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A N 
 
 ESSAY 
 
 In Defence of 
 
 Ancient ArchitCiSure; 
 
 PAR A L L E L 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 Ancient Buildings with the Modern : 
 
 SHEWING 
 
 The Beauty and Harmony of the Former, 
 and the Irregularity of the Latter. 
 
 With Impartial Reflexions on the Reafons of the Abufes 
 introduced by our prefent Builders. 
 
 To which is Annexed, 
 
 An Infpeaional TABLE, univerfally Ufeful. 
 
 lllufirared with Sixteen Copper-Plates. 
 
 By Robert Morris, ^f Twickenham. 
 
 Learn hence for Ancient Rules a jnft Efleem^ 
 
 To copy Nature is to copy thejn. Pope on Critrcifm. 
 
 LOUDON: 
 Printed for D. Browne, at xhz Black-Swan, \^ii\\ovitTemple-Bar -, 
 W. Bicker TON, in Devereanx-Court, near Temple-Bar; 
 J. PoTE, at thz Goldcji-Door, againft Suffolk-ftreet, nczx Charing- 
 Crofs 5 and J. Wa l t h o e, at Richmond. M.dcc.xxviii. 
 
( iii ) 
 
 O 
 
 THE 
 
 DEDICATION; 
 
 T O A L L 
 
 Encouragers and Practitioners 
 
 O F 
 
 Anciept Architecture. 
 
 ^^S Architedure has been efteeaVd worthy of 
 the Study and Care of the greateft Men in 
 all Ages fince its firft Iiiftitution, (o the pre- 
 fent feems not totally depriv'd of generous 
 Patrons to fupporc the beautiful Remains of it, v/ith the 
 moll vigilant and ardent Zeal for its Prefervation, by 
 
 A 2, their 
 
(iv ) 
 
 their own Pracfbice, and the Encouragement of others.; 
 whofe difcerning Judgments are capable to diftinguiilt 
 the immenfe Difproportion which there is between the 
 Beauties of the ancient Practices of Architedure, and 
 the Produdlions of our prefent Executions in the Prac- 
 tice of Building. 
 
 But as the Enemies of ancient Architedlure as far fur- 
 pafs the Number of thofe more noble and judicious En- 
 couragers of it, as the Beauties of the one are preferable 
 to the Deformity of the other, and the continual In- 
 curlions and Inroads daily made in its Progrefs uniting- 
 ly confpire, to deftroy and erafe the Foundations of its 
 Beauties ; we cannot but expe(5t they are as capable of 
 giving it as total an Overthrow, as it received from the 
 barbarous Goths and Vandals^ whofe Proceedings but 
 too much refemble the unhappy Practices of our pre- 
 fent Enemies to the Rules of the Ancients. But to trace 
 down to our prefent Time, from its firft Appearance, the 
 moft authentick Records of its Rife, Progrefs, Fall, and 
 Revival, let us obferve with what Honours Architedure 
 has been receiv'd and pracTcis'd ; and more efpecially 
 thofe Beauties of ii, which are the Subje(5l of the enfu- 
 ing Treatife. 
 
 ^As to its firft Appearance, which was in Greece about 
 the End of the third Age, Cecrops the firft King of 
 Athens, (the Nurfery of Sciences) founded that City in 
 which V^dalus was born, of the royal Family of the 
 Race of the Kin^rs oi Athens^ about the Year of the 
 
 World 
 
 o 
 
( v) 
 World i6Q0 ; and lOO Years before the Deftrudion of 
 Troy, b& founded a School for die Inftru(5lion and En- 
 couragement ot: Architects, as Pliny relates, Lib. 26. 
 
 Ch. 4. v 
 
 When D&dalus fled from Crete to Sicily^ to fave him- 
 felf from the Anger of Mmos, he was for the fake of 
 his Knowledge very well received by Gonjdes the King 
 of that ifle, whom he inftructed in the firft Principles 
 of Archicedure : This was Ann, M. 2645, as related by 
 Diodor. Lib. 4. 
 
 Pliny, Lib. 36. Ch.6. fays, that the Excellency of the 
 C^'^a^w Architecture was fo great, that Scylla caufed the 
 Columns of the Temple of Jupter Olympus built at 
 Athens (by the Architedt Libon, as Pmfanias fays in 
 Eliac.) to be taken away to adorn tlie Temple of Jupiter 
 Capitolinus at Rome. 
 
 Plutarch in his Life of Pericles tells us, that he was 
 one ot the greateft Lovers of Architedfure among the 
 Grecians, and was i^o careful in the Edifices he caufed to 
 be built at Athens, that in the Time of Trajan, wherein 
 this Author writ, they feem'd but as newly done : They 
 were likewife Co very agreeable, that they feem'd every 
 day more and more beautiful. 
 
 Thus Architec5lure continued in Greece in its full 
 Height, not only during the Time of the Grecian Re- 
 publicks and Kings, but alfo under the Reign of the 
 Roman Emperors, and particularly under that of Adri- 
 an, who built feveral famous Edifices at Athens : Vi- 
 
 truvius 
 
( vr ) 
 tmvi us enumerates many great Peifon ages and BLiild- 
 ings umongft the Grecians ereded to their Honour, from 
 whence Rome was furnilhed with all thoie noble Ex- 
 amples which have been fince the Glory of the Romans 
 Empire. 
 
 Architedlure came to Rome (which was built ^nno 
 Mundi 3330, according to Vigeneri in the Tables of 
 PhiloJIratus, 431 Years after the Deflrudion of Troy) 
 about 461 Years before Marcellus : but they had not 
 the right Genius for it, nor a true Relilli of the Art, till 
 after his conquering Sicily^ from whence he brought it. 
 Then it grew more and more perfecfl at Rome, which 
 is demonftrated by the Theatre which he built, which is 
 one of the fineft and moft regular Pieces of Architec- 
 ture which the Ancients have left ; he. likewife built a 
 Temple to Virtue, and another to Honour, as Plutarch 
 in the Life of Marcellus relates, . 
 
 Pliny fays. Lib. 34. Ch. 1 5. that Marcus Scauruss Son- 
 in-law embelifhed Rome vi'nh. furprifing Edifices; he 
 built a Theatre which could contain eighty thoufand 
 Perfons, in which were Marble Columns 38 Foot high:: 
 There were likewife many noble Buildings of regular 
 Architecture made by feveral Confuls before the Em- 
 perors, as the Amphitheatre of Pompey, and a Temple 
 of Vid:ory which he built. Likewife in the Confulfhip- 
 of Quintus CatuluSy nothing was finer than the Marble 
 Buildings to adorn the City of Rome^ in which were 
 
 100- 
 
( vii ) 
 
 100 Palaces, equal in Beauty to that of Lepidus ; as re- 
 lated by Tacitus^ Lib. 14. and P//wy, Lib. ^6, Ch. 15. 
 
 Thus, as the firft Appearance of Archite(5lure was at- 
 tended by a vigilant and diligent Care for the Preferva- 
 tion of it in its Execution among the Romans during 
 the Time of the Republick j fo the Beauties of it were 
 carefully preferv'd and executed under the feveral Em- 
 perors, till Confiantine and Conjiantius his Son. 
 
 Plutarchy in his Life of Julius Csfar^ takes notice, 
 that he adorn'd Rome with feveral publick Buildings ; 
 among which were the Temple of Apollo in his Palace, 
 the Forticus^ and a Library, which he fill'd with Greek 
 and Latin Books ; the Maujoleum ; and likewife farther 
 finilhed the Temple of Jupiter Oljmpus, begun long 
 iince at Athens. 
 
 Tacitus., Lib. ^. P. 154- fays, that the Romans were fo 
 much given to Building, that it was the Cuftom for 
 noble Families to fliew their Pomp and Magnificence in 
 building publick Edifices, for noble and ornamental 
 Ufes, as Temples, Galleries, (^c. for the Ufe of the 
 City, thereby to tranfmit their Memories, and that of 
 their Family to Pofterity. 
 
 Pliny, Lib. 3d. Ch. 15. takes notice of the Beauty of 
 the Temple of the Pantheon built by Agrippa. Like- 
 wife in the Time of Auguftus Cafar^ the magnificent 
 Buildings were in very great efteem; whofe laft Words 
 teftify this, when he faid, he found Rome built with Bricky 
 bi4t left it built zvith Marble-. And likewife his Gene- 
 
 rofi ty 
 
( viii ) 
 rofity in being a Patron to the Books of Architedure 
 writ by Vitrwvius^ fufficiently demonftrate the Preferva- 
 tion and Honours juftly due to fo noble and beneficial 
 a Science. 
 
 Nero^ though otherwife tyrannical to Mankind, had a 
 Veneration for Art, which appears by the Palace call'd 
 the Gilded Houfe, the Remains whereof are of the fined 
 Architecfture of Antiquity. The Excellency of it con- 
 tinued under Vefpa/ian, and Titus, as is feen by the Am- 
 phitheatre and triumphal Arch they caufed to be made. 
 Flutarchy in his Life of Fublicola, mentions Vowitian 
 as a prodigious Admirer of Building, who rebuilt the 
 Temple of Jupiter Captolinus more magnificent than it 
 had been before ; he likewife built the Temple of Mi- 
 nerva, and that of Fla^uius I might name the great 
 Atchievements of uddnan, who himfelf was a Prac- 
 titioner of Architedture, (as Paujaniits relates in his 
 Jlttic.) Marcus ^urelius, and his Son Commodus, Se- 
 njerus, Caracalla, Gordian, ylurelian, and Dioclefian.: but 
 their beautiful Remains fufficiently demonftrate the Per- 
 fediion and Splendor Architedure was in, and with what 
 Honours in was proteded, till after the Reign of Con- 
 ftantiney and Conjiantinus his Son, when it began to de- 
 cline, and there were no more skilful Architeds left, nor 
 Princes whofe Curiofity led them that way : This was 
 about the Year of our Lord 310, as related by Nardtni^ 
 pag. 407. 
 
 Jnti' 
 
( ix ) 
 
 Antiquit di PoZjZjiolo, di S. Maz,z,ella, fays, that Ala- 
 ricus King of the Goths rayag'd Itcily^ and took Rome • 
 after him Genjericus King of the Vandals laid it wafte, 
 and ahnoft quite defolate : But their greateft E uin was 
 by Totilla King of the Goths in 545, who burnt and 
 confumed the City, and laid all its fumptuous Edifices 
 almoft in Afhesj he demolilh'd the proudeft Struc- 
 tures, and left it quite ruin'd and eras'd. So far'd it 
 with all the Cities of Italy, and Architeaure fell a 
 Vi(5bim to the facrilegious Barbarians, and lay buried 
 in Oblivion for the fpace of iioo Years ; but at laft re- 
 viv'd again by the Vigilance and careful lufpedion of 
 thofe great Genius's who flourifh'd in the 14th and 15th 
 Centuries. 
 
 The famous Brmelefchi and Ghiberto carefully fur- 
 vey'd the decay 'd Ruins of Antiquity, and brou^^ht 
 Architeaure from that rude Gothick manner, whtch 
 had been every where pra^ris'd down to 1400: 
 they eftabliOi'd at Florence the \J[q of tlie Dorkk, 
 lonick, and Corinthian Orders in all their Purity, accord- 
 ing to thofe juft Rules they had form'd from the Survey 
 of the beautiful Ruins of the ancient Buildings at Rome. 
 
 Next followed Baptifta Alberti, who purfued the'ir 
 Footfteps, and died in 1480. Donatella, after him, re- 
 viv'd and brought the ancient Ruins into a recrular and • 
 juft manner J he died in 1484. The kmo\is Bramante, 
 befides the Beauty of the Orders v/hich he brought into 
 
 ^ ufe 
 
( X ) 
 
 life again"; made the Defign of the great Church of 
 St. Peters at Rome ; ' he flourifh'd in the Time of Pope 
 Julius II. inftrudted Raphael in Architedture, and died 
 in 1514, aged 70 Years, buried in St. Peters Church, as 
 reported by Vejari^ Vit. del. Bramante. 
 
 Raphael Vrb'm, that great and happy Genius, befides 
 his wonderful Performances in Painting, was an excel- 
 lent Architedl, died at 37 Years of Age in 1510, and 
 was buried in the Rotunda. Anthonj de San Gallo next 
 follow'd ; he had the Management of St. Peters after the 
 Death oi Bramante, he died 1534. Contemporary with 
 him was Baldajjere of Sienna ; he continued Architec- 
 ture in its Excellency at Rome, and likewise Painting 
 and Perfpedive. (Among other of his Difciples was Se- 
 baftian Serlio, who compos'd thole Treatifes now extant, 
 under the Name of Sebafliano Serlio Bologneje) Baldejjere 
 died in I53<5, and was„buried near R^aphaelin i\\Q Rotunda, 
 aged 76 Years. 
 
 Next followed Julio Romano, who advanced Archi- 
 tedlure and Painting to a great Perfecftion; he died at 
 the h?Q of 45 Years in 1546. At this Time in Verona^ 
 in the Republick of Venice, were many Reliques of fine 
 Archiceifture, and many great Genius's ; amongfl whom 
 was Joconde, call'd Fryer John Joconde, becaufe he wore 
 the Habit o(t\\Q' Dominicans, one of the Surveyors of 
 the Fabrick of Sz. Peters, with Raphael and Anthony 
 Sangallo. Budms fays in honour of him, that he ex- 
 ceeded 
 
, ( xi ) 
 
 ceeded Vttrwvius. Michael San Michael^ another Veronefe 
 Archicedt, and likewife Falconette^ both very famous for 
 inrpe(5ting into the ancient Buildings at Rome. Sanjo- 
 'uino^ a Florentine., Contemporary with thefe, likewife ad- 
 vanced Archite(5lure to a very great Perfeflion : he died 
 at Venice^ aged 78 Years. 
 
 Amongft thefe may be reckon'd the great Michael 
 jingelo., who advanced Archite(5lure to its highefl Per- 
 fe(5tion at Rome and Florence ; his Produ6tions are too 
 many to enumerate, among others he made a ne\y Mo- 
 del of St. Peters Church, which was finifh'd according 
 to the fa'me Defign. He gain'd the AflPe(5lion of all the 
 Princes of Italy., and ferv'd feven Popes ; he died at 
 Rome, Feb. 17. 1565, aged near 90 Years; whence he 
 was fetch'd away privately by the Great Duke of Tufcany, 
 and fumptuoufly interred at Florence in the Church of 
 St. Crofs. 
 
 After him fucceeded P. Ligorio, who fo palfionate- 
 ly loved ancient Buildings, that he fill'd near 40 Books 
 full of Defigns at Naples and Rome, and all the Pro- 
 vinces where there were any of thofe old Buildings, or 
 Fragments remaining. He was chofen, with Vignola^ af- 
 ter the Death of Michael Angelo., to furvey and manage 
 the Building of St. Peter] but finding fault with Michael 
 .Angelds Defign, he fo offended Pope Pius V. that he 
 dilmifs'd him of his Employ, and chofe Vignola., who 
 was Contemporary with him, to carry on that great De- 
 
 a 1 • fign 
 
( xii ) 
 
 fign alone, who was not only a great Archite(5t, but a 
 skilful Painter ,- he died at Rome in 1 57 j, aged 66 Years, 
 as Bgnatio, who wrote his Life, obferves. With thefe 
 was likewife Coniemporary, that great Architedt u^n- 
 drea PallaMo, whofe Works teftifying his Genius, it 
 feems needlefs to praife : he died in 1 580, with all the 
 Honours and Marks of Greatnefs from the Encourage- 
 ment of his Superiors. About the fame time appear'd 
 JVhderni^ he finiflied the Front of St. Peter's^ and after 
 him Vominkk Fontana^ under Pope Sextus the Vth, 
 chofen firft Architect and Engineer to the Kingdom of 
 
 JSloples. 
 
 It would be almoft endlefs to mention the many 
 oreat Encourasemencs and ereat Genius's which have 
 
 t? ^ i-^ 
 
 been fince them in the Year 1600 in moft Parts of Eu- 
 rope, or its arrival in our own Country in the laft Cen- 
 tury, when the rude Gothick way began to be defpis'd, 
 and true Architedure flourifh'd under the Condud of 
 Inigo Jones, and that happy Genius Sir Christopher 
 Wren ; whofe Works teftity the Greatnefs of their Judg- 
 ments, and their juft Ideas are but fo many Marks of 
 their Knowledge, which will be as lafting in Time, as 
 their Judgments' were unlimited in Extent. 
 
 As our prefent Times are infinitely indebted to their 
 careful Pradices and Prefervation, fo future Ages will 
 ever be engaged to remember the Right Honourable 
 the Earl of Burlington, the Honourable Lord Her- 
 bert,, 
 
( xiii ) 
 BERT, and Sir Andrew Fouj^taine, as the principal 
 Practitioners and Prefervers of it in fo critical a Jundture, 
 when its Enemies are invading and undermining its 
 Beauties, with an Intent to deftroy thofe Remains of 
 ancient Architecture with as vigorous a Purfuir, as the 
 others endeavour carefully to preferve it. From the Ex- 
 ample of fo great Protectors of Antiquity, I have pre- 
 fumed publickly to defend thofe little Remains of it de- 
 fcrib'd m the enfuing Treatife, the Product of Tome va- 
 cant Hours from my Employment; and whatever the 
 cenfuring Part of Mankind may conjecture of it, I have 
 ftill the (ecret Satisfaction within myfelf of feeing that 
 my Time, whilft thus employ'd, has not been (like moft 
 of thofe of my Age and Station) loft in a Circle of 
 Follies. 
 
 It is a Task, I muft confefs, verv. difficult in its Un- 
 dertaking; but as I have drawn my Arguments from 
 Nature itfelt, and the Concurrence of felf-evident Proofs, 
 they feem more perfuafive to the Bulk of Mankind, and 
 are more adapredly correfpondent to their Ideas, than 
 all the Viuious Turns of Eloquence, or the principal 
 Fundamentals of a critical Demonftration. 
 
 As fuch are the only Motives which induced me to 
 my prefent Vindication of Antiquity, which naturally 
 arife from an unprejudiced and fincere Principle ; fo to 
 fuch I humbly offer this enfuing Treatife, hoping that 
 the Intention will be received candidly, and that the 
 
 De- 
 
Defedls will be favourably conftrued j which will be Sa- 
 tisfadlion enough to me, to think that I am worthy to 
 be efteem'd 
 
 Touy mofi Obedient^ 
 
 And HumUe Servant^ 
 
 Robert Morris. 
 
( XV ) 
 
 ' '^'^ fi if ill 
 
 ' ?^ /^ ^*^ ^"^ £*^^ ^^ ?^ ^^ ^^ ^^ t*^ ^^ ^^ 
 
 THE 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 TO THE 
 
 READER. 
 
 ,MONGST the many Beauties we daily dif- 
 cover and behold, there feem none more 
 immenfely great, than thofe which are uni- 
 ted in the Pra(5tice of Architedlure ; which I 
 take to be of the higheft Rank, either in confideration of 
 its natural, or with a View to its artificial Extent. Now 
 the Signification of Architedlure I fuppofe to be no 
 other than an Objedl, whofe regular and united Com- 
 pofitions form that Symmetry which is univerfally e- 
 Iteem'd as beautiful. 
 
 Now 
 
( xvi ) 
 
 Now Beauty, I imagine to be founded, or chiefly to 
 confift in two principal or necelTary Rules, which are 
 Order in Difpofition, and Variety in Matter : Thefe me- 
 thodically united, and juftly intermix'd and proportioned 
 with a natural Conformity to each other, give Grace to 
 every Objed which is accounted harmonious or beauti- 
 ful. This, in {hort, feems to be the whole general Te- 
 nor of Archite(5ture, taken with a View to itfelf, either 
 in Divine, which are the Beauties of natural, ox Human, 
 the PfoducTc of artificial, Objefts. 
 
 I might here indeed defcend to define wherein the 
 Beauties of Nature confifled, even in forming a com- 
 pleat Piece of Architecfture in infenfible Bodies, or in- 
 animate Beings, . in which are an infinite Number of Har- 
 monious Compofitions, that by the regular Connexion 
 of the fmallefl Fibres, (or the minuted Part of it, invi- 
 fible to the naked Eve) if duly confider'd by a nice Spe- 
 culation, is nothing but a moft beautiful Model of di- 
 vine Architedure. 
 
 Or to raife our Ideas to a more advanc'd View in na- 
 tural Architecture, that is, in refped to ourfelves, (the 
 mod noble Part of the 'Creation) every Objed, whofe 
 Members and agreeable Features, and Lineaments, form 
 that Difpofition which naturally affeds and pleafes the 
 judicious Eye, and by this Rule is univerfally efteem'd 
 as beautiful : I cannot but conceive it in this Senfe to 
 be no other, than a fine-proportion'd and a lovely Piece 
 of Architedure. But as this is an Infpedion top cu- 
 rious 
 
( xvii ) 
 
 tious for my Talent, and more properly adapted to the 
 Studies of thofe whofe Contemplations are the Ideas of 
 natural Philofophy ; I fhall leave it to be defin'd by thofe 
 whofe Judgment and Genius is more aptly apply'd to 
 the Study of Divine or Natural, to confider the Beauties 
 of mathematical or human Architecture, in that Part of 
 it which relates to Building, and in this chiefly to the 
 external Pofition. 
 
 In Ihort, Reader, the following Piece is a Treatife of 
 Architedture, or rather a Defence of thofe beautiful Ex- 
 amples and Rules which were prefcrib'd by the ancient 
 Practitioners of it, through which I have kept myfelf 
 entirely to the Subjea of my Title-Page, having vary'd 
 no farther than what Neceility feem'd to require : Nor 
 need I by way of Preface enlarge upon the infinite 
 Beauties of the PracSbice of the Ancients, in comparifon 
 of thofe wretched, deform'd, and bafe Pracflices of our 
 modern Builders ; fince almoft every Page is fo plain 
 and intelligible, that nothing feems deficient to excite 
 us to the Praa:ice of the former, and the utter Detefla- 
 tion and Abhorrence of the latter. But as it is the na- 
 ture of fome to be ever condemning what is not con- 
 formable to their own Praa:ice, or contrary to their Sen- 
 timents, I fhall in this place anfwer two or three Objec- 
 tions which may be rais'd againft the Work by thofe of 
 a cenforious Nature and Temper, and likewife make ufe 
 of fome particular Remarks in Defence of the Antiqui- 
 ty of Architeifture. 
 
 ^ But 
 
( xviii ) 
 But before I enter upon anfwering the Objedlions 1 
 before hinted at, I muft beg leave to obferve to you, 
 that there is fo near a Conformity, fo ftridt an Adhe- 
 rence, and fo natural an Affinity between Self-Opinion 
 and Error, that we ever find them united as infeparable 
 Companions ; and fo fatal are its Tenets, fo dangerous 
 its Ends, that it is impoflible to difcover any thing in 
 its true Light, while pofTefs'd with fo prejudicial a Prin- 
 ciple : for how can we in reality, with an impartial View, 
 difcern the Blemifhes of another, when at the fame time 
 the Beam in our own Eye obftruds the Sight of the far 
 greater Defeats in ourfelves ? I fpeak this by way of Pre- 
 caution, to thofe who are too apt to loofen the Reins of 
 their Inveteracy upon any thing which does not exactly 
 quadrate with their own unhappy miflaken Principles : 
 but as thefe are not the fingle Enemies I have to en- 
 counter with, I fhall obferve fome different Degrees of 
 Criticks of this kind, and how unworthy they are of tlite 
 lead notice of thofe who a<5t in a Conformity to the 
 Piinciples and Virtues of our Anceftors, thofe noble Pre- 
 deceffors who left us (b many lading Monuments of 
 their Glory, that even Nature itfelf feems to dire(ft us 
 to immortalize their Judgment, by the ftridtefl Adhe- 
 rence to the Pra(5tice of thofe unerring Rules, thofe per- 
 fe(5t Standards of the Law of Reafon and Nature, found- 
 ed upon Beauty and Neceffity, which tliey left us to 
 condu(5l and guide us fafely through the intricate Laby- 
 rinths 
 
( xix ) 
 
 rinths of a perfefb Knowledge in found Building. But 
 to my Subjcjft : 
 
 There is a particular erroneous Folly, which feems to 
 be a Principle imbibed in Minority, which too many 
 (who are Readers only) are guilty of: It is not only 
 that unaccountable Error in difplaying their Judgment 
 by proceeding to read in or near the latter End of a 
 Treatife before having perus'd the Beginning ; but from 
 thence falling into a more unpardonable Falfhood, which 
 is to judge from that place only of the Truth or Falfe- 
 hood, the valuable or invaluable Parts of it, when per- 
 haps they've not been at the trouble of fo much as ex. 
 amining the Title-Page. There is likewife a Proceeding 
 as unjuftifiable as the former, which is, pretending to 
 judge of a Work by even the Name or Bufinefs of an 
 Author ; and as thefe are in their efteem, fo tliey either 
 praife or condemn, it may be, what they've never feen, 
 much left examin'd. 
 
 There is another fort of Men which are, if poflible, 
 more reproveable than our former, (who pin their Faith 
 upon another's Sleeve ;) that is, thofe who judge of the 
 Works of others by hear-fay only, catching the Decifion 
 from the Mouth of another, and fo difplay their pre- 
 tended Knowledge to the Ignorant, in difpraifing or 
 valuing it, as they've receiv'd Information from another, 
 and he too perhaps in the fame cafe as himfelf. And 
 laftly, another fort of pretended Criticks that can fcarce 
 repeat the Letters of the Alphabet in a diftindt and re- 
 
 b i sular 
 
( XX ) 
 
 gular Method, that can dispute (as felf-knowingly) from 
 the common Judgment of things, and are as afpiring in 
 their Sentiments to an Equality with a Man of the 
 greateft Knowledge in Letters, when in Converfation 
 with the Illiterate, like themfelves, they endeavour to 
 illuftrate their Difcourfe, to appear fomething, repeating 
 Leflbns (in their own deceiv'd Imagination) in Gram- 
 mar, when at the fame time they cannot define the Sig- 
 nification of a Noun. From fuch Cenfurers as thefe, be- 
 ing fo frequent, I cannot but expe(5t to fhare the fame 
 falfe Gloffes and Expofure with others who appear to 
 the Piiblick ; but as they are unworthy the confuting, or 
 indeed more eafily condemn themfelves, I Ihall turn my 
 Obfervations to the nature of a true Judge, and fhall 
 endeavour to clear two or three Paffages which may be 
 conducing to myfelf, in relation to the Subject I am now 
 upon. 
 
 The Talent then, in brief, of a true Critick, Teems to 
 be to examine thoroughly the Intention, Defign, and 
 End of the Things propos'd or taught : To confider the 
 Rules and Methods, if juft and pure, to take the Refuit 
 of the whole Piece, to fee if conformable to Truth or 
 Reafon, if genuine and free from Theft. A Knowledge 
 ought to be had of the Subject itfelf, and the Sciences 
 or Rules which have the minuteft Relation thereto: 
 Without a juft Regard to thefe and other Accomplifh- 
 ments requifite to form a compleat Judge, we may ex- 
 tend our Rage to the moft advanced height of Cenfure, 
 
 and 
 
( xxi ) 
 and become not Judges of the Works of others, but 
 moft worthy the Juftice of being condemned ourfelves. 
 Nay, by Co expofing others, we more unwarily expofe 
 ourfelves in our own Failings, and dig the Pit which we 
 fall at length into ourfelves. From hence we may con- 
 elude, that this Obfervation is fufficient to curb the un- 
 ruly Paflions of the Cenforious, and of force enough 
 to fufpend the Judgment of the more Knowing, till a 
 thorough Examination is neceflfary to give you a per- 
 fe(5t Idea of the good and bad Rules and Methods pre- 
 fcrib'd, and an intelligible Conceivement of the Ac- 
 complifhments, to compleat a true Judge of this kind 
 of Writing, or the Endowments of the Mind, requifice 
 to form in the mod elevated Senfe a perfe(5l Idea of 
 the Beauties of ancient Archite(fture. 
 
 Oh]e5i. I. But to return, it may be objecfled, That 
 there are Books of this kind daily publifli'd, which treat 
 more fully, and give a more ample Definition of this 
 Science, than what I can pretend to do. But 1 think 
 very i^\v appear but with an afFeded Air or Sinoularity, 
 engrofling by a different Difpofition of Materials new 
 Inventions of their own, without regard to the more 
 neceffary Parts and Branches of Bailding which guided 
 the Ancients : Which, I muft confefs, has been my chief 
 Aim in the moft minute Part of it. Likewife this con- 
 fifts rather in Defence than Inftrucflion, and if I have 
 been too tedious in Definition, it is chiefly to inform 
 
 thofe 
 
( xxii ) 
 thofe who are unappriz'd of die minuter Proportions, 
 to inftru(5t them in an abfolute Necedity of an Adhe- 
 rence to them, by avoiding that dangerous Enemy to 
 it, Novelty and Singlenefs, which are the moft penetrating 
 in an early Accefs to Knowledge : likewife to inculcate 
 a (Ironger and more lively Idea of it, by different Views 
 and Turns of Variety in the Subjed, fo that they may 
 ftill keep in mind the End of the Thing propos'dj which 
 is, that we may have that Pra(5lice of tlie Ancients in Ar- 
 chitedure arrive to fuch Maturity, that it fhould be above 
 the reach of its Enemies to deftroy. 
 
