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^^2 Pearson 
 ^•1 The Hepaticae of th( 
 British Isles 
 
 This book may be kept out TWO WEEKS 
 ONLY, and is sul)ject to a fine of FIVE 
 CENTS a day thereafter. It is due on the 
 day indicated below: 
 
 ^G 1 1 1965 
 
 iOM -May-54— Form 8 
 
THE 
 
 HEPATIC^ 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BEITISH ISLES 
 
 VOL. I.— TEXT 
 
THE 
 
 HEPATIC^ 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BEITISH ISLES 
 
 BEING 
 
 FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL 
 KNOWN BRITISH SPECIES 
 
 WILLIAM HENRY PEARSON 
 
 CORK. MEM. LINN. SOC. N.S.W., K.S. TASM., VIDENSK. SELSK. CHUISTIAXIA 
 
 VOL. I.— TEXT 
 
 LONDON 
 
 LOVELL REEVE & Co.. Limitki 
 
 OubliaftevB to tlir il?omr, CToloutal anti Intiiaii vi^oUniiniriits 
 
 C. HENRIETTA .STREET. COVENT GARDEN 
 
 1902 
 
72IS9 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The object I have had in view whilst preparing this work lias 
 been to make the study of the British Hepaticae somewhat easier 
 for the growin<^ number of students who are taking an interest in 
 this, hitherto, neglected order. Although much has been written 
 on the structure and arrangement of the genera and species, no 
 attempt has been made, since the appearance of Sir Wm. J. 
 Hooker's "British Jungermanniae " in 1816, to delineate the 
 various organs of each particular species, without which it is 
 most difficult to identify those closely related. A very brief 
 introduction is followed by a full description, with figures of each 
 species, with their organs magnified. 
 
 I have followed the arrangement proposed by the late Dr. 
 Spruce, to whom I am indebted for the description of most of the 
 genera. 
 
 I have also made free use of the labours of others which I have 
 or may not have duly acknowledged, but all the species have been 
 critically examined and studied by me, and as the work has been 
 great, I trust criticism may be disarmed on this point. 
 
 About twenty-five years ago I attended a botanical class 
 taught by tlie late Dr. Carrington, and so made the friendship of 
 one of the most accurate botanists of our time, who then was 
 bringing out his " British Hepaticju," of which only four parts 
 were issued. It was then my ambition to assist him, mid with 
 him I had })reparecl a further part, but it never appeared 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 owing to difficulties arising as to its publication and the doctor's 
 failing health. 
 
 After his lamented death I began to arrange my notes and 
 drawings, and with the kindly encouragement of the late 
 Dr. Spruce and the help of many good friends, I have been able to 
 bring to a conclusion a work which has occupied the scanty leisure 
 of a busy commercial life. 
 
 My thanks are due to Messrs. James Cash, Richard Crawshaw, 
 George Ely, Symers M. Macvicar, and other friends for help 
 during the progress of the work. 
 
 No one can be more conscious than I am of its many imper- 
 fections, yet I venture to hope that students will find it of value 
 in the study of these interesting plants. 
 
 Wm. Hy. Pearson. 
 
 Park Crescent, Victoria Park, 
 Manchester. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PRKFACE . 
 
 CONTEXTS . 
 
 INTRODUCTION . 
 
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED 
 
 CONSPECTUS HEPATICARUM 
 
 JUNGERMANIACE.E 
 JUBULE.E . 
 JUN(iERMANIE.+: . 
 RADULE^ 
 PORELLE^ . 
 PTILIDEiE . 
 TRIGONANTHE^ 
 SCAPANIOIDE^ 
 EPIGONIANTHEiE 
 FOSSOMBRONIE.« 
 METZCERIEiE 
 
 MARCHANTIACE.fi 
 
 RICCIACE^. 
 
 ANTHOCEROTACE^. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 V 
 
 vii 
 
 it 3 
 11(1 
 
 l'4i. 
 41(j 
 440 
 
 4f.(; 
 
 4Sn 
 
 4:)s 
 r)(»4 
 
HEPATIC^. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Habit. — Frequently growing in matted tufts, sometimes 
 straggling amongst mosses, or creeping over rocks, stones, or 
 trees. (With the description of each species particulars are given 
 of their varied habit.) 
 
 Flagella are the whip-like processes some genera bear ; they 
 are either furnished with rootlets and minute rudimentary leaves 
 or are destitute of them. 
 
 Size. — The stems of the British Hepaticse vary from about 
 2 mm. to 5 or 6 inches in length. The following is an explana- 
 tion of the terms used to indicate their size : 
 
 " Very long," 3 to 6 inches. 
 
 " Large," about 3 inches. 
 
 " Largish," about 2 inches. 
 
 " Medium," about 1 to l^ inch. 
 
 "Small," J to 1 inch. 
 
 " Minute," ^ of an inch to 2 mm. to 3 mm. 
 
 Colour. — Commonly pale or yellowish to dark green, but 
 some varying from silvery white to black, others red or purple. 
 
 Stem. — The Hepatica) may be grouped in two divisions, the 
 frondose and the foliose ; but in certain genera both occur, which 
 show that this division is more or less artificial ; yet in the study 
 of our British species it is a useful distinction. 
 
 The frondose group comprise those genera which have a 
 flattened frond without any distinct stem, stem confused with 
 the lamina, or stem with wings or lamina on either side; they 
 are usually prostrate. 
 
 D. H. HILL LIBRARY 
 North Carolina State College 
 
2 HEPATIC^.. 
 
 The foliose species have a distinct stem with leaves; these 
 stems are either cylindrical, frontally or laterally compressed, and 
 various in texture, some being almost ligneous, others loosely 
 cellulose. In position they are either erect, depressed, procumbent, 
 or pendant ; they are either simple or slightly branched, pinnate 
 or bipinnate ; their ramification either lateral or postical ; a cross- 
 section of the stem discloses great variety in the size, arrangement, 
 
 and texture of the cells, which affords good characters in the 
 determination of species. 
 
 EooTLETS. — Some species are almost destitute of these; in 
 others they are often very abundant, proceeding from the postical 
 side of the stem, from the base of the stipules, or very rarely from 
 the underside of the postical lobe of some species. They are 
 usually short, simple or rarely forked, unicellular fibres, sparingly 
 dispersed or closely clothing the postical side of the stem. 
 
 In one genus only (Biccia) they are papillose within ; all the 
 others are smooth, semi-transparent or pellucid, sometimes dirty 
 white, claret or purple coloured. 
 
 Leaves. — The insertion, position, and shape of the leaves are 
 fully described with each species. 
 
 The above diagram illustrates the terms used with reference 
 to their position on the stem. 
 
 Erect, making an angle with the stem of about 10°. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 3 
 
 Erecto-patent, inakiug an angle witli the stem of about 30°. 
 
 Patent, making an angle with the stem of about 50'. 
 
 Patent-divergent, making an angle with the stem of about 70°. 
 
 Divergent or horizontal, making an angle with the stem of 
 about 90'. 
 
 The cells of the leaves vary in shape and size, having walls 
 clear and well-defined, with angles thickened or not, most fre- 
 quently with smaller cells at their angles, called trigones. 
 
 The following table of sizes of cells, suggested by the late 
 Dr. Spruce, has been used in the present work : 
 
 Comparative Sizes of Leaf-cells of Hepatic.b. 
 
 Large -10 mm. 
 
 Largish or rather large . . •()5 mm. 
 
 Moderate or medium size . 'iy^^t mm. 
 
 Smallish .... 025 mm. 
 
 Small -02 mm. 
 
 Very small or rather minute . -017 mm. 
 
 Minute . . . . -014 mm. 
 
 Very minute . -0125 to -01 mm. 
 
 Texture of Leaves. — In the frondose species the leaves vary 
 from a thin lamina, consisting of a single layer of cells, to thick 
 and fleshy, and numerous cells thick ; in the foliose they are 
 always composed of a single layer, in one or two cases a slight 
 thickening at the base has been observed. Unlike many of the 
 true mosses, they are destitute of a midrib. In one species 
 [Diplophi/Il um albicans) there is a pseudo-nerve, consisting of a 
 line of thickened cells. 
 
 Stipules, or, as they have been called by various authors, 
 amphigastria, and underleaves, are postical leaves usually very 
 small and rudimentary ; in some genera they are large and 
 equalling the leaves and generally of the same texture, but often 
 absent. 
 
 Inflorescence. — The reproductive organs of the Hepatic^! 
 are of two kinds, the male (antheridia) and the female (pistillidia) ; 
 their position affords valuable characters in the determination oi' 
 species. The leaves enclosing them are called 
 
4 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Bracts, which are either slightly or widely different from the 
 leaves, but usually agreeing with them in cell structure. 
 
 Bracteoles are the floral stipules, and are often a larger 
 modification of the same. 
 
 Perianth. — This is the term used for the inner involucre, 
 which is surrounded by the female bracts. It consists of one 
 or several layers of cells ; in some genera it is absent, or replaced 
 by the 
 
 Calyptra, which is usually a delicate sac enclosed by the 
 perianth. 
 
 Pistillidia, or the female organs, are usually situated at 
 the base and enclosed by the perianth and calyptra; they are 
 oblong in shape and vary considerably in number, one only 
 having been fertilised, developing into the perfect fruit, the others 
 fading away. 
 
 The Capsule is the seed vessel, enclosing the spores and 
 elaters, supported on a long or short, usually very delicate, 
 hyaline pedicel; it is globose or cylindrical, dividing regularly 
 into 4 valves, either to its base or the lower half, or rupturing 
 irregularly. In the Anthoceros it is pod-like, with a rudimentary 
 columella. 
 
 Spores or seeds vary in colour, shape, size, and markings. 
 
 Elaters are spiral threads, enveloped in a hyaline almost 
 invisible sac, and mixed with the spores in the capsule. 
 
 Antheridia, or male organs, are usually oval bodies, with 
 or without a short stipe, imbedded in the fronds or enclosed in 
 modified leaves called bracts. 
 
 Gemm^ are detachable cellular bodies found in some species, 
 which develop into perfect plants. 
 
 Distribution. 
 
 The Hepaticae are generally distributed throughout the 
 British Isles, from the sand fiats and rocks by the sea-shore 
 to the topmost heights of our mountains, and are found in 
 almost every imaginable locality. They are the more abundant 
 
INTJiODUCTION. 5 
 
 in shatly woods, l)y waterliills and mountain streams, in hogs 
 or on peaty moors, growing on living and dead trees, on stone 
 walls and rocks or mud-covered walls ; some species are peculiar 
 to limestone, others to subalpine and alpine districts. Full par- 
 ticulars are given with each species, and if the student has any 
 doubt as to the determination of any species its habitat will often 
 afibrd a good clue to its correct name. 
 
 Census of Distribution. — I have followed the admirable 
 arrangement adopted in the "London Catalogue of British 
 Mosses and Hepaticoe," 18S1. 
 
 "The numbers 1 to IG and the lettered numerals 17a, 17b, 
 18a, 18b, and 18c, stand for the twenty-one Watsonian provinces, 
 and show in which of those provinces each species is known to 
 grow. The names of these provinces, with the numbers standing 
 for them in the catalogue, and the counties included in each 
 province, are as follows : 
 
 1. Feninmlar (Cornwall, Devon, Somerset). 
 
 2. Channel (Wilts, Dorset, Wight, Hants, Sussex). 
 
 3. Thames (Oxon, Bucks, Berks, Surrey, Middlesex, Herts, 
 Essex, Kent). 
 
 4. Ouso (North'ton, Beds, Hunts, Cambridge, Norfolk, Sutlblk). 
 
 5. Severn (Monmouth, Glo'ster, Hereford, Worcester, Warwick, 
 Salop, and Stafford). 
 
 6. South Welsh (Glamorgan, Carmarthen, Brecon, liadnor, 
 Cardigan, and Pembroke). 
 
 7. North Welsh (Montgom., Merioneth, Anglesea, Carnarvon, 
 Denbigh, Flint). 
 
 8. Trent (Lincoln, Leicester, Notts, Derby). 
 
 9. Mersey (Cheshire, Lancashire, sine Lake Lane). 
 
 10. Hiunher (Yorkshire solus). 
 
 11. Tj/ne (Durham, Northumberland). 
 
 12. Lake (Lake Lane, Isle of Man, Westmorland, Cumberland). 
 
 13. West Lowland (Dumfries, Wigton, Kirkcudbright, Lanark, 
 Ayr, Renfrew). 
 
 14. Eaxt Lowland (Berwick, Boxburgh, Selkirk, Peebles, 
 Haddington, Edinburgh, Linlithgow). 
 
6 HEPATIC^. 
 
 15. East Highlmid (Perth, Stirling, Forfar, Kincardine, Aber- 
 deen, Banff, Elgin, Easterness). 
 
 16. West Hiykland (Argyle, Arran, Islay, Mull, Skye, West- 
 erness). 
 
 17a. Ufper North Highland (Sutherland, Caithness). 
 
 17b. Lower North Highland (Eoss-shire). 
 
 18a. Hebridean (Isles). 
 
 18b. Orkney (Isles). 
 
 18c. Shetland {lA^^). 
 
 I. (Ireland) C. (Channel Islands). 
 
 How TO Examine the Hepatic^. 
 
 To gain an accurate knowledge of the Hepaticse it is necessary 
 to have both a simple and a compound microscope, the simple 
 one with a good-sized table to deploy and dissect the specimen, 
 and the compound one to study the different organs plainly. 
 
 Place your specimen in a white saucer, in water, and carefuUy 
 disentangle a single plant from the mass with which it is usually 
 associated, making sure that you have the whole plant before 
 you. Ascertain its inflorescence : with the paroicous species it 
 may be necessary to dissect with a sharp scalpel the bracts 
 immediately below the perianth, and (as the late Dr. Spruce 
 once mentioned to me) do not spare your best specimens to make 
 sure about this character, which is of great value in the deter- 
 mination of species. 
 
 In taking sections of stems and perianths, dissections of 
 the leaves, stipules, and bracts, and examining spores and elaters, 
 the student will find it convenient to place them on a glass slip, 
 covering them with a cover glass, adding a few drops of water, 
 or glycerine and water, to examine them under the compound 
 microscope, using the 2 or 3 inch for studying the shape of 
 the leaves, stipules, and bracts, the \ ox \ inch for the cell 
 structure, spores, and elaters. 
 
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED. 
 
 Accrescent, increasing in size. 
 AcROCAurous, fruit terminating the stem 
 
 or axis. 
 AcROGENOUs, from the growth of the 
 
 stem taking place at the summit. 
 Acuminate, tapering gradually to a 
 
 point. 
 AcuTATE, slightly pointed. 
 Acute, terminating at once in a point. 
 Adnate, joined together, adhering to 
 
 the face of anything. 
 Adventitious, developed in an unusual 
 
 position. 
 -^ruginose, verdigris-green. 
 Aggregate, crowded. 
 Albescens albicans albidus, whitish. 
 Alternate, one after another, but 
 
 not opposite. 
 Alveolate, studded with cavities, 
 
 somewhat resembling the cells in 
 
 a honeycomb. 
 Amentula, the catkins of (^ inflores- 
 cence. 
 Amplexicaul, clasping the stem. 
 Andrcecium, the male inflorescence. 
 Antheridia, the male reproductive 
 
 organs. 
 Antical, the upper face of a stem, 
 
 branch or lobe of a leaf. 
 Apical, belonging to the apex or point. 
 Apiculate, having an apiculus. 
 Apiculus, an abrupt very short point 
 
 continued from the lamina. 
 Applanate, flattened out or horizon- 
 tally expanded. 
 
 Apprkssed, applied closely to the stem. 
 AppiiOxiMATE, close together. 
 Archegonia. .S'ee Pistillidia. 
 Arcuate, bent like a bow. 
 Areolation, the network formed by the 
 
 outline of the cells. 
 Aroma, the flavour peculiar to any plant. 
 Aromatic, having a spicy taste or 
 
 smell. 
 Articulate, jointed. 
 Ascending, directed upwards. 
 Aspekulous, slightly rough,'?with little 
 
 points. 
 Assurgent, ascending upward. 
 Attenuate, narrowing gradually. 
 Auricles, earlike appendages. 
 AuRicuLATE, having auricles or small 
 
 lobes at the base. 
 AuTOicODS, male and female inflores- 
 cence on the same plant. 
 Axil, the angle between the axis and 
 
 any part produced from it. 
 Axillary, in the basal hollow or axil 
 
 of a leaf or branch. 
 
 I Basal, at the base or lowest part. 
 IJiDEXTATE, with two teeth. 
 BiFARious, two ranks or in two opposite 
 
 rows. 
 Bifid, cleft into two, halfway down. 
 Bifurcate, two-forked. 
 HiLAiiiATE. two-lipped. 
 BiLOiiED, two-lobed. 
 
 Bipartite, divided nearly to base into 
 two parts. 
 
8 
 
 HEPATIC^. 
 
 BiPiNNATE, doubly pinnate. 
 
 BiPiNNATiFiD, doiibly pinnatifid. 
 
 BiSEPTATE, with two partitions. 
 
 BiSERiATE, arranged in two parallel 
 rows. 
 
 BiSERKATE, serratures again serrated. 
 
 Bracteole, the floral stipule. 
 
 Bracts, the leaves enclosing the repro- 
 ductive organs. 
 
 Byssaceous, divided into fine threads 
 like wool. 
 
 Caducous, soon falling off. 
 
 C/ESious, glaucous-green. 
 
 C.espitose, forming matted tufts. 
 
 C^spitulose, in very small tufts. 
 
 Calcarate, spurred. 
 
 Calcicolous, growing on limestone. 
 
 Oalyptra, the sac enclosing the young 
 
 Calyx, the external whorl of floral 
 
 leaves. 
 Canaliculate, channelled. 
 Canescent, rather hoary. 
 Capillary, hairlike. 
 Capitate, forming a head. 
 Carinate, keeled. 
 Carnose, fleshy. 
 Catenulate, chainlike. 
 Catkin, a spike of unisexual flowers. 
 Caudex, the axis of a plant. 
 Cauline, belonging to the stem. 
 Channelled, hollowed out like a gutter. 
 Chlorophyl, the green colouring matter 
 
 of leaves. 
 Cilia, hairlike processes. 
 CiLiATE, fringed with cilia. 
 Circinate, bent circularly. 
 Cladocarpous, the fruit terminating a 
 
 lateral shoot. 
 Clavate, club-shaped. 
 CoCHLEARiFORM, round and concave like 
 
 a spoon, 
 Complanate, pressed flat together. 
 
 Complicate, folded. 
 Compressed, flattened laterally, 
 CoNCOLOROUs, of One uniform colour. 
 Conduplicate, folded face to face. 
 Confervoid, formed of fine threads. 
 Connate, joined together (base to base). 
 Connivent, meeting in one point. 
 Constricted, suddenly narrowed. 
 Convolute, rolled up. 
 Cordate, shaped like the figure of a 
 
 heart on cards; the point of 
 
 attachment being at the broader 
 
 end. 
 Cortical, belonging to the bark, 
 Crenate, having convex teeth. 
 Crenulate, minutely crenate. 
 Cucullate, hooded, the apex curved 
 
 inward like a slipper. 
 Cuneate, wedge-shaped. 
 Cuspidate, tapering gradually into a 
 
 rigid point. 
 Cuticle, outer skin of leaf. 
 Cyathiform, cup-shaped. 
 Cylindrical, having a cylindrical figure 
 
 like a pipe. 
 
 Decumbent, reclining on the ground 
 
 and rising again at the apex. 
 Decurrent, applied to leaves when the 
 
 lamina runs down the stem below 
 
 the point of attachment. 
 Deflexed, bent downward through the 
 
 whole length. 
 Dehiscence, mode of bursting. 
 Deltoid, triangular. 
 Dentate, toothed, having sharp teeth 
 
 with concave edges. 
 Denticulate, minutely toothed. 
 Denudate, bared of leaves. 
 Dependant, hanging down. 
 Depressed, flattened horizontally. 
 DiCHOTOMous, forked divisions in pairs. 
 Dioicous, male and female inflorescence 
 
 on separate plants. 
 
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED. 
 
 Discoid, like :i Hat plate. 
 
 Distant, a{)plied to the leaves when far 
 
 away from each other. 
 DisTicuous, in two opposite rows. 
 DiVAKicATi:, straggling, spreading widely 
 
 apart. 
 Discrete, separated and distinct. 
 DiVEKGENT, spreading outward from the 
 
 centre. 
 
 EcHiXATE, with rigid bristles. 
 
 Edentate, without teeth. 
 
 Elateus, spiral threads with the spores. 
 
 Elongated, when any part or organ is 
 in any way remarkable for its 
 length, in comparison with its 
 breadth. 
 
 Emakginate, slightly notched at the 
 summit, as if a piece had been cut 
 out. 
 
 Emersed, protruding upward. 
 
 Entii:e, not cloven ; quite entire, not 
 toothed at the margin. 
 
 Epidermis, the cuticular or outer layer 
 of cells. 
 
 Erkct, when any part or organ stiinds 
 perpendicularly, or very nearly so, 
 to the surface to which its base is 
 attached. 
 
 Erose, irregularly notched as if gnawed. 
 
 Explanate, spread out Hat. 
 
 Exserted, elevated above the surround- 
 ing parts. 
 
 Falcate, sickle-shaped. 
 
 Fastigiate, all branches reaching an 
 
 equal height. 
 Fertile, bearing fruii. 
 F1LIF0R.M, threadlike. 
 Fimbriate, fringed with proc«'sses. 
 Flaccid, Habby. 
 Flagellikorm, like the thong of a 
 
 whip. 
 Flagellum, a runner, a small branch. 
 
 Flavkscent, becoming yellow. 
 
 Flexuose, bending inward and out- 
 ward. 
 
 FovEOLATE, imj)ressed with small holes 
 or depressions. 
 
 Free, not adhering or adnate. 
 
 FiiONDOSE, foliaceous, or in leafy ex- 
 pansions. 
 
 Fugacious, dis;ippearing quickly. 
 
 Galeate, helmet shaped. 
 I Gemm.e, budlike bodies wipable of be- 
 coming plants. 
 
 Gemmiparous, bearing gemmie. 
 
 Geniculate, where any part is bent 
 abruptly, so as to form a decided 
 angle. 
 
 Girrous, very convex or tumid. 
 
 Glabrous, smooth. 
 
 Glaucescent, faintly glaucous. 
 
 Glaucous, covered with bluish-white 
 bloom. 
 
 Globose, nearly spherical. 
 
 Granular, rough on the surface. 
 
 IIaiut, general aspect of the plant.' 
 Habitat, situation where the plant 
 
 grows. 
 Hamate, hamulose, curved like a hook. 
 Heterophyllous, having leaves of 
 
 more than one form. 
 Horizontal, standing off at right 
 
 angles. 
 Hyaline, more or less transparent or 
 
 translucent. 
 Hyi'ogynous, below the female. 
 
 Immersed, covered by the surrounding 
 parts. 
 
 Incised, cut irregularly and sharply. 
 i Included, not extending beyond the 
 surrounding organs. 
 
 Incrassate, thickened by internal do- 
 posits. 
 
10 
 
 EEPATICJE. 
 
 Incubous, base with the lowest angle on 
 the underside of the stem. 
 
 Incumbent, lying upon. 
 
 Incurved, gradually bending from 
 without inwards. 
 
 Indehiscent, without dehiscence, or 
 regular line of suture. 
 
 Inflexed, bent inward. 
 
 Inflorescence, the general arrangement 
 or disposition of the flowers in a 
 plant. 
 
 Infra-axillary, originating below the 
 axil of a leaf. 
 
 Innovations, new growths, or supple- 
 mentary extensions of the stem. 
 
 Insertions, mode of attachment. 
 
 Interruptedly-pinnate, where the pairs 
 of leaflets in a pinnate leaf are 
 alternately larger and smaller. 
 
 Involucre, a whorl of bracts free or 
 united, seated below or surrounding 
 the flower or flowers. 
 
 Involute, rolled inward. 
 
 Irregular, exhibiting a want of sym- 
 metry. 
 
 JuLACEOUS, smooth, slender, and cylin- 
 dric. 
 
 Keel, a central postical ridge like the 
 keel of a boat. 
 
 Lacerate, irregular, cleft as if torn or 
 lacerated. 
 
 Lacini^:, small shreds. 
 
 Laciniate, cut or slashed. 
 
 Lacuna, hollows. 
 
 L^TE-viRENS, bright green. 
 
 LiEViGATE, smooth as if polished. 
 
 Lamella, small plates. 
 
 Lamina, the expansion of a leaf exclu- 
 sive of nerve. 
 
 Lanceolate, narrowly elliptic and taper- 
 ing to each end. 
 
 Lateral, attached to the side (the sides 
 right and left of the axis). 
 
 Lenticular, compressed like a double 
 convex lens. 
 
 Leptodermous, thin-coated. 
 
 Ligneous, woody. 
 
 LiGULATE, strap-shaped. 
 
 Linear, a narrow leaf with parallel 
 
 Lingulate, tongue-shaped. 
 
 LoBATE, or Lobed, divided into or bear- 
 ing lobes. 
 
 Lobe, any division of an organ ; or 
 especially a rounded division or 
 projection. 
 
 Lobulate, divided into small lobes or 
 lobules. 
 
 Loricate, equally narrow through- 
 out. 
 
 Lumen, the internal space or cavity of 
 a cell. 
 
 Lunulate, crescent-shaped. 
 
 LuRiDUS, dirty brown. 
 
 Lutescent, pale yellow. 
 
 Male, a plant or flower which bears 
 antheridia and no pistillidia. 
 
 Mammillae, hemispherical with a pro- 
 jecting papilla. 
 
 Marginal, at the edge. 
 
 Marginatus, having a border of cells 
 different in form or colour. 
 
 Membranaceous, or Membranous, thin 
 and semi-transparent. 
 
 Moniliform, like a necklace of beads. 
 
 Monoicous, male and female inflores- 
 cence separate but on the same 
 plant. 
 
 Multifid, cleft into many lobes or 
 segments. 
 
 Muricate, rough, with sharp promi- 
 nences. 
 I Muriculate, minutely muricate. 
 
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED. 
 
 11 
 
 Naked, Avhere any part is exposed or 
 uncovered by other surrounding 
 parts or organs. 
 
 Navicular, boat-sliaped. 
 
 Nerve, the mid-rib of leaf. 
 
 NiTiDUS, smooth and polished. 
 
 Nucleate, with a central substance of 
 greater density. 
 
 Ob — , in comparison inversely, as 
 
 OuovATE, inversely ovate. 
 Oblong elliptic, obtuse at each end, 
 
 with the longitudinal diameter 3-4 
 
 times the transverse. 
 Obsolete, scarcely apparent. 
 Obtuse, terminating gradually in a 
 
 rounded end. 
 Obtusiusculus, rather obtuse. 
 OCHREACEOUS, brownish-yellow. 
 Olivaceous, a dusky-green ; of an olive 
 
 colour. 
 Opaque, when the surface is dull, or 
 
 not at all shining. 
 Opposite, when similar organs are 
 
 arranged in pairs over against 
 
 each other. 
 Orbicular, circular. 
 Oval, elliptic, and about twice as long 
 
 as broad. 
 Ovate, elliptic with the lower end 
 
 broader. 
 
 Pagina, the expanded surface of the 
 leaf. 
 
 Pallid, pale. 
 
 Palmate, 5-lobed from a centre. 
 
 Papillj:, small rounded prominences. 
 
 Papillose, covered with papilla;. 
 
 Paraphyses, succulent pointed threads 
 growing with the reproductive 
 organs. 
 
 Paroicous, ^ and ? in the same in- 
 florescence, ^ naked in the axils 
 of the lower bracts. 
 
 Pautitk, divided almost to thf very 
 
 base. 
 Patent, spreading at an angle of 2(j - 
 
 \'i . 
 Patentissima, spreading at right angles 
 
 or nearly so. 
 Patulous, spreading at an angle of 
 
 40 -DO . 
 Pectinate, comblike. 
 Pedicel, or Peduncle, the fruit stalk. 
 Pedicellate, having pedicels. 
 Peduncle, or Pedicel, the fruit stalk. 
 Pendulous, hanging down. 
 Perianth, the innermost bracts united. 
 Perigonial Bracts, the leaves sur- 
 rounding or enclosing the pistil- 
 
 lidia. 
 Perigonium, the involucre of male 
 
 inflorescence. 
 Perigynium, the involucre of female 
 
 inflorescence. 
 Persistent, remaining a long time. 
 Piliferous, ending in a line weak point 
 
 or hair. 
 Pinnate, having branches on two ojtjm- 
 
 site sides. 
 Pinxatifid, divided half-way to the 
 
 mid-rib in segments in a feathery 
 
 manner. 
 PiSTiLLiDiA, the male organs. 
 Plicate, plaited. 
 Plu.mose, feathery. 
 Polymorphous, of many forms. 
 Pore, a small aperture. 
 PosTiCAL, the under or rooting face of 
 
 a stem or branch, or lobe of 
 
 leaf. 
 Processes, divisions. 
 Procumbent, spreading on the ground. 
 Proliferous, bearing au excessive de- 
 velopment of parts. 
 PuLViNATE, like a cushion. 
 Punctate, with ojwique dots. 
 Pyriform, pear-shaped. 
 
12 
 
 HEPATIC J^. 
 
 Quadrate, square. 
 QuADRiFiD, cut into four segments. 
 Quadripartite, cloven almost to the 
 very base into fours. 
 
 Radicles, small rooting fibres. 
 
 Radiculose, with small rootlets. 
 
 Recurved, curved back. 
 
 Reflexed, suddenly bent back. 
 
 Regular, symmetrical. 
 
 Repand, slightly sinuoua. 
 
 Reticulate, having the appearance of 
 network. 
 
 Retuse, round at the end. 
 
 Revolute, rolled back. 
 
 Rhizome, a creeping subterranean stem. 
 
 RosuLATE, arranged like a rosette. 
 
 Rotund, round. 
 
 Rotund ATE, roundish. 
 
 Roundish, approaching a round form, 
 or merely rounded off at the ex- 
 tremities, 
 
 RuEESCENT, reddish-brown. 
 
 Rupturing, irregularly bursting. 
 
 Scabrous, rough with minute warts. 
 
 ScABRULOUS, slightly scabrous. 
 
 ScARiosE, dry, thin, and semi-trans- 
 parent. 
 
 Secund, turned to one side. 
 
 Segment, one of the subdivisions of 
 any part or organ. 
 
 Semiamplexicaul, half clasping the 
 stem. 
 
 Septate, having partitions. 
 
 Serrate, with sharp straight-edged 
 teeth pointing forward. 
 
 Serrulate, with small serrations. 
 
 Sessile, without evident pedicle. 
 
 Sinuate, having the margin with alter- 
 nate concavities and convexities. 
 
 Sinus, the re-entering angle or depres- 
 sion between two projections or 
 prominences. 
 
 Spicate, where the male flowers are 
 disposed in a spike. 
 
 Spike, an inflorescence of male flowers 
 on a stem or branch. 
 
 Spinulose, with minute prickles. 
 
 Sporangium, the sac holding the spores. 
 
 Spores, seeds. 
 
 Sporogonium, the capsule. 
 
 Squamose, scaly. 
 
 Squarrose, spreading out at right 
 angles. 
 
 Stellate, radiating like a star. 
 
 Stipules, a foliaceous appendage on the 
 postical side of stem or branch. 
 
 Stipitate, attached to a stipe or foot- 
 stalk. 
 
 Stoloniferous, producing stolons. 
 
 Stolons, horizontal or descending shoots 
 from the base of stem with minute 
 
 Stomata, air-pores in the epidermis of 
 
 leaves. 
 Striate, marked with striee or slight 
 
 furrows. 
 Sub — , in composition somewhat, as 
 
 subacute, rather pointed. 
 Subulate, awl-shaped ; Widely-subu- 
 late, narrowly triangular. 
 SuccuBous, base with the lowest angle 
 
 on the upper side of the stem, 
 SuLCATE, furrowed, with longitudinal 
 
 channel. 
 Suture, line of junction of two parts. 
 Synoicous, antheridia and pistillidia in 
 
 one inflorescence. 
 
 j 
 
 I Terete, cylindric and tapering. 
 Transverse, in a plane perpendicular 
 to the axis, or longitudinal direc- 
 tion. 
 Tridentate, having three toothlike 
 
 divisions. 
 Trifarious, ranged in three rows. 
 Trifid, three cleft midway to the base. 
 
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED. 
 
 13 
 
 Thioonous, having three faces. 
 
 Trilobate, three-lobed. 
 
 Tiiii'AUTiTE, parted nearly to tlie base 
 
 in three divisions. 
 Triquetuous, triangular. 
 Tristichous, disposed in three rows. 
 Truncate, cut off abruptly. 
 TuBERCULATE, covered with minute 
 
 knobs. 
 Tubular, hollow and cylindrical. 
 TuuBiNATK, top-shaped. 
 Turgid, slightly swollen. 
 
 Umbraculiform, umbrella-shaped. 
 
 Uncinate, hooked, curved back at 
 point. 
 
 Undulate, with an alternately convex 
 and concave margin. 
 
 Unequal, the two sides not sym- 
 metrical. 
 
 Unuuiculate, ending in a point like a 
 
 claw. 
 Uniseriate, disposed in a single row, 
 Urceolate, pitcher-shaped. 
 
 Vaguely, without any definite direc- 
 tion. 
 
 Valves, distinct portions of the capsule 
 which become detached by dehis- 
 cence in a definite manner. 
 
 Ventricose, unequally swelling on one 
 side, or swelling in the middle. 
 
 Verrucose, covered with wartlike 
 prominences. 
 
 Verruculose, when the warts are 
 small and abundant. 
 
 Vertical, standing quite erect. 
 
 Vesicular, inflated like bladders. 
 
 Whitish, not pure white. 
 
CONSPECTUS HEPATICARUM 
 
 [Spruce). 
 
 Suborder I. JUNaERMANIACEiE. 
 
 Vegetation foliose, in a very few species frondose. Fruit soli- 
 tary, pedicellate, capsule quadrivalvate, very rarely irregularly 
 rupturing. Elaters mixed with the spores. Androecia spicate, 
 often amentiform ; antheridia enclosed in leafy bracts, in a few 
 frondose species only either scattered or seriate upon the stem and 
 ebractate. 
 
 Tribe I. JUBULE^. 
 
 Eamification always lateral, i.e. having distichous, for the 
 most part infra-axillary branches arising from among the lateral 
 leaves only, never from the stipules. Leaves always alternate, 
 incubous, complicato-bilobate, the smaller inferior lobule generally 
 inflated or saccate. Stipules present in nearly all species, radi- 
 culose; in a few species absent, in which case the radicles are 
 in two rows along the stem, in a very few species they are dupli- 
 cate (that is, in two rows). Flowers $ most frequently diandrous, 
 in a few species monandrous. Flowers ? monogynous or 1—4- 
 gynous. Perianth always present, free, more or less frontally 
 compressed, 2-12-angled, constricted at the apex, shortly tubular. 
 Calyptra constantly free both from the perianth and the pistillidia. 
 Capsule on a short pedicel, globose, quadrivalvate for only two- 
 thirds of its length from the apex, the lower third being undivided 
 and forming a neck or apophysis, which is really the dilated apex 
 of the pedicel. Elaters monospiral, truncate, persistent. 
 
CONSPECT US HEP. I TK V / A' I'M. 1 5 
 
 Tribe 11. JUNGEliMANlEyE. 
 
 Eamification various, lateral or partly postical (floial branches 
 principally) ; rarely all postical, very rarely antical. Leaves iti- 
 cubous, transverse or succubous, alternate or opposite ; very 
 various in form, subexplanate or concave, entire or very often 
 divided, but very rarely complicato-bilobate. Stipules in some 
 genera constantly present, in others very rare or absent. Flowers 
 ? in some always monandrous, in others oligandrous, in very 
 few polyandrous. Flowers <? oligo-polygynous ; pistillidia 5-80, 
 free, or when in fruit more or less adnate to the calyptra. 
 Perianth very variable; complanate, trigonous or polygonous, 
 rarely perfectly terete, mouth wide or constricted ; sometimes 
 really or apparently absent, in a few species forming a fleshy 
 pendulous pouch. Calyptra usually free, in some species adnate 
 to the perianth or involucre. Capsule globose, oblong or cylin- 
 drical, quadrivalvate to the base, dehiscing irregularly in very few 
 species. Elaters in almost all cases dispiral, rarely monospiral or 
 3-4-spiral, deciduous ; sometimes a few heteromorphous elaters 
 persist a little longer than the rest either at the base or the apex 
 of the capsule, but finally fall away in the same manner as the 
 normal ones. 
 
 A. Elaters normally dispiral. 
 
 a. Iiadioles arising from tlie lobule of the leaves. 
 
 Subtribe I. RADULE.E. 
 
 Plants rather large, prostrate, dichotomous or laxly pinnate. 
 Branches all lateral, infra-axillary. Loaves incubous, complicato- 
 bilobate, the inferior lobule smaller, radiculose. Stipules none. 
 Flowers 3 1-3-androus. Perianth almost always frontally com- 
 pressed, sometimes complanate, with a wide truncate mouth. 
 Capsule in almost every instance oblongo-cylindrical. 
 
 b. Radicles arising from the stem or Ironi the postical 
 stipules. 
 
16 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Subtribe II. POEELLE^. 
 
 Plants large, handsome. Stems springing from a creeping 
 radiculose caudex, plumseformi-pinnate or bipinnate, somewhat 
 radiculose, all the branches lateral and infra-axillary. Leaves 
 incubous, complicato-bilobate, the inferior lobule decidedly smaller 
 and ligulate. Stipules of equal size with the lobules, now and 
 then radiculose. Inflorescence dioicous. Flowers $ constantly 
 monandrous. Flowers ? terminal on an extremely short lateral 
 branch {i.e. cladogenous.) Perianth compressed a little at the 
 front, trigonous, the third angle postical, 3-10 plicate, the 
 laciniolate mouth at first contracted, finally gaping or bilabiate. 
 Calyptra free. Capsule large, globose, quadrivalvate to the base ; 
 the valves often imperfectly separated at the base and irregularly 
 lacerate. 
 
 Subtribe III. PTILIDEiE. 
 
 Plants usually large, often beautifully coloured, whitish, 
 yellowish, or rosy, sometimes blood-red. Stems in most cases 
 arising from a creeping radiculose, often also flagelliferous caudex, 
 p innately or indefinitely ramose, sub-radiculose, branches either 
 all lateral or some postical, but the female fiower always terminal 
 on the stem or on a longer or shorter lateral (never on a postical) 
 branch. Leaves incubous, transverse or succubous, nearly of the 
 same size and of the same shape as the stipules which are always 
 present, canaliculate, but very rarely complicate, bi-multifid, often 
 elegantly ciliate or torn into capillary lacinise. Infloresence 
 dioicous in every species (with the sole exception of Anthelia 
 Jiiratzkana'^). Flowers $ in species with succubous leaves, 
 monandrous ; in those with incubous leaves, generally diandrous. 
 Female bracts in several pairs, either all free or the inner ones 
 adnate to the perianth, sometimes to the calyptra. Perianth 
 (when present) very slightly, frontally compressed, traversed 
 by 3-10 keels or folds, rarely ecarinate, constricted or truncate 
 at the mouth, free from the inner bracts or, in some genera, 
 adnate to and covered up by them ; sometimes absent. Calyptra 
 
C '(LWSrLVT 6'.s' JIA'J'A Tl< 'A /.' /. 'M. 1 7 
 
 live, or in some species which are without periantli covered with 
 the inner bracts. Capsule either globose, thick with many cell- 
 rows, straight-valved, or cylindrical of two cell-rows, with con- 
 torted valves, tlie valves being sometimes bifid. Elaters slender, 
 dispiral. 
 
