m Hill I* iff* I ttii Mi t 'I Iff Ja^i^ li: «Jjfl^ flttf itle III * 3 J' (itye S. H. Bill ICtbrarg North (Earolina S>tate llmueraitij QK187 G28 S00080386 P THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB- JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION DESK. MAY 2 1987 100M/7-85 *^£c<£4£<£?*^~ &*^? y<£> GUTTA CAVAT L»PIDEM NON VI SED S/EPE CA D E N DO. -- HOR AT. NOT BY FORCE, BY FREQUENT FALL ALONE A DROP IN TIME CARVES OUT A STONE. THE FLORA OF TENNESSEE AND A PHILOSOPHY OF BOTANY RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO THE CITIZENS OF TENNESSEE BY AUGUSTIN GATTINGER, M.D. Published by Authority of the State through the Bureau of Agriculture Press of Gospel Advocate Publishing Company Nash villi:, Tknn. « 1 '.»<)! THE AUTHOR'S THANKS. His Excellency \ Benton McMilliri, Governor. Sir: I have the honor to transmit to you a copy of my work on the Tennessee Flora and treatise on Philosophy of Botany. Please accept my thanks for your generous support in your special message to the Legislature of the State. Yours very respectfully, A. GATTINGKR. 12715)1 APPROPRIATION FOR THIS VOLUME. AN ACT to provide for the acceptance by the State of a work on botany, prepared by Dr. A. Gattinger, and to make an appropriation for its pub- lication and distribution. Whereas Dr. A. Gattinger has offered to present to the State a work prepared by him, on the botany of the State of Tennessee; and Whereas the dissemination of such information among the people of the State is of the highest importance and value, and eminently worthy of the aid of the State; therefore, Section i. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That said work so presented by Dr. A. Gattinger be accepted by the State, and that the Commissioner of Agri- culture be, and is hereby, empowered and directed to have said work printed and distributed among the citizens of Tennessee. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That the sum of six hundred and fifty dollars, or so much thereof as may be required, is here- by appropriated for the purpose of printing, publishing, and dis- tributing said work. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it. Passed April 17, 190 1. v NEWTON H. WHITE, Speaker of the Senate. E. B. WILSON, Speaker of the House. Approved April 18, 1901 BENTON M'MILLIN, Governor. ERRATA. Page 3- Quotation should be credited to Virgil. Page 27. For " Graborchard " read " Craborchard . " Page 27. Below "border" insert " O. S." (Over the State) and 'M.' (Medicinal). Page 28, 10th line. For "bulifera " read "bulbifera." Page 28, 20th line. For " Novceboboracensis " read " Novaeboracensis.*' Page 29, 13th line from below. For " thelypleroides " read "thelypter- oides. " Page 39, middle. For " an8d " read " and." Page 52, 14th line from below. For - " uburnea " read " eburm a." Page 55, middle. For " uniformis " read " reniforniis " Page 64, 14th line from below. For " Potty " read " Putty." Page 76, 4th line from below and higher. For " champion " read " campion." Page 78, 12th line from above. For " dichtotoma " read " dichotoma. " Page 84, nth line. For " Malapcena " read " Malapoenna." Page 86, 12th line from below. For "Thelipadium " read " Thelipodium." Page 97, 9th line from below. For " Soheele " read " scheele." Page 100, 3d line. Before " Gattingeri " insert " C." Page 105, 8th line. For " Thephrosia " read " Tephrosia." Page 115, 16th line. For "W. W. Ashe from" read " \V. W. Ashe. From, etc." Page 118, 9th line from below. For " moshata " read " moschata " Page 120, 8th line from below. For " gymmanthum " read " gymnan- thum." Page 120. After " Hypericum Kalmianum " insert "II. aureum Bart ram. Limestone cliffs of M. Tenn. Frequent. July." Page 122, middle. For " Criocarpa " read " Friocarpa." Page 123, 8th line below. For " Caney Fork " rea.l " Collins River." Page 135. 3d line and below. For " pimpernell " read " pimpernel." Page 138, 6th line. For " Pleuresy " read " Pleurisy." Page 142, 4th line and below. For " gomfrey " read " comfrey." Page 142, 12th line from below. For "raccoon " read "puccoon." Page 146, below. For " majoran " read "marjoram. Page 151, below " Leptandra." "M." omitted. Page 152, 6th line from below. For " Lausewort " read " Louseworth." Page 154, below. For " leptosyachya " read " leptostachya." Page 154, 3d line. For " proboscoidea " read " proboscidea." Page 155, 3d line. For " cocerulea " read " coerulea." Page 158, 17th line from below r . For " Cururbita " read " Cucurbita." Page 160, 12th line from below. For " Leontedon " read " Leontodon." Page 162, middle. For " strum aricum " read " strumarium." Page 163, 9th line. For " tencrifolium " read " teucrifolium." Page 163, 13th line. For " rotundifoium " read " rotundifolium. " Page 165, 2d line from below. For " corybosus " read " corymbosus. " Page 170, 10th line. For " Braunneria " read " Brauneria." Page 170, 4th line. For " Lapachys " read " Lepachys." Page 172, middle. For " Helienium " "Helenium." Page 1S0. For " Danthus " read "Dianthus." Page 187, below quotation. Read translation : " Time obliterates opinions of men, but it confirms the decisions of nature." Page 193, middle. For "Arbella " read "Arbela." Page 204, 21st line. For "creed " read "greed." Page 209, Latin quotation. For " etque " read "atque." Page 216, nth line. For " Sarcen " read " Saracen." Page 218, 7th line. For "A.D. 33 " read "A.D. 337." Page 218,1 7th line. For ' ' 556 ' ' read ' ' 350. ' ' Page 234, 12th line from below. For " grassculum " read "grassculm." Page 241, 7th line. For "him" read "man." Page 243, middle. For " lappaegue " read " lappceque." Page 244, German quotation. For " Such " read " Such'st." Page 272, nth line from below. For "nutritou " read " nutrition." CONTENTS. FLORA OF TENNESSEE. Preface 3 Areal Botany 1 1 Synopsis of the Flora 27 Review of Families 176 Index to Genera [78 PHILOSOPHY OF BOTANY. Evolution of Botany 187 Forestry 241 Introduction of a National Forestry Policy.. Modern Thoughts on Origin, Evolution, and Significance of Life PREFACE Coelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt.* // i/l+laA J The fifth decade of the past century proved disastrous to the patriots of Germany who were seeking liberty and progress, and no hope was left for recovery from the defeat sustained or for better success in the near future by a renewal of the struggle for liberal government. For the first time in the history of the Bavarian capital of Munich, a meeting of discontented citizens was held, to deliberate upon joint action to secure better and safer means of emigration to the United States of North America. Artists, pro- fessional men, mechanics, and farmers, people of good standing in society and amply provided financially, to the number of nearly two hundred, composed the meeting. At this time an association of students of the University of Mu- nich, of which I was a member, resolved to celebrate in a solemn fete Washington's birthday, a proceeding never before heard of, but fully in accord with the sentiments of this party, which in these tur- bulent times represented the liberal movement in the university. The celebration was a great success, and speeches and eulogies on Washington and Jefferson, Franklin and other heroes were in- dulged in fervently and unreservedly. The open avowal of republican institutions was immediately de- nounced as a provocation, too flagrant to be allowed to be passed by, and actions were instituted by the authorities. Several of the participants had to leave the city. Called before the university tribunal, I was released on my pledge to emigrate. I regret to Bay that I have never since found an opportunity to celebrate this national festivity with the same pathos and enthusiasm as on this memorable twenty-second of February, 1849. Severance from beloved friends and the ancestral soil is a bitter and mournful task, and recollection of it even now clouds the - renity of the moment. But the genius of love mitigated my dis- * New stars, new sights the pilgrim meets; He stays the same in thoughts and deeds. 4 Preface. tress, for the one whom I had chosen for my companion through the turmoils of life consented to go with me, and we joined hands at the American consulate at Havre before sailing. These circumstances account for my appearance in Chattanooga, Tenn., in June, 1849, which place I reached by stage from Dalton, Ga., the terminus of the Georgia and South Carolina Eailroad. I was fascinated by the magnificence of the scenery; but there were but few dwellings, and these of poor construction, as might be ex- pected in a recently-settled place. After a short delay, a small side- wheel steamer blew its whistle and brought me and my party after three days' navigation up to Kingston, on the Clinch Kiver. This little town looked clean and airy, and, pleased with the friendliness of the citizens, we made it the base of operations for exploring the vicinity. Weary of traveling and wishing to enter on the practice of my profession, I was easily fascinated by a romantic spot called " Cave Spring," eight miles to the west of Kingston, at the time oc- cupied by an older physician, who intended to go West. I purchased the place in partnership with my brother-in-law, the late George Dury, a Munich artist, whose exquisite paintings now adorn the State Library in the Capitol. Unfortunately, we did not take into consideration, in making this purchase, the possible — or, rather, impossible — revenues to be derived from this possession, a circum- stance which ultimately necessitated the abandonment of our farm- ing experiment at a great sacrifice. The transfer from a buoyant German city to this silent retreat was to me a stimulus to concentrate my attention outside profes- sional duties and equestrian hardships to the study of the botany and geology of the country. At my alma mater, the University of Munich, it was obligatory to pass through a course of natural sci- ences — chemistry, mineralogy, and botany — before being admitted to the medical department. A two-years' course in general and medicinal botany initiated me into the science. Moreover, I had from earlier school years been a botanical collector, and had given a great deal of time to these studies. After the abandonment of Cave Spring I acquired some property in Charleston, Bradley County, where I remained until I accepted, in 1858, the charge of resident surgeon at the copper mines of Ducktown, situated in the high mountains of East Tennessee, ad- joining North Carolina and Georgia. The new situation was so- cially very agreeable, moderately remunerative, and possessed botan- Preface. icallyand geologically so many and so diversified points of it: that a whole lifetime of a competenl investigator could nol exhaust and unravel all the problems and collect the various plants, min- erals, and rocks. A prominent member of the United States { '<>->~ logical Survey, who is intimately acquainted with this region, as- sured me in a recent correspondence that in the entire area of the United States he knows of no part which, in an equal territory, possesses so great a diversity and complication of structure. I ei - joyed and utilized industriously my opportunity, although with great diffidence, in the results of my analyses, for \v;mt of scientific botanical literature, especially of the American. Having been fifteen years in the saddle, traversing more than one-half of East Tennessee, throughout the Cumberland Mountains and all the valleys between Walden's Ridge and Smoky Mountain, I held in my mind a well-connected panorama, of the natural rista at all seasons of the year. Possessed, as I believed myself to be, of a moderate and quiet enjoyment of intelligent and useful pursuits, it came suddenly to pass that I had to bear my share of the agonies and convulsion- of the Civil War. Opposed to the disruption of the Union, knowing from experi- ence the misery of a great nation split into petty principalities (as was the case with Germany for centuries), seeing in the growing greatness of this government the future liberation of all nationali- ties through its physical power and moral influence, I advocated the cause of the Union, and created such displeasure t<> my former friends that I found it advisable to leave my domicile and part with my family. On a cold, starry March night, afoot, no money, with a small satchel as traveling outfit, I wound my way through the Ocoee gorge and reached the town of Cleveland, forty miles distant, without an accident. The government in which I had put my faith and trusi me under its care, sent me to Nashville, and put me int.. serv- ice as an assistant surgeon. After the expiration of my term and recovery from a. severe malarial fever, winch temporarily disabled me for army duties, I accepted from the military I ernor, Andrew Johnson, the* position of State Librarian, which I held during five years, whereby I greatly improved my acquaint- ance with scientific American literature. Moreover, I found such helps in pursuit of making collections a- I never before or 6 Preface. wards enjoyed. Through the kindness of the military superin- tendent of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway, Gen. William T. Innes, I was favored with the privilege of using all trains, passenger and freight, at all points for travel. This permit continued four years, until the administration of the rail- road was changed, and when I also lost my office as State Librarian. From this time on I carried on an interesting correspondence with prominenl botanists in all parts of the United States, and by sub- mission to the approval of our leading botanical authorities, I se- cured the correctness of specific determinations. I am under great obligations to the late Dr. Gray, of Cambridge, Mass. ; the late Dr. Engelman, of St. Louis, Mo. ; the late Dr. G. Vasey, of the United States Department of Agriculture ; the late Dr. Chapman, of Apa- lachicola, Fla., for their assistance. It is much to be regretted tha.t Dr. Eugel, who, about fifty years ago, resided in the vicinity of Greeneville and made valuable collec- tions and discoveries in that vicinity and the mountains of East Tennessee and North Carolina, died without leaving a record of his work. His collections came in the possession of Mr. Shuttleworth, of England. Senecio Eugelia Gray, Plantago Rugelii Decaisne, Siphonychia Rugelii Chapm. commemorate his name. My collections were in much request for exchange, as they contained many novelties and were well prepared. The area of Middle Tennesse was an unexplored region, botanically, and I claim the honor of being the pioneer in this field. At the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held in Nashville in 1877, the botanical division en- couraged me to prepare a catalogue of plants or flora of Tennes- see, which I was assured would be received favorably by all Ameri- can botanists. I consented to do so, and fulfilled my obligation in 1883 by publishing a small volume of one hundred and nine pages, a systematic enumeration of seventeen hundred and eight species. It was printed at my own expense, and distributed gratuitously among the schools of the State, and such patrons of botany as applied for it. This movement helped me very much in the furtherance of my enterprise, as it brought together all per- sons within the State who had an interest in botany, and had col- lected more or less. With this catalogue in hand, every collector in Tennessee was enabled to see whether or not it contained all the species which he had found himself, and he would then report Preface. t to me his own discoveries. I soon received valuable contributions from my esteemed friend, the late Gen. E. Kirby-Smith, at Se- wanee; Prof. T. M. Bain, now of the Agricultural College, Knox- ville; Prof. A. Euth, superintendent of public Bchools in Knox- ville; the late Mrs. Lydia Bennett, of Fisk University. Nash- ville; Dr. G. Egeling, pharmacist, Memphis; and Prof. Lamson F. Scribner and Mr. Kearney, both now of the Botanical Division of the Agricultural Department at Washington. Much valuable information I drew from the "Memoirs" of the Torn v Botanical Club, in a report on the flora of Western Xorth Carolina and con- tiguous territories, made by John K. Small and A. A. Heller in the season of 1891, and published in February, 1892, followed by a similar report made in the season of 1892 by John K. Hall and Anna Murray Vail, on the flora of Southwestern Virginia. Both areas extend to the geographical borders of Tennessee, along moun- tain ranges and water courses, which continue into the upper bor- der counties of Tennessee without any difference in the nature of the soil or elevation. The flora, being necessarily identical. 1 took the privilege to add to my list all such species which yei had ooi been collected within the adjoining boundaries of the State. Most recently I have been favored with valuable information and addi- tions from the botanists of the Biltmore Botanical Institute — Messrs. C. D. Beadle, F. E. and C. L. Boynton, and T. 0. Harbi- son — published in "Biltmore Botanical Studies," Vol. I.. No. 1 : William Wesley & Son, London. From all these Bourcee and my own continued collections, I can now add over four hundred species not contained in the first edition, and am, moreover, en- abled to amend and correct many errors occurring in the same. For the census of 1880 I collected for Professor Sargent, the superintendent of the botanical division of the census, specimens of the timbers of Tennessee. I also collected for the mineral di- vision of the same census the building stones o\' the State, with the exclusion of the marbles. This collection consisted of forty pairs of cubes, all of different character, four hv four indies. This, I think, was the first time the granites of Tennessee were brought to notice in beautiful specimens. The collection also contained the sandstones — the beautiful white one from tin- Biwassee Valley — and the argillites, conglomerates. Blates, and Limestones, includ- ing the oolitic or Bowling Green stone, which i- used in the con- struction of our customhouse. 8 Preface. In April, 1878, I assisted Hon. J. B. Killebrew, then Commis- sioner of Agriculture of the State, in the publication of his work on the Tennessee grasses and forage plants, by giving him the list of grasses actually collected by me, and revising the manuscript. In the same year I prepared a publication on the trees and shrubs suitable to the soil and climate of Nashville for the Board of Health of the city of Nashville. In 1883 I was engaged by Hon. A. J. McWhirter, then Commis- sioner of Agriculture for the State, as an assistant in his office and in collecting minerals, building stones, and plants for the Louis- ville Exhibition and other exhibitions; but after the close of these exhibitions I was again dismissed, to be followed in office by the commissioner's own son, Mr. L. B. McWhirter. In 1894 Hon. T. F. P. Allison, Commissioner of Agriculture, intrusted me with a publication on the medicinal plants of Ten- nessee. The work was carried out to mutual satisfaction. In 1897, in connection with the Centennial Exposition, I was a member of the Committee on Minerals and Mines of the State, of which Professor S afford was chairman. I procured a rich collec- tion of the copper ores and smelting products of the Ducktown Mines and Smelting Works, inclusive of a rich display of ingots, I also exhibited a large collection of Tennessee granites in blocks, with one side polished, from Wolf Creek, Carter County, and from near Elizabethton, on the line of the railroad which extends from Johnson City to the Granberry Mines, in North Carolina. At the time of my publication of the medicinal plants, my bo- tanical collections had so far progressed that I felt satisfied that within a limited time not many more additions could be made, and that I had very nearly reached the limits of the record. In pre- paring the new edition I adopted the new nomenclature and made some other changes, for which I give an explanation in the fol- lowing paragraphs. One of the greatest burdens and causes for confusion in sys- tematic botany had been the constantly increasing synonyms for the same species. Much of it originated from the disjointed labors of distant botanical writers describing the same plants ; often from imperfect specimens, while unacquainted with the past or contem- poraneous labors of others in the same field; and in not a few instances it resulted from the abuse of personal prominence and disregard of the merits of others. This disturbing condition would Preface. 9 never have come to an end, if the great majority of naturalists bad not recognized the necessity of accepting the name given by tbe discoverer of a plant, whenever the name is conformable to pre- established rules. Priority should be a fixed and positive limita- tion, which admits of nothing arbitrary or partial. On the invitation of Alphonse De Candolle, an International Botanical Congress was held in Paris in 1867, to which botanists from all countries were invited, and the most importanl Bubjed discussed was botanical nomenclature. Mr. A. De Candolle, author of the " Prodromus," presided. He had drawn up a mosl carefully considered code of rules to govern botanists in their writings, and this code was submitted to the assemblage of botanists, each rule being formulated and modified as the majority deemed wise. 1 nally the whole was printed and circulated. The fundamental prin- ciple of these laws was priority of publication, with adequate de- scriptions. Unfortunately it was made retrospective, without any sufficiently defined statute of limitations. Among zoologists the Stricklandian code governs — known as the "Rules of the British Association." It was signed by Charles Darwin and Pre: Hensley. A revision was made in 1860 by Mr. A. 1\. Wallace, P. L. Clayton, Professor Balfour, Professor Huxley, Dr. J. D. Hooker, and Mr. George Bentham. A still further revision of the same occurred in 1865. In the preface to this code occurs this sentence: " No one person can subsequently claim an authority equal to that possessed by the person who is the first to define a new genus or describe a new species." The adoption of the Paris code did not meet an immediate and universal acceptance. The conflict with the interests of authors and publishers of works of great value, the issue of which had been commenced and was still progressing, was a matter of some consideration. The nonattendance of English botanists at the Paris Congress was perhaps due to tins cause. The annoyance created by such radical changes is a very gnat one, and a burden pressing heavily upon the older botanists, who are n«>t bo well fitted to recast their memories as the younger generations, who will reap the benefit of the movement. There was also Borne friction with us, even after the meeting of the American Association for t! vancement of Science, held in August, L892. The botanical di- vision adopted at this meeting the Paris code of L867, with Borne modifications. At the following meeting, in Madison, W 1 Preface. 1893, an additional amendment was adopted, and a committee of the association was appointed to elaborate a list of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta, growing without cultivation in Northeast- ern North America. This work was subsequently published in 1894 as the fifth volume of the "Memoirs" of the Torrey Botanical Club. The synonyms given under each species in this work in- clude the recent current names, and thus avoid any difficulty in identification. The recently published volumes of " The Illustrated Flora " will, on account of the helpfulness of the illustrations, soon find their way to general favor as an indispensable guide for less expert col- lectors, for which the innovation therein adopted has no harassing inconvenience. In view of this prospect I have also, although re- luctantly, adopted the new nomenclature. I have, furthermore, given in this edition the English vernacular names and some derived from the Aborigines, where such are known, but did not think it proper to make, in their absence, English translations from the Latin names. A general botanical and geological chorography or natural aspect of the area precedes the systematic enumeration of the species. In the year 1890 my entire collection, the second largest herba- rium in the South, came into the possession of the University of Tennessee, at Knoxville, and as I cannot, by my advanced years, expect to add much to its enlargement, I am happy to know it is in hands under whose care it will be well preserved and utilized. While the pursuit of botany never brought me any financial ad- vantages, I acknowledge that it was a mighty protector in keeping me out of the way of social corruption, and it gave me many hours of the purest enjoyment of life and brought me into friendly re- lations with many excellent men and women. In order to gain a wider circle of readers and to give further in- ducement to the study of botany, I have added an " Epitome of the History of Botany/' a " Treatise on the Introduction of a For- estry Policy in the United States','" and a " Treatise on Protoplasm and Origin of Life." A list of authors whose works have been consulted or literally quoted is given at the end of the work. I am well aware that there is much scope for improvement of this work, and I turn to the younger generation of botanists, who can work under more favorable conditions, soliciting their cooperation in extending and perfecting it. Very respectfully, A. GATTINGEE, M.D. Areal Botany or Regional Distribution of Plants* Engaged with laurel, oak, and fir, 'Midst fern and sedge, the viler or the rare, In dismal swamps, 'neath cypress grand and fair, Where snakes and tangles bring despair; On lofty crags, in clouded sphere, Where eagles built their artless lair, And, whistling, swing in upper air; Onward, though of waning strength aware, Seeking truth, with firm resolve 1 dare To plead my right to reason, doubt, or err. GENERAL ASPECT OF THE FLORA. The boundaries of Tennessee are embraced within the great Atlantic forest region. The whole of this territory was in Its yirgin state, an immense expanse of varied woodlands, being in the lowlands of dense and massive growth, filled with pathless jungles of cane and shrub, or, away from the water courses, on the uplands, reduced to open and airy groves (with great diversity of timbers ). the barrens. Here a dense sward covers the ground and herba growth prevails. Mountain forests are always of greater uniform- ity in distribution of timbers. Nearly one-third of the entire area is now reduced to fields or occupied by buildings or roads. Canebrakes have well-nigh disappeared, and the forest is in all accessible regions depleted of valuable timber. Immigration of foreign and retirement of native Bpecies con- tinually modify the aboriginal flora and tend to weaken character- istics due to presence of peculiar plant forms, or collocation of species, by the intricacies of mutual predilection and adaptation to surroundings. Such areas, which differ among themselves conspicuously in such properties, admit of the establishment of natural flora] ar- rondissements. Differences of elevation, diversity in elementary constitution I have retained in this chapter the old nomenclature of Dra Oraj and Chapman, for the benefit of those using their manuals. D. H. HILL LIBRARY North Carolina State College 12 Tennessee Flora. of the soil, and inequality in distribution of atmospheric humidity are, in our territory, sufficiently potent to mark out four distinct regions : I. The high crests of the Alleghany Mountains, formed of Grauwake slates, gneiss, or mica schists, with an elevation of from 4,000 to 6,600 feet. Subalpine region. II. The western slopes of the Alleghanies and their outlying spurs, and the Cumberland Mountains. Sandstones and slates. Mountain flora. Elevation, from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. III. Valley flora, the lower division of which is coextensive with the limestones (Silurian) of East and Middle Tennessee. Eleva- tion, from 350 to 500 feet. The upper division, or highlands, has siliceous and argillaceous soils, sometimes limestones of the sub- carboniferous formation. Elevation, about 1,000 or 1,200 feet. The former division is characterized through its cedar glades; the latter is the region of the oak barrens. IV. West Tennessee, situated between two powerful rivers, with much level or only gently undulating surface, owes its pecul- iarities to the abundance of swampy lands and predominantly argillaceous soils, in connection with a in ore humid atmosphere. SUBALPINE REGION. The dividing line between the States of North Carolina and Tennessee passes over and along the crest of the highest ridges and peaks, known as the Unaka, Great Smoky, Bald, and Frog Mountains. Their average elevation is about 5,000 feet, but about twenty-two summits are 6,000 feet or more. The highest stretch lies between the French Broad Eiver and the Little Tennessee River, with fifty-five high points, eighteen of which are over 6,000 feet. ( !lingman's Dome, by a few feet the highest, rises to the very respectable altitude of 6,600 feet above tide water, according to the measurements of Prof. Arnold Guiot, of Princeton, N. J. (Vide American Journal of Science, September, 1857, and November, 1860.) Geologically they consist of Huronian schists and gneisses, and in some spots of Laurentian granites. Not one of these high crests presents a bleak crag, bare of vegetation, nor is there a timber line. Some are evenly timbered throughout, others support only a scattered and stunted arboreal growth, and some bear only a low shrubby or herbaceous vegeta- tion. The absence of timber on the so-called " Balds " is perhaps Tennessee Flora. 18 due to waves of excessive cold; such, at least. Beem the dead trunks. looming up here and there, to suggest. . VALLEY LANDS. If you approach the mountains of East Tennessee from their western slope, taking a direct course eastward, traveling from Cleveland along the road which leads to the copper mines in Polk County, you are constantly uphill and downhill for nearly fifteen miles, intersecting a series of low parallel ridges. The soil is directly derived from the underlying rock, one of the Lowesl mem- bers of the Silurian formation, and only very small strips of allu- vium line the few streamlets which you have to cross. Along t In- line is also the watershed, between the Tennesse'c River system and the Coosa River. It belongs mainly to that class of kind which, all over the State, is not very favorably known as gravelly hills, from a superficial covering of sharp cherty or dolomitic gravels of all sizes, generally small, but often also protruding in dykelike masses. Magnesian and siliceous rocks, no matter to which geological age they may belong, are, all the world over, the most unavailing min- eral constituents of soil, and, for the lack of alkali and phosphates, are soon exhausted by crops which consume much of these element-. The generally thin covering of humus supports a meager herbage, and cattle have to be on their feet all the while in defense againsi starvation. Black-jack oaks, Spanish oak, black oak, sourwood, dogwood, slim chestnuts, loblolly pine, scrub pine, and lure and there a yellow pine which has escaped the ax, make up the ! which, throughout this region, is stripped of the merchantable timber. I have, myself, within thirty-five years, witnessed the rise and fall of this empire. The short space of time which passed be- tween the first harvest and hopeless abandonment had not vet prostrated all the dead timber girdled in the firsl clearing, when the returns became too small to pay for the expense el* cultivation. Stunted sassafras and persimmon, here and there a. loblolly pine. sumacs (Rhus glabra and copallina), are the growth by which regenerating nature tries to reclaim those ruined lands. The herb- age consists generally of very humble plants: the buttonweed (Diodia teres), Virginia plantain (Plantago Virginica) , the flow- ering spurge {Euphorbia corollot 'a) , butterfly weed (Asclepias ////"- rosa), two species of broom grass (Andropogon Vvrgimcus and parius), the foxtail grass (Setaria glauca ). the poverty gri 14 Tennessee Flora. tida dichotoma), the common evening primrose (CEnothera bien- nis), the mullein (Verbascum thapsus), the never-failing ragweed (Ambrosia artemisicBfolia) , a few solidagos and asters (Aster eri- coides and dumosus), constitute the larger herbs. In places the ground is spread over by the prostrate low blackberry (Rubus trivi- al is), or cinquel'oil (Potentilla Canadensis), while the high black- berry ( Huh us ri/losus) replaces former fence rows. Cattle find an insufficient support from browsing on the Japan bush clover (Lespe- deza striata), white and yellow clover (Trifolium repens and pro- cumbens), and about two nutritious grasses, the crop grass (Pani- cum digitarid), and a species of paspalum. The botanist finds but few rarer species to compensate him for his exertions, and rejoices to find himself at last in full sight of the mountains, in descending the eastern slope of a ridge which borders the Ocoee Eiver. This broad mountain stream, swiftly gliding over his pebbly bed, is skirted by a stately and diversified growth of timber — Herculean sycamores and massive cottonwoods, immense lindens and pop- lars, slippery and white elms, ashes, white walnut, and box elder of stately growth. The water oak and willow oak (Quercus aquat- ica and Quercus phellos), with elegant outline and glistening color of foliage, are contrasted by the chalk-white trunks of the gray birch (Betula lutea), with ever-tremulous foliage, on delicate sprigs. Xow and then a holly (Ilex opaca), silver-bell tree (Ha- lesia tetraptera), and an umbrella tree (Magnolia umbrella) pre- sent themselves as outliers from the upper regions. Crossing the river, the romantic hamlet, Parksville, is soon reached, the gateway to the great mountains, opening between two mighty pillars, the Chilhowee Mountain to the left or north side, and the Bound Moun- tain to the right or south side. Before reaching the milldam, the last ledges of chert and dolomite are passed, andquarziteandsiliceo- argillaceous conglomerates are the country rocks. Narrow but rich bottoms, encompassed by high and steep mountain sides, the latter heavily timbered, give room for small and scattered farms, well cared for and successfully managed. MOUNTAIN FLORA. The lower mountain flora is spreading around on all sides, clothed in deeper green or gaudier coloriners. As we ascend the river, which gushes with deafening roar from shoal to shoal, we discern how every submerged rock is densely coated with a rough, Tennessee Flora. l G wool-like growth, an inch or two long, threadlike, the flowers the size of pin heads, the mountain river weed (Podostemon fl6- rotanoides), pondweeds float in loner streamers (Pcdamogeton hybridus, Potamogeton Claytorvi). An endless variety of shrub- bery constitutes the undergrowth. The Kalmia {Kalmia lati- folia), worthy companion to the great mountain laurel (Rhodo- dendron maximum), and four azaleas, equally beautiful (the fra- grant clammy azalea), merit the highest praise and are very abun- dant. Various other kinds of the heath family, with white and bell-shaped flowers and evergreen foliage, are characteristic features of the scenery. Foremost, the dense masses of Leucothoe ( '"'■ a tall shrub with wand-shaped, recurved branches and dense pen- dulous racemes, exhaling the odor of chestnut flower-: Leucothoe recurva, the Andromeda floribunda, and the white alder (Clethra acuminata) , either as bush or small tree, all belong to this type. A singular and unparalleled display is reserved for the untiring botanist if he climbs to the highest cliffs of the Chilhowee, from whence at one glance he can survey the whole valley of Easl Tennes- see until his eye meets, in the smoky distance, the rectilinear coarse of Walden's Eidge. At an elevation of about 2,500 feet he descries along vertical cliffs of Potsdam sandstone, dense groves of the fringe tree (Chicmanthus Vvrginica), in greater vigor and alum- dance of flowers than he had ever before witnessed. Several rare ferns grow in the crevices,, such as the woolly-leafed Cheilanthea (Chil. tomentosa) , grayish green on the upper surface ami rusty •colored underneath; the Cheilanthes vestita,, <>f similar habit, luit not quite so attractive; the neat little Asplenium Trichomanes and Asplenium montanum. Polpyodium vulgare and incanum ami some larger species of Phcgopteris and Aspidium abound. < Irchids of rare beauty nestle in the deep mold — Bl&tia aphylla, Goodyera, pubescens, Pogonia ophioglossoides and verticillata, Cypripediutn spectabile, acaule and pubescens. From the twelfth to the sixteenth mile above Parksville, the canon cuts through the highest part of the Big Prog Mountain and opens out into a rugged plateau or l>a>in formed of micaceous, copper-bearing rocks. From Greasy Creek, three miles above Parksville, to the Mundic Bluff, which is within the hearl of the great mountain chain, dark-colored, argillaceous or roofing slates, porphyritic from disseminated cubes of pyrites, and grayish mica- ceous slates build up the towering and grotesque masses and 16 Tennessee Flora. which lead up to the ridgelike summit. An untouched virgin forest covers these slopes — principally splendid white pines, mixed with some yellow pine, and in low and sandy spots also scrub pine. In very moist places, immediately at the foot of ridges or vertical precipices, where deep beds of mold accumulate, the hemlock spruce (Abies Canadensis) reaches 160 feet, and probably over, and a diameter of six feet. Prostrate and decaying trunks are com- pletely wrapped up in mosses, liverworts, and lichens, for which this region is a selected homestead. Embedded in the soft pillows of moss, some delicate, shade-loving plants enjoy a well-protected and concealed existence — the mountain bluets (Honstonia serpylli- folia), the frail and subtle Circaea alpina, the Canada and downy yellow violet (Viola Canadensis and Viola pubescens) , and the span- high Mitella diphylla, or miter wort, with a spike of white flowers, followed by miter-shaped seed capsules. The wood sorrel (Oxalis Acetosella) , and the low-creeping partridge berry nestle close and snug in cushions of sphagnum, hypnum, and climacium. Above Mundic Bluff a granitoid, heavy bedded rock sets in. It is of gray- ish color, hard, and but little prone to weathering (Grauivake) . A thin crust of soil which has formed upon it supports a grayish- green club moss (Sclaginella torlipila) , a low and diffusely- branched willow grass (Vraba ramosissima) , the shrubby St. Johmswort (Hypericum BucMcyi). Where the debris has accu- mulated, and water trickles down from the overhanging cliffs, there nod the golden panicles of the Lysimachia Fraseri, and the climb- ing shrub Decumaria barbara drapes the walls. THE BIG FROG MOUNTAIN. A short distance up the road, the river must again be forded to reach some secluded mountain homes called " Beyers Settlement," from whence the ascent of the mountain is most direct and easiest. I made the ascent in July, 1878, in company with some young friends and a guide. At an elevation of about 2,000 feet, with the Big Frog mountain right before us, we started at four o'clock in the evening, prepared to camp out at least one night. The entire party was on foot, a mule carrying the package. A somewhat level place, about two-thirds up the mountain, called the " Sugar Orchard," from the sugar maples which cover this place, was chosen for the camping place, and early in the morning we accomplished the as- cent. Tennessee Flora. it At this altitude, from camp to summit, from 3,500 to near •'• feet, the reduction of mean temperature corresponds aboul with the mean temperature of the latitude of Northern Ohio, a differei eight degrees of latitude. Various shruhe and herbaceous plants, which are indigenous to the latter region, and do not uow inhabit the intervening territory, luxuriate in this coo] and cloud-enveloped zone. The glory of the prairies has passed away in the Middle and Northern States, but their untainted splendor survives here in these untrodden mountain meadows, although very limited in extent. Trees become scarce and more scattered, with greai bald Bpaces between, with very low trunks in proportion to size of limb and crown. The chestnuts ramify so close to the ground thai the lower limbs can be grasped with the hand. The varieties on the sum in it are chestnut, red oak, yellow birch, mountain maple (Acer spica- tum } ) mountain ash (Pyrus Americana), white and v<<] cherry (Prunus Pennsylvania!), and chock cherry (Primus Virginiana). Of shrubs, we find the round-leafed currant (Ribes rotundifolium i. two or three species of blueberries (Vaccinium hirsutum and /'< nn- sylvanicum), the creeping wintergreen (GauLtheria procuml arborescent azalea (Azalea arborescent) , Stuartia (Stuartia pen- tagyna), and two species of holly (Ilex monticola and Ilex mollis), and a low, grayish willow (Salix humilis). The gems of .this great conservatory, however, are the herba- ceous plants, which thrive here with unusual vigor. The Carolina lily, with stems seven feet high, surrounded by a pyramidal raceme of deep orange and black-spotted blossoms, often as many as twenty-five, is very abundant; likewise the Melanthium Virgimcum, five to six feet high, with hundreds of small, star-shaped, cream- colored flowers in an immense spreading panicle; the Stenanthium augustifolium, also a liliaceous plant, resembling the former, flow- ers greenish white, in a tall raceme; the purple flowering raspberry (Eubus odoratus), with simple five-lobed leaves and coryn large, showy, purple blossoms, the whole plain very fragranl and clammy. The cow parsnip (Heracleum lanatum) spreads its and woolly leaves broadly over the ground, and lifts its flat umbels above a man's head. White and yellow Baptisiaa and i tea (Monarch, didyma) contribute freely to this unaurpaflsab play. The blue joint grass (Galamagrostis Canadensis) and the Muhleribergia Willdenovii arc the principal grasses, both tall and 18 Tennessee Flora. slender. A pleasantly odorous fern (Dicksonia punctilobula) and Aspidium spinulosum cover moist depressions of the ground. SMOKY MOUNTAINS. A type of flora somewhat different from this from the admixture of truly Alpine or high Northern plant forms crowns the still loftier summits of the Smoky Mountains and the Eoane Mountain. The mountain defiles and coves on Doe River and Watauga River are traversed by a narrow-gauge railroad, which presently terminates at the Cranberry Iron Works, and a stage road leads up to Cloud- land, a mountain resort on the summit of Roane Mountain, at an altitude of 6,600 feet. Yellow and white pine, and also the table- mountain pine (Pinus pun gens) predominate on the mountain sides ; but white oak, chestnut, cherry, sugar maple, and also walnut and hickories, strong and densely grown, hold the lower grounds and river banks. In these moist and shady gorges abounds the Dicentra eximia, a beautiful plant. It is a variety of the bleeding heart, a well-known garden ornament. The Adlumia cirrhosa, or climbing fumitory, a very graceful plant, also frequently cultivated in gardens, yet common in Northern New York and the Western States, accompanies the former. A peculiar and very rare shrub, not known elsewhere, the Buckleya distichophylla, and the oilnut (Pyrularia oleifera), the beaked hazelnut (Corylus rostrata), the scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia), and other shrubs which are also common in the Ocoee region form the undergrowth. The smooth- leaved Dutchman's pipe (Aristolochia Sipho), the climbing bitter- sweet (Celastrus scandens), two species of. Lonicera, and the bush honeysuckle {Dier villa sessilifolia) are lovely and odd-shaped climbers or bushes. Magnolia Fraseri abounds here. It is beyond the scope of this sketch to enumerate the species for which the high summits are famous among botanists. The discovery of the sand myrtle (Leiophyllum buxifolium) , a native of the sandy pine bar- rens of New Jersey, on the summit of Roane Mountain, is a curious incident in plant geography. Rhododendron Catawliense, several Saxifragas and Solidago §lommerta, monticola, spithamea, the Diphylleia cymosa, Chelono Lyoni, Cardamine Clematitis, Paro- nychia argyrocoma, Sedum Rhodiola, Geum radiatum, Geum ge- niculatum, Boykinia aconitifolia may serve as examples of rare plants. Another range of mountain flora we find in the Cumberland Thinnesses Flora. 19 Mountains. Selecting the Lookout near Chattanooga for a type, we find its summit wooded with Quercus Prinus, Quercus rubra, Quercus alba, Quercus obtusiloba, and Quercus rrigra; Pinus mops, Pinus Tceda, Pinus mitis; Betula lutea, Gleditsehm, Irianuitlms, Robinia Pseudacacia, several Caryas and C. microcarpa among them. Of -shrubs: Robinia hispida, Diervilla rivularis, Hex mollis, Stuartia pentagyna. Hydrangea radiata, and again (bul very rare) Buckleya distichophylla, Nemopanthes Canadensis, and in a swamp Dirca palustris. Of herbaceous plants: Utricularia gibba, luncus Canadensis, and Arundinaria tecta. On flat rocks: Diamorpha pusilla, Fimbristylis capillaris, Kriyia Virginica, Arenaria glabra. On the cliffs of the crest : 8tipaavenacea,8Uene rottfndifolia, Linaria Canadensis, Campanula divaricata, Thalictrum clavatum. Near the base of the mountain, on limestone ledges: Gah'sia. hictn-in /<■<. Callicarpa Americana, Triosteum perfoliatum, Silphium brachi- atum. The Cumberlands excel the Alleghaniea in a greater variety of ferns. Besides all species of the latter, we also find here As* plenium Bradleyi, Asplenium pinnatifidmn, Lygodium palmatum, .Scolopendrium vulgare, and Trichomanes radicans, Asplenium ri- ride, Adiantum ca pill us Veneris. MIDDLE TENNESSEE. The next division embraces the valley of East Tennessee and the entire area of Middle Tennessee. Contour of surface and geological structure result in Easf Tennessee from the combined processes of folding and erosion, whereby heterogeneous Btrata are placed in juxtaposition, the whole valley being an often-repeated series of synclinals and anticlinals of calcareous and siliceous rocks, while in Middle Tennessee erosion alone had been at play. A great fault connected with the upheaval of the Pine and Grab Orchard Mountains, and in a line south of it. an eroded an- ticlinal, the Sequatchie Valley, designate in the Cumberland Moun- tain region the western terminus of those convulsions which in- volve the problem of the stratographv of the Alleghanies in so difficulties. West of this line spread out the horizontal Btrata of the Cumberland table-land, which terminates with an abrupl de- scent of about 1,000 feet upon the highlands of Middle Tenn< These in turn overreach and encircle the floor of the basin of Middle Tennessee by from 500 to 600 feet, either in a bluff or through a gradual descent. 20 Tennessee Flora. The succession of strata is normal throughout: Uppermost sub- carboniferous limestone and chert, followed by the Devonian shale; lastly, the lower Silurian. Irregular basins, crossed and intersected by ridges of from 400 to 600 feet elevation, and this lower terrace again girded by a plateau, is the outline of Middle Tennessee. This shape of surface is the effect of unequal erosion through differently constituted strata. This agency has been in bygone epochs, probably during the Cham- plain, much more energetically at work than at the present day. Some superficial gravel beds and the iron ores in the western part of Middle Tennessee have probably been deposited at this period. The floor of this denudation lies either in the Nashville (Hudson) or Trenton limestone, while the hilltops are Devonian or subcarbon- iferous shales or chert, sometimes sandstones. The limestones pro- duce the strongly calcareous, very productive soil of the lower grounds. The disintegration of the Devonian shales resulted into strata of heavy, impermeable beds of clay or loams, and the con- comitant swampy lands and the cherty and siliceous beds have yielded the angular gravels of the poor hilltops. The difference of elevation is so slight that it cannot essentially affect vegetation, and the greater or less adaptation only of plants to certain soils causes their appearance or disappearance at the limits of particular geological areas. The phosphatic rocks belong to this group. Alluvium is restricted to river and creek bottoms. The heavy and fertile clay soils of the uplands are the insoluble residuum of the fossiliferous, argillaceous limestones, with more or less com- plete lixiviation of the lime by atmospheric precipitations. In the midst of these is a third class of soil, of black color, full of bog iron ore in the shape of rounded grains. Sulphurated ferrugineous springs, decomposition of pyritical limestones, accompanied by perennial growth of cane, have, as it seems, generated it. Increase in annual range of temperature and greater dryness of air, as compared with the former regions, cause the mountain flora to disappear and to yield to other designs in nature's garb. A close botanical inquiry into the array of species soon discloses the fact that different assemblies of species congregate in the lime- stone and argillaceo-siliceous region. The former includes the glades ; the latter, the barrens, of Middle Tennessee. Glades are thinly-wooded, unarable lands, with shallow soils, fit only for pastures. They ought to remain in their natural state, Tennessee Flora. 21 undisturbed by cultivation. To clear them La to convert them into deserts. In some parts they are exclusively occupied by the cedar, with a small percentage of deciduous trees intermingled. Trees distinguishing this ground and region are the overcup oak (Querent lyrata), bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), in moist soils; the water Spanish oak (Quercus Texana), in wel land-. The former two are the largest of our oaks. The yellow chestnut oak (Quercus Muhlenbergii) grows in wel and dry soil. The shin- gle oak (Quercus imbricaria), with undivided lanceolate leaves, like the willow, makes a large, well-shaped, and very ornamental tree. White oaks, post oaks, black oaks, and red oaks are equally dissemi- nated. Elms, very large and numerous, add four species. Two va- rieties of shellbark hickory belong to rich bottoms, and mocker-nut and pignut hickory to the hills. The pecan nut (Ccvrya olivceformis ) occurs here and there in single old trees, probably planted by settlers. Black walnut (Juglans nigra) has formerly been co- pious; white-walnut is scattered along the river and creek banks and swamps. The Ohio buckeye abounds on the north Bide of Cumberland Eiver. In Hadley's Bend, near Edgefield Junction, are groves of holly with 20-inch diameter of trunk. Catalpas are Tare, but the yellow wood (Virgilia lutea) and the coffee t ree I Qym- nocladus Canadensis) are very numerous on the rich hillsides Bouth of Nashville. Altogether, we have about one hundred different kinds of timber in the immediate vicinity of Nashville. The climbing form of growth is an eminently Southern type, lov- ing rich soils and moisture, addicted to the forest which it is des- tined to embellish. Multiform ligneous and herbaceous climbers, stragglers, and creepers tangle and barricade the woodland-. Five different grapevines fill the air in May with the sweet fragrai their flowers — the summer grape (Vitis CBstivalis) on dry or ground; the winter grape (Vitis cordifolia) on rich and moist lands, especially river banks. A variety of tin- with lobed ■ (Vitis riparia) grows copiously on Mill Creek. The rock e (Vitis rupestris), on rocky bluffs, is a Western species, not discov- ered before east of the Mississippi. All these hear edible fruit, and are serviceable for root grafting with imported varieties, such vines being more resistant to the aggression of the root phylloxera. Two species with inedible fruit (Vitis indivisa and Vitis bipinnaia) may also be mentioned. The woolly-leaved Dutchman's pipe I tolochia tomentosa), the wistaria, the bignonia, and the trui 22 Tennessee Flora. flower bear beautiful or curiously-shaped flowers, but the unsightly smilax threatens with his thorns the vexed explorer. Several plants held for exclusively Western have lately been observed around Nashville. The Solarium rostratum — from the tribe of the Irish potato — with golden flowers, foliage like the watermelon, elegant looking, but unapproachable from the prickles and thorns with which it is beset all over, is such an intruder, and a very undesirable one, being an inexterminable, all-spreading weed; Oenothera triloba, a. dwarfish evening primrose, not more than a span high, with large yellow flower, a common plant on the plains; and some other less conspicuous weeds. Where the soil thins out, leaving here and there the rock exposed, or where from the collapse of subterranean cavities the strata are tumbled about in confusion and earth and humus irregularly distributed, there the heavier timber growth gives out, and the cedar is the predominant growth. Its far-searching roots descend into the crevices and cavities of the age-worn rock. The somber tint of the cedar delineates a cedar- barren from its surroundings at a distance, and serves within its'. environs to bring out with dazzling vividness the beautiful green of the glade grass, aglow with rose-colored petalestemons, sky-blue lobelias, golden Leavenworthias, Schoenoliriums and shrubby hy- perieums. The pink stonecrop, Sedum pulchellum, covers acres of surface, yielding again to equal profusion of the delicate white- Arenaria (Arenaria patula), or a low, purple-flowered skullcap (Scutellaria nervosa). The Talinum teretijolium, span high, with fleshy leaves like a portulaca, the flower resembling the bloom of a phlox, but of the purest carmine, finds room for its tuberous root- lets in the smallest fissures. It will bear transplanting even while flowering, and grows well in the garden. Cream-colored and blue astragals (Astragalus Plattensis and Astragalus caryocarpus) , and a purple, large-flowered, and prostrate psoralea (Psoralea suba- caulis), phacelias, the blue false indigo (Baptisia australis), bluets, and the Carolina anemone (Houstonia patens, Anemone Caroliniana), verbenas, violets (especially the pansylike Viola pedata var, bicolor), the dwarf heliotrope (Heliotr -opium tenellum), the pale purple Phlox Stellaria (which deserves a bed in every gar- den), and many, many more assemble — a natural conservatory that could fearlessly challenge any flower garden in the combined effect of gayety and luxuriance. For truth, my honored Tennessee friends, go and see, and learn to appreciate and to preserve such Tennessee Flora. great ornaments of your native land. I cannol dwell longi this point; suffice it to say that the above are only a i'-w of the most obvious spring flowers, and thai every succeeding season has its own peculiar growth. The hop tree (Ptelea trifoliata), fragranl sumac (Rhus aromatica), Carolina buckthorn (Frangula Caro- liniana), Forestiera ligustrina, delightfully fragrant when flower- ing in July, the Callicarpa, with clusters of rosy flowers and violet berries, and several kinds of hawthorn, are the characteristic shrubs of these barrens. Hackberry, honey locust, winged elm, posl oak and shingle oak intermingle in limited oumbers with th«- cedar. The siliceous and argillaceous soils which surround tin- Silurian formation correspond to the cherty strata of the subcarboniferous and the blue or black shales of the Devonian formation. The for- mer is commonly called "gravelly hills," and support- a n and monotonous vegetation. Black-jack oak, Spanish oak, red oak. and black oak are prevailing, especially the former two. Posl oak and white oak attain only medium size. Chestnut, sourwood, mock- er-nut and pignut hickory are the principal t rees. The shrubbery is represented by the farkleberry (Vaccinium wrboreum), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), black huckleberry (Oaylussacia nosa),, Kalmias, purple azalea, chinquapin chestnut (Castanea puniUa), Xew Jersey tea (Cean-othus Americantts) and an im- mense amount of dwarf sumac (Rhus copallina), Lespedezas and Desmodimus, and later in the season several species of Coreopsis and Solidago. The common bra.ke (Pterin aquilina) and the beech fern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera) grow aboundantly. The sandy, loamy, or argillaceous soils of the shale contain some valu- able farming lands, but a good deal of it is either too light or too wet. The underlying slate seems to form impermeable strata, and in winter and spring large tracts of land are covered with shallow ponds, which disappear only from evaporation in the summer and autumn. These strata, underlie the Oak Barrens (Tullahoma). The vegetation is diversified and very interesting. The forest.con- tains a good selection of hardwoods, and the trees attain a good size. Water oak, willow oak. and white oak grow v.rv sweet gum and black gum, in abundance; poplar- and beech s, as many as in the calcareous soils: cedars, only solitary and rare; pines and firs, none at all. There are neither pines Qor firs the whole length of distance from Pulaski to Elizabethtown, Dear Louisville, Ky., nor are any found for a greal distance easl or \\< b1 24 Tennessee Flora. of this line (Nashville and Decatur Railroad). The scrub pine is the only species I ever observed in Middle Tennessee. I found it sparingly and confined to a limited belt in the hills around the confluence of the Harpeth and Turnbull Rivers, in Dickson County. Shrubs which are especially addicted to the Oak Barrens are the large-flowering hydrangea {Hydrangea radiata, at the Cataract, in Tullahoma), ltea, with small white flowers in drooping racemes; calycanthus, or Carolina allspice; service berry (Amelanchier Can- adensis), the narrow-leaved crabapple (Pyrus angustifolia), hazel- nut (Oorylus Americana) , and in wet lands the button bush (Ceph- alanthus occidentalis) , chockberry (Pyrus arbutifolia) , arrow- wood (Viburnum nudum) , Southern buckthorn (Bumelia lycioides), smooth alder (Alnus serrulata), dwarf gray willow (Salix tristis). The moist woodlands and swamps abound in showy orchids, lilia- ceae, and aquatic plants. Three species of flags (Iris versicolor, Iris Virginica, Iris cristata) , Turk's cap lily (Lilium superbum) , blackberry lily (Pardanthus chinensis), Zygadenus limantlnoides , narrow-leaved false hellebore (Stenanthium angustifohum) , fly poison (Amiantliium muscaetoxicum) . Several species of or- chids : Habenaria, Pogonia, Corallorrhiza, Calopogon, and Cypri- pedium; various Sabbathias, a host of Pycnanthemums, Asters, Gerardias, Helianthus, button snake roots (Liatris sqwarrosa, Lia- tris graminifolia) , and some very elegant grasses, the woolly beard- gross (Erianthus alopecuriodes, Eriantlms brevibarbis, and Erian- thus strictus), Indian grass (Sorghum nutans), wood reedgrass (Cinna arundinacea) . Among ferns we find a stately growth of Osmundas, especially the Osmunda regalis and Claytoniana, attain- ing three to five feet; the chain fern (Woodwardia angustifolia), Aspidium Goldieanum, also becoming sometimes four feet high; sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis). Rushes, sages, and grasses pre- sent themselves in interminable succession to the well-trained bota- nist who understands how to distinguish them. WEST TENNESSEE. The Tennessee River very nearly indicates in its northern course a geological division, flowing, as it does, along an ancient Devonian and Silurian shore line. A few miles west and parallel with the river rises the eastern escarpment of an undulating plateau of from only 200 to 300 feet elevation above the waters of the Ten- nessee River. This irregular table-land slopes gradually toward Tennessee Flora. the Mississippi River and terminates there in another bluff, which rises about 200 feet over the floods of the Mississippi. The eastern portion of this area is composed of cretaceous deposits, and the western portion is composed of tertiary and post-tertiary dep either sands or soft cretaceous shala Solid, often ferruginous, sandstones appear at the surface, scattered in Lncohereni masi We behold no longer limpid streams, rippling over rocky bot- toms, sided by cliffs and bluffs. Instead of them, we find lag and swampy borders, stretching along muddy-looking waters of sluggish streams. From distance already, before crossing the Tennessee River, we are in sight of towering cypresses. While a thousand miles from here they yet occupy the shore line of the Atlantic, here the shore line has receded to the Gulf and left the cypress behind. Their dimensions are truly enormous. The far-spreading roots emerge like sharp-backed ridges from the brownish Lagoon, gradually creep- ing up and girding with buttresslike projections the many-angled column. A perpendicular shaft ascends to a height of from I 150 feet and then spreads in a flat or hemispherical crown. Such I have seen, in 1864-70, near Johnsonville. Cypress BwampE along both big rivers, and many other extensive Bwamps and swampy lands are along every wafer course — the most, perhaps, along Big Sandy. It may, therefore, be expected that a great many more aquatic species and such as inhabit marshy land- exisl in this region than in either East or Middle Tennessee. Mv own experi- ence is, however, limited and restricted to one point on the M — sippi River — the regions of Brownsville. Humboldt. McKenzie, Hollow Rock, and Johnsonville, in which place- I have made inter- esting collections. In the cypress swamps and boggy lowlands we find the planer tree, or water elm (Planera aquatica) : the cypress ( Taxodium dis- tichum),the stateliest of our timber trees; the Bwamp locusl I ditschia monosperma) ; the tupelo gums (Xifssn. sylvatica and Nyssa aquatica) ; the mountain sweet pepper bush (Cle4hra acumi- nata), so frequent in the mountains of Kast Tennessee, Inn rare in Middle and West Tennessee: the Bwamp white i bicolor), the black alder (Ilex verticillata) , the Bwamp holly decidua), intertwined with the climbing bittersweei (Cekutrus scandens), and the supple-jack (Berchemia volvbUis). Two thorns (Rhamnus Carolirtiana and Rhamntu lana <. S. July, August. A. Ruta-muraria L. On limestone and siliceous rocks in the valleys and in the mountains. July, August. A. montanum Willd. Cumberland and Alleghany \fts. June-August. A. Bradleyi DC. Eaton. On standstone rocks, summit of Lookout Mountain; also Sewanee, E. Kirby Smith; Sequat- chee Valley, Middleton. June-August. ATHYRIUM Roth. O. C. Athyrium acrostichoides Desv. Athyrium thelypleroides Michx. Highlands of Middle Tennessee. A. Filix-foemina (L.) Bernh. Lady fern; common. I I S M. A. Filix-foemina angustum Willd. Bogs at Hollow Rock, West Tennessee. ADIANTUM L. Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L. Venus hair fern. Cumber- land Mts., near South Pittsburg, four miles fr.»m furnace, J. E. Wall, Jr.; also near South Pittsburg, with fronds two feel in length, by R. M. Middleton, Jr. May. June. 1/ A. pedatum L. Maiden hair fern. Rich, moist w< O. S. May-July. M. 30 Tennessee Flora. PTERIDIUM Scop. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Bracken fern. The larger form in rich, moist woods, Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. Pt. aquilinum pseudocaudatum (L.) Clute. A form common in siliceous soils, and gravelly hill lands. O. S. July-Sep- tember. PELL^A Link. Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link. Cliff brake. On exposed situations on limestone banks and cliffs. O. S. June-Sep- tember. CHEILANTHES Sw. Cheilanthes Alabamensis (Buckl.) Kuntze. Limestone rocks ; frequent in E. and M. Tenn. July-September. Ch. lanosa Michx. Ch. vestita (Sw.) Watt. Bluffs on Cumberland River, cedar glades under cedars, Mts. of East Tennessee. June-September. Ch. tomentosa Link. Bluffs on Ocoee River. Fronds often 2 feet long. Also South Pittsburg. Cumberland Mts. POLYPODIUM L. Polypodium vulgare L. On rocks and on the ground, Cum- berland and Alleghany Mts. Summer. M. P. polypodioides (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. P. incanum Sw. Covering trunks of trees, on rocks, and on the ground. O. S. June-October. SALVINIACE^] Reichenb. AZOLLA Lam. Azolla Caroliniana Willd. On a weir or millpond, near Riceville, McMinn County, and W. Tenn. cyprtss swamps. July. EQUISETACE^] Michx. EQUISETUM L. Equisetum arvense L. Field horsetail. Moist fields, Cave Spring, E. Tenn. E. robustum A. Br. Sandy banks of Mississippi River, W. Tenn. E. hyemale L. Common scouring rush. Along Holston River. J. K. Small. LYCOPODIACE^E Michx. LYCOPODIUM L. Club Moss. Lycopodium Selago L. Roane Mt. T. W. Chickering. L. lucidulum Michx. Sewanee. Rugbee. Mrs. M. S. Per- cival. Tennessee Flora. i i L. obscurum L. Ground pine. Lycopodium dendroitfeum Michx. Wolf Creek, Cocke County. Cranberry, on Doe River. Cumberland Mts. L. complanatum L. Trailing Christmas-green. Over tin- Cumberland Mts. SELAGINELLACEJE Underw. SELAGINELLA Beauv. Selaginella tortipila R. Br. Dry rocks in Ocoee Valley. July-October. S. apus Sprengel. Moist, shaded grounds; often among the grass. O. S. June-September. S. rupestris (L) Spreng. Dry rocks and gravelly lull-. O. S. ISOETACE.^ Underw. ISOETES L. *Isoetes Butleri immaculata Engelm. Cedar glades near La- vergne. West Nashville (" New Town"), near Nashville. in miry grass plots. SPERMATOPHYTA. GYMNOSPERM.E. PINACEiE Lindl. PINUS L. Pinus Strobus L. White pine. Cumberland Mts. and prom- inently the Alleghanies along the slopes of the highest ridges, where it frequently constitutes two-thirds of the status of the forest over extensive areas, reaching an altitude of from ioo to 175 feet. It is a very clean and graceful tree. May. M. P. Virginiana Miller. P. inops Ait. Scrub pine. Rocky, dry mountain slopes. O. S. April, May. P. echinata Miller. Yellow pine. Spruce pine. P. mitis Michx. Formerly abundant, clading the lower ridges of the valley of East Tennessee; presently much reduced in num- bers. May, June. P. pungens Michx. f. Table mountain pine. Frequent in the Smoky Mt. range. Altitude from 40 to 80 feet. May. P. rigida Mill. Pitch pine. With the former, and of about the same size. May. *Dioecious, with a subglobose trunk, bright green, rather firm leaf. sometimes as many as 60, 6 to 9 inches long; sporangium, without spots; macrospores, 0.40-0.56 mm. diameter; microspores, 0.029-031 mm. long, spinulose. 32 Tennessee Flora. P. Taeda L. Loblolly pine. Old field pine. This pine is the most frequent in the southeast corner of the State, along Conasauga Creek, extending down into Georgia. A large tree reaches in favorable ground to a height of 150 feet. April, May. PICEA Link. Picea Mariana (Mill.) B. S. T. Abies nigra Ait. Black spruce. Highest points of the Smokies. On White Top Mountain. Southwest Virginia. J. K. Small. May, June. P. rubra Link. Red spruce. With the former. Both are slender trees. May. TSUGA Carr. Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carr. Hemlock. Along water courses Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. One of our largest forest trees, attaining a height of from 150 to 180 feet by from 6 to 7 feet diameter. April. M. T. Caroliniana Engelm. Abies Caroliniana Chapm. Does not grow to the sublime height of the former, scarcely ex- ceeding 50 or 75 feet. High mountains on the border of North Carolina. April. ABIES Juss. Abies Fraseri (Pursh.) Lindl. Pinus Fraseri Balsame Fir. Smoky Mts. Summit of Roane Mt. J. W. Chickering. May, June. TAXODIUM (L.) C. Rich. Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Rich. Cypress. The larg- est conifer in the Eastern United States. Along Tennessee River and Mississippi River in West Tennessee and their af- fluents, in the bayous and cypress swamps, it attains an alti- tude of perhaps 200 feet by 12 feet diameter near the ground. The extensive railroad trussels and bridges in West Tennes- see have been built from it. The wood stands exposure to wet and atmosphere better than any other soft-wood timber. May, June. THUJA L. Thuja occidentalis L. White cedar. Along Holston River in the mountains of E. Tenn. A. Ruth. JUNIPERUS L. Juniperus Virginiana L. Red cedar. Scatteringly O. S. Forming forests of nearly exclusive cedar growth in the basin of M. Tenn. Cedar glades, with a diversified and peculiar flora. April, May. Fruit matures in September and October. Tennessee Flora. TAXACEJE Lindl. TAXUS L. Taxus minor (Michx.) Britton. American Yew. Tax us baccata var. minor Michx. Waters of Holston River. [. K. Small. CLASS 2. ANGIOSPERMAE SUBCLASS 1. MONOCOTYLEDON i;s. TYPHACEJE J. St. Hil. TYPHA L. Typha latifolia L. Cat tail. In marshes. O. S. Fune, July. T. angustifolia L. Apparently rare. Ducktown, Polk County, near Kingston Springs. In ponds and ditches. Tunc. July. SPARGANIACEJE Agardh. SPARGANIUM L. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Cleveland. E. Tenn. ; Tullahoma; Nashville. May. S. androcladum (Engelm.) Morong. S. simplex var. Nut- tallii A. Gray. O. S. One-mile pond, Nashville, July. NAIADES Lindl. POTAMOGETON L. Potamogeton natans L. Floating pond weed. Wolf River, W. Tenn. Dr. Egeling. P. perfoliatus L. Wolf River, Memphis. Dr. Egeling. P. pusillus L. Wolf Creek. Cocke County. P. Spirillus Tuckerm. Pond at new bridge, Nashville. August. P. diversifolius Raf. P. hybridus Michx. Cumberland River, Nashville; Tullahoma Creek. Tullahoma. July-Sep- tembers P. foliosus Raf. P. pauciflorus Pursh. O. S. June-Au- gust. P. Nuttallii Cham, and Sch. P. Claytonn I uckerm. Mountain streams of E. Tenn. June-August. ZANNICHELIA L. Zannichelia palustris L. In ponds and springs. O. S. June-August. 2 34 Tennessee Flora. ALISMACE-E D. C. ALISMA L. Alisma Plantago-aquatica L. In shallow water. O. S. June-September. ECHINODORUS Rich. Engelm. Echinodorus radicans Engelm. Swamps along Cumber- land River. July. SAGITTARIA L. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broad-leaved arrow head. Ponds and shallow waters. O. S. August-September. S. latifolia pubescens Michl. East Tennessee. S. latifolia angustifolia Engelm. Hollow Rock, West Ten- nessee. S. graminea Michx. West Tennessee. VALISNERIACE^J Dumort. PHILOraiA Raf. Philotria Canadensis (Michx.) Britton. Elodea Canaden- sis Michx. (Anacharis Canadensis Planch.). Stagnant wa- ters. O. S. May-August. GRAMINE^E Juss. MAYIDE^J. ZEA L. Zea Mays L. Indian corn. Cultivated in many varieties, it constitutes the most important field crop in the State. Sometimes it is self-sown at the roadside, but it does not at- tain any growth without cultivation. M. TRIPSACUM L. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Gama grass. In moist pastures near Hickman. A large patch in the old graveyard in Nash- ville. June-September. i ANDROPOGONACE^E. ERIANTHUS Michx. Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell. Plum grass. Old fields, Dickson County. Tullahoma. September, October. E. strictus Baldw. Tullahoma. Swamps near lackson. S. M. Bain. Tennessee Flora. E. brevibarbis Michx. Mitchellville, Sumner bounty. E. contortus Ell. Hiwassee Vallev. A. Ruth. E. Smallii C. V. Nash. E. Ravennae Beauv. Frequently cultivated,. maturing seeds and spreading outside of cultivation. Jul v. ANDROPOGON L. Andropogon scoparius Michx. Broom grass. ( >ld fields. O. S. August-October. A. scoparius multirameus Haekel. Banks of Cumberland River. A. argyreus Schult. Ocoee Valley. Vicinity of Knoxville. Scribner. A. furcatus Miihl. A. provincialis Lam. O. S. Augusl September. A. Virginianus L. A. dissitiflorus Michx. O. S. August, September. A. Virginicus vaginatus Chapm. With the former. A. Elliottii Chapm. A. clandestinus Hale. ( Occurs in two forms promiscuously near Tullahoma: var. genuina and var. gracilis Hack. September, October. A. glomeratus (Walt.) b. s. p. a. macrourus Michx. Sandy soils. O. S. October. CHRYSOPOGON Trin. Chrysopogon avenaceus Michx. Wild oat grass. < ). S. Old fields. Ch. nutans (L.) Bentham. Old. sandy fields. Dick- mi Qounty; Knoxville, on dry hills. Scribner. SORGHUM Pers. Sorghum Halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson grass. ( >ld fields and waste grounds. O. S. July-September. Introduced for forage, but frequently abandoned as unsuitable for regular cultivation and inferior in nutritive qualities. S. saccharatum Pers. Chinese sugar cane. Largely culti- vated for production of molasses. S. saccharatum (var.) technicum ITaeckl. Broom corn. Cultivated for the manufacture of brooms. S. vulgare. Pers. Chicken corn. Occasionally cultivated for poultry feed. PANUK.K. PASPALUM L. Paspalum mucronatum Miihl. P. fluitans Smith. Slow- streams, floating. July-September. O. S. 36 Tennessee Flora. Paspalum membranaceum Walt. P. Walterianum Schult. Moist and miry soils, along Cumberland River, and in the barrens. September. P. distichum'L. Joint grass. Low grounds, margin of points. O. S. August, September. P. dilatatum Poir. Memphis. August, September. P. platycaule Poir. P. compressum Nees. Cultivated at the Knoxville Experiment Station. Scribner. P. pubiflorum glabrum Vasey. Vicinity of Nashville, Belle Meade. Scribner. Lake County, near Mississippi River. S. M. Bain. June-August. P. Boscianum Flugge. P. purpurascens Ell. Knoxville. L. F. Scribner. Hiwassee Valley. A. Ruth. September. P. Floridanum Michx. Moist fields, West Tennessee. S. M. Bain. September. P. laeve-pilosum Scrib. With the former. P. ciliatifolium Michx. Common in grass plots. O. S. July-September. P. longipedunculatum Le Conte. Frequent. O. S. July- September. P. longipedunculatum debile Michx. Damp, sandy soil, at the pond. Pond Station, Dickson County. July. PANICUM L. Panicum Crus-galli L. Barnyard grass. Barnyards, ponds, and ditches. O. S. August-October. P. Crus-galli muticum Vasey. Streets of Nashville. Au- gust, September. P. Waited Pursh. P. Crus-galli hispidum Torr. Very common O. S. in water and in barnyards. September. P. colonum L. Miry places along Cumberland River. La- vergne. September. P. gibbum Ell. Madison County. S. M. Bain. E. Tenn. A. Ruth. P. hians Ell. P. melicarium Michx. Memphis. Dr. Ege- ling. P. rostratum Miihl. P. anceps Michx. Moist places in the cedar glades, Lavergne. July. P. agrostidiforme Lam. P. agrostoides Trin. Wet ground. O. S. September. P. elongatum Pursh. P. agrostoides Miihl. Ditches and ponds. O. S. July-September. P. virgatum L. Islands in Cumberland River. Sandy soil in the barrens at Tullahoma. July-September. P. sphaerocarpum Ell. Cedar glades. The earliest of all our Panicums. May. Tennessee Flora. P. microcarpon M/iihl. P. multiflorum Ell. In moist and rich soils, Craggy Hope, Cheatham County. (>>-.n< Valley. June, July. P. Porterianum Nash. P. latifolium Walt. ( ). S. Ap- pears early. May, June. P. commutatum Schult. P. nervosum Miihl. I Till - M. Tenn. May- July. P. Columbianum Scribn. Fide Illust. Flora. Appendix. P. macrocarpon Le Conte. Dry hillsides on Mill Creek, Nashville. July. P. clandestinum L. Rich soil along river banks. Nash- ville. July, August. P. Scribnerianum Nash. P. pauciflorum. A. Gray. Dry, siliceous grounds. July, August. P. laxiflorum Lam. Highlands, damp, rich woods. Inly, August. P. nitidum Lam. Siliceous soils, vicinity <>f Nashville and Knoxville. Scribner. P. dichotomum L. Thickets. O. S. May- July. P. barbulatum Michx. With the former. ( >. S. June- August. P. viscidum Ell. O. S. .Madison County. S. M. Bain. Hiwassee Valley. A. Ruth. June. P. scoparium Lam. (var.) genuinum. W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. Cedar glades. July. P. scoparium minus Scribner. Hilltops around Nashville. P. depauperatum Miihl. Drv, siliceous soil. M. ! July. P. pubescens Lam. P. lanuginosum Ell. In the cedar glades. June-September. P. angustifolium Ell. P. consanguineum S. Watson. Henderson, W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. Knoxville. Scribner. P. proliferum Lam. P. genieulatum Miihl. Ditches and ponds. O. S. July-September. P. capillare L. Witch grass. Sandy, activated ground. O. S. July-September. *P. capiilare Gattingeri Nash. P. ca ullare var. compestre Gattinger (in "Tennessee Flora," firs' edition). Common in the cedar glades. September. *Panicum capillare L.. var. Bexile tattinger, is eith< tin 1 forms of P. capillare, or an annual variety of P. autumnal R which it resembles greatly, especially in smootbness and form of spikelets. It is very smooth above, with lome hairs <>n the lower part of culm and leaves; culm \ Lder, panicle rather small, and branches not spreading unt;; ,',,,, ma {ar« ipikelete are ready i«» drop off; leaves linear, gradiy aJ]v attenuate, <> f ■ p:i1 '' preen color ' u ;,1,oun,,s in the cedar glades, and is rarely seen out? i(ie of tn,MU 88 Tennessee Flora. P. flexile (Gattinger) Scribner. Cedar glades; very com- mon. July-September. Characteristic of the glades. P. minus (Muhl.) Nash. P. capillare var. minimum En- gelm in litt. Loamy fields, near Rising Sun Bluff, below Nashville. P. verrucosum Miihl. Bogs along Cumberland River. Mitchellville. July. SYNTHERISMA Walt. (Digitaria Scop.) Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Nash. Digitaria sanguinalis Scop. Crop grass. Yields a spontaneous crop of hay in corn- fields at the close of the growing season. September, Octo- ber. S. linearis (Krock.) Nash. (Panicum glabrum Gaud.) Pastures and waste grounds. A very valuable pasture grass, maturing later than the forrner. Middle Tennessee. Sep- tember, October. S. filiformis (L.) Nash. Digitaria filiformis Miihl. Pan- icum filiforme L. In siliceous soil. O. S. July-September. S. serotina Walter. P. serotinum Trin. Glades. Septem- ber. IXOPHORUS Schlecht. (Setaria Beauv.) Ixophorus verticillatus (L.) Nash. Setaria verticillata B^auv. Fox tail grass. Sparingly found in fields and gar- de is. Introduced. July-September. 1. glaucus (L.) Nash. Setaria glauca Beauv. Yellow fox tail. Pigeon grass. Introduced and now ubiquitous. July- September. I. glauc js-laevigatus Chapm. Cedar glades ; very common. July-September. I. viridis (L.) Nash. Setaria viridis Beauv. Introduced and now ubiqui. "us. July-September. I. Italicus (L.) Nash. Setaria Italica R. & S. Hunga- rian grass; Italian n : llet. In cultivation and frequently es- caped into waste places July-September. I. Germanicus (Beau. ) Nash. Setaria Germanica Beauv. German millet. Both millets give important hay crops. July- September. CENCHRUS L. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Burga§£- On the san dy ^ ats along Mississipppi River. yp re q Uen tly' intermixed with equis- etum robustum. Augugf Tennessee Flora. PENNISETUM Pers. Pennisetum typhoideum Rich. Pearl millet. [ntrodu from the Orient; it is sometimes cultivated. ORYCE.E. ZIZANIA L. Zizania aquatica L. Indian rice. Near Humboldt, W. Tenn. Guthrie, Ky. ORYZA L. Oryza sativa L. Rice. A variety called " upland rice " is here and there cultivated on a small scale in W. Tenn. M. HOMALOCENCHRUS Meig. (Leersia Swartz.) Homalocenchrus Virginicus Britt. Leersia Virginica Willd. White grass; shady an8d damp locations. O. S. July-Sep- tember. H. oryzoides (L.) Poll. In swamps and along streams. O. S. July-September. H. lenticularis (Michx.) Scribn. Catch-flv grass. W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. PHALARIDE^. PHALARIS L. Phalaris Canadensis L. Canary grass. Food for canary birds, whence it frequently escapes. Ph. arundinacea L. Reed grass. Introduced, witli the next. Ph. arundinacea picta L. The ribbon grass is frequently found in gardens and survives in abandoned garden plots, but the genuine Ph. arundinacea I have never seen in Tenn spontaneous. ANTHOXANTHUM L. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet vernal grass, [s fre- quently found in meadows in E. Tenn.. in which part of the State it seems to thrive best. Introduced with grass from Europe, it imparts the hay a sweet flavOr. agrostidrt:. aristida l. Aristida dichotoma Michx. Poverty grass. In poor, sandy soils. O. S. September, October. A. gracilis Ell. In glades and sterile soils, with the former. September, October. 40 Tennessee Flora. A. ramosissima Engelm. Sandy soil, Humboldt, W. Term. July-September. A. purpurascens Poir. Paradise Ridge, Robertson County. J ul >'- , ~ «. A. oligantha Michx. Dry, gravelly soils. O. S. STIPA L. Stipa avenacea L. Black oat grass. Charleston, Bradley County; summit of Lookout Mountain. May, June. MUHLENBERGIA Schr. Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Miihl.) Trin. Rocky woodlands, O. S. August, September. M. Mexicana (L.) Trin. Thickets along water courses. O. S. August, September. M. sylvatica Torr. Damp woodlands. O. S. September,. October. M. tenuiflora (Willd.) M. Willdenovii Trin. Woodlands of Middle Tennessee to the summits of the Smoky Mountains. July-September. M. diffusa Schreb. Nimble Will, Dropseed grass. Pas- tures and grass plots ; very common, and not liked by cattle. September, October. M. capillaris (Lam.) Trin. A very graceful grass, with light purple panicle. In a cedar glade at Lavergne. July, August. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. B. aristatum R. & S. Dry woodlands. O. S. July-September. PHLEUM L. Phleum pratense L. Timothy. Gives the best hay crop in the State. July, July. ALOPECURUS L. Alopecurus pratensis L. Meadow foxtail. In meadows ; introduced with other grass seeds. Scarce. June, July. A. geniculatus L. Wet places. May-July. A. geniculatus aristulatus Torr. In similar localities. Charlotte Pike, near West Nashville (" New Town "). June. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth. Cedar glades at La- vergne ; Knoxville. Scribn. October. Tennessee Flora. u S. vaginaeflorus (Torr.) Wood. S. minor Vasey. Poverty grass. Sterile, rocky places; very common. August-October. S. neglectus Nash. S. vaginaeflorus Vasey. With th< mer. September, October. S. Indicus (L.) R. Br. Sweet grass. Sandy soils in the Cumberland Mts. and in the oak barrens. June-September. CINNA L. Cinna arundinacea L. Indian reed grass. Wet, rich wood- lands. O. S. A form smaller throughout is found on Paradise Ridge. August, September. C. pendula Trin. On Roane Mountain. L. F. Scribner. AGROSTIS L. Agrostis alba L. Redtop, herd's grass. ( me of the princi- pal meadow grasses. Sometimes extensively Stoloniferous. July, August. A. exarata Trin. O. S. July-September. A. Elliotiana Schult. A. arachnoides Ell. Dry. siliceous ground. O. S. May-July. A. canina L. White Cliff Springs, Monroe County. July. A. rubra L. A. rupestris Chapm. Summit of Roane Moun- tain. July. A. intermedia Scribn. Common in damp thicket-. O. S. A. perennans Tuckerm. Open woodlands. O. S. July- September. A. Novae - Angliae Tuckerm. Along mountain streams, E. Tenn. Scribn. A. hyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. A. scabra Willd. In dry or wet places. A noxious weed, but not frequent. July. A. altissima Walt. A. elata Trin. Sandy soil, vicinity of Knoxville. A. Ruth. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Calamagrostis Canadensis Beauv. Blue joint. Roam- Mi Checkering. C. cinnoides (Miihl.) Scribn. C. Xuttalliana Steudel. Frog Mts. and Cumberland Mts. July. August. avenace.t:. HOLCUS L. Holcus lanatus L. Velvet grass. Naturalized in E. Tenn. especially frequent in the mountains, in meadows a- well open grounds. June. July. 42 Tennessee Flora. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Mts. of E. Term., Ocoee Valley, and Lookout Mt. July. TRISETUM Pers. Trisetum subspicatum (L.) Beauv. var. molle Gray. Sum- mit of Roane Mountain. F. L. Scribner. July. T. Pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv. T. palustre Torrey. Moist places throughout the Alleghanies. June, July. AVENA L. Avena sativa L. Oat. Cultivated ; occurs frequently self- sown in fields and on roadsides. July. Our common oats are, perhaps, derived from the wild oats of Europe. Avena fatna L. a variable species, through culti- vation. There are distinguished two classes — " panicle oats," with widely-spreading panicles, and " banner oats," with pan- icles contracted and one-sided. Both of them vary again in the envelopment of the grain, being either " chaffy " or naked fruited. Oats are also distinguished by the color of the grain, as " white oats " or " black oats." Its cultivation reaches back into prehistoric times. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. Oat grass. Old City Cemeterv and in fence rows, vicinity of Nashville. June, July- DANTHONIA D. C. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Wild oat grass. Hilltops around Nashville, in siliceous soils. June. D. sericea Nutt. Cedar glades, Edgefield Junction ; dry soils in the ridges of E, Tenn. May, June. D. compressa Aust. Throughout the higher mountains of E. Tenn. July. CHLORIDES. CAPRIOLA Adans. Capriola Dactylon (L.) Kuntze. Cynodon Dactylon Pers. Bermuda Grass. Does not mature seed and has to be prop- agated by cuttings. Along river banks and in grass plots, where it soon suppresses the other grasses. July-September. SPARTINA Schreb. Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd. Marsh grass. Browns- ville, W. Tenn. September, October. Tennessee Flora. CHLORIS Sw. Chloris verticillata Xmt. As a weed in the garden of f. Rath, in Cleveland. May-July. GYMNOPOGON Beauv. Gymnopogon racemosus Beauv. Barrens at Tullahoma. July. BOUTELOUA Lag. Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. B. racemosa Lag. Mesguite grass; Grama grass. Cedar glades, Lavergne. July. ELEUSINE Gaert. Eleusine Indica (L.) Gaertn. Crab grass. Introduced, and noAv in every waste place. O. S. June-September. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Leptochloa mucronata (Michx.) Kunth. In cultivated grounds. O. S. July-September. festucej:. gynerium h. b. k. Gynerium argenteum Nees. The Pampas grass is frequent- ly cultivated for ornament, but is too tender to survive the winter in open grounds. ARUNDO L. Arundo Donax L. Reed. Cultivated for ornament, espe- cially the white-banded var. A. Donax variegata. The com- mon variety grows very tall (fifteen feet high), and both ma- ture seed, but do not spread beyond cultivation. July-Sep- tember. SIEGLINGIA Bernh. (Triodia R. Br.) Sieglingia sessleroides (Michx.) Scribner. (Triodea cu] J. F. Jacq.) O. S. In all soils. September, October. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. Frequent in E. Tenn, Scribn. Eragrostis major Host. E. poaeoides var. megastrachya Gray. In cultivated grounds. O. S. August, September. Introduced. E. Brownei Kunth. Low and decumbent. Differs from 44 Tennessee Flora. Eragrostis minor, and seems to be indigenous to the cedar barrens. July-September. E. Frankii Steud. Abundant in the cedar glades ; unpleas- ant smelling. July, August. E. pilosa (L.) Beauv. Naturalized from Europe. Fre- quent around Knoxville. F. L. Scribn. E. Purshii Schrad. Waste grounds, streets of Nashville. August, September. E. pectinacea (Michx.) Steudel. E. pectinacea var. specta- bilis A. Gray. Knoxville. A. Ruth. August, September. E. refracta (Miihl.) Scribn. Dry uplands and cedar glades. M. Tenn. July-September. E. secundiflora Presl. E. oxylepis Torr. Vicinity of Mem- phis. Dr. G. Egeling. E. hypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P. E. reptans Nees. Wet, sandy soils and river banks. O. S. Aueust, September. EATONIA Raf. Eatonia obtusata (Michx.) A. Gray. Hills on Cumberland River, below Nashville. May. E. Pennsylvanica Gray. Copses around Nashville ; com- mon. May, June. E. filiformis Vasey. Dry hills, Chester County. S. M. Bain. E. Dudleyi Vasey. Copses. O. S. April, May. MELICA L. Melica mutica Walt. Shaded hillsides and ravines. O. S. May, June. KORYCARPUS Zea. (Diarrhena Beauv.) Korycarpus diandrus (Michx.) Kuntze. Diarrhena Amer- icana Beauv. Rich soil; not very frequent. July-September. UNIOLA L. Uniota latifolia Michx. Creek and river bottoms. O. S. July-August. U. laxa (L.) B. S. P. U. gracilis Michx. In thickets. E. Tenn. F. L. Scribn. Nashville. July, August. U. longifolia Scrib. Perhaps a variety of the former. Tul- lahoma, Hiwassee Valley. A. Ruth. DACTYLIS L. Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard grass. Growing in tus- Tennessee Flora. socks, it is not adapted for meadow culture by itself; fully naturalized. June-October. CYNOSURUS L. Cynosurus cristatus L. Has been recently introduced to cultivation in this State, and is naturalized in Canada and the Eastern States. POA L. Poa annua L. Six weeks' grass. Introduced, and n<.. erywhere abundant; annual. March-< October, P. Chapmanniana Scribn. P. cristata Cbapm. Spring} places, West Nashville ("New Town"), mar Nashville; Knoxville. A. Ruth. P. compressa L. English blue grass. Introduced and thoroughly naturalized. May-July. P. pratensis L. Kentucky blue grass. Makes the besl meadows in calcareous soils. June-August. P. trivialis L. Occurs very rarely in this State. Intro- duced. P. autumnalis Miihl. P. flexuosa Miihl. Moist thickets Paradise Ridge, Davidson County. June. July. P. sylvestris Gray. Woodlands. O. S. May. P. alsodes Gray. Mts. of E. Tenn. F. L. Scribn. P. Wolfii Scrib. Cedar glades at Lavergne. May, June. P. brevifolia Miihl. Hillsides around Nashville. Knox- ville. A. Ruth. April, May. P. debilis Torr. On White Top Mountain. West Virginia, J. K. Small. Smoky Mts., E. Tenn. PANICULARIA Fabr. (Glyceria R. Br.) Panicularia elongata (Willd.) Kuntze. Glyceria elongata Trin. Roane Mountain. F. L. Scribn. P. nervata (W T illd.) Kuntze. Gylceria nervata Trin. Wei meadows ; common. O. S. June-September. P. acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze. Glyceria acutiflora Kuntze. One-mile Pond, near old waterworks, Nashville. June. P. pallida (Torr.) Kuntze. Edge of a millpond in Duck- town; July. P. Americana (Torr.) McMillan. Glyceria aquatica Smith. Bell's Bend, Davidson County; in low ground- near the Cum- berland River. June, July. P. fluitans (L.) Kuntze. In swamps and muddy places. O. S. FESTUCA L. Festuca octoflora Walt. F. tenella Willd. Hilltops, ceous ground, M. Tenn. ; common. April. May. 46 Tennessee Flora. F. rubra L. var. glauceseens Haeck. Rocky banks of Cum- berland River, near Nashville. June, July. F. Myuros L. Nashville, near lunatic asylum, introduced. Knoxville. Scribn. F. ovina L. Sparingly occurring ; introduced. Knoxville. F. L. Scribner. F. elatior L. Tall Fescue grass ; naturalized. The var. arundinarea Schreb. is found scatteringly in the vicinity of Nashville, the old Akin place. June, July. F. Shortii Kunth. Collected in the barrens near Tullaho- ma. It greatly resembles F. elatior. BROMUS L. Bromus ciliatus L. B. purgans L. Woods and thickets. O. S. July, August. The. variety purgans Gray differs but little in pubescence. B. sterilis L. Old field on Granny White Pike, near Nash- ville. June. B. hordaceus L. B. mollis L. Soft chess. In fields and waste places. O. S. June. B. secalinus L. Cheat, chess. A weed in grain fields. O. S. June-August. B. racemosus L. Fields and pastures. O. S. June, July. B. unioloides H. B. K. Recently introduced in this State in cultivation, and a plot of it was planted in the Centennial grounds. July. HORDEACE^. LOLIUM L. L. temulentum L. Darnel. Waste grounds. O. S. June- August. L. Italicum A. Br. Introduced and sparingly cultivated. A plot of it was cultivated at Centennial grounds. AGROPYRUM J. Gaertner. Agropyrum repens (L.) Beauv. Couch grass. An ex- tremely troublesome weed in fields and gardens, but not fre- quent in this latitude. Introduced. June-September. M. A. caninum L. Occasionally introduced with field and gar- den seeds. July, August. SECALE L. Secale cereale L. Rye. This State is in the southern limit of profitable culture of this cereal. Still found spontaneously growing in Southern Russia, its original home is apparently Tennessee Flora. \~ in the Caucasus and adjoining territories. First ve its culture are found in the Swiss lake dwellings. M. TRITICUM L. Triticum sativum L. Wheat. The origin of culture of the wheat in several varieties readies hack into prehistoric times. Grains are found embedded in Egyptian and Assyrian tiles. Indian and Hindoo myths relate its early use. as do likewise the sacred writings of the Hebrews. In our time we distin- guish the following varieties, some of which are extensively cultivated in this State : T. sativum hibernum L. Winter wheat. T. sativum aestivum L. Summer wheat. T. sativum nudum L. Unbearded wheat. T. sativum album L. White wheat. T. sativum rubrum L. Red or Mediterranean wheat. The following species and varieties are less common in cul- tivation and have, perhaps, never been tried in Tenness* T. turgidum and T. compositum L. Turgid wheat. The latter is only a subvariety. The spikes of T. compositum are compound or ramified. It yields very heavy crops, and is best adapted to warm climates. T. durum Desf. T. rubrum Kunth. Hard or horny wheat. Cultivated principally in Northern Africa and in Southern Spain. T. Polonicum L. Grown mainly in Russia. T. Spelta (L.) Spelt. This species is extensively culti- vated in Southern Germany, Hungaria. and Russia in the fer- tile heavy red clay soils of these countries. It forms very large and heavy grains which adhere to the chaff trout which they have to be separated like the chaff of the rice. T. dicoccum Schrank. Two-grained wheat; adapted to high altitudes, resisting severe cold. T. monococcum L. Single-grained wheat, reserved for the poorest rocky soils which would not support other varieties. HORDEUM L. Hordeum nodosum L. H. pratense Huds. Wild barley. Dry, rocky places. O. S. May. June. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Similar localities like the former. O. S. May, June. H. distichum L. Two-rowed barley. Long-eared barley. Heads flattened and two-ranked, husk attached to the gi Cult. H. distichum Zeocriton L. Battle-door barley, a variety ol the former. Cult. 48 Tennessee Flora. H. vulgare L. Grains arranged in four rows. Cult. H. hexastichum L. Grains arranged in six rows. Cult. The latter four species are found in cultivation only. They have ceased to mature germinating seed outside of cultiva- tion in our latitude. Hordeum distichum is still found in a wild state in Western Asia and in Arabia Petraea ; Hordeum hexastichum we know to have been cultivated in the remotest ages of which we possess records in Egypt and the Syro-Baby- lonian countries. ELYMUS L. Elymus striatus Willd. Wild rye. O. S. July, August. E. striatus villosus Gray. In the barrens with the former. O. S. July, August. E. Canadensis L. O. S. July. E. Canadensis glaucifolius Gray. In the cedar glades. July-September. E. Virginicus L. Very common. O. S. July. HYSTRIX Moench. Hystrix Hystrix (L.) Millsp. Bottle brush gr*ass. As- prella Hystrix Willd. In rocky ground. O. S. June, July. BAMBUSE^E. ARUNDINARIA Michx. Arundinaria gigantea Chapm. Cane. Forming the cane- brakes of all the Southern water courses. May- July. A. tecta Miihl, Small cane. In low and high lands. Summit of Lookout Mt. O. S. The cain reaches maturity and dies off when the shoots attain io°-i5° height, and bears seeds from auxiliary branches. A. tecta is merely a youn state throwing flowering shoots immediately from the roots. & CYPERACE.E J. St. Hill. CYPERUS L. Cyperus flavescens L. In marshy ground. O. S. August- October. C. diandrus Torr. With the former. July-September. C. rivularis Kunth. C. castaneus Torr. In wet soil. O. S. August-October. C. inflexus Miihl. C. aristatus Rottb. Glades and sandy river banks. O. S. July. C. pseudovegetus Steud. C. calcaratus Nees. Damp soils. O. S. July. C. acuminatus Torr and Hook. Cedar glades. Lavergne. My- Tennessee Flora. ig C. virens Michx. Brownsville. August. C. rotundus L. C. Hydra Michx. Old horticultural den in North Nashville. July. C. esculentus L. C. phymatodes Miilil. Yellow nut grass. A pest in cultivated grounds. O. S. August, Septemb C. esculentus angustispicatus Britt. A variety very com- mon about Nashville. C. erythrorhizos Miilil. River swamps. O. S. August, September. C. Hallei Torr. Reported from Tennessee in [llustr; Flora. C. speciosus Wahl. C. Michauxianus Torr. River banks and pools. Nashville. September. C. strigosus L. The most frequent species. O. S. Am October. C. strigosus capitatus Bcekl. C. strigosus compositus Britt. C. strigosus robustior Kunth. C. strigosus elongatus Britt. All these varieties arc found promiscuously in the same range. C. refractus Engelm. On dry, rocky uplands. Nashville. August, September. C. retrofractus (L.) Torr. Hollow Rock, W. Tenn. Au- gust, September. C. Lancastriensis Port. Dry uplands. Old Cemetery, at Nashville. August, September. C. ovularis Torr inch yar. robustus Boekl. and var. sphericus Boekl. Frequent in the glades of M. Tenn. C. filiculmis Vahl. Dry uplands, vicinity of Nashville, and O. S. June-September. C. echinatus (Ell.) Wood. C. Baldwinii Torr. Knoxville. A. Ruth. KYLLINGIA Rottb. Kyllingia pumila Michx. Miry places. O. S. July. Au- gust. DULICHIUM L. C. Richard. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton. Swamps along Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. August-October. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Eleocharis mutata (L.) R. & S. E. quadrangulata K. & S Bogs along Cumberland River. July-September. E. ovata (Roth.) R. & S. Bogs. O. S. July-September. E. Engelmanni Steud. E. ovata var. Engelmanni Britt. Damp soil in the barrens. July. 50 Tennessee Flora. E. palustris (L.) R. & S. Ponds and swamps. O. S. July- September. E. acicularis R. Br. Wet lands. O. S. July-September. E. tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. Barrens and highlands. O. S. July, August. E. acuminata (Miihl.) Nees. E. compressa Sull. Frequent along water courses. O. S. June-August. DICHROMENA Michx. Dichromena latifolia Baldw. Barrens at Tullahoma. June- August. FIMBRISTYLIS Wahl. Fimbristylis laxa Wahl. Cedar glades, Lavergne. July- September. F. autumnalis (L.) R. & S. Bogs and ditches. O. S. June- September. STENOPHYLLUS Raf. Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britton. Fimbristylis capil- lars A. Gray. Sandy soil in the Cumberland Mts. June, July. SCIRPUS L. Scirpus debilis Pursh. Bogs, W. Tenn. August, Septem- ber. S. lacustris L. Bulrush. In a marshy meadow near rail- road station, Cleveland, E. Tenn. June-September. S. fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray. Bogs along Ocoee River, E. Tenn. June-September. S. atrovirens Miihl. In bogs. O. S. June-August. S. polyphyllus Vahl. O. S. June, July. S. caespitosus L. Roane Mt., Chickering. S. sylvaticus L. Waters of Holston River. J. K. Small. June-August. S. carinatus (IT. & A.) Britton. Madison, W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. June-August. S. divaricatus Ell. Jackson, W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. June- August. S. lineatus Michx. Eriophorum lineatum Benth. & Hooker. Wet places in the glades. June-September. S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Eriophorum cyperinum L. In swamps. O. S. August, September. ERIOPHORUM L. Eriophorum polystachium L. Cotton grass. Mountain "bogs. E. Tenn. July. Tennessee Flora. :. i ^ E. Virginicum L. In bogs of the Cumberland Mts. June- September. HEMICARPHA Nees & Am. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl.) Britton. Bottom lands along Cumberland River, near Nashville. July, August. RHYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Rhynchospora alba Vahl. Bogs in the Cumberland Mts. and Alleghanies. July. Rh. glomerata (L.) Vahl. Bon Air. Tullahoma, Lookout Mt. August. Rh. fusca (L.) R. & S. Bogs in the Cumberland Mts. July. August. Rh. cymosa Ell. Bogs. O. S. July. August. Rh. corniculata (Lam.) A. Gray. Swamp-. I ». S. July- September. SCLERIA Berg. Scleria triglomerata Michx. Lookout Mt., -Tullahoma. July. Sc. pauciflora Miihl. Dry glades, Lavergne. June-Septem- ber. CAREX Ruppius Sedge. Carex follicularis L. Mts. of S. W. Va. J. K. Small. C. intumescens Rudge. Swamps along Cumberland River. E. Tenn. August, September. C. Asa Grayi Bailey. Swamps in W. Tenn. September. C. lupuliformis Sartw. C. lupulina var. polystachya Schw. & Torr. Swamps. O. S. August. C. bullata Schku. Swamps. O. S. June- August. C. lurida Wahl. C. tentaculata Miihl. Edgefield Junction, South Tunnel. August, September. C. Baileyi Britt. C. tentaculata var. gracilis Booth. In Tennessee (fide) Illustrated Flora. C. hystricina Miihl. Knoxville. A. Ruth. June-Augi C. Frankii Kunth. C. stenolepis Torr. Swamp-. June-September. C. squamosa L. Bogs. O. S. June-September. C. Shortiana Dewey. Tunnel Hill. Nashville, E. Tenn. Mav-Julv. C. scabrata Schwein. E. Tenn. Curtiss. May. June. June. C. vestita Willd. O. S. June. July. C. torta Boott. S. W. Va. J. K. Small. E. Tenn. A. Ruth. 52 Tennessee Flora. C. prasina Wahl. C. miliacea Miihl. Mts. of E. Tenn. May- July. C. crinita Lam. Cumberland Mts., Whiteside. June, July. C. virescens Miihl. Cumberland Mts., valley of E. Tenn. June, July. C. Caroliniana Schwein. Hiwassee Valley. Kearney. May- July. C. gracillima Schwein. Bogs. Jones' Bend, Davidson County, May-July. C. aestivalis M. A. Curtis. Clingman Dome, summit. Roane Mt., Chickering. June-August. C. oxylepis Torr. & Hook. Illustrated Flora for Tennessee. May, June. C. Davisii Schwein. & Torr. Bogs, near Nashville. May- July. C. triceps Michx. Glades of M. Tenn. April-August. C. tenuis Rudge. C. debilis Michx. Bogs. Summer County. June, July. C. amphibola Steud. C. grisea var. angustifolia Boott. O. S. April-June. C. glaucodea Tuckerm. C. grisea var. mutica Carey. Moist thickets. O. S. June, July. C. flaccosperma Dew. C. laxiflora var. mutica Torr. Thick- ets. O. S. June. C. granulans Miihl. Wet meadows. O. S. May-July. C. Crawei Dew. Cedar glades, Lavergne. May, June. C. oligocarpa Schk. Paradise Ridge, Jones' Bend, David- son County. June. C. Hitchcockiana Dew. Adjoining Tennessee, Southwest Virginia. J. K. Small. May-July. C. laxiflora Lam. Wet woodlands. O. S. May-July. C. plantaginea Lam. Ducktown, E. Tenn. Waters of Hol- ston River. J. K. Small. May, June. C. setifolia (Dewey) Britton. C. uburnea Boott E. Tenn. A. Ruth. May-July." C. Pennsylvanica Lam. Dry woodlands. O. S. May, June. C. varia Miihl. C. Emmonsii Dewey. Nashville, Knox. ville. A. Ruth. May-July. C. nigro-marginata Schwein. Dry copses, Nashville. May- July. C. Jamesii Schwein. C. Steudelii Kunth. Highlands. O. S. April, May. C. leptalea Wahl. C. polytrichoides Willd. Mountain bogs, E. Tenn. June-August. C. Fraseri Andr. Southwest Virginia, adjoining Tennes- see. J. K. Small. May-July. Tennessee Flora. C. juncea Willd. Roane Mt. Chickering. July. C. stipata Miihl. White Top Mt. J. K. Small. C. teretiuscula Goodw. Mts. of E. Tenn. May-July. C. vulpinoidea Michx. O. S. June-August. C. rosea Schk. E. Tcnn. May-July. C. retroflexa Miihl. Nashville. May-July. C. radiata Dewey. C. rosea var. radiata Britt. E. Tenn. A. Ruth. C. sparganioides Miihl. Rich woods. O. S. June-Auj C. cephalophora Miihl. Nashville. Kingston Springs. May-July. C. Miihlenbergii Schk. Nashville. May-July. C. sterilis Willd. O. S. May-July. C. canescens L. O. S. Nashville. May- July. C. brunnescens Poir. C. canescens var. alpicola Wahl. Summit of White Top. C. brunnescens gracilior Britt. With the former. Moun- tains of Southwest Virginia and perhaps in the Smokies. J. K. Small. June, July. C. cephaloidea Dewey. Paradise Ridge, Davidson County. May-July. C. tribuloides Wahl. C. lagopodioides Schk. E. Tenn. A Ruth. C. scoparia Schk. Mts. of E. Tenn. June, July. C. cristatella Britt. C. cristata Schwein. Southwest Vir- ginia. J. K. Small. C. macrokolea Steud. C. verrucosa Ell. Madison. \Y. Tenn. S. M. Bain. June-August. C. straminea Willd. O. S. June, July. C. Digitalis Willd. Low grounds. O. S. June. July. C. Careyana Torr. Southwest Virginia. J. K. Small. C. laxiculmis Schwein. White Top Mt.. Southwest Vir- ginia. J. K. Small. May, June. C. Atlantica Bailey. C. stellulata var. conferta Chapm. Jackson. S. M. Bain. June. C. Leavenworthii Dewey. E. Tenn. A. Ruth. C. Austro-Carolinensis Britton. E. Tenn. A. Ruth. ARACE^E Neck. ARIS^MA Man. Arissema triphyllum (L.) Torrey. Indian Turnip. in-the-pulpit. Rich, moist woodland-. O. S. April, May. M A. Dracontium (L.) Schott. Dragon root. With the mer. O. S. April, May. PELTANDRA Rat Peltandra Virginica ( L.) Kunth. < ). S. En swamps. July. 54 Tennessee Flora. SPATHYEMA Raf. Symplocarpus Salisb. Spathyema foetida (L.) Salisb. Symplocarpus foetidus Nutt. Mountain bogs, E. Tenn. ; Duck River, M. Tenn. Skunk cabbage. February-April. M. ORONTIUM L. Orontium aquaticum L. Golden Club. Cleveland, E. Tenn. With Peltandra. April. ACORUS L. Acorus Calamus L. Calamus root. E. Tenn. Perhaps from imported stock. Cultivated here and there. M. LEMNACEJE Dumort. SPIRODELA Schleid. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden. In all ponds. O. S. LEMNA L. Lemna trisulca L. Ponds and ditches. O. S. L. gibba L. Duck weed. In all ponds. O. S. L. minor L. With the former. L. perpusilla Torr. Shelby Pond, Nashville. June, July. WOLFFIA Horkel. Wolffia Columbiana Karst. Slightly submerged and fre- quently adhering to other aquatics. Stagnant ponds near Nashville. June, July. W. Brasiliensis Weddel. Floating on the surface. In a pond on the grounds of the Tennessee Hospital for the In- sane. June, July. XYRIDACEiB Lindley. XYRIS L. Xyris flexuosa Miihl. Yellow-eyed grass. In a swamp in Hadley's Bend, in Davidson County. Marshy regions in the oak barrens at Tullahoma. July-September. X. montana H. Ries. X. flexuosa var. pusilla Gray. Moun- tain meadows and brooks. Mts. of E. Tenn. July, August. ERIOCAULONACEJE. ERIOCAULON Lindl. Eriocaulon decangulare L. Pipewort. Mountain mead- ows of E. Tenn. June-October. Tennessee Flora. COMMELINACEJ-: Reichenb. COMMELINA L. Commelina nudiflora L. Day flower. Alluvial hank-. < » S. July, August. C. hirtella Vahl. Shaded bluffs, Nashville. Augusts ber. C. Virginica L. Copses. O. S. C. Virginica angustifolia Michx. Cedar glades of M. Tenn. July, August. TRADESCANTIA L. Tradescantia Virginiana L. Spiderwort. Rich woodland-. O. S. May. T. montana Schuttlw. Wolf Creek, Cocke County, E. Tenn. T. H. Kearney. June, July. T. brevicaulis Raf. Bluffs on Mill Creek. Nashville. June. PONTEDERIACE^: Dumort. PONTEDERIA L. Pontederia cordata L. Pickerel weed. Wild Goose Pond, near Mitchellville, Robertson County. June-October. HETERANTHERA R. & P. Heteranthera uniformis R. & P. Mud plantain. Ditches and ponds. O. S. August. H. limosa (Sw.) Willd. With the former. O. S. Ponds near Nashville. August. H. dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Schollera graminifolia A. Gray. Water star grass. E. and W. Tenn. JUNCACEJE Vent. JUNCUS L. Juncus effusus L. Common rush. In swamps and moist places. O. S. June-September. J. bufonius L. Toad rush. In clayey soil July-* tetober. J. tenuis Willd. Roadsides in damp soil; very common. O. S. June. J. secundus Beauv. J. tenuis var. secundus Engelm. 1 Tenn. Oakland Station*. Robertson County. J. setaceus Rostk. Along streams. ( >. S. June. July. J. repens Michx. Miry places in the barrens of M. Tenn. Tullahoma. June-August. J. marginatus Rostk. Mts. of E. Tenn. and in the oak rens of M. Tenn. June. 56 Tennessee Flora. J. pelocarpus E. Meyer. Tullahoma. July. J. articulatus L. Cleveland, E. Tenn. July. J. Canadensis J. Gray. Mts. of E. Tenn. August, Septem- ber. J. acuminatus Michx. O. S. Var. legitimus Engelm. Au- gust. J. acuminatus debilis (A. Gray). Engelm. J. robustus (Engelm.) Coville. Hollow Rock, W. Tenn. August, September. J. diffusissimus Engelm. Ponds in the barrens at Tulla- homa. J. leptocaulis Torr. & Gray. Cedar glades of M. Tenn. May, June. JUNCOIDES Adans. (Luzula DC.) Juncoides pilosum (L.) Kuntze. Wood rush. Luzula pi- losa Willd. O. S. April, May. J. campestre (L.) Kuntze. Luzula campestris DC. Wood- lands. O. S. June, July. MELANTHACE^E R. Br. XEROPHYLLUM Michx. m Xerophyllum asphodeloides Michx. Turkey beard. Dry woodlands, E. Tenn. A. Ruth. May-July. CHAM^LIRIUM Willd. Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray. Blazing star. Ch. Carolinianum Willd. Dry woodlands. O. S. May-July. M. CHROSPERMA Raf. (Amianthium A Gray.) Chrosperma muscaetoxicum (Walt.) Kuntze. Amianthium muscsetoxicum A. Gray. Fly poison. Boggy woodlands, E. Tenn. Cave Spring, Roane County. May, June. STENANTHIUM Kunth. Stenanthium gramineum (L.) Morong. St. angustifolium Kunth. Chilhowee and Cumberland Mts. July, August. St. robustum S. Watson. Wet ground. Tullahoma, South Tunnel, and in the Frog Mts., E. Tenn. July. ZYGADENUS Michx. Zygadenus leimanthoides S. Watson. Frog Mts., E. Tenn. July. Z. angustifolius S. Watson. Barrens at Tullahoma. June. Tennessee Floba. 57 MELANTHIUM L. Melanthium Virginicum L. Bush flower. High moun- tains of E. Tenn. July. M. parviflorum S. Watson. With the former. June, July. VERATRUM L. Veratrum viride Ait. American white hellebore. Indian poke. Wolf Creek and Bench Mt., Cocke County, E. Tenn. May-July. M. UVULARIA L. Uvularia perfoliata L. Bellworth. South Tunnel, Sumner County. Highlands of M. Tenn. May, June. . U. grandiflora J. E. Smith. Rich soil on the bluffs of Cum- berland River. Paradise Ridge. April-June. U. sessilifolia L. Oakland Station, Robertson County. June, July. U. puberula Michx. Oakesia puberula S. Watson. South- west Virginia, adjoining Tennessee. J. K. Small. LILIACE.E Adans. HEMEROCALLIS L. Hemerocallis fulva L. Day lily. Introduced and e£C; from cultivation. Near old homesteads. June, July. H. flava L. Introduced and sometimes astray. June, July. ALLIUM L. Allium tricoccum Ait. Wild leek. Mts. of E. Tenn. Tune. July- A. cernuum Roth. Wild onion. Frequent. 0. S. July, August. A. vineale L. Crow garlick. A weed in cultivated grounds. Old Citv Cemetery, Nashville. Tune, July . A. Alleghanense John K. Small. Buffalo Park, Wolf Creek. H. Allen. A. Canadense L. Moist thickets. O. S. May, June. A. mutabile Michx. Cedar glades. Lavergne. May. The following species are in general cultivation: A. Cepa L. The onion, in several varieties. A. sativum L. Garlie. A. Porrum L. Leek. A. Ascallonicum L. Shallot. A. Scorodoprasum L. Rocambole or potato onion. A. Schoenoprasum L. Chive. 58 Tennessee Flora. NOTHOSCORDIUN Kunth. Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton. Frequent. • O. S. March-June. LILIUM L. Lilium Philadelphicum L. Red lily. Cumberland Mts. Mrs. J. Bennett. L. Canadense L. Yellow lily. Moist woodlands. Para- dise Ridge. Mountains about Ducktown, E. Tenn. July. L. Grayi S. Watson. Summit of Roane Mt. Prof. A. Gray. Chickering. July. L. superbum L. Turk's-cap lily. High peaks of the East Tennessee mountains. Frog Mt. July. L. Carolinianum Mich. Mountain region of E. Tenn., ad- joining North Carolina. July. ERYTHRONIUM L. Erythronium Americanum Ker. Yellow adder's tongue. O. S. April. 31. E. albidum Nutt. White adder's tongue. White's Bend, below Nashville. Roane Mt., E. Tenn. Canby. QUAMASIA Raf. Quamasia hyacinthina (Raf.) Britton. Scilla Fraseri A. Gray. Wild hyacinth. Rich woodlands. O. S. April. SCHOENOLIRIUM Gray. Schoenolirium croceum Gray. Moist places in the cedar glades at Lavergne. May. ORNITHOGALUM L. Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Star of Bethlehem. Natu- ralized from Europe. Frequent in grass plots and fields. May-June. MUSCARI Mill. Muscari botryoides L. Grape hyacinth. Adventive from Europe. Escaping in adjoining fields. April. ALETRIS L. Aletris farinosa L. Star grass. Colic root. Frequent in the oak barrens. O. S. June. 31. YUCCA L. Yucca filamentosa L. Adam's needle. Drv, rocky ground. O. S. May. Tennessee Flora. CONVALLARIACE^l Lindl. ASPARAGUS L. Asparagus officinalis L. Escaped from cultivation and nat- uralized. May, June. CLINTONIA Raf. Clintonia borealis Raf. Summits of the Smoky Mts., White Top Mi, Pine Mt. S. W. Va. J. K. Small. C. umbellata Torr. Big Frog Mt., Smoky Mts. June. VAGNERA Adans. (Smilacina Desf.) Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong. Wild spikenard. Rich woodlands. O. S. May-July. V. stellata (L.) Morong. Solomon's seal. Waters of Hoi- ston River. J. K. Small. June. UNIFOLIUM Adans. Unifolium Canadense (Desf.) Greene. Smilacina bifolia var. Canadensis A. Gray. Summit of Big Thunderhead, Smoky Mts. May-July. DISPORUM Salisb. Disporum lanuginosum (Michx.) Nichols. Prosartes lanug- inosa Don. Rich woodlands. O. S. May. June. D. maculatum Benth. & Hooker. Prosartes maculata < ira\ . Mts. of E. Tenn. STREPTOPUS Michx. Streptopus roseus Michx. Smoky Mts.. Big Thunderhead. May- July. POLYGONATUM Adans. Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Hairy. Solomon's seal. Woods and thickets. O. S. April-July. P. commutatum (R. & S.) Dietrich. P. giganteum I Solomon's seal. In rich, moist woodlands. Along courses. May-July. CONVALLARIA L. Convallaria majalis L. Lily of the valley. Frequent in cultivation, but native of the higher Alleghanies. Little and Big Frog Mt., E. Tenn. May. June. M. MEDEOLA L. Medeola Virginiana L. Indian cucumber root. Cumber- land and Alleehanv Mts. May. 60 Tennessee Flora. TRILLIUM L. Trillium sessile L. Wake robin. Moist woodlands. O. S- April. T. recurvatum Beck. With the former. Nashville. Eaglesville, Rutherford County. S. M. Bain. April-June. T. grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Hills west of Nashville, Cumberland Alts., Knoxville. A. Ruth. April. T. erectum L. O. S. April. M. T. cernuum L. Lookout Mt., Ducktown. April. T. undulatum Willd. T. erythrocarpum Michx. Ocoee Val- ley, Polk County. White Top Mt., Southwest Virginia. J. K. Small. T. Underwoodii n. sp. J. K. Small in Torr. Botanical Bul- letin, April, 1897. North Carolina and Tennessee mountains. April, May. T. viride Beck. T. sessile var. Nuttallii S. Watson. Woods and glades. Tennessee to Missouri. April, May. T. luteum Small. ined. Rich woods. Knox County. A. Ruth. May. SMILACE^E Vent. SMILAX L. Smilax herbacea L. Carion flower. Woods and thickets. O. S. April-June. M. S. tamnifolia Michx. In dry soil. O. S. May^ June. Smilax ecirrhata S. Watson. Southwest Virginia, adjoin- ing Tennessee. J. K. Small. May, June. S. glauca Walter. Greenbrier. Dry, sandy soil. O. S. May, June. S. rotundifolia L. S. quadrangularis Willd. Greenbrier, Horsebrier. Very abundant in M. Tenn. S. rotundifolia crenulata Small & Heller. Waters of Hol- ston Riber. J. K. Small. June. S. hispida Miihl. Low, moist thickets. Nashville. O. S. June, July. S. Pseudo-China L. Sarsaparilla. Tuberous rootstock, lo- cally known as sarsaparilla. Along river banks and up to the mountains. March- August. M. S. Bona-nox L. S. tamnoides A. Gray. In thickets. O. S. April-June. S. laurifolia L. Foot of Lookout Mt. Memphis. An ever- green, useful for decorations. March-September. S. Walteri Pursh. In wet ground. Credited to Tennessee in Illustrated Flora. Tennessee Flora. 61 AMARYLLIDACK.E Lindl. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb. Hymenocallis occidentalis (Le Conte), Kunth. Pancra- tium Carolinianum L. Moist, meadow lands. I >. S. July- September. AGAVE L. Agave Virginica L. In dry soil. O. S. July. August. HYPOXIS L. Hypoxis erecta L. Star grass. In dry glades. ( >. > May. DIOSCOREACEiE Lindl. DIOSCOREA L. Dioscorea villosa L. Wild yam root. In moist thickets. O. S. June, July. M. D. Batatas L. Is sometimes found as an ornamental vim* in our gardens, but is not cultivated for its deeply-buried tu- bers. IRIDACE^E Lindl. IRIS L. Iris versicolor L. Larger Blue Flag. In marshes and thick- ets. O. S. May-July. M. I. hexagona Walter. On the western side of Tenn< River at Johnsonville. Hollow Rock. April, May. I. prismatica Pursh. I. Virginica Miihl. Abundant in the wet oak barrens east of Tullahoma. May, Juno. I. Germanica L. Fleur-de-lis. On an abandoned garden plot on Charlotte Pike, near Nashville. May. June. I. fulva Ker. I. cuprea Pursh. \Y. Tenn., near Humboldt. May, June. I. cristata Ait. On hillsides and in open woodlands. I V S. April, May. I. verna L. Cumberland Mts. Rugby. Mr-. Perciva!. April, May. NEMASTYLIS Nutt. Nemastylis acuta (Bart.) Herb. Ixia acuta Bart. Cred- ited to Tennessee in the Illustrated Flora. GEMMINGIA Fabr. (Pardanthus Ker.) Gemmingia Chinensis (L.) Kuntze. Pardanthus Chinen- sis Ker. Blackberrv lily. O. S. Very abundant. I lected it alreadv fifty vears ago in the remotest mountain 62 Tennessee Flora. glens, and think it is really indigenous, not naturalized from Asia. June. SISYRINCHIUM L. Sisyrinchium graminoides Bicknell. Blue-eyed grass. Sisyrinchium anceps Wats. O. S. April-June. S. angustifolium Mill. S. mucronatum Michx. O. S. May, June. ORCHIDACEvE Lindl. CYPRIPEDIUM L. Cypripedium reginae Walt. C. spectabile Salisb. Lady's slipper. Ducktown. June-September. C. hirsutum Mill. C. pubescens Willd. Paradise Ridge, near Nashville; Lookout Mt., and throughout the Cumberland Mts. May, June. M. C. parviflorum Salisb. Hills near Nashville. Mts. of E. Tenn. May-July. C. acaule Ait. Moccasin flower. Alleghanies and Cum- berland Alts. May. ORCHIS L. Orchis spectabilis L. Rich woodlands around Nashville. April, May. HABENARIA Willd. Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh.) Torrey. Slopes of White Top Alt., Southwest Virginia, adjoining Tennessee. J. K. Small. July. H. integra (Nutt.) Sprengel. Tullahoma, Mitchellville. Julv. H. bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. Waters of Holston River. J. K. Small. May. H. clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. H. tridentata Willd. Fre- quent in the Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. July, August. H. flava (L.) A. Gray. H. virescens Spreng. Bogs, W. Tenn. June. H. cristata (Michx.) R. Br. Sewanee, Cumberland Mts. July, August. H. cilaris (L.) R. Br. Edgefield Junction. E. Tenn. July, August. H. blephariglottis (Willd.) Torrey. Tullahoma. August. H. psycodes (L.) A. Gray. White Top Mt., S. W. Va. J. K. Small. H. peramoena A. Gray. Cedar Hill ; Mitchellville, Robert- son County. July. H. Michauxii Nutt. Grassy Cove, in the Cumberland Mts. Mrs. L. Bennett. July. Tennessee Flora. POGONIA Juss, Pogonia ophioglossoides ( L.) Ker. Snake-mouth. Hiwas- see, Polk County. June, July. P. trianthophora (Sw.) B. & P. P. pendula Lindl. In leal mold in the highlands of M. Tenn., Mitchellville, War Frequent. August, September. P. divaricata (L.) B. Br. Mts. of E. Tenn. July. P. verticillata Nutt. Sewanee. E. Kirby-Smith. July. GYROSTACHYS Pers. (Spiranthes L. C. Rich/. Gyrostachys plantaginea (Raf.) Britton. Spiranthes lati- folia Torr. Lady's tresses. Southwest Virginia, adjoining Tennessee. J. K. Small. June-August. G. cernua (L.) Kuntze. Spiranthes cernua L. Barrens around Tullahoma. August. G. praecox (Walt.) Kuntze. Spiranthes precox S. Watson. Grassy places. O. S. July, August. G. simplex (A. Gray) Kuntze. Harpeth hills, south of Nashville, in siliceous soil. Abundant. August, September. G. gracilis (Bizel.) Kuntze. Grass plots around Nashville. Barrens. September. LISTERA R. Br. Listera convallarioides (Sw.) Torrey. TwaJ-blade. Slopes of White Top Mt., Southwest Virginia. J. K. Small. June- August. L. australis Lindl. E. Tenn. A. Ruth. PERAMIUM Salisb. (Goodyera R. Br.) Peramium repens (L.) Salisbury. Goodyera repens R. Br. Rattlesnake plantain. O. S. P. pubescens (Willd.) McM. Mts. of E. Tenn. July. ACHROANTHES Raf. (Microstylis Nutt.) Achroanthes unifolia (Michx.) Raf. Microstylis ophioj soides Nutt. Adder's mouth. Cumberland Mts. Mrs. L. Bennett. Lemon's Gap. A. Ruth. LEPTORCHIS Thouars. I Liparis L. C. Richard.) Leptorchis liliifolia (L.) Kuntze. Liparis liliifolia L. C. Rich. W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. S. W. Va. J. K. Small. May-July. L. Loesellii (L.) McM. Water- of Holston River. J. K. Small. May-July. £4 Tennessee Flora. CORALLORHIZA R. Br. Corallorhiza Corallorhyza (L.) Karst. C. innata R. Br. Coral root. Highlands of Middle Tennessee. May, June. C. odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt. Harpeth hills, south of Nashville. July-September. M. C. multiflora Nutt. In leaf mold in dry woodlands. O. S. June, July. C. Wisteriana Conn. E. Tenn, Hiwassee Valley. R. Ruth. TIPULARIA Nutt. Tipularia unifolia (Miihl.) B. & P. T. discolor Nutt. Crane fly Orchis. Vicinity of Ducktown, in Fanning County, Ga. July, August. LIMODORUM L. (Calopogon R. Br.) Limodorum tuberosum L. Calopogon pulchellus R. Br. Grass pink. Mts. of E. Tenn. and oak barrens of M. Tenn. June, July. HEXALECTRIS Raf. (Bletia Nutt.) Hexalectris aphylla (Nutt.) Raf. Bletia aphylla Nutt. Parksville, Polk County. Dry hills east of Cleveland. Un- der pines (E. Tenn.), and also under oaks (hills of Davidson County). July, August. APLECTRUM Nutt. Aplectrum spicatum (Walt.) B. S. P. Aplectrum hyemale Nutt. Potty root. Mts. of E. Tenn. S. W. Va. J. K. Small. May-July. SUBCLASS 2. DICOTYLEDONES. SAURURACEJE Lindl. SAURURUS L. Saururus cernuus L. Lizard's tail. In stagnant waters. O. S. June-August. JUGLANDACEJE Lindl. JUGLANS L. Juglans nigra L. Black walnut. O. S. M. J. cinerea L. Butternut. White walnut. Creek and river bottom lands. O. S. April, May. Fruit ripe in October. M. J. regia L. The English walnut is sparingly introduced, and seems to grow well. Tennessee Floba. HICKORIA Raf. (Carya \ Hickoria Pecan (Marsh.) Britton. Pecan. Tennessee and Mississippi bottoms in West Tennessee. Some larg< the vicinity of Nashville have been planted by early settl H. minima (Marsh.) Britton. Carya amara Xuti. Swamp hickory. Bitternut. Swampy -rounds along Cumberland River below Nashville. May, June. Fruit in I October. H. ovata (Mill.) Britton. Carya alba Xutt. Shell hickory. O. S. May. Fruit in September. H. laciniosa (Michx. fil) Sargent. Big shag bark. King- nut. Carya sulcata Nutt. In rich soil. ' O. S. May. in September, October. H. alba (L.) Britton. Carya tomentosa Nutt. Mockernut. O. S. May. Fruit in October. H. microcarpa (Nutt.) Britton. Carya microcarpa Xutt. Lookout Mt. May. Fruit in October. H. glabra (Mill.) Britton. Carya porcina Nutt. I' hickory. Very frequent on the Cumberland Plateau. May, June. Fruit in October, November. *H. Carolinae-septentrionalis Ashe. Tennessee. (Vid lustrated Flora; Appendix, page 511.) SALICACE.E Lindl. POPULUS L. Populus alba L. Abele. White or silver-leaf poplar. Na- tive from Europe. Roadsides and yard-. Difficult to eradi- cate where it is undesirable. March. P. balsamifera candicans (Ait.) A. Gray. Balm of Gilead. Transplanted from the Northern territories, it escaped cultiva- *H. Carolinae-septentrionalis Ashe. A small tree attaining B max imum height of eighty feet and a diameter of two and one-half with gray bark, hanging in long, loose strips; bud Bcales, from to ten, imbricate, the inner greatly enlarging In leafing, and tardily deciduous; terminal bud, ovate-lanceolate, truncate, the seal ing. barely one-third inch long; lateral buds, oblong; I slender, one-eighth inch thick, glaucous, smooth, purplish bi staminate aments in threes, glabrous on short peduncles at be shoots of the season; stamens, glabrous: ovary, glabrous; liage blackening in drying, glabrous, ciliate, with few resil ules; leaflets, three to five; the two upper, three-fourths Inch to and one-fourth inches wide, four to six inches long, lai pair, often smaller; fruit. suDglobose,three-fourths Inch to one-fourth inch long; husk, soon falling Into four pieces; nul or brownish, much compressed, angled, cordate or BUDCOrdal thin-shelled; seed, large and sweet. 66 Tennessee Flora. tion, and is scatteringlv found in the woods in E. Tenn. April. M. P. heterophylla L. Swamp or downy poplar. In wet wood- lands. April, May. P. grandidentata Michx. Credited to our State in Gray's Manual. P. deltoides Marsh. Cottonwood. P. monilifera Ait. Fre- quent in all parts of the State. April, May. P. dilatata Ait. Lombardy poplar. Frequently planted, but short-lived in this State. SALIX L. Salix nigra Marsh. Black willow. Banks of streams. O. S. April, May. M. S. Wardii Bebb. Along Cumberland River, Nashville. April. S. lucida Miihl. Mts. of E. Tenn. April, May. S. Babylonica L. Weeping willow. Widely cultivated. O. S. Native of Asia. April. S. purpurea L. Basket willow. Introduced and cultivated for wickerware. March, April. S. humilis Marsh. Prairie willow. In the oak barrens in dry soil and on the high mountains. Summit of Big Frog Mt. April. S. tristis Ait. Dwarf gray willow. In dry barrens. Tul- lahoma. March, April. S. sericea Marsh. Banks of White Top Creek, S. W. Va. J. K. Small. May. S. petiolaris J. E. Smith. Frequent around Nashville. Grows to a tree thirty feet high. April. S. longifolia Miihl. S. fluviatilis Nutt. W. Tenn. April, May. S. alba L. Introduced from Europe. In moist soil. April. M. BETULACE.E Agardh. CARPINUS L. Carpinus Caroliniana Walt. American hornbeam. Water beech. In moist woods. O. S. April, May. Fruit ripe in August, September. OSTRYA Scop. Ostrya Virginiana (Mill.) Willd. Hop hornbeam. Iron- wood. In dry lands. O. S. April, May. Fruit ripe in July, August. Tennessee Flora. 67 CORYLUS L. Corylus Americana Walt. Hazelnut. From the mountains to the Mississippi bottoms, in which it forms widespi thickets. March, April. Nuts ripe- in July. C. rostrata Ait. Dense undergrowth in the Alleghai April, May. Nuts ripe in August. EETULA L. Betula nigra L. Red birch. A slender tree lining \. courses. Frequent in W. Tenn. April, May. B. lenta L. Sweet birch. Black birch. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. April, May. .1/. B. lutea Mich. Gray birch. Summit of Thunderhead. May. ALNUS Gaertn. Alnus Alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch. Mountain alder. Al- nus viridis DC. Mts. of E. Tenn. May, June. A. rugosa (Du Roi.) K. Koch. Smooth alder. In wet or hillsides. O. S. March. M. FAGACE.E Drude. FAGUS L. Fagus Americana Sweet. F. ferruginea Ait. American beech. O. S. Large forest tree, attaining from 50 t<> 120 feet in height. April, May. Fruiting in September, October. CASTANEA Adans. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Barkl. C. vesca var. Ameri- cana Michx. American chestnut. A large forest tree pre- ferring siliceous soil, attaining from 80 to 100 feet. Most nu- merous in the Cumberland Mts. June. July. Nuts ripe in October. C. pumila (L.) Mill. Chinquapin. A shrub or small tree, preferring siliceous soil. O. S. June. Nuts ripe in Septem- ber. QUERCUS L. Quercus rubra L. Red oak. A large tree attaining in rich land a height of 140 feet by 7 feet diameter. ( >. S. May. Acorns ripe in October, November. M. Q. Texana Bucklev. Texan red oak. A large tree when in suitable soil. O. S. April, May. Acorns ripe in Septem- ber, October. Q. palustris Du Roi o\ first edition. Q. coccinea Wang. Scarlet ( >ak. Big tree from So to feet high by from 4 to 5 feet diameter. < >. S. May. June. Acorns ripe" in September, October. 68 Tennessee Flora. Q. velutina Lam. O. tinctoria Bartram. O. coccinea var. tinctoria A. Gray. Black oak. Quercitron. Large forest tree. Maximum height, about 150 feet; trunk diameter, 5 feet. O. S. April, May. Fruit maturing the next season. M. Q. digitata (Marsh.) Ludw. Spanish oak. (Q. falcata Michx.) Maximum height, 90 feet by 5 feet diameter. In sili- ceous soil. May, June. Acorns ripe in October. Q. nana (Marsh.) Sargent. Q. ilicifolia Wang. Bear or scrub oak. Dry, gravelly places in the barrens. May. Acorns maturing in October. Q. Marylandica Moench. Black-jack oak. Stony, gravelly ridges, siliceous formations. O. S. May, June. Acorns ma- ture in October. Q. nigra L. Water oak. Maximum height, about 80 feet ; diameter, 4 feet. In siliceous and argillaceous soils. M. and E. Tenn. Prefers the banks of streams. Ocoee Valley. April, May. Acorns in September, October. Fruiting the second year. Q. Phellos L. Willow oak. Large tree, attaining from 80 to 100 feet by 3 feet diameter. Prefers moist situations in ar- gillaceous soils. O. S. April, May. Fruit maturing in Sep- tember. Fruiting the second year. Q. imbricaria Michx. Shingle oak. Attaining 100 feet by 3! feet diameter. Especially frequent in the basin of M. Tenn. April, May. Fruit maturing the second year. Q. alba L. White oak. Maximum height, 150 feet by 5 feet diameter. O. S. May, June. Acorns mature in Septem- ber, October. M. Q. minor (Marsh.) Sargent. Post oak. Biggest size, 100 feet; diameter of trunk, 4 feet. In dry soil. O. S. May, June. Acorns mature same year in September, October. Q. lyrata W r alt. Overcup oak. In moist soil, mostly in M. Tenn. Height, 100 feet by 3 feet diameter. April, May. Fruit maturing the first season. Q. macrocarpa Michx. Mossy cup or bur oak. A large tree , attaining 160 feet by 8 feet diameter. Loves rich bot- tom lands. O. S. May, June. Acorns maturing the same season. They are sometimes 2 inches high. Q. platanoides (Lam.) Ludw. O. bicolor Willd. Swamp white oak. A large tree, attaining no feet by 9 feet diameter. Mississippi bottoms. May, June. Acorns mature in Septem- ber, October. . Q. Michauxii Nutt. Cow oak. Attaining 100 feet by 7 feet diameter. Rich bottom lands. O. S. April, May. Acorns ripe in September, October. Q. Prinus L. Rock chestnut oak. Rocky, but rich, hill- Tennessee Floil sides. Slopes of the Cumberland Mts. Bark gathered for tanning. May, June. Acorns ripe in October, November Q. acuminata (Michx.) Sarg. Q. Muhlenbergii Ei Dry or clamp limestone soil. Frequeril in Davidson County. May, June. Acorns ripe in October, November. Edible. Q. Boyntoni C. D. Beadle, n. sp. Common on Lookout Alt., near Gadsden, Ala. It very probably extends also on the Tennessee extension of Lookout Mt. ULMACEiE Mirbel. ULMUS L. Ulmus Americana L. White elm. A robust tree, attain- ing a height of 120 feet and n feet diameter. In rich and moist soil. O. S. March, April. Samaras maturing in May. U. racemosa Thomas. Rock elm. Grows to a height of ioo feet by 4 feet diameter. In rich soil. Nashville. U. alata Michx. Winged elm. Wahoo. A small tree. Very frequent in the glades of M. Tenn. March. Samara- ripe in April. U. fulva Michx. Slippery elm. Tree attaining 70 feet by 2\ feet diameter. Hillsides and along streams. Bark mucil- aginous, fragrant in drying. March, April. Fruit matures in April, May. M. fU. serotina Sargent. Discovered in 1878 near grounds of Vanderbilt University. Flowering in October. PLANERA J. F. Gmelin. Planera aquatica (Walt.) J. T. Gmelin. Planer tree. A small tree 40 feet high. Along water courses and in swamps. W. Tenn. Bridgeport. April, May. *Q. Boyntoni C. D. Beadle. Shrub L-5 111. tall, usually growinf in large clumps, or a small tree, with short trunk Less than 1 dm. in diameter; leaves, obovate in outline, 5-9 cm. long, l.fi-4 cm. broad, with from three to five small, obtuse lobes above the middle, cuneate from the lower lobes to the base, glabrous above, tomentose beneath; acorns, sessile or short pedunculate; nut, oval or obovoid. 11' mm. high, 9-10 wide; cup, turbinate, inclosing less than one-half of the nut. t U. serotina Sargent. Tree K> to 50 feet high 2 to •'■ f< ter of trunk, with close, pale-gray bark; leaves, oblonj to oblon vate, acuminate, variously oblique at the lias.', coarsely and doubly crenulate-serrate, membranaceous, glabrous and lustrous above, pub erulous below on the prominent midribs and veins; Bowers, p- autumnal, racemose, from buds in the axils of the leavee of the year, long-pedicellate; calyx, six-parted at the base, its divisions oblong obovate, rounded at the apex: ovary, sessile, narrowed below, hi samaras stipitate, oblong elliptical, deeply two-parted at the apex, cll- iate on the margin; seeds, obovate, raphe conspicuous: young h stipules and bracts unknown. (Botanical Gazette, February, 1899 Tennessee Flora. CELTIS L. Celtis occidentalis L. Hackberry. Maximum height, 120 feet by 5 feet diameter. O. S. April, May. Fruit matures in September. C. Mississippiensis Bosc. Shrubby, or a smaller tree, as the foregoing. In the dry glades of M. Tenn. April. A stunted form is Celtis pumila Pursh. MORACEJE Lindl. MORUS L. Morus rubra L. Red mulberry. In rich soil. O. S. April, May. Fruit ripe in June. M. alba L. White mulberry. Formerly used for feeding silk worms, and, therefore, imported. Sparingly escaped. May. Fruit matures in July, August. TOXILON Raf. (Madura Nut.) Toxilon pomiferum Raf. A small tree indigenous to the Transmississippi region. Here planted for hedges, and occa- sionally spontaneous. May, June. Fruit matures in October. BROUSSONETIA L'Her. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent'. A small dioecious tree, native of the South Sea Islands. Cultivated as a shade tree in "Europe and America. All those in Nashville, with a single exception, are male. May, June. Fruit in September. HUMULUS L. Humulus Lupulus L. Hop. Sometimes found escaped from cultivation. July, August. Our climate is not congenial to hop culture. M. CANNABIS L. Cannabis sativa L. Hemp. In waste places, escaped from cultivation or scattered from bird cages. Native of Europe and Asia. July-September. M. URTICACE.E Reichenb. URTICA L. Urtica dioica L. Stinging nettle. Frequently introduced, but not naturalized in Tennessee. June, July. U. gracilis Ait. Along fence rows in the mountains of E. Tenn. May, June. U. urens L. The burning nettle. In waste places in towns Tennessee Flora. 71 where imported goods are unpacked. Does nol get natural- ized. April. U. chaemaedryoides Pursh. In thickets. Frequent around Nashville. April. URTICASTRUM Fabr. (Laportea Gaud.) Urticastrum divaricatum ( L.) Kuntze. Wood nettle. In rich woods. O. S. July, August. ADICEA Raf. (Pilea Lindl.) Adicea pumila (L.) Raf. Pilea pumila A. Gray. Rich weed. In moist situations, on rotton wood. O. S. July-Sep- tember. BCEHMERIA Jacq. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Willd. False nettle. In moist soil. O. S. July. B. nivea Hooker & Arnott. Introduced from Eastern Asia, and, as reported, growing well in YY. Tenn. PARIETARIA L., Parietaria Pennsylvanica Miihl. Pellitory. In waste ground, edge of woodlands. O. S. June. July. LORANTHACE^E DC. PHORADENDRON Nutt. Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh.) Nutt. American mistle- toe. Parasitic on all deciduous-leaved trees. May-July. Fruit matures in December. SANTALACE.E R. Br. COMANDRA Nutt. Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Bastard toad flax. Par- asitic on roots of various plants. In the oak barren^ of Tulla- homa. April-June. PYRULARIA Michx. Pyrularia pubera Mich. P. oleifera A. Gray. Oil nut. Buffalo nut. Alleghany and Cumberland Mts. May. Fruit ripe in August. BUCKLEYA Torr. Buckleya distichophylla Torr. Along the road from Wolf Creek to Hot Springs, X. C. Along French Broad River. May. 72 Tennessee Flora. ARISTOLOCHIACEJE Blume. ASARUM L. Asarum Canadense L. Wild ginger. Woodlands. O. S. Banks of Cumberland River at Nashville. April, May. M. A. Virginicum L. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. May, June. A. macranthum ( Shuttlw.) Small. Valley of Ocoee River at Parksville. May. A. arifolium Michx. Mts. of E. Tenn. April-June. A. Ruthii Ash. n. sp. Hiwassee Valley. A. Ruth. ARISTOLOCHIA L. Aristolochia Serpentaria L. Virginia snake root. Bluffs along Cumberland River, Nashville. E. and M. Tenn. June, July. Fruit in September. M. A. macrophylla Lam. A. Sipho. L'Her. Dutchman's pipe. Alts, of E. Tenn. Along Doe River. May, June. Fruit ripe in September. A. tomentosa Sims. Valley of Cumberland River. May, June. Fruit in August. POLYGONACE.E Lindl. RUMEX L. Rumex Acetosella L. Sheep sorrel. In dry fields. O. S. May-September. M. R. verticillatus L. Swamp dock. Swamps along Cumber- land River. July, August. R. altissimus Wood. R. Britannica Meisson. Moist ground or ditches. O. S. April, May. R. crispus L. Curled dock. Native from Europe. O. S. June-August. M. R. conglomeratus Mun. Waste places. Nashville. May- July. R. obtusifolius L. Bitter dock. O. S. Naturalized from Europe. June-August. FAGOPYRUM Gaut. Fagopyrum Fagopyrum (L.) Karst. F. esculentum Moench. Buckwheat. Frequently cultivated on the Cumberland Pla- teau, and p-ersistent in fields after cultivation. June, July. RHEUM L. Rheum palmatum L. Rhubarb. Rh. compactum L., with their varieties, are important prod- ucts of the market gardens. Tennessee Flora. POLYGONUM L. Polygonum emersum (Michx.) Britton. P. Muhlenb S.Watson. River swamps. Wild-goose pond near Mitchell- ville. July-September. P. incarnatum Ell. In wet soil. ("). S. rune-Septeml P. lapathifolium L. Waste places. I >. S. [une ber. P. Pennsylvanicum L. In moist soil. O. S. Inlv-Septem- ber. P. Persicaria L. Lady's thumb. Waste and wet ground. O. S. June-October. P. hydropiperoides Michx. Mild water pepper. Inundated ground. O. S. June-September. P. Hydropiper L. Smart weed. In moist waste places. I ». S. July-September. P. punctatum Ell. P. acre H. B. K. Water -mart weed. Ponds and ditches. O. S. June-October. 1/. P. orientale L. Prince's feather. Escaped from gardens. O. S. August, September. P. Virginianum L. Virginia knot weed. Thicket-. I July-November. P. aviculare L. Knot-door weed. In all yards and road- sides. O. S. June-October. P. erectum L. Frequently in company with P. aviculare L. O. S. July-September. P. tenue Mich. Cumberland Plateau. Sewanee. July- September. P. Convolvulus L. Black bind weed. Waste and culti- vated grounds. Nashville. July-September. P. dumetorum L. Hedge buckwheat. Vicinity of Knox- ville. July-September. P. scandens L. Thickets. O. S. August, September. P. cristatum Engelm. Climbing high. Harpeth hills, - of Nashville. August-October. P. sagittatum L. Arrow-leaved tear thumb. Swampy lands. O. S. July-September. P. arifolium L. Cumberland Plateau. September. BRUNNICHIA Banks. Brunnichia cirrhosa Bank. Grounds of the Tennessee Hos- pital for the Insane, near Nashville, around the fountain. W. Tenn. May, June. CHENOP< >l)l.\( "K.K Dui CHENOPODIUM L. Chenopodium album L. Lamb's quarters. Pigweed. Cii 74 Tennessee Flora. tivated grounds. O. S. June-September. Naturalized from Europe. Ch. glaucum L. Goosefoot. W. Tenn. June-September, Naturalized. Ch. polyspermum L. Knoxville. July-September. Ch. Boscianum Mag. Fields and woods. O. S. July-Sep- tember. Ch. urbicum L. Streets of Chattanooga. Adventive from Europe. June-September. Ch. murale L. Naturalized from Europe. In towns and settlements. O. S. June-September. Ch. Botrys L. Jerusalem oak. Cultivated in gardens for its fragrancy, and naturalized from Europe. O. S. July-Sep- tember. M. Ch. ambrosioides L. Mexican tea. Naturalized from trop- ical America. In waste grounds. Brownsville, W. Tenn. August-October. Ch. anthelminticum L. Wormseed. Naturalized from Eu- rope. Abundant. O. S. M. BETA L. Beta vulgaris L. Beet. Cultivated in numerous varieties, including the sugar beet. A native of Southern Europe, and already cultivated by the Romans. B. Cicla L. White or Sicilian beet, native of Sicily, includ- ing a variety called Swiss chard beet, are favorite vegetables, and the blanched and sliced leaves and midribs are served as salads. B. maritima L. The sea beet or mangold wurzel, a native of Britain and Southern Europe, are excellent food material for cattle ; and, moreover, from the brilliant tints of their leaves, very decorative plants. SPINACIA L. Spinacia oleracea L. Of unknown nativity; is an esteemed, much-cultivated pot herb ; only found in cultivation, although cultivated ove'r three hundred years. AMARANTHACE,E J. St. Hil. AMARANTHUS L. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Common weed, naturalized from Europe. August-October. A. hybridus L. Naturalized from tropical America. O. S. August-October. A. spinosus L. Naturalized from tropical America. Very Tennessee Flora. ::, copious in the streets and vacant town lots in Nashville. June-September. A. hybridus paniculatus L. and A. hypochondriacus L. quent in gardens, known as " princess feather; " often into waste grounds. ACNIDA L. Acnida tamariscina (Ntitt.) Wood. Western water hemp. Var. tuberculata Mag. Abounds as a troublesome weed in fields near Nashville. July-September. FRCEHLICHIA Munch. Frcehlichia Floridana (Nutt.) Mag. According to Illus- trated Flora, belongs to Tennessee. June-September. IRESINE P. Br. Iresine paniculata (L.) Kuntze. I. celosioides L. River banks and adjoining fields near Nashville. August, Septem- ber. PHYTOLACCACE.E Lindl. PHYTOLACCA L. Phytolacca decandra L. Poke root. Frequent in wood- lands and cultivated grounds. O. S. July-October. Berries ripe in October. Also called " inkberry." NYCTAGINACEJE Lindl. ALLIONIA Loefl. (Oxybaphus L'Her.) Allionia albida Watt. Umbrella wort. Oxybaphus albidus Chaisy. Cliffs along Cumberland River at Nashville. May- August. A. nyctaginea Michx. Oxybaphus nyctagineus Sweet. \\ Tenn. Guthrie. May-August. AIZOACEJE A. Br. MULLUGO L. Mollugo verticillata L. Carpet weed. In waste and culti- vated grounds, a weed. O. S. May-September. PORTLL.U .U'K.K Reichenb. TALINUM Adans. Talinum teretifolium Pursh. Crevices in the limestone rocks, in the cedar glades. Frequent. July. August. 76 Tennessee Flora. CLAYTONIA L. Claytonia Virginica L. Spring beauty. Woods and pas- tures. O. S. March-May. C. Virginica graminifolia. Leaves narrowly linear, elon- gated. Hills around Nashville. March, April. C. Caroliniana Michx. Mts. of E. Tenn. May, June. PORTULACA L. Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane. Common garden weed. O. S. June, July. P. retusa Engelm. Among the former and in the cedar glades. June. P. pilosa L. Xow and then in E. Tenn., Meigs County. P. grandiflora Hook. Garden portulaca. Escaped from cultivation. Native of South x\merica. July. TETRAGONIA DC. Tetragonia expansa Fenzel. New Holland spinach. Culti- vated only for the table. A native of Tasmania. CARYOPHYLLACEJE Reichenb. AGROSTEMMA L. Agrostemma Githago L. Corn cockle. In grain fields and waste places. O. S. July-September. SILENE L. Silene stellata (L.) Aiton. Starry champion. Open wood- lands. O. S. June, July. S. Caroliniana Walt. S. Pennsylvania Michx. Cumber- land and Alleghany Mts. April-June. S. Virginica Link. Fire pink. Sunny hillsides. O. S. May, June. S. rotundifolia Nutt. Catchfly. High cliffs of Cumberland Mts. Lookout Mt. June, July. S. regia Sims. Lake Ottose, near Knoxville. A. Ruth. July. S. antirrhina L. Waste places, rocky soil. O. S. April- June. S. ovata Pursh. Lemon's Gap, Cocke County. T. H. Kear- ney. June. S. alba Miihl. White champion. Near Wartburg, Morgan County. June. SAPONARIA L. Saponaria officinalis L. Soap wort. O. S. Naturalized from Europe. July, August. M. Tennessee Flora. :: DIANTHUS L. Dianthus Armeria L. Pink. River banks al Marion, S. W. Va. Advantitious from Europe. J. K. Small. ALSINE L. (Stellaria L.) Alsine media L. Stellaria media Cyr. Common chick weed. Waste places. O. S. Naturalized from Europe. nary-December. M. A. pubera (Michx.) Britton. Stellaria pubera Michx. I chick weed. Rich woodlands. O. S. April. May. A. longifolia (Miihl.) Britton. Stellaria longifolia Miihl. Stick wood. Low grounds, Kingston Springs. Ma v. A. fontinalis (Short & Peter) Britton. In we1 places, in the glades. Frequent in the vicinity of Nashville. April, Maw A. prostrata. Stellaria prostrata Baldw. Knoxville. A. Ruth. CERASTIUM L. Cerastium viscosum L. Mouse-ear chiek weed. Meadows and waste places. 0.-&. April. C. vulgatum L. Pastures and roadsides. O. S. March- May. C. longipedunculatum Miihl. C. nutans Raf. M grounds and hillsides. O. S. May. June. C. arvense L. Knoxville. A. Ruth. C. oblongifolium Torr. C. arvense oblongifolium Holt. & Britton. Moist, shady banks, growing in tufts. Nashville. April, May. SAGINA L. Sagina decumbens (Ell.) Torrey & Gray. Pearl wort. Damp and dry soil. On pavements. Nashville, Knoxville. March-May. ARENARIA L. (Alsine W'ahlA Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Sandwood. Dry, rocky ground. O. S. March, April. *A. patula Michx. A. Pitcheri Nutt. Limestone regions of M Tenn Nashville, Knoxville. April, May. A. Groenlandica ( Retz.) Spreng. A. glabra Michx. I I •A. patula Michx. Type, as I understand it. has corolla to 15 mm. and ripe capsule exceeding calyx lobefl by one-third. is a variety occurring in the same region with expanded Ho 5-7 mm., other proportions equal to former, and the testa marked wit] the same beautiful design like the former A. patula tenella. IS * Tennessee Flora. est points of Alleghany and Cumberland Mts. June-Septem- ber. A. diffusa Ell. Bluffs on Mill Creek. Copses near Pu- laski. June. PARONYCHIA Adans. Paronychia argyrocoma (Michx.) Nutt.' Whitlow wort. Higher Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. Black Mts., above Piney. Mrs. J. Bennett. July. P. dichotoma (L.) Nutt. Mts. of E. Tenn., near Ducktown. July-October. ANYCHIA Michx. Anychia dichtotoma Michx. Chick weed. Dry woods and thickets O. S. May-September. A. Canadensis (L.)'B. S. P. Anychia capillacea DC. With the former, and often on the same square foot of ground. Hills south of Nashville. O. S. June-September. SCLERANTHUS L. Scleranthus annuus L. Knewel. Waste grounds. Nash- ville. March-September. NYMPHAEACE.^ DC. CABOMBA Aubl. Cabomba Caroliniana A. Gray. Carolina water shield. Cy- press swamps, W. Tenn. May-August. BRASENIA Schreb. Brasenia purpurea (Michx.) Casp. B. peltata Pursh. Wa- ter shield. Lagoons along Tennessee River. Ponds in Sum- ner County. May-August. NYMPH^A. L. Nymphaea advena Soland. Nuphar advena R. Br. Yellow pond lily. In ponds and slow streams. O. S. April-Septem- ber. M. CASTALIA Salisb. Castalia odorata (Dryand.) Woodf. & Wood. White water lily. In ponds and lagoons along rivers. O. S. Pond in lunatic asylum near Nashville. June-September. M. NELUMBO Adans. Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. American Nelumbo. Wa- Tennessee Flora. ter chinquapin. Lagoons and ponds. M. and \Y. Tenn. Nash- ville. Very frequent. June-September. CERATOPHYLLACE^flE A. (iray. Ceratophyllum demersum L. Hornwort In ponds and stagnant water. O. S. June. July. MAGNOLIACEJE J. St. Hil. MAGNOLIA L. Magnolia Fraseri Walt. Slopes of the Smoky Mts. fune. July. M. macrophylla Michx. Large-leaved umbrella tree. Alle- ghanies. Cumberland Mts., near Rugby. J. F. James. M. tripetala L. Umbrella tree. Cumberland and Alle- ghany Mts. June. M. Virginiana L. M. glauca L. Sweet bay. Madison County, W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. May. June. M. acuminata L. Cucumber tree. Rich soil, river bottom-. O. S. May, June. M. grandiflora L. In cultivation only. LIRIODENDRON L. Liriodendron Tulipifera L. Yellow poplar. O. S. V taining to a height of from ioo to 190 feet by from 4 to u feel diameter. Most frequent in the Mississippi bottoms, where it grows to greatest size. May, June. .1/. ANONACEJE DC. ASIMINA Adans. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. Papaw. A shrub or tree reaching from 20 to 40 feet in the river bottoms. Flowering in March ; fruit maturing in October. RANUNCULACE.E Juss. HYDRASTIS Ellis. Hydrastis Canadensis L. Golden seal. Yellow puccoon. Open woodlands and rich soil. < >. S. Various places around Nashville. April. May. M. CALTHA L. Caltha palustris L. Marsh marigold. Boggy mount meadows. Ducktown. April-June. 80 Tennessee Flora. COPTIS Salisb. Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Gold thread. Higher Allegha- nies. Summit of Thimderhead. At the edge of laurel thick- ets. Verv abundant. Piney Creek, in Rhea County. Mrs. Lydia A. "Bennett. May-July. 31. XANTHORRHIZA L'Her. Xanthorrhiza apiifolia L'Her. Yellow root. Shady banks of mountain streams in the Cumberland and Alleghany Alts. April, May. 31. ACTJEA. L. Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red baneberry. Moist woods. O. S. April-June. M. A. alba (L.) Mill. White baneberry. Same range with the former. O. S. April-June. 31. CIMICIFUGA L. Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. Black snake root. Woods. O. S. June- August. M. C. cordifolia Pursh. Bluffs along Tennessee River at Knox- ville. A. Ruth. T. H. Kearney. C. rubifolia Kearney n. sp. seems to be identical with cordifolia Pursh. C. Americana Michx. American bugbane. Big Frog Mts. Roane Mt. Chickering. August, September. AQUILEGIA L. Aquilegia Canadensis L. Columbine. Rocky woods. O. S. April-June. A. coccinea Small, ined. Rich soil. Knoxville. A. Ruth. DELPHINIUM L. Delphinium urceolatum Jacq. D. exaltatum Ait. Tall lark- spur. Roane Mt. J. W\ Chickering. July, August. D. Consolida L. Knight's spur. Larkspur. Waste grounds," old fields. O. S. Naturalized from Europe. July. D. Carolinianum Walter. D. azureum Michx. Rocky places. Frequent about Nashville. May, June. D. tricorne Michx. Edge of woodlands in rich soil. O. S. April, May. ACONITUM L. Aconitum uncinatum L. Monk's hood. Lake Otosee, near Knoxville. A. Ruth. June. A. reclinatum A. Grav. Wolf's bane. Mts. of E. Tenn. July. Tennessee Flora. 8] ANEMONE L. Anemone Caroliniana Walt. Cedar glades of M. Tenn. La vergne. April, A [ay. A. cylindrica A. Gray. Alleghanies, near Ducktown. June- August, A. Virginiana L. Woods. O. S. June-August. A. trifolia L. Little Frog Mi., with Convallaria majalis. April. A. quinquefolia L, A. nemorosa var. quinquefolia A. G A. nemorosa of eleventh edition of Tennessee Flora. Wind flower. Paradise Ridge, Davidson County. April. Ma v. HEPATICA L. Hepatica Hepatica (L.) Karst. Liverwort. In the Big Frog Mts., E. Tenn., it occurs with obtuse and acute li from the same root. March. .1/. H. acuta (Pursh.) Britton. Hills and woodlands oi M. Tenn. March, April. SYNDESMON Hofffflg. Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffmg. Rue Anemone Anemonella thalictroides Spach. O. S. March, April. CLEMATIS L. (Anemonella Spach.) Clematis Virginiana L. Virgin's bower. O. S. July. Au- gust. C. Addisonii Britton. Cliffs on Cumberland River above Nashville. Sequatchie Valley. Mrs. Lydia S. Bennett. C. ochroleuca Ait. Mts. of E. Tenn. Roanoke. S. W. Va. J. K. Small. May, June. C. Viorna L. Leather flower. O. S. May- July. C. Gattingeri J. K. Small, n. sp. Bluffs on Cumberland River above Nashville. June. C. reticulata Walter. Bluffs of Cumberland River at N ville. May, June. ATRAGENE L. Atragene Viticella L. Since many years cultivated in dens in Nashville, and hence escaped into hedges. Ma> Viticella L. MYOSURUS L. Myosurus minimus L. Mouse tail. In raoi'St pltt racetrack, Nashville. April. TRAUTVETTERIA F. & M. Trautvetteria Carolinensis Walt. T. palmata F. & M. 82 Tennessee Flora. Throughout the Alleghanies and at the Piney Falls, in the Cumberland Mts. Mrs. L. F. Bennett. June, July. RANUNCULUS L. Ranunculus hispidus Michx. Water crowfoot. Low .grounds, five miles from Knoxville. A. Ruth. R. pusillus Poir. Ditches and waste grounds. O. S. April, May. R. oblongifolius Ell. Damp ground. Tullahoma. Para- dise Ridge, Davidson County. April. R. obtusiusculus Raf. R. alismsefolius A. Gray. Ponds along Cumberland River. June-August. R. abortivus L. O. S. April-June. R. sceleratus L. In ditches, E. Tenn. April-August. R. recurvatus Poir. Hooked crowfoot. In woods. O. S. April-June. R. bulbosus L. Knoxville. A. Ruth. May-July. R. septentrionalis Poir. Marsh buttercup. O. S. April- July- R. fascicularis Miihl. Fields and pastures. O. S. March- May. R. parviflorus L. Naturalized from Europe. O. S. April- July. BATRACHIUM S. F. Gray. (Ranunculus L.) Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix.) Bossh. Ranunculus aqUatilis var. trichophyllus DC. Ponds along Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. June-September. B. divaricatum (Schrank.) Wimmer. Ranunculus divari- catus Schrank. In pools and on the mud on river banks. O. S. June, July. THALICTRUM L. Thalictrum clavatum DC. Meadow rue. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts., in irrigated places. May, June. . T. dioicum L. In woods in the mountains and on the high lands. O. S. April, May. T. caulophylloides T- K. Small. Cove Mt. Prof. Ruth. July. T. coriaceum (Britt.) Small. Mts. of E. Tenn. Ducktown. White Rock Mt., S. W. Va. J. K. Small. May, June. T. purpurascens L. T. purpurascens var. ceriferum Aust. O. S. July. T. polygamum Miihl. T. Cornuti T. & G. Tall meadow rue. Moist woodlands. O. S. John Overton's farm, Nash- ville. June-August. Tennessee Flora. BERBERIDACEJE T. & G. BERBERIS L. Berberis Canadensis Mill. Barberry. Waters of Holston River. J. K. Small. May, June. B. Aquifolium Pursh. Mahonia repens Don. Frequently cultivated in gardens. Native of Rocky Mts. April. May. Escaped. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Blue cohosh. Papoose root. Rich woodlands. O. S. April, Ma v. 1/ DIPHYLLEIA Michx. Diphylleia cymosa Michx. Umbrella leaf. Smoky Mts. Roane Mt. Checkering. May, June. JEFFERSONIA Bart. Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. Twin leaf. Rocky w 1 lands. O. S. Also called '"rheumatism root." April, May. PODOPHYLLUM L. Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple. Wild mandrake. Low woods. O. S. May. M. MENISPERMACEiE DC. CALICOCARPUM Nutt. Calicocarpum Lyoni (Pursh.) Nutt. Cupseed. River bot- toms, climbing high. May, June. Fruit ripe in August. CEBATHA Forsk. (Cocculus DC.) Cebatha Carolina (L.) Britton. Cocculus Carolinus DC Dry uplands, as well as river bottoms. O. S. June Berries ripe in September. MENISPERMUM L. Menispermum Canadense L, Moon seed. Bottom land-. O. S. June, July. .1/. CALYCANTHACK.K Lind^ BUTTNERIA Duham. (Calycanthus L.) Buttneria florida (L.) Kearnev. Calycanthus floridus I. Strawberry shrub. Harpeth hills, south ni Nashville. King- ston Springs. Also frequently cultivated in gardens. April August. 84 Tennessee Flora. B. fertilis (Walt.) Kearney. Calycanthus laevigatus Willd. Calycanthus glaucus Willd. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. Fruit poisonous to sheep. August, September. LAURACKdE Lindl. SASSAFRAS Nees & Eberm. Sassafras Sassafras (L.) Karst. Sassafras officinale Nees. Sassafras. A small to a large tree. On the islands of Hi- wassee and Tennessee Rivers, it reaches an altitude of from ioo to 120 feet by 5 feet diameter. April, May. Fruit ma- tures in July, August. M. MALAPCENA Adans. (Tetranthera Nees.) Malapoenna geniculata (Walt.) Coulter. Tetranthera gen- iculata Nees. Pond spice. In swamps on Cumberland Mts. East of Ducktown, in North Carolina. March, April. BENZOIN Fabr. (Laurus L.) Benzoin Benzoin (L.) Coulter. Spice bush. O. S. Banks of Cumberland River at Nashville. March, April. Fruit ma- tures in August, September. M. B. melissaefolium (Walt.) Nees. Not so frequent like the former. Cumberland Plateau. March. PAPAVERACE^S B. Juss. PAP AVER L. Papaver somniferum L. Occasionally on waste grounds, es- caped from gardens. Tune-August. Source of opium. P. dubium L. Waste grounds. Unfrequent. Adventitious from Europe. Summer. ARGEMONE L. Argemone Mexicana L. Prickly poppy. In some streets of Nashville. June-September,. A. alba Lestib. Is perhaps only a variety of the former, and grows promiscuously in same locality. June, July. SANGUINARIA L. Sanguinaria Canadensis L. Blood root. In rich wood- lands. O. S. April, May. M. STYLOPHORUM Nutt. Stylophorum diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt. Celandine poppy. Woods, vicinity of Nashville. March-May. Tennessee Flora. CHELIDONIUM L. Chelidonium majus L. Celandine. Adventitious from rope. Knoxville. A. Ruth. .1/. BICUCULLA Adans. (Dicentra Benin.) Bicuculla Cucullaria (L.) Millsp. Dicentra Cucullaria Torr. Dutchman's breeches. In leaf mold. Shady ravines, rlar peth hills, near Nashville. April, May. B. Canadensis (Goldie.) Mills]). Dicentra Canad< Walp. Squirrel corn. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. 1/ B. eximia (Kerr.) Millsp. Dicentra eximia Torr. Do< River, Carter County. Hiwassee Valley. A. Ruth. May- October. ADLUMIA Raf. Adlumia fungosa (Ait.) Greene. A. cirrhosa Raf. Climb- ing fumitory. Mts. of E. Tenn. Cranberry. June-* >ct< CAPNOIDES Adans. (Corydalis Vent.) Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Bork. Corydalis gla Pursh. Ravines on Doe River, Carter County. April-Sep- tember. C. flavulum (Raf.) Kuntze. Corydalis flavula Raf. Rocky woods. O. S. May, June. C. micranthum Engelm. Corydalis micrantha A. I Woods. O. S. May, June. FUMARIA L. Fumaria officinalis L. Fumitory. An abundant weed in fields in Europe, sometimes appearing here in vegetable dens. June-August. CRUCTFER.E Bernh. Jus LEPIDIUM L. Lepidium sativum L. Garden pepper grass. Escaped gardens. May- August. L. Virginicum L. Wild pepper grass. In fields and along roadsides. O. S. May-November. L. apetalum Willd. Naturalized from Europe. Here and there. O. S. May-July. CORONOPUS C.aertn. Coronopus Coronopus (L.) Karst. Senebiera Coron Poir. Vacant town lots. Memphis. Dr. Egeling. Natural- ized from Europe. Summer. 86 Tennessee Flora. THLASPI L. Thlaspi arvense L. Field penny cress. In the grounds of market gardens, introduced with seeds. Summer. SISYMBRIUM L. Sisymbrium officinale L. Hedge mustard. Waste places. O. S. Introduced from Europe. May-November. SINAPIS L. Sinapis alba L. White mustard. Escaped from cultiva- tion. Native of Europe. Summer. BRASSICA L. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Black mustard. In cultivation and escaped. B. arvensis (L.) B. S. P. Sinapis arvensis L. Charlock. Wild mustard. B. campestris L. Turnip. Cultivated in many varieties. Summer. B. Rapa L. var. depressa. Flat-top turnip. In cultivation. B. Napus L. Rape. Formerly cultivated for the oil of the seeds, but now abandoned. B. oleracea L. Cabbage. Cultivated in many varieties. Summer. RAPHANUS L. Raphanus sativus L. Garden radish. Cultivated in many varieties, and sometimes spontaneous. Native of Asia. June- October. R. Raphanistrum L. Appears sometimes as a garden weed,, introduced with other seeds. "Jointed charlock." Summer. IODANTHUS Torr. & Gray. Iodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steudal. Thelipadium pinnatifidum S. Watson. Damp woodlands. O. S. May r June. RORIPA Scop. (Nasturtium R. Br.) Roripa palustris (L.) Bess. Nasturtium palustre DC. March water cress. Knoxville. A. Ruth. May-August. R. sessiliflora (Nutt.) A. S. Hitchcock. Nasturtium sessili- florum Nutt. Wet meadows and ditches. O. S. April-June. R. Nasturtium (L.) Rusby. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Water cress. In brooks and streams. O. S. Also sometimes cultivated. Naturalized from Europe. April-November. M. R. Armoracia (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. Nasturtium Armora- Tennessee Flora. cia Fries. Horse-radish. Escaped from gardens into low grounds. Adventive from Europe. Summer. R. Americana (A. Gray) Britton. Nasturtium lacustre A. Gray. Swamps along Tennessee and Cumberland Ri Summer. CARDAMINE L. Cardamine Pennsylvanica Miihl. Bitter cress. On wet lands. O. S. April-June. C. arenicola Britt. Moist, sandy soil. In Tennessee cording- to Illustrated Flora. March, April. C. parviflora L. C. hirsuta var. parviflora A. Gray. Drj woodlands. O. S. April, May. *C. Clematitis Shuttlw. Summits of Smoky Mts. May- July. C. purpurea (Torr.) Britton. Arabis rhomt>oidea var. pur- purea Torr. Hiwassee Valley. A. Ruth. April, May. C. bulbosa (Schreb.) B. S. P. C. rhomboidea DC Low. wet ground. O. S. April. C. rotundifolia Michx. Near Marion. S. \\ . \ a. I. K. Small. May, June. DENTARIA L. Dentaria laciniata Miihl. Pepper root. In moist, rich woods. O. S. March-May. D. diphylla Michx. Shady ravines. O. S. Nashville. Banks of Cumberland River. April. D. heterophylla Nutt. Woodlands. O. S. April. D. multifida Miihl. E. Tenn. Cave Spring. March, April. LEAVENWORTHIA Torr. Leavenworthia uniflora (Michx.) Britton. L. Michauxii Torr. Open, moist grounds. Nashville. Cedar glades. April, May. L. torulosa A. Gray. Cedar glades, with the former. April, Mav. fL. stylosa A. Gray. Cedar glades at Lavergne. All three often in close proximity. April. May. *C Clematitis Shuttlw. Smooth; earliest Leaves reniform, d< entire- lower stem leaves broadly triiobed, the middle lobe la form-cordate, or angularly-trilobed; upper ones, oblong, tl petioles with an arrow-shaped appendage at the be loose; petals, white, spatulate-obovate, twice as Long as the silique, narrow-linear, compressed, tipped with the long Btyle. T L. stylosa Gray. Slender, stemless; Bilique, oval »r broadly oblong (2 inches long), plain, surmounted l>> :i Blender Btyle fully I in length; only from three to six seeds, orbicular, distinctly nv embryo as in the preceding; petals, pure golden-yellow. 88 Tennessee Flora. LESQUERELLA S. Watson. Lesquerella globosa (Dew.) S. Watson. Vesicaria Shortii Torr. & Gray. Rising- Sun Bluff, fourteen miles below Nash- ville, on Cumberland River. April, May. L. Lescurii A. Gray- Covering- whole fields and glades in the vicinity of Nashville. April, May. BURSA Weber. (Capsella Med.) Bursa Bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton. Thlaspi Bursa-pastoris L. Shepherd's purse. A common weed in fields and waste places. O. S. March-November. M. CAMELINA Crantz. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. False flax. Naturalized from Europe, where it is cultivated for the fine oil yielded by its seed. Scattering-ly O. S. DRABA L. Draba verna L. Whitlaw grass. In fields and pastures. O. S. February-May. D. Caroliniana Walt. Glades of M. Term. February-April. D. ramosissima Desv. Cliffs on Ocoee River, Polk County. With Saxifraga Tennessiensis. April, May. D. brachycarpa Nutt. Cedar glades of M. Tenn. March, April. SOPHIA Adans. Sophia Sophia (L.) Britton. Sisymbrium Sophia L. In fields and gardens. Naturalized from Europe. June, July. S. pinnata (Walt.) Britton. Sisymbrium canescens Nutt. Knoxville. A. Ruth. STENOPHRAGMA Celak. (Sisymbrium Gray.) Stenophragma Thaliana (L.) Celak. Sisymbrium Thaliana Gay. Fields. O. S. Frequent in vicinity of Nashville. In- troduced from Europe. April. ARABIS L. Arabis Virginica (L.) Trelease. A. Ludoviciana Meyer. Rock cress. Fields and pastures. O. S. March-May. A. lyrata L. Rocky lands. O. S. Nashville. Banks of Cumberland River. Knoxville. A. Ruth. A. dentata Torr. & Gray. Woodlands. O. S. April-June. A. patens Sulliv. Bluffs on Ocoee River. Knoxville. A. Ruth. Tennessee Flora. A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. Cumberland Mts. May-September. A. laevigata (Miihl.) Poir. On limestone cliffs along Cum- berland River. April. May. A. Canadensis L. Sickle pod. Rocky woodlands April, May. ERYSIMUM L. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Treakle mustard. Knoxville. A. Ruth. June-August. KONIGAAdans. (Alyssum L.) Koniga maritima (L.) R. Br. Alyssum maritimum Lam. Sweet alyssum. Escaped from gardens along fences. Nash- ville. Summer. BERTEROA DC. (Alyssum L.) Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Alyssum incanum L. Intro- duced and first observed in my garden in Nashville in June. 1897. June. HESPERIS L. Hesperis matronalis L. Dame's gilliflower. Introduced along a garden fence on Belmont Park, Nashville. May- June. CAPPARIDACE^E Lindl. CLEOME L. Cleome spinosa DC. C. pungens Willd. Spider flower. In waste places, river banks. O. S. Adventive from tropical America. Summer. POLANISIA Raf. Polanisia graveolens Raf. Along the track of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway, in Dickson and Benton Counties. Foot of Fort Negley, South Nashville. Summer. Capparis spinosa L. The caper ought to be introduced in cultivation, as it grows well under slight protection, I lult. SARACENIACE^ Fa Pyl. Saracenia purpurea L. Pitcher plant. Low grounds along Mississippi, Tennessee, and Duck Rivers. Vpril. PODOSTEMACEjE Lindl. Podostemon abrotanoides Nutt. In all mountain streams of the Alleghany Mts. Submerged and on rocks. Jul) tember. P. ceratophyllum Michx. River weed. Streams in the Cumberland Mts. July-September. 90 Tennessee Flora. CRASSULACE.E DC. SEDUM L. Sedum roseum (L.) Scop. S. Rhodiola DC. Rose root. Roane Mt. Chickering. S. Telephium L. Orpine. In a field near Bellvidere, Frank- lin County. Escaped from cultivation. June. S. telephioides Michx. Mts. of E. Tenn. Chickering. June. S. acre L. Wall pepper. Fountain Head, Sumner County, near a cabin. Adventitious, or escaped from cultivation. Na- tive of Europe. June. S. pulchellum Michx. Rocky and moist places, growing gregariously in patches, covering many acres. Prominently in the cedar glades. May. S. ternatum Michx. Wild stone crop. Shady, rocky places, and among the grass. O. S. April, May. S. Nevii A. Gray. On rocks throughout the Alleghany Mts. May, June. DIAMORPHA Nutt. Diamorpha pusilla Nutt. On sandy flats, and on rocks in the Cumberland Mts. Abundant in Sewanee and on Lookout Mt., covering the surface in " Rock City." May. PENTHORUM L. Penthorum sedoides L. Virginia stone crop. Pools and ditches. O. S. July-September. SAXIFRAGACEJE Dumort. ASTILBE Hamilt. Astilbe biternata (Vent.) Britton. As. decandra D. Don. False goat's beard. Near water courses in the mountains of E. Tenn. June. SAXIFRAGA L. Saxifraga micranthidifolia (Haw.) B. S. P. S. erosa Pursh. Rocks on Wolf Creek. Roane Mt. Chickering. May, June. S. Virginiensis Michx. Rocky places. O. S. March-June. S. Tennessiensis J. K. Small. Rocky bluffs on Tennessee River, above Knoxville. A. Ruth. T. H. Kinney. In the gorge of the Ocoee River, above Parksville. April, May. S. Michauxii Britton. S. leucanthemifolia Michx. Roane Mt. Chickering. Big Frog Mt. June. S. Grayana Britton. S. Caroliniana A. Gray. Walker Mt., S. W. Va. J. K. Small. June, July. Tennessee Flora. . 01 S. Careyana A. Gray. Roane Ml. Chickering. Will Canby. July, August. THEROFON Raf. (Boykinia Nutt.) Therofon aconitifolium (Nutt.) Millsp. Boykinia aconiti- folia Nutt. Throughout the Alleghanies, ( >coee and I toe Riv- ers, and in the Cumberland Mts. Piney Falls. Mr-. Lydia Bennett. July. TIARELLA L. Tiarella cordifolia L. False mitrewort. E. Tenn. April, May. HEUCHERA L. Heuchera Rugelii Shutthv. Piney Fall>. Cumberland Mts. Mrs. Lydia Bennett. July-September. H. villosa Michx. Limestone rocks. M. Tenn. Frequent. June-September. H. Americana L. Alumroot. Vicinity of Nashville. May. H. pubescens Pursh. Sewanee. Mts. of E. Tenn. May, June. H. macrorhiza Small, n. sp. Frequent on limestone bluffs along Cumberland River and all the way along Louisville and Nashville Railroad to Pulaski. June, Jul}'. MITELLA L. Mitella diphylla L. Mitrewort. Cumberland and Alle- ghany Mts. April, May. CHRYSOSPLENIUM L. Chrysosplenium Americanum Schwein. Irrigated plac< the Frog Mts. March-June. PARNASSIA L. Parnassia Caroliniana Michx. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. June-August. P. asarifolia Vent. Big Frog Mts., E. Tenn. July-Septem- ber. HYDRANGEA L. Hydrangea arborescens L. Wild hydrangea. Highlan M. Tenn. and river bluffs. June. July. H. arborescens Kanawhana Millsp. II arborescens var. cordata Gray. H. cinera J. EC. Small. Bluffs on i River, above Parksville. June-September. H. radiata Walt. Cataract near Tullahoma, and from there on up and through the Cumberland Mts. H. quercifolia Bartram. Tullahoma. Barnes. 92 Tennessee Flora. DECUMARIA L. Decumaria barbara L. Damp situations throughout the Al- leghanies, clinging to rocks and bark of trees. May, June. PHILADELPHIA L. Philadelphus coronarius L. Mock orange. Frequently cul- tivated in gardens, and hence found in deserted homesteads. May, June. Ph. hirsutus Xutt. Bluffs on Cumberland River. Mts. of E. Tenn., Cocke County. Kearney. May. Ph. inodorus L. Baker's Station to Ridgetop, Davidson County. May. Ph. grandiflorus Willd. Knox County. A. Ruth. April, May. ITEA L. Itea Virginica L. Mts. of E. Tenn. and cypress swamps of W. Tenn. May, June. GROSSULARIACE^E Dumort. RIBES L. Ribes Cynosbati L. Dogberry. At the edge of a cedar glade near Fosterville. Marion, S. W. Va. J. K. Small. April- June. R. gracile Michx. Missouri gooseberry. Dry, rocky soil. Fide Illustrated Flora. May. R. rotundifolium Michx. Summit of Roane and Thunder- head Mts. May-July. R. prostratum L'Her. Fetid currant. Summit of White Top Mts., S. W. Va. J. K. Small. May, June. R. rubrum L. Red currant. Cultivated, and sometimes es- caped and seemingly spontaneous. Marion, S. W. Va. Small. April. R. aureum Pursh. Buffalo currant. Has been for a long time in cultivation, and sometimes indicates old garden plots. May. R. Uva-crispa L. R. Grossularia L. Garden gooseberry. Cultivated in gardens and temporarily existing in fence rows. Red currants and gooseberries do not prosper in Tennessee. HAMAMELIDACE.E Lindl. HAMAMELIS L. Hamamelis Virginiana L. Witch-hazel. A shrub, or some- times a small tree. On the summit of Thunderhead (altitude, Tennessee Flora. 6,000 feet) I found a regular grown tree, 25 feet high 1 inches diameter of trunk. Flowers, Christmas tiirn in October. LIQUIDAMBAR L. Liquidambar Styraciflua L. Sweetgum. Red gum. I. forest tree growing in wet or swampy lands. V< r\ large, and frequent in the Tennessee and Mississippi bottoms. April, May. PLATANACEJE Lindl. PLATANUS L. Platanus occidentalis L. Buttonwood. Plane tree. S more. Attains the widest spread of crown of any of our tim- ber trees. Reaches an altitude of 150 feet ami diamet trunk of 15 feet in our river bottoms. May. ROSACEA B. Juss. OPULASTER Kuntze. (Neillia Brew.) Opulaster opulifolius Kuntze. Neillia opulifolia. Brewer & Watson. Nine bark. Rocky places along Cumberland River. June. SPIRAEA L. Spiraea salicifolia L. Meadow sweet. Grand View, R County. Miller's Cove, E. Tenn. June- August. S. tomentosa L. Hardhack. Highlands of M. Tenn., in boggy localities. Fountain Head, Sumner County. July. S. corymbosa L. S. W. Va. J. K. Small. July. S. Virginiana Britton. Little River, E. Tenn. A. Ruth. June. ARUNCUS Adan<. Aruncus Aruncus (L.) Karst. Spiraea Aruncti- 1. beard. Moist woodlands. O. S. Nashville, above water- works. May-July. PORTERANTHUS Britt. (Gillenia Mcench.) Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britton. Gillenia trifol Mr margined petioli cised or slightly 5-9 lobed and sharply and Irregularly the base; spines, stout, 2-5 cm. long, slightly curved. (Vide Bot Gazette, No. 6, December. 1899.) 98 Tennessee Flora. *C. Sargenti Beadle. S. E. Tenn. Shrub from 2 to 6 feet high. April. fC. Boyntoni Beadle. Tree or shrub. C. rotundifolia. Bork. E. Tenn. Marion, S. W. Va. J. K. Small. Small tree. April. xC. Austro-Montana Beadle. Cumberland Mts. E. and M. Tenn. May. §C. Harbisoni Beadle. Discovered by T. G. Harbison on the hills near Nashville, 1899. May. Charlotte Pike, 1886. collected by the author. **C. Mohri Beadle. Tree, 6-10 m. tall. Southern part of M. Tenn. May. *C. Sargenti Beadle. Shrub or small tree, branches spreading armed with straight or curved spines, 2-7 cm. long, flowers appearing when the leaves are almost fully grown, in generally three-flowered corymbs; calyx, obconic, pubescent; segments, glandular-serrate; di- visions of corolla nearly round; stamens, normally 20; pistils, 3-5; fruit mature at middle September; globose, 10-12 mm. high, orange yel- low; nutlets, 3-5; leaves, thin, glabrous, with 5-7 pairs prominent veins; ovate, acute at apex, rounded or abruptly contracted at base, in a margined or winged petiole, irregularly and doubly serrate, and incisely lobed; stipules, linear or linear-lanceolate. |C. Boyntoni Beadle. Shrub or small tree, flowering with the expanded leaves, produced in short glandular-bracteate 4-10 flowered corymbs; calyx, obconic, smooth; divisions, acute, glandular, serrate; petals, nearly orbicular, 9-12 mm. diameter; stamens, 10; pistils, 3-5; fruit, dull, yellowish green, depressed globose, angled, 10-14 mm. high, ripening in October; nutlets, 3-5; leaves, subcoriaceous with age, glabrous, with 4-7 pairs of veins, broadly ovate, acute at apex, rounded at the base, sharply serrate, serratures minutely gland-tipped; stipules, linear. + C. Austro-Montana Beadle. A straggling shrub. 1-4 m. in height; branches, unarmed; branchlets, pilose-pubescent or tomentose; flow- ers, large in 3-5 flowered corymbs; calyx, broad, obconic, pubescent; divisions, lanceolate; stamens, 10; pistils, 3-5; fruit (which ripens at end of September), large; globose, 12-15 mm. in diameter, bright red, containing 3-5 nutlets; leaves, orbicular, 3.5-12 mm. long, including the pubescent petioles, pubescent on both surfaces, with 5-7 pairs of veins. £C. Harbisoni Beadle. Tree, 5-8 m. high; leaves, obovate or oval, 3-12 cm. long, including the petiole; acute at apex, roughly pubescent on the upper side, densely coated on the lower surface, dark green and lustrous above, pale below; borders, doubly and irregularly ser- rate; calyx, obconic, pubescent; stamens, normally 20; pistils, 3-5; fruit, large, red; globose, 10-13 mm. diameter; nutlets, 3-5; spines of the branches, 3-6 cm. long. **C. Mohri Beadle. Leaves, cuneate-obovate. 2-7 cm. lone, includ- ing the petioles; acute or rounded at the apex and contracted below into a winged petiole; sharply serrate to the middle; entire, or nearly so, at the base; stipules, linear, caducous; flowers in many-flowered corymbs, which are pubescent at flowering time; calyx, narrow, ob- conic; divisions of corolla, round, ovate, with undulate or erose bor- ders; stamens, 20; fruit globose, 8-9 mm. diameter; nutlets, 3-5. Tennessee Flora. llsides. M. Flowei Dry hills. SC. straminea Beadle. Shrub r m. high. Lookoul Mt. and adjacent valley of E. Tenn. April, May. **C. tetrica Beadle. Hills about Nashville. May. tiC. Buckleyi Beadle. Tree 8 m. high, 1-2 dm. diameter. E. Tenn. May. *c. Aprica Beadle. Large shrub. Sunny Tenn. April. tc. rubella Beadle. Shrub. 1-4 meter high. April. Lookout Mt. tc. sinistra Beadle. [ned. West Nashville *C. Aprica Beadle. Leaves, thin, obovate-orbicular. 1.6-7 cm. long, including petiole, dentate or crenate-dentate and conspicuously gland- ular, more or less lobed near the acute apex; flowers, borne In M flowered, pubescent, bracteate corymbs; calyx, obconir, pubescent; pet- als, broader than long; stamens, 10; styles, 3-5; fruit, globose, M4 mm. diameter; nutlets, 3-5. fC. rubella Beadle. Branchlets numerous, armed with Blender, straight, or slightly curved spines, 1.5-4 cm. long; leaves, oval or ODO- vate, 3-9 cm. long, including the petiole; sharply and doubly serrate to near the base; prolonged into a margined, sparsely-glandular petiole; flowers in simple 3-6 flowered glandular bracteate corymbs; calyx, obconic; petals, rather broader than long, 8-12 mm. wide; stamens, normally 10; styles. 2-4, rarely 5; fruit, red. pyriform, or oval, 12-15 mm. long, ripening middle of September; nutlets, 2-3, rarely i -.".. + C. sinistra Beadle. Small tree; leaves, obovate, scarcely, if at all. glandular; stipules, linear, not exceeding 1 cm. in length: flowers, in 7-15 flowered corymbs; calyx, obconic, pilose; petals, nearly orbicular; the claw at the base, short; stamens, 10; styles. 1-2; fruit, oval. 6-8 mm. wide, reddish, ripening in November; nutlets, 1-2; flowers, May. . S. June ' October. A. gracilens A. Gray. Dry. rocky grounds. O. S. June- September. TRAGIA L. Tragia nepetaefolia Cav. East of Cleveland, Bradley ( !ounty. May-October. T. macrocarpa Willd. Severely stinging. Abundant in the cedar barrens of M. Tenn. Nashville. June-September. RICINUS L. Ricinus communis L. Castor-oil plant. Cultivated ; ornamental plant, and escaping into waste places. July-Sep- tember. M. STILLINGIA L. Stillingia sylvatica L. Queen root. Vicinity of Memphis. Dr. G. Egeling. March-October. .1/. EUPHORBIA L. Euphorbia serpens H. B. K. Abundant in glades and culti- vated grounds. Nashville. July-September. E. maculata L. Spotted spurge. O. S. June-November. E. humistrata Engelm. River banks and moist grounds. Nashville. July, August. E. nutans Lag. E. hypericifolia A. Gray. A troublesome weed in cornfields. O. S. May-October. M . E. corollata L. Flowering spurge. Open woodlands S. April-October. M. E. marginata Pursh. Along lines ni railroads. An immi- grant from the West. May-October. E. dentata Michx. Glades of M. Tenn. Nashville. June- September. E. Ipecacuanhas L. W. Tenn. May. E. heterophylla L. Harpeth hills, near Nashville. Vpril- November. E. Lathyris L. Vicinity of Roane Mt. J. \V. Chickering. May, June. 1U Tennessee Flora. E. obtusata Pursh. Frequent in glades around Nashville. March-June. E. commutata Engelm. Cedar barrens of M. Tenn. April. E. mercurialina Michx. Stoner's Creek, Wilson County. Tunnel Hill, Sumner County. Lookout Mt. May-July. CALLITRICHACEJE Lindl. CALLITRICHE L. Callitriche Austini Engelm. Water starwort. On mud banks along streams. Nashville. July. C. heterophylla Pursh. Ponds near Nashville. July-Sep- tember. BUXACE.E Dumirt. PACHYSANDRA Michx. Pachysandra procumbens Michx. Dr. Hampton's farm, Da- vidson County. White Bluff, Dickson County. Beersheba Springs, Grundy County. Col. Wilkins. April, May. ANACARDIACE.E Lindl. RHUS L. Rhus copallina L. Darf sumac. Poor, siliceous soils. O. S. June-August. R. hirta (L.) Ludw. R. tyhina L. Staghorn sumac. Hill- sides. O. S. June. R. glabra L. Scarlet sumac. Old fields. O. S. June- August. M. R. aromatica Ait. R. Canadensis Marsh. Limestone re- gions of M. Tenn. March, April. M. R. trilobata Nutt. Rh. aromatica var. trilobata Gray. Oc- curs over the same range. M. R. Vernix L. R. venenata DC. Poison sumac. Poison ash. Boggy lands in the Cumberland Mts. Sewanee. June. M. R. radicans L. R. Toxicodendron Michx. Poison oak. E. Tenn. May, June. .]