 0^;ftl?. II. It may be likewife objeded, (but admit 
 the former to be anfwer'd) that this is compos'd with 
 Speculation, ^v'hich is lefs perfuafive than Pradice of Ex- 
 ample : Building is chiefly adapted to a Mechanick Ta- 
 lent, Co I imagine the Infpedion may be the more per- 
 fec^t, when the Imagination is rais'd by a Variety of De- 
 fcriptions, it feems more imprinted on riie Mind, than 
 that which is received by the Eye. The Eye can only 
 furvey, and is confined to a narrow Limit ; whereas the 
 Ideas conceiv'd by a lively Defcription, or a bare Re- 
 prefentation, imprint on the Mind a lafting Impreffion: 
 For if the Infpedion be genuine and true, if fupported 
 by rational Arguments, by natural Allufions, and the 
 Concurrence of fell-evident Proofs, the Impreflion is 
 flrono^er bv far than an ocular View. When Reafon is 
 the Support and Guide to our Defires, they are more 
 
 perfed 
 
( xxiii ) 
 perfedt and pleafing in the Survey, than all the intricate 
 Labyrinths of Self-Opinion, in PracStice, and are more 
 acceptable to the fupple Part of Mankind, than the cri- 
 tical Dodrine of ocular Demonftration. But 1 niuft let 
 the Work anfWer for itfelf, whether it be thus far va- 
 luable or not, for being only infpedional. 
 
 Objeif. III. It may be like wife objeded, that it is a 
 Task too afpiring for one whofe Talent is chiefly de- 
 pendant upon, and adapted to the laborious Exercife of 
 the Body. I muA obferve, that none are more capable 
 of judging the Soundnefs of Materials, the Compo- 
 fition of its Matter, or the Capacity of its Duration, than 
 die Perfon who daily experimentally proves their Force 
 and Effedfs : but neverthelefs, as this Part I have treated 
 of is chiefly dependant upon the external Difpofition of 
 die Materials, or that which chiefly relates to Beauty j 
 I muft acknowledge it is a Task more particularly adap- 
 ted for thofe who move in a higher Sphere, fuperiour 
 to that wheie bodily Exercife has the greacefl: fhare, and 
 whofe Support is fuftain'd by a Labour far lefs pleafing 
 than that of the Mind. 
 
 I might here indeed defcend to more particular Ob- 
 fervations in refped to myfelf ; fucli as a too clofe Ap- 
 plication of divine and natural Architecture, that I have 
 been too tedious in Definition, ^c. but this would de- 
 tain me too long from my Defence of the Work itfelf, 
 againfl: thofe who would objed the Perfection of Anti- 
 quity, 
 
( xxiv ) 
 quity, by imagining it to be lefs valuable than thofe 
 Practices of our modern Builders, or as our own Judg- 
 ment didates, or that the Crecians were not its Inftitu- 
 tors, or thofe which gave it its final Perfe(5tions. I fhall 
 be as expeditious as poflible in the Remarks, by obferv- 
 ing, that Antiquity has the more engaging Aipe^H: : For 
 doubtlefs a Succellion of Practice is the moft evident 
 Proof of the Infallibility of our Judgment, and in this 
 cafe nothing has been more convincing ; for through all 
 Ages of Hiftory this Science has been by fome of the 
 moil Learned and Knowing, pradtis^d with a fure and 
 certain Succefs of Beauty and Duration. Look into the 
 many Inftances of Examples produc'd by our famous 
 modern Writers, (amongft whom Palladio) nothing can 
 be more convincing how perfe(5t the Ancients left thofo 
 Footfteps, of which he has given us a full Idea; the 
 many Temples erecHied by the Romans^ imitated from 
 Greece^ to their fi(5litious Deities, were accounted (o ex- 
 ceeding rare, that nothing feem'd wanting to compleat 
 the Performance of that Art invented and perfe(5ted by 
 the Crecians ; which I come next to confider. 
 
 ObjeBAY. The Time of it? Duration is above two 
 -thoufand Years, fince Hiftory has remark'd upon its Beau- 
 ties, and thofe of Greece as the Founders ; for the Names 
 of the very Orders were deriv'd from the Countries where 
 they received their firft unpolifh'd Form. I fhall a little 
 open the Remarks from a Paffage in the 6th Book oi Ho- 
 mers 
 
( XXV ) 
 
 mers Jliad^ where, even in thofe remoter Ruins of loft 
 Ilium^ he defcribes the Palace of Paris juft before .that 
 tender Epifode of the parting of Hector and Andro- 
 ?/iache, in this manner : 
 
 Verfe ^05. Raised on arch'd Columns of JIup€ndous Frame. 
 Again, 3 90. Himjelf the Man/ion raisd. 
 
 This, with other Defcriptions of Temples fcatter'd in 
 his Works, give us a full Idea of its Beauties, and an 
 entire View of its Antiquity. But whether thefe were 
 fidlitious or no, I am not now to determine ; if in reality 
 we admit they were, and that no Troy or fuch Place had 
 ever been, yet in his Time there muft neceflarily have 
 been fome Productions of this nature, elfe there could not 
 have been a Pollibility of fo lively a Keprefentation. 
 
 Homer had likewife, no doubt, a regard to immorta- 
 lize his own Name, as well as the Fame of his Country, 
 firft to iho-w his own Judgment, and the perfe(ft Know- 
 ledge of Greece in a Science {o noble and ufeful to 
 Mankind : For this purpofe, he contrives to make Paris 
 himfelf the Archited:, to raife his Country's Glory, by 
 giving us leave to imagine, that Paris (whofe natural 
 Genius lav in Study and Knovv^led^e) when left fole 
 Mafter of his beloved Hekna^ made, no doubt, an In- 
 fpediion into the Cuftoms and Manners of the Grecians^ 
 as to their Knowledge in Buildings; and the more to 
 engage his beauteous Obje(5l (after his departure with 
 him) to have a more noble Efteem for himfelf, builds 
 
 c this 
 
( xxvi ) 
 this Palace for her Reception and Entertainment, every 
 way, conformable to the Pradlice of the Grecians^ that 
 by -a conftant View of its Beauty, fhe mi^ht fee that it 
 was with a majeftick Grandeur, equal to that of her own 
 Country, that fhe was receiv'd •■, and likewife to fhew her 
 that nothing fliould be wanting in Art to make her 
 every way as compleatly happy, as when in the Palace 
 of Menelaus. 
 
 As to the Characfber which Homer raifes to the Im- 
 mortality of the Grecians^ there {eems likewife room to 
 conjedlure, that he had fome view of eternizing his own 
 Name; for doubtlefs he would have been very cautious 
 of mentioning any thing to advance his own or Coun- 
 try's Charadter, barely from the original Fountain or Ap- 
 pearance of a Science in refped to its Perfection ; be- 
 ing too well acquainted with natural Reafon, not to 
 know that every Art improv'd fo in its Minority, that if 
 imperfed, or afterward to be improv'd, it gave room 
 for diftant Ages to condemn an AfTertion in relpe(51: to 
 its Perfedfnefs, which inftead of advancing the Charac- 
 ter of the Author, feems rather prejudicial and condem- 
 nable : From which we may conclude, that very little 
 could be added to make it more perfedf or compleat, 
 even in the Days of Homer. What diftance that is from 
 our own Time, you may fee in Mr. Pofes Life of him, 
 in his Preface prefix'd to his Iliads. 
 
 If, notwithflanding all thefe AfTertions to prove the 
 Antiquity of Architedurc; it may be alledged the AfTer- 
 
 tions 
 
( xxvii ) 
 cions are only fLippofitional, I fhall here infert a Paffacre 
 from Milton, whicii feenis obliquely to hint, not only 
 at the Antiquity of Architedure, bat is likewife to the 
 eternal and juft Honour due to the Grecians; where 
 fpeak'ing of the Palace of Pandemonium^ in his firft Book 
 oi Farad if e Lo fly he (ays, Line J i^. 
 
 'Built like a Temple, where Tilaflers round 
 Were Jet, and Dorick Pillars overlaid 
 With Golden Architrave ; nor did there want 
 Cornice nor Freez^e. 
 
 Here it feems evident, that Milton might have given 
 the juft Charadler or Honour due to another Country, 
 had it been that Greece was not in reality the firft In- 
 ventors : for a little further, in fpeaking ot the Archite(5t 
 Vulcan^ he has the following Remark: Line']'i^%. 
 
 Nor zvas his Name unheard or unadord 
 In ancient Greece. 
 
 Since what has been remarked on the foregoing Heads, 
 is, I doubt not, fufficient to give you an Idea"" of the 
 Antiquity of Architedure ; I fhall now proceed to enter 
 on the Subjed before us, with this final Conclufion, 
 That notwithftanding this fhould be condemn'd by all 
 Mankind, or that they fhould univerfally confpire to an- 
 nihilate or deftroy the Remains of it; yet it fhall ftillfor 
 
 me 
 
( xxviii ) 
 me continue free from Difturbance, by fuch an Adhe- 
 rence to the Practice of it, as fhall be equal to its Va- 
 lue : Which I've defcrib'd, or at leaft endeavour'd fo to 
 do, in the following Treatife of the Beauties of ancient 
 Archite(5ture. 
 
 E R RA T A. 
 
 PAge4. line 27. read ArchheUmal. p. 8. 1. 11. r. hut v:hat if. p. 15. 1- I4' 
 r. even /«, &c. p. i? • !• 23. T.ofthefe uniting, &cc. p. 3d. 1. 23. r. for whom p^ 46. 
 1. 1 1, r. or the Semi, &c. p. 74. 1. 16. r. they more, &c. p. 80. 1. 19. r. definwg 
 the. p. 81. 1.27. V. Stuff, p. 84. in the Chap. Title, r. ahont; and 1.4- lor 
 txm Profiles, r. a Profile. 
 
( I ) 
 
 A N 
 
 E S S A Y 
 
 In Defence of 
 
 Ancient Architecture, &e. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 A General JntroduBion. 
 
 H E moft exalted Happinefs of Man* s Life, 
 confifts in the Satistatflion arifing from 
 a Contemplation of the Hand of God, 
 fo clearly difplay'd in the vifible natural 
 Works oi the Creation, (that is, the won- 
 derful Beauties of Nature efFeded by the immediate 
 Hand of Providence, and aflifted originally, and en- 
 
 B tirely 
 
tirely actuated and direded by the Supreme Being alone) 
 and from Art, in Imitation of this liapernatural Power, 
 from which flows a Senfibility and divine Admiration of 
 that Power, whofe beautiful Operations adorn every 
 part of the Univerfe with natural, as well as artificial 
 Architedure. 
 
 I lliall here, in a particular manner, give fome Rea- 
 fons why I endeavour to draw a Conformity between 
 natural and artificial Architedure ; between that which is 
 the Produd: of human Architedluie, and that which is 
 the Handiwork of Nature. Firf^, That no Science but 
 Architecture is, or has been permitted to contain the 
 lacred Deity, for which we are furnifh'd with the nobleft 
 Buildings that have adorn'd the feveral Countries of the 
 World : It is this which has fet Men at work on Temples 
 and publick Places of Worfliip, not only that they might, 
 by the Magnificence of the Building, invite the Deity 
 to refide within it, but that fuch flupendous Works 
 might at the fame time be Competitors with the great- 
 eft Stru(5t:ures of Nature : Befides, it likewife opens the 
 Mind to vaft Conceptions, and firs it to converfe with 
 theDivinity of the Place ; for every thing that is majeflitk, 
 imprints an Awtiilnefs and Reverence on the Mind ot 
 the Beholder, and ftrikes it with the natural Greatnefs 
 of the Soul. Secondly, Becaufe Works of this kind are 
 more pleafant, the more they refemble thofe of Natures 
 they receive a greater Advantage in the beholding of 
 them, becaufe the Similitude is not only pleafant, but 
 the Pattern more perfe(5t. There is generally in Nature 
 fomething more grand and auguft, than what we meet 
 wich in the Cuiiofities of Art; when therefore we fee 
 iliis imitated in any meafure, it gives us a more noble 
 
 and 
 
(3) 
 
 and exalted kind of Pleafure, than what we receive from 
 the nicer and more accurate Produdions of Art. Third- 
 ly, Architedure was drawn originally from the Foun- 
 tain of Nature. Fourthly, That the greateft Beauties of 
 Nature ftill adorn its Performance now perfected. And, 
 Laftly, That God, the World's Architedb, (as Milton and 
 feveral other divine Writers frequently call him) has 
 more than once been pleafed to dired Mankind in the 
 attainment of it, as by the Example of Noah in Naval 
 Building, and Solomon in Templar and Domal Archi- 
 tedure. But to return. 
 
 So great is the unfathomable Depth of natural Ar- 
 chitedture, that the feeming loweft contemptible Infed, 
 the fmalleft JMite, or the very Atoms of the Air, is a 
 myfterious A(5t of Divine Wifdom , or whether we con- 
 fider the Theories of the Earth, or Heavens, the Difco- 
 veries they have made by Glafles, or any other Con- 
 templations on Nature : ' We are not a little pleas'd, 
 fays a great Author, ' to find every green Leaf fwarm 
 
 * with Millions of Animals, that at their largeft Growth 
 
 * are not vifible to the naked Eye ; or to enlarge the 
 
 * Ideas of the Imagination by degrees on the Contem- 
 
 * plation of Nature, in the various Proportions which 
 ' its feveral Objeds bear to each other, when we com- 
 ' pare the Body of Man to the Bulk of the whole Earth, 
 ' the Earth with the Circle k defcribes round the Sun, 
 
 * the Circle to the Sphere of the fix'd Stars, the Sphere 
 
 * of the fix'd Stars to the Circuit of the whole Creation, 
 ' the whole Creation itfelf to the infinite Space that is 
 
 * every where difFufed about it ; we are loft in the La- 
 
 * byrinths of Worlds, and confounded with the Immen- 
 
 * fity, and Magnificence of Nature : Or to bend the 
 
 B Z * Ima- 
 
(4) 
 
 Imagination downwards, to confider the Bulk of a 
 human Body, in refped of an Animal, a hundred 
 times lefs than a Mite ; the particular Limbs of fuch 
 an Animal, the different Springs which a(51:uate the 
 Limbs, the Spirits which fet tho{e Limbs a going, and 
 the proportionable Minutenefs of thefe feveral Parts, 
 before they have arriv'd at their full Growth and Per- 
 fedion : and if, after all this, we take the leaft Par- 
 ticle of thefe Animal Spirits, and confider its Capacity 
 of being wrought into a World that fhall contain with- 
 in thofe narrow Dimenfions a Heaven and Earth, and 
 Stars and Planets, and every different Species of liv- 
 ing Creatures, in the fame Analogy and Proportion 
 they bear to each other in our own Univerfe, and to 
 difcover in the fmalleft Particle of this little World, 
 a new inexhaufted Fund of Matter, capable of being 
 fpun out into another Univerfe.' I faj, fuch Specula- 
 tions as thefe raifed in the Imagination, in the Con- 
 flrudion of Nature, are capable of opening the Ideas 
 to an immenfe Scene of Beauties : Nay, we mufl be de- 
 2;enerated into the utmoft State of Perdition and Apo- 
 flacy, mufl wholly over- whelm the Faculties of the Soul 
 with total Ignorance and Infenfibility, and debafe the 
 Dignity of human Nature to Brutality itfelf, to be du- 
 bious and unconvinced of the immediate Beauties of 
 Nature, and the Hand of a Divine Power alone, in the 
 archiredtual Creation of the World, and all its Works. 
 
 Thus as we daily difcover frefh Beauties to admire in 
 the Order of Nature, fo has Art likewife its adorable 
 Perfedions ; the firft Produdions of which being always 
 accounted exceeding rare, it being fo difficult to invent, 
 fo vafl is the Extent of Art, and fo narrow and limited 
 
 the 
 
the Tudcrment of Human Kind, by Ailiftance we fonn to 
 ourielve^'s a true Idea ot things ; which, it we were to 
 commence with firft of ourfeives, we might make no 
 farther a Prosrefs in the Difcoyery, than to what the 
 Tud<-ment of another might extend upon the fame 
 Theme, (I fpeak of fuch who have not communicated 
 their Sentiments or Ideas of Improvement m an origi- 
 nal Scheme;) and yet perhaps the Thoughts or Ideas- 
 taken finaly, might be fomething wide, or far difFererit 
 from each other ; though thefe methodically united, 
 would make a farther Infpedion into the Reafonableneis 
 of their only fuppofitional Judgment. To obviate this 
 Parage in a- very familiar Inftance ; let us conlider 
 what noble Improvements have been made amongft the 
 Royal Society of London within thefe few Years, how vaft 
 an Immenfity of ufeful Difcoveries has been delivered 
 to the World by their mutual Affiftance of each other r 
 It is eafy for us to be wrought into a belief, that had 
 the greateft and ftioft knowing of the whole Society, or 
 the moft learned Perfon in the whole Univerfe under- 
 taken finely what thefe have effected together, they 
 would have been at as great a lofs to difcover the ulti- 
 mate End of their Defires, as when the firlt Foundation 
 was laid to the imperfe<5t Embrio. 
 
 Thus we find diat the Improvement of all Sciences 
 is chiefly dependant upon the AiTiftance or Ideas of a 
 Community, and that the State of all Sciences in their 
 Infancy have been imperfea:, and that no one has yet 
 perfe(5ted the original Foundation of his firft Sentiments 
 in any Art or Science whatever, but each has or may 
 have had Improvements from a Communication of our 
 Thoughts to each other ; without which, human Society 
 ° ■ * would 
 
(6) 
 
 would be ufelefs, Art would ceafe to be, and every 
 Man would fall fhort of the attainment of even a (atil- 
 fadcorv Definition of thefe his firft Ideas of Inven- 
 tion. 
 
 And yet we fee Man, that noble and ftupendous 
 Structure, that lively Image of his Maker, involv'd in as 
 many prejudiced Notions of Abfurdity, as it is poflible 
 for himfelf to conceive ; Pride, Avarice, Self-Conceit, 
 and fuch bafe Faculties as thefe, take up the greateft 
 fhare of his Time to a<5l them in, whilft the oppofite 
 Virtues are buried in the Oblivion of Unthoughtfulnefsi 
 nay, (o fuperlatively befotted is he, that he makes thofe 
 Caufes which were appointed for his Happinefs, to be 
 his own perpetual Mifery : he adts in a dired: Oppofi- 
 tion to his own Judgment, ftifles the firft Motions of 
 Reafon, and ufes that Talent of the Mind (which ought 
 to be employ'd in the Actions which the Di(5t:ates of his 
 natural Opinion teaches) to draw upon himfelf the gene- 
 ralCaufes of all the Misfortunes he is liable to be afiRided 
 with: all the Cafualties fo incident to frail Man, are too 
 generally brought on himfelf by that contradi(5tory 
 Spirit that rules over him, and is* ever the Forerunner of 
 moft of thofe Afflicflions naturally arifing from a mo- 
 lofe and inflexible Temper, which is always by Judg- 
 ment determin'd to be the Foundation of Error and 
 Simplicity. 
 
 Now the Effedfs of fuch Folly is beft difcovered in a 
 due Confideration of the general Calamities or Troubles 
 wherewith it is attended ; fuch likewife are of a two-fold 
 Nature, either . publick or private : A publick includes 
 a whole Body, or general Society, and is of an unlimit- 
 ,ed Extent, and where all are concerned in a Reproach 
 '*. or 
 
(7) 
 
 ot Scandal, or are branded with Infamy, diat confe- 
 quendy is of all others the mod fatal : A private may 
 poflfibly be repair'd, by a double Force of Diligence, 
 Care, and Infpedion. But when once the Bulk of Man- 
 kind fhares in it, fuch is the irreverfable Decree of Fate, 
 that the moft vigilant and watchful Guard of our Ac5lions 
 can never be of force enough to extinguifh the Fury of 
 its Rage, or to root out the Dregs of Infamy once fet- 
 tled in a publick Community. 
 
 Such an Unhappinefs beyond difpute is then the 
 greateft, and we have the moft reafon to fufpedf the 
 Encroachments of Vice upon the Minds of the Popu- 
 lace, when they can lie dormant whilft the Danger is 
 known to be hanging over their own Heads, and which 
 has likewife impre^s'd on it the moft vifible Marks of 
 finking them inevitably paft redrefs into the deepeft^^ 
 Abyfs of Contempt : for the Force of a juft Scandal 
 may be compar'd to the Weight, which, being let fall 
 fome diftance from the Earth, the nearer the Center o£ 
 Gravity, the Rapidity of its Morion adds Force to its 
 Weight ; and Gravity Si6ts upon idelt] till at length, like 
 a Rock, it becomes mm, fix'd, and immoveable. 
 
 Such is the Force and EfFecfls of furreptitious Folly, 
 thus dangeroufly fpring we on to our own Ruin, when 
 we are certify 'd, that Scandal is a fatal Brand upon the 
 Perfon it loads : nay, how often do we fee even a caufe- 
 lefs one the utter Ruin of many private Families j for 
 all Mankind (if the Imprefljon is very clofely apply'd) 
 are very cautious of entering into Commerce with him, 
 or even Society, (I fpeak of fuch whofe Dependance is 
 lodg'd in Society and Commerce, which is the Bulk of 
 Mankind) This deprives him of the Means of Sufte- 
 
 nance, 
 
(8) 
 
 nance, and that which others account the Felicities of 
 human Life, are even burthenfome to him. There are 
 thofe who will likewife add to the Breach, and make 
 the Weight generally too grievous to bear ; nay, how 
 often does it put him upon unwarrantable A(5ls to retrieve 
 the Misfortune ? When thefe have prov'd ineffeiStual, 
 it at laft perhaps drives him to the utmoft Exigencies 
 of Fortune, nor does it leave him even in death itfelf; 
 for 'tis very obvious, that the Error is intail'd by Inhe- 
 ritance upon his Pofterity, nor Time itfelf can fcarce 
 erafe the Breach. This is indeed a fatal Load, but is 
 yet far beyond all Virtue, even Virtue itfelf is too of- 
 ten funk under this heavy Misfortune, by being only 
 too nearly ally'd to the unhappy Perfon. 
 
 I could enumerate many Inftances of the EffecSts of 
 Infamy, or Scandal, even in private Affairs j but I pro- 
 ceed rather to obferve, that it thefe are fo fatal in them- 
 felves to private Men, what muft be the Event of a juft 
 Pveproach unhappily branded upon a publick Commu- 
 nity, where every one is dependant upon each other in 
 point of an univerfal Character, even the Scoff of our 
 Enemies, and the Jefts of our Friends ; Derifion from 
 abroad, and Mirth to Merit, to fee the Bulk of Man- 
 kind involv'd in danger, and yet flriving to get deeper 
 in the Mire, f^ill pufhing who fhall plunge himfelf far- 
 theft into the Arms of Scandal, "and more clofely em- 
 brace the contemptible Infamy branded upon their own 
 Heads ; pleas'd to be efteem'd boorifh, rude, and un- 
 polilh'd m their Difcipline and Manners, and contemn- 
 in? the Rules of unqueftiond Authority to be their 
 <^juide in moft of their Adions. This is doubt- 
 IqCs the i^reaieft, the moft fatal, and deplorable State 
 "" • of 
 
( 9 ) 
 
 of all others, and feems to be the unhappy Lofs wiiich 
 I before hinted was irreparable. 
 
 I could in this place prove from natural Reafon, that 
 the Decay of the State and Government o^ a Kingdom, 
 is dependent upon the Decay of publick Buildings ; and, 
 on the contrary, ihew v/hat an immerJe Addition it is 
 to the flourifiiing Profpericy of it, fuch as Credit from 
 abroad, and Tranquillity at heme: for while that's fe- 
 cur'd, pubhck Trade increafes; and, 'vice 'verfa, while 
 that's finking, the other cannot long continue : So de- 
 pendent is pubhck Bufinefs in Trading, Merchandize, 
 O^c. upon the floutilhing Condition of publick Build- 
 ing, that whi'e this is dechning, the other muft inevi- 
 tably tall. But ihis Speculation rather drives me from 
 the Subjecil: prcpos'd, which I ihall now endeavour to 
 purfue, by cblerving that we have the greateft room to 
 imagine our own cafe bears too true a Refemblance to 
 my iaft Aifertion, from the vifible Abufes and publick 
 Follies mtroduced by our modern Builders: for thofe 
 bafe and contemptible Inventions, thofe deform'd and 
 irregular Compofitions, thofe flight and groundlefs Pro- 
 ceedings, we have every day an ocular Demonftration 
 of, gives the moft occafion of Cenfure to thofe whofc 
 great Ideas are more aptly apply 'd to a direcft oppofite 
 Pradice. 
 
 That which more ftrengthens and confirms me in my 
 Opinion, is, the flill unwarily perfifling in irregular 
 Tenets. To be fond of an amazing Dulnefs and Stu- 
 pidity in our A(5lions, argues our Weaknefs of Judg- 
 ment, or our adling in a dire(5l oppofition to the Dic- 
 tates of natural Reafon : Methinks a Train of Melancho- 
 ly, Detradtions, Calumnies, and cenforious Slanders, are 
 
 C the 
 
( 10 ) 
 
 the JLift Deferts of the growing Evil; in fhorr, we muft 
 be entirely loft to all Senfe of Shame, be deaf to all the 
 Intreaties of Reafon, and be incapable of receiving the 
 leaft Satisfaction of Lil^e, if we cannot be mov'd at fuch 
 an Unhappinefs ; or even if Self-Love is not of force to 
 induce us to defend thofe little Remains of Honour and 
 Greatnefs, which is in the higheft danger of being wreft- 
 ed from us by our neighbouring Nations. Tliey appear 
 to have a more advanc'd Tafte of Judgment in found 
 Building than ourfelves, a more beautiful Idea of it j 
 and above all, a juft Value and Efteem for the Excel- 
 lency of Order inftanced in the numerous and fur- 
 prizing Copies of Art brought hither from amon^ft 
 them, as if on purpofe to degrade us with the Abfur- 
 dity of our bafe and fupine Negligence and Sloth, (in 
 continuing in the illegal and groundlefs Pradfices which 
 our modern Purfuers of Folly produce in Building) by 
 oppofing the Beauties of ancient ArchitecSture, which is 
 of fuch an exalted Efteem amongft thofe of the higheft 
 Rank, both in Merit and Honour. 
 
 It is very natural to a rational Being, to conjedbure 
 that all Mankind cannot pofTibly be (o ftupid and in- 
 fenfible of their own Indifference to the Love and Prac- 
 tice of Truth : but we may as aptly affirm, that where 
 the Generality vifibly bears the Sway without oppofition, 
 the Whole confents, if not adheres to their injudicious 
 Proceedings: forif moftMen are eafy and contented,whilft 
 a vifible impending Folly or Error (which has the appear- 
 ance of (o great danger imprinted on it) flourifhes and 
 becomes the favourite Practice of the Bulk of Mankind, 
 we may undoubtedly conclude, that very few can have 
 power enough to range their Ideas fit for Conftruction. 
 
 Ah ! 
 
( II ) 
 
 Ah ! fad unhappy Scene ! was Man ever plung'd in- 
 to more Follies, or was ever a Misfortune of this kind 
 more publickly great ? or made a deeper Impreriion 
 upon the Minds of the Populace, than thofe Errors we 
 fee every day increafing in the execution of Building. 
 ■ The melancholy State of Architedure, during the favage 
 Outrac^es of the Goths and Vandals^ was not more da- 
 rinc^ly and barbaroufly abus'd, in refpedt to the Inequa- 
 lity of Time and Knowledge in which both Scenes were 
 adted ; the one, in its Minority, aimoft in refpecft of our 
 prefent Barbarians : like wife fuch Attempts were from 
 a rude, favage, and unpolifh'd People ; now from a more 
 knowing and polite j from thofe chiefly for Rapine and 
 Pillage; from thefe for Novelty, Singlenefs and Ma- 
 lice : they had fome finifter View and Self-end in the 
 vile Maffacre ; but thefe, like Nero, with no other view 
 but to pleafe themielves in the fight of its Ruins. Had 
 ever Merit more reafon to vindicate the Juftnefs of a 
 Refentment arifing from the Encroachments of an op- 
 pofite Folly, occafion'd by every Upftart in Building 
 and Sciences, who raifes mere Mountains of Shadows in 
 his wandring Imagination, conceives in his own delu- 
 ded Judgment that he has acquir'd a fufficient Compe- 
 tency of Knowledge in Architedure (or rather in Defor- 
 mity) to capacitate himfelf for the indifputable perfor- 
 mance of his own illegal Pradiices i* Nay, fo blindly am- 
 bitious is he in his Extravagancy, he conjea:ures no Art 
 or Science is extended beyond the Limits of his Sphere 
 to attain to, nor the practical Execution of em any Novelty. 
 Tliis, in reality, is the Charader many of our modern Ar- 
 chite<51:s alTume to themfelves, and boaftingly launch 
 into the Field of Art, furrounded with a whole Circle 
 
 CZ of 
 
( 11) 
 
 of Follies and Extravagancy, and daringly purfue the 
 falfe glaring Ignis fatuus^ which leads them through fo 
 many erroneous Paths, that at laft they fit down in a 
 Pit or Quagmire, to attend the approaching Rays of 
 a more benevolent and ufeful Light j when they 
 find themfelves to have wandred a long, forlorn, 
 uncomfortable Way, through many Dangers and Errors, 
 and far diftant from the firfl dangerous and falfe Path 
 in which they fet out. 
 