 Subtribe IV. TRIGONANTHE^. 
 
 Plants minute or rather large, from green becoming pale, 
 rarely dull purple or subroseate. Stems most frequently prostrate 
 or procumbent, indefinitely or pinnately ramose, or dichotomous, 
 postical flagella almost bare of leaves, being often superadded. 
 Foliaceous branches lateral or in some occasionally all postical ; 
 those bearing female flowers postical in almost every species, only 
 terminal in a few Ccp/ialozia\ Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, 
 succubous or incubous, varying in form, more or less deeply 
 divided from the frequently broad truncate apex into 2-4 or 
 rarely into 6 teeth or lobes, seldom quite simple; in very few 
 species are they complicate with the postical lobe ; margin gene- 
 rally quite entire, fiat or incurved, never recurved. Stipules 
 either wanting or small; in a few instances not much less in 
 size than the leaves and nearly similar in shape to them. 
 
 Flowers ? standing on a postical branch, very rarely on a 
 lateral l)ranch or terminal on the stem itself; <? monandrous, 
 very rarely diandrous. Female bracts trijugate and tristichous, 
 in a few species distichous. Periantli nearly always long and 
 narrow, trigonous, the third angle postical, rarely 4-6-angled 
 by reason of the other angles being intercalated, all the latter 
 wingless and without teeth ; free both from calyptra and involucre 
 (except that of Kanfia, which instead of a perianth has a pouch 
 grown together on the insides to the calyptra). Calyptra 
 generally small, free, except in Kanfia. Capsule most frequently 
 oblong or cylindrical of a double serie;; of cells (in a few genera 
 there are 4-5 strata of cells), valves straight, twisted in Kantia 
 only. Ehitcrs slender, dispiral. 
 
18 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Subtribe V. SCAPANIOIDE^. 
 
 Plants handsome and large leaved, often remarkable for their 
 colour, which is roseate, whitish, or yellowish. Stems arising 
 from a creeping caudex, erect or inclined downwards, sub-radicu- 
 lose, producing only a few lateral branches. Leaves alternate, 
 transverse complicato-bilobate with the antical lobule the smaller, 
 in most cases beautifully denticulate or ciliated at the margin, 
 sometimes even lobulate, naked, or in some species lamellose or 
 pilose on the upper surface. Stipules absent in most species but 
 present in a few, somewhat large bilobate and incised. Flowers 
 terminal on the stem, dioicous, rarely paroicous ; males di-poly- 
 androus. Female bracts in most species somewhat similar in 
 shape to the leaves but more equally lobed. Perianth in typical 
 species emersed, free, frontally compressed, often complanate and 
 decurved with a truncate mouth ; in a few others less compressed 
 and 5 to many-folded. Capsule robust, oblong, sometimes very 
 long. Elaters dispiral. Perhaps it might be better to regard 
 this subtribe as a section of the following; but it may easily 
 be recognised by its peculiar habit and complicate leaves, having 
 the antical lobe the smaller (and not the postical as in Radida, &c.). 
 
 Subtribe VI. EPIGONIANTHE^. 
 
 Plants very rarely small, often large and robust, varying in 
 colour from green to whitish or yellowish, sometimes purplish, 
 less frequently rosy. Stems either arising from a creeping caudex 
 and almost all rootless, or prostrate and more abundantly radicu- 
 lose, irregularly branched or dichotomously, rarely pinnate. 
 Branches almost always lateral, springing from the middle or 
 from the postical angle of the axil, very rarely truly postical, 
 that is, axillary with the stipules. Leaves succubous or trans- 
 verse (never incubous), alternate or opposite, somewhat large, 
 simple, bifid or 3-5-fid; the margin in the small species quite 
 entire as a rule, in the larger ones very often ciliate or with spiny 
 teeth, often much recurved at the antical portion of the base. 
 
CONSmCTUS HE J' A TIC A R UM. 1 9 
 
 Stipules generally absent or small, rarely of a moderate size ; 
 in some species with opposite leaves (e.g. Lophocolea, Chiloscypha, 
 and Lpiosci/pha) connate at each side with the adjacent leaf, and 
 there forming a three-leaved whorl ; in the opposite leaved 
 Phif/lochil(p, however, they are wanting. Inflorescence dioicous 
 or monoicous, acrogenous, very rarely hypogenous. M;de bracts 
 1-10-androus. Female bracts 1-5 -jugate, generally more incised 
 than the leaves, free, or in a few species adnata to the perianth 
 for a longer or shorter distance, or finally performing tlie functions 
 of an imperfectly monophyllous perianth or where the same is 
 evidently deficient. In genera which have a pouch instead of 
 a periantli the inner bracts are very often minute and surround 
 the mouth of the pouch. Perianth perfect and normally com- 
 pressed at the side ; in some it is complanate (at least in the 
 upper part) and two-edged with a very broad truncate or bilabiate 
 apex, the sutures (both antical and postical) being frequently 
 winged ; but in those species which have rather large stipules 
 it is often trigonous with the third angle in front ; again, in some 
 it is more inflated trigonous, seldom terete, small-mouthed. 
 Capsule very often more or less oblong, of many series of cells. 
 Elaters dispiral, very rarely monospiral. 
 
 Subtribe VII. FOSSOMBRONIE^. 
 
 Plants foliose or very often frondose, prostrate as a rule, 
 radiculose, but in Scalia fixed to the matrix by a branched 
 rhizoniatous base, absolutely rootless ; sub-dichotomous, the 
 frondose species being very rarely postically sub-ramose. Stem 
 generally sub-plane-convex, quite distinct from the lamina of the 
 frond ; or very broad and merging into the lamina on each side. 
 Leaves (when any) succubous, rather broad, often slightly fleshy, 
 turning flaccid in drying. Stipules absent, except in Scalia. 
 Fronds linear or obovate. quite entire or serrulate, sometimes 
 pinnatifid, in Petnlop/it/l/inn lamcllose on the upper side. Male 
 flowers submarginal along the whole length of the stem ; autheri- 
 dia binate to quinate, scarcely covered with the leaves ; in some 
 
20 HEPATIC^. 
 
 species both foliose and frondose hidden in twos and threes, in 
 small cavities of the epidermis arranged on both sides of the 
 stem ; or in others contained in open monandrous cavities supplied 
 with a minute incurved bract. Perianth incompletely tubular 
 (perfectly so in Pallavicinia only) ; in many species, however, 
 none is present. Calyptra not often small, generally long and 
 fleshy, free from the involucre and perianth, but often more or 
 less deeply concrete with the receptacle. Sterile pistillidia either 
 more or less deeply adnate to the calyptra (sometimes only at the 
 apex), or always arranged along the stem, naked. Capsule in 
 typical plants subglobose, formed of 2-5 series of cells, dehiscing 
 more or less irregularly. 
 
 B. Elaters monospiral, very acute at each end ; but a few 
 short apical ones persisting longer. 
 
 Subtribe yill. METZGERIEiE. 
 
 Plants frondose, dichotomous or pinnately branched, the 
 lacinise linear; branches in the genus Aneura all lateral, the 
 nerve broad laxly cellulose, radiculose beneath, lamina none or 
 very narrow, rarely of moderate breadth; in the other genus> 
 Metzgeria, branches extremely seldom lateral and pinnate, all 
 the floriferous ones (sometimes even those that do not bear 
 flowers) postical, radicles springing from the nerve and the 
 margin, now and then from the whole surface. Reproductive 
 organs of both sexes distichous on the nerve of a shortened 
 branch; pistillidia 2-20 pairs, styleless ; antheridia very fre- 
 quently more numerous, very rarely tetrastichous. Perianth 
 none. Calyptra large, obovate, fleshy, in Aneura very often 
 papillose, in Metzgeria hairy with radicles. Capsule elongate, 
 quadrivalvate to the base, of two series of cells. Apical elaters 
 fixed and interwoven with others that are free, stretched out in 
 four pencils above the open capsules. 
 
CONSPECT I ^S HEP A TK 'A R UM. 2 1 
 
 Suborder II. MARCHANTIACEyE. 
 
 Fronds more or less flesliy, prostrate, broadly and indistinctly 
 nerved, venoso-areolate on the upper surface, areolfu as a rule 
 with one pore, with a cavernous stratum below the pores ; 
 dichotomous, sometimes putting out postical f'rondules, villous 
 beneath with very long radicles. Very long hair-like I'asciculated 
 water-carrying ductules fill up the canal beneath the nerve, which 
 afterwards ascend into the capitulum tlirough the little canals 
 in the peduncles. Inflorescence in almost all species dioicous, 
 acrogenous, or epigenous. Androucia either peltate and stipitate 
 or discoid and hall" immersed ; antheridia solitary in the cavities. 
 Female capitula supported on a stout peduncle continuous with 
 the nerve of the frond, from 2 to many-flowered, orbiculate, 
 hemispherical or conical, generally lobate, paleaceous beneath, 
 chambered within the locali looking downwards. Involucre of 
 each loculus one or many-flowered or none. Perianth arcuate, 
 delicate, split into equal segments, rarely absent. Pistillidia from 
 two to twelve set in two rows on a short receptacle. Calyptra 
 thin, often persistent only at the base. Capsule with a short 
 pedicel, globose, of one row of cells, either splitting all round 
 or 4-8-fid from the vertex. Elaters 1-5-spiral, deciduous. 
 
 Suborder III. EICCIACE^E. 
 
 Fronds cellulose, fleshy, furnished with a stratum of air- 
 cavities beneath the epidermis, in most instances dichotomous. 
 Fruit valveless, generally immersed in the frond. Involucre 
 most frequently and perianth always absent. Capsule either 
 free or connate and confused with the calyi)tra, globose, bursting 
 irregulcU'ly. Elaters none. Antheridia immersed in the frond. 
 
 Suborder IV. ANTIIOCEPOTACE/E. 
 
 Fronds tender, slightly fleshy or thin, becoming flaccid by 
 drying, radiculose beneath but without paleju ; orbicular, lubate 
 at the circumference, nerve very broad, confused with tlie laminx 
 
22 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Epidermis without pores, sometimes marked with dark gonidia 
 bearing cells. Inflorescence monoicous or dioicous, antical 
 (i.e. epigenous). Antheridia immersed in cavities scattered over 
 the frond, covered, solitary or few, rarely numerous. Involucre 
 shaped like a horn with an oblique scarious mouth. Perianth 
 and calyptra none. Oogonia solitary, naked, nestling in the 
 substance of the nerve. Fruit pedunculate, siliquoid, two-valved, 
 traversed by a columella or dissepiment. Elaters either mono- 
 spiral or containing only a Hexuose (not spiral) fibre. 
 
OiiDiK HEPATICiE. 
 
 Suborder I. JUNGERMANIACE/E. 
 Tribe T. JUBULE^. 
 
 Genus 1 . FRULLANIA, Raddi. 
 
 Fndlania, Raddi, Jung. Etr. in Act. Soc. Modena, xviii. p. 20 (1820). 
 Salinatus, Gray and Bennett, Nat, Arr. Br. PI. ii. p. CS? (1H21). 
 Jubula, Duni. Comm. Bot. p. 112 (p.p.) (1H22). 
 
 Plants usually large, rarely small, depresso-ca}spitose and 
 stratified, often pendulous, somewbat firm, colour rarely green, 
 often reddish brown, sometimes almost black, in a few species rosy, 
 rarely shining. Stems firm, terete, opaque, cells small, pinnaiely 
 branched ; branches exactly axillary, more contiguous to the lobe 
 than to the lobule ; true subiloral innovations wanting. Leaves 
 standing on a very small base, rarely half-embracing the stem, 
 almost exactly transverse complicato-bilobed ; antical lobe larger, 
 obli(|uely ovate or suborbiculate, convex, incubous, often at the 
 antical base semicordate, quite entire, very rarely denticulate near 
 the apex ; lobule cucullate, galeiform or saccate (campanulate or 
 digitiform), rarely evolute ovato-lanceolate, bipartite interior seg- 
 ment, the one nearest the stem small or minute, triangular, subu- 
 late or styliform. Cells usually small, in others minute, in a lew 
 medium, almost subequal, globose-hexagonal ; walls thickened, 
 trigones and angles conspicuous. Stipules constantly present, 
 large, but smaller than the leaves, orbicular, oblong or cuneate, 
 base often cordate or cris])ato-auriculate, rarely subdt>current, apex 
 bifid (in a few species entire). Eootlets where present produced 
 
24 HEPATICjE. 
 
 from the hilum at the middle base of the stipule, usually short, 
 dark-coloured and stellately spreading. Inflorescence dioicous or 
 monoicous (rarely paroicous). Androecia usually situated on 
 abbreviated branches, globose oblong or cylindrical, bracts crowded 
 2- (rarely 3-4-) androus. Gynoecia always terminal, acrogynous 
 or cladogynous. Bracts 2-5-pairs, larger than the leaves, lobule 
 larger and evolute, often dentate or laciniate. Perianth almost 
 always projecting, oval or obovate, trigonous, third angle postical 
 or tetragonous, with postical angles two in number, usually smooth, 
 a few species tuberculate, apex constricted, rostellate. Pistillidia 
 2-4. Calyptra pyriform or obovate, fleshy, below often 6-8 cells 
 thick. Pedicel short, 8 or 9 cells in diameter, 32 cells in circum- 
 ference. Capsule globose, inner layer papillosely spongy, dividing 
 nearly to the base into 4 valves. Elaters 1 rarely 2-4 spiral. 
 Spores moderately large, reddish, tuberculate, verruculose or rough. 
 
 1. Frullania Tamarisci (Z.), Dmn. 
 
 Lichenastrum imbricatum, Tamarisci narhonensis facie, Dill. Hist. muse. p. 499, 
 
 t. 72, fig. 31 (1741). 
 Jungermania Tamarisci, Linn. Sp. pi. IGOO (1753); Hook. Brit. Jung. n. 6 
 
 (1816). 
 Frulkmia Tamarisci, Dum. Recueil Jung. p. 13 (1835). 
 
 Monoicous, densely or loosely stratified, large, reddish-brown 
 or blackish in colour, rarely dark green. Stems prostrate, imbri- 
 cate, pinnate, branches patent, alternate, unequal in length, beset 
 with still shorter branchlets ; radiculose, rootlets reddish-brown, in 
 dense bunches proceeding from the base of the stipules. Leaves 
 distichous, alternate, closely imbricate, horizontal or patent-diver- 
 gent, unequally bilobed, antical lobe convex, slightly involute, 
 subrotund or ovate-rotund, apex obtuse or acute, postical lobe 
 about 4 times smaller than the antical, much smaller than the 
 stipules, parallel with the stem, cylindrical or obovate, saccate, 
 sometimes evolute, then oblong-ovate, convex on the under surface. 
 Epidermis polished, cells very small to small, roundish-quadrate, 
 walls thick, angles thickened, moniliform cells more or less 
 present which are larger and darker than the others. Stipules 
 
FUULLAXIA. 2r. 
 
 large, about twice as broad as the stem, subquadrate, longer than 
 broad, decurrent, hastate, sagittate or calcarate, apex bidentate, 
 sinus acute, segments acute or obtuse, margin revolute. Flowers y 
 terminal on short branches, proceeding from chief stem or branches. 
 Bracts larger than the leaves, unequally bilobed, antical lobe 
 ovate, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, margin coarsely and irregu- 
 larly serrate, postical lobe smaller lanceolate acuminate, margin 
 irregularly serrate, remarkably revolute. Bracteole oblong, bifid 
 to about the middle, segments lanceolate, subulate, recurved, 
 margin laciniate. Perianth oval or obovate, obtusely tricarinate, 
 rostellate, smooth. Calyptra obovate or pyriform, yellowisii- 
 white, sub-carnose. Pedicel short. Capsule spherical, pale 
 reddish-brown. Spores brownish. Elaters the same. 
 
 Male plant more slender than the female, amen tula spherical 
 on short lateral branches, perigonial bracts 3 to 4 pairs, turgid, 
 sub-equally bilobed, lobes oval ; perigonial bracteole ovate, bifid, 
 segments and sinus sub-acute, margin plane ; antheridia oval, 2 or 
 3 in each bract. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 3 inches long, with leaves 1'25 mm. 
 wide, diameter of stem "2 mm.; leaves, antical lobe ri mm. x '8 
 mm., postical "3 mm. x -2 mm., antical -8 mm. x "8 mm., postical 
 "2 mm. X.15 mm., antical "G mm. x -5 mm., postical "25 mm. x 
 •1 mm. ; cells '0175 mm., "02 mm. x -015 mm. ; stipules •(> mm. x 
 35 mm. ; segments -2 mm., 'G mm. x G mm., seg. -Imm., '45 mm. 
 X 3 mm., seg. "2 mm.; bracts, antical lobe 1*25 mm. x "G mm., 
 postical '9 mm. x "25 mm. ; bracteole 1 mm. x 'G mm., seg. '.") mm., 
 ])eiianth '2 mm. x '8 mm. ; perigonial bract "5 mm. x "3 mm., peri- 
 gonial bracteole "4 mm. x "25 mm. ; seg. "lo mm. ; antheridia 
 '175 mm. x 15 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Spreading in large patches, sometimes of great extent, 
 on trees, stone walls, and rocks, in exposed or shaded places. 
 Common, but often sterile. 
 
 1-17. I. 
 
 Observations. — This, the commonest of the British Fntl/anice, 
 is distinguished from F. ililafata (L.) by its larger size, proportion- 
 ately smaller and more cylindrical postical lobes, margin of 
 
26 HEPATIC^. 
 
 stipules entire, antical lobes of bracts serrate, and smooth peri- 
 anth. From F. germana Tayl, and F. micropliylla (Grott.). See 
 notes with those species. 
 
 Description of Plate I. — Fio-. l. Plants natural size. 2. 
 Portion of stem, antical view x 24 (0. and P. Hep. Brit. n. 48). 
 3. Ditto, postical view x 24 (ditto). 4. Leaf x 24 (ditto). 
 5, 6. Antical lobes of leaf x 24 (ditto). 7. Postical lobe of leaf 
 
 X 85 (ditto). 8. Leaf and stipules x 24 (Loch Lomond, Gourlie). 
 9. Portion of leaf x 290 (C. & P. n. 48). 10-12. Stipules x 24 
 (ditto). 13. 2nd sub-bracts and sub-bracteole x 24 (Loch 
 Lomond, Gourlie). 14. Sub-bracts x 24 (ditto). 15. Bracts 
 
 x24 (ditto). 16. Bracteole x 24 (ditto). 17. Perianth x 24 
 (ditto). 18. Cross-section of perianth x 24 (ditto). 19. Peri- 
 gonial bracts and bracteole x 24 (Croatia, KlingrafT). 
 
 2. FruUania microphylla {Gottsche), Pears. 
 
 Frullania Tamarisci (L.) var, viicrophijlla, Gottsche ex Carrington in Trans. Bot. 
 
 Soc. Edin. vii. 4.57 (1863). 
 Frullania micfrofhylla (Gottsche) Pears, in " Journ. of Bot." (1894). 
 Exsicc. Gottsche & Rabenh. Hep. Eur. n. 209 k 636 ; Carr. & Pears. Hep. Brit, 
 
 Fasc. ii. n. 137. 
 
 Dioicous, shallowly cfespitose, small, reddish-brown to brownish- 
 black. Stems procumbent, dichotomously branched or pinnate, 
 radiculose ; rootlets fasciculate, dirty white, produced from base of 
 stipules. Leaves incubous, closely imbricate, horizontal, unequally 
 bilobed, antical lobe crossing the stem, convex, broadly oval, 
 rotundate, postical lobe about three times smaller, saccate, oval, 
 erect, with apex inclined towards the stem ; epidermis slightly 
 polished ; cells small, 4-, 5-, and 6-angled ; walls thick ; leaves 
 crossed obliquely by a line of slightl}^ larger and darker monili- 
 form cells. Stipules approximate, nearly twice as broad as the 
 stem, oval, ovate or obovate, bifid to about the middle ; sinus sub- 
 acute ; segments obtuse, subacute or acuminate ; margin entire. 
 Bracts about twice as large as the leaves, unequally bilobed; 
 antical lobe oblique, acute ; margin serrate-dentate ; postical about 
 two-thirds smaller, subrhomboid or broadly lanceolate, acute or 
 
FRULLANIA. 27 
 
 acuminate, irrei^ularly serrate-dentate, sometimes with a laru^e 
 segment on tlie inner mari^in near the base ; bracteolu oval, Ijitid 
 to nearly the middle ; sinus obtuse ; segments lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate ; margin serrate-dentate. Perianth projecting about half 
 beyond the bracts ; antical side carinate ; postical smooth, convex ; 
 epidermis smooth ; cells similar to leaf-cells, only with the dark 
 ones irregularly dispersed ; apex slightly rostellate. Capsule 
 subspherical ; valves with seven trumpet-mouthed elaters attached 
 to each, unispiral. Male stems irregularly bipinnate ; catkins 
 small, on short lateral branches, globose ; perigonial bracts 2-3 
 pairs, turgid at the base, unequally bilobed ; antical lobe broadly 
 oval ; postical rather smaller, oval ; antheridia with long bearers, 
 subglobose. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stem ^-f in. long, with leaves 'G mm. wide ; 
 diam. of stem, '075 mm. ; leaves, antical lobe, '35 mm. x •275 
 mm., postical lobe '175 mm. x "l mm., antical "35 mm. x '25 
 mm., postical "15 mm. x '1 mm., antical '45 mm. x "3 mm., 
 postical '2 mm. x -15 mm. ; cells "02 mm., '0175 mm., '02 mm. x 
 •0175 mm. ; stipules '2 mm. x ^125 mm ; segments "11, 275 mm. 
 x "175 mm. ; seg., ^15 mm. ; bract, antical lobe "75 mm. x •4mm. ; 
 postical "5 mm. x '25 mm. ; bracteole "4 mm. x "25 mm. ; seg. 
 •225 mm., "275 mm. x "15 mm.; seg. 125 mm.; perianth 1*0 
 mm. X -5 mm., 1*25 mm. x '55 mm. ; valves of capsule ^3 mm. x 
 •275 mm.; elaters "225 mm. x "02 mm.; diameter of pedicel 
 •3 mm. ; male catkins "4 mm. x "4 mm. ; perigonial bract, antical 
 lobe ^4 mm. x '275 mm. ; postical ^3 mm. x ^175 mm. ; anthe- 
 ridia '125 mm. x 'I mm. 
 
 Hab. — On smooth face of rocks and on trees in expo.sed 
 or shaded places, mostly near the coast, in shallow patches, 
 closely attached to the rocks or trees. Ixare. 1. The Lizard, 
 W. Cornwall, W. Cfn-noic, July 1883. St. Mary's, Scilly, 
 W. Cuniow, July 1872. 7. Barmouth, ^Merioneth, //'. //. P., 
 June 1878. 10. Ingleton, Yorks, Jf'cbsfer and Pearson, May 1893. 
 South of Ireland, Old Weir Bridge, Killarney, Carriiif/tun, \^i\\. 
 Glengariff, Carriin/ion, 18G1, G. E. Hunt. 
 
 Obs. — For several years I have considered Fntllania Tamarisci 
 
28 HEPATIC.-E. 
 
 var. microjjhi/Ila Gotts. to have well-marked specific characters, but 
 whilst the late Drs. Carrington and Spruce did not think fit to 
 raise it to specific rank, I refrained from publishing it as such. Dr. 
 Spruce wrote me some time before he died that he considered it 
 had good claims to specific rank, adding that he had Carrington's 
 and Hunt's specimens from Grlengariff, &c., and Curnow's from 
 Cornwall, and found them essentially different from F. Tamarisci. 
 Herr Stephani, to whom I have submitted descriptions and 
 specimens, writes : '' This is doubtless a good species. The differ- 
 ences between F. fragilifolia Tayl. and it are — 
 
 F. fragUifolia : F. viicrojjhi/lla : 
 
 stouter. smaller. 
 
 postical lobes cucullate. postical lobes longer, saccate. 
 
 stipules cuneate, segments trun- stipules oblong, segments acu- 
 cate, J- only bilobed. minate, ^ bilobed. 
 
 bracts $ obtuse, mamillately bracts ? acute, spinosely den- 
 dentate, tate. 
 
 innermost bracteole large, seg- innermost bracteole small, seg- 
 ments ovate, apex acute, on ments lanceolate, apex subu- 
 one side connate with leaf. late, on both sides free. 
 
 " There is little difference in the cells, but the dotted line of 
 large brown cells is uninterrupted in F. microphylla, and consists 
 of single scattered cells in F. frag Hi folia y 
 
 This is certainly the species which it resembles most in size 
 and habit, from which it also differs in the persistent leaves, which 
 have a broader base at their insertion ; the perianth is also smaller 
 and oval. It diff'ers from F. Tamarisci in its much smaller size, 
 leaves more oval, with relatively larger postical lobes, stipules 
 oblong, and not at all calcarate ; from F. dilatata in its smaller 
 size, more oval leaves with dotted moniliform cells, stipules 
 with margin entire, antical lobe of bract serrate, and smooth 
 perianth. 
 
 Description of Plate II. — Fig 1. Plant natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem with perianth, antical view x 24. 3. Portion 
 of stem, postical view x 64. 4, 5. Leaves, postical view x 24. 
 
FRULLAXIA. 29 
 
 ()-8. Ditto, iintii-al view x 04. IK rurtioii of leaf x l".)U. 
 10, 11. Stipules X G4. \'l. Bract x GL 1 a. Ih'acteole x G4. 
 13. Cross-section of perianth x L'4. 15. Male catkins x 04. 
 l(i. I Vri gonial bract x 24. 17. Ditto, explanate x 24. 18. 
 Antheridiiun x (\\ (Bannoutli. \V. IF. W) 
 
 8. Frullania fragilifolia, Tai/loi-. 
 
 FritUaiivi fra;/ilifoli(i, Tayl. in Ann. ;in<l Magaz. of Nat. Hist. \>. 172 (IK I;;). 
 
 Dioicous, creepinr^, shallowly ca^spitose or substratified, small, 
 dark reddish-brown in colour. Stems procumbent, irre<j:ularly 
 piunate or sub-bipinnate, branches alternate ; radiculose, rootlets 
 lasciculate, hyaline, proceeding from the base of the stipules. 
 Leaves imbricate or appro.\:imate, horizontally and obliquely 
 inserted, from a narrowed base, fragile, caducous, unequally 
 bilobed, antical lobe convex, subrotund or suborbicular, entire, 
 postical lobe about :^ times smaller, cucullate, oval or oblong, 
 sometimes pendant below the antical lobe ; epidermis not polished, 
 cells unequal in size, small to smallish, few largish, the large 
 ones, which are darker and contain oil-granules, are irregularly 
 disposed over the leaf or rarely monoliniate, walls firm, trigones 
 small. Stipules 2 to 3 times as wide as the stem, persistent, 
 obovate or broadly obovate, sometimes cuneate, plane, adpressed 
 to the stem, bifid to ^ or J, sinus acute or obtuse, segments acute 
 or obtuse. Flowers ? terminal ; bracts much larger than thr 
 leaves, 2-4 pairs, closely imbricate, sube(|ually bilobed, antical 
 lobe broadly oval or spathulate rotundate, irregularly and 
 obtusely dentate, postical lobe rather smaller, oval or oval-oblong, 
 rotundate or obtuse, irregularly dentate. Bracteole oblong-quadrate, 
 bifid to the middle or below, segments oblong or ovate, acute or 
 obtuse, connate with leaf on one side, 2nd sub-bract with antical 
 and postical lobes dentate, 3rd and 4th sub-bracts with antical 
 lobes entire or slightly irregularly dentate. Perianth })rojecting 
 about half beyond the bracts, broadly obovate, unicarinate anti- 
 cally, concave postically, epidermis smooth. Male stems mori' 
 regularly pinnate, catkins subrotund, broader than long, or 
 
30 HEPATIC^. 
 
 globose, on short lateral branches, proceeding from t?ie main 
 stem. Perigonial bracts 2, 3 pairs, larger than the stem leaves, 
 unequally bifid, turgid, antical lobe oval-orbicular, postical lobe 
 smaller, oval ; perigonial bracteole oblong-quadrate, bidentate. 
 Antheridia oval-orbicular. 
 
 Dimensions, — Stems J to 1 inch long, with leaves 75 mm. 
 wide, diameter of stem "1 mm., leaves, antical lobe '5 mm. x '3 mm., 
 postical '175 mm. x "11 mm., antical lobe "375 mm x '3 mm., 
 postical •175 mm. x '125 mm., antical -3 mm. x -3 mm., antical 
 •4 mm. X "3 mm. ; cells '025 mm. x "0175 mm., '02 mm. x '02 mm., 
 •03 mm. X "03 mm., "035 mm. x '035 mm. ; stipules '275 mm. x 
 •215 mm.; segments "075 mm., '25 mm. x '2 mm., segments 
 •0175 mm. ; 3rd sub-bract, antical lobe ^275 mm. x ^175 mm., 
 postical lobe -175 mm. x ^05 mm., 2nd sub-bract, antical lobe 
 •35 mm. x 2 mm., postical ^3 mm. x '15 mm. ; bract, antical lobe 
 •375 mm. x '25 mm., postical ^35 mm. x ^15 mm. ; bracteole ^375 
 mm. X *3 mm. ; segments ^225 mm., ^35 mm. x '275 mm., seg. 
 •2 mm. ; perianth 1*5 mm. x "1 mm. ; perigonial bract, antical lobe 
 •6 mm. X -5 mm. ; postical •S mm. x ^3 mm. ; perigonial bracteole 
 •3 mm. x •I mm. ; antheridia ^15 mm. x ^125 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On exposed or shaded rocks, more rarely on trees. 
 Eare. 1. Culval Carn, Penzance, W. Ciirnow. Cam near West 
 Trevallo, JF. Ctirnow. Coast near Grurnard's Head, Cornwall, 
 Curnow and Marquand. St. Mary's, Scilly, W. Curnow. 7. Bar- 
 mouth, Merionethshire, Dr. Carrinyton, G. A. Holt, C. J. Wild, 
 and W. H. P. Tyn-y-Groes, Merionethshire, G. A. Holt. 
 Snowdon, Carnarvon, Br. Carrwgion. Pass of Llanberis, Car- 
 narvon, W. H. P. 10. Near Sedbergh, Yorks, M. B. Slater. 
 12. Windermere, Westmorland, G. Stabler. Kentmere, West- 
 morland, G. Stabler. 15. Trossachs, Perthshire, Br. Carrington. 
 Peugh Rocks, Strachan, Aberdeenshire, /. Sim. 16. Invermoi- 
 dart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. Killarney, Br. Taylor, 
 Dr. Carrinyton, and others. 
 
 Pound on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — Eemarkable for its caducous leaves ; having a very 
 narrow base at insertion, they fall off when dry on pressure, 
 
FRULLAXIA. 31 
 
 leavin<,' the stem more or less naked wliilst the stipules remain 
 attached. 
 
 Distinguished Irom FniUauia inicrojjkj/lla (Gott.), which it 
 resembles most in size, by its ira<,'ile leaves, the antical lobes of 
 bracts beini,^ rotundate at the apex, with mar<^in irregularly 
 dentate. 
 
 From FruUania Tamarisci (L.), by its smaller size, fragile 
 leaves, with irregularly dotted cells, stipules, bracts and perianth 
 different. 
 
 From Fndlania dilatata (L.), by its smaller size, reddish 
 tinge, fragile leaves, irregular dotted cells, different shape of 
 stipules, bracts, and smooth perianth, not tuberculate. 
 
 Description of Plate III. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 
 2, Portion of stem, antical view x 24 (Stockholm, S. 0. Lindberg), 
 
 3. Leaf x 64 (Barmouth, Holt). 4-6. Antical lobes of leaves 
 x64 (Barmouth, W. H. P.). 7. Postical lobe x 64 (ditto). 
 
 8, 9. Portions of leaf x 290 (ditto). 10, 11. Stipules x 64 
 (Barmouth, Holt). 12. Ditto, x 64 (Kentmere, Stabler). 1.3, 
 14. Bracts x 24 (ditto). 15. Bracteole x 64 (ditto). 16. 
 Ditto, X 64 (Stockholm, Lindberg). 17. 2nd sub-bract x 64 
 (Kentmere, Stabler). 18. 3rd sub-bract x 64 (ditto). 19. Peri- 
 anth x 24 (ditto). 20. Male catkin x 31 (Barmouth, Holt). 
 21. Perigonial bract x 24 (ditto). 22. Perigonial bracteole x 24 
 (ditto). 23. Antheridium x 64 (ditto). 
 
 4. Frullania germana, Tai/Jor. 
 
 FruUania (jermaim, Tayl. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. ii. p. 4.") ; Ann. Nat. Hist. 
 
 p. 173 (1H43). 
 Fmllania Tavmrisci {L.),viiT. yernutna, Carr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. (1 Si"..;). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely and shallowly caespitose, largish, olive to 
 reddish-brown in colour. Stems procumbent, bipinnate, branches 
 complanate, patent, short. Leaves imbricate, horizontal, un- 
 equally bilobed, antical lobe crossing the stem, ovate to subreni- 
 form, acute or rotundate, entire, apex inHexed, postical lobe 4 to 
 6 times smaller, galeate or cylindrical, oblong-ovate, ventricose 
 or when evolute oblong, concave ; texture somewhat thin, epi- 
 
32 HEPATICyE. 
 
 dermis dull, not polished ; cells small, roundish, walls very thick, 
 basal cells larger, oblong or almost rectangular, moniliform cells 
 wanting. Stipules distant or approximate, two to three times as 
 broad as the stem, subrotund, bifid to about i, segments acute, 
 sinus obtuse or subacute, margin entire, recurved. Bracts un- 
 equally bilobed, antical lobe oval-acuminate, margin entire, 
 postical lobe 3 to 4 times smaller, lanceolate-acute or narrowly 
 triangular-acuminate, margin entire, recurved. Bracteole oblong- 
 oval, bifid to about the middle, sinus obtuse, segments lanceolate- 
 acute, margin entire, slightly recurved. Perianth oblong-ovate, 
 tricarinate, epidermis smooth, slightly rostellate. Capsule sub- 
 spherical ; spores brown, elaters pale brown. Male plant narrower 
 than the female, catkins linear; perigonial bracts 15 to 25 pairs, 
 closely imbricate, subequally bilobed, antical lobe oval, acute ; 
 postical slightly smaller, unidentate ; ventricose ; antheridia sub- 
 globose. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stem 1 to 3 inches long, with leaves "2 mm. 
 broad, diameter of stem '15 mm. ; leaves, antical lobe 1'4 mm. x 
 •8 mm., postical (evolute) '6 mm. x '2 mm., antical 1'2 mm. x '85 
 mm., postical "35 mm. x "2 mm.; cells "02 mm., -025 mm. x '02 mm., 
 •02 mm. x "015 mm.; stipules '6 mm. x '6 mm.; segments •125 mm.; 
 bract, antical lobe 1'65 mm. x "8 mm., postical 1^2 mm. x •S mm. ; 
 bracteole 1^3 mm. x "55 mm. ; segments '7 mm. ; perianth 22 mm. 
 X 1.2 mm. ; male spike ^4 mm. x ^75 mm.; perigonial bract, antical 
 lobe "75 mm. x *5 mm., postical '6 mm. x '4 mm. 
 
 Hab. — In extensive patches on trees and rocks. Eare. 
 1. Mullion Cove, Cornwall, W. Curnoio. 7. (?) 12. Glen 
 Helen, Isle of Man, George Stabler. 16. Loch Skene. Inver- 
 moidart, West Inverness, 8. M. Macvicar. South of Ireland, 
 somewhat abundant, Lr. Taylor. Glengarifi" and Killarney, Dr. 
 Carrington. Glena, 8. 0. Lindhery. O'Sullivan's Cascade, Holt 
 and Stetoart. Eathlin Island, S. A. Stetvart. 
 
 Obs. — Very distinct species, distinguished from F. Tamarisci 
 (L.), of which it has been considered a variety by some authori- 
 ties, by its paler colour, more delicate texture, epidermis dull, not 
 polished, absence of the moniliform cells, margin of bracts entire ; 
 
Flll'LLASlA. 3:i 
 
 iiuile catkins linear, not <rlobose, postical lobes of peri^^jniul bracts 
 unidentate. 
 
 Di:sc'Uii'TioN OF I'latk IV".- V'v^ 1. Plant natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x IG (Ori^^inal, herb. Taylor). 
 M. Ditto, postical view x 24 (ditto). 4-G. Leaves x 24 (ditto). 
 7. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 8. Stipule x 24 (ditto). 0. 
 Sub-braeteole x 24 (ditto). 10. Bract x 24 (ditto). 11. Brac- 
 teole X 24 (ditto). 12. Perianth x 10 (ditto). 13. Male spike 
 X 11 (Killarney, Holt & Stewart). 14. Perigonial bract x 24 
 (ditto). 
 
 5. FruUania dilatata (Z.) Bum. 
 
 Lichenastrum imhriccdum minus, Dill. Hist. Muse, p. 407, t. 72, n. 27 (1711). 
 Juwjermaiiia dilatata, Linn. Sp. PI., p. 160(>(1753); Hook, lirit. Jung. n. T) 
 
 (1S16). 
 FruUania dilatata, Duni. Kecueil Jung. p. 13 (1835). 
 
 Dioicous, closely creeping, often forming roundish patches or 
 substratitied, small to largish in size, deep purple colour, often 
 tinged with brown, to olive-green. Stems prostrate, loosely and 
 vaguely pinnate, 8 to 10 cells in diam., cortical cells about 30, 
 walls brown, inner white, equal in size to the cortical ; radiculose, 
 rootlets few, dirty white, })roceeding from the stipules. Leaves 
 imbricate, below smaller and then approximate, incubous, distich- 
 ous, unequally bilobed, antical lobe crossing the stem, horizontal, 
 concave, postical lobe about 3 times smaller, contiguous with the 
 stem, cucullate, saccate, oval-orbicular, sometimes near the bracts 
 widely subulate, plane or recurved ; epidermis dull, not polished : 
 cells smallish, subquadrate or subquadrate-oblong, irregular in 
 outline, lumen brown, walls and trigones hyaline. Stipules much 
 wider than the stem, distant, cuneate or obovate, bitid to |- or .\, 
 sinus acute, segments acute, outer margin slightly notched near 
 their base, margin plane. Stylus small, between the postical lobe 
 and stem, subulate or triangular-subulate. Flowers $ terminal 
 on main stem or branches, no innovant branches immediately 
 below theuj. Bracts larger than the stem leaves, unequally 
 bilobed, antical lobe subrotund, rotundate, margin quite entire, 
 undulate, often rcflexed, postical lobe half the size or less (.bliipioly 
 
 c 
 
34 HEPATIC^. 
 
 ovate acute, irregularly dentate, reflexed. Bracteole oblong- 
 cuneate, divided to below the middle, sinus acute, segments 
 lanceolate-acute, outer margin furnished with one or two large 
 teeth ; sub-bract, antical lobe subrotund, postical lobe oblong- 
 acute, with large segment near the base ; sub-bracteole ovate-acute, 
 bifid to near the middle, sinus acute, segments acuminate. Peri- 
 anth projecting two-thirds beyond the bracts, ovate or obcordate, 
 composed of one layer of cells, complanate below, above triangular, 
 antically plane or with a slight elevation, postically carinate, 
 rostellate, beak short, sometimes slightly uncinate ; epidermis 
 tuberculate. Calyptra oblong-obovate, rather fleshy. Capsule 
 spherical, pale yellowish-brown, bursting into 4 oval-acute or 
 obtuse valves. Spores spherical, minutely tuberculate, 2 to 3 
 times broader than the unispiral, pale golden-brown elaters, also 
 of a darker colour. 
 
