west of tiie Missi-si|)pi i;i\er in t'onipany with tlu' llaeklierries. Honey 1 luu-t. Willuw-leaf and Sliin-le Oaks. I'riekly A-li, ete. It dill'ers materially from our northern, iln-.s in the size of its small leaves, and a |ieru liar feature is the wide winp;]i! obovate lobes. Fruit ripening usually before the unfolding of the leaves, samara from V-i-Vn in. in length, long-stipitate, wbite- hair.v especially on tbe thickened margin ; wings narrow and with protruded points incurved at apex. I. A. W., XII, 289. SLIPPERY ELM. RED ELM. Uhnus pabcscens Wall.-" Fig. 212. Branchlet with mature fruit, young leaves and stipules, surrounded with mature leaves gathered later, i ; branchlet in winter, with leaf and flower-buds, enlarged. 213. Trunk of tree in Genesee valley, N. Y. Handbook of Ti^ees of the Nortiiekn States and Canada. 189 The Slipi or 70 ft. \vi nuirc tlinii l latcil the ti feet cif tlie wliic'li hnni Klin at til ins the lieight of 60 straight columnar trunk rarely r o ft. in (iiainctcr. \\lien iso- k divides usually within a few round into a few lar";e limbs ich am luciadtoppc'd head, si Wiiite Khu. Its lar-re levcdop into a graceful similar to that of the riier rugose leaves are features wliieli It thrives hest ii lands and along th readily tlu' ri hmks distinguish it. •h soil of bottom- of streams. Here it is usually associated witii tiie Burr and Swamp White Oaks, Bhuk. Silver, and Red Maples, Hackberry, etc.. but it is also found, though in smaller stature, on rocky ridges and slopes. Its fragrant mucilaginous inner bark is used in medicine and is also some- what nutricious, a fact which occasionally leads to the destriiction by boys, who sometimes literally skin it alive wlien once its identity is discovered. A cubic foot of the absolutely dry wood weighs 43.35 lbs. It is tough and strong and especially valued for the ribs of small boats and in the manufacture of agricultural imple- ments, for railway ties, etc. 2 Lravrs obovate-oblong, from obtuse to subcord- ate and inequilateral at ba«p. aliruptly acuminate at apex, doubly serrate, thick, tirm, rugose, dark green and very rough above, pale tomentose bo- neath. especially in the axils of the veins ; buds obtuse or rounded, densely rusty tomentose. Flowers in crowded spreading fascicles with sliort pedicels; calyx 7-0-Iobed ; stigmas reddish purple. Fruit ripening when tlie leaves are about liali grown, suborbicular, iA--y, in. long with tomentose cell and broad thiu glabrous wings. I. Ulmns fulva Michx. •2. A. W., I, 11. PLANER-TREE. WATER ELM. Planera aqimiica (Walt.) Gmel. Fig. 214. Branchlets with mature leaves in summer, i ; fruiting branchlet in spring with mature fruit and young leaves, 2; fruit with epicarp opened to display seed, 3; isolated seeds, 4; branchlet in winter, 5. 215. Trunk of tree in Red River valley, Ark. 216. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. ANDKOO K OF Trees of the Xoutiikkx States and Canada 101 The Planer-tree rarely attains a greater height than 30 or 40 ft. or thicker trunk than 18 or 20 in. It is distinctly a water-loving species, being confined in its habitation to de- pressions in bottom-lands and deep swamps which are inundated during a considerable portion of the year. In these localities, too wet for nearly all other trees, it holds undis- puted sway and presents a singular appear- ance, with its broad tops of irregular, contorted branches. As if by common agreement they seem determined to maintain this low habit of growth, even though it requires them to en- dure the shade of the taller trees about them which are constantly vieing with each other in reaching up to the light. The light soft wood, of which a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 32.99 lbs., is of little or no commercial value.i Leaves 1-3 in. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse or rounded and more or less inequilateral at base, coarsely crenate-serrate, subcoriaceous, dull dark green and roughish above, duller and with con- spicuous veins beneath, and with slender puber- ulous petioles. Flowers in early spring with or before the leaves ; calyx greenish, campanulatf. 4-.'>-cleft : the staminate in fascicles from the axils of the outer scales of the bud on twigs of tho previous season, short pedicelate ; anthers emargi- nate ; the pistillate are perfect flowers. l-S to- gether, with longer pedicels from the axils of the leaves of the year ; ovary stipitate, slightly com- pressed : styles two, reflexed, papilose and stig- matic on inner faces. Fruit ripening in April, and oblong oblique coriaceous droupe, V;i in. long, with short stipe, subtended by the calyx and tipped with the remnants of the style, ridged, and covered with fleshy processes ; seed compressed ovoid with straight embryo, unequal thick coty- ledons, no albumen. = A. W., V. 114. For genus see ] \"\ ^- v.s.f/ ^^M-^.A^\ ■ iqvvA 'ill. ■^^. °"'Vjt.^^ J^s j MO. yr s — ^^■-'^Zp ■\~*< -1^ "^•\ / (mis^Waj ga. y I v\ \U ^yn '^^^t^A . N ./ y> ^ Jf vu / ^ ^-\- HACKBERRY. SUGARBERRY. Celtis occidentalis L.^ f^'ig- -217. Branchlet with leaves and mature fruit, i; fruit detached, 2; fruit in section, 3 isolated pits, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5 218. Trunk of tree in Meramac River valley. Mo. 219. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Northekn States and Canada. 193 The Haokborry in the forests of the rich bottom-lands of me Ohio River basin some- times exceeds 100 ft in heij^ht and its trunk is sometimes 4 or 5 feet in diameter, but when in dryer soil of regions more unfavorable to its growth it is a much smaller tree. Wlion isolated it develops an ovoid or oblong top of many small branches and line branehlcts. it is abundant in the Mississippi basin, but in the northeastern states and Canada so uncom- mon or local in its distribution as not to be generally known by the country people wlien it is observed, and strange names are often given to it. Two large trees having considera- ble local celebrity as " Unknown Trees " ( one near Palatine Bridge and the other near Schuy- lerville, N. Y. ) I have found upon examina- tion to be of this species, anu my father has told me of having had several similar ex- periences. The leaves of the trees of this species in the Black River valley of northern New York commonly show an interesting variegation in mid-summer and becoming more marked as the season advances. This I am informed by Dr. B. T. Galloway is due to a parasitic fungus, known as the PhyUosticia Celtidis E. & K. The wood is rather heavy, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 45.40 lbs. and is used in the manufacture of furniture and agricul- tural implements, for fuel, fences, etc. 2 Lmf-s inequilateral, ovate, more or less falcate, rounded or cordate or taperinfr and oblique at base, coarsely serrate, thin, prominently reticulate, light srreen and smooth or rou.srhish above, paler and glabrous or nearly so beneath. floirns as described for the genus. Fruit subKlobose or ob- long, about 14 in. long, with thick dark purple skin, yellowish flesh and smooth pit.' Var. puniUa Gray, is a shrubby form of the Southern states, through Missouri and westward, with small and more rugose leaves. 1. Including C. crassifolia Lam. and V. caniiia Uaf. Some botanists consider these distinct, but tenable directive characters do not seem to exist. 2. A. W., I, 12. 3. For genus see pp. 4:!2-4.".:!. MISSISSIPPI HACKBERRY. SUGARBERRY. Celtis Mississipplensis Bosc. Fig. 220. Branchlets with leaves and mature fruit from vigorous shoots, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 421. .Trunk of tree with leaves at base. Red River valley, Ark detached fruits, 2 ; isolated pits, 3 ; leaves Handbook ok Tk'kks of the Xortiikra' Statks AX I) C. 195 This tree attains the heif,'ht of (iO or SO ft. and in thickness of trunk 2 or 15 ft. It de- velops an open oblong lu-nil with more or Ic-^s drooping lateral and lower branches, antl is always of interest to one seeiii<,' it for the first time on account of its sinj^ular li bottom-lands of those regions and tlu' Gulf states. That its ornamental value is being justly appreciated is shown by the fact that it is being planted in the streets and parks of many of the southern cities and villages. The wood is rather heavy, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 49.57 lbs., and is not distinguished in commerce or uses from that of the C. occidentalisA Ijcarrs ovate to oblong-lanceolate, inequilateral and often falcate, S-nerved. from wedge-shaped to rounded and very oblique at base, long taper- pointed, entire or with remote low sharp teeth, Bmooth dark green above, paler beneath. Floiccrs as described for the genus. Fruit small orange brown drupes, Vh to % in. long, with tbiii flesh and reticulated pit. Var. rrliciilata (Torr.) Sarg. is the Palo Blanco of the Southwest, but not found within the area covered by this work. 1. A. W., XI, 265. WHITE MULBERRY. Morns alba L. Fie. 222. Branch with mature leaves and fruit, i ; an assortment of leaves, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 223. Trunk of tree on Staten Island, N. Y. 224. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Nortiierx States assd Canada. 197 The White Mulberry, in that its leaves fur- nish the most valuable food known for the Silk-worm, has the distinction of being the tree about wliieli more has been written than any otlicr tree. Ipon its existence, too, de- pend the ciiipluyiiicMt (if va-tly mure pi'oph- and capital than any otlicr tree, and no otlicr tree has been so cxlcn-ivcly cvdtivatcd. It grows naturally in northern China and Japan, but has been carried into all countries where climatic conditions are favorable. As early as in the seventeenth century it was brought to America and until the outbreak of the Re- volutionary War its propagation was en- couraged by the British government, as a basis for the establishment of silk production in this country. Many thousands of trees were planted and great preparations made, but the value of labor here has always made it impossible to compete with the Old World in silk production and the fortunes spent in early days were lost. but the White ^Mulberry tree remains as a last- ing monument to the departed hopes. The Wood of the White Mulberry is of sec- ondary importance, but is hard and durable and used to some extent for furniture, boat- building, etc.i Its fruit is edible and from that of a variety growing in Turkestan it is said a Hour is made. Jjcnvis mostly ovate. .1-7 in. long, serrate, and on visoroiis slioots often with from l-.T wide lobes, cordate or tiuncati' at base, mostly acute at apex, thin, shininu; dark green above, duller beneath. Fniit maturing in .Tune or .July, %-!% in. long, sweet and succulent, usually 'white or pinkish tinted. Several varieties have originated in culti- vation, cue with nearly black fruit.- X. A. w., xii, •^i)^). 2. For genus see p. 433. RED MULBERRY. Morus rubra L. Fig. 22S. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, i ; an assortment of leaves, 2 ■ branchlet in winter, 3. ' 226. Trunk of tree in Genesee valley near Scotts Hill, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 199 Tlie Rod Mulberry wlicu growing' in the ft)i- est attains i.he height of from tlO to 80 ft. an>l ii; sometimes 3 or 4 ft in diameter of trunk. When growing apart from the influence of other trees it develops a compact, broad, rounded top of many small branches, and the siiort trunks of these isolated trees are some- times tliicker tlian tlie measurements above noted, it is a hamlsomc tree with large dis- tinct leaves, on account of whicli it casts a dense sliadc, and is well worthy of being planted as an ornamental shade tree. It in- habits rich bottom-lands and low liillsides which it enlivens in autumn with its bright palc-ycllow atituninal garb. Its sweet juicy fruit, very much resembling a blackberry in ai)])carance, is esteemed as one of our choice n;itivf fruit-, and some natural varieties, dis- tinguished on account of the abundance or si;:e of fruit, are being propagated by horticul- turists. The fruit is eagerly devored liy birds and other denizens of the forest and on the farm by poultry, etc. The wood is rather heavy, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 45.41 lbs., moderately soft and very durable and is used in cooper- age and boat building, for fences, etc.i fjcarcs mostly orbicular-ovate, some ."? ."(-lobed or with single lobe on one side, from rounded to cordate at base, abruptly acuminate at apex, ser- rate, dark green and ronsliish above, pale puhes- cent and prominently reticulated l)eneath. The primary veins arcuate and united near the mar- gins : stipules lanceolate, pale or reddish green. Flowers: staminate spikes drooping, with stout pubescent peduncles : stamens with flattened fila- ments tapering from base to anther: pistillate spike smaller and with shorter peduncles. Fruit purplish black when fully ripe, oblong, averaging about one inch in length, juicy and delicious. 1. .\. \v.. Ill, u.:. ::. For j;eiu;s s.^e i.. 4:;:'.- PAPER MULBERRY. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. Fig. 227. Portions of branches showing mature fruit, i ; leafy branchlet, 2 ; branchlets in winter, 228. Base of an old gnarled trunk at Suffolk, Va. 229. Trunk of a younger tree with leaves at base, near New York. 230. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Treles of the North kkn States Tlie Paper Mulberry is an introduced tree from eastern Asia and the neighboring ishuids. Introduced into this country for oniainciital purposes it has escaped and become naturalized in many localities in the Atlantic states from New York to Florida and as far west as Mis- souri. It does not often attain a greater heiglit than 40 or 50 ft. but develops a wide- spreading rounded top of ample vigorous foli- age and short trunk 3 or 4 ft. in thickness. The bark of young trunks is quite smooth and handsomely reticulated with pale yellow lines. Old trunks commonly become singularly gnarled and convoluted. The tree is called Paper Mulberry from the fact that paper of very good quality is made in China and Japan from its inner bark. The tapa-eloth which is used extensively by the South Pacific Islanders is also a product of this tree, being made from the inner bark by maceration and pounding to remove the non-fibrous portion. The wood is rather soft, light, coarse-grained and easily worked, but of no commercial im- portance in this country. 1 Leaves usually ovate. .3-8 in. long, not lobed and also (especially on young plants i variously o-5- lobed Of with single lobe on one side all forms commonly on the same tree, cordate or rounded at base, acuminate, serrate-dentate, rough above, velvety tomentose l)eneath, long "petiolatc Floireis in middle spring, staminate anicnts pedunoled. Fruit heads % in. across, with nd exserted fleshy perianth. - 1. A. W., XI, 266. 2. For genus see p. 4:!8. AND C 201 OSAGE ORANGE. Toxylon -pomiferum Eaf. Fig. 231. Branchlet bearing leaves and mature fruit, i; fruit in section, 2; isolated seeds, 3; section of branch with old branchlet. 4 ; a terminal branchlet of first season's growth, 5. 232. Trunk of tree with spray of leaves and fruit at base. Staten Island, N. Y. 233- Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Thkes of the x^ortheen States and Canada. 203 Tlie Osage Orange attains the height of 50 or GO ft. wlien growing in the forest. When growing ajjurt from otluT trcfs it lias a short tliick trunk from 18 in. to S ft. in dianiclcr, and then divides into a few large limlis wliicli send ont nniny eoninionly cnrved branches and form a symmetiical rouniicd or dome-shapeii top, with lower branehes drooping nearly to the gronnd. The bark of trnnk is deeply fnr- rowed and of an orange brown eolor, and the stiff branches are beset with many short thick axillary spur-like spines. Its lustrous leaves and good habit of growth make it a desirable tree for ornamental purposes, for which use, however, the pistillate trees are preferable, as their beauty is greatly enhanced in summer by their large conspicuous orange-like fruit. The Osage Orange is excellently adapted to use in hedges and is extensively planted for that purpose. Through this agency it has be- come widely naturalized, over a considerable portion of the United States, though inhabit- ing naturally only the limited area shown on our map. The wood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 48.21 pounds, very strong and durable, and is valued for railway ties. fence posts, the hubs of wheels, etc. Formerly it was a favorite wood witli the Indians, of the region in which it grows, for their liows. and from this fact it is commonly called in those regions " Bowvond " or, by the French in- habitants, " Bois d'Aic." - For botanical characters see description of the genus, this being the only species. 3 1. Sj-n. Madura aurantiaca Nutt. 2. A. W., XII, 291. 3. For pcnus see p. 4.34. /T- C.OLO. ; ^7v^"V^O x /Lv'~'*> '" -\' -.J^ANS j MO. -s / 1 ^ t ir- ^^^ ^v] MI5s|yALA\ GA. "^y/ / vx , - v\vei ^r-H^ ■^ V x) «ci CUCUMBER TREE. MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA. Magnolia acuminata L. Fig. 234. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; isolated seeds, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 235. Trunk of tree, in northern Virgina. 236. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. IIanurook of Trees of the Nortjiehn States and Canada 205 This tree, tlie northernmost and one of the largest representatives of the genus in America, attains in the forest the height of 80 or 90 ft. with straight columnar trunk li or 4 ft. in diameter, vested in a grayisli brown scaly-ridged bark. When isolated it develops a wide rouniled pyramidal top and is always a tree of marked appearance on account of its large handsome leaves. It inhabits mountain slopes and the gravelly banks of streams, rarely if ever forming pure tracts of forest, but in company with various Oaks and Hick- ories, the Tulip Tree, Sweet Birch, Sugar Maple, White Ash, etc. The hardiest of the Magnolias, it is exten- sively planted as an ornamental shade tree, for which it is peculiarly appropriate, owing to its good habit of growth and the abundance of its ample leaves, which cast a dense siiade and in autumn assume a pale yellow color. Its wood is light, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 29.23 pounds, soft, easily worked and durable. It is very similar to the White-wood in properties and applicable to the same uses. It is also valued for pump logs, troughs, etc., on account of its great durability. i LraiK'S deciduous, scattered on the hianclilets, 7-10 in. long, oblong or oval, rounded or slightly cordate at base, acute or acuminate at apox. thin, glabrous, dark green above, paler and more or ipss pubescent beneath. Flowers oblong boll- shaped, more or less inclosed, pale yellowish green, glaucous, tbe membraneous sepals 1-1 Vj in. long, and the thick obovate concave petals 'J '2 i.^ in. long, the three of tbe outpr row narrower than those of the inner. Fruit oblong, usually curved, glabrous, dark red.= Var. cnrdala Sarg. is a form with broader loaves and moro heart shapod at base and sihmIUt yellow flowers, is found in cultivation and approximated by wild flowers in South Carolina and Alabama. 1. A. W., I, 1. 2. For genus see p. 434. LARGE-LEAF MAGNOLIA. Magolia macropliyllcL. Michx. Fig. 23,7. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; detached fruits showing escaping seeds, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 238. Trunk of tree with foliage of young shoots in background. Alleghany Mountains, Tenn. Handbook of Trees of the JSTortjiehn States and Can. 207 This sinjriilar and very intercstinfr tree raifly altiiiiis a gioator lici^lit Hum ^0-50 ft., or its trunk a greater thickness tlian 18 in. to 2 ft., with few larjfe branches furniinj^ a wide-topped head. Xu tree in tlie American forests equals it in the yicat sizo of leaves and (lowers, or sur|)asses it in ornamental value. It inhabits the rich soil of sheltered valleys and .slopes of the Alle. Lcarcs deciduous, 20-30 in. long, ol)ovate or oblong, narrowed and cordate at base, acute or ronnded at ape.x, bright green and glabrous above, white-pubescent beneath. FInirrrx opon bell- shnped. white with pni-ple spot at base, fragrant. Fruit siibglobose, piil)es(('nt. UMBRELLA TREE. Magnolia tripetata L.^ Fig. 239. Branchlet with mature leaves and fnn> t • 1 . , ^ r • ^40. Tn,„t 0, , ,„„,p„n,ed „e. wiih leaves of vi,„r„„, sh„„„. Ne„ y„t Ci.y. Handbook of Trees of the Nortiiekx States and Canada. 209 This Magnolia is a tree of medium size, at- taining sonu'tinios a licight of 30 or 40 ft. with straight or soinetiiucs inclined trunk rarely more than IS in. in dianiftcr. It sends out a few large and often contorted branches mak- ing a rather irregular open head, and often .sends up several stems clustered about the main trunk. It grows in rich deep soil along tlie mountain streams and sheltered intervales, ami is uncommon and local in its distribution. It never forms tracts of exclusive forests, but is foiuid scattered among Chestnut Oaks, Lar<:e-leaf and otlier .Magnolias, Rhododen- drons, tlie Yellow Buckeye, and other trees which clothe the slopes of the Alleghany Moun- tains. It is vigorous and quite hardy as far north as central New York and is largely planted as an ornamental shade tree, for which use it is peculiarly appropriate. It takes its common name from the resemblance to an umbrelli found in its radiating clusters of leaves at t'l^ extremities of its branchlets. Its wood is light and soft, a cubic foot when perfectly dry weighing 27. 9G lbs. Leaves clustered at the ends of the branchlets. deciduous. ol)ovate-oblonsr. cuneate at base, acutp at apex and at maturity glabrous above, paler beneath. I-loircrx white ill-scented, cnn-shaped. 4-."i in. deep ; sepals lia:ht green : petals 6-0 white, concave, those of the outer row lai'gest: tila- Dients light purple. Fruit 21/2-4 in. long, ovoid- oblong, glabrous, light red. 1. MnnnuUa ViiihrrUn Laiu. FRASER MAGNOLIA. LONG-LEAF OR EAR-LEAF CUCUMBER-TREE. Magnolia Fraseri Walt. Fig. 241. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit with escaping seeds, i ; fruit after the escape of seeds, 2 ; branchlet in winter showing leaf-buds only, 3 ; do, with terminal flower-bud, 4. 242. Trunk of tree in Mo. Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. Handbook of Tkkks of the Nobtiiekn States and Canada. 211 The Fraser Magnolia is never a very large tree. It attains the lici-lit of from 30 to 40 ft., and its trunk, often crooked anil leaning, is rarely more than 12 or 18 in, in diameter, vested in a gray-brown smootliish bark. With few large branches it forms a wide-topped often iiTegular licad. and frt'(|iii'ntly sends up two or more trunks from a single base. It is quite an abundant tree on the southern slopes of the Alleghanies at an altitude of from 2000 to 3000 ft. where it may be found leaning over the turbulant mountain streams in company witii tlie Sorrel-trce, Rhododen- drons, Witch Hazel, Silver-bell Tree, Black Birch, Yellow Buckeye, etc. It ranges north- ward among the mountains into \ irginia, where, however, it is far less abundant. Not as hardy as most of the other IVIagnolias, it is not as extensively planted for ornamental purposes, excepting in the Southern and Mid- dle States where it is planted as a valuable ornamental tree. Its wood is light, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 31.18 lbs., soft and easily worked, 1 Leaves deciduous, clustered at the ends of the branchlets, obovate-spatulate, aurlculate at !)as(>. acute or obtuse at apex, glabrous dark green above, paler beneath ; buds glabrous, purplish grpon. Flnu-rr.f white, frasrant, 8-10 In, across ; sopals early dociduous : petals G-9, spreading, obovato-spatulato, l(ini;<'r than the sepals and those of the oviter rank larger and In-oader than those of the inner. Fruit oblong, glabrous, 3-4 in, long, the carpels with long curved beaks ; seed com- 1, A. W., XI, 251. SWEET BAY. Magnolia glauca L. Fif 243. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, one closed and one with escaping seeds, ij fruit showing empty follicles and scattered seeds near by, 2 : leafy branchlet showing flower-bud for the next season, 3 ; branchlets in winter, 4. 244. Trunk of a tree with leaves at base. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 213 This favorite tree in the forests of the south Atlantic and i.ull elates attains tlie lu-ight of ^iU ur 70 ft., with trunk 2-3 ft. in dianiL'ter covered with a brownisli gray bark, wliicli may be universally smooth or beset with scattered boss-like excrescences. When growing apart from other trees its habit is to form an oblong or rounded shapely top. It grows in the low- moist soil of swamps and about the borders of Pine-barren ponds, associated with the Lob lolly and Red Bays, Wild Olive, Evergreen Alagnolia, Holly, Yaupon, Red Maple, etc. Farther northward it is a much smaller tree, and, at the extreme northern limit of its range, only a shrub. Such is its deserved popularity for orna- mental planting that its handsome party-colored leaves are familiar objects in almost every American city park, where the climate will permit, and when it fills the air in early sum- mer witli tlie delicious fragrance of its pure white flowers it is sure to attract admiration from every visitor. The light soft wood, which when absolutely dry weighs 31.38 pounds to the cubic foot, is occasionally used in the manufacture of Avooden-ware, etc.i Lravrs scattered on the branchlets, oblong to oval. o-(i in. long, obtuse or acute at both ends, lustrous dark green above, whitish pubescent be- neath, thick, usually concave, and in the north deciduous in the autumn, but in the south per- sisting until spring. FJoirrrs ( Ma.v and June) creamy white, very fragrant, cup-shaped, about 2 in. across : sepals obtuse, spreading ; petals short, broad, concave. Fruit irregular oblong, dark red, glabrous, from lVi-2 in. long; seed about 14 in. long, compressed. 1. A. W.. III. .-,1. i J- \ OHIO n. ■^'' M^ ^ \"^ <*>-> w H \ TULIP TREE. WHITE-WOOD. YELLOW POPLAR. lAriodendron Tulipifcra L. Fig. 245. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, i ; cone disintegrating and detached samara, 2 ; cone in transverse and longitudinal section, 3 ; end of vigorous shoot, showing leaves and large stipules, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 246. Trunk of tree, Staten Island, N. Y. 247. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trkes of the Northern States and Canada. 21; The Tulip-tree is one of tlie very largest and of the most vahmble trees of the Atlantic States. In tin- valleys of the streams tribu- tary to the Ohio Kivcr and on tlie slopes of the Alleglianies individuals have been found to at- tain the heiglit of from 150 to 190 ft. with cohnunar trunks S or 10 ft. in diameter, and free from branches to a height of from 80 to 100 ft. — trunks unsurpassed in grandure of column by those of any eastern American tree. While such great trunks are exceptional still no eastern trees possess such uniformly straiglit clear trunks. It inhabits deep rich well drained soil but never forms exclusive forests. It is largely planted throughout the Eastern states as an ornamental shade tree and few trees equal it in value for tliis purpose. The young trees are of a pyramidal habit of growth but the older trees have an oblong head with rather short branches. They are handsome in summer with their clean-cut distinct leaves and tulip-like llowers, and in winter when their open cones are conspicuous on leafless branches and from which the twirling samarae are carried away by every gust of wind. The wood, of which a cubic foot weighs when drj- 2()..36 lbs., is one of our most valuable woods for interior finishing, cabinet making, wooden-ware, etc.2 f.cnrrs Klal)i'otis. shining dark green above, paler boneath. turnins; liriglit yellow in autumn. Flowirs tulip-like, lVj-2 in. deep. Fruit ripening in au- tumn but liberatinj; the samarae mostly after the leaves have fallen. ^ 1. A. \V., 1, ■^. 2. For genuB see p. 4;i."i. PAPAW. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. Fig. 248. Branchlels with mature leaves and fruit, one in section, i ; isolated seeds, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 249. Trunk of tree in Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. 250. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Caxada. 217 Only under iiiOr,t favorable conditions does the Papaw attain tlit- liei,i;lit of 30 or 40 ft. and is often only a lai','e shrub. Its trunk is rarely more than from 8-12 in. in diameter. thuuuli 1 have seen it measuring 18 in. It eom- nionly uruws in thickets occupying tlie grounii exclusively, and is sometimes scattered as an umlergruwtli in tiie forests of rich bottom- lands. Wlien isolated it develops a distinct pyramidal head. The bark of the trunk is of a dark brown color, thin and quite sniootli. or sparingly fissured on old trunks. The handsome foliage of the Papaw, its beautiful llowers in earl}^ spring, and its curi- ous fruit in autumn, strongly recommend it for ornamental planting. The fruit when very ripe is delicious and nutritious and sold in considerable quantities in local markets in regions where the trees abound. The light wood, of which a cubic foot weighs 24.73 lbs., is of handsome greenish and yellow tints when freshly cut. but is of no commercial importance. Tlie fibrous inner bark was for- merly used for iiiaking cord for fish nets.i L- iircK lanco-obovate, 8-l'2 in. Inng. cunoate at base, abruptly acuminate or acute at apex, glabrous light green above, paler beneath. Flowers ap pearing with the leaves, dark purple. IV^ in across, with rust.v toraentose peduncles ; sepals broad-ovate, densely dark-tomentose : petals at first small and green but finally purple when fully grown and 2 or 3 times as long as the sepals. nectiferous at base. Fmit cylindrieal-oblong. ob lique. 3-5 in. long, single or ilustcri'd 2 or :? together with common piMlmcli'. wiih smooth yellowish green rind, custjird like fragrant luscious flesh and oblong seeds aiiout 1 in. long.- 1. A. W., IV, 76. 2. For genus see p. 435. ^^ ^1 ^^^^ ^^1 ^" >.. , )i ■ - ■ •"■r*-! J»— Jtfs SWAMP BAY. Persea puhescens (Piirsh.) Sarg.^ Fig. 251. Branchlet bearing leaves and fruit not quite fully grown, i (The peduncles are usually somewhat longer at maturity) ; isolated seeds, 2 ; branchlet in autumn from which the leaves have been removed, 3. 252. Trunk of tree with leaves at base. Coast region of North Carolina. 253. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Treks of the Koir AM) ( 219 The Swamp Bay is a tree of medium size rarely more than 30 or 40 ft. in height or witli trunk more than 1 'l- ft. in thickness, witii straiglit branches and copious foliage. It is confined to the coast regions of tiic Gulf and Atlantic states but ranges nortlnvaid into Virginia, where 1 have seen it in the Dismal Swamp in company with the Hald Cypress, Red Maple, Tupelo and Water (iums. Water Ash, Over-cup and Laurel Oaks, etc. Further south it is more abundant occurring in pine- barren swamps, sometimes to the exclusion of nearly every other species. The wood is rather heavy, a cubic ft. when absolutely dry weigliing 39.86 lbs., soft and strong, and wlien found large enough applica- ble to the same uses as the Red Bay. 2 Leaves oval to lanceolate, about equally pointed at both ends, margin slightly revolute, tonientoso when they unfold but when mature lustrous dark green above, paler and pubescent beneath, rusty tomentoso on midrib and primary veins, veins stout. th*se and the new ty tm^^am!^^Floiccrs with growth generally rust.^ tomentose peduncles, from 1-."'. in. long when fully grown; calyx pale yellow with thick broad ovnfc pointed lobes, tomentose outside, pubescent insid >. and those of the outer spries about half as binv' as those of the inner. Fridt dark blue, finm Vi to % in. long, with thin aromatic flesh. ^ 1. Persea Carolineneia var. palustria Chapman. 2. A. W., V, 113. o. For genus see p. 435. RED BAY. Persea Borhonia (L.) Spreng.'^ Fig. -'54. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, fruit in section and isolated seeds. 255. Trunk of tree with leaves at base. Smiths Island, North Carolina coast. Handbook of Trees of the Nortiiekn States a.m. ('axada. -221 Tlio rtcd P.iv nui-cs fnmi r>f) ft., or loss, (o 7(1 f(. in lieii^'lit, witli stout erect l.nuu-lie-; i\u<\ fiiriiiiii;L,' a syiniiict lieal toj). Its trunk is iMiely luuie than .'1 oi- o'.j ft. in (linnictrr. ainl i- vo-teii in a uray-lirown scal\- ridueil li:irl<. It inlial.its li.-Ii moist «oil al,.n.- the hmder^ of streams ami swamjis w orca-ionally drier sandy soil, assoeiat iiii: witli the Live. Water and l.aurei Oak-, tlie Vaupun. Devil-wood, l.aurel Clierry. Culian Pine. (•((•. ThouLdi rarely seen in eultivalioii the Ped Bav is \v(dl worthy of heinir planted for orna- mental purjioses. as it is one of the most beau- tiful eversreen trees of llie American forP'^ts. witli it< hriijlit jireen leaves and rod-stemmed clusters of I)lue berries. A culiic foot of tlie absolutely dry wood \vei,i:lis 40.07 lbs. Tt is of medium hardness and strenjzth and of a r;>ddisli brown color with thin sap-wood, an 1 is useil in the manufacture of lumber f(n- interim- linisliim:-. furniture, etc.. and formerlv for boat buildin!.'.- , alioiit oiinall.v pointed rcvoliitp niarijins. pilose Uarrs olilon--lnnce^ /)^n.r' qvvA w il.. T" -^Jt&NS^ MC \>-v^^>^^ *^ i^p A ^ 1 ^ *> ■7 ..^^^i^SEk_>» ^"-^i^M WITCH-HAZEL llamamelis Virginiana L ^^®L'^j3te*-. . ^ ^^^^^^H|BHR|ffip Fig. 259. Branchlet bearing mature fruit and flowers, i ; empty capsules, two opening, capsules disclosing seeds, and scattered seeds, 2 ; branchlet bearing leaves and flowers, 3 ; isolated flowers, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 260. Trunk showing bark and lichens, Alleghany Mountains, N. C. 261. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. IIanouook of Ti;i:j;s of the Noktiikk-n States and Canada. 225 The Witch-Hazel is usually a large shrub throughout the greater part of its range, but on the slopes of tiie Alleghany Mountains be- comes a tree 30 to 40 ft. in height with spread- ing crooked branches and short scaly-barked trunk from 12-18 in. in diameter. The \\ itcii- Hazel is of special interest from the fact that it does not expand its llowers until autumn, often so late that its leaves have put on their autumnal tints or have even fallen to the ground, and the first snows of the winter sometimes find it bearing its singular golden and delicately fragrant flowers. In the au- tumn, too, is the time when it scatters its seeds resultiiiji; from the flowers of the pre- vious season, and this it does in a peculiar waj'. It actually discharges them from their mortar-like capsules with considerable force and accompanied with an audible report. This it does by a contraction of the horny lining of the capsules upon the smooth hard seed until it is discharged, quite as one can discharge a moist apple seed by pinching it between thumb and finger. The wood is rather heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 42.73 lbs., hard and very close-grained but is of no commercial im- portance.! An extract from the bark is ex- tensively used for allaying inflammation. Leaves oval to obovate, short-petiolate, rounded or subcordate and very unequal at base, from rounded to acute or acuminate at apex, undulato crenate. membraneaceous, smooth dark sreen above, lighter and pubescent on veins l)eneath Flouers nearly sessile ; petals bright yellow, de- ciduous ; calyx pubescent, persistent. Fruit cap- sules dull brown, opening ('lastica!Iy.= 1. .' XII. 2S1. 2. Fui- -i;;(; -i:;?. SWEET GUM. RED GUM. BILSTED. Liquidamhar Styracifiua L. Fig. 262. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; fruiting head with empty capsules and scattered spurious seeds, 2 ; branch showing corky growth, 3 ; fertile and spurious seeds enlarged about two diameters, 4 ; smooth and corky branchlets in winter, 5 and 6. 263. Large trunk, in southeastern Missouri. 264. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Thkes of the Nortiiekn States and Canada. 227 This large and beautiful tree in the southern forests attains the height of 100 to 140 ft. with straight columnar trunk 4 or 5 ft. in diameter. When isolated it develops a sym- metrical oblong-pyramidal top when young, but finally becoming broad and rounded. A pe- culiar feature, more marked in some trees than others, however, and often entirely wanting, is the growth of wing-like projections of the bark from its smaller branches. It thrives best in the rich soil of bottom-lands where it is associated with the Red and Black Maples, the Sour, Water and Tupelo Gums, the Laurel and W^ater Oaks, various Ashes, etc. Few trees of the American forests equal the Sweet Gum in ornamental value, owing to its grand habit of growth and its beautiful star-shaped leaves, of a rich green in summer and con- spicuous in autumn on account of their crimson and purple tints. The wood, a cu. ft. of which when absolutely dry weighs 36.82 lbs., is rather soft, with .straight close grain, and is used in the maiui facture of wooden-ware, paving-blocks, lumber for general construction, etc., and is sometimes marketed under the absurd names — Satin ^Valnut, California Red Gum, etc.i Leaven about orbicular in outlino. dpeply .5-7- palmatPly lobed with acute glandular-sprrate lobes and pointed sinuses, cordnte at base, lustrous bright sreen above and often pubescent in the axils of the leaves beneath, fra^irant when bruised, purple-erimson in autumn : petioles Ions; and slender. Plowcift: staminate raeemes erect, rufous tomentose. the lower IkmiIs sometimes stalked : pistillate heads lon'4 pednnclate. droop- injr. Fruit: head 1 1 Vi in. in diameter, liberatins: a few perfect and many abortive seeds in autumn and swinjrins empty upon the leafless branches during the following winter.^ 1. A. \V., Ill, GO 2. F SYCAMORE. BUTTONWOOD. BUTTON-BALL TREE. PlataniLS occidenialis L. Fig. 265. Cranchlet bearing mature leaves and fruit, i ; fruiting head separating, with scattered akenes and hairs, 2 ; branchlet from vigorous shoot showing stipules, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4 ; base of petiole showing cup-shape nature, 5. 266. Trunk of a large isolated tree, western New York. 267. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. 1Iani)I!ook of Tkkks of tiik Xoktiiekn States and Canada. 229 This stately tree is considered the largest deciduous tree of the North American forests. In the rich bottom-lands of tlie lower Ohio and the Mississijjj)! valleys it towers to the height of one hundred and fifty to one hundred and seventy-five ft. and its trunk is some- times ten or eleven ft. in diameter above its tapering base. The trunk commonly divides into two or tliree large secondary trunks, which raise its irregvilar or rounded head far above the tops of most of the neighboring trees; or it may have a single columnar trunk of great height but often curved or leaning. A striking feature is the white bark of its branches, and as its favorite abode is the banks of streams their winding courses may be traced from an eminence by the white branches of the Sycamores which line their banks. Quite as interesting as the bark of these whitewashed branches is that of the young trunks and the bases of large limbs, as it is pied of many colors, as shown in our picture, according to the varying length of time the scales of outer bark have been oif. ^^fie wood, of which a cubic foot weighs 30.40 lbs., is tough, strong, and very difficult to split, and is used in the manufacture of boxes, crates, butchers' blocks, etc.. and when cut quartering makes a handsome lumber for in- terior finishing, furniture, etc.i Lcavcfi wide-orbicular in outline, palmately .^-5- lobed, with mostly broad siiuiato-dcntato acuminate lobes and wide sinuses : stipules on vif^orous shunts 1 to IV2 in. long. FJoirns: pistillate peduncles usually bearina: one but snmctiuics two hi'ads. Fruit: heads from 1-1 14 in. in diameter, usually solitary on glabrous stem .'VG in. long ; akenes truncate or rounded at apex.- 1. .\. W., 1, 13. 2. For genus see p. 437. FRAGRANT CRAB. Pyrus coronaria L.^ Fig. 268. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; fruit in cross-section showing seeds, 2 branchlet in winter, 3. 269. Trunk showing bark of large tree, western New York. 270. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Treves of the J^ori- >:m This favorite tree attains tlie lioiorht of 25-30 ft., witli trunk rarely more tlian 12-14 in. in diameter, and when isolated develops a broad top with rigid branches bearing many short branchlets terminating in sharp spur-like leaf- less tips. It inhabits rich, moist, but well drained soil, often in forest glades among taller trees. The beauty of its light pink ilowers and their delicious fragrance, which is so marked as to actually perfume the surrounding atmosphere. are as noticeable as of the Narrow-leaf Crab. On account of these attractive features it is deservedly popular for ornamental planting in shrubberies and door-yards. Its attractiveness is not limited to the flowering season alone, for its fragrant fruit, pendent with long stems and persisting until autumn has tinted and removed many of its leaves, enhances its beauty. Its wood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 43.92 lbs., very close grain and useful in turnery for small articles of wooden-ware, tool-handles, etc. 2 The fruit is sometimes used for preserves and for making cider and vinegar. Leaves ovate to almost triangular, tnincato. subcordate or sometimes tapering at base, acuto or acuminate at apex, irregularly cut-serrate or sometimes lohed on sterile shoots, membranaceous, bright green above, paler and glabrous or sparingly pubpscent beneath : petioles slondor glabrous and with two glands near the middle FI(iir< rn very fragrant. lV.>-2 in. across in .")-•> flowi'icd umlu'ls with slender pedicels; calyx-tube tomcntose with taper-pointed lobes tomontose inside ; petals whito or pinkish : ovary hairy : styles united at baso. Fruit shortonod globose. 1-1 Vj in. in width, pale green, fragrant and with waxy surface. ^ 1. Syn. Mains coroniirin (L.) Mill. 2. A. w., IV, s:;. 3. For genus see pp. 4.^8-439. NARROW-LEAF CRAB Pyrus anaustifoUa Ait.' Fig. 271. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 272. Trunk of tree at Biltmore, N. C. ; branchlet in winter, 2. Handbook of Trees of the Noktiiekn States and Canada. 233 The NarrOw-leaf Crab is a small tree, occa fiionally attaining the height of 25 or 30 ft., with a trunk 8-10 in. in diiinictt-r. W'Ihmi isolated it develops a broad top with rii^'id branches armed with numerous short spur-like lateral branehlets. The bark of trunk is of a grayish brown color, rough, with narrow scaly ridges. It inhabits the banks of streams and rich well drained soil, often in the glades of forests of taller trees, when it can find sufficient light there, and in these regions its beautiful white and pink fragrant flowers are especially pleas- ing as one happens onto them. No tree of the American forest produces flowers of more de- licious fragrance. Should one visit the locality in late summer a very different yet quite as marked fragrance arrests his attention, per- haps when several yards from the tree. Now it is from its small pale yellow apples, much more pleasing to the sense of smell than of taste, for they are very acerb, though sometimes used for preserves and cider. The wood, of which a cubic foot when dry weighs 42.07 lbs., is hard and very close grained and suitable for the manufacture of tool-handles, etc. Leaves oblon?: to oblong-lanceolate, mostly taper- ing or rounded at base, acute or rounded and apiculate at apex, crenato-serrate, sometimes nearly entire, thiclvish, darl< green above, paler and glabrous beneath : petioles slender. FInirers about 1 in. across, very fragrant, with slendor pedicels in few-flowered cymes ; calyx lobes nar- row, tomontose inside ; p(>tals white or pink : ovary tomentose : styles distinct. Fruit flattened globose, about 1 in. in diameter, fragrant, yellow- green with waxy surface and very sour flavor. 1. Syn. Mains arujustifolia (Ait.) MIchx. PRAIRIE CRAB. Pyrus loensis (Wood.) Bailey.^ Fig. 272- Mature leaves and fruit ; leafless branchlet in late autumn. 274. Trunk of tree at Ames, Iowa. Handbook of Tkim X(.ir Sta' 235 The Prairie Crab is a small tree rarely if ever exceeding 2(1 or ;J() ft. in height or 12 to 18 in. in diameter of trunk. It develops a spreading or rounded top of many rigid tor- tuous branches beset with numerous short lat- eral thorn-like spurs. From the sides of tliese thorns Leaves and Howers appear, while the free tip is usually a very sharp rigid thorn. Like the other native apples its handsome flowers are characterized by a delicious fragrance, which makes the tree popular for planting in shrubberies and door-yards. In autumn its small yellow-green apples, with sur- face seemingly covered with wax or grease and of a strong cliaracteristic fragrance, give it an ornamental value at that season, and later after the leaves have fallen. The attractive appearance and odor of the fruit, how'ever, ends here, as in flavor it is too austere for most tastes to be edible, though the juice is sometimes used for making vinegar. The Bechtel Crab is a form recently intro- duced with large double rose-colored flowers. It is of signal merit for ornamental planting. The wood Ave have not examined, but it is said to be softer than that of the allied eastern species. Leaves ovate, oval or oblong, .3-4 in. Ions, broad-cunoate or rounded at liase. acute or roundtMl at apex, crenate-serrate and on vigorous shoots with short acute or rounded lobes, at maturity thick lustrous dark green above, tomentosi' be- neath; petioles stout, pubescent. Floirrrs I'j in. across, in small clusters with pedicels and calyx tomentose. Fruit mostly 1-1% in. in diameter, greenish yellow, fragrant, greasy and with stout stems mostly %-l in. long. 1. Mains lornsis (Wood.) Britt. SOULARD CRAB. Pi/rus Soulardi Bailey. Fig. 275. Mature leaves and fruit; leafless branchlet in late autumn. 276. Trunk of large tree, Ames, Iowa. lIA^M)HOOK OF TkKES OF THE NoRTIIEKISr StATES AND CaN. 2P/ The Soulard Crab is an interesting small tree resembling the coiiinion Apple-tree in habit of growth, witli bruad rounded top 18 to 2.") ft. ill ln'iiiht anil trunk 10-15 in. in diameter. Tiu' bark of trunk is of a gra3is]i brown color cov- ered with small ek)sely appressed scales, also rcsciubliiig tlio t)ark of the common Ajiple-tree. It is of local distribution, being found in loc.ili ties in the Mississippi River valley from .Miii nesota to Texas, and is considered by soiin' writers to be a natural hybrid between the l*rairie Crab [I\ lociisis) and tl.e Co-vnoi Apple (P. Mains), as it is found only in regions where both those trees abound and it presents characters intermediate between them. Its fruit is fairly edible, to one fond of tart apples, and is useful for culinary purposes. Its great hardiness commends it for culti- vation in the upper Mississippi valley where the climate is too rigorous for the more ten der varieties of apples, and there a few named varieties are grown. It is said to have been first introduced into cultivation by James S. Soulard of Galena, 111., after whom it has been named. Leaves largo olliptical-ovate to oval, rj-." in. long, mostly rounded or obtuse at both ends, irregularly crenate-serrate or slightly lobed, thick, rugose, glabrous above, tomentose beneath : pftioles stout, pubescent. Floirers in close wooly cymes. Fruit from 1 2i/i in. across, fiattisii lengthwise with shallow hasin, yellow or pink- cheeked and flesh sour hut edible. Syn. Mnliis Soiilardi (Bailey) Britt AMERICAN OR SMALL-FRUITED MOUNTAIN-ASH. Sorhus Americana Marsh. ^ Fig. 277- 27S. 279. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit ; branchlet in winter. Trunk, northern New York. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Noktiierx Si- ax d Canada. 239 The American Mountain-Ash is a slender tree rareiy more than 30 or 40 ft. in height or than 12 in. in diameter of trunk, and often reduced to a shrub. When away from the influence of other trees it develops a rather narrow rounded top of slender branches and stout branchlets. It is one of the most beautiful trees of our northern forests, as is attested by the fact that it is more abundantly than any other tree, excepting the following species, transplanted from the forests to the door yards of country homes for ornamental purposes, where its handsome foliage is a constant delight. The large bunches of small white flowers which terminate its branchlets in early summer add greatly to its beauty and offer abundant nectar to the searching bees. In aiitumn, when the flowers of summer are succeeded by its ample bunches of red berries, it is even a more beau- tiful object, and its fruit, long lingering after the leaves have fallen, offers to the departing robin and bluebird their last repast before leaving for their winter homes. The wood is soft, light, a cubic foot weigh- ing 33.97 lbs., and very close grained but of little economic value. Leaves 6-8 in. lonf?, with green or reddi.sh petioles, and 9-17 lanceolate taper-pointed leaflets, rounded or obtuse, entire and unequal at base, sharply serratP above, subsessile (excepting the terminal leaflet) glabrous, dark green above, pab^r beneath ; leaf-buds glabrous glutinous. Flnirrrs in May. %-i/4 in. across, in dense broad cymes, ."?-;■» in. across. Fruit subglobose, % in. in diameter.' 1. Syn. Pyrus Americana DC. ■2. For genus s..e p. 4:::». LARGE-FRUITED MOUNTAIN-ASH. Sorhiis scopulina Greene.-' Fig. 280. Branchlet with leaves and fruit; fruit in section anJ ^cntteed seeds: hranchlet in winter. 281. Trunk in western New York Handbook of Times OKTIIKRN States and Canada. 241 i"he Large-fruited Mountain-Ash is a hand- some tree, sometimes attaining the height of 30 ft. with trunk 12 in. in diameter and vested in a smooth lustrous silvery gray bark. When isolated from other tri'<'s it develops a sym- metrical ovoid or rounded lop. It is distinctly a boreal tree, hcinj,' at Ikimic ;iI(iiii; the boid<'rs of swamps and streams and by the spring's on mountain sides of the far north, where th'' beauty of its flowers and fruit are unsurpassed by those of any other tree of those regions. The tree has long been considered identical with a northern Asiatic species, the P. sambucifoliu C. & S, (Elder-leaf Mountain-Ash) and has been so named in the books generally upon American trees. Its distinctness from that species, however, has recently been pointed out and it has been given the name S. scopuUna. Though considered by some as a variety of .Sf. Americana its specific distinctness would seem to be clearljr indicated by its larger and earlier flowers in smaller clusters, its large fruit and broader, more obtuse leaflets and hairy winter buds. It is a particularly beauti- ful tree in autumn, when bearing among its blue-green foliage its nodding clusters of bright red fruit. The wood is light, a cubic foot wcigliing 36,94 lbs., soft and but little used. 2 Leaves usually 4-6 in. long with i-eddish-petioles, and 7-1.5 oblons-oval to ovate-lanceolate, sub- sessile leafiots, rounded or tapering, inequilateral and entire at hasp, sharply serrate above, mostly obtuse or acute at apex, pubescent at first but at maturity glabrous dark bluisli green above, paler and usually moie or less pubi'scont beneath ; leaf- buds hairy. Flrjircry in latter part of .Tune, Vi-% in. across, in pnhesccnt cymes 2-4 in. broad. Fruit subgloboso, bright red, from 14 -i^ in. in diameter. 1. Syn. Pjjriis saiitbucifolia Americana var. decora Sarg. 2. A. W., IV, S4. Sorhiis SERVICE-BERRY. SHAD-BUSH. SHAD-BLOW. JUNEBERRY. Amelanchier Canadensis (L.) Med.^ 282. Mature leaves and fruit : branchlets in late winter. 283. Trunk of medium-size tree, northern New York. 284. Wood structure showing pith-fleck, magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the NoktiierjST States and Canada. (43 Tlie Service licrry is usuully a snial) tree but occasionally iiuiivicluaj- are found 40 or 50 ft. in height with trunk from 18 in. to 2 ft. in diameter, and oblong or spreading rounded top with many small limbs and fine branchlets. It inhabits well drained slopes and uplands in company with the Quaking Asp, Hemlock, While ;uid Red Oaks, Sugar Maple, Hackberry, ell-., and in mid-spring, when its top becomes a veritalile cloud or white flowers, it is one of the most beautiful and conspicuous objects in the regions in which it dwells. It is the sea eon then when the shad come up the rivers from the sea to spawn, and hence the association of its flowers with the shad in its names of Shad-bush and Shad-blow. In June and July its ripened fruit is eagerly sought by the birds and should they spare us any it is found to be juicy and delicious. The wood of the Service-berry, of which a cubic foot weighs when absolutely dry 48.8.") lbs., is heavy, hard, very strong and close grained, valuable in turnery for the manufac- ture of tool handles and, under the name of " Lance-wood," is used in the manufacture of fish rods.i Learrs ovate to ovato-ol)lonR. 2i/2-4 in. lone:. mostly rounded or cordate at base, acute or acunii natp at apex, tinely serrate with long pointed teetli, reddisli and covered witli wliite liairs wlion they unfold, at maturity glahrous, dark sroon above, paler beneath, turnins; yellow in autumn : petioles slender. Floirrrx. wlien the leaves arc about 1-."? grown, in erect or nodding glabrous racemes, 21^-4 in. long, with slender pedicels bearing each two silky deciduous bracts : calyx villous inside ; petals narrow obovate. Fruit sub- globose, V^-Vi in. in diameter, dark purple, glaucous.' 1. Syn. A. Hotnjapitnn (L. f.) deC. 2. A. w., Ill, r.y. 3. For genus see pp. 4;}9-440. COCK-SPUR THORN. NEWCASTLE THORN. Cratoegus Crus-galli L. Fig. 2S5. Mature leaves and fruit; leafless branchlet in late autumn. 286. Trunk with leaves and fruit at base, near Albany, N. Y. 287. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Noetiiekn States axd Canada. 245 The Cock-spur Tliorn i'^ a low wido-sproad- ing tree with hmi,' lorluous lidiizoiital or droopiii,^ and vcrv lliuniy liraiichcs. forming a low hroad top, schloin more than 20 or 25 ft. in heiglit. The short truid< rarely exceeds 10 or 12 in. in diameter and is rough with scaly gray-brown bark. It is one of tiie most strik- ing and ornamental representatives of its genus on account of its tliick sliining dark-green leaves. The luster of these is seldom tarnished by insect or blight, and they preserve a fresh- ness throughout the season wliich is unsur- passed by the leaves of any other tree. The ample bunches of handsome ilowers appear after the leaves are fully grown, and then the tree is an object of rare beauty. It is perhaps more extensively planted both in this country and in Europe for ornamental purposes than any other American species, excepting perhaps the Washington Haw, and it is also valued for hedges. The name Newcastle Thorn has been given to it on account of its abundant use in hedges about Newcastle, Del. Its wood is heavy, hard, very fine-grained and suitable for tool handles.^ Lrarrx mostly obovato, 1-4 in. long, cuneate and entire .it linso, acnto or rounded at apex, sharply serrate-dentate, thick, coriaceous, lustrous dark Rreen above, paler and prominently reticulate- veined beneath. tui'nin<; to orange and scarlet in autumn : petioles stout. Flnirrrx opening in .Tune % in. in diametev in many-flowered glabrous corymbs : calyx with narrow obconic tube and linear-lanceolate entire or glandular-serrate lobes ; stamens 10, anthers rose colored : styles usually 2. hairy at base. ^ Fruit maturing in October and often remaining 'on the branches until sp' ing. subglohose or sbort-ohlong, dull red with glaiicous bloom, with dry flesh and usually 2 nutlets I'l in. long, rounded at ends and ridged on the back.' 1. A. W., IV, 85. 2. For genus see p. 440, DOTTED THORN. Cratcegus punctata Jacq. Fig. 288. Mature leaves and fruit; branchlet in late winter. 289. Large trunk, Black River valley, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Noktukjin States and Canada. 247 The Dotted Tliorii is one of the most abun- dant and widely distrihutcd of the Tliorns, their picturesque flattened tops dotting the dry slopes and pasture-lands of almost every land- scape of the northern Atlantic states. The tree is sometimes 25 or 30 ft. in hcii,'lit. usually with rigid horizontal bramhcs wiiicii fcjriu a peculiarly Hat top. and short ridged trunk 12-18 in. in diameter. The branches and trunk usu- ally bristle with an armament of rigid sharp thorns to a remarkable degree, and on account of these the sagaciou-^ sjii-ike or butcher-bird. which abounds in our iinitlurn fields, almost invariably choosrs a tree of this kind in which to build its nest. Here effectually barricaded against cats and children it nests and rears its young in perfect snfity. and upon the thorn* it finds places to impale its prey. The Dotted Thorn is a handsoTue tree when in flower in early summer, or when bearing its large red or yellow fruit in autumn, but its foliage often loses its freshness early on account of attacks of blight or insects. The wood is hard, heavy and close-grained and suitable for tool handles, etc. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 47.87 Ibs.i Leaves obovato, 2-.3 in. long, cuneate and entire at base, roiuKlcd or pointed at apex, irn^finlarly and often doubly serrate incisdy lolu'd on vigor- ous shoots, i)nl>i'sccnt at first and at tnaturlty firm glaljrous gray-Ki'i'<'n witli veins impressed above, paler and often pnb(^scont Item^alh. Flowers in May, V2-% in. broad in many-flowered compound corymbs ; calyx with narrow acute lobes pubescent Inside : stamens 20 with rose-colored or yellow anthers ; styles ^^ white-hairy at base. Fruit ripe in October, mostly subglobose, V>-i in. long, dull red (sometimes yellow) white-dotted, with dryish flesh and 5 nutlets ridged on the back. 1. A. \V., Ill, ,5S. w^- ■ 1 ■ ■F i W.'*'- ■ f .' . W ^ m\ '^gW, Bl^B ■ ;^K2 ^ ■ ' rM m.. :M p^Hp^ /^M sfl^^^^^^K^.i'' '- ■■;!.- .' UKiJ GREEN HAW. Cratcegus viridis L, Fig. 290. Mature leaves and fruit ; branchlet in winter 291. Trunk of large tree, in southern Illinois. 11 ANDROOK OF Tki :ks ok Til N OKTIIKHN (\\: 2V,) The Green Haw is a sturdy representative of tlu- gfniis. attuiniii- Llie lici-lil nf from :{0-:5.) ft. with broad or rounded iiitricutidy branched top and clear trunk IJ ur IS in. in diameter. This is often ridged and fluted and is vested in a pale gray or brownish bark, whicli exfoliate^ in small friable scales. It inhabits the banks of streams, moist low-lands and lake-shores and is particularly abundant and well devel- oped along the bayous of the Mississippi river in the vicinity of St. Louis and southward. In these localities it is found in company with the Pecan, King-nut Hickory, Water and Honey Locusts, Forest iera, Pin and Shingle Oaks, Cottonwood, etc., and among them its full rounded top is one of the most attractive objects particularly when in flower or bearing its ripe fruit. Lraccs mo.stl.v elliptic to lance-ovate or obovate, IV^-o in. long, cuneate or abruptly contracted and entire at base, mostly acute or bluntly pointed at apex, irregularly serrate or serrate-dentate, some on vigorous shoots with shallow lobes, glabrous or with pale hairs in the axils beneath ; petioles slender 1-1 14 in. long. Floivrrs in May, about % in. across, in many-flowered compound corymbs, with long slender glabrous pedicels ; calyx glab- rous, with narrow entire lobes ; stamens 20, an- thers pale yellow ; styles usually 5 with pale hairs at base. Fruit subglobose or somewhat obovoid. bright scarlet or orange, about Vi in. long or less. in drooping clusters with long slender stems ; flesh thin, nutlets usually 5, slightly ribbed on back. ELLWANGER HAW. Cratoegus EUwangeriana Sarg. Fig. 292. Mature leaves and fruit; branchlet in winter. 293. Trunk of type tree, Rochester, N. Y. JI ANDHOOK Tkk OV X( :s AM. ( iT.l The Ellwangpr Haw, so far as now known, is (luile local in dislribution. as it a])i)<'ars to lie confined mainly to Western New York, where it is common. It is a large and beautiful rep resentative of its genus, attaining the height of from 25-30 ft., with lofty broad rounded toji and clear trunk 1'2-lS in. in diameter. This is covered with a grayish brown bark which exfoliates in rather small friable scales. The tree from which the leaf and fruit speci mens used for our illustration were taken, and whose trunk is seen in the bark picture, is tli;^ type tree of the species. It stands on the grounds of the Mount Hope Nurseries, owned by Messrs, Ellwanger and Barry, and was fit- tingly given tlie name of the senior member of the firm, whose ujiright character and loni,' career as a successful nurserj^man have been of great benefit to his community and country. This particular tree is one of nre symmetry and beauty, with large handsome leaves, flowers iiiid fruit, and for ornanieiit:il ])l:intiii,^- few if any of tlie otlier Haws surpass it, Fjcnrm oval, -V>-i in. lon'j. mostly hroad- cunoatc or roiuidod (on viv^orous shoots siih- cordato) at Icisc. acute at apex, coarsely and ir- ri'Sularly .serrate-dentate and witli sliort acute lohes. memlH-aiioiis, dull-ufeen and scalirous aliovi', paler and nearly irlalirons hiuieatli : iic^tioles sleiuier and stipules i/o in. long, sometimes persist liiii till autumn on vigorous shoots. Floinis in middle May. 1 in. in diamotor, in many-tlowered villose corymhs with short pedicels: calyx with lanceolate Klandular-serrate lohes: stamens 10 (or sometimes 4-l in. hmg ; nuts .■;-."i. deeply grooved on hack. HOLMES HAW. SCARLET THORN. Cratcegus Hohnesiana Ashe. Fig. 294. Mature leaves and fruit ; branchlet in winter. 2Q5. Trunk with leaves and fruit at base, Rochester, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of tub Northern States and Canada. 253 The Holmes Thorn is a beautiful large Thorn Bometimes 25 or 30 ft. in height with full rouiKi-spruadiny tup and a clear trunk 12-18 in. in dianiotcr and sometimes 5-7 ft. to the branches. This is usually ridged and lluted and is covered with a gray or light brown bark which exfoliates in thin closely appressed scales. Before the recent study and revision of the Crataegus this tree was called the Scarlet Thorn and considered to be one of the many and various forms comprehended in the species C. coccinea L. In the revision this form has been given specific rank and named after Prof. J. A. Holmes, State Geologist of North Carolina. It is quite an abundant tree, occu- pying well-drained slopes and uplands, the bor- ders of swamps, etc., and is a tree of highly ornamental value. The wood is heavy, hard, very close-grained and suitable for use in turnery. i Leaves oval to ovate, 2-4 in. long, rounded or broadly cuneate at base (subcordate on vigorous shoots), acute or acuminate, irregular! .v double serrate or with short lobes, thick and Arm at maturit.y. smooth j'ellow-green above, L'-.'t in. loni; ; petioles slender, I-IV2 in- long. Floicers !/■!-% in broad, ciip-sbaped, in many-flowered mostly glab- rous compound coi-ymlis with slcndiT piMlicds : calyx narrow obcouic with aciiininatc glandular- serrate or entire lohrs : stamoiis usually •") (or CS) with large dark reddish anthers ; styh's .'1. J'niit ripening and falling in September, mostly short oblong or somewhat pear-shaped in drooping clusters with long slender stems, lustrous crimson 1/4-% in. long with i)rominrnt en^ct or incurved glandular serrate lobes; nutlets .■'., prominentiv ridged on the back. 1. .V. \V., IV, I as WASHINGTON HAW. Crataegus cordata (Mill.) Ait. Fig. 296. Mature leaves and fruit ; branchlet in winter. 297. Trunk of tree in Central Park, New York. Handbook of Trp:es of the NoirniKitx Si 255 The Wasliinirton Haw i^ clearly deliiicd ticc with >1 niaiked iiulividuality. It i\ of 25 or 30 ft. at times, will a beautiful and luler tlionis and liiiis tile hei-ht liiftv rounded s L'-."!, bairy at base. Fruit ripening in October and ixTsisting on the branches until spring, depressed globose, scarcely ^ in. in diameter, bright I'ed. the calyx-lobes falling away ; nutlets :5-5, about 1; in. hmg. PEAR THORN. PEAR HAW. Cratcegus tomentosa L. Fig. 298. Mature leaves, fruit and nutlets (the spotting of the leaves is abnormal) ; branchlet in winter. 299. Trunk with leaves and fruit at base. Near Rochester, N. Y. Handboois: of Trees of the Nortiiebn Stati-js and Canada. The Pear Thorn is a very distinct species, but not of hirge stature. It sometimes attains a heiglit of 18 or 20 ft. with upright or spread ing top of rigid tortuous branches and trunk 5 or 10 in. in diameter, or is often shrubby with several stems. Tiie trunks are usually well armed with formidable thorns and cov- ered with rather smooth bark of pale gray or brown color and finally exfoliating in thinnish plate-like scales. It is of wider range than most of the American species, occupying low rich soil in localities from eastern New York to Kansas and from the Great Lakes to the southernmost slopes of the Alleghanies. but is not everywhere in this range abundant. West- ern New York and southeastern ^Missouri seem to be th? regions of greatest abundance. It is easily recognizable on account of its large membranous leaves about ecjually pointed at both ends and its amjjle upriglit clusters of siinill oblong or poar-shaixMl fruit, wliicli it retains long after the leaves have fallen. In this late retention of its handsome fruit and in tlie brilliancy of its autumnal colors lie its chief points of ornamental value, for which it is occasionally planted in Aiueru'an and Eu- ropean gardens. Lea ITS elliptic to obovate-oWons, .V.'i in. long, cunoate and entire at base and decuri-ont on the short petiole, mostly acute at apex, sharply den- tate or somewhat lobed above at maturity, thin- nish. scabrous or glabrous above, pubescent be- neath : petioles stout. Floirrm in early .Tune, about 1/2 in. across in many-flo\ver(>d tomentose compound corymbs : calyx with nai row laciniate- serrulate lobes : stamens 20 : anthers pale rose- colored : styles 2-"). Fruit rii)ens in October and persists nearly until spring, red. in erect many- fruited clusters, mostly pear-shaped or oblonu. with reflexed calyx lobes : ston(>s 2 or .3, broad rounded on the back and with two large ventral cavities. LONG-SPINE THORN. Crataegus macracantha (Lindl.) Lodd. 300. Mature leaves and fruit ; branchlet in winter. 301. Trunk with leaves and fruit at base. Rochester, N. Handbook of Trees of tub I^ortiiern States and Canada. 259 The Long-spine Haw or Thorn is a tree of medium size for its genus, bein^' schioin more than 18 or 20 ft. in heiglit, with ri<,'id and often crooked branches forming a ratlier open and irroguhir t()|). and trunk ti-S in. in diainu ter. This is vested in a pale brown or gray bark which exfoliates in small elongated scales. It inhabits the banks of streams and rich slopes, more commonly of limestone forma- tion, and attracts the attention of even the casual observer on account of its numerous very long chestnut brown thorns, which are rather slender, somewhat curved and often .'$ or 4 inches or more in length. We cannot but -wonder what may be nature's plan in equip- ping this tree with so much more formidable an armament than she has the other species. It is a tree of handsome rich foliage and is a very beautiful object when bearing its large clusters of pure wliito flowers, as it is also in autumn with its lustrous crimson fruit. Lravcs broad-obovate to oval. 2-4 in. long, ab- ruptly or gradually cuneate and entire at base, mostly acute or rounded at appx, coarsely and sometimes doubly serrate or with short point' i lobes, coriaceous at maturity and dull dark grcpn with impressed veins above, paler and pnbornlons on the prominent veins and midrili^; licucnlh ; petioles stout, margined above. Fli)ir( ts, May- June, % in. In diameter in nuiny-flowiTrd villosc compound corymbs ; calyx with Imig, narrow, acuminate lobes with dark glands : stamens usually 10 (or 8-12) ; anthers pale yellow ; styles 2-.*?. tomentose at base. Fniit ripening in S(i|)- tember in erect many-fruited clusters, subglobose. i-i in. in diameter, lustroiis crimson with serrated calyx-lobes retlexed and porsistont ; nutlets 2 or .*?, "prominently ridgod on the back and with deep ventral cavites. ENGLISH HAWTHORN. MAY, Cratcegus Oxyacantha L. 302. Mature leaves and fruit, fruit in section and nutlets: ])ranchlet in late autumn. 303. Trunk with leaves at base. Near New York. Handbook of Trees of the Xorthkrn Statks axd Canada. 261 The Eiif,'!ish Hawtliorn, or the Alay of Eng- lish literal lire, is the most widely distributed species of the genus, being found as a native distribute, 1 over the greiter part of luirope ;'i.a tMilr.il Asia, whence it was int rdiluee-l into America and is now naturalized in many localities in eastern United States. It is a species of medium stature, seldom more than 20 or 25 ft. in height, of ratlier upright habit cf growth and with trunk 8 or 10 in. in diame- ter. This is more or less ridged and covered w itli a grayish brown bark of elongated, closely a;ipre3sed scaler. It has been extensively planted for ornniiental ])urposes for centuries in all European countries and few plants equal it in popularity for hedges. So extensively is it grown in England that it is as prominent in tiie associations of country life there as are the nightengale and sky-lark, and the beauty of the " blossoming j\Iay " in spring time has made it famous in literature. It is particularly well adapted to hedge growth, as its many stilT branches arijied with numerous sharp thorns make an effective barrier. It was for that use and for ornamental planting that it was early brought to America. Here it does not seem to be entirely suited to our climatic conditions and has never won for itself the popularity it has in England. A few natural and several nursery varieties are found which vary widely from the normal type and some of these are of special orna- mental Aahie. Au'.ong them are forms with (Iduble white, red or variegated llowers. inei-o I or variegated leaves, fastigiate or drooping habit of growth, etc., and in one the period of flowering is prolonged until autunui. In Asia the tree is said to b.e cultivated for its fruit. Its wood is heavy, hard and very fine- grained, and is used in turnery. It is said to be the best sul)stitute for Boxwood in wood- engraving. Lrnrrs mostly broad-ovate, obovate or oval. l-2Vj in. lonj?. wido-cunoato or truncate and entire at base witb 1-.". pairs of wide sprendin-: lobes. iiTosularly dciiljUe or incisely serrate at apex. Kl.'iluniis at lnal^Irity^ stipules oft(Ml promiiU'iit. scmiccnd.ili'. iucisily dentate: petioles slender: braniblcts witb numerous sliort tborns. F/oi/. cs about 'j in. broad white or pinkish, in mniiv- flowered corymbs ; styles 1-."?. Fruit oblon'.: to suliiilobose. V:i-V. in. Ions: stones 1 nr 2. when in otiirs witli 2 furrows on tlie inner side. \'av. .raiitlini-nipn. Roem.. has conspicuous yol low fruit. Viir. mnnofiiiun .Tacn.. oriL'inally dc> scribed as a distinct species, has a single stone as shown in our illustration. SWEET CHERRY. MAZZARD CHERRY. Prunus Avium L. Fig. 304. Mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 305. Medium-size trunk. Staten Island, N. Y. 306. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the ISTortiiern States and Canada. 263 The Sweet or ^lazzard Cliorry is the most abundant of the intriiduci',! ami naturalized Ciierries. It is a niucli hirger tree tlian the allied Sour Clierry, sometimes attaining the height of from 50 to 75 ft. with rounded pyramidal top while young, having a central leader, but with age usually becoming wide- spreading. The trunks are vested in a smooth reddish brown laminated bark peeling ofT in transverse strips, and only on very large trunks, which are sometimes 2 or 3 ft. or more in diameter, does it lose its laminated character and s!iow a tendency to low scaly ridges. Its native land is thought to be regions bordering on the Caspian Sea, but it is now widely naturalized throughout southern Europe and a considerable portion of eastern United States. The garden Cherries of which there are many kinds are derived almost without exception from this and the allied Sour Cherry. Those which have their parentage in this species have generally distinctly sweeter fruit than the others and include the Black Tar- tarian, Bald Eagle, May Duke, Windsor, Na- poleon, etc. Varieties of the tree of special value for ornament rather than for fruit have been introduced, as forms having respectively very large leaves, pyramidial habit, pendulous branches, leaves variegated witli yellow oi white, double flowers, etc. From the fruit of the wild tree in Europe a cordial is made and from its trunk exudes a useful gum. Its wood in Europe is A'alued for the manu- facture of furniture, musical instruments, etc.. and in turnery.' fAiirrx ovate-ohlonsr. slishtly ohovate, mostly rounded at base and aliruptly acuminate at apex, irrogularly serrate, conduplicate in the l)nd and puliescent at first Init finally thin, limp and droop- inf». dull dark green above, pubescent at least on the veins lieneath. Flnu-rrs expandin.s; with the leaves, white, about 1 in. across in scaly umbels on short lateral spurs pedicels sl(>nder. Fruit depressed cloliular or heart-shaped, from yellow to dark red with generally .iuicy sweet flesh and globose pit.' 1. A. W., Ill, 50. 2. For genus see pp. 440-441. SOUR CHERRY. PIE CHERRY. Prunus Cerasus L. EGRIOT. Fig. 307. Mature leaves and fruit, i ; isolated pits, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 308. Trunk of tree. North Rush, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 205 The Sour Cherry is a naturalized tree in the United States, havinj,' been introduced on ac- count of the value of its fruit, and has es- caped from cultivation. It is a low spreading or rounded tree, seldom more than 20 or 30 ft. in heiglit or with trunk more than 10 or 12 in. in thickness. The bark of young trunks is dis- tinctly laminate, but with age breaks up and exfoliates in thin curled scales, leaving a roughish, somewhat ridged inner bark. The native home of the Sour Cherry is thought to be the forests of northern Persia and Cau- casia, but it has become naturalized far out- side of these limits and is found growing spon- taneously in localities throughout the greater part of Europe and in northern Africa and India, as well as in the United States. It is hardier than the allied Sweet Cherry, has smaller, more rigid and more upright leaves, its spreading top is generally without a central leader and the bark of the trunk is less per- sistently laminate. Among the valuable garden cherries whjch have their origin in this species are the Aniarelles, Early Richmond, Montmo- rency, etc., having a colorless juice, and the Morellos and Louise Philippe, etc., having a colored juice. They are all generally more tart in flavor than those of the P. Avium ori- gin and the trees hardier. There are also some forms of the Sour Cherry which are of special ornamental value, on account of double white or pink-tinted flowers or leaves variegated with yellow or white. The normal characters are given below. The wood of the Sour Cherry is rather light, hard, brittle and of a light brown color witli lighter sap-wood. Though of good qualities it is small ami of no commercial importance in this count ry.i Leaves ovate to ohovato, '211.-4 in. lonjr. ronndod or obtnsp at base acute or al)rui)tl.v aenminnte unequally crenate-serrate. rather firm and tliiek. lustrous dark sreen above, paler beneath. Flnimx white, about! in. broad, appearinjr before or witli the leaves in few-flowered very scaly sessile umbels from axillary l)uds on the growth of the previous season : calyx-lobes stronirly reflexed. Fviiit suli- jrlohose or depressed !jlobf)se. about Vj in in di- ameter (larger in cultivation) red. without bloom, with juicy tart flesh and subKlobose pit. 1. A. W., IV, H-/. PIGEON CHERRY. PIN CHERRY. BIRD CHERRY. WILD RED CHERRY. Pi-unus Pennsylvanica L. f. Fig. 309. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; isolated pits, 2 ; leaves from sterile branch, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 310. Two trunks, in Lewis Co., N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 267 The Pigeon Cherry is a small, handsome tree occasionally attaining the lieight of 30 or 40 ft. and 10 or 12 in. in diameter of trunk, but is usually much smaller. It develops a rather narrow oblong top with slender upriglit branches. The bark of smaller trunks and branches is lustrous and of a rich wine color marked with prominent band-like lenticels and peeling off in horizontal strips. Few trees of northern regions equal it in beauty in early May, when each branchlet becomes a garland of delicate white flowers and tender bright green leaves, or in mid-summer when its flow- ers are succeeded by an abundance of small bright red translucent long-stemmed cherries. It inhabits dry sandy soil, coming up in abundance from seeds scattered by the birds on forest tracks recently denuded by fires. Here, offering shade and shelter for the more tender seedlings of other and more useful trees, it vies with the Quaking Asp in hastening re- forestation. And then, as though its mission ended there, it dies as soon as its nurselings surpass it in size and really need the space it occupies. The wood is rather light, a cubic foot weigh- ing 31.30 lbs., soft and very close-grained but of little commercial importance. i Leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly rounded at base and acuminate at apex, fini'ly un(>()ually sit- rato, sliiibtly viscid when Vdiiiii;. siiRKitli" l>otb sides at maturity, sliiniiij; iivi-cn alxivc. [lalor l>c neath : pedicels slender. >;Iaiuhilar aliove. /'/o/mcs' about M> in. across in lateral 4-.")-flowered umbels or corymbs with long pedicels. Fruit subglobose, about '4 in. in diameter, light red, translucent, with very tart juicy flesh and oblong slightly com- pressed stone about 3-lG in. long. 1. .\. w.. III. r^-,. CANADA PLUM. Prunus nigra Ait. Fig. 311. Mature leaves, fruit and isolated pits, one in cross-section. 312. Trunk. Lewis Co., K. Y. Handbook of Treks of the Northekx States axd Cj 200 The Canada Plum attains the height of 20 or 25 ft. and its trunk is occasionally 10 or 12 in. in thickness. It develops a broad or rounded top of many stiff and more or less contorted branches and small somewhat zigzag brancii- lets. In the month of May its heretofore bare and blackened branches suddenly burst into a pro- fusion of flowers and is at once aswarm with myriads of bees, gathering their first h;uv('>t of the summer from its abundant nectar. At this season it is a beautiful and conspicuous object. Its orange and red fruit ripens in August and is valued both for immediate eating and for preserves and jellies. The qualitj^ of fruit varies considerably and some attention is being paid by pomologists to propagating and im- proving the better varieties. The Purple Yo- semite, Quaker and Weaver Plums are of this origin. The vpood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 43.17 lbs., hard and very close grained. 1 Leaves oval or ovate-oblong, mostly rounded or tapering at base, acuminate, unequally crenate- serrate, somewhat rugose, at maturity glabrous dark green above paler and prominently voinod beneath : petioles with dark glands near the leaf- blade. Floircrs about 1 in. across in o-4-tlower(>d lateral glabrous umbels ; calyx lobes glandular- serrate and glabrous inside; petals white, ovate- orbicular with short claws. Fruit oblong-ovoid, about 1 in. long, with thick yellow or reddish skin and oval compressed thick-walled pit. sharply and prominently ridged on the ventral edge and slightly grooved on the dorsal. 1. A. \V., IV, 81. AMERICAN PLUM. WILD PLUM. Primus Americana Marsh. Fig. 313. Mature leaves and fruit, i; fruit in cross-section, 2; isolated pits, 3; branchlet from sterile shoot, 4 ; leafless branchlet in winter, 5. 314. Trunk Southwestern Arkansas. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada, 271 The American Wild Plum tree attains the height of from 20 to 3U ft. ami in rej,d«iis most favorable to its growth a trunk diameter of 12 or 14 in., but is usually a considerably smaller tree and is sometimes found fruiting as a large shrub. It develops a symmetrical broad or rounded top of spreading and upright branches. Like the more northern Canada Plum it is one of the delights of early spring, when cov- ered with its profusion of white llowers, ami in mid-summer is quite as beautiful an object with its dark green leaves and red and yellow fruit. In quality of fruit it is variable, and pomologists have devoted considerable atten tion to the propagation and improvement of the better sorts. The De Soto, Louisa, Itaska, Minnetonka, ets., are plums in cultivation of this origin. Its wood is heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 44.96 lbs., close-grained, hard and strong, but of no commercial importance.i Lcai-es ovate to obovate, 2i/-!-4 in. lonjr. nar rowed and rounded or tapering at base, aeuininati' at apex, sharply and sometimes doubly-scriati' nearly glabrous when they unfold and at maturity rugose, dark green above, paler and with pioini nent reticulate veins beneath: jxitioles mostI\ glandless. Floirrrfi wlien leaves are al>out half grown, in 2-4-flowere(l glabrous umbels ; calyx lobes sometimes entire, pilose inside ; petals white, rounded with claw. Fruit subi^lobcise nr slightly elongated with tough acerb skin oraiiue or red often with pale spots; iiit nval. rather smoothish and turgid and slightly ridged on tlie ventral side and obscurely grooved on the dorsal. \'ar. Uinata Sudw. is a fnmi raimiug from Missouri to Texas with nubeseeiii under surfaces of leaves, calyx-lobes, pedicels and brancblets. 1. A. W., XI, 257. WILD GOOSE PLUM. RIVER PLUM. Primus liortuhina Bailev. Fig. 315. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i ; fruit in cross-section, 2; isolated pits, 3; branchlet in winter, 4. 316. Trunk (of var. Waylavdi) near Allenton, Mo. Handbook of Tkees of the Northern States and Canada. 273 The Wild Goose Plum attains the heij,'ht of 20 or 30 ft. with broad rounded top of rigid branches and trunk sometimes 10 or 12 in. in diameter. In localities it is found as a tall shrub forming thickets of considerable extent. It inhabits the low banks and islands of streams subject to annual inundation (for wiiich rea- son it is sometimes called River Plum) in company with the Sycamore, River Birch, vari- ous Willows, Green Ash. Box-Elder, King-nut Hickory, Red-bud, etc. it is said that it takes its common name from tlie fact that one of the first noticed trees was grown from a stone taken from the crop of a wild goose. General orchard varieties are in cultivation, producing fruit of excellent quality. Among them are the Miner, Langston, Clinton, etc. (of var. Mineri) and the Wayland, Golden Beauty, Moremnn, etc. (of var. Wai/landi). The wood is heavy, hard, strong, and suitable for use in turnery. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, long taper-pointed, closely glandular-serrate, pilose at first but at maturity glabrous, lustrous dark green above, paler and pilose in the axils of the prominent veins bf^- neath ; petioles with dark glands near the leaf- blade. Flowers when the leaves are about half grown, 1 in. or less across, in 2-4-flowered puber- ulous umbels ; calyx with acute or rounded glandular-serrate lobes, pubescent both sides ; petals white, rounded. Fruit subglobose or short- oblong, 1 in. or less in diameter, with thick tough red or yellow skin of pleasant flavor and with turgid stone prominently ridged on the ven- tral edge and grooved on the dorsal. CHICKASAW PLUM. Prunns augustifolia Marsh.^ Fig. 317. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i; isolated pits, 2; branchlet in late autumn, 3. 318. Trunk in eastern Virginia. Handbook of Treks of 'II K Northern States and Canada. 275 A small tree rarely over 20 or 25 ft. in heiylit with rather wide rounded top of spread- ing !^k■nder bnuiclit's, and trunk rarely more than 8 or 1!) in. in diameter covered with a thin dark brown bark rouuh with closely ap- pressed scales. It is often a shrub of but few feet in hciiiht forming:,' thickets of considerable extent. The fact that it is confined in its dis- tribution mostly to old fields and roadsides in the vicinity of human habitations suggests the thought that it may be an introduced tree, but from whence it is not known. Early set- tlers found it growing about the settlements of the Indians in the South, among whom there was a tradition that it was brought from be- yond the ^lississippi River. Its fruit is valued for immediate eating and for preserves and jellies and is regularly mar- keted in season in southern towns, commonly under the name of " mountain cherries." Vari- ous improved forms are sold by nursery houses but only suitable for the southern climate. Leaves lanceolate to lance-oblong, 1-2 in Ions, mostly tapering at base, acute oi- apiculatc at apes, sharply ser^'ate. glabrous, lustrous lirighf green above, paler beneath and with short glal)r(ius or puberulous petioles having two glands near tin- leaf blade. Floirrrs small, about \u in. across. expanding before the leaves in lateral 2-4-flowered umbels, with slender glabrous pedicels : calyx glabrous with lobes pubescent inside ; petals white, rounded. Fruit ripening in early summer, sub- globose, about Vj in. in diameter, lustrous red, without bloom, with thin skin, .iuicy subacid flesh and turgid oblong thick-walled stone with thick rounded margins and somewhat grooved in the dorsal suture. I. Prunus Chhasa Mlchx. ALLEGHANY SLOE. PORTER'S PLUM. Frunus AUeglianiensis Porter. Fig. 319. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i; fruit in cross-section, 2; isolated pits, 3; branchlet in late autumn, 4. 320. Trunk (bearing 2-foot rule) near State College, Pa. For specimens and trunk picture the author is indebted to Prof. W. A. Buckhout. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Can. 277 The Alleghany Sloe is a small intricately branched tree, at best not surpassing 18 or 20 ft. in height or 8 or 10 in. in thickness of trunk, vested in a loose scaly bark. It is usually a straggling shrub forming in places extensive thickets and occupying alike low moist soil and well-drained slopes and limestone ridges. In distribution it is the most restricted of the Plums, being confined so far as now understood to central Pennsylvania, chiefly Tussey Mountain in Huntingdon Co., Bald Eagle Mountain and Valley and the Allegha- nies in Clearfield and Elk Counties. Occupy- ing the wildest places of these regions it escaped the notice of botanists until about thirty years ago. It is well worthy of cultivation in the garden both on account of its abundant flowers and small glaucous blue-black fruit which it produces in abundance. The fruit is of a pleasant subacid flavor and is gathered and used, in considerable quantities under the name of "sloes,"' by the country residents, for preserves, jellies, etc. P is quite jimliable tliat it will be improved by sclfction and cultiva- tion. Leaves obovate-elliptical. 1^-,-" in. long, mostly rounded or obtuse at baso, acuminate at apex, sharply serrate, pubescent at first, finally puber- ulous. dark green above, paler and glabrous ex- cepting on veins beneath ; petioles 14 in. long, puberulous. Flowers appearing in May with the leaves, 1/2 in. in diameter in 2-4-Howered umbels ; calyx pubescent. Fruit ripens by the middle of August, subglobose. about V_> in. in diameter, dark purple with bloom, on stout pedicels, witli thiokish skin, of pleasant subacid or y the manufac turers of tobacco pi|)cs and other small articles of wooden-ware. The small rigid stems arc used for the stems of tobacco-pipes, walking sticks, etc. Though a very interesting tree it is not commonly planted for ornamental pur poses in America and little use is made of i here except as stocks for grafting purposes. Leans l)road-ovato to orbicular, mostly 1-2 in. ions, rounded or slightly cordate at base, al) ruptly acute at apex, finely crcnate-serrate. firm, glaucous and fragrant : petioles slender, teroto. FloHcrs May-.Tuno, sma-ll, scarcely Vj in. across, white, fragrant and in umbels terminating short lateral branchlots. Fniit ripening in ,Tnly, suh- globose, ':. in. in diameter, very dark rod, with thin bitter flesh and slightly flattened pit. CHOKE CHERRY. Pi-mius Virginiana L. Fig. 323. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; detached fruit, 2 ; pits, 3 : branchlet in winter, 4. 324. Trunk in Lewis Co.. N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the North ekn States and Can The Choke Cherry is usually a tall shrub i^ — and only under the most favorable conditions does it become a tree 20 to 30 ft. in height, witli irregular rounded top and crooked or leaning trunk. This is rarely more than (i or 8 in. in diameter, and is vested in a grayish brown more or less mottled and rather smooth bark. It is abundant over a large part of its range growing in moist rich soil of river l)ott()ms and along fence-rows and roadsides, where its finger-like racemes of white flowers make it a beautiful object in the iiiontli of ^lay, and its stems of dark red cherries when fully ripe ofTer refreshment to the wayfarer in tlie Iieat of midsummer. The fruit is used in making pies and jellies and is gathered for these uses and marketed in many Canadian towns. Its name is appropriately given in allusion to the consequence of attempting to eat the fruit when not thoroughly ripe, for it is then too astrin- gent to be easily swallowed. Leaves obovate to oval or ol)lon£r, narrow and rounded or tapering at base, abnijitly acuminate or sometimes acute at apex, finely and sharply serrate with slender pointed teeth, glabrous and dull dark green above, paler and pubescent along the veins beneath. Flotrrrs Vi-'^M in. across in cylindrical racemes terminating leafy branchlets ; petals suborbiculai". Fruit about % in. in di- ameter, shining dark or light red (rarely yellow) rubglobose austere and astringent until very ripe then edible ; stone nearly globose, about 14 in. long. \DA. 281 WILD BLACK CHERRY. Prunus serotina Ehrh. Fig. 325. Branch with leaves and ripe fruit, i ; detached fruit, 2 ; pits, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 326. Trunk in forest in western New York. Handbook of Trees of the Xorthern States axd Canada. 283 Tliis is one of the most valuable trees ol the American forests, sometimes attaining the height of 80-100 ft., with straight coluiimar scaly-barked trunk 3-5 ft. in thickness. \\ luii isolated it develops an oblong or rounded tup of slender rigid branches, and growing alike on dry gravelly slopes and moist intervales it is one of the chief elements of many tracts of forests of the Appalachian regions. Its ilowers appear later than those of other representa- tives of tiie genus (hence the specific name, from a Latin word meaning late) and when its leafy top is trimmed with its many nod- ding racemes of small white flowers it is a highly ornamental tree. Its fruit, when fully ripe is of pleasant vinous flavor and is often used in making rum, and the aromatic bark is valued as a flavoring, as a tonic and sedative medicine. The wood of which a cubic foot weighs 36.28 lbs. is strong, rather hard and very close grained and one of our most valuable woods for furniture making and interior finishing.i Leaves oval or oblong to lance-obovate, 2-.") in. long, tapering or rounded at base, taper-pointod. serrate with incurved teeth, glabrous, thick lustrous dark green above, paler beneath, with slender petioles bearing red glands. Flowirs f)pening when the leaves are nearly grown, Vt in- :u TOSS in erect or nodding racemes 4-6 in. long. t in. long and broad, truncate or cordate at base, obtuse or acute at apex, entire, thickish, lustrous above, hairy in the axils of the veins beneath, bright yellow in au- tumn. Flowers about % in. long, in sessile um- bels : corolla pink purple. Fruit: pod 2i,{;-.'?i/l. in long, short stalked in the calyx ; seeds oblong, M in. long* 1. For genus see pp. 441-442. ^ XOAK.\ f^ # ^-1. LS ' '. ■ <^Yo 1 ,., -^ ! \ L/1/^^ r^^ r\r- IOWA T ~^' i'^-^^'^^i M^ ^ •-^— ^ ^&y\. ^^ J r y-iO"'°Pv5?s? a ip "^OL^l ^JJANS. voTJ 1 1 3^0^ ) L- Vrv ^^ i£kr{ \ N. v\ k >i>VV V/-K N? >-<3> "A •^-\ ,, %. ■^ s <\ COFFEE-TREE. Gymnodadus dioicus Kocli.^ 330. Branch with leaf and mature fruit, i ; pods open and in section, 2 and 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 331. Trunk of tree near Allenton, Mo. 332. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Xoktiiekn States and Canada. 287 The Coffee-tree, or as it is commonly called the Kcntvicky Coffee-tree, sometimes attains the height of 100 ft. and in tlu> forests with straifjht columnar trunk '2-4 ft. in thicknes.s covered with a grayish l);irk. rough with firm prominent scales. In the open it de- velops a rather wide obovoid top, conspicuous in summer on account of its graceful airy foliage and perhaps interspersed with its great brown pods. On the approach of winter its manner of shedding its large bicompound leaves suggested to the common mind the er- roneous idea that it is shedding also its twigs and its appearance then, when leafless, has given rise to the name Slunip-trce. It is con- fined in its distribution to low rich bottom- lands in company with the Black Walnut, Buckeye, Redbud. Ilackberry, Slippery Elm, Honey Locust, Oaks and Hickories, but is no- where abundant. Its common name, Coffee- tree, is given to it because its seeds in early days were used to some extent as a substitute for coffee. The wood, of which a cu. ft. when abso- lutely dry weighs 43.21 lbs., is heavy, strong and very durable, and is useful for posts, rail- way ties, furniture, etc. 2 Lrair.t larffo, 2-.'>-ft. Ions, with strong potiolos and lO-lS pinn.T" n.nch l)o,Trin? 10-14 ovate mem- braneous nearly glahroiis leaflets. Flntrrrs stami- nate flower-clusters .".-(> in. Ions: the pistillate^ lO-li; in. Ions with lonser pedicels. Frttit pods mostly 4 10 in. Ions. IV2-2 in. broad, remaining closed on the hranchlets late into the winter with Bweet pulp and seeds •% in. across.^ 1. Syn. Oymnocladus Canadcsis 2. A. W., 11, 27. .'{. For genus see p. 442. Lam. HONEY LOCUST. Gleditsia triacanthos L.^ T^ig. 332- Piece of branch bearing leaves and fruit, the leaves being mostly " asleep " (i. e., with leaflets closed together, as they do at night), !