 But notwithftanding, to keep up his own affumed 
 Charad:er I before hinted at, he finds out fuch prepo- 
 flerous Inventions, {o odd and wild in the Defign, fo 
 flight and groundlefs in the Execution, fo repugnant to 
 Reafon, but withal fo exadlj fuited to the Tafte of the 
 Illiterate and Ignorant, that rot fo much as the necef^ 
 fity of a Conformity to llule or Order is once thought 
 oh Headed by a Perfon of greater Diftindfion in 
 Wealth than Merits, as extravagant in his Notions as 
 himfelf, he gains fuch Acquaintance as Intereft byaffes, 
 who being prejudiced in his favour, as abfurdly con- 
 defcend to advance and eftablilh their unproportioned 
 Novelties. Such as thefe generally gain all the Appro- 
 bation and Applaufe of the Vulgar, whilft Men far fu- 
 perior in Judgment, and endow'd with an unlimited 
 Gift of Knowledge, are too much neceilitated to be con- 
 formable to their Exceffes, by not appearing in open 
 defiance of fuch Proceedings. Nay, ici far are they con- 
 ftrain'd by the Exigencies of Life, that they often acft 
 almofi: in a dired Oppofition to Reafon and the Dic- 
 tates of their own fublime Genius's, to get Suftenance 
 to keep up the Decays of Nature, and to fhare a fmall 
 part of thofe Encouragements \vhich they receive from 
 
 the 
 
the illiterate Benefador, which are due only to them- 
 felves from thofe of a dired: oppofite Pradbice and Na- 
 ture. 
 
 By fuch too frequent Eruptions and Inundations as 
 thefe, and fuch repeated Follies, the original Beauty of 
 Order decays ; that vifible and unbounded Extent, that 
 Noblenefs and Grandeur, that Sweetnefs and Harmony 
 in the Compofition of ancient Archite(5ture is fo unre- 
 garded by our modern Builders, that Deformity is by 
 them deem'd Regularity ; Disproportion is filled Com- 
 pleatnefs ; a lumpifh Solidity, Airinefs ; in a word, they 
 are fuch Bigots to their own unwarrantable felfifh Opi- 
 nions, that they can't difcern Eight from Darknefs, Truth 
 from Falfhood, nor the beauteous Paths which point 
 out the true and undoubted way to attain a competent 
 Knowledge in found Building. 
 
 tffi-r -^-jHj 
 
 CHAP. 
 
( H ) 
 
 #5 ^.^^'SX'Tfm^^tf'ic:""" " '^■m^&'^gifii 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Of the general Extent of ArchiteEluYe, as it 
 relates to the PratTice of the Ancients. 
 
 AVING in my preceding Chapter fhewn the 
 Affinity between artificial and natural Architec- 
 ture, and the un warrantable Performances of our 
 Moderns in Building ; i (hall in this confider the Gran- 
 deur and Extent ot the Practices of the Ancients in 
 Building, without entring into thofe B ules, in this place, 
 which thofe great Mafters have explained in number- 
 lefs Treatifes on this Subjedl. Now, Architedcure, or 
 Order itfelf, is a beautiful and harmonious Produdtion 
 arifmg from the Ideas of an unlimited Judgment ; and 
 where artfully compos'd and happily executed, nothing 
 ran raife the Mind to a more advanc'd Pleafure, than to 
 behold the agreeable Symmetry and Concordance of 
 every particular feparate Member, centred and united 
 in theOeconomy of the Whole; with the confentaneous 
 Agreement of apt Materials, regulated and adapted in a 
 due Proportion to the diftind Order propos'd, in fuch a 
 variety of Beauties, whole Difpofitions are likewife con- 
 curring with the Rules prefcrib'd by its ancient Prac^ti- 
 tioners, which were ever founded upon Reafon. 
 
 But 
 
(I?) 
 
 Bat of the different ways of gratifying our Curiofity 
 in Works of this kind, nothing more pleafes the Ima- 
 gination than thofe PiodiKfts which have a near Affinity 
 to the Pradtice of the Ancients, in relation to the Bulk 
 and Body of the Striiclare, or the Manner in which ic" 
 was built. Tile Greatnels or Manner of Architedure 
 has fuch force upon the Imagination, that a fmall Fa- 
 brick, when thus compiled, gives the Mind nobler 
 Ideas than one ot twentv times the Bulk, where the 
 Manner is ordinary or little. Nay, even the iame 
 Quantity of Superficies mr.y be fo aptly difpos'd of, 
 that the Grandeur of the Manner of the Ancients, and 
 the Method of our Moderns, fhall appear not only dif- 
 ferent in Beauty, but leem to be, even their Quantity of 
 Superficies, of a greater Magnitude. The Methods of 
 the Ancients appear folemn and great from the Divi- 
 fions of the principal Members, confiding but of few 
 parts of a bold and ample Relief; and the Moderns, in 
 a Reu'jrdancy of thofe Imaller Ornaments, which di- 
 vide and icatter the Angles of Sight into fuch a multi' 
 tude ot Rv^ys crouded together, that the whole appears a 
 perfetl: Confulion. 
 
 it has been eileem'd by thofe Praditioners of the an- 
 cient Methods and Rules necelTary to execute the Per- 
 formance of found Building, that it requires a more 
 than common Capacity fully to comprehend ; it is a 
 Study which ioiirs abov^ the reach of thofe mean and 
 ignoble Sou!?, who imagine k to be confin'd only to the 
 grofs and pefifliing elemental Materials wherewith it is 
 compaded; vvhen, on the contrary, its Pro:effors are 
 by an abfolure undeniable Nccefllty conftrain'd to call 
 forth the whole Reuion of Geometry and Archite(fture 
 
 to 
 
to afTiIl them in the execiuion of their unlimited Fancy ; 
 and whatever is producd reverfe or unconformable to 
 the Rules of theie Sciences, is a Proceeding as unjufti- 
 fiable, as to ad: in a direct opposition to the common 
 Law of Reafon : for without a ccmpleat Knowledge, or 
 at leaft a competent Judgment in Geometry, we Ihall be 
 unable to demonftrate the Streni^th and Solidity of the 
 Building, tile Ufeiulnefs or Necsliicy of each' Support, 
 the Weaknefs of one Burtment, or the Force and Ef- 
 feds of another; or to produce a Plan which fhall be of 
 a (ufficient Magnitude to iuftain the Mafs of Weight a- 
 jifins; from icfeii-, in confideration of the Vacuities which 
 weaken and abate the Force oi: tUe lame. 
 
 As tor the Knowledge (requifice to the performance of 
 found Building') in relation co Archiced:aie, or that which 
 ' coriefponds to Beauty ; it will be uferul to confider, that 
 without this we can never give our Work a true Propor- 
 tion or Grace. But here it will be necefTiry for me to 
 obferve to you, that by Architedliure iifelf 1 don't mean 
 an undeniable or abfoiute Neceflicy for the Execution 
 of Columns and Pilafters in every of our Performances i 
 but whatever may fall under the Denomination of Or- 
 der, I include within the Limits of its Rules : Such as 
 Proportions of Doors, Windows, Architraves, Keyflones, 
 and the like; Chimneys, Magnitudes of Rooms, Niches, 
 Incercolumniations, ^c. all wliich are but as feparate 
 Branches of Order, and to which a due regard ought 
 CO be had, and a ftrid adherence to the allotted Pro- 
 portions prefcrib'd by the ancient Pradbiti oners. 
 
 Thus tar, by a general Obfervation, we may plainly 
 difcover what is neceffary to be underftood in relation 
 to tlie Ufefulnefs, Afliftance, or Neceffity of thefe 
 
 Sciences j 
 
r'7) 
 
 Sciences; without which, it will be altogether impof- 
 fible to give either to the exterior or interior Orna- 
 ments or Difpofition, that Beauty or Harmony which is 
 fo requifite in the Performance of found Building. The 
 beautiful Extent, then, of . Archite(5ture, is unlimited; 
 for while the Imagination or Ideas can, by a various 
 Difpofition of the fame Materials, form new Beauties 
 in the Compofure ; fo long the Extent is unlimited : for 
 the Ideas may be wrought into fuch an elevated Frame, 
 that Order may feem to be carried beyond its Bounds, 
 both in Grandeur and Beauty ; yet while thefe may be 
 improv'd, the Extent of Archited:uie, or Building in 
 general, may be faid to be unlimited ad infinitum. 
 
 But, yet how i^w are there now, but who, ambitious 
 CO be thought compleat and underftanding Maflers 
 of this Science (by difdaining to follow thofe famous 
 exemplary Authors of Antiquity) produce fuch low 
 and mean Obje<5ts, fo contrary to thofe excellent Rules, 
 fo difproportionate and repugnant to its Precepts, that 
 they are unworthy the very Name of Building ; and 
 ought by Lovers of true Art to be efteem'd as bafe and 
 contemptible as the Authors of them, who pyrating 
 one Member of this Ordei^, another of that, thefe uni- 
 ting a hideous Medley of Deformity (juft as lo take the 
 feparated Members of feveral Men and unite them all 
 in one Body, each to its proper place, though never fo 
 difproportionate) atcribute the Compofition to their 
 own Genius, and as ambicioufly as extravagantly term it 
 a Defign entirely new, and their own ? Such Folly ! as 
 if Art .coniifted in that, and not in the general Diftribu - 
 tion of the whole Work. Such as thefe never arife even 
 to the univerfal Knowledge of Order, for vt'ant of 
 
 D Abi- 
 
( i8 ) 
 
 Abilities ; but by Neceflity are conftrain'd to flop there, 
 incelTanrly repeating and pradlifing fuch poor little de- 
 jed!fed Ideas oF Objedts, as their own mean and miferable 
 Fancies furnilh t\\Qm. with. 
 
 Tims are they funk beneath the lowefl degree of 
 Contempt, and flifled in their own dull Imagination ; 
 whereas, on the contrary, Zvlinds fili'd with Ideas truly 
 great and i^.oble will produce nothing but what in effect 
 is fublime : nay, oftentimes in their Imaginations they 
 fbar even above themfelves in the Execution : but 'tis 
 thofe only to whom Nature has been propitious, and 
 endow'd with a more clear Judgment to difcern the true 
 and elTential Beauties of Order, and that it confifls 
 not in the feparation of Members, but rather refults 
 from the Symmetry and Oeconomy of the Whole, in 
 the joint Union and Concordance of them all, agreeably 
 centred and united in the appearance of one diflmdl: 
 Body ; which produces the m«ofl: vifible Harmony, and 
 infufes itfelf even to the Souls of thofe whofe Ideas are 
 open'd with the real Knowledge of Beauty and Art, and 
 judging what is worthy Efleem, and to be term'd true 
 Architedlure or Order in all its Beauties ordain'd by the 
 original Inllitutes of it. 
 
 C PI A P. 
 
( 19) 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Of the Antiquity and general Caufes of the 
 Decay of ArchiteBure. 
 
 ^J^S Architedure has no Limits nor Bounds to its 
 ^.. 'fiV' Beauties, fo likewife its Continuance hitherto has 
 ^^'''^" )io Determination of Time affixed, from Records, 
 to its Rile and Foundation. Should we trace it back to 
 the ti-ippos'd Time of its firft Invention, fhould we 
 feaicu c!:e greateft Writers of all Ages who have en- 
 deavoufd to clear this Point; they fo dife^ree in their 
 Sentiments and Conjedtures, that it will be impoflible 
 to diicover flie Certainty of the Time of its primitive 
 Inftitution. But beyond difpute, the Grecians were the 
 firft happy Inventers, they extracSled the beauteous Ideas 
 of it from rude and unihapen Trees, the Produd: of 
 Nature, and embellilh'd it, by degrees of Perfedlnefs, 
 with thofe neceifary Ornaments, which have been fince 
 pradifed by thofe of the moft fublime Genius's in all 
 Ages. From hence JRo;?^f,herfelf was furnifhed with all 
 thofe excellent Gifts Ihe fo anciently enjoy 'd \ thofe di- 
 vine Ideas of mora: Virtue and Philofophy, feem to 
 have been firft mocIcU'd and fram'd by the Dire(5fions 
 and Rules of t|;ie ancient Grecians : Or whatever elfe 
 
 D 1 has 
 
( iO ) 
 
 has ftamp'd on it the diftinguifhing Charadter of Virtue , 
 and Beauty, here, and here only had its original Perfec- 
 tions. 
 
 As no Footfteps of the Grecian Buildings now re- 
 main, we muft of necedity have recourfe to the Anti- 
 quities of the Romans^ who received the Rules and Me- 
 thods immediately from the Grecians. When the juft 
 Senfe due to Virtue began to decline in the Grecians^ 
 fo did their Nation, Sciences, and Architecflure fink, and 
 were over-whelm'd with it in its Ruins; till the induftri- 
 ous Vigilance of the Romans transferr'd it to Ronje^ 
 where it continued long in its native Drefs, free from 
 all the falfe GlofTes introduced fince, in all its natural 
 Innocency it was adorn'd with all the Perfections which 
 Art or Nature were capable of furnifhing her with. 
 Hov/ beautifully pleafing and perfect are the never- 
 dying Remains of its endlefs Glories, colleded by the 
 indefatigable Care and Induftry of Palladio ? How bold 
 and engaging in the Appearance ? How pure and inno- 
 cent in the Executicui, withal mix'd with an Air of De- 
 licacy and Sweetnefs in the whole Performance. Such ■ 
 are evident Proofs how preferable the Beauties of an- 
 cient Archiiec'fure are to the illegal Pracffices of our mo- 
 dern Builders. 
 
 Thus long it continued in its prin:iitive Purity till a- 
 bout the fifth Century, when the barbarous Inhumanity 
 of the Goths and Vandals (who over-run the greateft 
 part of Chriftendom) and the continual Divifions a- 
 mongft themfelves, totally eras'd all the Remains of its 
 Beauties. 
 
 But with thefe was fatally mix'd the mod prejudicial 
 and delfroymg Enemies of it, Novelty, and Singlenefs : 
 
 Thofe 
 
( II ) 
 
 Thofe began to fptead and extend themrelves, and the 
 foft Inledtion eafily gain'd upon the Minds of the Mul- 
 titude, its Profeflbrs being io prejudiced and bya(s'd by 
 Inteieft and popular AppUiufe, and their own unhappy 
 reillefs Tempers, and deprefs'd with the Infenfibility of 
 what was truly great and nobler they utterly, nay, fhame- 
 fuUy and openly declared againft ir, rejedled its fublime 
 Principles, and treated it with Co much malicious Bar- 
 barity^ that the original Beauties of Architedfure were 
 almoft extin(5t and loft. Thus the decaying Principles 
 of Novelty and Singlenefs were as deftroying in their 
 Nature to Art, as all the Barbarifm and Ruins of the de- 
 ftru(5tive Wars of the Enemies of the Romans ; and wer^^ 
 more conducive to the Decay of all Sciences, than the 
 unhappy Divifions among themfelves. 
 
 Jt may not be unfeafonable, in this place, by way of 
 Remark, to explain the true Senfe and Intention of 
 thofe open Enemies to our Subje(5t, by confidering, 
 that in nothing we feem more effeminate than by being 
 ■fo blindly fond of every little Novelty offer a to our 
 view. Some fet fuch an ineftimable Value upon any 
 thing which has the lead appearance of Novelty, that 
 the moft indefatigable Induftry is not wanting to' attain 
 their Defires of fomething which has a Correfpondency 
 orRefemblance to it in its formal Difpoficion. Thus arc they 
 led infenfibly into erroneous Principles by the prejudicial 
 Sentiments of others*. A Thirft atter every thing which 
 has the Characfter o( Original imprinted on ir, is juftly, 
 by the Enemies to Art, adapted to the general chancre- 
 able Difpofitions of Mankind; for this reafon, fuch Suc- 
 cefs always attends thofe Produiftions, whofe Birth and 
 Appearance is of the lateft Date. Singlenefs is like-- 
 
 wife 
 
( ii ) 
 
 wife as dangerous in its Tenets, and as prejudicial in 
 its Principles, as the other. Some appear fingle in their 
 felfifh Opinions, by being ever contradidory to the Evi- 
 dences of Truth and natural Pv^eafon : Some there are 
 who appear fingle in Opinion, only to be continually 
 oppoiire to the common Judgment of Mankind. Some 
 agam, by the Inftability of Fortune, a View to Prefer- 
 ment or Favour, or even a publick Applaufe, appear 
 fin?le in their Judgments, and s.0: reverie to their own 
 Ideas and Sentiments. 
 
 Many more Inftances of both kinds might be enu- 
 merated : But to haften to my Subjed, I ih.ill only ob- 
 serve, that doubtlefs that which has been by Pradice 
 and convincing Arguments from Nature and Reafon, 
 prov'd by many in all Ages to be perfed and pure in 
 its Principles, muft be preferable to a Novelty diredlly 
 oppofite; and which is Ipread by one (pe-haps) whofe 
 Judgment is as fhort and limited as the Date of the In- 
 fedion he fpreads ; and to appear fingle for the fake of 
 Sinr'leneis or Neceflicy, falls tarther Ihort of Perfedion,- 
 and leaves us no room to imagine that any thing but 
 FoUv can be produc d by thofe who have the Agreement 
 of no other (skilful) Judgment but their own; and 
 that too fo contradidory to Truth and the commonly 
 received Opinion of the oppofite Virtue : and where Con- 
 ftraint obliges us to ad, we can certainly exped nothing 
 but what is lame and diforder'd. • 
 
 This has ib true a refemblance of our prefcnt Con- 
 dition, that I cannot but believe, that the farcher we ap- 
 pear to be from the Centre and Original of Truth, or 
 the Inftitution of thofe juft and pure Rules piprcrib^d 
 by the Ancients in the Perfedion oi their Sciences, the 
 
 farther 
 
( 2J ) 
 
 farther we deviate from the true Path itfelf, till it leads 
 us at length through lo many myftick Ways, and fuch 
 unfearciiable Labyrinths, that we unhappily miftake the 
 fleeting Shadow lor the real Subftance. But to return 
 again to oui Subjedl. 
 
 Architecture, by thefe uniting Caufes, fell a Vid:ini 
 (with its Fellow-Sciences, Painting and Sculpture, (^c.) 
 to the facrilegious Barbarians^ and lay long buried in 
 the Aflies of Oblivion, till about the latter end of the 
 thirteenth Century, without the leaft Pity or AfFedtion ; 
 rill the Love of Virtue encouraged that great Genius 
 iBramante^ in the Time of Pope Julius II. to revive the 
 Beauties of it, by a due Obfervation of the ancient Edi- 
 fices, and the Pradfice of it in a Conformity to the 
 Rules and Methods he found made ufe of in the Exe- 
 cution. Michael Angdo, Ligorio, and many others 
 were great Afliftants and Encouragers of the Revival 
 and Pradice of it; amongft whom Palladio bears away 
 the Palm. How great \s his Manner, hovi^ elevated his 
 Ideas, and how bold in the Execution, is beft difcoverVl 
 in thofe noble Productions he left as Examples for our 
 Imitation. He fiourifh'd with a Grandeur equal to the 
 infinite Beauties of his Studies, which was in the fix- 
 teenth Century, and died in the Year 1580. 
 
 In them we fee the lively Images of Antiquity rifin^ 
 from Heaps of Ruins, where all the Luflre of Beauty 
 and Art confpire to raife our Sentiments and Ideas to 
 that height, that we may eafily perceive the immenfe 
 difference between thofe ancient beautiful Piodu(51:ion.s 
 and the lame and diforder'd Performances of our Mo- 
 derns. All who have the lead Taftc of Art, cannot be 
 infenfible how great a Degiee of Pleafure arifes from a 
 
 bare 
 
( 14) 
 bare Refledtion of the Imagination alone, in relation 
 to the Noblenefs and Grandeur" of the former, and the 
 deprels'd Ideas of the latter. Thefe, though unregarded 
 by the unthinking part oi" Mankind, nevertlielefs cannot 
 detra(5l: from the lading Tokens of their Greatnefs, 
 where even the- moft piercing Caufes of Decay, nor- 
 even Time itfelf will hardly ever deiace their Memory 
 in the Breafts of the Pra6litioners of ancient Architedure. 
 At length, through various Scenes and Changes, it (be- 
 ing again revived; falely arrived on thefe diftant Shores; 
 yet not fo far placed from Nature's Eye are we, out 
 {ome Notions of Art fprung or, at leaft remain'd in the 
 Breafts of her polite Sons. Barbarity and Ignorance were 
 Ihook off, and a due Senfe of Virtue and Knowledge 
 were placed in their room. Here,' in her Infancy (to 
 us) Architedure was ncurifh'd with a degree of Tender- 
 nefs and Care, fuitably adapr.ed to its Noblenefs and 
 Value, cheiiQi'd with an agreeable Fondneis, folid^ fin- 
 cere, and naturally apply'd to the real Beauty ot the Ob- 
 jed itfelf; fiift, like true Friendfhip, it gradually found 
 Succefs in the open Franknefs of its Nature ; and by its 
 Beauties and engaging Afpeds, it at iaft io far remov'd 
 all its Enemies, that nothing feem'd wanting (exxept 
 Encouragement for its Profeflors from Men ot Wealth 
 and Power) to make it appear in fuch a Degree of Per- 
 fedion, that it might even vie with the Ancients, in re- 
 fped of its Corredne{s; though as yet little appeai'd of 
 it difpers'd amongft the Britifh Genius's. 
 
 But not out of due time arofe that Ever-renowned Pro- 
 
 feffor, who traced back all the pleafing Patlis of Anci- 
 
 .quity in Archiiedurc, with all the Care and induftrious 
 
 Vigilance diat was pofi'ible to give him any Ideas more 
 
 con- 
 
( 15 ) 
 conducive to Pleafure and Beauty in the Survey, in 
 which his Imagination furpafs'd even a Defcription, his 
 Judgment arriv'd to the moft elevated Height of Per- 
 ^ednefs, his Soul being, aptly fram'd for the reception 
 of all thofe noble Sciences and Beauties of the Mind, 
 which human Nature can be capable of receiving : He 
 had in himfelf fomething peculiar, a fine Manner of 
 introducing thofe Mafter-Strokes of Art, which are the 
 more beautiful and pleafing, as they moft refemble 
 Nature in the Defign and Execution ; in fhort, he has 
 left fuch lively Reprefentations of a fublime Genius, 
 that none amongft the Worthy but acknowledge him to 
 be an Example fit for . our Imitation, and Guide to 
 lead us through the unerring Rules of ancient Architec- 
 ture : I mean, the Britifh Palladio^ Inigo Jones. 
 
 Not to detract from the juft Honour due to that 
 great Genius, but rather to add Luftre to his Name, I 
 mufl beg leave to remark upon the deferving Charcdter 
 of a Competitor of his, which was Sir Christopher 
 Wren. It is not a little conducing to the Juftice, due 
 to fo great and noble a Soul, to fee one of fo prodi- 
 gious an Extent of Knowledge as the Latter, guided as 
 It were, or in fome meafure confirm'd in his Judj^ment 
 by the Examples of the Former. Behold with wh'at da- 
 ring Flights of Art he r;ii(es his own and Country's Fame ! 
 and that too even in his Youth, what he attempted he 
 happily executed. In a v;ord, there's nothing which has 
 imprinted on it the true Charader of Great and Noble, 
 but was centred and lodg'd in the Bieaft of this vene- 
 rable and worthy Man. 
 
 Likewife, I mufl beg leave juft to touch upon two cr 
 Ehree Inftances of his Knov/iedge, amongft the many 
 
 E beauti- 
 
( 16 ) 
 
 beautiful Ideas of his Imagination, which are unobfevv d 
 by many, who w'e may imagine have not a true Tafte, 
 or at lead any Notion of the Beauty and Harmony ot 
 this Alt. One of thefe Examples, is Bow-Church in 
 Chcaffide. What a Sweetnefs is there in tlie whole Piece ? 
 How bold, in the Performance i* how eafy and airy in the 
 laft Degree ? Every articulate Member confentaneous 
 to its Place and Defign, every Vacuity adapted to the- 
 Force of the Solidity, every Part proportionate and ne- 
 cefTary, ufeful and ornamental ; there feems nothing 
 wanting to make it perfed: or compleat. Another is 
 St. Dun/Ian s in the Baft ; what a bold and glorious At- 
 tempt is there in that fingle Spire, ereded on (o feeming- 
 ]y feeble Suppeditors ? This is,' beyond all Contradiction, 
 the Refult of a beautiful Imagination, and a finifli'd 
 and entire Compoiicion of Geometry. 
 
 Laftly, what Soul except his own could have been 
 capacious enough to have contain'd that (lupendous 
 Edifice of St. Fauh, within itfelf ? or who can behold 
 Ibch a fweer Surprize without being mov'd at the Gran- 
 deur of that miraculous Building ?"Here is that Union 
 and viGble Concord centred m one diftina Body, 
 which produces the mod charming Harmony that Art 
 can give us in the view of it ; it raifes us to the mod 
 a^n-eeable Pleafures, and gratifies every Senfe of the- 
 w4iole Man ; but nothing except the true and genuine 
 Beauty of Order can have this effedt, nor can any one 
 be fenfible of the Pleafure in the Enjoyment, unlefs he 
 likewife participate of the true Knowledge ot Architec- 
 ture. A late Author, on another Subject, has obferv'd, 
 " That a o;ravc and ftudious Man exceeds a Debauchee 
 - « in tlie E^nioyment of a Woman of whom he-is be- 
 
 " lovd, 
 
( 11 ) 
 
 " lov'd, and whom he pailionately loves." The Excefs 
 of Pleafuie makes a deeper Penetration m the Mind, 
 and the Felicity becomes more pleafing, by a thorougii 
 Senfibility of the Caufes of the Pleafuie we receive la 
 the purfuit of the Enjoyment. 
 
 We may a little refled: upon the great Bleffing this 
 worthy Genius enjoy'd, in having his Life happily pro- 
 longed to fee this Produdion entirely finifh'd : A Lue 
 replete with Virtue and honourable Age, a quiet and 
 peaceable End, free from the noily Fatigues ot national 
 Bufinefs, and the Incumbrances of worldly ASurs. 'Tis 
 a melancholy Confideration, that he was no more ho^ 
 nouied and dignify'd by his Country, nor refpecled by 
 the unthinking part of Mankind : But now his venerable 
 Head lies down in Peace, let us preferve, while Time 
 {hall laft, that truly honourable Name of Sir Christo- 
 pher Wren. 
 
 If the major part of our modern Builders were not 
 irrecoverably loft to all Senfe of Shame, abandon'd in 
 the ftrideft Senfe to the -common Law of Pveafonj nay, 
 to all the Motives to Virtue ; they would without dil- 
 pute be reclaim'd from their guidelefs, ungrounded, and 
 thoughtlefs Fancies. Without doubt, if they had any 
 Value even for themfelves, any Senfe of their own 
 Weaknefs and InfufHciency (and how openly they ex- 
 pofe their Follies to the Cenfure of the Learned and 
 Jndicious Imitators of Anciqiucy) they mufl certainly 
 acknowledge, that the otd Pachs are the fateft ways lo 
 tread in, tSe ancient Guides the mod fure to follow j 
 fince fo many noble and worthy Men, who penetrated 
 into the Value and Beauty of Antiquity, have not dif- 
 dain'd to be eileem'd as Admirers, Encouragers, and 
 
 E z even 
 
(18) 
 
 even Proteffors of it ; contenting themfelves, without airy 
 Flights of Self-Opinion, to be led by the moft ancient 
 and iafe Rules, accounting them fuiely the moft exem- 
 plary which have been follow'd by (a many preceding 
 Ages of the World, fo perfe(5lly and ftrenuoufly, and 
 with fo much Vigour, that neither all the Encroach- 
 ments of Novelty, all the Efforts of Singlenefs, nor all 
 the exafperated Malice of its open Enemies could for 
 fome time make any Breach in its Excellency and Vir- 
 tues. 
 