 Male flowers on short lateral branches, catkins roundish or 
 elongate ; perigonial bracts 4-8 pairs, turgid, unequally bilobed, 
 antical lobe oval, postical lobe rather smaller oval-quadrate, 
 perigonial bracteole oval-acute, bifid to about J, sinus acute, seg- 
 ments acute ; antheridia globose. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to 2 incheslong, with leaves 75 mm. to 
 •1 mm. wide, diam. of stem "05 mm. to "075 mm. ; leaves, antical 
 lobe "9 mm. x '8 mm., postical '4 mm. x -3 mm., antical "6 mm" x 
 •5 mm., postical "3 mm. x "25 mm. ; cells '03 mm. x '015 mm., 
 •03 mm. X '02 mm., "03 mm. x '025 mm. ; stylus '125 mm. x 
 '04 mm. wide at the base ; stipules '225 mm. x -175 mm.; segments 
 •1 mm., -5 mm. x '4 mm., seg. -15 mm., -25 mm. x '17.5 mm., 
 seg. '075 mm.; sub-bract, antical lobe 1-25 mm. x 75 mm., 
 postical '9 mm. x 'd mm. ; sub-bracteole .75 ram. x -5 mm. ; seg- 
 ments -35 mm. ; bract, antical lobe "9 mm. x -5 mm., postical 
 *5 mm. X '35 mm. ; bracteole '1 mm. x '75 mm. ; segments "6 mm. ; 
 perianth 1"4 mm. x 1 mm., I'S mm. x r2 mm. ; capsule '75 mm. 
 X -7 mm. ; valves -6 mm. x '5 mm. ; pedicel '25 mm. diam. ; spores 
 •05 mm. diam. ; elaters "6 mm. x "02 mm. ; perigonial bracts, 
 antical lobe -45 mm. x '3 mm., postical '35 mm. x -25 mm. ; peri- 
 gonial bracteole -25 mm. x -175 mm. ; antheridia '15 mm x -1 mm. 
 
JUBULA. 35 
 
 Hab. — On trees iiml rocks, often in lar^^^o putelies, closely 
 attached. Common. 
 
 1 to Ki. 1. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — Distin<(uished Iroui other liritish FrnUania: by its pro- 
 portionately large postical lobes, when fertile by its tuberculate 
 perianth. 
 
 Description of Plate V. — Fig. I. Plant natural size. 2. 
 Portion of fertile branch, antical view x IG (Dolgelly, W. H. P.). 
 3. Portion of stem, antical view x 13 (ditto). 4. Leaf, postical 
 view X 31 (Constance, Jack). 5-7. Leaves, postical view x 31 
 (Dolgelly, W. H. P.). 8. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 9, 10. 
 Styli X 64 (ditto) 11, VI. Stipules x 46 (ditto). 13. Stipules 
 X 31 (Constance, Jack). 14. Bract, postical view x 31 (Dolgelly, 
 W. H. P.). 15. Ditto, explanate x l(j (ditto). 16. Sub-bract x 16 
 (ditto). 17. Bracteole x 16 (Ditto). 18. Sub-bracteole x 16 
 (ditto). 19. Perianth X 16 (ditto). 20. Cross-section of perianth 
 X 16. 21. Portion of male stem, postical view x 16 (ditto). 
 22. Perigonial bracts and bracteole x 1 3 (ditto). 
 
 Genus 2. JUBULA, Bum. 
 
 Jnb^il(p, sp. Dum. Comin., p. 112 (lSi'2). 
 
 Lejeiinife, sp. Corda in Opiz Nat. p. 6'y2 (1S2'.I). 
 
 Jubuki, Dum. Recueil, p. 12 (1H:>0). 
 
 Frullani(e, sp. Nees Nat. Eur. Leb. Ill, p. 240 (IS.iH). 
 
 Plants conspicuous, somewhat large, dark green, prostrate, 
 substratitied, dichotonious, or pinnately branched. Stem 8 cells 
 in diameter, about 32 in circumference. Leaves large, incubous, 
 bipartite ; antical lobe plane, dentato-spinose or ciliate ; lobule 
 minute, saccate, rarely evolute lanceolate acuminate ; cells small 
 or medium, subequal, walls delicate. Antical elobulate leaf 
 axillary at the insertion of every branch, seated partly on the 
 stem and partly on the branch. Stipules half the size of leaf, 
 plane, subrotund, birid, sparsely spinose or quite entire. Inflor- 
 escence monoicous. V innovations two opposite, rarely only one. 
 Bracts 1 pair, une(iually complicate; bracteole bipartite, free. 
 
36 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Pistillidia delicate, 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4. Perianth trigonous, 
 obpyramidal, slightly rostellate, smooth. Calyptra lower half 
 broadly tubular, 2 or 3 cells thick, upper half abruptly sub- 
 globose, delicate. Pedicel about twice as long as the perianth, 
 thick. Capsule globose, dividing into 4 valves which are com- 
 posed of two layers. Elaters long. Spores minutely tuberculate. 
 Androecia spicate on branches ; bracts diandrous. 
 
 1. Jubula Hutchinsise (Hook.), Bum. 
 
 Jungermania Uutchinsice, Hooker, Brit. Jung. t. 1 (1816). 
 Jubula Uutchinsice, Dum. Comm. Bot. p. 212 (1822). 
 Frullania ffutchinsice, Nees Nat. Eur. Leb. Ill, p. 240 (1838). 
 
 Monoicous, in spreading or dense imbricated patches, rarely 
 substratified, medium to large in size, pale to blackish-green in 
 colour. Stems prostrate, laxly and subflabellately branched, 
 sometimes pinnate, sometimes dichotomous, subgeniculate, branches 
 proceeding from below the ? flowers furcately, rarely with uni- 
 lateral innovations, 8x6 cells in diameter, frontally compressed, 
 cortical cells about 30, pale brown, much smaller than the inner 
 which are very large and pellucid ; radiculose, rootlets few, 
 whitish. Leaves incubous, horizontal, subimbricate, antical 
 distichous, bifarious, unequally bilobed, antical lobe plane, broadly 
 obliquely ovate, apiculate-acute or cuspidate, except at the base 
 acutely spinose-dentate, principally at the antical margin, spines 
 2-12, triangular-acuminate, sometimes longer and ciliaform, lower 
 leaves less, upper leaves more dentate, branch leaves with few, 
 rarely without, antical base dilated but not cordate, covering the 
 stem, sometimes unidentate, postical lobe 4 to 5 cells distant from 
 the stem, subparallel to it, saccate, ovate, 5 or 6 times shorter 
 than the antical lobe or evolute, subulate or lanceolate acuminate ; 
 cells smallish, 5- and 6-angled, near base subelongate, walls thin, 
 no trigones or thickened angles, subpellucid or with numerous 
 chlorophyllose granules which crowd round the cell walls, making 
 them appear thickened ; at the insertion of every branch is 
 present an antical elobulate leaf seated partly on the stem and 
 partly on the branch, broadly subcordate-ovate, acuminate, quite 
 
jriU'LA. :n 
 
 entire or subspinose, no lobule. Stipules suljrotund subplane, 
 acutely decurrent at the base, to about the middle bifid, segments 
 cuspidate-acuminate, connivent, margin with few long spines or 
 entire. Flowers % on terminal branches. Jiracts adnate at their 
 base, longer than the leaves, deeply bilobed, complicate, lobes 
 obliquely lanceolate acuminate spinose or laciniate, postical half 
 the size or smaller. Bracteole oblong, almost bipartite, carinate, 
 lobes unequal, slenderly acuminate spinose. Perianth verruculose, 
 composed of a single layer of cells, about 200 round, near the 
 middle, twice as long as the leaves, projecting about half beyond 
 the bracts, pyriform or narrowly obpyramidal, deeply tricarinate, 
 flattened antically, postically ridged, angles rounded, at the base 
 terete, apex rotundate-truncate, obscurely rostellate. Pistillidia 
 slender, 1 or 2, very rarely 3 or 4. Calyptra below 2 or 3 cells 
 thick, above abruptly subglobose, delicate. Capsule globose, 
 outer la3'er ©f cells dark brown, inner pale yellow, margin of 
 valves when open reflexed, base (apex of pedicel) cruciate, hyaline. 
 Spores brown, elaters pale brown. 
 
 ]\Iale spikelets on short lateral branches ; perigonial bracts 
 about G pairs, more than twice smaller than the leaves, broadly 
 emarginate-bilobed, turgid below, lobes subacuminate, connivent, 
 lower smaller quite entire, rarely denticulate ; perigonial bracteole 
 ovate-acute, bifid to below the middle, segments subulate, margin 
 entire or unidentate ; antheridia 2, oval. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 2 inches long, with leaves 2' mm. 
 to 2*5 mm. wide, diam. of stem '1 mm. to 2 mm., leaves, autical 
 lobe r25 mm. x 75 mm., postical •25 mm. x 'IZS mm., antical 
 r5 mm. X -75 mm., postical '15 mm. x -2 mm., antical 1- mm. 
 
 X -G mm., postical .3 mm. x 2 mm., cells -03 mm., 025 mm., 
 •03 mm. X 02 mm. ; stipules "75 mm. x •G mm. ; segments ^35 mm., 
 
 G mm. X ^5 mm., seg. "25 mm., "GS mm. x 'G mm., seg. ^25 mm. ; 
 sub-bract, antical lobe 1^25 mm. x 5 mm., postical ^75 mm. x 
 •25 mm. ; l)ract, antical lobe 1*5 mm. x 75 mm., postical 1 • mm. x 
 •35 mm.; bracteole V25 mm. x 75 mm. ; segments '75 mm., perianth 
 rO mm. X '1)5 mm. ; valves of capsule '4 mm. x ^25 mm. ; apex ^^i 
 pedicel 3 mm. diam.; spores •OlS mm.; elaters ^25 mm. x -015 mm. ; 
 
38 HEPATIC^. 
 
 male spikes 1-25 mm. x "5 inm. ; perigonial bracts, antical lobe 
 •6 mm. X "4 mm., postical lobe '45 mm. x "3 mm. ; perigonial bract- 
 eole '4 mm. x '3 mm., seg. '2 mm. ; antheridia '15 mm. x '125 mm. 
 
 Hab. — In spreading patches on shaded damp rocks. Rare. 
 1. Norvah, Cornwall, /. Ralfs. 7. Dolgelly, Merioneth, /. Ralfs, 
 TF. JFilson. Arthog, Merioneth, Dr. Carring ton, John Whitehead^ 
 W. H. P. 10. Near Hebden Bridge, West Yorkshire, James 
 Needham. Ravengill, Pateley Bridge, L. J. Cocks. 12. Isle of 
 Man, G. A. Holt. Lodore, Cumberland, Rev. C. H. Binstead, 
 W. H. P. 16. Dunoon, Gourlie, Lyon. South of Ireland, Miss 
 Hutchins, Dr. Taylor, Dr. Spruce, Dr. Carrinyton, &c. 
 
 Found in North and South America, Pacific Islands. 
 
 Obs. — This is a very beautiful and distinct species and not 
 likely to be confounded with any other of the British Hepaticse. 
 By several authorities it has been placed with the Frullanice but 
 Dr. Spruce has kept it distinct, retaining for it Dumortier's genus 
 Juhida; in colour, texture and habit it differs from any of the 
 Frullanice and, as Dr. Spruce points out, "Hep. Am. et An." 
 p. 60, occupies a position intermediate between this genus and 
 LejemiecB, agreeing with the latter in the bracts of the female 
 flower being adnate to subfloral ramuli (or innovations) and other 
 characters. 
 
 The plant was discovered in the South of Ireland by Miss 
 Hutchins and named after her by Dr. Hooker. 
 
 Var. inteyrifolia , Nees, is a more slender form with antical 
 lobes less spinose^ sometimes, but rarely, entire, postical lobe 
 e volute ; I do not attach much importance to these characters as 
 plants from different localities vary from type to this form accord- 
 ing to dampness or shade. 
 
 The description is taken from Dr. Spruce's " Hep. Am. et An." 
 where further valuable notes are given. 
 
 Description of Plate VI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 2. 
 Portion of stem, antical view x 16 (Isle of Man, Gr. A. Holt). 
 3. Leaf, postical view x 24 (ditto). 4, 5. Leaves, postical view 
 X 24 (Killarney, Dr. Carrington). 6. Portion of leaf x 290 
 (Isle of Man, G. A. Holt). 7, 8. Stipules x 24 (ditto). 9, 10. 
 
LE.IErSKA. '^^ 
 
 Ditto (Killarncy, Dr. Carnii<rton). 11. Sub-bract x lO (Isle of 
 Man, G. A. Holt). T-', 13. Bracts x IG (ditto). 14. Hracteole 
 xlG (ditto). 15. Periauth x 10 (ditto). IG. Cross-section of 
 periantli x IG (ditto). 17. Portion of branch with male catkin, 
 postical view x IG (ditto). 18. Perigonial bract x 24 (ditto). 
 19. Perigonial hracteole x 24 (ditto). 
 
 Genus 3. LEJEUNEA, Libert 
 
 Lejeunea, Lib. in Ann. gen. sc. phys. t. ;">, p. ;')72 (1H20). 
 Pamhdphinus, Gray ct Bennett, Nat. Arr. Br. PI. 1, p. (!«« (1821). 
 Lejeiinece sect, Lejeimeott/piis Dum. Syll. Jung. p. 32 (18;>1). 
 
 Plants usually delicate, small, a few very minute, some robust, 
 creeping amongst mosses or other hepatics, stratified or ca3spitose 
 or pendulous, pallid, whitish or yellowish-green, sometimes dark 
 brown. Stems terete, slender, rarely firm, pinnately branched, 
 rarely pluniDeform or dichotomous, all branches contiguous to 
 the outer base of the leaves, i.e. infra-axillary. Leaves oblique or 
 almost longitudinally inserted, alternate, complicato-bilobed, 
 margin entire, serrulate, denticulate, dentate, spinose or ciliate, 
 rarely laciniate, antical lobe larger, broad or narrow, incubous, 
 postical lobe (lobule) usually rhomboidal or ovate, incurved and 
 ventricose rarely plane ; epidermis smooth, papulose muriculate 
 rarely echinate. Cells subequal, small or medium in size, some- 
 times minute, leptodermous ; trigones and angles rarely conspic- 
 uous. Stipules in nearly all s[)ecies present, in a few wanting 
 bifid or rarely entire. Inflorescence dioicous or monoicous (very 
 rarely paroicous). Andra^cia on amentiform branches, rarely on 
 the chief stem ; bracts subequal, diandrous, very rarely triandrous 
 in a few species monandrous. Female flowers monogynous. 
 Sub-floral innovations where present solitary or binate and 
 opposite, in most species adnate to the bracts. Bracts ? 1 pair, 
 rarely several, planilobed. Perianth free from the bracts, oval 
 oblong or pyriform, terete or angular, variously winged, cristate 
 or ciliate at the angles, leptodermous. Calyptra about half the 
 length of the perianth, obovate or pyritbrm, thin. Pedicel cruciate 
 on the section 4 cells across, quasi-articulate wh<m dry and mostly 
 
40 HEPATIC^'. 
 
 geniculate at the joints. Capsule globose hyaline or pale brown- 
 membranous, dividing to about two-thirds into 4 valves, composed 
 of two layers, inner spongy. Elaters persistent at the apex of 
 the valves, usually unispiral. 
 
 1. Lejeunea Mackaii (Hook.), S^neng. 
 
 Jimgermania Mackaii, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 53 (1816). 
 Phragmicoma Mackaii, Dum. Comm. Bot. (1822). 
 Lejeunea Mackaii, Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4, p. 233 (1825-7). 
 
 Monoicous, densely but shallowly csespitose, small, reddish- 
 brown to blackish olive-green. Stems creeping, imbricate, firm, 
 more or less dichotomous, sometimes with only one innovation 
 proceeding from below the $ flower; cortical cells larger than 
 the inner, walls brown, 30-35, inner with pellucid walls 10 x 12. 
 Leaves imbricate, often densely, distichous, horizontal or patent- 
 divergent, unequally bilobed, antical lobe slightly convex, sub- 
 semicordate, ovato-rotund, all very obtuse, postical lobe 3 to 4 
 times smaller than the antical, subquadrate or ovate, free 
 margin involute, bidentate, ventricose; cells smallish, 4-, 5- and 
 6-angled, walls thick, angles slightly thickened. Stipules twice 
 shorter than leaves, much wider than the stem, rotundo-cuneate, 
 entire or retuse, never cordate or decurrent. Bracts unequally 
 bilobed, antical lobe ovato-obtuse, margin entire, postical from 
 half to one-third the size, oblong-obovate, margin entire. Bracteole 
 oval, apex retuse. Perianth projecting about half beyond the 
 bracts, obcordato-obovate, gibbous below, compressed, slightly 
 convex, mouth contracted, dentate, composed of a single layer ot 
 cells, about 150 round the middle. Capsule spherical, delicate, 
 whitish, dividing down to the base into 4 valves. Elaters 
 bi spiral. 
 
 Androecia on long lateral branches not produced from the axil 
 of the leaves ; perigonial bracts closely imbricate, smaller than 
 the stem leaves, subequally bilobed, antical lobe oblong, postical 
 similar but slightly smaller, turgid ; antheridia two, large, 
 globose. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to 1 inch long, with leaves 1*5 mm. to 
 
LKJKrXEA. 41 
 
 '!' mill, wide, diameter ol" stem '15 mm. to "'J mm., leaves, antical 
 lobe lii mm. x !) mm., ])ostical lobe '4 mm. x "3 mm., antical 
 1*2 mm. X 1' mm., postical '3 mm. x •i,'5 mm., antical 'U mm. x 
 •7 mm., postical "3 mm. x "2 mm. ; cells '03 mm. x -02 mm., '025 
 mm. X '02 mm., '025 mm. x 025 mm., "035 mm. x "02 mm. ; 
 stipules •() mm. x mm , mm. x '45 mm. ; sub-bract, antical 
 lobe \"lb mm. x 1" mm., })<)stit;il lube "3 mm. x '1 mm.; sub- 
 bracteole '7 mm. x -7 mm. ; bract, antical lobe 1"5 mm. x 1 • mm., 
 postical lobe 1" mm. x '45 mm.; bracteole 1' mm. x "8 mm.; 
 perianth r3 mm. x r2 mm.; male branches 2 mm. to G mm. 
 long, r mm. wide ; perigonial bract, antical lobe 1" mm. x G mm., 
 postical lobe "8 mm. x 4 mm.; antheridia '2 mm. x 175 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On shaded limestone and other rocks, in large or 
 small patches. Moderately rare. 
 
 1. Gulval Carn, Cornwall, /. /j^'/Z/ly. Rocks west of the 
 Lizard, Cornwall, W. Curuoiv. " Common in Devon," Hooker. 
 7. Barmouth, Dr. Carritit/fon and 1J\ H. P. Arthog, Merioneth- 
 shire, If'. H. P. 10. Ingleboro, Yorks, ]Jr. Carr'iii(/ion. 12. Levens, 
 Westmorland, G. Stabler. Witherslack, Westmorland, G. 
 Stabler. Lodore, Cumberland, 7/'. //. P. 13. River Dee, Tong- 
 land, New Galloway, /. Mc Andrew. 16. Invermoidart, West 
 Inverness, S. M. Macricar. I. Very common on the Sc.ir Lime- 
 stone, Killarney, JJr. Cdrr'niyton. South of Ireland, Mnckai/, Br. 
 Tai/Ior, (Src. 
 
 Oijs.— Unlike other Lritish Lcjevnea; \\\ size and colour; 
 distinguished from Badnlce by presence of stipules and from 
 any of the British Frullanice by the entire stipules. 
 
 Description of Plate VII.— Fig. 1. Plant natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x IG. 3. Ditto, postical view 
 X 24. 4, 5. Leaves, postical view x 24. G. Portion of leaf x 290. 
 7. Sub-bract x IG. S. Sub-bracteole x IG). D. Bract x IG. 
 10. Bracteole x IG. 11. Perianth x 16. 12. Cross-section of 
 perianth X 16. i:). Portion of male stem, postical view x 24. 
 14. Perigonial bract x 24 (Arthog, W. 11. P.). 
 
42 HEPATIC.^. 
 
 2. Lejeunea ovata, Tayl. 
 
 Jiingermania serpyllifolia, var. B. ovaia Hook. Brit. Jung, t. 42 (1816). 
 Lejeunea ovata, Tayl. Mss ; G. L. N. Syn. Hep. p. 37G (18-15). 
 Lejeunea Molleri, Steph. " Hedwigia " (1887). 
 
 Dioicous, depresso-csespitose, small, pale to dark green, turning 
 brown when dry and old. Stems creeping, sparingly and irregu- 
 larly branched, pellucid. Leaves subimbricate or contiguous, 
 patent to erecto-patent, unequally bilobed, antical lobe convex, 
 somewhat swollen at the base, hamate, falcato-lanceolate, rarely 
 ovato-lanceolate, gradually acutate, branch leaves acuminate, 
 margin quite entire, postical lobe 2 to 3 times smaller than the 
 antical lobe, ovoid, turgid, free margin involute, quite entire or 
 rarely with an obtuse short segment near the aj)ex, involute or 
 plane, inner margin reaching to the stem, but slightly overlapping 
 it. Cells small, 4-, 5- and 6-angles, subopaque, chlorophyllose, 
 walls thick, angles thickened, trigones minute. Stipules smaller 
 than the postical lobe of leaf, about twice as wide as the stem, 
 subplane, broadly obcordate-triangular, emarginate, sinus broad, 
 segments rotundato-obtuse, widely divergent. Female flowers 
 terminal on short lateral branches, one or two innovations being 
 produced from below the bracts. Bracts unequally bilobed, 
 antical lobe plane oval-acute, postical 2 to 3 times smaller, oval- 
 lanceolate apex obtuse. Bracteole obovate-cuneate, almost to \ 
 emarginate-bifid, segments rotundate. Perianth obovate-clavate, 
 upper portion acutely 5 -angled. Androecia on very short lateral 
 branches ; perigonial bracts 1 or 2 pairs, closely imbricate, erect, 
 unequally bilobed, antical lobe oval-obtuse, postical somewhat 
 similar but smaller ; antheridia oval-globose. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stem J^ to |- inch long, with leaves "5 mm. to "75 
 mm. wide, diara. of stem -05 mm., leaves, antical lobe '325 mm. 
 X '175 mm., postical '175 mm. x -1 mm., antical '375 mm. x '2 
 mm., postical "2 mm. x "l mm., antical '3 mm. x '175 mm., postical 
 •15 mm. X '1 mm. ; cells "02 mm. x '025 mm., "02 mm. x '02 mm., 
 '015 mm. X '02 mm. ; stipules "1 mm. x '15 mm., *! mm. x '125 
 
LKJETNEA. 43 
 
 mm., •! mm. x "1 mm. ; bract, aiitical lobe 7 mm. x '4 mm., postical 
 lobe "4 mm. x "1 mm. ; bracteolc "fl mm. x '4 mm. ; segments '125 
 mm. ; mule catkin '4 mm. x "175 mm. 
 
 Hau. — On shaded rocks in hilly districts. Rare. 
 
 7. Barmouth, Merionethshire, Dr. Carruif/ton. Tyn-y-Groes, 
 Merionethshire, Jl^. II. P. Llanberis, Carnarvonshire, E. M. 
 Holmes, W.H.P. 10. Whernside, Zmv «;/f/ Went. 12. Lodore, 
 Cumberland, Dr. Carri/i(/fon and IF. II. P. Kusthwaite, Cumber 
 land. Dr. Carrincjlon and W. //. P. IG. Invermoidart, West 
 Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. I. Tore Waterfall, Bantry, Dunkerron, 
 Dr. Tat/lor. Killarney, Dr. Carrinr/fon and othoi's. 
 
 Found on the Continent, Portugal {Mo/ler), Norway (B. 
 Xaa/aa.s). 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from L. hamaiifolia (Hook.) by the 
 quite entire margins of the antical lobes of the leaves, from 
 Lej. calcarea Lib. and Lrj . Posseff'iana Mass. by the smooth 
 epidermis, and from all other British species by the acutate or 
 acuminate antical lobes of the leaves. 
 
 I have never met with perianth of this species, nor had Dr. 
 Spruce ; the description of it is taken from the " Syn. Hep." 
 
 Description of Plate VIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Stem, antical view x 24 (Llanberis, E. M. Holmes). 3. L>itto, 
 postical view x 64 (Original, herb. Taylor). 4. Leaves, antical 
 view X 85 (Llanberis, E. M. Holmes). 5, G. Ditto, postical 
 view with stipules x G4 (ditto). 7. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 
 8-10. Stipules X 85 (ditto). 11, 12. Ditto x G4 (Tyn-y-Groes, 
 W. H. P.). 13. Bract X 24 (Borrowdale, Dr. Carrington and 
 AY. H. P.). 14. Bracteole x 24 (ditto). 15. Male catkin x 64 
 (Llanberis, E. M. Holmes). 
 
 3. Lejeunea hamatifolia (JIoo^:), Dinn. 
 
 Junrjennania hamatifolia, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. r)4 (ISIG). 
 Lejeunea hanuitifoUa, Duni. Comni. p. Ill (isi'i'). 
 
 Monoicous, densely, intricately but shallowly ca'spitose, small, 
 green in colour. Stems procumbent, very slender but tirm, 
 
44 HEPATICjE. 
 
 Hexuose, when fertile regularly pinnate, when sterile sparingly 
 branched or almost simple. Leaves approximate, bifarious, 
 alternate, erecto-patent, unequally bilobed, antical lobe convex, 
 ovate or oval-acuminate, apex incurved, margin coarsely and 
 irregularly serrate, postical lobe about half the size of the antical, 
 oval, free margin involute, furnished with a large tooth near the 
 apex, below entire or slightly denticulate (1 or 2 minute teeth). 
 Cells smallish to small, 4-, 5- and 6-angled, walls firm, no thickened 
 angles or trigones. Sti^Dules obtriangular, bifid, sinus broadly 
 sublunulate, segments subulate or triangular, very divergent, 3, 
 rarely 2 cells wide at the base. Female inflorescence on short 
 branches ; bracts smaller than the leaves but somewhat similar, 
 only both the antical and postical lobes more serrate, the postical 
 not being involute. Perianth pyriform, brevi-rostrate, acutely 
 5 -angled, keels above setose-spinose- winged, mouth when open 
 with few teeth. Androecia terminal on long branches ; perigonial 
 bracts 3 to 4 pairs, erect or erecto-patent, closely imbricate, turgid 
 at the base, antical lobe serrate, postical almost equal in size ; 
 antheridia oval to globose, pale, stipe of equal length, arcuate- 
 curvate ; perigonial bracteoles similar to the stipules, only with 
 segments less divergent. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stem \ inch long, '05 mm in diameter, with 
 leaves '3 mm. to *4 mm. wide ; leaves, antical lobe '325 mm. x 
 •175 mm., postical '2 mm. x '125 mm., antical '25 mm. x '1 mm., 
 postical '15 mm. x "OTo mm., antical "25 mm. x '125 mm., postical 
 "175 mm. x "1 mm. ; cells "02 mm., "02 mm., x *025 mm., "02 
 mm. X "03 mm.; stipules '1 mm. x "1 mm.; segments "05 mm., 
 •075 X "1 mm., seg. "05 mm. ; bract, antical lobe "275 mm. x '125 
 mm., postical '2 mm. x '1 mm.; perianth •G mm. x '4 mm., beak 
 •01 mm. long; perigonial bract, antical lobe '25 mm. x '15 mm., 
 postical '175 mm. x '125 mm. ; perigonial bracteole "1 mm. x '08 
 mm., seg. "05 mm. ; antheridia '08 mm. x '06 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On shaded rocks, especially gold-bearing quartz, 
 rarely on trees. Rare. 
 
 7. Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire, Rev. Mr. Saltoay. Tyn-y- 
 Groes, Merionethshire, W. H. P., G. A. Holt. 10. Dent, 
 Yorks, G. Stabler. Ingleton, Yorks, G. Webster and IF. H. P. 
 
LE.IELWEA. 45 
 
 12. Loclure, Cuinlx'i-hind, 6'. SiaUrr, ('. J. Wild, W . II. P. Kuslh- 
 waite, Cumberhiiid, J)r. Carri/if/to/i and //'. //. P. 15. (lien Tilt, 
 Mr. JJi/rnford. I (5. iMuidart, West Inverness, S. M. Mdccicar. 
 I. Killarney, Dr. Tdijlor, Dr. Spruci', //'. Wilson, Dr. Carnni/toN. 
 Brandon, Dr. Moore. Cronia^^lown, Prof. Li/idljcn/. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in South Africa. 
 
 Oijs. — Distinguished from all other British Lcjeimcrc 
 bv the long acuminate distantly serrated antical lobe of leaf. 
 'J'liis hepatic has a most curious distribution ; it is found in lair 
 abundance on the gold-bearing reel's near the celebrated gold 
 mines at Tyn-y-Groes, in North Wales, also on quartz in 
 Borrowdale, at Ingleton in Yorkshire, not on tlie limestone 
 which is so abundant in the last-mentioned place, but on eruptive 
 rocks which arc exposed near the river. In a collection of 
 hepaticse made at Kynsna, a gold-bearing district in South 
 Africa, by Hans Iversen in 1883, specimens of this species were 
 found agreeing in every particular with our native one. 
 
 Description of Platk IX. — ^Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 2 
 Portion of stem, antical view x 85 (Africa). ' 3. Portion of male 
 stem, antical view x 85 (Cromaglown, S. O. Lindberg, and the 
 following). 4. Ditto, postical view x 85. 5-7. Leaves x 85. 
 8-10. Ditto, explanate. 11. Portion of leaf x 290. 12-14. 
 Stipules X 85. 15. Bract, explanate x 85. IG. Perianth x 31 
 17. Perigonial bracts x 85. 18. Perigonial l)ractcole x 85. 
 19. Antheridium x 85. 
 
 4. Lejeunea serpyllifolia {Dicks.), Lih. 
 
 Jungenmmia serpyllifolia, Dicks. PI. crypt. Brit. faac. 4 (1801). 
 Lejeunea serpyllifolia, Lib. Ann. gen. sc. phys. 0, p. 374, n. '2, pp. (ISl'd). 
 
 Dioicous, shallowly or densely csespitose, small, pale or rarely 
 dark green or yellowish colour. Stems laxly creeping, irregularly 
 branched, rarely subpinnate, radiculose, rootlets produced from 
 base of stipules, white, few, short. Leaves incubous, slightly 
 imbricate or approximate, patent-divergent to patent, unequally 
 bilobed, antical lobe convex, obliquely ovato-oval, rotundato- 
 obtuse or obtuse, margin entire, rarely slightly repand, when dry 
 plano-adpressed, postical lobe much smaller than the antical, 
 
46 HEPATIC^. 
 
 orbicular or ovate, turgid, margin entire, involute; epidermis 
 shining when dry ; cells medium size, 5- and 6-angled, lumen 
 pellucid or chlorophyllose, walls thin, trigones distinct. Stipules 
 distant, larger than the postical lobe of leaf, about twice as wide 
 as the stem, slightly decurrent, oval or subrotund, deeply bifid, 
 sinus broad or narrow, usually obtuse, sometimes acute, segments 
 obtusate or acute. Female flowers on lateral branches. Bracts 
 unequally bilobed, antical lobe obovate, rotundate, or obtuse ; 
 postical lobe much smaller, oval-oblong. Bracteole obovato-oval, 
 bifid to J, sinus and segments obtuse. Perianth projecting 
 about half beyond the bracts, elliptico-clavate, below terete, upper 
 part 5-plicate, angles obtuse, margin smooth, beak short. 
 Calyptra thick, obovate. Capsule ovato-globose. Spores large. 
 Androecia on chief stem or on lateral branches, below the perianth 
 perigonial bracts 2-4 pairs, closely imbricate, unequally bilobed, 
 antical lobe orbicular, postical rather smaller, oval, much swollen ; 
 antheridia 2, oval-globose. 
 
 Lindberg described two forms as follows : — 
 
 Var. jplaniuscula. Elongate, about 1 mm. wide, pale or green, 
 pellucid, when dry shining, less branched, intricate and fragile, 
 planiuscula, leaves more or less remote, antical lobe convexulous, 
 slightly decurved, obliquely ovato-oval, rotundato-obtuse, margin 
 entire, postical lobe 5-7 times smaller, stipules subadpressed, 2 to 
 3 times larger than the postical lobe, convexiuscula, rotundo-oval, 
 sinus more or less broad and obtuse, segments somewhat obtuse, 
 margin entire, perianth elliptico-clavate, below terete, upper part 
 5-plicate, angles complanate, margin smooth. 
 
 Var. cavifolia. Smaller and often yellowish-pale or green, 
 very ramose, intricate and fragile, convex, leaves closely imbricate, 
 antical lobe obliquely broadly ovato-oval, very obtuse, apex 
 distinctly narrower but never acute, entire, postical lobe 3-5 
 times smaller, cells very chlorophyllose and thickened, trigones 
 distinct, stipules subadpressed, as large or larger than the postical 
 lobe, convex, oval-rotund, perianth narrow at the base, oval- 
 pyriform, upper 4th part 5-plicate. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems | to f inch long, -085 mm. in diameter, 
 
LEJEUNEA. 47 
 
 witli leaves 7 mm. to "85 mm. wide; leaves, iinticul lobe, '45 
 mm. X :) mm., ])Ostical '1 mm. x 'If) mm., antical, "45 mm. x '.\b 
 mm.,postical "1 mm. x I mm. ; cells '03 mm. x 'OW mm., 04 mm. 
 X "0275 mm., -04 mm. x (»;> mm. ; stipules, 25 mm. x "l mm. ; 
 segments, 075 mm., •'! mm. x "15 mm., seij^. "075 mm.; bract, 
 antical lobe 4 mm. x "25 mm., postical, "225 mm. x "125 mm. ; 
 bracteole '4 mm. x 2 mm., segments I mm. ; perianth, "8 mm. 
 X "5 mm. ; perigonial bract, antical lobe, 25 mm. x "2 mm., pos- 
 tical "2 mm. X 15 mm. ; spores, '025 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On rocks, stones, trees or banks in damp shaded or, 
 more rarely, exposed situations. 
 
 Moderately common. 1-1 8c. I. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — This, the most generally distributed of British 
 Lejemiece, is abundantly distinct from any of the other 
 British species, with the exception of Lcj. pafcn-t, Lindb., and 
 Lcj. Jlaca (Svv.), which see for distinguishing characters. 
 
 Description of Plate X. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 2. 
 Portion of stem, antical view x 31, var. iihnwiscula (Glena, S. 0. 
 Lindberg). 3. Ditto, postical view (ditto). 4. Ditto x 64 var. 
 carifolia (n. 273 G. & R. Hep. Eur.). 5, 0. Leaves x 31 (n. 
 435 G. k R Hep. Eur.). 7. Portion of leaf x 29U (ditto). 8. 
 Bract X 64 (Ingleton, W. H. P.). 9. Bracteole x 64 (ditto). 
 10. Perianth x 31 (n. 435 G. k W. Hep. Eur.). 11. Perigonial 
 bract X 64 (ditto). 
 
 5. Lejeunea patens, Lindh. 
 
 Lejexiuea 2)(it€iis, Lindlu-rg Acta Soc, Sci. Fenn. Hep. Hib. x. p. 1^2 (l^?.""). 
 
 Monoicous, csespitose, small, very pale green or sometimes 
 white. Stems prostrate or sub-erect, irregularly and much 
 branched and interwoven. Leaves more or less closely imbricate, 
 from their base to the height of the postical lobe patent to erect o- 
 ])atent, then acutely patent-divergent, very much decurved and 
 well overlapping the stem, uneipially bilobed, antical lobe remark- 
 ably convex, especially when dry, obliquely ovato-elliptical or 
 very bluntly oval ; postical lobe 2-4 times smaller than the 
 
48 HEPATIC^. 
 
 antical, oval, very convex, free margin slightly involute or 
 adpressed to the antical lobe. Texture very pellucid, and when 
 dry shining ; cells smallish, 4-, 5-, and 6-angled, lumen but slightly 
 chlorophyllose, walls somewhat thick, trigones present. Stipules 
 smaller than the postical lobes of the leaves, 2 to 3 times as wide 
 as the stem, very convex, subrotund, bifid to nearly the middle, 
 sinus more or less broad and obtuse, segments somewhat obtuse. 
 Female flowers on short lateral branches. Bracts unequally 
 bilobed, antical lobe oval, narrow at the base, apex sub-acute or 
 obtuse, postical lobe 4 times smaller than the antical, oval-lanceo- 
 late ; bracteole oval, bifid to ^, sinus narrow, sub-acute, segments 
 acute. Perianth projecting slightly beyond the bracts, pyriform- 
 clavate, terete below, above 5-plicate, wings prominent, very acute, 
 complanate, upper margin slightly crenulate. Calyptra obovate, 
 large, composed of somewhat large and irregular-shaped cells. 
 Androtcia on short lateral branches ; perigonial bracts few 2-4 
 pairs, closely imbricate, erect turgid, bifid, antical lobe broadly 
 ovate, postical somewhat similar but rather smaller; antheridia 
 two, oval-globose. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stem about ^ an inch long, '075 mm. in 
 diameter, with leaves '8 mm. wide ; leaves, antical lobe '5 mm. x 
 •375 mm., postical '2 mm. x '15 mm., antical "45 mm. x "35 mm., 
 postical '225 mm. x '175 mm. ; cells '03 mm. x '025 mm., '025 mm. 
 X *025 mm. ; stipules "19 mm. x '16 mm. ; segments '075 mm., 
 •2 mm. X '185 mm., seg. '08 mm. ; bracts, antical lobe '4 mm x 
 •225 mm., postical '2 mm. x -1 mm. ; bracteole '4 mm. x "225 mm., 
 seg. -11 mm.; perianth -85 mm. x "45 mm.; capsule "275 mm. 
 diam. ; perigonial bracts, antical lobe '3 mm. x '2 mm., postical 
 •275 mm. x -175 mm. ; antheridia "l mm. x "075 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On rocks, stones, and trees in shaded places. Eare. 
 7. Arthog, Merionethshire, Dr. Carrington. 10. Saltersgate, 
 Yorks, S. Anderson. 12. Brown Ghyll, G. Stabler and W. H. F. 
 13. New Gralloway, /. McA?idrew. 16. I. Killarney, W. Wilson. 
 Griena and Tore Cascade, Dr. Carrinr/ton, Prof. lAndherg, G. A. 
 Holt, &c. Conner Hill, Dingle Bay, Prof. Lindberg, and other 
 stations in the South of Ireland. 
 
LEJEUNEA. 49 
 
 PVnind on the Continent. Norway {Kaalda.s). 
 
 Uns. — Dr. Spruce wrote me some years ago : " Lindbcrg's Le- 
 jcitnca jxilen-s is an excellent species. There arc fine patches of it 
 in Sir Win. Hooker's herbarium, jj^athered by Wilson at Killarney ; 
 also in Dickson's herbarium ; and it is probably the true type 
 of his L. scrpj/Uifolia. If so we should have to lall back on tlie 
 name cavifulia for what we have hitherto considered nerpyll [folia. 
 I found L. pafcns beiore Lindber<j did, and named it too, but 1 
 sujiposed it the same as a new species (L. hclicophijIUi) I had 
 gathered in the Andes. A more rigorous comparison obliges me 
 now to hold them distinct." 
 
 L. pafr/i.s is distinguished from L. serpi/llifoUa in being a 
 smaller and more slender plant, with branches more intricately 
 interwoven, the remarkable manner in which the leaf diverges 
 from above the postical lobe, the proportionately larger and more 
 turgid postical lobe, and the angles of the perianth being more 
 winged and acute. 
 