/. R. Toxicodendron L. With crenately-lobed, very-pubescent leaves. Nashville. M. COTINUS Adans. Cotkius cotinoides (Nutt.) Britton. R. cotinoides Nutt. Southern border of the State. Limestone County, Ala. Dr. Charles Mohr. April, May. Tennessee Flora. i 15 ILICIXK.K Lowe. ILEX L. Ilex opaca Ait. American holly. A slim tree in the Cum- berland and Alleghany Mts. Attains a heighl of 5" fee! l>\ 18 to 20 inches diameter in the Cumberland and Eiiwa River bottoms. April. Fruit matures in November, Decem- ber. M. I. decidua Walt. Swamp holly. Brownsville, W. Tenn. May. I. monticola A. Gray. I. montana T. & G. Mts. of K. Tenn. I. monticola mollis A. Gray. Lookout lit. June. Inly. I. verticillata (.L) A. Grav. Black alder. Swain].- at Hoi low Rock, W. Tenn. E. Tenn. A. Ruth. I. ambigua Chapm. Foot of mountains near tunnel al Cowan. July, August. I. Bidleyi W. W. Ashe from the mountains of E. Tenn. Is perhaps identical with the foregoing. CELASTRACE/E Lindl. EVONYMUS L. Evonymus Americanus L. Strawberry bush. ( >. S. fune. M. E. atropurpureus Jacq. Burning bush. Wahoo. Along streams. O. S. June. M. CELASTRUS L. Celastrus scandens L. Climbing bittersweet. Brownsville, W. Tenn. Also Bushy Mts., S. \\ . Va. J. K. Small. 1/ STAPHYLEACE^l DC. STAPHYLEA L. Staphylea trifolia L. American bladdernut. Moist w O. S. Nashville. April, May. ACERACEJE Si. llil. ACER L. Acer saccharinum L. A. dasycarpum Ehrh. Silver maple. A larq-e tree reaching too feet by 3 feet diameter. Bot lands and river banks. Flowers in February, March, and ma- tures its seeds the earliest of all our plants. A. rubrum L. Red or swamp maple. Wet or swampy lands. O. S. March. April. A. saccharum Marsh. \. saccharinum Wanger. A. bar 116 Tennessee Floea. batum Michx. Sugar maple. Large tree. O. S. Frequent around Nashville. April, May. A. nigrum Michx. A. saccharinum var. nigrum T. & G. Black sugar maple. Large tree. O. S. April, May. A. leucoderme J. K. Small. Banks of Ocoee River above Parksville. C. L. Boynton. A. Pennsylvanicum L. Moose wood. Striped maple. Smoky Mts. Slopes of White Top Mt., S. W. Va. J. K. Small. A. spicatum Lam. Mountain maple. Small tree. Summit of Thunderhead. May, June. A. Negundo L. Negundo aceroides Moench. Box elder. Large, irregularly-branching tree, growing alongside water courses. O. S. April. HIPPOCASTANACEJE T. & G. iESCULUS L. iEsculus Hippocastanum L. A large tree. Native of Asia. Frequently planted in cities, but not enduring high tempera- tures. Horse chestnut. May. IE. glabra Willd. Ohio buckeye. Frequent in the barrens of M. Tenn. April, May. IE. octandra Marsh. M. flava Ait. Yellow buckeye. O. S. April, May. IE. octandra hybrida Sargt. M. flava var. purpurascens A. Gray. A decumbent shrub. Frequent at the foot of the Cumberland Mts. and ravines in E. Tenn. Ought to be ranked as a species. April, May. IE. Pavia L. Red buckeye. Prospect Station, Giles County. A small tree. It is also flowering when only a span high, April, May. iE. parviflora Walt. A shrub. Very ornamental and planted in gardens. Native of N. Alabama, and perhaps also occurring on the southern borders of this State. April, May. SAPINDACEJE R. Br. CARDIOSPERMUM L. Cardiospermum Halicacabum L. Balloon vine. Native of tropical America. Frequently in cultivation and escaped. May-July. BALSAMINACEJE Lindl. IMPATIENS L. Impatiens biflora Walt. I. fulva Nutt. Spotted touch-me- not. Moist grounds. O. S. July-October. I. aurea Muni. T. pallida Nutt. Pale touch-me-not. Sim- ilar localities. O. S. July-September. M. Tennessee Floba. iit RHAMXACKJ-: Dumort. kERCHEMIA Neck. Berchemia scandens (Hill.) Trel. B. volubilis DC. Supple jack. Lookout Mt. Very luxuriantly in low grounds in Brownsville, W. Tenn. March-June. RHAMNUS L. Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. Buckthorn. River hank- and copses. Nashville. May. .1/. Rh. Caroliniana Walt. Carolina buckthorn. Low grounds. O. S. May, June. M. ZIZYPHUS Lam. Zizyphus vulgaris Lam. Jujuba. Cultivated in a few gar- dens. Fosterville. Small tree. Perfectly hardy. Abundant bearer. The fruit, a small plum of agreeable flavor, is com- monly eaten in both fresh and dry state. Ought to be more largely cultivated. May. CEANOTHUS L. Ceanothus Americanus L. New Jersey tea. Red root. In siliceous soils. O. S. May, June. VITACE^ Lindl. VITIS L. Vitis Labrusca L. Northern fox grape. Along the Alle- ghany Mts. Cultivated in Bayer's settlement, in the Frog Mts., as early as 1848 by French and German immigrants, and improved in size and flavor. It made very good wine. May. Fruit ripens in August, September. V. aestivalis Michx. Summer grape. Uplands, cedar glades, and mountains. May. Fruit ripe in September, ( )ctober, V. cinerea Engelm. Downy grape. Along banks of Cum- berland River, Nashville, and over M. Tenn. May. Fruit ripe in September. V. cordifolia Michx. Frost grape. O. S. Mav. Fruit ripe in October, November. V. rupestris Scheele. Sand grape, [stands of Cumberland River. Bluffs on Mill Creek and Stoner's Creek. Fruit ripe in July, August. V. rotundifolia Michx. V. vulpina T. & G. Southern fox grape. Muscadine grape. In siliceous soil. Cumberland Mts. Mav. Fruit ripe in August, September. V. palmata Vahl. River banks of Tennessee River. Fruit maturing in September. 118 Tennessee Flora. AMPELOPSIS Michx. Ampelopsis cordata Michx. Vitis indivisa Willd. River banks and moist woodlands, M. Tenn. Nashville. May, June. A. arborea (L.) Rusby. Vitis bipinnata T. & G. Damp soil. \Y. Tenn. June, July. PARTHENOCISSUS Planchon. (Ampelopsis Michx.) Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx. Virginia creeper. O. S. June-August. M. P. tricuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planch. Ampelopsis Veitchii. Frequently cultivated. Closely clinging to walls. Is a Japanese vine. TILIACEJE Juss. TILIA L. Tilia Americana L. Basswood. Mts. of E. Tenn. May, June. M. T. heterophylla Vent. White basswood. River banks and bottom lands. Nashville. June, July. T. Europaea L. The, European linden. Frequently planted as an ornamental tree. The exquisite fragrancy of the flowers and its freedom from disease and insect pests recommend it for more frequent planting. May. M. MALVACEAE Neck. MALVA L. Malva sylvestris L. Mallow. Waters of Holston River, S. W T . Va. J. K. Small. M. rotundifolia L. Cheeses. Naturalized from Europe. Waste places. O. S. Summer. M. verticillata L. M. crispa L. Waste grounds. Adven- titious. O. S. Summer. M. moshata L. Musk mallow. S. W. Va. J. K. Small. Adventitious. CALLIRRHOE Nutt. Callirrhoe alcaeoides (Michx.) A. Gray. Copses along Brown's Creek, Nashville. In a glade near Edgefield Junc- tion, Davidson County. T. S. Imborden. MALVASTRUM A. Gray. Malvastrum angustum A. Gray. Glades of M. Tenn. Very frequent around Nashville. July, August. TENNE8BEE FLORA. SIDA L. Sida spinosa L. A bad weed, covering acres. I i S. Sum- mer. S. Elliottii T. & G. Frequent in the cedar glades. July. August. S. hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby. In a Fence row near I. villa. June-August. ABUTILON Grertn. Abutilon Abutilon (L.) Rusby. Indian mallow. Abutilon Avicennte Gjprtn. 'Adventive from S. Asia. O. S. August- October. HIBISCUS L. Hibiscus Moscheutos L. Swamp rose mallow. River banks and swamps. O. S. July. August. H. lasiocarpus Cav. Swamps. Hickman County. August. H. militaris Cav. H. Virginicus Walt. Along v. courses. O. S. A white-flowered variety near Nashville. June, July. H. Trionum L. Flower-of-an-hour. Adventive from S. Europe. July-September. H. Syriacus L. Shrubby althaea. Rose of Sharon. Intro- duced from W. Asia. Sometimes escaped from cultivation. O. S. July-September. H. esculentus L. Okra. Two varieties arc in cultivation in gardens. June, July. GOSSYPIUM L. Gossypium Barbadense L. The cotton plant. The short staple or upland cotton is largely cultivated in the Stair. 1/ THEACE.K DC. STUARTIA L. Stuartia Malachodendron L. Stuartia Virginica ' White Cliff Springs. Coal Creek. A. Ruth. S. pentagyna L'Her. Cumberland and Alleghany MtS. June. HYPERR :ACE M Lindl. ASCYRUM L. Ascyrum stans Michx. St. Peter'- wort. Moist thickets in the mountains. Siliceous soil. July, August. A. hypericoides L. A. Crux-Andreae L. St. Andrew'- Ci Dry, siliceous soil. O. S. June-August. 120 Tennessee Flora. HYPERICUM L. Hypericum Kalmianum L. St. John's wort. Typical low form. Cumberland Mts. Mrs. Lydia Bennett. H. Kalmianum Majus. Stout shrubs, 5 to 7 feet high. Oak barrens at Tullahoma, Coffee County. July. H. prolificum L. Cleveland, E. Tenn. Craggie Hope, Cheatham County. July-September. H. densiflorum Pursh. Post Oak Springs, Roane County. Hiwassee Valley. A. Ruth. July-September. H. galioides L. Along water courses in siliceous ground. Frequent in E. Tenn. June, July. H. adpressum Bart. Wild-goose pond near Mitchellville, Sumner County. July-September. H. sphaerocarpum Michx. Frequent in the barrens of M. Tenn. Also in E. Tenn. July-September. H. dolabriforme Vent. Chilhowee Mt., Parksville. Dry, gravelly hills, east of Cleveland, E. Tenn. July, August. H. virgatum Lam. H. angulosum Michx. Damp places in the oak barrens at Tullahoma. Var. acutifolium Coult. With the former. H. perforatum L. Common St. John's wort. Waste places. Uncommon. Introduced. June. H. maculatum Walt. H. corymbosum Michx. An abun- dant weed in fields. O. S. July-September. H. graveolens Buckl. Summit of Thunderhead. White Top Mt., S. W r . Va. J. K. Small. June, July. H. mutilum L. Edge of pools. O. S. June, July. H. gymmanthum Engelm. & Grav. Barrens of M. Tenn. July- H. Canadense L. Cumberland Mts. July-September. H. Drummondii T. & G. Belvedere, Franklin County. July-September. *H. lobocarpum Gattinger. Hollow Rock, W. Tenn. July, August. H. glomeratum J. K. Small. I suppose to be the same as *H. lobocarpum Gattinger. n. sp. Sepals, linear-lanceolate, small, unequal, ly 2 -3 lines long; petals, unequal, unsymmetric, 3-6 lines long, reflected, early deciduous; capsule, five-celled, deeply five-lobed, lance- olate, tapering into a long beak; carpels, almost distinct, and at full maturity falling away from a central axis; seeds, 1 mm. long, incurved, apiculate, striate lengthwise, transversely grooved; leaves, linear, ob- tuse, slightly mucronate, attenuate downward, pale underneath. Shrub 5-7 feet high, with upright branches. Low, swampy lands in the Orange Sand formation at Hollow Rock, Carroll County, W. Tenn. First col- lected in fruit in 1867, and again in July, 1886, in flower, in very swampy ground. I have since received specimens of a Hypericum la- beled H. prolificum, " collected by D. H. E. Hasse, of Little Rock, Ark., in wet pine barrens," which proved to be the same speoies. M. Tennessi b Flora. 121 I enumerated in the first edition as II. prolificum var. mon tannm, collected in the Frog Mts. about 1870. SAROTHRA L. Sarothra gentianoides L. Hypericum nudicaule Walt. Pine weed. Orange grass. In sandy soil. O. S, July, Au- gust. TRIADENUM Raf. Triadenum Virginicum < L. ) Raf. Elodea Virginica Nutt. River swamps. Scatteringly O. S. July-September. T. petiolatum (Walt.) Britton. Cypress swamps. July. August. CISTACEJE Lindl. HELIANTHEMUM Pers. Helianthemum Canadense ( L.) Michx. Frost weed. ( mon in dry, siliceous soil. E. Tenn. April, May. M. LECHEA L. Lechea villosa Ell. L. Major Michx. Dry, open grounds. O. S. July, August. L. minor L. L. thymifolia Michx. Pinweed. Barrens of M. Tenn. and mountains of E. Tenn. July, August. L. racemulosa Michx. Wolf Creek, Cocke County. T. IT. Kearney. Waters of Holston River. J. K. Small. L. tenuifolia Michx. Cumberland Mts.. M. Tenn. June- August. VIOLACE.E L. VIOLA. Viola palmata L. Early blue violet. V. cucullata var. pal- mata A. Gray. O. S. April. V. pedatifida Don. V. delphinifolia Nutt. Prairie violet. Sewanee. Gen. E. Kirby-Smith. March-May. V. obliqua Hill. V. cucullata Ait. I >. S. Vpril-June. *V. domestica Bicknell. Yard violet. Nashville. V. villosa Walt. Pond Mt.. S. W. Va. 1. K. Small. Knox- ville. A. Ruth. V. sagittata Ait. Highlands of M. Tenn. and mountains ol E. Tenn. April, May. V. ovata Nutt. V. sagittata var. ovata T. & G. Summit ol White Top Mts., S. W. Va. J. K. Small. *V. domestica Bicknell. Yard violet Nashville, in grounds. Resembles closely V. obliqua, but differs In the Bhort-pedun cled subterranean peduncles and broadly-reniform blad< 122 Tennessee Flora. V. pedata L. Bird's-foot violet, and var. bicolor Pursh. Siliceous soils. Highlands. Harpeth hills, near Nashville. April. M. V. odorata L. Sweet violet. Native of Europe. Fre- quently escaping from cultivation. March-May. V. rotundifolia Michx. Cumberland Mts. March-May. V. blanda Willd. Dry, rocky grounds. Hills around Nash- ville. April, May. V. blanda amcena Le Conte. V. blanda var. palustriformis A. Gray. Iron Mts., S. W. Va. J. K. Small. V. renifolia A. Gray. V. blanda renifolia A. Gray. Sum- mit of Thunderhead. Smoky Mts. April-June. V. primulaefolia L. Sewanee. E. Kirby-Smith. Grand- view. Mrs. H. R. Stratton. May. V. emarginata (Nutt.) Le Conte. Wolf Creek. T. H. Kearney. V. lanceolata L. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. Knox- ville. March-May. V. hastata Michx. Mts. of E. Tenn. V. hastata var. tripartita Grav. Sewanee. E. Kirby-Smith. May. V. pubescens Ait. Woods. O. S. Nashville. Var. Crio- carpa Nutt. Highlands of M. Tenn. March-May. V. Canadensis L. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. May- July. V. striata Ait. Nashville. O. S. April, May. V. multicaulis (T. & G.) Britton. V. Muhlenbergii var. multicaulis T. & G. Mts. of E. Tenn. March-June. V. rostrata Pursh. Sewanee. E. Kirby-Smith. Hiwassee Valley. A. Ruth. V. tenella Miihl. V. tricolor var. arvensis Hook. Field pansy. Dry pastures. O. S. March-May. CUBELIUM Raf. (Solea Spreng.) Cubelium concolor (Forst.) Raf. Solea concolor Ging. Damp woods. O. S. April, May. PASSIFLORACE^E Dumort. PASSIFLORA L. Passiflora incarnata L. Passion flower. Dry soil. O. S. A troublesome weed when entering gardens and fields. Fl. May. Fruit in August. Called " May pops." TENNE8S1 I. PlOH \. 12 I P. lutea L. Yellow passion flower. Thick* lav- July. CACTACK.K Lindl. OPUNTIA Mill. Opuntia Opuntia (L.) Coulter. ( >. vulgaris Mill. Easl prickly pear. A waif near a railroad station, 1. Common on the Atlantic Coast. June. Jul v. O. humifusa Raf. O. Rafinesquii Engelm. Western prickly pear. Abundant in rocky glades. ( >. s. Varying with or- bicular and obovate joints. June, July. THYMELEACE.E Reichenb. DIRCA L. Dirca palustris L. Leatherwood. Moosewood. Swampy or moist thickets in the Alleghany and Cumberland April, May. LYTHRACE.E Lindl. AMMANIA L. Ammania coccinea Rottb. Swamps or ditches. ( >. S. July- September. A. latifolia L. Wet places. Tullahoma, etc. July, Aug DIDIPLIS Raf. Didiplis diandra Wood. D. linearis Rat. I ). S June-Au- gust. ROTALA L. Rotala ramosior (L.) Kcehne. Ammania humilis Michx. Pools and ditches. O. S. July-September. DECODON J. T. Gmelin. Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. Nesaea verticillata H B. K. Loosestrife. Waters of Barren Fork of Caney Fork, mar Nicholson Springs. September. LYTHRUM L. Lythrum alatum Pursh. Angled loosestrife. Bordei springs and rivulets. Cleveland. E. Tenn. July. PARSONIA P. Br. (Cuphaea Jacq.) Parsonia petiolata (L.) Rusb} Cuphaea vi Clammy cuphaea. Tar weed. Dry woods. I '. S \ September. 124 Tennessee Flora. MELASTOMACEJB R. Br. RHEXIA L. Rhexia Mariana L. Maryland meadow beauty. Wet lands. O. S. July. Rh. Virginica L. Meadow beauty. Low grounds. O. S. July-September. LAGERSTROEMIA L. Lagerstroemia Indica L. The crepe myrtle. Frequently cultivated. Ornamental shrub. From E. India. PUNICA L. Punica Granatum L. From S. Europe and N. Africa. Cul- tivated, but frequently killed by hard frosts ; belongs to this family. ONAGRACEJE Dumort. ISNARDA L. Isnarda palustris L. Ludwigia palustris Ell. Marsh purs- lane. Ponds and ditches. O. S. June-November. LUDWIGIA L. Ludwigia linearis Walt. Bogs and pools. O. S. July-Sep- tember. L. hirtella Raf. Tullahoma. Paradise Ridge. June-Sep- tember. L. alternifolia L. Rattle box. Ponds. O. S. June-Sep- tember. L. glandulosa AValt. L. cylindrita Ell. Oak barrens. O. S. August. L. polycarpa Short & Peter. Swamps. O. S. July-Octo- ber. L. natans Ell. Ponds. O. S. July-September. JUSSIAEA L. Jussiaea diffusa Forskl. J. repens Sw. Swamps near Nash- ville. June-August. J. decurrens (Walt.) DC. In swamps. O. S. July-Sep- tember. EPILOBIUM L. Epilobium coloratum Miihl. Purple-leaved willow herb. Burnt grounds. O. S. July-September. ONAGRA Adans. Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. (Enothera biennis L. Evening Tennessee Flora. L25 primrose. O. S. Dry soil. Naturalized from Europe, fune- October. O. biennis grandiflora (Ait.) Small. Scatteringly over the :same range with the former. OENOTHERA L. CEnothera laciniata Ell. ( E. sinuata L. Near Hyde's i ■'•■rrv. Nashville. May. June. CE. linearis Michx. E. Tenn. Marion, S. \\ . \'a. (. K. Small. KNEIFFIA Spach. (CEnothera L.) Kneifna linearis (Michx.) Spach. CEnothera linearis Michx. E. Tenn. Marion, S. W. Va. J. EC. Small. K. pumila (L.) Spach. (Enothera pumila L. Mts. of K. Tenn. Ocoee Valley. Tullahoma. June-August. K. fruticosa (L.) Raimann. CEnothera fruticosa L. Com- mon snndrops. K. fruticosa var. hirsuta Nutt. Cleveland. Bradley County. K. glauca (Michx.) Spach. (Enothera glauca Michx. Lookout Mt. Frog Mts., E. Tenn. May-September. HARTMANNIA Spach. ((Enothera L. I Hartmannia speciosa (Nutt.) Small. CEnothera spe Nutt. Showy primrose. Unoccupied town Lots. Escaped from gardens. Nashville. May- July. LAVAUXIA Spach. ((Enothera L.) Lavauxia triloba (Nutt.) Spach. CEnothera triloba Nutt. Open grounds around Nashville. Frequent. May-July. GAURA L. Gaura biennis L. Cumberland Mts. E. Tenn. July-Sep- tember. G. Michauxii Spach. G. filipes Spach. Chattanooga. Dr. G. Engelman. July. August. CIRCAEA L. Circaea Lutetiana L. Bind weed. Nigh! shade. Woods. O. S. June-August. C. alpina L. High summits of the Alleghanies, E. Tenn. July-September. HALLORAGID M I .E. PROSERPINACA E. Proserpinaca palustris L. Mermaid weed. Swamps. I ' S. July. 126 Tennessee Flora. P. pectinacea Lam. Ditches along the railroad at Tulla- homa. Summer. MYRIOPHYLLUM L. Myriophyllum verticillatum L. Water milfoil. Tullahoma Creek, Tullahoma. May. M. pinnatum (Walt.) B. S. P. M. scabratum Michx. Hay- wood County. S. M. Baine. ARALIACEJE Vent. ARALIA L. Aralia spinosa L. Angelica tree. Frequent in rocky hills and glades. O. S. June-August. M. A. racemosa L. American spikenard. E. Tenn. and high- lands of M. Tenn. Charlotte Pike, two miles from Nashville. July, August. M. A. hispida Vent. Bristly sarsaparilla. Throughout the mountains of E. Tenn. Frog Mts. June, July. M. A. nudicaulis L. Sewanee. June, July. M. PANAX L. Panax quinquefolium L. Ginseng. Rich woodlands. O. S., but scarce. In the Harpeth hills, south of Nashville. July, August. M. UMBELLIFER.E B. Juss. DAUCUS L. Daucus Carota L. Wild carrot. The mother plant of the garden carrot. Introduced, naturalized, and growing more robust here than in its native home in Germany. June-Sep- tember. M. ANGELICA L. (Archangelica Hoffm.) Angelica Curtisii Buckl. Roane Mt. Chickering. A. villosa (Walt.) B. S. P. Angelica hirsuta Miihl. Angel- ica. Dry barrens. O. S. July, August. OXYPOLIS Raf. (Archemora DC.) Oxypolis rigidus (L.) Britton. Archemora rigida DC. Cowbane. Woodlands. O. S. August, September. HERACLEUM L. Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow parsnip. High moun- tains of E. Tenn. June. M. Tennessee Flora. 127 PASTINACA L. Pastinaca sativa L. Parsnips. Native of Britain and many. Cultivated and naturalized, [n moist woodlands. S. June-September. 1/. POLYTiENIA DC. Polytaenia Nuttallii DC. Baker's Station. Paradise R Robertson County. April, May. THASPIUM Xutt. Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) Britton. Th. atropurpureum Nutt. Purple meadow parsnip. In woods. < ' S. Th. trifoliatum aureum Britton. Th. aureum Nutt. I I - June, Jul) r . M. Th. barbinode (Michx.) Xutt. Woods. O. S. July. Au- gust. Th. barbinode angustifolium Coult. & Rose. Barrens of M. Tenn. Frequent. May. Th. pinnatifidum (Buckl.) A. Gray. In similar localities like the former. May, June. LIGUSTICUM L. Ligusticum Canadense (L.) Britton. L. actaeifolium Michx. Lookout Mt. Roane Mt. June-August. ERYNGIUM L. Eryngium aquaticum L. E. yuccjpfolium Michx. Rattle- snakemaster. Dry uplands. O. S. June-September. 1/ E. Virginicum Lam. Near Mt. Mitchell. A. Ruth. E. prostratum Nutt. Low grounds. Brownsville, W. Tenn. E. virgatum Lam. Henderson, W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. SANICULA L. Sanicula Marylandica L. Black snakeroot. Moist w< O. S. May-July. M. S. Canadensis L. S. Marylandica var. Canadensis Torr. Woods. O. S. June-August. .1/. S. gregaria Bicknell and S. trifoliata Bicknell arc likely to occur within the St FCENICULUM Adans. Foenieulum Fc3eniculum (L.) Karst. P. vulgare ' tort Fen- nel. In waste places. Escaped from gardens. 0. S July- September. M. 128 Tennessee Flora. F. dulce Gaert. Sweet fennel. Sometimes cultivated. Yields. Oleum Foeniculi. July. M. PIMPINELLA L. Pimpinella integerrima (L.) Asa Gray. Zizia integerrima DC. Yellow pimpernell. From the high mountains to the rocky banks of the rivers. O. S. May, June. P. Anisum L. Anis. Sometimes cultivated. The seeds yield the Ol. Anisi. June. M. APIASTRUM Nutt. (Leptocaulis Nutt.) Apiastrum patens (Nutt.) Coulter & Rose. Leptocaulis pat- ens Nutt. Knoxville. A. Ruth. June. EULOPHUS Nutt. Eulophus Americanus Nutt. Thickets along Charlotte and Murfreesboro Pikes, Nashville. May, June. ANTHRISCUS HofTm. Anthriscus Cerefolium (L.) HofTm. Chaerophyllum sativum Lam. Garden chervil. Cultivated as a pot herb, and some- times escaped. May, June. BUPLEURUM L. Bupleurum rotundifolium L. Thorough wort. Fort Neg- ley, Nashville. Cedar glades. Naturalized from Europe. June, July. CHiEROPHYLLUM L. Chasrophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz. Wild chervill. Moist, rock woodlands. Nashville. April-June. Ch. Teinturieri Hook. Characteristic of the cedar glades of M. Tenn. March-May. WASHINGTONIA Raf. (Osmorrhiza Raf.) Washingtonia Claytoni (Michx.) Britt. Osmorrhiza brev- istylis DC. Sweet cicely. Along Holston River, S. W. Va. J. K. Small. W. longistylis (Torr.) Britton. Smooth sweet cicely. Os- morrhiza longistvlis DC Rich woods. O. S. Nashville. April, May. M. SIUM L. Sium cicutaefolium Gmel. Hemlock. Water parsnip. Marion, W. Va. J. K. Small. July, August. Tennessee Flora. APIUM L. Apium Petroselinum L. Common or garden parsley. Cul- tivated in kitchen gardens, and sometimes escaped, Juiy \u- gust. A. graveolens L. Celery. Cultivated, escaping into • places. May-July. .1/. ZIZIA Koch. Zizia aurea (L.) Koch. Thaspium aureum var. apterum A. Grav. Golden meadow parsnip. Rocky glens and hillsides O. S. May. Z. Bebbii (Coult. & Rose) Britton. Mts. of E. Trim. May. Z. cordata (Walt.) DC. Thaspium trifoliatum var. rum A. Gray. O. S. May. June. CARUM L. Carum Carvi L. Caraway. Adventive from Europe, -< one- times appearing- in fields, near dwellings. May- July. 1/. CICUTA L. Cicuta maculata L. Water hemlock. Musquash root. Along streams. O. S. July. \f. DERINGA Adans. (Cryptotaenia DC.) Deringa Canadensis (L.) ECuntze. Cryptot»nia Canad< DC. Housewort. Low. damp woods. I ). S. June. July. SPERMOLEPIS Raf. (Leptocaulis Nutt.) Spermolepis divaricatus (Walt.) Britton. Leptocaulis div- aricatus DC. Occasionally found in pastures. Nashville. April, May. PTILIMNIUM Raf. ( I >isc< >pleura I M Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Hollick. Mock bishop weed. A single plant found in Nashville. July. P. Nuttallii (DC.) Britton. Discopleura Nuttallii DC Damp woods east of Cleveland. Bradley County. July. HYDROCOTYLE L. Hydrocotyle umbellata L. Marsh pennywort. Ditches near Hvde's Ferry, Nashville. June-September. H. Americana L. Polk County, E. Tenn. Jun< ber. H. ranunculoides L. til. Tullahoma Creek, Coffee ( ounty. Tune. 130 Tennessee Flora. ERIGENIA Nutt. Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. Harbinger of spring. O. S. March, April. CORIANDRUM Hoffm. Coriandrum sativum L. Cumin. Used as a condiment, and hence escaping into garden plots. M. CUMINUM L. Cuminum sativum L. Cumin. A condiment. Sparsely es- caping into open grounds. CORNACE.E Link. CORNUS L. Cornus florida L. Flowering dogwood. O. S. March, April. C. Amonum Mill. C. sericea L. Kinnikiniks. Moist grounds. O. S. May-July. C. asperifolia Michx. Along streams. O. S. May, June. C. stolonifera Michx. Red osier dogwood. Banks of streams. O. S. May, June. C. alternifolia L. fil. Copses and hillsides. E. Tenn. May, June. NYSSA L. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. N. multiflora Wang. Sour gum. Low, moist grounds. Medium-sized tree, 30 to 35 feet high. O. S. April-June. N. biflora Walt. N. sylvatica var. biflora Sargt. N. Caro- liniana Poir. Along mountain streams, E. Tenn., and in swamps in W. Tenn. Hollow Rock. April, May. N. aquatica L. N. unirlora Wang. Large tupelo gum. Large tree, frequently 80 to 100 feet high in the lowlands of W. Tenn. Also on uplands on Paradise Ridge, near Nashville. April, May. CLETHRACE.E Klotsch. CLETHRA L. Clethra acuminata Michx. Mountain sweet pepper bush. Throughout the Alleghanies. July, August. PYROLACEtE Agardh. PYROLA L. Pyrola rotundifolia L. Round-leaved wintergreen. Mts. Tennessee Flora. m ofE.Tenn. South fork of Holston River IK Small Fune July. P. elliptica Nutt. Wolf Creek, Cocke County. June, July. CHIMAPHILA Pursh. Chimaphi'a rraculata | L. ) Pursh. Pipsissawa. Dry wo especially under pines. O. S. June-August. Ch. umbellata I L. | Nutt. Prince's pine. Tracy .City. July. MONOTROPACEJE Lindl. MONOTROPSIS Schwein. (Schweinitzia Nutt.) Monotropsis odorata Ell. Schweinitzia odorata I M pine sap. Rugby. Mrs. M. L. Percival. February-May. MONOTROPA L. Monotropa uniflora L. Indian pipe. In leaf-mold. ( I - Nashville. Harpeth hills. June-August. HYPOPITIS Adans. Hypopitis Hypopitis (L.) Small. Monotropa Hypopitis L. False beechdrops. Cumberland Mts. Oakdale Station. June- October. ERICACEAE DC. AZALEA L. Azalea nudiflora L. Wild honeysuckle. Siliceous - O. S. April, May. A. lutea L. A. calendulacea Michx. Azalea. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. Ravines in the valleys. In argillaceous or siliceous soils. A. arborescens Pursh. Tree-Azalea. Sometimes a small tree 20 feet high. Big Frog Mts. Mead of Piney Creek, in the Cumberland Alts. Mrs. L. Bennett. June. A. viscosa L. Rhododendron viscosum Torr. Swamp honeysuckle. Along mountain streams in the Alleghanies. Parksville, Polk County. June. July. ^ RHODODENDRON L. Rhododendron maximum L. Great laurel. Attaining sometimes the size of a tree 25 to 30 feet high by 1 m. diam eter. Big Frog Mts. Over the Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. June, July. Rh. Catawbiense Michx. Mountain rose bay. Summit of Smoky Mts. Roane Mt. Wolf Creek. July, August. Rh. punctatum Andr. Along Little River, E. Tenn. 1 Hill. Wolf Creek. A. Ruth. 13*2 Tennessee Flora. MENZIESIA J. E. Smith. Menziesia pilosa (Michx.) Pers. M. globularis Salisb. High mountains of E. Tenn. Clingman Dome. Roane Mt. May. June. DENDRIUM Desv. (Leiophyllum Pers.) Dendrium buxifolium (Berg.) Desv. Sand myrtle. Leio- phyllum buxifolium Ell. Summit of Roane Mt. Chickering. April-June. KALMIA L. Kalmia latifolia L. Calico bush. Mts. of E. Tenn. and highlands of M. Tenn. Always in siliceous soils. May, June. LEUCOTHOE D. Don. Leucothoe Catesbaei (Walt.) A. Gray. Common along streams in the Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. April, May. L. recurva (Buckl.) A. Gray. With the former. May. June. L. racemosa (L.) A. Gray. Along Emory River, Roane County. T. H. Kearney. Along French Broad River. April- June. PIERIS D. Don. (Andromeda Pursh.) Pieris floribunda (Pursh.) Beirth. & Hooker. Andromeda floribunda Pursh. Mountain fetter bush. High mountains of E. Tenn. May. P. Mariana (L.) Benth. & Hook. Cumberland and Alle- ghany Mts. May-July. XOLISMA Raf. (Lyonia Nutt.) Xolisma ligustrina (L.) Britton. Andromeda ligustrina Miihl. Lyonia ligustrina DC. Privet Andromeda. Big Frog Mts., E. Tenn. July. OXYDENDRUM DC. Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. Sour wood. Tree reach- ing 50 to 60 feet. Frequent in siliceous soils. O. S. June, July. EPIG^EA L. Epigaea repens L. Trailing arbutus. Ground laurel. Cum- berland and Alleghany Mts. * March-May. GAULTHERIA L. Gaultheria procumbens L. Wintergreen. Mts. of E. Tenn. Abundant. June-September. Ten lessee Plob \. VACCINIACEJE Lindl. GAYLUSSACIA II. B. K. Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) T, & G. Vaccinium frondosum L. Dangleberry. Mts. of E. Tenn. May, June. Fruit in July, August. G. resinosa (Ait.) T. & G. Vaccinium resinosum Ait. Black or high-bush huckleberry. Siliceous soils. O. S. May, June. Fruit in July, August. G. brachycera (Michx.) A. Gray. Vaccinium brachycerum Michx. Box huckleberry. Slopes of the Alleghanies. P ville, on Ocoee River. May. G. ursina (M. A. Curtis) T. & G. Bear huckleberry. A Few miles southeast from Ducktown, in Georgia. VACCINIUM L. Vaccinium virgatum tenellum (Ait.) A. Gray. Southern black huckleberry. Paradise Ridge, Davidson County. April. May. Fruit in July. V. corymbosum L. High-bush blueberry. Gravelly hills. O. S. A fay, June. Fruit in July. V. vacillans Kalm. S. W. Va. J. K. Small. May. June. Fruit in July, August. V. pallidum Ait. V. Constablei A. Gray. Mts. of F. Tenn. May, June. Fruit in July V. melanocarpum Chas. Mohr. n. sp. Bluff Mi County. T. H. Kearney. May. V. stamineum L. Deerberry. Dry woods and thickets. O. S. April-June. V. arboreum Marsh. Farkleberry. Siliceous soils. I » 5. May, June. V. hirsutum Buckl. Frog Mts. Sugar Loaf Mt. at Parks- ville, Polk County, with Gaylussacia brachycera. May, June. OXYCOCCUS Hill. Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Fers. Vaccinium macr< pum Ait. American cranberry. Swamp at Cranberry Mines, on Tennessee and North Carolina State line. June-August Fruit in October. O. erythrocarpus (Michx.) Pers. Vaccinium erythrocarpum Michx. Southern mountain cranberry. High mountains of E. Tenn. June, July. Fruit in September. DIAPENSIACEjE Link. GALAX L. Galax aphylla L. Colt's foot. Throughout the Allegha- nies. May-July. 134 Tennessee Flora. PRIMULACE.E Vent. SAMOLUS L. Samolus floribundus H. B. K. S. Valerandi var. America- nus A. Gray. Water pimpernell. Wet places. O. S. May- September. LYSIMACHIA L. Lysimachia Fraseri Duhy. Golden Loosestrife. Lookout Mt. ClifYs along Ocoee River. June, July. L. quadrifolia L. Crosswort. W r oodlands. O. S. June- August. L. Nummularia L. Moneywort. Naturalized from Europe. Escaped from gardens. May, June. STEIRONEMA Raf. Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. Moist thickets. O. S. June- August. S. tonsum (Wood) Bicknell. S. intermedium Kearney. Alts, of E. Term. T. H. Kearney. S. tonsum simplex Kearney. Wolf Creek. T. H. Kearney. June. July. S. radicans (Hook.) A. Gray. Henderson, W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. June-August. S. lanceolatum A. Gray. O. S. June, July. S. quadriflorum (Sims) Hitchc. S. lanceolatum var. angus- tifolium A. Gray. Bradley County. E. Tenn. Cumberland Alts. June, July. ANAGALLIS L. Anagallis arvensis L. Pimpernell. Naturalized from Eu- rope. Scatteringly O. S. May, June. M. A. coerulea L. Grass plots in Nashville (Blind School). May, June. CENTUNCULUS L. Centunculus minimus L. Chaff weed. Hilltops along Harding Pike, twelve miles west of Nashville. Abundant. April, May. DODECATHEON L. Dodecatheon Meadia L. Shooting star. The purple flow- ering variety in E. Tenn. The white exclusively in vicinity of Nashville. April, May. SAPOTACE.E Reichenb. BUMELIA Sw. Bumelia lycioides (L.) Pers. Southern buckthorn. Shrub Tennessee Flora. or small tree. M. Trim, and southern par: of E. Tenn. In moist, rich soil. June-August. EBENACE^E Vent. DIOSPYROS L. Diospyros Virginiana L. Persimmon. Sometimes n ing 80 to 100 feet in heighl by 3 to 4 feet diameter. 1 1 - May, June. Fruit in September. November. SYMPU HACK .!•: Miers. SYMPLOCOS L. Symplocos tinctoria ( L.) L'Her. Sweet-leaf hors Near Ducktown, Polk County, in \<>rth Carolina. M April. STYRACK.K A. DC. STYRAX L. Styrax Americana Lam. Smooth storax. Jackson, \V. Tenn. S. M. Bain. March. April. MOHRODENDRON Britt. (Halesia Ellis.) Mohrodendron Carolinum (L.) Britton. Halesia tetra] L. Snowdrop tree. O. S. Along streams. Ocoee Vallej March, April. M. dipterum (L.) P.ritton. Halesia diptera. Grounds " ; St. Cecilia Academy, Nashville. Cultivated. April. OLEACEJE Lindl. SYRINGA L. Syringa vulgaris L. Lilac. Frequently cultivated, and sometimes remaining- on deserted garden plots. Native ol rope. April, May. FRAXINUS L. Fraxinus Americana L. White ash. O. S. Attaining 100 feet by 3 to 5 feet diameter. F. lanceolata Borck. F. viridis Michx. Green ash Gi ing to 65 feet by 3 feet diameter. Cow. moist -round-. Fre- quent about Nashville. April. May. F. Pennsylvanica Marsh. F. pubescens Law. Swamps low grounds. O. S. April, May. F. quadrangulata Michx. Blue ash. Larg lining sometimes no feet by 3 feet diameter. I >. S. March, April. F. Americana var. microcarpa A. Gray. Frequent in the 136 Tennessee Flora. Harpeth hills, near Nashville. Is a hybrid between F. Amer- icana and viridis. Its copious seeds are sterile. March, April. ADELIA P. Br. (Forestiera Poir.) Adelia acuminata Michx. Forestiera acuminata Poir. At the water's edge of Cumberland River and its tributaries. March, April. A. ligustrina Michx. Forestiera ligustrina Poir. A shrub characteristic of the cedar glades of M. Tenn. July. Fruit in October. LIGUSTRUM L. Ligustrum vulgare L. Privet. Used for hedges. Native of Europe, but well naturalized and producing perfect fruits. June, July. LOGANIACEJE Dumort. GELSEMIUM Juss. Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait. f. Yellow jessamine. Lookout Mt. Frequent in the southern part of M. Tenn. March-October. SPIGELIA L. Spigelia Marylandica L. Pink root. O. S. May, June. CYNOCTONUM J. G. Gmelin. (Mitreola R. Br.) Cynoctonum Mitreola (L.) Britton. Mitreola petiolata T. & Gray. Mitrewood. Near Kingston Springs. J. M. Bain. June-September. POLYPREMUM L. Polypremum procumbens L. Sandy soil. Scatteringly O. S. May-September. GENTIANACEJE Dumort. SABBATIA Adans. Sabbatia lanceolata (Walt.) Torr. & Gray. Elizabethtown, E. Tenn. May-September. S. angustifolia (Michx.) Britton. S. brachiata Ell. Cen- tury. Barrens. O. S. June, July. M. S. angularis (L.) Pursh. Rose pink. Pastures in rich soil. O. S. July, August. M. S. campanulata (L.) Torr. S. gracilis Pursh. Slender marsh pink. Barrens at Tullahoma. July. 11 . Tennessee Flob \. GENTIANA L. Gentiana quinquefolia P. Stiff gentian. [ts„ Polk County. Hills around the copper mines. August tnber. G. Saponaria P. Soapwort gentian. Moist t ! highlands. September, October. M. G. Andrewsii Griesebach. Closed gentian. Highlands. South Tunnel. August, September. G. villosa P. G. ochroleuca Frcehl. Stringed gentian. rens. O. S. September, October. 1/. FRASERA Walt. Frasera Carolinensis Walt. American Columbo. Barrens. O. S. June-August. M. OBOLARIA L. Obolaria Virginica L. Pennywort. Moist, rich woodlands. O. S. Paradise Ridge. Sequatchie Valley. BARTONIA Miihlb. Bartonia Virginica (L.) P>. S. P. B. tenella Willd. Moun- tain bogs. Sewanee. July-September. MENYANTHACE^E G. Don. LIMNANTHEMUM S. G. Gmelin. Limnanthemum lacunosum Griesb. Floating heart. press swamps. W. Term. July, August. APOCYNACE.K Lindl. AMSONIA Walt. Amsonia Amsonia (P.) Pritton. A. Tabenuemonl Walt. Including A. latifolia Michx. and A. salicifolia Pursh. O. S. Tn moist soil. May. June. VINCA L. Vinca minor P. Periwinkle. On all old graveyards. Ma- tures and propagates from seed. Introduced from Europe. March-Mav. APOCYNUM L. Apocynum androsaerr.ifolium P. Spreading dogban< S July, August. .1/. A. cannabinum L. Indian hemp. O. S. June-Augu>t. 1/ 138 Tennessee Flora. TRACHELOSPERMUM Lemaire. Trachelospermum difforme (Walt.) A. Gray. Forsteronia difformis A. DC. Haywood County, W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. ASCLEPIADACEJE Lindl. ASCLEPIAS L. Asclepias tuberosa L. Butterfly weed. Pleuresy root. Fields and pastures. O. S. June, July. M. A. purpurascens L. Purple milk weed. Edges of woods and fields. O. S. June, July. A. incarnata L. Swamp milk weed. Swamps. O. S. June, July. A. incarnata L. Var. longifolia Gray. Swamps along Cum- berland River. M. A. obtusifolia Michx. Ocoee District. Rugby. Mrs. Per- cival. June, July. A. exaltata (L.) Miihl. A. phytolaccoidea Pursh. Mts. of E. Tenn. July. A. variegata L. White milk weed. Dry uplands, Nash- ville. E. Tenn. June, July. A. quadrifolia Jacq. Oak barrens of M. Tenn. June, July. A. Syriaca L. Silk weed. A. Cornuti Decaisne. O. S. July. M. A. perennis Walt. Bottoms, W. Tenn., at Henderson. S. M. Bain. May-August. A. verticillata L. Whorled milk weed. Frequent in the cedar glades. July. ASCLEPIODORA A. Gray. Asclepiodora viridis (Walt.) A. Gray. Cedar glades. In dry, open places. May-July. ACERATES Ell. Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton. Cedar glades, Lavergne. June, July. A. longifolia Ell. A. Floridana Hitch. Barrens at Tulla- homa. July, August. AMPELANUS Raf. (Britton Enslenia Nutt.) Ampelanus albidus Nutt. Britton Enslenia albida Nutt. Sand vine. Thickets and along river banks. O. S. July. VINCETOXICUM Walter. (Gonolobus Michx.) Vincetoxicum gonocarpon Walt. Gonolobus laevis var. mac- rophyllus A. Gray. G. macrophyllus Michx. O. S. July. Tennessee Flora. V. hirsutum (Michx.) Britton. G. hirsutus Michx. Thick- ets along Cumberland River and Stoner's Creek, [une, lulv. V. obliquum (Jacq.) Britton. Gonolobus obliquus R. Br. Copses around Nashville. V. Carolinense (Jacq.) Britton. Gonolobus Carolinensis R. Br. Vicinity of Nashville. May, June. V. Shortii (A. Gray) Britton. Gonolobus Shortii A. Gray E. Tenn. July. CONVOLVULACIJ: Vent. EVOLVULUS L. Evolvulvus pilosus Xntt. E. argenteus Pursh. Cedar glades, Lavergne. May-July. QUAMOCLIT M(i*nch. Quamoclit Quamoclit (L.) Britton. [pomaea Quamoclit L. Cypress vine. Immigrant from S. America. Frequent in cornfields and in gardens. July-October. IPOMCEA L. Ipomoea pandurata (L.) Meyer. Wild potato vine. Man of the earth. Dry soil. Along hedges. May-September. 1/ I. lacunosa L. Small-flowered white morning-glory. Moisl soil. O. S. July-September. I. purpurea (L.) Roth. Morning-glory. Adventive from tropical S. America. Frequent in cultivation, and naturalized. O. S. July-October. I. hederacea Jacq. Ivy-leaved morning-glory. Fields and waste places. O. S. June-October. I. Batatas Lam. Batatas edulis Chois. Sweet potato. Na- tive of S. America. In cultivation only. CONVOLVULUS L. Convolvulus sepium L. Great bind weed. Fields and thick- ets. O. S. June-August. C. repens L. C. sepium var. repens Gray. Old fields. South fork of Holston River. J. K. Small. July, August. C. spithameus L. Calystegia spithamea Pursh. Dry. rocky woods. Frequent in the Alleghanies. July-September, C. arvensis L. Small bind weed. Grass plots in the ci1 Nashville. Xormal College grounds. June-August. CUSCl"T.UT..K Dumort. CUSCUTA L. Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich. Field dodder. Near Nashville, on ambrosia. July, August. 140 Tennessee Flora. C. chlorocarpa Engelm. A. Gray. On polygonums and other herbs. O. S. July-September. C. indecora Choisy. C. decora Engelm. On solidago and asters. Nashville. Knoxville. C. tenuiflora Engelm. Big Frog Mt. E. Tenn. July. C. Gronovii Willd. On shrubs and herbs. O. S. August, September. C. rostrata Shuttle w. Summit of Thunderhead, on solidago glomerata. July. C. compacta Juss. On eupatorium and other herbaceous plants. Paradise Ridge. Sumner County. August, Septem- ber. C. paradoxa Raf. C. glomerata Choisy. Low bushes, high- lands, Sumner County. July. C. obtusiflora H. B. K. Var. glandulosa Eneelm. On bushes and herbaceous plants. Frequent about Nashville. July, August. POLEMONIACEJE DC. PHLOX L. Phlox paniculata L. Garden phlox. Rich, moist wood- lands. O. S. July-September. P. maculata L. Wild sweet William. With the former. Very common in the Alleghanies. July-September. P. glaberrima L. Mts. of E. Tenn. Highlands of M. Tenn. P. glaberrima L. Var. suffruticosa Gray. Banks of Cum- berland River at Rising Sun Bluff. July. P. pilosa L. Var. detonsa Gray. Cliffs on Cumberland River above Nashville. June. P. amoena Sims. Mts. of E. Tenn. and highlands of M. Tenn. Mitchellville, Sumner County. April-June. P. divaricata L. O. S. April, May. P. reptans Michx. Marion, S. W. Va. J. K. Small. Duck- town, Polk County. April, May. P. bifida Beck. Dry ground. Indiana-Tennessee. Fide Illustrated Flora. P. Stellaria A. Gray. Cedar glades, Lavergne. April. P. ovata L. P. Carolina L. South Tunnel, Robertson County. June. P. subulata L. Moss pink. Kate's Mt., S. W. Va., near Tennessee border. J. K. Small. June. GILIA R. & T. Gilia coronopifolia Pers. Standing cypress. Red knobs. McMinn Countv, E. Tenn. Perhaps strayed from cultivation. Tuly. Tennessee Floba. in POLEMONIUM L. Polemonium reptans L. Greek valerian. Moist woods. O. S. April, May. HYDROPHYLLAc I J] Lindl. HYDROPHYLLUM L. Hydrophyllmm Virginicum L. Virginia water leaf. Duck- town, Polk County. June. H. macrophyllum Nutt. Damp woods. South Tunnel, Sumner County. June. H. appendiculatum Michx. Frequent in vicinity of Nash- ville. June. H. Canadense L. Mts. of E. Tenn. June. July. NEMOPHILA Nutt. Nemophila microcalyx (Nutt.) T. & M. Copses and ravines. M. Tenn. Frequent around Nashville. Grounds of Vander- bilt University. March, April. PHACELIA Juss. Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. Moist thickets. O! S. April, May. P. dubia (L.) Small. P. parviflora Pursh. Rocky glades. Vicinity of Nashville. April-June. P. hirsuta Nutt. On dry ground. Frequent around Nash- ville. March, April. P. Purshii Buckl. Very frequent in the glades of M. Tenn. April, May. P. fimbriata Michx. Mts. of E. Tenn. White Top Mt.. S. W. Va. I. K. Small. May, June. P. Bicknellii J. K. Small. Collected by Mr. Bicknell city of Nashville, 1894. Is perhaps same as I have taken to be P. hirsuta Nutt. NAMA L. (Hyrolea L.) Nama affinis (A.Gray). Kuntze. Hollow Rock, W. Tenn. August. BORAGIN \CI-.i: Lindl. HELIOTROPIUM L. Heliotropium tenelium (Nutt.) Torr. Cedar glades of M. Tenn. Very copious. July. H. Indicum L. Low, wet grounds. (VS. May-July. H. anchusaefolium Poir. Introduced and spreading in the grounds of Dr. Cheatham, now Belmont. June. 142 Tennessee Flora. CYNOGLOSSUM L. Cynoglossum officinale L. Hound's tongue. Waste grounds. O. S. April, May. C. Virginicum L. Wild gomfrey. Woods. O. S. April, May. LAPPULA Moench. (Echinospermum Sw.) Lappula Lappula (L.) Karst. Echinospermum Lappula Lehm. Burseed. Naturalized from Europe. Waste places. Johnson ville. May-September. L. Virginiana (L.) Greene. Echinospermum Virginianum Lehm. Beggar's ticks. Woods. O. S. Jurre, July. MERTENSIA Roth. Mertensia Virginica (L.) DC. Pulmonaria Virginica L. Lungwort. Rich woodlands. O. S. March, April. MYOSOTIS L. Myosotis palustris (L.) Lam. Forget-me-not. Hampton, E. Tenn. May. M. laxa Lehm. Knoxville. A. Ruth. May, June. M. Virginica (L.) B. S. P. M. Verna Nutt. Early scorpion j*rass. Dry hills. O. S. March, April. LITHOSPERMUM L. Xithospermum arvense L. Corn gromwell. Waste places. 'O. S. April. L. officinale L. Gromwell. Knoxville. A. Ruth. May. L. latifolium Michx. American gromwell. Highlands. In damp woods. South Tunnel, Sumner County. May, June. L. canescens Lehm. Hoary raccoon. Glades of M. Tenn. June, July. L. angustifolium Michx. W. Tenn., near Hickman. June. L. tuberosum Rugel. Dry ridges near Knoxville. ONOSMODIUM Michx. Onosmodium Carolinianum DC. False gromwell. Banks of Holston River, below the Falls. J. K. Small. May-July. O. molle Michx. Abundant in the glades of M. Tenn. April, May. SYMPHYTUM L. Symphytum officinale L. Gomfrey. Old settlements in the mountains of E. Tenn. May, June. TBNNBS8BB FLORA. I i:i BORAGO L. Borago officinalis L. Borage. Escaped from gardens. E Term. June. ECHIUM L. Echium vulgare L. Vipers Bugloss. I rpper E. Tenn. May. June. VERRFWUF.K J. St. Hil. VERBENA L. Verbena officinalis L. Vervain. Roadsides and old fields. Naturalized from Europe. E. Tenn. June-September. V. urticaefolia L. Pastures and roadsides. O. S. August, September. V. hastata L. Waste ground. O. S. July-September. V. angustifolia Michx. Dry limestone soils. O. S. July- September. V. stricta Vent. W. Tenn. June-September. V. bracteosa Michx. Roadsides, around dwellings. I June, July. V. Canadensis (L.) Britton. V ' . Aubletia Jacq. ( glades. May-July. V. riparia Raf. Small & Heller. V. urticaefolia var. riparia. Britton. Banks of Staley Creek, at Marion; banks of Cedar Creek, S. W. Va. J. K. Small. LIPPIA L. Lippia lanceolata Michx. Fog fruit. Moist soil. O. S. August, September. CALLICARPA L. Callicarpa Americana L. French mulberry. Limestone re- gions of M. Tenn. June. July. LABIATE B. Juss. TEUCRIUM L. Teucrium Canadense L. American Germander. thickets. August. September. M. ISAMTHUS Michx. Isanthus brachiatus (L.) B. S. P. I cobtuIcus Michx Rocky slopes of limestone regions of M. Tenn. July-Septem- TRICHOSTEMA L. Trichostema dichotomum L. Blue curls. Sandy field-. O. S. July, August. 144 Tennessee Flora. SCUTELLARIA L. Scutellaria lateriflora L. Mad-dog scullcap. Moist wood- lands. O. S. Jul)'-September. M. S. serrata And. Wood. M. Tenn. Cumberland Mts. R. M. Middleton. May, June. S. incana Miihl. S. canescens Nutt. Hills near Nashville. Craggy Hope, Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway. June-August. S. cordifolia Miihl. S. versicolor Nutt. Hills near Nash- ville. June, July. S. cordifolia var. bracteata Benth. Bluffs on Mill Creek, near Nashville. July. S. pilosa Michx. Hills near Nashville. E. Tenn. July, August. S. pilosa hirsuta (Short) A. Gray. South Tunnel, Sumner County. July. S. integrifolia L. Highlands. Cumberland Mts. May, June. S. integrifolia var. major Chap. Parksville, E. Tenn. S. parvula Michx. Cedar glades. May. S. campestris Britton. S. parvula var. mollis A. Gray. Glades. Baine. S. saxatilis Riddel. Chilhowee Mts., E. Tenn. May-July. S. galericulata L. Mts. of E. Tenn. Ducktown. June-Sep- tember. S. nervosa Pursh. Swampy woodlands. Sumner County. J«iy- S. venosa T. H. Kearney. Bull. September, 1897. Bluff Mt., E. Tenn. MARRUBIUM L. Marrubium vulgare L. White hoarhound. Waste places. Naturalized from Europe. July. M. AGASTACHE Clayt. (Lophanthus Benth.) Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze. Lophanthus nepetoides Benth. Catnip. Giant hysop. Woods and thickets. M. Tenn. July-September. A. scrophulariaefolia (W T illd.) Kuntze. Lophanthus scroph- ularisefolia Benth. High mountains of E. Tenn. July. MEEHANIA Britt. (Cedronella Benth.) Meehania cordata (Nutt.) Britton. Cedronella cordata /enth. Highlands of M. Tenn. May-July. Tennessee Floe \. 1 i NEPETA Nepeta Cataria L. Catnip. Waste places. Natural from Europe. July-November. .!/. GLECHOMA L. Glechoma hederacea L. Ground ivy. Shaded, grounds. O. S. March-May. 1/. PRUNELLA L. Prunella vulgaris L. Self-heal. Fields and roadsides. I I S. July-September. M. PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. Physostegia Virginiana i L.) Benth. False dragon head. Barrens. O. S. July. SYNANDRA Nutt. Synandra hispidula (Michx.) Britton. Moist woods. John Overton's place, near Nashville. March, April. GALEOPSIS L. Galeopsis Tetrahit L. Hemp nettle. Lemon's (iaj>, E. Tenn. A. Ruth. LEONURUS L. Leonurus Cardiaca L. Motherwort. Waste places. June-September. M. LAMIUM L. Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit. Weed in fields and dens. O. S. February, March. L. purpureum L. Red dead nettle. Knoxville. A.Ruth. L. maculatum L. Spotted dead nettle. Troutdale, W. Va J. K. Small. STACHYS L. Stachys aspera Michx. Hedge nettle. Moist W( O. S. June, July. S. tenuifolia Willd. S. aspera xar. glabra Gray. Banl Cumberland River, above Nashville. May. June. S. cordata Riddel. Rich hillsides in the Eiarpeth hills, Nashville. July. BETONICA L. Betonica officinalis L. Stachys Betonica Benth, Adventitious in cultivated grounds in Nashville. Jul) tember. M. 146 Tennessee Flora. SALVIA L. Salvia lyrata L. Lyre-leaved sage. Copses. O. S. April, May. S. urticaefolia L. Woods. O. S. April-June. S. officinalis L. Sage. Cultivated only. M. MONARDA L. Monarda didyma L. Oswego tea. Wet places in the higher mountains of E. Tenn. July. M. Clinopodia L. Alts, of E. Tenn. June-August. M. fistulosa L. Wild bergamot. O. S. June-September. M. fistulosa var. mollis Benth. Nashville. June-August. M. M. Bradburiana Bick. Highlands of M. Tenn. June, July. M. punctata L. Horse mint. Memphis. Dr. Egeling. M. M. citriodora Cero. Lemon horse mint. Montgomery Bell Academy grounds, Nashville. June, July. BLEPHILIA Raf. Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. Dry soil. O. S. July. B. hirsuta (Pursh.) Torr. Shady grounds along Cumber land River, near Nashville. June-September. HEDEOMA Pers. Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. American pennyroyal. O. S. June-September. M. MELISSA L. Melissa officinalis L. Balm. Cultivated, and escaped from gardens. June. M. CLINOPODIUM L. (Calamintha Mcench.) Clinopodium vulgare L. Calamintha Clinopodium Benth. Wild Basil. Knoxville. A. Ruth. M. C. Nepeta ( L.) Kuntze. Calamintha Nepeta Link. Basil Thyme. Dry, rocky grounds. Frequent around Nashville. E. Tenn. July-September. C. glabrum (Nutt.) Kuntze. Calamintha glabella var. Nut- tallii A. Gray. Abounds in the cedar glades. May, June. C. glabellum (Michx.) Kuntze. Calamintha glabella Benth. River banks of Tennessee. Fide Illustrated Flora. M. ORIGANUM L. Origanum Majorana L. Cultivated majoran. June, July. Tennessee Flora. it: KCELLIA Moench. (Pycnanthemum Michx.) Koellia flexuosa (Walt.) MacM. Pycnanth. linifolium Pursh. Mountain mint. Siliceous and argillaceous soils. I > S func July. M. K. Virginica MacM. P. lanceolatum Pursh. O. S. Au- gust, September. K. pilosa (Nutt.) Britton. P. muticum var. pilosum Gray. Dickson County. July. K. verticillata (Michx.) Kuntze. P. Torreyi Benth. S. W. Va., near Tennessee line. July-September. K. clinopodioides (T. & G.) Kuntze. P. clinopodioides T. & G. E. Tenn. Fide A. Gray. K. incana (L.) Kuntze. Pycnanthemum incanum Michx. O. S. August-October. K. pycnanthemoides (Leavenw.) Kuntze. P. Tullia Benth. Hills west of Nashville. June, July. K. albescens (T. & G.) Kuntze. P. albescens T. & G. Parksville, E. Tenn. Also hilltops near Nashville. July-Sep- tember. K. mutica (Michx.) Britton. P. muticum Pers. Oak bar rens of Tullahoma. Very abundant. July, August. K. montana (Michx.) Kuntze. P. montanum Michx. Frog Mt. Clingman Dome. THYMUS L. Thymus vulgaris L. Sweet thyme. Cultivated only. 1/. SATUREIA L. Satureia hortensis L. Summer savory. Cultivated. 1/ LYCOPUS L. Lycopus Virginicus L. Bugle weed. Ponds and ditches. I I S. August, September. L. rubellus Moench. Stalked water hoarhound. Swamps. O. S. July-October. L. Americanus Miihl. Cut-leaved water hoarhound. Wet soil. O. S. July-October. MENTHA L. Mentha spicata L. M. viridis L. Spearmint. Introduced. Wet grounds. O. S. July. M. M. Piperita L. Peppermint, [ntroduced. July-Septem- ber. M. M. rotundifolia L. Round-leaved mint. South fork o\ Ho ston River. J. EC. Small. July. 148 Tennessee Flora. M. aquatica L. Water mint. Knoxville. A. Ruth. Au- gust-October. M. arvensis L. Field mint. Waste places. Introduced. July-September. M. sativa L. Whorled mint. Knoxville. A. Ruth. Sep- tember, October. M. Canadensis L. American wild mint. Margin of ponds. O. S. July-October. COLLINSONIA L. Collinsonia Canadensis L. Horse balm. Rich woodlands. Frequent in E. Tenn. July-October. M. C. punctata Ell. Cumberland Mts. Harpeth hills, along Hillsboro Pike. July. C. verticillata Baldw. Lookout Mt. W. M. Canby. Knox and Loudon Counties. A. Ruth. M. PERILLA Ard. » Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. P. ocymoides L. Native of India. Spreading in M. Tenn. Growing in old farm lands in big patches. July-October. SOLANACEJE Pers. PHYSALODES Boehm. (Nicandra Adans.) Physalodes Physalodes (L.) Britton. Nicandra Physa- lodes Gifrtn. Apple of Peru. In clearings, or a weed in gar- dens or fields. O. S. July-September. PHYSALIS L. Physalis pubescens L. Sandy soil. Ground cherry. O. S. July-September. P. angulata L. Copses, in rich soil. O. S. July-Septem- ber. F. Philadelphica Lam. Fields and gardens. O. S. July. P. lanceolata Michx. Prairie ground cherry. Uplands. Cumberland Mts. July, August. P. Virginiana Mill. Cedar glades and woods. O. S. July- September. SOLANUM L. Solanum nigrum L. Black nightshade. Waste ground. O. S. July-October. M. S. Carolinense L. Horse nettle. Fields and waste grounds. O. S. May-September. M. S. rostratum Dunal. Sand bur. Adventive from the West. Tennessee Flob \. 1 19 The original food of the potato bug. Nashville and vicinity. July- August. S. Dulcamara L. Nightshade. Bittersweet. Rare spontaneous growth. Near dwellings. I ». S. [une-Septem ber. M. S. tuberosum L. Potato. In cultivation only. I to perfection on the high mountains of K. Tenn. (B Mt.), where it also matures its seeds. S. Melongena L. Eggplant. In cultivation only. LYCOPERSICON Mill. Lycopersicon Lycopersicon. Solanum Lycopersicon L. Tomato. Sometimes escaped. Largely cultivated. LYCIUM L. Lycium vulgare Dunal. Matrimony vine. Roadsides and w r aste grounds. O. S. Introduced from Europe. May. June DATURA L. Datura Stramonium L. Thorn apple. Jamestown wed O. S. June-September. M. » D. Tatula L. Purple thorn apple. With the former. - June-September. M. NICOTIANA L. Nicotiana Tabacum L. Tobacco. Universally cultivated in several varieties. The finest qualities are grown in the moun- tain plateaus of E. Tenn. and North Carolina. PETUNIA Juss. Petunia violacea Lindl. Escaped from gardens into v. places. July. CAPSICUM L. Capsicum annuum L. Red pepper. Spanish pepper. I pepper. .1/. C. fastigiatum L. Bird pepper. Fruit in shape spur. Used in pickles. C. frutescens L. Cayenne pepper. Pods shaped like last, but larger. Preferred for medicinal purposes. If. C. grossum W. Bell pepper. Pods large and less pung All these varieties occur under cultivation only. SCROPHULARIACE.E Lindl. VERBASCUM L. Verbascum Thapsus L. Great mullen. O. S. June S tember. N. V 150 Tennessee Flora. V. Blattaria L. Moth mullen. Waste places. O. S. June-November. LINARIA Juss. Linaria Linaria (L.) Karst. Linaria vulgaris Mill. But- ter and eggs. Fields and fence rows. O. S. June, July. M. L. Canadensis (L.) Dumort. Wild toad flax. Lookout Mt. On summit. May-September. SCROPHULARIA L. Scrophularia Marylandica L. Figwort. W T ood and thick- ets. O. S. June, July. M. CHELONE L. Chelone glabra L. Turtle head. Swamps. O. S. July- Augnst. M. C. Lyoni Pursh. Mountain bogs in the Alleghanies. July- September. PENTSTEMON Soland. Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) W T illd. Hairy beard tongue. Dry woods and thickets. O. S. May-July. P. Digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. Glades. July, August. P. Pentstemon (L.) Britton. P. lsevigatus Solander. Woods and thickets. M. Tenn. June, July. P. canescens Britton. Slope of Kate's Mt., S. W. Va. J. K. Small. May, June. P. Smallii Heller. Frequent in the glades around Nash- ville. Knoxville. F. L. Scribner. P. calycosus J. K. Small. Bluffs. Tennessee. Bulletin Bot. Club. September, i! PAULOWNIA Sieb. & Zucc. Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Baill. P. imperialis Sieb. & Zucc. Ornamental tree from Japan. Matures its seeds, and is sometimes found in the open country. May-July. MIMULUS L. Mimulus ringens L. Monkey flower. Wet ground. O. S. June-September. M. alatus Soland. Ponds and ditches. O. S. June-Sep- tember. CONOBEA Aubl. Conobea multinda (Michx.) Benth. Sandy soil, along streams. Common in M. Tenn. June-September. Tennessee Flora. 15] MONNIERA P, Br. (Herpestis G»rt.) Monniera acuminata (Walt.) Kuntze. Herpestis n cens Benth. Moist places in the barrens of M. Tenn. |une- September. M. rotundifolia Michx. Hedge hyssop. Ponds urn- berland River. June-September. GRATIOLA. L. Gratiola Virginiana L. Clammy hedge hyssop. Miry places. O. S. May- August. G. sphaerocarpa Ell. White Cliff Springs, K. Tenn. L Scribner. G. Floridana Nutt. E. Tenn. Nashville, <»n the site of the old waterworks. April, May. G. ramosa Walt. Wet lands in the oak barrens at Tulla- homa. June, July. ILYSANTHES Raf. Ilysanthes gratioloides (L.) Benth. Wet ground. False pimpernel. O. S. I. attenuata Small. Same range with the former. April, May. I. refracta Benth. Ducktown, E. Tenn. May. June. VERONICA L. Veronica Americana Schwein. American brooklime. Vlong water courses. O. S. April-September. V. officinalis L. Common speedwell, [onesboro, E. Tenn. A. Ruth. May. V. serpyllifolia L. Weed in fields and gardens. < April, May. V. peregrina L. Weed in cultivated ground. I >. S. April, May. V. arvensis L. Weed among the grass in pastun uralized from Europe. March-May. LEPTANDRA Xutt. Leptandra Virginica (L.) Nutt. Veronica Virginica L Culvers root. Mountains and highlands, I '. 5. Jun< tember. BUCHNERA L. Buchnera Americana L. Blue hearts. Oak barrens, M. Tenn. June-September. 152 Tennessee Flora. AFZELIA J. G. Gmel. (Seymeria Pursh.) Afzelia macrophylla (Nutt.) Kuntze. Mullen fox glove. Rich, alluvial soil. Nashville. July. A. tenuifolia (Pursh.) Kuntze. Copses near Cleveland, E. Tenn. DASYSTOMA Raf. (Gerardia L.) Dasystoma Pedicularia (L.) Benth. False fox glove. Sili- ceous soil. O. S. D. Pedicularia var. pectinata Nutt. Harpeth hills, near Nashville. July, August. D. flava (L.) Wood. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. and barrens of M. Tenn. July. D. grandiflora (Benth.) Wood. Dry woods. E. Tenn. July, August. D. laevigata Raf. Thickets. O. S. July, August. D. Virginica (L.) Britton. D. quercifolia Benth. Harpeth hills, Davidson County. July, August. D. patula Chapm. Bluffs of Cumberland River at Nashville. July, August. GERARDIA L. Gerardia purpurea L. In siliceous soils. O. S. July-Sep- tember. G. tenuifolia Vahl. Harpeth hills. July-September. G. tenuifolia asperula A. Gray. Greenbrier, Robertson County. July-September. CASTILLEJA Mutis. Castilleja coccinea (S.) Sprengel. Painted cup. Bradley County, east of Cleveland. Dickson County. April, May. SCHWALBEA L. Schwalbea Americana L. Chaff seed. Tullahoma. June. PEDICULARIS L. Pedicularis Canadensis L. Lausewort. Dry woodlands. O. S. April-June. MELAMPYRUM L. Melampyrum lineare Lam. M. Americanum Michx. Cow wheat. Wolf Creek, E. Tenn. T. H. Kearney. May-July. M. latifolium Miihl. Thunderhead Mt., n,ear summit. July. TENNE88EB FLORA. LENTIBULARIACEiE Lindl. UTRICULARIA L. Utricularia inflata Walt. Bladderwort. Jackson. S. M. Bain. U. gibba L. Bogs on summit of Lookout Mt. U. biflora Lam. Swamps near Hollow Rock. [uly. OROBANCHACEJE Lindl. THALESIA Raf. (Aphyllon A. Cray.) Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britton. Aphyllon uniflorum T. i One-flowered broomrape. In leaf mold. Parasitic <»n herbs. April-June. OROBANCHE L. Orobanche Ludoviciana Nutt. Aphyllon Ludovicianum A. Gray. Knoxville. F. L. Scribner. June-August. CONOPHOLIS Walt. Conopbolis Americana (L. f.) Wallr. Squaw root. Damp woods. O. S. June. LEPTAMNIUM Raf. (Epiphegus Karst.) Leptamnium Virginicum (L.) Raf. Epiphegus Virginianus Bart. Parasitic on the roots of beech trees. August-i October. M, BIGXOXTACICK Pers. BIGNONIA L. Bignonia crucigera L. B. capreolata L. Cross vine. Climbing high, fastening itself on the hark of trees. April- June. TECOMA Juss. Tecoma radicans (L.) DC. Trumpet flower. Climbing Of spreading over the fields. July-September. M. CATALPA Scop. Catalpa Catalpa (L.) Karst. Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Frequent in M. Tenn. June, July. M. C. speciosa Warmer. Frequent in E. Tenn. June. July. 154 Tennessee Flora. MARTYNIACE^E Link. MARTYNIA L. Martynia Louisiana Mill. Martynia proboscoidea Glox. Waste places. O. S. July-September. ACANTHACEJE J. St. Hil. RUELLIA L. Ruellia strepens L. Dry soil. O. S. May-July. R. ciliosa Pursh. Barrens. O. S. May-July. DIANTHERA L. Dianthera Americana L. Water and wet grounds. May- August. D. humilis Engelm & Gray. Madison County. S. M. Bain. G^TESIA Gray. Gaetesia laste-virens Gray. Lookout Mt., E. Tenn. July. DIAPEDIUM Konig. (Dicliptera Juss.) Diapedium brachiatum (Pursh.) Kuntze. Dicliptera brach- iata Sprengel. Damp woodlands. Nashville. July-October. PHRYMACE^E Schauer. PHRYMA L. Phryma leptosyachya L. Lopseed. Woods and thickets. O. S. June-August. PLANTAGINACEiE Lindl. PLANTAGO L. Plantago major L. Common plantain. Waste grounds. In cities. Not frequent, like the next. May-September. P. Rugelii DC. Very common, and easily distinguished by its very slender spikes. O. S. June-September. P. lanceolata L. Rib grass. Obnoxious intruder into mead- ows. O. S. April-June. P. cordata Lam. Water plantain. Swamps, W. Tenn. Falls of Holston River, S. W. Va. J. K. Small. P. aristata Michx. P. Patagonica aristata Gray. Dry, sandy soils. Tullahoma. Dickson County. May-October. P. Virginica L. O. S. March-May. P. elongata Pursh. P. pusilla Nutt. Mitchellville. April, May. P. heterophylla Nutt. Barrens. O. S. 'April-July. Tennessee Flora. RUBIA( IAK B. Ju HOUSTONIA I. Houstonia cocerulea L. Bluet. Moist, open ground. I April-June. H. serpyllifolia Michx. Covering the ground on the summits of the Alleghanies. May. H. minor (Michx.) JVitton. H. patens Ell. Cedar gla< March, April. H. minima Beck. I'noxville. Fort Saunders. A. Ruth. March, April. H. purpurea L. Oldenlandia purpurea A. ( ira\ I I - H. purpurea var. puhescens Britton. With the former H. purpurea var. calycosa. Similar localities with the for- mer. May-September. H. tenuifolia Xutt. Throughout the mountain- of E. Tenn. Wolf Creek. August, September. H. angustifolia Michx. Copiously in the cedar gla Bluffs of Cumberland River, at Nashville. May-July. OLDENLANDIA L. Oldenlandia Boscii Chapm. Ditches along railroad at Tul- lahoma. CEPHALANTHUS L. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Button bush. Swamps and wet ground. O. S. June-September. 1/. MITCHELLA L. Mitchella repens L. Partridge berry. Woods. I I April-June. M. SPERMACOCE L. Spermacoce glabra L. Smooth button weed. V O. S. June-September. DIODIA L. Diodia teres Walt. Old fields. I ». S. July-Septen D. Virginiana L. Wet lands, covering fields. June-Au- gust. GALIUM L. Galium Aparine L. Cleavers. Fence rows and shady grounds. O. S. April. May. M. G. virgatum Xutt. Dry ground in the cedar glades at La vergne. Knoxville. A. Ruth. April-June. G. Parisiense L. G. anelicum Huds. Knoxville. A.. Ruth. 156 Tennessee Flora. Along north fork of Holston River, S. W? Va. J. K. Small. June- August. G. pilosum Ait. Hairy bedstraw. Common. O. S. June- August. G. pilosum puncticulosum T. & G. Near Lynchburg, S. W. Va. J. K. Small. G. lanceolatum Torr. E. Tenn. S. W. Va. J. K. Small. G. circaezans Michx. Wild liquorice. Dry woods. O. S. May-July. G. triflorum Michx. Fragrant bedstraw. Cedar glades and dry woods. O. S. June. G. latifolium Michx. High mountains of E. Tenn. July, August. G. latifolium var. hispidulum Small. Spurs of Iron Mt. G. Arkansanum Gray. Johnson ville, W. Tenn. June, Jul v. G. tinctorium L. Tennessee. Fide Illustrated Flora. G. trifidum L. Swampy meadows. O. S. June-August. CAPRIFOLIACE.F] Vent. SAMBUCUS L. Sambucus Canadensis L. American elder. O. S. June, July. S. pubens L. Mountain elder. Alleghanies. April, May. VIBURNUM L. Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. V. lantanoides Michx. Hob- ble bush. Mts. of E. Tenn. Summit of Thunderhead, Blount County. May, June. V. Opulus L. Cranberry tree. The variety floridum only, with all flowers sterile. Frequently planted shrub in gardens. Sometimes found in derelicted places. V. acerifolium L. Maple-leaved arrow wood. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. May, June. V. dentatum L. Arrow wood. Peak Mt., S. W. Va. J. K. Small. V. cassinoides L. Beersheba Springs, Cumberland Alts. M. B. Howell. May, June. V. nudum L. White rod. Swampy lands in the oak bar- rens, Cumberland Plateau. May, June. V. prunifolium L. Black haw. Cumberland Mts. E. Tenn. April-June. V. rufo-tomentosum Small. V. prunifolium var. ferugineum T. & G. Frequent in the vicinity of Nashville. April, May. TRIOSTEUM L. Triosteum perfoliatum L. Horse gentian. Foot of Cum- Tennessee Flora. 15 berland Mts., at Cowan. Bluffs of Cumberland River May July. f. angustifolium L. Parksville, E. Tenn. Knoxville \ Ruth. May-July. SYMPHORICARPUS Juss. Symphoricarpus racemosus Michx. Snowberry. Along Holston River. J. K. Small. June-September. S. Symphoricarpus (L.) Michx. S. vulgaris Michx berry. Indian currant. Abundant in M. Trim. LONICERA L. Lonicera dioica L. L. glauca Hill. L. parvi flora Lam. Glaucous honeysuckle. Cliffs, north of Bristol. J. I\. Small. Mts. of E. Tenn. L. Sullivantii Gray. Woodlands. ( ). S. May, June. L. flava Sims. E. Tenn. April, May. L. sempervirens L. Trumpet honeysuckle. Frequent in the cedar glades of M. Tenn. June. Jul}'. L. Japonica Thunb. Japanese honeysuckle Naturalized from E. Asia. Banks of Cumberland River, above and below Nashville. June-August. DIERVILLA Mcench. Diervilla trifida Moench. D. Diervilla McM. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. May, June. *D. rivularis Gattinger. Lula Falls, eight miles south of summit of Lookout Alt. July. Vide Bot. Gazette, July, i vXs; VALERIAXACK.K Batsch. VALERIANA L. Valeriana pauciflora Michx. American wild valerian. Moist soil. Fide Gray's Synopt. Flora. May, June. VALERIANELLA Poll. Valerianella Locusta (L.) Bettke. V. olitoria L. ] pean corn salad. Cultivated and the young plant- eaten as salad under the name or" " fetticus." March. April, *Branchlets, nearly terate; leaves, Bubsessito, ovate, or ob olate. acuminate, whitish underneath, all parts hirsutely : evmes, numerous, 3-6 flowered; corolla, Blightly bilabiate, the upper three divisions in close contact, middle lobe longest, the lo more spreading; calyx lobes, slend.r. lance-subulate; flower, brighter than in susilifolia; shrub 3 to 5 feet high, Dear the stream. 158 Tennessee Flora. V. radiata (L.) Dufr. Lamb's lettuce. Glades and copses. M. Tenn. March, April. V. Woodsiana (T. & G.) Walpers. Moist ground. O. S. March, April. V. Woodsiana var. umbilicata Gray, and V. Woodsiana var. patellaria Gray. Moist places in the bar- rens. March, April. DIPSACE.E Lindl. DIPSACUS L. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Wild teasel. Waste places. O. S. July-September. CUCURBITACE^E Bernh. Juss. CUCURBITA L. Cucurbita Melopepo L. Flat squash. Cult. C. verrucosa L. Warty squash. Cult. C. maxima DC. Winter squash. Cult. C. ovifera Gray. Orange gourd squash, including the Hob- bard and the var. medullosa A. Grav. Vegetable marrow. Cult. C. Pepo and Melopepo L. Common and sugar pumpkins. All these varieties are well known to cultivators. LAGENARIA Seringe. Lagenaria vulgaris Seringe. Cururbita Lagenaria L. Bot- tle gourd. Occurs sometimes self-sown. Summers. CITRULLUS Schrad. Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. Watermelon. The citron is a variety with firm flesh, used for preserving. CUCUMIS L. Cucumis Melo L. Mushmelon, cantaloupe. Var. flexuosus is the serpent melon : var. Dudaim, vegetable pomegranate, also named C. odoratissimus, var. Chito, size of goose egg, also called " vine peach." C. sativus L. Cucumber. Cultivated in several varieties. Cult. C. Anguria L. Gherkin. Small, spiny, used for pickling. Cult. LUFFA Roem. Luffa cylindrica Roem. and L. angularis R. Towel gourds, dishrag. Useful as a bathing sponge. Cult. Tennessee Flora. MELOTHRIA L. Melothria pendula L. Creeping cucumber. Cedar gli and hillsides. ( ). S. July, August. MICRAMPELIS Raf. (Echinocystis T. & i Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene. Echinocystis I T. & G. Wild balsam apple. Tullahoma. July. SICYOS L. Sicyos angulatus L. Star cucumber. Hedges and thi and river banks. O. S. June-September. TRIANOSPERMUM Roem. Trianospermum Boykinii. Roem. Banks of Cumberland River above Nashville. Lester F. Ward. August, September. CV-T.WrLACE.K Juss. CAMPANULA L. Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Boggy laurel thickets, in sphagnum, Cumberland Mts. Sewanee. June-August. C. divaricata Michx. Bell flower. Cumberland and Alle- ghany Alts. June-September. C. Americana L. Tall bellflower. Moist thicket-. July- September. LEGOUZIA Durand. (Specularia Heist.) Legouzia biflora (R. & P.) Britton. Specularia biflora V Gray. Pastures around Nashville. Jackson. W. Tenn M. Bain. April-June. L. perfoliata (L.) Britton. Specularia perfoliata \. DC. Venus' looking-glass. Waste grounds. O. S. May Septem- ber. LOBELIA L. Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal flower. Moist soil July-September. L. syphilitica L. Great lobelia. Moist soil. 0. S. July- October. M. L. puberula Michx. Highlands. O. S. AugUi bcr. L. spicata Lam. Cedar glades. E. Tenn. June-August L. leptostachys A. DC. Moist places in the barrens. July. August. L. inflata L. Indian tobacco. Dry. argillaceous soils S. August, September. I/. loo Tennessee Flora. L. Nuttallii R. & P. Mountain bogs. Sewanee. July. *L. Gattingeri Gray. Cedar glades of M. Tenn. April, May. CICHORIACEJE Reichenb. CICHORIUM L. Cichorium Intybus L. Chicory. Roadsides. Waste ground. Sparingly O. S. Root substitute of coffee, shoots blanched for salad. June, July. M. C. Endivia L. Endive. Cultivated for salad. Cult. ADOPOGON Neck. (Krigia Schreb.) Adopogon Virginicum (L.) Kuntze. Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt. Rich woods. O. S. April, May. A. Dandelion (L.) Kuntze. Krigia Dandelion Nutt. Moist woodlands. O. S. April. A. Carolinianum Walt. Krigia Virginica Willd. Cumber- land Mts. Prospect Station, Giles County. June. A. montanum (Nutt.) Krigia montana Nutt. High moun- tains of E. Tenn. Roane Mt. Chickering. July. TRAGOPOGON L. Tragopogon pratensis L. Meadow salsify. Introduced. Waste grounds near Nashville. Scarce. May, June. T. porrifolius L. Salsify. Introduced. Cultivated in truck gardens and running wild. June. Cult. TARAXACUM Hall. Taraxacum Taraxacum (L.) Karst. Dandelion . Leonte- don Taraxacon L. Fields and waste places. O. S. April- September. M. T. erytrospermum Andrz. With the former. In grass plots. Plant looks more delicate than the former. It is nearly as common as the former. Nashville. SONCHUS L. Sonchus oleraceus L. Sow thistle, and S. asper (L.) Allen. Waste grounds. O. S. May-Novem- ber. LACTUCA L. Lactuca Ludoviciana (Nutt.) DC. Western lettuce. Re- *N. sp.; flowers, 4 to 5 inches long, deep blue; lobes of the calyx, at- tenuate, subulate, not at all ciliate, obscurely appendaged at base only by a minute callus on each side, in fruit equaling or longer than the mature capsule (not "shorter"), pedicels often practeolate (next to Lobelia appendicular. ). Tennessee Flora. 161 cently introduced in Nashville, and spreading rapidly. June, July. L. Scariola L. Prickly lettuce. Waste places. Nashville. Knoxville. Naturalized from Europe. L. sativa L. Garden lettuce, descending- from the fori Cultivated in many varieties. L. Canadensis L. ^'ild lettuce. Clearings and w Hands O. S. June. M. L. villosa Jacq. L. acuminata Gray. Blue lettuce. Tl ets. O. S. July-September. L. Floridana (L.) Gaertn. Rich woods. O. S. July tember. L. spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. L. leucophrea A. Gray. River bottoms. O. S. June-September. L. spicata integrifolia A. Gray. Highlands. June. July. L. hirsuta Miihl. Knoxville. L. T. Scribner. NOTHOCALAIS Greene. (Troximon Nutt.) Nothocalais cuspidata (Pursh.) Greene. Knoxville. Ruth. Troximon cuspidatum Nutt. SITILIAS Raf. (Pyrrhopappus D( . I Sitilias Caroliniana (Walt.) Raf. Pyrrhopappus Carotin- ianus DC. East of Cleveland. Ducktown Road. April-July. HIERACIUM L. Hieracium venosum L. Rattlesnake weed. Dry woods O. S. May-October. H. Marianum Willd. Maryland hawk weed. Farmer S. W. Va. J. K. Small. May-July. H. paniculatum L. Dry woodlands. O. S. July-Septem- ber. H. scabrum Michx. Dry woods. O. S. June-Septenr H. longipilum Torr. W. Tenn. July. H. Gronovii L. Dry soil. Nashville. June. July. H. Scribneri Small. Lookout Mt. Legit F. L. Scril Is perhaps H. Greenii. NABALUS Cass. (Prenanthes L.) Nabalus altissimus Hook. Prenanthes altissimus L, I : lands. July-September. N. albus Hook. P. alba L. Rattlesnake root. Jacl W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. July. M. N. serpentarius (Pursh | Hook. P. serpentaria Pi Lion's foot. Barrens of Dickson County. August. If, 162 Tennessee Floea. N. serpentarius var. barbatus Gray. Roane Mt. dicker- ing. Big Thunderhead. July, August. N. asper (Michx.) T. & G. Barrens. O. S. July, August. N. crepidineus (Michx.) DC. Bottoms. O. S. August. AMBROSIACE.E Reichb. AMBROSIA L. Ambrosia bidentata Micx. Waste grounds at Brownsville, W. Term. August. A. trifida L. Horse weed. Along water courses. O. S. A. trifida integrifolia T. & G. With the former. A. artemisiaefolia L. Rag weed. The most abundant weed in the State. August. A. psilostachya DC. Knoxville. A. Ruth. July-October. XANTHIUM L. Xanthium spinosum L. Burr weed. In towns, along rail- road tracks. O. S. September. 0. X. Canadense Mill. American cockleburr. O. S. July- October. X. strumaricum L. Waste places. With the former. July- September. COMPOSITE Adans. VERNONIA Schreb. Vernonia Noveboracensis (L.) Willd.ffiTron weed. Dry soil. O. S. July-October. V. Baldwinii Tori*. W r . ,Tenn. August. V. gigantea (Walt.) Britton. V. altissima Nutt. Tall iron weed. Moist soil. O. S. V. fasciculata Michx. With the former. O. S. July-Sep- tember. M. ELEPHANTOPUS L. Elephantopus Carolinianus Willd. Elephant's foot. Dry woods. M. Tenn. August-September. M. E. tomentosus L. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. Au- gust-September. M. EUPATORIUM L. Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Smal. E. foeniculaceum Willd. . Dog fennel. Lawrenceburg. E. Tenn. E. purpureum L. Gravel root. Moist soils. O. S. Au- gust, September. M. E. serotinum Michx. Thoroughwort. Streets of Nashville. O. S. September-November. Ten Flora. 163 E. album L. Paradise Ridge. Robertson County. E. Tenn. August, September. E. hyssopifolium L. Knoxville. F. L. Scribner. September. E. semiserratum DC. Barrens a1 Tulahoma. Knoxville. August, September. E. altissimum L. Dry copses around Nashville. Auj October. E. verbenaefolium Michx. E. tencrifolium Michx. Hamp ton, E. Tenn. A. Ruth. E. rotundifolium L. Mitchellville. Tullahoma. July, gust. E. pubescens MiUil. E. rotundifoium var. ovatum 1 Cumberland Gap. J. EC. Small. July-September. E. perfoliatum L. Boneset. Low grounds. O. S. July- September. .1/. E. sessilifolium L. E. Tenn. \. Ruth. Middle fork of Holston River. J. K. Small. July, August. E. ageratoides L. White snake root. « >. S. 1/. E. aromaticum L. Barrens of Tullahoma. Knoxville. \. Ruth. August-October. E. coelestinum L. Conoclinium coelestinum DC. Mist flower. Moist soil. Edge of ponds. O. S. Vug tober. KUHNIA L. Kuhnia eupatorioides L. False boneset. ( '. S. Aug October. K. glutinosa Ell. K. eupatorioides var. corymbulosa T. & G. Glades around Nashville. September, ( October. LACINIARIA Hill. (Liatris Schreb.1 Laciniaria squarrosa (L.) Hill. Liatris squarrosa Willd. Scaly blazing star. Greenbrier, Robertson County, fune, July. M. L. scariosa squarrulosa Small. Mts. oi I I enn. July. If. L. spicata L. Kuntze. Liatris spicata Willd. Botton snake root. M. and E. Tenn. July. M. L. graminifolia (Pursh.) Barrens of M. Tenn. and moun- tains of E. Tenn. July, August. L. microcephala J. K. Small. Tullahoma. With the mer. Vide Bull. Torr. Bot. Club., September, [£ GRINDELIA Willd. Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. Cedar glades of ! July-September. M. 164 Tennessee Flora. CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. Chrysopsis graminifolia (Michx.) Nutt. Golden aster. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. Ch. Mariana (L.) Nutt. Sandy soil. O. S. June, July. Ch. Ruthii Small. Hiwassee Valley. A. Ruth. SOLIDAGO L. Solidago caesia L. Blue-stemmed golden-rod. O. S. Sep- tember. S. caesia var. paniculata Gray. With the former. S. flexicaulis L. S. latifolia L. Cliffs on Richland Creek, near Nashville. Highlands. August, September. S. Curtisii T. & G. Roane Mt. J. W. Chickering. July. S. bicolor L. White golden-rod. Dry soil. August, Sep- tember. S. hispida Miihl. S. bicolor var. concolor T. & G. Siliceous soils. O. S. July, August. S. erecta Pursh. S. speciosa var. angustata. Greenbrier. Glades at Lavergne. August. S. monticola T. & G. Clingman Dome of the Smokies. Roane Mt. Chickering. July. S. puberula Nutt. Knoxville. A. Ruth. S. speciosa Nutt.' Highlands of M. Tenn. Greenbier. Au- gust-October. S. odora Ait. Barrens and highlands. O. S. July. M. S. rugosa Willd. Along Mill Creek, Nashville. Highlands. July-October. S. ulmifolia Miihl. With the former. July. S. Boottii Hook. Smoky Mts. July. S. juncea Ait. Oak barrens and woodlands. M. Tenn. July. S. arguta Ait. Lookout Alt. Ocoee region. August, Sep- tember. S. rupestris Raf. Cliffs along Cumberland River. July, August. S. serotina Ait. S. gigantea Willd. Fields and fence rows. O. S. September, October. S. serotina var. gigantea Gray. With the former. *S. Gattingeri Chapm. Cedar glades at Lavergne. Abun- dant around Tulahoma. August, September. ♦Solidago • Gattingeri Chapm. Slender, upright, 2 to 4 feet high; branches and inflorescence, perfectly smooth and glabrous; leaves, ciliolate; lower cauline and radical lanceolate-spatulate, appressed ser- rulate, obviously tripli-nerved ; upper cauline mainly entire and with- out lateral ribs, oblong lanceolate and an inch or so long, and the up- per reduced to half or quarter inch, but near the inflorescence very small and bractlike; racemiform clusters of small heads open and Ten \ 1 98EE Flora. 165 S. Canadensis L. O. S. Abundant. September, October. S. Canadensis procera T. & ( ;. With the form< S. Canadensis scabriuscula T. & G. Low, wet ground. Nashville. ( October. S. rigida L. Knoxville. A. Ruth. S. corymbosa Ell. Bon Aqua, Dickson County. Tullal July, August. S. mollis Bart. S. nemoralis A. Cray. Abundant in all glades and barrens. July-September. S. spithamea M. A. Curtis. Roane Mt. J. W. CI July. . S. stricta Ait. Knoxville. A. Ruth. EUTHAMIA Xutt. Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Xutt. Solidago lanceolata L. Fragrant golden-rod. Fountain Head, Roberts unty. July. BRACHYCHjETA T. & G. Brachychaeta sphacelata Raf. B. cordata Gray. ' September, October. BELLIS L. Bellis integrifolia Michx. Western daisy. April, May. BOLTONIA L'Her. Boltonia diffusa Ell. Damp, sandy soil. Tullahoma. Paradise Ridse. Ausfust-October. SERICOCARPUS X ees. Sericocarpus linifolius (L.) B. S. P. S. solidagineu Drv, argillaceous soils. ( ). S. June-September. S. asteroides (L.) B. S. 1'. S. conyzoides Nees. With the former. June-September. ASTER L. Aster divaricatus L. A. corybosus Ait. White- wood a Mountain districts. Sewanee. July. spreading, not recurving, disposed to forming B corymbll naked panicle; involucral bracts, oblong, very obtuse, yellowish in the dried plant; flowers. 15-20 in the head: rays. 1-6; akenes. appr. puberulent or the lower part glabrous. (S. Missouri. inal Chapm. Fl. Suppl.. 627.) Between MisBOurienslfi and Shoi It occurs in numerous individuals over a couple Ol likely to be a hybrid. The associated Bpeclea are abundant). S. speciosa. var. angustata, S. Bpeciosa, B. Canadensis. collected, September, 1869. 166 Tennessee Flora. A. macrophyllus L. Marion, S. W. Va. J. K. Small. A. azureus Lindl. Knoxville. A. Ruth. August-October. A. cordifolius L. Rocky glens. O. S. September. A. sagittaefolius Willd. Wild goose pond near Mitchell- ville. September. A. undulatus L. O. S. September. A. patens Ait. Highlands. September. A. phlogifolius Miihl. With the former. September. A. oblongifolius Nutt. Cliffs on Cumberland River near Nashville. September. A. Drummondii Lindl. Nashville. September. A. laevis L. Nashville. September. A. concolor L. Oak barrens of M.Tenn. July-September. A. Shortii Hook. Rich woodlands. M. Tenn. August, September. A. gracilis Nutt. Tuberous-rooted aster. Blount County. A. Ruth. A. surculosus Michx. Creeping aster. E. Tenn. A. Ruth. September, October. A. puniceus L. Vicinitv of Nashville. Knoxville. A. Ruth. A. paludosus Ait. Moist ground in the barrens. August- October. A. Curtisii Torr & Grav. Roane Mt. J. W. Chickering. July. A. dumosus L. Sandy soil, covering acres of ground. Au- gust, September. A. Tradescanti L. Sandy soil. As abundant as the former. August, September. A. multiflorus Ait. Old fields. Siliceous soils. Abundant. August-November. A. acuminatus Michx. Roane Mt. A. Ruth. A. lateriflorus (L.) Britton. A. diffusus Ait. A. miser Nutt. In dry or damp soil. O. S. Very variable. August- October. A. lateriflorus thyrsoideus. A. Gray. River banks. A. lateriflorus grandis Port. A. diffusus var. bifrons. Gray. Moist, shady places. A. lateriflorus horizontalis (Desf.) Burgess. Thickets along Cumberland River. September, October. A. ericoides L. Frost weed. Covering large tracts in cal- careous soils. O. S. September, October. A. ericoides pilosus (Willd.) Porter. A. villosus Michx. With the former. A. ericoides var. Rivesii A. Gray. Dry river banks near Nashville and cedar glades in M. Tenn. September, October. Tennessee Flora. lei ERIGERON L. Erigeron pulchellus Michx. E. bellidifolius Miihl. Rol plantain. Siliceous or argillaceous soils. I >. S. April, E. Philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane. Troubles weed in meadows. April-June. .1/. E. annuus (L.) Pers. Sweet scabious. I >r\ glades. I May, June. E. ramosus (Walt.) B. S. P. Daisy fleabane. I'.. Strij Michl. Fields and pastures. ( ). S. E. ramosus Beyrichii Smith & Pamel. \V. Tenn. LEPTILON Raf. Leptilon Canadense i L. ) Britton, Erigeron Canadenst I. Canada fleabane. Some plants reach 10 feet high; som minute, only i inch high. ( ). S. June-November. 1/. L. divaricatum (Michx.) Raf. Erigeron divaricatus Michx. Sandy soil. M. Tenn. June-( Ictober. DGELLINGERIA Nees. Dcellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees. Diplopappus umbel- latus Hook. O. S. July. D. infirma (Michx.) Greene. Diplopoppus cornifolius I Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. August, September. R Mt. A. Ruth. July. IONACTIS Orcein. Ionactis linariifolius (L.) Greene. Dry, siliceous, or laceons soils. O. S. July. PLUCHEA Cass. Pluchea foetida L. Marsh. Fleabane. Swampy ground. O. S. July-September. ANTENNARIA G»rt. Antennaria plantaginifolia L. Richards. Everlasl Dry woods. O. S. April. A. monocephala Kearney. Knoxville. A. Ruth. GNAPHALIUM L. Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. G. polycephalum Mi Sweet everlasting. Dry, open plac< tember. M. G. Helleri Britt. Wolf Creek, Cocke Counl G. decurrens tves. Clammy i ng. Highl; June-August. 168 Tennessee Flora. G. uliginosum L. Bogs on Cumberland Mts. July-Sep- tember. G. purpureum L. Sandy soils. O. S. May-September. TNULA L. Inula Heleniurri L. Elecampane. Naturalized from Eu- rope. Sweetwater, Loudon County, E. Tenn. July. M. POLYMNIA L. Polymnia Uvedalia L. Leaf cup. Yellow bear's foot. O. S. July, August. M. P. Canadensis L. Ravines in the Cumberland and Alle- ghany Mts. June-September. P. Canadensis radiata A. Gray. With large three-dentate, shining white ligules. Plant not over 2 feet high. Ought to rank as a species. Fosterville, in the cedar glades. June, July. SILPHIUM L. Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup plant. Brown's Creek, near Nashville. July-September. M. S. integrifolium Michx. Rosin weed. Charlotte Pike, near Nashville. July. S. trifoliatum L. Whorled rosin weed. O. S. July, Au- gust. S. Asteriscus L. Craggie Hope. Cheatham County. Par- adise Ridge. Knoxville. S. Asteriscus var. laevicaulis DC. Tulahoma. June, July. S. laciniatum L. Compass plant. E. Tenn. July-Septem- ber. M. *S. brachiatum Gattinger. Foot of mountains at Cowan. S. scaberrimum Ell. Barrens at Tullahoma. July. S. terebinthinaceum Jacq. Prairie dock. Lavergne. June, July. S. terebinthinaceum var. pinnatifidum Gray. Same range. S. compositum Michx. Western slopes of Chilhowee Mts. and in the hills on Chestua Creek. E. Tenn. July, August. S. rumicifolium J. K. Small. Knoxville. Prof. Ruth. July- September. *S. brachiatum Gattinger. Stem, 3 to 5 feet high and very slen- der; brachiate branches, smooth, glabrous, glaucous; leaves, somewhat hispidulous-scabrous, thin; cauline, hastate or deltoid-lanceolate, 4 to 8 lines long, slightly dentate on rarely long and barely margined or naked petioles; those of the branches, small and very distant, sessile, ovate- lanceolate, entire; uppermost reduced to small bracts, heads small, half inch or so high, on long and slender peduncles; involucral bracts, ovate; rays, 6-8; akenes, ovate-orbicular, narrowly winged, with barely emarginate summit. (Bot. Gazette, IX., 192; coll., 1867.) TBNNE8SBB FLORA. CHRYSOGONUM L. Chrysogonum Virginianum L. Ducktown, Polk County. April -July. PARTHENIUM L. Parthenium integrifolium L. American fever few. grounds. O. S. July. HELIOPSIS L. Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) B. S. P. If. lflBvis Pel eye. Highlands of M. Tenn. and mountains of E. Tenn. Au- gust, September. H. scabra Dunal. Paradise Ridge. Knoxville. July. ZINNIA L. Zinnia pauciflora L. Escaped. Nashville. ECLIPTA L. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. E. procumbens Michx. M ground .along streams, and a weed in fields and gardens. uralized from tropical America. July-October. TETRAGONOTHECA L. Tetragonotheca helianthoides L. Cave Spring, Roane County. RUDBECKIA L. Rudbeckia triloba L. Cone dower. O. S. July-Septem- ber. R. subtomentosa Pursh. Henderson, \\ . Tenn. S. Bain. R. hirta L. Black-eyed Susan. Barrens. O. S. Ai:. September. R. Brittoni Small. Alts, of E. Tenn. Fide Illustrated Flora. May- July. R. fulgida Ait. Dry wood- and barren-. I >. S. V.:. October. R. spathulata Michx. Chilhowee Mts., E. Tenn. \. II. Curtiss. September. R. speciosa Wenderoth. Lavergne. Holloa Rock. gust-October. R. laciniata L. Paradise Ridge. Mts. of E. 1 enn. W< Creek. Var. humilis Gray. Is a mountain form. Julj tember. .1/. R. bicolor Nutt. Open, dry barrens. Nashville. September. 170 Tennessee Floea. *R. umbrosa n. sp. C. L. Boynton and C. D. Beadle. Sparta, White County. August. • RATIBIDA Raf. (Lepachys Raf.) Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Bernhart. Lapachys pinnata Torr & Gray. Dry copses. O. S. June-September. R. columnaris (Sims) D. Don. Prairie cone flower, var pul- cherrima. Found near cotton compress, S. Nashville. A waif. BRAUNERIA Neck. (Echinacea Moench.) Braunneria purpurea L. Britton. Echinacea Moench. Black Sampson. M. and E. Tenn. In moist, rich soil. B. pallida (Nutt.) Britton. Echinacea angustifolia Nutt. Hills near Nashville. Flowers differ from deep purple to pure white. July-October. HELIANTHUS L. Helianthus angustifolius L. Swamp sunflower. Craggy Hope, Cheatham County, and in W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. H. annuus L. Common sunflower. Frequently escaping cultivation. July-September. H. verticillatus Small. Henderson, W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. H. atrorubens Nutt. Dry woods. O. S. August-October. H. laevigatus Torr & Gray. Alts, of E. Tenn. August-Oc- tober. H. microcephalus T. & G. H. parviflorus Bernh. O. S. July-August. H. giganteus L. Knoxville. A. Ruth. August-October. H. divaricatus L. Highlands of M. Tenn. E. Tenn. July, August. H. mollis Lam. Barrens of AT. Tenn. Abundant. Au- gust, September. H. decapetalus L. Highlands of M. Tenn. Alts, of E. Tenn. August, September. H. tracheliifolius Alichx. Big Frog Alts., .Polk County. July, August. H. hirsutus Raf. Barrens of M. Tenn. Abundant. July, August. H. lastiflorus Pers. Brownsville, W. Tenn. August, Sep- tember. H. tomentosus Michx. Lake Otase, near Knoxville. A. Ruth. *R. umbrosa C. L. Boynton. Related to R. speciosa Wender., dif- fering from the latter species in the broad and hairy-lipped chaff, size of flower heads, shorter and fewer rays, and in the outline of the leaves. (Biltmore Botanical Studies, Vol. I., No. 1.) T] \ \i.-i.i: Flora. 1:1 H. tuberosus L. Jerusalem artichoke. Rich soil. R banks. Also sometimes in cultivation. 1 »• tention as a foodstuff for hogs. Hard to eradicate from fields where it onc^ has been planted. September, I »• I >ber. VERBESINA L. (Actinomeris Nutt.) Verbesina Virginica L, Virginia crownbeard. Limest soils. M. Tenn. August, September. V. occidentalis ( L. ) Walt. Western declivities of Smoky Mts. In abundance. September. V. helianthoides Michx. Actinomeris helianthoides Nutt. Moist woods. ( ). S. June, July. V. alternifolia (L.) Britton. Actinomeris squarrosa Nutt. Moist woods. O. S. August, September. HELIANTHELLA T. & G. Helianthella tenuifolia T. & < i. In big patches, two miles east of Tnlahoma. July. COREOPSIS L. Coreopsis rosea Nutt. In a swamp in Ducktown, Polk County. July. C. tinctoria Nutt. Garden tick seed. Frequently escaping cultivation. July, September. C. major Walt. C. senifolia Michx. Siliceous soils. (l S July, August. C. major Oemleri (Ell.) Britton. C. senifolia var. stellata T. & G. With the former. July, August. C. delphinifolia Lam. E. Tenn. June-Septeml C. verticillata L. Upper E. Tenn. June-September. C. pubescens Ell. Cumberland Mts. June-August. C. crassifolia Ait. C. lanceolata var. villosa Michx. B of Cumberland River at Nashville. May September. C. auriculata L. Greenbrier, Robertson County, June. C. grandiflora Nutt. Harpeth hills, south of Nashville, July-September. C. tripteris L. Common tick seed. Low lands and thick- ets. O. S. August, September. BIDENS L. Bidens lasvis (L.) B. S. P. B. chrysanth Smooth marigold. Wet land- and ditches. I v S November. B. cernua L. Nodding burr marigold. In water and lands. O. S. July-October. 172 Tennessee Flora. B. connata Miihl. Swamp beggar ticks. Swamps and ditches. O. S. August-October. B. discoidea (T. & G.) Britton. River swamps. O. S. Au- gust, September. B. frondosa L. Beggar ticks. Moist soil. O. S. July- October. B. bipinnata L. Spanish needles. Bad weed. O. S. July- October. B. trichosperma (Michx.) Britton. Coreopsis trichosperma Michx. Tick-seed sunflower. River swamps. Nashville. August, September. B. aristosa (Michx.) Britton. Var. mutica A. Gray. Jack- son, W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. GALINSOGA R. & P. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Introduced from S. America. Gardens near Nashville. September. MARSHALLIA Schreb. Marshallia trinervia (Walt.) Porter. M. latifolia Pursh. Fountain Head. Eggert. Tullahoma. May, June. M. lanceolata Pursh. Vicinity of Memphis. Dr. G. Ege- ling. May, June. HELIENIUM L. Helenium autumnale L. Sneeze weed. River banks and low grounds. O. S. August-October. H. nudiflorum Nutt. Leptopoda brachypoda T. & G. Sandy, damp soils. O. S. Tullahoma. July, August. H. tenuifolium Nutt. Scatteringly O. S. August-October. H. parviflorum Nutt. Cedar glades at Lavergne. July- September. DYSODIA Cav. Dysodia papposa (Vent.) A. S. Hitchcock. Fetid marigold. D. chrysanthemoides Lag. Mitchellville. Abundant across State line in Kentucky. July-October. ACHILLEA L. Achillea Millefolium L. Millfoil. Yarrow r . Roadsides and pastures. O. S. June-November. ANTHEMIS L. Anthemis Cotula L. May weed. Fetid chamomile. Waste ground.' O. S. May, June. Tennessee Flora. CHRYSANTHEMUM L. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L. May-July. MATRICARIA L. Matricaria Chamomilla L. German chamomile. Formerly cultivated by early settlers as a medicinal herb, and i sionally in fields. June, July. TANACETUM L. Tanacetum vulgare L. Tansy. Cultivated and in . grounds. July, August. ARTEMISIA L. Artemisia Absinthium L. Common wormwood. R waste grounds near gardens. Adventive from Europe, and frequently in gardens. July, September. A. annua L. Adventive from Asia, but widely dissemin and abundant near Nashville. September. < October. A. biennis Willd. W. Tenn. Copiously on the banks the Ohio River at Louisville. Septemb- ber. A. Mexicana Willd. W. Nashville, on open grounds. tember, October. ERECHTITES Raf. Erechtites hieracifolia R. In clearings. O. S. June, July. MESADENIA Raf. (Cacalia Nutt.) Mesadenia reniformis (Miihl.) Raf. Cacalia reniformis Miihl. Great Indian plantain. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. July, August. M. atriplicifolia (L.) Raf. Rich woodlands. < ). S. July. M. tuberosa (Nutt.) Britton. Wet places in the cedar glades. July, August. SYNOSMA Raf. Synosma suaveolens (L.) Raf. Cacalia suaveolens L Banks of Turnbull Creek, near Kingston Springs. July. An gust. SENECIO L. Senecio obovatus Miihl. Squaw weed. S. Aurens vai ovatus T. & G. Moist soil. M. Tenn. April June. S. Balsamitae Miihl. S. aurens var. BalsamitflB T. 8 Ducktown. E. Tenn. May-July. S. Smallii Britt. Banks of Wolf Creek. E. 'Tenn. S. aureus L. Golden ragwort. Swamps and wet mead O. S. Mav-July. 174 Tennessee Flora. S. lobatus Pers. Butter weed. Wet places. Brownsville. Lavergne. April, May. S. vulgaris L. Knoxville. Erratic. S. Rugelia Gray. Smoky Mts. Legit Dr. Rugel. S. Earlei J. K. Small. Knoxville. Professor Ruth. May- July. ARCTIUM L. Arctium Lappa L. Burdock. Waste grounds. O. S. July, August. A. minus Selik. Cumberland Gap. J. K. Small. CARDUUS L. Carduus lanceolatus L. Crisium lanceolatum Scop. Com- mon thistle. O. S. July, August. C. altissimus L. Cnicus altissimus Willd. Fence rows. O. S. Not as frequent as the former. July-November. C. discolor (Miihl.) Nutt. Cnicus altissimus var. discolor. A. Gray. Banks of Cumberland River below Nashville. July-November. C. muticus (Michx.) Pers. Lookout Mt. Roane Mt. Chickering. July. MARIANA Hill. (Silybum Gsert.) Mariana Mariana (L.) Hill. Silybum Marianum Grert. IMilk thistle. Near Tracy City. Mrs. Turner. Nashville, near Chattanooga shops. June-August. ONOPORDON L. Onopordon Acanthium L. Cotton thistle. Dry pastures and roadsides around Nashville. July-September. CENTAUREA L. Centaurea Cyanus L. Blue bottle. Corn flower. Waste places. Escaped from cultivation. CNICUS L. Cnicus benedictus L. Blessed thistle. Centaurea benedicta L. Waste ground around Livingston Hall, Nashville. Mrs. Lydia Bennett. May-August. Tennessee Flora. i: - . ADDENDA TO SYNOPSIS OF THE FLORA OF TENNESSEE. Crataegus apiifolia Michx. Collected 1>\ T. G. Hai Memphis. *Juncoides bulbosum Wood. Lookout Mt. S. M. Bain. Rudbeckia monticola J. K. Small. White Cliff Springs. T. H. Kearney. Lookout Mt. H. Eggert. fCornus Priceae J. K. Small. Bluffs on Cumberland River at Nashville. *Juncoides bulbosum Wood. Base of plant accompanied by bulb- lets; foliage, almost glabrous, or somewhat webby on the leaf margin! and at the top of the sheaths; stems. 1-4 dm. tall; spik.s. Bh< those of J. echinatum; sepals and petals, ovate-lanceolate or Ian. • 2-2.5 mm. long, brownish, acuminate, neither manifestly soft nor hya- line at the apex; capsule, broadly obovoid or globose-obovoid. mil ing the sepals or sometimes about equaling them. fCornus Priceae. A branching shrub 1-2.5 m. tall, with rod and finely-pubescent twigs; leaves, numerous; blades, elliptic to ovate-Hlip- tic or ovate, 5-12 cm. long, rather leathery, usually acuminate green and roughly pubescent above, pale and more copiously, but rather softly pubescent and prominently veined beneath; petioles, I I long, pubescent like the twigs; corymbs. 2-3 cm. broad during an* 4-6 cm. broad at maturity; peduncles and pedicels, closely and harshly pubescent; sepals, triangular; corolla, white, about 7 mm. broad; p 4, oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; filaments, slightly shorter than the petals; drupes, about 3 mm. in diameter, subglohose. wh about 2 mm. in diameter, scarcely longer than broad, faintly pit- 176 Tennessee Flora. LIST OF ORDERS— With the Number of Genera and Species, the Cultivated and Officinal. Pteridophyta Ophioglossaceae Osmundaceae Hymenophyllaceae Schizaeaceae Polypodiaceae Salviniacese Equisetaceae Ivvcopodiaceas lsoetaceae Spermatophyta. Gymnospermae. Pinaceae Taxaceae Angiospermae. Monocotyledones. Typhaceae Sparganiaceae Naiadeae Alismaceae Valisneriaceae Gramineae. Mayideae Andropogonaeeae Paniceae Oryceae Phalarideae Agrostideae Avenaceae Chlorideae Festuceae Hordeaceae Bambuseae Cyperaceae Araceae Leninaceae Xridaceae Eriocaulonaceae Pontederiaceae Juncaceae Melanthaceae L,iliaceae Convallariaceae Smilaceae Amaryllidaceae Dioscoreaceae Iridacea> Orchidaceae Dicotyledones. Saururacea> Juglandaee.i} Salicineae Betulace* Fagacea: Ulmacea? Moraceae Urticacea> T3 V V c6 B) s o u ft 3 O O •x u o 2 4 l 1 1 3 1 1 1 15 41 5 1 1 1 3 2 6 1 1 1 7 14 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 8 3 1 6 1 1 ?, 9 1 16 3 9 59 3 5 2 4 li) 85 (5 9 7 7 14 54 7 31 1 2 18 124 5 6 4 3 7 1 2 ?, 7 2 4 1 2 17 1 8 14 1 11 13 6 4 Ki 22 1 3 1 11 8 3 3 1 1 2 1 4 11 1 14 40 4 1 1 1 2 11 5 2 17 2 3 5 10 1 :i 21 7 3 8 1 5 61 4 5 9 1 Dicotyledones— Contin'd L,oranthacea3 vSantalacea' Aristoloehiaeea' . . Polygonacea 1 Chenopodiacea? . . Amaranthacea 1 . . Phytolaccacea 1 . . . Nyctaginacere . . . Aizoacea 1 Portulacacea 1 Caryophyllacea? . Nymphaeacea 1 . . . Magnoliacea» Anonacea 1 Ranunculacea? . . . Berberidacea? Menispermacea 1 , Calicanthacea- L,auracea^ Papaveracea 1 Crucifera> , Capparidacea 1 Saraceuiacea? .... Podostemacea' . . . Crassulacea 1 Saxif ragaceae Grosulariacea 1 . . . Hamamelidacea 1 . Platanacea' Rosacea 1 Drupacea 1 Mimosacea^ Caesalpinacea^ . . . Papilionacea' Geraniacea 1 Oxalidacea* Linaceae Rutacea> Simarabaca' Meliacea' Polygalacea 1 Euphorbiacea' Callitrichacea? . . . Buxacea- Anacardiacea> Ilicineae Celastracea> Staphyleacea? Aceracea' Hippocastanacea> Sapindacea^ Balsaminaceae Rhamnacea; Vitaceae , Tiliacere Malvaceae Theacea> Hypericacea 1 Cistacea' Violaceae Passifloraceae — Cactacea? Thymeleacea 1 Lythraceae 172 Tennessee Flora. LIST OF ORDERS — Continued. Dicotyledones— Contin'd Melastomacea- Ouagracea 1 Halloragidaceii' Araliacea- Umbellifera" Cornacea? Clethracea- Pyrolacea 1 Monotropacea' Ericaceae Vacciniacea> Diapensiacea^ Primulacea 1 Sapotacea? Ebenacea? Symplocacea> Styracea? Oleacea' IvOganiacea' Gentianacea> Menyanthacea? Apocynacea 1 Asclepiadacea? Convolvulacea? 3 4 11 25 1 9 4 2 5 5 30 52 12 H •> s >> 1 1 >> 4 2 :\ 3 11 19 2 3 14 5 1 I »i 14 1 1 1 .... 1 1 -) 3 1 5 10 3 4 4 2 11 7 1 1 1 3 5 2 5 20 3 4 12 i 1 Dicotyledones Cuscuta< i Polemonia< • ■ <■ . Boragin Vei ben • I.al>i.tt:r Solanaceaa . . . . Scrophulariacei Lentibulariacea ( trobanchacece . Bignoni Martyni Acanthai Phrymacese . ... Plantaginai eae Rubiaceas Caprifoliaceffi . . Valeriana* eae . , Dipaacec Cucurbitace e , Campanulacese Cichoriaceje Ambrosi Composite 10 81 I l 1 I - •J! 1 It 18 - Total : Families. Genera . . 16] Species Cultivated Officinal 178 Tennessee Flora. Index of the Genera* PAGE. Abies 32 Abutilon 119 Acacia 101 Acalypha 113 Acer 115 Acerates 138 Achillea 172 Achroanthes 163 Acnida 75 Aconitum 80 Acorus 54 Actaea 80 Acuan 101 Adelia 136 Adiantum 29 Adicea 71 Adlumia 85 ^sculus 116 Afzelia 152 Agave 61 Agrimonia 95 Agropyrum 46 Agrostema 76 Agrostis 40 Ailanthus Ill Alchemilla 95 Aletris 58 Alisma 34 Allionia 75 Allium 57 Alnus 67 Alopecurus 40 Alsine 77 Amaranthus 74 Ambrosia 162 Amelanchier 97 Ammania 123 Amorpha 104 Ampelanus 138 Ampelopsis 118 Amsonia 137 Amygdalus 101 Anagallis 134 Andropogon 35 Anemone 81 Angelica 126 Antennaria 167 PAGE. Anthemis 172 Anthoxanthum 39' Anthriscus 128 Anychia 78 Apiastrum 128 Apios 108 Apium 129 Aplectrum 64 Apocynum 137 Apogon 160 Aquilegia 80 Arabis 88 Arachis 110 Aralia 126 Arctium 174 Arenaria 77 Argemone 87 Arisaema 53 Aristida 39 Aristolochia 72 Aronia 96 Arrhenaterum 42 Artemisia 173 Arum 53 Aruncus 93 Arundinaria 48 Arundo 43 Asarum 72 Aselepias 138 Ascyrum 119 Asimina 79 Asparagus 59 Asplenium 29 Aster 165 Astilbe 90 Astragalus 106 Athyrium 29 Atragene 81 Avena 42 Azalea 131 Azolla 30 Baptisia 102 Bartonia 137 Batrachium 82 Bellis 165 Benzoin 84 Tennessee Flora, L7fl Berberis 83 Berchemia 117 Beta 7 1 Betula 67 Bicuculla 85 Bidens 171 Bignonia 153 Blephilia 140 Boehmeria 71 Boltonia 165 Borago 143 Boutelloua 43 Brachychaeta 165 Brachyelytrum 40 Bradburia 108 Brasenia 78 Brassica 86 Brauneria 170 Bromus 46 Broussonettia 70 Brunnichia 73 Buchnera 151 Buckleya 71 Bumelia 134 Bupleurum 128 Bursa 188 Buttnera 83 Cabomba 78 Calamagrostis 40 Callicarpa 143 Callirophoe 118 Callitriche 114 Caltha 79 Calycocarpum 83 Camelina 88 Campanula 159 Camptosorus 29 Cannabis 70 Capnoides 85 Capparis 89 Capriola 42 Capsicum 149 Cardamine 87 Cardiospermum 116 Carduus 179 Carex 51 Carpinus 66 Carum 129 Cassia 102 Castalia 78 Castanea 67 Castilleja 152 Catalpa 153 Caulophyllum 83 Ceanothus 117 Cebatha 83 Celastrus Celtia Cenchrua Centauroa CentunculuB Cephalanthui Cerastium Ceratophyllum Cercia 102 Chaerophyllum 128 Chamadirion Cheilanthos Cbelidoniuni Chelone i .-,-> Chenopodium Cbimaphila 131 Chloris Chrosperma Chrysanthemum 171 Chrysogonum 1 S:< Chrysopogon 16 Chrysopsis l S 1 Chrysosplenium Cicer L09 Cichorium L60 Cicuta Cimicifuga Cinna Circaea L26 Citrullus Cladrastis 19% Claytonia 16 Clematis Cleome Clethra Clinopodium 14* Clintonia Clitoria IW Cnious 1 T 4 Collinsonia 148 Commandra Commelina Conobea Conopholis Convallaria Convolvulus Coptis Corallorhiza Coreopsis 1 Coriandrum Cornus Coronopus Corylua Cotlnua Cotoneaster Cracca Crategua 180 Tennessee Flora. ' PAGE. Crotalaria 103 Croton 112 Crotonopsis 113 Cubelium 122 Cucumis 158 Cucurbita 158 Cumminum 130 Cuscuta 139 Cydonia 97 Cynoglossum 142 Cynosurus 45 Cyperus 48 Cypripedium 62 Daetylis 44 Danthonia 42 Dasystoma 152 Datura 149 Daucus 126 Decodon 123 Decumaria 92 Delphinium 80 Dendrium 132 Dennstaedtia 28 Deschampsia 42 Diamorpha 90 Dianthera 154 Danthus 77 Diapedium 154 Dicnromena 50 Didiplis 123 Diervilla 157 Diodia 155 Dioscorea 61 Diospyros 135 Diphylleia ■ 83 Dipsacus 158 Dirca 123 Disporum 59 Dodecatheon 134 Doelingeria 167 Draba 88 Duchesnia 94 Dulichium 49 Dysodia 172 Eatonia 44 Echinodorus 34 Echium 143 Eclipta 169 Eleocharis 49 Elephantopus 162 Eleusine 43 Elymus 48 Epigaea 132 Epilobium 124 Equisetum 30 PAGE. Eragrostis 43 Erechtites 173 Erianthus 34 Erigenia 130 Erigeron 167 Eriocaulon 54 Eriophorum 50 Ervum 108 Eryngium 127 Erysimum 89 Erythronium 58 Eulophus 128 Eupatorium 162 Euphorbia 113 Euthamia 165 Evolvulus 139 Evonymus 115 Fagopyrum 72 Fagus 67 Falcata 108 Festuca 45 Filix 28 Fimbristylis 50 Fceniculum 127 Frasera 137 Fragaria 94 Fraxinus 135 Froehlichia '. 75 Fumaria 85 Gsetesia 154 Galactia 109 Galax 133 Galeopsis 145 Galinsoga 172 Galium 155 Gaultheria 132 Gaura 125 Gaylussacia 133 Gelseminum 136 Gemmingia 61 Gentiana 137 Geranium 110 Gerardia 152 Geum 95 Gilia 140 Glechoma 145 Gleditschia 102 Gnaphalium 167 Gossypium 119 Gratiola 151 Grindelia 163 Gymnocladus 102 Gymnopogon 43 Gynerium 43 i Gyrostachys 63 > Tennessee Flora. 181 PAGE. Habenaria 62 Hamamelis 92 Hartmannia 125 Hedeoma 140 Helenium 172 Helianthemum 121 Helianthella 171 Helianthus 170 Heliopsis 169 Heliotropium 141 Hemerocallis 57 Hemlcarpha 51 Hepatica 81 Heracleum 126 Hesperis 98 Heteranthera 55 Heuchera, 91 Hexalectris 64 Hibiscus 119 Hicorya 65 Hieracium 161 Holcus 41 Homalocenchrus 39 Hordeum 47 Houstonia 155 Humulus 70 Hydrangea 91 Hydrastis 79 Hydrocotyle 129 Hydrophyllum 141 Hymenocallis 61 Hypericum 120 Hypopitis 131 Hypoxis 61 Hystrix 48 Ilex 115 Ilysanthes 151 Tmpatiens 110 Tndigofera 105 Inula 168 Iodanthus 86 Ionactis 167 Ipomoea 139 Tresine 75 Iris 61 Isanthus 143 Isnarda 124 Isoetes 30 Itea 92 Ixophorus 38 Jeffersonia 83 Juglans 64 Juncoides 56 Juncus 55 Juniperus 32 Jussirea 124 Kalmia KneifRa Kcehlreutera HJ Krcllia 1J7 Koniga g9 Korycarpus 14 Kraunhia 105 Kuhnia L63 Kyllingia 49 Laciniaria 1 63 Lactuca 160 Lagerstroemia 124 Lagenaria 158 Lamium 145 Lappula 142 Lathyrua 108 | Lavauxia 125 Leavenworthia 87 Lechea 121 Legouzia 159 Lemna 54 "Leonurus 145 Lepidium 85 Leptamnium 153 Leptandra 1 5 ] Leptilon . .■ 167 Leptoehloa Leptorchis Lespedeza 107 Lesquerella ss Leucothoe 132 Ligusticum 127 Ligustrum 136 Lilium Limnanthemum 137 Limodorum Linaria 150 Linum 1 Llppia ' ,:: Liguidambar Liriodendron Listera Lithoapermum 142 Lobelia 159 Lolium Lonlcera ' ■" Ludwigia Luff a Lupinus Lycium 1 Lycopersicum Lycopodium Lycopua 1417 Lygodium Lysimachia ' Lytbrum ! 182 Tennessee Flora. PAGE. Magnolia 79 Malapcena 84 Malus 96 Malvastrum 118 Mariana 174 Marrubium 144 Marshallia 172 Martynia 154 Matricaria 173 Medeola 59 Medicago 103 Meehania 144 Meibomia 106 Melampyrum 152 Melanthium ■ 57 Melia 112 Melica 44 Melilothus 103 Melissa 146 Melothria 159 Menispermum 83 Mentha 147 Menziesia 132 Mertensia 142 Mimulus 150 Mitchella 155 Mitella 91 Mohrodendron 135 Mollugo 75 Monarda 146 Monniera 151 Monotropa 131 Monotropsis 131 Morongia 102 Morus 70 Miihlenbergia 40 Muscari 58 Myosotis 142 Myosurus 81 Myriophyllum 126 Nabalus 161 Nama 141 Nelumbo m 78 Nemastylis . ." 61 Nemophila 141 Nepeta 145 Nicotiana 149 Nothocalais 161 Nothoscordium 58 Nymphaea 78 Nyssa 130 Obolaria 137 Oenothera 125 Oldenlandia 155 Onagra 124 Onoclea 27 PAGE. Onopordon 174 Onosmodium 142 Ophioglossum 27 Opulaster 93 Opuntia 123 Orchis 62 Origanum 146 Ornithogalum 58 Orobanche 153 Orontium 54 Oryza 39 Osmunda 27 Ostrya 66 Oxalis 110 Oxycoccus 133 Oxydendron 132 Oxytfolis 126 Pachysandra 114 Panax 126 Panicularia 45 Panicum 35 I Papaver 84 j Parietaria 71 I Parnassia 91 j Parosella 104 Paronychia 78 Parsonia 123 Parthenium 169 Parthenocissus 118 Paspalum 35 Passiflora 122 I Pastinaca 127 Paulownia 150 I Pedicularis 152 Pellaea 30 Peltandra 53 Pennisetum 39 Pentstemon 150 1 Penthorum 90 Peramium 63 Perilla 148 ! Petalostemon 104 Petunia 149 Phacelia 141 Phalaris 39 Phaseolus 109 Phegopteris 28 Philadelphus 92 Philotria 34 Phleum 40 Phlox 140 Phoradendron 71 Phryma 154 Phyllanthus 112 Phyllitis 29 Physalis 148 Tennessee Plor, 1 AGE. Physalodes 148 Phy sostegia L45 Phytolacca 75 Picea 32 Pieris 132 Pimpinella 128 Pinus 31 Pisum 108 Planera 69 Plantago 154 Platanus 93 Pluchea 167 Poa 45 Podophyllum 83 Podostemon 89 Pogonia 63 Polanisia 89 Polemonium 141 Polygala 112 Polygonatum 59 Polygonum 73 Polymnia 168 Polypodium 30 Polypremum 136 Polystichum 28 Polytaenia 127 Pontederia 55 Populus 65 Porteranthus 93 Portulaca 76 Potamogeton 33 Potentilla 94 Proserpinaca 125 Prunella 145 Prunus 100 Psoralea 104 Ptelea Ill Pteridium 30 Ptilimnium 129 Punica 124 Pyrola 130 Pyrularia 71 Pyrus 96 Quamassia 58 Quamoclit 139 Quercus 67 Ranunculus 82 Raphanus 86 Ratibida 170 Rhamnus 117 Rheum 73 Rhexia 124 Rhododendron 131 Rhus 114 Rhynchosia 109 Rhynchospora 51 PACI . Ribes Ricinua 1 1:» Rbbinia ] n- Roripa Rosa Rotala i _• ; Rubua Rudbekia L69 Ruellia l :. i Rumex Ruta ill Sabbathia ]::•; Sagina Salix Salvia 144 Sambucus 1 .",», Samolus Sanguinaria B I Sanguisorba Sanlcula 127 Saponaria 76 Sarothra 121 Saracenia 86 Sassafras Satureja 147 Saururus Saxifraga M) Schcenoliriuni Schwalbea L52 Scirpus Scleranthus 78 Scleria 51 Serophularia L50 Scutellaria ill Secale Sedum Selaginella Senecio 173 Sericocarpus 166 Sicyos 159 Sfda 118 Sieglingia Silene Silphium 169 Sinapie Sisymbrium Sisyrincbium Sitilias Slum Smllax Solanum ' * s Soil dago 164 Sonchua 160 Sophia Sorbua Sorghum 184 Tennessee Flora. Sparganium 33 Spathyma 54 Spartina 42 Spermacoce 155 Spermolepsis 129 Spigelia 136 Spinacia 74 Spiraea -. 93 Spirodella 54 Sporobolus 40 Stachys 145 Staphylea . . 115 Steironema 134 Stenanthium 56 Stenophragma 88 Stenophyllus 50 Stillingia 113 Stipa 40 Streptopus 59 Strophostyles 110 Stuartia 119 Stylophorum , . . . 