• portion of pod with side removed, 2; leaf with leaflets spreading apart as they do in day-time, 3 ; large branching thorn, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 334- Trunk near St. Louis, Mo. 335- Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Treks of the Nok X SlATKS AND CaNADA. The Honey Locust attains the height of from ~i> to 140 ft. when {irowing in tlie forests, and when isolated develops a broad rounded or loft}' llat-lopped head with drooping lateral branches and of very characteristic aspect. Its trunk, commonly 2 or 3 ft. in diameter, excep- tionally 5 or G ft., is vested in a dark gray bark with closely appressed firm scales. It usually bears a rigid sharp 1-3-pointed glossy purple-brown thorn above the axil of each leaf, and the trunk and bases of the large branches often bristle with very formidable branching thorns, but trees are occasionally met with in which the thorns are nearly or entirely absent. It inhabits chiefly moist bottom-lands in com- pany with various Oaks and Hickories, the Black Walnut, Hackberry, Buckeye, etc.. and although growing naturally only west of the Alleghanies and in the IMississippi valley has become widely naturalized outside of its origi- nal range. It is extensively planted for orna- mental purposes, hedges, etc. From its incon- spicuous flowers the bees gather much honey. Its wood is heavy, a cu. ft. when ab.solutely dry weighing 42 lbs., strong and very dura'Dic and is used for railway-ties, posts and in the manufacture of agricultural implements. 2 Leaves 7-10 in. long with 7-10 pairs of loaflotP or 4-8 pairs of pinnu> with puljo.^icont petioles and raohisps, the loaflcts sliort-stalkod, oblonK-laiicc- olatp, inpqiiil.ntcial at liasp. ohtnsp or roundi'd at each end. ciciHilali''. lustrous dark jrrocn nbovr. palpp and ofti'ii pnlicsccnt on the midribs bciimtli. f'loirrrs (.Tunc) from axils of tho loaves staminatP in dense and somptimos clustered racc- mos. thp pistillate in few-flowered and usually solitary racemes. Fruit pods, linear. 10-1 S i-i lone, shinin-i dark brown and usually coniort "d and twisted in short racemes and " contaitiiii,' numerous hard oval compressed seeds separated by a sweetish succulent pulp.' 1. Sometimes spelled Glcditscliin. 2. A. W., II, 28. :\. For genus see p. 442. WATER LOCUST. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh.^ Fig. 336. Piece of branch with leaves and fruit, " asleep," 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 337. Trunk in southern Illinois near St. Louis. fruit opened, 2 ; isolated seeds, 3 ; leaf Handbook of Trees of the Northern S-^ ATES AM) 291 The Water Locust attains a height of 50 or 60 ft. and its short trunk is sometimes 2 or 3 ft. in diameter. It divides usually within a few feet of the ground into several branches forming a bushy rounded top more or less flat- tened above, with iturk'd ipiny br Sometimes the trunk also is beset with for- midable great rigid branching thorns. The bark of trunk is thin, firm, rough with small corky excrescences and is sometimes sparingly ecaly. It inhabits only deep swamps, the bor- ders of sloughs and low river banks subject to long inundation, in company with the But- ton-bush, Forestiera, Planer-tree, Bald Cypress, Water and Tupelo Gums, various Willows, etc. and is most abundant and of largest size in the lower Mississippi valley. The wood, of which a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighs 45.70 lbs., is heavy, hard and strong, of a reddish brown color with thick pale yellow sap-wood. 2 Leaves 5-10 in. long with 5-7 pairs of pinnatf or bi-pinnate pinnae of 5-12 pairs of ovate to ob- long leaflets, usually oblique at base, rounded at apex, finely crenate-serrate, thick and firm, lustrous dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers appearing in ,Tune in slender elongated racemes. Fruit: pods lustrous brown, thin, 1-2 in. long, in pendent racemes, oblique-ovate, pointed at both ends, with long slender stalk, without pulp and containing a solitary (or sometimes 2) flat sub- orbicular yellow-brown seed 14 in. in diameter. 1. Syu. Okditsia vionosperma Walt. 2. A. W., V, 109. YELLOW-WOOD. GOPHER-WOOD. VIRGILIA. Cladrastis lutea (Michx.) Koch. Fig. 338. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i; pod with side removed, 2; others showing method of dehiscence, 3; isolated seeds, 4; branchlet in winter, 5. 339. Trunk in cultivation in northern New York. 340. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Nort .\1) ('a.\ai>a. l'II.'^ The Yellow-wood is one of the rarest as well as one of the most beautiful trees of the American forests. It attains the height of from 50 to (iO ft. with trunk from 1 to 2 or 3 ft. in diameter, vested in a thin smooth gray- ish l)eech-like bark, showing in delicate streaks the lighter inner bark as the outer becomes fissured in growth. Its short trunk usually divides within a few feet from the ground into few large branches, which ramify and form a graceful broad or rounded top, when unob- structed by surrounding trees. It grows natu- rally in ricli wi'll-draincd soil, and mainly on lime-stone ridges along the banks of the streams which carry the waters from the west- ern slopes of the Alleghany mountains into the Ohio River. Its desirable habit of growth, its ample clean foliage little affected by blight or insects, and its long stems of pure white flowers, showing in beautiful contrast among its rich green leaves, make it a very desirable tree for ornamental planting. This fact was recognized a century ago by its discoverer who sent its seeds to Europe, and it now lends its charm to almost every European collection. In this countrj', too, it is a favorite ornamental tree proving to be hardy as far north as north- ern New York and Ontario. The wood is rather light, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 39.12 lbs., hard and strong, the heart-wood being of a clear yellow color when freshly cut. but soon changing to brownish, and the thin sap-wood is nearly white. 1 A yellow dye is made of the heart- wood. For botanical characters see generic descrip tion, this being the only species.2 1. A. W., XII, 280. 2. For genus see pp. 442-443. LOCUST. YELLOW LOCUST. Rohinia Pseudacacia L. Fig. 341. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, some showing process of dehiscence : branchlets in winter, 3. 342. Trunk of tree at North Rush, N. Y. 343. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Northeen States and Canada. 295 Tliis favorite tree attains the height of 70 or 80 ft. with a trunk .liaiiictir of 3 or 4 ft. and when isohited from the intliien e of other trees develops a ratlier narrow oblong top with more or less contorted sinuous branches. Its natural home is thought to be limited to the slopes of the Allegliany Mountains as indi- cated on our map. but on account of its valua- ble wood, the delicacy and beauty of its grace- ful foliage and fragrant flowers it has been probably more extensively planted both in this country and Europe for ornament and use than any other North American tree, and being pos- sessed of a hardy adaptable constitution it lias become widely naturalized throughout eastern United States and Canada. Several nursery varieties are found in cultivation, Tlie wood of the Loct st is heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 45.70 lbs., hard, strong and very durable, and highly valued in ship-building, for fence posts, in turnery and especially for treenails. Medicinal prop- erties (tonic, purgative and emetic) are found in the bark of the roots.i Leaves 8-14 in. long with glabrous petioles and stipules finally spiny and persistent, 7-0 ovate- olilong or oval leaflets, 1-2 in. long, rounded at both ends and emarginate and mticronate at apex, thin, glabrous, dull dark green aliove. paler and pubescent on the midrib beneath : stipi^Is linear. caducous: branchlets glalirons or nearly so. Flowers in late spring, white, in loose piiln'nilons racemes. 4-5 in. long, very fragrant and nectifer- oiis ; pedicels about '/. in. long ; calyx gibbous. the lowest lol)e acuminate and longest : petals white, standard blotched witli yellow beneath. Fruit: pods U-4 in. long, purplish, maturing in late autumn and persisting on the leafless branch- lets late into the winter ; seed 3-lC in. long.* 1. A. W., IV, 80. ■J. For genus see p. 443. CLAMMY LOCUST. Rohlnia viscosa Vent. Fig. 344. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, 345. Small trunk with leaves at base. ; half of pod with seeds, Staten Island, N. Y. 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. Handbook of Tkeks of the Northern States and Canada. 297 Tlie Claniiiiy Locust ia a small tree, only under the most favorable conditions attaining the height of 30 or 40 ft. and 10 or 12 in. in ■diameter of trunk. Such individuals are rare as it is usually not of half that size and often •only a large shrub, spreading, as do other representatives of the genus, by underground stems and forming considerable thickets. As an isolated tree it has a rather open oblong top with slender branches. Its branchlets and all new growths are covered with a shining sticky exudation ami \ istad hairs, by which it may be readily recognized. Its native home is restricted to the high slopes Of the Alleghany Mountains, in the in teresting forests where only are found the Rhododendron, Kalmia, \Vitch Hazel, ^loun- tain Holly, etc., in tree forms, and there it is by no means common. On account of its handsome foliage and flowers, however, it has been widely planted for ornamental purposes throughout eastern United States and Europe and has become naturalized in many locali- ties, as far north in this country at least as the Canadian frontier. Its wood is similar to tliat of the Yellow Locust, a cu, ft. when absolutely dry weighing 60.44 lbs., but is not of commercial import- ance. Lrnvrs 10-12 in. long with slender sticky jrlandular-liispid petioles, 11-21 ovate-obloui; nearly slahrous potiolulate leaflets from 1-2 in. in length, rounded at base, rounded or pointed and mucronate at apex ; stipules subulate and some- times delicate spines ; stipels very small and slender; branchlets and all new growths glandular hispid. Floirrrs (Junet in rather dense oblong axillary racemes, not fragrant, rose-colored, the standard marked on inner face with yellow blotch. Fruit: pods, 2-;ii2 in. long, linear-lanceolate, thin glndnlar hispid with reniform seeds about Vs in. long. PRICKLY ASH. TOOTH-ACHE TREE. XantJioxylum Clava-Herculis L.^ Fig. 346. Branchlet with mature leaves and clusters of fruit, i ; scattered empty capsules and seeds, 2 ; branchlet bearing prickles in winter, 3. They do not all bear prickles the first season, 347. Trunk with leaves and small prostrate trunk at base. Red River Valley, Arkansas. 348. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trejjs of the North erx Stati:s and Canada. 21)9 The Prickly Ash is a small tree rarely at- taining the height of 40 or 50 ft. with trunk 12-18 in. ill diameter, hut usually is much smaller and often shrubby. Its tendency when isolated is to develop a broad rounded top of many spiny hranclics, and its peculiar bluish gray bark of trunk is sure to attract attention. This is smooth and studded with scattered harnaclc like c(irky bosscss, each tipped with a thick sharp spine which, however, finally falls away. A fancied resemblance in these spiked trunks to the club of Hercules has sug- gested its specific name, and the hooked spines of its branches have given it its apt collo- quial names " ^Yait■a■bit " and " Tcar-blanket," while its pungent bark has given it the name " Sting-tongue " among the southern negroes. This property, too, as a source of relief in tooth-ache has caused it to be known as Tooth-ache tree. Its wood is light, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 31.51 lbs., soft, close-grained and of little value. Its bark, however, is highly valued among the southern negroes for the medicinal properties mentioned of the genus. 2 Leaves ."t-15 in. long, tardily dociduous. glabrous, with more or less siiiiiy petioles and '.i-O pairs of ovate-lancoolatp, often falcati'. suhcoriaceoiis leaf- lets, rounded and oliliinie at liase, acute or acumi- nate, shiny al)ove. dull lieneath, crenate-serrato. Flowers appear after the leaves in large terminal compound cymes : sepals minute, persistent : petals oval, greenish, Vs-V^ in. long; stamens .''> with slendor exserted filaments ; pistils ."? or 2, with sessile ovaries and short styles bearing 2- lobed stigmas. Fruit mature in early autumn with oblique-ovoid pitted 1-seeded capsule, the seed after dehiscence hanging outvude. Var. Initiciiftiim Gray, is a shrubby form in western Texas with short often .'{-foliate pubescent leaves and blunt coriaceous leaflets.' 1. Syn. Fai/ara Claia-lUrcuUs (L.) Small. 2. A. W., V, 106. 3. For genus sec \\. -44.".. /^^•r^-::£ WAFER-ASH. HOP-TREE. Ptelea trifoliata L. Fig. 349. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit ; leafless branchlet in ■ 350. Large trunk with leaves at base. In cultivation in New York. 351. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Tkees of the Northerx States and Cwai ;oi The Wafer Ash is more often a shrub th:ii a tree, but is occasionally found attaining the height of 20 or 25 ft. with broad or rounded tu|). and trunk sometimes 10 or 12 in. in diame- ter. I have seen it in southern Ontario with a short trunk 10 in. in diameter, but such a size is very exceptional. Its dark green tri- foliate leaves and conspicuous bunches of light green wafer-like fruit make it an ornamental object in late summer, and in winter, it is hardly less conspicuous on account of the fruit which persists seared and dry upon its naked branches long after the leaves have fallen. The flavor and odor of its leaves and bark when bruised is very similar to that of the hop for which it is sometimes used as a sub- stitute in brewing beer, and it is from that fact that it takes its name Hop-tree. The wood is rather heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 51.84 lbs., liard and close-grained. 1 An extract from its bark is sometimes used as a tonic in medicine. Leaves with S subsessile ovate to oblong leaflets, varying from rounded to cuneate at base, acumi- nate at apex, remotely crenulate, pubescent at first but finally lustrous dark green above, glandu- lar-dotted bj-neath. Flowers in mid-summer, of disagreeable odor. Fruit flat, similar to that of an elm but larger-winged all around in dense clusters and persisting on the branches nearly all winter.' 1. A. \V.. IV. 77 2. For uenus see p. 444. AILANTHUS. TREE-OF-HEAVEN. Ailanihus glandulosus desf. Fig. 352. Branch bearing mature leaves and fruit, i ; detached samarae, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 353. Trunk in southern Illinois, opposite St. Louis. 354. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the NoRTHr:RN States and Canada. 303 The Ailantlms is a handsonip naturalized tret sometimes attaining, in its native land, the height of 80 or 100 ft. with ratlier loose open top and trunk 2 to 3 or more feet in thickness. Its large plume-like leaves are familiar objects in the door-yards and parks of many of our eastern towns, giviiii,' a ti()|iic;il a]iii(Mrance scarcely equaled by any otlier tree of like liardiness. Nor is its ornamental value in late summer often surpassed by any otlier tree, wlien its frond-like foliage is interspersed with large bunches of brilliantly colored fruit. It is par- ticularly well adapted to planting for shade and ornamental purposes, being a hardy tro* of very rapid growth and little afTected by the dust and smoke of cities. For this purpose, however, only the pistillate trees should be used as tliey are of greater ornamental value and their flowers are free from the objection- able ordor foimd with the staniinate flowers. Those to most people are ill-scented and their pollen is said to aggravate catarrhal troubles. The native habitat of the Ailanthus is China and Japan, where an excellent quality of silk is made from a worm which lives upon its foliage. It is widely naturalized in eastern United States. The wood is of medium hardness and of coarse open grain. i Leaves 12-.'i6 in. long, with l.''.-41 stalked leaf- lets which are from ovate to lanceolate obloni;. 2-4 in. long, rounded or suhcordate at base, acuini- nato. entire hut with .">-4 glandular tei-th at h.isc. FloH-ern (.Tune) yiMlowish-Kn'i'n. in panicles oflr.i 1 ft. or more in Icnu'th : stamens villous at basr. Fruit samaras about H- iu- loQs, spirally twisted. - 1. A. W., I, 4. 2. For genus see p. 444. AMERICAN SMOKE-TREE. CHITTAM-WOOD. Cotinus AmeHcanus Niitt.^ F'g- 355- Branchlet with leaves, fruit and plumose sterile pedicels (an herbarium specimen), assortment of fresh leaves, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 356. Trunk, near Carthage, Mo. 357- Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Nokthern States and Canada. 305 The American Smoke-tree is a larger tree than the European species, as it sometimes attains the height of 30 or 35 ft., with a clear trunk 12-14 in. in tliickncss and firm spreading branches. The trunk divides at 8 or 10 ft. from tlu' ground into a few large branches, wliicli form a broad open top. The bark of trunk is of a grayish color and very rough with thin oblong somewhat imbricated scales. It is one of the rarest American trees, being found on rocky slopes singly or in small groves scat- tered among other trees in the limited re- gions indicated on the accompanying map. The Venetian tree with its beautiful plumose bunches of sterile pedicels and fruit, making its top suggestive of a puff of smoke or spray, is a familiar object in ornamental shrubberies. It is a tree vastly improved by selection and propagation upon its native condition, and tlie American tree, while now less profuse in its display of " smoke." than the European tree may be susceptible ^f like improvement, while it has the additional advantage of greater size and more ornamental foliage. The wood is ratlier light, a cu. ft. weighing when absolutely dry 40.04 lbs., soft, durable and of a light yellow or orange color and very thin white sap-wood and is used locally for dying orange color.2 Lrnvrx oval to ohovato. 4-C, in. lonsj. thinish. mostly potiolate hut the lowormost of the season's growth subsessilo, docurrent on the petioles, ronnfled or emarpinate at apex, entire, glabrous, dark green above, paler and pubescent on the midribs beneath. Flntrrrx (.\pril-Ma.v> Vs in. across greenish, in panicles r>-(5 in. long. Fruit drupelets about Vs in. long and prodtioed sparingly among the plumose steril pedicels.' 1. Syn. lihiis cotinoidcs noidcs (Nutt.) Britt. 2. A. W., XI, 256. 3. For genus see p. 445. Nutt. Cotiniis STAGHORN SUMACH. Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw. Fig. 358. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i ; detached drupelets, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 359. Trunk in St. Louis, Mo. 360. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Noethekn States and Canada 30; The Stag-lioni Suiiuu' or 40 ft. ill hci.yht. will diameter at base, hut is and often forms extciisiv- is occasionally ."{.> trunk 12-1.") in. in aially much smaller thickets as a shruit but a few feet in height. It usually has a more or less crooked or inclining trunk divid- ing into few large hranches and ultimately forming a broad Hat or somewhat rounded open head. Its favorite home is dry sandy or gravelly uplands or slopes where it grows in abundance in mirtiuMstcrn United States am! Canada, enlivening dcstdate regions with it^ handsome fern-like foliage of green interspersed with large thyrses of pale yellow male flowers or later with crimson bunches of velvety fruit. Its autumnal garb of red, purple and yellow makes it an even more conspicuous object, and when leafless in autumn its velvety spreading branches are quite suggestive of the antlers of a stag in the velvet; whence its name. Its wood is light, a cu. ft. wlien absolutely dry weighing 27.1") lbs., soft, and of a golden yellow color streaked witii tints of brown and green with white sap-wood.- The bark and leaves are rich in tannin and an infusion of the tart fruit is used as a gargle. 12-24 in. Ion", vd- Lrnrrs pinnate, deciduous, 12-24 in. vety pubescent, with 11-:>1 hinceolate sul)sessile leaflets rounded at base, lonij-pdinted. sharply ser- rate (rarely lacinintel dark iivrm above, liglitcr and pubescent beneatli. ridinrs yellew-iireen. in terminal dense comnound panicles, staminate panicles much the lavsest : branchlets velvety pubescent. Fruit druues about Vs in. in diameter, globose, covered with crimson acid hairs and massed in comoact nanicles wliich are conspicuous durinnso iniliese(>nt terminal panicles. 4-0 in. long: the i)istillale considerably smaller. Fruit in coniiiaci erect or inKidiiii; clusti'rs. often persisting on t1ie branches through tlie entire winter ; drupe about Vs in- across, compressed, crimson, covered with short acid hairs ; stone smooth. Var. Inueeolntn. Orny. is a small tree of eastern Texas with n;iiro\ver niid more falcate leaflets and lar"-(>r bunches nf ibiw.rs and fruit. Var. IciiraiiilKi i.l,ie(|.) de C. is another form found in Texas (near New Rraunfels) with white flowers. 1. A. W.. XII. 279. POISON SUMACH. Rhus vernix L.^ Fig. 363. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlets in winter, one with fruit still attached, 2. 364. Trunk of tree with leaves at base. Staten Island, N. Y. IFandbook of Trees of the Kortiikrn S'iatks and ("a.xada. 311 Tlie Poison Sunwicli is generally stipniati/.ed as being the most poisonuus American tree. It rarely attains the height of 20 or 30 ft. and its sijort trunk, oeeasionaliy 8 or 10 in. in diameter, forks near the ground and sends up a few large branches wliich form a wide open top. It is much more common as a large shrub than a tree. Fortunately its home is exclusively swamps ami the low miry banks of streams, as though nature were making an effort to keep it in places least frequented by human beings, who are eas}' victims to its poisonous emanations. Yet, in strange con- tradiction, it is given a foliage and pearl-like fruit of rare beauty which tempt tlie unsus- pecting, and then it poisons him who touches, unless he happens to be immune as some peo- ple are.2 It is occasionally found skirting the borders of ponds, where in autunui the glory of its brilliant red and orange tints '^ doubled by reflection in their waters, and the beauty of such a scene is rarely forgotten. Its wood is light, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry. weighing 27.30 lbs., tough and of a golden yellow color streaked with tints of brown and green and with clear white sap- wood.^ Lravrs 7-14 in. long and with 7-1.'? short-potio- late ovate-oblong or ol)ovatP entire leaflets ftho terminal one often 2 or .S-lobed) obtuse or acute and unequal at base and mostly acuminate at apex, lustrous dark green above, paler and prominently veined beneath. Floirrrs {.Tune) yellow-green, Vs in. across, in long loose axilary panicles. Fruit ripens in September and often hangs from leafless branches in the winter, in long loose panicles : drupe compressed globose, about Vt in. in di- ameter, shining ivory white or grayish ; stone striated. 1. Syn. Rhus venenata deC. 2. Drs. Seward and Wakeley, of Orange, N. ,T., tell me that they And in the fluid extract of Orindelia robusta an almost infallible remedy against the poisoning of I'oison Sumach, Ivy, and the allied species. They administer it both as an internal remedy (in doses of one drop every two hours) and as a topical applicant. AMERICAN HOLLY. JJex opaca Ait. Fig. 365. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, i ; detached fruit and nutlets. 366. Large trunk in eastern North Carolina. 367. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Nokthekn States and Canada. Sl'6 Tlie Holly is a beautiful evergreen, whose leaves and bright berries add to the cheer of Christnias-tinie in almost every home through- out llic land, iiiul are familiar objects to many who do not have an opportunity of seeing a growing tree, though a common object in the forests of the Southern States. There it at- tains the height of 40 or 50 ft. with a narrow pyramidal top of many horizontal or drooping; hxteral branches and a smootli-barked trunk occasionally 2 or 3 ft. (rarely more) in diame- ter. It occupies well-drained slopes and bottom- lands in company with various Oaks and Hick- ories, the Red Cedar, Whitewood, Magnoliiis, Hornbeam, etc., rarely if ever forming exclu sive forests. Few trees equal it in ornamental value, especially in late autumn and winter. when its associates are mostly bare and leaf- less and its bright red berries show in strong contrast to its dark green leaves. But alas! w'ith many a fine tree its beauty causes its downfall, so great is the demand for its sprays for Christmas decoration. The wood is light, a cubic foot weigliini,' 36.26 lbs., tough, close-grained and nearly white, and is valued in turnerJ^ in cabinet- making, etc.i Lrnvcs persistent, elliptical to obovate. spiny- tippod and with few spiny toptli or occasionally entire, thick, coriacious. dull dark Rioon and cen- trally grooved above, paler, yellowish m-eeii and pubescent beneath. Flnirrrs in the spriiii;. from the axils of the new leaves or scattered at the l)ase . of the growth, the staminate in .^-0-flowered cymes, the pistillate singly or 2-.S together ; calyx acute, cilliate. Fruit: drupe subglobose. V, in. in diameter, red or rarely yellow ; nutlets promi- nently ribbed. = 1. A. W., Ill, .52. 2. For genus see p. 44;". CASSENA. DAHOON. IJex Cas&'me L.^ Fig. 368. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; isolated fruits, 2 ; nutlets, 3 ; tip of vigorous shoot, 4. 369. Trunk of tree in Okefenokee Swamp, Ga. Handbook of Trees of the Xoktiiern States and Ca 315 The Cassena is a beautiful small tree of the coast regions of the soutliern Atlantic and Gulf States, occasionally attaining tlie iieigiit of 20 or 30 ft. with broad rounded top and trunk Bometiiues 12 or 18 in. in diameter, or is often no more than a large slirub. It grows mainly in the humid soil of swamps and about tlie borders of pine barren ponds in company with the Cypress, Ogechee Lime, (jums. Sweet Bay, \A'ater and Laurel Oaks, Water Hickory, Planer-tree. etc. Rare in tlie norllicni part of its range it becomes common soutliward. reach- ing its largest size and abundance in southern Alabama, Georgia and Florida. In these re- gions it is often known as Hendcrson-irood. Its wood is light, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 29.95 lbs., tough, close-grained, easily worked and of a clear creamy white color. 2 Leaves persistent, ohlancoolato or o'.iovatp. IVj-.j In. long, eunoato at l)aso, obtuse or acnto or emargrinate (somotimes roundod or retuse) at apcy with rovohite and entire margins or very re- motely and sharply appressed serrate near ape.K, thick, shining dark green above, paler and pubes- cent on midribs beneath ; petioles short, stout and usually pubescent. Flowers white, scarcely % in. broad, in hairy pedunculate clu.sters from the axils mainly of the leaves of the year, the staminate 3-9-flowered and the pistillate usually .3-tlowered. common peduncles nearly 1 in. long ; calyx lobes acute, ciliate. Fruit red drupes ripening in au- tumn and persisting until spring, subglobose, ^4 in. in diameter ; nutlets prominently ribbed. 1. Syn. //cj Duhoon Walt. 2. A. W., XII, 276. ^ ^-^ li'^i ILL r ' ° J\^^^^ qWo r "~-^ ■\ \ ^ = 1 M^ \ /-'ky >?--^' ^*^^ MISsfyALA\ GA \y % \/ y \ \ --t i ^ ^•^ YAUPON. Ilex vomitoria Ait. n Itt^! Bfc ^ .-^ .^^^^^^H^^^^H w wSis^/^ c^il^'^ '^^^^^^^^^^^IHI^^_ m H rf k ^^^^^r^ 1,,^^ n r p hi ■ - T® d \'\g. 370. Branchlets with mature fruit ; scattered fruits and nutlets. 371. Trunk of small tree in eastern North Carolina. Handbook of Trees of the Nohtiikk.x States amj Canada. 317 The Yaupon is a small tree occasionally attaining tlie height of 20 or 30 ft., with dense top of many branches and usually more or less inclined trunk frum ti to 10 or 12 in. in di ameter. It is often sliruhhy, sending vip several trunks from a common base. It is confined to the immediate vicinity of the coast, seeming to require the influence of the sea breezes in order to maintain its existence, excepting in the lower Mississippi valley where it ventures farther inland. It is a tree of rare beauty in aulunin and winter, when its brilliant red berries and handsome dark shining green leaves on livid branchlets arc sought for Christmas decorations. The leaves of the species possess strong emetic properties, as implied in both the specific name and one of the vernacular names — Emetic Holly, — which was a fact known to the Indians in earlj' days. From these leaves they made their " black drink " which Avas used both as a medicine and cere- monial drink, and to partake of it they jour- neyed from far inland to the coast at regular intervals. The wood is rather heavy, hard, close- grained and of a creamy white color, suitable for use in turnery, for inlaid work, etc. .A cubic foot when absolutely drj* weighs 45.31 lbs. Leaves persistent, elliptical or ohlonj;, 1-2 in. long, obtuse at both ends, crenate. coriacooiis. lustrous dark ereen above, paler l)eneath : potis short (about Vs in.) and thick. Flntrrrx in silnli- rous cymes from the axils of tlie loaves of tbe previous year, tlie staminate short-pfdinicli'd and several-flowered : the pistillate 1 or '-'-(lowered ans slender, about V, in. long. Flowers in .lune. in few-flowered cymes at the ends of short «I)iirs on the growth of the previous season, or solitary on the new growth : calyx lobes acute, ciliate. Fruit subglobose. scarlet, sometimes nearly y^ in. in diameter : nutlet prominently ribbed. w \i, -jrr^. WAHOO. BURNING-BUSH. Euonymiis atropurimreus Jac(]. Fig. 376. Mature leaves and fruit, i (ihe former showing mildew and scale); fruit in various stages of dehiscence, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 377. Trunk of a large tree in eastern Tennessee. 378. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. TT. Noir Sta The interesting Wahoo is a small tree, only under the most favorable conditions attaining the height of 20 or 25 ft. with a trunk 6 to 8 in. in diameter, vested in a sinoothish mottled gray bark. When isolated from other trees it develops a wide Hat top of slender spread- ing branches. Trees of this species, however, are rare and confined mainly to the southern and western parts of its range. Elsewhere it is usually a shrub rather than a tree. Its quite ordinary foliage and flat unassum- ing flowers scarce!}' attract attention during the summer season, but on the approach of autumn, when its leaves assume a pale yellow color and its singular scarlet purple fruit dan- gles from each branchlet, it is an object of conspicuous beauty, and we see in it then the aptness its occasional names " Burning-hush " and " Bleeditig-heart Tree," as its opening fruit reveals its blood-red contents. The wood is rather heavy, a cu. ft. weighing when absolutely dry 41.08 lbs., hard and close- grained. Leaves deciduous, mostly oblong. 2-."> in. louir. tapering at base and acuminato or acute at apex, finely crenate-serrate. rather thin, pubescent, paler beneath ; petioles about % in. long ; branchlets usually more or less 4-angled. Flotrers about % in. across in 7-l.")-flowered trichotomous cymes •with slender peduncles ; petals purple, obovate, un- dulate ; anthers purple. Fruit ripe in October and often persisting into the winter about '/j in. across, deeply .■5-4-lnbpd. smooth, light purple ; seed about % in. long and covered with a thin scarlet aril.* 1. For genus -see p. 446. ■■^^ i mm /m^ lit '■'mf' ^ jl '%tji ss tl :- SUGAR MAPLE. HARD MAPLE. ROCK MAPLE. Acer Saccharum Marsh. ^ Fig. 379. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit and a detached leaf showing galls of a mite {Eriophyes acericola Garm.), which commonly infests this tree, i ; branchlets in winter, 2. 380. Trunk of tree. The squirrel was a wild gray squirrel, which, on account of scarcity of food in the forest, resorted to the author's grounds, where food and shelter were offered it. It remained all winter and was photographed when about to partake of a breakfast. 381. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Tkees of the jSI^ortiiern States and Can ad. 325 x'he stately Sugar Maple in the forest some- times attains tlie lioif,'lit of 100 ft. or more with trunk from :! to 3 ft. in diameter, and when isoiatcil di'vclops a di->l iiictly ovoid or in ver}' old trees a broad rounded top of many branches and dense foliage. It is without doubt tiie most valuable hard-wood tree in America, taking into consideration the abun- dance of maple sugar it produces, the choice fifjured woods and the valuable plain wood excellent in manufactures and for fuel and rich in potash. It is abundant on well-drained uplands, |)articular]y nortliward. in company with the Beech, Yellow Birch, Hemlock, Black Cherry, etc., and sometimes forms almost ex- clusive forests. Its clear sweet sap is gathered in early spring and evaporated to make the majjle sugar, 12 or 13 quarts of sap making a pound of sugar, and 3-4 lbs. to a tree being an aver- age yield. I have made 23 lbs. in one season from a single tree tapped but once, which is an exceptionally good record that I have never known surpassed. The Bird's-eye and Blister Maple are almost exclusively and the Curly Maple largely products of this tree — unac- countable freaks in the development of indi- vidual trees. A cu. ft. of the wood when alisolutely dry weighs 43.ns Ibs.^ Lrnrrx rj-.l-lohod witli rounded sinuses and acuminatp sparingly sinuato-toothed, lobes, heart- shaped or rounded at l)ase, i)uheseent at first and at niatui'ity plahrous dark jjreen above, paler be- neath, turning yellow and scarlet in autumn. Flotcrm appearing with the leaves in hairy ses- sile drooping corymbs with long slender greenish yellow pedicels : calyx canipanulate ; corolla none. Fruit rii)enin-lobed leaves having open rounded sinuses and entire acuminate lobes. 1. Syn. .It. / sacc>iariiiuin U'ang. A. barbafiun Mich.x. 2. A. \V., I, 7, 7« and 76. ;?. For genus see pp. 44G-447. BLACK MAPLE. Acer 7ngrum Michx. Fig. 382. Leaves and fruit. Note the presence of a few small stipules. They are occasionally much larger. Branchlet in winter. 383. Trunk of tree in Black River valley, N. \. ITanduook of Tkkks of X. i:i;.\ S'iAri:s and Ca.naka. 327 The Black Maple, liki' (lie Su-;n- ;^laplc. \s a stately tri'o attainiii- the hci-lit ui SO or 100 ft. will) trunk ;{ or 4 ft. in ilinnictcr, and also wIr'U isolatiil devfidps a distinct ovoid lop uf iipii-j;lit liraiichfs, and thfso gradually IxmkI ing outward make in old age a broad rounded top. With the country folk generally no ahly tlie most ahiindant of the shrubs and small tiees tliat clothe the banks of mountain streams and overhang their spark- ling waters throughout the northern states and Canada. Their comely leaves and upright stems of pale flowers are as intimately asso- ciated with these retreats in early summer as the songs of the Hermit-Thrush and Catbird which live within their shade, and in autumn it is an object of special beauty, its orange and red leaves being only surpassed by the brilliancy of its drooping clusters of scarlet keys. The wood is little used save as an humble contribution to the wood pile for fuel. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 33.22 lbs. Lcavra palmatoly ."-lobod or slightly .5-loln>fl. cordate or truncate at liasc the aculc ui- acmiii- nate lobes coarsely cn>natc-scrratc with pointed teeth, membranous, conspicuously rcticulati'd. glabrous above, pubescent beneath: iietiolcs slender, reddish. Floirrm (.Tune) about ij in. in diameter in erect many-flowered lonK-stcmmi'd pubescent compound racemes ; calyx jireenish yi'I- low ; petals linear-spatulate. yellow and lon.'xer than the calyx lobes : stamens 7-s. exserted in the staminate flowers ; ovary hoary tomcntose ; style columnar. Fruit: sameras slabrous with l)road divergent red wings and fully grown by mid- summer. STRIPED MAPLE. Acer Pennsylvanicum L. Fig. 386. Section of small branch showing striped bark and branchlet with leaves and fruit, detached samarse and leafless branchlet in winter. 387. Large trunk with small one to the left. Lewis Co., N. Y. H. ANDBOOK OF TrKES OF THE NoRTlIKKX StATKS AM) CaNADA. 331 Tlie Striped Maple, although a larger tree than the Mountain Maple, with which it is geiu'raily associated, only occasionally attains the height of 30 or 40 ft. with a trunk 8 or 10 in. in thickness, and is ( ftcn a large shruh. This also is a shade-loving tree, being found scattered through forests of the Sugar IMaplc, Yellow Birch. IJcech, Hemlock. Red Spruce, Butternut, etc., but is occasionally found iso lated, having then a rather wide or rounded top of upright and spreading branches. Its handsome large leaves and gracefully drooping stems of yellow flowers, borne on smooth striped branches of rare coloration, overhang the waters of nearly every forest-covered mountain stream within its range, and in northern regions are eagerly devoured by nioose and deer, for which reason it is some- times called the Mooseuood. Ite wood is of a rich pinkish brown color with abundant lighter sap-wood usually dotted and streaked with pith-flecks. A cubic foot when dry weighs 32.02 Ibs.i Lcavrx palmately S-lohed at apex with short afiiminato lobes, sharpl.v d in. across in slender droopin-; racemes 4-6 in. long : sepals shorter and narrower than the obovate petals : stamens 7-8. shorter than the petals : ovary glabrous : styles columnar and stigmas recurved. Fruit drooping, glabrous, widely divergent, wings about % in. long, the seed bearing portion pitted one side ; seed about 1/4 in. long. 1. .\. W.. IV. T'.i. SILVER MAPLE. SILVER-LEAF MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE. Acer saccharinum L. ' Fiu ,5RS. Branchlet with nmture inm while the leaves are not yet fully grown, surrounded with mature leaves gathered later. Leafless branchlet in winter, clustered flower-buds. .^8g. Trunk of large tree in Black River valley, N. Y. 390. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. these are Note the Handbook of Tkees of the Noktiiei{>- Statks and Canada. 333 This beautiful tree when growing in the forest attains the height of 100 or 120 ft. with trunk 3-5 ft. in dianietor. When isolated from other trees it forms an ovoid top with many upright brandies whicli. however, after a time gradually incline outward and form a rounded or broad top. It thrives best in low bottom- lands, subject to occasional inundation, in company with various Willows, the Black Ash. River Birch, Red and Black Maples, Swamp White Oak, etc. In earlier days it lined the banks of most of the navigable streams of the interior of tlie eastern states, and early writers tell us that in it lay a large part of the charm of their picturesqueness. Its rapid growth and handsome incised leaves, which show suc- cessively their daric or white surfaces when tluttcring in the wind, have long made it popu- lar for ornamental planting. Several nursery varieties have appeared. Sugar of excellent quality is made from its sap. though it requires more to make a pound than does that of the Sugar ]Maple. Its wood is strong, ratlier hard, easily worked, of very fine grain, and is used in the manufacture of furniture, etc. A cu. ft., when absolutely dry. weighs 32.84 lbs. Curly Maple is occasionally produced by this tree. 2 Lrnvrs deeply .')-lol)pd with narrow sinuses and acuminate and irregularly coarsely dentate lobes, truncate or heart-shaped at base, 5-7 in. long, t'reon above, silvery white and often pubescent tionoath ; pale yellow in autumn ; pedicels long, slender and often red. Floircrs in very early spring before the leaves, in dense sessile axillary fascicles, greenish yellow : corolla none ; stamens .*?-" : ovary pubescent. Fruit ripening in May, the samaras large 1VL>-- in. long, falcate, divergent, prominently veined. 1. Syn. Acer dusycarpum Ehrh. li. A. W., II, 26 and 26(1. RED MAPLE. SCARLET MAPLE. SOFT MAPLE. Acer riibrum L. ^■ig- 391- Mature fruit while the leaves are very immature, i ; mature leaves gathered later in the season, 2 ; branchlet in winter showing clusters of flower-buds and leaf-bads, 3. 392. Trunk of tree with leaves at base. Staten Island, N. Y. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 335 The Red Maple sometimes attains the height «f 100 ft. or more, when growing in the forest, with a trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter, and when growing away from the inlhionee of other trees develops an oval or rounded top. It inhabits chicliy bottom-lands and the banks of streams and swamps in company in tlie north with tlie Black and Red Ash, Arbor Vitaj, Hornbeam, Tamarack, etc., and in places forms almost ex- clusive forests. It is one of the first trees to show its autumnal colors of brilliant scarlet nnd is then a very conspicuous and beautiful object. The swelling of its buds in late winter is one of the first evidences of approaching spring, and its early flowers open and ofTor their abundant nectar as early as it is warm enough for the bees to visit them. Even before the leaves appear in southern regions the tree is gorgeous with its crimson full-grown sa- maras, though in northern regions they do not attain full size until after the leaves ap- pear. The wood is extensively used in manufacture of furniture, a on. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 38.50 lbs., and a considerable portion of the Curly Maple of commerce comes from this tree.i ^laple sugar is also made from its sap though as the sap is not as sweet as that of the Sugar Maple it requires more to make a pound of sugar. Leaves 2-6 in. Ions. .'Vfi-loljcd, with sliallow acuto .nder. FJotrrrs in earliest spring before tlie leaves, scarlet or yellow- tinted, in lateral fascicles ; i)etals oblong-linear : ovary glabrous. Fruit on drooping pedicels 2-4 in. long, divergent, glabrous, nearly 1 in. long. Var. triden.i Wood- is a form in coast region from N. .T. to Fla. and Tex., having leaves mostly smaller, more obovate, narrow and cuneate or rounded at base, ."^-lobed (or lateral lobes some- t-mes suppressed) darlt green above, much lighter and glaucous beneath, thicltish ; fruit smaller, sometimes yellowish. 1. A. W., Ill, 53. 2. Syn. ,-1. Varaliniaiiinii Walt. BOX ELDER. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. Acer Nequndo L.^ FiS-393- Mature leaves and fruit, i; branchlet in winter from staminate tree, 2; do, from pistillate tree, 3. They are sometimes less glaucous than here shown. 394. Trunk of isolated tree, near St. Louis, Mo. Handhook of Trees of the Noktiikkn States and Canada. 337 The Box-Elder attains a height of from 50 to 75 ft. with rather wide-spreading top and short trunk 2-4 ft. in diameter. It ranges from thi: western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains to the limits of tree growtli on the western planes. Occupying the banks of streams, lake sliores and low bottom-lands, it is one of tin- most generally distributed and abundant trees throughout all this range, but is rare east of tlie Allcghanies. Its handsome foliage, rapidity of growth and unusual ability to withstand drouth make it very popular for planting as a shade-tree in the cities and towns of mid- continental regions, where it ornaments the streets and door-yards of many homes. Several nursery varieties have appeared which have won popularity both in this and European countries. The wood of tlio Box-Elder is light, a cu, ft. when absolutely dry weighing 26.97 lbs., soft, close-grained, easily worked and is used in the manufacture of wooden-ware, lumber for in« terior finishing and paper pulp.^ From its sap sugar is sometimes made. Leaves .^-.^-foliate with ovate to oval loaflots. from cuneate to subcordate and entire at base, re- motely and irregularly serrate or lobed above, tomentose at first but at maturity green above, paler and hairy in the axils beneath, thin, turning yellow In the autumn. Flowers dioecious, very small, appearing before the leaves, yellowish green ; the staminate in fascicles with very slender pedicels 1-2 in. long ; the pistillate in narrow racemes. Fruit: samaras, glabrous, IV2-2 in. long, somewhat incurved, in drooping racemes fi-S in. long, falling in autumn but stems commonly persistini; until sprin'Z. Var. Californiid ( T. & C.) Sarg., is tri-foliate with more coarsely dentate leaflets, pale tomentose beneath. 1. Syn. Negundo aceroidea Moench. \v. HORSE CHESTNUT. ^sculus Hippocastanum L. Fig. 395. Branch with mature leaves and fruit and opened capsules beneath, winter, 2. 396. Trunk of tree with leaves beneath. Staten Island, N. Y. 397. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. branchlet in Handbook of Tkees of the Nortiiekn States and Canada. 339 The Horse-Chestnut has long been one of the most popular shade trees of both Europe and America. Its native home is said to be south- ern Asia, from the Himalaya Mts. to (iieetc. from whence it was introduced into this coun- try about the middle of the 18th century, and it has become naturalized in many places. It is one of the largest trees of its genus, some times attaining the height of 75 or 80 ft. with trunk 2 or 3 ft. in diameter. Its formal round pyramidal top is one of the most familiar ob- jects among the trees of the parks and street- sides of all the eastern cities, and few trees equal it in beauty when, in the month of May, its dome of tender green handsome leaves is beset with showy pyramids of white flowers mottled with red. IVIany garden varieties have appeared; as forms with variegated and lacini- ate leaves, red-tinted and double flowers, etc. It is said that the bitter principle of the fruit can be removed with fresh water and it is then palatable and nutritious. The bark is rich in tannin and is used in medicine. The light close-grained wood is suitable for the uses for which the Fetid Buckeye is applied. In Europe it is employed as blind wood in cabinet making, for moulds, etc.i Leaves with petioles 4-7 in. long and Ti-T (usually 7) sessile obovate leaflets, cuncate at base, abruptly acuminate, irregularly crenate- dentate, rugose, thin and nearly glabrous. Flowers in pyramidal rather dense tbyrses, white spotted with yellow and purple. Fruit snbglobose, 2-8 in. In diameter, covered with spines; seed I-IV2 in. long with large hilum.= i. A. W., 1, U. For genus sei p. 4-1 OHIO BUCKEYE. FETID BUCKEYE. ^^sculus glabra Willd. Fig. 398. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 399. Trunk with stem of large grapevine. Meramec River valley. Mo. Handbook of Trees of the jSTokthkkn States and Canada. 341 This is a medium-size tree rarely attaining; a greater lieiglit than To ft. or tliiekiiess of trunk than 2 ft. and often no more than lialf that size. When isoUited it develops a broad rounded umbrageous top of many branches and thick straiglit branchlets. It is confined in its distribution to low moist regions and the banks of streams, and is a tree of hand- some aspect on accoimt of its star shaped clusters of leallets, wliich in autumn turn yel- low before falling. \Nhen leafless in winter tlie distinctly keeled bud-scales with apiculate free tips and rather smaller buds readily distin- guish it from closely allied Yellow Buckye. It is occasionally planted for ornamental pui poses though ill-favored on account of the ill- smelling bark and foliage when bruised and is not as ornamental as the introduced Horse- Chestnut. Its light wood weighs when absolutely dry 28.31 lbs. per cubic foot, is soft, close-grained, rather tough and easily worked. These quali- ties make it in demand for the manufactur- of artificial limbs, splints and some kinds of wooden-ware, and it is also used for paper- pulp. i The nuts, " buckeyes," are often carried in the pockets of superstitious people with the belief that they will keep away the rheuma- tism. Leaves with petioles 4-0 or oblong leaflets 3-6 in. Ion base, acuminato. finely iiniM] maturity glabrous on uppci the veins bcnoath and on (April-May) yellowish sriM louK and .