 With reference to the suggestion of Dr. Spruce I do not wish 
 to make any further alterations in the name, and as Prof. Lindberg 
 was the first to clearly define L. pafc/ni I prefer to retain the one 
 lie gave it. 
 
 Description of Pi.atk XI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 2. 
 Portion of stem, antical view x 31. 3. Ditto, postical view x 31. 
 4. Ditto, postical view x G4. 5. Portion of leaf x I'OO. (I, 7. 
 Bracts x G4. 8. Bracteole x G4. 9. Perianth x 31. 10. Cross 
 section of perianth x .'11. II. Perigoiiial bracts, postical view 
 X G4. 1:2. Antheridium x 85 (Killarney, IJolt and Stewart). 
 
 0. Lejeunea flava [Snvirf::), Xccs. 
 
 Jimfjemuinia Jiara, Swartz, Prodr. fl. Ind. occ. p. 1 II (17HS). 
 Lejeunea Jiara, Nees Nat. eur. Leb. :}, p. 277 (1H3S). 
 Lejeunea serpylli folia, var. thymifolia., C'arrington, Irish Crypt. (1>^(J3). 
 Lejeunea Moorei, Liridb. Hep. llib. p. tS7 (ls7."i). 
 
 Monoicous, closely ca'spitose, snuill to medium in size, yelK>wish. 
 rarely very dark green in colour. Stems ])rostrate, sub-simple, 
 vaguely branched or pinnate, but slightly radiculose or rootless. 
 
50 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Leaves iiicubous, contiguous or subimbricate, to the plica erecto- 
 patent, afterwards patent to patent-divergent, unequally bilobed, 
 antical lobe obliquely oblong or ovato-oblong, rotundate, slightly 
 concave, at the base subdecurrent, complicate, quite entire, plane, 
 postical lobe 3-7 times smaller, subovate or rhomboid-quadrate, 
 saccate, margin indexed, transverse or subascending, rarely obso- 
 lete. Cells smallish, roundish- quadrate, 5- and 6-angled, near 
 base sliglitly elongate, walls and angles thickened, sometimes 
 trigones distinct. Stipules below smaller and distant, above 
 larger and contiguous, about half the length of the antical lobe of 
 the leaf, about 3 times larger than the postical lobe, ovato-oval or 
 orbicular, bifid to the middle, sinus narrow, obtuse or acute, 
 segments subobtuse or acute, sometimes one lobe acute, the other 
 shorter and obtuse, quite entire, rotundate at the base or cordate, 
 rarely decurrent. Female flowers terminal on the branches or ou 
 stem, and subtended by a simple or repeatedly proliferous innova- 
 tion, or sometimes by a pair of opposite ones. Bracts much 
 longer than the leaves, complicato-bilobed, antical lobe oval- 
 lanceolate, obtuse, margin plane, quite entire, postical lobe about 
 half the size or still smaller, elliptical, obtuse. Bracteole oblong, 
 obovate, narrowly lanceolate or cuneato-lanceolate, cloven to about 
 the middle or deeper, sinus very narrow, segments obtuse. 
 Perianth very slightly emersed, green, pyriform, rounded at the 
 apex, beak short, slightly compressed, 5-carinate, keels small, 
 subobtuse. Androecia on short lateral branches or on stem, rotund 
 or oval, perigonial bracts 5-9 pairs, bilobed to the middle, postical 
 lobe rather smaller than the antical, diandrous. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |- to 1 inch long, '1 mm. in diameter, 
 with leaves 1* mm. wide; leaves, antical lobe '55 mm. x "35 mm., 
 postical "15 mm. X '1 mm., antical "5 mm. x '35 mm., postical 
 •125 mm. x "1 mm. ; cells, "025 mm. x '02 mm., '03 mm. x "03 mm., 
 •02 mm. X '02 mm., '03 mm. x "02 mm. ; stipules '3 mm. x '25 mm., 
 segments '15 mm. ; bracts, antical lobe 1* mm. x "5 mm., postical 
 '6 mm. X "25 mm., antical 1* mm. x "6 mm., postical "6 mm. x 
 3 mm. ; bracteole '8 mm. x '5 mm., seg. '4 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On rocks and trees in shady situations. Eare. 12 ? 
 
LKJKUNEA. 51 
 
 South (i'i Ireland, Killanicy, Dr. Cdrr'uiglon. O'Siillivans Cascade, 
 Dr. Moore. Iluiitini,' 'Jowor, Dr. Moore, D. McArdh.-. (jrlciia, 
 Prof. Lhidb('r(j. Kilianioy, 6'. .1. I loll, .]/". B. Slalcr. 
 
 Soutli America, Rio Janeiro, (llazion, Cuba, Wri(//i(. 
 
 Obs. — Divstinguished from Lrj. nvrjjijUifolia by the IonL,'er and 
 more narrowly ovate antical lobe, and the smaller postical lolje, 
 smaller cells with thicker walls and anj^les, and lar<^er stipuhs. 
 
 ''Lcj.xcrpijUi folia is a smaller plant, colour more rarely yellowish, 
 leaves rounder and with a much longer and more turgid postical 
 lobe, sometimes equalling half the antical." (11. Spruce.) Dr. 
 Carrington was the first to publish any notice of this species as 
 native to our Isles, when he described it as var. thymifolia of Lcj. 
 nerpyUi folia in his '* Irish Cryptogams." Proi. Lindberg afterwards 
 ])ublished it as Lcj. Moorci, but later considered it along with 
 Dr. Spruce identical wdtli Lcj. fava (Sw.), which has a very wide 
 geographical distribution. Plants with perfect perianths are 
 extremely rare. 
 
 Description of Platk XII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 25 (drawn by Tutten West, 
 Moore, " Irish Hepatictu "). 3. Leaf, postical view x (!4 (Croma- 
 glown, S. O. Lindberg). 4. Ditto and stipules x G4 (ditto). 
 5. Ditto X (54 (Glena,S. 0. Lindberg). 0. Portion of leaf x 21)0 
 (ditto). 7, 8. Practs x 24 (ditto). 9. Bracteole x 24 (ditto). 
 
 7. Lejeunea Holtii, Spruce. 
 
 Lejeunea Iloltii, Spruce, Journ. of IJutany, Feb. 1887. 
 
 Monoicous, loosely creeping amongst mosses, largish, yellowish 
 or with a reddish tinge. Stems prostrate, fragile, rarely sub- 
 stratified, subpinnate ; frequently the flower-bearing branclilets, 
 are elegantly pinnulatc. Leaves widely patent, distinctly 
 distichous or bent lightly backwards, dissitous or contiguous, 
 rarely subimbricate, subobli(iue, ovate-oblong or ovate, obtuse, 
 sometimes subacute rarely rotundate, near the base subsinuate- 
 complicate ; lobule very small, less than 1, the size of tlie leaf, 
 subovoid, inflated, with the apex either running gradually into 
 
52 HEPATIC^. 
 
 the leaf or rather abruptly incurved, prolonged on to the stem, 
 occasionally obsolete, especially where the flowers are wanting; 
 cells medium size, equilatero-hexagonal, except below the middle 
 where they incline to become oblong, rather smooth, walls thin, 
 under ordinary powers (1 inch or f) no trigones are observable, 
 but under the \ inch they are small but distinct ; slightly convex 
 which causes the leaf margin to appear subcrenulate. Stipules 
 delicate, rather less than -J- the size of the leaves, distant, orbicular, 
 subobtusely bifid to the middle, the segments acute or subobtuse. 
 Flowers ? on exceedingly short branchlets, usually with a single 
 pair of leaves, very rarely longer with 4 pairs, usually simple, 
 with no subfloral innovations ; very occasionally there is present 
 a minute microphyllous innovation springing from the base of 
 the flower. Bracts less than ^ the size of the leaves, recurvulo- 
 patent, bilobed to below the middle, lobes slightly complicate 
 lanceolate, acute or obtuse, the postical a little shorter and only 
 half the width ; bracteole lanceolate, narrowly bifid to a J or half 
 of its length, segments acute, connate with the other bract, or 
 free. Perianth distinctly emerging from the bracts for more 
 than double of their length, obpyramidato-pyriforra, depressed 
 at the apex and having a very short slender mucronulate slightly 
 compressed beak ; cells equilatero-hexagonal, pellucid, beautifully 
 reticulated; 5-keeled — the keels having very deep-like wings — 
 occasionally towards the apical margin bordered with a single 
 series of very thin cells. Calyptra half the size, obovate, con- 
 stricted at the base so as to appear shortly stipitate. Capsule 
 globose (not been seen exserted). Androecia very frequently 
 upon short branches ; perigonial bracts 2-5 pairs imbricate, 
 turgidly cymbiform, bilobed, postical lobe rather smaller. Anthe- 
 ridia not known. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems f-l|- inch long and -09 mm. in diameter, 
 with leaves Tl mm. wide; leaves, antical lobe '7 mm. x '45 mm., 
 lobule '13 mm., antical lobe "65 mm. x "55 mm., lobule 
 
 •15 mm. X "15 mm., antical lobe '5 mm. x '.35 mm., lobule '15 mm. 
 
 X *125 mm. ; cells, near middle, "03 mm., '04 mm., "04 mm. 
 
 x -03 mm. ; stipules "25 mm. x '25 mm., '3 mm. x '3 mm., 
 
LEJEUNEA. 
 
 •225 mm. x '225 mm.; bract, antical lobe 4 mm. x 1.') hum. 
 to "2 mm., lobule "35 mm. x 'l mm., antical lobe (i inin. 
 
 X '2 mm., lobule "4 mm. x "1 5 mm. ; bractcole ".'5 mm. x •irjinm., 
 '55 mm. x *275 mm.; periantb '!) mm. x •.").") mm., T mm. 
 
 X CiS mm. ; pcriL,'onial amentula "85 mm. x '4 mm. 
 
 Hah. — E.\tremely rare, the only known station bein^^ on 
 shady rocks below Tore W'aterfall, Killarney, near enough to the 
 stream to be moistened by its spray, except when the water is 
 very low. It iij-rows chietly on Tliamninm alopcciirnm, accompanied 
 by Jiadiila Carri/n/tOfii, S(tcco(///na vUiculosa, Mch/jeria conjnyala, and 
 sometimes by Lejciinca diversiloba (6'. A. Hull, June 1885), R. S. 
 Obs. — " Differs from every other British h'jeimea in the 
 female flowers being* borne on exceedingly short branchlets, 
 which normally put forth no subfloral innovation such as con- 
 stantly exists in all our other species. In size it resembles 
 L.Jlava, or luxuriant A. serpi/IJifolia, but usually diff'ers at sight 
 from both by the pale reddish tinge of the foliage. Even where 
 the leaves are of the yellow-green of almost ripe limes, dried speci- 
 mens speedily assume a rufous hue when moistened. Another 
 important and unicpie character is afforded b}' the large pear- 
 shajjcd perianths being so very strongly and sharpl}' keeled that 
 at first sight they seem broadly 5-winged. The female flowers 
 often alternate, or are variously mixed up, with male catkins of 
 about the length of the adjacent leaf, and consi.sting of from 
 two to five pairs of C3'mbiform bracts. Where inflorescences of 
 both sexes are numerous (as they sometimes are), they render the 
 stem or branch elegantly pin nu late. 
 
 The only species which L. Holt a might l)e conlbunded with is 
 L.Jlara (Sw.), which grows near it and in much greater abundance ; 
 but the former, although nearly equal in size, is iar more delicate 
 and pellucid, and its slight tinge of red is never seen in the 
 yellow or green foliage of L. jlava. The latter, besides the 
 essential difference of the perianths being terminal on branches 
 of various lengths or on the main stem, and invariably putting 
 forth from their base a leafy innovation or even a pair of opposite 
 innovations, each of which may in like manner hear an apical 
 
54 HEPATIC^. 
 
 flower subtended by a secondary innovation, differs also in the 
 tufted habit, the imbricated leaves (which, although only slightly 
 different in form, have smaller, more chlorophjdlose cells), but, 
 above all, in much smaller obtusely 5-carinate perianths, as com- 
 pared with the large, deeply plicato-carinate perianths of Z. HoltUr 
 Tlie description and observations are taken from Dr. Spruce's 
 communication to the " Journ. of Bot." for Feb. 1887. 
 
 Descriptfon of Plate XIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 31. 3. Ditto, postical view 
 X 31. 4. Ditto, X 64. 5. Portion of leaf x 290. 6. Stipule 
 X 64 7. Bract x 31. 8. Bracteole x 31. 9. Perianth x 31. 
 10. Cross-section of perianth x 31. 11. Perigonial amentula 
 X 31 (Tore Cascade, Gr. A. Holt). 
 
 8. Lejeunea ulicina, Tayl. 
 
 Jungermania ulicina, Tayl. in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. p. 115 (1841). 
 Jungermania minutissima, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 52, ex parte (nee Smithii) (181 G). 
 Lejeunea ulicina, Tayl. G. L. N. Syn. Hep. p. 387 (18-44-). 
 
 Lejeunea minutissima, Spruce in Ann. Nat. Hist, et Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 
 (1849) (nee J. minutissima, Sm.) 
 
 Dioicous, loosely spreading, rarely subcsespitose, often creeping 
 upon mosses, minute, green. Steins straight, not geniculate, 
 vaguely branched, subradiculose. Leaves distant or subcontiguous, 
 erect to erecto-patent (10°-30°), cochleato-concave, rotundo-ovate, 
 at the apex narrower, obtuse or abruptly acute, from the base 
 to J or f (rarely almost to the apex) obtusely complicato-bilobed, 
 postical lobe more or less shorter and narrower, rarely almost 
 equal, turgid at the keel, margin incurved or often plane, apex 
 apiculcito-acute ; cells small, slightly chlorophyllose, subpellucid, 
 smooth or slightly convex, obscurely tuberculose, 4-, 5-, and 6- 
 ant;;ed, walls firm, no trigones or thickened angles. Stipules 
 distant, about 3 times shorter than the leaves, rather broader 
 than the stem, oval, to about ^ or the middle, or rarely below 
 bifid, segments linear-subulate, 2 cells broad below, at the apex 
 1 cell broad. Female flowers terminal, innovations produced on 
 one or both sides. Bracts large, 2 to 3 times larger than the 
 
LEJEUNEA. 65 
 
 leaves, subclivergcnt, at an angle of G0°-90°, almost to the middle 
 bifid, complicate, keel narrow, winged, antical lobr somi-ovate 
 acute, postical lobe shorter, rarely ecjualiy as long, semi-lanceolate 
 or obliquely cuneate, margin cellulose-erose, sometimes subden- 
 ticulate. Hracteole a little shorter, erect oblong or oval-lanceolate, 
 to about I acutely bitid, segments acute. Perianth (hardly 
 mature) immersed in the bracts, pyriform-oblong or obovate, 
 apex depressed, terete below, towards the apex obtusely 5-angled, 
 cells slightly convex, papillose or almost smooth. 
 
 DiMiiNSioNs. — :J— ^ inch long, 02 mm. to "03 mm. in diameter, 
 with leaves "25 mm. to -35 mm. wide, leaves, antical lobe LMnm. x '15 
 mm., ])ostical 114 mm. xO'Zomm., antical '24 mm x -15 mm., 
 postical -18 mm. x 'l mm. ; cells -025 mm. x '02 mm., "02 mm., 017 
 mm., '02 mm. x '015 mm. ; stipules '08 mm. x -80 mm., segments 
 02 mm.; -07 mm. x -05 mm.,seg. 015 mm., *1 mm. x '05 mm. ; lobe 
 oi'bract •4mm. x •2mm.,-5mm. x -Smni-jbracteole 3mm. x -15 mm.; 
 perianth '35-4 mm. x -18 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On trees, or more rarely creeping uj)on mosses. Eare, 
 extremely so, fertile 
 
 2. On beech trees, Southwood, Hants, ]i. S. Mill. 7. Tyn- 
 y-Groes, lllld and lloU. Torrent Walk, Dolgelly, (7. ^lahlrr, 
 W. If. r. 10. Bolton Abbey, Wharfdale, Dr. Spruce. Dent, 
 G. Stabler. Broad wood, Ingleton, G. IFeb.sfer and W. U. P. 
 
 12. Levens, Westmorland, G. Stabler. Keswick, C. L>/rlt. 
 
 13. Burnfoot Hill, New Galloway, /. Mc Andrew. 15, lO. I. 
 Killarney, Dr. Tatjtor, Dr. Spruce, Dr. Carringtnn, G. J. J/ott and 
 others. Near Lake Brittas, King's Co., B. McArdte. 
 
 Found on the Continent, France, Mortain, 7\ I/usnot. 
 
 Obs. — Misled by an original specimen from Sowerby of J//n//- 
 minufis.siwa, Smith, tigured in Eng. Bot., Dr. Spruce was under 
 the im])ression that it was the same as Junr/. idicina of U'aylor, 
 and therefore reduced Jun//. idicina, Tayl. to a synonym of .///////. 
 mifiuti.mnia Sm., and for the fertile Jun//. niinutissinia of Smith 
 coined the name Lejeunea Taylori, Spruce ; man}' years afterwanls 
 he ibund in comparing with the figure in Eng. Bot. of Smith's 
 Jun(/. ininutis.sima that it could never have biMMi drawn frtun that 
 
56 HEPATIC^. 
 
 specimen, so he reinstated Lejeimea ulicina, Tayl., and made Lej. 
 Taylori a synonym of Lej. minutissima, Sm. Considerable con- 
 fusion as to these two species has consequently arisen, but if we 
 remember that the monoicous form with geniculate stems, no 
 stipules and often found fertile is the Lej. minutissima of Smith, 
 and the dioicous one with somewhat straight stems, stipules present, 
 and flowers extremely rare is Lej. ulicina, Tayl., we shall be right. 
 
 Shortly before Dr. Spruce died he wrote me : " Lately I came 
 on the specimen given to Mr. Borrer by Sowerby as part of the 
 Jung, minutissima figured in Eng. Bot. You will see it is L. 
 ulicina, and when even Hooker did not discriminate between the 
 two it was impossible Sowerby should." In my plate of Lej. 
 ulicina, fig. 4, is a drawing of this plant ; in Hooker's " Brit. 
 Jung. " the two plants are given as Jung, minutissima, Sm., but as 
 I have never heard of any one collecting Lej. minutissima, Sm., in 
 the Lake District, I should infer that the station given by Hooker, 
 Keswick, refers to Lej. ulicina. Lej. ulicina, Tayl., is quite distinct 
 from any of the otlier British Lejeuneae. 
 
 Description of Plate XIV. — Fig. L Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 64 (Ingleton, Webster and 
 Pearson). 3. Ditto, postical view x 85 (ditto). 4. Ditto, postical 
 view X 85 (Herb. Sowerby). 5. Ditto, postical view x 85 (Levens, 
 Stabler). 6. Leaves, antical view x 85 (France, Husnot). 7-9. 
 Ditto, postical view x 85 (Ingleton, Webster and Pearson). 
 10,11. Portions of leaves x 290 (ditto). 12, 13. Stipules x 85 
 (ditto). 
 
 9. Lejeunea diversiloba, Spnice. 
 
 Lejeunea diversiloba, Spruce Journ. of Bot. 1876. 
 
 Lejeimea minutissima, var. major, Carringt. Irish Cryptogams Trans. Edin. Bot. 
 Soc. (1S63). 
 
 Dioicous, epiphytic on Frullania or other corticolous species, 
 small, pale yellowish-green, sometimes nearly white. Stems 
 slightly branched, branches rigid, subfastigiate, distant, filiform ; 
 radiculose, rootlets very short, fasciculate. Leaves incubous, 
 approximate, erecto-patent, angle about 30°, to below the middle 
 complicato-bilobed (or none), antical lobe slightly concave, 
 
LKJEUNEA. 57 
 
 obliquely obovate-obloni^, rotundute, rarely obtuse or subacute, 
 quite entire, postical lobe variable in form and size, nearl)' e([unl 
 to the antical lobe or half the size, or very minute or absent alto- 
 gether, sub«|uadrate, or oval, inflated, the upper Ijorder incurved 
 and notched at the outer angle so as to form a rather blunt tooth, 
 at the keel broadly rptundate ; texture somewhat firm ; cells 
 pellucid, from smallish to rather minute, 5- and G-angled, subplane, 
 walls lirm, no trigones or thickened angles. Stipules about .'} 
 times shorter than the antical lobe of leaf, slightly Itroader than 
 the stem, subrotund or oval, to about the middle or below bifid, 
 sinus acute or lunate, segments suberect or incurved, subacute ; 
 sometimes obsolete. Female flowers lateral sessile ; bracts longer 
 than the leaves, suberect, loosely complicate-bilobed to below tlie 
 middle, antical lobe ublicjuely obovato-lanceolate, subacute, obtuse 
 or rotundate, postical lobe almost of equal length or shorter, 
 ligulate or oblong ; bracteole obovato-lanceolate, bilobed to below 
 the middle, segments narrow, obtuse or acute. Perianth immersed 
 in the bracts, subglobose, slightly compressed, highly 5-carinate, 
 very smooth. Androecia on short lateral branches; perigonial 
 bracts '1 pairs, larger than the leaves, very turgid, lobes subequal, 
 almost hemispherical, diandrous. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems ^ to ^ sometimes 1 inch long, diameter 
 •05 to "OG mm. with leaves irom 3 mm. to '45 mm. wide; leaves, 
 antical lobe "35 mm. x 2 mm., postical •175 mm. x •! mm., antical 
 •2 mm. X •IS mm., postical '15 mm. x '1 mm., antical "25 mm. x 
 
 1 mm., postical '075 mm. x 025 mm., antical '275 mm. x '15 mm., 
 postical '0; cells •02 mm., ^025 mm., "015 mm. ; stipules "1 1 mm. 
 
 X ^07 mm., segments 075 mm., •125 mm. x '08 mm., seg. 
 •04 mm., ^125 mm. x "1 mm., seg. ^04 mm., •! mm. x "075 mm., seg. 
 •05 mm., OS mm. x 'OG mm., seg. "O."') mm. ; bracts, antical lobe 
 •325 mm. x "15 mm., postical •:• mm. x 075 mm., antical '375 mm. 
 
 X '15 mm., postical "25 mm. x I mm. ; bracteole ■3mn). x 2 mm., 
 segments "1 75 mm. 
 
 H.\B. — xSot unl're([uent about Killarney, growing on Fnil/aiiia 
 germana and other prostrate mosses and hepatics, Dr. Tai/hr, l)r. 
 Spruce, Dr. Carrin</tou, Mr. (1. J. Ilolf, 
 
58 HEPATIC^. 
 
 The only known station. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from other native Lejeunece by its rigid 
 stems and the variable character of the postical lobes of the leaves, 
 which are sometimes equal in size to the antical lobes, sometimes 
 about half the size or very minute or entirely wanting. 
 
 Description of Plate XV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 
 2. Stem, postical view x 30. 3-5. Portions of stem, postical view 
 x64. 6. Ditto X 85. 7. Portion of leaf x 290. 8, 9. Stipules 
 x85. 10, 11. Bracts X 64. 12. Bracteole x 64. (All Killarney, 
 
 Dr. Carrington.) 
 
 10. Lejeunea calcarea. Lib. 
 
 Lejeunea cakarea, Libert in Bory de St. Vine. Ann. des sc. nat. VI. p. 373, 
 
 n. 1, t. 96, f. 1 (1820). 
 Jungermania hamatifolia, var. echinata, Hook. Brit. Jung. (1816). 
 Lejeunea echinata, Taylor MSS. G.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 345 (1844). 
 
 Monoicous, intricately caespitose, minute, yellowish-green 
 colour. Stems filiform, subdichotomous or subpinnate, rootlets 
 few, pale. Leaves imbricate, unequally bilobed, antical lobe 
 patent or erecto-patent 40°-30° ovato-acuminate, epidermis echi- 
 nate, papillse small, roundish, texture opaque, cells minute, 4-, 5- 
 and 6-angled, walls firm, no trigones or thickened angles ; postical 
 lobe about half the size of the antical, sfibbous, ovate, free marg-in 
 incurved, smooth or very slightly serrate, texture more delicate, 
 rather larger cells, slightly elongate, epidermis smooth, slightly 
 echinate at the keel. Style or interlobule attached to each leaf 
 right and left of the stem, linear-subulate, 4 or 5 uniseriate cells 
 long. Stipules absent. Female flowers on short branches ; bracts 
 much smaller than the leaves, unequally bilobed, antical lobe 
 ovato-acutate, postical about half the size, widely subulate-acutate, 
 plane. Perianth pyriform, obtusely 5-angled, angles distinctly 
 muricate. Androecia on short lateral branches, perigonial bracts 
 
 3, 4 pairs, closely imbricate, erect, unequally bilobed, swollen at 
 the base, antical lobe oval-acute, postical about one-third smaller, 
 oval ; antlieridia subspherical. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems about i an inch long, diameter '05 mm. 
 
LEJEUNEA. 59 
 
 to •07.') mm., witli loaves "Hr) mm. to '4 mm. wide; leaves, antical 
 lobe "I^rr) mm. X '2 mm., postical •L'lT) mm. x'lo mm., antieal 
 •45 mil). X •17'") mm., postical '1^5 mm. x '15 mm. ; cells "015 mm., 
 papilla' 01 mm. xOrJf) mm. wide at the base, stylus I mm. x 
 '02 mm. ; bract, antical lobe "2 mm. x "135 mm., posticiil •175 
 mm. X "1 mm. ; perianth '75 mm, x '4 mm. , capsule '25 nmi. 
 diam. ; pedicel "05 mm. diam. ; perii^onial bract, antical lobe "275 
 mm. X 15 mm., postical "2 mm. x "125 mm. ; aiitheridia '15 mm. x 
 •125 mm. 
 
 ITar. — In crevices and sheltered spots on limestone rocks. 
 Somewhat rare. 
 
 7.8. Eavensdale, Derbyshire, G. J. Half. 10. Hell Cleft, 
 Teesdale, Br. Spruce. High Force, Teesdale, Jt. Barnes. Gordale, 
 W. Vest. Ingleton, //'. //>*/. Clapdale Cave, Craven, Br. Car- 
 rni(/io)}. Bolton Woods, Br. Carriiujlon. Nr. Litton, John Ji'/iitc- 
 head. 12. Heversham Head, G. Stabler. Pasture Beck, Ullswater, 
 //'. //. P. 15. Banks of the River J3urn, A. Croall. Cawdor Wood, 
 Forfar, J. Croall. Glen Tilt, A. Croall. IG. ]\Ioidart, West 
 Inverness, S. M. Macricar, peaty side of ravine, not limestone. 
 
 1. Kerry, Br. Taylor. Killarney, Dr. Carrimjton. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — A very distinct species and not likely to be confounded 
 with any other British ones, except the closel}' allied Lcj. lxos.se /liana, 
 Massal., which see. 
 
 Lej. haniafifolia (Hook.), whicli Hooker considered it to be a 
 variety of, diflers in the antical lobe of leaf beiii^- distantly (U'litate, 
 epidermis smooth, j)resence of stipules, and other characters. 
 
 Descuiption of Plate XVI. — Fi«;-. 1. Phmts natural size. 
 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x G4. :\, 4. Portions of stems, 
 postical views X (".4. 5-8. Leaves x G4. 9-11. Ditto, cxplanate x 
 G4. 12. Portion of leaf x 290. 13. Papilhe of antical lobe of 
 leaf X 290. 14,15. Styliform appendages x 85. IG. Bract x G4. 
 17. Perianth X 31. 18. Portion of male branch x (M. 19. Peri- 
 gonial bract x 85. 20. Anthcriiliuiii x '^b. (Teesdale, Dr. 
 Spruce.) 
 
60 HEPATIC^. 
 
 11. Lejeunea Rossettiana, Mussed. 
 
 Lejeunea Rossettiana, Massalongo, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. vol. xxi. p. 487 
 (1889). 
 
 Dioicous, intricately caespitose, minute, yellowish-green. 
 Stems subdicliotomoLis or subpinnate, more or less radiculose, 
 rootlets few, fasciculate, pale. Leaves imbricate, patent, 50°-60°, 
 bilobed, antical lobe somewhat convex, ovate, apices more or less 
 attenuate-acuminate (rarely only acute), usually incurved, upper 
 surface echinate, postical lobe about |- to ^ the size of the antical, 
 subquadrate to roundish-quadrate, tumid at the keel, upper 
 portion plane, margin not incurved, unequally dentate-spinulose, 
 exterior surface echinate like the antical lobe, texture opaque : 
 cells very minute, 4-, 5-, and 6-sided, walls distinct, no trigones 
 or thickened angles ; papillse conical, one to each cell. Stipules 
 absent. Stylus also wanting. Female flowers on short branches, 
 subtended by an innovation. Bracts similar to the leaves, only 
 larger, postical lobe with margin more finely dentate-spinulose. 
 Bracteole wanting. Perianth projecting more than half beyond 
 the bracts, oval to pyriform, upper portion obtusely 5 -angled, 
 epidermis rauricate. Androecia unknown. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems about \ of an inch long, "05 mm. 
 diameter, with leaves '85 mm.-l* mm. wide; leaves, antical lobe 
 •45 mm. x -25 mm., postical -225 mm. x "15 mm., antical -45 mm. 
 X "275 mm., postical "225 mm. x '15 mm.; cells -0125 mm.; 
 papillse "0125 mm. long x '01 mm. wide at the base ; bract, antical 
 lobe "5 mm. X -25 mm., postical '25 mm. x '15 mm.; perianth 
 •6 mm. X -45 mm., '55 m.m. x -4 mm. 
 
 Obs. — Diflers from Lejeunea calcarea, Lib., with which it has 
 been confounded by British botanists in its dioicous inflorescence, 
 more opaque texture, slightly larger size, leaves a little more 
 spreading, echinate postical lobe, with margin more dentate- 
 spinulose, and not incurved, as in L. calcarea (the margin of which 
 cannot be seen without dissection), and by the entire absence of 
 the styliform appendage, usually found between the stem and the 
 leaf of L. calcarea. The above mentioned characters show this 
 
IKJEUNEA. 01 
 
 plant to be a distinct species, and was discriminated ])y tlic Italian 
 botanist, Prof. Massalongo, from specimens collected in Italy by 
 Dr. Rossetti. 
 
 Orii^inal specimens from Dr. Taylor of Loj. echinata comprise 
 both this species and Lcj. calcarna, but as Prof Massalonyo was 
 the iirst to recognise its distinctness, his name justly deserves to 
 be preserved. 
 
 From other British Lcjeunecc it is at once separated by its 
 echinate leaves. 
 
 Hab. — On limestone rocks, amongst mosses, and often inter- 
 mingled with L. calcarea, Lib. Rare. 
 
 8. Millers Dale, Winnats, Ravensdale, Derbyshire, C. A. Jloll. 
 10. Limestone Cave, Gordale, Yorks, Dr. Carrinf/fon. L Near 
 Dublin, 1830, Br. Tai/Ior. Mucross Desmesnc, Killarney, J)r. 
 Carri)i(/ton^ 18G1. 
 
 Found on the Continent (Italy, l)r, Jiossetti). 
 
 Dkscription of Plate XVII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Stem, antical view x 24. 3. Portion of stem, postical view x ()4. 
 4-7. Leaves x G4. 8. Leaf x 85. 9. Portion of leaf x 21)0. 
 10. Papilla? X 290. 11. Bract x G4. 12. Perianth x 31. 13. 
 Cross-section of perianth x 31. 14. Apex of perianth x 31 
 (Winnats, Derbyshire, G. A. Holt). 
 
 12. Lejeunea minutissima [Sm.). 
 
 Jungei-mania mimUissima, Smith, Eng. Bot. t. IG80 (18UC), Hook. Ijrit. Jung. 
 
 t. 52 (ISIO). 
 Junyefi-inania incoiispicua, Kaddi in Act soc. Modena (iSlS). 
 Lejeunea Tai/loi-i, Spruce, in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. vol. iii. p. 12 (1S|9). 
 Lejeunea inconspicua, de Not. in G. and R. Hen. eur. n. 15, Dum. Hej). Eur. 
 
 p. 18 (1K74). 
 Lejeiinea minutissima (Sm.), Spruce Journ. of Bot. p. 'M\ (I SSI). 
 
 Monoicous, closely but shallowy or loosely c.Tspitose, minute, 
 pale green to whitish. Stems filiform, geniculate, llexuose, 
 creeping, irregularly branched. Leaves hilarious, alternate, distant 
 or approximate, erecto-patent to erect, subrotund, almost all the 
 length complicate, very concave or turgid, postical lobe very little 
 
62 HEPATIC^. 
 
 narrower than the antical ; epidermis subpapillose, texture delicate, 
 cells smallish, 4-, 5-, or 6-angled, walls thin, no trigones or thickened 
 angles. Stipules absent. Female flowers terminal on short lateral 
 branches ; bracts about twice as long as the leaves, broadly oblong, 
 slightly complicate, very shortly bilobed, postical lobe about twice 
 as narrow as the antical. Perianth emersed, turbinate or pyri- 
 fonn, slightly compressed, acutely 5-angled, keel almost smooth, 
 sometimes furnished with a single series of pellucid cells. Calyptra 
 pyriform, texture similar to the leaves. Capsule subspherical, 
 hyaline, cleft halfway to the base. Androecia on short lateral 
 branches, roundish or spicate ; perigonial bracts 3, 4 pairs, cymbi- 
 form, turgid. Antheridia single, oval. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to J inch long, and "05 mm. in diameter, 
 with leaves '35 mm. to "4 mm. wide ; leaves, antical lobe '225 mm. 
 X -175 mm., postical "2 mm. x 'l mm., antical '225 mm. x 
 •175 mm., postical -2 mm. x '175 mm., antical -25 mm. x 'l mm., 
 postical -225 mm. x -1 mm. ; cells '025 mm. x "02 mm., "02 mm. 
 X '02 mm., '03 mm. x '02 mm., -025 mm. x '025 mm. ; bracts, 
 antical lobe, '35 mm. x '12 mm., postical '3 mm. x '1 mm., antical 
 •275 mm. x -15 mm., postical -225 mm. x 'l mm. ; perianth '5 mm. 
 X -275 mm.; male catkin '4 mm. x -3 mm ; perigonial bract 
 •2 mm. X -15 mm. ; antheridia 'l mm. x '075. 
 
 IIab. — On stems of trees. Very rare. 
 
 1. Trevello Wood, Penzance, Cornwall, IF. Ciirnoio and others. 
 2. Henfield, Sussex, C. Lijell New Forest, Hampshire, C. Lyell. 
 Langley, Sussex, F. C. Roper. 3. Shiere, Surrey, E. M. Holmes. 
 
 South of Ireland. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — Being destitute of stipules this plant is at once distin- 
 guished from those British species which have them. 
 
 Lej. calcarea, Libert, and Lej. Rossettiana, Massal. have 
 ecliinate leaves. 
 
 Lej. microscopica, Tayl. has more spreading, narrower leaves, 
 and is rarely found fertile. 
 
 See notes under Lej. ulicina, Tayl. 
 
 Description of Plate XVIIL— Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 64 (Langley, Roper). 3. 
 
LEJEUNEA. 63 
 
 Ditto, postical view x 64 (ditto). 4. Ditto x 64 (Herb. Taylor). 
 5, 6. Leaves x 64 (New Forest, C. Lyell). 7, 8. Portions of leaf 
 x290 (ditto). 9, 10. Bracts x 64 (ditto). 11, 12. Ditto x 64 
 (Langley, Roper). 13. Perianth x 64 (New Forest, C. Lyell). 
 14. Male catkin x 64 (Coimbra, Portugal, Henriques). 15. 
 Antlieridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 13. Lejeunea microscopica, Taylor. 
 
 Jungermania microscopica, Tayl. in Mackay Fl. hib. 2 p. 59 (1836). Taylor in 
 Hook. Journ. of Bot. 4, p. 97, t. 29. Nees, Nat. eur. Leb. Ill, suppl.p. 5GG 
 (1838). 
 
 Lejeunea microscopica, Tayl. G. L. N. Syn. Hep. p. 315 (1844). 
 
 Paroicous, loosely caespitose, minute, very pale green to white. 
 Stems creeping, very slender, Hexuose, pellucid, subramose ; radi- 
 culose, rootlets few, distant, short, single, pellucid. Leaves often 
 unilateral, distant, patent, ovoideo-fusifbrm or ovate-lanceolate, 
 somewhat flattened, slightly unequally bilobed, antical lobe a little 
 larger than the postical, apex subacute, triangular or shortly 
 linguaform ; epidermis papillose, in some specimens almost smooth, 
 texture pellucid ; cells smallish, 4-, 5-, and 6-angled, walls thin, no 
 trigones or thickened angles, near the base in the middle elongate. 
 Stipules absent. Female flowers on short branches, bracts unequally 
 bilobed, antical lobe narrower and longer than the leaves, ovate- 
 lanceolate, postical lobe much smaller, lanceolate acute. Perianth 
 pellucid, obovate or obconical, j^apillose, ecarinate or obtusely 
 angled, apex flat, no beak, mouth contracted. Andrcecia on short 
 lateral branches, perigonial bracts bilobed, more obtuse at the apex 
 than in the leaves. Antheridia oval. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems ^ inch long, -03 mm. in diameter, with 
 leaves '35 mm. wide ; leaves, antical lobe "2 mm. x '12 mm., posti- 
 cal '175 mm. x '12 mm., antical '175 mm. x '1 mm., postical 
 •16 mm. X -1 mm. ; cells "03 mm. x "025 mm., -03 mm. x "03 mm., 
 near base of leaf -04 mm. x '02 mm. ; bract, antical lobe '25 mm. 
 X "15 mm., postical "15 mm. x "05 mm. ; perianth "35 mm. x 
 '225 mm. near the apex. 
 
 Hab. — On Fridlanm, bark of trees or on damp rocks, in shaded 
 or exposed situations. Extremely rare. 
 
64 HEPATIC^. 
 
 7. Eocks below Llyn OgweD, Carnarvonshire, Dr. Carrington 
 and W. IT. P. 12. Rostliwaite, Cumberland, Dr. Carrington and 
 W. H. P. Seathwaite, Cumberland, /. R. Bijrom and W. H. P. 16. 
 Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. I. Cromaglown, Dr. 
 Taylor, Dr. Spruce, Dr. Carrington, Dr. Moore, Prof. Lindberg, 
 and others. Glenariff, Co. Antrim, Revs. Lett and Waddell. 
 
 Obs. — This is one of the smallest and most beautiful of the 
 British Hepaticae ; single plants being scarcely visible to the 
 naked eye. From Lej. minutissima (Sm.), which is also without 
 stipules, it is distinguished by its more distant, spreading, 
 narrower leaves, which are also more papillose and pellucid. 
 
 Lej. catcarea, Libert, and Lej. Rossettiana, Massal., are larger, 
 coarser species, with more erect leaves, which are distinctly 
 echinate. 
 
 From all other British LejeunecB it is distinguished by the 
 absence of stipules. 
 
 Description of Plate XIX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 2. 
 Portion of stem, antical view x 85 (Rocks, Ogwen, W. H. P.) 3. 
 Ditto, postical view x 64 (ditto). 4, 5. Leaves, postical view x 85 
 (ditto). 6. Leaf (ditto) x 64 (Herb. Tayl.). 7, 8. Leaves, 
 antical view x 64 (ditto). 9. Keel of leaf x 290 (Seathwaite, 
 W. H. P.) 10, 11. Portions of leaf x 290 (ditto). 12. Bract 
 X 64 (Glenariff, Lett & Waddell). 13. Perianth x 64 (ditto). 
 
 14. Lejeunea calyptrifolia {Hook.), Dum. 
 
 Jungermania calyptrifolia, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 43 (1816). 
 Lejeunea calyptrifolia, Dum: Comm. p. Ill (1822). 
 Colura calyptrifolia, Dum. Recueil, p. 12 (1835). 
 