84 Stylosanthes 106 Styrax 135 Symphoricarpus 157 Symphytum 142 Symplocos 135 Synandra 145 Syndesmon 81 Synosma 173 Syntherisma 38 Syringa 135 Talinum 75 Tanacetum 173 Taraxacum 160 Taxodium 32 Taxus 33 Tecoma 153 Tetragonia 76 Tetragonotheca 169 Teucrium 143 Thalesia 153 Thalictrum 82 Thaspium 127 Therophon 91 Thlaspi 86 Thuja 32 I Thymus 147 Tiarella 91 Tilia 118 J Tipularia 64 j Toxylon 70 Trachelospermum 138 I Tradescanthia 55 | Tragia 113 | Tragopogon 160 j Trautvetteria 81 APCK. Triadenum 121 Trianospermum 159 Trichomanes 27 Trichostema 143 Trifolium 103 Trillium 60 Triosteum 156 Tripsasum 34 Trisetum 42 Triticum 47 Tsuga 32 Typha 33 Ulmaria 95 Ulmus 69 TJnifolium 59 TTniola 44 TJrtica 70 Urticastrum ,71 Utricularia 153 Uvularia 57 Vaccinium 133 Vagnera 59 Valeriana 157 Valerianella 157 Verbascum 149 Verbena 143 Verbesina 171 Vernonia 162 Veronica 151 Viburnum 156 Vicia 107 Vigna 110 Vinca : 137 Vincetoxicum 138 Viola 121 Vitis 117 Waldsteinia 94 Washingtonia 128 Wolffia 54 Woodsia 28 Woodwardia 28 Xanthium 162 Xanthorrhiza 80 Xanthoxylum * 111 Xerophyllum 56 Xolisma 132 Xyris 54 Yucca 58 Zannichelia 33 Zea 34 Zinnia 169 Zizania 39 Zizia 129 Ziziphus 117 Zygadenus 56 PHILOSOPHY OF BOTANY. " Naturae vero rerum vis atqne majestas onini niniiruni mo« mento fide caret, si quis modo partes ejus ac non totam con- templatur animo." (Plin. Hist. Nat.) The power and greatness of the works of nature lose of their true comprehension in nearly every instance when the mind seizes on particulars and does not embrace the whole. An Epitome of the History and Philosophy of Botany. " Opinion uiri commenta delet dies, naturae judicia confir- mat." (Cicero.) * In the history of mankind we observe three coi stages of culture. In the first we find men ceaselessl) en gaged in the dire struggle for the daily wants of maintei and in self-defense until they acquire the faculty of providing for regular sustenance and enter into the social state. They arrive now at a state of mental composure, inducing it of inquiry into the nearer or remoter relation of things around them and their applicability to their benefit or pleasure. Thus engaged, they collect the material for the third stat< education, in which they acquire a comprehension of mora" 1 law, an interpretation of the physical forces, and ultimately attain to the ability to control them and make them sal- ient to their will. Likewise we may arrange the history of botany in three riods — of, however, very unequal duration, and. like the former. disturbed, especially in the earlier states, by periodic fluctu- ations. The first period embraces the whole time from the incip iency of human culture to the late periods of mediaeval his lory, from Dioscorides and Theophrastus to the Bauhins (1600), in which plants were nearly exclusively attended relation to their applicability to the healing art. to agriculture and horticulture, and as material for wood-work. The second period, beginning with kajus and Turn< reaches its acme in the Linnean school, and is strict 1\ fined to technical botany; that is. the exact description and artificial systematizing. The beginning of the third and really scientific period within the recollection of botanist- yet living, who and cooperated in the rapid ascendency of this discipl In this instance plants are treated from the biol • / 1 y ^ * 188 Philosophy of Botany. point, as living organisms developing in definite phases of growth and reproduction with regard to their affinities among themselves, their analogies to animal and human life, their dependencies from the elements in which they are placed, the mutual dependencies among themselves, as also upon animal life, and ultimately the human race itself. Even the function of the human intellect is shown to be intertwined with the phenomena of their sensitiveness resembling volition. With the scrutiny of the origin and meaning of life they help to transport us in the sphere of philosophy, the sublime terminus of science. The earlier phases of the development of any particular sci- ence cannot be followed up otherwise than along the line of general intellectual progress, following the plan of gradual specializations. How this process evolved in the struggles with the floods and eddies of history I wish to depict within the smallest possible compass, with the special aim to point out the interferences which even at this day have not ceased to make themselves felt. I intend to proceed like a navigator who sails around a continent, directing his course from prom- ontory to promontory. To follow the coast line and explor- ingly to ascend the rivers would be the work of an historian. The birthplace of all ideal creations of the human mind and also of the natural sciences is ancient Athens, and the origin of scientific botany is one of the latest fruits which matured from the flowery epoch of Greece. Great statesmen, heroes, genial artists, poets, and philosophers had in unbroken suc- cession followed each other in the interval of one hundred and fifty years betAveen the battles of Salamis and Arbela, and the Hellenic genius appeared to exhaust itself in the luxuriance of its productions. The first school of philosophy was a natural philosophy, known under the name of the Ionian school. It originated with Thales, the Milesian, who first calculated the length of the year to be three hundred and sixty-five days, and was the first who predicted a solar eclipse and called water the passive principle in nature. His friend and disciple was An- aximander, also born in Miletus. He taught that the universe, though variable in its parts, as one whole is immutable. The invention of the sundial is ascribed to him. Anaximenes, also Philosophy of Botaott. a Milesian, born B.C. 556, conceived the air or ether end with a divine principle and the celestial bodies of i'ut\ nature Anaxagoras, of Clazomene, taught philosophy in Athens B.C. 500, and among his pupils were Euripides, the tragedian; the orator and statesman, Pericles; Socrates, and Themistocles. He originated the idea of the dualism of mind and matter. For his assertion that the so-called divine miracles of the times were nothing more than common natural effects he was cused of impiety toward the gods, thrown into prison, con- demned to death, and barely escaped through the influence of Pericles. He fled to Lampsacus, where he ended his da exile. The antagonism between learning and Polytheism had com- menced, and became from day to day more apparent. The natural result of such a state of things was to force the philos- ophers to practice concealment and mystification, as is strik- ingly shown in the history of the Pythagoreans. This school was started by Pythagoras in Croton, in L Italia, a province called Grecia Magna. Pythagoras had lived a long time in Egypt among the priests of Thebes, by whom he was introduced into their religious secrets. All wisdom and learning was held there by the sacerdotal class, and their ten- ets were kept concealed from the common populace, which was taught to receive with submission and obedience the doc- trines and tenets of the order. The independent I [ellenic char- acter would, however, not bend to such rulings, and they could only practice their tenets within their own fraternity. Pythagoras was born in Samos in the time of Tarquinius Superbus. He was the rirst to use the term "philosophus." Out of esteem for his sublime wisdom the people would call him " Sophos " (the wise one). He declined this honor, saj ing that he was only a philosophus. a friend of wisdom. I he most important dogma of his school is the assertion that the divinity is the soul of the world, of which the human soul is an emanation, and that it will revert again Into the former after its migrations through many bodies, He laid a firm foundation for the science of mathematics among the Greeks. Besides the Pythagorean flourished also the Eleatic 5< of philosophers, of which Xenophanes. of Kolophon, i- tin- 190 Philosophy of Botany. founder. The basis of their doctrine was Pantheism, the un- ion of all things into one indivisible whole ; that God and the world are one and the same. From these schools, which were engaged in speculating about the nature and origin of things, we turn now to the So- cratic school, of which Socrates, the son of Sophroniscus (B.C. 469), was the founder. His father was a statuary, and his mother, Phaenarete, a midwife. In his youth he followed the trade of his father, and became a successful artist. Later, and under the protection of Crito, a wealthy Athenian, to whom he served as an instructor of his children, he gave up his occu- pation and attached himself to the school of Anaxagoras, Archelaus, and others, and became master of every kind of learning which the age in which he lived could afford. For three times in succession he also served his country in military capacity with great distinction. After he had reached an age of nearly fifty-six years, he, for a while, served in a civil office in the- Senate of the Five Hundred. From his wide experience in public life he had regretfully observed how much the opin- ions of the Athenian youth were misled and their principles and taste corrupted by philosophers, who spent all their time in refined speculations upon the nature and origin of things, and by sophists, who taught in their schools the arts of false eloquence and deceitful reasoning. To amend this evil he conceived the wise and generous design of instituting a new and more useful method of instruction. He justly concluded the true end of philosophy to be, not to make an ostentatious display of learning, and oratory, but to free mankind from the dominion of pernicious prejudices, to correct their vices, to in- spire them with the love of virtue, and thus conduct them over the path of wisdom to true felicity. His method of instruc- tion was in the form of dialogue, in which he endeavored with- out persuasion to deduce the truths of which he wished to con- vince a person as a necessary consequence of his own conces- sions. His favorite maxim was : " Whatever is above us does not concern us." He estimated the value of knowledge by its utility, and recommended the study of geometry, astronomy, and other sciences only so far as they admit of practical appli- cation to the purposes of human life. PHJXOSOrHY OF BoTAX Y. 191 Cicero said of him that he was the first who called down Philosophy from heaven to eartli and introduced her Into the public walks and domestic retirements of nun, thai she might instruct them concerning life and manners. His continuous, severe arraignment of the horde of SOp hypocritical priests, and selfish politicians gave rise to a p of dangerous and unscrupulous enemies. His endeavor • graft upon the mind of the youth the idea of the exist* one supreme Being threatened the interests of tin priestfa 1. who stirred up the fanaticism of the common people 1>\ de- nouncing him as a contemptor of the gods. Although he wa- in the seventieth year of his age, they could not await his ural demise. The accusation was delivered to the Senate in the name of Melitus, and read thus: " Melitus. son of Melitus, of the tribe of Pythos, accuseth Socrates, son of Sophroniscus, of the tribe of Alopeces. Socrates violates the law in not ac knowledging the gods, which the State acknowledges, and bj introducing new divinities. He also violates the laws by cor- rupting the youth. Be his punishment death." Aft it a mock trial, he was condemned to be put to death by the poison of hemlock. Thus died one of the most virtuous men. a victim to priestcraft and unscrupulous politicians. With truth Socrates said at the close of his speech in self- defense to the judges who had condemned him: "It is now time that we depart — I to die, you to live; but which has the better destiny is unknown to all except God." His memory was honored and his name immortalized by two oi his disci- ples, who became his biographers, Xenophon and Plato. It was also a blessed termination of an advanced period of life to die in behalf of virtue and morality. After the passing away of Socrates, other schools arose pro- fessing to be founded upon his principles — the Megaric, headed by Euclid; the Cyrenaic, founded by Aristippus; and the l ical school, originated by Antisthenes. It is a melanchol} aa pect to contemplate the sudden upset of sublime thought into moral mire of those sophistical extremists. The name oi Diogenes, of Sinope, has come down to us as an inimitable ex- ample of a humorous pessimist. This temporary eclipse ol the Hellenic genius soon passed over, recognized as a discred- 192 Philosophy of Botany. itable delusion. Like a metempsychosis of the soul of Soc- rates, his chief disciple, Plato, continued and embellished the work of his master. To the bent of mind attained in the so- ciety of Socrates within eight or ten years he added all that could be obtained from the philosophers of Egypt, Cyrene, Persia, and Tarentum. Of noble and illustrious parentage, lie numbered Solon among his ancestors ; also possessing the advantage of wealth, he concluded to establish a school in the grove of Hecademus. There he devoted himself to science, and spent the last years of a long life in the instruction of youth, and, arriving at the eighty-first year of his age, died from gradual decay of nature. His portrait is preserved to this day in antique gems, but the most lasting monuments of his genius are his writings, which have been transmitted without material injury to the present time. The powerful effect of the writings of Plato is equally pro- duced by their external form as by their internal value. The elegant world of letters which so readily sacrifices the essence of a literary production to the form in which it is presented would never have paid such homage to Plato had it not been for the art of presentation and introduction of his ideas, which he knew how to handle in a masterly way. Even when he chastises his sophistic adversaries with pungent ridicule, he never passes beyond the limits of decency and dignity. All his works are rendered in dialectic form, displaying an equally philosophical and poetical style. Various as were the models of literary style which he had before him, to none, how- ever, was he more indebted than to Aristophanes, the come- dian, in depicting the life and actions of men. He also made much use of Indian and Egyptian myths and mysteries, and handled with great caution in those discussions questions which penetrated into the field of the religious faith of his coun- trymen. Many sentences are obscure and ambiguous to avoid conflict. He knew of the dismal fate which shortly before his day had overtaken Anaxagoras ; Diagoras, of Melos ; Prota- goras, of Abdera ; and Prodicus, of Keos — all of whom were prosecuted for alleged irreverence against the gods. The lat- ter was first banished, his writings publicly burned and their possession and sale interdicted, and he himself condemned ul- Philosophy of Botany. timately and executed. This is the first instance in the annals of history of the procedure- of public combustion of condemned writings. While at this epoch several speculative, philosophical s :hools nourished; the arts, dramatic poetry, and oratory had reached the climax of perfection; and peace reigned on the side of the Hellespont, the Macedonian campaign in Asia, the culminating point in the strategy of ancient history, swept over the Persian Empire, crushing the hereditary fo< Greece. The daring and gifted son of the shrewd Philip of Macedon, had in rapid strides subdued all the eastern nations from the oasis of Jupiter Amnion to the distant Bactria. In the short space of time between the battle on the Granicus (June, B.C. 334) to the battle at Arbella and Gaugamela tober, B.C. 331) the whole of the Persian Empire, with all its outlying appendages, had, by right of conquest, become tin- property of the victor. With the death of Darius (July, B.C. 330), Alexander became also the legitimate heir to 1 )ariu>, the king, in accordance with Oriental custom and tradition-. The unrestrained and ambitious Alexander came t<> a hah only through the irrepressible objection of his entire army after crossing the Indus in its upper course. IK- met and de- feated there Porus, an independent ruler, in the populous and rich Pendschab. Here the Macedonians for the first time faced the peculiar Indian armament, a train of armed ele- phants, who, though fierce and valiant fighters, could not with- stand the undaunted valor of Alexander's warriors. The - : of the Hyphasis, an eastern tributary of the Indus, on the foot of the Himalayas, became the terminus ni his advance. Tin- reduction of Persia was an act of policy and retribution, l'nr ther extension of dominion would only glorify personal am- bition, w r ould be an impious frenzy. In a general council "t war the return was insisted upon, and the order for return met the greatest gratification of the soldiers, whose homesick hearts grieved for Hellas and the I Olympian games. At the end of the summer (B.C. 320) the home march was com- menced, and continued into Persia under many difficulties ami exposures. Engaged with plans for the consolidation *^i his empire, he designed to make Babylon Ins future residence 7 194 Philosophy of Botany. There his premature death ended his career, and the ungovern- able expanse of territory became divided among his generals. Great as were the political results of the Macedonian expedi- tion, they were equaled by the intellectual. A longing had taken hold of the minds to descend to the roots from which sprung the fascinating Platonic ideas. Penetrating into the tropical climate of India, with its di- versified fauna of big or fierce species, gigantic vegetation dis- played in impenetrable bamboo jungles, and entering into the ancient seats of culture older than the one of the pyramid builders, with a national character disposed to quiet contem- plation, the conquerors were yet more amazed by the contrast of life and manners of the conservative Indian people with their own progressive, stormy, vacillating national life. Their experiences — political, geographical, ethical — were destined to prepare a reaction upon Grecian life and thought. The inter- mixture of Greek elements among the immense throngs of the Oriental nationalities sufficed only for a transient stir, after which they relapsed again into their hereditary quietism. The Greek character, on the contrary, took in much of the novel and foreign element. In the resulting new empires governed by Grecian rulers, Grecian ideas were soon universally felt, but nowhere with such lasting effect as in the domain of the Ptolemeans and in the city founded by Alexander, Alexandria, the cardinal point around which in the near future ruled the intellectual progress of Europe for several centuries. It is an unparalleled incident in history that the same period could produce a genius competent to understand the existing philosophical systems and to remodel and enlarge all sciences (Aristotle), and also a hero of cultivated mind, attentive to progress, and unlimited ability for execution (Alexander). Aristotle was born in Stagyra, a town in Thracia, belong- ing to the dominion of Philip, king of Macedon, B.C. 384. He was the favored disciple of Plato, and remained in the acad- emy to the time of the death of his master, when he was thirty- seven years of age. Philip, having heard of his extraordinary abilities, invited him to his court, and put him in charge of his son, Alexander, who was then (B.C. 343) fifteen years of age. r„ ll-OS(>l'JlY Ol |>it| AW. Honored with the esteem and confidence of the king, h< joyed a true filial attachment of the juvenile Alexan whom he remained until he opened his Asiatic camp; After Aristotle had thus left his pupil, th friendly correspondence, in which the philosopher ; upon Alexander to employ his increasing power and wealth in the service of philosophy by furnishing him in his retirement with the means of enlarging his acquaintance with nature Alexander responded to this request with an abundant supply of specimens of objects of natural history from both animal and vegetable kingdoms, and which were either maintained in zoological gardens or preserved in a museum. Upon this lection he composed a work of fifty volumes on the history of animated nature, only ten of which are now extant. II- wrote on the nature of plants, and collected notes and obser vations from scattering writings on natural history for centu- ries before him. He arranged his objects in systematic d sition, created a scientific language for exact definition, and taught the graduations into classes, genera, species, and indi- viduals. This made him the creator and founder of natural history. He was an exceedingly productive writer, and his utterances were the illuminating beacon of philosophy and science for all nations for twenty centuries. 7 he writings generally received under his name may be classed under the head- of physics, metaphysics, mathematics, ethics, rhetoric, and p After his departure from Alexander, Aristotle ret urn < Athens and resolved to acquire the fame of a leader in philos- ophy by founding a new sect, in opposition to the. academy. and teaching a system of doctrines different from that of Plato. He chose a place in the suburbs of Athens, a grove, called the Lyceum. From his habit of walking while he delivered his discourses his followers were called Peripatetics. He tinued his school for twelve years. The philosophical method of Aristotle is the inverse of that of Plato., wdiose starting point was universal-, the very i ence of which was a matter of faith, and from there he de- scended upon particulars or details. Aristotle, on the con trary, rose from particulars to universals, advancing t.. them 196 Philosophy of Botany. by inductions : and his system, thus an inductive philosophy, was in reality the true beginning of science. Here it must be observed that, notwithstanding his correct and scientific method, his time was not in possession of the sufficient knowledge needed to support such a vast edifice as he aimed to construct, and many of his statements are asser- tions deficient in proof. The superiority of his abilities and the novelty of his doctrines created him many rivals and enemies, against whose assaults he was well shielded through the influence of his friend, Alexander ; but after the death of Alexander the fire of jealousy burst into a flame of per- secution. Eurymedon, a priest, was instigated to accuse him of holding and promulgating impious tenets. Opinions of his, pointing to the denial of the necessity of prayers and sacrifices, were to be resented as inimical to existing religious institutions. Aristotle became apprehensive of meeting the fate of Socrates, and concluded to retire and leave Athens. " I am not willing/' says he, " to give the Athenians an opportu- nity of committing a second offense against philosophy." He departed for Chalcis, where he died in the sixty-third year of his age. When Aristotle withdrew from the charge of the Peripa- tetic school in the Lyceum, his disciples importuned him to nominate a successor. In compliance with their request, he appointed to the chair one of his favorite pupils, Theophrastus. B.C. 323. This philosopher was a native of Eresus, in Lesbos. He had studied under Alcippus, Plato, and Aristotle. When lie undertook the charge of the Peripatetic school, he con- ducted it with such high reputation that he had about two thousand scholars, among whom were Nicomachus, the son of Aristotle, whom his father intrusted, by will, to his charge. He lived to the advanced age of eighty-five. His last advice to his disciples was that " since it is the lot of man to die as soon as he begins to live, they would take more pains to enjoy life as it passes than to acquire posthumous fame." He wrote many valuable works, of which all that remain are two books, " On the Natural History of Plants " and treatises " On Fossils and Metaphysical Fragments." With this work he laid the foundation of the scientific botany. Philosophy of Botany. 19? That some plants were known by specific names lonj Aristotle and Theophrastus is quite evident. I »t main their real or alleged wholesome or noxious qualities were kno pharmacopolists, others to gardeners for adornments in us religions ceremonies or for sorcery. Vintagers and agricul- turists had made and collected observations and experii with the cultivated plants, and much empyrical knowled aid of success and profit in culture- had accumulated and in general circulation. But efforts directed toward lucre and increase of wealth only do not possess the elevating moral character of science. This term signifies the operation of such an intellectual energy which is spent in the discovery of t ruth or the elimination from our judgments of that which is impure, or confused. Science begins as soon as the student commences to ana- lyze critically observations made by himself or others, to a ciate their relations, and to bring to light the remote or occult sources of externally visible phenomena. With this motive in his mind Aristotle founded the science of nature in general, and Theophrastus became the fat ' scientific botany. Not only that, but he collected a surpris- ing array of trite and simple observations upon native and exotic species gathered from the columns of Hercules to the plains of the Euphrates and the waters of the Indus, from the cataracts of the Nile to the shores of the Pontus; he did not confine his attention to vegetables of common utility only, but he inquired with equal zeal into the nature of the humblest plants when they appeared to him to confer to the solu of general problems, which was the main object of hi- studies. He queried: Wherein consists the difference between plant and animal? Which are the organs of the plant: Wl the function of root, stem, leaves, and fruit? To what age do plants attain? What causes them to take on dii How can their diseases be prevented or be remedied? What influ- ence on their thrift exert heat or cold, moisture or dry external injuries or excessive fruit bearing, can or negl< cultivation, soil or climate? Can a plant originate sp neously? Can one species transform itself into another How do plants grown from seed differ from those grown from 198 Philosophy of Botany. cuttings? With such and similar inquiries dealt Theophras- tus. They were in the main the same ones which yet in our day occupy the attention of the botanist. It is in the proposition of these questions, rather than in the answers to them, wherein the scientific maturity of the school of Aristotle manifests itself. The preparatory studies which ought to have preceded were as yet entirely insufficient. Verv pointedly remarks Goethe : " If one takes a view of the prob- lems of Aristotle, one is seized with surprise at the ingenuity of observation and universality of attention by the Greeks. Yet they fall into error from presumption, as they do, with too much haste, jump from the phenomenon to the explanation of its cause, whereby they construct incomplete and untenable theories." Could any one of the two thousand attendants as- sembled in the arcades of the Lyceum at Athens, listening to the discourses of Theophrastus, have been brought to think that the rearing of the scientific structure so auspiciously in- itiated would soon experience a subsidence of nearly two thou- sand years before the work could be continued and ultimately carried to perfection as planned by its inventor? But the up- heaval, political as well qs intellectual, of that age was so im- mense that also the stability of philosophical principles be- came affected. Greece and Macedonia were involved in con- tinual rebellion and wars, reducing the population, laying waste the land, destroying the industries. Last the Romans found an opportunity to settle their quarrels. A Roman army under the command' of Cecilius Metellus occupied Macedonia after the defeat of the strategus Andronicus (B.C. 148), and two years afterwards, in a renewed campaign, the whole of Attica fell into the hands of the rude and ignorant Lucius Mummius, who wantonly ruined and despoiled Corinth. The whole of Greece was now annexed to the Roman Empire under the administration of a Roman pnetor. The policy of Alexander the Great to amalgamate, as it were, Oriental and Greek culture utterly failed in the Asiatic States by absorption of the Greek character into the Oriental. The reverse occurred in the city of Alexandria, the capital of the Ptolemeans. I am glad to record here an act of Alexander which embel- Philosophy 01 Boi any. lished his philosophical and liberal chara much as heroism and victories immortalized his nam. as and statesman. When he built the city of V peopled it with immigrants from various countries, opei new seat for philosophy, he granted a general indulj the promiscuous crowd assembled in this rising city, wl ■ Egyptians, Grecians. Jews, or others, to profess th< tive systems of philosophy and religion without mol The consequence was that Egypt was seoti filled with i and philosophical sectaries of every kind, and particularly almost every Grecian sect found an advocate and pro! Alexandria. The family of the Ptolemies, who, after Alexander obtained the government of Egypt, from motives of policy and Ders enlightenment, encouraged this new establishment. Ptolemy Lagns removed the schools of Athens to Alexandria. In or- der to provide in Alexandria a permanent residence for I ing and philosophy, he laid the foundation of a library, which after his time became exceedingly famous; granted phil phers of every class immunity from public offices; and encour aged science and literature with royal munificence. His cessor, Ptolemy Philadelphia, added to the library, and in- stituted a college of learned men. who. that they might have leisure to prosecute their studies, were maintained at the pub- lic expense. The ethical character of this period displayed a marked in- clination to utilitarianism, and. with the development of wealth and luxury, a desire to adorn refined sensualism with I physical speculations. In such times may only such lean and such sciences flourish which are applicable to external wants, as are mathematics, mechanics, ph; nd m< cine. In the natural sciences the Alexandrian school continued to build upon the foundation laid by Aristotle and Theo- phrastus, but unfortunately assumed again much of the s\ ulative way of Plato. Physiology and anatomy, chen and botany profited by it. Herophilus and founded two opposing medical schools. The former ann< botany to the medical curriculum. 200 Philosophy of Botany. Under the last of the Ptolemies appeared the celebrated bot- anist, Dioscorides, whose writings stood out as the guide and groundwork in botany for the Arabs as well as the Occidental nations to mediaeval times. Alexandria can also boast of having produced or supported Eratosthenes, Euclid, and Archimedes in mathematics, and Hipparchus, the greatest astronomer of ancient time. Of the many writings of Dioscorides have been preserved his work, " De Materia Medica," and the "Alexipharmaca ; or, About Poisons and Antidotes." His death occurred toward the end of the first century of the Christian era, while the fame of the Alexandrian school was yet at its climax. Philosophy during this period suffered a grievous corruption from the attempt which was made by philosophers of different sects and countries — Grecian, Egyptian, Oriental — who were assembled in Alexandria to frame from their different tenets one general system of opinions. Herein originated Neo-Pla- tonism, a religious philosophy, distinguished for the conflict it maintained with the rising power of Christianity. Its author was Plotinus, an Egyptian, born about A.D. 204. Another outcrop of this connubium is the Cabbala, a Jewish sect. This system contains some profound tenets, polluted with many erratic superstitions. One of these asserts that God had imprinted upon all plants certain marks, from which the initiated and gifted could read their manifold qualities. Adam, in paradise, is said to have been instructed by God him- self, but to have lost the secret when he was expelled from paradise. It was revealed again unto Solomon. The name of one of our liliaceous plants, " Solomon's seal " (Polygonatum officinale), points to this myth. (Doctrine of signatures.) The poetical, romantic, and inquisitive spirit of the Aris- totelian time had died out. One part of humanity was de- pressed by intellectual inertia produced from absolute realism or sensual debauchery ; the other lay chained by remorseless oppressors, with no hope to free themselves by their own valor. The hearts of men ached with a desire for a new order in the affairs of humanity, grieved with a desire for some source of delivery. Not one of the countries subiect to the Roman rule had suf- Philosophy of I J< >t a n v. 801 fered a greater degradation than Judea, at that time \ by the vicious tyrant, Antipater. More vivid than ever b in the hardest trials grew the expectancy of tin- pious k the advent of the deliverer, the messenger of Jehovah, who should, as promised by the prophets, deliver them from their oppressors and be the God-appointed King over th< people, to reside in Jerusalem. The learned classes of Syria and Palestine were habitually disposed to disputations upon the meaning of their own ancient religious literature. The Hebrew language was already a dead language and the holy writings in the hands of the Levites and the scribe- as inter- preters. The ancient creed divided in three opposing - one of which, the sect of the Esseniens, distinguished them- selves by their religious devotion and purity of life. Among the Esseniens formed a separate society, who endeavored t<> perfect themselves by acts of penitence and self-inflicted tor- ments, the Nasireans. John the Baptist was a member of this sect. He was a cousin of Jesus, taught the doctrines of the Esseniens, urging his hearers to repentance and good conduct, and immersed in water, as an emblem of purification, all those who promised to follow his exhortations. When Jesus (the son of Joseph and Mary, of poor, but noble, lineage I came to him, he also submitted to this symbol, and was then de- clared by John as the expected Messiah. Without doubting the correctness of the statement as given by the evangelists, there is, however, a large scope for comment by the student <>; the comparative history of religions. The Essenien doctrines were very much the same as those of the Buddhists, rhey also used ablutions in water as a symbol of purification of tin heart. In like manner did the Buddhists, on command of their master, send out missionaries in all lands to spread their doc- trines. In this simple and unpretending language of Christ exhort ing to justice, love, and forbearance; in the exalted example of his pure and noble life, the fidelity ^\ In- mission sealed by his death, humanity received the guide to the accomplishment of the heavenly promise of peace t<> man upon earth, to the only one possible happiness in a necessarily imperfect world. But he was ill understood during hi- own life even by those 202 Philosophy of Botany. nearest to him, and humanity proved itself unworthy of his promise at his ultimate departure that he would send that Holy Spirit that would teach them every truth ; for truth nearly two thousand years had to pass before this Holy Spirit could as- sert his influence in the revelations of science. Christianity, however, is not a reform of Judaism, a mere advance beyond Philo, but a synthesis of the Semitic and Aryan thought, and its strength lies in its power to calm the cravings of the heart and satisfy the postulates of reason. On these premises will stand the Christianity of the future. Far removed as the essence of the divinity is in the ancient Jewish faith, even as close are both the natures drawn together through the idea of the Logos, a concept of thoroughly Greek origin, explained already by Heraclitus, Zeno, and Athenag- oras. Christianity, confined to Jerusalem, would never have advanced beyond the Talmud. Its influence on the world at large began with the conversion of men who then represented the world, who stood in the front rank of philosophical thought, who had been educated in the schools of Greek phi- losophy, and who, in adopting Christianity as their religion, showed to the world that they were able honestly to reconcile their own philosophical convictions with the religious and moral teaching of Jesus of Nazareth. Those who are truly called the fathers and founders of the Christian church were not the simple-minded fishermen of Galilee, but men who had received the highest education which could be obtained at that time ; that is, Greek education. In Alexandria, at that time the very center of the world, it had to either vanquish the world or to vanish. In the Catechetical school in Alexandria it took a definite form. St. Paul had made a beginning as a philosophical apologete, but St. Clements was a far superior champion to the new faith. It is unmistakably true that in the early days the Christian mind was inclined to demonstrate in the order of this universe and from the beauty of nature the greatness and benevolence of its author. Such a bent of the mind to glorify the divinity through the description of its works created a taste for descrip- tions of natural scenery. Some beautiful versions are found in the homilies of ecclesiastical writers in the time of Ter- I HILOSOPHY OF DO! ANY. tullian. This disposition of a purely emotional chan might have in time of social quietude assumed a prom to the inquiry into the intellectual causation of natural phe- nomena and reestablished ilu Aristotelian methods. To the great detriment of Christianity, ultimately to the fate of humanity, the Christian teachings were interv. with accounts of miracles, quite unessential as to the validity of the precepts, even incompatible with the dignity of the Ma- ter in the consideration of the enlightened and philosophicall) inclined. More than any other weakness of human nature did the forcible burdening of the consciences with unprovable tenets extinguish in the hearts of men the divine love and for- bearance kindled by the Master. When the light of n is put out, error becomes incorrigible and faith turns into fa- naticism. The fateful disposition of the human mind to anticipate events before the law of causation is comprehended or appre- ciated, invites premature speculation, credulity, superstition. Preferment of the decisions of authority in the present contradictory, established physical laws and dictate- of plain reasoning is a vicious or perverted constitution of the will, the eternal enemy of truth and science, the Pandora box of his- tory, the object of active and unrelenting warfare, and will find its overthrow through the improved arms and methods of the natural sciences. Should a continuous progress of the science- only be de- picted, one should stop with the era ^\ the Ptolemeans and the names of Dioscorides, Archimedes, Manetho, and Hip- parchus, or Euclid, and resume again the thread <^i history wit the close of the thirty-years' war. the last religious war, the treaty of peace at Schmalkalden in the year A.D [648. This was the first international pledge for parity of relif confessions. Such a psychological condition hovered over the mysl brooding minds of mankind at all time-, with ever l< - by reason and experience, the farther back we reach in the annals of history: fate and de-tune- of mortal- a play ball thrown about in the heavenly court- for the amusement ol the gods. Deeper minds only recognized tin " irrevocable fa- 204 Philosophy of Botany. turn " to which even the gods had to bow. That all events in space and times are subject to unimpeachable laws was not understood at all or very imperfectly comprehended. Men had an estimate of the ordinary course of things from a limited experience. To interrupt or to set aside the rules of govern- ment in the physical and ethical world was held to be an undis- puted privilege of the gods. A fear of this power invited ven- eration and worship. A breach in the laws of nature was with them an incontrovertible evidence of divine power. When the silent and undesigned beginnings of the new creed in sal- vation by faith crystallized itself around the person of the great teacher, Jesus of Nazareth, the Redeemer, the legendary Orientalic persuasion was largely called in aid for the accred- iting of his person, and was accepted as an essential part of the first apostolic creed and catechism as composed in the Cathechetical school in Alexandria, where also the first ecclesi- astic or episcopal establishments were organized. The study of the historical development of Christianity confirms the sad experience that men will convert into disas- ter what God had bestowed upon them for a blessing, and that ambition and creed will seize upon religion the same as they do likewise upon patriotism and every other noble in- spiration. The simple teaching of pure truth had been estranged from its original designs long before Constantine the Great had raised it to the dignity of the religion of the empire through the organization of the hierarchy, the establishment of dog- matic systems, and the parade of a pompous service, mak- ing it subservient to the wants of government, the enter- tainment of the masses, and the pride of the nobility. By these methods became Christianity completely adapted to step into the place of the old pagan religion, and Constantine acted fully in conformity with the spirit of his age when he accepted the new faith. These events were absolutely fatal to the maintenance of a spirit of inquiry. Wisdom and learning degenerated, espe- cially in sequel of a totally changed system of education and instruction by conferring the care and supervision over the schools upon the Christian clergy, in opposition to the rhetors Philosophy of BOTAm . of Athens, Antiochia, and Ephesus, who still maintained the old doctrines. The plan of the new system intended to discourage individ- ual, independent thought. The youth was to be brougl I humility, faithfulness, and " laissez-faire " manners. Men of strength of character and self-reliance were considered dan gerous to the hierarchy and its dictates. In place of th< | philosophers, orators, and historians of the old time, which had formerly served as manuals of instruction to the stud the holy writs of the Old Testament were supplanted. A re- ligion which was originally intended for the awakening of pi- ous emotion/love, and justice, and which was well preached by the untaught apostles and their followers, was converted into a collection of sophistical subtleties, and attendance to dispu- tations and partaking in ecclesiastic ceremonies formed the prominent entertainments of the society of those days. I had to interrupt the chronologic order to forestall tin- events under whose influence the Christian clergy acquired control of the education of the youth in the Eastern Empire to bring it in closer connection with the same events in the V ern Empire. The great c'\\'\\ war, the contest for supremacy beta Caesar and Pompejus, had ended with the defeat of the in the battle of Pharsalus. which sealed the downfall of the Roman republic, the occupation of Egypt 1 \ Cfesar, tl sassination of the dictator. Then followed the tragic death of Cleopatra, the last heir to the Ptolemean throne; the in- corporation of Egypt into the Roman Empire under a Roman pnptor. All these revolutions exerted but little influence upon the Alexandrian schools. At the time of the destruc- tion of Jerusalem the Sceptics and Gnostics shared equal au- thority. Within a short period Christianity had mad many conversions, and came into ascendency, and Alexandria became one of the three rivaling bishoprics, the othei I ing Constantinople and Rome. The Christian church had been divided in regard to admin- istration and tenets from the very beginning. For a while tolerance and even liberality prevailed toward diffei opinion. Not until the council ^>\ \ica-a appeared the nam.- 206 Philosophy of Botany. of " heretic " in a vindictive sense, and an equality of rights of membership was observed solely upon the confession of the apostolic creed. The first act of grave violence was com- mitted by Theophilus, .bishop of Alexandria, in the destruction of the Seraphim, the most magnificent structure in the East, the relic of the statesmanship of Alexander's captains, the con- necting link between the ancient cult of Egypt and free-think- ing Greece. From this period on there was no longer any thought of sci- ence. The sects became numerous, their contests violent ; the- ological discussions ended in bloody riots and wholesale mur- ders. The religious sermons delivered in the churches were accompanied by clapping of the hands and shouting of the audience, like theatrical performances. In the midst of raving and wrangling of sects between Aryans, Nestorians, Monophysites, Eutychians, and the mu- tual anathematizing of rioting powers appeared the Khalifa Omar, with his invincible army, who entered the gates of the city, burned the museum and great library, and the dark cloud of Moslem fanaticism henceforth overshadowed the realm of the Pharaohs. The appearance of Mohammed and the promulgation of his religion was adverse to progress in science and philosophy dur- ing the first ages of Islam. This impostor thought it neces- sary to keep his followers as ignorant as himself. That he might at ®nce cut off impertinent contradiction, he issued an edict which made the study of liberal sciences and arts a cap- ital offense. At the same time to captivate the imaginations of his ignorant followers, and thereby establish his authority, he sent forth in separate portions a sacred book, to which he gave the name of the Koran, containing the doctrines and pre- cepts of his religion. This book, which was chiefly a compila- tion, sufficiently injudicious and incoherent, from the books of the Nestorians, the Jews, and ancient Arabic superstitions, long continued the only object of study among the Mohamme- dans. Their reverence for this holy book, the leaves of which, they were taught to believe, were communicated to the prophet by an angel from heaven, long superseded every philosophical and literary pursuit. Imagining that the Koran contained Philosophy 01 Boi everything necessary or useful to be known, what trary to its dogmas was immediately condemned as erroi and whatever was not found in this sacred volume missed as superfluous. After the extinction of the < Immiades, who trod in! footsteps of Mohammed, the accession of the famil) sides to the Khalifat opened again the dawning of philos in the East. Of all the ancient peoples, none perhaps were less incl to materialistic conceptions than the Romans. With a gion deeply rooted in superstition was their public life wrapped up in fanatical bigotry. Dominion they rated .. wealth, fame above welfare, conquest above- all. A philo- sophical school was attempted in Rome in the time of Cato. the censor; but he, fearing that philosophical studies w effeminate the spirit of the young men, sternly dismiss* Cato himself was not illiterate, for he wrote a celebrated trea- tise upon agriculture, and was acquainted with the Pytl rean tenets. Lucullus, while he was questor in Macedonia, and after- wards, when he had the conduct of the Mithridatic war. had frequent opportunities to converse with Grecian philosophers, whence he acquired such a relish for philosophical studies that afterwards, returned to Rome, he made a large collection of valuable books and erected a library, with galleries and schools adjoining. This place became the daily re-.»rt for men of letters, where every one enjoyed the benefit of read ing or conversation, as best suited to his taste. At a little later period M. Terrentius Varro wrote a work touching Upon natural history, " De Re Rustica " on agriculture. In the year B.C. 106 was born Marcus Tulliua Cicei Arpinum. This illustrious Roman, who eclipsed all his temporaries in eloquence, has also acquired no small shai reputation as a philosopher. His eventful and merit..- life has been as much praised and admired as his t- has been deplored and lamented. He addicted himself t<> the principles of the middle academy, a branch n\ tile old acad or strictly Platonic school. In hi- treatise, " I »« rum "—on the nature of the gods— and "Questiones T 208 Philosophy of Botany. lanae " — Tusculan researches — he effected a complete over- throw of the Olympian gods, exposing the unworthiness of such conceptions of divine nature. Of his philosophic works, " Hortensius," which did not come down to us, the celebrated ecclesiastic writer, Augustine, confesses that the study of this work was to him a powerful stimulus to the pursuit of wisdom. Equally aggressive against the ancient faith is the didactic poem, " De Rerum Natura " — on the nature of things — by Titus Lucretius Carus. He was born in the year B.C. 99. Very little is known about his private life, which he seems to have passed remote from the tumults of the civil war. He was an Epicurean, and his great poem, which he dedicated to his friend, the poet Memmius, conferred, more than any other writing, at the restoration of the sciences and toward the re- vival, illustration, and rehabilitation of the doctrines of Epi- curus. By this time all the old schools of Greek philosophy were well represented in Rome, and we see that, as Alex- andria had sapped Athens, thus Rome was now sapping Alex- andria. Public patronage was divided between the Stoic and Epicurean tenets, the latter becoming prevalent under the rule of Augustus. All the gay and mirthful intellects of the poetical circle attached to the person of Maecenas, and as- sembling at the jovial Court of Augustus, were followers of Epicurus. According to Epicurus' doctrine, happiness is the highest object and good of life. This happiness was referred to the soul as an inseparable element of the body. As a natu- ral consequence of this opinion, exploration and observation were held to be the main object of philosophy. The vitality of the scientific germ was thus preserved, although it remained dormant for ages to come. The Stoics held purity of morals, self-control, and contempt of sensual pleasure for the main object of life. In the times of adversities the Stoics proved themselves true to their prin- ciples. When under the reign of Tiberius and Nero, every kind of abomination was practiced openly, and every enjoy- ment of life became poisoned with fear and shame, the Epi- cureans retired. The Stoics alone fought the battle against vice and oppression, and fell victims with unshaken fortitude, like Seneca and hundreds of Christians. Philosophy of Botani . Augustus himself was a patron of literature and Many persons of the highest distinction in Rome were tin- same way inclined, and during his reign so generally pi lent was the study of philosophy that almosl ever nan. lawyer, and man of letters was conversant with the writings of philosophers. The period of his reign, and of several of his successors, was distinguished in cultivated taste and el manners, going down to posterity as the Augustai Thai taste continued, even under those emperors who were more addicted to pleasure than to wisdom. Ultimately, in tin- • ess of time, in the Christian era it went under through the interminable theological strifes, and that monstrous produc- tion of monkish ignorance, the Scholastic philosophy. The poetic and philosophic work- issuing under the Augustan palladium, entirely lost sight of the progi because inductive procednre of Aristotelian investigation, reverting to Platonic and Epicurean sublimities, after the ideal, obscure, and unknowable, treating with con- temptuous neglect those obvious realities out of which generations were destined to construe a higher civilization. Many sublime but fruitless conjectures are avowed in tin- classics of that time. Thus Virgil, in the fourth rives the origin of things, after the Stoics, from a divine prin- ciple pervading the whole mass of matter : His quidam signis etque haec exempla BecutI, Esse apibus partem divinae mentis, et haustus Aethereos dixere: Deum namoue Ire per omi Terresque, tractusque mans, coelumque profundum. Hinc pecudes, armenta. viros. genus omne f.-iaruin. Quemque sibi tenues nascentem arcessere vitas. Scilicet hue reddi deinde, ac resoluta, referrl Omnia, nee morti esse lorum. Bed viva volar.-. Sideris in nun.erum atque alto Buccedere coelo. _1\ . < .. ■ . it. Led by such wonders, Bages have opined That bees have a portion of b heavenly mind; That God pervades, and. like one common BOUl, Fills, feeds, and animates the world i great whole; That 'flocks, herds, beasts, and nun from hln Their vital breath; in him all move and live; "210 Philosophy of Botany. That souls discerpt from him shall never die, But back resolved to God and heaven shall fly, And live forever in the starry sky. — I. Warton. In another place the poet introduces Anchyses philosophiz- ing upon the same principles : Principio coelum, ac terras, camposque liquentes Lucentemque globum lunae, Titaniaque astra, Spiritus intus alit, totamque infusa per artus Mens agitat molem, et magno se corpore miscet. Aen. VI., V. 724. Know first a spirit with an active flame Pervades and animates the mighty frame. Runs through the watery worlds, the fields of air, The pondrous earth, the depths of heaven, and there Glows in the sun and moon, and burns in every star. 'Thus mingling with the mass, the general soul Lives in the parts and agitates the whole. — Pitt. In another beautiful verse he gives utterance to the Stoical mood, in honor of Lucretius: Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas Atque metus omnes et irrevocabile fatum Subjecit pedibus, strepitumque Acherontis avari! — Georg. II., v. v. 490. Happy the man whose vigorous soul can pierce Through the formation of this universe, Who nobly dares despise, with a soul sedate, The din of Acheron and vulgar fears and fate. — I. Warton. Of the three greatest poets of this era, Virgil alone, in his "" Georgica," occupies himself with the processes of organic nature. Ovid, in his " Metamorphoses," in the touching idyl, " Philemon and Baucis," expresses the belief of the ancients about the divine government of the world, as subject to the unrestrained discretion or pleasure of the gods in exact oppo- sition to the modern idea of causation : Immense est finemoue potentia coeli Non habet, et quidquid superi voluere peract est. Immense and unlimited is the power of the gods; And whatever be their wishes, perfected it is. Philosophy of Botany, -l i Agriculture was the only one of the exact sciences which the Romans cultivated with fondness and success. Since an times it had been well attended to in Italy and Sicily. I the Older had excelled as an agricultural author. Columella, who lived in the time of Nero, spent his literary talent for the revival of love of husbandry; Terentius Varro laid down the rules for pruning grapevines; Cornelius Celsus flourished celebrated physician and botanist. The influence of nature upon the intellectual life of man seems to have been first conceived by Plinius the ( Mder, who, stimulated by this idea, resolved to compose a work which should give an account of all objects of nature which had here- tofore become known. This remarkable man enjoyed th< teem and friendship of Trajan, to whom he was an advisor in affairs of State. He gave his work the title: " Historia Naturalis." As it is not strictly systematic it should be called an Encyclopedia. Such works issue now from ciations only of scientists, but Plinius undertook the task upon his personal erudition and resources, extracted from the works of not less than 2,500 publications of precedin contemporaneous authors. In style and depth of research, it is vastly inferior to the Aristotelian work, which it was in- tended to supersede. The Grecian being equally great in in- venting and observing, comparing all things critically, thoughtfully penetrating, giving new forms; the Roman, collecting with indefatigable zeal and industry, but void of individual judgment and personal observation, neither a critic nor a specialist. The botanical part of the book is tin- conducted because he took Dioscorides for his guide. The work happily escaped the ravages of the times, and be- came for the Middle Ages the foundation For the stud) of tin- natural sciences. In behalf of the service it rendered to the contemporaries it is entitled to the credit to have, by methodic exposition, raised natural science to the dignity of philosophy. Taking up again the thread of history in Africa, we are trans- lated to a period when the Christian religion had mad.- | progress. A thorough ecclesiastic organization with 9 bishoprics represented the secular power and dignity of the church. 212 Philosophy of Botany. Here we meet the ever memorable personage of Augustinus, the Bishop of Hippo. He was born at Tagaste, in Africa, A.D. 354; studied philosophy at Carthage and afterwards in Rome. Inclined to dissipation in his youth, he took on an ac- tive change of his mind after he had become conversant with the writings of Cicero. They had improved his taste and in- spired him with an ardent love for wisdom. Not meeting with the satisfaction he expected from the Greek and Roman writers, he applied himself to the study of the holy Scriptures. While in Rome he undertook the profession of rhetoric. From this engagement and his skeptical turn he became in- volved in irksome controversies, to evade which he moved to Milan. While there, and before his return to his native land, to accept the Bishopric of Hippo, he gained the friendship of Ambrosius, Bishop of Milan, a Christian teacher of great elo- quence and probity. In his works he shows great attach- ment to the Platonic system, and in one chapter of the book. " De Civitate Dei," (The City of God), he treats natural the- ology in the manner of Plato. He is inclined to think that all objects, besides animals, are in some way endowed with souls, and advances the idea of a possible spontaneous gener- ation, as he could not otherwise explain the existence of ani- mal life upon oceanic islands, far removed from the continents. He proposed that from the beginning of the world two kinds of seeds of the living beings had existed : one, the visible, which the Creator had implanted in animals and plants ; that each, after his own manner, should propagate itself ; the other, an invisible one, which lies latent in all elements, and becomes active only by particular proportions of mixture of matter and degrees of temperature. This seed, lying latent in the ele- ments, since primordial times, he thought would produce plants and animals in great multitudes without the coopera- tion of preexisting organisms. He did not controvert the privilege of explaining a natural process in an intelligible way. The orthodoxy of the present day would not allow him to raise such a conflict with the Mosaic narration. He is the most learned, and permanently, the most influential of the an- cient fathers of the church. His firm belief in the reality of miracles, his definite declaration that he would prefer a mira- Philosophy 01 Botany. cle to logical proof in an argument, has been, on account of his authority with the faithful, a serious obstacle to the scientific investigations of the truth. His writings mark the turning point in the transformation of the classical philosophical style into the mystic theologic dogmas and hierarchic aspirations of the fifth century. The minds of the people in the Western Empire, as well as in the Eastern Empire, had become erally and so profoundly occupied with metaphysical mys- ticism, and depraved through the fearful social corruption re- sulting from it, that the love of knowledge fell into disn and repudiation, and was declared nefarious. Augustinus died during the siege, and only two days b< the storming of Hippo by the Vandals, in the year 430. The Vandals, a half-breed of Germanic and Sarmatic blood, had, during the migration of the nations, overrun Spain, and invaded from there the Roman province of Africa. ( »f all the Germanic tribes they were the most cruel and and their character had been little, or not at all. improved with their adoption of the Christian faith. Tn 420 they bad cr< the straits of Gibraltar under their leader. I reiserich. After a fearful despoliation, lasting about one hundred years, their dominion came to an end through an annihilating d< which they sustained at the hand of Belizarius, whom Km- peror Justinian had intrusted with the command of a large army. Africa was now annexed to the Byzantine empire, un- til fate soon again delivered it into other hands. In the preceding chapters We left Alexandria silenced by the scymetar, and dismantled, and thus tin- patriarchate of that city ceased to have any further political influence in the ( hris- tian system. In little more than one generation the whole "t Northern Africa was converted and speaking Arabic. With the rapidity of a storm advanced the fore "nar. After Syria, Jerusalem, and Egypt had fallen int.. his hands In- determined to advance upon the Roman province of \tt His successor, Khalifa Abd-Almalik. completed the conquesl intrusting his tried general. Emir Musa, with the onA:- the campaign. Musa completely subjugated the Barbers and retired to the capital of his own province, Kairawan, trans 214 Philosophy of Botany. ferring the command in the extreme west upon the trusted general, Tarik. Having completed the conquest of the entire East, from the Ganges to the Nile, and now of Africa, the Moslems, now known under the name of Saracens, bethought themselves to invade and convert to the Islam the reign of the Visigoths in Spain. The Khalifs had abandoned, ere this, the evil policy of opposing science. They very soon became distinguished patrons of learning. It became customary for the first digni- taries of State to be held by men distinguished for their erudi- tion. Under the Khalifs of Bagdad this principle was thor- oughly carried out. The cultivators of mathematics, astron- omy, medicine, and general literature abounded in the court of Almansor, who invited all philosophers, offering them his protection, whatever their religious opinion might be. His successor, Al-Rashid, issued an edict that no mosque should be built unless there was a school attached to it. The schools of Alexandria flourished again under complete religious equality. After the fall of Ceuta, the Visigothic outpost in Africa, Tarik crossed the straits and took a fortified position with his army on a mountain, afterwards named after him, Gabel al Tarik, Gibraltar. After the decisive victory in the battle of Xerres de la Fontera, won by Musa, over the king of Goths, Roderic, who in this calamity lost his life, the conquerors lost no time in occupying the entire peninsula. • Onlv the northern mountainous provinces of Gallicia. Asturia, and Biscaya, maintained their independence. The Gothic princely families had retreated into inaccessible mountain fastnesses. Unapproachable in front, they were se- cure in their rear, as they stood in friendly relations to the neighboring Franks. From this asylum grew forth, at a later period, a new Christian Spanish empire. Spain was now a part of the great Moslem empire, whose Khalifs resided in Bagdad, and later in Damascus. The provinces were gov- erned by Satraps, appointed by the Khalifs, with the title of Emirs. The absolute freedom granted to all professions brought Philosophy ot Bo I A \ Y about in a very short time a conflux of enterprising people and rapid growth of industries, trade, and science. After the lapse of two hundred years, during the reign of Abd-Errahman III. (912-961), Spain had become the most prosperous empire, with a population of 30,000,000, emulating Rome in tin- Au- gustan time. Abd-Errahman was the first Spanish ( tmajade who declared himself independent from the ( Oriental Khalifat. From authentic documents we are informed that then seventy large libraries and seventeen great schools, provided with liberal endowments, elegantly furnished in palatial build- ings. Students from distant Anglia, Germany, and France flocked to the celebrated universities of Cordova, which num- bered one million inhabitants; to Toledo. Granada, and Sevilla to listen to the lectures of Averrhoes. of Cordova, the chief commentator of Aristotle; Albucasis, the surgeon; Alha/.en, the astronomer, who discovered the refraction of the atmos- phere; Almaimon, who determined with nearly complete curacy the obliquity of the ecliptic; Ben Musa, who intro- duced the Indian numerals and invented the common method of solving the quadratic equations. The works of Aristotle, Theophrastus, and Dioscorides were translated and taught in the schools. Alhazen was the first to correct the Greek misconception as to the nature of vision; determined the retina as the seal of sight, and showed that the impression was carried by the optic nerve to the brains. Many instances in physio are not better explained nowadays than they were by him. The materia medica was expounded in well-arranged pharmacopoeias. No branch of art or science known at this period was neglected. and advancement loomed up in the theoretical field as well as the practical. This effulgent radiancy, however, found it> counterpoint in the dark shadow of extravagant luxury, etfem inating sensuality weakening the national valor. Wisdom and mental acumen sunk to scholastic flippery; fatuous ulations and that trifling witticism to which the Arab, by national propensity and a spirit of language, is much add and which found abundant fuel in the now prevailing religious discussions. The eastern Khalifat had already fallen into a tottering atti- 216 Philosophy of Botany. tude through the division into the sects of Sonnites and Shiites, which had been formed into violent political factions. The Spanish Khalifs had been repeatedly overtaken by serious disasters by their attempt to spread the Islam across the Pyrenees. Their defeat at Tour by the united forces of the Franks, under Karl Martell, terminated forever their advance northward (October, 732). The Goths, who had preserved their ancient valor, now de- scended from their mountain fastnesses, harassing- the heredi- tary foe with unceasing raids, taking advantage of the internal feuds in the disorganized and weakened Sarcen dominions One by one fell the open or fortified cities into the hands of the kings of Castile and Aragone, who gave the defeated the choice to either submit to forced conversion or to be burned at the stake, by order of the Holy Inquisition. In place of the toleration and equal rights before the law for all nationalities and confessions granted three hundred years ago by the conquering Saracens, the Spaniard now in- stitutes the Inquisition, and as we will hereafter see, becomes, at a later day, the merciless despoiler and executioner of two other civilizations in the newly discovered Western Hem- isphere. It is meet here to speak of this hellish institution, which more than any other wickedness obstructed progress and overwhelmed the best of men for their devotion to reason and truth with ruin or cruel death. The device originated in the plan to increase to an unlimited extent the power and wealth of the church and its adherents. A papal bull, issued under papal seal by Pope Innocence III., Anno 1193, gives to Peter of Castelnan instructions to summon before a tribunal, called " The Holy Inquisition," all persons accused of hold- ing or divulging heretical doctrines or opinions not in con- formity with the doctrines of the orthodox Roman Catholic Church, with unrestricted jurisdiction. This mandate of the Holy Father was so successfully car- ried into eli'ect that in Madrid alone — other places also desig- nated for the execution not included — within three hundred years, as attested by documentary history, 300,000 persons were cremated at the stake for religious opinion's sake. These Philosophy of Botany. 