■)-" ov.lI imcati' and cutire at ly serrate above, at irface. pubescnt on ' petioles. rinwrrx about % in. Ion--. mostly unilateral in loose pubescent panicles r. <; in. long: calyx oampanulate : petals of nearly equal length the claws about equally as long as tli" calyx but the lateral pair broader; stamens lon'-'rr than the [ictals. usually 7. with lonr curved fila ments : ovary pubcseent and armed with pi-ickles. Fruit irregularly ol)ovate or subglobose. 1-2 in. long, more or less roughened with prickles ; seed 1-1% in, wide. 1 Syn i:.si;,liis fhiid Ail. \V, .\l, -J.-,: YELLOW BUCKEYE. SWEET BUCKEYE. ^sculus odandra Marsh.* Fisi. 400. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, i ; isolated seeds and valves of capsules, 2-3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 401. Trunk of a forest tree and Rhododendron foliage. Alleghany Mountains, N. C Handbook of Trees of the North kkn Sj AND Canada. 343 This is the largest and handsomest of the native Buckeyes, attaining tlie height of 75 to 110 ft., with trunk 2-3 or more ft. in diameter. It does not equal the allied Horse-Chestnut in beauty of flower-cluster or size of leaves, but is distinctly a handsome tree, especially a purple-flowered variety which is known botan- ically as var. hi/hrida (do C.) Sarg. Tlie spe- cies is culled Sweet Huckeye not because the nuts arc sweet enough to be eaten by man, but tlicy are sweeter than those of the Fetid Buckeye and are eagerly eaten by cattle, swine etc. It is said that flour made from the nuts is excellent for paste, wliicli jiossicsses an ad- hesive power greater tlian that of ordinary paste and is less liible to be eaten by insects. The wood is liglit, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weigliing 20.04 lbs., soft, tough, line- grained, easily worked and apjilied to the same uses as is the wood of the Fetid Buckeye. 2 Lcavvs with petioles 4-0 in. long and usually 5 (sometimes G or 7) obovate-oblong or elliptical leaflets, cuaeate at base the lowermost oblique, acuminate, serrate, pubescent at first but finally nearly glabrous and dark green above, duller and hairy tufted in the axils beneath. Flowers (April- May) IV2 in. long, yellow, in loose pubescent panicles 5-7 in. long ; petals 4, unequal, longer than the calyx : stamens usually 7, shorter than the petals : ovary pubescent. Fruit about 2 in. long smoothish. with pale brown seed about lij in. long. Var. luihridn (de r.) S.nrg. (var. purpurascrns Gray) has pink or piii-pl(> (lowers and under sur- face of the leaflets, petioles, etc. pale pubescent. 1. Syn. .ilsctilus fiava Ait. 2. A. W., XII, 278. WESTERN SOAPBERRY. Sapmdus Drummondi II. & A. Fig. 402. Branchlets with leaves and fruit in Octol)er, separated seeds, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 403. Trunk of tree in Red River valley, Ark. 404. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. fruit cut into to expose seeds Handbook of Tkkks OF TiiK Noin jiKjjx States and Canada. 345 This interesting tree attains the height of from 50-75 ft., witli trunk 1 Vj-2 ft. in diame- ter, clothed in a gray rough scaly bark and strongly buttressed at base. It puts out but few large branches and along these many short contorted branches, the whole forming a top of peculiar aspect. Its dark green leaves with sickle-shaped leaflets and large clusters of golden translucent fruit terminating each branchlet are features of singular interest, and in a measure compensate for its ungainly habit of growth. On account of a resemblance in its fruit to that of tlie Cliina-tree (Melia Aze- daracJi) it is simetimos called the Wild China- tree. It inhabits chiefly bottom-lands in com- pany with the Pecan. Nutmeg Hickory, Mis- sissippi Hackberry, Prickly Ash, Honey Locust, Drunimond ^luple, etc. The name Soap-berry is applied to this and the allied trees on account of detersive prop- erties found in the pulp of its fruits, which when rubbed between the hands in water, form a lather and can be used as a substitute for soap. Its wood is heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 50.64 lbs., strong and splitting easily between the rings. These are properties which make it valuable for splints in basket making for which it is to some extent em- ployed.i Leaves glabrous or noarl.v so, with slondor not winged rachises and !>-ll pairs of lancrdlato usually falcate acuminatp short-iictioliitc in. long, yellow, translucent, glabrous and slightly if at all keeled ; seed dark brown. - 1. A. W., XI, 254. 2. F'or genus see pp. 447-448. V-,.'v. "*v| m iLrf-^v-. .- ■*^-MvT>{' I;:'&i imm''\ ^i^lffi^ COMMON OR PURGING BUCKTHORN. EUROPEAN WAYTHORN. Bliamnu^ cathartica L. Fig. 405. Branchlets with mature fruit and leaves, i ; detached fruit, 2 ; nutlets, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 406. Tree in the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo 407. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 347 The Common or European Buckthorn or Waythorn, sometimes called also the Rhine- berry, is an introduced tree in the United States, as a hedge plant, and has become naturalized in many places throughout tiie eastern states. It is a native of JMirope and western and nortliern Asia. As we find it in this country it occasionally attains the height of 26 to 30 ft., and its short trunk, sometimes 12 or 14 in. in diameter, divides neir tlie ground into large upright limbs, which aevplo|) an oblong or spreading bushy top of crooked branches and many small spiny branchlets; or it is often only a spreading bush. It is an interesting species for shrubberies, on account of its small distinct leaves and closely clustered black berries, and it is also a good hedge plant. on account of its many stiff spiny branchlets. Its bark yields a medicine of strong catharti:,- properties, and is also used in making a yellow dye. The wood is heavy, hard, firm, very durable, of characteristic fine grain and yellowish or pinkish brown color, with narrow light yellow sap-wood. It is s\iitable for use in turnery, for tool-handles, etc.i Lrarrs opposite, deciduous, broad ovate or oval, IVj-S in. long, mostly roundod or obtuse at base, obtuse or acute, tinely crenate serrate, glabrous, with 2-4 pairs of prominent veins running from near tlie base nearly to tlie apex ; winter buds scaly. FInicrs (May-,Iune) about % in. wide, in 2-r> axillary clusters. 4 numerous ; petals very narrow. Fruit subglobose, black, about Vt in. across, very bitter and containing ?, or 4 nutlets ; seed sulcate on the back.= 1. A. \V., XII, zr,. 2. For genus see p. 448. YELLOW BUCKTHORN. INDIAN CHERRY. Bhamnus Caroliniana Walt. P'ig. 408. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit ; detached fruit and nutlets and branchlets (one still retaining fruit stems) in winter. , 409. Tree near Alienton, Mo. If \X1 OF ThKKS of the NoRTlUajN S'lAllS AM) ("a.XAI :U9 The Yellow Buckthorn or Indian Cherry, as it is also called, is a small slender tree with uiianiicd brandies soiiu'liines attaining tlie higlit of 30 or 35 ft. witli trunk G or 8 in. in diameter. It is more often, however, shrubby and scattered as an underj^row th througli for- ests of the Black Jack. Post, Shingle and Chin- f|ii:i|)iii Oaks. Blue Ash. Buiiielia. etc., on rich Ixittcini lands and limestone slopes. In these situations its cle.ir bright green foliage and berries, varying from scarlet to black according to degree of ripeness, are highly ornamental and have occasioned its planting in ornamental shrubberies, for which it is well adapted. Its fruit is sweet and edible though of no com- mercial importance. The wood is rather liglit, a cu. ft. weighing 34.04 lbs., but hard and close-grained and of a ricli brown color witli clear yellow sap-wood. Leans plliptical to ovati'. 2-(> in. lon.sr witli 01" 7 pairs of veins arcuate near the marj;in, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, acute (or some- times acuminate) at apex, obscurely serrate- crenate or nearly entire, tomentose at first but at maturity shining dark green with impressed veins above, glabrous or nearly so beneath ; petioles pubescent : winter buds naked. Fluiicrs (May- .Tune) perfect, about % in. broad, in pubescent umbels or some solitary on peduncles from Vs to % in. long ; calyx o-lobed : petals ."). enveloping a short stamen. Fruit subglobose, i;i in. in di- ameter, ripening in early autumn, black and sweetish when fully ripe and containing 2-4 closely coherent nutlets rounded on back. BASSWOOD. Tilia Americana L. Fig. 410. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i; nutlet in section, 2; leaf from vigorous shoot, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 411. Tree in Black River valley, N. Y. 412. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Tkees of the Nortjii:i{n States and Canada. 351 The Basswood is one of the most abundant and useful trees of eastern L'nited States and Canada. In forest growtli it lias been known to attain the heiglit of 123 ft. with straight columnar trunk 3 to 4 ft. or more in diameter. W lu'ii grow ing apart from other trees it de- velops a full ovoid or rounded lop very un- brageous on account of its many branches and large leaves. It inhabits preferably rich moist but well drained slopes and bottom-lands, and is a handsome and favorite tree at all seasons of the year. It is especially so in midsummer when it dangles amid its ample foliage numer- ous clusters of yellow fragrant flowers, which perfume the atmosphere for some distance about the tree and offer an abundance of nec- tar from which the honey bees make their choicest honey. In autumn we see in the Bass- wood a unique plan of nature to aid in the scattering of its seeds. Each cluster of a half dozen or so seeds is furnished with a special seed-leaf, which serves as a parachute and so retards their fall that the wind has an op- portunity to carry them some distance away before striking the ground. The wood is light, a cu. ft. weighing 28.20 lbs., soft and tough and largely used for fur- niture, carriage-building, wooden ware, etc.i The fibrous inner bark furnishes v .luable bast for mats, cordage, etc. Leaves obliquply oval. 5-10 in. Ions, cordate at basp. abruptly aruminate. sharply glandular- serrato, thick, glahrous. dull dark sreon abovo, paliT and {ilahroiis or hairy in tho axils of tho voins benoath. Floivrrs with pedunculate bract r?-."> in. lonR, c.vmps drooping ; sepals pubescent ; petals slightly " longer than the sepals and the scales, /'n/i/ "globose-oblong, %-i/i in. in diameter, rufous- tomentose.= 1. A. w., I, :;. 2. For gonus see pp. i48-449. LOBLOLLY BAY. (lordonia Lasianthus Ell. Fig. 413. Branchlet with mature leaves and empty capsules after the discharge of the seed- 414. Tree with leaves at base. Near Rocky Point, N. C. 415. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. I'.av 353 The Loblollv lici-ht of 70 or 7," trunk rarely over 18 usually conyidcralily fruiting condition li than shouklor lii,L;li ii dimensions in tlie s latod tree its lia'it row t't>iii|)acl head. sometimes attains the ft. witli rather slender )r "JO in. in diameter, and mil Her. I liave seen it in til as a shnili no more id as a tree of its largest me locality. As an iso- s to form a rather nar- uid it is particularly a handsome object on account of its bright ever- green leaves and conspicuous llowers. A strik- ing feature is its grayish or reddish brown bark of trunk fissured into long broad rounded ridges, quite dilVeicnt from tlie liarks of other trees with which it is associated. It inhabits low rich l)ottom-l;.nds and the borders of s\vam])s in company with the Red ^laple, Sweet Bay, Swamp J>ay, Evergreen Magnolia, Titi, Devil-wood, Gums, Loblolly Pine, etc. The wood is light, a cu. ft. when absolutely drj' weighing 29.4(5 lbs., soft, not strong, and easily worked.' Tlie bark contains tannin and is sometimes used for tanning purposes. Leans olihuiccolali' to (jliloim-, nrarly sessile. oiineate at hasi', hluiilly acute at apex, appressed serrate, lustrous dark green above, o-G in. Ions, Flowers openin'j; for several weeks commencing in .Tuly, 2-:? in. in diameter, with red pedimcles 2-.". in. long, thickest above : sepals eiliate, pubescent outside: petals white, about 1 V4 in. long, pubescent outside: ovary pulx'seent : style short. Fruit: pointed ovoid capsules, persisting after liberating their seeds.= 1. A. \V., V, 102. 2. I'^or genus see p. 44;». V ii^t^^r- vv ^^1'^'^^:^:*^^^:': •**>^!S/«« **'-'■ "i^ •'' ^r^i^S^^^Sff^^ v.-.Mir-.y^.w:^/..: 3£S»lvs armed with prickles ; leaflets broad-ovate, acute or aoiminate, serrate, dark groen above, paler and often with prickles on midribs beneath. FInirers (.Tuly) about % in. across, in many small umbels, ar- ranged in a compound terminal panicle sometimes 3 or 4 ft. lonR : style distinct. Fruit ripe in August, ."-.5-ansled, subglobose, Vs in. long, black with purple juice. = 1. A. W., 1, 8. 2. For genus see pp. 440-4.'S0. FLOWERING DOGWOOD. Fig. 419. Branchlet bearing mature leaves, fruit and young flower-buds, branchlet in winter showing flower-buds, 3; do, showing leaf-buds, 4. 420. Trunk with leaves at base. Sfaten Island, N. Y. 421. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. isolated nutlets, 2; Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 3.';7 This favorite tree occasionally attains the height of 35 or 40 feet with truni^ 12 or 18 inches in diameter, and when away from the influence of other trees develops a low spread- ing intricately branched top. It inhabits rich well drained soil along the banks of stream.-^ and often thrives in the shade of other trees. These localities it enlivens in early spring with its showy flower clusters strangely suggestive of so many separate flowers. It is especially effective when seen against a mass of the flow- ers of the Red-bud, witli wliicli it is often associated and which flowers at the same sea- son. The Dogwood is again in evidence in autumn on account of the splendor of its red and purple garb and long-stemmed close clus- ters of shining red berries. Its wood is heavy, a cubic foot weighing 50.41 lbs., hard, strong, very close-grained and admirably adapted to use in turnery, the handles of tools, etc. It is the wood usnl almost exclusively by metal-spinners for fonii- who purchase it from supply houses by tlie pound. Its bitter bark, particularly of the roots, is used in medicine on account of its astringent and aromatic properties. i Leaves mostly in cUisters at the ends of tlu^ branchlets, ovate to oval, cuneate at base, acute or abruptly acuminate at apex, entire or obscurely crenato-tootlied, thickish, dark green and with scattered hairs above, pale and pnberulous be- neath with prominent arcuate veins : petioles short. Flowers sreenish yellow in dense heads surrounded by four large white or pinkish (rarely red) petal-like bracts from buds formed the pre- vious season, conspicuous during the winter, and enveloped by the bracts. Fruit bright scarlet berries in close heads, with mealy flesh and thick walled, 1-few-grooved stone. = 1. A. VV., IV, S8. 2. For genus see p. 4,50. ^^'^:' ml iter BLUE-FRUITED DOGWOOD. ALTERNATE-LEAF DOGWOOD. Corniis alternifolia L. Fig. 422. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; isolated nutlets, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 423. Trunk of large tree, about i ft. in diameter, in Lewis Co., N. Y. 424. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. IIandkook of Tkees of the Xoktiim-x KS AND ('a.XAI Thi3 is a small northern tree, occasionally under most favorable conditions, attaining the height of 25 or 30 ft. witli trunk to 8 or exceptionally 12 inches in diameter, and is com- monly a tall shrub. It inluibits rich well- drained soil along tlie borders of forests, par- tially cleared huul and fence rows, where its peculiar habit of ramification easily distin- guishes it from its associates. It puts out horizontal and upward inclined strightish branches witii many upturned branchlets on the upper side and but few if any beneath. This feature is best seen when the tree is leaf- less and it is then quite as interesting an ob- ject as in summer, when it is conspicuous on account of its flat sprays of foliage inter- spersed with clusters of white flowers, or later red-stemmed clusters of blue berries. The wood is heavy, a cubic foot weighing 41.73 lbs., hard and verj' close-grained, adapted to use in turnery, etc.i Lcarcft mostly alternate and elusfered at the ends of the branchlets, ovate to oval, .'!-") in. long, wedge-shaped or somewhat rounded at base, long- acuminate, obscurely crenulate, pale tomentose at first, but at maturity thin, dark green and glab- rous or nearly so above, pale and apprcssed pubes- cent beneath, with prominent arcuate veins ; petioles slender, pubescent. Floirirs (May-.Tune» creamy white, about hi in. long in loose com- pound terminal cymes ; petals narrow, rounded at apex and refiexed. Fruit a subglobose blue drupe, i/ii in. in diameter, depressed at apex, tijjped wit'i the remnant of the style, in loose red-stemmed clusters : flesh thin and bitter and short ovoid somewhat pointed 2-celled thick-walled nutlet with many longitudinal grooves. 1. A. W., IV, 87. ROUGH-LEAF DOGWOOD. Cornus asperifolia Michx. Fip. 4^5- Mature haves a 4. -6. Large and smal 1 fruit, I ; isolated nutlets, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. trunks with leaves and fruit at base. Red River valley. Ark. Handbook of Trees of the North krx States and Canada. ;]'il The Rough-leaved Dogwood is a small tree only in a limited portion of its great range, which extends from the Atlantic coast nearly to the limits of tree growth on the western plains and from Canada to the (iulf of Mexico. Usually a shrub it becomes a tree on the rich bottom-lands of southern Arkansas, eastern Texas and northern Louisiana. Here, in com- pany with the Pecan and Nutmeg Hickory, Prickly Ash, Rusty Nannyberry, Mississippi Hackberry, Soapberry. Urumnion and Red Maples, the Water Oak, etc., it attains the height of 40 or 50 ft. with irregular open top and trunk sometimes 8 or 10 in. in diameter. Tt is an especially beautiful object in early summer when bearing its many clusters of creamy white flowers and in autumn with its red-stemmed bunches of white berries. The wood is lieavv, liard, strong and of fine grain, adapted to use in turnery. Leaves mostly ovate to elliptic and oval, acute, obtuse or almost rounded at base, long-acuminate, with undulate nearly entire margins, tomentose at first, but at maturity dark green and rough with short stiff hairs above, paler and pubescent or glaucous beneath ; petioles slender, rough pubes- cent, as is all new growth. Flowers (late sprin.-j) creamy white, in rather loose-flowered terminal compound long-peduncled cymes ; petals narrow, oblong, acute finally reflexed. Fruit subglobosr. about 1/4 in. in diameter, white, tipped with (ln' remnants of the style and in loose spreading clusters; flesh thin and bitter and stone 1-2- seeded slightly several-grooved lengthwise. PEPPERIDGE. SOUR GUM. TUPELO. Nyssa sylvatica Marsb.^ Fig. 427. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i (There are often several more drupes in a cluster than here shown) ; isolated pits, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 428. Trunk of a forest tree. Biltmore, N. C. 429. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. ilANDHOOK OF TrEES OF THE jSToRTIIERN StATES AND CaNADA. 3G3 Tho Sour Cum in tlio forest occasionally at- tain the height of SO or KUt ft., witli trtnik 3 to 5 ft. in diameter. Wlicn isolated from tlic influence of other trees its habit of growth is picturesque, as it sends out many s|)rea(ling pendulous small tough branches, forming a rounded or cylindrical head. It inhabits gc>n- erally swamps and wet lowlands, in com pa y with the Red Maple, Swamp White Oak, Bl uk Ash, Water Ash and other water-loving tre^s, but on the slopes of the Alleghany Mountains is also found on well drained uplands. Its clear bright green foliage is an attractive feature in summer, and its autumnal tints, of bright red and purple, are scarcely surpassed by the tints of any of the trees about it. The wood of the Sour Gum is rather light and soft, of tine grain, tough and difficult to split and work, owing to its contorted fiber. These qualities, however, make it particularly valuable for certain special uses; as for wheel- hubs, rollers, wooden-shoes and many other articles of wooden-ware, and it is extensively used, when cut into thin lumber, for fruit- boxes and crates. 2 T.rnvrf! oliovatp-ohlonK to oval, 2-5 in. lonj;. ciinoatc or sonictimes rounded at base, acute or acuminate at apex, entin-, pubescent at first but finally thick, firm and lustrous dark green almve and more or less pnlicscent Ix'ucath. Fltiin/rn ap- pparing when the leaves arc marly full trrnwn r <;um nttnins tlir li(>i,i:lit of from 50 to 7.") ft., witli trimk usually tai)LM-iiig froiu an enlarged l)ase. It develop.s a ratlier narrow top of many snuill spreading brandies, and, as its name implies, it is confined in its distribu- tion to the immediate vicinity of the water. It occupies deep swamps and tlie margins of ponds and streams in companj' with the Cotton Gum, Cypress, Water, Laurel and Over-cup Oaks, Titi. Plancr-trce, Forestiera, etc. In autumn it is a conspicuous object on account of the purple and red tints assumed by its foliage. Its wood is fine-grained, light, tough and dillicult to s]dit and work on account of its contorted and twisted fiber. It is applicable to the same uses as the wood of tlie Sour Oum. A forcible anecdote was o:ice toM f e author to illustrate the crooke'.iie^s of the grain of this wood. It was t;) the efTect that "An Irishman was u|) a gum-tree one day when it was struck by liglitning, and he hul time to climb down before the lig'itriug reached t!:e ground, because it had to fillnw the grain.'" The truth of the sti>ry was not vouched f.)r. Lrnvrs oMancoolate to ohovate and oblons, cuneate at base, ohtuso or acute ( occasionall.v acuminate) at apox. entire, tnmentose at first Ivi't finally lustrous dark frrcpn above, palor beneatli : petioles stont. I'loircrs iwlini Irnves are nearly prowni in. loni': tlie pisiillatc (lowers usually in pairs. Fruit in pairs or occasioniilly solitary. '.■•.-'■. in. Ions, dark blue with iuicv acid flesh and distinctly flattened and ribbed stone. 1. Syi \ i/.ss(t staminntc in dense capitate clusters, the pistillati' solitary ; style revolute into a coil. Fruit »n slender dr(i in. long, glandular-hispid, opening and liberating its seeds in autumn and persisting during the following winter.^ 1. A. \V., .\ll. 2.S4. 2. For genus see p. 4.'i7. BJiffiSHfS ^ m ^^^tt w ^^^■h Mj ^H 1 W-^ 1 B 1 M mi 1 MOUNTAIN LAUREL CALICO-BUSH. Kalinia latifolia L. Fig. 437. Branclilet with mature leaves and fruit, the next season, 2. 438. A burly forest trunk. Highlands, N. C. 439. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. branchlet with leaves and flower-buds for Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 371 The Mountain Laurel, like tlic Rhododendron with which it is coinnionly assoi-iated, is gen erally a shrub rather than a tree, excepting in the heart of tlie AlK'ghany .Mountains. Tn that interesting region, which alone affords condi- tions sulliciently favorable for the aboresc^nt development of several of our American trees, the Mountain Laurel is found occasionally 30 or 40 ft. in height, with compact rounded top of rigid branches. Its trunk is usual i\ crooked or inclined, and is sometimes 18 or 20 in in diameter. To the nortliward it pre- fers low rich bottom-lands, but in the southern part of its range, where it is more abundant, it extensively occupies rocky slopes, forming in places dense thickets, and is widely dis- tributed as an undergrowth in deciduous forests. In flowering time it is the Rhodo- dendron's only peer in beauty of floral dis- play, and it has become deservedly popular for ornamental planting. The wood is fine-grained, rather hard and brittle, and useful in turnery. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weigiis 44.62 Ifes.i Honey gathered from flowers of this species is said to be poisonous, at least to some extent, to per- sons eating it, though apparently not to the bees. Leaves persi.'itpnt. alternate, opposite and in threes, eonduplieate, elliptic-lanceolate to oblon'4. acute at botli ends, pultescent at first but at ma- turity lustrous daik frreen al)ove. paler b(>noatli. ttiick. v\}iU\. Flowers ( May-.Iuno ), al)out % in. in (lianii'tcr, nuni(>r<)us in compound and crowded terminal corymbs, .■'.-(> in. across ; pedicels slender. erect. Klandular. piiliesceui : corolla white or pinkisli ,nnd delicately penciled .-ibovi^ Fruit a depressed-globdse f;landul:ir capsule. three-six- tceutlis in. in diameter witli persistent calyx and style.= 1. A. W., .\I. li.-'.). 2. Eor genus see pp. 451-452. SORREL-TREE. SOUR-WOOD. Oxydendnim arhorcum (L.) DC. Fig. 440. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit and (to the left) a cluster of empty capsules of the preceding season, i ; leaf from vigorous shoot, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 141. Large forest trunk at Biltmore, N. C. 442. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Nortiieen States and Canada. 373 The Sorrel-tree is a Imndsomo and interest- ing tree, occasionally in llie I'oru-^t attaining tlie height of 50 to 70 ft. or more, with long clear trunk 18 or 20 in. in diameter. When iso- lated it develops a rather irregular narrow- oblong top, with spreading and drooping branches. It occupies mainly well drained slopes and ridges, in company witli various Oaks and Hickories, the Sugar iMaple, Sweet and Sour •Gums, the Silver-bell Tree, Yellow Buckeye, ■etc., and attains its largest size on the lower slopes of the Alleghany Mountains. Farther east, as I have found it along the borders of the Dismal Swamp in Virginia, it is a small felender-stemmed tree, often with inclined trunk, and there thriving in moist soil. It i^ a, distinctly ornamental tree in summer, with handsome foliage and large terminal bunches ■of tiny cup-shaped white flowers, and in autumn with its briglit scarlet foliag'. It takes its name from a slightly acidulous flavor of its leaves and branclilets, which are tonic, refrigerant and diuretic in properties. The wood is fine-grained, rat' er liard and heaAy, a cubic foot wlicn absolutely dry weigh- ing 40.48 lbs., and is useful in turnery, for tool-handles, etc.i Lcarrs alternate, deciduous, revolute in the bud, oltlonj; to lanceolate, cuneate at base, acute or acuminate at apex, irregularly serrulate with slender teeth, lustrous dark green above, pale and glaucous beneath. Flninrs ( .Tuly-August) numer- ous, white, about Mi in. long, in terminal panicled racemes, with i)ubescent bihracteolata pedicels ; •calyx deeply ."-lobed. persistent : corolla cylindri- cal! ovoid, hypdgenous. witli ."« minute reflexed lobes: stamens lo. Ilie filaments wider than the anthers: disk thin: ovary .">-(elled with columnar style and capitate stigma : ovules numerous, a^^- pliitropous. Fruit a r)-celled ovoid pyramidal capsule, with remnants of persistent style and •calyx, loculicidally .^)-valved : seeds numerous, the testa pointed at both ends.= 2. For genus see p. 452. 1. A. W., .\II, 283. s-.f. {.-••-•v #•.».».••••' •••••:.*.•?• in. long. sul>- spssilc, cuneate at l)ase. round(>d or acute at apex, with entire or (jhsciircly (li^ntii-iihUc and revolutc margins, at maturity lustrous dnik green above, paler and glalirous or pulieruhnis licneath. coriace- ous. Floinrs ( Marcli-Mny ) white, in leafy- braeted racemes, with slender pedicels 1^ in. long: corolla campanulate with ."> acute reflexed lobes : stamens 10, with hairy filaments. Fruit ripe in October, subglobose, l:, in. in diameter, shinin; black.3 1. Syn, Batodcndron arborcinii Nutt. 2. A. W., XI, 2.^)8. 3. For genus see p. 4r)2. WOOLLY BUMELIA. CHITTIM WOOD. BUCKTHORN. Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers. GUM-ELASTIC. ktl' fn tin?er!"4.''^^*' ^''^ ^^^^^^ ^""^ "^^"'^ "'^^"''^ ^'""'*' ' ' detached fruits, 2 ; pits, 3 ; branch- 447- Trunk of an isolated tree. 448. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Treks of the Northern States and Canada. 377 Tlic Woolly IJiimclia is a sin ill nr ini'diuin size troo. occasionally attainiii;L: the iicijj;lit of 50 or GO ft. and 2 or :! ft. in tliic-kness of trunk. When isolatetl from other trees it de- velops a rounded or oblong rather open top, of rigid branches, more or less spineseent with thick sharp spines. The birk of trunk is of a brownish gray color, reticulated with firm prominent ridges. To the northward in its range it inhabit? usually well-drained gravelly or sandy soil, in company with the Post, ]jlack-Jack, Chin- quapin and other Oaks, Mocker-nut and Shag bark Hickories, Blue Ash, Red-bud, etc., but in the south it occupies moist low-lands, as well as the drier uplands. A gum exudes from it when wounded which gi\es it the name Gum- elastic. It is a clear viscid substance, some- times used domestically. Its wood is rather hard and heavy, a cubic foot Aveighing when absolutely dry 40.78 lbs., tough, smooth-grained and of marked charac- teristic structure. 1 Leavfs raostl.v obovato or olilancoolate, 1-2 Vi in- lonjj. narrow, cunoato at base, rounded or bluntly pointed at apex, woolly tomentose at first but at maturity dark green and glabrous above and donsoly tomentose beneath as are the short potiolcs and all new growth, tardily deciduous. FIniiuix (.Tnly-Au'ust) in usually several-flowered fascicles with pedicels about Vs in. long; calyx witli obtuse or rounded lolies ; staminodia ovate, acnte (limlicniate. Fruit drupe, black. % in. or loss in ]en::tli; seed oblong, rounded at apex, about V4 in. long.- Var. rifiidn. Oray. is a form found along the Mexican boundary with rigid spineseent branchlets and smaller thicker leaves. \. \. \V., XI. 260. 2. For genus see p. 4.".:{. PERSIMMON. Diospyros Virginiana L. Fig. 449 Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, i ; detached fruits, 2 ; seed split in two to show embryo, 4 ; fruit in cross-section, 5 ; branchlet in winter, 6 (Note the tardily deciduous fruit stems). 450. Trunk with poison ivy vine. Red River valley, Ark. 451. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Trees of the Xorthekn States and Canada. 379 The Persimmon tree ordinarly does not at- tain a greater height than 40 or 50 ft., but in the fertile valleys of southern Indiana and Illinois it has been known to attain 100 ft. in height, with trunk 2 or 3 ft. ill thickness. As an isolated tree it develops a rather broa 1 rounded or flattened tup with contort .vl branches. An attractive tree at all soison^ it is particularly so in autumn, wh.m it bright orange-colored fruit shows in strorg co - trast to its green foliage, or later wi.en c m- spicuous on its otherwise naked br uu-Iies The fruit is rich in tannin and very astii:ig' t until thorouglily ripe and soft, when it is ord - narily delicious, though individual trees dl.Ter in quality of fruit. The wood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 49.28 lbs., hard and fine- grained, and is used in turnery for small arti- cles of wooden-ware, shoe-lasts, shuttles, etc.i Its fruit is often found in the markets of southern cities, when in season. It is quite variable in quality, and is occasionally fou^id comparatively free from astringent properties. By careful selection and propagntion trees bearing superior fruit could no doubt be se- cured worthy of propagation. Leaves ovate to oblons: and oval, ohtiiso. ^-7 in. long, rounded or suhcordatc at base, acumi- nate, pubescent at first but at maturity lustrous dark green above, paler and pubescent beneath, coriaceous. Flowrrsi (May-.Fune) short-peduncu- late ; staminate in 2-.S-flowered cymes : pistillate solitary ; corolla greenish yellow : stamens of the sterile flowers about 10 ano of the pistilln*" flowers rudimentary and only S ; ovary nearly glabrous, S-celled : st.vles 4, slender. Fruit mostly depressed globose, i-lVj in. in diameter. |iab' orange, often with red cheeks, glaucous, subtended by the enlarged calyx, persistent into the winter ; seeds oblong, flattened. = 1. A. W., Ill, 01. 2. For genus see p. 4-53. SWEET-LEAF. HORSE-SUGAR. Symplocos tindoria (L.) L'Her. Fig. 452. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i; detached fruit, 2; fruit in section, 3 branchlets in winter, the one to the left showing flower-buds and the other leaf-buds only, 4 (Note segmented pith.) 453. Trunk with leaves at base. 454. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Treks of the Xoktiieun States and Canada. 381 The Sweet-leaf is a small tree occasion:illy attaining the height of 30 or 40 ft. witli rather wide open top of slender branches, an 1 a trunk 8 or 10 in. in diameter. Like tlio Sparkleberry and Wax Myrtle, with wiiich it is associated, it loves tlie shade of the forest, and in these localities, so shut away from sun- light that we almost wonder at its e.xisteiie:^. its handsome foliage is as singular as its abode. Each branchlet is upturned and bsars near its tip a cluster of drooping spreading leaves. Its identity can be at once detected by the segmented pith of its branchlets and tlie agreeable somewhat sweetish flavor of its leaves. It inhabits rich well-drained but moist eoil of the forests of the south Atlantic and Gulf states, from the coast to an altitude of about 3,000 ft. on the Alleghany ^Mountains, and is especially a pleasing object in early spring, when its puts out its whorls of delicate fragrant flowers, at the time when its old leaves of the preceding season are withering and falling to the ground. Its light soft fine-grained wood is easily worked and would be useful in turnery, a cubic foot weigliing, when absolutely dry, 33.19 Ibs.i The leaves and fruit yield a yellow dye and the bitter roots have tonic properties. Leaves oblong to obovato, mostly 4-6 in. long, cuneate at base, acute or acuminate, obscurely crenate, serrate or suhentire. revolute in the bud. tomentose beneath at first but at maturity lustrous dark green above, paler and pubescent beneath, subcoriaceous and with arcuate veins : petioles short, stout. Floirrrx in early spring, creamy white and fragrant, subsessile in several-flowered clusters from the axils of the leaves of the pre- vious season : calyx cup-shaped, puberulous, with rounded lobes : corolla % in. long, oblong, obtuse, each lol)e bearing a cluster of exserted stamens ; ovary 3-eelled with .'t nectiferous glands opposite the lobes of calyx. Fruit (.\ugust-September) an oblong nut-like pubescent drupe about Mi in. long.' 1. A. W., XII, 285. ■J. I'or genus see pp. 45:!-4.')4. ■, 11 WSk^ i uK^Krl^ '' '?^'^4i^^^^^l 4 •>*■■-■ i ^Pl"^ Mm y i^n -v''^ ■ ■'/ i"'' As ^|a. t, « '&m; \ wm "S '(\^ ^^■w ^' /' r^^^'f^Ji .^) ^'^^mXt A ^'i-v^S \ ':fi ""'w'' ^ '7 I -•^.^ . '■■ "\I r^A SILVER-BELL TREE. SNOW-DROP TREE. Mohrodendron Carolinum (L.) Britt.^ F'g- 455- Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit not quite fully grown, i ; fruit with seed exposed, 2 ; isolated seed, 3 ; branchlet in winter, 4. 456. Trunk about i ft. in diameter, Biltmore, N. C. 457. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of Tkkes of tiik Xoktiikrx States and Can. 583 The Silver-bell Tree is generally of small stature, but on the high AUogliany Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, where several other trees find inspiration for greatest de- velopment, this one lifts its head to the heig'.it of 80 or 90 ft., with straight columnar trunk 3 ft. in diameter, but such trees are only found in this favored locality; elsewhere it is a much smaller tree, and is often a large shrub Bending up several stems from the groiiiul. When isolated it commonly forms a narrow rounded top of short stout branches. It in- habits rich well-drained wooded slopes and banks of streams, in company with various Oaks, Hickories, Ashes and Magnolias, Sugar Maple, Sorrel-tree, Great Rhododendron, Laurel, Witch Hazel, etc., and in spring, when its branches are fringed with many white bell- Bhaped flowers, soon after the unfolding of its leaves, it is an object of singular beauty. In- deed, that its ornamental value is generally appreciated is shown by the fact that it is often planted in city parks and on private grounds throughout the Atlantic states. Its wood is light, a cubic foot, when abso- lutely dry, weighing 35.07 lbs., soft, fine- grained and suitable for use in turnery, but generally too scarce to be of commercial im- portance.2 Leaves oval to obovate-oblons;. 4-0 in. lonsr. acute or obtuse at base, mostly aouminatp at apex, remotely serrulate, pale tomentose at first, at maturity glahrou.s dark .ureen above, paler and more or less pubescent beneath. Flowers (.March- April) on drooping pedicels; corolla slightly lobed, abont % in. long : stamens 10-lC with glabrous filaments ; ovary 4-celled. Fruit ripening In late autumn, 4-winged. 1-2 in. long.^ 1. Syn. Halcsia tfiraplcra Ellis. L>. A. W.. XI, li()l 3. For genus see p. 4.'>4. BLACK ASH. HOOP ASH. Fmxinus nigra Marsh.^ 459- Forest trunk showing small burls. 460. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Handbook of TkeiES of thk Noktiikkn States and C. 385 The Black Ash is distinctly a northern species, and in forests, under most favorable conditions, attains the height of 80-90 ft., with straight columnar trunk 3-4 ft. in diameter. When isolated it develops a rounded ovoid top, which may be recognized when leafless by it-i stout straiglit branch lets (those of the stami- nate tree being larger than of the pistillate] and the gray scaly bark of trunk. It inhabits the low banks of streams and cold swamps, in company v.ith the Arbor-Vita>, Balsam, Tamarack, Silver Maple, Black SpruC3, etc., sometimes forming a considerable portion of forest tracts. Its wood is rather heavy, a cubic f )ot when dry weighing .38.37 lbs., moderately hard and strong, and is valued in the manufacture of furniture and lumber for interior finishing, for barrel hoops, etc. It is extensively used in tlie manufacture of splints for baskets, owing to the facility with wliich it splits between tlie layers of annual growth. Tlie "Ash Burl" veneering is a product of tliis tree, being sliced from the "knots" or burls which form on its trunk and larger branches. Their cause or origin is not well understood. 2 Leaves 10-lG in. long, with 7-11 oblong to oblong-lanceolate sessile leaflets, the terminal one pptiolulato. rounded or cuneato and unequal at base, long-acnminato at apex, sharply serrate, to- niciitoso at first Imt at maturity glabrous dark grcrn alidvi'. sdiiicwhat paler and glabrous with rufdiis hairs along the midrib beneath. Flowers polygamo-diopcious, calyx none : petals none ; stamens 2 sometimes rudimentary in the pistillate flowers. Fruit samara, linear-oblong, 1-1% in. long, 1-^ in. broad, winged all around and with flattened faintly-veined body and thin wing emarginate at apex.' 1. Syn. Fraxinus samiucifolia Lam. 2. A. W., Ill, 62. 3. For genus see pp. 4.')4-4.55. :n:^ ^ WATER ASH. Fraxinus Caroliniana Mill.^ Fig. 461. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, ij branchlet in winter, 2. 462. A small trunk in Dismal Swamp region, V'a. Handbook of Tkkks ok thk A^oktiiki^x States and Caxada. J3S7 The Water Ash is a tioo of medium stature, rarely larger than 40 ft. in hoij,'lit and 1 ft. in diameter of trunk, witli usually a narrow rounded top of slender brandies. It iniiabits deep swamps antl the baidt inf,Miislies it in t'lc eye of the woodman, and on very old trunks is e-pi'eially intel■^-^tiIlJ,^ t!ie lon.u loose phites ^ixini;- it an even more s'.aggy ajip-'aranee than those of the Shag-hark Hickory. It inhabits mostly dry lime t;)ne ridg'S and uplands, in comi)any with the White Ash, Te.v.as, Chinquapin and other Oaks, Woolly ]Uimelia, Red-bud. various Hickories, et3., and is ofcasionally four.d in tl;e more moist bottom- lands. It is called the I'.lue Ash on account of a l)hie dye which may he made hy mascerating the inner bark in water. The 4-angled nature of the twigs constitute a character by wdiich it may be easily recognized. The wood is heavy, a cubic foot, wlien al)so- lutely dry, weighing 44.77 lbs., rather hard and strong and is used in the manufacture of floor- ing, agricultural implements, etc.i Leaves 8-12 in. long with 7-9 ovato-ol)long to lanceolate sliort-petiolulate Icafiots .S-.") in. long, un- equally rounded or ol)tuse at base, long-acumi- nate; "closely serrate, tomentose at first but at maturity glabrous, dark yellow green above, paler and glabrous or hairy-tufted in the axils of the veins beneath. Floirris perfect, in loose panicles ; calv.x almost obsolete: corolla none; stamens 2 with dark purple oblong anther-cells. Fruit linear-oblong, 1-2 in. Ion;, winged all around, parallel-veined and the body extending more than half way to the einargiiiaie apex. 1. A. W.. XI, 26.3. WHITE ASH. Fraxinns Americana L, Fig. 465. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; large leaf from vigorous shoot, 2 ; branchlet in winter, 3. 466. Trunk of isolated tree near Albany, N. Y. Handbook of Trkes ok The White Ash is one of the most vi h.ardwood trees of tlie American forests, and one of tlie statliest representatives of its <;;cmis. In the forests of tlie rich bottom-hinds of th." lower Ohio basin it has been known to attain the height of 120 ft. and 5-6 ft. in diameter of trunk, but these dimensions are exceptional. It occupies rich slopes and bottom-lands, where nut too moist, and is an abundant tree tliro.igh- out most of tlie eastern states and Canada. \\'lien growing apart from other trees it de- velops an ovoid or somewhat pyramidal top, with long slender lateral branches. It is a tree of good habit and handsome foliage and is popular as an ornamental shade tree. The wood of the White Ash is heavy, a cubic foot weighing 40.78 lbs., hard and strong, and is used extensively in the manufacture of tool- handles, agricultural implements, cars, furni- ture, etc.i The inner bark is used in medicine. Leaves 8-15 in. Ions, with ."-ll ol)lonf,'-l!in('i'- olate, ovate or obovate petiolulate leaflets, rounded or cuneate at base, long-acuminate or acute at apex, entire or crenate-serrate at maturity, siih- ooriaceous. glabrous dark green above, whitish and glabrous or pubescent beneath. Floinr.s dioecious, cal.vx campanulate. 4-lobed ( more deepl.v in the pistillate flower) ; petals none ; stamens 2 (sometimes 8). Fruit: samara, 1-2 in. in length but sometimes (in var. microcdiiiti (Jra.v) not more than V.- in., lanceolate with short terete body and terminal wing more than twice its length. 1. A. W., I, 10. IK North KKx S lahle ATKS .\NI) ("aXADA. 391 BILTMOREASH. Fraxinus Biltmoreana Beadle. Fig. 467. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 468. Trunk of forest tree at Biltmore, N. C. For the specimens of leaves, fruit and winter branchlet I am indebted to Prof. C. D. Beadle. Handbook of Tkkks of NoiMJiKiJX States and Canada. 393 The Biltniore Ash is a tm- of iiu'diuiii sizo, not ofton surpassing 40 or ,">() ft. in licij,'lit or 12 or 15 in. in thickness of Iniiilc, and wlicii not crowded by otlier trees devndops an op.-ii symmetrical ovoid or n)und('d top, of stout spreading branches. Its hark is of a dark- gray color, fissured in ratlier narrow somewhat reticulate ridges, very much resembling that of the White Ash, as it does also in the quality of its wood and other ciuiracters, excejjting the amount of pubescence of its foliage and brandi- lets. It inhabits the ricli well-drained soil of slopes and the banks of streams, or occasionally low-lands, of the foot-hill region of the Alle- ghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania to North- ern Georgia and Alabama. For its discovery we are indebted to Prof. C. D. Beadle, Botanist at the Biltmore forest estate of :\Ir. Geo. W. Vanderbilt, where it is a common tree, and he has appropriately given it the name of the estate. Its wood is heavy, hard, strong, tough and of a pinkish brown color, with abundant lighter sap-wood, and is suitable for the uses to whidi the White Ash wood is applied.! Lrarrs lO-l.'i In. long, with 7-0 ovate or ovate- oblong to lanceolate somewhat falcate long- petiolulate leaflets, 3-7 in. long, obtuse or rounded at l)ase, acuminate, with entire or cih- scurelv denticulate margins .and at maturity firm dark green aliove. paler and imliesceiii I'speciall.v on the veins beneath : liranclilels velvety pubescent. Floirrrii early in May, in rather compact imbescent panicles. Fruit: samaras li/4-l% in- long, linear or linear-spatulate with wing 2 or .S times as long and very slightly decurrent upon the nearly terete narrowly elliptic seed-bearing portion. 1. .\. \V.. Xll. L'SV. GREEN ASH. Fraxinus hmceolata Borck.^ Fig. 469. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter, 470. Trunk of isolated tree. Meramec River valley, Mo. II AX ■:s OK •II K XoKTlIKK'.N Si 195 It. and -Z-A fl. ill ^olaled it develops slender spre.iding This handsome tree rarely attains a {,'rcater size than GO-70 ft. in lici diameter of trunk. W hen a broad rounded top, of branches. It inhabits the hanks of streams, lake-sliores and bottom-lands over the greater part of tlie United States east of the Rocky Mountains, and, in the western part of its range, it so closely approximates the Red Ash in characters that it is considered by some botanists to be a variety of that species, though it is verj' dis- tinct from it in regions east of the i\Iississi])pi River. Comparatively uncommon east of the Alleghany Mountains it is very common in the Mississippi Valley. Being a very hardy tree, of rapid growth and desirable habit, it is ex- tensively planted as an ornamental shade tree in many of the cities and towns of the central states. The wood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 44.35 lbs., hard and strong, and adapted to the same uses as that of the White Ash, no distinction being made between them in commerce.-* Leaves 8-12 in. long with petiole and racliis frlabroiis or nearly so and .">-n oblons-lanceolate to ovate petiolulate leaflets, cuneate at base, acumi- nate at apex, usually sharply serrate at ma- turity, glab'rous or n(>arly so, bright green both sides or slightly liglit(>r boni-ath : branchlets gray, terete, glabrous with pale Icnticcls. Floirers dioecious, without in'tals. Fruit samara, 1-2 in. long, with tcrcti' body tapering from the base, tipped with a spatiilate or lancoolate wing de- current about half way down the body. 1. Syn. Fraxinua viridis Michx. f. Pennsylvanica var. lanceolata Sarg. 2. A. W., XI, 262. Fraxinus RED ASH. Fraxinus Fennsi/Ivanica Marsh.-^ Fig 471. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; branchlet in winter, 2. 