 Dioicous (?), csespitulose, minute, pale yellowish-green. Stems 
 creeping, slightly and irregularly branched, branches procumbent 
 or suberect ; filiform, flexuose ; radiculose, rootlets extremely 
 minute, pellucid. Leaves closely placed, bifarious, horizontal, 
 patent or erect, largest at the base of the plant, gradually 
 lessening to the apex, unequally bilobed, antical lobe calyptri- 
 form, rostrate corniculate, apex incurved and acute, narrowed at 
 the base, but with a semi-orbicular or broadly oval convolute 
 
LEJEUNEA. 65 
 
 wing, above whicli the margin is slightly incurved, the fold 
 gradually increasing in size until near the apex, where another 
 erect horseshoe-shaped lobe is observed, which is of an extremely 
 delicate texture and is enclosed in the tubular portion of the 
 antical lobe ; postical lobe about three times smaller than the 
 antical, oval or subquadrate with rounded corners, convolute ; 
 texture delicate, cells smallish, elongate, 4-, 5-, and 6-angled, walls 
 thin, very slightly thickened, trigones absent. Stipules at the 
 base of each leaf, plane, appressed to the stem or a little patent, 
 oblong-cuneate, bipartite or deeply (to two-thirds) bifid, segments 
 patulous, linear-subulate, 3 to 4 cells wide at their base. Female 
 flowers lateral ; bracts 2, 3 pairs, minute, erect and closely ap- 
 pressed to the perianth, subquadrate or oval, apex retuse, emarginate, 
 entire or irregular. Perianth i-elatively large, almost as long as 
 the leaves, projecting three-fourths beyond the bracts, oblong, 
 attenuated at the base, widening towards the apex, obtusely 
 5-angled, angles furnished with one or two horns ; similar horns 
 are found on other parts of the upper portion of the perianth, 
 apex depressed or flat, mouth closed at first, afterwards slightly 
 opened, contracted, margin irregular. Caiyptra pyriform, com- 
 posed of thicker and smaller cells than the perianth. Capsule 
 oval. Spores minute. Androecia not known. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J inch long; leaves, antical lobe 1"25 
 mm. X -35 mm., postical "5 mm. x '2 mm., antical 1-5 mm. x -45 
 mm., postical "5 mm. x '25 mm., upper inner lobe '3 mm. x '15 
 mm., basal lobe "3 mm. x "225 mm., '3 mm. x "25 mm.: cells 
 •025 mm. x '025 mm., "02 mm. x "035 mm., '02 mm. x '04 mm. ; 
 stipules '25 mm. x "15 mm. at the middle, segments '175 mm. ; 
 bracts "45 mm. x '35 mm., '45 mm. x -3 mm., "45 mm. x 25 mm. ; 
 perianth 1" mm. x -4 mm., -9 mm. x '4 mm. ; caiyptra "6 mm. x 
 "35 mm. ; capsule "375 mm. x "2 mm. ; spores "01 mm. 
 
 Hab. — In minute, pale yellowish-green tufts, on rocks, 
 trees, or furze bushes. Extremel}^ rare. 1. Trevaylor, Cornwall, 
 /. Ralfs, IF. Curnow.. 7. Tyn-y-Groes, Merionethshire, //o// and 
 Wild. 12. Lodore, Cumberland, G. Ly ell and W. 11. P. Stone- 
 thwaite, Cumberland, -/. U. Byrom and W. H. P. 16. Moidart, 
 
 E 
 
66 BE PAT ICE. 
 
 West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. South of Ireland, Miss 
 Hutchiiis, Br. Taylor, Br. Spruce, IV. Wilson, Br. Carrington, &c. 
 
 Found on the Continent (France). 
 
 Obs. — The most curious character about this plant is the 
 inner upper enclosed horseshoe-shaped lobe which Dr. Gottsche 
 was the first to observe, and who seemed to think it had some 
 function which we do not understand, for in an allied Lejeiinea 
 from the Straits of Magellan, the inner structure of which was 
 very similar to our species, he found in the pouch-like lobe the 
 chitinous remains of many small animals which had been unable 
 to find their way out of this trap-like arrangement. 
 
 A closer investigation of this species will reward the student 
 with particulars which are hardly to be expected in a work of 
 mere descriptive botany. 
 
 As will be seen from the description and drawings, it is a 
 species which cannot be confounded with any other British one. 
 
 Description of Plate XX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Plant X 31 (Borrowdale, W. H. P.). 3-7. Leaves x 31 (ditto). 
 8. Leaf x 31 (Cherbourg, France, Corbiere). 9. Basal lobe of 
 leaf X 64 (ditto). 10. Upper lobe of leaf x 64 (ditto). 11. 
 Portion of leaf x 290 (Borrowdale, W. H. P.). 12-14. Stipules 
 X 64 (ditto). 15, 16. Bracts x 31 (Cherbourg, Corbiere). 17. 
 Bract X 31 (Borrowdale, W. H. P.). 18, 19. Perianths x 31 
 (Cherbourg, Corbiere). 20. Apex of perianth, showing mouth 
 X 31 (ditto). 
 
 Tribe 11. JUNGEEMANIE.E. 
 
 Subtribe I. RADULE^. 
 
 Genus 4. RADTJLA, Bum. 
 
 CandoUece, sp. Raddi Jung. Etr. in Mem. Moden. xviii. p. 22 (1820). 
 
 Martinellii, Gr. & B. Nat. Arr. Br. PI. i. p. 690 (1821). 
 
 Radulce,STp. Dum. Comm. p. 112 (1822). 
 
 Radulce, sect. Radulotypus, Dum. Syll. Jung. p. 38 (1831). 
 
 Radula, Dum. Recueil, p. 14 (1835); Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. Ill, p. 145 (1838). 
 
 Stems laxly pinnate or dichotomous ; branches lateral, arising 
 from the outer base of the leaves. Leaves incubous, complicate, 
 
RADULA. 67 
 
 bilobed, postical lobe smaller than the antical, inflexed, producing 
 rootlets. Stipules absent. ? flowers poly^^onous, fruit terminal on 
 short branches or at the base of the fork. Perianth campanulate, 
 compressed or subterete, truncate, mouth dilated. Bracts entire, 
 1-pair, somewhat similar to the leaves, deeply bilobed. Calyptra 
 pyriform, persistent, free, opening below the apex. Pedicel stout, 
 composed of 6 to 8 concentric layers of alternate cells. Capsule 
 oval-cylindricai, dividing to the base into 4 valves. Elaters 
 numerous, long, slender, attenuate at both ends, bispiral, decid- 
 uous. Spores large, globose. Androecia spicate ; perigonia 
 bracts 3-15 pairs, small ; antheridia 1 or 2 (rarely 3) in the ven- 
 tricose base of the bracts. 
 
 1. Radula voluta, Taylor. 
 Radula voluta, Tayl. MS. G.L.N. Syn. Hep. (1844). 
 
 Dioicous, shallowly csespitose, medium size, pale yellow to 
 yellowish-brown. Stems procumbent, pinnately branched. Leaves 
 laxly imbricated, incubous, divergent to patent-divergent, un- 
 equally bilobed, antical lobe broader than high, subrotund, obtuse, 
 quite entire, slightly undulate, crossing the stem, decurrent at its 
 postical base, postical lobe about one-third its size, broader than 
 high, subrotund-cordate, plane, undulate or with margin slightly 
 recurved, crossing the stem, auriculate at the base ; texture some- 
 what flaccid ; cells small, 4-, 5-, or 6-angled, walls moderately 
 thick, without trigones. Androecia on short lateral catkin-like 
 branches, perigonial bracts 3, 4 pairs, closely imbricate, erect, 
 turgid, bilobed, lobes oval, postical rather shorter. 
 
 Female plant not known. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 1|- inches long with leaves 2' to 
 3" mm. wide, diameter '2 mm. to '3 mm. ; leaves, antical lobe 
 1* 6mm. X 1'9 mm., postical lobe "9 mm. x I'nim., antical 1*5 mm. 
 X 1"5 mm., postical "5 mm. x '6 mm., antical Tl mm. x 1"2 mm., 
 postical *5 mm. x '7 mm. ; cells '02 mm. x '02 mm., '02 mm. x 
 •025 mm.; male catkin 3* mm.xl"5 mm., 2*5 mm. x 1'25 
 mm. ; perigonial bracts, antical lobe V2 mm. x "6 mm., postical 
 
68 HEPATIC.^. 
 
 1" mm. X '6 mm., antical 1* mm. x '5 mm., postical *8 mm. x 
 •4 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On damp or wet rocks, or on earth-encrasting rocks, 
 near streams. Rare. 
 
 7. Torrent Walk, Dolgelly, Dr. Carrington and W. H. P. 
 Tyn-y-Groes, Merioneth, JF. 11. P. 12. Lodore Falls, Cumber- 
 land, Dr. Carrington and W. H. P. Rostliwaite, Cumberland, 
 Dr. Carrington and W, H. P. 13. Ness Glen, Dalmellington, 
 Ayrshire, J. McAndreio. I. Dunkerron, Dr. Taylor. Tore Water- 
 fall, Dr. Spruce, Dr. Carrington. Rocks below Eagle's Nest, 
 Cromaglown, G. E. Hunt. Glena, $ Stewart and Holt. 
 
 Not found on the Continent or in North America, the 
 specimens from Tallulah Falls, Georgia, belonging to a different 
 species. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from other dioicous British Radulce by 
 its pale yellow colour, broad antical lobes, and subrotund-cordate 
 auriculate postical lobes of the leaves, which are more or less 
 undulate and of a flaccid texture. Badula xalajjcnsis, Mont., from 
 Bolivia, according to the opinions of Dr. Spruce and Stephani, 
 who have seen original specimens, is a different species, which I 
 fully agree with, having myself examined them. 
 
 Description of Plate XXI. — -Fig. 1. Plant natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, postical view x 24 (C. & P., n. 44). 3, 4. 
 Leaves, antical lobes x 24 (Tore Waterfall, R. Spruce). 5. 
 (Ditto) x (Herb. Taylor). 6, 7. (Ditto) x 24 (Tore, Dr. 
 Spruce). 8. Portion of leaf x 290 (Glena, Holt and Stewart). 
 9. Male catkin, postical view x 16 (ditto). 
 
 2. Radula Lindbergii,, Gottsche. 
 
 Radula comiJlanata (L.), var. propagxdifara, Nees,'Nat. Eur. Leb, iii. p. 148 (1838). 
 Radula Lindenhergiana, Gottsche, Hartmann's Handb. Scaud. Fl. 9, Aufl. p. 98 
 
 (1864), in error, should be R. Lindhergiana. 
 Radula commutata, Gottsche, Jack, " Flora," n. 23 & 25 (1881), 
 
 Dioicous, widely and shallowly casspitose, medium to largish 
 in size, from dull greenish-brown to dark sordid brown. Stems 
 prostrate, subpinnate, irregularly or regularly bipinnate, branches 
 
RADULA. 69 
 
 ascending. Leaves imbricate, patent-divergent, 70°, unequally 
 bilobed, antical lobe plane or slightly convex, crossing the stem, 
 subrotund or broadly obovate, margin quite entire or erose by 
 formation of gemmse, postical lobe 3 to 4 times smaller, appressed 
 to the antical lobe, quadrate, free angle acute, inner margin 
 reaching to the middle of the stem, upper angle rotundate or 
 acute ; cells smallish to medium in size, hexagonal, walls firm, 
 no trigones or thickened angles. Bracts unequally bilobed, 
 antical lobe obovate-elongate, postical lobe about one-third smaller, 
 oblong-quadrate, free angle acute or obtuse. Perianth projecting 
 to about the middle beyond the bracts, obovate, complanate, trun- 
 cate. Capsule brown, dividing into 4 longish oval valves, elaters 
 usually monospiral ; spores roundish. Androecia terminal on the 
 chief stem or on long lateral branches ; perigonial bracts closely 
 imbricate, bilobed, turgid at the base, antical lobe oval, apex rotun- 
 date, postical slightly shorter, oval, apex obtuse ; antheridia spheri- 
 cal. Gemmse often abundant at the margin of the upper leaves. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 2 inches long, with leaves 2" to 3* 
 mm. wide, diam. of stem "15 mm. ; leaves, antical lobe TS mm. x 
 1'25 mm., postical lobe 75 mm. x "6 mm., antical 1'25 mm. x 
 1* mm., postical "6 mm. x '5 mm., antical 1*2 mm. x '8 mm., postical 
 •6 mm. x '4 mm. ; cells '0225 mm. x '0225 mm., '03 mm. x '03 
 mm., '0225 mm. x '03 mm. ; bracts, antical lobe 1-25 mm. x 75 
 mm., postical lobe 75 mm. x '5 mm.; perianth 2*25 mm, x 1*1 
 mm. ; elaters '3 mm. x "006 mm. ; spores "03 mm. 
 
 Hab. — In spreading flat patches, closely attached to damp 
 rocks in exposed or shaded situations, usually in hilly or subalpine 
 localities. Eare. 
 
 2. New Forest, C. Lyell, 1813, March 12, 1814. 7. Clogwyn- 
 du-Arddu, Snowdon, Carnarvonshire, W. H. P. 12. Harter Fell, 
 and Mardale, Westmorland, G. Stabler. Near Keswick, Dr. 
 Carrington and W. H. P. 15. Braemar, A. Croall. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in Canada (rocks near Belleville), 
 Macoun. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from R. complanata (L.) by its dioicous 
 inflorescence; from R. aquilegia, Tayl., by its colour, and the 
 
70 HEPATICjE. 
 
 larger, plane postical lobe, which is not turgid at the base ; from 
 B. Carringtoni, Jack, by its greenish sordid brown colour, presence 
 of gemmse, coarser texture, and relatively larger postical lobe. 
 
 After the examination of numerous specimens of Radula 
 commutata, Gr., I have been unable to find sufficient characters to 
 separate it from R. Lindhergii, G. 
 
 This species was named by Dr. Grottsche after the late Prof. 
 S. O. Lindberg, of Helsingfors, one of the most distinguished 
 botanists of our time, and whose contributions to the knowledge 
 of the Hepaticse, especially of European species, have been 
 numerous, original, and marked by an accuracy of observation 
 which commands both our respect and admiration. 
 
 B}^ an error it was first published in Hartmann's " Handbok 
 i Scand. Flora" as Radula Lindawbergiana ; as Lindberg was the 
 discoverer of the species, I have further altered the name from 
 Lindhergiana to Lindhergii. 
 
 Description of Plate XXII. — Pig. 1. Plant natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 16 (Clogwyn-du-Arddu, 
 W. H. P.). 3. Ditto, postical view x 16 (Braemar, A. Croall). 4. 
 Ditto X 24 (Hunneberg, Sweden, S. 0. Lindberg). 5. Portion 
 of leaf X 290 (ditto). 6. Perianth with bracts x 16 (ditto). 
 
 3. Radula germana, Jack. 
 
 Radula complanata (L.), var. plumulosa, Nees & var. tenuis, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. 
 
 iii. p. 148 (1838), G.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 257 (1844). 
 Eadula gerinana, Jack, "Flora," n. 23 & 25, pp. 355, 395-7 (1881). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, small, pale yellowish or bright pea-green 
 in colour, young terminal branches darker green, the lower parts 
 and older stems being of a pale sordid brown colour. Stems 
 procumbent or erect when growing with mosses, imbricate, 
 frontally compressed, narrow, graceful, flexuose ; female plant 
 subpinnate, furcate or dichotomous, barren stems almost simple, 
 with few and very short branches, which are longer near the 
 apex ; radiculose, rootlets few, arising from the underside of the 
 lobule, fasciculate, short, sordid wdiite. Leaves imbricate, below 
 approximate, alternate, une(jually bilobed, antical lobe roundish- 
 
BABUL A. 71 
 
 ovate or olxjviite, convexulous, entire, or when gemmiparous, erose; 
 postical lobe about one-third the size, rhomboid, subquadrate 
 or quadrate, obtuse or acute at the free angle, tumid at the base, 
 upper portion plane and appressed to the antical lobe ; cells 
 small, hexagonal, lumen usually filled with chlorophyllose 
 granules, walls moderately firm, trigones very minute or not 
 observable. Bracts, antical lobe oblong-obovate, postical oblong- 
 quadrate narrow. Perianth projecting two-thirds beyond the 
 bracts, oblong-obconical, vvith a tapering base, complanate, mouth 
 truncate, quite entire. Pistillidia 8-10. Calyptra with a long 
 neck, delicate, pyriform. Capsule oblong-oval, dividing to the 
 base into 4 oval valves. Spores subspherical, finely granulate. 
 Elaters bispiral, loosely twisted. 
 
 Male stems irregularly pinnate, catkins lateral, long or short, 
 consisting of from 8-15 pairs of perigonial bracts, which are 
 closely imbricate, erect, tumid, bilobed ; antical lobe oval, 
 postical shorter, roundish-oval ; antheridia oval, large, solitary. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems f inch to 1 inch long, with leaves 1' 
 mm.-l*25 mm. wide, diameter '17 mm. x '11 mm., '16 mm. x 'll 
 mm., '15 mm. x '11 mm., leaves, antical lobe 1*2 mm. x "8 mm., 
 1'2 mm. X 7 mm., I'l mm. x "8 mm., 1' mm. x "7 mm., 1" mm. x 
 •6 mm., postical '7 mm. x "3 mm., '6 mm. x '4 mm,, 6 
 mm. X '35 mm., '55 mm. x "35 mm., -4 mm. x "3 mm. ; cells "02 
 mm.; bracts, antical lobe 11 mm. x '6 mm., postical '8 mm. x 
 '4 mm., antical 1* mm. x "5 mm., postical '9 mm. x •4 mm. ; pistil- 
 lidia ■12 mm. X "04 mm. ; perianth 2'2 mm* x 1*1 mm., 2*1 mm. x 
 •9 mm. ; valves of capsule "9 mm. long; spores "044 mm. diam. ; 
 elaters -28 mm. x '006 mm. ; male spikes 1' mm. long, '2 mm.- 
 •4 mm. wide ; perigonial bracts, antical lobe '8 mm. x '4 mm., '7 
 mm. X '45 mm., '025 mm. x 45 mm., '6 mm. x •45 mm., '6 mm. x 
 •4 mm., postical '6 mm. x '4 mm., '45 mm. x '3 mm. ; antheridia "2 
 mm. x "15 mm.; gemma) 1 mm. diam. 
 
 Hab. — In procumbent patches, with stems imbricating, on 
 rocks, or erect when intertwined with mosses (Dicrauum falcatum, 
 &c.) ; in alpine situations. Rare. 
 
 15. Pvocks by the Burn, Forfar, A. Croall Loch-na-Gat, Ben 
 
72 HEPATIC J^. 
 
 Lawers, George E. Davies. Mael Tarmachan near Ben Lawers, 
 C. J. Wild, G. A. Holt. Ben Cruaclian, Loch Awe ; Ben Laoigh, 
 Craig Calleach, 2\ Rogers. 
 
 Found on the Continent (Germany, Switzerland, Austria). 
 
 Obs. — Differs from R. comjdanata (L.) in its dioicous 
 inflorescence ; from R. aquilegia, Tayl., in its pale yellowish-green 
 colour, the leaves not being so tumid at the base, and the perianth 
 being longer and narrower; from R. Lindbergii, G. {R. com- 
 mutata, G.) in its paler colour, narrower stems (with leaves), 
 more erect leaves with smaller cells, and lons^er and narrower 
 perianth. 
 
 Some authorities consider this species to be only a variety of 
 the latter, but the characters indicated induce me to follow Jack 
 in raising it to the rank of a separate species. 
 
 Description op Plate XXIII. —Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 24 (Mael Tarmachan, G. A. 
 Holt). 3. Ditto, ? postical view x 16 (ditto). 4. Leaf x 24 
 (Germany, Jack). 5. Portion of leaf x 290 (Mael Tarmachan, 
 G. A. Holt). 6. Perianth and bracts x 24 (Germany, Jack). 7. 
 Perigonial bracts x 31 (Ben Cruachan, T. Eogers). 
 
 4. Radula Holtii, Spruce. 
 
 Radula Holtii, Spruce in '' Journ. of Bot." (July 1887). 
 
 Dioicous, creeping, small, rufulous or olive green. Stems 
 slender, fragile, branches subpinnate or dichotomous. Leaves 
 contiguous or subdissitous, at the base decurrent, complicato- 
 saccate, keel at an angle of 45°, suberect, ascending, convex, 
 abruptly widely patent, antical lobe broadly oblong, rotundate, 
 plane or subconcave, repand, much incurrent, not hiding the stem 
 at the basal angle, postical lobe one-third the length, trapeziform, 
 obtuse or subacute, subplane, inflated at the keel only, running 
 well in upon the stem but not passing over (or across) it ; cells 
 small, 4-, 5- and 6-angled, opaque or sub-pellucid, walls thick, 
 angles but slightly thickened, without trigones. Flowers terminal, 
 innovations unilateral or two opposite. Bracts often only one 
 
IIADULA. V3 
 
 pair, erect if more, closely imbricate, bilobed to the middle, 
 antical lobe broadly obovate, lobule hardly half the size, subrotund. 
 Perianth projecting very much, slender, subincurved, trumpet 
 shaped, perfectly terete, only at the apex very sliglitly compressed, 
 mouth truncate, obsoletely 4-lobed. Androicia terminal on 
 branches ; perigonial bracts 2, 3 pairs, similar to the leaves only 
 lobule larger, slightly turgid, diandrous. 
 
 Dimensions.— Stem ^ inch long, 'I mm. diameter, with leaves 
 1"25 mm. wide ; leaves, antical lobe 'S mm. x "6 mm., "65 mm. x 
 •55 mm., "7 mm. x "G mm., postical lobe or lobule 25 mm. x "3 
 mm., '2 mm. x "ITS mm., "3 mm. x "275 mm. ; cells '02 mm. x 
 •02 mm,, '03 mm. x '02 mm., '02 mm. x •0175 mm., "0175 mm. x 
 .0175 mm. ; bracts, antical lobe •G mm. x ^4 mm., postical lobe 
 •37 mm. X "35 mm.; perianth, 21 mm. x ^3 mm. (mouth) x ^15 
 mm. below the middle, 2' mm. x '35 mm. (mouth). 
 
 Hab. — ^Extremely rare, the only known station being near 
 Tore Waterfall, Killarney, growing with Buniortiera irr'ujua, 
 Juhula Hutcliimice and Lejeunea Mackaii. G. A. Holt, June 
 1885; D. McArdle, 1897. 
 
 Obs. — This distinct species cannot be confounded with any 
 other British ones ; from all it is distinguished by its smaller 
 size and slender habit ; R. germana, Jack, which is also dioicous 
 and somewhat slender, has larger and squarer leaf lobules, tlie fold 
 of which is not decurrent nor divergent from the antical lobe, and 
 the perianth being of a different shape and complanate. The 
 most important character of R. Iloltii, however, is the slender, 
 trumpet-shaped, terete perianth, sufficing to distinguish this 
 Radula from every other European species. 
 
 Justly named by Dr. Spruce after its discoverer, Mr. Gr. A. 
 Holt, of Manchester, who is one of the most accurate students of 
 the British Mosses and Hepaticae. 
 
 The description and notes are taken from Dr. Spruce's com- 
 munication to the " Journ. of Bot. " for July 1887. 
 
 Description of Pj>atk XXIV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 •2. Portion of stem, antical view, x 24. 3. Ditto, postical view, 
 X 24. 4. Portion of branch, postical view, x 24. 5, 6. Leaves, 
 
74 HEPATICjE. 
 
 antical view x G4. 7. Ditto, postical view, x 64. 8. Portion of 
 leaf X 290. 9. Perianth x 31. 10. Portion of male stem x 31 
 (Tore Cascade, G. A. Holt). 
 
 5. Radula aquilegia, Taylor. 
 
 Jungerma7iia aquilegia, Tayl. Trans. Bot. Edin. vol. xi. p. 115-117 (1845). 
 
 Radula aquilegia, Tayl. G. L. N. Syn. Hep. p. 260 (1844). 
 
 Jungermania complanata, var. h. minor. Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 81, f. 17 (1816). 
 
 Dioicous, broadly and shallowy ciespitose, medium to largisli 
 in size, olive- brown in colour. Stems prostrate, irregularly pin- 
 nate or subpinnate, branches often at nearly right angles to the 
 stem; cortical cells 18-20 brown, inner pellucid, 6 cells in 
 diameter. Leaves contiguous or imbricate, distichous, patent- 
 divergent to patent, 60°, unequally bilobed, antical lobe convex, 
 quite entire, obovate or semi-rotund, apex rotundate, crossing the 
 stem, often inflexed, postical lobe about 4 to 5 times smaller, sub- 
 quadrate or oblong-quadrate, remarkably involute, tumid at the 
 base, free upper margin appressed to the antical lobe, apex acute 
 or obtusate, margin nearest the stem covering it to nearly the 
 middle ; cells small, walls thick, angles thickened, sometimes 
 showing trigones. Flowers ? terminal on long lateral branches 
 with one or two innovations produced from below. Bracts about 
 the same size as the largest leaves or slightly larger, unequally 
 bilobed, antical lobe similar in shape to stem leaves, postical lobe 
 about half the size of antical, subquadrate, apex obtuse or rotun- 
 date, plane. Perianth projecting nearly two-thirds beyond the 
 bracts, elongate-obconical, compressed, mouth wide, truncate, quite 
 entire. JMale plants smaller ; perigonial bracts on main stem or on 
 middle or end of lateral branches, closely imbricate, parallel with 
 the stem or erect, smaller than the stem leaves, base rotundate, 
 pendant below its insertion on the stem, unequally bilobed, antical 
 lobe oblong-oval, convex, postical lobe about half the size, oval, 
 much swollen ; antheridia single, large, subspherical. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stem 1 to 2 inches long, with leaves 1-5 mm. 
 wide ; diameter of stem "l to "15 mm. ; leaves, antical lobe *8 mm, 
 
RADULA. 75 
 
 X '65 mm., postical lobe '45 mm. x '3 mm., antical lobe 1' mm. x 
 •8 mm., postical 'G mm. x '4 mm., antical '9 mm. x "75 mm., pos- 
 tical '4 mm. X •35 mm., antical "9 mm. x "8 mm., postical '4 mm. 
 X "3 mm. ; cells '02 mm. ; bract, antical lobe 1* mm. x "9 mm., 
 postical '7 mm. x "4 mm. ; perianth 2* mm. x I* mm. wide at the 
 mouth, perigonial bracts, antical lobe '6 mm. x "3 mm., postical 
 •4 mm. X "3 mm., antical "7 mm. x "3 mm., postical '4 mm. x 
 •3 mm. ; antheridia '2 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On wet rocks, very closely attached. Eare ; fertile 
 plants extremely so. 
 
 7. Tyn-y-Groes, Merionethshire, April 1876, IF. H. P.; 1885 
 G. A. Holt (cum fr.). Cwm Idwal, Carnarvonshire, JF. II. P. 
 Llanberis, Carnarvonshire, /. Cash and W. II. P. 12. Grasmere, 
 Westmorland, Rev. C. II. Binsiead. Lodore, Cumberland, 
 TF. H. P. Stonethwaite, Cumberland, /. R. Bijrom and IF. //. P. 
 16. Moidart, West Inverness, S. M, Macvicar (cum per). T. Near 
 Bantry, Miss HiitcUns. Killarney, Br. Carrinyton (cum per.). 
 Glena, Prof. Lindhcrg, Knockavohila, Br. Taylor. Killarney, 
 Br. Moore, &c. Blackstair, Slieve Donard, Co. Down, Rev. C. H. 
 Waddell. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from Radida complanata (L.) by its 
 inflorescence and olive -brown colour; from Radida Carri?iytoni, 
 Jack, see notes under that species. 
 
 It is easily recognised by the swollen base of its leaves, the 
 perigonial bracts being remarkably tumid. 
 
 Radida physoloba, Mont., from Auckland Island, is a different 
 species. 
 
 Description of Plate XXV. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 24 (C. & P. n. 43). 3-7. 
 Leaves x 24 (Ireland, Taylor). 8. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 
 9. Perianth with bract x 16 (ditto). 10. Portion of male stem, 
 postical view x 24 (C. & P. n. 43). 11, 12. Perigonial bracts 
 X 24 (ditto). 
 
76 HEPATIC^. 
 
 6. Radula Carringtonii, Jack. 
 
 Radula Carringtonii, Jack, in " Flora," p. 385 (1881). 
 
 Radula aquilegia, Tayl. var. major, Carrington, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. vii. p. 455 
 (1863). 
 
 Dioicous, closely but shallowly coespitose, medium to largish 
 in size, pale or olive-brown colour. Stems closely imbricate, pros- 
 trate, irregularly bipinnate, moderately firm, cortical cells similar 
 to the inner, about 30, inner 5x8, with brownish walls ; branches 
 alternate, somewhat ascending. Leaves slightly imbricate or 
 approximate, patent-divergent to patent 70°-50°, unequally bilobed, 
 margin quite entire ; antical lobe plane or very slightly convex, 
 rotund or subreniform, crossing the stem; postical lobe ^^ 
 smaller, quadrate or trapeziform, outer angle acute, inner margin 
 reaching to about the middle of the stem, plane, appressed to the 
 antical lobe ; texture thin ; cells smallish, hexagonal, walls firm, 
 without trigones. Flowers ? terminal on short lateral branchlets, 
 produced from the pinnse, always subtended by an innovation. 
 Bracts rather larger than the leaves, unequally bilobed, antical lobe 
 turbinate to oblong-oval, apex rotundate, infiexed, postical lobe, 
 about half the size, somewhat similar in shape, apex rotundate. 
 Archegonia 7, 8. Perianth (young) compresso-campanulate, 
 bilabiate, lips retuse. Male plant smaller, irregularly pinnate, 
 branches alternate, short ; androecia on short catkins, produced 
 from main stem ; perigonial bracts 5-10 pairs, closely imbricate, 
 erect, turgid, bilobed to about J or ^, antical lobe oblong-oval, 
 postical rather shorter, oval ; antheridia small, spherical, bearers 
 long. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 2 inches long, with leaves 2" mm. to 
 2*5 mm. wide, diameter of stem -15 mm. to '2 mm., leaves, antical 
 lobe 1*2 mm. x T mm., postical "55 mm. x "5 mm., antical 1"2 mm. 
 X -9 mm., postical '55 mm. x '4 mm., antical 1*5 mm. x 1*1 mm., 
 postical '7 mm. X "5 mm., antical I'l mm. x '8 mm., postical 
 •45 mm. x -35 mm. ; cells "03 mm. x '0225 mm., "0275 mm. x 
 •025 mm., -0275 mm. x '0275 mm., '0225 mm. x '02 mm. ; bracts, 
 antical lobe 1*25 mm. x "9 mm., postical l* mm. x '6 mm. ; male 
 
UADULA. 77 
 
 ramuli 1^ mm. to 3 mm. long, perigonial bracts, antical lobe 
 '7 mm. X '4 mm., postical '6 mm. x '35 mm. ; antheridia '1 mm. 
 diameter, bearer '15 mm. long. 
 
 Hab. — In wide closely imbricated patches on rocks or trees, 
 South of Ireland, Tore Woods ; Cromaglown ; Grlena ; Tomes 
 Woods, Killarney, Dr. Carrin(jton, June 1861. Rocks near Tore 
 Cascade, Killarney (male plant), G. E. Hunt, April 1872. 
 O'Sullivan's Cascade ; Grlena ; Cromaglown, Killarney, Prof. S. 0. 
 Lindberg, 1873. Killarney, Br. B. Moore. Damp shady rocks, 
 Tore Cascade, Steivart and Holt (male plants), June 1885. Aunis- 
 caul, Co. Kerry, B. McArdle (cum per.), June 1898. 16. Moi- 
 dart. West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 Found on the Continent (Norway), B. Kaalaas. Extremely rare. 
 
 Obs. — This, the handsomest of our native Radida, was 
 deservedly named by Jack in honour of its original discoverer. 
 Dr. Carrington, who collected it in the South of Ireland in 1861, 
 and thought it was a distinct species, although he had not seen 
 either the male plant or perfect perianths, but deferring to the 
 opinion of some of his friends, he published it as var. major of 
 Uadida aquilegia, Taylor ; since then, the male plant along with 
 more perfect female plants have been met with, which clearly show 
 its specific difference from the latter. 
 
 It is distinguished from R. aquilef/ia by its larger size, rather 
 paler brown colour, which is golden brown by transmitted light, 
 leaves with less convex antical lobes ; postical lobe relatively larger, 
 plane, appressed to the antical lobe, not turgid at the base, free 
 angle more acute, texture thinner and more translucent ; androecia 
 on short catkins proceeding from the main stem. From any of 
 the other British Radulm it is abundantly distinct. 
 
 Description of Plate XXVI. — Fig. 1. Plant, female, natural 
 size. 2. Ditto, male. 3. Portion of stem, postical view x 24 
 (Killarney, Dr. D. Moore). 4. Ditto, with male spike x 24 (Tore 
 Waterfall, Holt and Stewart). 5-7. Leaves x 24 (Killarney, Dr. 
 Carrington). 8. Portion of leaf x 290 (Tore Waterfall, G. E. 
 Hunt). 9. Bracts x 24 (Killarney, Dr. Carrington). 10, 11. 
 Perigonial bracts x 24 (Tore Waterfall, Holt and Stewart). 
 
78 HEPATIC^. 
 
 7. Radula complanata [L.), Dum. 
 
 Jungermania complanata, Linn. Sp. PI. 1599 (1753); Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 81 
 
 (1816). 
 Radula complanata, Dum. Comm. p. 112 (1822). 
 
 Paroicous, imbricately, widely, and shallowly csespitose, largish, 
 pale yellowish-green colour. Stems creeping, stratiose, subpinnate, 
 cortical cells about 35, similar in size to inner, only with thicker 
 walls, cells 8 x 10 in diameter; slightly radiculose, rootlets dirty 
 white, produced from postical side of postical lobes of leaves. 
 Leaves imbricate, patent to patent-divergent, 60°, unequally 
 bilobed, quite entire or erose, antical lobe roundish, slightly convex, 
 covering the stem, postical lobe about ^ smaller, quadrate, angle 
 obtuse or subacute, sometimes arcuate ; cells smallish-medium 
 size, hexagonal, walls thin, trigones very small, lumen full of 
 chlorophyll granules. Bracts similar in size to the leaves, antical 
 lobe elongato-obovate, postical lobe about half the size, ovate, apex 
 rotundate. Perianth projecting about half beyond the bracts, 
 obconical, complanate, mouth wide, truncate, quite entire. Capsule 
 dark brown, oval ; spores large, about 3 times the diameter of the 
 elaters, which are bispiral. Perigonial bracts 3-5 pairs, imme- 
 diately below the perianth (or on a lateral branch produced from 
 below it at the apex of which is always an imperfect female flower), 
 closely imbricate, erect or erecto-patent, tumid, unequally bilobed, 
 antical lobe oval, postical about half the size ; antheridia single, 
 globose. 
 
 Gemmiparous, gemmae discoid, on the margins of leaves, 
 rendering them often irregular and erose. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 2 inches long, diameter "15 mm., with 
 leaves 225 mm. to 2*5 mm. wide: leaves, antical lobe I'S mm. x 
 1"1 mm., postical lobe "7 mm. x '5 mm.; cells '035 mm. x "025 
 mm. ; innermost and perigonial bracts, antical lobe 1'12 mm. x "82 
 mm. ; postical 7"5 mm. x 5'5 mm. ; perianth 3* mm. x 1*25 mm. j 
 capsule 1"25 mm. x '75 mm. ; spores "03 ram. ; elaters, '2 mm. x 
 01 mm. ; antheridia 2 '25 mm' x '2 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On the bark of trees. Common. 1 to 1 7. I. 
 
rOllELLA. 79 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — This, the commonest of our British Radidm, is dis- 
 tinguished from all the others by its paroicous inflorescence. 
 
 The antheridia are normally situated below the young 
 perianth, but with its maturing, they disappear and the bracts 
 assume the form of ordinary leaves ; but a lateral young branch, 
 proceeding from below the perianth, usually bears 3-5 perigonial 
 bracts with an immature perianth at its apex. 
 
 Description of Plate XXVII. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size. 
 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 11 (Barmouth, W. H. P.). 
 
 3. Ditto X 16 (ditto). 4. Ditto, postical view x 11 (Dove Dale, 
 W. H. P.). 5. Portion of stem with perianth x 21 (Jack del.). 
 6. Portion of leaf x 290 (Dove Dale, W. H. P.). 7. Perianth 
 with bracts x 11 (ditto). 8. Perigonial bracts x IG (ditto). 
 9. Young flower, showing ? and 3" x 40 (Gottsche del.). 
 
 Subtribe IT. PORELLE/E. 
 Genus 5. PORELLA, mil 
 
 Porella, Dill. Hist. muse. p. 459 (1741) ; Lindb. in Act. soc. sc. fenn. p. 329 (1809). 
 Bellincinia et Antoira, Kaddi Jung. Etr. iu Mem. Moden. xviii. p. 18 et 19 (1820). 
 Cavendishia, Gr. and Benn. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. i. p. 689 (1821). 
 Madotheca, Dum. Comm. p. 111. (1822). 
 
 Dioicous. Stems regularly pinnate and feather-like ; branches 
 lateral, axillary. Leaves incubous, often subopposite, complicato- 
 bipartite ; postical lobe much smaller, exterior base often decurrent. 
 Stipules large, basal angles decurrent with a laciniate and crispate 
 wing. 
 
 Flowers $ lateral, nearly sessile. Bracts 2-pairs, bilobed, 
 dentate or ciliate. Perianth short, ovate, frontally compressed, 
 trigonous on section, mouth plurilaciniate, at first constricted, 
 afterwards bilabiate or campanulate, Calyptra globose, carnose, 
 rupturing below the apex. Pedicel very short, not projecting 
 beyond the perianth. Capsule globose, pale, membranous, divided 
 nearly to the base into 4 valves. Elaters small, short, bi-trispiral, 
 free, attenuate at both ends. Spores rather large, somewhat 
 angular. Androecia shortly spicate; perigonial bracts exactly 
 
8 HEPATIC^E. 
 
 opposite and connate with the intervening stipules ; closely 
 imbricate, bilobed. Antheridia solitary, large, oval-globose, 
 stipitate, situated in the saccate bases of the bracts. 
 
 1. Porella laevigata (Sc/irad.) Lindb. 
 
 Jungermania IcBvigata, Schrad. Syst. Samm. 11, n. 104, p. 6 (1797); Hook. 
 
 Brit. Jung. t. 35 (181(5). 
 Madotheca Icevigata, Dum. Comm. p. Ill (1822). 
 Porella Icevigata, Lindb. Muse, scand. p. 3 (1879). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely csespitose, largish to large, olive-green to 
 yellowish-brown. Stems procumbent, lying over each other in an 
 irregularly imbricated manner, irregularly bipinnate, branches 
 horizontal, irregular in size, number and position, apices somewhat 
 attenuate ; on a cross-section oval, frontally compressed, 24 cells 
 X 32, the cortical and next inner layer of cells being small with 
 very thick brown walls, the third row having brown walls but 
 thinner, and the inner cells becoming gradually larger with 
 thinner and more hyaline walls ; radiculose, rootlets few, very 
 small, proceeding from the lower part of the stem. Leaves 
 closely imbricate, alternate, appressed to stem, incubous, bifarious, 
 unequally bilobed, antical lobe much the largest, horizontal, 
 convex or subplane, obliquely ovate, acute or acurainulate, margin 
 more or less entire, near antical base often furnished with 2 or 3 
 teeth ; postical lobe erect or erecto-patent, almost parallel with the 
 stem, oblong, plane, appressed to antical lobe, about as long but 
 narrower than the stipules, ciliate-dentate. Texture somewhat 
 thin, epidermis polished, rarely dull ; cells small, roundish, trigones 
 distinct. Stipules appressed to stem, broadest at the base, slightly 
 decurrent, ovate-rectangular, apex subtruncate, margin undulate, 
 ciliate-dentate. Flowers $ produced on short branchlets at right 
 angles to the branches ; sub-bracts somewhat similar to the 
 leaves only larger and ciliate dentate ; sub-bracteole similar to 
 stipules only larger; bracts patent- divergent, much larger than 
 the leaves, antical lobe broadly ovate, rotundate, ciliolate ; 
 postical lobe patent- divergent, broader than the leaf lobules, 
 
PURELLA. ^\ 
 
 ciliolate ; bracteulc broadly ovate, ciliolatc. Perianth cuneate, 
 mouth very wide, irreguhir, ciliohite, cilioUi beiiij^ about 4 cells 
 long-. Pistillidia very large. 
 