811 public executions were great festivals for this noble n; and were called "Auto da fe " — act of faith. Under the pressure of this fearful hierarchical dei tion originated the frantic efforts for the conquest of the holy land. With the sacrifice of millions of lives a momentar) success had been purchased, to end directl) in a con tire. The progress of the fourth crusade gives a vivid picture of the state of barbarism in the Western States, and the char- acter of the Roman Church at that time. The campaign was ostensibly planned by Pope [nnocence IV.. but afterwards in- sidiously diverted through the connivance of the Venetian Republic, and the Roman curia against Constantinople, tin- seat of the Eastern Church, and the rival Byzantine Bishop or Patriarch. The superior physical strength of only 20,000 attacking Franks overwhelmed a city which at that time had yet 4 . as clergymen or physicians, soon followed, devoting their leisure time to collecting and describing the rich har gathered in their unexplored fields These men were all either self-taught or had visited universities in Europe. Bo- tanical training in public schools or colleges has been taken up only recently, and even within the memory of botanists yet living the courses in this science were limited, and br< inquiry considered not long ago as an object merely of r ation and relaxation. I know of reputable educational tutions of to-day which consider the instruction in natural sciences as a matter of polite accomplishment only, or f< conflict with their religious sentiments. Fortunately for tin- progress of science men who, in the great stride- of commerce and manufactures, have acquired great wealth, have that all the advances in their great enterprises have grow I of a succession of obscure discoveries, made by the to pure science, which the discoverer himself estimated only as one step in unraveling the great mysteries ol nature Sooner or later the great business men adopted and ap] their discoveries for the benefit of all men in the shrewd art of money-making. To these men. successful in business, we owe it to-day that institution- have been endowed fi»r the propagation of knowledge, and. supplied with ample meant that some men are able to devote their entire time under 1 favorable conditions to scientific research. All the greater universities in tin- country are n with botanical or biological laboratories, in which much in- dependent research is carried on and published in 236 Philosophy of Botany. or scientific journals. Botanical gardens, arboreta, and green- houses are annexed to several, to serve the purposes of the demonstrator or investigator. St. Louis may be justly proud of its magnificent Shaw Botanical Institute, which, under the direction of a distin- guished botanist, is destined to be a model school for scientific botanists, agriculturists, and horticulturists. In our own State the Agricultural Experiment Station has, since several years, done excellent work, and issued valuable instructive publications for the farmers of the State. This in- stitute ought to be enlarged so that it could also embrace for- estry, and should have two auxiliary experimental stations, one in Middle Tennessee and one in West Tennessee, added to the field of its activity. Bacteriology, formerly a branch of botany, but now enrolled with biology on account of its far-reaching efficiency, has lately found a representative in connection with the Vander- bilt Medical College, and through the munificence of Mr. George Vanderbilt, and under the care of an eminent bac- teriologist, who for several years had attended the bacteriolog- ical laboratories of France and Germany. It offers ample op- portunities to the student who enjoys the use of an equipment which is provided with all modern appliances. I am confident that the time is not far off when we will have institutions endowed with the fullest outfits in libraries, in- struments, greenhouses, and botanical gardens, for original work conducted by the heads of the departments, or by stu- dents under their direction. The newly acquired colonies offer the most inviting locations in the tropics for biological stations. I undertook the wearisome and painful task to delineate in outlines the period from the downfall of the Alexandrian school to the revival of letters in Italy ; to remind the read- er to what fearful, depravity mankind will sink when, for sake of hegemony in religion or politics, for hierarchy or imperial- ism, the light of reason is put out and intellectual darkness is spread over the land to shield the despoilers from responsi- bility; no longer by fire and sword, yet by supple and con- Philosophy 01 Boi ksr. cealed ways is presently waged the assault of conscience and diffusion of knowledge. That the important results which followed th< in- vestigations, that discoveries which so irresistibly I botanical students, that such intellectual commotio! but little attention in wider circle not accuse the specific or abstruse character of the problem, but rather hold the deplorable inadvertency of our educational system responsible for it. Continually treading in the steps of antiquated methods, the schools neglect to stimulate and encourage a I aturc and its works, and withhold the necessary elementary in- structions, without the aid of which a lively interest and intel- ligent comprehension of scientific questions is not DO Conditions and wants of society are changing, and methods and maxims which formerly suited the political state have lost their meaning. Modern thought leads to the convi that the interactions of conditions upon which depends the status of society are governed by physical laws, definite unalterable, like those which control the development of plants. How governments should direct those movemei not a matter of sentiment and feeling, but a purely scientific question. In the present educational system memory gets loaded with a heavy charge of book learning, consisting of disconm doctrines, all of them necessary for the practical wai times — the ideal demand of general culture. The correlation between this heterogeneit) now divested ol ligent means to bridge over the mental chasm. mental deficiency of our higher education. A philosophical method of thinking, the essential *>i which is the endeavor to comprehend the interrelation- o phenomena in the physical and ethical world, through which the individual feels himself inseparably allied in harmori concert with Infinity, is needed. The iv. now pregnantly characterizes society, is a declared part ism, a premature application to specialt) vocations, controlling a narrow intellectual horizon. Her nate the ;ions of opinions, and the diverse monomanias in i 238 Philosophy of Botany. social, and other spheres; hence the thriving of spiritualism, Christian society, single tax folly, silver swindle, and other fads. Would this deportment be restricted to the class of the half educated, then the danger would not be so threatening as it really is, when We see that college graduates, educational leaders, and university professors are likewise destitute of the necessary philosophical training. May, therefore, instruction in the natural sciences become more general and thorough ; may the spread of scientific cul- ture strengthen the scientific spirit and make it a world-con- quering power! Unbiased by authority, loving the truth for its own sake, may it secure the happiness of the Commonwealth ! FORESTRY. Tho' floods, with time, gome roots have bared. Blasts the limbs have bent and gnaned. The bark by birds is pecked and scarred. Green stayed the crown and unimpaired ; Sweet songsters' quiet nesting berth, It shelters now the timid herd. The Forest. Of the many obstacles the human race- has had to with to maintain its existence, increase in number of ind uals and ultimately gain mastery, not the leasl one was the woods, where they in overwhelming expanse spread o tinental regions. They offered more adequate shelter, more copious and better adapted food to the mightier animals than to him, hemmed in his steps, and prevented his gathi into larger groups. This circumstance governed n-r long periods the fate of our ancestors in the northern latitude the Eastern Continent. After the retreat of the < rlacial p- we find him following the shore lines from the Baltic to the Biscayan Gulf as a shell and fish devouring savage, or inhabiting troglodyte. In the highlands of Central Asia he first multiplied in numbers that he commenced to direct his migrations . ward into the deep forests, upon paths which, perhaps, the woolly rhinoceros and herds of woolly elephants had bl and tramped out for him. The extension southward found a barrier in the ice-glittering ranges of the I lima':.. Hindu Kooh. At this time, when thousands of yeai our era this first westward movement began int.. tin matian plains, into the regions of the Danube and Wolj pires had commenced to form in tin- deltas of the Nih phrates, and Tigris, and all around tin- great Meditd Gulf. With a benign and generous -mile nature invited h groves where the date palm bore weighty clustei cious fruit, offering a delicious meal; fruit-laden carob with spreading limb, gave nutritious Food for him ami herds; groves of olives, chestnuts, and walnuts alten in the scenery in tin- wide territorj from the bank* Ganges to the shores of Lusitania, where tin • mingles with the noble -rape ami tin- gi had thought to strew the nutritious barle) on tl waters of the Nile and Euphrates, and the rich hi 242 Philosophy of Botany. easily and safely garnered ; plenty spreading all around, even the animal world came to the aid of their nobler brother ; the proud Apis had bent his nervy neck under the yoke, sheep flocked around him, and camel and elephant lifted him on their backs. Thus did the Southland empires nourish and decay, while the Northland barbarian made little headway in clearing openings, and prepared with the meanest tools the virgin soil for the production of a little oat and rye and flax, until the Scandinavian had discovered the art of making iron from the rich and easily reducible ores buried in his mountains. Swinging the iron ax, no tree could stand before him ; the hammer opened the treasure vaults of the mountains, the plowshare laid out broader fields, and with the sword in his fist he overwhelmed the Roman intruders in the Herzynian forest. With the spread of civilization the demand for wood grew from year to year, and after the lapse of centuries fields and meadows overreached in expanse the woods, for whose pres- ervation little thought was given. They were no longer com- mon property, but were divided out amongst communities, or held as private property by princes and noblemen. They were principally valued as resorts and retreats of all kinds of game, the chase being the principal sport and amusement of the nobility. The continued despoliation of the woods wrought at last in the mountainous as well as seashore regions of Central Europe severe injury by denudation of the mountain slopes, and con- sequent inundations, such that enlightened individuals, and the governments themselves, realized the necessity of pro- tective legislation enactments against unlimited felling of trees. Restorative efforts on scientific plans, with a view of per- manence in supervision have been. carried on in France, Ger- many ,and Italy at enormous expense and with great success for more thati one hundred years. History is now repeating its lessons in the vast realm of the Union, where, by the unparalleled development of the country, the demand for timber has grown out of all propor- PiiiLosoriiv 01 Boi ajtt. tionfor a continued supply under the unchecked inroads lumber trade, and the unparalleled facilities for internal • portation by navigation. The importance of the terests have induced me to devote some pages to thi ment of our national economy, and to notice the emotional and aesthetic impressions upon the human mind evoked by the forest in the aspect of nature. It is interesting to observe the difference in the sentiment and association of thought as it ever existed i the southern and northern inhabitants of the old continent. The aspect of, or sojourn in. the woods filled the I well as the Roman with fear and dismay; he avoided them as habitations of robbers and wild beasts. From Homer to Tacitus poets and historians paint it in the darkest coloi the dark abode of demons and monsters, filled with cut an. thorns. " Subit aspera silva lappaegue tribulique " *' If' I the dismal wood with thistles and tangles uncouth." ( Vii The German mythical folklore spins the finest thread- • poetical mood under the deep shadows of beech and <»ak. Over the Rhine into the tanwood, where fir and pine thickly -crowd, storms the baneful chase of King Gunther; <>n the spring underneath the linden sinks the dying Siegfried into a bed of flowers, pierced by the spear of Hagen; Genofeva hides from the ire of her husband in the depth of the foi Hildebrand and Hugobrand, the greatest swordsmen of their ■day, cross their swords in furious combat, until Hildebrand recognizes from the weight of his strokes that his comba must be iiis son; here gathers Cinderella blueberries, and fra- grant woodruff for spicy May wine, and loiters the bard, spin- ning the yarn for his songs with which he cheers the daunt- less hearts of the champions when the mead-tilled horn makes the rounds. The poetically inspired naturalist covets a response from h^ dear favorites, Flora's children, to his own ! them, and is sore at heart and loath to believe that tl their forms, splendor of coloring, and the sweet breath of theii halations should delight and benefit creatures only t. in the scale of life from themselves, without an;. to their own selves; that they should be without any partici- 244 Philosophy of Botany. pation in the endearment with which they fill the human hearts. It appears contrary to the demands of human reason- ing that so much individuality should exist without some kind of consciousness or subjective individuality. Especially in their higher and enduring arborescent forms plants are typical of the attainment of the ideal endeavors of man, to accomplish in the historical evolution of the race that well-balanced social state in which the single citizen, in ac- cordance with his abilities, may contribute to the general wel- fare, and partake of the emoluments equally accessible to all. Within their bodies the component cells and structures may change, be altered, die, and be regenerated, the whole remain- ing a personal perpetuity lasting for ages. This is beautifully expressed in the Xenia of Goethe, when he says : Such du das Schoenste, das Hoechste ? Die Pflanze kann es dich lehren! Was sie willenlos ist, sei Du es willend, Das ists. Do you ask what in beauty and goodness Ranks high beyond measure ? Be taught by the plant ; what she does without choice You do it freely with pleasure. The Introduction of a National Forestry Policy in the United States- It is about twenty years since for the first time in an ofl way the attention of the Federal Government had 1- • to the importance of providing means of pi for the forests within the national domain, against improvident despoliation. It was ex-Senator Carl Schurz who discussed, of the Interior, the necessary evil consequences of th< practice of forest devastation, and the responsibility of tin- present generation in permitting and perpetuating pra of public policy which would srnell Univer- versity, Ithaca, N. Y. The other gentleman is G. Pinchot, a private i scendant of an old, distinguished New England family. In his travels through Germany he had made tl m of the agricultural and economic condition of the latter countrj an object of close and extensive study. The still pi productiveness of its soils, and the marvelous pn its forests impressed him so profoundly that he concluded, after his return, to bring to public benefit the conclua which he had drawn from his observations. Assisted I friends, he succeeded in the foundation of several fori associations in the New England States, and hold- now the position of Consulting Forester to the National Forestry A — ciation, with offices in New York and Boston. H< German very fluently, and most cordially receives any I who wishes to call on him to either receive or impart infor- mation. These societies initiated their movements with petitioi Congress, as well as to the State Legislatures, for the i ment of laws for the protection and preservation of tl in general, and the national domain in particular. It had also been noticed that the frequent conflagrations not only reduced the extent of the timbered area, but al fully depleted every kind of game. Thus repeats itself in the new continent the ancient experience of the necessan and ural correlation of the existence of the game with the pr» tion of the forests. Numerous associations of sportsmen hunters joined in with petition- i<>\- protective hunting and restriction of the chase within limited periods. In uals convicted of willfully setting tire to the woods w« liable to severe punishments. This was all very good theoretically, but ally laws were dead letters only, there being no provisions mad', for their execution bv persons specially appointed and trusted with the execution of the same. There was but sympathy as yet anion-- the masses for abseil mprehen sion of the subject, [n various States, foremost in Wis onsin where the numerous German population had considerabl 248 Philosophy of Botaxy. litical influence, likewise in Minnesota and Michigan, forest guards were appointed to look after forest fires ; while in Maine, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and New York the pro- tection of the game was principally thought of. Both these functions do necessarily coincide to effect that kind of serv- ice which in Germany is comprehended under game and for- est keeping. It is interesting to notice how the same events which in all European countries led to the introduction of a regulated for- est administration give also here again the impulse for the like provisions. There, like here, wood was cut for the local needs in building and firewood, without any reflection or care for the welfare of posterity, and would perhaps permanently have sufficed with the natural aftergrowth for all the time to come ; but with the increase of the industries, mining, and shipbuilding the deficit in heavy timbers made itself felt, and preventative measures against excessive depletion had to be instituted. Thus it came that toward the end of the Middle Ages, first Venice, the " Queen of the Seas," enacted laws in which she reserved certain forests exclusively for use in her shipyards, and also laid restrictions for the cutting of timbers in private estates, and placed the management of all under a regularly officered administration. Holland, Belgium, France, and En- gland took similar measures. Relations of a different character ruled in Germany, where the passion for the chase indulged in by princes and nobility drew their attention to the preservation of the forest. The right of hunting big or small game was a royal preroga- tive or privilege of the landed nobility. Their numerous reti- nue of huntsmen constantly on the lookout for poachers, ex- pert in all things in connection with woods and their inhab- itants, formed a sort of clannish organization, and formed an excellent contingent for the gradually developing intelligent supervision of forests, and by and by became converted into a professionally and scientifically educated corps of public service with military organization. Care for the protection of game is in Germany inseparably connected with the economic management. In a similar manner must we also begin to start Philosophy 01 Botany. a crew of foresters until regular schools of forestry will been established. After the first steps had been made with the appointmei wardens and gamekeepers in various States, n wj in order to secure rational proceedings, to procure ampli tistical data, to give exact information about the tion, and condition of the still unoccupied and timber clad lie domain. This work had been carried on by the fori division with great success, and the annual reports of il kept Congress so well informed and interested that on M. 3, 1891, the President was empowered t" issue a pi tion that such suitable parts of the public lands a- had not yet become private property should be reserved a- foi ervations. In addition to the Yellowstone Mat ion al Park, which is indeed but a great forest and game reservation, there were next such reservations selected a- are interestii . historic, scientific, or economic respects. Thus tin- Yosemite Reservation in California, where are the last remainders of the once extensive stands of the giant sequoia, should be pres and rescued from total extermination. It was furthermore considered as a matter of great in tance to preserve extensive bodies of wooded territories at the head waters of the great streams, to maintain the water supply, and regulate it to prevent excessive inundation. In this way had taken place the foundation of a great many reservations in the AYest and Northwest, when, in the b ning of the year 1897, President Cleveland issued anothei | lamation which secured at once seventeen more tions, with a total area of more than 21,000,000 ana-. I !.- fai act of prudent statesmanship was prompted through of the National Academy of Science, made "ii requ< Secretary of the Interior, Hoke Smith. Tin- commit! composed of the most distinguished scientists and 1 this country, and the\ had Eor their investigations i $100,000 at their disposition. Divided into they explored carefully the limits, nature, and conditioi such regions as they thought best suitable for p.nn. inn- ervations. The commission in tin- tinal report also recommended to introduce and establish a regulai 250 Philosophy of Botany. administration, after the methods of the European, especially the German, forestry. Here it was for the first time that recognition was given to the necessity of regular forestry administration, having in view not only the preservation, but also the exploitation, man- agement, and rejuvenating of the forests, after the example of the German forestry system, through educated professional forest officers. One would think that the readiness with which the energetic President Cleveland responded to the proposition of the com- mission would have been received with the greatest satisfac- tion and immediate acceptance in the halls of Congress. On the contrary, it raised a storm of indignation amongst Repre- sentatives as well as in the Senate. Especially the latter suf- fered itself to be influenced by those great combines which drew enormous revenues from the despoliation of the woods, selling the lands afterwards again to actual settlers. Gov- ernment supervision would have put an end to their specula- tions. A bill passed the House setting aside the proclamation. It was returned with the President's veto. The matter was laid over until March I, 1898, and a resolution passed that the new reservations should be again surveyed, and remain as such, provided that not before the expiration of said time they should have been otherwise disposed of. It is evident that no change will occur from Mr. Cleveland's policy. An actual beginning of a national forest administration has furthermore taken place through the issue of regulations of the General Land Commissioner in Washington, who is in- trusted with the supervision of the forest reservations con- cerning the sale at public auction of all timbers allowed to be cut on the public lands. The felling and transporting of the logs is also governed by specific regulations. The first methodic and scientific forest administration is, since a few years, engaged in active work upon the extensive • possessions of Mr. George Vanderbilt in Biltmore, N. C. The forest administration is under the direction of Dr. C. A. Schenck, a graduate of the University of Giessen, Germany. A forestry school has been opened in the same place. Mr. Vanderbilt has furthermore made a proposition to the Philosophy of IJotaht. trustees of the University of the South, at S< there, at his expense, a forester and a forest school for th< ular management of the extensive area I [0,00 by the University of the South on the- Cumberland pla around Sewanee. The eourse of instruction prescribed in German foi schools, or academies, embraces the following lectui A: Fundamental Instruction: General and agricultural chem- istry; (2) mineralogy and geognosy, with special instruc- tions in soil analysis; (3) botany as general botany, or ; physiology and forest botany; (4) general zoology and I zoology; (5) physic, meteorology and climatolog) mathematics, with surveying and drawing: (7) theory of me- chanics; (8) national economy; B : Specialties: (1 planting and maintaining; (2) forest protection; (3) utiliza- tion; (4) forest mathematics; (5) designing and locating plots ; (6) bookkeeping and forest police; 17) gamekeeping history of science of forestry. In answer to the question raised about the financial n - of a regular forest administration a> a branch national government, I copy from the Forester of March, the following abstract on the forest management of the dom of Bavaria : Financial Results of Forest Administration in Bavaria. In this small kingdom, with over 5.000,000 people on an of about 29,000 geographical square miles, or about hal great as that of the State of Wisconsin, and with about ; cent mountain district, the forest has long hem r< an indispensable part of a well-to-do Commonwealtl during the Middle Ages the cities and religious bodi< monasteries and churches ^i this region, accumulated properties. The " Nueremberger Reichswald " had famous in the sixteenth century, and as earl) as t : « y< ar l6l definite forestry regulations helped to develop a judi of the woods and their maintenance on all expo lands. For over forty years the forests of Bavaria hav< the neighborhood of 6,000.000 acres, or about 34 \>- f l,K " 252 Philosophy of Box ax y. total area, and they have been owned all this time in about the same proportions — namely, about one-third by the State, one- half by private owners, the rest by villages and corporations. The policy of the State has been during all this time to in- crease its holdings wherever practicable, and more than $8,000,000 have been spent in the way of land purchases since 1830. But even with private owners a similar disposition exists, and though the right to clear land is given wherever this may be shown to be fit for agricultural purposes, there has been almost as much land restocked with woods by private owners and villages as has been cleared, so that the total hold- ings of private owners have not been reduced through clearing by more than one-third pro mille. Of the 6.2 millions* acres o£ forest, about 46 per cent is stocked with spruce and fir, usually harvested at an age of about one hundred and twenty years ; 30 per cent is pine (nearly all Scotch pine — a hard pine resem- bling our red or Norway pine), largely used as a firewood, and generally cut at an age of eighty years and less. The rest is stocked with hardwoods, mostly beech, which is allowed to- grow to an age of about one hundred and twenty years ; some white oak (Quercns pedunculata), part of which is managed as tanbark coppice, being cut down every fifteen or twenty- live years, and part is allowed to grow into larger timber, for which about one hundred and eighty years are necessary in this region. The yield of cut per acre is generally large. Groves one hundred years old, cutting 10,000 cubic feet of tim- ber per acre, are by no means rare in the forests of the foot- hills, and even the poor rocky Alpine ranges are made to yield during the same length of time from 3,000 to 4,000 cubic feet. In the State forests about 61 cubic feet per acre grows, on an average, every year over the entire area, so that they furnish an annual cut of about 126,000,000 cubic feet of timber and firewood. In the private forests the growth and consequent yield is generally smaller, since less care is had and less skill displayed. Nevertheless, according to a thorough examination made about i860, the growth even in this private and village woods amounted to about 54 cubic feet per acre and year. * State and private ownership. PhILOSOPHI 01 BOTAKT. With increased care the State Forests, of which m per cent is unproductive as rocky wastes, roads, etc., 1 made to yield more wood and a greater money return. I In 1829 the cut was 35 cubic feet of wood (from all measuring over five inches in diameter) : in [850 the cut 44 cubic feet; in 1S60 the cut was 48 cubic feet : and in cut per acre had increased to 60 cubic feet. While in 1850 fully 84 per cent of the cut was still fin this inferior class formed onl) <>~ per cent in [880, and thi^ proportion is still changing in favor of bole size material, a^ the average age and size of the timber increa half and half in 1896. The money returns of Bavarian State forests have no1 so great as those of the forests of Saxony and Wurtteml This is partly due to a prevalence of mountain lands, which reduce the yield, increase the cost of all operations, and partly also to a less intensive management. Nevertheless, impi ments in methods have led to fully as great an advance in the net revenue here as in the neighboring States, so that th income, which was only $1 per acre and year in $1.92, or nearly double that amount. In this way the little State of Bavaria has a net income Fi its forest property alone — 2,091,930 acres — of nearly four mil- lion dollars per year, after paying out in wages for superv logging, planting, etc., a like amount, the net revenue ing in 1896 just 50 per cent of the gross income. Considering the many difficulties of stocking rough V and other mountain lands with forests, it is noteworthy that « the total expenses only 8 per cent, or about 10 cent and year, is devoted to that sylvicultural pan of tl 1 to planting, sowing, gathering seed, nursery w 50 per cent is paid out \^v supervision, and cutting and logging. It is also of interest in this connection to note thai not by a shortsighted, stingy policj of reti penses, but by a liberal policy thai 1 1 to furnish a steady and cheap supply of timber to hundrt mills, cheap firewood to the whole people, and a n< which, if regarded as an interest on the valut 254 Philosophy of Botany. property, makes this, at the prevailing 3 per cent rate, worth $130,000,000, or $65 per acre, for land which without the forest cover would hardly bring $10, even in these densely settled countries. Instead of expending only 80 cents per acre and year, as was done as late as the year i860, Bavaria now expends more than double this amount, pays higher salaries, and maintains a larger force of steady workers ; it spends about a quarter of a million per year on roads and other permanent improvements, and at the same time improves its woods, has more standing timber of larger average size, has more wood growing, and re- ceives more money from this resource than ever before. Preservation of forests must come about largely by the abso- lute ownership of lands, either by the nation, State, or associ- ated capital. The management must be controlled by national or State supervisors, amenable to definite forest laws. Pres- ervation of the forest does not mean to keep the ax out of the woods, but to use it rationally. In all natural woodlands must a constant culling be practiced, in order to insure the greatest possible thriftiness in timber growth. This selective thinning out by felling the mature or diseased individuals or undesirable species is for the present the only one practicable form of management. If in any region certain kinds are particularly wanted in aid of certain industries, such would, without delay, be planted or sown, especially when younger growth is preferred, like in the pulp industry. The paper mulberry makes a very rapid growth, thrives in any soil, and is well suited for the South. Large areas in the State of Tennessee are unfit for profit- able agriculture from poverty of the soil. The spare popula- tion wears out a toilsome life without hope for improvement. Schools of the lowest grade and inadequate to effect intel- lectual improvement give no encouragement in some kind of home industry, and they are ultimately forced to seek employ- ment in the mines. The legitimate remedy would be to put such districts under forest culture. The timber question is a vital point in the life of the coal-mining industry in the Cum- berland Mountains, and not less so to the iron, copper, and other industries in East Tennessee, and a promising field is Philosophy of Botaht. open here to capital in buying up such tracts f I culture. Many tracts of land in East and Middle Tcni cessively rugged that only here and there may small admit of plowing. The surface, although in the main l< is full of rocks of all sizes, like a mighty convulsion ha up the surface of the earth. The cause of tin- phenom is the geological structure, consisting of king thin strata of fossil limestone and shale, which, unequall) and the latter partly washed out. causes displacements ui all degrees of angles, and this rough-and-tumble aspect. The surface is so deeply rifted that the far-reaching cedar I find moisture in the depth when the surface is parched. region is naturally reserved for the cedar, especially is also unfavorable for the growth of other CMiiin : ount of the great dryness of the air in the summer season in the middle division of the State. Cedar and hackberry would be the forest composition. Very recently an enterprise has planned which, if successfully carried into execution, would immensely benefit our State. An association composed of citizens of several States, known under the name of the National Park Association, has addressed a petition gress explaining the desirability of establishing a national park in the Southern Appalachian region. Petition that upon unquestionable authority of our foremost b like Prof. A. Gray, Professor Sargent, and others, no mor< able reservation could be selected anywhere within the bounda- ries of the United States than the one to he described here after. There is a greater diversity of hardwoods and conifers within limited areas in the Southern Appalachian Moui chain in the grandest development of growth than could be gathered over the whole of Europe, or in the latitude adelphia, from the Atlantic Coast to the mountains orado. This area is also blessed with the embellishment of the ■ gorgeous and peculiar species of herbaceous plant-, and m ploration of those high summits will always have in the t of the lover of nature's scenic grandeur emotions ment and fascination. The forests of this region are all of a " mixed Maud. 256 Philosophy of Botany. the English version of the German term " bestand." They are in no part made up of but one single kind, but of conifers and hardwoods intermingled in very diverse proportions. Now, before the extension into this region of extensive rail- road lines and intersections, and the intrusion of numerous forest-destroying mining operations, would yet be an oppor- tunity to secure large and coherent tracts of mountain lands in the virgin state of nature. The forest, once destroyed, will within the borders of culture not spontaneously restore itself, as we have learned from ex- perience on the old continent. We also know that artificial reafforestation is a slow process, calling for lifetime energy and expenditure of succeeding generations. Government aid and direction has to be depended on in such operations, which do not yield an immediate compensation. Moreover, the gov- ernment alone can clothe its officials with such authority as will be necessary to protect such territories against destruc- tive inroads. The areas as presently planned, cover the heads of all the water courses flowing west into the valley of East Tennessee. These in their descent, cutting narrow gulches through the rugged mountain masses in grades of several hundred feet from their heads to the flood level of the valley rivers, represent an available amount of energy representing millions of horse power. The continuance of this energy de- pends entirely on the preservation of the forests at their sources. They are the guardians of the industrial life of East Tennessee. Yet another quality peculiar to this region is its unexcelled suitableness for health resorts. The abundant springs draw their cool and limpid waters from silicated or granitic rocks ; are free from calcareous, magnesian, or alumi- nous impurities. Ferrugineous springs, on the/ contrary, are not infrequent. .Other blessings are the absence of the mos- quito plague and freedom from malaria. As the forests are nearly half and half composed of conifers, the air is charged with balsamic fragrance and richly ozonized. The obnoxious Northwestern gales do not reach over that far East, although they are yet felt on the Cumberland plateau. On the contrary, warm and moist breezes are frequently wafted up from the Caribbean. Philosophy of Botj The mildness of the climate makes this region B all seasons of the year, and even the highest summit but a month or six weeks snow covered. The We national parks are, from the rigor of their prol< period, accessible for only about five months. Duly central to the Northern sea© >ast, I oled Louis, and New Orleans, could this region be readily : . by millions of people within one day's travel. The tracts, as now proposed for a reservation, He I 32 to 35 degrees north latitude, and 82 to 85 western I tude. The central or highest crests of the Balsam Smoky Mountains traverse it from southwi with the greatest expanse of surface to the east I i. survey takes in a strip of AlcMinn. Blount, S< Greene Counties, in Tennessee; nearly the whole <>t" Graham, part of Swain (and the Cherokee reservation), part of Hay- wood and Madison, and nearly the whole of Yancey, in North Carolina; or probably 2,000,000 acres of mountain lands. The State of Tennessee ought to make a strenuoti that all the headwaters of the Hiwassee and I >coe l\;\< - their ultimate sources in North Carolina and ould also be included in this reservation. The greatest opportuni- ties for mining enterprises are open in this region for buil stones, granites, and slate quarrying, beside- gold, CO] iron, asbestos, and gems, not to speak of the natural and ing products of a national forest management The success of this enterprise lies within the power of, and depends upon, the appreciation of its merits by the pi Congress. Since the writing of these lines the present I second General Assembly of the State passed a joint r« tion by both houses memorializing Congress througl resentatives, and petitioning for a national Lrrant. Tin- I eral Assembly declared its readine-s to cede all against compensation to present owner- to the Governmer the United States, recognizing its absolute domain. The State of Georgia has also sent a similar I in- struction to its Representatives in Congri a joint action of the three States of North Carolina, T and Georgia. 9 258 Philosophy of Botany. I have adjoined below the message of the President to Con- gress, January 16, 1901, in relation to the Appalachian Moun- tain Reservation, Secretary Wilson's report on the contem- plated National Park, and Senator Pritchard's bill for the ap- propriation of $5,000,000 for the execution of the Appalachian Park Bill : To the Senate and House of Representatives: T transmit herewith, for the members of the Congress, a letter from the Secretary of Agriculture, in which he presents a preliminary report of investigations upon the forests of the Southern Appalachian Moun- tain region. Upon the basis of facts established by this investigation the Secretary of Agriculture recommends the purchase of land for a national forest reserve in Western North Carolina, Eastern Tennessee, and adjacent States. I recommend to the favorable consideration of Congress the reasons upon which this recommendation rests. WILLIAM M'KINLEY. Washington, D. C, January 3. 1901. The President: The bill making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending on June 30, 1901, provides that a " sum not to exceed five thousand dollars may, in the discretion of the Secretary of Agriculture, be used to investigate the forest conditions in the Southern Appalachian Mountain region of Western North Carolina and adjacent States." In accordance with this provision, I have made a thorough in- a estigation of the forests in a portion of the Southern Appalachian Mountains, as directed above, including an estimate of the amount and condition of the standing timber, an inquiry as to the suitability of this region for a national park as proposed by the Appalachian National Park Association, and an examination of the validity of the reasons advanced by Its advocates for the creation of such a park. In this task I have received generous and effective cooperation and assistance, through the United States Geological Survey, from the Department of the Interior, which recognized in this way the deep and widely-diffused public interest in the plan. The forest investigation was made to include a study of the charac- ter and distribution of the species of timber trees, the density and value of forest growth, the extent to which the timber has been cut or dam- aged by fire, the size and nature of the present holdings, the prices at which these forest lands can now be purchased, and the general and special conditions that affect the prosecution or conservative forestry on a large scale. The hydrographic survey of the region conducted by the United States Geological Survey includes a general study of its topographic features; of the relation of the soils, forest cover, and rainfall; of the Philosophy of Bota.w. quantity of water flowing out of it through the various luring different seasons; and of the influenc ■ exerted on the rei : thH flow by forest clearings. More than 750 Btream measures already been made, and much additional data of Bpeclal \al secured. In addition to these investigations, I have given thorough attention to the arguments advanced by the movers for the proposed park and to those of their opponents, and as a result I am Btronglj of opinion thai this matter is worthy of careful consideration. I have the honor to transmit herewith a mounted original i iopj large map, which shows in detail the mapping of forests accomplished during the past summer over an area of nearly 8,000 square mil- full report of the work and of its results is now in preparation and will be submitted for your consideration at an early date. The foil preliminary statement is made to bring before you without delay i summary of the facts sufficient to set forth clearly the principal features of the region and the plan : The movement for the purchase and control or' a !arg< area of for- est land in the East by the government has chiefly contemplated 8 na- tional park. The idea of a national park is conservation. Dot use; that of a forest reserve, conservation by use. I have, therefore, to i mend a forest reserve instead of a park. It is fully shown by the in- vestigation that such a reserve would be self-supporting from the Bale of timber under wisely-directed conservative forestry. Extensive areas of hardwood forests within the region colored on the accompanying map are still in their primitive condition, and these are among the very best and richest hardwood forests of the United States. The region in general is better adapted for forestry than for agricultural purposes. It is located about the head waters of numer- ous streams — such as the Ohio, Tennessee, Savannah, Yadkin, and Roanoke — which are important buth for water power and for DJ tion. The general conditions within the region are exceptionally vorable for the carrying on of large operations in practical for< and the weather is suitable for lumbering operations at all seasons of the year. It contains a greater variety of hardwood trees than any other region of the United States, since the Northern ami the Bouthern species here meet. It is a region of exceptional beauty and pictun ness; and although it would not be easily accessible to visitors in all raits at all seasons of the yea'\ by far the greater portion >f it would be easily reached and climatically pleasant throughout the It contains within the forest-covered areas no lai mining operations which would Interfere with the management of a forest reserve, and yet there is a sufficient population foi the ■■■■ ing and protection of the forests. Large lumber cOmpanl ipidly invading the region, and the early destruction ol the mon timber is imminent. Lands in this region suitable tor such a I 260 Philosophy of Botany. reserve are now generally held in large bodies of from 50,000 to 100,000 acres, and they can be purchased at prices ranging from $2 to $5 per acre. It is probable that the average price would not exceed $3 per acre. In explanation of the widespread and urgent demand for the es- tablishment in this Southern Appalachian region of a national park, or forest reserves, it may be added that it contains the highest and largest mountain masses and perhaps the wildest and most picturesque scenery east of the Mississippi River; that it is a region of perfect healthfulness, already largely used as a health resort both summer and winter; and that it lies within little more than a day's travel of the larger portion of the population of this country. The rapid consumption of our timber supplies, the extensive destruc- tion of our forests by fire, and the resulting increase in the irregularity of the flow of water in important streams have served to develop among the people of this country an interest in forest problems which is one of the marked features of the close of the century. In response to this growing interest the government has set aside in the Western forest reserves an area of more than 70,000 square miles. There is not a sin- gle government forest reserve in the East. I have the honor to be, Very respectfully, JAMES WILSON, Secretary. APPALACHIAN PARK BILL FOR THE APPROPRIATION OF FIVE MILLION DOLLARS. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secre- tary of Agriculture is hereby empowered and directed to purchase land, suited to the purposes of a national forest reserve, in the Appalachian Mountains, within the States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro- lina, Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee, in total extent not to exceed two million acres, and to care for, protect, use, and make accessible the said forest reserve or any part of it when so purchased. Sec. 2. That the Secretary of Agriculture is hereby empowered and directed to make such rules and regulations and establish such service as he may deem necessary for the care, protection, and use of such for- est reserve, and to sell such wood and timber as may be removed with- out injury to the forest; provided, that no wood or timber shall be sold otherwise than by public auction, except to actual settlers, and in no case at less than the appraised value thereof; and provided, further, that the proceeds of such sale shall be covered into the treasury of the United States. Sec. 3. That the sum of five million dollars, or as much thereof as may be required, is hereby appropriated for the purchase of lands for a national forest reserve, as hereinbefore specified, said reserve to be known as the Southern Appalachian Forest Reserve; and said five mil- Philosophy op Botany. Hon dollars shall be available until the expiration of the I lilO- 1911, unless sooner expended. Corresponding to the above followed the joint enactmenl the General Assembly of the State of Tenness AN ACT to give consent by the State of Tennessee to the acquisition by the United States of such lands as may be needed for the i lishment of a national forest reserve in said State. Whereas it is proposed that the Federal Government establish in the high mountain region of Eastern Tennessee and adjacent SI tional forest reserve, which will perpetuate these forests and I preserve the head waters of many important streams, ami which will thus prove of great and permanent benefit to the people of this and Whereas a bill has been introduced in the Federal Con g r ess provid- ing for the purchase of such lands for such purposes; there* Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the St.. Tennssee, That the consent of the State of Tennessee he, and is hereby, given to the acquisition by the United States, by purchase, gift, or con- demnation, according to law, of such lands in this State as in the opin- ion of the Federal Government may be needed for the establishment of such a national forest reserve in that region; provided, that the State shall retain a concurrent jurisdiction with the United Stat and over such lands so far that civil processes in all cases and BUCh criminal processes as may issue under the authority of the Stats a( any person charged with the commission of any crime Without or within said jurisdiction may be executed thereon in like manner as if th had not been passed; provided, further, that this Act shall apply only to lands in Tennessee lying within twenty miles of the North Carolina State line; that all condemnation proceedings herein provided shall bs limited to lands now forest covered; and that in all BUCfa COndeou proceedings the right of the Federal Government shall he limited to the specific objects set forth in this Act and in the laws of th.' I States in regard to forest reserves. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That power is hereby conferred opon Congress to pass such laws as it may deem necessary to the aCQU as hereinbefore provided for incorporation in said national for. serve such forest-covered lands lying in the Stat.- as in the opinion Of the Federal Government may be needed for this pun Sec. 3. Be it further enacted. That power is hereby conferred upon Congress to pass such laws and to make or provide for the msJtinf of such rules and regulations of both civil and criminal nature and pi punishment for violation thereof as in its judgment may be m •. easary for the management, control, and protection of iUCb lands as may be 262 Philosophy of Botany. from time to time acquired by the United States under the provisions of this Act. Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it. Passed April 16, 1901. E. B. WILSON, Speaker of the House of Representatives. NEWTON H. WHITE, Speaker of the Senate. Approved April 22, 1901. BENTON M'MILLIN, Governor. These are the initiatory steps by which this priceless gift of nature, the hitherto undefiled retreat of the virgin forest, sacred to bird and beast, still the same as it was before the encroachment of the white man, will be preserved for the com- ing generations. Subject to the greed, ignorance, or carelessness of individual owners, the stately groves would soon be rendered unsightly and worthless as dens and covers for bird and beast, which could not escape their utter extinction. Torrid knobs and blackened stumps would remain only, a witness of human impiety. Under present auspices we will soon see a noble corps of custodians, trained for scientific management in the forestry department of our universities, employing and directing squads of laborers in the utilization, preservation, and embellishment of the reservation. Modern Thoughts on the Origin, Evolu tion, and Significance of Life. Ihr Alle fiihlt geheimes Wlrken Der ewig waltenden Natur, Und aus den untersten Bezirken Schmiegt sich herauf lebend'ge Spur. b ist i!.. Theil. All the secret working fepl Of Nature's ever-guiding will, And from the abyss deep and dark Floats gleaming up a living spark. RECENT VIEWS o\ PROTOPLASlJ AND ORIGIN OE LIFE. By the dissection of living plants and the exposure of their interior structure under the microscope by a moderate enli ment a chambered, or so-called cellular, structure is visible. These chambers appear to be filled with a transparent, aqui fluid, ascending- from the root, and carrying along with it un- assimilated nutritive elements. It is called cell - of chlorophyll are frequently floating in it. This elemei the plant body had been observed and described befoi A close observation, however, of any living cell will n another substance, mostly in the form of a slimy, \ subsolid mass, either filling the whole cavity, or only clothing the inner wall with a thin layer, or traversing in t li- the cavity of the cell. The distinct character of this subst was first announced by Hugo Mohl in [846, and called by him protoplasm. This is, in its general bearing, a verj well-known, but in ii innermost, nature a yet totally unexplained, su W • know about it to a certainty, that it is the alone of plants, but likewise of animals. The pro! each cell also contains a formative differentiation, the nucleu From a chemical standpoint it is comp than 264 Philosophy of Botany. four, but generally five, elements — carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur — forming the albuminoids, the most com- plex, variable, and unstable chemical compounds. Here we see how, within the cell, from the circulating nutritive fluid the plastic mass, protoplasm, gradually develops. The progress of growth proceeds in animals nearly uni- formly, in plants from the terminal vegetative points — buds — and in the cambium or peripheral region (green bark). Thence begins the differentiation of tissues, and of the whole series of vegetable and animal bodies, and that mutual interaction by which from the root or stomach nutritive elements are con- veyed and elaborated. The production of protoplasm termi- nates in the maturing and storage of such albuminoids as make up the body of seeds, and fill the cells of tubers, bulbs, roots, and cambium, and provide for the renewal of individual life and nutrition in its infant state. None of the secondary elements or products possess an inherent vitality. The pro- teins, which are the most complex in composition, are exceed- ingly prone to decomposition. The simpler hydrocarbons, like lignin, cellulose, starch, the resins, only, are enduring. The most obvious of the protoplasmic forms is the chlorophyll, whose principal function is the separation of the carbon in the process of plant respiration. Respecting the comparative quantities in the composition of the individual bodies — of proteinic, nitrogenated constitu- ents, and the nonnitrogenated simpler ones — we observe re- verse relation. While in plants the amount of albuminoids is comparatively insignificant, we find the bodies of animals nearly exclusively proteinic. Plants increase constantly, dur- ing the vegetative period, their supply in albumen, until they enter the resting period. Animals have, without interruption, to renew it, lest they perish. It is meet to remember that all protoplasmic bodies are sub- ject to a constant process of elimination and renewal, and that the suspension of either effects their immediate death, which under all circumstances is their ultimate fate. Very different is the problem of the origin of the primitive protoplasm when it takes its rise without the medium of pre- existing protoplasmic bodies. This process is called the " gen- Philosophy of Botany, -*•'• eratio equivoca or spontanea" by the older authors; by the moderns, " archegonia." The term " archegony " comprises, in a strictly scientifit: sense, two essentially different pro, " plasmogony." Under the term " autogon) , the origin of the most simple plasma body in an inorganic flu i. e., in such a fluid in which those elements which an I for the composition of the organic body . simple and constant solutions; for instance, carboi hydrate of ammonia, binary salts. Contrariwise, th< would be called " plasmogony." if the organic individual I its rise in an organic vegetative fluid — i. e., in a fluid which contains these essential elements in form of complicated an-! unstable carbon compounds, in solution (albumen, carbon- hydrates, etc.). The processes of autogony as well as of plasm* .