472. Trunk of isolated tree. Staten Island, N. Y. Handbook of Trkks of the Xortiikun States and Canada. 397 The Red Ash is a tree of medium size, rarely attaining a greater heiglit than 40-00 ft. or a greater thickness of trunk than 2 ft. When isolated from other trees it develops a broad- ovoid or somewhat pyramidal top similar tu that of the White Ash, which it also resembles in character of bark. It inhabits low rich bottom-lands and the margins of swamps ami streams, in company with the Hackberry, JOlms, Swamp, Pin and Water Oaks, Bitter-nut Hickory, Red and Silver Maples, Sweet and Sour Gums, etc. It is not generally distin- guished by the common people from the White Ash, which, however, is more a tree of up- land regions and a tree of more vigorous growth and ornamental character. The Red Ash is said to take its name from the reddish color of the inner bark of the branches. The wood is rather liglit, a cubic foot when dry weighing .38.96 lbs., hard and strong, and applied to the same uses as is that of the White Ash, though somewhat inferior to it in quality.2 Leaves 7-12 in. Iodk. with velvety pvihcscont petioles and raehises, and 7-9 olilonK-lMnccdlato or ovate petiolulate leaflets, uneiiually ciiiicarc at base, usually acuminate at apex. ntose bi'iieath : liramlilcis \rl\cty but sometimes beeom- in'4 iclabrous liy ilic close of the first season. Floir( m dioecious, petals wanting ; stamens sub- tended by the persistent calyx. Fruit: samara, 1-2 in. long, with slender terete tapering body, margined above by the thin deourrent linear or spatulate wing which about equals it in length. 1. Syii. Fnuiiuis jtiilx •2. A. W., IT, 81, '•IIS Lam. PUMPKIN ASH. Fraxinus profunda Bush, Fig. 473. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit and leafless branchlet in winter. 474. Trunk in swamp bordering St. Francis River, Mo. Small Cypress knees in background. Handbook of Tkkks of the Nortiiekn States and Canada. 399 Tlic Pumpkin Ash is :i larp;e tree as found in the swaiiiin- bottom I. iiids of eastern Arkansas and soiilhea>terii Missouri, wiiere it attains the heiglit of lUU ft. or more, with columnar trunk 3 or 4 tt. in diameter abovj its wide base. It inhabits deep swamps, the banks of sloughs and streams of eastern Arkansas and southeastern Missouri, and of the valley of the Appalaehicola River in western Florida. It occupies these loL-alities, inundated during a considerable portion of the year, in company with the Bald Cypress, Leitneria, Cotton and Water Gums, Planer-tree, Swamp Poplar, Water Locust, etc. The singular name. Pumpkin Ash, by which it is popularly known, i.^ said to be given to it on account of its wide swollen base which gives it stability in the soft miry ooze in which it grows. The oc- currence of the Pumpkin Ash, Leitnaria and certain other Floridian species in southeastern Missouri and eastern Arkansas indicates an interesting extension of the Floridian fiora -into those regions which is noteworthy, espe- cially as few, if any, of these species have been found in the intermediate regions. Leaves large, 0-18 in. long, leaflets 7-9, lanceo- late or ovate-lancpolate and usuall.v inequilateral, entire or nearly so, rounded or cuneate at hasc. acuminate, hairy tomontose at first, at maturity darit green and nearly glabrous al)ov(>, puhi'sccn't beneath : branchlcts and all new growths di^nscly pubescent. Flowers dioecious, the staminate witii a campanulate obscurely 4-toothed calyx ; sta- mens 2-.'{ ; pistillate calyx larger, deeply 4-lobed, accrescent and persistent. Fruit: " samaras, linear-oblong, 2-3 In. long with wing decurrent to below the middle of the terete thick seed-bearing portion. FRINGE-TREE. OLD-MAN'S-BEARD TREE. Cliionanthus Virghnca L. Fig. 475. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, i ; detached fruits with pits exposed, 2 : branchlet in winter, 3. 476. Trunk, with leaves at base, of a transplanted tree in New York. 477. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. II iiNDBOOK OF TREJiS OF THE NORTHERN StATES AND CaNADA. 401 The beautiful Frinjxo-troo raroly attains a greater size than 25 or 30 ft. in heij,'lit and 8 to 10 in. in diameter of trunk, and is often a shrub sending up several stout spreading stems from a common base. When isolated it develops a low rounded or oblong top of tortu- ous branches. It inhabits rich moist soil of sheltered ravines and the banks of streams, and is a tree of singular beauty in May and June, when its light green foliage is inter- spersed with numerous tassel-like or fringe-like flowers of snowy whiteness, very different from the flowers of all other tvees. There are several names by which the tree is known, as Old Man's Beard, Grandfather Graybeard, Sunfloicer Tree, Snoic-fton-er Tree, Flowering Ash, etc., all alhuling to its singular flowers. On account of these and its handsome foliage it is popular as an ornamental shade- tree throughout eastern United States and Europe, and proves hardy considerably north of its native range. The wood is moderately light, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 39.71 lbs., hard and close-grained, though of no coinmericial importance. The bark is used in medicine as a tonic, aperient and diuretic. Leaves oblong or sometimos ovate or oliovate, 4-8 in. lonj?, cuncate at base, mostly acute or acuminate at apex, entire, when they unfold glabrous above, velvety pubescent beneath, at ma- turity dark-green above, paliT and glabrous except on the conspicuous arcuate veins beneath. Flowers (Ma.v-.Tune), delicate, fragrant, in slender drooping panicles with sessile leaf-like i)ersistent bracts; petals 1 in. long, white, purple-spotted within at base. Fruit ripe in September, Vj-% in. long. dark blue with glaucous bloom and thin pulp' 1. For genus see p. 4.55. FORESTIERA. SWAMP PRIVET. Forestiera acuminata Poir.-' Fig. 478. Branchlet with mature leaves and scattered detached fruits, i ; fruit in section, isolated pits, 3 ; vigorous branchlet bearing leaves, 4 ; leafless branchlets in winter, 5. 479. Trunk of tree near mouth of River des Peres, Mo. 480. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. H \NI)BOOK OF TkKKS OF THK XoKl'JlKKN StA' AM) ('a.NAI The Forcstiera or Swamp Privet is a low wide- spreading tree occasionally 25 ft. in height and 1 ft. in diameter of trunk. It often IS no more than a small shrub in .stature, send- ing up from the ground several crooked or in- clined stems. It inhabits low banks of streams, lake-shores and deep swamps subject to occa- sional inundation, in company with various Willows, the Button-bush, Planer-tree. ISald Cypress, Ciums, Water Locusts, Water Hickory, Deciduous Holly, etc., or often occupying ex- clusively tracts of low river baide iti October, oval or subglobose. glaucous, blue-black in red-stemmed few-fruited clusters ; stone Hat or slightly convex one side, blackish.* 1. For see p. 4; RUSTY NANNYBERRY. SOUTHERN NANNYBERRY. Yihurniim rufidulum Raf.' Fig. 495. Vigorous branchlet with leaves only, i; branchlet with leaves and fully grown fruit but still green in color, 2 ; fruit in section, 3 ; isolated pit, 4 ; branchlet in winter, 5. 496. Trunk of tree in coast region of North Carolina. Ha^tdbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 415 The Rusty Nannybcrry is the hirgest Ameri- can representative of the genus, attaining the height of 40 ft., with a trunk sometimes 12 or 18 in. in diameter, but it is generally a smaller tree and is sometimes shrubby, sending up from the ground several stems. The b.irk of trunk, like that of the other arborescent Viburnums, is fissured into more or less pro- nounced .squares, by a transverse cheeking of its prominent longtitudinal ridges. When isolated it develops a rather wide ir- regular open top, and, with its ample shining leaves and large flower clusters, it is a tree of unusual beauty in spring-time; and hardly less so later in autumn, when bearing its conspicu- ous fruit. It is well worthy of being planted for ornamental purposes, in parks and private grounds, and has been found to be hardy as far north as Massachusetts. The wood is fine-grained, heavy and hard, but, as is the case with the northern Nanny- berry, the heart-wood possesses such a strong, disagreeable odor as to render it undesirable for most uses, even if it were procurable in quantities. The disagreeable odor of the wood is communicated to the smoke when burning. Leaves oval to elliptical and obovate, rounded or obtuse at base and mostly obtuse or occasionally acute at apex, finely and sharply serrate, at ma- turity coriaceous lustrous dark green above, paler and with rutdus hairs on midrib and prominent veins beneath and tlie wide grooved and margined petioles. Fluircrti I4 in. in diameter, in com- pound rusty-pubescent cymes sometimes ."> or 6 in. across. Fruit, ripe in October, oblong, blue with glaucous bloom, about Vi in. long, in few-fruited clusters with drooping red stems ; stone flat, nearly orbicular. 1. Syn. Viburnum refotomentosum Small. NORTHERN NANNY-BERRY OR SHEEP-BERRY. Viburnum Lentaqo L. Fig. 497. Branch with leaves and mature fruit, i ; isolated pits, two in section, 2 ; branchlets wit4i vigorous leaves, 3 ; branchlets in winter, 4. The two large uppermost buds are flower-buds ; the others leaf-buds. 498. Trunk of a tree in Lewis Co., N. Y. Cattle rubbing against this trunk have broken ofif most of the square plates commonly found on the bark of this species. Haxdbook of Tijkks of the jSTorthkrn Statks and Canada. 417 Tlio Noitlicrii Naiiiiy-bcrry is at best a small tioi", only uikIlt most lavorable cumlitioiis at taiiiin-,' the lieight of 2.5 or 30 ft., with trunk 8 or 10 in. in diameter, and is c-ommonly only a shrub. When isoUited from oilier trees it develops a wide rounded top with tough tortu- ous branches. The bark of trunk is of a dark- brown color and fissured into prominent ridges, whicii are more or less divided by transverse fissures. It inhabits the banks of streams, margins of swamps and low rich bottom-lands, or sparingly hill-sides where there is an abun- dance of moisture, and in these localities, in tlie month of May, its lustrous green leaves and large clusters of small white flowers are sure to elicit admiration from even the casual observer. Its blue-black fruit in autumn pre- sents a new phase of beauty, which the country children consider as also of utility, for they delight in eating the sweet fruit. It is then that the appropriateness of its names — Wild Raisin Tree and Siceet-berry — is apparent. The wood is fine-grained, hard and heavy, a cubic foot weighing 45..! 1 lbs., and the yellow- ish brown heart-wood is of very disagreeable and remarkably persistent odor, suggestive of the odor of rancid butter. Lcavrs ovate to oval, 2Vj to ."> in. long, mostly rounded at base and acuminate at apex, sharply serrate, at maturity lustrous dark sreen above, yellowish preen and witli niiiinto black dots be- neatii : petioles wide, si-oia ni nhovi-. the lower- most wavy margined, rufmis loiiHiitosc. Floicers % in. broad in several-raycil cyinis, .;-.") in. across. Fruit ripe in September, oblong, on drooping pedicels in red stemmed clusters with thick blue- black glaucous skin ; stone very flat oval or orbicular. ./'.I SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA REPRESENTED IN THIS WORK WITH Ajsalytical keys LEADING TO THE SPECIES. CLASS I. GYMNOSPERM^. The class of plants known as Gymnospermce is of very ancient origin, being represented among the fossils of the Silurian Age and most numerously among those of the Triassic. It is now represented by not more than four hundred and fifty species, which have the following characters in common : They are flowering plants in which the ovules or seeds are borne naked upon an open scale (not inclosed in an ovary) and are trees and shrubs mainly with resinous juice, chiefly parallel-veined leaves and stems, consisting of bark, wood and pith, increasing in thickness by annual layers of the wood externally and of the bark internally. It consists of three families, viz. : Coniferce, Genetacecr and Cycadacew, the latter two being confined chiefly to tropical and south temperate regions. PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS. A family of trees and few shrubs with resinous juice and cell-walls of wood marked with circular discs. It is of greatest economic value and world-wide distribution, but chiefly in north temperate regions. Among its representatives are trees, notably the Sequoias, which are considered to be of the greatest longevity of all living organisms. It consists of thirty-one genera of which thirteen are represented in the United States. Leaves narrow or scale-like, clustered or alternate, parallel-veined and generally persistent; buds scaly. Floivers in catkins or solitary with an involucre of enlarged bud-scales, unisexual and mon'Pcious (dioecious in Juiiiijerus) destitute of calyx and corolla; anthers 2-celled ; pistillate flowers bearing on the inner face of each scale 2 or more ovules and becoming in Fruit a woody cone or rarely a berry or drupe; seeds often winged, with coat of two layers; embryo axial in copious albumen ; cotyledons 2 or several. KEY TO THE GENERA. a Scales of cones in the axils of persistent bracts, numerous, spirally arranged and each bearing at its base above 2 seeds (Ahictinece) . b Cones requiring 2 years to mature ; leaves needle-shaped in 2-5-leaved axillary fascicles (solitary in one species) sheathed at base with membranous scales, persistent. Finus. V Cones maturing in one season ; leaves o In many-leaved fascicles on lateral spurs, deciduous Larix. o^ Solitary, scattered, persistent and linear or 4-sided; cones d Pendent and scales persistent on the axes ; branchlets rough with woody persistent bases of the leaves e Leaves sessile, 4-sided or flattened above and stomatiferous all sides or above only. Picea. e" Leaves petiolate, flattened and stomatiferous below only Tsuga. d' Erect on the branchlets and scales falling away from persistent axes at maturity; leaves leaving flat or depressed leaf-scars Abies. a- Scales of the cones without bracts b Numerous, spirally arranged and forming a woody cone; leaves linear (sometimes scale- like) alternate (Taxodire) and deciduous Taxodium. V Few, decussate: leaves decussate or in 3-ranks and often of 2 forms (Cupressinew) ; fruit a c Woody cone ; leaves all scale-like ; cones £418] IIaxdbook of Tk'kks ov tiik XoiMiiKKx S'l'ATKs Axi) Caxada. 419 d Ohlong ; scales H-12, oblong, each bearing li equally U-winged seeds. Thuya, d" Subglobose, with peltate scales each bearing 2 seeds and maturinj; \\< unc srason. ChaiuaRcyparis. C^ Berry, foi-nicd by the co^ilcsceiicc of the fleshy scah's of the lluwri.. Juniperus. THE PINES. (;i:xLs PL\US L. The I'iiics arc trees and a few shrubs of the northern hemisphere and chiefly of temperate i-egions. Many of its representatives are of greatest economic Naluo. About eighty species are recognized of wliicii thirty-four are natives of the Tnited Stales, ten being represented in the northeastern states. LcdfcK evergreen, needle-shaped, from slender buds, in clusters of 2-5 together (solitary in one species), from the axils of scale-like primary leaves each cluster invested at its base with a sheath of thin, membranous scales. Flowcr.s appearing in spring, mon(Ecious. Sterile floHcrs in catkins, clustered at the base of the shoots of the season : stamens numerous with very short filaments and a scale-like connective; anther-cells. 2. opening lengthwise: pollen grains triple. Fcriilc floircr.s in conical or cylindrical spikes — cones — -consisting of imbricated, carpellary scales, each in the axil of a ijersistent bract and bearing at its base within a pair of inverted ovules. Fruit maturing in the autumn of the second year, a cone formed of the imbricated carpellary scales, which are woody, often thickened or awned at the apex, persistent, when ripe dry and spreading to liberate the two nut-like and usually winged seeds: cotyledons 'A-1'2 linear. The name is a Latin word from Celtic i)in or pen, a crag. KEY TO THE GENERA. Leaves in clusters of a Five : cones with thin unarmed scales P. Strobus. a' Three ; cones with scales thickened at apex and armed with a prickle ; cones b Subterminal and deciduous above the basal scales c Four to six inches long, heavy; buds brown P. ponderosa scopulorum. c- Six to ten inches long, not heavy ; buds white P. palustris. V Lateral and symmetrical ; cones c Long-ovoid with stout prickles; leaves G-9 in. long.. P. Tseda. c'- Ovoid with slender prickles ; leaves Three to five inches long P. rigida. Six to eight inches long P. serotina. a* Two ; cones b Subterminal ; scales thickened and unarmed P. resinosa. '- b- Lateral ; st'ales c Unarmed, or with very weak or deciduous prickles: cones small, incurved. P. divaricata. C" Armed with d Slender prickles: leaves e Three to four in. long P. echinata. o- One to two in. long P. Virginiana. d- Very thick stout spines P. pungeus. For xjicrics sec /jp. 2-19 and the foUoiriiin: Lon(,-i,i:af I'ixk. /'. jxilKslris Mill. An important timber tree of the southern states and has been reported as occurring vei-y si)aringly as far north as southeastern Virginia. Leaves 8-lS in. long, dark green, densidy tufted at the ends of the branchlets. arranged in 3 s. with persistent sheaths. Flaircrs: staminate rose-purple; pistillate close to the apex of the shoot. Fruit: cones cylindric-ovoid, (J-IO in. long, somewhat curved, subsessile. with scales thickened near apex by a transverse ridge and bearing a short recurved prickle: cones deciduous within the base, a few basal .scales being left attached to tlie stem: seeds al)out Va in. long with long wing very obliipie at apex. Pond Fine. /'. serotina Michx. A tree of the southern states required to be mentioned here only from the fact that its northernmost representatives are said to have been found in southeastern ^'irginia, where, however, it is very scarce. Learex in 'A s. 0-8 in. long, rather slender, glaucous, stomatose all si(l.>s. Fruit: c(."nes lateral, subglobose to ovoid. 2-2'/, in. long, subsessile. scales thickened at apex and ix-aring a mimiic prickle: seeds about %' in. long, including wing -^ in. long. THE LARCHES OR TAMARACKS. (>i-nus LARIX. .Voaxson. A genus of nine si)ecies of trees uf uditliern and mountainous regions of the northern hemisphere producing durable and valuable lumber and other products. Thret> re|iresentatives are North American, two inhabiting th(> western side of the continent and one the eastern. Learrs awl-shaped, three-angled (or four-angled in Lari.r Lijalii). soft, deciduous, in clusters of many each from lateral scaly spurs, excepting on the shoots of the season where they 420 " COXIFKR.E. appear singly, remote and in spiral arrangement. Flowers appearing with the leaves ; th« staminate solitary, globose, yellow, terminating lateral scaly buds or spurs on the growths of previous seasons: anthers numerous, spirally arranged, 2-celled with pointed connectives; pollen grains simple, globular ; pistillate flowers pinkish green with stalked scales in the axils of longer scarlet bracts and each bearing two ovules. Fruit and ovoid-obloug erect short- stalked cone, maturing the first season, with thin concave scales smallest and sterile near the ends ; seeds nearly triangular and shorter than their wings ; cotyledons six. The name is the classical Latin name of the Larch. For species see pp. 20-21. THE SPRUCES. Gexus PICEA Link. This genus consists of eighteen species of trees confined to the north temperate and subarctic regions, sometimes forming extensive tracts of valuable forests. Seven species are natives of North America, three in the Atlantic states, one is confined to the heart of the Rocky Mountains and the others mainly to the Pacific slope. Leaves linear. 4-sided and stomatiferous all sides (in the eastern species) or flattened and stomatiferous mostly on the upper side, scattered and pointing outward and toward the end of the twig but simetimes appearing 2-ranked by a twist in those of the lower side, articulated to )iioiiuiii'iit persistent liases. Floicers terminal in the axils of upper leaves, staminate long-stnlkiMl, on the luniichlets of the previous year; anthers with produced rounded connective and cells (ijiening lengthwise: pistillate oblong, each scale in the axis of a bract and bearing two ovules at its base. Fruit ovoid or cylindrical cones, pendent mostly from the uppermost branches, maturing the first year with thin unarmed persistent scales and small not exserted bracts ; seed pointed-ovoid with ample membranous wing ; cotyledons four to sixteen. Ficea is the classical Latin name of the tSprucc. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Branchlets glabrous, glaucous: cones oblong-cylindric and scales b Narrow, elongated and erose at apex; leaves rigid and spinescent. ... P. Parryana. b= Wide and entire at apex ; leaves soft and flexible P. Canadensis. a' Branchlets pubescent, brownish ; cones b Ovate-oblong, with very short slightly, if at all. incurved stalks, subentire scales and dark yellowish green foliage P. rubens. b' Ovate with incurved stalks and erose-margined scales ; leaves blue-green. P. Mariana. For species see pp. 22-29. THE HEMLOCKS. Genus TSUGA Carr. Tall somewhat pyramidal trees of the temperate regions of North America, Japan, China and the Himilaya Mountains, with horizontal and drooping branches, slender twigs and graceful flat sprays of foliage. Seven species are known of which four are inhabitants of North America, two of the Atlantic and two of the Pacific states. Leaves linear, short-petiolate and articulated to persistent bases, flat in most species, mostly appearing 2-ranked by a twist in the base of the leaf and white stomatose beneath (but not 2-ranked and stomatose both above and below in one species) with a single dorsal resin-duct, evergreen. Flowers in middle spring, moncpcious : the sterile subglobose clusters of stamens from the axils of the leaves of the previous year ; the stipes surrounded by numerous bud-scales ; anthers tipped with a short spur or knob and cells opening transversely ; pistillate aments terminal on the branchlets of the previous year, erect ; bracts somewhat shorter than the scales. Tsuga is the Japanese name of the Hemlock-tree. KEY TO THE SPECIES. )rbicular scales expanding bi Cones more than 1 in. long with oblong scales widely divergent at maturity. T. Caroliniana. For species see pp. 30-33. THE FIRS. Genus ABIES Link. Trees of generally strict pyramidal habit of growth with branches in whorls and bark of trunks when young containing numerous resin-vesicles. There are twenty-four known species, all natives of the northern hemisphere and chiefly of northern regions. Ten are found in North America north of Mexico, eight in the Pacific coast and Rocky Mountain regions and two in the Atlantic states. Cones less than 1 in. long, with orbicular scales expanding but little at maturity. T. Canadensis. Haxui'.dok oi" TkisKs (tF TiiK X( )i;'r II Kif.v S'rAri:s and ('aNada. 4i^1 hcarcK scssilt". tluisc of younir licfs and si. Tile l)ranc!i<'s usually llal I foiir-siiled in Ahic^ mafiiii/icin loiiiMlcd or cinai-uinatr at apex, c'cul lally f;n>.)\f(l abovr. spirally arranged. l)ut gencially ai)|)('ariiiK "J-raiikcd i)y a twist in tlieii- bases and stoniatit'i'i-oiis only below; leaves of leading shoots and feitile brandies crowded, incurved and more or less (niadransrular. obtuse or acute at aix'X. and sometimes sH)matiferous above, persistent for eight or ten years and when fallins away leaving a circular Hat scar: resin-ducts li : branch-buds usually lesiii coated. J'loircrs from the axils of the leaves of the pievious year and conlined to the ujjper branches: the staminate in abundani-e on the lower side of bianchlets. oi)I()ng with stipe, surrounded at base with bud scales: anther-cells 2. extrorse. opening transversely and con- nective terminating in a kmib : pistillate flowers erect on upi)ei- si(h' of branchlet and usually only those of the topmost branches, globose or cylindrical-oblong: scales numerous, imbricated ami shorter than their nuicronate bracts. Cones erect, ovoid to cylindrical-oblong, maturing the lirst year, with numerous broad thin imbricated scales, each bearing 2 .seeds and sjjringing from the axil of a thin mend)ran()us bract which with the scale and seeds falls away at maturity from the straight ix-rsisiiuit iixis: seed furnished with resin vesicles and a large nu'mbr.'incius oblique winii al npcx ; cotvledons 4-10, shorter than i-adide. Ahiis is the ancient Latin name of the Fir-trcc. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Bracts of cones shorter than tli<'ir scales and inclosed A. balsamca. Bracts of cones much longer than their scales and reflexed A. Fraseri. For Mpccica sec pp. .}.)-.J7. THE BALD CYPRESS. Gexus TAXODIUM Rich. The genus 'rti.rodiiiin ccuisists of two or three sjiecies of resinous trees of great economic value and polymorfic habits of growth. One is found on the table-lands of Mexico and Indi- viduals of this species are r^'uiarkable for their enormous size and age. Lrnrrs deciduous in our siiecies. spirally arranged and of two sorts, viz.. flat linear- lanceolate and spreading so as to api)ear 2-ranked. smooth, pale, and with obscure midrib and stomatose beneath : and scale-like and appressed. Floircrs appearing in early spring before the leave;, unisexual f'om buds fo'-mcl the previous year: the staminate nume ous in long terminal drooping panicled spikes with (i-S stamens having b"oad yellow i)eltate connctives and 'J-valved anthers: pistillate aments ovoid and appearing singly or few together near the ends of branchlets of the previous year and (onsisiing of a few bractless scales each with a pair of ovules at its base. f'oncs globose or nearly so, short-stalked, maturing the fi'st year: scales thick woody, rhomboidal, valvate. and bearing each two seeds and large glands filled with liquid resin: seeds irregularly triangular-pyramidal, with coriaceous or woody coat: cotyledons 4-!». T1h> name 'rd.rodiiDii is from (ireek words indicating the resemblance of the leaves to those of the Yi'w-tiee. For sjiccics sec pp. .?N-.?.0. THE ARBOR-VIT^S. Gexus TIirVA L. Impoi'tant evergreen li-<'es <<[' few sjiecies with very durable wood, pyramidal head, resinous juice and handsome froml-like llal L'-ranked sprays of foliage. Th(>y are confined to the northern regions of North America. .Japan and eastern Asia. Two are Xorlh American, one a valuable timber-tree of the I'acilic slope and the other widely distributed in the Atlantic states and Canada. Lains snuill. decussate, closely imbricated in 4 ranks, scale-like, stomatiferous and rounded or slightly keeled on the back, those (ui ultimate shoots obtuse and compressed forming a flat sjiray and those on larger twigs more spreading and acute or subulate on seedlings. l'ioi:(rs very small, mon.ecious. terminal, the two .sexes usually on different brancidets. st.iiui- nnte subgloliose with 4-Ci opposite filaments having peltate connectives bearing e.-ich 4-() anther- cells: iiistillate with S-TJ opposite scales each with 2 erect ovules. Co;/r.s small, ovoid-oblong, maturing the first season, with few thin oblong leathery scales thickened at apex and only the 2 or '.', middle pairs fertile: seeds usually 2 at the base of each scale, oblong, compressed and usually with lateral wimrs not united at apex: cotyledons 2. Thuiia is the ancient (Jreek name of some coniferous tree and applied by I.iimanis to this genus. For species see pp. 'lO-'/t. THE COAST CEDARS. ( Ikxus CI I.XM.iaA'l'ARI.^ Si>a(Ii. Tall evergreen pyi'amidal trees with resinous juici'. fr;i-r;inl valmdil.' wood, foliage in the hranchlets deciduous. .\ half ihizen siiecies are n and Formosa, with many abnormal forms due tc an species two are conlined to the Pacific and one to )ast regions. flat open fjin-lili ;e spray: < with Sll inie known <•< inline(l to Xon h Ami ■ri.- a. .1 the uar.le ne;-s .'ll ■1. Of 1 he X,. nh Aim 422 Angiosperm.e. Leaven very small, opposite, in four ranks, scale-like and appressed or more spreading on older twigs and subulate on vigorous sterile shoots. FlouvtK in early spring, minute, monoecious, terminal, the two sexes on different branchlets : staminate oblong with several decussate stamens having ovate connectives decreasing in size from below upwards, and each bearing usually two globose anther-cells; pistillate subglobose with decussate peltate scales each bearing two to five erect ovules. Cones small, globose, erect, maturing the first season but persisting on the branchlets after discharging their seed, with thick peltate scales having central bosses or points and each bearing at its base one to five erect compressed laterally- winged seeds ; cotyledons two. The name is from Greek roots meaning " a low Cypress." For species see pp. .'f2--'f3. THE JUNIPEUS. Gexus JUNIPER L. Evergreen trees and shrubs of the northern hemisphere having pungent aromatic juice, generally fibrous bark and very durable light odorous wood. About thirty-five speciees are known. In the New World they are distributed from the Arctic Circle to the highlands of Mexico, Lower California and the West Indies in eleven arborescent species and one or two shrubby. Two only of the arborescent and one of the shrubby species are found in north- eastern United States. Leaves of two sorts, viz., opposite, scale-like, with gland-like disk and appressed in four ranks, or subulate and free in whorls of three, sessile, sharp-pointed, without gland, convex below, concave and stomatiferous above — ^both forms sometimes on the same plant. Floivers small, diojcious or sometimes monoecious, oblong, terminal or axillary, the staminate yellow, with peltate scales each bearing 2-G globose anther-cells attached to its base : the pistillate consisting of 2-G opposite or ternate fleshy pointed scales each bearing one or two erect ovules. Fruit berry-like by a coalescence of the fleshy scales of the flower, blue-black or red with white bloom, smooth or marked with points of the flower-scales, closed or open, containing usually one to six bony wingless seeds and requiring one to three years to attain maturity ; coty- ledons 2-G. Junipents is the classical Latin name of the Juniper. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Leaves of 2 kinds, both scale-like and subulate ; flowers terminal ; buds naked Maturing its fruit in autumn of the first season J. Virginiana. Maturing its fruit in autumn of second season J. scopulorum. a' Leaves all subulate ; flowers axillary ; buds scaly J. communis. For species see pp. .'fJf -}7 and the foUoivinf/: Western Red Cedar, ./. scopulorum Sarg. A tree very similar to the eastern Red Cedar but with somewhat larger fruit, containing usually 2 seeds and maturing at the close of the second season. CLASS II. ANGIOSPERM^. In distinction from the class of plants known as the Gi/mnospcrnue we now take up Class II, the Angiosperniw, which includes all other Flowering Plants. Its representatives are thought to be of more recent origin than those of the Gymnospermw and are characterized by having flowers in which the ovules are borne in a closed cavity (the ovary) which becomes the fruit at maturity. The Class is divided into two subclasses, viz.. Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons. The former are plants in which the embryo contains a single cotyledon or seed leaf, the leaves are parallel-veined, the parts of the flower are in 3s and the stems consist of a mass of soft, pith-like tissue (parenchyma) permeated with wire-like bundles of woody tissue (fibro- vascular bundles). The Palms, Yuccas, etc.. are tree representatives of this subclass, all being confined to warm climates. Subclass 2. DYCOTYLEDONS, These are plants in which the embryo contains two cotyledons, the leaves are netted- veined. the parts of the flower are mostly in 4s or ."is and the stems consist of bark, wood and pith, increasing by annual layers of wood inside the baik. They comprise by far the greater part of the flowering plants including all of the trees of northern temperate regions excepting those of the class dymnospernup. The subclass is divided into Apetalw, Polypetalw and Gamopetalcp, which we will take up in order. Division 1. APETAX^. Flowering plants in which the corolla and also the calyx sometimes is wanting. Handbook oi' Timiks oi' riii-; Xoimii i:i;.\ Sr. \ii-,s and Canada. 4S-j WALNUT FAMILY. JL'GLAXDACE/E. A family of six ficiicia anil aixuit thirty-five spec ics of iiiiiiortaiit trees with aromatic bark and watery juice, iiiosiiy of the warmer parts of tlie north temperate zone. Two genera are represented in the United States. Leaves alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnate, with loiij; grooved petioles exstipnlati'. tlie leaflets sessile or nearly so excepting the terminal one which is usually long-stalked. I'loirrrs mona?cious, opening after the unfolding of the leaves : the staminate in long drooping lateral aments on the growth of the previous season ; calyx '.'> to (i-lobed. each in the axil of and adnate to a bract; stamens several with short distinct filaments and longitudinally dehiscent anthers: pistillate in spikes or solitary terminating the new growth, hracteate and usually two-bracteolate : calyx H-H-lobed ; ovary inferior and 1-celled or incompletely .■{-4-eelle(] and containing a solitary erect orthotropous ovule; style short with 2 plumose stigmas. Fruit a bony incompletely 2-4-celled nut inclosed in an indehiscent or 4-valved exocarp ; seed without albumen, large, solitary, 2-lobed, fleshy and very oily ; cotyledons 2-lobed, corrugated or sinuose ; radicle minute, superior, at apex of nut. KEY TO THE GEXEHA. Husk of fruit indehiscent: nut mostly sculptured; staminate aments simple; pith segmented. Juglans. Husk 4-valved: nut not sculptured: staminate aments branched; pith not segmented. Hicoria. THE WALNUTS AND BUTTERNUTS. Gi-.xus JUGL.WS L. Trees with dark colored durable heart-wood, furroweil bai'k, stout branchlets. laminated pith and edible nuts. Ten species are known, four of which are natives of the T'nited States, two of the northern Atlantic states, one of the southwestern stales and one of the I'acific coast region. Leaves with stout pubescent petioles and 11-17 subsessile, oblong-lanceolate leaflets which are mostly from 2 to 4 inches long, rounded and unequal at base, finely serrate except at base, acute or acuminate and clammy pubescent at least when young, rugose above : leaf-buds superposed. Floirers staminate in thick drooping cylindrical aments 8-.j in. long or more; calyx usually G-lobed, light yellowish green, puberulous outside ; stamens 8-40 with nearly sessile dark brown anthers ; pistillate flowers in few-fiowered spikes at the ends of the shoots of the season with villous laciniated involucre ; calyx 4-lobed ; petals 4, alternate with the sepals and adnate to the ovary; pistil with very short style; two plumose stigmas and usually 2-celled ovary. Fruit globose or ovoid with fibrous somewhat fleshy indehiscent exocai'p and an ovoid or flattened globose hard thick-walled rugose or sculptured indehiscent endocarp (gjjit which is 2-4-celled at base: seed deeply lobed. The name is of Latin derivation meaning nut of Jove. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Fruit subglobose, papillose (not viscid) ; leaflets 15-28 J, nigra. Fruit pointed-ovoid, viscid-pubescent; leaflets 11-17, viscid-pubescent J. cinerea. For species see pp. J/S-oL THE HICKORIES. Genus HICORIA Raf. The Hickories are confined to tlie temperate regions of eastern North .America ranging from the valley of the St. LawriMice Kiver to the highlands of Mexico. Ther»> are ai)out a dozen species, all being found within the United States excepting one. Their wood is very strong, flexible and more valuable than any other woods for certain uses. They have smooth gray bark when young, but with age Ix'come fissured into hard plates and scales. The branches are tough and fiexiiile and tlie pith solid. Leaves with tliick and linn ovate to oiiovale l.-atlels. increasinir in size from below up- wards, often glandular-doiicMl. usually unei|ual al base, and acuniiuaie at ajiex. serrati'. \eins commonly forking near the margins. Floir(rs: staminate aments slendei-. season or in clusters from buds in the axils of leaf-scars near the sunnnit of the growth of the i)revious seas(ui. the lateral branches from the axils of jiersistent bracts; calyx 2-.'i lobed. adnate to the brads: stanuuis ;'.-1() with ovate-oblong hairy anthers: pistillate flowers sessile, in mostly 2-lO-flowered termimil sjtikes : calyx uneipi.-iHy 4-lobed: stigmas .short-papillose. Fruit subglobose. oblong, ovoid or pyriform. with husk (ejiicariii woudy at maturity and seiiarating more or less com]detely into 4 valves, the sutures alternale with 424 JUGLANDACE.E. MyRICACE.E. those of the nut and falling away at maturity; nut with bony crustaceous shell (endocarp), 4-celled at base, 2-celled at apex ; seed lobed and variously grooved, oily and usually edible, sometimes bitter. The name is from the popular name which is of American Indian origin. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Bud scales few, valvate ; sutures of fruit winged, lateral leaflets more or less lanceolate and falcate. b Nut compressed and kernel usually bitter ; shell Smooth and pale H. minima. Rugose, angled, chocolate-color H. aquatica. V Nut not compressed ; seed edible H. Pecan. a- Bud-scales numerous, imbricated ; lateral leaflets slightly if at all falcate, broader ; sutures not prominent (or slightly so in H. villosa) b Husk of fruit usually thick, splitting to base c Bark exfoliating in long loose plates — shaggy ; nuts whitish thick-shelled Leaflets mostly .3-5 and nut rounded at base H. ovata. Leaflets mostly 7-9 a.nd nut pointed at base H. laciniosa. c- Bark in close rough ridges, not shaggy : leaflets 7-9 : foliage fragrant and stellate- pubescent ; nut usually 4-ridged and with thick brownish shell.. H. alba. b'' Husk of fruit thin and usually not splitting freely to the base. c Fruit nearly glohDse and nut small with thin shell and bark of old trunks exfoliating in long narrow strips Nut little flattened; middle lobe of staminate calyx short H. mierocarpa. Nut much flattened ; middle lobe of calyx long H. borealis. e= Fruit obovoid or pyriform with smooth thick-shelled nut : bark close Foliage glabrous or nearly so H. glabra. Foliage provided beneath with silvery peltate scales H. villosa. For species see pp. 52-69 and the foUoicing: XoRTiiERx Hickory. H. borealis Ashe. This is a name recently given to certain small Hickories found on dry uplands in Michigan near the Detroit River, which are allied to H. iiiicrncdriiK. but differing from it mainly in having a longer middle lobe of the staminate calyx and fruit more flattened, with very thin rugose husk usually not splitting. The extent of their distribution is not yet determined. SWEET GALE FAMILY. MYRICACE.E. Small aromatic trees and shrubs with astringent bai'k and of about forty species grouped in two genera only one of which is arborescent. They are of wide distribution throughout the temperate and warmer regions of both hemispheres. Leaves simple, alternate, mostly resin-dotted and fragrant, revolute in the bud, persistent ; buds small and scaly. Flowers in early spring in oblong aments from the exils of the leaves of the previous year, dioecious or mona?cious, solitary in the axils of bracts ; perianth want- ing ; staminate with 4 to several stamens inserted on the base of the scale with slender filaments united at base ; anthers erect, introrse, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent : pistillate flowers single or in pairs, with 1-celled ovary, short style, 2 filiform stigmas: ovule solitary, erect, orthotropous. Fruit a small subglobose drupe covered with waxy exudation ; seed erect with straight embryo, iilano-c(uivex cotyledons and no albumen. THE BAYBERRIES. Genus MYRICA L. Trees and shrubs of about seven species are represented in America and of these three only are trees. One is confined to the Pacific coast region and the other two are inhabitants of southeastern United States, one of these extending northward into Virginia or in shrubby form farther north. Leares serrate, dentate or entire, exstipulate. mostly resin-dotted. Flou-ers: ovary subtended bv 2-4 short bractlets. Fruit a small drupe covered with waxy exudations. The name Mi/rica, thought to come from a word meaning to perfume, is the ancient Greek name of some fragrant shrub, and applied by Linna?us to this genus. For species sec pp. 70-71. CORK-WOOD FAMILY. LEITNERIACE^. Small trees and shrubs of a single genus and species, with exceedingly light wood, of southern United States and the valley of the St. Francis River in southeastern JNIissouri and the valley of the Brazos River in Texas. Leaves .3-8 in. long, deciduous, alternate, petiolate, involute in the bud. oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, firm, rugose-reticulate, at maturity lustrous bright green above villous pubescent below as are the petioles and branch- Haxobook of Tukks of Till-: Xoi;iin;i;.\ Staiks a.nd ("a.nada. 4-2't lets. Floircrs dicEfious in erert tomentoso aiiioiits. expandiiiK Ix'foiv llic leaves; staminate amtMits about 1 in. long near the ends of tlie brancliji'ts : perianlli wanting stamens ."'.-I'J. inserted on tiie bases of the scales, with distinct filaments and oblong introrse U-celled longi- tudinally dehiscent anthers: i)istillate ameiits smaller, with perianth consisting of small scales; ovary superior, 1-celled, with an elongated tlatteneed recurved style, stigmatic on inner face: ()\ule solitary, laterally attached, ascending, l-'niit an elongated comi)ressed dry drupe, solitary or I' or' :*. together, with tiiiii-walied nullel : sei'<\ tiatteened with oblong blackish hiluni. fleshy nibumen. erect end)iyo ami flat cordate cotyledons. THE CORKWOOD. Genus LEITXERIA Cii.\pm.\x. The genus is cliaracieiized as aixive and contains a single species. It was named after Dr. E. F. Leitner, a (Jcrnian natuialist who was killed in Florida during the Seminole war. For ,v/Hc/c.v .sTc PI,. 7.^-7.?. WILLOW FAMILY. SALICACE^. Trees and shrubs with soft light wood, brittle twigs, bitter bark and of wide distribution, chiefly of tin; noiihern lieniisphere. They are grouped in two genera, having the following characters in common : Lcaroi deciduous, simple, alternate and with sti]iules (sometimes minute and cadueousi. Floircrs dioM-ious, appearing in early spring befoi'e the leaves, in aments, from axillary buds, a single small flower appearing in the axil of each scale of the anient, perianth wanting: stamens 2-many, subtended by a disk and with intror.se 2-celled anthers longitudinally dehiscent: i)istil with short style. 2-4-lobed stigma and 1-celled ovary having 2-4 parietal placentae and numerous anatropous ovules. Fruit a 1-celled 2-4-valved ovoid capsule, bearing numerous minute seeds surrounded by long silky white hairs and containing short radicle, fiat cotyledons and no albumen. KEY TO THE GENERA. Scales of the aments entire : stamens 2-10 and buds with a single scale Salix. Scale of the aments inrect or spreading: ovary sessile or short stipitate with short style, 2 short more or less recurved 2-cleft stigmas and containing 4-8 ovules on each of the 2 placentas. Fruit an acuminate capsule dehiscent by 2 recurved valves: seeds minute, dark brown. The name is [hv niicieiit Latin name of the genus. KEY TO TIIE Sl'ECIES. a Stamens '>-7. with filaments hairy at base: aments terminating leafy branchlets and with light yellow caducous scales b Petioles not glandular: leaves c Pale or whitish beneath. Iance(date to ovate-lanceolate With longer luMiohs mostly • •_. in. or more long S. aiiiyp;daloides. ^Vith very short i)etioles mostly less than ' :.. in. lotig S. lon(;;ix)es. c' Green beneath, narrow-lanceolate, long-pointed: iietioles short... S. nigra. V Petioles glandular: leaves tai)er-])ointed Lustrous dark green above, pale beneath. IJiirkish and finely senate. S. liicida. I Mill dark i^ic.mi (not lustrous I above, pale bi'iieath. thinnish and more co.-irselv s.'rrate. S. fragilis. a' Stamens usually 2. b Am( iits both terminal and axillary: leaves linear-lanceolate and remotely dent Icui.ite : filaments hairy at base : bracts yellow, caducous S. fluviatilis. b' .\ineiits terminal on lateral branchlets. 426 Salicace.e. c Capsules glabrous ; leaves d Oblong-lauceolate, acute at apex S. balsamifera. d' Linear-lanceolate ; branchlets long and pendent S. Babylonica. d^ Lanceolate to oblanceolate ; branchlets not pendent, e (ilabrous Bright or reddish yellow ; leaves glaucous beneath S. vitellina. Light brown ; leaves silky pubescent S. alba. e- Brownish pubescent S. Missouriensis. c' Capsules hairy ; style short ; leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong, acute Glabrous and glaucous beneath ; branchlets usually glabrous ; pedicel of ovary shorter than the scale S. discolor. Pubescent beneath ; branchlets pubescent ; pedicel of ovary longer than scale. S. Bebbiana. For species see pp. 7Jf-93 and the foUoicing : Balsam Willow. Salix halsamifera Barr. A species of boreal distribution ranging from about the latitude of Mt. Washington northward and usually shrubby, but in the vicinity of Ft. Kent, Me., has been found to attain the height of 25 ft. with trunk 12-14 in. in diamater. It is characterized as follows : Leaves elliptic to ovate, 2-4 in. long, rounded or subcordate at base, usually acute or obtuse at apex, finely glandular-serrate, thin at first, finally rigid, glabrous, dark green above, paler, glaucous and prominently reticulated beneath : stipules usually none : petioles slender 1/2 in. or less in length. Floicers : aments expanding with the leaves on leafy-bracted branchlets, the staminate dense ; stamens 2, with free filaments ; pistillate rather loose : scales rose-colored, villous, persistent ; style very short. Fruit capsules narrow-ovoid, long-stalked. White Willow. SaJix alba L. A large European tree willow sparingly escaped in this country and differs from the >S'. vitelUita mainly in having more ashy gray and silky pubescent leaves, which gives a whitish effect to its foliage, and more brownish branchlets. Var. eaeriilea Koch., also occasionally found, has more glabrous dull bluish green leaves and olive branchlets. Bebb Willow. Salix Bebhinana Sarg. (,S'. rostrata Rich. I. A large shrub or small bushy tree, occasionally 25 ft. in height, with a trunk fi or 8 in. in diameter, ranging from Pennsyl- vania to the Arctic regions, and from the St. Lawrence River to Alaska, and in botanical characters is close to or rusty liciicatli. roundel or widf cuni'alc- at liasr. liiirly ncnatc-scrrate, afuiiiiiuitc P. balsainifera. b" licart-sliapcd. lar^ic al.rupl at apex. cnMialc-sn rale and prti.drs sliulnly if ,m all tlattciuMl P, heterophylla. a' Buds not resin-coated: le.ives tjihicular-ovate ; petioles lonj; and b Flattened laterally (.Ixpc/i.s ) and edses of leaves Finely crenate-serrate ; buds glabrous P. tremiiloides. Coarsely dentate ; buds scurfy-pubescent P. grandidentata. b' Slightly if at all flattened; leaves densely white-tomentose bi'ueatli. P. alba. For species see pp. 1)1-1 l-i nml the folloiriiii/: KiROi'EAN Bi-AC'K PoPLAK. /'. iilf/ra L. A large wide-spreading Kuroiiean tree and nearly a century ago was reported (as /'. H udsoiiicii Michx. and /'. iKtiilifolid I'ursh.) as naturalized in this country, but it is rare in a naturalized state. The characters given below are of the typical J'. ni(ir(i. and are equally applicable to the Loinbardy I'oi)lar (var. linlicd) exce|)t as noted in the consideration of that tree. Lcarcs broad-deltoid, wide-cuneate or almost truncate at base, abruptly acuminate at apex, crenate. pubescent at first but finally glabrous, firm, the blade usually wider than long; i)etioles long, slender and laterally comiu-essed. Floinrs: staminate anients l%-3 in. becoming longer; stamens about 20; pistillate auients 2-lj in. long, becoming longer. fniif: capsules oblong, obtuse, short-stalked. BIRCH FAMILY. BETULACE^. Trees and a few shrubs of the northern hemisphere commonly with fragrant aromatic properties and grouped in six genera of which five are found in North .Vmerica. They have the following characters in common : Leaves simple, alternate, petioled, pinniveined. obliquely pli<'ate in venation, deciduous; stipules fugacious; branchlets terete. Floinrs in early spring before or with the unfolding of the leaves, monoecious; the staminate in elongated pendulous lateral aments, in the axils of the bracts of which are borne 1-8 stnall flowers, with or without calyx and 'J-20 small erect stamens inseited on the receptacle, with distinct filaments and 2-celled extrorse anthers opening longitudinally ; pistillate flowers in short spike-like or capitate aments, from lateral buds with or without calyx, with 2-celled ovary and 2-cleft or bifurcate style stigmatie at the apex or on the inner surfaces of tb.e branches and a single anatropous pendulous ovule in each cell of the ovary. Fruit a small mostly 1-celled l-seeded nut or samara; seed solitary, suspended, without allnimen, with large and fleshy cotyledons and short radicle. KEY TO THE GENERA. a Nutlet wingless, from the axils of deciduous scales and more or less inclosed in an invoiucie ; staminate flowers solitary in the axils of the scales of the ament and without calyx ; involucre of fruit b Hat, open, 3-cleft and foliaceous ; staminate aments in winter inclosed with bud-scales. Carpinus. b' A closed bladder-like sac ; staminate aments in winter naked Ostrya. a' Nutlet more or less winged, in the axils of ])ersistent scales and without involucre; staminate flowers .S-(> together in the axils of the scales of the aments and with calyx; bracts of the fruiting aments b Three-lobed, thin and deciduous; stamens 2 with 2-branched filaments; winter i)ud3 covered with scales Betiila. b^ Erose or .")