 But alas ! what Power, what Force or Affiftance can 
 elude the Incurfions, or withftand the Attempts of that 
 never-failing fatal Law, the Law of Liberty ? This is the 
 Source and Foundation, the Spring which flows Co plente- 
 onOy with Novelty and Error : From this Stream, and 
 this alone, arofe the Floods of Follies we fee every day 
 unhappily flowing in upon us, and driving and bear- 
 ing all the beautiful Ideas of Knowledge into the 
 Gulph of Simplicity and Error. Such Proceedings give 
 us reafon to imagine that the Nature of things are 
 chang'd, every thing is reverted from its firft Intention, 
 and Heafon (only becaufe it was the Guide and Prac- 
 tice of the Ancients in the Execution of Order) is laid 
 afide, as a principal Enemy to the Conduct of their 
 injudicious Praiftices. In a word, whatever is unworthy 
 Efteem, or undeferving our Notice, or whatever has^ 
 branded* on it the Marks of Contempt, is the only 
 Producft (of the Generality a:t leaft) of thofe whoie 
 Capacities are unaptly difpos'd for the Pradlice of 
 Building. 
 
 In one place, even where they endeavour to imitate 
 Order, we find what ihould be Proportion, elevated to 
 
 a 
 
( i9 ) 
 
 a" prodigious Size; in another, deprefs'd beneath Scorn j 
 this mangled and robb'd of its Ornaments, and the 
 other loaded and funk under the heavy Burthen of a 
 monftrous Lump of Deformity. I can fcarce allow 
 myfelf the liberty of thinking, that the Works of our 
 judicious Anceftors, or the beautiful Examples of Arty 
 purfued in former Ages, are once thought on, unlefs 
 it be to load em with ail poflible Defamation and Scan- 
 dal, by entitling them Gothique and Ridiculous ; nay, all 
 the bafe Terms that Novelty and Ignorance can load em ■ 
 * with. 
 
 Who can be filent.'' who can conceal their- Refent- 
 ment of fuch ungovernable Proceedings ? Can Men 
 endow'd with noble Minds be thus funk under thefe 
 Follies ? Can Infenfibility gain an abfolute Maftery 
 over Truth itfelf I Then may we with reafon con- 
 clude our Wounds are incurable. But rather let us 
 imagine, that a prefenr Remedy may in fome mea- 
 fure mitigate the Fiercenefs of the Difeafe : An Ap- 
 plication of proper Antidotes, with Inftrudlions, may 
 perhaps, if timely apply'd, conduce to the Relief of 
 our Grievances, notwithftanding all the Methods which 
 may have been already ufed, have piov'd unfuccelF- 
 ful, (though fuitable and agreeable Ideas of Judg- 
 ment, extrad:ed from the Fountain of Art ;) which are 
 fo rejedfecl, defpis'd and infulred over, that we have 
 too great reafon to conjecfture, that our modern Buil- 
 ders have fully determined, or are at leaft united in 
 one Mind, to have Fallacy, Errors, and groundlefs 
 miftaken Follies be their Guide and Conducl: in what- 
 ever is the Refult of their Imaeination, or Practices in 
 
 Building. 
 
 C H A P. 
 
(JO) 
 
 
 C H A p. IV. 
 
 Touching the Orders in general. 
 
 • 
 
 ; A V I N G in my preceding Chapters given fome 
 general Hints of the Reafons of the Decay of 
 ancient Architedure, I fliail now endeavour, by 
 the moft convincing Arguments (not in expofing the 
 particular Follies of our Moderns, but) by fhewing the 
 Beauties of Order, both in a verbal and ocular Demon- 
 flration, to prove the erroneous PracStices of their Inju- 
 dicious Produdtions : But to confine myfelf a little to 
 the Orders in general, I {hall in this Chapter alledge 
 fome Reafons for" my proceeding in this Method ; and, 
 then, urge the abfolute Neceffity of being conform'd to 
 the pra(5itical Rules of the Ancients. 
 
 And herein I cannot but imagine, by inferring and 
 pointing out the particular Indecorums of modern Per- 
 formances, I might give room for fome to imagine 
 thev are not fo illegal and groundlefs as in reality they 
 are'j for to remark only upon Particulars, would in 
 fome meafure admit a part to be juftifiable; or to con- 
 demn a part only, fhews a Podibility of fome parts be- 
 ing as regular, proportionate and beautiful, as thofc o- 
 ther parts are irregular, difproportionate and defornrd, 
 
 elie 
 
(30 
 
 elfe why are the Cenfures rather extended to the whole 
 Work : fince if a part is unproportioiVd or irregular, it 
 confequently deforms the whole. Bur, as Mr. Pope has 
 obferv'd in the regular and harmonious Symmetry of a 
 fine Face j 
 
 " 'TVj not a Lip or Eye zue Beauty cdl^ 
 " But the pint Force^ and full Rejult of all. 
 
 o 
 
 So that a Part being irregular or abfurdly executed 
 and difproportionace, it argues the whole to be of the 
 fame Species ; for if a Tart is irregular, and a Part beau- 
 tiful, it proves the Beauty to be Chance, and not Judg- 
 ment, elfe* the Whole would have been beautiful : and 
 if the Whole is deform'd, it argues naturally the Inven- 
 tor's Ignorance, that not a Part could have appear'd to 
 have been the leaft conformable to the Jlules of Anti- 
 
 quity. 
 
 It is an Abfurdity to think, that if part of an Edifice 
 is irre^Tular and difproportionate, (though the other Parts 
 are conformable to the Rules of the Ancients) that the 
 Whole is or can be term'd a regular Strudure : For 
 this Art, which is founded on Harmony and Propor- 
 tion, like Truth itfelf, admits ot no Medium. Nor is 
 there a Poffibility of uniting Beauty with Deformity, or 
 Truth with Falfhood ; but that which is Beauty becomes 
 deform'd by being of too .near a Relation to be feparated : 
 die Beauty cannot make the Deformity beautiful, but 
 the Deformity makes the accidental Regularity of the 
 fame Species with itfelf. 
 
 Who would fo expofe himfelf to the Cenfure of the 
 Judicious, if knowing more beautiful Methods, as to 
 
 # adt 
 
( ?1 ) 
 
 a(5l diredly oppofice to thofe Rules, and endeavour to 
 fhew his Talent in the Execution of Deformity? It is the 
 natural Eule of Reafon from hence to infer, that the 
 Inventor's Cafe was Ignorance, and not Choice; and if 
 a Part were regular, why not the Whole ? Beauty is 
 far more pleafing and commendable than Deformity, 
 but this, like the former, proves to be Chance, and not 
 Judgment. From hence we may naturally, with Reafon, 
 conclude, that if the Whole is not diredfly in every 
 Part beautiful and regular, it is not to be fo efteem'd 
 when united in one Body, though 'thefe taken fingly, 
 may be in reality beautiful ; yet the Connection of Ir- 
 regularity makes that which in reality is beautiful, to be 
 like itfelf irregular, becaufe it is not a Part conftitutes a 
 Beauty, but the Refult of the Whole. 
 
 That which deters me from pointing out the parti- 
 cular Fallacies and Errors in our modern Performances, 
 proceeds likewife from a natural Confideration, which 
 feems more plain and open in its view: That is, thev/ay 
 to incite us to the abhorrence of Vice, is beft done by 
 (hewing the Beauty and Rewards, the Felicity and Con- 
 tentment contain'd in the Practice of the oppofite 
 Virtues. 
 
 Like our firft unhappy Parents, we naturally covet to 
 enjoy that thing which we are bid to abftain from ; in 
 this cafe, Nature has been almoft a cuftomary Law. It 
 is pofTible to believe, that liad we never known that 
 the Truft we break is finful or unlawful, becaufe for- 
 bidden, we fhould never have minded or coveted after 
 it; but becaufe the Injund;ion is impos'd on us by Re- 
 ftraint, we naturally are the more eager in the purfuit 
 of the Enjoyment : and in this cafe, the two former pre- 
 judicial 
 
( j? ) _ 
 
 judicial Principles which I obferv'd were fo erroneous, 
 njiz,. Novelty and Singlenefs have a great Power in the 
 Action. 
 
 Lailly, if when knowing the Danger of a Difeafe, the 
 fick Man juft expiring for want of a fpeedy Redreis by 
 the Application of prefent proper Remedies ; I fay, if 
 we fhould juft then tell him the general Caufes of his 
 Malady, the many Incidents natural to fuch Diftem- 
 pers, the fatal Effects of them, and the Malignity of 
 them, how little availing would fuch Difcourfe be to 
 the Benefit of the languifhing Patient ? Juft thus is the 
 Cafe of the X^ifeafe before us, which I fliall now briefly 
 open, and be as expeditious in the Application as pof- 
 fible. 
 
 But before I thus proceed, I muft beg leave to clear 
 myfelf from the Imputation of Ceniiire, by informing 
 you my prefent Delign is free from the leaft thoughts 
 of ambitious Often tation in appearing to the Publick. 
 For an Author ihould confider, that in Writings of this 
 nature to the World, every one infpedls into the Verity 
 of his Proceeding j and if it is not entirely free from 
 the moft common way of modern Writers, whofe Com- 
 pofitions are for the moft part made up with the Studies 
 of other Men, it expofes him to all the Cenfure and 
 Defamation that Co injudicious a Condud: deferves. 
 And here like wife I would not be thought to prefcribe 
 Rules of Confinement, as to the minuter Proportions, 
 as accounting them fo abfolutely necelTary in the per- 
 formance of the Execution ; but muft leave that to the 
 difcerning Judgment of the more knowing Archited: in 
 fo nice an Observation. My chief and ultimate Wifhes 
 
 F tend 
 
(?4) 
 
 tend only to the Prefervation of declining Architec- 
 ture, to have it done in a Conformity to thofe excellent, 
 fure, and undeniable Rules prefcrib'd by its ancient 
 Pradtitioners. 
 
 This is that beauteous Practice I would endeavour 
 to recommend to your ferious Confideration j that 
 Study which prevail'd fo much upon the Minds of the 
 Ancients, and induced them by a frequent and cloCe 
 Application to bring it to an entire Perte6tion. There 
 is not one kind of Building whatever but may be erec- 
 ted by thofe Rules and Methods which they left for our 
 Practice, to lead us through the various Scenes of Beau- 
 ties we encounter within their Producfbions. Such a 
 Multiplicity of Profped:s which arife by diftant Reflec- 
 tions, cannot but incite us to the framing fuch an E- 
 fteem for it, as fhall bear an equivalent Proportion to 
 the Beauty of the'Objedt. 
 
 The three Creek Orders are of themfelves fufficient to 
 raife the greateft, nobleft, and moft magnificent Stru<5lure 
 that Mankind can pofllbly invent, without the lead AC- 
 fiftance of the Latin or Romnn; which are borrow'd 
 from the Excellencies contain'd in the former, and 
 when compar'd to the Antiquity of the other, but ot 
 modern Extra(5lion. For as i\\e learned Monfieur Fmrf^ 
 Author of the Parallel of the Ancient Architeciure with 
 the Modern, obferves, (and to whom J am indebted for 
 feveral Pvemarks) there are but three forts of Building ; 
 fo the three Greek Orders furniifh us with the three 
 different kinds to execute them ;. as the Solid with 
 the Dorick, the Medium between the Streiifith of 
 the Dorick and the Airinefs of the Corinthian, per- 
 
 form'd 
 
( 35 ) 
 
 form'd with the lortick^ the Delicate with tlie Ccrin- 
 thhn. To thefe I fliall adhere, and difcourfe of 
 them . in their turns, without touching upon the o . 
 iher two ; leaving it for thofe to detend, who fhall, 
 by perhaps a more difcerning Judgment, better com- 
 prehend their Ufe and Beauty in the Pradcice of 
 Building. 
 
 The Neceflity of being conformable to thofe Pro- 
 portions in our Prad:ices, is k^n from their being prov'd 
 to be founded upon Nature and Reafon. This was not 
 only the Foundation of their Prddices, but alfo the 
 Fountain of Order in general, and the* Refult of the 
 •Executions of the Ancients. Reafon is in reality the 
 Root of a mathematical Definition, which when con- 
 vinc'd by fuch a Definition as appears concurring with 
 Poflibility, it readily confents to a belief of the Truth. 
 As for Inftance, as Columns are more advancd in 
 height, fo confequently of lefs power to fuftain the 
 Bulk of the Weight with thofe whofe Diameters are 
 equal, and of a lefs Height. Reafon induces us to be- 
 lieve, that a Column of ten Feet high cannot fuftain 
 fuch a Weight as one of five Feet height of the fame 
 Diameter; Tor the Force of the Solidity becomes of 
 left Power to fuftain in Proportion to its Height, because 
 the Power of Gravity has . the greater Depreftion upon 
 icfelf, when it is augmented in a Progreftjon of Height 
 upon the fame Diameters ; which confequently muft be 
 lefs capacitated to fupport, not only the Weight arifing 
 from itfelf, but alfo the Power which Gravity has on the 
 A(5tion of all Bodies, whofe Solidity requires a fufficient 
 Quantity of Matter to fuftain the fame. Thus ought 
 
 F Z we 
 
we to confider in every Part of our Speculations,. 
 that Reafon Ihould be the fir ft Ground-Work of our 
 Intentions j and when thus founded, we fhall appear 
 only to be Imitators of the Ancients in their Pradtices 
 ot Architedlure, in relation to the Execution of found 
 Building. 
 
 Nature, or natural Reafon, is fuch a felf-evident 
 Convi(5tion of the Objedt of our Contemplation, or 
 the Senfibility of its coiififting in a Conformity to our 
 Ideas, that we may confent to believe without ma- 
 thematical Enquiries- In this cafe, I would alledee, 
 that by placing a Column with the upper Part of the 
 Shaft of it downwards on its Capital, and reverting- 
 its Bafe upwards, and the greater Diameter of the 
 Shaft with it, feems to be as unconformable to ma- 
 thematical Reafon, and as inconfiftent with natural,' 
 as it is to believe that a Man Ihould from his In- 
 fancy continually walk on his Hands, and ufe his Feet 
 as naturally in all A(5tions, as others generally ufe; 
 their Hands. 
 
 Reader, it may feem altogether incoherent with the 
 Stile of modern Writers, to draw fuch plain, though 
 obvious Aliufions ; but when you refle(5l from whom 
 defign'd, the Meannel's ot the" Drefs anfwers the Ob- 
 jedron, in leierence to the Tafte of the Bulk of Man- 
 kind. It is not intended for fuch whofe Ideas re- 
 quire a Superfluity of eloquent Rhetorick, fet forth 
 with a fmooth and graceful Turn of. Thought in eve- 
 ry Line, to convey by foftning Language, conformable 
 to their Judgment, every minute Circumftance : but 
 for fuch whom Fortune has placed in a lower Sphere,. 
 
 by 
 
(37) 
 
 by whom I hope I Ihall be clearly underftood in 
 this plain intelligible Method of Reafoningj which 
 I have endeavour'd to render as obvious to the 
 meaneft Capacity, as the Practice of ancient Archi- 
 tedure is preferable to that of our Moderns. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
(38 ) 
 
 - •.■■;y..v v!52-: ''^'/:j2i ?x<:'^x^ ^<5?e?\r7; ; 'cp; ;<:^ ^<>x ^>w ?<v"?>\ ;^'i7; xw ;:;w-; ■•J^xi?: xs^ ^ccv 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 T/je Dorick Order defiiid, in a 'verbal De- 
 mo ji ft rat ion ^ in relation to its minuter Pro- 
 portions and Divifions, 
 
 * 
 
 HE Dorick being the firft regular Idea of Archi- 
 ted:ure, and the Foundation of Order in gene- 
 ral, it is therefore neceiTary to begin with it. 
 I fhall in this place only juft obferve, as to its Symme- 
 try, That it has a beauteous (though folid) Afped:, its 
 Members adapted to ijts Strength, and its Entablature, 
 whofe Altitude is ever \ of the Height of the Co- 
 lumn (with ks Bafe and Capital) is in a Geometrical 
 Proportion conformable to the Force of the Solidity. 
 
 1 (hall, in this and the following Chapter, make a 
 diftind: Definition of the Names -and fettled Propor- 
 tions of its feparace Members, as pradtis'd by the An- 
 cients, from the Plinth of its Bafe to the Regula, the 
 uppermoft of the Cornice. But in fpeaking of the 
 Bale, I mufl not omit the following Obfervation, njiZi. 
 That I cannot agree with Monfieur Freart^ the afore- 
 mention'd Author of the Parallel^ in not introducing 
 £afes to the Columns of this Order j for there is as 
 
 feeming 
 
(39) 
 
 Teeming a Neceflity that they fliould be executed in this 
 as the other ; the nrft and principal Member, the Bafe, 
 being always pra(5lis'd by almoft all who have writ up- 
 on this Subje(5t and Order : Notwithftanding whatever 
 may be alledged from the mod antient Example, 
 whofe Bafis might, by a long Continuance of the Struc- 
 ture, be conceal'd beneath the Rujns of itfelf ; and its 
 decay 'd Parts united with the Soil, might, for want of 
 due fearch after it, be pafs'd by, andYo be a means to 
 give rife to this unreafonable Point of Judgment. 
 
 My reafon for this Conjedure is founded upon this, 
 that the moft ancient Pieces being the moft valuable, 
 thofe whpfe Studies lay in Infpedlion were more cu- 
 rious in the Obfervations of thofe principal Members 
 above the Eye, and more exad in the Calculations ; 
 and the Surface of the Earth, or its united Ruins being 
 above the Bafe, might be difficult to remove, or per- 
 haps too much Trouble : So they were contented to 
 admit a Bafe proportion'd to the Magnitude of the Di- 
 ameter of the Column, and probably omitted that parr, 
 becaufe they themfelves had not fcen it. I will not (o 
 much inf.ft upon abfoUice Necedity, becaufe. I have no 
 Example for the Authority of the Affertion ; yet in the 
 Bath of Dioclefim at Rome, a very ancient as well as 
 beautiful and regular Compofition of this Order, the 
 Author before cited v/ill not pofitively affirm whether 
 the Column of this Profile was without its Bafis. From 
 v;hence we may conclude that this, and two or three In- 
 ftances feemingly concurring with his Diftafte,occafion'd 
 hiai fo much to inveigh agjamfl them. 
 
 But I cannot pafs by, without remarking upon PalLi- 
 dio, the gieateft Reformer after the Decay of Architec- 
 ture, 
 
■( 4° ) 
 ture, and the Introdudions of thofe prepofterous Errors 
 whicli enlued, and likeviife to whom Monfieur Freart 
 Gives {o reputable a Charadter. 1 cannot but imagine 
 that he made a deep Infpedion into the original Beau- 
 ties of Order, and the Pradtice of the mod ancient Ex- 
 amples ; and tound tiiey were (o undeniably beautiful, 
 requiiice, and necedary to compleat the Performance, 
 that he raifed his own Dorick Compofition upon a Bafis, 
 which, without difpute, was in Conformity to the 
 Practice of the Ancients, both in the Proportion and 
 Difpofition of its feparate Members. Upon this fo un- 
 quedion'd Authority of Example, I feem lefs worthy 
 of Cenfure, in maintaining the Neceflity of. a Bafis, 
 whole Proportions I come now to confider. 
 
 The mofl part of thofe who have been Practitioners 
 of Architecture, univerfally agree in this Point as to 
 Proportion, to allow for its Height thirty Minutes, (which 
 I would otherwife term the Semi-Diameter of the Co- 
 lumn, the Whole being divided into fixty equal Parts, 
 term'd Minutes for the more eafy Divifion of its fepa- 
 rate Members) from the lowermoft Part of the Plinth 
 to the upper Part of the upper Torus, which is the 
 Height of the Bafe. 
 
 The firft or loweft Member (properly beginning 
 with the Foundation) is the Plinth or Iquare Block, 
 the moft neceiTary and principal Member ol" the wiiole 
 Bafc ; for if the reft ot the Bafe was of Wood, this, if 
 the Woik was expos'd to the Injuries of the Weather, 
 was aUvays made of fomething more durable, fuch as 
 Stone J or originally, a Tile might be the Matter to fup- 
 ply the Deficiency of Stone, to hinder the Penetration 
 of' the Damps, or other decaying Principles, from having 
 
 any 
 
(41 ) 
 
 any Force or EffecSb upon Wood, whereby it might en- 
 danger the whole Fabrick, by the Sinking or Weaknefs of 
 that which was done with regard to Neceility as well as 
 Beauty. The Height of this Block, or Plinth, is ten Mi- 
 nutes, that is, ten of thofe Sixty Parts into which the 
 Diameter or Width of the Column below is divided, 
 and on which refts the 
 
 Lower Torus, to diftinguilh it from the upper. This 
 Member well refembles the Edge of a Cufhion, by the 
 Rotundity of it, which is conceiv'd to be occafion'd fo 
 by the Prelfure of Weight lying upon it. In Imitation 
 likewife of the natural EiFe(5l, its Height is 8 Minutes 
 to the 
 
 Small Fillet, or Lift, or Band, which is the next 
 Member that we meet with in courfe, lying upon the 
 aforemention'd lower Torus, which feems to be a Band 
 to the fame above, as the Plinth is below. TheThick- 
 nefs or Height is i Minute and j to the next, generally 
 term'd 
 
 Cavetto, Trochile, or Scotia, which is that Conca- 
 vity between the two Torus's. Its Refemblance is fimi- 
 lar to a Pully, from whence it is by fome call'd Rundk. 
 Its Height is 4 Minutes and \ ; which leads me to an- 
 other ^# 
 
 Fillet or Band, between the upper Torus and Sco- 
 tia aforementioned. Its Height, as the other, is i Mi- 
 nute and \, to the uppermoll and laft Member of .the 
 Bafe, call'd the 
 
 Upper Torus, whofe Heiglit is 5 Minutes. This is 
 in a manner juft form'd aker the other; and thefe are 
 all the Members included in this Cafe, which is ufually 
 .term'd the Attique, or rather jintique. Their Propor- 
 
 G tions 
 
( 4i ) 
 
 tions added togeclier, make the Semi-Diameter of the' 
 Column below, which I before obferv'd was 30 Mi- 
 nuresi and this Bafe is fuitably enough apply'd to the 
 other two Orders, and looks extreamly well when exe- 
 cuted, and indeed has been pradtis'd in the Corinthian 
 Order, in very ancient Examples, with great Succefs of 
 Beauty ; but as others of the fame Date have fome- 
 thing vary'd, and have differently adapted Bafes to the 
 refpedive Orders, fo I j[hall not fcruple what is in the 
 lead conformable to their undoubted Judgments, (ince 
 nothing can be more perfedt, than the Rules and Pro-- 
 portions they prefcribe. 
 
 Now proceed we to the Shaft, Trunk, or, as the 
 French term it, Tige, which fignifies originally the Body 
 of a Tree; and this I rather imagine to be more pro- 
 perly adapted to the thing itfelf, than Is Fi^t, the Shank, 
 (as fome term it) becaufe perhaps from thence it had its 
 Original. The Shaft then, or bare Column itfelf, which 
 is to be underftood between the upper T^orus of the 
 Bafe and the Freeze of the Capital, (the Necking or 
 Aftragal being always included in the Shaft) its Height 
 is 7 Diameters; a Proportion agreeable to the ancienteft 
 Pra(5lices, of which we are not totally depriv'd of Ex- 
 ample. The firft remarkable Member is a f illet, reft- 
 ing on the upper Torus, and which feems as a Band, 
 and which I conje(5bure was originally made to confine 
 the Column to its flated Limits : the Height is i Mi- 
 nute and ;. 
 
 This leads me to fomething obfervable in the Shaft,: 
 (feparate from its Necking and Fillet) which is its Di- 
 minifhing. This had its firft Rules given from Nature; 
 for as Columns were originally made of unfhapen Trees, 
 
 that 
 
(4J) 
 
 that is, rude and natural, according to their Growth : 
 So by a frequent Pracftice they found its Difpofition 
 harmonious and beautiful. Of diminilhing Columns, there 
 are three kinds, of which that which is moft correfpon- 
 dent with Nature, is the moft agreeable and neceffary ; 
 that is, fwelling from I of its Height, which is concur- 
 ring with Nature in the Growth of a Tree well fhapen. 
 Some make them diminifli ftreight from the Bafe to the 
 Necking, and fome ftreight from '- to the Necking : but 
 this Swelling is of a more harmonious Nature, and 
 likewife conformable to a geometrical Proportion, and 
 the Evidence of natural Reafon. 
 
 For the Prefture which lies on the Capital feems to 
 force and bear down that Part which regularly fwells, 
 (although within the Extremes of the Diameter below) 
 and by this gradual diminilhing in a circular Form, it 
 has a greater Force to fuftain the Solidity it fupports : 
 for were it ftreight from - of its Height to the Neckincj, 
 and the Diameter at top equal to that Diameter which 
 is fwelling, there is lefs Subftance in the ftreight Co- 
 lumn at f of its Height, than there is in that which is 
 fwelling, and confequently lefs capacitated to fupport 
 the Solidity it muft fuftain : for the greater the Diame- 
 ter, the more apt to difcharge its Office, than one of a 
 lefs Diameter of the fame Height. To perform which, 
 confult Palladio^ who, by a plain and intelligible Me- 
 thod, has prefcrib'd an univerial Rule for this purpore ; 
 which leads rne to the top of the Shaft, whofe Diame- 
 ter is 50 Minutes, or 2,5, the Semi-Diameter ; from 
 whence, as at the Bafe, is a Cavetto or Wafli beneath 
 jhe 
 
 G z Neck' 
 
( 44 ) 
 
 Ne.cking, which confifts of an Aftragal and Fillety 
 (in the other two Orders likewife.) To the Fillet, which 
 is next in courfe above the Cavetto, is allow'd, as to 
 the other, I Minute and [ ; and to the Aftragal, (or as 
 the French more properly term it, Chafelet) a String or 
 Band, 3 Minutes and^. If duly confidering its original 
 Inftitution, it feems the moft infeparable Member of 
 the Column itfelf in all the Orders, becaufe it was or- 
 dain'd, when the Columns were of Wood, to hinder the^ 
 penetrating Effedts of the Sun, which by the Excefs of 
 its Heat occafion'd the Particles of the Wood to con- 
 uOid: themfelves into a more clofe Range, and by be- 
 ing attack'd by Air, open'd the Separation of the Par- 
 ticles (which were difunited by the ftronger Power) for 
 the reception of Rain and fiich decaying Principles, 
 which by repeated entrance occafion'd a certain 
 Decay: thfef 5vere lefs durable in their Nature by the 
 reception Qf'pppofite Elements, and confequently en- 
 danger'd the whole Building. This Necking, like a 
 Band or String, therefore was ordain'd to confine the 
 Shaft to its natural Limits, in refpedt to itfelf, and is 
 ever plac'd as a Seal to the 
 
 Capital j (I conceive it to be deriv'd from the La- 
 tin Caputs which fignifies the Head;) fome term it 
 Chapter, whofe Proportion I proceed next to confider. 
 The moft ancient Examples extant, generally adhere to 
 allow for its Height, as to its Bafe, 30 Minutes, or the 
 Semi-Diameter ot the Shaft at the Bale. I muft here of 
 neceflity obferve to you, that this Divifion of the Di- 
 ameter into Minutes at the Bafe, is the Standard to the 
 whole Work for the Divifion of the feparate Members : 
 For by diis all the diftind Members are proportionally 
 
 regu- 
 
( 45 ) 
 
 regulated and divided j and as the Diameter of the Co- 
 lumn is enlarg'd or contraded, fo is every feparate 
 Member magnify'd or diminifhed, in a proportion con- 
 formable to the Diameter of the Column at the Bafe. 
 But to proceed, this Divifion of the Capital in its di- 
 flindl Members, is extremely regular in its feparate Mem- 
 bers, which I now proceed to define : And firft the 
 
 Freeze of the Capital, (which is always fo term'd, 
 to diftinguiih it from the Freeze above the Architrave) is 
 that fuperficial Surface that is ever perpendicular with the 
 Shaft of the Column next to the Altragal or Necking. 
 Its Height is from the (ame 9 Minutes to the 
 
 Three Annulets, or fome make a Bead with a Ca- 
 vetto or Flollow at the Foot ; but as this is the moft an- 
 cient, as well as moft beautiful, 1 rather admit of this in 
 the Execution, to which is allow'd 4 Minutes, the whole; 
 which being equally divided,, is i Minute and '- each» 
 There are ever below the 
 
 OvoLO, or Echinus, fometimes carv*d with (what are 
 generally term'd amongft Workmen) Eggs and An- 
 chors, refembling a quarter Round in its Figure, though 
 not in reality fo, becaufe its Projedtion is lefs than its 
 Height, which is 5 Minutes and ; from the upper An- 
 nulet, at the Foot of it, to the 
 
 Abacus j which is a quadrangular Difpofition of the 
 upper Part of the Capital, to defend the reft of the 
 Work beneath fi:om the Injuries of the Weather : its 
 principal Members are the Plinth of the Capital, Cy- 
 matium, and Fillet. Thefe are contain'd in the Abacus, 
 of which the firft is the 
 
 Plinth of the Capital, fo term'd to diftinguiih it 
 from the Plinth of the Bafe, from whence it derives its 
 
 Name-y 
 
Name, becaufe, like that, it is ever executed fquaie in 
 this Order ; its Height is 6 Minutes and ^ to the 
 
 Lysis, Cymatium, or, as lome term it, Ogee, 
 which refembles a Wave, as rolling from the Lift that 
 crowns it, to the Plinth of the Capital. This is the 
 upper Member likewife in the Jonick Capital, which is 
 3 Minutes and I high to its infeparable and laft, the 
 • List, or Fillet. This is i Minute and f high ; thefe 
 united, produce a very agreeable Afpedt, and conforma- 
 ble to the exadt Proportion I before defcrib'd, which is 
 20 Minutes of the Semi-Diameter of the Shaft of the 
 Column next the Bafe. 
 