-. my ha\ yet. not been demonstrated. Attempts at the solution of the problem of archegony in earlier as well as recent times nearl) all refer not to autogony, but to plasmogony. which ' process is of little avail in reference to primordial organic ination. The temporary failure to verify by experiment the possibility of autogony cannot have more than a negative ing, and does not absolutely prove that under no circumstai such an event ever could have occurred. The ripened judgment of contemporaneous inves tends to make it clear that the impossibility as well as tin sibility, can never be brought to a tangible demonsti its ultimate inchoative state. More about this hereafter. Hypotheses about a natural spontaneous generation advanced already in the seventh century before our era by the leaders of the Ionian school, the three Milesians 1 1 Anaximenes, and Anaximander. The hit :■ important fundamental tenets of our modern monism. They pointed out that a natural uniform law is the source of the manifold manifestations, recognized the unity of the whole nature, and the constant transmntati- ma i >f I >rms Blan- der allows that the living creatures have i i in tin- water, under the influence of solar heat, and that man ha veloped out of fishlike creatures. Later on we read in the 266 Philosophy of Botany. natural philosophy of Heraclitus and Empedocles, and in the scientific writings of Democritus and Aristotle, allusions to ideas, in which we recognize fundamental principles of our modern theory of evolution. Two great and weighty fundamental ideas of the theory of evolution are also presented in Genesis, conceived by Moses, in surprising clearness and simplicity — the conception of sepa- ration and differentiation, and the conception of progressive evolution or improvement. All these views hitherto proposed in favor of a specific, mutually unconnected production by creation, lead, upon log- ical inferences, to that manner of reasoning which is under- stood as anthropomorphism. Under this term the Creator is conceived as an organism, conjecturing after the manner of man, meditating and altering his plans, ultimately carrying out his designs like a human architect would rear his structure. The miraculous aspect has always been unsatisfactory to those of speculative mind, and was too closely affiliated to other ancient mythological narratives as not to invite modified inter- pretations. The inconceivable was prominently proposed, which is merely a sophistic evasion, and means to affirm that one entertains no opinion at all and declines to have one. In contrast with this complete scientific inadequacy of the creative hypotheses, we are compelled to seek refuge in the opposite theory of evolution, if we intend to form a conception serving the purpose of rationally acceptable exposition. We are forced and morally bound to make such an attempt, even if these evolutionary doctrines should cast merely a glimmer of probability upon a mechanical and natural origination of the different species of plants and animals, but the more so if they are able equally as plainly and simply, as also completely and comprehensively to explain all related facts. These evolutionary theories are by no means what is often, yet falsely, pleaded against them, arbitrary notions or products of the imagination, applicable only to one or the other single organism ; they are indeed strictly scientifically supported the- ories, resting upon a firm and lucid basis, whence the totality of natural phenomena and especially the origin of the organ- Philosophy of Boi ajh . isms may be explained in the plainesl manner, . sary consequences of mechanical natural pro< i This theory is known as the monistic or mechanical causal, because it applies only mechanical a with necessity (causa- efficientes) in the interpret natural phenomena. On the other hand, the supernatural hypothes< coincide with that totally opposite view of the uni hich, in contradistinction to the former, is called the dual often also teleologic or vital, because of its all* merit of conditions after a design planned upon usefulness efficiency (causa? finales). The manner in which science attempts to vindicate th< nistic theory leads to the following considerations: Chemistry shows us that all known bodies ma] . by ana: be resolved into a limited number of elements or primary sub- stances ; such not furthermore resolvable bodies are, • bon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, or the divers metals, like potassium, natrium, iron, gold, etc. At present we ktio about seventy-five such elements. The majority of then rather unimportant, and of unfrequent occurrence; only the lesser number is generally distributed, and forms not only most inorganic objects, but also all organic bodi< If we compare those elements which compose the bodi< organisms with those elements which arc i" « » 1 1 1 1 < I in the inor- ganic substances, we are impressed with the fact that there appears no element in the bodies of animals and plants, which could not also be found outside of them in lifeless nature. There is absolutely no organic element. Be it here incidentally remarked that all th< ments are (most probably) only different combination forms of homologous atoms of one absolutely simple prim stance, " the Mass." The differences between element i nized at the present day. originate probabl) in tin circum- stance that these mass-atoms are arranged in different nun bers and positions: and their atom-groups or molecules in different relations to the universal ether which fills B] The group-wise arranged mutual affinity of tin- elemen speaks for this hypothesis, which, however, ha- not ^68 PHILOSOPHY OF BOTANY. experimentally demonstrated. It is furthermore supposed that these chemical elements formed prior to the formation of planetary systems, in the evolution of star systems, under con- ditions of heat, higher than now artificially producible. The chemical and physical differences existing between organic and inorganic bodies have therefore their material origin not in the distinct nature of the component elements, but in the different way and manner in which they are aggre- gated into chemical combinations. This distinct way of composition conditions, consecutively certain physical peculiarities, especially in reference to their density, which at once appear to open a wide chasm between these two groups of bodies. The formed inorganic or lifeless natural objects, the crystals and the amorphous rocks are of a degree of density which we call solid in contradistinction to the fluid state of the water or the gaseous state of the atmos- phere. It will be remembered that these different states of aggrega- tion of the inorganic bodies are not at all due to their ele- mentary nature, but are depending upon certain degrees of their temperature. Every one of the inorganic solid elements may be converted by raising its temperature into the fluid or molten, and by further increase to the gaseous or elastic fluid state. Likewise every gaseous body — e. g., carbonic acid — by sufficient reduction of temperature or increased pressure can be condensed to the fluid, and furthermore to the solid, state. In distinction from these three conditions of density of the inorganic substances, we find the living bodies of all organ- isms, of plants as well as animals, in a quite peculiar fourth state of aggregation. This one is neither solid like a stone, nor liquid like water, but keeping the middle between these two conditions, of what may be called a firmly liquid or tumid consistency. In all living bodies, with no exception, is a cer- tain quantity of water bound up in a peculiar way with solid substance, and just by this characteristic combination of water with solid substance comes about the soft, neither hard nor fluid, consistency which, for the coming into existence and the mechanical interpretation of the phenomena of life, is of great- est importance. Philosophy of Botahy. The cause of this is principally attributable to the chcn and physical properties of one single element, tl> Carbon is, from our point of view, of all elemei • the most efficient and interesting, because the function of thii ment plays the most important r61e in the life history i plants and animals of which wc have any knowledj the element which, by virtue of its peculiar inclinati< formation of complicated combinations with the Othei ments, effects the greatest possible diversity of chemical positions, and thereby also of the forms and qualities of the bodies of animals and plants. In combining with the other elements it forms an infinite series of formulas through di proportions in number and weight. Foremost in the combination of carbon with these other ments oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen (with which also >ul- phur and phosphorus are frequently associated) arise those extremely important compositions in which we recogniz< first and indispensable basis of vital phenomena, the albumi- nates (proteids). Proteinic substances have as yet not been found othen than in single or aggregate bodies of definite forms, which, subject to the laws of organic evolution, differ, in an ascending series, in complexity of molecular structure. ma>^ and sha] external form, and degree of development of organs foi etative and physical functions. Within the recollection of our older botanists or brolof it was firmly believed that the cell was the ultimate an:-. element of bodies, and that the cells took their origin directly from inorganic matter, under the influence ni light and Virchow and Schleiden were the first to make char the en ousness of this presumption, showing that no cell 01 spontaneously, but directly out of another cell. " ( tannifl cel- lula ex cellula " became the biological maxim. With the rapid advance in biologic studies and th< improved methods in microscopy it was recognized that the cell is a too complicated, too highly organized, and too mutable formation for us, to accredit it with the power to bri at once the chasm between the organic and the in To remedy the discrepancy, the attention was drawn to the 2^0 Philosophy of Botany. function of the nucleus, the formative element of the cell, and the formula was changed to " Every nucleus from another nucleus." The above-given term. " autogony," proposed by Haeckel, could merely serve to circumscribe the genetic act within the nearest possible compass, until his discovery of the " moners," the simplest living organisms, strengthened our hopes to trace up the thread of life to the present. The first complete observations upon the nature of a moner (Protogenes primordialis) had been made by him at Nizza in 1864. Other remarkable moners have been found by him later on the Canaries and Lanzarote, and in 1867 in the Straits of Gibraltar. (The complete life history of one of these Cana- rian moners, the orange-colored Protomyxa aurantiaca, with illustration, is given in the " Natiirliche Schopfungs- Geschichte,'' of Ernst Haeckel, ninth edition, Vol. I., page 168.) Also in the German Ocean, on the Norwegian coast, near Bergen, he found some peculiar moners. An interest- ing Sweetwater species Cienkowski found, and described it under the name " Vampyreila." Another one Sorakin found and named it " Gloidium." Very recently the number of these organisms has been greatly augmented through the efforts of other investigators. All of them are exceedingly small corpuscles, who, indeed, do not merit the name of organisms, a term based upon the assumption that all living beings are made up of organs, which, like the component parts of a machine, harmoniously cooper- ate to effect the activity of the whole. These moners, how- ever, are absolutely without structure or nucleus, consisting of a homogeneous plasma. The entire body during their life- time is nothing more than a mobile particle of jelly, without a permanent form, a minute living speck of an albuminous carbon compound. We assume this homogeneous mass to possess a very complicated molecular structure, which is, of course, neither anatomically nor microscopically demonstrable. The largest moners are of the size of a small pin head ; the smallest are the bacteria, which in all probability belong to this order of beings. More simple and imperfect beings could not be conceived. Philosophy of Boi We have here arrived at the limits of our physical ii tion. The nature of light, the prop media, and the structure of the human eye will liar.'; us to penetrate deeper into this special in tion. Of the bacteria we know little more than their external form, their reaction upon certain coloring substances which render their hyaline bodies visible under the high ma powers which we have to use to make them visibli come distinguishable under culture in certain nutritive liquids, through peculiar forms of aggregation, through rapid multipli- cation by division, and through the products of their growth. This growth is due to the absorption of the nutritive fluid to the subsequent elimination of waste material. In a state of rest the moners appear as minute globular puscles, either undiscernable to the naked eye, or merely the size of a small pin head, as before state. 1. Their facult cuting movements takes place through the protrusion ular fingerlike protuberances From the slimy surfa ■' fine radiating filaments or pseudopodia The pseudop simple, immediate continuations of the structureless albumi- nous mass which constitutes the entire body. We are not able to find in it differentiated parts, and we can make the direct proof for the absolute homogeneity of the semil albuminous substance by observing them under the m scope in the act of taking food. If minute bodies, acceptable to their tastes, such as comminuted organic substances or in- fusory animals, come into actual contact, the} adhere to the sticky surface and create an irritation. In res] tin- an increased flow of the slimy substance toward that pa- takes place, which ultimately incloses it. Sometimes a fun- nel-shaped depression forming in the moner purpose. The nutriment is thereafter digested by diffu (endosmosis) and what is left unabsorbed br surface again in a corresponding way. Equall) simple i mode of propagation, winch is asexual or b) monogamy consists simply in self-division. Whenever su nute body acquires a certain size from sufficient nutrition into two pieces; an annular constriction fofms I I the division is soon complete. 272 Philosophy of Botany. In other species, like Vampyrella and Gloidium, the body divides into four equal parts ; in Protomonas and Protomyxa the body at once resolves into a great number of globular spherules. Here, like elsewhere, when science transcends the limits of the perceptible and the domain of experience, venturing into the dark field of the unknown, the investigator must ulti- mately be guided by an ingenious use of the imagination ; of that wondrous faculty which, left to ramble uncontrolled, leads us astray into a wilderness of perplexities and errors, a land of mists and shadows ; but which, properly controlled by experi- ence and reflection, becomes the noblest attribute of man, the source of poetic genius, the instrument of discovery in sciences, without the aid of which Newton would never have invented the fluxions, or Davy have discovered the earths and alkalis, nor Roentgen the X rays, nor Columbus have found another continent. The clearest and best elaborated hypothesis about organic states preceding the moners is given by Karl von Nageli in his great work, " The Mechanico-physiological Theory of Evo- lution " (" Mechanish-physiologische Theorie der Abstam- mungslehre "), Munich and Leipzig, 1884. Before entering upon the micellar* hypothesis of Nageli, it may be well to state that Haeckel had made distinction be- tween those " Beginnings of Life " based upon the mode of nutriton, as phytomoners and zoomoners. The first are built up from protoplasma, possessing the faculty to prepare plasson synthetically from inorganic matter, converting the living force of sunlight into latent chemical energy of organic combi- nations. The other class, or zoomoners, are plasma eaters, consist of zooplasma and cannot transmute inorganic matter into plasma. They live upon the plasma of the preformed phyto- moners, and convert the therein contained energy again into heat and motion. To the phytomoners belong the Chromaceae, and also the hypothetical, oldest originators of all organisms, * Micella, diminutive of mica, a grain, crumb, a cell, or assumed in- termediate state between a molecule and a cell. Philosophy of Botany. the Protobiens. He defines them as very minute, living ma-granules proceeding from micellar organization. Ni thinks that these bodies are too minute to become distinguish- able even under the highest powers. To be more i ;• quote three paragraphs from Nageli's work, referring the r< to the original work : " Certain organic compounds, among them albumen, ther soluble, despite their great affinity for water, nor are they fusible, and hence are produced in the micellar form. These compounds are formed in water where the molecules thai immediately adjoining each other arrange themselves into incipient crystals, or micella*. Only such of the mole as are formed subsequently and come into contact with the micella, contribute to its increase in size, while the othei account of their insolubility, produce new micella-. For this reason the micellae remain so small that they are invisible, with the microscope. " On account of their great affinity for water the micella surround themselves with a thick film of it. The attraction of these micella? for matter of their own kind is felt outsid this film. Hence the micellae with their films unite themselves into solid masses permeated with water, unless other i overcome attraction. The internal and external constitution of micellar bodies depends essentially upon the size, form, and dynamic nature of their micellae, since on these factors depends the original arrangement of the micella', and the insertion in proper order of those formed later. "The micella) of albumen or plasma are susceptible of tin- greatest diversity of form, size, and chemical com] since they originate from unlike mixtures oi various albumen compounds, and besides are mixed with various organic inorganic substances. For this reason the plasma bcha both chemically and physically, in many unlike ways, and in consequence of the variable relation ^i the micella' I the plasma shows all degrees of micellar solution up to quite solid masses. Within the plasma masses the production "f albumen goes on more easily under the influence ^i their in ular forces than in the liquid without. Hence the compounds present in the organic substratum and capable ^i forming 2^4 Philosophy of Botany. albumen enter preferably into the masses of plasma, and by intussusception of micellae of albumen cause growth. Here life exists in its simplest form." Spontaneous generation presupposes the origin of plasma- micellae from molecules, hence cannot be brought about by solutions from albumens or peptones, since these are micellar solutions. Life presupposes the intussusception of plasma- micellae; hence it ceases as soon as the arrangement of micel- lae is so far disordered by injurious influences as to render that process of growth impossible. The resulting organism must be perfectly simple, a mass of plasma with micellae as yet unarranged, because any organization without a preceding organizing activity is inconceivable. For this reason known organisms cannot have originated spontaneously; a kingdom of simpler things must have preceded them. (Probien — the suborganic kingdom.) Haeckel ( f< Natiirliche Schopfungs-Geschichte," Vol. II., pages 430-431) says: " I believe, with Nageli, it is very prob- able that the like acts of spontaneous generation have repeated themselves very often, invariably when the necessary condi- tions emerged in the inorganic nature. They may even occur- now, daily, without our being able to observe them directly with our inadequate methods of research. We are entirely unacquainted with those conditions ; and the spontaneous orig- ination of minute probionts, of minute plasson-granules, which elude discovery even with the highest magnifying powers, may fail to be demonstrable even amid the best chances. In refer- ence to the contemporary moners we have the choice between the following conclusions: Either they descend, indeed, •directly from the first originated (or created) oldest moners, and then they must have propagated and preserved them- selves, since many millions of years in the original form of minute, simple, plasma corpuscles, or the moners of the pres- ent day have come into existence in the course of the organic evolution of the earth, by repeated acts of spontaneous gener- ation, and then there is no physical obstacle imaginable, why it should not be repeated infinitely often." Pending this question the reflection is forced upon us that in those immemorial preaeval times, terrestrial conditions ex- Philosophy 01 Boi isted, quite different from those of the present day, v. hull may have facilitated autogony. The organic history of this globe must have had if ning in an age when the oceans were united, forming an unin- terrupted surface, and the temperature of the wat< ciently decreased to allow the formation of albumtno pounds. This may have been not far from the boiling point, as we even now find living organisms in natural sprii high temperature. I picture in my fantasy the incumbei mosphere charged with irrespirable gases, filled with immense masses of vapors inclosing the ocean in impenetrable dark- ness, which was relieved only by the diffuse phosph of floating luminous corpuscles; the waters charged with mineral solutions, ready for precipitation with pn refrigeration; the sky luminous From uninterrupted electric flashes; and the atmosphere trembling from incessanl of thunder, and whirled about by furious cyclom Then already may possibly the hot waters of the primordial oceans have been peopled by living being-. Their high tem- peratures may even have been favorable to their coming into existence, as we even nowadays rind oscillatories and in hot springs at 140°. In the geysers of Yellowstone live Conferva major and Phormidium laminosum, flourishing by 162 to 176 , while the albumen of the higher coagulates at 162 Fahr. As tlure is reason to belie> above stated, that the surface oi the globe was shrouded in darkness, or only illuminated by diffused light, until tin broke through the clottds, we must take into account that the gelatinous bodies of the schizomycetes and algae oi this time contained a bluish green substance; the phycocyanin in r- >cess pi the validity of the laws of inheritance and adaptation togeny. At this point we are brought in contact with the higl problems not only of biology, but also of philosophy, the psychical question. The individual existence of organ isms takes its ■ in the moment of fertilization of the ovum, through the v.. scopically small spermatic cell. An Important d made recently by Pfeffer demonstrated thai the mutual tion between the spermatozoa and ovum is effected bj chem- ical affinity. No other act in organic life demon mort convincingly the importance and efficiency ^i matter, when we contemplate how the physical and intellectual development not only of the newly generated being, hut also ol bil scendants, for indefinite time is therein predetermined The minuteness and simplicity of the external Structure oi this cell demand an indeterminable complicity molecular composition. Indications of a psychical energy are noticeable low 2*78 Philosophy of Botany. stage of organization. M. Romanes, in his zoological scale, assigns the first manifestations of surprise and fear to the larvae of insects and annelids; but according to A. Binet thi > emotion is proper also to infusories. If a drop of acetic aci J be introduced beneath the glass slide in a preparation contain- ing quantities of infusories, the latter, will at once be seen o flee in all directions like a flock of frightened sheep. Mobius thinks that memory is one of the most elemental y and primitive psychological facts, already observable in the ciliated infusories. He properly remarks that every time '<. n animal repeats the same action under influence of the same excitation that fact proves that the animal is possessed • )f memory. According to Verworn even rhizopods are endowi d with primary instincts, as he demonstrates in the conduct of the Difflugia urceolata, which constructs an envelope out of sand particles for its offspring, before it passes out of its body by division. To find such complete psychical activity in the history of these low organisms becomes less surprising when we call to mind that, agreeable to the idea of evolution now accepted, a higher animal is nothing more than a colony of protozoans. Every one of the cells composing such an animal has retained its primitive properties, giving them a higher degree of perfec- tion by division of labor and by selection. The epithelial cells that secrete the nails and the hair are organisms perfected with reference to the secretion of protective parts. Similarly, the cells of the brain are organisms that have been perfected with reference to psychical attributes. I wish to close this sketch of protoplasm with some remarks on the mechanism of the cerebral functions and ultimate infer- ences in reference to the psychical problem. Considering that the human cerebral mass, weighing 3 4 pounds, consists of material of the most impressible and versa- tile molecular composition, with the supra-addition of an im- mensely complicated structure, with a supply of blood for its nutrition and repair, amounting to one-third of the supply for the whole body, it is evident that a motor center is provided, able to evolve great effects. Microscopical cerebral anatomy and psycho-physiology Philosophy oi Botany. have within the last twenty-five years reached importai suits. The differentiation and localization of the mol sensitive, and intellectual functions has been determii is estimated that the gray or conical substance contains fr< ra 500 to t,ooo millions of ganglia or cells, each of which nuns from 5 to 10 nerve fibers to receive external impression! to intercommunicate them. Thus we see a field • which the most vivid fantas) could not survey. I venture, with some diffidence In my ability •■ short sketch the mechanism which combined with the ph) chemical processes effects those cerebral functions which are comprehend as psychical activities, consciousness and n The speculative or metaphysical procedure has from th< motest days to this time always been attempted in two totally different and opposite ways. The dualist i- elements, body and soul, whereby the body presides over the vegetative and animal functions and the soul 1 - the hegemony over all the intellectual faculties, retaining consciousness and permanence after its separation from the body by death. The other, or monistic, view declare- for the inseparable unity of both, and, repudiating the intrusion of dogmatic ele- ments as parts of argumentation, defends its position by means of the exact natural sciences, facts sustained by anal dissection, the microscope, and psychological experiment. From this source we know that the faculty to think ai move depends upon the intact state of nervous cells and fi and that the entire psychology is identical with the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. We know now with considerable detail how the conta the sensual organs with the outer world produ activities, to be conducted along linear paths, the nei nerve fibers and fibrils to the brain, in whose different depa ments the peripheral perceptions are elaborated into 1 lectual concepts. But few years ago it was believed that nerve fibers MB from the great hemispheres would, in uninterrupted continu extend to the outmost limits oi the body, comparing the 1 apparatus with an immense central station of a telephom 280 Philosophy of Botany. tem, with millions of connections. The excitation of a pe- ripheral terminal thus to be reported in the central station, whence again the elaborated volition would be sent out to a subordinate organ for execution. This comparison is, however, not fully correct. The exact anatomy of the brain, as has been developed by the researches of Waldeyer, Flechsig and Ramony Cayal, proves that the for- mer view, accepting a division of the function of nerve fibers and nerve cells, was incorrect, and that neither does anywhere exist by itself, that there is no fiber without a cell, and re- versely. The fiber is only the long-drawn-out end of the cell. The uninterrupted continuance is also a misconception. We observe how a decapitated frog executes movements of his legs to counteract the pricking of the skin of his back. From this it is evident that there are intermediate stations which in part, at least, supplant the cerebral action. Such sta- tions or organs are called '" ganglia." They are the governing seat of action by all animals not possessed of a cephalic cere- bral system. Their actions are excited by irritation of sensitive fibers, and are purely emotional and sensational, and but little specialized functions. From such a ganglionic point the con- duct is carried forward by other cells and fibers until the ulti- mate destination ends in the gray matter of the hemispheres of the vertebrates in a specially designated sphere. In sleep or in a state of rest the ends of fibrils float freely in the sur- rounding plasma, until a moment of excitation arrives, when the ends immediately approach each other, forming connec- tion. Those links, serving as the transport of the excitations, are called (! neurons " and the transmitting force is commonly called " animal electricity." The velocity of transportation has been experimentally tested, never to exceed from twenty- five to thirty meters per second, not exceeding the velocity of a rapidly moving express train. In the same space of time which elapses between the prick of a needle at the point of the index finger and its appearance in consciousness a telegram would cross the Atlantic. Neural and physical electricity must be forces of different kinds. Many of the nervous func- tions of the highest organizations are confined to the gan- glionic systems, and fulfill within this circuit their activities Philosophy oi Boi a.\y. concerned in nutrition, circulation, respiration, and reproduc tion, and communicate only indirectly with the hemisp] but directly with the spinal cord, medulla elong lum, and corpora quadrigemina, which art- the c< I the organic functions. These divisions are fully developed in the newborn hu- man infant and in perfect functional activity. Wrv difl is at the same time the state of development of the I spheres, which are the seat of the sense perception in intel- lectual activity. While an infant shows tin- livelii est in the means employed to gratify his physical want-. I mains in a state of intellectual imbecility for months, and pass before he reaches maturity. The cause of this lie- in the circumstance that in the gray substance of tin- newborn in- fant are, as yet, comparatively but few cells with extended necting fibril ends. Not before the lapse of -<>me time do the corresponding nerve ends of the sense organs adi sufficiently to approach and come in contact with th< fibers. First to develop are the olfactory, ami at last i: ditory nerves, to proceed from the base of the brain up into the cortical sphere. Although thus the psychical activities, with the awakening of consciousness, are herewith initiated, the sphere of volition is as yet very limited; for, as only one-third of the hemi- spheres are assigned to the reception of sense percepti* which the other two-thirds are not at all concerned, th< remain yet for one whole month completely undevel are yet in no way connected with the other cerebral c< and conductive structures. Not before the regions <■! th< cial sense organs have completely finished their development, commences the evolution in those belated part-. It ifl now that millions of fibers extend from the sensual Sphere into the other two regions to intercross with one another, t-- i the muscular action, to combine with Stored-Up pert concepts, to execute all the manifestation- ^i the intelta emit their command to every division ^i the body undei control of volition. These parts are called th< centers — the workshop of the mind. The herewith presented theory of mind is based npofl 282 Philosophy of Botany. anatomical structure of the brain, and has been fully attested in the clinical practice as a satisfactory explanation of the cause of intellectual disturbances. It is the immense pre- ponderance of the association centers over all the other cere- bral divisions which secures the intellectual superiority of man over the highest intelligences of all other animals, in neither one of which a like relation occurs. Lesions, mechanical or pathological, in the association centers are the source of mental disturbances. Should conducting channels in any other part of the body happen to take place, anaesthesia or paralysis re- sults in the affected parts, consciousness and intelligence re- maining intact. Injury to the sensitive spheres produces loss of the respective sensual perceptions of sight, hearing, etc., but disturbances in the associated regions means intellectual aberration. In respect to the evolution of the human brain and mind, the lower animals seemingly are at some advantage in achiev- ing so soon after birth the faculty of taking care of themselves, and perfecting the cerebral integration in an incomparably shorter period than man does. This apparent tardiness is, however, nothing more or less than a prolonged plasticity and long-continued receptivity for cell production and extension of association tissue and storage of sense and reflective impressions. Other conditions being equal, it is the prevalence of this quality which conditions the differentiation not only between individuals, but also between the races. The dark-colored tribes attain to sexual and intellectual fullness much earlier, greatly to a disadvantage in regard to docility and training. Under this aspect I accept the view of Alexander von Hum- boldt on the differentiation of man: "Mankind presents a graduation into more docile, higher cultivated, through intel- lectual culture more ennobled, but not unconditionally nobler races. All are in the same measure destined to enjoy liberty, which in the more barbarous conditions consists in personal independence and in the civilized state, under the protection of political institutions, secures for all equal rights." Diver- sity of adaptation, conditions of climate accelerate or retard the social progress, but all have to struggle for its achieve- ment under the slow and severe process of social evolution. Philosophy 01 Botany. This is the physico-mechanical provision for th< plishment of cerebral functions, as Far as our pn ical studies have made char. The ad itself of thi sion of molecular motion into consciousm II of things outside of us — objective consciousnes A the internal processes of self-consciousness in gradatioi degree, is yet an unsolved problem, tempting the inventive of the speculative mind. The modern monism accords the origin of the whole uni verse to an absolute Unity and Essence whose quality the hu- man mind has no means of investigating, which we aim * press as the union of matter, motion, and mind, tl ntial realities which never and nowhere exist separately mere functions of one or the other, but are coexistent and uni\ • Matter is the extended, space-filling, indestructible reality, subject to gravitation, appearing in three different tions — the solid, liquid, and gaseous — and in about seventy elementary forms. We recognize in the atom the ultimate divisibility of the chemical elements; in the molecule the limit of divisibility, without change of its chemical pn >]>< • in the advance of the combination of those molecules, first, the stable elements of the mineral kingdom: pr g in the scale of evolution, we advance to the multifarious and mutable hydrocarbon compounds, which are the substratum of tl ganic creation, the most complex of which arc the prol and albuminoids, which, while some of them may DC arti- ficially produced by synthesis, by -till further recompounding appear as protoplasma, a living, organized substance, whose continuance depends on an uninterrupted exchanj stituent molecules by the process of nutrition and eltminat and is subject to death and decay whenever this metabolisnc is suspended while it is in an active state of growth. It has been suggested by Lester Ward that the ultima! of albuminoids to perfect the constitutionality of protop is no longer dependent on chemical affinity, but follows law of molar attraction or gravitation, and COI tility. This may serve to account for their extreme instability. Contractile tissue and muscular fiber follow, The second reality is motion, or function of the ether, 284 Philosophy of Botany. sidered by physicists an " imponderable matter," of which we cannot form any sensual conception, and whose existence we deduce from its functions — light, electricity, magnetism, and radiant heat — which are mutually convertible energies and indestructible. We can only give it the attribute " ethereal," since it is not comparable with any of the qualities of ponder- able matter. Ether is the supporter and transmitter of all modes of motion, the harmonizer of cosmical processes. Po- tential and actual energy, heat and electricity, are in the same constant play of alternations as the molecular chemism of the elements, and controlled by the laws of the preservation of energy and matter, and are always the same quantitatively. As a third reality we conceive mind as a cosmic energy. In its action upon the psychic organs of organisms it effects con- sciousness, the idea of the ego, which, with its percepts, sensa- tions, concepts, memories, desires, and volitions, we, by traditional acceptance, know as the soul, a metaphysical en- tity, and which we have been taught to consider as different from the body, although with widely differing opinions as re- gards their mutual relations. This cosmic mind can possibly have no semblance to the highest intelligence we know of, the human mind. The human mind lives, so to speak, within a triple environ- ment of its expansiveness. We are aware of the outer world by sensual perceptions, out of which, in another cerebral department, the percepts are transformed into concepts, construed into thoughts and ideas, processes, which ultimately enable our reflective ca- pacity to understand that what we think we know of the world outside of us is only a reflected image of the reality of things ; but what all things may be by themselves, beyond the inter- pretations of our senses, we are utterly in the dark, without a ray of hope or probability of ever passing this limitation. It appears to me that the cosmic mind, unlimited as we as- sume it to be in its expanse, must also be beyond all estima- tion, penetrating, knowing the inside of things as well as their outer appearances. The only revelation from the sacred books of the East we are assured to have been given concern- ing it, was given but once — to Moses on Sinai — in the words * Philosophy of Botaht. * 1 am that I am." (The translation from the Hebr< am" is not correct. It is meant: "The essence I am am the true essence of things.") The oldest of the Brahmanic sacred books, "The Upanishads," records a similar shorl tence, which expresses the deepest meaning of their relij ideas: "Tat tuam asi "—-"Thy own self is the divinity." The philosophies, both of Greece and of India, started before the days of Homer or Solomon from a common point- namely, from the conviction that our ordinary knowledge, depending upon the report of the senses, is uncertain and deceitful knowledge according to Hindoo philosophers depend authorities— namely, sensual perception and deduction. An infinite intelligence does not depend on our mind : esses, on induction and deduction; it is the power of intui- tion, and its effect is causation. I think it is not an illegitimate analogy to compare the func- tions of the brain with the respirators process of the li It calls for an uninterrupted vital process to maintain the blood corpuscles in a state of receptivity for the proces oxidation, on which depends the whole process of rei and elimination. We know, on the other hand, that th currents of measurable intensities are constantly generated in the whole nervous system, perhaps thereby producing the con- dition of maturity for the intussusception of the cosmic mind force manifesting itself as consciousness. The limit all individualized substances and the delineation of all forms in the organic and inorganic world and the persistence of inherit- ance of specific properties or qualities belong in the •of this mind force. It pictures the flowery congelation of the watery vapor on the freezing window pane, prescribes the angles and con of the forming crystal. It may affect protoplasm in inconceivable paths to some kind of sensation in the plant, to emotion in the lower animals, .and ultimately guide the intricate process of i light up to the highest spheres of our ideal It stands in the same relation to the whole of the cosmos •consciousness does to plain consciousness, repn divin •omniscience. 286 Philosophy of Botany. " Ob wohl Natur sich selbst erkennt? " — Goethe, Faust. May not Nature be self-conscious? In rhythmic swells like ocean waves flows by the current of history. The past fifty years presented a period of unparal- leled material progress in all civilized countries. The advance in mechanical and technical operations in transportation and production was so immense that they would nec- essarily imply a new valuation of human life. It is the out- come of the progress of the natural sciences. The measure of its value can only be taken by a parallelization with moral progress, on which rest the security, peace, and happiness of society. The evident disproportion in these two kinds of ad- vances is due to the different nature of motor forces, the real- istic or materialistic on the one side, and the idealistic on the other. Neither one is, of itself, either good or bad, and their efficiency depends upon the direction of the impetus with which they are started. The materialist subjugates the forces of nature for material purposes, without definite reference to their bearing on the character and moral standing of the individual or the commu- nity. The character of this force is purely intellectual. It has an egoistic tendency. The idealist is moved by sympathetic impulses. The psychical impulse originates in the sympathetic and allied nervous system ; the intellectual sphere is a mere consulting — often a reluctant — aid. Sympathetic feeling is preexistent : in the course of evolution it is very likely active before the de- velopment of nervous systems, and inherent to the unspecial- ized nerve matter. Its ultimate judgments and aspirations turn to the realization of the highest truth, goodness, beauty, and justice. The realist finds the anchorage of his judgments in condi- tions as they are actually presented; the idealist forms trans- cendental estimates — how things ought to be — and judges them by this standard. The realist finds security in direct observation ; the idealist is swayed by sentiment. The one operates with the intellect ; the other, with emotion. Realism Philosophy oj Botais «v consequently advances the sciences; idealism, philosoph; ligion, history. In the logical procedure realism | dnctively; idealism, deductively. Never was, in a short interval of time, this division of energy more clearly denned than in the teachings of P Aristotle — men of such eminent wisdom thai theii remained as guiding stars for these two factions of philosophy for twenty centuries. It seems to fit the occasion to explain the principal tudes of mind, instinct and intelligence. In his work on "Origin of Species," Darwin gives th< lowing definition of instinct: "An action which we ours< should require experience to enable us to perform, when per- formed by an animal, more especially very young mirs. without any experience, and when performed by many individuals in the same way, without knowing for what purp< per- formed, is usually said to be instinctive. As all instinct- show a trace of selective qualities, a trace oi reasoning p< w i r has to be conceded, even to the lowest one>." 1 1c further qualified this tenet by the following doctrines : i. The instincts of the species differ with individuals, ami are in the same way subject to variation a- arc the morpho- logical marks of bodily formation. 2. These variations are by inheritance in part transfi the descendants, and in the succession <>f generations accumu- lated and confirmed. 3. Selection (artificial as well as natural) exercises ami these hereditary variations of vital activities a preferen continuing the most useful and abandoning the less suitable modifications. 4. The divergence of physical characters, thus origii leads to the continuity of succession in the same man: origin of new instincts as does the divergence of morph ical characters produce new species. The scholastic mediaeval psychologic views— which even yet have adherents — made an absolute distinction psychical activity of animals and man. calling the former stinct" (implanted) and the latter " reason/ 1 judj cording to the Mosaic historj of creation, every - I am 288 Philosophy of Botany. mal received a certain measure of intelligence, just sufficient for its protection and maintenance. The latter opinion we find plainest expressed in the works of Thomas ab Aquina, a medieval saint and celebrated doctor of theology, and inter- preter of the works of Aristotle. It is generally believed that instincts are infallible guides of action. This is, however, far from being true to its full ex- tent. They often lead to great injury to the individual, and even destruction of large masses. They are sufficient only for the maintenance of the species in the lower orders, who dis- pose of an immense reproductivity. A phase of selective ac- tion, the germ of reason, is, as above mooted, traceable very early in the course of evolution. A similar relation is manifest also in the unconscious (not instinctive) actions of man. The execution of, for instance, a sonata may pass on in a dormant state of reason, as far as memory of melody, but the expression of pathos or affection must be rendered in full consciousness or the performance will be a failure. Of instincts there are innumerable varieties — as many, in- deed, as there are species of animals. All may be distinguished on two fundamental principles, as primary and secondary. Primary instincts are the general lower impulses, which irom the beginning of organic life existed in the unconscious state of the " psychoplasma " as inherent qualities — self-pres- ervation (protection and nutrition), and propagation (coitus and rearing of the young). These two fundamental motors of organic life, hunger and love, have originated uncon- sciously, without the access of reason or intelligence, but have afterwards, in the course of evolution, by man and the higher animals become objects of consciousness. A reverse relation governs the secondary instincts. These riave primarily come about by intelligent adaptation, by rational thinking and reflection, and by appropriate conscious action. Gradually they became habitual and unconsciously effective, and appear now in the descendants through inher- itance as congenital qualities. The first authorities in physiology and animal psychology nave now arrived at the nearly uniform agreement that there is no qualitative, but only a quantitative, difference be- I'HILOSOI'in OF II..I , tween the souls of men and animals. The movementi and actions, from the lowest to the highest, are determii antecedent physiological states. The changes whicl moment take place in consciousness are produced by an in finitude of previous experiences, registered in the nervous structure, cooperating with the immediate impressions on the senses; the effects of these combined factors being in • case qualified by the physical state-, general or local, of th ganism. The current tenet respecting the freedom of the will is " that every one is at liberty to do what he desires to do." All a. hint this; however, the real proposition involved in the ■ free will is, whether every one is at liberty to desire or n desire. The mainspring of desires, the plr has to respond to the solution of this question. Herbert Spencer expresses himself thus: "Psychical changes either conform to law or they do not. If the) do not conform to law, any work on psychical inquiry is sheer non sense; no science of psychology is possible. If they do form to law, there cannot be any such thing as free will." The intellectual expression of the will we find in its influ- ence on consciousness. The normal state of consciousness supposes diffusion, with the work of the brain diffused. The will can localize the work of the brain to special regions, may affect different elements, spread through the mass of en- cephalon, to a working in harmony, to the exclusion of tin- others. This attitude of the mind constitutes attention Consumption of stored-up energy is called in aid for the fection of this effort, which is only transient and soon bi about relaxation. This is the culmination of mind em As the greatest multitude of vital actions are ever return- ing repetitions of actions of the same quality, they become habitual, instinctive, unconscious. The combination **i the mind elements subserving these unconscious actioi tutes the instinct mechanisms of the brains. That such in- stinct mechanisms direct not only the actions of the l< animals, but also the higher organisms, including man daily experience in the process of training, through whicl convert intellectually-conceived action- into unconsciousl) 10 290 Philosophy of Botany. transpiring ones. Such actions are walking, riding, singing, speaking, piano playing, and almost all intellectual actions. These acquired unconscious faculties are not transmissible to descendants by inheritance, although this had been the process by which instincts had originally been built up. The inherited mechanisms of instinct have, in the course of evolution, been superseded by an organ of educability, the evolution of the organs of the mind, the great hemispheres of the brain. The annexed diagrams give a graphic illustration of the gradual expansion and preponderance of the intellectual over the vegetative, purely instinctive, reflex, and emotional organs and functions. Comparative sketch of cerebral structure of Fish, Reptile, Bird, Mammal, and Man, viewed laterally (A) and from above (B) ; of, olfactory ; cr, hemispheres ; ol, corpus callosum ; cb, cerebellum ; m, medulla oblongata. —After Le Conte. Philosophy oj I .••I w ■, . Schematic illustration of the cerebral increase by the different vertebrates, projected in supraposition : o/, olfactory lobe - rum ; op, corpus callosum or median sphere ; mensch y man mam- mal ; vogel, bird. (The median sphere progresses in evoluti plexity of structure and increasing number of component elements. Satiated (as we now are, almost) by the dail) recurrent . of inventive genius, and influx of material riches, we stand listening on the shore of time, and watching, for ear and eye perceive a new swell and the distant rumble of another * the first ripples of which indicate its idealistic nature, and in- dicate the demands of the era of the twentieth century. The peace conference at The Hague, the parliamei ligion, the societies for ethical culture, have initiated movements: Universality and unity of religious sentimen that cannot he dismembered by commanding «1« va- cation of the conflict between capital and labor b) lej limiting the aggressiveness of either: defining on Si estimates the share of labor in the net profits; a stroi ernment with relinquishment of the policy of lenienc) a itation which only serves to embolden violent and ous characters, and encourages them to deeds mi. now cast the whole nation in grin' and distresi of the Aleutian Islands to be chosen as a place of gerous criminals: deliverance of the ^<\v ecclesiastic supervision, and the organ izatioi tion intrusted to a commission, selected from the | and lecturers in the universities, technical schools, with authority to make appointments and 292 Philosophy of Botany. the courses of instruction. In view of the fact that all doc- trines, including theology, have to incorporate into their teach- ing the results of the natural sciences, as under their discipline alone correct thinking can be acquired, science teaching should on an appropriate scale be attempted in all grades. Abandon- ment of the missionary invasion commends itself on pleas of equity and prudence. Bold persistence in the traditional prac- tice would provoke a permanent and irreconcilable conflict. Should the Eastern nations be considered amenable to the practices of the international code, they must be met on terms of complete political equality, as the disquieting introduction of dogmas alien to their national character, religious and polit- ical institutions born of the most ancient lineage in the world, must naturally appear to them as an unbearable imposition. The comparative study of religions — Brahmanism, Bud- dhism, Parseeism, Mohammedanism — has proven that the ele- ments of pure ethics are the same in all, and like in Christian- ity, and that errors and abuses have, from human depravity, equally corrupted all, and that in the progress of time with a strictly scientific theosophy a harmony could be effected. Our own grievous sectarian ebullitions are sorry witnesses of the intellectual neglect and stifling influences of dogmatic superstitions. Those movements are also idealistic waves, but — alas ! — of the briny flood that ruins fertile fields by its overflows. Creeds, brought down from hoary antiquity as symbols of pristine religious sentiment, do no longer express the more ex- alted attitude of present generations toward the eternal and infinite, and reasonable and honest theologians are acknowl- edging the right of pure reason to subject to criticism the fountains of those creeds, and the so-called higher criticism is the result. Epochs of history do not follow now in such tardy succes- sion as they did in ancient time and still do in uncivilized re- gions, and the coming generation will not have gone into its grave when the portentous commotions produced by the pres- ent idealistic wave will have subsided in compromises and new financial and economic methods. Philosophy oi Botahy. Thus the floods of ideas will swell and sink as long as the deeds of men make history. At the Tennessee Centennial in [897 I attended the Lil Congress of Religions and joined in the Lord's Prayer with the Hindoo, Parsee, Mohammedan, and Jew. I felt deeply im- pressed by the simple service, but from the ab I tin- ministry I became aware that the morning star of the union of religions, was, for this latitude, yet below the horizon of tarian strife. Constitutions of minds and ways of life differ amongst men immensely. The increasing acceptance of demonstrable may gradually effect a better understanding, and ultimately reconcile the still invincible adherents to tradition. The frame of mind which prompted my philosophy has come to me by way of my professional calling, and my early acquired habit of pursuing botanical studies, by which I learned to l<"»k. not only to the flowery side of things, but also to their roots fruits, and which removed me more or less from the fictil aspirations and pretensions of society. My travels had no semblance with the rambles of the roam- ing nomad, who prostrated himself before the phantom of the burning bush and received a mission for conquest. My path was lighted by a milder sun; it led over humming and blooming meadows to the silent forest, where a friendly Dryad received me into her shade, inviting to musing She interpreted to me the sounds ni the rustling leaves, the chirping of the cicada, the melody ^\ the sweet songsti rs, and enjoined me to search and reason. Was kann der Mensch im Leben mehr gewinnen Als dass sich Gott Natur ihm offenbare! Life's greatest glory la that mind In Nature God revealed may liml. As in a dream it came to my thoughts that the chan picture spread before me was the effect of the alten light and color, and that no object could be visible unlea cast a shadow; that all evils that oppress earthly life I necessarv consequences of individualization and dil tion in the organic world; imperfection to be the com 294 Philosophy of Botany. under, which alone individuality is granted; perfection to be alone the attribute of that infinite reality who, divesting him- self of his all-embracing personality, assumed the garb of the cosmos and endowed it with intelligence and love, beauty and justice, to adjust its inequalities in the process of evolution. As the dewdrop reposing on the grass blade, glittering in the morning sun, reflects the splendor of the heavens and the image of the horizon, until with the rising day it disappears, dissolving in the air, thus the light of philosophy pictures the image of ideas on a film of protoplasm. Dl H Httl LIBRARY Nbrfft Carolina State College Authors Consulted or Referred to in the Philosophy of Botany. Schleiden, M. I., Ph.D., " Grundzuge der Wisscnschaftli Botanik." Leipzig, T889. Sachs, Julius, " Vorlesungen fiber Pflanzenphysiolo Leipzig, 1882. Strassburger, Dr., Eduard, "Das Botanische Practicum." Jena, 1884. Cohn, Dr., Ferdinand, "Die Pflanze, Vbrtraege aus den biete der Botanik." Breslau, [882. De Candolle, Alph, " Origin e des Plantes Cultfvees." P 1SS3. Haeckel, Ernst, " Natiirliche Schopfungs-( reschichte." volumes. Berlin, 1898. Haeckel, Ernst. "Die Weltraethsel." Ninth edition. Bonn, ^ 1899. Sterne, Cams, Werden und Vergehen, " Eine Entwickelungs Geschichte des Naturganzen." Two volumes. Berlin, 1901. Buchner Dr., Ludwig, " Kraft and Stoft." Leipzig, ; Fechner, Gustav Theodore, " Xanna oder liber das Seelenle- ben der Pflanzen." Second edition. Hamburg, [8 Wundt, Dr., Wilhelm, " Vorlesungen fiber die Menschen und Thicrseele." Hamburg and Leipzig. [892 Schopenhauer, Arthur, " Samntliche Werke." Six volumes. Leipzig, 1891. Brucker's "History of Philosophy." Edited b) William En- field. One volume. London, 1S37. Lange, Fried., Albert, " Geschichte des Materialismus." lohn, 1881. Waitz, Dr.. Theodor, '.'Anthropology/' Six volumes. I zig, 1872. Strauss, D. F., " Der Alte and dor Nfeue Glaube." Bonn, Humboldt, Alex., von. " Kosmos." Five volumes. 1850. Humboldt, Alex., von, "Ansichten der Natur." 1859. 296 Philosophy of Botany. Lyell, Sir Charles, ''Antiquity of Man." London, 1863. Darwin, Charles, " Collected Works." London, 1866. Draper, John William, " History of the Intellectual Develop- ment of Europe." Two volumes. New York, 1876. Marsh, George T., " Man and Nature." New York, 1864. Vogt, Carl, " Vorlesungen iiber den Menschen." Giessen, 1869. Schlosser, F. C, " Weltgeschichte." Nineteen volumes. Frankfurst, 1855. Peschel, Oscar, " The Races of Man." New York, 1876. Midler, Max., " Lectures on Science of Religion." London. 1872. Miiller, Max., " Theosophy ; or, Psychological Religion." London, 1893. Nageli, Carl, von, " Mechanisch-Physiologische Theorie der Abstammungs-Lehre." Miinchen und Leipzig, 1884. HECKMAN BINDERY INC. © AUG 86 N. MANCHESTER, INDIANA 46962