 Dlmensions. — Stems 'I to ;3 inches long, '4 mm. to '5 mm. in 
 diameter, with leaves 3" mm. wide; antical lobe :^"5 mm. x I 75 
 ram., l2 mm. x I '5 mm., p»>stical M mm. x "4 mm., V^l'^> mm. x 
 "5 mm., Lli mm. x o mm. ; branch leaves, antical lobe TG mm. x 
 1-25 mm., 175 mm. x I '1^5 mm., postical '7 mm. x "I'l mm. ; cells 
 •02 mm., '0225 mm. x '02 mm., 0225 mm. x -0225 mm. ; stipules, 
 r25 mm. x "75 mm., L* nun. x 'J mm.; sub-bract, antical lobe 
 2'4 mm. x I'o mm., postical 135 mm. x 7 mm. ; sub-bracteole I "25 
 mm. X 7 mm.; bract, antical lobe 'o mm. x 175 mm., i)Ostical 
 175 mm. xrmm. : bracteole 2*25 mm. x 2* mm.; perianths* 
 mm. X 3'5 at the mouth; teeth at mouth of perianth "05 
 mm. -"075 mm. ; pistillidia "o mm. x 'i uim. 
 
 Hab. — On trunks ot" trees (especially at the base), stones or 
 rocks. Rare. 1 ? 5. Gt. Do ward Hill, Hereford, B. M. Walkiii'^. 
 7. Barmouth, ILoU and Wild. Tyn-y-groes, //: 11. P. 10. Nr. 
 Dent, //^. litest. 12. Borrowdale, Cumberland, JJr. Carriuf/lu/t 
 and W. II. P. 13. Frequent in subalpine glens, Dumiries, 
 Cndckskank, Scott., 15. IG. Moidart, West Inverness, S^incris 
 M. Macvicar. I. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from other Pordlcc b}' its polished 
 leaves, with antical lobes acute or acun)inate, postical ciliate 
 dentate, margin of bracts finely ciliolate, perianth short, but 
 very wide at the mouth. Plants bearing perianths have, I 
 believe, only been once tbund, by Prof. Henriques in Portugal ; 
 the male plant has never been met with. This plant has the 
 singular character (which was first noticed by Prof. Lindberg), of 
 producing a burning sensation in the mouth when chewed. 
 
 Description of Pl.\te XXVIII. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size. 
 1. Portion of branch, antical view x 11 (C. k P. n. 45). 
 3. Portion of stem, postical view x IG (ditto). 4. Leaf, postical 
 view X 1 I (ditto). 5. Postical lobe or lobule x IG (ditto). 
 6. Portion of leaf x 2'.)0 (ditto). 7. Stipule x 24 (ditto). 
 
 F 
 
82 BEPATICJ^.. 
 
 8. Sub-bract x 16 (Portugal, hb. S.O.L.). 9. Sub-bracteole x 16 
 (ditto). 10. Bract x 11 (ditto). 11. Bract and bracteole x 11 
 (ditto). 12. Perianth x 11 (ditto). 13. Portion of mouth of 
 perianth x 85 (ditto). 
 
 2. Porella Thuja {Diclcs.), Moore. 
 
 Lichemi,struin arhoris vitce facie, foliis rotundioribus, Dill. Hist. muse. p. 502, 
 
 t. 72, f. 33 (1741). 
 Jungermania Thuja, Dicks. PI. Crypt. Brit. Fasc. 4, p. 19(1801); Tayl. in 
 
 Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. xi. p. 116 (1841). 
 Madotheca Thuja, Dum. Comm. p. Ill (1822), 
 Porella Thuja (Dicks.), Moore in Proc. R. I. A. 2nd ser. vol. ii. p. G18 (187G). 
 
 Dioicous, imbricately csespitose, largish to large, brown or 
 olive-brown, apices of branches often pale yellow. Stem 
 irregularly bipinnate, frontally compressed, cross-section showing 
 about 100 cortical cells very small with thick dark walls, 25 x 30 
 cells in diameter, inner cells large and hyaline ; more or less 
 robust, firm; radiculose, rootlets fasciculate, coarse, reddish- 
 brown, produced from the base of the stipules. Leaves incubous, 
 appressed, involute when dr\'", closely imbricate, horizontal, 
 unequally bilobed, antical lobe much larger, convex, obliquely 
 rotund-ovate, apex decurved, rotundate-obtuse, margin entire, or 
 rarely with few distant teeth ; postical lobe or lobule hardly 
 decurrent, very slightly attached at its base to the antical lobe, 
 patent, ovate to ovate-oblong, a,pex obtuse or acute, sometimes 
 uncinate, margin recurved, entire or rarely with few small teeth 
 near the base ; a little longer and narrower than the stipules ; 
 texture subopaque, firm but pellucid, epidermis slightly polished, 
 verruculose, cells smallish 4-, 5- and 6-angled, roundish-quadrate, 
 walls thick, trigones distinct. Stipules imbricate, appressed to the 
 stem, decurrent, sub-reniform, sub-cordate or oval, broader than 
 long on stem, longer than broad on branches, margin reflexed, 
 entire or rarely with few teeth near the base. Female flowers on 
 short lateral branchlets, only imperfect ones seen. Bracts larger 
 than the leaves, antical lobe oblong-ovate or obliquely rotund- 
 ovate, apex subacute, margin irregularly dentate, postical lobe 
 
r-ORELLA. «.S 
 
 about 3 times smallor than the antical, oblong' or oblong-ovate, 
 apex obtuse or subacute, margin irregularly- dentate ; bracteole 
 broadly ovate, irregularly dentate. Pistillidia numerous, 10-22 
 long and narrow. Male stems pinnate, with few short branches 
 androecia numerous on short lateral alternate catkins ; perigonial 
 bracts G-8 pairs, closely imbricate, erect, bilobed, postical lobe 
 small and oblong ; antheridia subspherical to oval, solitary. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stem 2 to 3 inches long (var. forva 1 inch), 
 diameter "4 to "5 mm., with leaves 2*25 mm. to 3' mm. wide ; 
 leaves, antical lobe 1"8 mm. x 1\S mm., postical 1'2 mm. x '5 mm., 
 antical 1 "5 mm. x 1"2 mm., postical "85 mm. x "5 mm., antical 
 L"8 mm. x L"5 mm., postical 1' mm. x "6 mm., antical 2' mm. x 
 1*75 mm., postical 1*4 mm. x '75 mm., antical 1' mm. x "8 mm. 
 postical "6 mm. x '4 mm. ; cells "03 mm. x '02 mm., '025 mm. x 
 '025 ram., •025 mm. x -02 mm.; stipules 1' mm. x 1. mm., 
 1"3 mm. X "D mm., "7 mm. x 7 mm., '7 mm. x "8 mm., 1* mm. x 
 •8 mm. ; bract, antical lobe 17 mm. x 1-2 mm., postical r35 mm. 
 X 'G mm., antical 2*25 mm. x 2 mm., postical 1'5 mm. x L* mm. ; 
 bracteole 1*25 mm. x 1'25 mm., 1*1 mm. x "8 mm. at base ; pistil- 
 lidia "4 mm. X '075 mm. ; perigonial bract, antical lobe 1"5 mm. x 
 1* mm., postical '8 mm. x i mm. ; perigonial bracteole "75 mm. x 
 '45 mm. ; antheridia 4* mm. x "35 mm. 
 
 Har. — On rocks, stones or trunks of trees. Rare. 
 
 1. Var. forva, Penzance, W. Curnotv. 2. Var. torva, Sussex, 
 6'. Dcwles. 7. Ravine above Barmouth, Merioneth, Br. Carrhfj- 
 ton. Near Snowdon, Carnarvon, Dr. Carrin/jfo/i. 12.? 16. 
 Braemar, ])r. A. 0. Black. I. Cromaglovvn, Dr. Carri/if//on. By 
 Lough Mangerton, Ifolf and Stewart. 
 
 Found on the Continent (France, Monta(/nn. Oporto, Portugal, 
 Neioton, S- Var. torva, Italy, de No tar is). 
 
 North America. 
 
 Obs. — Remarkable for its somewhat robust habit, dark brown 
 to almost black colour, leaves being very closely imbricate, invo- 
 lute when dry and slightly polished, and rounder than any other 
 of the British species. 
 
 Distinguished from /-'. j)lati/p/ii/f/a (L.) by its rounder loaves, 
 
84 HEPATIC^^. 
 
 more quadrate cells with large trigones, bracts very much more 
 dentate or denticulate. 
 
 From P. lavif/ata (Sclirad.) by its much less polished leaves, 
 its darker brown colour (never greenish), antical lobe being never 
 acute, postical entire and proportionally broader, stipules broader 
 and entire, and by its not having the pungent taste of P. IcBvigata. 
 
 The North American species P. platyphylloidea (Schweintz.), 
 which has been confounded with it by some authors, is its nearest 
 ally, but is of a lighter yellowish colour, with longer leaves and 
 relatively smaller lobules and stijiules, and with bracts only slightly 
 dentate. Var. torva (de Not.) Lindb. (Madotheca torva, de Not. 
 MSS.) is a much smaller form with tlie stem irregularly branched, 
 and the leaves very closely imbricate and polished. 
 
 Description of Plate XXIX. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size. 
 
 2. Portion of branch, antical view x 11 (Killarney, Dr. Carrington)- 
 
 3. Ditto, postical view x 11 (ditto). 4. Leaf x 11 (ditto). 5, 6. 
 Leaves x 16 (ditto). 7. Leaf and stipule x 16 (Mangerton, Holt 
 and Stewart). 8. Leaf x 24 (France, Montague). 9. Lobule of 
 leaf X 16 (Killarney, Dr. Carrington). 10. Portion of leaf x 290 
 (ditto). 11, 12. Stipules x 16 (ditto). 13. Bract x 24 (France, 
 Montague). 14. Ditto x 11 (Mangerton, Holt and Stewart). 
 15. Bracteole x 11 (ditto). 16. Ditto x 24 (France, Montague). 
 17. Perigonial bract x 16 (Oporto, Newton). 18. Ditto, expla- 
 nate x 16. 19. Perigonial bracteole x 16 (ditto). 20. Anthe- 
 ridium x 24 (ditto). 
 
 3. Porella platyphylla (Z.), Lindb. 
 
 Lichenastrwm arboris vitce facie, foliis minus 7-otundis, Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 501, 
 
 t. 72, f. 32 (1741). 
 Jungermania platyphylla, L. Sp. pi. ed. 2, 2, p. IGOO (1762) ; Hook. Brit. Jung. 
 
 t. 40 (1816). 
 Madotheca platyphylla, Dum. Couini. p. Ill (1822). 
 Pordla 'platyphylla (//.), Lindb. Muse. Seand. p. 3 (1879). 
 
 Dioicous, ca3spitose, large, in colour yellowish, brownisli or 
 blackish green. Stems firm, ligneous, opaque, brownish or dull 
 dark green, imbricate, procumbent or suberect, irregularly pinnate, 
 
POnELLA. 85 
 
 oval on cross-sGction, about 50 cells in circumference, which are 
 small witli firm dark walls, l^tid and 3rd outer layers with dark 
 walls, inner cells lari^er with hyaline walls, '1^) x \(} cells in diam. ; 
 radiculose, rootlets few, proceeding- from the lower portion of the 
 stem. Leaves incubous, closely imbricate, hilarious, distichous, 
 alternate, horizontal, unequally bilobed, antical lobe much the 
 largest, obliquely ovate or broadly ovate, slightly convex, near the 
 base more or less concave, margin curvate and undulate, entire, 
 but usually with a solitary tooth on the upper margin near the 
 middle, a})ex rotundate-obtuse, slightly decurved ; postical lobe or 
 lobule erect or erecto-patent, appressed to antical lobe, slightly 
 decurrent, subobliquely ovate or oval, apex obtuse or subacute, 
 margin recurved, entire, sometimes furnished with one or two 
 small teeth at the base ; texture opaque, epidermis without gloss, 
 cells smallish to medium in size, roundish, walls thin, trigones 
 Very small but disHnct. Stipules approximate, appressed to the 
 stem, decurrent, semi-rotund or oval, margin reflexed, entire. 
 
 Female flowers produced on very short lateral branchlets at 
 right angles to the branches. Bracts somewhat similar to the 
 leaves but smaller, antical and postical lobes dentate, but the latter 
 larger in proportion ; bracteole semi-obovate, entire or with few 
 small teeth near the base on both sides. Perianth subovate, com- 
 pressed, margin involute, composed of a single layer of cells, mouth 
 truncate, inciso-serrate. Pistillidia oblong, large, 8-10. Calyptra 
 spherical, carnose, somewhat firm, near the base several small cells 
 thick, upper portion composed only of a single layer. Pedicel 
 very short, thick, 15 large cells in diameter. Capsule only just 
 protruding from the perianth, pale yellowish-brown, dividing not 
 quite to the base into 4 valves, which are composed of one layer of 
 cells. Spores smooth, very large, brown. Elaters with about 10 
 to ]'2 turns of the spii-al, bi-trispiral, much narrower than the 
 spores, and lighter brown. Androecia on very short oval catkin- 
 like lateral branches ; [)erigonial bracts 4, 5 pairs, closely imbricate, 
 ver\' concave, semi-ovate, bilobed, lobes sometimes subequal, antical 
 usually largest, margin slightly involute, entire; perigonial brac- 
 teole ovate, entire or with few minute teeth near the base on both 
 
86 EEPATICJE. 
 
 sides. Antheridia large, solitary in the axils of the perigonial 
 bracts. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems Ij to 3 inches long, '4 mm. diameter, 
 with leaves 3" mm. wide; leaves, antical lobe 2* mm. x 175 mm., 
 postical '8 mm. X '6 mm., antical 2*1 mm. x 7 mm., postical 
 •75 mm. x '5 mm. ; cells "0325 mm. x '0275 mm., "03 mm. x 
 •025 mm., '03 mm. x '0275 mm., ^03 mm. x -03 mm.; ^025 mm. x 
 025 mm.; stipules 1- mm. x 75 mm., l' mm. x ^85 mm. ; sub-bract, 
 antical lobe 125 mm. x •55 mm., postical "75 mm. x ^35 mm.; bracts, 
 antical lobe 1'6 mm. x 1*3 mm., postical ^75 mm. x '5 mm., antical 
 16 mm. X 1' mm., postical "8 ram. x ^6 nmi. ; bracteole I'l mm. x 
 1- mm. ; perianth 3^ mm. x 2*5 mm., teeth at the mouth '1 mm. 
 longx •I mm. broad, at the base "075 mm. x '05 mm., ^05 mm. x 
 •05 mm. ; pistillidia '225 mm. x "06 mm. ; valves of capsule 
 1*15 mm. X •G mm. ; spores ^055 mm. x '045 mm. ; elaters '2 mm. 
 X '0125 mm. ; male catkin 2^ mm. x 1*25 mm. ; perigonial bract, 
 antical lobe 1^1 mm. x "75 mm., postical '6 mm. x '5 mm. ; peri- 
 gonial bracteole '5 mm. x '4 mm. ; antheridia ^35 mm. x ^3 mm. 
 
 Hab. — In large patches on stones, rocks, and trees, often 
 common, especially in limestone districts. Fruit somewhat rare- 
 1 to 3, 5 to 18. I. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 Obs. — This is the commonest of the British Por^Z/.^-, for distin- 
 guishing characters of which see notes under the other species. It 
 quickly discolours water upon immersion. 
 
 Description of Plate XXX. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size 
 (Engl. Bot.). 2. Portion of branch, antical view x 11 (C. and P. 
 n. 71). 3. Portion of stem, postical view x 11 (ditto). 4-6. 
 Leaves X 11 (ditto). 7. Lobule of leaf x 16 (ditto). 8. Portion 
 of leaf X 290 (ditto). 9, 10. Stipules x 16 (ditto). 11. Sub-bract 
 x24 (Sweden, S. 0. Lindberg). 12, 13. Bracts x 16 (ditto). 
 14. Bracteole x 16 (ditto). 15. Perianth x 11 (ditto). 16. Portion 
 of the mouth of perianth x 85 (ditto). 17. Male catkin x 16 
 (ditto). 18. Perigonial bract X 16 (ditto). 19. Perigonial bract- 
 eole X 24 (ditto). 20. Antheridium x 24 (ditto). 
 
PORELLA. 87 
 
 4. Porella rivularis {Nees), Lindb. 
 
 Madotheca rivularis, Nees, Ntit. Eur. Leb. 3, p. lt)(5 (1838). 
 Porella rivularis (Nees), Lindb. Muse. Scand. p. 3 (1S7!)). 
 
 Dioicous, depresso-csespitose, medium to largish in size, 
 varying in colour from pale to dark olive or brownish-green, when 
 dry often yellowish-green. Stems irregularly pinnate or sub- 
 dichotomous, apices often subfastigiate, somewhat firm, frontally 
 compressed, 1 5 x 20 cells in diameter; cortical cells very small 1-3, 
 outer rows reddish-brown, inner much larger, hyaline. Leaves 
 approximate, slightly appressed, incubous, horizontal or horizontal- 
 patent-divergent, unequally bilobed, antical lobe much the larger, 
 almost plane, obliquely rotund-ovate, apex slightly decurved, 
 margin distantly denticulate or subentire, usually with 1-3 large 
 teeth at the antical base ; postical lobe or lobule erect or erecto- 
 patent, contorted, much decurrent, obliquely ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, acute, sometimes uncinate, margin recurved, undulate, 
 repand, subentire or denticulate, often with lew large teeth near the 
 base ; texture somewhat thin but firm, epidermis dull, rarely with 
 a slight polish, cells medium size, roundish, walls thin, trigones 
 very distinct. Stipules appressed to stem or slightly recurved, 
 very decurrent, quadrate- oval, apex rotundate, margin reflexed, 
 undulate, repand, subentire or dentate, especially at the base. 
 Flowers ? produced on short lateral branches, nearer the postical 
 than the antical side of stem ; bracts about 3 times smaller than 
 the leaves, unequally bilobed, antical lobe oval, apex acute, margin 
 entire, postical lobe aljout half the size, quadrate-oval, margin 
 quite entire ; bracteole small ovate-quadrate, retuse, margin quite 
 entire. Perianth broadly oval, complanate, mouth small, sub- 
 entire. Pistillidla about 8. Androscia on short lateral branches, 
 small ; perigonial bracts closely imbricate, 4, 5 pairs, unequally 
 bilobed, complicate-concave, antical lobe oval-oblong, margin 
 entire, postical lobe half the size, oblong-quadrate, margin (|uite 
 entire. Antheridia oval. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems U- to 2 inches long, -4 mm. to '5 mm. in 
 diameter, witli leaves 4- mm. wide; leaves, antical lobe 225 mm. 
 
88 HEFATJCJE. 
 
 X 1*5 mm., 2- mm. x I'G mm., 2'1 mm. x I'G mm., I'S mm. x 
 1*7 mm., VI mm. x 1*4 mm., 1"75 mm. x 1'5 mm., postical 
 •75 mm. x '4 mm., "7 mm. x '35 mm., "9 mm. x '5 mm. ; cells 
 •035 mm. x -03 mm., -035 mm. x '025 mm., '035 mm. x '035 mm. ; 
 trigones '0017 mm.; stipules "75 mm. x -6 mm., "75 mm. x 
 •75 mm. ; bract, antical lobe -8 mm. x '4 mm., postical '5 mm. x 
 25 mm. ; bracteole 7 mm. x -45 mm. ; perianth 4*5 mm. x 1-75 mm.; 
 pistillidia '3 mm. x 075 mm.; capsule 1"2 mm. x -9 mm. ; peri- 
 gonial bracts, antical lobe I'l mm. x '6 mm., postical '85 mm. x 
 •4 mm., antical 1- mm. x '55 mm., postical "55 mm. x 3 mm.; 
 perigonial bracteole '5 mm. x 3 mm.; antheridia "14 ram. x 
 "11 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On stones in rivers, or on rocks and trees by their side. 
 Somewhat rare, and extremely so in fruit. 
 
 1? 7? 10. On limestone rocks at edge of stream, Malham, 
 W. JFe^f. On rocks near Collingham, W. Yorks, IF. West. 
 
 12. Staveley, Westmorland, G. Sf abler. High Lorton, Cumber- 
 land, Bev. C. H. Bivsfead. Ullswater, Cumberland, E. M. Holmes. 
 
 13. Near Kenmure Castle, New Galloway, ./. Mc Andrew. Balmac- 
 lennan, Dumfries, ./. McAndrew. On trees and rocks, Newtondon, 
 Berwickshire, A. Brollierston. 
 
 I. On trees near River Lagan, Co. Down, Bev. C. H. 
 Waddell. Continent. 
 
 Obs.— Differs from B. plaiyphylla (L.) in its looser habit, more 
 distant leaves, planer, rather more dentate, smaller, narrower nnd 
 more contorted lobule, thinner texture, larger and distinct trigones, 
 smaller and more irregular stipules, smaller bracts, margin entire, 
 perianth with contracted mouth. 
 
 Borella pmnafa (D.) is a much more slender species, with 
 more distant leaves, much smaller lobules and stipules, margins 
 of which are all quite entire. 
 
 Description op Plate XXXI. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view X 1 1 (C. and P. n.). 3. Ditto, 
 postical view X 1 1 (ditto). 4,5. Leaves x IG (ditto). G. Lobule 
 X 24 (ditto). 7. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 8. Stipule x 24 
 (ditto). 9. Bract X 24 (Sweden, S. O. Lindberg). 10. Bracteole 
 
POnELLA. 89 
 
 X 24 (ditto). 11. Perianth x 11 (ditto). 12. Portion of mouth 
 of perianth x 04 (ditto). 13, 14. Perio'onial bracts x 24 (ditto). 
 15. Perigonial bracteole x 24 (ditto). J (5. Antheridium x 85 
 (ditto). 
 
 5. Porella pinnata (Z) ///.), Lindh. 
 
 Jungermania Porella, Dicks. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 2)V^ (1797), 
 
 Jungermania distans, Schwein. Muse. Hep. Amer. p. 9, n. "> (1S21). 
 
 Jimgermania Cordeana, Huhen. Hep. Germ. p. 291 (18P)4). 
 
 Madotheca Porella, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. ?> p. 201 (I808). 
 
 Porella pinnata (Dill.) Lindb. Hep. Hib. Acta Soc. Sc. fenn. x. p. -lOB (1875). 
 
 Dioicous, laxly c?espitose, yellowish-brown to dark olive-green 
 in colour. Stems irref^ularly pinnate or subdichotornous, frontally 
 compressed, from 12 x 8 to 20 x 10 cells in diameter, cortical cells 
 very minute with thick walls and reddish-brown 50-80, the 
 2nd and 3rd outer layers usually tlie same, inner large, walls 
 hyaline. Leaves incubous, approximate or distant, unequally 
 bilobed, antical lobe plane or very slightly convex, ovate-oblong, 
 apices plane or indistinctly decurved, rotundate or obtuse, margin 
 entire, postical lobe or lobule minute, plane or slightly undulate, 
 a little decurrent, erecto-patent, oblong, obtuse or obtusate, 
 margin entire ; texture delicate, thin, cells smallish, 4-, 5- and 
 6-angled, walls thin, trigones absent or very minute, marginal 
 cells with slightly thicker walls. Stipules appressed to the stem, 
 ovate-rectangular, rotundate-obtuse, plane, margin entire. Flowers 
 ? on long or short lateral branches ; bracts smaller than the 
 stem leaves, unequally bilobed, somewhat carinate, antical lobe 
 oval, postical from ^ to ^ smaller ; bracteole oval, apex rotundate. 
 Perianth (young) compressed, margins decurved, convex antically, 
 broadly ovate, mouth contracted, dentate. Pistillidia 6-8. Cap- 
 sule dividing to the base into 4 valves, bistratose, the outer layer 
 3, 4 times thicker than the inner. 
 
 DiMKNSiONS. — Stem 1 to 2 inches long, "15 mm. to '225 mm. 
 in diameter, with leaves 3' to 4" mm. wide; leaves, antical lobe 
 re mm. X r mm., 1-5 mm. x T mm., 2' mm. x 1*5 mm., 1-3 mm. 
 X '8 mm., postical 'G mm. x "2 mm., 'bb mm. x "125 mm., '7 mm. x 
 •3 mm., "8 mm. x '35 mm., "45 mm. x "2 mm., '35 mm. x -175 mm. ; 
 
90 HEPATICJE. 
 
 cells -02 mm. x '025 mm., '025 mm. x '025 mm., -03 mm. x 
 •02 mm., '04 mm. x "02 mm. ; stipules '8 mm. x '6 mm., '4 mm. x 
 •15 mm., -4 mm. x '25 mm., *35 mm. x '25 mm., 7 mm. x '4 mm. ; 
 perianth 2' mm. x 1'25 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On damp shaded rocks or stones, very rare. 
 
 1. Eiver side, Fingal Bridge, Devonshire, JF. Curnow. 
 
 1. South of Ireland, Br. Taylor, Br. Moore, A. Carroll, &c. 
 Lough Mangerton, Stewart and Holt. 
 
 Found sparingl}^ on the Continent (France), also in North 
 America. 
 
 Obs. — This is the smallest and most delicate of the British 
 Porellcs, and is nearest related to P. rivularis, which see. 
 
 The description of the fertile plant is taken from North 
 American specimens by Dr. Gottsche, sterile plants only having 
 been found in Europe. 
 
 Description of Plate XXXII.^ — Fig. 1. Plant natural size, 
 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 16 (C. and P. n. 132). 3. Ditto, 
 postical view x 11 (ditto). 4, 5. Lobules x 24 (Mangerton, Holt 
 and Stewart). 6. Portion of stem, witli lobules and stipules x 31 
 (C. and P. n. 132). 7. Lobule x 64 (ditto). 8. Portion of leaf 
 X 290. 9, 10. Stipules X 24 (Mangerton, Holt and Stewart). 
 11. Stipule X 31 (ditto). 12. Ditto x 64 (C. and P. n. 132). 
 
 Genus 6. PLEUROZIA, Bum. 
 
 Jungermania, Weiss, PI. Crypt. Fl. Gott. p. 123 (1770). 
 
 Pleurozia, Dum. Recueil, i. p. 15 (1835). 
 
 Physiotiuin, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. 3, pp. 6 and 75 (1838). 
 
 Involucral bracts two, deeply bilobed, the upper broad and 
 convolute. Perianth much exserted, long, cylindrical, mouth 
 denticulate, decurved and plicate at the apex. Capsule 4-valved, 
 coriaceous. Elaters bispiral, deciduous. Stipules absent. Leaves 
 with postical lobes auriculate, the auricles inflated. 
 
PLEUBOZIA. 91 
 
 Pleurozia cochleariformis ( Weiss), Dim. 
 
 Lichenastrum alpmum purpureum foliis cmriiis cochleariformibus, Dill. Hist. 
 
 muse, p. 479, t. G9, f. 1 (1741). 
 Mnium Jungermania, Linn. Sp. pi. p. 1579 (175;')). 
 Jimgermania cochleariformis, Weiss, PI. Crypt, p. 128 (177U); Sm. Engl. Bot. 
 
 t. 2500 (1813); Hook. Brit. Jung. t. G8 (181G). 
 Jungermania purpiorea, Scop. Fl. Carn. 2, p. 347 (1772). 
 Pleurozia cochleariformis, Dum. Syll. Jung. Eur. p. 38 (1831). 
 Physiotium cochleariforme, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. Ill, p. 79 (1838). 
 Pleurozia purpurea, Lindb. Muse. Scand. p. 3 (1879). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely or closely cfespitose, large, pale to dark 
 reddish -brown or purple in colour. Stems creeping or ascending, 
 arcuate, simple or with 1-3 long or short branches, frontally 
 compressed, 15 cells in diameter, cortical, with second and third 
 outer layers of cells smaller, reddish-brown, inner whitish, opaque, 
 walls thick. Leaves incubous, closely imbricate, distichous, 
 convex, bilobed, antical lobe ovato-rotundate, emarginate to about 
 a fourth, segments dentate, inliexed, near antical base furnished 
 with 1-3 teeth, postical lobe about \ smaller, attached to the 
 lower portion of the antical lobe, ovate-parabolic, utriculate, base 
 contracted, decurrent, on the inner side deeply depressed and 
 folded longitudinally. At the base of this furrow is a minute 
 slit with a pendant roundish lip, which is slightly concave ; upon 
 this is appressed a very delicate lid of somewhat similar shape 
 but plane, of very delicate cell structure, hanging from the other 
 side of the slit, both these appendages being suspended within 
 the lobule. Texture of leaf firm, epidermis verruculose, cells 
 small to smallish, roundish-hexagonal, trigones very large, often 
 hyaline, lumen deep red or purple, the lip within the lobule is 
 composed of very delicate cells, thin walls, no trigones, about 
 20 X 30, marginal cells subquadrate, still more delicate, about 
 50 to GO round. No stipules. Androecia catkin-like, minute, 
 solitary, produced from the axil of the antical lobe, subcylindri- 
 cal ; perigonial bracts G-8, closely imbricate, appressed, concave, 
 ovate or oval, bifid or tridentate ; antheridia oval, solitary. 
 
92 HEFATICJa. 
 
 Dimensions.— Stems 2 to 4 inches long, '5 mm. x "4 mm. in 
 diam., with leaves 3* mm. wide; leaves, antical lobe 2*5 mm. 
 X ] '5 mm. -1-8 mm.; segments '75 mm., "5 mm., lobule 
 1"25 mm. -1*5 mm. x '5 mm. -'8 mm., lip of mouth '2 mm. x '2 mm., 
 lid of mouth '25 mm. x "225 mm. ; rells '02 mm. x -0225 mm. 
 "02 mm. X "02 mm., "03 mm. x '02 mm., -03 mm. x "03 mm. ; male 
 spike '75 mm. -1-2 mm. x "4 mm. -'5 mm. ; perigonial bracts 
 •5 mm. X "2 mm., seg. '1 mm., "5 mm. x "5 mm,, seg. 1 mm., 
 •5 mm. X "4 mm., seg. *3 mm., 5 mm. x "5 mm., seg. '2 mm. ; 
 antheridium '2 mm. -'15 mm. x '1 mm. 
 
 Hab. — In large patches on damp moors in subalpine localities. 
 Rare and local, but where found usually abundant. 13. Black 
 Craig, New Galloway, J. McAndrew. Auchencairn Moss, Dum- 
 fries, C. Scott. 15. Ben Nevis, /. B. Byrom. Ben Voirlich, 
 Gourlie. 16. Glen Finnan, Dr. Carrim/ton. Moidart, S. M. Mac- 
 vicar and W. H. B. Skye, Brof. F. E. Weiss. 17 a. Cape Wrath, 
 Sutherland. I. Mountainous bogs. Near Killarney, Dr. Carritu/- 
 ton. Connor Hill, Brof. S. 0. Lindber//. Mangerton, S. 0. Lind- 
 hercj, Steioart and Holt, male plants. 
 
 Found on the Continent (Norway, Denmark), Sandwich 
 Islands, Ht). Hoolcer. East Indies, Butam proper, Jowga, 
 10,000 ft., Hb. Mitten. 
 
 Obs. — In the lobule of this species there is one of the most 
 remarkable contrivances for the entrapping of small insects it is 
 possible to imagine : on the inner, antical face of the utriculate 
 lobule is a deep longitudinal fold having at the base a slit with 
 two decurrent wings hanging free within, one slightly concave, 
 the other plane — the unwary insect crawling through this slit, 
 the lid opens with the slight pressure and closes after the 
 prisoner has been secured; it is no unfrequent thing to find 
 the chitinous remains of several of these insects within the lobule. 
 It has not yet been clearly shown whether the plant derives 
 nourishment by the assimilation of these animals, but we may 
 rest assured that some object is served by this apparatus, and the 
 plant may not inaptly be called an insectivorous hepatic. The 
 late Dr. Gottsche was, I believe, the first to publish any notes o^ 
 
ANTItELlA. 93 
 
 this cliciracter ; tterrii Jack and Stepliani have also written 
 on it. 
 
 This species is a very distinct one, and the only British repre- 
 sentative of the genus. 
 
 Hooker says, "Weiss, who first adopted the name, describes 
 the species with considerable accuracy," with which opinion I 
 ag^ree. Nees and Jack seem to think that he had a form of 
 Marsupella emart/lnata before him, although Nees has seen speci- 
 mens of the true plant from Weiss's herbarium. 
 
 Scopoli's Jiiiujeniiania purpurea of 1772 may be the same as 
 our species, but it is very uncertain. It may, however, be said 
 that the description oK J mifjermaiiia purpurea in Lightfoot's "Flora 
 Scotica " (1777) is very inaccurate and vague if applied to this 
 species. 
 
 Description of Plate XXXIII. — Fig. 1. Stem natural size 
 (Eng. Bot.). 2. Leaf with lobule x 16 (Cromaglown, Stewart 
 and Holt). 3. Ditto x 24 (ditto). 4. Lobule x 24 (ditto). 
 
 5. Ditto X ? (drawn by Herr Stephani, "Rev. Bryol," 1886). 
 
 6. Lip of inner mouth of lobule x 24 (Cromaglown, S. and H.). 
 
 7. Lid of the same x 24 (ditto). 8. Cross-section of lobule near 
 the apex x 24 (ditto). 9. Portion of leaf x 200. 10. Male 
 spike X 24 (ditto). 11-15. Perigonial bracts x 24 (ditto). 
 16. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 Subtiibe III. PTILIDIE^. 
 Genus 7. ANTHELIA, Dam. 
 
 Jungermojuia L. Fl. Lapp. (1787). 
 
 Jimgermanice, sect. Anthelia Dum. 8yll. Jung. p. 63 (1831). 
 
 Anthelia, Dum. Recueil, p. 18 (1835). 
 
 Chandonanthus, Mitt, in Hook. f. Handb. New Zeal. Fl. 11, p. 750 (18(17). 
 
 Plants small or somewhat robust, densely cuespitose, green or 
 olive glaucescent. Stems firm, composed of several layers ot 
 equal, opaque cells ; unequally pinnate ; all branches lateral, at the 
 base sometimes denudate or furnished with minute leaves ; Hagella 
 absent; radicles moderately plentiful in the young state, when 
 
94 HEPATIC j^. 
 
 mature somewhat rarer. Leaves tristichous transverse, somewhat 
 broad, complicate-carinate, where large confertus equitant, bilobed 
 to the middle or beyond, lobes subacuminate, entire or often 
 (principally the upper) denticulate or spinulose — sometimes the 
 surface spinose-muricate ; cells small pellucid quadrate-hexagonal, 
 at the axis subelongate, walls more or less thickened. Postical 
 leaves (stipules) similar to the lateral and hardly any smaller. 
 Inflorescence dioicous, rarely paroicous, terminal ; ? innovations 
 often present. Bracts several pairs, more or less crowded capitate, 
 distinctly larger than the leaves ; in other characters hardly 
 diflerent, except sometimes trilobed, with the margin coarsely 
 dentate, rarely connate. Perianth free emersed oblong, at the 
 base 2 cells thick, above delicate, frontally subcompressed, antically 
 deeply unisulcate, postical 3 carinate, at the apex 10-8 -plicate ; 
 mouth either wide or subconstricted, denticulate. 
 
 1. Anthelia julacea (Z.), Bum.. 
 
 Lichenastrum alpinum, Bryi julocei argentei facie, Dill. Hist, Muse. t. 73, f. 38 
 
 (1741). 
 Jungermania julacea, Linn. Sp. P). 11, p. 1601 (1753); Lightf. Fl. Scot. p. 785 
 
 (1777) ; Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 2 (1816). 
 Anthelia julacea, Dum. Recueil, p. 18 (1835); Spruce, On Ceph. p. 81 (1882). 
 
 Dioicous, densely and intricately cpespitose, flagella wanting, 
 from small to largish in size, brownish or olive-green in colour, 
 glaucescent when dry, often infested with slimy or confervoid 
 matter. Stems erect or procumbent, filiform, firm, composed of 
 equal opaque cells, about 30 cortical, 10 to 12 cells in diam, when 
 dry rigid, unequally pinnate, branches all lateral ; radiculose, in 
 the young state rootlets abundant, when mature somewhat rarer. 
 Leaves tristichous, transversely inserted, appressed, erect, closely 
 imbricate or rarely distant, complicate-carinate, concave, oblong, 
 to about two-thirds bilobed, sinus acute, narrow, segments ovate- 
 lanceolate, acute or subacaminate, entire or rarely erose-denticulate, 
 recurved at both sides ; texture firm, epidermis smooth, cells 
 rather minute to small, subquadrate, 4-, 5-, and 6-angled, near the 
 
ANTIIELIA. 95 
 
 base, at the middle a little elongate, walls thick, no trigones or 
 thickened angles, composed of two layers of cells at the base, 
 above one layer, upper portion often hyaline. The third postical 
 leaf (stipule) similar to the others, sometimes slightly smaller. 
 Bracts several pairs, more or less crowded, capitate, larger than the 
 leaves, 2 to 3 cells thick near the base, oblong-oval, bilobed to 
 about the middle, sinus narrow, acute, segments ovate-lanceolate, 
 acute or acuminate, margin denticulate, or entire. Bracteole 
 smaller than the bracts, bilobed to about the middle, erose- 
 denticulate. Perianth composed of two layers of cells at the 
 base, one layer and delicate above, near the middle about 100 cells 
 round, free, terminal, projecting about half beyond the bracts, 
 oblong-oval, upper half multi- and deeply plicate, frontally sub- 
 compressed, antically deeply unisulcate, at both sides of the 
 furrow the upper margin carinate, postical 3-(2) carinate, at the 
 apex several small keels added (10-8-plicate), mouth wide or sub- 
 constricted by the folds, laciniate, lacinise denticulate. Calyptra 
 ovoid-globose, 2 to 3 cells thick at the base, pistillidia few (5 or 6) 
 dispersed on the upper portion of the calyptra. Capsule sub- 
 globose, composed of two layers, small, dark brown. Spores pale 
 brown, elaters bispiral about as broad or a little broader than the 
 spores. 
 
 Androecia at the apex or middle of the stem, on separate ones 
 from the ? although often entangled with them ; perigonial 
 bracts 4-6 pairs, somewhat similar to the leaves only a little 
 broader, sometimes slightly denticulate, closely imbricate, sub- 
 secund, ventricose at the base ; antheridia large, single, oval, 
 bearer short. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from |^ to 2 inches long (rarely more), 
 diameter "2 mm., with leaves "4 mm. wide ; leaves "5 mm. x "2 mm., 
 segments "3 mm., "55 mm. x '3 mm., segments '3 mm., "4 mm. 
 
 X '25 mm., segments "3 mm.; cells '02 mm., "02 mm., '015 mm. 
 