-lobed. thickened, wood.\- and persistent; wings of nutlet more or less reduced; winter buds naked Alnus. THE HORNBEAMS. Ge.nus CARPI XUS L. Trees of about a dozen species with smooth gray Beech-like bark, furrowed and ridged trunks, and confined to the northern hemisphere, but only one is found native in North America. The following are the generic characters: Leaves ovate, acjite or acuminate, with nearly straight prominent veins. Flowers in April; staminate anients i)endulous and with lUduiineni nearly sessile broad ovate acute scales, in the axils of which are found the naked flowers consisting of several stamens with short slender two-branched filaments, each branch bearing a 1-celled half-anther hairy at apex; pistill.-ite aments slender, few-flowered and terminal on leafy branchlets of the year, with small deciduous scales, each subtended by a pair of flowers wliich are furnished each with a small acute bract and pair of bractlets; calyx adnale to the ovary: stigmas 2. subulate. Fruit a small comjji'essed ovoid i)rominentlv ribbed nut. tipped with calvx-lobes and attached at its base until maturity to :i large foliaceous .•'.-lobed jiale-green involucr.- formed from the enlarged bract and bract l.'ts of the flower. Carpi)iiis is the ancient Latin name of the Euroiiean llnrnfuain. For xjXiicn see jtp. tl'i-lt't. 428 Betulace^e. THE HOP-HORNBEAM. Genus OSTRYA Scop. Trees of wide disti'ibutiou tliioughout the uorthern hemisphere, with scaly bark, slender terete branchlets and hard rather close-grained wood. Four species are liuown. two of which are North American. One of them (O. Knoicltoni Cov.,), as far as known, is found only in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado Kiver in Arizona, and the other is a common tree widely dis- tributed throughout the eastern United States and Canada. Leaves open and concave in the bud. more or less plaited on the nearly straight veins. Floivers expanding before the leaves; staminate aments in clusters of a few each with short stalks or sessile, developed the previous season near the ends of the branchlets and naked and conspicuous during the winter ; stamens 8-4, crowded on a receptacle at the base of a broad ovate pointed concave scale longer than the stamens ; filaments short, 2-branched. each branch bearing a 1-celled half-ant licr liairy at apex; pistillate flowers in small loose suberect aments terminating leafy shoots nnd with large pointes, in late summer: staniiiuite aments pendulous with peltate scales, 8-(i tloweis in the axils of each scale and e.-ich subtended by minute bractlets: calyx -l-iiarted ; stamens usually 4. with short simple filaments: i)istillate aments ovoid-oblong, erecr. with thick scales and in tiic axils of each are two flowers without perianth and sidjtended each by 2-4 minute bractlets: ovary sessile 2-celled : styles 2. Fruit: nutlet small, compressed, tipped with the lemnants of the style and bearing lateral wings which are sometimes reduced to a mere membranous border, 2 nutlets in the axils of each scale; scales thick woody, erose or 5-toothed at apex and persistent, forming a strobile. Alitiis is the ancient Latin name of the Alder. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Leaves oblong, lustrous bright green above; aments expanding in autumn. ... A. maritiiua. Leaves orbicular-obovate, dull green and glabrous; aments expanding in very early s]iiiiiir. A. glutiuosa. For .v/Kc/cv .sec PI). 12S-131. BEECH FAMILY. FAGACE/E. Trees of great economic value and some shrubs of wide distribution, mainly throughout the northern hemisphere. "^rhere ai'c nearly 400 known species grouped in six genera, five of which are represented in North America. Of these one is generally distributed throughout the United States, two others are represented in the Atlantic states only, and the remaining two are confined to the Pacific slope. Leaves alternate, petioled, pinniveined and with narrow caducous stipules. Floircrs monoecious, small ; the staminate in aments or heads with 4-S-lobed calyx and 4-20 stamens with slender distinct filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers opening iengthwise : pistillate fiowers solitary or in few-flowered clusters or spikes subtended by a scaly involucre which becomes woody in the fruit ; calyx 4-8-lobed. adiiate ; ovary i5-T-celled with 1-2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell, but usually only one ovule of one of the cells maturing, and as many linear styles as there are cells of the ovary. Fruit a nut subtended or enveloped by an involucral covoiing and with a coriaceous or bony exocarp. 1-celled by abortion and containing a single membranous-coaled seed without albumen : cotyledons fl(>sliy ; radicle short, superior. KEY TO THE GENERA. a Nut sharply triangular: staminate flowers in globose long-stalked heads Fagua. a' Nut globose and more or less flattened at base : staminate flowers in aments ; nut Inclosed in a i)rickly dehiscent burr : aments suberect Castanea. Subtended by a scaly, woody inv(ducral cui) Quercus. THE BEECHES. C.kxus FAGUS L. Ti'ces with smooth gi'ny bai-k, li;n-(l close-grained wood and long iiointed buds. About a half dozen species are known, all confined to th(> t(>miterate regions of the northern hemisi>here and one only is found in North America. Leaves convex and i)licale on the veins in the bud. firm, deciduous, serrate with straight veins; stipules linear-lanceolate: ix'lioles short. Fhirvrx expanding with or soon after the leaves; the staminate at the base of the shoots of the season in many-flowered drooi)ing heads with long 2-bracte(l jx'duncles : pedicels short : calyx campanulate. greenish yellow, imbricated in jTstivation. 4-S-lobed : stamens S-Ki. longer than the calyx, inserted on its base and with greenish anthers: iiistillate in 2-4-flowei-ed clusters from the axils of the upper leaves and surround"d by numerous awl-shaped bracts of which the outermost are longer ancl caducous and the inner are united so as to form a 4-lobed burr-like covering: calyx 4 or ."t-lobed. villous, adnate to the .'{-celled and .'{-angled ovary with 2 ovules in each cell and with 'A filiform and recurved ;;tyles. Fruit a shari)ly .'{-anghvl ovoid nut. with thin histrous brown coriaceous shell and inclosed usually in ))aii's in a 4-valved burr: seed (with the abortive ovules ( suspended, oily, edible and of delicious flavor. Fagus is the Greek derivation alluding to the edible quality of the nuts. For species see pp. 1S2-133. 430 FAGACEiE. THE CHESTNUTS. Genus CASTANEA Adams. Trees and shrubs of the northern hemisphere, with astringent watery juice, edible nuts and very porous wood and of great economic value. Four or five species are known and of these two are trees of eastern United States and one a shrub of the southern states. Leaves convolute in the bud, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate and with straight veins terminating in the teeth. Floivers appearing after the leaves, monoecious; the staminate in interrupted erect axillary araeuts, several flowers together in the axils of small caducous bracts : calyx campanulate. pale yellow, puberulous, with (J lobes imbricated in the bud ; stamens 10-20, with long exserted filiform filaments and small yellow anthers, pistillate flowers mostly at the bases of the upper staminate (androgynous) aments, sessile, and usually 2 or 3 together, surrounded with an involucre of many acute green bracts : calyx urn-shaped and with G minute sterile stamens ; ovary 6-celled, with G spreading white linear styles and 2 ovules in each. Fruit maturing in autumn, nuts 1-3 together, with a globose mostly 4-valved woody burr-like involucre, very prickly with stiff branching spines outside and velvety pubescent inside ; nut flattened by mutual compression, short, ovoid, pointed and tipped with the remnants of the style, with chestnut-brown coriaceous shell, lustrous below, pubescent above and with large pale scar at base : seed solitary by abortion and marked by the abortive ovules at apex, large, starchy and of delicious flavor. Castanea is the classical name of the Chestnut-tree. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Nuts 2-3 in an involucre, compressed; leaves green and glabrous both sides. ... C. dentata. Nuts solitary, not compressed ; leaves pale tomentose beneath C. pumila. For species see pp. 13'f-137. THE OAKS. Genus QUERCUS L. Trees and shrubs of nearly 300 species of the north temperate regions and high altitudes of the tropics. From its representatives come some of our best hard woods, barks extensively used for tanning purposes and the corks of commerce. The acorns of many species are an important article of food for hogs, etc., and in some countries also for man. Oak-galls of commerce develop on the branches of certain species and many dyes and other products may also be recorded among the products of the genus. About fifty Oaks are natives of the United States and more than half of these are found in the Atlantic states. Leaves deciduous or persistent, arranged in five ranks, pinnately veined and often pinnately lobed, sometimes entire and sometimes variable on the same branch ; stipules scarious and caducous or occasionally persistent. Floicers appearing with or before the leaves; the staminate in clustered slender drooping catkins, from axils of the leaves or bud-scales of the previous year or leaves of the present year, a single flower in the axil of each caducous scale of the anient : calyx yellowish green, campanulate. deeply G-lobed ; stamens 4-12, with filiform exserted filaments and yellow anthers; pistillate flowers solitary or in few-flowered spikes from the axils of the leaves of the year, each flower svfljtended by a caducous bract and two bractlets ; calyx urn-shaped, with tube adnate to the ovary, and limb of 6 short lobes ; ovary mostly 3-celle'd with 2 ovules in each cell and 3 short or elongated styles, each flower nearly enveloped by a scaly imbricated accrescent involucre. Fruit and ovoid-oblong or subglobose 1-celled nut (acorn) maturing in 1 or 2 years, with coriaceous shell having large circular scar at base, each nut subtended or more or less enveloped in a woody cup of imbricated and more or less united scales ; seed solitary and bearing abortive ovules at base or apex ; cotyledons usually plano-convex and entire. Quer-cits is the ancient Latin name of the Oak-tree. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Acorns maturing in autumn of the second year ; shells hairy inside ; abortive ovules at apex ; stamens 4-G ; styles elongated ; leaves or their lobes bristle-tipped, deciduous (Black Oaks) b Leaves pinnately lobed, convolute in the bud and c Green both sides ; cup of acorn d Saucer-shaped, shallow and wide ; cups e %-l in. wide, rather thick and not more than 14 investing the acorns ; leaves Dull green above and lobes widest at base Q. rubra. Lustrous green, lobes wide at apex Q. Texana. e' %-% in- wide, thin; leaves lustrous with lobes spreading and wide towards apex; acorn short-globose Q. palustris. d' Turbinate with e Small closely appressed scales f Acorn elliptical; cup Vi-V?, in. wide, leivp-; lustrous Q. ellipsoidalis. f' Acorn ovoid; cups mostly more than ij ui. wide; leaves dull green and Handbook of Treks of the Xortiierx States and Canada. 431 With broad rounded sinuses; inner bark reddish Q. coccinea. Witli narrow sinuses Q. borealis. e' ScaU's larger, loosely imbricated antl free at marj;iu of cup: ii'a\cs iili()\aie with narrower sinuses ; inner bark yellowish Q. vellutina. c' Loaves whitish tomentose beneath and mostly with d Short broad lobes ; leaves mostly obovate Q. nana. d^ Elongated and more or less falcate lobes : leaves Rounded or obtuse at base, obovate to oblong with 3-5 mostly Imm;' or niauKular lobes Q. digitata. Cuneate, ovate or oblong with 5-11 mostly falcate lobes. ... Q. pagodaefolia. b' Leaves .'i-.'t-lobed near the apex or entire, obovate or spatulate Wide-obovate, cuneate, rusty pubescent beneath Q. Marilandica. Spatulate-obovate, glabrous Q. nigra. V Leaves usually entire and lanceolate to oblong, involute in the bud and Linear-oblong, acute at both ends, glabrous Q. Phellos. Dblanceolate to oblong, shining dark green above, paler and glabrous bfin'atii. Q. laiirifolia. Oblong-lanceolate to oblong or ovate, pubescent beneath Q. inibricaria. a' Acorns maturing in the autumn of the first year; shells glabrous inside: aixirtivc ovules basal; stamens li-S ; styles short ( H7m7c Oaks). b Leaves pinnately lobed or lyrate-pinatifid with lobes rounded at apex (not bristle-tipped) deciduous c Glabrous beneath, obliquely 3-9-lobed and eonduplicate in the bud : cuji shallow. Q. alba. c' Pubescent beneath and stellate pubescent above, usually J5-lobed, convolute in the Itud. Q. minor. c' White toiuentose beneath Lyrate-pinnatifid ; cup fringed with free ends of scales Q. macrocarpa. Deeply 5-'.)-lobed ; cup not fringed and nearly inclosing the nut Q. lyrata. b' Leaves coarsely crenate-toothed c Fruit with peduncles much longer than petioles Q. platanoides. o Fruit with peduncles shorter than or about equal to the petiole ; leaves whitish tomentose beneath Bark scaly whitish Q. Michanxii. Bark firmly ridged, grayish brown Q. Priniis. b' Leaves coarsely repand-serrate, lanceolate to obovate; Tall trees Q. acuminata. Shrubs or very small trees Q. prinoides. b* Leaves mostly entire, thick and evergreen Q. Virginiana. For spccir/i .tec pp. 13S-1S1 and thr foUovinri: Bear Oak, Barren Oak or Scrub Oak, Q. nana Sarg. (Syn. Q. ilicifolia Wang., Q. pinnild Sudw.l. This is an intricately branched shrub ranging from Maine to ^'irginia. chieHy coastwise, occupying sandy barrens and hillsides and sometimes forming vast and almost impenetrable thickets. Mr. Wm. T. Davis has found it on the Pine Barrens of New Jersey assuming the habit of a small wide-topped tree 18 or 20 ft. in height with trunk 5 or 6 in. in diameter. It is characterized as follows: Lcarctt mostly obovate, 2-ii in. long with 3-T (usually .5) short spreading bristle-tipped lobes, cuneate, more or less pubescent at first, at maturity thick firm lustrous dark green above, whitish pubescent beneath ; petioles short. Floucrs staminate aments hairy, often iiersisting late into the summer ; pistillate flowers with red recurved stigmas. Fruit borne in great abundance, mostly solitary or in pairs, sessile or nearly so; acorns globose-ovoid, about Vo i"- l<"iS and half invested by the usually turbinate cup of small closely imbricated scales. ScRfB Chestnut Oak. Q. prinoides Willd. A slirubby oak distributed from Maine to North Carolina and westward into Nebraska. Kansas and Texas, occupying rocky slopes and dry sniulv uidnnds and is usunllv only a stolaniferons shrub from 2-."> fret in height. West of the Mississipi)i River it soni(>times assumes a tree-like habit of growth but only attaining a height of 10 or 1.") ft. with trunk 4 or ."> in. in diameter. In botanical characters it closely resembles Q. acuminata, but with smaller and more rcniotely lobed h>aves and shorter petioles, and acorns with deeper cu])s and more turgid scab s. (iR.\Y O.VK, Q. horcalix Michx. f. (also Q. amhi ; pistillate cai)itate Leaves crenate-serrate. velvety and on vigorous shoots, lobed Broussonetia. Leaves entire, glabrous, not lobed Toxylon. THE MULBERRIES. Genus MORUS L. Trees of eight or ten species, with milky juice and mostly of the tropical and north temperate regions of both hemispheres. Two are indigcu(uis to thi' I'nited States, one being found along tlie Mexican frontier iuid the other in nuist of the Atlantic states. A third is a species inii-oduccd from .Japan and eastern Asia and extensively naturalized in eastern T'nited States. fjcarcs serrate-dentate and sometimes .".-.">-lobed or mitten-shaped, all forms often on the same tree. H-nerved at ba-e. Ftoni r.f snuill. appearing with the unfolding of the leaves or soon after; the staminate in cylindrical, pedunculate ament-like spikes; calyx deeply 4-lobed ; stamens 4, opposite the calyx lobes, inflexed in the bud. straightening out elastically ( thereby scattering the pollen ) and becoming exserted ; anthers 2-celled. introrse. longitud- inally dehiscent; pistillate flowers sessile, in shorter compact spikes; calyx 4-parted. with (hick j)ersistent lobes enveloping the flattened ovoid ovary which is crowned with two white spi-eading stigmas. l-'niif a blackberry-like agsrregation of drupelets i siiir'.> . THE PAPER MULBERRY. Cf.xcs llROl'S.^DXI-.TI.V N'i-xt. Trees ami shrubs of tlircc or four speci(^s with milky juice and natives of eastern Asia, one s]i(vi(>s being wiijrjy ii.-il urali/ 'd in eastern Cnited Stales. Leaves both alternate and opposite, entire or toothed, serrate, withoiit lolies or variously 1-5-lobpd. petioled. ;^nerved at base. Floirrrs diiecious. staminate in cylinus.-«nirf. a Erench naturalist. For sj„t irs srr pp. .'IKI-.^OI. 28 ■io-i: Magnoi.iace^. THE OSAGE ORANGE. Genus TOXYLON Rafinesque. A genus of a siugle Amerioan species. A tree with deeply furrowed orange-brown bark and slightly acrid milky juice. Leaves involute in the bud, broad-ovate to oblong and oblong-lanceolate, rounded, obtuse or subcordate at base, acuminate, entire, pinuately veined, the veins arcuate and united near the margin, whitish tomentose at first but finally lustrous dark green above, duller and conspicuously reticulate-veined beneath, turning bright yellow in autumn ; petioles rather long, terete ; stipules triangular, small, caducous : branchlets armed with sharp axillary spines. Floicers in late spring after the unfolding of the leaves, dicecious, light green; the staminate in long-pedunculate subglobose heads from the axils of crowded leaves on short lateral spurs: pedicels sIcikIim- : cnlNx 4-lobed to the m'ddle. stamens 4, opposite the calyx lobes, incurved in the bud and elastically straightening and becoming exserted ; anthers 2-celled ; pistillate liowers in dense globose heads, sessile or with short peduncles in the axils of the leaves on the shoots of the year ; calyx divided to the base with thick concave persistent lobes closely investing the ovary, the two outer lobes the largest : ovary ovoid, compressed, tipped with a long filiform style and containing a single anatropous suspended ovule. Fruit a globose yellowish green aggregation of elongated drupelets, each consisting of a nutlet enveloped by the enlarged fleshy calyx, the tips of the lobes of which form the roughened surface of the fruit. For speciefi see pp. 202-20S. Division 2. POLYPETAL.a:. Flowers with both calyx and corolla (or without corolla in Liquidamhar, Hamamelis, Bome species of Acer, and some extra-limital species) and the corolla consisting of separate petals. MAGNOLIA FAMILY. MAGNOLIACE^. Trees and shrubs of ten genera and about seventy species, with bitter aromatic bark, watery juice, and thi^k rootlets. Of the ten genera four are represented in North America. and of these two are arborescent, both trees of the Atlantic states. Leave ft alternate, petiolate. pinnately-veined, with minute transparent dots, conduplicate and inclosed by their stipules in the bud. Flowers -large, solitary, tei-minal, perfect, pedunculate, and inclosed in the bud in a srii)iilnr caducous sheath: sepals and petals gener- ally colorMd alike, imbricated in the bud. liyiiuui'nuus. deciduous: stamens and pistils numerous, imbricated and inserted on an elongated rfcrptacli', the stamens beneath the pistils; ovules two, anatropous. Fruit compound, composed of numerous 1-2-seeded follicles or samerse massed together. KEY TO THE GENERA. Carpels at maturity fleshy, dehiscent, persistent : leaves entire ; anthers introrse. Magnolia. Carpels drj-, indehiscent, deciduous ; leaves lobed ; anthers extrorse Liiriodendron. THE MAGNOLIAS. Genus MAGNOLIA L. Trees of about twenty species confined to eastern North America, Mexico, eastern Asia, and the Himalayas. Seven species are indigenous to the United States and several Asiatic species, blossoming before the appearance of the leaves, are introduced for ornamental pur- poses but so far as we know none of these have become naturalized. Leaves generally large, entire and deciduous or persistent. Floicers (in the American species) appearing after the leaves; sepals three, spreading; petals six to twelve, concave, in series of three each ; stamens early deciduous, with very short filaments and linear 2-celled intrors anthers, and apiculate connectives ; ovary sessile, 1-celled, with 2 horizontal ovules and recurved style. Fruit a reddish succulent cone-shaped or cucumber-shaped mass of coalescenr persistent follicles, each dehiscent at maturity along its dorsal suture and liberating one or two large scarlet drupe-like compressed seeds, suspended by an extensile thread of uncoiled spiral vessels ; embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen. (ienus named in honor of Pirre Magnol, Prof, of Botany at Montpelier in the 17th century. KEY TO THE SPECIES, a Leaves deciduous, thin b Buds silky-tomentose ; leaves Oblong, mostly rounded or obtuse at base M. acuminata. Obovate, auriculate at base M. macrophylla. b' Buds glabrous ; leaves obovate or oblanceolate Cuneate at base M. tripetala. Auriculate at base M. Fraseri. a' Leaves subpersistent, thick, rigid ; buds silky pubescent M. glauca. For species see pp. 204-213. HaXDBOOK OI" TrKKS of THK XoRTHKKX StATKS AM) ("a.nada. 4.'j5 THE TULIP-TKEES. Genus LIRIODEXDROX L. Trees of tuo siiccii's. nm- nf .-xlt usive distribution throufiliout tlie eiistern states of North Aiiierica and the oilier in central China. They are irees with deei)ly furrowed brown bark and further characterized as follows: Learrs in(ur\ed in the bud and bent down so that tlie apex points to the base of the bud. alternate, deciduous, truncate, subcordate or soniewliat wedgp-shaped at base, truncate or with a wide sinus at apex, with 4 pointed lobes (occasionally with 2 or t» lobes) : stipules formed by the accrescent scales of the laterally compressed obtuse buds joined at the edxes, strai)-shai)ed and tardily deciduous. Flotrcrs appearins; after the unfolding of the leaves. (•onsi)icuous, cup-shai)ed, somewhat frasiant : sepals three, spreading or leflexed, concave, {greenish white and tarly d(>ciduous : petals (i in 2 rows, erect, fallinj; early: stamens with filaments about '/, as lonj; as the linear L*-celled extrorse anthers: jjistils closely massed tosetlu'r on the elongated recei)tacle ; flattened, with wide style, stij^matic at the acuminate recurved apex ; ovules 2. sus])ended from the ventral suture. Fruit a narrow erect liKht brown cone, consisting of the flattened samaras-like indehiscent 4-ril)bed cari^els which separate from the axis when ripe: .seeds usually 2. suspended in the small cavity at the base of the samara : embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen. The name is from two (Jreek words meaning lili/ or tuliii and trcr. For species see pp. 21'i-.il'). CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY. AXOXACE.E. Trees and shrubs of about fifty genera and five hundred and fifty species, with generally aromatic properties and mainly of the tropical and subtropical regions of both the Old World and the New. Two genera only are represented in North America, one in southern Florln;^JI7. LAUREL FAMILY. LA TRACK. E,. Aromatic trees and shrubs of about forty geniM-a and nine hundred species of wide distribution throughout the tropical and a few in the temp(>rate zones. Six genera, of which two are shrubby, are represented in North America. (Uie on the racitic slojie and three in the Atlantic states. Leaves alternat(\ simple. ]irlluci(l-p\iuctatt\ usually thick, without stijiules. Floirerx small-, regular, yellowish green, iierfecl. polygamous, diiecious or nuuitecious. usually fragrant ; calyx 4-f.-i)arte(l. the .sepals imbricated in the bud in two series; corolla none; stamens 1(1-12. distinct and inserted on the base of th'' calyx in three or four series of three each, those of the fourtii serie-i sterile; anthers 4-celled opening by uplifted valves; ovary superior. 1-ceIled. 436 Laurace.e. Hama]mp:ijdace.e. containing a single anatropous ovule suspended from the apex of the veil : stigma discoid or capitate. Fruit a one seeded drupe or berry ; seed with thin testa, erect embryo and radical between the thick fleshy cotyledons. KEY TO THE GENERA. Leaves persistent, coriaceous, entire: flowers perfect: calyx-lobes persistent.... Persea. Leaves deciduous, rather thin, entire or 1-3-lobed : flowers dioecious Sassafras. THE BAYS. Genus PERSEA Gmrt^. f. About fifty species are recognized of this genus, all excepting one natives of the western hemisphere. Three are species of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast regions, two ranging north- ward into Virginia. Lravc.i persistent, rigid, coriaceous, pinnately-veined, revolute in the bud. Floircrs perfect, appearing in spring in two or three-flowered pedunculate cymes, corymbs or panicles from the axils of the leaves of the year, with two bracted pedicels : calyx carapanulate, per- sistent, those of the outer series shortest: stamens 12, about as long as the inner sepal-, those of the innermost series sterile and gland-like, and in our sincics tln' anthers of the third series extrorse and those of the others introrse : ovary sul)L;ii)liiisr. -I.iIikhis. tevminat ng in a slender club-shaped style with discoid terminal stigma. Fniil a suli-lnhdsc or oblong drupe subtended by the enlarged persistent calyx and with thin flesh ; seed glubose, pendulous, with testa separable into two coats. Persea is the classical name of some oriental tree. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Branchlets and petioles tomentose ; peduncles mostly elongated P. pubescens Branchlets and petioles glabrous or nearly so: peduncles mostly short P. Borbonia. For species sec pp. 218-2,21. THE SASSAFRAS. Genus SASSAFRAS Nees and Eberm. Trees with pleasant aromatic properties, deeply furrowed bark and smooth green mucilaginous twigs. They are natives of eastern North America and China, those of the latter region, so far as now understood, being indistinguishable from the American species. Leaves deciduous, membranaceous, involute in the bud, ovate to oblong and entire or with an oblique lobe on one or both sides, conspicuously reticulate-veined, cuneate at base, with arcuate veins, pilose at first but finally glabrous dark green with veins depressed above, Ealer beneath, mucilaginous. Floircrs appearing with the leaves at the ends of the branchlets, pedunculate, in pilose clustered racemes, from the axils of the inner accrescent bud scales, with slender pedicels from the axils of deciduous bracts : calyx with G subequal spreading lobes, yellowish green : stamens 9, with elongated bright yellow filaments, those of the inner series bearing near their base each 2 orange-colored stalked glands : anthers oblong, orange- colored, introrse, those of the pistillate flowers small and usually sterile : ovary ovoid, green, glabrous, with long style and capitate stigma. Fruit a globose oblong lustrous dark blue di-upe subtended by the red obscurely lobed calyx and enlarged end of the pedicel and having thin flesh with smooth brown oblong pointed seeds. The name is said to be that used by the early French settlers in Florida. For species see pp. 222-223. WITCH HAZEL FAMILY. HAMAMELIDACE.E. The Witch-Hazel family consists of trees and shrubs of about eighteen genera and thirty-five species of eastern North America, Asia, Madagascar and South Africa. Three of the genera, two of which are arborescent, are represented in North America. Leares simple, deciduous, alternate, petiolate, with stipules. Floircrs perfect or unisexual : calyx 4-lobed and with tube coherent to the ovary or none : petals 4 and perygenous or none ; stamens 4 or 8 or numerous with 2-celled introrse anthers : ovary compound formed by the union below of 2 carpels, 2-celled and with 2 subulate styles : ovules 1 or many, anatropous and suspended from an axile placenta. Fruit a woody 2-beaked capsule dehiscent at the summit : seeds 1 or several with large straight embryo and scant albumen. KEY TO THE GENERA. Leaves pinnately veined : flowers perfect : fruit a 2-cellpd capsule Hamamelis* Leaves palmately lobed : flowers unisexual ; fruit a globular head of consolidated caiisnU's. Liquidambar. ITa.xdi'.ook (»k Tk'kks of tinv Xoiriii kkx Statks and Canada. 437 THE WITCH-HAZELS. Gexus 1 1 AMAMI^LIS L. Small trees iind slii-ul)s of three speiies, one of eastern I'niled Slutes. one of centrai China and one of Cliina and .lapan. [jcaren obovate in olildiii;, umlulale-creiiale. ine(|uilateral at l)ase. involute in tlie hml. with veins oonsi)i(uous beneatii ; stiiiules iiifoldin.i; the bud. I' to in is appear in autumn in the AmiM-ican spi'cies in IMlowered clusters from the axils of the leaves, perfect. ea<-li sub- tended by 2-."'> acute bracts: calyx 4-parted. persistent and adnate to base of the ovary: petals 4. strap-shaped, sjiirally involute in the bud, hypogenous, alternate with the sejtals: stamens S in 2 rows on margin of receptacle, those opposite the calyx-lobes fertile, the others small and abortive: lilaments very short; anthers oblong, opening by valves: ovary li-celled. each containing a single ovule ; styles 2. subulate, sijreading. stigmatic at apex. Fruit a woody capsule. 2-4-lol)ed at apex, ioeulicidally dehiscent and when rii>e foicibly disdiarging its seeds which are lustrous brown, oblong, pointed, cotyledons foliaceous. The name is from two (Jreek words alluding to the flowering of the tree at the same time as the ripening of tiie fruit of the previous season. Fur species see pp. 22-^-225. THE SWEET GUM. Gexus LIQUIDAMBAR L. Tlip Liquidambars ar(> large trees of about four species with balsamic juices, scaly bark and bran<-hlets often corky-winged. Only one species is indigenous to the United States. The family is characterized as follows: Leaves palmately-lobed, long-petiolate, serrate, plicate in tlie bud; stipules pale, lanceolate. caducous; buds scaly. Flowers small, naked, monoecious, raicly jierfect, the staminate in suhglohose heads arranged in terminal racemes, each head surrounded by 4 caducous bracts. the jjisiilJate in solitary long-stalked heads from the axils of upper leaves; stamens numerous witli filaments shorter than the oblong longitudinally dehiscent anthers; pistillate surrounded by long-awned scales in globular heads, calyces obconic confluent and with limbs nearly obsolete, stamens 4, small and usually abortive; ovary partly inferior, with long recurved persistent style stigmatic on inner side; ovules numerous. Fruit a globose woody head consisting of' the united capsules which are tipped with the incurved enlarged iiersistent free beak-like styles, dehiscent by 2 valves at the summit and liberating 1 or 2 developed com- pressed wing-angled seeds with many that are abortive. The name is from I^atin and Arabic words meaning fuid amber, in allusion to the fragrant balsamic exudation of these trees. For species see pp. 226-227. PLANE-TREE FAMILY. PLATAXACE^ Lindl. The Plane-tree family consists of trees with watery juice, zigzig branchlets, and bark of trunks and larger branches exfoliating in large irregular scales. It consists of a single genus. Leaves deciduous, alternate, palmately 3-7-lobed, from cordate to broad wedge-shaped at base, leaves and all new growth stellate-pubescent when young, with long petioles enlarged at base and inclosing the bud, plicate in vernation and in autumn mostly turning brown and withering on the branches before falling ; stipules large, foliaceous and sheathing the branchlet on vigorous sterile shoots, but thin scarious and caducous on fiowering shoots. Flowers monoecious, appearing with the unfolding of the leaves, minute in unisexual pedunculate globose heads; the staminate heads axillary; calyx of .S-ti minute sepals; petals .■'.-Ci. scarious and twice as long as the .sepals; stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them with very short filaments and elongate 2-celled anthers opening longitudinally and with truncate con- nective; pistillate heads terminal, sometimes one or more heads sessile on the side of the peduncle and often encircling it; sepals ?!-(>; petals of same number but larger: pistils 3-r». superior, with persistent straight hairs at base and narrowing to a long curved style stigmatic on the ventral side; ovules 1-2, orthtropous, attached to the side of the cell. Fruit a sub- globose head of club-shai)ed crustaceous 1-seeded akenes tipped with the persistent style and surrounded at base with bristly hairs; seed oblong and containing a straight embryo and fleshy albumen. THE PLANE-TREES. Genus PLATAXl'S L. A genus consisting of (1 or 7 species w'idely distrilnited in Xorili America, eastern Europe and southwestern Asia. Three are North American, one of the .Vllantic states, one of the Tncific slope and one of sontliwestern T'nited States and Mexico. F2!). 438 RosEACE.E. ROSE FAMILY. ROSEACE.E. The Rose Family consists of trees, shrubs aud a few heibs of wide distribution throughout temperate regions, and of upwards of fifteen hundred species grouped in about ninety genera. Most of our succulent friuts are among its products. Ten of the genera are represented by arborescent species in the United States. Lcarci^ alternate (opposite in Lijonothamnus) with stipules. Flowers regular, perfect; calyx r)-lobed ; petals ."• (0 in Cercocorpus) imbricated in the bud; stamens numerous, distinct and inserted with the petals on a disk lining the calyx-tube ; anthers small, 2-celled. introrse (extrorse in ]'(ntquchiiia) longitudinally dehiscent; pistils 1-many ; ovary 1-celled with generally two anatropous ovules in each cell ; seeds mostly without albumen. KEY TO THE GENERA. a Fruit a pome, consisting of an enlarged and succulent calyx-tube and ovary with papery or iiorny carpels; stipules free from the petioles (Tribe Pomoidew). h Carpels "papery at maturity and c As many as the styles d Leaves simple ; flowers in simple cymes Pyrus. d^ Leaves palmately compound; flowers in compound cymes Sorbus. c^ Carpels becoming twice as many as the styles; flowers in racemes; leaves simple. Amelanchier. b= Carpels horny at maturity ; leaves simple Crataegus. a= Fruit a drupe; ovary superior, 1-celled, with single terminal style (Tribe Pniiioidcd) . Prunus. THE APPLES AND PEARS. Genus PYRUS L. The genus Pt/nis ( also spelled Pinis ) as here restricted consists of about 30 or 40 species of small or medium-size trees of the northern hemisphere and mainly of the Old World. Five are natives of North America, four of the Atlantic states and one of the Pacific slope/ these two or three introduced species are widely naturalized. Leaves simple, deciduous, petiolate, involute in the bud ; stipules free from T:he petioles, caducous; winter buds scaly. Floicers pink or white, in simple terminal cymes on short lateral and sometimes spinescent spurs ; calyx with urn-shaped tube aud pointed lobes imbricated in the bud and mostly persistent ; petals rounded, short-clawed ; stamens 20 or more ; pistils usually 5. alternate with the petals, united with the calyx-tube and containing 2 ovules in each cell; styles usually 5. distinct or united at base. Fruit a pome, formed by the enlargement of the "united calyx tube and ovaries with papery carpels joined at apex ; seeds usually 2 in each cell, more or less compressed, ovoid, erect, lustrous brown with cartilaginous" testa and straight embryo. The name is the ancient Latin name of the Pear. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Fruit usually tapering to the stem and flesh containing grit-cells ; styles mostly distinct. P. communis. a^ Fruit usually hollowing at the stem and flesh not containing grit-cells ; styles united at base b Leaves glabrous at maturity or nearly so and c Ovate, mostly truncate or subcordate at base P. coronaria. c= Oblong-lanceolate to oval and mostly tapering at base P. angustifolia. ■ b- Leaves tomentose or pubescent beneath and c Mostlv narrowed at base Pedicels slender, 1-1 V^ in. long P. Icensis. Pedicels stout, % i"- or less in length P. Soulardi. c' Mostly rounded or subcordate at base ; petioles and pedicels Short, stout; and pubescent P- Malus. Long, slender and glabrous P. pruuif olia. For species see pp. 230-237 and the foUoiciiig: Pear. Pi/rus eomniunis L. A native of southern Europe and Asia, producing (in a native state ) a small inferior fruit. This has been vastly amelioriated by cultivation aud hybridization, and the tree is now cultivated in all countries of temperate regions. It has escaped and become naturalized in many localities in the United States. In favorable situations it is a strong upright tree, sometimes 75 ft. in height and 2 ft. or more in thickness of trunk. Leaves mostly ovate-oblong, 2-4 in. long, obtuse or rounded at base, acute or acuminate, finely appressed-ser"rate or subentire. pubescent and ciliate at first but finally lustrous dark green above, paler and veinv beneath, very firm in texture: petioles long and slender. Floirers about 1 in. broad, appearing with the leaves: styles usually .^) and distinct to base. Fruit variable, but that of wild seedling trees usually small and more or less austere. Apple P. Malus L. — Malus Malus (L.) Britton. The native land of the Apple is supposed to be southeastern Europe and western Asia. It has been in cultivation from very 1IaM)i:, white, spreading, rounded, with short claw : stamens numerous ; ovary inferior with usually 3 carpels, .'? distinct styles and truncate stigmas; ovules 2 in each cell, erect. Fruit a small red berry- like pome with thin flesh, papery carpels and containing in each cell 1 or 2 pointed erect seeds- with smooth cartilaginous coat ; cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex, with no albumen. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Leaflets glabrous above and Long acuminate ; fruit V4 i"- oi" less in diameter S. Americana. Acute or obtuse ; fruit about Vs in. in diameter S. decora. a' Leaflets pubescent both sides S. Aucuparia. For .species sec pp. 238-2'fl and the foUoiviiif/: Old World Mountain-Asii. or Rowan-tree. Sorhus Aucuparia L. This is a round-headed tree sometimes 50 or GO ft. in height with trunk from 1-214 ft. in diameter growing naturally in the forests of northern Europe and Asia. It has been extensively planted in this country for ornamental purposes and has become naturalized in places. Leaves with 0-1.") oblong to oblong-lanceolate leaflets %-2 in. long serrate, entire at base, more or less pubescent both sides especially beneath; branchlets and petioles pubescent; buds tomentose. Floirers Va i"- across in mostl\ tomentose corymbs 4-() in. across. Fruit about l^ in. across. THE SERVICE-BERRIES. Genus AMELANCHIER Medic. Trees and shrubs with slender branches and long-pointed buds covered with closely imbricated scales, the innermost of which are accrescent. They are of extensive distribution throughout the north temperate regions of both hemispheres. Three arborescent species are known in North America, two of which are found in the Atlantic states and the third in the racilic coast region and eastward to Lake Superior. Laves deciduous, simple, alternate, petiolate, serrate or entire, pinnately-veined, con- duplicate in the bud ; stipules linear, pink and caducous. Floirers in racemes with slender bibracteolate pedicels: calyx with campanulate tube, adnate to the ovary, and Ave narrow acute reflexed persistent lobes; disk green, uectiferous ; petals five, elongated, white, with short claws: stamens numerous inserted on the rim of the calyx tube with subulate persistent styles and oblong anthers: ovary inferior with 5 cells each partly divided by a false partition: styles 2-5 united and i)ubescent below. si)reading above, and with truncate stigmas: ovules erect. 2 in each cell. , Fruit a small berry-like subglobose pome, purplish or blue when ripe and crowned with the calyx lobes and remnants of the fliaments. with juicy pleasantly flavored fruit and membranaceous carpels; seeds 5-l(X oblong, compressed, with lirown coriaceous testa, straight embryo and no albumen. The name is the pojjular name of the Eurojjean species in Savoy. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Leaves sharply serrate .•in-2V2 iu- long, at first hairy but becoming glabrous; petals about % in. long. Fruit depressed globose, 1/3 in. in diameter, from red to dark purple, glaucous. Western Service-berry or June-berry, A. alnifoUa Nutt. A small tree of the Pacific coast region ranging eastward to Manitoba and northern Michigan, but is only a shrub east of the Rocky Mountains. It is characterized by having thickish broad elliptical to suborbicular leaves obtuse to truncate and coarsely dentate at apex, and short rather dense racemes. THE HAWS OR THORNS. Genus CRATAEGUS L. The Haws, Thorns. Hawthorns or Thorn-apples, as they are variously called, are gen- erally low wide-spreading trees or shrubs, with very strong tortuous branches armed with stiff sharp thorns (though sometimes unarmed), with somewhat zigzag branchlets and usually with dark or gray scaly bark. They are mostly confined to north temperate regions, with the bulk 01 distribution in eastern United States. Twenty years ago scarcely a score of species were recognized in America and fewer abroad, but it was thought that many of the species presented almost innumerable forms. Within the past few years much attention has been paid to the subject, and now the list of named species numbers more than six hundred. The validity of many of these, however, is extremely problematical, as observers working in different localities have made observations and assigned names quite independently of each other, and when the studies have been more extended and results compared, doubtless many of the names must be relegated to synonymy. The value of certain characters, too, upon which to determine specific rank, are matters of controversj', and can only be determined by more extensive observation and agreement. Extensive experiments are being conducted, notably at the Arnold Arboretum, under the direction of Prof. C. S. Sargent, to determine how far seedling plants will present the characters of their parents, and the results will be looked upon with much interest. Due to the present unsettled condition of the subject it is impossible to present the genus with the completeness accorded the other genera, and it has been decided to take up and illustrate only a few of the most distinct or common species, defining them as outlined by Prof. Sargent. Leaves conduplicate in the bud, simple, petiolatf, generally serrate, and often also lobed, especially on vigorous shoots, deciduous; stipuhs (■.iducous or on vigorous shoots often foliaceous. Floirrrs in simple or compound corymbs iciininating short lateral leafy branch- lets, lowermost iiciljci'ls df a cluster often from the axils of leaves; calyx obconic with 5 acute reflexed mostly inisistfiii lobes and tube adnate to the carpels; petals 5, white and pinkish, spreading and iiiscrlcd on the throat of the calyx; stamens normally 5 in one row and alternate with the petals or 10 in 5 pairs, or 15 in 2 rows, those of the outer row in pairs, or 20 in 3 rows, or 25 in 4 rows ; filaments subulate, incurved ; anthers pale yellow to nearly white, or from pink to dark rose and purple; ovary inferior, l-.5-celled with 1 or 2 ovules in each cell ; styles 1-5, distinct, persistent. Fruit a pome from short globose to oblong or pear-shaped, mostly from red to yellow (sometimes blue or black) with 1-5 bony carpels united below and each containing usually a single erect compressed seed. The name is from the (ireek word for strength, referring to the toughness of the wood. For species see pp. 2.'{Jf-2Gl. THE PLUMS AND CHERRIES. Genus PRUNUS B. & H. Trees and shrubs with peculiar bitter astringent properties, many containing prussic acid and exuding a gum from the bark when wounded. They are of general distribution throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the northern hemisphere and many repre- sentatives are of great economic value. There are about one hundred twenty species of which some twenty-five or thirty occur in the United States, eighteen of these being arborescent. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate, conduplicate or 'convolute in the bud, deciduous or persistent, serrate (sometimes entire); petioles often glandular; stipules small, caducous; winter buds with closely imbricated scales, the innermost accrescent. Flowers regular, perfect ; calyx inferior, deciduous, with 5 lobes imbricated in the bud and thin annular disk ; Handbook ok TitKKs oi- tiik Noi; tiikii.n Siatks and Canada. 411 petals "), wliito, sproading. (Iccidiious ; stamens mimcroiis. insci'tcd witli tlie petals on the calyx, with free filiform filaments and oval 2-seeded anthers; pistil solitary with 1-celled ovary, single terminal style. (•ai)itate stifrina : ovules 2, suspended. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe with horny compressed pit, the seed suspended ; cotyledons fleshy. The name is tlie ancient Lai in iiaiiie nf (lie I'lum-trer. ki:y to tiik sPEriKS. a Flowers in axillar\ umliels expanding with or Ix'fore the leaves: pit more or less flattened b Petioles rnlher slender .Mnd lon« { IHnl T/n /tiCv I c I''ruil mostly '•_> in. oi- more in diameter Leaves i)ul)escent liene.nlh : fruit sweet P. Avium. Leaves ulnhrous : fruit tart P. Cerasus. c" I'^ruit about •', in. in diameter. ver\- sour P. Peiinsylvanica. b= Petiides stout and shoit {I'limis) c Fruit red or vellow and about 1 in. or less louu' : leaves abi'upih- acuuiinate and d Obovate-obioii.n-. thickish. dull and veins impressed: calyx-lobes (ilabrous inside: pit much compressed P. nigra. Pubescent inside: pit turgid P. Americana. d' Ov.ite-lnnceolate to lanceolate, thinnish : pit turgid: calyx-lobes Pubescent both sides: fruit austeie with thickish skin... P. hortulana. (ilabrous: fruit with thinnish skin P. augustifolia. c'- Fruit dark blue with bloom; leaves ovate and i)etioles mostly without glamls. P. Alleghaniensis. a" Flowers in tenuiiial corymbs appearing after the leaves P. Mahaleb. a" Flowers in ra<-enies terminating leafy branchlets ; leaves finely senate b With slender spreading teeth ; leaves thinnish P. Virginiana. b- With incurved callous teeth ; leaves thickish P. serotina. a* Flowers mostly solitary; leaves oblong-lanceolate; fruit velvety... P. Persica. /■'of .s/Kcics sec pp. 262-,2Ki and the foUouiiit/ : PK.U'ii. Pnnnis rersica (L.) S. & Z. (Amyr/dahifi Pcrsiea L. ) . The Peach was early introduceil into this country from Europe, coming originally it is thought from China, and is found naturalized in localities from southern N. Y. southward. It is a small tree, occasion- ally 1 ft. in diameter, with bark exfoliating in laminate scales. Leans lanceolate to lance- oblong. 4-(» in. long, tajiering about equally to both ends, serrate, glabrous: jietioles stout. % in. long. Flou-<) genera, and of these seventeen have arborescent representatives in the United States. Leaves alternate, usually compound, with stii)ules. Flairers regular or i)aidlionaceous and usually perfect; stamens 10 or man\'. with diadelphous (sometimes distinct) filaments and 2-celled anthers opening longitudinally ; pistil solitary, with one or several-celled superior ovary. Fruit a legume. KEY TO THE GENERA. a Flowers regular or imperfectly papilionaceous; lobes imbricated in a>stivation : stamens with distinct filaments ; seeds albumenous : flowers b Imperfectly iiapilionaceotis, i)erfect ; legume thin and flat; leaves simide. Cercis. b" Regular, diu'cious oi- jiolygamous ; leaves Bipinnate : cnlyx-tube elongated : stamens 10; pods thick Gymnocladus. Both i)iniiate and bii)innate ; stamens 3-.j ; pods thin Gleditsia. a" Flowers i)apilionaceous ; seeds usually without albumen; leaves once-pinnat(^ : stamens b Distinct ; flowers iw long loose panicles Cladrastis. b' l)iad<'lphous ; jkxI thin ;ind flat : stipides si)inescent Robinia. THE RED-BUDS. Gi-Nr.s CERCIS L. Small trees and shrubs is a Californian shrub, another is .i small tree of the b.Msiii uf ilie Uio Cr.inde in Texas and southwar.l. ■•md the third is widely distributed in the midille and eastern states. Leaves simple, deciduous, broad, with .">-7 prominent veins, entire, long-petiolate ; petioles terete, slender and enlarged near the leaf-blade; stipules small, membranaceous, caducous. 442 Leguminos^e. Flowers appearing before or with the leaves in short lateral fascicles, on the growth of previous seasons or even the trunk ; calyx oblique-campanulate, 5-toothed : corolla somewhat papilionaceous with 5 rose-colored unguiculate petals, those forming the keel the largest and not united, the standard smaller than the wings and inclosed by them in the bud ; stamens 10, distinct, declined, with filaments enlarged and pilose at base ; "anthers alike, oblong, versatile ; ovary with short stipe ; style filiform with capitate stigma : ovules numerous, in 2 ranks, attached to the dorsal suture. Fruit a linear oblong flat pod. acute at both ends, margined along the upper suture, reddish purple and 2-valved at maturity, with thin reticulate valves ; seeds oblong, compressed, with reddish brown crustaceous testa, straight embryo and scant horny albumen. The name is the ancient Greek name of the Old World Judas-tree. For species see pp. 28-'/-2S5. THE COFFEE-TREE. Gexus GYMNOCLADUS Lam. Trees, with stout branchlets and large pith, of two species, one of eastern North America and the other of southern and southwestern China. Leaves deciduous, bipinnate. with single leaflets in place of the one or two pairs of lowermost pinnae : stipules caducous : branchlets thick with large pith and 2 small impressed buds in each axil. Floicers regular, dioecious or polygamous, in terminal racemes, greenish white ; calyx elongated, tubular, 10-ribbed, with .5 narrow nearly equal acute lobes : petals 4-5. oblong, equal, pubescent, rather longer than the calyx lobes, spreading ; stamens 10 and inserted with the petals on the margin of the disk bearing the calyx tube, shorter than the petals, distinct, with pubescent filaments alternately of different lengths and uniform introrse longitudinally dehiscent anthers ; pistil sessile with short style and oblique 2-lobed stigma, rudimentary or wanting in the staminate flowers; ovules numerous. Fruit a large thick oblong subfalcate 2-valved coriaceous pod, tardily dehiscent and containing several seeds with pulp between : seeds suborbicular, flattened, with long funicles, thick horny testa, thick orange-colored cotyledons and thin horny albumen. The name is from two Greek words meaning naked iranch. For species see pp. 286-287. THE HONEY LOCUSTS. Genus GLEDITSIA L. Trees of about eight or ten species of eastern United States, Asia, Japan and tropical Africa. Of these three are native of North America, one limited to a small region in Texas, another inhabiting mainly the lower Mississippi basin and southeastern states, and the third is now distributed over most of the Atlantic states. Leaves evenly pinnate or twice pinnate or with some of the pinnae replaced by simple leaflets often fascicled, deciduous ; leaflets subsessile and irregularly crenulate ; stipules small, caducous. Flowers regular, polygamous, small, green or white, in axillary or lateral some- times fascicled spike-like racemes with minute caducous bracts ; calyx campanulate with 3-5 nearl.v equal lobes : petals equal and of same number as the calyx lobes ; stamens 0-10. inserted with the petals on the edge of the disk, distinct, erect, with free filaments and uniform anthers : ovary nearly sessile ; style short with terminal dilated stigma ; ovules 2 or many. Fruit a flat pod. long-linear, many-seeded and indehiscent. or short-ovate and dehiscent ; seeds suborbicular or oblong, flattened, attached by long funicles ; embryo surrounded with horny albumen. The generic name (which is sometimes spelled Gleditschia) is in honor of Prof. J. G. Gleditsch, a German botanist of the ISth century. KF.Y TO THE SPECIES. Pods linear, many-seeded and somewhat twisted or coiled G. triacanthos. Pods oblique, oval, mostly 1-seeded G. aquatica. For species see pp. 288-29}. THE YELLOW-WOOD. Gexus CLADRASTIS Raf. Trees of a single species of limited natural distribution in the Atlantic states, but widely planted for ornamental purposes. They have yellowish heart-wood, somewhat watery juice and smooth bark. Another tree (Maackia Amitrensis Rupr.). of eastern Asia and Japan, is referred by some writers to this genus, but by others is considered to be generically distinct. Leaves deciduous, odd-pinnate, with stout terete petioles enlarged at base and few large entire short-stalked leaflets : buds small, naked superposed and formed within the base of the petiole. Floicers white, papilionaceous, in terminal panicles or racemes: calyx narrow- campanulate. 5-toothed : petals with suborbicular reflexed standard and those of the keel incurved and distinct : stamens 10. distinct, with slender filaments and uniform versatile anthers; ovary subsessile. linear and tipped with slender incurved style with terminal stigma; IIaM)BOOK of TkKKS ok IIIK XoiMUKKN SlATKS AND ("a.NADA. 443 ovules several, siisiieiided. I'rnil a izlahiims coinpressed linear inn r;:inei| lardil.v deliiscent legume, ((intainiuf,' tew oblunj.' ((uniiressed seeds with slender I'uuicle ;»nd no albumen. Name formed from (Jreek roots meaning brittle branches. For species see pp. 292-2V3. THE LOCUSTS. Genus ROBINIA L. Trees and shrubs with slender zigzag branchlets and minute superposed buds covered by the enl.irged bases (d" the petioles. They are confined to North America. Seven or eight epecies are known, of which four are represented in the United States, three arborescent and one shrubby. LcfliT.s' deciduous, uneiiually iiinnat(> and with spiiiescent persistent stipules; leaflets entire, petiolulate with minute bristle-liko stipels. Floirers in racemes from the axils of the leaves of the year with caducous bracts and bractlets : calyx campanulate. fi-toftthed. the upper i)air shorter and somewhat united: corolla papilionaceous with large reflexe(l obcordate standard, oblong curved free wings and obtuse incurved keel-petals united below ; stamens 10, the 9 inferior united and one superior free at least to base; anthers uniform or every other one smaller; pistil superior, stipitate with subulate inflexed hairy style and ter- minal stigma: ovules numerous, susjx'uded from the vential suture in two ranks. Fruit: jjofls, coinjiressed. linear-oblong, flat-margined along the seed-bearing suture, with 2 thin mem- branous valves and containing several obliciue reniform seeds with persistent incurved funicle. fleshy cotyledons and reflexed radicle. The genus is named in honor of Jean and Vaspasean Robin, father and son, herbalists to Henry lY, King of France, who first cultivated the Locust tree in Europe. KFA' TO THE SPECIES. Flowers white: branchlets and pods glabrous R. Pseudacacia. Flowers pinkish : branchlets and pods glandular-hispid R. viacosa. For species see pp. 2'.>.'i 297. RUE FAMILY. RUTACE.^ Juss. An important family of trees and shrubs with pungent or aromatic properties, widely distributed throughout warm and temperate regions, especially of the Old AVorld, and most abundant in South Africa and Australia. About eight hundred eighty species, grouped in one hundred ten genera, are recognized, but only five of the genera are represented in the I'nited States, this number including Citrus (the Bitter-sweet Orange, etc.) of Florida. Leaves compound (sometimes simple) usually glandular-punctate, without stipules or with stipular spines. Floireis regular, perfect or unisexvial. generally in cymes ; calyx with 3-ri lobes imbricated in the bud ; petals 3-r>, hypogynous or perigynous, imbricated in the bud ; stamens as many as the petals or twice the number, distinct or united below and inserted on the receptacle; anthers introrse, longitudinally dehiscent; pistils 2-5, sei)arate or united, sessile or stipitate, the styles usually united and ovary containing 2 pedulous anatropous or aniiihilrnpous ovules. Fruit usually a capsule but in other cases a samara or drupe; seed with horny or crustaceous coat and containing an axile embryo in fleshy albumen. KEY TO THE GENEKA. Fruit a 2-valved capsule : leaves pinnate Xanthoxyluni. Fruit a samara winged all around : leaves trifoliate Ptelea. THE PRICKLY-ASHES. Genus XANTHOXYLUM L. Trees and shrubs of about one hundred species, with prickly twigs and of wide distribu- tion in tro])ical and temi)erate regions. Five species are found in the United States of which one is a shrub and the others small trees mainly of the southern states. The bark, especially of the roots, of all the representatives of the genus contains active stimulant and tonic i)roi)- erties and is used in the treatment of rheumatism, to excite salivation and to relieve tootiiache. Leaves alternate. odd-i)innate. the leaflets generally opjiosite. oblique at base and entire or crenulate. Floirers small, whitish or greenish, in axillary or terminal pedunculate cymes; sepals 4-.") or obsolete: jjctals 4-."); stamens 4-."> and alternate with the petals: i)istils 2-.">. oblique. stii)itate ; ovaries distinct. 1-celled. 2-ovuled ; style short, slender and couni\aur. Fruit a capsule with two thickish valves and containing 1-2 oblong seeds witii smooth black shining crustaceous testa, and often hanging from the open carpel at maturity susi)ended by a slender funicle : cotyledons foliaceous. The name is from two Oreek words meaning yeUoir irood. For species see pp. 2'JS-2ilO. 444 Anacardiace^e. THE WAFER-ASKES. Genus PTELEA L. Small trees or shrubs without prickles and with bitter bark. Five or six species are known, all natives of the United States and Mexico, one only being arborescent and that widely distributed throughout central and eastern United States. Leaves usually 3-foliate, long petiolate and without stipules: lea^ets conduplicate in the bud. ovate or oblong, entire or serrate, pellucid-punctate. Flowers greenish-white, polygamous, in compound terminal cymes; calyx with sepals 4-5 or wanting; petals 4-5. imbricated; stamens of same number and alternate with them with subulate filaments, pilose at base and shorter in the pistillate flowers ; pistil superior, stipitate. with compressed. 2-3-celled ovary, short style and 2-3-lobed stigma. Fruit an indehiscent 2-3-celled samara, surrounded by a broad reticulate wing (or rarely wingless) ; seed pointed at apex, rounded at base and with coriaceous testa. The name is the ancient Greek name of the Elm. given to this genus on account of a resemblance in the fruit. For species see pp. 300-301. QUASSIA FAMILY. SIAIARUBACE^E DC. Trees, shrubs; and a few herbs with generally bitter milky juice and confined moctly to tropical regions. About one hundred) forty-five species, grouped in twenty-eight genera, are known. Of these one arborescent genus (J^imaruha) is indigenous to the United States in subtropical Florida. Another (Ailanthiis) is extensively naturalized throughout eastern United States and Canada. Leaves generally^ alternate and pinnate, not glandular-punctate, without stipules. Floirers mostly in axillary racemes or panicles and dioecious or polygamous, regular; calyx 3-5-lobed or parted, imbricated in the bud; petals 3-5 (rarely wanting), hypogenous ; disk annular or elongated ; stamens as many as the petals or twice as many, with distinct filaments each with a scale or hairs at base and inserted under the disk ; anthers 2-celled introrse ; pistils composed of 2-5 united carpels each of a single cell and containing a single anatropous ovule ; style 1-5. Fruit a drupe or samara. THE AILANTHUS. Genus AILANTHUS Desf. Lai-ge handsome trees with pale bark and of two or three species, natives of China, the East Indies and Australia and represented in the United States by a single naturalized species. Leaves simple, altrenate. deciduous, odd-pinnate, with numerous somewhat oblique sub- entire leaflets. Flowers small, in large terminal panicles; calyx with 5 short lobes; petals 5, valvate, spreading; disk hemispheric. 10-lobed ; stamens 10 "(only 2 or 3 in the pistillate flowers); ovary deeply 2-5-lobed : styles 2-5, united. Fruit sameras usually 2-5 together, linear-oblong, with membranous veiny wing and cell containing a solitary compresseid seed at about its center. The name is from the native Mallaca name of the tree — Ailanto. meaning Tree of Heaven. For species see pp. 302-303. SUMACH FAMILY. ANACARDIACE;E Lindl. Trees and shrubs with resinous or milky juice, of about fifty genera and four hundred species mainly of warm or tropical regions. Three genera are represented in the trees of the United States. Leaves mostly alternate and without stipules ; branchlets terete and with large pith. Floicers small, regular, polygamous, dioecious or perfect ; calyx lobes mostly 5 ; petals of same number and imbricated in the bud or none ; stamens as many as the petals or twice as many (rarely fewer) and inserted with them on the edge of an annular hypogenous disk; filaments filiform and anthers oblong, introrse, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent : ovary usually 1-celled and containing a solitary anatropous ovule suspended by a slender funicle rising from the base of the ovary; styles 1-3, stigmas terminal. Fruit generally a small drupe; seed with membranous or crustaceous coat; cotyledons fleshy and containing little or no albumen. KEY TO THE GENERA. Styles lateral ; fruit compressed with many abortive plumose pedicels ; leaves simple. Cotinna. Styles terminal; fruit symmetrical; leaves compound (simple in some western species). Rhus. IIaxdhook ok Tkkks ok tiik XoiniiKKX States and Canada. 445 THE SMOKE-TREES. Ci-xrs COTIXIS Adans. Small tivcs (if two sprcirs with ai'oinalic milky jiiic,.. mw a native of Europe ami Asia ami the oilier of souiicasieni CiiiiiMl Slates. /y( (((■( .V (lecidiiuus. simiili', mostly jietiolate, tliiunish, ohovatc. oliloiij; or oval, entire. Klal)- roiis or nearly so. Fluirtr.s small, iireeuish-yellow, diu'cious or iiolygamou.s, in large loose tenninal panicles with slender accrescent pedicels many of wliioh are abortive and become villous: caly.x- lobes jjersistent ; petals twice as long as tlie sepals: stamens ."», shorter than the i)etals : ovary obovoid, compressed: styles o, lateral, .spreading. Fruit l-seeded dry obli(ineIy oblong comi)ressed glabrous drupelets, couspiciionsly reticulated and bearing the rem- nants of the styles on one side: stone bony. The drupelets occur in ami)le loose thyrso'd panicles with inany iilume-like abortive pedicels. The name is the ancient Greek name of the \\'ils are natives of the T'liited States of which about a half dozen may be considered as trees. Littns lostly unequally pinnate and deciduous, a few simple and i)ersistent, alternate. Fldircru mostly diacious in compound axillary or terminal panicles: calyx mostly Ti-cleft or l)arted and persistent: petals spreading and longer than the calyx-lobes: stamens"."), alternate with the i)etals and inserted witli them under the margin of the annular disk: pistil solitary, sessile, with three terminal styles. 'Fruit a subglobose drupelet mostly in thyrses with thin dry hairy or glabrous outer coat and a single bony or crustaceous stone: cotyledons foliaceou.>. llIiKs is the classical (ireen name of the European Siniiuc]i. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Fruit iiuhiiit. red. with smooth stone, in terminal thyrses Kachis of the leaf not winged villose R. hirta. Itacliis winged between the leaflets K. copallina. a' Fruit glabrous, white, with striated stone in axillary panich s R. vernix. For species sec pp. .1(HS-311. HOLLY FAMILY. ILICACF.l^ Lowk. ( AOUIFOLIACE.E DC.) Trees and shrubs with watery sap and terete brauclilets of fi\-e g(Miera and about one hundred seventy sjiecies. They are widely disti-ibuled in both temperate and tropical regions of both til" Old World and the New. Only one genus cnnlains arborescent representatives in the ITnitod States. Leavcft alternate, iiersisteiit oi' deciduous, petiolate. entire, crennte or toothed and with minute stipules. FUnrcrs small, regular, axillary, white or greenish, dicecious or i)olygamous : calyx with 4-6 lobes imbricated in the bud, generally iiersistent, hypogenons : jjetals 4-(!, imbri- cated, decirhiov.s. separate or united at base; disk none: stamens as many as the lobes of th.> corolln, alternate with them and inserted on the corolla: anthers oblons : pistil solitary, superior, compound with 4-S-celled ovary, short style or none and capitate stigmas of the same number as the cells of the ovary: ovules usually 1 in each cell, suspended, anatropons. Fruit a drupe with thin tii'sh and as many horny or crustaceous nutlets as carpels: seeds i)en(lul(Uis with minute straight end ryo and flesliy ■ilbumen. THE HOLLIES. CKxr.s ILFA' L. Tri>e-; and shrubs of mIhmii diie liiindied sixl\- species id" which thirtiMMi inhabit eastern North .\meri(a ( none the west( rn side of the enntinent) and live of these are trees. 'i'he .■haracters are those uivn of the family. Tile name is the anri.nt Oicek name of tlie Holly Oak of southern Europe. KEY I'O Tin: SPECIES. a Leaves (^vertrreen. lhi1!()Ok of Tkkks ok thk Xoimiii:i;.\ Statks and Canada. 417 b' Hoforc the leaves in very e;irly si)rin>,'. in fMscicl.'s from latrral i)U(ls : fruit i-iii.'nin;; in early suiniuer c Flowers subsessile, without petals: ovary tonifniose; leaves deejily lohed. A. saccharinuiu. c' Flowers with pedicels and petals; every jjlabrous : leaves not dee]i!y lohed and (Jlabrous or nearly so beneath A. rubrum. Wliite-tomentose beneath A. Drummondii. a' Pinna tely eouipoiind ; flowers dio'cious A. Negundo. For species see pp. .i.i'i-.U7, and the folloiriuf/ DrI'MMoM) Maim.k — Acer Dninniiotidii II. & A.: .1. riihniiii var. Dritniinonrlii Sarjr. A Iarf;t\ tree inlinliil inn dei>p river swanii)s of the Gulf states from (Jeorgia to Texas and n\> the Mississipiti Valley to southeastern Missouri, where in a limited area it is found within the territory covered by this work. Leares .S-lobed, or sometimes partially H-jobed with short broad acute or acuminate nearly entire lobes, cordate or rounded at base, thick and densely hoary- tomeutose beneath, as are tlie iietioles and all new growth. Flowers scarlet, in dense lateral clusters. exi)andinK before the h'aves, with ixnlicels and petals. Fruit ripening in March or Anril with or before the exiianding of (lie leaves, bright scarlet samaras \V-2-1V-> in- long with wings i.,-;'4 in. broad and with slender pedicels 1-2 in. long. HORSE-CHESTNUT FAMILY. 1 1 IPPOCAXTANACE.^i T. and C. Trees and a few shrubs with ill-scented bark, large branohlets and buds, and of about eighteen species natives of North America and Asia and grouped in two genera. Acftculns and BilUa. the latter a genus of Mexico and Central America. Lenvrti deciduous, opposite, petiolate, digitately compound, with 8-0 serrate leaflets, and without stli)ules. Floirers appearing after the leaves, conspicuous, polygamous, in showy terminal cymes or panicles, only the lowermost flowers generally fertile; pedicel jointed; calyx campanulate with Ti unequal lobes, imbricated in the bud; petals 4-.^t. unequal, clawed; disk hypogenous, annular; stamens ft-S, usually 7. unequal with elongated filiform filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers longitudinally dehiscent; ovary sessile. 3-celled. with 2 ovules in each cell; style slender, elongated, curved, and with terminal stigma. Fruit a coriaceous .'}-valved l-2-se{>ded cajisule. loculicidally dehiscent; seeds large, round or irregularly himispherical with smooth shining brown coat, large pale hilum, large thick unequal cotyledons, 2-leaved plumule and remaining underground in germination. THE BUCKEYES AND HORSE-CHESTNUT. Genus ^SCULUS L. A genus of ten or twelve sjiecies of which four native and one naturalized are represented among the trees of America. The characters are those of the family. The name is the classical name of a kind of oak and transferred to this genus. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Flowers white; winter buds resin-coated: leaflets mostly 7 A. Hippocastanum. a- Flowers yellow ; winter buds not resin-coated : leaflets mostly 't ; stamens Longer than petals; capsules spiny at least when young A. glabra. Shorter than petals ; capsules quite smooth A. octandra. For species see pp. ,?,?,'^-.? J.7. SOAPBERRY FAMILY. SAPIXDACE.^I R. P,r. Trees, shrulis and a few vines with watery juice and chiefly confined to the tropics of the Old World. Over a thousand species are known grou])ed in about twenty genera. Of the arborescent genera four are ri'|)r('sented in the Fnited States, all southward. Leores alternate in th(» American reiiresentat ives. jn't iolale. i)innately or palniately com- pound, without stijiules. Floirtrs regular or slightly irregular, iiolygamous. dicecious : calyx 4-r»-lobed or divided, imbricated in the bud; p(>tals 4-."). imbricated: disk .-innular. fleshy; stamens usually ">-l<> inserted on the disk: anthers introrse. 2-celled, lougitute. serrate. Fluircrs light yellow, very fragrant and neclariferous in pedunculate axillary rynie?!. ea ; petals i"). imbricated in the bud. yellowish white stamens in .") clusters each cluster (in the American species) united with a petal-like scale opposite each petal, the filament filiform and forked at the apex, each fork bearing an extrorse half-anther; ovary Tt-celled. each cell containing 2 anatropous ovules; style columnar and with ."> spreading stigmatio lobes. Fruit nut-like, dry, woody, l-celled and containing 1-2 amphitropous scfds ; cotyledons palmatoly ij-lobed. The name is the classical name of the European Liiidt ii. KEY TO THE SrEC'IES. a Leaves green and glabrous beneat h T. Americana. a' Leaves whitish and Tomentose beneath T. Itcterophylla. Stellate pubescent with tufts in the axils of the veins beneath T. Michauxii. For species sec pp. 350-351 and the foUoiring: WrriTE RASSwoon. 7'. hcterophylla Vent. A large tree ranging from southern N. Y. to Fla.. particularly of the Alleghany Mts. Leaves ovate-oblong to oval. .^>-10 in. long, cordate or truncate and oblique at base, abruptly acuminate, serrate, at maturity thin, dark green above, whitish and tomentose beneath; branchlets glabrous. Flowers with pedunculate bract 4-^) iu. long, decurrent nearly to base. Fruit oblong to subglobose, about y^ in. long, rusty- tomentose. MiciTAUX Basswood, T. MieJiauxii Nutt. Similar to the above and often confounded with it and with T. puhescens Ait. of the southern coast region. Its distribution, apparently ex- tending from the vicinity of Montreal. Cajiada, to the Gulf states, is not well understood, Leaves broad-ovate, mostly cordate and very oblique at ba.se, short acuminate or acute at apex, serrate, at maturity rather firm, glabrous dark green above, whitish stellaTe pubescent with tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins beneath. Fion-ers floral bract pedunculate, spatulate- obovate, decurrent to within ^2-% i"- of the base of the peduncle. Fruit subglobose, about Va in. in diameter, hoary-tomentose. TEA FAMILY. THEACE^ DC. Trees and shrubs of about one hundred and sixty species, grouped in sixteen or seventeen genera, and confined chiefly to the tropics of the New World and soutliern and eastern Asia. The most important genus is CameUio, yielding the tea of commerce and shrubs wi'.h beautiful flowers. L(uvrs alternate without stipules. Flowers showy, regular, perfect; sepals and petals ."5, imbricated in the bud. hypogenous ; stamens numerous wit!-. 2 longitudinally dehiscent cells; ovary mostly ?.-o-celled and stigma 3-5-lobed. Fruit a woody 3-5-cell(M.l caspule ; seed with large cotyledons and no albumen. THE LOBLOLLY BAY, ETC. Genus GORDOXIA(L) Ei.l. Trees and shrubs of about a dozen species mainly of southeastern Asia. One species is represented in the flora of southeastern T'nited States. Auoth'n- tree, the Frnnklinia, by some con.3idere(l a species of this gpuus. is more properly considered the tyi'e of another genus of that nr.me. Leaves alternate, evergreen, coriaceous. Flowers long-stalkod and solitary inthe axils of the leaves; sepals unequal, silky, concave, rounded and i)orsistont ; petals white, obovate, slightly united at base, coiicave ; stamens numerous with short filaments inserted on ~> fleshy disks each adnate to the base of a pef^l ; anthers intror.so. yellow; ovary sessile with elon- gated s;yle. .")-lobeil and stigmatic at apex; ovules 4 in each cell, anatropous. Fruit a woody pointed ovoid loculicidally dehiscent capsule; valv.^s a, e.iiire; s mmIs usually -1 in each cell: pendulous, compressed and an oblong wing at the ti Named in honor of .Tames Gordon, a Lo ondon nurseryman of the ISth century. For sj)ecies see pp. 352-35.1. GINSENG FAMILY. AR.MJACK.E \'i-nt. Tr«s, shrubs and herbs of .iliout four hundred fifty species, grouped in thirty-two genera, and widely distributed thnuighi.ut tmi-ical and to a le.sser extent temperate regions. A single arborescent species is nativ(> to the flora of eastern United States. 2i) 450 CORXACE^E. Lidics deciduous, alternate or verticillate, compound, petiolate, mostly with stipules. F'ioiccrs ill racemose or panicled umbels or heads, 5-numerous ; calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; petals sometimes united ; disk epigynous ; stamens as many as the petals, alternate with them, and inserted on the disk ; ovary 1-several-celIed, each cell containing a solitary auatropous pendulous ovule ; styles as many as the cells of the ovary. Fruit baccate ; seeds with thin testa, small embryo and abundant albumen. THE HESCITLES-CLUB, ETC. Genus ARALIA L. Spiny trees, shrubs and herbs of about thirty species about a half dozen of which ar» natives of North America, the remaining of Asia. Of the American species one only is arbor- escent. Leaves pinuately or ternately decompound. t!:'0 petioles enlai-ged and claspini; nt the base. Flowers mostly perfect, sra^ill, greenish vhite ; pedicels pointed; calyx-lobes minute, valvate : petals imbricated in the bud ; stamens v.'ith filiform filam.ents and oblong introrse, 2-celled anthers longitudinally dehiscent ; cvary inferior, mostly 2-5-celled. styles of same number, dehiscent or united at base. Fruit a 2-5-seeded berry laterally compressed or 3-5-angled and tipped with the remnants of the styles ond calyx-lobes and containing 2-5 compressed seeds with straight r.Tdicle and oblong cotyledons. The name is of obscure derivation. For species see pp. 85.^-355. EOG-WGOB FAMILY. CORNACE.^ Link. The Dogwood Family consists of trees and shrubs of about sixteen genera and eighty-five species mainly of north temperate regions. Two genera have arborescent representatives in North America. Leaves deciduous, simple, variously arrnnged and without stipules. FJoircrs regular, in cymes, heads, or solitary; calyx adnate to the ovary, its iirab 4-.'5-toothed or none; petals 4-.'i or noi^e ; disk e]:i,;«nous ; st.imGns as many as the petals and in.serted with them on the margin of the disk; anthers introrse, 2-cel!cd with a solitary anatropous suspended ovule in each cell. Fruit a 1-2-seeded drupe ; seed oblong with foliaceous cotyledons and copious albumen. KEY TO THE GENERA. Flov.-ers pf'i'fpot. arranged in fours ; leaves mostly opposite Cornns. Flowers dicocious or polygamous, petals 5, very small or none; leaves alternate.... Nyssa. THE B00-W00B3 OE COEHELS. Genus CORNUS L. Trees and shrubs of about forty species widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone and one species in Peru. Sixteen or seventeen species are found in North America of which four are arborescent. Leaves deciduous, mostly opposite. Floirers perfect, small, in cymes or heads, the latter with an involucre of showy white bracts in somie species; calyx with 4 small lobes, valvate in the h'ld ; d'sk epigenous ; petals 4, valvate ; stamens 4, alternate with the petals exserted and witli >' iiue-r filamentg; ovary 2-celled, each cell containing a single ovule, with simple colum.nar style and capitate or truncate stigm.^.. Fruit an oblong drupe with thin fle.sh and bony or crusla'cous 2-celicd and u1 Leavr.s nltpniiili>. ijctiolati'. coiKlupliciiic in Ihr l)ii(i. Fhnnrs small, greenish, polygamo- diopoioiis. ill (•ai)iI;Ue clusters (or the fertile ones soiM.'iinws solitary) with slender peduncles, from the axils of the lower leaves or of caducous bracts, the staininati' flowers numerous: calyx minutely .l-lohed : petals .">, minute and thick or none: stamens .")-l."i in the staminate flowers, exserted and inserted with the petals on the edK(> of the entire or ianicles : leaves d.^ciduous. Oxydendruni. a' Fruit a berry: anther-cells jirolonged : corolla camiianulate or urceolate. white: leaves deciduous Vacciniuni. THE RHODODENDRONS. Gi:xu.s RIK )D()nEXI)ROX L. Small tr.'es and shrubs with bitter astringent i)roi)erties and showy flowers, of some over one hundred and (ifty si)ecies of eastern and southern Asia and the adjacent islands and North .Vinerici. 'i'liey are largely grown for ornamcuital purpo.ses and many garden v.irieties have* been iiroduced by hybridization and selection. Of the eight species t"ound in the Fnited Stati>s one is arborescent on the Atlantic coast region and another raiely on the I'acilic slope. Leans clustered at the ends of the hranchiets. i>ersistent and coriaceous with r.'v.dute entire margins: midribs broad. i)etiol(>s stout. Floinrs in t.'rminal corymbs or umbels fro;ii terminal scaly cone-like buds: calyx .")-lobed or i)arted. persistent: corolla cami)anulate with r> nearly regular lobes: disk fleshy, lobed : stamens usually l(t and somewhat unecinal. declined and spreading: filaments i)il()se at l)ase and attached to the backs of the anthers: ovary Ti-celled with slender exserted persistent style and many anatropous ovules in each cell attached to the axile placenta. Fruit a woody cajjsule. ."-•_'( >-valved. septicidally dehiscent from the summit and containing many seeds with coat laciniated at the ends. The name is from Greek words meaning Ifost-tnc. For Np)ci<;<< srr pp. .^(IS-.Vlf). THE LAURELS. ( ;k xf.-^ KALMI A L. Small trees and shrubs of (I or 7 species, all of which are found in the T'nited States excepting one. which is ,i n.iiiv of Cuba. The fulli>wing one s|)ecies is the only arborescent representative. 4d'2 Sapotace.t:. Learrii evergreen, coriaceous, entire, short-petiolate. Floicrrs mostly axillary in umbels, with slender pedicels from the axils of persistent bracts: calyx o-parted, imbri-^ated in the bud, persistent : corolla 5-lobed, saucer-shaped, pink, purple or white, and containing ten pouches with keels extending from the pouches to the lobes and sinuses: stamens 10 shorter than the corolla, with oblong anthers retained in the pouches of the corolla until the flov.er opens, then liberated by straightening of the elastic filiform filaments causing a discharge of the pollen ; disk 10-lobed ; ovary subglobose, S-celled, with filiform exserted style and capitate stigma; ovules numerous in each cell, anatropous, attached to an axile placenta. Fruit a sub- globose crustaceous. 5-celled capsule, obscurely 5-Iobed tardily septicidally dehiscent from the persistent axis; seeds minute, subglobose. embryo in fleshy albumen. The name is in honor of Peter Kalm, a Swedish botanist of the 18th century. For speeies sec pp. ,31(1-371. THE SOUR-WOOD OR SORREL-TREE. Genus OXYDENDRUM de C. A genus of a single American species of the south Atlantic and Gulf states and the lower Mississippi basin. They are trees with roughly furrowed bark, somewhat acidulous juices and twigs with segmented pith. Leaves deciduous, revolute in bud, petiolate, narrow-oblong, about equally ])ointed at both ends, subentire or denticulate, lustrous dark green above, paler and with yellowish veins beneath. Flowers (in summer) in terminal unilateral racemes, with bibracteolate pedicels; sepals 5, persistent; corolla ovoid-cylindric white, puberulous, with ."i miunte reflexed lobes; stamens 10. with broad filaments and nanowrr linear anthers opening by clefts; ovary ovoid, o-celled, with numerous amphitropous ovules and thick exserted style having terminal stigma. Fruit a H-angled, 5-celled, ovoid-pyramidal capsule, tipped with the remnants of the style, loculicidally dehiscent, and at maturity liberating nume ous elongated seeds pointed at both ends. The name is from two Greek words referring to a slightly tart flavor of the leaves. For species see pp. 372-373. THE BLUEBERRIES, ETC. Genus \^ACCIXIU^I L. This genus consists of shrubs (some epiphytal) and a few small trees with slender branch- lets and many of its representatives with edible fruits. They are of wide distribution in the north temperate and boreal regions and at high altitudes within the tropics. About one hundred and twenty-five species are known, of which twenty-five and several varieties are North American. Only one of these is arborescent. Learrs alternate and mostly small. Fhiirers small. w')''te or pink, with bibracteolate pedicels, in axillary racemes or clusters or rarely solitary; calyx .S-H-lobed, valvate. persistent and the tuhi' adnatc to the ovary ; corolla gamopetalous, epigynous. mostly urn-shaped or cam- panulate, 4-.'-lnlH'(l. imbricated; "stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted on its base under the edge of the thick disk: filaments short: anthers awned on the back and cells i)n)l()ni;rd upwards into tubes opening by terminal ixires : ovary 4-.">-ceIled or imperfectly g-lO-celled : style tiliforn), erect, with terminal stigma: o\ules nuuK'rous. anatrojious. attached to inner angle' of the cell. Fruit a berry 4-~> or S-lO-celled containing many compressed seeds with minute embryo surrounded with fleshy albumen. The name is the classical Latin name of the European Bilberry. For speeies see pp. 37-'f-375. SAPODILLA FAMILY. SAPOTACE.E Reichenb. Trees, shrubs and vines with milky juice and of wide distribution throughout the warmer regions of the globe, some species producing valuable timbers or fruits and one producing the gutta percha of commerce. The family consists of about 400 species of 35 genera, of which 5 genera are represented in the trees of the United States, all subtropical excepting Bumelia. Leaves alternate or sometimes clustered, simple, entire, pinnately-veined, mostly cori- aceous, petiolate, without stipules. Flowers small, regular, perfect, in axillary clusters ; calvx of 5-8 persistent sepals, imbricated ; corolla hypogenous, 5-8-cleft with an internal lobe-like appendage staminodium at each sinus and a short tube ; disk none ; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them inserted on the tube: anthers 2-celled, subextrorse. longitudinally dehiscent ; pistil with ovary sessile, usually 5-celled. with simple style and terminal stigma, and containing a solitary anatropous ovule. Fruit a berry with persistent calyx at base and tipped with remnants of the style, usually 1-seeded, the seed containing a iarge straight embryo with or without albumen. Handbook oi' Timj-s oi- tiik Xokiii kk-.n Siaii.s axu ('a.nada. 4r»3 THE BUMELIAS. (^enus BL'MI:LI.\ S\v. Small trws and shrubs with more or less spiniscent braiidUets and of about L'O species, uatives of the western hemisphere, 5 being found within the United States and t'unr r)f these are small trees. Lvarc!) alternate on vigorous shoots or cluslcred on s])ur-like lateral hraiiclijcis. roudnpii- rate in the bud. oblaneeolate to obovatc elliptical, more or li'ss silky toini'iilosi' biMifath. short petiolate. FIdirrr.s with slender pedicels, in crowded axillary fascicles; calyx subcampainilnte. with r» unequal lobes; corolla oainpanulate. white, .")-lobed, the rounded lobes and their ai)pend- ases ecjual ; stamens with short filiform (ilameiits and sanitate anthers; ovai-y conical, ovoid hirsute with simi)le i)ointed style stigmatic at ajiex. Fruit an oblong. oI)ovoid, or sub- plobose i)lack dru])e. solitary or few together, with thin flesh and large seed having a thick smooth li^lit brown erustaceous testa, basal hilum, large straight embryo with thick fleshy cotyledons ;ind no albumen. 'l"hc name is the classical Greek for the Ash-free transferred to this genus. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Loaves beiicnih, pedicels and calyx tomentose B. lanuginosa. Leaves beneath, pedicels and calyx glabrous or nearly so B. lycioides. For species see pp. SIG-Stl and the follou-infj: Smooth ok Hicktiiorn Bumelia, B. lycioides (L.) Gaertn. f. An interesting small tree of the southern states, ranging sparingly as far north as into southern Virginia and southern Illinois. Leares mostly oblaneeolate or oblong-lanceolate. Ti/^-4 in. long, cuneate at base, usually acute or acuminate at apex, glaucous bright green above, paler and glabrous (or somewhat pubescent at first) and finely reticulate beneath, thinnish. deciduous; ])etioles about \<2 ill- long; branchlets glabrate and mostly unarmed. FIntrers (in midsummer) in crowded glabrous fascicles, jiedicles about 14 in. long; calyx glabrous. Fruit oblong to subglobose, black, about ^l. in. long. EBONY FAMILY. EBENACE.^ \^ext. Trees and shrubs of wide distribution mostly in tropical countries and of about 27."» species grouped in H genera. The following single genus is rejiresented in the riiiied States by 2 species — one widely distributed in the Atlantic states and the other in Texas and northern Mexico. Leaves simple, altertiate, entire and without stipules. Flowers small, mostly di(ecious or polygamotis, solitary or in cymes, axillary, regular; calyx 8-7-lol)ed. inferior, persistent; corolla with 3-7 convoluted lobes, deciduous; stamens more numerous than the lobes of corolla and inserted on its tube, with short filaments and erect introrse anthers ; disk none ; ovary superior, several-celled, with 1-3 suspended ovules in each cell ; styles 2-8. Fruit a berry subtended by the enlarged persistent calyx and containing oblong seeds with small axile embryo and copious albumen. THE PERSIMMONS. Gexus DIOSPEROS L. This genus, consisting of about lOfl species widely distributed in tropical regions and most abundant!}' in southern Asia, is the most important of the family. Some of its representatives yield the ebony of commerce and others valuable fruits. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, and without stipules. Flowers di-7-lobed. the lobes convolute in the bud : disk none ; stamens 2-3 times as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted on its tube, some imperfect in the pistillate flowers ; filaments short and anthei-s 2-celled, introrse ; ovary; several-celled with usually 2 anatropous suspended ovules in each cell; styles 2-S. Fruit a berry with from 1-several seeds; seed with axile embryo in fleshy albumen. The name is from two Greek words meaning the u-heat or food of Jove. For species see pp. S1'S-^7!K SWEET-LEAF FAMILY. SYMPLOCACE.^ Miers. A family of the following single genus of trees and shrubs. Ijcnres simple, alternate, without stipules; bmls scaly. Flowers regular, mostly perfect and yellow, in axillary or lateral clusters; calyx .">-lobed. campanulate. the tube adnate to the ovary; corolla deei)ly .^)-l()bed. with imbricated lobes; disk none; stamens innnerous, more or less united at base into clusters, with long filiform filaments and small 2-celIi>d anthers opening laterally: ovary 2-.'">-celled with siini>le style, terminal stigma and usually 2 auiUropous ovules suspeiMled in each cell. Fruit usually a dry drupe crowned witii the iiersistent calyx-lobes, thin flesh and one bony stone; embryo straight in fleshy albumen. 454 Oleace.e. THE SWEET-LEAF OR HORSE SUGAR. Genus SYMPLOCOS L'Her. The genus iiymplocos comprises about ISO species, so far as known, chiefly of the tropical regions of America, Asia, and Australia. One inhabits southeastern United JStates ranging as far north as southern Delaware. For characters see description of the family, this being the only genus. The name is from Greek roots referring to the fact that the stamens are united together in clusters. For species see pp. 380-381. STORAX FAMILY. STYRACE^. A. DC. Trees or sln-ubs with more or less stellate or scaly pubescence and confined to the warmer regions of the globe. About 75 species are known grouped in 7 genera. Two genera are rep- resented in the United States and of these the following one is arborescent. . Leares alternate, simple, pinnately veined and without stipules. Floicrrs regular, perfect: N calyx more or less adnate to the ovary; corolla gamopetalons or polypetalous. with 4 or 8 /lobes or petals; stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla or more, adnate to the tube ( and arranged in a single series ; anthers introrse ; ovary 2-.~)-celled, with slender simple style \and terminal stigma ; ovules anatropous. Fruit a drupe with thin dry flesh, sometimes winged ; nard and mostly 1-seeded stone containing straight embryo and copious albumen. THE SILVER-BELL TREES. Genus AIOHRODENDRON Britt. Trees and shrubs of the southern Atlantic states of North America and comprised in three species of which two are arborescent and 1 shrubby. One of the former ranges as far nerth as southern Illinois. Leaves deciduous, oval to obovate-oblong, membranaceous, denticulate. Floircrs bell- shaped, in fascicles or short racemes, with slender drooping pubescent bracteolate pedicels from the axils of the leaves of the previous year ; calyx tube obconic, 4-ribbed. tomentose, adnate to the ovary and with short 4-t()orh('d limb; corolla epigynous, 4-lobed or divided, thin and white ; stamens S-IH, with flat tihuncnts more or less united at base and slightly adnate to the base of the corolla ; ovary 2-4-celled, with an elongated style, terminal stigma and 4 ovules in each cell, the upper ascending and the lower pendulous. Fruit a dry oblong. 2-4 winged, drupe, 1-4-celled, tipped with the style and calyx teeth and containing a thick-walled bony stone ; embryo terete, axile. Named in compliment to Dr. Chas. Mohr, botanist and author of the Flora of Alabama, etc. For species see pp. 382-383. OLIVE FAMILY. OLEACE.E Lindl. Trees and shrubs widely distributed throughout tropical and temperate regions, particu- larly of the northern hemisphere, and some of great economic value. There are about 20 genera and 500 species. Five genera are indigenous to the United States and of these four have arborescent representatives. Leaves mostly opposite, simple or compound and without stipules. Flowers perfect, dia?ci- ous or polygamous, regular and in panicles, cynics or fnseicles; calyx inferior, 2-4-lobed or none; corolla of 2-4 petals or none; disk none; stanu'us 2-4 with short filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers, dehiscent usually by lateral longitudinal slits; ovary superior, 2-celled with 2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell; style simple. Fruit in the American arborescent representatives a samara or berry with pendulous seeds containing straight embryo and fleshy albumen. KEY TO THE GENERA. a Fruit a samara ; leaves compound ; flowers mostly unisexual and without petals. Fraxinus. a* Fruit a drupe ; leaves simple Flowers dioecious, mostly apetalous, appearing before the leaves Chionanthus. Flowers perfect with 4 linear petals, appearing after the leaves Forestiera. THE ASHES. Genus FRAXIXUS L. Trees and shrubs of about 40 species with tough wood, stout branchlets having large pith and obtuse or rounded scaly buds, the terminal one the largest. It is of wide distribution in north-temperate regions and within the tropics on the islands of Cuba and .lamaica. About 16 JIaxdbook of Tkkks of tiik Xoi;iiii:i;.\ Staii.^ and ('a.nada. 4r>5 species are found within (lie I'liitcd States, all arhorcsci'iit tlioii','li oiu' is mori' coiiiinoniy a shrub than a tree. fjcari'S deciduous, (idd-pinnalcly (•nni|»)unts glabrous or nearl.v so F. Americana. c- I^eaves beneath and branchlets pubescent F. Biltnioreana. b" Wing decurrent somewhat on sides of body but not to base c Wing of samara spatulate d Branchlets and leaves glabrous or nearly so ; leaves green beneath. F. lanceolata. d- Branchlets and petioles velvety pubescent Samara less than 2 in. long ; calyx small F. Pennsylvanica. Samara mostly 2 in. long or more; calyx enlarged F. profunda. c' Wing of samara long-linear F. Darlingtonii. For species see pp SiS'i-'VJ'J (tnd the foUoiciiig: DAKiJXCiTOx Asir. F. DarVnif/tonii Britt. This is a little known siiecies described from material from Lancaster. I'a., and is similar to the F. hinceohifa and F. Pcniifinlrdiiird. with foliage and twigs pubescent or glabrate and samara 2-o in. long with linear wing decurrent upon the seed-bearing portion one third to one fourth its length. THE FRINGE-TREES. Gexus CHIOXAXTHUS L. Trees or small shrubs of two species one of the middle and southern United States and the other of China. Leares simple, deciduous, opposite, conduplicate in the bud. FInirers perfect or poly- gamous, white, in loose drooping jianicles from the axils of the leaves of the i)receding season: calyx small. 