 You fee. Reader, that I have been very exa(5t in the 
 verbal Definition of the minuteft Member contain'd in 
 the Bafe, Shaft, and Capital in the Dorick Order, with the 
 Proportion of the Height of the fame ; it now follows, 
 that I proceed zo examine the Entablature in the fame 
 Mediod : but before I enter upon this, I muft obferve to 
 you, that as its Column has a lefs Height than thofe of 
 the other two Orders, fo its Solidity is in a greater Capa- 
 city adapted to fuftain a more malTy Entablature. The An- 
 cients, no doubt, w6re affur'd ot this fo natural a Reafon, 
 for they allow'd I part of the Height of the Column, with 
 its Bafe and Capital, and to the Jomck ;, and the Corin- 
 thian ;. Had it been with refped: to the Diameter of 
 the Column, the Corinthian Entablature would have 
 been a prodigious deal more than the Dorick^ provided 
 the Proportion were adapted to theDiameter equally; and 
 as its ColuQin is more advanc'd in height, (b ot lefs capaci- 
 ty to fuftain it than the other two : As for inftance, the 
 ^uppofition of a Column being 1 Feet Diameter oi the 
 
 Do- 
 
• (47) 
 X)orick Order, the Entablature of the fame \ of the 
 Height of the Column (8 Diameters) is 4 Feet ; where- 
 as, if the Corinthian Column (whofe Height is 9 Dia- 
 meters and r) were z Feet Diameter, \ of the Height of 
 the Column is 3 Feet 9 Inches and }:. So the more ad- 
 vanc'd in height you fee the Column's Entablature a- 
 bated, in a Proportion taken from the Height of the 
 Column, and not the Diameters, though of an equal 
 Magnitude. But this Obfervation having detain'd me 
 from confidering its Proportion feparateiy, I haften to 
 the next Chapter ; with this Conclufion, That in every 
 Part and feparate Branch of Order, the Ancients had a 
 peculiar regard to have it in a Conformity to the Refult 
 of a geometrical Definition, and confonant to the Dic- 
 tates of natural Reafon, 
 
 CHAP. 
 
<48) 
 
 ■»^ff^^4'-f'f'!''f'f44>^f4'4-^' ^tf4'f'f'^'f'ft^'f'f'f44''f4-^4 ' 4^^^^i'f'WH»-f'f'H j^ 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 The Proportions of the Entablature of the 
 Dorick Order conjiderd; mth Reflexions 
 upon the Caufes ixihich introduced its Ene- 
 mies, Singlenefs and Novelty, 
 
 EFORE I enter diredly upon the Definition 
 requir'd, I muft here remark to you by way of 
 In(pe(5tion, the Subtilty of Novelty, with what 
 deceiving Policy it ftole upon the fettled Proportions 
 of Order. This, as concurring to my purpofe, cannot 
 but give you fome Idea of our having the moft reafon 
 to condemn that, and ftri(5lly adhere to the Rules pre- 
 fcrib'd by the Ancients for the Execution of even the 
 minuter Proportions of Order in our Practices. 
 
 And for this purpofe, it will be requifite to obferve, 
 that Liberty firft began to make Inroads, and Falfhood 
 by degrees eras'd the very Foundation of thofe Rules, 
 which had been the long and tedious Study and Prac- 
 tice of thofe, who, by the Afliftance of each other, 
 brought Architedlure to that entire PerfedUon in which 
 I have before defcrib'd it. But Error did not extend 
 itfelf but by a gradual Progrellion ; its Follies made no 
 .deep Impreflion to outward appearance, till it had 
 
 e;ain'd 
 
(49) 
 
 gain'd an abfolute Maftery over Truth : it at firft by 
 Moderation and Difguife, by Flattery and falfe Appea- 
 i-ances, ftole infenfibly upon ttie foft and efFeminace 
 Breaft; and by an ealy and feeming gentle Deportment, 
 fo clouded and obfcur'd the Rays of Light, that the 
 Deceit could not be difcover'd, till it had almoft ex- 
 tinguiih'd the true Senfe of Order, which it llruck at 
 both in Root and Branch. ' 
 
 Had it boldly and volitntarily proceeded, ot viCihly 
 and openly at once appear'd, it could never have made 
 the leaft Impreflion upon the Minds of even the Gene- 
 rality of fufceptible Mankind ; for by beincr appriz'd of 
 Its Encroachments, they would have been able, by a 
 defenfive Pofture,' to have maintain'd Order flill in that 
 Purity and Beauty, which was inftituted by the difcerning 
 Part ot Mankind, who firft gave Architecfbure her on- 
 ginal Perfe(5cions : but, alas ! little Incurfions made open 
 a way for greater, and fmall Beginnings took their de- 
 lired Efledl upon an unguarded Virtue, and when, per. 
 haps, leaft fufpecfting fuch rude Attempts from even the ' 
 moft prejudicd Minds. 
 
 The Theft of one Tmall Member, with the Addition 
 ot another difproportionate one, feem'd but of little 
 importance to the Affiftance of its Enemies ; but that 
 enlarged a Way for greater and more unhappy Confequen- 
 ces which follow d : for then, being unreoarded, a Foun- 
 dation vvas laid for the pillaging and deftioying it, as it 
 were, of almoft all its beauteous Ornaments Every 
 one then lefTend or enlarg'd, added to or diminifh'a 
 even the rnoft necefTary Members, as his erroneous Fan- 
 cy didfated; and by a frequent Practice of their repeat- 
 ed Follies, did (I doubt not) efteem the greateft Falf- 
 
 H hood, 
 
( JO ) 
 
 hood, the moft daring Irregularities, and the moft ab- 
 furd Errors for the harmonious and undeniable Truth, 
 and the unerring Virtues and Beauties of ancient Archi- 
 te(51:ure. 
 
 Reader, I have thus far caution'd you of the Danger 
 of entertaining the leaft Notions of Self-Praife in the 
 Alteration of your Members, either in Proportion or 
 Figure, unlefs in fome particular Cafes there is a feem- 
 ing Neceflity, which very feldom happens, it ought fo 
 to be with the utmoft Care and Infpedtion; but continue 
 them in the Form and Proportions here prefcrib'd, 
 which will be. the moft conducing Caufe to attain a 
 juft Charadler amongft thofe of Merit and Judgment. 
 To thofe I write who are young Proficients, and unap- 
 priz'd of the Nature, Defign, and Proportion of Archi- 
 • te<5ture; fo the more eafily deceiv'd and drawn from the 
 Paths of Truth, by a natural and eager Purfuit after No- 
 velty and afpiring Singlenefs, and a propenfe Defire of 
 following moft of the preceding Follies I have already 
 hinted at ; and given you, I hope, fufficient Reafonis to 
 deted. But at laft I am arriv'd at the defir'd Haven, 
 and now will proceed to the Proportion of the 
 
 Entablature, or, as the irwc// term it, EntcMementiy 
 from whom probably it was deriv'd. This is \ part of 
 the Height of the Column, ^yhich is eight Diameters;, 
 fo the Height of the Architrave, Freeze, and Cornice 
 (which makes the whole Entablature) confifts of two en^- 
 tire Diameters. I fhall proceed, firft, with the 
 
 Architrave, which, in the moft ancient Examples, 
 is 30 Minutes in height, and for the moft part divided 
 into two Fafcia's, though forae admit but one ) (but this 
 
 leems 
 
( 51 ) 
 
 feems too plain, and favours too much of the Tufcctn.) 
 The French term it Cordon^ which fignifies fuperficial or 
 flat, which is properly enough adapted to the Situation 
 of the 
 
 First Fascia, or lowermoft, always refting on the 
 Capital, and is ever in this (and the other two Orders) 
 perpendicular, with the Shaft of the Column juft below 
 the Necking, or perpendicular with the Freeze of the 
 Capital. And likewife you muft obferve, that the Freeze 
 above the Architrave is perpendicular with the firft Fafcia, 
 the Height of which is 1 1 Minutes from the horizontal 
 Surface oi the Top, or uppermoft Member of the Ca- 
 pital to the »' 
 
 Cymatium, or, as fome call it, Gola. The French term 
 it Cymaife, (from whence I conceive it to be deriv'd) 
 which fignifies likewife a Wave that it refembles in its 
 Figure. Some omit this Member, and have only the 
 fecond Fafcia, proje(3ted one Minute beyond the Perpendi- 
 cular of the firft, without any Separation ; but I chufe ra- 
 ther to admit of this for variety, and having fufficient 
 Example : The Height is i Minute and f to the 
 
 Second Fascia, in which I muff obferve there are 
 certain Cutu, deriv'd from the French Goute, which fig- 
 nifies a Drop, and by fome fo call'd, by others term'd 
 Bells, which are fix in number, always placed under the 
 Triglyph of the Freeze, and I think 'em its in(eparable 
 ornamental Companions : They feem from Nature to 
 be form'd like Drops of Ice, congeal'd by the occaiion 
 of Rain trickling down the Channellings of the 'Vn- 
 glyphs. They are executed fometimes flat in iliape like 
 the Fruftuni of a Pyramid ; or circular, like that of a 
 Cone ; difunited by a perpendicular Line through the 
 
 H 2, Centre, 
 
( 5^ ) 
 
 Centre, or refembling a Bell, from whence Co call'd. 
 They are crown'd with a fmall Annulet, or Band, whofe 
 Proportions together make 5 Minutes and J, both with- 
 in the fecond Fafcia, whofe Height is likewife 13 Mi- 
 nutes to the 
 
 Tenia. This, like a Band, feems to confine the Ar- 
 chitrave and Freeze together. I take it, from the afore- 
 faid Obfervation, to be deriv'd from the French Tenir 
 to keep. To its Height is afcrib'd 4. Minutes and f to 
 ' the next Divifion of the Entablature, the 
 
 Freeze ; the French term it Frije^ which fignifies flat 
 or iuperficial, whofe height is 45 Minutes, or \ of the 
 Diameter from the Tenia of the Architrave to the up- 
 per Tenia, fo term'd to diflinguifh it from the afore- 
 laid. Some call it the Capital of die Freeze, which I 
 imagine conftitutes a part of the Cornice, though other- 
 wife underftood by fome who make it a part of the 
 Freeze ; but I mufl oblerve to you, that there is an in- 
 leparable Member, that we term the 
 
 TRiGLif^PH, which is ever the Height of the Freeze, 
 and whofe Width is the Semi-Diameter of the Column, 
 or 30 Minutes. Thefe are fiift divided in twelve equal 
 Parts for the Divifion of the Channellings, (fome fay 
 in imitation of ^polios Lyre, the firft Temple of this 
 Order with Triglyphs in the Freeze being dedicated to 
 him) which are two whole Chanaels, three Spaces, and 
 two half Channels ; to the two outward, or Semi-Chan- 
 nels, is allow'd one part of the twelve to each, and to 
 the Spaces between the Channels, which are three, is 
 given two Parts each; and to the whole Channels, the 
 fame Proportion of Width as the Diftances between 
 
 them,, 
 
( 5J ) 
 
 rhem, which is two Parts each. Thefe added, make up 
 the twelve Parrs, as I before obferv'd, for its Divifion. 
 
 I muft jLift obferve to you likewife, that the Metopes 
 or Diftances between the Trigljphs, are, or ought al- 
 ways, as near as pofTible, to be the fame in Width, as 
 the Heigfit of the Freeze; or, in other terms, that the 
 Triglyphs ought "to be placed fuch a diftance from each 
 other, that the Vacancy between them Ihall be as high 
 as the Freeze, or perfe<5tly fquare ; which, when execu- 
 ted, appears very agreeable to the Eye, and what was 
 always the Care of the Ancients in their Performances. 
 This brings me to my third and laft Divifion of the 
 Entablature, generally call'd the 
 
 Cornice ; the French term it Coutiere, .or Spour, 
 which conveys the Water, or defends the Work beneath 
 it from the Injuries of the Weather. This Divifion of 
 the Cornice coofifts of four fuperiour Members, njizj. 
 Upper Tenia, Bedding Molding, Corona, and, laftly, 
 the Cornice, (although the .whole is fo term'd;) which 
 I would diftinguifh hem the other by the Name of In- 
 feriour, or the Cornice of the Corona. Thefe are again 
 divided into lefs Divifions, whofe Proportions I proceed 
 now to confider : I fhall commence with the 
 
 SuPERiouR Tenia, or Capital of tlie Freeze, the firfl 
 Alember above the fame; which is a fiat Fillet or Band, 
 like the Tenia of the Architrave : It (eems to bind or 
 confine the Work whereto it belongs ; its Height is five 
 Minutes to the hift Member of the 
 
 Bedding Molding, which in this place is a Cavettd, 
 or Hollow ; the Height is fix Minutes to the Filler, 
 which is between cliis and the O"jolo. The Fillet oi Band is 
 one Minute to the lad Member of the Bedding-Moldincr, 
 
 which 
 
( H ) 
 
 which is the Echinus or OvoLo aforemention'd. (There 
 is to this likevvife a Fillet or Band, but it is not mea- 
 llired with the Ovolo, becaiife it is hid in the Cavity 
 under the Planchere, when the Eye is level with the un- 
 der part of the Corona ;) the Height of which is eight 
 Minutes to the third Divifion of the fuperiour Cornice, 
 the 
 
 Corona: This is a Member fo necelTary, that we 
 never find it omitted in the three Orders, unlefs (I 
 think) in what they call the compos'd Order at the 
 Caftle of the Ano de Leoni at Verona -, likewife by u4lberti^ 
 in his Corinthian^ taken, I conceive, from the Temple of 
 Peace at Rome. Thefe are the only three Examples 
 where we find the Corona deficient ; the Reafon they 
 may alledge for not being executed in thefe Orders, is, 
 that the Modillions form of themlelves a Corona, or De- 
 fence from the Injuries of the Weather, which is their 
 only Intention. But in the Dorick and Jonick Orders, 
 where Modillions are feldom executed, to omit the 
 Corona would be a prepofterous Error : And as thefe are 
 the only Inftances, I oppofe to them the numberlefs 
 other Examples of Beauty extant, and the Argument 
 falls iliort of its Force, fince fo many more ancient and 
 greater Examples have ever been adorn'd with this fo 
 necefTary and ornamental a Part of the Cornice ; whofe 
 Height is nine Minutes to tjje uppermoft and laft Divi- 
 fion of the Cornice, term'd the 
 
 Inferiour Cornice, or the Cornice of the Corona-. 
 This confifts of a double Cymaise, or Cymatium, where 
 the lov/ermoft is always inverted, and the other Re6la 
 to the Cymatium Inverted, is given 5 Minutes, and 
 its Eegula (feparating it from the Reda) i Minute 
 
 and 
 
( ?5) 
 
 and ; to the Cima-Recta, whofe Height is 7 Minutes 
 and ;, to the uppernioft and laft Member of the whole 
 Entablature, call'd Regula, or List, or Cincture, al- 
 ways executed in the three Orders -, its Height is two 
 Minutes. 
 
 I have now confider'd the fuperiour Cornice in its 
 four Divifions, the Proportion of every feparate Mem- 
 ber of the fame, which are as follow: The Teniae Mi- 
 nutes, the Bedding-Molding 15 Minutes, to the Co- 
 rona 9 Minutes, and to the Inferiour Cornice 16 
 Minutes ■<, which, when added together, makes 45 Mi- 
 nutes. Kow to this add the Freeze 45 Minutes, and the 
 Architrave 30, produce 110 Minutes or 2 Diameters; 
 or, as I before obfery'd, the whole Entablature confifted 
 of ; Part of the Height of its Column in the Vorick 
 Order y which being 8 Diameters in height,, is the fame 
 as two DiaiTieters. Thus far have I compleated my firft 
 Prcfpofition, and now proceed we briefly to define the 
 Method of Execution. 
 
 But before I thus proceed, I muft juft obferve 10 
 you, thac without a due Obfervation of the neceflary 
 Projecfhires, or a perfe(5t Conception how to execute 
 riii5 Part fo, that the' Work appear regularly difpos'd of, 
 our Compofitions will appear very di(proportionate and 
 defornid.. I for this purpofe, as the moft approv'd of 
 Method^ divide fhe greateg Diameter of the Column 
 (whicli is from I of its Height downwards to the Bafej 
 into 60 equal Parts, term'd, as I have before obferv'd, 
 Minutes; from the Centre of which, or at 30 Minutes, 
 I eredt a perpendicular Line quite through the whole 
 Height of tiie Column and the Entablature, from which 
 central Line I take the Projection of each Member. As 
 
 for 
 
( 5(5 ) 
 
 for inftance, from the ^forefaid Centre, to the ntmoft 
 Projection of the Bafe, which is the lower Torus, or 
 Plinth, is 4Z Mmutes; or to the Extent of the Projec- 
 ture of the Corona in the Cornice, is do Minutes from 
 the faid central Line, and fo of the reft of the Mem- 
 bers. This brings me to my former Propofition touch- 
 ing the Execution. 
 
 And firft, you muft confider whether your Confine- 
 ment in the Execution is to the Column itfelf, or to 
 the Entablature ereded thereon : If the Limits of your 
 Confinement is to the Column only, divide y?)ur 
 Height by 8, (as your Column confifts of 8 Diameters 
 in height) and the Qiiotient of your Divifion fhews you 
 the Diameter of your Column, that is, the Width of 
 the Shaft at the Bafe ; if it is to the Entablature that 
 your Height ol Confinement extends, divide your Hei|.ht 
 by lO, (as the Entablature'is two Diameters more) and 
 the Qiiotient is your Diameter j allow l of thole .•^ Parts, 
 or ^o ^^^ y^"!-* Height of the Entablature, and the remain- 
 ing ro ^^ "^he Height of the Column. 
 
 I muft obferve to you, that if you are confin'd in 
 Height, either to your Column, or to the Entablature 
 eredled thereon, you cannot" detefmine or know the 
 Diameter, without this Divifion of )our Height, as be- 
 fore obferv'd for the Dorick Order ; or if your Diameter 
 is given by multiplying the fame by 8, it gives the 
 Height of the Colurnn onlyf or the Height for the En- 
 tablature is known by multiplying the Diameter by lO, 
 as the whole Height confifts of lO Diameters. The 
 other two Orders are entirely correfpondent with the 
 fame Rules and Methods : Firft, confider the Height of 
 the Column, then its Entablature next your Confine- 
 ment, 
 
( 57 ) 
 ment, if to the Column itfelf, or to the Entablature 
 thereon ereded : Then by confidering it" the Confine- e 
 
 nienc is to the Diameter, by reverting thofe Rules, that 
 is, multiplying, ^c. you know the Height horn the 
 Diameter given. But to make this more facile and 
 eafy, I have, at the End of this Treatife, annexed an In- 
 fpe(5i:ional Table, with an Explanation, whereby all thefe 
 feeming Difficulties are plainly calculated and demon- 
 flrated, and made eafy to the meaneft Capacity. 
 
 Now I fhall proceed to give you an ocular Demon- 
 ftration of what I have fo long been defining in a Ver- 
 bal. I have adapted the Compofitions to the Capaci- 
 ties of fuch whofe Knowledge ftands level with my 
 own '■, there the whole Orders are executed in a plain 
 intelligible Method, in different Views of Variety in 
 the Defigns : We muft firft open the Scene by degrees 
 of Perfedion, that in elevating the Ideas by a gradual 
 Progreflion, we may the more plainly difcover the Beau- 
 ties, rather than in expofing the mofl perfe(fb. For if 
 we were to commence with the moft perfecSb of our 
 Compofitions, how dull and indifferent the other Parts 
 would appear, though equally Praife-worthy, in propor- 
 tion to its Compofition or Beauty ! And likewife the 
 Beholder fb fpends the Force of his Imagination upon 
 the firfl Beauty, that the Train of*Ideas are exhauiled, 
 and he has nothing left to fay of the others, though 
 deferving his Commendation in a degree fuitable to 
 their Perfections. It likev/ife deprefTes the Fancy, and 
 the other Compofitions appear naked and impertecfl:. 
 
 We muft, on the contrary, open the Scene by various 
 Beauties, arifing in a degree of Perfecftion one above 
 another^ we then gradually draw forth the Train of 
 
 I Ideas 
 
( 5S) 
 Ideas which are link'd together, we give every Beauty 
 its juft Praife, the Fancy is elevated, and our view ter- 
 minates in a (ecret Satisfaction arifing from the Refult 
 of the Imagination, rais'd by a Train of Beauties in a 
 gradual Progreffion : Whereas the other Method.would 
 have a clear contrary Effed ; we fhould lofe the firft Ob- 
 je(5l by a Depreffion of the Fancy, and the Ideas of 
 thofe inferiour Beauties, and our imagin'd Satisfacftion 
 would terminate in Dulnefs and Irregularity. 
 
 The firft is the Method in which I fhall proceed with 
 the Vorick Order, as the moft ancient original Fountain 
 of Order, and the Foundation of the other two; by 
 whofe majeftick Beauty we may frame a more advanc'd 
 Idea of the Harmony and excellent Compofitions of 
 the lonkk and Corinthian. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
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 ^o 
 
 
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 WNA 
 
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 X 
 
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 ■s/a/iea 
 
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 rc 
 
 ^Jca/f t^ Z J>iaw^t-^rv 
 
 s n IS 
 
 r " i I I 
 
 io 
 
 ■60 
 
 
 J'afif f. ■ 
 
( ?9) 
 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Tie Dorick Order examindy from the 
 
 Profiles, 
 
 OW, Reader, let us pafs to the Demonftration 
 I before premis'd in the preceding Chapter, and 
 take a fhort Viovi of the Dorick Order, as you 
 fee it here executed. The general and minuter Pro- 
 portions I have already confider'd, as to their Magni- 
 tude ; their Diftributions I am now to examine, as tend- 
 ing to add Luflre to the Refult of the Whole. 
 
 And herein there feems no farther Neceifity of Ob- 
 fervations or Defence, than what is conducing to clear 
 the Regularity of their Compofition. This is fo founded 
 upon unexceptionable Authority, that they clear them- 
 felves from the Calumny of Cenfure : The Form of 
 their Diftributions I cannot but acknowledge to be ex- 
 ceedingly deficient of the Grandeur of many Compo- 
 fitions of the fame Species or Order; but when, as 
 confidering the Force of Reafon, and how apriy ap- 
 ply'd to the Neceffity requir'd, they in fome meafure 
 clear themfelves from the Afperfions that may be caft 
 
 I I upon 
 
(60) 
 
 upon the Defigns of thofe of an unthinking Genius. 
 Or to return to an Apology, you'll find in my fourth 
 Chapter, that my ultimate "Wifhes tend only to the Re- 
 iiilt of the Whole, to have thofe regulated Propor- 
 tions executed conformable thereto. To this I have 
 (Iridly adher'd, and muft freely fatisfy the World, that 
 Pdladio has not been a little aflifting to me in regula- 
 ting the Proportions, the Form and Diftribution of the 
 (eparate Members; from whofe Judgment I account the 
 general Unity (o regular and perfed, that there is no- 
 thing left us to deme, but to fee the Pradlice of them, 
 as ciofely and ftricffiy adher'd to, as ever the Ancients 
 were ambitious of performing the Refult of their own 
 beautiful Imaginations. 
 
 'Tis from the two Scales in the Profiles before you, 
 that I have executed the other two Orders; likewife(as 
 to the Proportions of their Diameters, which are equal) 
 in the fame manner I have treated of the Dorick. 
 The three Frontifpieces I have compos'd in three dif- 
 ferent Forms, but all propos'd to be executed with | 
 Columns, as you fee in the Plan of this Dorick ; the 
 more plain, I conceive, the more beautiful in things 
 of this nature. But liowever, a particular regard ought 
 to be had in adapting them to a proper Station, or 
 Place. 
 
 Since what has been already faid on this Subje(5t 
 may fijffice lor future Neceflities, I fliall endeavour to 
 be as expeditious as poffible in the Remarks, and Ihall 
 fo explain the different Views of the Profiles in an 
 ocular Demonftration, that there will be little occa- 
 fion for a verbal, any farther than to give you an intel- 
 
 lij'ible 
 
 o 
 
(61 ) 
 
 ligible Conception of the Beauties of the ancient, and 
 the Deformity of modern Practices. Which leads me 
 to confider the Propofition, by entering on my next 
 Chapter, touching the Jonick Order. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
(61) 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Remarks on the lonick Order. 
 
 ggHE Vorkk Order, by a frequent and clofe Ap- 
 ^S plication to the PraAice of it, being brought to 
 ^^^ a regular Compofition j at leaft {o far, that the 
 Execution became practicable by a common Rule 
 
 or 
 
 Standard : The Ancients thought it necelTary, by a 
 changeable Diftribution of other Members, to add fome 
 Luftre to its Foundation, by the Addition of more airy, 
 more foft and effeminate Materials; that by a Variety 
 of Matter in the Execution, it might be adapted to the 
 common changeable Tempers of human Nature. 
 
 And in this too, they fo far faw the NeceiTity of an 
 univerfal Law of Proportion, by the repeated Jnftances 
 of its Foundation, that they gave as abfolute Argu- 
 ments, founded upon the Law of natural Reafon, for the 
 Adherence to the Pra(5lice of them, as there was a Pof- 
 fibility of imagining there might be given for the Ne- 
 cellity of being conformable to the Rules and minuter 
 Diftributions of the feparate Members in the Execution 
 of the Vorkk. At laft, they fo adorn'd its united Com- 
 pofition with the Addition of beautiful Repreientations 
 of Perfediion, and the difuniting of more grofs and (olid 
 Membei;^, that there was little wanting to add to its 
 
 Re- 
 
JPd^c- o'Z 
 
il 
 
 ■ » ifc T''yw»'^— t-iM ■ < w - 'si xw v- ' a w > »i 
 
i^3) 
 
 Regularity and Harmony, but an univerfal Approbation 
 of its Compleatnefs in the general Proportions they had 
 given it, as a Law undeniably ufeful in the Execution. 
 And here the Jonians feem to bear away the Palm from the 
 Founders of the Dorick, by producing fuch a Compolition 
 (altho' founded upon the fame Rules and Diftrib-Jtions, a- 
 dapced to the more graceful Varieties of Beauties) that 
 became ^ means of an everlafting Honour to the Coun- 
 try from whence it had its Original and piimitive De- 
 nomination. 
 
 This, in fhort, feems to be the Refulc of their Change 
 which we have now before us. As for its more perfecSt 
 Unity in preference to the Dorick^ I am not now to 
 confider ; lince if I was feemingly conftrain'd to apo- 
 logize touching this Point in my preceding Chapter, 
 this Profile of the Jonick carries with it its own Defence, 
 as to the general compa(5ted Divifions of the Whole j it 
 being taken from a very ancient and almoft as beauti- 
 ful an Example as Antiquity has produc'd, which any 
 who are Judges of this kmd can eafily difcern. 
 
 The Column, with its Bafe and Capital, is 8 Diame- 
 ters and '- in height, and its Entablature is ; of the 
 Height of the Column. But indeed in the aforemen- 
 tion d Example, although this is the general Proportion 
 oiven, yet in the minuter Diftribucions it is deficient of 
 that by five Minutes, which is but inconfiderable. But 
 to evade Reflections that may arife by Examination, I 
 have endeavour'd to redtify the feeming Miftake, by ad- 
 ding one Minute to the Architrave, one to the Freeze, 
 and three to the Cornice ; placing the additional Pro- 
 portions in fuch a Station, where Neceflity feem'd moft 
 to require j which may be poflibly lefs perfed than the 
 
 original 
 
(^4) 
 original Example : but this I chofe rather to concur in, 
 than to fall fhort of the general Proportions. 
 