 X -01 mm., -025 mm. x '015 mm., -02 mm. x "Ol mm., '02 mm. x 
 •01 mm., -015 mm. x -015 mm. ; sub-bract '7 mm. x •45 mm., 
 segments ^4 mm. ; bracts -9 mm. x '65 mm., segments •G mm., 
 •8 mm. X '5 mm., segments • 5 mm., '75 mm x •65 mm., segments 
 
&6 B^PATIC^. 
 
 •5 mm., 1* mm. X "6 mm., segments "5 mm., l"! mm. x 6 mm., seg- 
 ments '5 mm. ; bracteole '65 mm. x '4 mm., segments "3 mm., "6 mm. 
 X "5 mm., segments '25 mm. ; perianth 2' mm. x 1* mm., 1-75 mm- 
 X 75 mm., segments '25 mm., '4 mm. ; capsule '5 mm. x 'b mm., 
 valves '6 mm. x '3 mm., pedicel 4* mm. x "3 mm. ; spores '015 mm- 
 diameter, elaters *15 mm. x '01 mm. ; perigonial bracts -6 mm. x 
 •4 mm., segments '3 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grrowing on moist exposed or shaded rocks in large 
 cushion-like tufts in alpine or subalpine localities. 
 
 Moderately common, somewhat rare in fruit. 
 
 1, 7, 10 to 13, 15, 17. I. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in Greenland. 
 
 Obs. — This is one of the commonest hepatics met with, when 
 a certain altitude is attained, often growing in large densely 
 tufted cushions of a silvery lustre ; the stems are so intricately 
 entangled that they are difficult to separate. 
 
 Distinguished at a glance from Cesia concmnata (Dicks.) and 
 Cesia obtusa (Lindb.) by growing in damper situations and the 
 larger size of tufts ; stems longer, more rigid and filiform ; more 
 closely examined, leaves tristichous, narrower, deepty bilobed, seg- 
 ments acuminate, presence of true and deeply plicate perianth. 
 
 From Anthelia Jiiratzkana (Limpr.) see following notes. 
 
 In " Eng. Bot. " 1024 the leaves of this species are figured 
 wrongly as if entire, and in Hooker's " Brit. Jung. " the bracts 
 are described and figured as quadrifid, which is also incorrect. 
 
 Description of Plate XXXIV. — Fig. 1, Plants natural size. 
 2. Plant X 11 (Lyn Cwm, W. Wilson). 3-7. Leaves x 24 
 (Mangerton, Stewart and Holt). 8. Branch leaf x 85 (Meal na 
 Ptargnachan, C. J. Wild). 9. Portion of leaf x 290 (Mangerton, 
 Stewart and Holt). 10. Sub-bract x 24 (Lyn Cwm, Wilson). 
 11-13. Bracts x 24 (ditto). 14-16. Ditto x 24 (Mangerton, 
 Stewart and Holt). 17, 18. Bracteoles x 24 (ditto). 19. 
 Perianth x 16 (ditto). 20. Portion of the mouth of perianth x 85 
 (Lyn Cwm, Wilson). 21, 22. Perigonial bracts x 24 (ditto). 
 
ANTUELIA. 97 
 
 2. Anthelia Juratzkana [Liwpr.), Spruce. 
 
 Janyermania nivalis, Ssv. in W. M. Ind. iiiu'^c. \>. ."i (Iho;;); Wahlcnb. Fl. Carp. 
 
 p. :5G:i(lHl !)(?). 
 Jungennauia julacea var. clavuligei'n, Ncos, Nat. Eur. Lcb. 11, p. :507 (1830). 
 Jumjeiinania jvlacea var. t/laucescens, (r.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 147 (1841), 
 JuTigei'vmnia Jnratzhtna, Linipr, in Kryptogainend. von Schles. 1, p. 289 (187C). 
 Anthelia nivalis ('Sw.), Lindb. Muse. Scand. p. (1H7'.>). 
 Anthelia Juratzkana, S[>ruce, On Ceph. p. H2 (iSSi'). 
 
 Paroicous, depresso-caespitose, small, pale in colour, apices 
 green or glaucescent, brownish below. Stems creeping, closely 
 entangled, subramose, branches lew ; radiculose, rootlets plentiful, 
 short; on a cross-section 10 cells in diameter; cells hirge, clear, 
 about 40 cortical cells, similar to inner, only slightly darker. 
 Leaves closely imbricate, on sterile shoots distant, tristichous, 
 erect, appressed to stem or secund, oblong-ovate or oblong, con- 
 cave-complicate, bilobed to about {J, sinus acute or slightly 
 rounded, segments nari'owly triangular, or broadly subulate, acute 
 or acuminate, margin entire ; composed of one layer of cells ; 
 texture somewhat lax, cells medium size, quadrate or oblong- 
 quadrate, pellucid, walls thin, no trigones or thickened angles. 
 Stipule (third leaf) similar to the others. Sub-bracts and bracts 
 larger than the leaves, a little broader and swollen at the base, 
 margin denticulate, containing single oval antheridia, rarely the 
 bracts arc trifid. Perianth projecting about ^ beyond the bracts, 
 ovate-oblong or oval, deeply multiplicate, especially at the upper 
 portion, mouth laciniate, lacinia) entire or denticulate ; composed 
 of two layers of cells at the base, above of a single layer. Calyi)tra 
 composed of one layer : pistillidia 3-5. Capsule subspherical ; 
 spores and elaters reddish-brown. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J- to -i- inch long "1 mm. to "3 mm. in 
 diameter, with leaves '5 mm. wide ; leaves "3 mm. x -2 mm., 
 segments "2 mm., ;) mm. x "15 mm., seg. "2 mm., •3.") mm. x 2 mm., 
 see:. '2 mm. ; cells .035 mm. x "02 mm., '04 mm. x '03 mm., 
 •03 mm. x (13 mm. ; sub-bracts '5 mm. x '25 mm., segments 
 •225 mm., 35 mm., '25 mm., seg. "2 mm., "45 mm. x 3 mm., seg. 
 •3 mm. ; bracts 75 mm. x '5 mm., segments "5 mm., D mm. x 
 
98 HEPATICjE. 
 
 •7 mm., seg. '45 mm., 1. ram. x "6 mm., seg. "4 mm. ; bracteole 
 •7 mm. X '5 mm., segments "55 mm. ; perianth 15 mm. x '7o mm.; 
 lacinise at the mouth '2 mm., "25 mm. ; pedicel "2 mm., "3 mm. 
 diam. ; capsule "45 mm. x '4 mm. ; valves "65 mm. x 'SS mm. ; 
 spores '015 mm. ; elaters *15 mm. x '01 mm. ; antheridia '125 mm. 
 X '1 mm., bearer "1 mm. long. 
 
 Hab. — On moist rocks in alpine situations. Very rare. 15. 
 Below the summit of Ben Lawers, W. West, August 1880. Ben 
 Laoigh, Peter Eioing, September 1882. Glen Callater, Prof. 
 Balfour, 1841. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from A. julacea (L.) by its smaller size, 
 paroicous inflorescence, the antheridia being found at the base 
 of the bracts immediately below the perianth, the somewhat 
 secund leaves, which are much laxer in texture, and the perianth 
 being less cylindrical, with the folds not so deep at the lower 
 portion. 
 
 I detected this species first as British from specimens collected 
 by Mr. West on Ben Lawers in 1880, who had named it Anthelia 
 julacea. In Dr. Carrington's herbarium, specimens collected in 
 (Hen Callater by Prof Balfour in 1841 and named Anthelia julacea 
 var. clavuligera Nees, belong to this species. 
 
 Prof. Lindberg refers the Juvg. 7iivalis of Swartz (./. nivalis 
 Sw., W. M. Ind. muse, p. 5. (1803); Whalenb. Fl. Suec, pro 
 parte) to this species, but on this matter Dr. Spruce writes : 
 " However that may be, there is no evidence to show that either 
 Swartz or Wahlenberg discriminated between the two forms, and 
 did not equally include the /. julacea of Lightfoot, as well as 
 ./. Juratzkana, under their name, /. nivalis ; so that to Limpricht 
 belongs the honour of first distinguishing /. Juratzkana by its 
 inflorescence." 
 
 Description of Plate XXXV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Fertile plant x 11. 3, 4. Leaves x 85. 5. Portion of leaf 
 x290. 6. Sub-bract x 85. 7, 8. Sub-bracts, ^, x 85. 9. 
 Sub-bract x 24. 10. Antlieridium x 85. 11-13. Bracts x 24. 
 14. Bracteole (?) x 24. 15. Segment of bract x 85. 16 Peri- 
 
HERBERT A. 99 
 
 antli X 24. 17- Portion of the mouth of the perianth x 85. (All 
 drawn from plants collected by Mr. West, Ben Lawers.). 
 
 Genus 8. HERBERT A, Gr. 8f B. 
 
 Herherta, Gr. & B. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 1, p. 705 (1821). 
 
 Schisma, Dum. Comm. p. 114 (1822). 
 
 Sendtnera, Nees in G.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 288 (1845). 
 
 Dioicous ; large ; reddish-brown ; slightly branched ; branches 
 postical ; subfloral innovations sometimes lateral. Leaves incubous 
 or almost transverse, tristichous, hamato-secund, narrow, much 
 longer than broad, sometimes ciliate at the base, otherwise entire, 
 deeply bilobed, lobes narrow, acuminate, vittate. ? flowers 
 terminal. Bracts denticulate, ciliate or spinose, distinctly bisul- 
 cate. Perianth almost hidden by the bracts ; very narrow, ovate- 
 subulate, tricarinate. Calyptra free, small, obovate, deeply 
 trifid, composed of one layer of cells. Capsule globose, 5-8 cells 
 thick ; valves 4 sometimes 2-6. Elaters bispiral, long, persistent. 
 AndrcBcia on short terminal spikes ; perigonial bracts few, some- 
 what similar to the leaves. Antheridia 2 in each bract. 
 
 1. Herberta adunca {Dicks.), Gr. ^ B. 
 
 Jungermania adunca, Dicks. PI. crypt. Brit. fasc. Ill, p. 12 (1793). 
 Jungermania junijierina b. adunca, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 4 (181G). 
 Herherta adunca, Gr. & B. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. p. 705 (1821). 
 Schisnut adunca, Dum. Comm. p. IIG (1822). 
 
 Sendtnera junijoerina var., Nees in G.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 239 (1845). 
 Sendtnera adunca, Carr. in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. 11, p. 454 (1803). 
 
 Dioicous, densely csespitose, from medium to very large in 
 size, reddish or dark brown in colour. Stems erect, flexuose 
 simple or with one or two short assurgent or pendulous postical 
 branches, flagella frequent, bearing minute leaves, branches and 
 apices of stem very often hamate, firm, opaque, the outer layers 
 of cells (to the 2nd or 3rd) reddish-brown, inner paler, full of dark 
 green colouring matter, cells small, walls ver}^ thick, cortical cells 
 about 50; about 16 in diameter. Leaves incubous or almost 
 transverse, imbricate or approximate, tristichous, falcate-secund, 
 
100 HEPATICJE. 
 
 vittate, linear-lanceolate, narrow, about 3 times longer than broad, 
 to the middle or below acutely bilobed, lobes straight or divergent, 
 postical usually a little smaller, acuminate, entire, or rarely with 
 one or two small teeth at the base, margin often revolute, leaf 
 and segments channelled ; texture firm, epidermis rough, marginal 
 cells small, quadrate, pachydermous, middle elongate, about twice 
 as long as broad, margin of cells irregular, walls thick, angles 
 thickened, near the base the elongate cells contain very delicate 
 spiral filaments. ? terminal, capitate, bracts several pairs, closely 
 imbricate, attached at their base to the perianth, ovate-lanceolate, 
 margin denticulate, divided to about the middle, sinus acute, 
 segments lanceolate, acuminate. Perianth projecting about a third 
 beyond the bracts, ovate-oblong, strongly plicate, composed of one 
 layer of cells, mouth laciniate, almost to the middle, laciniae 8, 
 entire or sparsely denticulate. Calyptra small, orbicular, uni- 
 cellular, only somewhat thick near the base ; pistillidia about 20. 
 Capsule thick, composed of about 6 layers, inner layer with 
 numerous long, very narrow elaters attached to it. Spores large, 
 pale brown, elaters bispiral, reddish-brown, darker colour and 
 much shorter than those attached to the inner layer of capsule, 
 about half the breadth of the spores or less. Androecia terminal, 
 spicate, perigonial bracts about 12 pairs, closelj^ imbricate, erect, 
 ventricose at the base, oval-lanceolate, margin sparsely denticulate, 
 bilobed to below the middle, segments subulate-acuminate, anthe- 
 ridia solitary, large, oval, bearers long. 
 
 Dimensions.— Stems 1 to 4 inches long, sometimes shorter 
 and even longer, diam. *2 mm. "3 mm., with leaves 2" mm. wide; 
 leaves 1*25 mm. x "4 mm., segments '75 mm., 2' mm.x "6 mm. 
 seg. 1'2 mm., 2' mm. x 7 mm., seg. 1*25 mm., 1-6 mm. x "7 mm. 
 seg. 1" mm., •75 mm. x '3 mm. seg. '4 mm.; cells, middle of leaf 
 '05 mm. X '02 mm., "04 mm. x "02 mm., '035 mm. x "02 mm., 
 marginal cells -02 mm. x '02 mm., *015 mm. x "015 mm.; bracts 
 4" mm. X 1*5 mm., segments 2- mm. ; perianth 6" mm. x 1*5 mm. ; 
 calyptra 1'5 mm. x 1" mm. ; pistillidia "3 mm. x '05 mm. ; valve 
 of capsule 2*25 mm. x 1' mm.; spores "03 mm. ; ela.ters free '1 
 mm. x "01 mm., '15 mm. x "01 mm., attached elaters "3 mm. long; 
 
HERBERT A. 101 
 
 perigonial bract 2* mm. x 75 mm,, segments 1"25 mm. ; antheridia 
 •275 mm. x "175 ram., bearer -275 mm. x -03 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grows in dense tufts on exposed banks or crags in 
 alpine or subalpine situations. Moderately rare, but often grow- 
 ing in great abundance where found. Extremely rare in fruit. 
 
 7, 12, 15, IG. L 
 
 Found on tlie Continent and in North America. The large 
 form H. junipenna (Sw.) in the West Indies, South America, 
 Africa, Madagascar, Java, &c. 
 
 Obs.— This is a very distinct species and not likely to be con- 
 founded with any other British hepatic. It varies extremely in 
 size from an inch or so to 5 and even 6, and in colour from a 
 reddish to a dark brown. 
 
 Herberta j unijjerina (Sw.) is usually a more robust plant with 
 larger leaves, broader at the base, often more ventricose, margin 
 at the base distinctly dentate ; Hooker may probably be right in 
 considering //. adimca only a variety of it. 
 
 I have never seen male or female of //. adunca, so have described 
 and figured those of H. juniperina from Cuban specimens, which I 
 have little doubt will be similar or nearly so to those of H. adunca. 
 
 llerherta Sauteriana (Hiiben.) {Ilerberta straminea, Dum.) has 
 been reported from Scotland, but all the specimens I have seen 
 under this name are to be referred to H. adimca. 
 
 Herherta Sauteriana (Hllben. ), which is found on the Continent, 
 has a different habit, leaves close, shorter and broader, coarsely 
 dentate at the base, with segments shorter and broader. 
 
 Description of Plate XXXVI. — Fig. 1. Plants nat. size. 
 
 2. Portion of stem x 24 (Connor Hill, Ireland, Prof Lindberg). 
 
 3. Leaf x 24 (III Bell, Troutbeck, Westmorland, C. Stabler). 
 
 4. Ditto X 24 (Connor Hill, Prof. Lindberg). 5. Ditto x 24 
 (Ben Laiogh, Scotland, Gr. A. Holt). 6. Ditto x 24 (Ben Eagh, 
 Bosshire, Jenner & Howie). 7, 8. Leaves x 24 (Clogwyn-d'ur- 
 Arddu, Snowdon, G-. A. Holt). 9. Portion of leaf, middle x 290 
 (Connor Hill, Prof Lindberg). 10. Ditto, margin x 290 (ditto). 
 11. Bract X 11 (Cuba, Wright). 12. Periantli x 11 (ditto). 
 13. Perigonial bract x IG (ditto). 
 
102 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Genus. 9. MASTIGOPHORA, Nees. 
 
 Jungermania, Brid. Mss. Web.-F. Inst. muse. hep. prodr. p. 5G, n. 49, (1815); 
 
 Hook. Brit. Juug. p. 18, n. 64 (1816). 
 Jungermania, sect. 2, Blepharozia, Dum. Syll. Jung. Eur. p. 46, p. p. (1831). 
 Jungermania, sect. 12, Plumulosce, Hiiben. Hep. Germ. p. 265, p. p. (1834). 
 Mastigojjhora, Nees. Nat. Eur. Leb. 1. p. 95, n. 3, et p. 101, n. 10, p. p. (1833); 
 
 in Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 2 ed. p. 414 (1835), et Nat. Eur. Leb. 3, 
 
 p. 89, n. 1 (1838); Mitt, in Hook.-F. Handb. N.-Zeal. Fl. 2, pp. 752 et 754, 
 
 n. 18-2 (1867). 
 Mastigo2')hora, sect. 2, Cladura, Nees Nat. Eur. Leb. 3, suppl. p. 574 (1838). 
 Blepharozia, Dum. Recueil, 1. p. 16, n. 15, p.p. (1835). 
 Sendtnera, Endl. Gen. pi, 1. suppl. p. 1342, n. 472-16 (1840). 
 Sendtnera, sect. 2, Mastigophora, G. L. N. Syn. Hep. p. 241 (1845). 
 Herberta, Carruth. in. Seem. Journ. Bot. 3, p. 300, p. p. (1865). 
 
 Branches lateral, furcate or dicliotomous, rarely simple, apices 
 attenuate, decurved, secund. Leaves incubous, bifid to quadrifid, 
 often calcarate at the base. Perianth produced from near the 
 apex of the stem on a short, almost sessile lateral branch, some- 
 times on a longer branch, membranous, tubular, trisulcate, mouth 
 denticulate. Calyptra delicate, membranous. Capsule firm, 
 dividing to its base into 4 valves. Elaters dispiral. 
 
 Mastigophora Woodsii (Hook.), Nees. 
 
 Jungermania Woodsii, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 6(! (1816). 
 BlejyJiarozia Woodsii, Dum. Eecueil, p. 16 (1835). 
 Mastigophm-a Woodsii, Nees Nat. Eur. Leb. Ill, p. 95 (1838). 
 Sendtnera Woodsii, G. L. N. Syn. Hep. p. 241 (1844). 
 
 Inflorescence (?), loosely csespitose, very large, reddish to 
 purplish-brown in colour, paler below. Stem ligneous, somewhat 
 brittle when dry, reddish-brown, composed of thick-walled cells, 
 cortical, similar in size to the inner, only slightly darker, about 30, 
 inner brownish 10 x 10 ; flexuose, procumbent, bi-tripinnate, 
 branches lateral, branchlets long, attenuate ; rootlets few, pro- 
 ceeding from the attenuate branchlets, hyaline, delicate. Leaves 
 patent-divergent to patent, bifarious, imbricate, very convex, con- 
 duplicate, roundish or broadly subquadrate, unequally bilobed to 
 below the middle, antical smaller, lobes spinulose dentate, sinus 
 
MASTIGOPHORA. 103 
 
 acute or slightly rounded ; cells smallish, roundish-quadrate 
 margin irregular, walls thick, angles thickened. Stipules very 
 large, considerably broader than the stem, broadly ovate, divided 
 to about the middle, segments broadly subulate, acute, irregularly 
 spinulose, sinus obtuse, at both sides of their base calcarate. 
 
 Neither male nor female flowers have been observed. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 2 to G inches long, diameter "2 mm., with 
 leaves 1'5 mm. wide ; branches with leaves 75 m.m. wide ; leaves 
 1"1 mm. X 1"5 mm. ; segments 75 mm., "G mm., '9 mm. x 1*2 mm. 
 seg., "G mm., '5 mm. ; branch leaves 75 mm. x "85 mm., seg. 
 •4 mm. ; cells '03 mm. x 0*2 mm., '025 mm. x -0.25 mm. ; stipules 
 •9 mm. X "9 mm., segments "55 mm., "8 mm. x "G mm., seg. '4 mm., 
 7 mm. X '6 mm., seg. '45 mm. ; branch stipules '6 mm. x "8 mm., 
 seg. *3 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in large and rather densely crowded patches 
 in boggy places or damp banks and rocks, in subalpine localities. 
 Extremely rare. Discovered by Mr. Joseph Woods in 1809 on the 
 ascent of Mangerton from Cwm na Cappal, Ireland. Brandon 
 Mountain, Dr. Ta/jlor, W. Wilson. Devil's Punch Bowl, Man- 
 gerton, Br. Taijlor, Steioart and Holt. Conner Hilh Dingle, 
 Dr. D. Moore. Carrantual, Dr. D. Moore. South of Ireland. 
 IG. Moidart, West Inverness, 8. M. Macvicar, 1898. 17. 
 Faroe Isles, Rostrup, 1867. Himalayas (fide Milfeii). 
 
 Obs. — This fine, beautiful and extremely rare species is 
 remarkably distinct, and not to be confounded with any of our 
 native ones, except perhaps Blcpharozia cUiaris, which might be 
 mistaken for it, but from which it differs in the shape, margin, 
 and structure of the leaves and stipules. 
 
 Description of Plate XXXVII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size 
 (Mangerton, Holt). 2. Portion of stem, antical view (after 
 Hooker). 3. Leaf (ditto). 4-6. Leaves x 24 (Mangerton, Holt). 
 7. Branch leaf x 24 (ditto). S. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 
 9-11. Stipules X 24 (ditto). 12. Stipule (after Hooker). 13. 
 Branch stipule x 24 (Mangerton, Holt). 
 
104 HEPATICE. 
 
 Genus 10. BLEPHAKOZIA, Bum. 
 
 Ju7igerman{a, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1601 ; Hook. Brit. Jung. (1816). 
 Blejyharozia (Section) Dum. Syll. Jung. p. 46 (1831). 
 Blepharozia, Dum. Recueil Jung. p. 16 (1835). 
 Ptilidium, Nees Nat. Eur. Leberm. 1. p. 1)5 (1833). 
 
 Leaves incubous, appressed, palmatifid, or complicate-2-lobed, 
 each lobe divided and ciliate. Stipules 4-5-lobed, ciliate. 
 Perianth terminal on short branches. Bracts 2-5-lobed, segments 
 with long cilia. Perianth pyriform, obovate or sub-cylindrical, 
 inflated, smooth, mouth small and plicately contracted, ciliate. 
 Calyptra pyriform, coriaceous. Capsule divided nearly to the 
 base into 4 valves. Elaters bispiral. Antheridia covered by 
 closely imbricated perigonial bracts. 
 
 1. Blepharozia ciliaris (Z.), Bmn. 
 
 Lichenastrum scorjnoides pulchrum villosum, Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 481, t. 69, 
 
 fig. 3 (1718). 
 Jungermania cilaris, Linn. Sp. pi. p. 1601 (1753); Engl. Bot. t. 2241; Hook. 
 
 Brit. Jung. n. 65 (1816). 
 Blepharozia ciliaris, Dum. Recueil, p. 16 (1835). 
 Ptilidium ciliare, Hamp. Prod. fl. Here. (1836); Nees Nat. Eur. Leb. Ill, p. 117 
 
 (1838). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, large, greenish to purplish-brown. Stems 
 erect or procumbent, bipinnate, slightly frontally compressed, 
 cross-section showing 15 cells x 20, cortical cells about 80, one 
 or two rows with thicker, golden-brown walls, inner cells larger, 
 walls hyaline, thin; branches lateral, short, alternate, ultimate 
 pinnulse very slender, rootlets few, short. Leaves incubous, 
 almost transverse, patent, lower leaves somewhat distant or 
 approximate, upper- and branch-leaves imbricate, bifarious, 
 convex, conduplicate, roundish or subquadrate, quadrifid nearly 
 to the middle, segments lanceolate-acuminate, antical segment 
 largest, on lower leaves entire or furnished with a few long cilia 
 at the base of the leaf, next segment entire also, or with few 
 cilia, the postical segments smaller laciniate- ciliate, upper and 
 branch-leaves with margin and segments ciliate, cilia long. Epi- 
 
BLEPEAROZIA. 105 
 
 dermis slightly verruculose ; cells medium size, roundish, walls 
 thick, trigones distinct. Stipules almost half the size of the 
 leaves, ohlong, subquadrate, or semirotund, bifid, trifid or 
 quadrifid, ciliate, cilia long. Sub-bracts subrotound, ciliate, 
 quadrifid to the middle, segments lanceolate-acuminate, ciliate. 
 Sub-bracteole oblong-oval, ciliate, bifid to about \, segments lanceo- 
 late, ciliate. Bracts rotund, ciliate, quadrifid, segments unequal, 
 lanceolate-acuminate, ciliate. Perianth terminal on main stem 
 or on short branches, jDrojecting about f beyond the bracts, 
 large, oblong-obovate, composed of a single layer of cells with 
 a few double rows irregularly interposed, about 300 cells round 
 near the middle, slightly folded at the upper portion, mouth 
 contracted, 15-20 cilia of 2-4 cells long. Capsule dark brown, 
 valves dividing to the base, thick. Spores large, pale brown. 
 Elaters very narrow, J less wide than the spores, darker brown 
 in colour. Male stems irregularly bipinnate, slender, androecia 
 usually terminal, on short branches, perigonial bracts much 
 smaller than the leaves, 4-6 pairs, bi-trifid, saccate, antheridia 
 1 or 2 in each bract, oval, bearers short. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 2 to 3 inches long, *25 mm. in diameter, 
 with leaves about 2* mm. wide; leaves 2' mm. x "2 mm., segments 
 1* mm., rS X 1*5, segment "75; branch leaves 1*5 mm. x l'25mm., 
 segment -75 mm. ; cells '035 mm. x '04, '04 x "03, "03 ; sub-bract 
 1"75 mm. xl. '5 mm., segment '1 mm. ; sub-bracteole 1*5 mm. x 1' 
 mm., segment "5 mm.; bract 2'5 mm. x 2'25 mm., segment 1*25 
 mm.; bracteole 2* mm. x 1"5 mm., segment '75; perianth 5* 
 mm. X 2-25 mm.; spores '035 mm., -03 mm.; elaters 'll mm. x 
 •Ql mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in densely matted tufts of considerable size 
 in bogs or damp j)laces on heaths or moors, especially subalpine. 
 Rare in fruit. 1. 6-1 G. I. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — Following Lindberg, I have assumed that the common 
 large form is the true /. cUiaris of Linnreus, and as such have 
 described it and have separated the small rock and tree form 
 as B. jjulchcrrima (Hoffm.). 
 
106 HEPATIC^. 
 
 My figure 2, pi. xxxviii. is from the loioer portion of the stem. 
 In Hooker's "Brit. Jung.," pi. 65, f. 3, is a drawing of the 
 ii^)per portion of a stem and branches, with a perianth of the 
 true B. ciliaris. 
 
 Blejjharozia 2JulGherrima (Hoffm.) differs from this species in 
 its smaller size, more procumbent habit, stems irregularly 
 dichotomously branched, leaves more finely ciliate, never with 
 segments entire on the stem-leaves, perianth cylindrical. 
 
 Blejiharozia ciliaris is a very beautiful species, and not to 
 be confounded with any other, the nearest approach to it of our 
 British ones being Mast i r/ op ho r a Woodsii (Hook.), which differs in 
 the margin of the leaves being laciniate, not ciliate, in its bifid 
 stipules, which also are only spinose-dentate, not ciliate, and in 
 the very different cell structure. Trichocolea tometitella (Ehrh.) 
 was confounded by some of the older botanists with this species, 
 to which it has a superficial resemblance, but apart from the 
 differences at once revealed by the microscope, it is readily 
 distinguished by its pale green colour, whilst B. ciliaris has a 
 greenish to purplish-brown, or rich yellow. 
 
 Description of Plate XXXVIII. — Fig. 1. Plant natural 
 size (Cader Idris, W. H. P.), 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 
 24 (ditto). 3. Stem-leaf X 24 (ditto). 4. Branch-leaf x 24 (ditto). 
 5. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 6. Stipule x 24 (ditto). 
 7. Branch stipule x 24 (Ditto). 8. Sub-bract x 16 (Helsingfors, 
 S. 0. Lindberg). 9. Sub-bract x 16 (ditto). 10. Bract x 16 
 (ditto). 11. Bracteolex 16 (ditto). 12. Perianth x 1 1 (ditto). 
 
 2. Blepharozia pulcherrima, [Hoffm.) Lindh. 
 
 Jungermania pulcherrima, HofFm. Deutschl. Fl. 2, p. 83 (non Linn, f.) (1796). 
 Jungermania Leersii, Eoth. Tent. fl. Germ. 11, p. 402 (1800). 
 Jungermania Hojfmanni, Wallroth, Fl. crypt. Germ. 1, p. 51 (1831). 
 Blepharozia Hoffmanni, Cogn. Hep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. (1872); Dum. Hep. 
 
 Eur. p. 54 (1874). 
 Blepharozia jyulcherrima, Lindb. Muse. Scivnd. p. 5 (1879). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, small, tawny or brownish-green in colour. 
 Stems procumbent or rarely suberect, irregularly repeatedly 
 
BLEPHABOZIA. 107 
 
 dicliotomously ramose, branches ascending, cortical cells about 20, 
 walls golden-brown, inner hyaline 8 x 10, slightly frontally 
 compressed. Leaves crowded, patent, incubous, imbricate, con- 
 duplicate, semirotund, trifid or quadrifid to about a third or 
 more, segments broadly lanceolate subulate, margin and segments 
 with long cilia, cells medium size, roundish, walls thick, angles 
 thickened. Stipules about half the size of the leaves, semirotund, 
 bifid to about a fourth, margin with long cilia. Bracts roundish- 
 oblong-quadrate, trifid to about a third, segments lanceolate 
 subulate, margin and segments with long cilia; bracteole ovate, 
 bifid to about a fifth, margin and segments with long cilia. 
 Perianth terminal on main stem or branches, projecting about 
 two-thirds beyond the bracts, cylindrical, composed of a single 
 layer of cells, about 100 round the middle, slightly obtusely 
 trigonous, mouth contracted, ciliate, cilia 3 cells long, few. Pis- 
 tillidia numerous, linear-lanceolate. Androecia terminal or situ- 
 ated on the middle of the branches, perigonial bracts 4-6, small, 
 closely imbricate, saccate at the base, subrotund, bifid to below the 
 middle, margin and segments ciliate, antheridia oval, large. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems ^— | inch long, diam. 'S mm.; leaves 
 175 mm. X 2" mm., segments '75 mm,, -5 mm., 1"5 x 175, seg- 
 ments 75 mm., '6; cells -03 mm., -03 x '035 ; stipules -85 mm. 
 X 1* mm., segments '4 mm., '2 mm.; bracts 1*25 mm. x "9 mm., 
 segments '6 mm., '5 mm.; bracteole 1.25 mm. x l* mm; perianth 
 3" mm. X 1* mm., cilia at the mouth -2 mm. long; perigonial 
 bract *5 mm. x "6 mm., segments '3 mm.; antheridia '2 mm. 
 X '15 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on trees and rocks. Rare. 10. On trees, near 
 Ooneysthorpe. .Z>r. Spruce. 15. Carn Fiaclan, Balmoral, Scotland, 
 G. Stabler. Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. Distinguished from Blepharozla ciliaris (L.) by its smaller 
 size, more procumbent habit, brownish-green colour (never rose or 
 purple), its irregularly dichotomous spreading branches, not grace- 
 fully plumose and regularly bipinnate, its crowded, much more 
 ciliated stem leaves, segments never entire, and cylindrical 
 perianth, not oblong obovate. 
 
108 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Description of Plate XXXIX. — Fig. 1-3. Plants natural 
 size. 4, Portion of stem x ?. 5, 6. Leaves and stipules x 24 
 (Husnot Hep. Gall. n. 45). 7. Leaf x 24 (Greenland, E. Brown). 
 8. Portion of leaf x 290 (Norway, S. 0. Lindberg). 9, 10. Bracts 
 X 14 (Balmoral, G. Stabler). 11. Bracteole x 24 (ditto). 12. 
 Perianth x 16 (ditto). 13. Cross-section of perianth x 16 
 (ditto). 14. Cilia from mouth of the perianth x 85 (ditto). 
 15. Perigonial bract x 24 (Newfoundland, Waghorne). 16. An- 
 theridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 Genus 11. TRICHOCOLEA {Diuu,\ Nees. 
 
 Thricolea, Dum. Comm. Bot. p. 113 (1822). 
 
 Tricholea, Dum. Syll. Jung. Eur. t. 1. f. 8 (1831). 
 
 Trichocolea (Dum.), Nees Nat. Eur. Leberm. Ill, p. 98 et 101 (1838). 
 
 Dioicous. Stems glaucous-green, conspicuous, pinnate com- 
 pound or decompound. Leaves laciniate almost to their base, 
 setaceo-multifid, succubous. Stipules multipartite. Involucre 
 terminal, or from the growth of innovations axillary. Perianth 
 when mature either free, naked and not incrassate, surrounded 
 only at the base or a little beyond by the abortive pistillidia and 
 the narrow ring of involucral scales. Or undergoing more com- 
 plete metamorphosis, in which the cortical layer of the tomentose 
 receptacle invests and becomes blended with it, so as to form a 
 cylindrical coriaceous hirsute involucre bearing at the apex the 
 abortive pistillidia. Calyptra wanting. Capsule oblong, cleft to 
 the base into 4 coriaceous valves. Pedicel bulbous at the base, 
 inserted deep within the receptacle. Elaters free, bispiral. An- 
 theridia large, axillary in the terminal leaves of separate stems. 
 
 Trichocolea tomentella (^Ehrh.), Bum. 
 
 Lichenastrum Jilicmum 2ndchru7n villosum, Dill. Hist. muse. t. 73, f. 35 (1741). 
 Jungermania tomentella, Ehrh. Beitr. 2, p. 150 (1785); Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 36 
 
 (1816). 
 Tricholea tomentella, Dum. Com. p. 113 (1<S22). 
 Trichocolea (Dum.) Nees Nat. Eur. Leberm. iii. p. 103 (1838). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely ca3spitose, large, of a white or yellowish- 
 green colour. Stems roundish, firm, pale yellowish-green, com- 
 
TRICIIOCOLEA. 109 
 
 posed of narrow, elongate cells, about 12 to IG in diameter, cortical 
 cells GO to 70, sliglitly smaller and firmer than the inner, surface 
 clothed with delicate linked branched leafy j^i'ocesses, which 
 resemble tlie last divisions of the leaves ; prostrate or suberect, 
 flexuose, furcate, bi-tripinnate, branches lateral, alternate, some- 
 what distant, ultimate pinna) very delicate ; rootlets wanting, or 
 very few near the base of the stem, pellucid, short, simple. Leaves 
 on main stem somewhat distant, horizontal, imbricate on the 
 branches and crowded into little heads at the ends of the stem 
 and branches, about 3 times wider than tlie stem, conduplicate, 
 unequally bipartite, antical lobe larger, plane or slightly convex, 
 appressed to the stem, divided almost to its base into two lanceo- 
 late segments, which are again divided and subdivided into 
 numerous hair-like processes, which are either straight, curved, or 
 zigzag, and at the apices extremely delicate ; postical lobe divided 
 in a similar manner ; cells medium to rather large in size, oblong- 
 quadrate at the base of the leaf, on the segments oblong-cylindrical, 
 3 to 4 times longer than broad, walls delicate, no trigones. 
 Stipules large, about as wide as the stem or slightly wider, and 
 about half the size of the leaves, subquadrate or roundish, narrower 
 at the base, divided nearly to the base into 3 or 4 linear-lanceolate, 
 laciniate segments, lacinia? hair-like, straight, curved, or zig-zag. 
 Bracts wanting or minute, finely divided, scale-like processes at 
 the base of the perianth. Perianth terminal in the axils of the 
 primary divisions of the stem, oblong-obovate, cylindrical, carnose, 
 composed of about G layers of cells near the base, at one part 
 where it is welded 12 to 15 cells thick, cells narrow, elongate, 
 epidermis hirsute, covered with capillary, branched processes ; 
 before rupture apex covered with about 10 abortive pistillidia 
 mixed with the hair-like processes, mouth wide, irregularly 
 lacerate, segments 5, smooth, cilia projecting over, but produced 
 from the surface of the perianth. Calyptra wanting. Pedicel 
 thick, cortical layer composed of about 140 small dark-walled 
 cells, about 20 cells in diameter, inner larger, increasing in size to 
 the middle. Capsule oval, dark reddish-brown; outer layer 
 slightly papillose, hyaline, thin ; inner layers (several) dark reddish- 
 
no EJEFATICJS. 
 
 brown. Spores smooth, pale reddisli-brown. Elaters bispiral, 
 from 12 to 20 turns, as wide as the spores and rather darker, 
 reddish-brown, Andra^cia situated on the upper surface of the 
 stem, perigonial bracts but little different from the stem leaves, 
 antheridia round, pedicel short. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 2 to 4 inches long, diameter "35 mm.^ 
 leaves *! mm. x 1'3 mm. ; cells "06 mm. x '04 mm., "08 mm. x 
 •02 mm., "07 mm. x '02 mm., '05 mm. x "02 mm. ; stipules "5 mm. 
 X "85 mm. ; perianth 6" mm. long x 2" mm. wide near the apex ; 
 pistillidia "25 mm. x "075 mm. ; pedicel "5 mm. diameter, capsule 
 1-75 mm. x 1* mm. ; spores -0125 mm.; elaters '1 ram. x -0125 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in damp shady woods amongst other mosses 
 and hepatics, or on exposed swampy banks. 
 
 1, 2, 5, 7 to 16. I. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — This is one of the most beautiful and distinct of our 
 species ; as it is the only one of the genus found in Britain it is 
 not to be confounded with any other. 
 
 Although generally distributed it is extremely rare in fruit. 
 
 The perianth appears to be a continuation of the stem, swollen 
 and hollowed out, from the base of which proceeds the pedicel. 
 
 As the abortive pistillidia are found on the surface at its apex 
 I consider the calyptra to be wanting ; I have dissected a great 
 number of perianths, having copious material from North America, 
 where it fruits more freely, without observing any trace of such 
 organ, and always finding the abortive pistillidia mixed with the 
 hair-like processes on the upper surface of the perianth. 
 
 Description of Plate XL.— Fig. 1, 2. Stems natural size. 
 3, 4. Portion of leaves x 64 (Switzerland, Jack). 5. Portion of 
 leaf X 290 (ditto). 6. Stipule x 64 (ditto). 7. Perianth x 11 
 (Oneida, N. America, Hb. Austin). 8. Cross-section of perianth, 
 lower half x 16 (ditto). 9. Ditto, uj^per half x 16 (ditto). 
 10. Mouth of perianth, explanate x 16 (ditto). 11. Cilia on 
 epidermis of perianth x 85 (ditto). 12. Pistillidium x 85 
 (Closter, N. America, Austin). 13. Capsule x 11 (Oneida, Hb. 
 Austin). 
 
BLEPHAEOSTOMA. Ill 
 
 Genus 1 2. BLEPHAROSTOMA, Dam. 
 
 Jungerniania, Linn. Fl. Suec. (1745). 
 
 Jungermania, sect. Blepharostoma, Dum. Syll. Jung. Eur. p. 65 (18)51). 
 
 Blepharostoma, Dum, Recueil, p. IH (1885). 
 
 Ptilidium, Mitt, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (18G1). 
 
 Chaetopsis, Mitt, in Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. n. 29, p. 51 (1864:). 
 