4-parted. inferior, persistent ; corolla of 4 linear white petals slightly united at base; stamens 2. inserted on the base of the corolla, with very short terete filaments and ovate ai)icnlate anthers; ovary ovoid with short columnar style and thick fleshy 2-lobed stigma; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous. Fruit an ovoid or oblong druiie tii)ped with the remnants of the style, nearly black thick skin, dryish flesh and usually 1 but sometimes 2 or li thick-walled crustaceous stones. The name is from two Greek words m(>aning suou'-fiou-er. For species sec pp. .'I'HI-JfOl. THE FORESTIERA. Gfxus FORESTIERA Poir. (ADELTA P. Br.) Shrubs or small wide-branching trees of about fifteen species natives of America. Six or 8 species are found in tin' southern fnited States, one of these only attaining the dignity of a tree, and that ranging as far north as southern Illinois. T, eaves simiile. oiii)osite. deciduous or rarely e\(M-gretMi. an<1 usuall\ small. Floircrs small and mostly jiolygamous. yellowish or greenish, diiecious. apjiearini: liefore the leaves in fas- cicles or racemes from scaly buds in tlie axils of the leaves of the jirevions year: calyx with very short tube and 4-r> inieciual lobes: corolla none or with 1 or 2 deciduous petals: sta-'-eiis 2-4 with extrorse anthers; ovary ovoid. 2-celled. with slender style and thick usually 2-loi)ed stigma and 2 i)endulons ovules in each cell. Fruit a druin' with 1 or 2 seeds with membranous testa and fleshy albumen. The name" is in compliment to M. Forest ier. a French iihysician. For speeii s sec pp. J/O^-.'/OS. 456 KuBiACEJ.. TRTJMPLT-CREEPER FAMILY. BIGXOXIACE^ Pers. Ti-pps. shrubs, climbing viiips and a few exotic herbs mostly with large showy flowers and widely distributed in tropics with a few representatives in temperate regions. About iiOO species are known grouped in nearly 100 genera. Of the five genera represented in the United States .3 are arborescent, oi:e of the southwestern states, another of Florida and the third of the Atlantic states. Leaves simple in the arborescent representatives in the T'nited States mostly opposite and without stipules. I-loircrs perfect, large, showy and more or less irregular: calyx liypogenous, bilabiate: corolla liyiio^icnoiis. somewhat bilabiate, ."-Idlu'd, inihricated in the bud: stamens 2 or 4 inserted on thi' Imsc nf the corolla with intnu'se iJ-crlliMl nntlnTs Idiigitudinally dehiscent; stamiuodia 1 or o : uvai-y 1 or 2-celled, with, simple slender ^-lobed style, stigmatic at the apex : ovules numerous, anatropous and horizontal. Fruit a pod-like 2-valved capsule or berry and seeds withoait albumen. THE CATALPAS. Gexus CALTAPA Scop. Trees of tonic and diuretic properties with stout terete branchlets large pith and soft durable wood. Seven species are known of w^hich two are natives of eastern United States and the others of eastern China and the West Indies. Lcarefi oi)posite or in whorls of three, long-petiolate. involute in the bud, entire or spar- ingly lobed. deciduous. Floinrx in showy terminal compound panicles or corymbs: calyx splitting irregularly into two loin's in opening: corolla thin and membranaceous, oblique with broad campanulate tube and 2-lippe(l .'i-lobed limb, the lobes spreading and with crisi)ed mar- gins; stamens 2, ascending under the anterior lip of the corolla, with glabrous divergent anther- cells and flattened arcuate filaments, staminodia 3. rudimentary, filiform; ovary, 2-celled, with long filiform style, 2-lobed stigma and ovules inserted in several rows on the central placenta. Fruit an elongated nearly terete pod-like capsule loculicidally dehiscent, persisting during the winter: seeds numerous, flat, oblong, with broad lateral fimbriated wings ending in wliir.' hairs : cotyledons broader than long. The name is the Cherokee Indian name of one of the American species. KEY TO THE SrECIES. Flowers about l^^ in. wide, in many-flowered panicles: lower lobe entire.... C. Catalpa. Flowers about 2i/C in. wide, in few-flowered panicles; lower lobe emarginate . . C. speclosa. For speeies see pp. JtOIf-JfOl. MADDER FAMILY. RUBIACE^ B. Juss. Trees, shrubs and a few herbs of about .")0 species grouped in some 3.50 genera. They are chiefly natives of tropical regions and comprise several species which yield products of great economic importance, such as coffee, quinine, ipecac, madder, etc. Leaves simple, opposite or verticillate, entire, mostly with stipules and turning black in drying. Floirers regular, perfect : cal.vx 4-r)-toothed or lobed and with tube adnate to the ovary: corolla 4-.5-lobed, stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them and inserted on the tube with filaments free or united at base and introrse 2-celled anthers opening longitudinally : disk epigynous : ovary 1-10-celled with slender style and ovules 1 to many in each cell. Fruit a capsule, drupe or achene : seeds with membranaceous coat and without albumen. THE BUTTON-BUSH. Genus CEPHALANTHUS L. Shrubs and small trees of about a half dozen species of North and South America and Asia, one only inhabiting the T'nited States. Leaves both opposite and verticillate. petiolate. deciduous. Flotrers vellow or white, sessile in the axils of glandular bracts in dense globular pedunculate panicled heads : calyx tube obpyramidal its limb with four or five short lobes : corolla tubular funnel-form with four short lobes ; stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla with very short filaments and oblong-sagitate anthers ; ovary 2-celled with a solitary pendulous ovule in each cell and a long filiform exserted style bearing a capitate stigma. Fruit dry. obpyramidal, 1-2-seeded ; seeds oblong with a. white aril at the apex and cartilaginous albumen. The name is from two Greek words indicating that the floirrrs are in heads. For species see pp. 408-409. Haxdhook oi' 'I'k'i:ks oi- tiiI': Xoi; tii i:i;.\ Statics a.nd ('a.naija. 457 FIGWORT FAMILY. SCOIM I II.AK lACI-:.!-: I.ixi.i.. This family consists chiefly of herbs, hut soinc shrtihs ami I ires, ami is of very wide dis- tribution. About 2,r)(X) species are known, jjrouped in lf>."i irencra. Learcs various, without stipules. Flowcm mostly perfect, complete and irrejiular : calyx inferior, variously cleft or divided. j)ersistent ; corolla }ramoi)etalous. irregular, with imbricated lobes ; stamens 2-;". didynanious or nearly ecpial and inserted on the corolla alternate with its lobes; anthers 2 or 1-celled : pistil solitary with slender style, entire or 2-lol)ed stigma and mostly 2-celled ovary containing anatr()i>()us oi- ainplutroijous ovules on axile jilacentae. Fruit a capsule usually containing nuuH'rous seeds with small embryo in copious albumen. THE PAULOWNIA. Genus PAULOWXIA Sieb. & Zucc. This is a genus composed ol' ))ossil)!y two or three species of Asiatic trees but is gcnerall.T known only by the single si)ecies /'. inii)rriulis S. & Z., now naturalized in America. Lcarr.1 opposite, long-petioled, mostly .1-8 in. long larger on vigorous shoots, broad-ovate, cordate, acute or short acuminate, entire or with a single short-pointed lobe on each side, vel- vety pubescent especially at first : long-jietioled, branchlets with segmented i)ith. Floirrrs before or with the leaves, fragrant, in large erect rusty tomentose terminal panicles from buds formed the pi-evious summer and rtwnaining naked during the winter: calyx with .") thick lobes; corolla 1^'2-- in. long, iiale viohM or blue, somewhat irregular, with ."» spreading lobes, puberu- lent outside; stamens 4. did.\namons. included, \\-ith divaricate anther-sacs. Fruit bi'oad-ovoid woody abruptly pointed 2-celled cai)sule. about lYj in. long, loculicidally dehiscent and contain- ing many small membranous-winged seeds. The genus is named after Princess Anna Paulowna, daught(n- cf the Czar Paul I. Far species see pp. .'/lO-.'/n. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. CAPRI FOLIACE.II P.ext. Trees, shrubs, vines, and i)erennial herbs of about 2(!() si)ecies and grouped in ten genera. They are most abundant in the north temperate zone, but a few extend into the troi)ics and the southern hemisjihere. Leaves opposite, petiolate. involute in the bud and mostly without stipules. Flowers regu- lar, perfect, and in terminal compound cymes; calyx-tube adnate to the ovary with H-toothed limb ; corolla .">-lobed and sometimes 2-lipped ; stamens .">. ins(>rted on the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes, exserted, with slender free filaments; anthers oblong, introrse. 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent : ovary inferior. l-(vcelled with short style and 3-.l-lobed capi- tate stigma ; ovules solitary, anatropons and suspended from the apex of the cell. Fruit a 1-0-celled drupe, capsule or berry ; seeds with membranous coat, minute embryo and copious albumen. THE NANNY-BERRIES, ETC. Genus \'IP.URNUM L. Shrubs and small trees with tough branches of nearly 100 species widely distributed in north temperate regions and a few in tin' tropics. Several species are important on account of their ornamental flowers niid fiiiil. About ~~> are natives of North America, all shrubby except three, which are small trees of I he .\tlantic states. Leaves deciduous, generally without stipules and th.> first pair rudimentary; petioles broad; buds large and enveloi)e(l with a single i)air of scales. Floirers white or rarely pink, in terminal or axillary compound cymes with minut(> caducous bracts and bractlels. the outer flowers sometimes radiant and neutral ; calyx with tubinale tube and stout ."(-toothi'd limb, I)ersistent in the fruit: corolla rotate with .") si)reading and finally reflexed lobes; ovary 1-celled, inferior, with short conical style. .'Mobed and stigmatic at ajH'x. Fruit an oblong or s ib- globose and sometimes flattened drupe with thin sweet or acidulous tl(>sh and a single stone which in the American species is dark brown, coriaceous and much flattened. The name is ancient Tat in name of one of the Kuroiiean sj)ecies. For species see pp. J/ 12-411. GLOSSARY. Abortion. TnipcM-foet or iioii-ilovolopiiKMil of ;i part. Aclu'iic or akciic. A dry. lianl. l-cfllcd and 1-seeded indeliiswnt fruit. Acinninate. Tapering to a rather lonj,' ])()int. Acute. Witli a sliort sliar]) jjoint. Adnate. Cluselv united or growing' lo (liter- ally •• i)orn w'ith"!. .Estivation. The arrangement nf the parts of a flower in tlie i)ud. Albumen. Nutritive nniterial surrounding the embryo in some seeds. AlbunuMious. Furnished with albumen. Alternate. Xot opposite; applied to leaves and flowers. Anient. A spike of unisexual (lowers, each subtended by a bract; a catkin. Ampliitropous. Said of a ^traijiht ovule or seed when iialf inverted. Anatropinis. Said of straiglit ovules or seeds when inverted, the micropyle being near the hilum. Androgynous. Said of an inlloresence com- poseci of botii staminate and pistillate ilowers. Angiospermous. Having seeds borne in a closed pericarp. Anther. The portion of a stanuMi which con- tains the pollen. Anthesis. The time of the opening of a flower. Apetalous. Without petals or corolla. Apiculate. With a short pointed tip. Arcuate. Curved. Aril. An appendage growing about the liilum of a seed. Aristate. Terminating in an awn or bristle. Articulated. Joined by a more or less easily separable joint. Ascending. Crowing upward. Auriculate. Furnished at base with ear-like lobes. Attenuate. Long-tapering. Awn. A bristle-like a])peiulage. Awned. Furnished with awns. Axil. The upper angle between the leaf and the stem or branch which bears it. Axillary. Of or from the axil. Axile. Situated in the axil. Baccate. Herry-like with llc^hy pulp. Berrv. A fruit with whollv pulp\ pericarp. I^ilid'. 2-cleft. liijiinnate. Twice pinna)cl\' ciniiiinmid. Pract. Altered >,Ml,-likc 'leaf ..f an inb.r- Bractlet. Diminuti\e of bract, ii secondary "bract. Bracteate. Furnished with bracts. Bracteolate. Furnished with bractlets. Caducous. Falling very early — earlier than deciduous. CalvN. The outer of the two series of Moral envelopes. Calvx tube. The tube formed bv the union of the sepals. ( ampanulate. Bell-shaped. Canipylotropous. Said of an ovule or .seed which is curved, so that the micropyle and liilum are near together. Canescent. Hoary with a whitish pubescence. Capitate. Forming a head. Capsular. Pertaining to a cajisule. Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit formed from two or more carjiels. Carinate. Having a keel-like medial ridge. Carpel. A simple pistil or element of a coin- ])ouiid pistil. Carpellary. Of or belonging to a carpel. Caruncle. An appendage at the hilum of a seed. Catkin. An anient. Caudate. With a tail-like appendage. Chala/a. The point of attachment of an ovule or seed with its coats. Chartaceous. Having a paper-like texture. Ciliate. Fringed with small hairs on margin like miniature eye-lashes. Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate. Cinereous. Of an ash-gray color. Circinate. Coiled from the top down. Clavate. Club-shaped. Cleistogamous. Fertilized in the bud. Claw. The narrow stalk-like base of petal, sepal, et... Cleft. Cut about to the middle. Coccus, (pi. cocci) One of the portions into which a lobed fruit with 1-seeded cells splits. Cochleate. Spiral; like a snail->hell. Columella. The ])ersisteiit axis of some cap- Coma, 'i'he hairs at the end of some seeds. Comose. Furnished with a coma. Compound. Composed of two or more similar parts. Compressed. I'lattened laterally. Coilduplicate. Folded together lengthwise. Connate. United or grown together. Connective. The ])(U'tion of a stamen which connects the anther-cells. Connivent. Co-iiinu' in contact. Convolute. Kolled together lengthwise. Conlate. Heart-shape.l. Coriaceous. Leather-like in texture. 1459] 460 Glossary. Corolla. The inner of the two series of floral en\elopes. Corymb. A form of flower-cluster which is flat-topped and the sequence of flowering is from the margin inward, and the outer pedicels longest. Corymbose. Arranged in corymbs. Cotyledon. A seed-leaf or rudimentary leaf of an embryo. Crenate. Scalloped. Crenulate. Finely crenate. Cuneate. Wedge-shaped. Cuspidate. Tipped with a sharp rigid point. Cyme. A form of flower-cluster usually flattened above with the sequence of flower- ing from within outward and the outer pedicels longest. Cymose. Bearing cymes, or in cymes. Deciduous. Not persistent; falling away. Decompound. ]\Iore than once compound. Decumbent. Reclining but witli ascending top. Decurrent. Said of leaves where the blade runs down on the petiole. Decussate. Said of opposite leaves when the successive pairs are arranged at riglit angles to each other. Deflexed. Bent abruptly downward. Dehiscent. Opening, as of an anther or cap- sule, to emit contents. Deltoid. Of the shape of the capital Gi-eek letter Delta. Dentate. Toothed, with pointed teeth di- rected outward. Denticulate. Diminutive of dentate. Diadelphous. Said of stamens which have hlaments united into two sets. Diandrous. Having two stamens. Dichotomous. Branching regularly in pairs. Dicotyledonous. Having two cotyledons. Didymous. Twin, i. e., in pairs. Didynamous. Said of stamens to indicate two pairs of unequal length. Digitate. Said of an arrangement, as of leaflets, suggestive of the fingers of one's hand. Dimorphous. Of two forms. Dioecious. With staminate and pistillate flowers on difl'erent plants. Discoid. Resembling or pertaining to a disk. Disk. A development of the receptacle of some flowers at the base of a pistil. Dissepiment. The partition of an ovary or capsule. Distichous. Arranged in two vertical ranks. Distinct. Separate from each other. Divaricate. Widely divergent. Dorsal. Pertaining to the back, as of the outer angle of a carpel. Drupaceous. Resembling a drupe. Drupe. A simple indehiscent fruit with fleshy exterior ( pericarp ) and bony usually 1 -seeded interior (endocarp) ; as a plum or peach. Drupelet. Diminutive of drupe. Duct. An elongated cell or tube found in woody stems. Echinate. Covered with prickles. p]glandular. Without glands. Elliptical. With the outline of an ellipse. Emarginate. Sliglitly notched at apex. Embryo. The rudimentary plant while in the seed. Endocarp. The inner portion of a pericarp. Endogenous. Said of the stems of plants which increase in thickness by a growth within — not external layers. Entire. Said of leaves, etc., when the margin is not notched or toothed. Epicarp. The thin outer layer of a pericarp. Epigj'uous. Borne upon the ovary. Epipetalous. Borne upon the petals. Epiphyte. Said of plants growing upon other plants but not deriving nourishment from them. Equitant. Astride. Said of leaves which en- fold each other in two ranks. Erose or Erroded. Irregular, as though E^^ilbumenous. Without albumen. Evcurrent. Extending beyond the apex. Exfoliating. . Cleaving off, as of the outer layers of bark. Exocarp. The outer layer of a pericarp. Exogenous. Said of stems which increase in thickness by the growth of layers outside of the wood and inside of the bark. Exserted. Projecting beyond the surrounding organs. Exstipulate. Without stipules. Extrorse. Said of anthers which open out- ward. Falcate. Scythe-shaped. Fascicle. A bundle or cluster. Fasciculate. Arranged in fascicles. Farinose! Covered with meal-like powder. Feather-veined. With veins projecting from midrib suggestive or a feather. Fastigiate. Said of branches which are erect and near together. Fei-ruginous. Rust-colored. Fertile. Said of flowers (or the branches which bear them) producing seeds or fruit. Fibro-vascular. Containing woody fibres and ducts. Filament. The portion of a stamen support- ing the anther; a thread-like substance. Filamentous or Filamentose or Filiform. Thread-like or composed of threads. Fimbriate. With fringed margin. Fistular or Fistulose. Hollow like a tube. Flabellate. Fan-shaped. Flaccid. Lax, not rigid. Fleshy. Succulent, juicy. Flexuose. Zigzag or sinuous. Floccose. Covered with soft woolly hair. Foliaceous. Of a leaf-like natui-e. Foliate. Having leaves. Foliolate. Having leaflets (the number usually indicated by a prefix ) . Follicle. A pod dehiscent along the ventral suture only. P^ollicular. Similar to a follicle. Free. Not adnate to another organ. Friable. Breaking easily. Frutescent or Fruticose. Of a snrubby nature. (Jl. 401 Kuj,Mci()iis. l'",illinj,' ;i\\:iv \rvy (\iil\-. iMi.iicIc or I'uni.iiliis. rii.. >tnlk ..t' an avulc (.1- seed. iMis.'.ius. Cnnisli hn.wn. Kusiforiii. S|,iiHll.-sliap.Ml. (;aiii<)|R'tal()u>. Ilaxiii^' prlals more or Ic-s iiiiilcd. (Jil)l)OUS. Swollen or (■.Nti'iulcd on one side. Glabrate. Nearly or beroniiiij,' jilalnous. Glabrous. Smooth — without iiaiis or roii^di- iioss of nii\- kind. (;land. Sccrrtin^' .vll or -rou|. of cells or a protnlicrancc n-nnlil i ni,' >anic. Clandular. Sn|i|ili.Ml witli /lands. Clanrcscent. jieconiini,' or ncarlv <,dau('ous. Claucous. Kurnislic.i with a' bluish or whitish hlocnn. as seen on the cabbage leaf. (Jlobose. S|)lu>ric'al or nearly so. (iyninospenn. (adj. Gyiuiiospermoiis) A plant having naked ovules or seeds not inclosed in an ovary, (iynieciuin. The ])istil or pistils collectively. ( lyiio|ihore. Tiie stipe or stalk of a pistil. » Habit. The foiin or general appearance of a plant, ilaliitat. The area over wliieh a species is found. Hastate. Shaped like an arrow-head but with lobes directed outward. Head. A dense cluster of sessile or nearly sessile flowers. Heart-wood. The mature and usually darki-r colored central portion of an exogenous trunk. Hilum. The scar or place of attachment of an ovule or seed. Hirsute. Covered with rather coarse stiff hairs. Hispid. Covered with bristly stiff hairs. Hoary. Covered with fine grayish pubescence. Hybrid. A cross between two sjiecies. Hypogenons. Crowing from beneath the ovarv. Hnbricated. Overlaj.ping like tiie sliingles of a roof. Imperfect. .\p]ilied to llowcrs indicates that either pistils or stamens are lacking. Incised. Cut into rather deepl\-. Included. Said i>( stamens whi.di do not |)ro- ject beyimd the |)erianth. Incom])lete. A])plied to flowers in wiiich one or more of the four sets of lioral oigans are wanting. Iiu-umbent. Lxing upon, as the radical against the ba.'k of a cotyh'.lon. Hidehiscent. Not ojiening at maturitv. Induplicate. With edges folded inwaVd. Inequilateral. I iieipial-sided. Inferior. Said of an ovary when it is adnate to the ealyx-tube. Inrtorescence. The aii-angemeiit of a flower- cluster. Innate. Said of an anther when it is seated. as it were, on the end of a filament. Internode. Tlie portion of a stem between the points from which the leaves grow. Interpetiolar. Between the ]ietioles. Introrse. Facing inward. Involucrate. FMirnishe Inxolu.'re. A whorl o Mower. Involute. The sides rnlled jnw; Irregular. Said of (lowers in \ pa Its dill'er in size or forni. Keel. .\ central ridge: a No tl lerior petals of a pa|.ilionaceous llowcr. i\ev. .\ drv winged iMetl of a single carpel and dehiscent usually along both sutures; a pod. as of the Pea. ' Leguminous. I'roilucing legumes. Lenticel. Small lens-shape 1 corky growths seen in young barks. Lenticular. Lens-shaped. Lepidote. Bearing small s:urfy scales. Ligulate. Strap-shaped, or provided with ligules. descriptive of ((iinlhis. etc. Limb. The e.xpanded part of a petal or sepal. Linear. Descriptive of a narrow leaf with margins approximately |iaiallel. as a blade of grass. Lobe. A prominent division of an organ. l^obed. Divided with rather deep simix-s. Loculicida-1. Said of cajjsules which open into the cell along the dorsal suture. Loment. A pod constricted between the seeds. Lyrate. J.yre-shai>e(l ; said of pinnatitid leaves where the terminal segment is largest. Marcescent. Withering but still persisting. Medulla. The central pith-column of exogen- ous stems. Medullary-rays. Lines of specialized cells of woods radiating from the i)ith-column to the bark. Micropyle. The orilice of an ovule (U- the corresponding jioint of a seed. .Midrib. The main central rib <,f a leaf; the mid-vein. .Monadelphous. Stamens with filaments united. .Moniliform. Itesend.lini; a siring' of beads. Monocotyledonous. With a >ingle cotyledon. Mono'cious. With stamens and pistils on the same ]»lant but in ditVerent flowers. Mono])etalous. With petals united, ^[ucro. .\ small abrn|)t tip. Mucronate. Furnished with a nuicro. Muricate. Bough with short rigid points. Naturalized. Said of introduced plants which are reproducing by self-sown seeds. Nectar. A sweet secretion in Mowers, which becomes honey after being gathered by bees. Nectariferous. Bearing nectar. Nectary. .\n organ -ecreting nectar. Nerve. .\ simple or unbranched vein. 462 Glossary. Node. The place on a stem where the leaves appear. Nodose. Knotty. Nut. A hard 1-celled, 1 -seeded indehiscent fruit. Nutlet. Diminutive of nut. Obconic. Inversely conical. Obcordate. Inversely heart-shaped. Oblanceolate. Inversely lanceolate, i. e., broader towards the apex. Oblique. Slanting or with unequal sides. Oblong. Longer than broad, with sides ap- proximately parallel. Obovate. The inverse of ovate, i. e., broader towards the apex. Obovoid. The inverse of ovoid. Obtuse. Bluntly pointed; greater than right angle. Opposite. Said of leaves or leaflets arranged in pairs on opposite sides. Orbicular. Circular. Orthotropovis. Descriptive of a straight erect ovule with hilum at one end and micropyle at tlie other. Oval. Broadly ellipti-c-al. Ovary. The ovule-bearing portion of a pistil. Ovate. Applied to leaves, etc., which are egg- shaped in outline, broader towards base. Ovoid. Egg-shaped, applied to solids. Ovule. The embryonic seed. Ovuliferous. Bearing ovules. Palmate. Hand-shaped, with lobes or leaflets radiating from apex of petiole like fingers. Panicle. A compound raceme. Paniculate. Arranged in panicles. Papilionaceous. Buttertly-like, descriptive of flowers of the Pea family. Papillose. Rougli with minute blunt projec- tions. Parietal. Pertaining to the wall, as of an ovary. Parted. Divided but not entirely to base. Pectinate. Pinnatifid with narrow close comb-like teeth. Pedicel. The stalk of a single flower in a flower-cluster. Pedicellate. Borne on a pedicel. Peduncle. The stalk of a flower-cluster or cf a solitary flower. Pedunculate. Borne on a peduncle. Peltate. Shield-shaped. A flat organ at- tached by a central stem. Perennial. Lasting from year to year. Perfect. Said of flowers which have both stamens and pistil. Perfoliate. Said of leaves through which the stems seem to pass. Perianth. The calyx and corolla of a flower collectively. Pericarp. The matured wall of an ovary. PerigA'nous. Said of an ovary united with the perianth a portion of its length. Persistent. Remaining long attached to the organs supporting them; as leaves attached over winter, or calyx-lobes after the flower- ing season. Petal. One of the divisions of a corolla. Petaloid. Resembling or colored like a petal. Petiolate. Having a petiole. Petiole. The stalk or stem of a leaf. Petiolulate. Having a petioule. Petioule. The stalk of a leaflet. Phyllodium. A specialized petiole resembling or performing functions of a leaf. Pilose. Hairy with long soft hairs. Pinna, (pi. Pinnje) One of the first divisions of a bipinnately compound leaf. Pinnate. Said of compound leaves with leaf- lets arranged on opposite sides of a stem — • the rachis. Pinnatifid. Pinnately c.eft to the middle or farther. Pinnule. A secondary pinna. Pistil. The centi'al organ of a perfect flower in which the seeds are produced. Pistillate. Provided with a pistil. Placenta. The portion of the interior of an ovule which bears the ovules. Plicate. Said of leaves folded or plaited (like a fan) in the bud. Plumule. The bud or terminal of an embryo. Pollen. The fertilizing grains or element of the stamen. Polliniferous. Bearing pollen. Polygamous. Bearing both perfect and im- perfect flowers. Polypetalous. Having separate petals. Pome. A fleshy fruit resulting from the de- velopment of an ovary and an adnate calyx-tube, as the apple. Posterior. Said of the side of an axillary flower towards the axis. Prickle. A small spine growing out from the bark. Procumbent. Trailing or resting on tlie ground. Puberulent or Puberulous. ^Yith very short fine hairs. Pubescent. Covered with short soft hairs, i. e., pubescence. Pulvinate. Cushion-shaped. Punctate. Bearing translucent or colored dots or pits. Punctulate. Minutely punctate. Putamen. The hard part of a stone-fruit; a pit. Raceme. A form of flower-cluster where the flowers are arranged with pedicels of about equal length on an elongated axis, as in the currant. Racemose. In racemes. Rachis. The central axis of a compound leaf or of a spike or raceme of flowers Radial. Said of a longitudinal section of a stem when on the radius. Radicle. The portion of an embryo below the cotyledons. Ramification. Branching. Ray. A branch of an umbel ; also the mar- ginal flowers of an inflorescence when dis- tinct from the inner flowers. Receptacle. The portion of a flower bearing tne sepals, petals, etc. Recurved. Curved backward. Reflexed. Bent abruptly backward. Reniform. Kidney-shaped. Glossary, 463 Repand. Witli slightly wavy margin. Reticulalc. Xcttcd. Ketior.se. Turned backward. Ketuse. Witli verv .shallow notch at ai)e.\. Revolute. Hulled backward from the sides. Raphe (or Khaplie). Tiu- ridge cuniiccl iiig the hiliini and eliala/.a uf an anatropcms ur aniphitropous ii\ ule. Ringent. Said of the gajiing mouth of a two lipped .(.ndJa. Rostrate. Willi a heak-like tip. Rotate. Said of a eondia with Hat round limb; wheel-shaped. Rugose. Wrinkled. Ruminate. Said of an albumen which looks as if it had been chewed. Ruiicinatei'^/Incised with .segments directed backward. Sagittate. Of the shape of an arrow liead. Salver-shaped. Said of a corolla with slender tube an(l abruptly expanded flat lind). Sanuira. A sim])ie drv indehiscent winged fruit. Scabrous. Ilougli. Scarious. .Meml)ranous, tliin and dry; not green. Secund. Said of a raceme where (lowers are borne on one side of the rachis. Sepal. One of the divisions of a calyx. Septicidal. Said of a capsule opening along the partitions between tlie cells. Serrate. Having saw-like teeth directed for- ward. Serrulate. Dimiiuitivc of serrate. Sessile. Without stalk. Setaceous. Bristle-like. Setose. Covered with bristles. Setulose. Covered with minute bristles. Simple. Of one piece, i. e., not com])ound. Sinuate. \\'ith nuirkedly wavy margin. Sinus. The cleft or space between t\\o lobes. Spatulate. ShajxHl like a sjiatula ; abruptly wide at apex and narrow below. Spicate. Arranged in a spike. Spike. An elongated tlower-cluster witli sessile or nearly sessile flowers. Spine. A sharp woody outgrowth from a stem. Spinose. Covered with spines. Spinule. Diminutive of spine. Spinulose. Covered with spinules. Stamen. One of the male or pollen-bearing organs of a flower. Staminate. Said of llowers which bear stamens without pistils. Staminodium. A sterile stamen. Standard. The upj.er dilated petal of a l)apilionaceous llowtr. Stellate. Star-shaped. Stigma. The jiortioii of a pi>til which re ceives the pollen and through which fertil- ization is ell'ected. Stigmatic. Belonging to or of the nature of a stigma. Stipe. The stalk-like support of some pistils. Sterile. Not productive of spores or seeds. Stipel. An appendage of some leaflets cor- rfsponding with the stipules of a leaf. Stipitate. Having a stipe. Stipulate. Having stipules. Stipules. Appendages on either side of a leaf at the ba.se of the petiole. Stolon. A runner or iirostrate branch root- ing at the nodes. Stidoniferous. Bearing stolons. Stoma. (pi. Stomata) \ little mouth or breathing ])ore in the epidermis (chielly of the h-aves) thmugl which transpiration occurs. Stomatiferous. Bearing stomata. Striated. Striped lengthwise. Strobile. A cone. Style. The part of a pistil connecting the ovary and stigma. Sub-. A prefix indicating somewhat ; as sub- cordate, somewhat cordate, etc. Subulate. Awl-shaped. Sufi'rutescent. Somewhat shruhby. Suffruticose. Diminutively shrubby. Sulcate. Furrowed or grooved. Superior. Said of an ovary growing above or free from the calyx. Symmetrical. Said of a flower in which there is the same niunber of jiarts in each set of organs. Syncar]). A fleshy multii)le fruit. Tangential. Said of a wood section when made lengthwise of the grain and tangen- tial to the rings of growth. Tegmen. The inner lining of a seed. Terete. Columnar; circular in cross-section. Ternate. Arranged in threes. Testa. The outer covering of a seed. Thyrsoid. Like a thyrsus. Thyrsus. A campact panicle: as a bunch of grapes or lilac flowers. Tomentose. Densely pTd)escent; covered with foment um. Tomentulose. Diminutive of tomentose. Tomentum. Dense malted hairs. Torose. Cvlindrical with contractions at in- tervals. ' Torulose. Diminutive of torose. Torus. The receptacle of a flower. Tortuous. Considerably bent or twisted. Tracliic. The ducts or canals in wood. Tracheids. \\-ood cells. Transverse. Said of a wood section when made across the grain or axis of a log. Tri-. In coni])osition, thrice or three. Triandrous. Having three stamens. Trichotdinous. Thrt-e forked. Trifoliate. Having three leaflets. Truncate. Ending abrupt ly. as if ;>ut off. Tuberculale. Covered with rounded projec- lions. Tumid or Turgid. Swollen. Turi)inate. Top-shaped. liiilxd. A form of flower (luster in which the pedicels radiate from the same point, similar to the rays of an umbrella. CmlMdlate. Borne in umbels. I'mbellet. -V secondary umbel. Cndto. .\ projection or boss. I mbonale. Bearing an umbel. I'nilulate. With wavy margin. 464 Glossary. rngiiiculate. Contracted into a claw. Uni-. In composition, one; as unisexual, of one sex, etc. Urceolate. Urn-shaped. Utricle. A bladder-like organ; a small 1- seeded fruit with a bladder-like pericarp. Valvate. Said of sepals', etc., which are in contact along their margins only (not over- lapping) in the bud. \'alve. One of the parts into which a capsule splits. \'ascular. Possessing ducts or vessels. N'ein. One of the branches of the framework of a leaf. X'einlet. A branch of a vein. \ enation. The arrangement of veins. Ventral. Pertaining to the anterior or inner face of an organ; opposed to dorsal. Ventricose. Inflated on one side. Wrnation. The arrangement of leaves in the bud. \'errucose. Covered with wart-like eleva- tions. \ ersatile. Said of an anther attached at about its middle and swinging freely. Verticil. Same as whorl. Verticillate. Arranged in a whorl. Villous or Villose. Covered with long soft not matted hairs. Virgate. Slenuer or wand-like. Viscid. Sticky, glutinous. Whorl. An arrangement of three or more leaves or branches radiating in a circle from the same node. Wing. A thin filmy expansion. INDEX Tlic acccptcil l)()t;inirnl iiain fimiilit's and inuri- comprt'liensivi lower-casi'. vv 111 lieav.v-l'ace type, synonyms in italics, names of oiip.s in Roman SMALL CAPITALS and common names in Al.rl... IIL'. Abies, Il;1. balsainea. '.'A. Fraseri, .If,. Acer, 4it;. hiirhiiliiiii. '.V27t. ('iiroliiiidinini, 33o. tiastir.n-iniw. X'iH. Negundo, 336. ui(;ruiii, .'>-•'>. Pennsylvaniciim, rubrtiin, ."..U. saccliarinuiu L., mrrhariiniw Wang. Saccharum, 'A'24. spicatiiiii, '.'>2S. ACKKWV.V.. HC. Adrlia. 4.V.. IKUIIlilHltil, 40.'i. .S^sculiis, 4 J7. ftar,,. .•'.i;!. srlabra, .">l". Hippocastaniiiii, octandra, .')42. Allanthus, 444. glandulosus, 302; Ailanth'-s. .•{02. Alder, r.lack. 130. KuroDPan, 1.30. Sea-side. 12S. Alnus, 42! >. gliitinosa, 1.30. maritima, 12S. Amelanchier, 430. aliiifolia, 441 >. liotriHii'ii'iii. 2i;!. Canadensis, 242. obovalis, 440. :\m\i. .Vl-KTAL.K. 423. Ai)ple. 4.3,S. .\griFoi.iAcE.T:, 445. Aralia, 4.">(>. spinosa, 354. Arai.iack.k, 440. Arb()r-Vita\ 4(t. j Ash. Blaek, .3S4. » Blue. .3S,S. Riltmore. .302. I)arliny:ton, 4^^5, Green, 304. TToni). .3S4. Prifklv. 20S. Pnmpkin. .30^ Ued. .30(i. Wat.T. .380. Asiniina. I.'!.'. triloba, 21fi. Asp. QnaHiii;. 108. ARi)en. Iln. 330. 332. , 325. 338. Balm of Gilead, 102. Balsam. 34. He. .37. Sill-. .37. Basswtiod. .•!.'(». -Michavix. 440. White, 440. Batodcndron arhorcuni, 375. Bayberr.v, 7(». Bav. Loblollv. 352. Red, 220. Rose. 368. Swamp. 218. Sweet, 212. Beech, 132. Bine, 114. Water. 114. Beech Family, 429, Betula, 42S. coerulea, 428. lenta, 124. liitea, 120. nigra, 122. }i(ijiiii(i<-((i. 121. papyrifera, 120. populifolia, 118< Betulace.?^. 427. Bignoxiace.t:. 4."i»). Bilsted. 220. Birch, Black. 124. Bine, 428. Canoe, 120. Cherrv, 124. Gra.v, lis, 126. Old-field. 118. Paper. 120. Red. 122. • River, 122. " Sweet. 124. Water, 122. White, lis. Yellow. 126. Birch Familv, 427. Bleedins-heart Tree, 323. Bois d'Arc. 2(»3. Bow-wood. 203. Box-elder. .330. Broussonetia, 4.33. papyrifera, 200. Bnckev.'. Ferid. :'.40. Ohio. .340. Sweet, 342. Yellow. .342. Buckthorn. 376. Alder, 44S. Common. .346. Pnririn-. 34<;. Yellow. .34S. Buckthorn Famil.v. 448. Bumelia, 4.~.3. lanuginosa, r;'^<3. Woolly. .".76. Burninj:4)ush. .322. Butternut. ."lO. Button-ball Tr.'e. 228. [465] 466 Button Willow. 408. Button wood, 228. Calico-bush, 470. CandlebeiT\'. T*-'. CAPKIFOI.IAL'E.iC. 4.")7. Carpinus, 427. Caroliniana, 114. Car II a ulba, '>'.K inuurii, .Jo aquatiea, 5"). inicrocurpa, 67. oUvceformis, 57. porcina, 65. sulcata, 61. tomciitosa. 63. Cassena, ol4. Castanea, 4."!i!. dentata, l.">4. puniila, I'.'A). i-rscd var. Americana, 135. Catalpa, 4rAi. bii/ii. alternifolia, ,358. asperifoli^, 360. florida, '.'>~ii). Cork-wood. 72. Cork-wood Family, 425. Cotinus, 445. Americanus, 304. coiinoiihs. ,305. Cottonwood, 04. Lance-leaf, 08. Narrow-leaf. 100. Crab, Fragrant, 230. Narrow-leaf, 232. Prairie, 234. Siberian. 439. Soulard, 236. Crataegus, 44(>. cordata, 254. Crus-galli, 244. Ellw^angeriana, 2-50. Holiuesiana, 2.52. macracantha, 258. Oxyacantha, 260. punctata, 24(i. tonientosa, 256. viridis, 24S. Cucumber-tree. 204, 206. Ear-leaf. 21(1. Long-leaf. 210. CnprcHHus tlit/oidcs. 43. Custard-Apple Family. 435. Cypress. Bald. 3S. Da boon, 314. Diosperus, 45.3. Virginiana, 378. Dogwood. Alternate-leaf, 358. Blue-fruifed. 3-58. Flowerini:. .356. Rough-leaf, 360. Dogwood Family, -450. Dycotyleuo.x s, 423. Ebexace.i;, 453. Ebony Family, 4.53. Egriot. 264. Elder, Box, .3.36. Elm, Cork. 184. Red. 188. Rock. 184. Slippery, 188. Water, 182, 190, White, 182. Winged. 186. Elm Family. 4.32. Ericacet:, 451. Euonymus, 446. atropurpureus, 322. Fagus, 42'.;. Americana, 1.32. atropiiiiicca. 1.33. fcrnif/iiica, 133. Fagace,5^4^0. Fagara CTara-Hcrculis, 299. Farkleberry. 374. Figwort Family, 457. Fir. Balsam. ,34. Eraser. .36. Forestiera, 402. acuminata, 402. Fraxinus, 454. Americana, ,300. Biltmoreana, .392. Caroliniana, 386. Darlingtonii, 4.5.5. lanceolata, .304. nigra, 3S4. Pennsylvanica, ,396. ynr. hniveohita, 395. pldh/carixi. .'!S7. profunda, .'SOS. j,lih,'s,;iis. :i!l7. quadraneulata, 388. samhiirifoJia. .38.5. r iridic. 3'.t.5. Fringe-tree. 400. Gamopetal.t:, 451. Indkx. WT (iiiiscii;; l''iiiiiil\. Mlt. Gleditsia. I I J. aquatica, '-.K). iiiniKisiii nun. ■_".•!. triacanthos, L'SS. (ioplicr-WDod. L".ll!. Oordonia, 44'.). Lasianthus, '.'>'>-. (irandfiillicr (Jray-bennl. 401. (iuin. Ciilit'oriiiii Ked. 227. Cotton. ;>»•)(!. Red. 22(;. Sour. .■Hi2. SoiitlitTii. ;!(i4. Sweet. 22(i. Tupelo. ;!(i(i. Wit;:-. :'.(;4. r^um-EInstie. .-.Tf;. Gymnocladiis, 442. dioiciis, 2Sr>. (TYMNOSI'Kini.K, 418. Ilackben-y. 1!»2. .Mississippi. 104. Hdlrxia tftntptn-a. r>83. Hamaiiielis, 4;>T. Virginiana. 224. IIamami;i.ii)Aik.k. 4;^tt. Haw. Hlaek. 412. Klhva Hirer. 2r.(>. (Jreeii. 24S. Holmes. 2.-)2. Tear. 2.")<;. Sweet. 412. Washiniiton. 2.-.4. Hawthorn. Kndish. 200. Heath Family. 4.-)l. Hemlock. :'.(!. Carolina. 32. Henderson -wood, 315. Herenles Clnh. .S.-)4. Hicoria, 42.!. alba. (52. aquatica, .~4. borealis, 424. glabra, *i4. var. orlorata. G7 laciniosa, •>(). iiiicrocarpa, ^^0. niiniiua, .''>2. ovata, ."S. pallida, <>!>. Pecan, .">(!. villosa. OS. Hickoiv. Hi- ShelNbark. 60. Kirter-nut. .^)2. Moker-niit. 02. Northern. 424. Pale-leaf. 08. I'is-nnr. 04. Shajr-hark. HS. Small-frnited. GO. Water. .-.4. HiPPOCASTA NACIC.K. 447. Hollv. Aineiic-m. 312. Decidnoiis. 318. Lar-e-leaf. .320. Mountain. .320. Swamp. 318. Holly Family. 44.". Honevsnekle Family. 4.")7. Hoi)-Hornl)eam. 428. TT()i)-tree. ;',(»(!. Hornbeam. 114. Hop. 110. Horse-Chestnnt. .3.38. Horse-Chestnnt: Faniilv, 447. Horsp-Supar. .380. lIu.kl.'lM'i-ry. 'i're<.. .374. Ilex, 1 1.".. Cassine L., .'>14. Cii.ssiiir Walt.. .■'.17. I)„h<,„n Walt.. 31.") dccidua, .'5 IS. monticola, .320. opaca, 312. vomitoria, ."llt^ H.IC'ACE.K. I I.".. Iron-wood. 111. lit;. .ludas-Iiec. 2S4. Juglans, 42.3. cfnerea, ?»f». nigra, 4S. .Ti'(:i.AM)A('i:.i:. 42.3. .run.l.i'iTv. 242. .rnnip.T. 40. Jnniperus, 112. communis, 40 Virginiana, 44. Kalniia, l.'il. latifolia, 370. KiiiK-niil. . Laurel. Great. .308. Mountain, 370. Laura(i:.k. 4.3."). Le(;i'min()s.k. 441. I^eitneria, 42-". Floridana, 72. lieitneriaceae, 42."i. Lijidi'ii l'';iiiiily. 44S. Liiquidambar, 4.">7. Styraciflua, 226. Liriodendron, 4.3."i. Tulipifera, 2 > Loblolly I',ay. 44!). Locus r. 2!)4. Clammy, 200. Honey,' 288. Water. 200. Yellow. 204. • Marhini. oiinni tiara. 203. Mndd.T Family. 4.10. Magnolia, 434. acuminata, 204 Fraser. 210. Fraseri, 210. glauca, 212. Lars-e-le.Mf. L'KO. macrophylla, 206. Mounl.iin. 2o4. tripetata, 208. iiiiihnlla. 2O0. MAf!Nni,tA('i:.K. 4.".4. Magnolia Family. 4.34. .!/«/».•>■ aiKiii'^tifiilia. 2.33. coronaria. 23^- loensis, 2."'.~. Mains, l.'.s. Soulardi, 2.37. Maple. Ash-lea yed. .3.30. Rird-s-eye. 325. Black. .320. Blister. .32"). Curly, .32.-. Hard. .324. Mountain. .328 Red. .334. i Rock. .324 Scarlet. .3.34. Sijyer. .3.32. Siher-leaf. .3.32. 468 Index. Maple, Soft, 334. Striped, 330. Susar, 324. White, 332. Maple Family, 446. May, 2(j(>. Moose-wood. 331. MoRACE.Ti:, 433. Mohrodendron, 4.54. Carolinum, .382, Morus, 4.'!.">. alba, 1 ;»(•>. rubra, 1!)S. Mountain-Ash. American. 238. Large-fruited. 24t>. Small-fruited. 2.38. Mulberry. Paper, 200. Red. 198. White, 196. Mulberry Family, 4.33 Myrica, 424. cerifera, 70. Myricace.i<;, 424. Myrtle. Wax, 70. Nannvberrv. Northern 416. ■ Rusty, 414. Southern. 414. yrqiiinh) (ifcroidcs, 337. Nyssa, 4.-.(). (KIHdtioa. 365. aquatica, 366. biflora, '.64. wiilfiflon,. 36.3. sylvatica, .362^ unifloni. 367. Oak. Barren. 431. Basket. 174. Bear, 431. Black, 148. Black .Jack, ^M Burr. 168. (Miestnur. 176.^178. Chinquapin, 178. Cow, 174. Duck. 1.16. Grav, 431. Hill's. 144. Laurel. 160. Live. 180. Mossy-cup. 168. Northern Pin. 144. Over-cui). 170. Pin, 142. _^ Possum. l.~>6. Post. 160. Quercitron, 148. Red. 138. Rock. 176. Scarlet. 146. Schneck's, 140. Scrub, 431. Scrub Chestnut. 431. Shingle, 162. Southern Red. 140. Spanish. 150. Swamp, 142. Swamp Spanish. 152. Swamp White, 172. Water, 1.56. W^hite. 164. Willow, 158. Yellow, 148, 178. Oil-Nut, 50. Old Man's Beard Tree, 401. Oleace.e. 4.54. Orange. Osage. 202. Olive Family, 4.54. Osier. Golden. 88. Ostrya, 428. Virginiana, 116. Oxydendruin, 4.52. arboreum, 372. Pa paw. 216. Paulo wnia, 410, 457. iwpcridli.^. 411. toiuentosa, 410. Peach. 441 Pea Faniilv. 441. Pear. 4 ."IS. Pecan, 5(;. Pepperideg. ,362. Persea, 436. Borbonia, 220. ('(iniliiirnsi.s, 221. ('(iroIiiK iisis var. palustris, 219. pubescens, 218. Persimmon. 378. Picea, 421!. allxi. 25. brrrif„lia. 29. Canadensis, 24. Mariana, 28. Parryana, 22. p II II !/< !,.■<. 23. rubens, 26. rubra. 27. Pine, Gray. 12. Jack. 12. Jersev. 16. Loblolly. 6. Long-leaf, 419. North Carolina, 14. Northern Scrub, 12. Norwav. 10. Old-field. 6. Pitch, 8. Pond. 419. Rock, 4. Rocky Mountain Yellow, 4. Rosemary. 6. Scrub. 16. Short-leaf, 14. Table-Mountain, 18. White, 2. Yellow, 14. Pine Family, 418. Pinus, 419. Bunk si una. 13. divaricata, 12. echinata, l4. iiiojh^. 17. niitix. 15. palustris, 419. Ponderosa. scopulorum, 4> pungens, 18. resi-iosa, K!. rigida, S. scoinihiriim. 5. serotina, 419. Strobus, 2. Taeda, 6. Virginiana, 16. Plan^ra, 432. aquatica, 190. Plp - -,ree. 190. P.ane-Tree FanMlv. 4.37. Plataxace.i-:. 437. Platanus, 437. occidentalis, 228. Plum. American. 270. Canada. ^68 Chicasa v .'T L Porter's, Jc!. Polypetal.93. 4;,i. Indkx. 469 Poplar. I'.iilsani. 104. Caroliiiii. !I4. LiU-fi.-K.nlll. IKt. Loiubanlv, '.tC.. XiH'Ulac.'. !»4. Silv.T-lcaf. 111'. Swamp. 1<»<;. TnMni)!iiii;. 1<»S. Whitf. 111*. Ycllosv. I'll. l\,]>\,h'. HIS. Popiilus, lH'i. aciiiiiiiiata, '. 'S. alba. 1 U. angustifolia, 1iin. balsaiiiifera, 1'l4. v.-ir. rinnllrans. I(t3. candicans, lll2. deltoides, '.14. occidentalis, !>.">. ilihitiilii. '.IT. grandidentiita, IH*. heteropliylla, l(l(>. n'uii'it. Vll . Italica, !M;. treinuloides, lOS. Prick Iv- Ash. 2!»S. Princess-tn'o. 410. PrivcC. Swam I'. 40L>. Prunus, 440. Alleghaniensis, 27(3. Americana, l!70. angnstifolia, 274. Avj-ain, L'(>2. Cerasiis, 2ti4. Chiras,,. -2",. Mahaleb, 278. nigra, 2(>S. Pennsylvanica, 266. Persica, 441. serotina, 2S2. Vir!o;iniana., 2.S(). Ptelcii. 444. trifoliatd. r.in). Puis.' Family. 441. Pyrns, 4."1S. Americana, '2P>0. angustifolia, 2;^2. communis, A'.'>^. coronaria. 2.".0. loensis, 2'*.4. Main;:. 4:;s. prunifolia, 4.!!;. sii III liiii-ifDlid. 241. Soulardi. 2:!(;. Quassia. I'an'il.v. 444. Quercns 4.".''. acuminata, 17S. alba, 1t;4. 1.. (Dllhll/IKI. 4.".1 (uiniilirii ^^'a him!, II-. 17::. borealis, 4."'1. Brittoni, l.'tl. coccinoa, 146. digit at a, l.-.O. ellipsoidalis. 144. fiihni,,. I.-.I. heterophvlla, 4.'^1. iUrifoUn. 4ni. inibricaria, Ki'J. laurifolia. Itii;. Leana, \'-V\. lyrata. 1 iO. macrocarpa. KiS. Marilandica, l."4. Quercus, Michauxii, 174. minor, 166. M iiltlinbvniii, 171). nana, 4:'>l. nigrp. I J.. l.")6. ni'ini Waui;.. I."). iihlii.silolKi. 167. pagodsefolia, 152. palustris, 142. Phellos, l.'.S. Iilatanoides, 172. prinoidesj^ Kl 1. Prinus, 1 (*>. piiiiiiiii. i:;i. rubra, I'lN. Rudkini, 4.'.1. S,-liii1. velutina, 14S. rin,i.-<. ISl. Virginiana, ISO. Rod t)n(l. 2aJ. KlIAMN.UE.E. 44S. Rhamnus, 44S. Caroliniana, .']4S. catliartica, .">4(i. Fi-angula. 44.S. Rhododendron, 4."il. niaximiim, 8(>8. Rhus, 44.". copallina, 308. rofinoiil,.^. 305. hirta, 'ADn. tiiiiliiini. :'o7. n IK 11,1 til. :;ii. verni%-, ."til!. Robinia, 44.;. Pseudficpcia, 204. viscosa, 2il6. Ko.sK.vcK.r. ,4;^s. Rns(> Family. 4.S8. RuBiAC'E.i-;. 456. Rue Family. 443. KlTACK.K. 443. Salicack.k 425. Salix, 425. alba, 42(r vir. lilrllina. 80, amydaloides, 74. Babylonica, S(;. \;ir. aurea, S7. \;ir. anniilaris. Hi \.u-. dolorosa, S? balsamifera, 42(i. Bebbiana. 12t(. ,;inl,it,i. v.if. n.stitii. 01 discolor. !t2. fluviatilis. S4. frag,ilis, S2. loiii/ifiiliii. S.5. longipes. 76. lucida, SO. Missouriensis, 00. nigra. 7S. iiri-iiliiiliiliK. 77. ^Viinli. 77. vitellina, SS Sai'Tndack.k. 4 17. Sapindus, I 17. Drumniondi, .344. Sap.Mlilla Fainilv. 4.52. Sapotaceae, 451.'. Sai'otack.k. 4.52. Sassafras. 222. iVO Index. Sassafras, 436. officinale. 223. sassafras, 222. Sassafras, 222. SCOPIILLARIACE.E. 4.j'<. Service-berry, 242. Long-leaf, 44U. Swamp. 44(.'. Western. 44U. Shad-blow. 242. Shad-bush. 242. Sheep-berry, 412. Northern, 416. Silver-bell Tree, 382, 454. SiMAKUBACE.E, 444. Sloe. Alleghany, 276. Smnke-tree. American, 304. Suow-droi. Tree, 382. Soapberry Family, 447. Soapberrv. Western. 344. Sorbus,'43; . Americana, 238. var. decora, 241, xdniJiuclfolUt, 240. scopulina, 240. Sorrel-tree. 372. Sour-wood. 372._ Sparkleberrv. 874. Spruce, Black. 28. Blue, 22. Red. 26. Silver. 22. Swamp. 28. White. 24. Staff-tree Family, 446. Stag-bush. 412. Storax Family,__4r)4. Stump-tree. 287. Styrace.e, 4ri4. Sugarberrv, 192. 194. Sumach. Dwarf, 308. Poison. 310. ■ Stag-horn. 306. Sumach Family, 444. Suufiower Tree. 401. Sweet-herrv. 417. Sweet (Jale Familv. 424. Swept-lcaf. 38(;. Sweet-leaf Family. 453 Sycamore. 22S. Sympl()cace.e, 453. Syniplocos, 454. tincioria, 380. Tamarack, *20. Taxodium, 42!. distichum, 38 Tea Familv. 449. TllEACE.K. 449. Thorn. Cock-spur, 244. Dotted, 246. Long-spine. 258. Newcastle. 244. Pear. 256. Scarlet, 2-52. Thuya, 421. occidentalis, 40. Tilia, 44S. Americana- .3.50. heterophylla. 449. Michauxii, 449. ice^^^^SS TILIACE.E. 448. Toxylon, 434. pomiferum, 202. Tooth-ache Tri'e. 298. Tree-of-lleaven, 302. Trumpet- Creeper Family, 456. Tsiiga, 42(!. Canadensis, 30. Caroliniana, 32. Tupelo. MOi'. Large, 366. Tulip Tree, 214. Ulmace.e, 432. Ulnius. 432. alata, 186. Ameri^|yk^l82. inli pubesce yv/rr //,o.s-a. 1S5. Thomasi, 184. rmbrella-tiec, 20(5, 208. Vaccinium, 452. arboreiim, 374. Viburnum, 457. Lentago, 416. prunifolium, 412. !■( fotoiiK iitosinii. 415. rufidulum, 414. Virgilia. 392. Wafer-Ash. 300. Wahoo. 322. Walnut. Black, 48. Satin. 227. White, 50. Walnut Family. 423. Waythorn. Fnropean, 346. White-wood. 214. Wild-Raisin-Tree. 417. . Willow. Almond-leaf. 74. Balsam. 426. Bebb, 426. Black. 78. Brittle, 82. Glaucous, 92. Glossv-leaf, 80. Long-leaf. 84. Long-stalk. 76. Missouri, 90. Napoleon's, 86. Peach. 74. Pussv. 93. Ring, 86. Sand-bar. 84. Shining. 80. Ward. 76. Weeping, 86. White. 426. Yellow. 88. Willow Family. 425. Witcl.-TIaz.'l. 224. Witch Haze! Family, 436. Xanthoxylum, 443. Clava-Herculis, 298. Yaupon. 31ti. Yellow-wood. 292. ntOfERTT LOiAMT N. C. Staie C^lfaff H^