 The chiefeft Remark of Diftin(5tion in the Perfor- 
 mance feems wholly dependant upon the Capital, (and 
 a fmall Bead upon the upper Torus of the Baie, to make 
 fome difference from the ^ttique more peculiar to the 
 Dorick;) which is a Proceeding that requires a De- 
 fence, and what I Ihall endeavour to clear, by firft con- 
 fidering, that the diftance of Time fince its primitive 
 Inftitution to that of our prefent, may in a great mea- 
 fure be a conducing Caufe oi making it to pafs under 
 the Title of Antique •, For whatever is produced as an 
 Original beyond the Limits of our own Knowledge, (an 
 Age, or two hundred Years, as this is diftant in Time) as 
 to its Foundation and Appearance, may properly e- 
 nough be term'd ancient. 
 
 Next, the Authority of the Judgment of the Perfon 
 who recommends its Pradtice by his Invention and Ex- 
 ample, (no lefs than Vincent ScawoZ:Z>i, Competitor 
 with, and but little inferiour to Palladio himfelf) can- 
 not but be a fufficient Caufe to fatisfy thofe who will 
 readily condemn a Proceeding of this nature, was it not 
 for the laft Confideration, which is, its infinitely more 
 beautiful Compofure, in refpedt to thofe Pradices before 
 his Time : For whatever Strudure of Grandeur or Efleem 
 has fince its primitive Invention been eredled according 
 to the general Proportions of this Order, has been witn 
 a peculiar regard to the Execution of this Capital, whofe 
 Volutes m an angular Difpofition might face equally 
 each oppofite Side of the Column : A Remark peculiar 
 to ScamoZjZ,i alone, who feems here to have fully per- 
 feded that which was the * ultimate Endeavours of its 
 
 origi- 
 
(6?) 
 
 original Inftitutors, by the Addition of this fingle Mem- 
 ber of flich Force, although Beautiful before, yet not 
 compleatly fo, till this had gain'd Admittance and an 
 univerfal Applaufe. 
 
 If from thefe Confiderations I pafs not uncenfur'd, I 
 muft have recourfe to my general Introduftion, which 
 you'll find is a fufficient Explanation that I am not fuch 
 a Bigot to Antiquity as fome may imagine : For as the 
 original Production of Art is exceeding rare, fo its Com- 
 pofition is doubtlefs imperfect, till by the frequent Suc- 
 cefs of Execution, and convincing Arguments, we attain 
 the defir'd End of our propofitional Intentions. 
 
 This may ferve, in fome meafure, to define the gene- 
 ral Obfervations I premis'd to fpeak to, and like wife to 
 raife our Sentiments to an Idea more elevated than that 
 of our former in the Speculation of the Dorick; like- 
 wife to prepare, by a gradual Spring of our Judgments, 
 to the opening a greater and more perfe(5t Scene of 
 Beauties, united in the Compofition of that which 
 cannot admit of any Addition ; nor has it (fince from 
 Corinth it iffued in its utmoft Splendour) received any 
 perfedter Graces : which I fhall prefeiit to your view in 
 the next Chapter. 
 
 K CHAP. 
 
(66) 
 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Remarks on the Corinthian Order. 
 
 ERE, Reader, we are arriv'd within fight of 
 Shore, and, like Hercules upon his Pillars, we fee 
 engraven Ne plus ultra : We have here a view of 
 Archite<5ture in its full Perfe(5tion, in a manner far dif- 
 ferent from the lefler Beauties of the Compofition of 
 the Dorkk and lonick Orders. From never-dying Corinth 
 it firft arofe, from the Genius's of an Age remarlcable for 
 its Perfe(5tions in almoft every Science, and moral Vir- 
 tue J from hence the moft defirable of Studies and Im- 
 provements; from hence Rowe came to be, and was in- 
 ftrudledin their Principles and Knowledge. But alas ! Am- 
 bition and Novelty little improv'd in this Science, fince 
 all their boafted Judgments terminated in a very inte- 
 riour Compofition, founded upon unwarrantable Alte- 
 rations, and additional Irregularities, unconformable to 
 the Refult of Reafon. What heavy Volutes from the 
 more folid Jonick are difpos'd upon fuch tender Bran- 
 ches ! The Difpofition of the Freeze from the fame, and 
 a more mally Entablature, than either that or the Corin- 
 thian placd upon a Column a Semi-Diameter higher 
 than that of the Corinthian ; (^^nnot buc appear very ab- 
 
 furd 
 
^ 
 
 •Ik 
 
 
 ? 
 
 67 \ 
 
 ^7^ 
 
 ^^^^^^^: 
 
 
 4S{ 
 
 
 Z7 
 
 z^ 
 
 
 FiifeS/f 
 
( <57 ) 
 
 furd to the Judicious, as well as prove that the Romans 
 could not then, as well as others fg many hundred Years 
 lince, add any Luflre to its Beauty : And indeed (o per- 
 fed: is it, and compleat m the Performance, that no- 
 thing can make its way more diredlly to the Soul j it 
 immediately difFufes a fecret Satisfa(5bion and Compla- 
 cency through the Imagination, it ftrikes the Mind with 
 an inward Joy, and fpreads a Chearfulnefs and Delight 
 through all its Faculties: But we find that the Beauties 
 of the Dorick and lonick Orders do not woric in the Ima- 
 gination with that Warmth and Violence as the more 
 perfed Beauties contain'd in the Corinthian -, for the un- 
 bounded Magnificence of the one, gives the Mind no- 
 bler Ideas than what can be polCbly rais'd by lefs beau- 
 tiful or confin'd Produdtions of the other. But not to re- 
 mark farther on the Order itfelf, concerning the extenfive 
 Limits of its Beauties, I ihall only, by this ocular De- 
 monflration, give you fuch an Idea of it, as jQiall be more 
 likely to explain itfelf, than by the Dullnefs of a Ver- 
 bal, where Conftraint will oblige me fo to make myfelf 
 underftood, that the Refult will be altogether ufelefs, 
 and terminate in an unintelligible Definition. In a 
 word, the Column's Height, with the Bafe and Capital, 
 is 9 Diameters and \y and its Entablature's Height is ^ of 
 the Altitude of the Column. 
 
 K 1 CHAP. 
 
((58) 
 
 0O00Og?OQQOG0OG0O00O0QO_03OCQO9QO0CC^3O0 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 Remarks upon a Profile of Stone of a Fron- 
 tifpiece, e executed in 1724. 
 
 "^ Conceive it very neceffary, after this Defence of an- 
 cient Architecture, to fliew fome reafon for my fo 
 flridbly adhering to the Pra(5lice of it, in difcover- 
 ing the manner of our modern Judgments in Building, 
 by an ocular Demonftration of the erroneous and falie 
 Executions they continually expofe to the View of not 
 only thofe who have no Knowledge of the Science, but 
 thoie too who have Tafte enough to diftinguifh be- 
 tween good and bad, regular and irregular, or true and 
 falfe Produdcions of this kind i and how unwarrantable, 
 even from natural Reafon, Proceedings of this nature 
 are to be efteem'd. 
 
 To difplay its Irregularities in particular, to open 
 all the bafe and heavy Scene, would, in a word, be on- 
 ly diffeding a monftrous Lump of Deformity, which 
 has neither Judgment, Order, nor Beauty, even in the 
 minuter Materials which contribute to make the Unity 
 of the Whole one entire Species with the common mo- 
 dern Pra(5fices. For 
 
 Judg- 
 
(^9 ) 
 
 Judgment, founded upon natural I^eafon, cannot but 
 induce us to believe that Co weak a Foundation is not 
 fufficiently capacitated to fuftain, not only a mafly 
 Entablature, but an additional Weight of itfelf ; as ex- 
 emplified both in the View of the Front and End of 
 the fame. To imagine fo weak a Support (and that too 
 in a diredt Unconformity to the Rules of a geometrical 
 Definition) is in any meafure able to difcharge in a pro- 
 portionate manner the Burthen of icfelf, argues the Au- 
 thor of the Production to be very infeniible of the Qua- 
 lifications requifite to compleat any Performance v/or- 
 thy of Efleem, or an Applaufe, only from thofe who di- ' 
 flinguifli the Truth from Falfliood by a bare Light of 
 natural Reafon. And for 
 
 Order, there can be no regulated Proportions, no 
 univerfal Standards (of abfoluce Neceflity) particularly 
 adapted to the Execution, becaufe Fancy alone has haci 
 the Superiority over Truth and Reafon, in the extrava- 
 gant Oddnefs of the Compofition, the Produdlion of 
 Novelt}^ and infenfible Singlenefs. Wiiat Po/Iibility is 
 there of forming a true Metiiod of Divifions in the mi- 
 nuter Parts, when the Whole is the Refuk of an entire 
 Independency upon even the general Rules and Me- 
 thods of tlie Ancients, and repugnant to its Precepts? 
 And likewife the (eparate Parrs themselves are direc1:Iy 
 oppofite to thofe neceflary Laws which contribute, by 
 an united Connexion, to form that Compofition which 
 is univerfally approv'd as beautiful. 
 
 So there can be no Beauty, I conjedure, in v/hatever in 
 this kind is perform'd in a reverfe Method to the Pradlice 
 of the Ancients ; but more efpecially when oppofite to the 
 Dictates of natural Reafon. Ahhcugh I am not infenfible 
 
 that 
 
( 70 ) 
 
 that there are irregular Beauties, as well as thofe which 
 are more regularly compos'd : but thefe being chiefly 
 in the Produds of Nature, are to be accounted felt- 
 evidently convincing ; which in Art has diredly another 
 View, and inftead of becoming fufficient of themfelves, 
 to clear the ill Difpofition of the feparate Parts which 
 form the Unity of the Whole, they become felf-condem- 
 nable, by being the Refult of human Produ(5lions. For 
 Beauty, in human Productions, is founded upon the 
 Symmetry and Proportion of Parts, in the juft Arrange- 
 ment and Difpofition of Materials, or in a regular Mix- 
 ture and Concurrence of all together : In a word, this 
 modern Folly cannot be imagin'd to fall under either 
 of the three former Denominations, Judgment, Order, or 
 Beauty ; fince it carries with itfelf its own Condemnation, 
 if Impartiality is left to be Judge of fo particular an Ex- 
 ample of Deformity. Which feems the Defign, no 
 doubt, of thofe who are little acquainted with either, 
 or at leaft fuch who fall under the Denomination and 
 Number of fome whom I have taken notice of in my 
 preceding Chapters, to be continually undermining and 
 endeavouring to deftroy the Remains of Architecfbure, by 
 the Executions of their own ungrounded Fancies; the 
 Effects of a want of due Confideration, and the cheriHi- 
 ing of thofe felf-flattering Companions, Novelty and 
 Singlenefs. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
(71) 
 
 
 CHAP. XL 
 
 Touching fome general Proportions regulated 
 in a Conformity to the PraBice of the An- 
 cients in Building, 
 
 ;T is not without a juft regard to the Pra(5lice of 
 the Ancients in Building, that I ihall here lay 
 down the general Proportions of peculiar Orna- 
 ments, adapted to the feparate Stations of the exterior 
 Difpofitions of the Materials therein united : for which 
 purpofe, I have propos'd fome different Defigns after 
 the Compofitions of the moft beautiful Examples of 
 thofe who infpedted into the Rules of the Ancients, ad- 
 hering to the Proportions of the feveral Ornaments, as 
 you will find, after a verbal Definition, to be concurring; 
 with the Examples themfelves. I united thefe in oppo- 
 fition to a modern Example, the more to convince you 
 of the Beauty and Excellency of ancient Archite(5lure, 
 when compar'd with the Follies and abfurd Proceedings 
 of our Moderns. 
 
 But before I remark upon the extravagant Errors of 
 the enfuing Example, I think it will be necefTary to pro- 
 ceed on the Proportions I before premis'd, the better to 
 
 difcern 
 
( 70 
 
 difcern the Deformity of it, by comparing the one to 
 the other, in having recourfe to the Profiles themfelves ; 
 which 1 have clofely confind myfelf to, in the Execu- 
 tions of each, in a different manner, according to the 
 Qiiality of the Compofitions. But briefly to proceed ; 
 
 After a due Examination of apt Materials adapted to 
 the Quality of the Building itfelf, as concerning the 
 Soundnefs of their CompoTition, the Durablenefs of 
 the Matter, and the Nature of the Soil, ^c. we are next 
 to have a ftrict regard to the Magnitude of the Founda- 
 tions, whofe Solidity ought to be proportion d to the 
 Grandeur of the Execution, in fuch a manner that they 
 may have Force enou^^h to effecH: the End of their In- 
 flitution. 
 
 And herein I cannot but obferve how inconfiderately 
 feme proceed, without firfl examining the perfedl Di- 
 ftnbution of every Room and Apartment, or neceflary 
 Conveniencies of the Whole, and how conformable 
 they ought to be in a Proportion to the Magnitude of 
 the Defign. Before the Foundation is laid, they ought, 
 like a Statuary, who fees in a folid Block of Marble 
 a mofl beautiful Figure perfectly compleated in every 
 Limb and Feature, and nothing wanting to difcover its 
 Beauties to the World, but by feparating thofe rough 
 Particles which are conne(5ted together, and hinder the 
 naked Eye from difcovering thofe hidden Charms, which 
 are to be view'd only by tnofe who fee by the Eye of 
 Knowledge ; I fay, like thefe, every Architect, or at leafl 
 fuch who profefs themfelves fo to be, ought, by the 
 difcerning Judgment iie has of the Science, fo to con- 
 ceive in his Imagination, by feeing every part of a Build- 
 ing as regular and compleat, both in the interior as well 
 
 as 
 
( 7J ) 
 
 as exterior Difpoficion of every feparate Part or Mem- 
 ber, which forms the Compleatnefs of the Unity of 
 the Whole, before the Foundation is laid out, as well as 
 when the whole Fabrick is executed by the Hand of the 
 Arcift. 
 
 This then being an Accomplifhment requifite in the 
 Defigner, we have little occafion to examine whether 
 this IS the Pra(5bice of our Moderns ; fince their Compo- 
 licions are convincing enough to fatisfy us that they are 
 fo far from Confiderations of this nature, that they 
 feem to think not at all, or in fuch a manner as plainly 
 demonftrates their Weaknefs of Judgment, and Denciency 
 of Knowledge in the repeated Inftances of their Execu- 
 tions, which generally are nothing but thofe which are 
 exteamly lame and diforder'd. To lee fo (elf-evidenc 
 Demonnrations of their erroneous Pradlices, which arife 
 from the Effedts of Ignorance, is fatisfa(5tory enough to 
 the Knowing and Judicious of their Defedts in this one 
 Point of neceflary Knowledge ; for what Abfurdities has, 
 or rather what has not been daily expos'd to the View 
 of all Mankind to ftrengthen this Aflertion ? But to re- 
 turn to ourSubjedt: 
 
 I before confidered the Neceffity of Foundation in a 
 proportion'd Magnitude, conformable to the Grandeur 
 of the Defign : Now let us proceed to the Examination 
 of each Part, where Neceflicy lays, a Conftraint upon the 
 Execution. And here note, that by the Vacuities, or 
 Windows in the exterior Difpoficion, the Solidity, or 
 the Effeds of it, becomes weaken'd by the continual 
 Preflure of the united Connections of the Materials, fo 
 as little Weight as poiTible ought to be added to icfelf^ 
 or the Effects that may occafion tloe Decay. And here- 
 
 L in 
 
( 7+ ) 
 
 in the Moderns vary very much from the Ancients in 
 their Sentiments and Pradice on this Head j the An- 
 cients had always a peculiar regard to dikharge the ex- 
 terior Walls from the Weight of the other necefiary 
 Parts belonging, that they always made their inner or 
 partition Walls, when any conliderable diftance from 
 each other, ot a Magnitude equal, if not larger than thofe 
 of the exterior Part ; that thete being more (olid and 
 durable by the lefs Number of die Vacuities, by the lefs 
 Force of the Air, Wet, and other penetrating Caufes of 
 Decay, and by the natural Connecftion ot the inner 
 Walls to thofe of the exterior, which like a Band con- 
 fine them from the Decays which the Weight lying on 
 might occafion, in forcing to give or fettle either way; 
 I fay, when the Weight thus lies on the inner Walls 
 more firm, fblid, and laftingly, becomes a means of longer 
 Duration by far, than when the more prefiing Force of 
 the Weight lying on the exterior Part adds to the Decay 
 of itfelf, and abates the Power of its Continuance. Like 
 the Rapidity of a Stream, when in its PafTage againft its 
 Banks, which limits its Bounds and Extent by-incelfant 
 Motion, and the Concurrence of inleparable Caufes, it 
 at lensth wears and gains Ground, that all the Obftruc- 
 tions of the Matter on which it aiftSj cannot withftand 
 its united Force, to keep the Duration or Bounds pri- 
 marily afflgn'd. 
 
 Now for -A fettled Proportion, according to the Mag^ 
 nitude of !:he Deiign, feems dependant upon the more 
 adv'anc'd Greatnefs of the Pooms and Apartments, or 
 Diftances from each other : But of this no general Pro- 
 portions, as I know of, being yet alfign'd, 1 fhall con- 
 clude with this onePvemarkin general ; That as Buildings 
 
 differ 
 
° (75) 
 
 diflper in Magnitude, interior Difpoficions, and die like, 
 fo ought like wile a due Regard to be had to the adap- 
 ting a Foundation or Bafis Tuitable to the Force of the 
 Solidity in this Method, rifing in a gradual Contrac^lion 
 in each Story. Tlie EfFed:s of the PracStice will anfwer 
 your Dshres and ExpecStation. 
 
 1 think thus much may fuffice for a general Obferva- 
 tion on the interior Part, in relation to that Neceffitv of 
 the Magnitude of die Walls : Proceed we now to the 
 exterior Part of the Edifice, and take a View of its Beau- 
 ties, where every fingle Part has its Force in pleafing 
 the Imagination of the Beholder; which, when united, 
 produces the moft agreeable Afped: : for if taken fingly, 
 'tis only the bare Reprefentation of that Ornament (tho' 
 beautiful in itfelf ) which is of infinite afliflance, when 
 odierwife beheld with an equal Conformity to the Re- 
 fult of x\\'Q, Whole. 
 
 But before I thus enter upon the Definition itfelf, I 
 muft obferve to you, that the following Defigns being 
 of the moft beautiful Compaiffnefs, and the Imitation 
 of the Products of thofe of an unlimited Judgment in 
 this Science ; I could not better frame a Reprefenta- 
 tion of my Sentiments, than by concurring to form fuch 
 Compofitions, that the World may fee I am pleas'd to 
 confefs myfelf as a Copyer of thofe more honourable 
 Encouragers of Antiquity, who are almoft as few in 
 number, as there are Profiles of the fame Species with 
 thefe. This Acknowledgment will, I hope, anfwer a 
 Defedl of Judgment, and you will from thence impure 
 in^ Appearance to the World to be nochinc; more than 
 c. warm Defire of feeing Architecture iiounih, and be- 
 come the Study and Praclrice of every Genius whom Na- 
 
 X>. 2. ' ture 
 
( 7<5 ) 
 
 ture has defignM for Speculation this way, that the Bri- 
 ti/h Sons may become fo perfe(5t in all Arts ard Scien- 
 ces, (but more efpecially this) that Greece kicit fliall 
 not want Competitors to Ihare of their immortal 
 Glory. 
 
 We are now entering on the external Difpofition, as 
 I before premis'd, which in Country Seats are generally 
 divided into three Stories, or different Apartments , as 
 the Ground or Bajement for Conveniency or Ufe, the 
 State for Pleafure and Delight, and the ^ttick for Sleep 
 and Retirement, or Study. Thefe I fhall confider fepa- 
 rately, as to their general Methods of Execution, accord- 
 ing to the following Defigns ; and from thence pafs ta 
 an ocular Demonftration. 
 
 And firft, for the Bafement or Ground-Floor ; there 
 generally is, as a Band to the whole Building, a Plinth,, 
 whofe Difpofition might, from natural Reaibn, feem to 
 tie or bind the Bafis from extending beyond the Limits 
 primarily aflfignd, whofe Height is generally \ or ,^ of 
 the Height of the Bafement-Story, mod times about 9 
 or 10 Feet high : And in this a particular Beauty of ne- 
 ceflity likewife is adapted to fuit with the Effe(5ls of the 
 Solidity, which is the regular Divifion of the whole 
 Height, into an uniform Difpofition of equidiftant Ca- 
 vities, term'd Rusticks; whofe fiift Intention, founded 
 upon natural Reafon, I fhall now confider. 
 
 The Neceflity of this peculiar Ornament adapted to 
 the Bafement Story alone, feems to be judicioully agree- 
 able to Reafon itielf, in the firft place repiefenting So- 
 lidity, and fccondly an abfolute Neceflity; whicH latter 
 defines the Execution of the former : lor where C on- 
 flraint, founded upon Reafon, is the chief End or the 
 
 In- 
 
( 77 ) 
 
 Intention, Beauty itfelf is a natural united Conne<5lion 
 dependant thereon. To adhere to the latter Definition, 
 we muft confider that Buildings were as ufual of Scone, 
 which, by the continual Preflure oi Weight arifing from 
 the Bafement-Story, and peculiarly dependant upon it, 
 occafion d, by the Settiement ot the Work, a Fra(5fure on 
 the Edges of the Joint, from the horizontal uniting of 
 the Materials when the Sides were at Right Angles : And 
 herein they found it neceflary, by cutting off thofe ir- 
 regular Edges or Frac^fures, to form to the Extent of 
 the Breach a Line equidiftant from the Center of the 
 Joint, both above and below, that it might appear re- 
 gular and uniform. And this was undoubredl) per- 
 form'd after the Solidity, by its Preflure, had occafion'd 
 the Neceflity of forming the whole Species regular ; and 
 after the Ancients had prov'd the abfolute Conformity 
 of Reafon in the Execution, and the Infinity ot its Ule. 
 I am led and confirm'd in this way of thinking, by the 
 Inftigation of a Friend, whofe Authority of Jud nr.ent. I 
 can fafely rely upon. 
 
 Its general Proportions are, when the Cavityforms each 
 way an Angle of 45 Degrees, or the 
 united Adherence of ooth are at k 
 
 right Angles in this manner ; from yi 
 
 CAB is an Angle of 90 Degrees, or __^<^J 
 
 a right Angle from the Joint A to B ^^ I 
 
 an Angle of 45 Degrees, and A to C \f 
 
 an Angle of 45, equal to a right K 
 
 Angle, when A B is the Bafe, and 
 AC the Perpendicular; or when AC is the Bafe, and 
 A B the Perpendicular. This is the general Metliod of 
 its Execution, which I fhall leave with this Remark, that 
 
 the 
 
( 78) . 
 
 the original Inftitution of Rufticks was entirely adapted 
 to tli€ Ground-Floor, as a peculiar Reprefentation of 
 Solidity, andlikewife how neceflary it is to confider, that 
 Reafon itfelf, founded upon geometrical Definitions, 
 was always the Guide of our Anceftors. This leads me 
 to the next Obfervation, which is the Magnitude of the 
 Windows of this Floor, which I find in my Examples 
 to be in height the diagonal Line ot the Square ot the 
 Width, as reprefented in the following Plate, Fig. 4. 
 whofe Height is the Line A B. 
 
 Laflly, tile general Proportion of the Key-Stone, pe- 
 culiar to this Story alone, I fhall thus define : The Width 
 of your Key-Stone at the Top A B, is ^j Part of the O- 
 pening or Width of the Window. Tlie Width of the 
 Window likewife generally regulates the Length, which 
 is I of the Opening : if the Key be double, the Side-Key 
 is f of the Width of the Top A B, and its Sommering 
 is from the Centre, which is double the Length of the 
 Key from the Top, as is feen in the following Plate. 
 This being an eafy and plain Method, becomes more 
 intelligible than by the Divifion of more minute Diftri- 
 bucions, whofe Calculations anfwer very nearly the fame 
 Proportion. 
 
 1 fhall from hence proceed to the next, or State- 
 Story, where is moif generally refting on the Bafe- 
 ment a Bafe or Band, which continues itfelf generally 
 round the Building : It confifts of three diftindt Divi- 
 fions, which are regulated according to the Proportions 
 of the Diameters of the Windows; thefe, like the Te- 
 nia's of the Architrave and Freeze, bind and confine the 
 Fabrick like a Band, by which Connexion ic is obflruc- 
 ted from extending its due Limits ; the three Divifions 
 
 are 
 
(79) 
 
 are the Base, Body, and Capping, or Sill of the Win- 
 dows. The Bafe. is ^ ot the Diameter of the Window, 
 the Body ; ot the fame, and the Capping § or ^ of the 
 Bafe. 
 
 Now let us confider the Proportion of the Windows 
 in the State-Story, which in the enfuing Examples are 
 two Diameters in height; to which is generally annexed 
 a peculiar Ornament to grace the Execution : which is 
 an Architrave, Freeze, and Cornice, proportion'd like- 
 wife to the Diameters of the Windows. The Archi- 
 trave is I Part of the Diameter or Opening in width; the 
 Freeze is I of your Width in Height, and the whole 
 Width of the Cornice feldom exceeding | of the Dia- 
 meter ot the Window. Thus the Windows themfelves 
 regulate all the Proportions of the peculiar Ornaments, 
 which unite to beautify and add Luftre to the whole 
 Execution. Likewife tlie Recedes or Diftance from tlie 
 firft Face of the Architrave, to the Surface of the Salh- 
 Frame inwards, is ] of tlie Opening, or the Width of 
 the Architrave, 
 
 The AtTick-Stort, or upper, we come now to con* 
 fider; where is little difference in the exterior Orna- 
 ments, CavQ only the Proportions oi" the Windows, which 
 ore generally fquare : Tiiac is, the Width and Height 
 equal the Magnitude ot the Architrave, which is regu- 
 lated by the termer Rules 1 have already defcrib'd. I 
 fliall only alledge feme fuppoficional Reafons which 
 might induce the Ancients to tins Practice : for the Bafe- 
 ment Story or Windows thereto belonging, 1 obferv'd, 
 were in neight the diagonal Line ot the Square of the 
 Width, which may be reafonably fuppos'd arofe from 
 the Senfibiliny of its Ufe in the interior Parr; which be- 
 
 ing 
 
( 8o ) 
 
 ing for Conveniency or fervile Ufes only, a moderate 
 Light feem'd the nioft necefTary : as likewife tlie State- 
 Story, two Diameters in height, trom the fingular Ule of 
 Pleafure ; fo a larger Light more necelTary to di(cover 
 the Obje(5ts of Art and Nature in both the ceieftial and 
 terrefttial Beauties. The ^ttUk Windows, wliofe Height 
 is equal to the Width or Square, are excreamly well a- 
 dapted to the Occafion which this Pan requ-ies ; for 
 Sleep and Study being the moft ufual Allotments of 
 this Story, fo a (mailer Light, leprefenting Solitude and 
 Ketirement, (eems the moft aptly apply a to this Sta- 
 tion. Thele and others were, or might be die Realons 
 on which the Ancients founded this general Practice for 
 the Conveniency of the interior Part, as well as the 
 agreeable Beauties of its Appearance in the exterior; 
 where the Parts I fo defcrib'd become fo infinitely ne- 
 cefTary and ornamental, that they need no Defence but 
 what they themfelves bear with them in the Execution. 
 
 I need not here be at the trouble of defiring the Ex-, 
 eciition of the Orders themfelves, any farther than this 
 following Remark, which is concerning Pilafters, which 
 are in effedt nothing but fquire Columns. The diffe- 
 rence is chiefly, that as Columns are never executed lefs 
 than \ of their Diameter, to appear upon the Surface of 
 a Wall; fo a Pilafter never ought to exceed \ of the 
 Width when alone. This was originally contriv'd, I ima- 
 gine, to leffen the Proje(5fion of the Entablature from 
 the Surface of the Walls ; being neceditated to have 
 larser Intercolumniations for the Difpofitions of their 
 Windows, than what was in reality practicable when ex- 
 ecuted with Columns themfelves; whofe Projections, 
 where the Vacuities being large, and the Columns far 
 
 diftant 
 
( Si ) 
 
 diftant from each other, could not poflibly have power 
 enough to fuftdn the Magnitude of the Entablature : 
 which projecfling fo far, was confequently lefs capable 
 of fupporting or difcharging its Office, than by con- 
 tra(5ting the Weight, by laying it more on the Walls, to 
 free the Pillars from that Burthen which they could not 
 be conceiv'd to fuftain, from the bare Ideas arifing from 
 natural Reafon alone. 
 
 Before I conclude this Chapter, I muft juft explain 
 to you the fourth -Figure in the foregoing Plate concern- 
 ing Fluting or Grooving. There are feveral Examples 
 extant of the kind of Fluting T have here treated of, 
 which I chufe rather to adhere to, than to the French 
 Canelure^ or Shamfering. And firft obferve, the Column 
 is divided into twenty-four Flutes, and the (ame Num- 
 ber of Fillets, (a Pila'fter ufually fcven.) To form the 
 Divifion upon the Plan, after having taken the Diameter, 
 form the Column anOdogon, each Side contains three 
 Flutes, two whole Fillets, and i ; Fillets ; which I only . 
 fuppofe to be of Wood, and chiefly for the interior Part 
 of the Building : and here obferve, at the Connection 
 of the Angles, the Wood has a greater Thicknefs than 
 when the Joint is in the Flute, which would be funk 
 down, and confequently in Wainfcoat be more apt to 
 difcover the Grains of each Wood at the uniting.* And 
 this is difcover'd by the dotted Lines of the Plan, which 
 fhew the Thicknefs of the Staff, and are an ocular Demon- 
 ilration of this verbal one : but as this is chiefly adapted 
 to the interior Part only, (when executed with Wood) 
 fo likewife I conjecture Fluting is too foft and effeminate 
 for the exterior Ufe, which icems to require a more 
 bold, plain, and folid Afpe(5l:. . . , 
 
 M But 
 
( 8i ) 
 
 Eut to return to the interior Part of tiie Edifice, I 
 fhall iuft obfcrve to you, tliat the Proportions of the 
 Doors arc generally two Diameters, not exceeding j Part 
 more ; the Architraves round them are \ of the Open- 
 in^T or Width; the general pracftical Members are re- 
 prefenred in Fig. 1. in the foregoing Plate, which is on- 
 ly to reprefent an Architrave divided into thiity equal 
 Parts, to enlarge or contracft the fame, as Neceflity re- 
 quires, that fhall bear a Proportion equivalent to the 
 Example, by Lines drawn parallel to each other from 
 the Square of the Members given : It lays down tlie 
 Magnitude of each feparate Member and Divifion, and 
 likewife the Thicknefs of the fame, which is ^ of the 
 Width of the Architrave ; the Recedes in the Rooms are 
 \ of the Opening (or Width) of the Door. 
 
 Thefe are the general Proportions (before defcrib'd) 
 of the exterior and interior Ornaments, which contri- 
 bute to add fuch Beauty to the pleafing Prac5]:ices of the 
 Ancients J in which I muft acknowledge, 1 am at a lofs 
 in many things of this kind, for want ot^ Opportunities 
 to improve, and Examples for Speculation- Eut as the 
 foregoing are now what occurs to my prefent Enquiry, 
 1 have been very exac^t, and duly fearch'd into the Prac- 
 tices of the Ancients ; and find, that not only the Rules, 
 but likewife the Eeauties therein contain'd, require a 
 ftrifl Adherence to them in the Reiult of our Per- 
 formances. ■**■ 
 
 To conclude ; If I have been too tedious in a verbal 
 
 Definition, Co many Occurrences offer themlelves to 
 
 view, and fuch a Variety of Ideas relating to the Sub- 
 
 jed, that I cannot pals by all unobferv'd : And indeed 
 
 « I cannot but Gonjedure, that fo plain and intelligible 
 
 Defi- 
 
( 8j ) 
 
 Definitions will be ufefully acceptable to the Capacities 
 • of the Perfons for whom chiefly intended ; where a ver- 
 bal Definition more eafily demonftrates . the AfTertions 
 we would juflify or explain, than an Axiom or Profile, 
 though otherwife explaining themfelves, to thofe whofe 
 Judgments and Genius's are capacitated to receive the 
 Elements of Geometry as explain'd by Euclidy and the 
 Elements of Archite(5lure as delineated by Palladio. 
 
 Yet if this, when oppos'd to the Examples of thofe 
 whom Nature has more pleafingly provided for, appear 
 diforder'd and imperfedt, I have not fo far fpent the 
 Force of my .Imagination, but that, if Neceflity requires, 
 I fhall-have Courage enough to appear to the Publiclc, 
 when it is for the fake of Truth, or a farther Vindica- 
 tion of thofe Rules and PracStices of the Ancients, which 
 relate to the Execution of Archicedure. 
 
 Ml CHAP. 
 
(H) 
 
 OOOSO93OOOOOOOGSOQOOOQG33C3CpOO3OOSOGiOO0 ■ 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 yl Profile of tv)o Fronts and the Ichnography 
 of the Plans, compos d ace or ding to the fore- 
 going Rules, or the PraBice of the An- 
 cients.. 
 
 E have here before us the Execution of two Pro- 
 files, in a conformity to the Proportions I before 
 laid down in the preceding Chapter, with what 
 Exacflnefs, is beft difcover'd from Infpeaion; fo near as 
 to difcern the Concurrence of the Defign to the Pro- 
 portions given in a verbal Definition from the two Scales, 
 the one is Feet and Inches; the other is the Diameter 
 of the Pilafters. For the Divifion of its peculiar Orna- 
 ments, how obvious they are in their ufe, need not be 
 defined ; nor fhall I have much occafion to remark on 
 the Compofition any farther than the Invention, which, 
 as it is concurring with the Pradice of the Ancients, fo 
 it anfwers the Objedlions of thofe who would charge 
 me with introducing modern Examples for an Inflance 
 of the Beauties of the Ancients, when I have hitherto 
 been defending Antiquity. If the Rules are exadtly 
 correfpondent, the Variety of Difpofition alters not the 
 Rules, which are ever unchangeably the fame j it is not that 
 
 ' in 
 
(8?) 
 
 in reality the Ancients Rules of Building are Co perfeifl: and 
 pure, tor the Diftance of Time fince the Foundations were 
 laid ; but becaufe they were founded upon geometrical 
 and reafonable Demonftrations, concurring likewife to 
 add Beauty to the Refult of the Whole, where the Cor^ 
 refpondency and Agreement of every Part to the Unity 
 of the Whole, are but as Co many diftin(ft feparate Beau- 
 ties, conneded together in one harmonious Body, cor- 
 refpondent to the eftablifhed Laws on which Beauty is 
 founded : And laftly, the Beauties arifing from the Ex- 
 ecution is Co far preferable to the deform'd Pradlices of 
 Moderns, which adds the greater Value to the Pra(5lice 
 of the Ancients. 
 
 In fhort, I could wifh, or may I dare without Offence 
 to affirm, That if all our modern ProfelTors (or at leafl 
 fuch who a6t fo oppofite to Reafon) in Archited:ure 
 (or rather whofe Pradices are the Execution of Defor- 
 mity in Building) were but to difengage themfelves 
 from their erroneous Productions, and but endeavour 
 as flrenuoufly to compofe their Performances conform- 
 able to thefe Methods, as they do to go beyond, or to 
 outdo each other in the Practice of iiregular Follies ; I 
 ihould not in the leaft doubt, but that I might fee 
 Architedure as flourifhing, and brought to fo great Per- 
 fe(5lion, that we might even fland almofl Gompecitors 
 with the Ancients, or be emulous of their deferv'd 
 Praifes : which feems more juflly due to our neighbour- 
 ing Countries,* where Art becomes fo much the more 
 efteem'd, (by our own Nation who have feen tlieir Pro- 
 ductions) by being the more nearly correfpcndenc to 
 the Pradice of .the Ancients, and of more perfect 
 and beautiful CompofiLions, than thofc ill-grounded 
 
 Pro-- 
 
(80 
 
 rroccedings, which thofe of our own Nation produce, 
 and connniually and daringly repeat, to the utter Over- 
 throw of Architecture. 
 
 It is certainly the greateft Difhonour to that Country, 
 whofe Sons, by Nature, are capacitated to convince the 
 World, that nothing is wanting but a due Senfe of the 
 Neceflity of the Pradtice of ancient Architedure, and 
 how beneficial it would in reality be to the publick 
 Community to have that Science flourifh on which mod 
 of the Commonwealth depend -. which due Confidera- 
 tion would foon convince the unthinking Part of Man- 
 kind, how preferable the Diftributions of the Proportions 
 and Methods of thofe Rules, afTign'd by the Ancients, 
 are to the difagreeable Practices of Fancy alone, whofe 
 blind Self-Conceit has the uniting of every Part ; which 
 is confequently the Pradice of Deformity, as you will 
 readily difcover in the following Chapter. 
 
 CHAP- 
 
(By) 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 A modern Profile, executed in 1724. 
 
 T is to me a fufficient Theme of Wonder and 
 Surprize, to fee (o odd a Compofition of Defor- 
 mity, the Refult of even the moft ignorant Pre- 
 tender to Knowledge of Building, as this is. There is 
 not a fingle Obje(5l m the whole Execution, but is in a 
 direift Oppofition to the Rules of ancient Architedlure : 
 for inftance, look on tlie Pediment what a falfe Bearing:, 
 or rather what Bearing at all has it ? How irregular is 
 it in the Difpofition, how contrary even to the moft 
 common Notions is the Pitch of it, the Roof^ with the 
 Windovys, how difproporcionate are they with tlieir ill- 
 difpos'd Pediments, the Returns of the Cornice in every 
 Part, the irregular Breaks, and likewife the difagreeable 
 Affinity they have to each other, the difproportionate 
 Correfpondency of the Windows adapted to the fame, 
 and likewife the Abfurdity of Example, and Defign in 
 the iVlagnitude of the Windows throughout the Whole ? 
 In fhort, the deform'd Unity of the entire Piece, ihews 
 itfelf.to be the Production of thofe whofe Talent is apt- 
 ly apply'd to Compoficions chiefly of this nature. The 
 Plan is likewife of the fame Species with the Profile, if 
 
 not 
 
( 88 ) 
 
 not much worfe, which I had not opportunity of taking; 
 .but the Profile I have here defcrib'd, is the fame as 
 when the Infpedtion was made in March 172.5. 
 
 It was from a modeft and ferious Refledlion upon the 
 Folly of this, and^too numerous Examples, (as worthy 
 of Cohdemnation) that I began to fee now fenfibly Er- , 
 ror was cherifh'd, and what a vaft Progrefs it has made 
 in the overthrow of Architedlure, even to the difannul- 
 ling whatever may .have a tendency of bearing the Title 
 only of its Proportions or Graces. To fee Produdlions 
 of this kind vindicated and defended, cannot but move 
 the mod mild and gentle to appear in behalf of a Science 
 vifibly decaying, and over-run and trampled on by in- 
 fulting Barbarity and Ignorance. 
 
 Xook but with an impartial Eye upon this and either 
 of the other Profiles, or even the feparate Materials of 
 themfelves, or the agreeable Concordance of the Wiiole; 
 and you will, doubtlefs, difcover the immenfe difference 
 between • ancient Architedure and modern Follies, be- 
 tween the Beauties founded upon Reafon, and the Irre- 
 gularities dependant upon nothing but Fancy, or them- 
 felves. Thus ocular Demonftration, I hope, will con- 
 vince you, that what I have been hitherto defending, 
 is not unfeafonably adapted to our prefent Circumftan- 
 ces, where there is a daily Application of Combined 
 Force to deftroy that Beauty, Sweetnefs, and Harmony 
 united in the Compofition of ancient Architedlure, by a 
 continual Spring and Circulation of Follies : ' "ch are 
 * in a Series of falfe Appearances connedied .er, and 
 
 diff^uis'd by artful Sotcnefs of Definition, and eties of 
 incoherent Parts, con/ifting of no Foundation, but the 
 Emptinefs and Shadow of AppearancQ ; this, and this 
 • ' only, 
 
( 89 ) 
 
 only, being the Grounds and Pra(5l:ice of moft of the 
 Pfodudtions of our Moderns in Building. 
 
 .To conclude J Was it poffible I could lay down all 
 thofe falfe Pra(5bices, and difcover to you all the irregu- 
 lar Proceedings of our Moderns, it would be extremely 
 tedious to you to be detained from the SatisfacStion you 
 cannot but receive from the Defcriptions of thofe Ex- 
 ecutions, which are perform'd conformable to the Prac- 
 tice of the Ancients : And befides, the former Reafons 
 I have alledged concerning this Point, are a fufficient 
 Demonftration, that this alone is enough to give you an 
 intelligible Conceivement of the Value of Antiquity, 
 the Pra(5tices founded upon Reafon, and the unvaluable 
 Deformities of Singlenefs and Novelty. From hence, 
 to leave the Mind full of more pleaung Ideas, let us 
 proceed to our next Chapi;er. 
 
 <? 
 
 N CHAP. 
 
( 90 ) 
 
 «-^^^^-^S? 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 
 An lonick Profile, according to the PraBice 
 
 of the Ancients. 
 
 ;S my prefent Defign is to fpeak only of fuch 
 ' Buildings which are private, and of thefe like- 
 wife chiefly for retir'd Situations ; I fhall here 
 range fome Ideas together, to fhew wherein the Beauties 
 of the ancient Practices confift. For this purpofe, I. have 
 chofe this Jonick Example, as a fit Compolition to re- 
 pr^fent the Methods the Ancients ufed in their Execu- 
 tions. To enlarge by verbal Demonftration on the Ne- 
 cedity of a Contormity to fuch Pradbices, I think need- 
 lefs; which may be better conceiv'd, by confidering the 
 oppofite Proceedings of our Moderns. 
 
 I have obferv'd, that the Compofitions of our Mo- 
 derns are chiefly a Sett of Ideas ficfy reprefenting fo 
 many Lanthorns of a different Form, an Error which 
 juftly fuits with the many others link'd together in the 
 lame Difpofition of the difproportidiiate Unity of their 
 Magnitudes. How prejudicial fuch Proceedings are, and 
 how additional to the Decay of the Building, need not 
 be defin'd ; not only in refpe(5t to the weakening the 
 Solidity of it, but likewife as they are fo many Inlets 
 
1 ' 3 4 s ja 
 
 JO 
 
 3 
 
 Ji^^&rAe^ ^ 0777"/^ ^eAn. 
 
 JV^^ ffj^ /i^^^ 
 
 -A»^* ^t> 
 
• < 9« ) 
 
 xo Air, and fuch decaying rdnciples, which by the in- 
 cellanc Unity of their Penetration confiderably abate 
 xind weaken the Strength of the Materials. And how • 
 ufelefs fo great a Superfluity of Light is to the interior 
 Difpofition, I think is fufficiently demonftrated by the 
 vifible Proofs of their prejudicial Executions. 
 
 The Ancients, who well forefaw fuch unjuft Proceed- 
 ings, and the Neceiliiy of the oppofite PracSlice, were 
 ever careful of adting fo indifcreetly^ their Ideas were 
 alwavs fuch as bore a Conformity with Reafon ; and as 
 they were evidently convinc'd that their Executions were 
 convenient, io they never extended them beyond what 
 was neceflary. It is veiy probable, that had not the An- 
 cients been fufficiently (enfible of the Unjuftifiablenefs 
 "of Proceedings of this nature, fome Footfteps v/ould 
 have remain'd of their Executions, which might bear 
 fome Conformity to them : But among alt the Remains 
 extant, there is none^vhich has the leaft Refemblance, 
 .either in the Magnitude or Proportion of our modern 
 Windows, or the Biftribution of their Diftances from 
 each other. They feem like fo many ufelefs Eyes, plac'd 
 only for Cuftom-fake ; whereas, thofe of the Ancients 
 are but juft fo many as are necelTary and ornamental. 
 
 1 have often reflecfbed on the ufelefs Frames of the 
 Windows, which our Moderns fhew, to convince the 
 Thoughtlefs that thej are necelTary to be feen, to inform 
 them that they are made for Concavities for theWeights. 
 This, I think, is as injudicious an Error, as the Diftribu- 
 tion of the Windows, and even con trad i(5fory to their 
 own Intentions : for if they alledge the Neceffity of 
 Light, thefe obflrudf, and take off generally - Part of 
 
 N i ^ ' - the 
 
( 91 ) ■ 
 
 the Light in the Diameter of the Window, as in the mo- 
 dern Profile is exemplif/d, and which likewife enlarges 
 the Opening fo much more than is necefTary. For were 
 the Frame (et in Receffes, and only juft fo much of it 
 feen as is neceflary, the general Opening would be con- 
 tradted J Part of the Width of the Window at leaft. So 
 that for want of confidering, even in the Difpofitions 
 of their Windows, they add fo much more Vacuity to 
 abate the Force of the Solidity. 
 
 Thefe and fuch are the EfFecSts of the want of due 
 Confideration, which how neceflary it is in the Applica- 
 tion to Building, is thus evidently prov'd. I have in 
 my other Defigns vary'd the Compofitions as different 
 Situations and Neceflity require ; and fliall remark on 
 the neceflary Pra^iices, as they relate to different Situa- 
 tions : But as the Ancients were careful to avoid what 
 was ufelefs in the Executions of tjjeir Ideas in Building, 
 fo I muft take care to evade ufelefs Reflexions, that we 
 may be capable to franae our Judgments fit for Cpn- 
 ftrudion. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
@ 
 
 Mds £^ 
 
 r-i,.- r^^':'rn r-i r^ " , ,: f— T ..£ 
 
 5> 
 
 m ® &"•■ "^ 
 
 ^ /.' 4C ■>g /« ' 
 
 m il I I - ' I 
 
 
 
 Ji^'/>e-7/u^ JI/l4!TTiyJ>e//?t 
 
 y,'.-./.- J.? < 
 
(93) 
 
 CHAP. XV. 
 
 A Profile conformable to the PraBice of the 
 
 Ancients. 
 
 I T is eafy to difcern that the Compofition of my 
 Defigns are of one general Frame, in relation to 
 the Method of Execution ; and herein it may not 
 be ufelefs to obferve, the greateft Force of the Application 
 is, as the Ideas are, juftly correfpondent to Nature and 
 Reafon. As to the prefent Defign, (to which I have ad- 
 ded a Plan of the Offices witn the great Apartment) I 
 fhall leave the Names and Ufes of the Rooms to the 
 Judgment of others, to employ each in his own way of 
 thinking ; my prefent Remark fhall be only to the Roofs 
 t)f this and the other Profiles preceding, whofe Execu- 
 tions are conformable to the Ideas of the Ancients. 
 
 It is not my fingle Obfervation, that the Modems are 
 naturally apt to vary from the Ancients in their Defigns 
 as much as poflible, but chiefly too in their Roofs ; 
 where we fee one Roof whofe Executions are as in my 
 foregoing, we meet with ten which are flat. I cannot 
 but imagine that the Error is chiefly owing to Self- 
 Opinion and Singlenefs ; for it is evident from natural 
 Reafon, that a Roof, whofe Pitch is as in the Method I 
 
 ' have 
 
(94) 
 
 have proceeded, is far more conformable to the Necet 
 fity ot its Execution, than the Pra(5tices of our Modems. 
 
 For as a^ continual Excefs of heavy Snows or Rain, 
 or fuch prejudicial Principles, are an occafional Decay; 
 fo the lodging and receiving fuch Matter to ad upon 
 the Materials, muft be of an additional Force by its 
 Preffure ; provided the Vacuities were capable to con- 
 vey Rain from the Roof: yet a continued heavy Snow 
 is capable of doing great Prejudice at the time of its 
 diifolving; for at the Reception of fuch large Quan- 
 tities of Liquid, the Concavities are apt to hil, which 
 proves often a great Injury to the Building, provided 
 the Pipes are not capable of emptying themfelves fa ft 
 enough to receive the Quantity oi Matter as it is con- 
 vey 'd to them. 
 
 For this reafon, we find that the Ancients generally 
 avoided every thing which might bear the leaft Ten- 
 dency to the Decay of their Execution; no doubt, to let 
 their Work be lafting Monuments of their Glory: a 
 Thought oppofite to our Moderns, whofe Executions 
 • are generally ftanding Monuments to their Shame. 
 
 It hence arifes, that fuch was the Care of the An- 
 cients in the Compo/ition of their Roofs, that nothing 
 fhould be lodged or received, which might be a means 
 of a(5fing to the prejudice of their Executions. And in 
 this Cafe, in Countries Northern, or Climates more 
 cold, or where Snows are more frequent and ot a longer 
 continuance, the Roofs are more acute in their Pitch, 
 and differ almoft gradually in Proportion to the more 
 frequent AccefTes of the Matter which ad:s upon tiiem. 
 
 And as the more v/arm and Southerly Climates in 
 jEurope, are not fo neceditated, flat Roots are more 
 : • 3 fre- 
 
(95) • • 
 
 frequent, though not Co many by far as in England. It 
 would feem to us an Error as Prepofteroys, to fee a flat 
 Roof executed in Norway or Lapland^ as it does for 
 Spaniards or Italians to fee them Executed here. It is 
 not without a juft regard to neceffity, that fuch things, 
 which are to remain as Monuments of our Charatfter, 
 fhould be duly weigh'd; and even my felf am very 
 cautious to affert any thing which is not in reality jufti- 
 fiable, or in a conformity to Truth and Natural Reafon. 
 
 Were it polfible to conceive or lay down an irn- 
 menfe Scene of Ideas, fitted and framed for the Ima- 
 gination to define, or to draw endlefs Trains of Beauties, 
 Reafons or Arguments form'd from the force of Art, it 
 would be ufelefs ; for if fuch Ideas, which are natural 
 and the moft familiar, are not capable to convince the 
 Moderns of their Errors, neither will all the Eloquence 
 of Rhetorick, nor the moft Beautiful Scenes of Art, be 
 of power enough to inform them that their Ways are 
 erroneous and imperfedt, wliile they refufe to adl in a 
 conformity to the Practice of the Ancients. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
(9<5) 
 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 
 
 yl Profile of the Corinthian Order, compos d 
 in a Conformity to the Practice of the An- 
 cients. 
 
 E have here in this Profile a View of Architec- 
 ture in a different manner from two of the fore- 
 going Examples of the lonick Order; which yet, 
 neverthelefs, bear the fame Conformity to the Propor- 
 tions I before defcrib'd in the former Compoficions. 
 One View plainly difcovers its Beauties, or at leaft thofe 
 contain'd in the original Piece, which 1 have endeavour'd 
 to imitate in the general Diftributions, from the Ex- 
 ample of a Compoficion of that great Genius, Palladio. 
 There (eems to be united in one Body a Grandeur ex- 
 ceeding the Refult of my firft /ow/Vfc Example, which is 
 likewife a Copy of a Defign after his Method of Prac- 
 tice ; we may with reafon conclude, that every Practi- 
 tioner of the Rules of ancient Architecture is not a 
 little indebted to him for opening the way, and clearing 
 the Path in fuch a manner, that it becomes eafy, plain, 
 and obvious to walk in, without danger of being ob- 
 itrudted in the PafTage by the Intricacies and Labyrinths 
 
 that 
 
(97) 
 
 that were before great Impediments to a true Conception 
 of the Rules prefcrib'd by the Ancients, and the Beauties 
 which naturally attend its Pra(5tice. 
 
 I fhall conclude with my Wifhes, that the Love of 
 Virtue may become the Prad:ice of our Nation in ge- 
 neral ; I mean, fuch a Virtue as is contain'd in the plain 
 and obvious Rules defign'd by the PracHiitioners of an- 
 cient Archite(5f ure, founded upon the Refult of natural 
 Reafon-. I fay, may thefe flourifh and remain in that 
 Purity and Beauty, that Harmony and Amiablenefs which 
 even recommends itfelf by its agreeable Afpedl, to be 
 our conftant ardent Care and Study to attain. If this 
 was our Endeavour, I believe th:at nothing but the final 
 Diffolution of Nature could have power enough to de- 
 ftroy the Remains of ancient Architedure. But by a fe- 
 rious Confideration of my following Chapter, we muft 
 defpair of ever feeing it reviv'd, or brought to fuch a 
 State, as we may now boaft fome Remains are jQt ex- 
 tant, to the ihame of our modern Builders. 
 
 O CHAP. 
 
(98) 
 
 (^ 
 
 
 CHAP. XVII. 
 
 Some impartial RefieBions on the Reafons of 
 the Decay of ancient ArchiteEturCy by the 
 "uifihle Abufes in the PraSiice of our Mo- 
 derns. 
 
 IHERE is oftenrimes a Poflibility (by reasonable 
 and convincing Arguments, by plain and obvious 
 Methods, and by the Force of Judgment de- 
 liver'd) to convince and draw from their erroneous Prac- 
 tices and Notions thofe who are in full purfuit of the 
 mod dangerous and ungrounded Follies : Nay, fo far 
 efFedcual have thefe Methods prov'd upon the Minds of 
 even the moft obdurate, that they have as much abhor'd 
 and detefted that dark way they were in, as once they 
 moil vigoroufly, and with the moft ardent Defire ftrove 
 to find, and be led by it : Such is the Effedl of plain 
 Argument, founded upon Truth, and that convincing 
 Evidence natural Reafon. Thefe are the chief and only 
 Motives which have power to foften and allay the moft 
 irregular and ungovernable Pallions; 'tis thele that can 
 change even the Difpoficion of habitual Pracftice, which 
 has become almoft a natural Law, and thefe only can 
 
 have 
 
( 99 ) % 
 
 ,. have force enough of themfelves to reclaim the un- 
 grounded Pradlices of our Moderns in the Executions of 
 their publick Performances in Building 
 
 But here I muft ftop the Current ot Defire, and leave o 
 
 this Performance to be compleated by thofe whom Na- 
 ture has more generoufly furnilh'd with Language, and 
 Knowledge capable of undertaking fo hazardous an En- 
 gagement. It is not the want of Sincerity and ardent 
 Defire which deters me from a Proceeding of this na- 
 ture, but a Deficiency of Accomplifhments requifite to 
 go through ifo difficult and daring a Defign ; but as I 
 doubt not I have already rais'd myfelf many Enemies 
 for fpeaking the Truth, I fliall now have Courage e- 
 nough to difplay the illegal Pra(5lices of bur modern 
 Builders, and alledge fome Reafons for the Decay of 
 Building in general, and Architecfbure in particular, ari- 
 fing from their vifible Abufes pradis'd and impos'd on 
 the Publick by the Bulk of our modern Profeffors. 
 
 It feems to be needlefs here to repeat the Judgment 
 of the learned Vitrwvius concerning the Duodecim Necej- 
 faria, or thofe twelve necelTary Accomplifhments re- 
 quifite in the forming a compleat Architect ; or likewife 
 to prove how far fhort of ihefe many of our Moderns 
 come: where, if we can find one that can prad:ically de- 
 fine fix of thefe Sciences, there are fix to that one who 
 can fcarce form a real Idea of two of them. A Redun- 
 dancy of fuperficial Talk, with the Addition of Free- 
 dom, ocherwife Confidence, in the Behaviour, too often 
 among the lUicerate makes a meer ignorant Pretender 
 pafs for a true Judge. Look upon the falfe Gloifes of 
 his Knowledge, or fearch the Fojandation of his Pracftices, 
 reafon from plain Ideas and Demonftrations, or dif- 
 
 O i courfe 
 
( 100 ) 
 
 courfe upon the foundational Laws of Beauty and Pro- o 
 portion, and the Power of Lines : you will find too 
 many meer empty Ihadowy Vapours; and inftead of 
 giving you a plain Refult of their Notions or Knowledge, 
 'tis odds but you plainly difcover that they have none 
 at all. 
 
 This is an Impoflcion which every one who intends 
 to build ought to take a particular Care of, that they 
 are not only deceiv'd in the Accomplifliments of the 
 Perfon, but likewife in the Determination and Execu- 
 tion of his general Practices ; whofe Duration is gene- 
 rally impair'd by the continual, repeated, and vinble 
 Abufes daily feen in the Refult of his Performances : 
 which I fnall briefly endeavour to open by the general 
 Obfervutions following, which I have occafionally re- 
 mark'd on, for the greater Benefit of the Publick, than 
 what will from thence accrue to myfelf No Self-Ends 
 or finifter Views induced me to the Speculation; but a 
 publick and general Conrern for the Benefit of a de- 
 caying Science, worthy of greater and more afFe(5ling In- 
 ftanccs of Defence, than what I can poflibly give to the 
 World, with all the obvious Demonftrations of their In- 
 gratitude and illegal Pracftices. 
 
 But before I thus proceed, it may not be unnecelfary 
 to obferve, that the Perfon intending to build be either 
 fufficiently accomplilh'd to perform the Refult of his 
 Intentions, or provide one, who, by a conftanc Study 
 and Pra(fcice, has fufficiently demonftrated his Know- 
 ledge ; one whofe Executions and general Charader re- 
 commends him after the Refult of the Expence, which, 
 as I think, is or ought to be the firft thing propos'd. The 
 Surveyor forms fuch a Compoficion adapted to the Sum 
 
 by 
 
( loi ) 
 
 by the Magnitude, Plainnefs, or Enrichments both in 
 the internal as well as external Difpofition, the Com- 
 pofition of the Apartments and the like, which by apt 
 Materials regulated and propbrtion'd, fhall be perform- 
 ed nearly to the Sum specified by the Builder. This 
 being approv'd on, he is chofe to take care that every 
 Part, both general and particular, be perform'd with 
 found Materials, neatly and ingenioufly wrought, and 
 united artfully by the Hands of the Artifts ; likewife that 
 every Part be proportion'd with an exacft Conformity to 
 the Defign agreed to, and approv'd on by the Builder. 
 And likewife that no Impoiition be laid on the Buil- 
 der by the Workmen concerning the Prices of Work, 
 bad Materials, or falfe Meafurement, and the like; theie 
 and fuch like are the general Duties of the Perlon em- 
 ploy'd to furvey and direcfl theTradefman concern'd in the 
 Building ; who, for his Care, Infpecfbion, and Trouble, 
 is or ought to be equivalently gratify 'd by the Builder. 
 To proceed farther than this, is very illegal; not only as 
 it is repugnant to the Laws of Nature and Reafon, to 
 Juftice, and a Regard to the publick Good ; but chiefly 
 as it is the unhappy Practice of our Moderns, who not 
 only impofe upon the Publick, by engrofling to them- 
 felves the Profit or moderate Gain due juftly to others, 
 but likewife impofe upon and deceive the Perfon who 
 employs them, by uniting Materials chiefly conducing to 
 the Decay of the Building; which I fliail open in the 
 manner following. 
 
 And firft, the Builder himfelf, for want of due Co«- 
 fideration, becomes the Occaflon of the Decay of his 
 own Building, by en^ploying Perfons incapable of ex- 
 ecu cing die Performance conformable to the Rules of 
 
 Geome- 
 
( 101 ) 
 
 Geometrical Reafoning ; and again, by putting it in 
 tlie power of fuch Perlbns to adt according to their own 
 Judgments for Self-Ends, and a View to Self-Preferva- 
 tion. 1 am fpeaking now in general of that illegal 
 Pradice of Undertaking ; for the Builder, after having 
 em^loy'd one or more Perfons to furvey the Plat, gives 
 Deligns and Eftimates of the Expence and Charge of 
 the Whole : he pitches upon that which to him, by the 
 exterior Difpofition, feems the moft compleat, or lefs 
 expenfive ; perhaps without regard to the interior Part, 
 which is contriv'd in fuch a manner, as is very incon- 
 liftent with Conveniency, \J(q^ or Beauty, and likewife 
 repugnant to the Rules and Precepts of a Mathematical 
 Demon ftration. 
 
 Thus inconfiderately refolving without due Examina- 
 tion, he imagines the Perfon or Defigner to be fuffici- 
 ently capacitated to compleat the Performance in a man- 
 ner conformable to his Sentiments : And here obferve, 
 .10 draw from himfelf the Incumbrances of Infpedlion, 
 Examination of Bills, and (tich Fatigues, he agrees with 
 this Perfon for the Sum of Money fpecify'd in the Efti- 
 mate, to build after the Defign given, leaving the whole 
 Execution to the Undertaker, (that is, the Burier of Ar- 
 cliitedure) to fee it perform'd in a Method concurring 
 to the Defign agreed on. f^ere it is vifible the Power 
 is put into the hand of the Perfon who is to execute 
 (that is, to fpoil) the Building, to make ufe of fuch Ma- 
 terials as fhall be a conducing Caufe of Decay to the 
 Building; and not only that, but the Defe(51: of Judg- 
 ment or Knowledf^e of the Builder in the Science or 
 Prices of Materials, and the like, is putting it in the 
 power of the Undertaker to exa(5f fuch an Overplus of 
 
 the 
 
( lOJ ) 
 
 the whole Expence, that might be fufficient to defray 
 the Charge ot a much greater Concern. Here it is ob- 
 vious, that Self-Ends will induce the Undertaker by 
 nearer Methods of Proceeding to enhance to himfelf a 
 Profit from each feparate Tradefman concerned ; who, by 
 the Smallnefs of the Prices, the Badnefs of the Materials, 
 and the Employment of illiterate Workmen, all con- 
 ducingly unite to the general Caufe of the Decay of the 
 whole Fabrick. 
 
 But here it is to be obferv'd, that where this Power is 
 not given to the Surveyor, he, to keep up the juft Cha- 
 racter due to his Care in the Infpe^tion, will take fuch 
 a due regard of every Part being perform'd with the 
 moft found Materials, and the moft artful Compofition, 
 that the Refult of the Performance will, inftead of the 
 oppofite Pradice, add Force to the Duration : Befides, 
 the Builder will then be appriz'd of the particular Ex- 
 pence of each feparate Part of the Work, both interior 
 and exterior ; and be fatisfy'd with the Fidelity of the 
 Perfon employ'd to infped, and of his vigilant Dili- ' 
 gence in (eeing no Impofition be laid on the Builder, 
 either by Extortion in Prices of Work, or unfit Mate- 
 rials. The Method of proceeding this way will (befides 
 the more found and folid Duration of the Execution) . 
 be fo much lefs-expenfive than that of letting it to an ^. 
 Undertaker, as will fufficiently fatisfy the faithful Sur- 
 veyor, for his clofe Application and Care in feeing the 
 Execution juftifiably perform'd. . This is the Ca(e. of 
 due Confideration in the Perfon who intends to build, 
 to employ one capacitated to fee that every thing be 
 perform'd in a Conformity to the Refult of an Architec- - 
 tural or Geometrical Definition. 
 
 Yet, :. 
 
( 104 ) 
 
 Yet, how contrary to this Method do cur preferit • 
 Builders proceed ! who employ thofe who are perhaps 
 neceflicated by an Overfight of the general Expence in 
 the Eftimate, or a DefecSt of Judi^ment, fo to make him- 
 felf whole, that every feparate Tradefman concern'd 
 mufl be conftrain'd to contribute to the Decay of the 
 Building : firft, by doing his U'oik st fuch a Price as he 
 himfelf muft have a Profit as well as the Undertaker ; 
 fecondly, by the Badnefs of Materials, which are'moft 
 cheap, although lefs durable; tliirdly, by the Employ- 
 ment of mean inferior Workmen, whofe Wages are adap- 
 ted to his Abilities. Thefe and the like are tiiQ Methods 
 by which the Undertaker draws Profit to himfell", and 
 adds to the general Decay of the Building. 
 
 We find tUat Neceffity, or rather Covetoufnefs, firfl 
 enforces the Undertaker to engrofs a Profit to himfelf, 
 by employing mean illiterate Mafters, who, to gain the 
 Name of Bulinefs, perform their Work in fuch a manner, 
 that no Pioiii can accrue from the Performance: or elfe 
 it muft be fo bafely and unartfully wrought, and the 
 Materials Co bad, -that they greatly contribute to the 
 Decay of the Beauties of Architedrure, and the Rules of 
 (ouncl Building. Admit that the Workmanfhip were 
 well perform'd, yet the Materials muft confequently be 
 bad, or elfe no Profit would arife from the Performance, 
 by being conftrain'd to work for the Undertaker for fuch 
 low Prices, or the inferior Workmen muft contribute to 
 the Decay, (admit the Materials were good:) for to give 
 more, or fo much as common Wages to the Workmen, 
 is altoc;ether inccniiftent with Realbn to imagine, fince 
 the aforemention'd Neceffity is the Caufe ot that uni- 
 verfal Law of Nature, Self-Prefervation. This is fo plain 
 
 and 
 
 fs> 
 
( 105 ) 
 
 and evident, and withal fo common a Pradice, that 
 every one who has the leaft View of plain and natural 
 Reafbn can eafilj difcem. 
 
 Thus muclimay fuffice for a general Obfervation on 
 the united Caufes of the Decay of Building, where Ne- 
 ceiticy enforces the Undertaker to employ mean inferior 
 Mafters, by giving or allowing them but mean Prices : 
 This obliges him to employ illiterate laborious Men, 
 whom Nature has been plealed Co to furmlh with out- 
 ward Knowledge, that they are capable for nothing but 
 flavifti Drudgeries, and consequently unable to perform 
 any thing beautiful, regular, or conformable either to 
 Judgment or Order. But admit this is not fo, yet the 
 fame Reafons oblige him to provide fuch Materials, as 
 fliall be lejfft expenfive, and lefs durable. This is the 
 plain Cafe, and the repeated Pradice of our Under* 
 takers, who employ mean Perfons to perform the Work, 
 to gain a greater fhare of Profit to themfelvesj not 
 confidering the Injuftice of the Aclion to the Perfon 
 who employs him, in deceiving him fo vifibly (I may 
 fay) in the Execution. 
 
 But to difcover another more fatal and common 
 Pra<5bice, let us proceed to remark on another Method, 
 now much in ufe among our Undertakers ; which, is in 
 a greater meafure a more cor.ducing Caufe to the Decay 
 of Building in general, and Architecture in particular, 
 dian our former. 
 
 We before obferv'd the general Reafons on each fide 
 conducing to the Decay, fuch as Defecft of Judcrment, 
 Overflight in the Calculation, fafter confider'd) Cove-- 
 toufnels, Selr-Prefervation, and the like ; which are fo - 
 evident, that the Conlideration admits of no Objection, 
 
 ^ but 
 
( 10(5) 
 but more efpecially, when we duly examine this latter 
 uniting Caule of Decay ; which is, oh ! fatal Mifchief, 
 the Undertaker's finding Materials himfelf. Here it 
 appears plainly, tliat one of the aforemention'd Caufes 
 induce him to this illegal I^radlice If it is a Defedt of 
 Judgment, how unfit is he to provide proper Materials ? 
 if Overfight in the Calculation, how unthoughtful of 
 the Affair in hand ? Ir Covetoufnefs, what view is 
 there of imagining the Materials to be good, or artfully 
 wrought ? If Selt-Prefervation, who muff the Burthen 
 fall on ? Thus far the Events will readily convince us, 
 how improper it is for thofe who build, to proceed in 
 this injudicious manner. 
 
 If in the Undertaker's finding Materials, either of the 
 former Caufes induce him to this Pra(5fice, let us a little 
 infped: into the Abilities of the Perfon employ'd ; it may 
 be perhaps a Perfon fufficiently capacitated to carry on 
 and execute the Work in a Conformity to the Rules requi- 
 fite to compleat the Performance, (and indeed ther^ is 
 too many fuch, who deferve better Encouragement : ) 
 but to do this himfelf^ feems altogether inconfiftent 
 with Senfe to imagine. And we before confider'd, that 
 our former Maflers were incapable of employing Per- 
 fons above the mofl common Capacities; what mufl 
 be thbfe whom our new Mafler employs, whofe Profit 
 accrues only from the Labour of his Hands, no Ad- 
 vantage of Materials to afford the Workmen fcarce 
 common Wages ? It mufl confequenily follow, that he 
 mufl neceffarily produce Work of the fame Species with 
 his Prices, if not with the Materials likewife : for if the 
 Materials are good, and unartfully wrought, it is evident 
 that either the Architedure or the Building mufl decay. 
 
( 107 ) 
 
 Yet how are all thefe Things confider'd by the Builder ? 
 How injudicioLifly does he ad, when Reaion is wanting 
 to determine the Refdlt of his Ideas and Acftions ? 
 
 Now, after all that has been faid, if it fliould be ob- 
 jected that neither of the aforementiOn'd fuppos'd Rea- 
 sons are the Refult of the Performances of our Under- 
 takers; yet, laftly, another following may more plainly 
 demonftrate, how pollible it is to deceive the Builder, 
 by the Illegality of the Intention, and the Refult of 
 the Pradice, that is, the interfering in each other's Bu- 
 finefs. This is fo plain a means of the Decay of 
 Building in general, that it felf-evidently demonftrates 
 the Barbarity of the Pra(5tice : for what Corref^ondency 
 is there between Bricklayers and Joiners, Carpenters and 
 Mafons ? ^c. And yet we fee they are fo confufedly 
 mixed, that nothing of confequence is performed but 
 under each other; Things fo contrary, fo foreign to the 
 Inftitution of Trades : And likewife how common, is 
 beft feen by the continual Methods of Undertaking ;." 
 which is not, who fliall do the Work moft conformable 
 to the Rules of Proportion, f^c. bur who fhall perform 
 it with lefs Expence either to the Builder or himfelf. 
 
 What Folly, what Madnefs, or rather what Ignorance 
 does it argue? for Men thus xo ftrive, not only to ruin 
 each other, but likewife agree to deftroy that Science, 
 which we fhall never fee perfedled amongft us,- but by 
 every one's acting in his own Calling. Thofe whom 
 Nature has more particularly fitted for accomplifh'd Ar- 
 chited:s, ought to execute their adapted Office in another 
 manner, not enhancing Profit of this nature ; but give 
 every Man, according to his Calling, a free Liberty to 
 make that reafonable \J{q. of his Bufinefs, which Oppor- 
 
 P 1 tunity. 
 
( io8 ) 
 
 tunity may offer to him. Then every Man would en- 
 deavour to gain Credit, as well as Profit, in the Execu- 
 tion of his Part, that the Whole might become a 
 Building worthy to be (o call'd, by the Soundnefs of 
 the Materials, the Neainqfs of the Performances, and 
 the Beauty of the Whole ; Youth then would have 
 encouragement to ftudy, and each would ftrive who 
 fhould excel, and become moft acceffary to the Accom- 
 plilhment of antient Anchite(5ture. 
 
 If any thing proves more obvious or intelligible, or 
 more abfurd and common, than the AiTertions and 
 Arguments laid down, it is, that by repeated Prad:ices 
 they are become an univerfal Law, and feem to be fo 
 ftedfaftly fixed, by the Pra<5titioners of late, that we 
 may as well hope to 'fee all Men in general become 
 Pradlitioners of Virtue, as Practitioners of antient Al- 
 chite(5tUre, or the E,uJ(5& of fomi Building. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
( 109 ) 
 
 **.!^*****»'^-R'5- ;??, * ■'!b p:?. ^ ^ ^ ^ « A ,5 « a ■» ». * ^ ^ ^ .*^ A ^ 
 
 G H A P. xvin. 
 
 Concerning the life of the InfpeBional Table, 
 cakui-ated for th^ general Proportions of 
 the 'Diameters^ and Heights in Feet and 
 Inches. . 
 
 Have in the fixth Chapter juft remarked upon 
 fome general Obfervations,. which this Table 
 explains : that is, if the Confinement of the 
 Height of your Column is given, you have likewife 
 the Proportion of the Diameter in Feet, and Feet and 
 Inches, in the three Orders. If the Confinement of your 
 Height is to the Entablature, when erecfted on the Co- 
 lumn, the Diameter of your Column is given in Feet 
 and Inches. Again, if the Diameter is given in Feet 
 and Inches, by the fame Rule or Table you likewife 
 know the Height of your Column alone, or the Height 
 of the Entablature when ered:ed thereon in the three 
 Orders; and that by having recourfe to this Table, 
 whofe Meafure comes moft within the Limits of com- 
 mon Execution, which, if otherwife, will be only dou- 
 bling or halving a Number anfwering the Number given. 
 
 The 
 
( no ) 
 
 The Heights of Confinement are from 5 Feet to 15 in the 
 Execution} and the Diameters given, are as follow: 
 
 When the Confinement is to the Column alone, 
 
 Inches, Feet, Inch. 
 
 In the Dorick Order, from 7 to 3 : i f. 
 In the Jomck Order, from j- to 1 : io;f 
 In the Corinthian^ from 6'- to Z : 7,^. 
 
 When the Confinement is to the Entablature, when 
 executed on the Column, your Diameters given are as 
 follow : 
 
 I}?e1oes, Feet, Inch. 
 
 In the Dorick Order, from 6 to 1 : 5.^. 
 In the Jonick Order, from f~ to 1 : 4]f. 
 In the Corinthian, from 5 J to 1 : i,^. 
 
 The Meafures and Proportions of the Diameters are 
 all within the Limits of this Calculation, which are the 
 two Extremes that rife in a gradual Afcenr not exceed- 
 ing I of an Inch. The Reaions why I reduced them, as 
 you fee each Order, to a vulgar Fradbion of a common 
 Denominator, is becaufe the Fra(5bion comes neareft 
 that Number: I have reduced the Divifor into its lowed 
 Terms for a common Denominator, and every Remain- 
 der fo reduced, becomes a new Numerator. Thefe are 
 moft readily reduc'd again into a lower Fraction, near 
 enough to infpedl into the minuter Proportions for 
 common Ufe; as fuppofe ~ of an Inch, it we were to 
 call it i an Inch, the Denomination of the Fra(5lion is 
 
 the 
 
U/i 
 
 ^ri/pei^lfimd/ ^ 
 
 ^d^/^. 
 
 ca/azAz^^/ /y-cnnj; /e^/- A) 2 J, 
 
 J^/V rf ^ Horrij- ^n ihefz/^ r-/72} 
 
 
 
 JJiameier 
 
 t,/ do i/>a^ 
 /cnich. 
 
 UrriniAi.i Dcrt'cA 
 
 tirtv y£n 
 fam'cA. 
 
 
 andJncAeJ' 
 
 Dirn'cA 
 
 ^i^A> Mat 
 /tjnicA. 
 
 I'orintAia 
 
 Jiiam^/er 
 DaricA. 
 
 of 1^ Oyiitn 
 itte ^£nA 
 JcmtiA. 
 
 in Tv/un. 
 O/riniAia, 
 
 
 S — o 
 
 0-7 » 
 
 0-7 tj 
 
 ?iT4 
 
 Duurv 
 
 0~J 
 
 f^T^ 
 
 0-5 t3 
 
 IS - 
 
 J)iam f 
 
 1- 10 t 
 
 t- 9 fy 
 
 J)iam js 
 
 I- en 
 
 J>iam. 
 
 1-6- 
 
 i-S3t 
 
 PiOTrvJl 
 i -3 ^ 
 
 
 5 -3 
 
 -7? 
 
 j 
 0-7 Tj 
 
 o-sn 
 
 o~S h 
 
 0-6 i, 
 
 0-S'A 
 
 ty - 3 
 
 I - 10 j 
 
 t-9f, 
 
 1-7 h 
 
 i-6 h 
 
 
 i-^/^ 
 
 
 S - 6 
 
 q-S ^ 
 
 0-7'A 
 
 o-sH 
 
 0-6 ^ 
 
 0-6 
 
 0-6'A 
 
 IS - S 
 
 1-U^ 
 
 1-9'^ 
 
 1-1% 
 
 i-6 h 
 
 1- 6- 
 
 i-^ij 
 
 
 5-9 
 
 0-8 j 
 
 o-e % 
 
 0-7 fy 
 
 0-6 i 
 
 0-5 ri 
 
 0-6 is 
 
 15 - 9 
 
 l-ll i 
 
 
 
 1-iof^ 
 
 1-7% 
 
 1-6 fo 
 
 i-bl-t 
 
 i-4li 
 
 
 6-0 
 
 0-9 
 
 0-8 h 
 
 0-7 H 
 
 0-1 To 
 
 ^-6f-] 
 
 0-6^ 
 
 16-0 
 
 2-0- 
 
 i-v^ 
 
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(HI) 
 
 the neareft Proportion to ~, and may be iifed without 
 danger of Cenlure by future Infpedion. 
 
 I am naturally induced to conje(5fure, that this is a 
 Table or Method which will fave a world of Trouble in 
 Calculations, but more efpecially will be of fingular 
 XJCe to Workmen, who are oftentimes by thefe Confine- 
 -ments involv'd in a Labyrinth of feeming Intricacies 
 for want of due Confideration, or a Deficiency of Know- 
 ledge ; who oftentimes (by the Neceffity which thefe 
 two Rules bear with them) produce very erroneous Ex- 
 ecutions, unproportionate in themfelves, and in a di- 
 rect Unconformity to the Beauty requifite in the general 
 Tenor of the Whole. To give you exemplary Inftances 
 of the Affertion, take the following as fuppofitional 
 Confinements, whereby the Magnitude of the Diame- 
 ter, or the Height fought, is inflantly refolv'd. 
 
 You find the Table divided into two general Parts, 
 and thefe again divided into feven Columns. The Pro- 
 portions of a given Height from 5 Feet to 1 5, are the 
 Contents of the firft, which rife by a gradual Afcent of 
 three Inches ; the fecond Table or Divifion contains the 
 Proportions of a given Height from 15 Feet to 25, by 
 the fame Afcent as the fiift. 
 
 The firft Column is the Height of Confinement given 
 in Feet and Inches, the three next following Columns 
 are the Diameters of the given Heights, when the Confine- 
 ment is to the Column alone ; and of thefe, the firft is the 
 DonVfe, the fecond the lonick, and the third the Corin- 
 thian Order. The three next Columns are the Diame- 
 ters of the given Height, when the Confinement is to 
 the Entablature's Height, when erecSfed on the Column ; 
 the fecond Table, or general Divifion, is the fame with 
 
 this, 
 
( in ) 
 
 this, and needs no other Explanation. We fliall now 
 proceed to Inftances : 
 
 Suppofe the Height of the Confinement to your Co- 
 lumn alone was 14 Feet 3 Inches, the Order to be ex- 
 ecuted was the Dorick : look for i 4 Feet 3 Inches in 
 the given Heights, and in the next Column you fee the 
 Diameter given is i Foot 9 Inches and f. Suppofe that 
 the (ame given Height was to be executed with the 
 Jonick Order, look in the fecond Line of the three Divi-^ 
 {ions for the Diameters, and over-againft 14 Foot 5 Inches, 
 you will find for the Jonick Diameter i Foot 8 Inches 
 and f^ : For the Diameter of the Corinthian Order to tlie 
 given Height in the next Column, you find i Foot 6 
 Inches ; thefe are the Diameters of the given Height 
 14 Feet 3 Inches, when the Confinement is to the Co- 
 lumn alone. 
 
 Now let us proceed to the Diameters, when 14 Feet 
 3 Inches is the Height of Confinement given to the 
 Entablature. We before obferv'd, that the three next 
 Columns were the Diameters given for the three Or- 
 ders when the Confinement was to the Entablature. The 
 firft of thefe three lafl Divifions is the Dorick Order, 
 where over-againft 14 Foot 3, you will find in the fifth 
 Column (which is the fame) for the Dorick Order, the 
 Diameter is i Foot 5 Inches and ,'^; in the next, for 
 the Jonick Order, the Diameter is i Foot 4 Inches and 
 ~ (a Fraction of fomething more than \ an Inch.) In 
 the laft or 7th Column, for the Corinthian Order, the 
 Diameter given is i Foot 1 Inches and -f, (which may 
 properly be term'd and executed 1 Foot 3 Inches.) 
 Thefe are the Diameters of the given Height, when the 
 Confinement is to tlie Entablature in the tliree Orders. 
 
 By 
 
* ( "J ) 
 
 By the fame Methods, you may eaiily find the Diame- 
 ter of any given Height ready calculated, when the 
 Confinement is to the Column itfelf^ or the Entabla- 
 ture ere(5ced thereon. 
 
 As 1 have confider'd the foregoing Metlx)ds, as re- 
 lating to the Prpportions of the Diameters from a 
 given Height, let us jufl remark on the reverfing the 
 Ufe of the Table, by finding by the fame Method 
 the Height from the Diameters given, either as it re- 
 lates to the Column itfelf, or the Entablature thereon 
 erected ; as for example, fuppofe your Diameter given 
 be I Foot, and the Execution be to be perform'd with 
 the Dorkk Order, look for i Foot in the fecond Co- 
 lumn, which relates to the Dorkk Column alone, and 
 in the firfl Column of given Heights, over-againft one 
 Foot, you will find 8 Foot the Height, the Jontck ditto, 
 I Foot the Height, 8 Foot 6 Inches, ^c. 
 
 Since the Proportions of the Diameters likewife re- 
 folve.the Height from the fame Rule, as it relates 
 either to the Column or its Entablature ere6fed there- 
 on, the way is opened, and becomes univerfally ufe- 
 ful ; what other improvements may be made for the 
 publick Benefit, either in this Part, or any of the Trea- 
 tife in general, will be to me Satisfaction enough, to 
 fee that ancient Archite(5bure is become the Study ai.d 
 Delight of our own Nation. 
 
 I fhall conclude with this hearty Defire, (and 
 with the mofl ardent Zeal it is delivered) That I hope 
 we may endeavour to become as affiflant to the Ex- 
 ecution of it, conformable to the Kules prefcribed 
 
 Q. in 
 
( H4) 
 
 in its primitive Purity, as fome are rtow to annihi- 
 late and deftroy thofe little Remains of it, of which 
 there is fcarce any thing but the bare Ruins and Name 
 
 FINIS. 
 
Advertifement. 
 
 T Ho MAS Heath, at the Hercules, next door to 
 the Fount ain-Ta^ern in the Strand, makes and . 
 fells Wholefale and Retail, all forts of Mathematical In- 
 flmments; in Silver, Brafs, Ivory, Wood, ef^:-. perform'd 
 according to the latefl Obfervations of Philofophers and 
 Pra<il:icers of tl^ Mathematical Arts; whereby they are 
 render'd moft neat, portable, accurate and expeditious. 
 
 Whether they be tor Geometry, Surveying, Naviga- 
 tion, Gauging, Mcafuring, Dialhng, Geography, Aftro- 
 
 nomy, ^c. ■ r. r j 
 
 As Sedors, Scales, Compaa'3S, Drawing-Pens, Land 
 Qiiadrants, Theodoliies, Circumferentors, Tlane-Tables, 
 Warer-Levels, Meafuring- Wheels, Dials (portable or 
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 Prifms, Drawing-Boards, Sliding-Ruies of all forts, (^c. 
 Together with Books of tlieir Ufes. ^ • 
 
 Alfo an accurace Architedonick Sedor, readily and 
 univerfally obrain'd for the Fluting Pilafters and Co- 
 lumns, drawing the Geometrical Plans and Uprights in 
 any of the Orders of Archite(5l:ure, with feveiai other 
 ufeful and convenient Scales, and a Treatife of its Ufe. 
 He likewife fells Books relating to the Mathematicks.. 
 
BOOKS printed for Dan. Browne, W. BicKERTOisr, 
 
 and J. PoTE. 
 
 I.T NIGO yONE S"s mofi: notable Antiquity of Great 'Britaiu, 
 }^ vu\:i,3v[y'cd\\'\ Slo,Vi;-l-/e//gjOi\ Sai/sbury-Ph///, rcftor'd. Widi 
 Dv. Cbai /fou's Aniwcr iojones^ and Mr. ^^VWs Vindication in An- 
 fvvci- to Charlton; with the Life c{ Inigo Jones. Adorn'd with 
 iom nQ-w\\i:wsoi Sto?ie-Hengy and above 20 other Copper-Plates ; 
 and an Index to the Whole. 
 
 II. The City and Country Purchafer, and Builder's Didionary ; 
 or, the Corapleat Builder's Guide. l'!e 2d Edition, with Additions. 
 By Richard Nei'e. Zco. Pi ice 41. 
 
 III. Rana Illaftrata-, or, a Defcription of the moft beautiful 
 Pieces of Painting, Sculpture, and Architedure at and near i^o///^. 
 The 2d Edit. Price 2 s. 6 d- 
 
 IV. Memoirs of a certain Ifland adjacent to the Kingdom of Uto- 
 pia. V/ritten by a celebrated Author of that Country, and now 
 lendred into Engl/fJj. The 2d Edit. With a compleat Key, 2 vol. 
 
 V. The Secret Hiftory of the prefent Intrigues of the Court of 
 Caramania. The 2d Edit. With the Key. 
 
 VI. Memoirs of the Court of LiUiptit. Written by Capt. Gid- 
 livcr. Containing an Account of the Intrigues and fome other par- 
 ticular Tranfatlions of that Nation omitted in the 2 Volumes of his 
 Travels. Publifli'd by Lucas 'Bonnet. 
 
 Vn. Ea lieUe Jjjemblecy or the Adventures of Six Days : Being 
 a ColltiEVion of remarkable Incidents which happened tofomeof the 
 firll Quality in France. Written in Fre?ich for the Entertainment 
 of the King, and dedicated to him by Madam 'Tie Gomez. Tranf- 
 lated into EngliJJj, compleat, in 2 vol. The 2d Edit. 
 
 VIII. Nunnery Tales. Written by a young Nobleman, and tranf- 
 lated from h\s French Manufcript into Englijh. 
 
 IX. Gordon^ Itinerariiini Sept.entrionale^ or Journey over the 
 Northern Parts of Efigland and Scotland. Illultrated with many 
 Cuts. 
 
 X. Pliftory and Antiquities of the Cathedral Church of Cajiter- 
 hnry, and the onceadjoining Monaltery ; with Profpeds of the 
 Church and Monuments curioufly engraven. 
 
i 
 
 L^ 
 
.**.•« 
 
 96 
 
 V>