 Plants small, ciBspitose, or creeping amongst mosses. Stems 
 slender, opaque, about 5 cells in diameter, exterior smaller ; radi- 
 culose, subdicliotomously branched ; branches few, long, patulous, 
 all lateral ; flagella absent. Leaves transverse or slightly incu- 
 bous, almost to the base 4-partite ; cura capillaceous, subparallel, 
 composed of about 12 uniseriate cells; postical a little shorter, 
 middle rarely bifurcate ; cells medium size, oblong-quadrate lepto- 
 dermous, slightly chlorophyllose, almost smooth. Stipules about 
 half the length of the leaves, 3-crura. Inflorescence paroicous and 
 dioicous, terminal. Bracts $ tristichous, about 3 pairs, those 
 immediately surrounding the perianth being longer than the 
 leaves, verticillate, slightly connate, deeply 4-fid (pagina at the 
 base 4-6 cells high) ; lobes dichotomous or plurifid, lacinise fili- 
 form. Exterior bracts less divided ; in paroicous specimens base 
 turgid and antheridiferous. Perianth projecting, white, cells sub- 
 elongate, composed of a single layer of cells, pyriform-cylindrical, 
 at first distinctly obtusely triplicate, afterwards almost inflated 
 or terete, apex constricted, trigonous, mouth shortly pluri- 
 laciniate. Calyptra half the size of the perianth, slender, oblong, 
 rupturing into two lips, about 5 sterile pistillidia surrounding its 
 base. Pedicel elongate, calceolus obconical. Capsule cylindrical- 
 oblong, 4-valved, composed of two layers of cells. Elaters 
 bispiral, very obtuse, foUicule very delicate, quickly disappearing. 
 Spores smooth. Perigonial bracts about 8-pairs, equal in size 
 to the leaves, incurved, G-partitate, the middle crura 2 or 3 
 bifurcate, monandrous. 
 
112 HEPATJCJU. 
 
 1. Blepharostoma trichophyllum (Z.) D/m. 
 
 Lichenastrum trichoides minimum in extremitate JJorens, Dill. Hist. Muse, p. Kif), 
 
 t. 73, f. 37 (1741). 
 Jungermania trichophylla, Linn. Sp. PL p. IGOl (1753); Hook. Brit. Jung. n. 15 
 
 (181G). 
 Blepharostoma trichoijhyllum, Dum. Recueil, p. 18 (1835). 
 
 Paroicous, coespitose or creeping, flagella absent ; small, pale 
 o-reen in colour. Stems procumbent, rootlets few ; subdiclioto- 
 mously branched ; branches few, long, patulous, all lateral. 
 Leaves transverse or very slightly incubous, quadripartite almost 
 to the base, segments hair-like, erect, subparallel, composed of 
 from 8 to 12 uniseriate cells, postical segment a little shorter, 
 middle rarely bifurcate, cells medium to rather large in size, 
 oblong-quadrate, leptodermous, walls thin, no trigones or 
 thickened angles. Stipules about half the size of the leaves, 
 tripartite. Bracts larger than the leaves, deeply quadri- or 
 multifid, basal pagina 4-6 cells high, lobes dichotomous or 
 plurifid, segments filiform, outer bracts less divided, swollen at 
 the base, and containing single small roundish-oval antheridia ; 
 bracteole quadri- or multifid, pagina 3 or 4 cells high. Perianth 
 terminal, highly exserted, white, cells subelongate, composed of 
 one layer of cells, obtusely trigonous, mouth somewhat constricted, 
 laciniate-ciliate, lacinise 4, cilia 30-40, composed of 3 to 6 uni- 
 seriate cells, sometimes furcate and occasionally produced from 
 the upper surface of the perianth. Calyptra delicate, oblong, 
 surrounded at the base by about 5 sterile antheridia. Pedicel 
 elongate. Capsule cylindrical-oblong, valves 4, very thin, com- 
 posed of two layers of cells. Spores very small, smooth, reddish- 
 brown. Elaters very long, narrow, as broad as the spores, bispiral, 
 about 80 turns of the spiral, the whole length of about equal 
 thickness, shnilar in colour to the spores. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to finch long, '1 mm. diameter, with 
 leaves spread out '7 mm. wide ; leaves spread out "5 mm. x '8 mm., 
 cura '45 mm., -5 mm. ; cells '075 mm. x "05 mm. to "04 mm. x 
 •0125 mm.; stipule '35 mm. x *35 mm.; bracts "8 mm., "G mm. 
 x 1" mm., cura "55 mm., "5 mm. ; bracteole 'Q)b mm. x '5 mm.^ 
 
CHANDONANTHUS. 1 1 3 
 
 cura *35 ram., "5 mm.; perianth I "8 mm. x '6 mm., 15 mm. x 
 '6 mm. ; cilia at the mouth '25 mm. ; cells of perianth 'OG mm. x 
 •02 mm., '05 mm. x "03 mm. ; calj-ptra *9 mm., "55 mm., "3 mm. 
 X '175 mm. ; pistillidia '175 mm. x '05 mm. ; pedicel •125 mm. ; 
 capsule '8 mm. x '5 mm., '8 mm. x "4 mm. ; valve '8 mm. x "3 mm. ; 
 spores '01 mm. ; elaters '4 mm. x -01 mm., '3 ram. x 01 mm. ; 
 antheridia '075 mm. x -06 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in small tufts or creeping amongst mosses or 
 other hepatics, generally distributed, fruits abundantly. 
 
 1-4, 7-13, 15, 16. I. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — A very distinct species, and not to be confounded with 
 any other British one. Ur. Spruce has found some of the plants 
 to be dioicous ; all I have had the opportunity of examining I 
 find to be paroicous. He describes the spores as being rather 
 large compared with spores of other British species, but I find 
 them to be very small. 
 
 The description is partly taken from Dr. Spruce^s valuable 
 notes. 
 
 Description or Plate XLI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 2. 
 Portion of stem, postical view, x 64 (Llanberis, W. H. P.). 3, 4. 
 Leaves x 64 (ditto). 5, 6. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 7. 
 Stipule X 64 (ditto). 8. Bract x 64 (ditto). 9. Bracteole x 
 04 (ditto). 10. Perianth x 24 (ditto). 11. Cross-section of the 
 perianth x 24 (ditto). 12. Perianth opened out x 24 (ditto). 
 13. Portion of the mouth of the perianth x 85 (ditto). 14. 
 Capsule X 24 (Europe, Hb. Lesquerieux). 15. Antheridium x 
 85 (Llanberis, W. H. P.). 
 
 Genus 10. CHANDONANTHUS, Mitt. 
 
 Jungermania, Linn. Fl. Suec. ed. I., p. 337 (1745). 
 
 Chandonanthus, Mitt, in Hook. Handb. New Zeal. Fl. 2, p. 750 (1867). 
 
 Bhpharostoma, Lindb. Musci Asia; bor. p. 28 (1888). 
 
 Fruit terminal. Perianth tubular, many plicate ; mouth open ; 
 stem erect or ascending. 
 
114 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Chandonanthus setiformis {Mr//.), Mitten. 
 
 Jungermania setiformis, Ehrh. Beit., 3, p. 80 (1787-92). 
 
 Anthelia setiformis, Dum. Kecueil, p. 18 (1835). 
 
 Chandonanthus setiformis, Mitt, in Hook. f. Handb. New Zeal. Fl. 11, p. 750 
 
 (18G7). 
 Blepharostoma setiforme, Lindb. Muse. Asia> bor. p. 28 (1888). 
 
 Dioicous, cjespitose, medium to largish in size, of a yellowish- 
 brown colour. Stems simple or slightly irrejrularly furcate, 
 flexuose, filiform, rigid and somewhat brittle when dry, erect or 
 procumbent, on a cross-section 15 cells in diameter, cells opaque, 
 cortical cells 40-50, reddish-brown, smaller than the inner ; root- 
 lets few, near the base of the stem. Leaves closely imbricate, 
 bifarious, erect, appressed, semi-amplexicaul, subtransversely 
 inserted, sabquadrate, 1)roader than long, quadripartite, segments 
 lanceolate, acute, furrowed, margin outwardly curved, near the 
 base furnished with long recurved teeth ; texture firm, cells 
 smallish, roundish-quadrate or oblong roundish-quadrate, walls 
 very thick, no trigones. Stipules large, oblong-subquadrate or 
 ovate, bipartite, segments lanceolate, acute or acuminate, furrowed. 
 Bracts larger than the leaves, subquadrate, broader than long, 
 quadridentate to about the middle, segments broadly subulate 
 or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, furrowed, margin of bract and 
 segments laciniate-dentate ; bracteole oblong subquadrate, biden- 
 tate to the middle, segments broadly subulate or lanceolate, acute 
 or acuminate, furrowed, with a smaller outer lobule at both sides 
 at the base, margin laciniate-dentate. Perianth terminal, project- 
 ing about half beyond the bracts, oblong-oval, deeply 9-10-plicate 
 to the base, 2 to 3 cells thick near the base, above one cell layer, 
 mouth delicate, hyaline, laciniate-ciliate, cilia 4-G cells long, 
 2 cells wide at the base; pistillidia 12-15. Male stems much 
 more slender, with more distant leaves. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 2 inches long, -125 mm. to "2 mm. 
 in diameter, with leaves *5 mm. to 75 mm. wide; leaves '6 mm. 
 X '7 mm., segments "4 mm. x 2 mm., '5 mm. x 7 mm., seg. 
 45 mm. X '2 mm., 7 mm. x 1" mm., seg. '45 mm. x '25 mm.; 
 
CHANDONANTHUS. 115 
 
 cells '025 mm. x -02 mm., '03 mm. x -02 mm., 025 mm. 
 X '025 mm. ; stipules *5 mm. x '4 ram., seg. '35 mm. ; sub- 
 bracteole "7 mm. x '5 mm., seg. "5 mm. ; bract Tl mm. x 75 mm., 
 segments '4 mm., '5 mm., '6 mm.; bracteole I'l mm, x -75 mm., 
 seg. '6 mm.; perianth 1"8 mm. x "9 mm.; cilia at the mouth 
 •175 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grrowing in large entangled patches or straggling 
 amongst mosses in alpine situations. Very rare. 
 
 15. Balmoral, Geor//e Stabler, July 1884. 
 
 Var. alpi,ia. 15. Catlow Hills, C. Lt/ell, 1813, Glen Dole, 
 1855, lib. Carrim/fo)i. Glen Muick, J. Sim.. Slack of Birnie, 
 ./. Sim. Cairngorm, J/ooker. Scotch Alps, Dickson, Donn. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — Very distinct and not to be confounded with any other 
 of our British species. As Dr. Spruce remarks : " The whole 
 habit, the leaves and their cells, &c., recall Chandonanlhus .sqifarrosns 
 and hirfeUii-s." By some authorities it has been referred to Blcp/ia- 
 rostoma, but in that genus the perianth is uniformly trigonous ; 
 by others to A?ithelia, where the leaves are only bifid and along 
 with the stipules, which are similar and give a tristichous insertion 
 to them ; the perianth also is not so multiplicate. 
 
 Hooker figures the mouth of the perianth without cilia, but 
 in well developed specimens it is beset with them. It is only 
 recently that copious specimens with perianths have been found 
 in Norway. 
 
 The var. alpina., Hook. [Jmu/ermania jihim, Dum.), is a much 
 smaller form, very slender, filiform, with more distant and less 
 dentate leaves; it might be confounded with Antlielia j/dacea, but 
 is at once distinguished by its quadripartite leaves. 
 
 The typical form has, so far as I know, only been found in 
 Britain by Mr. George Stabler. 
 
 I have not seen the male plant nor perfect fruit. 
 
 Description of Plate XLII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem x ?. 3. Leaves x 31 (Balmoral, G. Stabler). 
 4, 5. Leaves, explanate x 24 (ditto). 6-8. Leaves x 31 (ditto). 
 9. Leaf and stipule x 24 (ditto) 10. Segment of leaf x 85 
 
116 HEP A TIC J^:. 
 
 (ditto). 11. Portion of leaf x 290. 12. Stipule x 24 (ditto). 
 13. Ditto X 31 (ditto). 14. Sub-bracteole x 31 (Norv/ay, A. Blytt). 
 15. Bract x 31 (ditto). 16. Bracteole x 31 (ditto). 17. Peri- 
 anth X 24 (ditto). 18. Cross-section of perianth x 24 (ditto). 
 19. Portion of mouth of perianth x 85 (ditto). 
 
 Subtribe IV. TRIGONAKTHE^. 
 Genus 11. LEPIDOZIA, T)im. 
 
 Jungermania, Linn. Sp. pi. 1, p. 11.3P> (1753). 
 Pleuroschisma, sect. Lepidozia, Dum. SylJ. Jung. p. 6!) (1831). 
 Mastigo2)Jiora, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leberm., 1, p. 101 (1833), nee. Syn. Hep. 
 Lepidozia, Dum. Recueil, p. 19 (1835); Nees in G.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 200 (1845). 
 Herpetitmn, sect. 1, Lepidozia, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leberm. Ill, p. 31 (1838). 
 
 Plants large, rareJy small, pale or yellowish- green, rarely very 
 green, densely osespitose, tufts depressed, rarely erect or pendulous. 
 Stems in many species firm, beautifully feather-like, pinnate or 
 bipinnate; branches lateral, sometimes attenuate and radiculose 
 at the apices, rarely, and principally in small species with postical 
 branches, which are frequently flagelliferous and radiculose. Leaves 
 incubous, small, in some species very minute, sometimes broader 
 than long, very oblique, with antical margin much longer and 
 rotundate, decurvo-concave, palmate or quadrifid almost to the 
 base, rarely 5-6- or only 2-3-fid, segments subulate, entire or 
 furnished at the antical base with a few teeth, in a few species all 
 the margin dentate ; cells usually smallish, quadrato-hexagonal, 
 inferior subelongate, angles slightly thickened, cuticle often rough ; 
 in Micro- Lejndozia very small oblong-quadrate. Stipules similar 
 to the leaves but symmetrical, in Eu-Lepidozia slightly smaller, in 
 Micro-Lepidozia about half the size of the leaves. Inflorescence 
 dioicous, in a few species (chiefly Micro-Lejjidozia) monoicous ; 
 ? on the stem, rarely on the branches, hypogenous. Bracts 3-5 
 pairs, appressed, concave, innermost frequently about three times 
 (in small-leaved species up to eight times) larger than the leaves, 
 at the apex 2-4-fid, margin denticulate or spinose. Pistillidia 
 20 or less, the sterile surrounding the base, or a little higher, 
 
LEPTDOZIA. 117 
 
 of the calyptni. Perianth ahiiost always elongate, ovate-subulate 
 or narrowly fusiform, upper portion obtusely trigonous, in E/i- 
 Lepidozia carnose, mouth entire or denticuhite, Micro- Lepidozia 
 leptodermous, mouth ciliato-laciniate. Calyptra 2-4 times shorter, 
 pyriform or oblong, below somewhat carnose, or in Micro- Lepidozia 
 whole length delicate, afterwards rupturing into two hps. Capsule 
 on a more or less firm shortly exserted pedicel, oblong-cylindrical, 
 dividing to the base into 4 valves, 2-4-strata. Elaters slender, 
 bispiral. Spores minute, smooth or asperulous. Androecia very 
 often constantly on slender postical branches, rarely (and in 
 Micro-Lepidozia principally) terminal on lateral branches ; peri- 
 gonial bracts 5-10 pairs, suborbiculate concave, apex bidentate ; 
 antheridia solitary large pedicellate. 
 
 1. Lepidozia cupressina {Sw.\ 
 
 Junyermmiia ctijjressina, Swartz Prod. Fl. Ind. occid. p. 144 (171)7?). 
 
 Jumjermaida reptans var. pinnata, Hook. Brit. Jung. n. 75 (18U»). 
 
 Pleuroschisma reptans war. pi7inata, Dum. Syll. Jung. p. (>'.> (1H;!1). 
 
 Lejjidozia pinnata, Dum. Kecueil, p. ID (LSoT)). 
 
 Herpethmi reptans var. pinnatum, Nees Nat. Hist. Eur. Leberui. Ill, p. •>2 
 
 (1838). 
 Lepidozia timiidida, Tayl. in G.L.N. 8yn. Hep. p. 20(i (1844). 
 Lepidozia, cupressina var. tumidula, Carr. Trans. Bot. Hoc. Edin. VII., 4i)o, t. xi., 
 
 f. 7 (18G3). 
 
 Dioicous, densely csespitose, flagelliferous, medium size, 
 greenish to olive or reddish-brown in colour. Stems creeping or 
 suberect, curled, on a cross-section 16 x 20 cells in diameter, 
 cortical about 50, these and the next inner layer large with thick, 
 dark walls, inner cells smaller with thinner walls, of a light golden 
 brown colour; closely pinnate or bipinnate, branches alternate, 
 unequal, often attenuate, apices fiagelliferous. Leaves incubous, 
 closely imbricate, patent or ])atent-divergent, incurved, very con- 
 cave, cordate-orbiculate or broadly subquadrate-cordate, quadrifid 
 to nearly the ^, segments acute, 8 to 12 cells broad at the base, 
 sometimes even more, postical segments much inflexed ; cells 
 smallish, opaque, subquadrate-hexagonal. \valls thick, angles 
 
118 HEFATIO/E. 
 
 slightly thickened, no trigones. Stipules large, orbicular or 
 subrotund, or roundish-subquadrate, concave, to nearly the -J 
 quadrifid, segments acutate. Perianth on short postical branches, 
 bracts several pairs, innermost largest, oval-orbicular, apex with 4 
 or 5 small teeth ; bracteole orbicular, quadri-denticulate ; sub- 
 bracteole ovate, quadri-dentate. Perianth projecting f beyond 
 the bracts, subulate, cylindrical, upper half plicate, mouth con- 
 tracted. Androecia on short postical catkins, often 3 or 4 on a 
 stem ; perigonial bracts closely imbricate, turgid, bitid; perigonial 
 bracteole oval, bidentate, texture as with the perigonial bracts 
 much more delicate than the leaves, cells larger with thinner walls. 
 Antheridia solitar}^ large, roundish-oval, shortly stipitate. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to \\ inch long, diameter "2 mm., with 
 leaves 1' mm. wide; leaves 1* mm. x •S5 mm., segments '4 mm., 
 •9 mm. X "9 mm., seg. '3 mm. ; cells '02 mm. x '025 mm., '02 mm. 
 X '02 mm., '03 mm. x "025 mm., -03 mm. x '03 mm., '035 mm. x 
 '02 mm. ; stipules "55 mm. x "55 mm., segments "2 mm., "5 mm. x 
 •45 mm., seg. '2 mm., "5 mm. x '6 mm., seg. "2 mm., "5 mm. x '5 
 mm., seg. "2 mm.; bracts 1"1 mm. x '8 mm., teeth "15 mm.; 
 bracteole '8 mm. x "6 mm., teeth "1 mm. ; sub-bracteole "6 mm. x 
 •4 mm., teeth "1 mm. ; perianth 4* mm. x '8 mm. ; perigonial 
 bract "5 mm, x '5 mm., seg. "15 mm. ; perigonial bracteole '25 
 mm. X '175 mm., seg. '075 mm. ; antheridium "2 mm. x "175 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grrowing in large dense patches on exposed or shaded 
 banks, rocks and trees. Rare. 
 
 1. Cam Galva, Cornwall, //'. Cnrnoic. 9. Helsby Crag, 
 Cheshire, W. WiUon. Clougha, Lancashire, G. Stabler, July 
 1881. 10. On gritstone boulders, Idle Woods, Dr. Carrivg- 
 ton, 1857. 12. Borrowdale, Cumberland, Dr. Carriugton and 
 W. 11. P., April 1S84. 16. Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. 
 Macvicar, 1898, W. II. P., 1899. South of Ireland, more 
 or less abundant, Jliss Hut chins, Br. Taylor, Dr. Spruce, and 
 others. 
 
 Extremely rare on the Continent, Germany, Prof. A. Braiin ; 
 France, near Cherbourg, Mons. Thuret. 
 
 Found in the West Indies and South America. 
 
LEPIDOZIA. I 1 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from L. reptans by its dioicous inflores- 
 cence, its tawny to reddish-brown colour, more robust habit, stems 
 more erect and irregularly pinnate with long flagella, leaves more 
 closely imbricated, cordate-orbiculate (not quadrate), cells across 
 the base of segments more numerous, cells smaller and more opaque 
 with thicker walls. 
 
 From L. Pear,^o)n, 8p., by its much more robust habit, shape 
 of leaves and stipules aiid androecia on short postical branches. 
 Collected first in the Ih'itish Isles by Miss Hutchins and recoo- 
 nised as distinct from L. repta/is by Hooker, who named it var. 
 pinnata, collected afterwards by Dr. Taylor, who made a new 
 species of it (Z. tumidula, Tayl.). It has been referred to by later 
 botanists as L. cupressina, var. ticinldida, but I am unable to detect 
 any difference between it and the type found in the West Indies 
 and South America. 
 
 Description or Plate XL I II. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size. 
 2. Stem, antical view x 11 (Original o^ Lepidozia tumid/da, 'J'avl., 
 Dr. Taylor, Killarney). 3, 4. Leaves x 31 (ditto). 5. Portion 
 of leaf X 290 (ditto). 6-10. Stipules x 31 (ditto). 11, 12. 
 Bracts x 24 (Killarney, S. 0. Lindberg). 13. Bracteole x 24 
 (ditto). 14. Sub-bracteole x 24 (ditto). 15. Perianth x 11 
 (ditto). 16. Perigonial bract, with antheridium x 64 (Killarney, 
 G. A. Holt). 17. Perigonial bracteole x 64 (ditto). 
 
 2. Lepidozia reptans (//.), Di(m. 
 
 Jfuscoides ierrestre repens ex obscuro viresceud, foliis superioribus et hoferioribus ad 
 extremitatem dentatis, Mich. Nov. p]. gen. ji. 10, t. 6, f. '2 (1729). 
 
 Lichenastrum multifidum exigv/um, ad basin florens, p)er siccitatem iinbricatimi, 
 Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 494, t. 71, f. 24 (1741). 
 
 Jungermania reptans, L., Sp. pi. 1599 (175B). 
 
 Pleuroschisma reptaiis, Dum. Syll. Jung. Eur. p. 69 (1S81). 
 
 Mastigophora rejitans, Nees. Nat. Eur. Leb. 1, p. 10 i (1S;;:5). 
 
 Lepidozia reptans, Dum. Kecueil. p. 19 (1^!35). 
 
 Herpetium reptans, Nees. Nat. Eur. Leb. Ill, p. ol (18;^S). 
 
 Monoicous, densely cjespitose, tufts depressed, Hagelliferous, 
 medium size, green, when older pale or yellowish-green, when dry 
 
120 HEPATIC^. 
 
 cserulescent. Steins creeping, horizontal, irregularly subpinnate 
 or sub-bipinnate, flexuose, on a cross-section 12 to 15 cells in diam., 
 hyaline, cortical larger, about 30 ; branches all lateral, some 
 attenuate ; radiculose, rootlets numerous, near base of the plant, 
 fasciculate, hyaline. Leaves incubous, imbricate or subimbricate 
 on main stem, on branches, and attenuated branches small and 
 distant, patent or patent-divergent, convex, subquadrate or semi- 
 oval, slightly longer than broad, quadri-dentate to about ^, seg- 
 ments acute, 4-7 cells broad at the base, sinus acute, apices 
 incurved, branch leaves tridentate, axillary leaves bidentate ; cells 
 medium size, subquadrate, often broader than long, Lubopaque, 
 walls thick, but somewhat delicate, no trigones or thickened angles. 
 Stipules about twice the width of the stem, very convex, sub- 
 quadrate, broader than long, quadrifid to about a third, on branches 
 trifid, segments acute. Bracts several pairs at the base of the 
 perianth, very delicate texture, subrotund or broadly oval, irregu- 
 larl}'- dentate at the apex ; bracteole very delicate texture, oval or 
 broadly oval, irregularly dentate at the apex. Perianth produced 
 on very short postical branches, projecting f beyond the bracts, 
 almost hyaline, sub-membranaceous, lower half composed of two 
 Iciyers of cells, upper half of a single layer, near the middle about 
 100 cells round, oblong-subulate, below cylindrical, above some- 
 what plicate, mouth constricted, dentate, teeth about 8. Calyptra 
 large, oval, composed of one layer of cells, Pistillidia few, 4 or 5. 
 Capsule oblong-ovate, deep brown, splitting into 4 equal lanceolate 
 valves. Spores small, verruculose, reddish-brown. Elaters bispiral, 
 not quite as broad as the spores, reddish-brown. Andnpcia 
 postical, amentiform, catkins small, composed of 4-6 pairs of 
 perigonial bracts, which are minute, delicate, complicate, broadly 
 oval when explanate, bidentate to about a fourth ; perigonial bract- 
 eoles oval, bidentate. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to l^ long, "2 mm. to '3 ram. in diam., 
 with leaves 1* mm. wide ; leaves 7 mm. x -6 mm., segments "l 5 mm., 
 •6 mm. X "45 mm. seg. '2 ram. ; cells '025 mm. x '025 mm., '035 
 mm. x '03 mm., "045 mm. x '035 mm ; stipules "4 mm. x '4 mm., 
 segments "2 mm., 4 mm. x -45 mm. seg. "15 mm.; bract 'TS 
 
LF.rinnXIA. 121 
 
 mm. X • I '25 mm., sc'Limcnts '."k) mm., '1 mm. ; Wiacteolu 1 '!'.) mm. x 
 •'.) mm.. ."^OLTmcnts "2 mm. ; perianth b' mm. x |- mm., toctli at tin- 
 muutli l mm., OTo mm.; pistillidia 175 mm. x 05 mm.; valve 
 of capsule 15 mm. x 7 mm. ; pedicel :{ mm. diam. ; spores 01 5 mm. 
 diam. ; elaters ;! mm.xOI mm.; perigonial bracts, exj^lanatc 
 ■*VJ5 mm. X "J mm., sej^nnents 075. :> mm. x •'!:) mm. ; sc^Miicnts 
 •075 mm.; antlieridia '125 mm. x "I mm. 
 
 \\.\\\. — Growing' in dense tul'ts or straL,''nlin;j: amoni^st mosses. 
 Common. I to 17. I. C. 
 
 Found on the Continent, and in North America. 
 
 Obs, — This is a common species; lor its distinguishini,^ 
 characters from A. ci/prrs.s'nia and A. Pearsunl, see notes under 
 those species; heim; monoicous it is easil}' recognised hy this 
 character. 
 
 Dksc'IUI'tion oi Pl.\t1': XL1\^- Fig. 1. Plants nat. size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x IG. '.\-i\. Leaves Xol. 7. Leaves 
 and stipule X 24. 8. Portion of leaf x 290. \), 10. Stipules x 31. 
 I 1. Bract X 24. 12. Jiracteole x 24. \:\. Perianth x 1 1. 14. Cross- 
 section of the perianth near the middle x I (). 15. Ditto, tlie 
 upper half X IG. 16. Mouth of the perianth, ex|)lanate x 85. 
 17, 18. Perigonial bracts x S5. !'.». Antheridium x 85 (all 
 Castle Howard Woods, M. K Slater). 
 
 3 Lepidozia Pearsoni. Sjjrucc. 
 
 Lejjidozia I'em'soni, Spruce Jourii. of 15ot. p. ;>l (IHHl). 
 
 Lepidoiia Wnlfsheryii, Lindb. Soc. F. Fl. Fenn. 1S8L*; l!ol. not. (Issi'). 
 
 Dioicous, creeping, medium to largish in size, from [)ale to 
 tawny-green in colour. Stems subterete, on a cross-section cells 
 15x18, cortical 40 to 50, a little larger; flaccid, very slender, 
 elongate, simple or furcate, afterwards la.xly and distantly pinnate : 
 branches short, unequal, simple, very rarely ramulose, some with 
 apices llagelliferous, microphyllous or nidiculose ; rootlets jiroceed- 
 ing more from the stem than I'rom the llagella, or ;dmost absent ; 
 all branches ujore or less lateral, a.xillary, olten with male flowers; 
 rarely a postical stolon is observed and sometimes postical amenti- 
 
122 HEPATIC^. 
 
 form male flowers. Leaves small, more or less distant, rarely sub- 
 contiguous, obliquely incubouS; patent or erecto-patent, subquadrate, 
 usually more than half or to the middle palmitifid, segments 4, 
 very rarely 5 or 6, subulate, subacuminate incurved, uncinate, at 
 the base 3-5 cells broad, the two middle ones broadest, postical 
 shorter ; cells medium size, subquadrate-hexagonal, a little elong- 
 ate, subpellucid, walls thin, sometimes with the angles slightly 
 thickened, branch leaves smaller 3, 4-fid, upper ones longer and 
 narrower, profoundly bifid. Stipules shorter than the leaves, sub- 
 rotund to subquadrate, divided to about the middle, segments 4 
 rarely 5 and more rarely 6, broadly subulate, obtuse, incurved. 
 Androecia spicate at the apex of delicate lateral branches, rarely 
 at base, more rarely on short postical branches ; perigonial bracts, 
 3-10 pairs, slightly smaller than the leaves, imbricate, concave, 
 swollen, bilobed, rarely with an additional antical basal tooth, lobes 
 ovate, acute, incurved ; bracteole subquadrate, longer than broad, 
 bi-trilobed, antheridia solitar}^ large, oval, shortly stipitate. 
 
 Habitat. Creeping loosely amongst mosses and other hepatics 
 on steep banks or rocks. Rare. 
 
 7. Tyn-y-Groes, Merionetlishire, W. H. P., A-pril 1879. 8. 
 Kinder Scout, Derbyshire, ./. Whitehead nnd G. A. Holt, March 1884. 
 12. Borrowdale, Cumberland, W. H. P., Skelwith Bridge, West- 
 morland, W. H. P. 13. New Grail oway, /. Mc Andrew. 16. Banks 
 of Loch Maree, Argyle, JJr. Carriiifjtou, October, 1889, Moidart, 
 West Inverness, S. M. Macvicrrr, 1898, ir. IT. P., 1899. Norway. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 2 inches long, 2 mm. in diameter, 
 with leaves '5 mm. wide; leaves '55 mm. x '45 mm. middle seg- 
 ment, '35 mm., "4 mm. x "4 mm. seg., "2 mm., "4 mm. x '3 mm. seg., 
 '2 mm., '5 mm. x "Smm. seg., "25 mm., 4 mm. x "35 mm. seg., "2 
 mm. : cells '033 mm., '05 mm. x '03 mm., "025 mm. x '035 mm., 
 •04 mm. X -025 mm., '045 mm. x ^03 mm. ; stipules '3 mm. x •4mm., 
 *275 mm. x '3 mm. ; segments "1 mm., '35 mm. x '375 mm. seg., 
 •15 mm., "3 mm. x '35 mm. seg., '15 mm. ; perigonial bracts '4 mm., 
 •475 mm. X '3 mm. seg., '225 mm., "35 mm. x "3 mm. seg., "15 mm., 
 •4 mm. X '4 mm. seg , "15 mm. ; perigonial bracteole "2 mm. x '2 
 mm. segments, "075 mm. ; antheridia *13 mm. x *1 1 mm. 
 
LEPinoZIA, 123 
 
 Obs. — " Lepidozia Peari^oni'i^ well distinguished from L. rcplanf^ 
 by the following characters. 
 
 " In //. Fearso7ii the whole plant is very slender and elongate, 
 and of a pale tawny colour. Stems distantly pinnate, without 
 any rooting flagella from the underside. Leaves small, those of 
 the stem usually distant, or at most contiguous, cloven to heyond 
 the middle into 4, sometimes (though rarely) into 5 or (5, suljulate 
 subacuminate segments. Stipules cloven to the middle into 4, or 
 not unfrequently into 5, more rarely into G, subulate obtuse seg- 
 ments. Inflorescence dioicous. Male spikes terminal (rarely 
 basal) on the lateral branches ; very rarely indeed on a short 
 postical ramulus. 
 
 "Z. reptcms is of a more robust habit, with shorter, more closely- 
 branched stems ; of a deep green colour when fresh, often turning 
 blueish-white, or glaucous, in drying. Leaves subimbricated, 
 cloven only half-way into never more than 4 segments, which are 
 4-7 cells wide at the base ; cells broad as long. Stipules with 
 acute segments, which are never more than 4 in number even on 
 the main stem, and are sometimes reduced to 3. The chief dis- 
 tinction, however, is in the monoicous i/i florescence, with the male 
 flowers uniformly in short catkins springing from the underside of 
 the stem (which is their normal position on nearly every other Eii- 
 lejndozla known to us, except L. Pearso)ii)." R. Spruce. 
 
 . Description of Plate XLV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. '1. 
 Portion of stem, antical view x 11. 3-6. Leaves from main stem 
 and branch x 64. 7. Portion of leaf x 290. 8, 9. Stipules x 
 64. 10. Stipule x 31. 11,12. Perigonial bracts x 64. 13. 
 Perigonial bract x 31. 14. Perigonial bracteole x "60. 15. 
 Antheridium x 85. (All drawn from specimens collected at Tyn- 
 y-Groes, N. Wales, W. H. P.). 
 
124 UEPATIGJ^. 
 
 4. Lepidozia setacea [l/'e6.), Miff. 
 
 Jungemiania setacea, Web. Spic. pi. Goett. p. 143 (1778), Hook. Brit. Jung. 
 
 t. 8 (1816). 
 Blepharostoma setacea, Dum. Recueil (I8;:!r»). 
 Lepidozia setacea (Web.) Mitt. Proc. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. p. 103 (1841). 
 
 Dioicous, densely csespitose or creeping, small, pale yellowish- 
 green to dark or olive-brown in colour. Stems very slender, 
 filiform, firm, flexuose, on a cross-section 5 and 6 cells in diameter, 
 large, clear, cortical 10-12, similar in size to the inner ; walls 
 firmer and darker ; irregularly pinnate, or subpinnate, often denu- 
 date below ; branches lateral, unequal, alternate ; flageila few, 
 postical ; radiculose, rootlets few, minute, hyaline. Leaves on 
 main stem contiguous or distant, on branches imbricate ; erect, 
 incurved, in outline subquadrate, tri-, rarely quadri-partite almost 
 to the base, where they are 6 cells broad, segments setaceous, 
 subulate, 3-6 cells long, 2, 3 cells wide at the base, branch leaves 
 often bipartite only ; texture delicate ; cells 4-, 5- and 6-angled, 
 smallish to medium size, lumen clear, walls thin but firm, no 
 trigones or thickened angles. Stipules equal in width to the 
 stem or slightly wider, erect, sometimes appressed to the stem, 
 oval-orbicular in outline, tripartite almost to the base, segments 
 setaceous, subulate, usually 4 cells long, a row of 2 at the base. 
 Perianth postical, arising usually from near the base of the stem 
 from an axil of stipule, on short branches, projecting f beyond 
 the bracts. Innermost bracts much larger than the leaves, oval- 
 orbicular, bidentate, segments ciliate-dentate, acuminate ; bracteole 
 oval, bidentate, segments ciliate-dentate, acuminate. Perianth 4 
 times longer than broad, oblong, cylindrical below, plicate above, 
 mouth somewhat contracted by the folds, ciliate-dentate, cilia few, 
 3, 4 cells long, texture delicate, cells laxer than those of the leaves, 
 elongate, almost white in colour, lower half composed of two 
 layers of cells, above of one layer. Calyptra obovate, very delicate ; 
 pistillidia 4-G, linear. Pedicel long, pellucid, delicate. Capsule 
 oval, dark chocolate-brown. Spores dark brown. Elaters bispiral, 
 slightly broader than the spores, similar in colour. Androecia 
 
LEPIDOZIA. 125 
 
 usually on short lateral branches at the middle or end, amentiform, 
 when terminal often subspherical, rarely on main stem ; perigonial 
 bracts 4, 5 pairs, closely imbricate, of delicate texture, pale colour, 
 bifid, rarely trifid, margin dentate, rarely entire. Antheridia 
 solitary, small, oval, shortly stipitate. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in dense depressed tufts or straggling amongst 
 Sphagna or other mosses and hepatics on damp shady banks, 
 moors, or marshy ground. Common. 
 
 1-3, 5, 7-10, 12-lG, I. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems \ to 1 inch long, diameter '075 to -1 mm., 
 with leaves '2 mm. wide; leaves '175 mm. x '15 mm., segments 
 '125 mm., '15 mm., "25 mm. x "2 mm., seg. "2 mm., "15 mm. x 
 •125 mm., seg-. "1 mm., 125 mm. x '1 mm., sesr. '1 mm.: cells 
 •02 mm. x '03 mm., '025 mm. x '035 mm., '04 ram. x 'Go mm., 
 "035 mm. X '02 mm.; stipules "175 mm. x "125 mm., seg. "125 
 mm.; bracts "45 mm. x "25 mm., seg. "125 mm., "55 mm. x "35 
 mm., seg. '175 mm., 75 mm. x "35 mm., seg. '15 mm. ; bracteole 
 •4 mm. X "2 mm., seg. "15 mm.; sub-bract '25 mm. x "2 mm.; 
 sub-bracteole '2 mm. x "1 mm. ; perianth 2* mm. x '5 mm., 3 "5 
 mm. X 75 mm. ; cilia at the mouth '15 mm. ; calyptra '6 mm. x 
 "4 mm. ; pistillidia "2 mm. x "05 mm. ; capsule 7 mm. x "35 mm., 
 valves '8 mm. x '3 mm. ; pedicel "175 mm. diam. ; spores "01 mm. 
 diam.; elaters '175 mm. x "0125 mm.; perigonial bracts "25 mm. 
 X "15 mm., seg. "175 mm., '3 mm. x "2 mm., seg. "2 mm., "325 
 mm. X "225 mm., seg. "175 mm. ; perigonial bracteole "25 mm. x 
 '1 mm., seg. "2 mm., "1 mm. ; antheridia "08 mm. x "OG mm. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from all other British Lejndoz'ue by its 
 smaller size, deeply divided leaves with subulate segments ; from 
 Blejjharo.sfoma Irkltopliijllum by its smaller size, more robust habit, 
 darker colour, shorter segments of leaves, lateral branches, long- 
 narrow perianth, and dioicous inflorescence. 
 
 Tlie varieties sertularioldes and Schulfzii {Jiui//. scrtidariuides, 
 Linn, f suppl., p. 449 ; Juftg. Schulfdi, Spreng Pugill., 1, p. 64) 
 with smaller, closer imbricated leaves, are found in drier situations, 
 and pass to the normal form in damper localities. 
 
12G HEPATIC.^:. 
 
 One form (near Festiniog, Dr. C. and IF. H. I*., and Killarney, 
 H. 0. L.) is larger, more regularly pinnate, of a softer texture 
 with tlie bracts hardly so laciniate as the usual form, but I have 
 observed no other characters to separate it from the type. 
 
 Dr. Spruce found on Strensal Moor a stout and often fertile 
 form which has leaves mostly 4-cleft, although in laxer forms of 
 the species, leaves with more than 3 divisions are rare. 
 
 The perfect fruit of this species is very rare. 
 
 Description of Plate XLVI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size 
 Portion of stem, antical view x 24 (Killarney, S. 0. Lindberg) 
 3. Ditto, postical view x 85, showing stipules (ditto). 4, 5 
 Leaves x 85 (ditto). G, 7. Leaves x 85 (Barton Moss, Lane. 
 W. H. P.). 8. Leaf x 85 (Aust. Hep. Am. Bor. n. 76). 9, 10. 
 Branch leaves x 85 (Killarney, S. 0. L.). 11. Branch leaf x 85 
 (Barton Moss, W. H. P.). 12. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 
 13, 14. Bracts x 64 (White Mts., N. America, Gates). 15. 
 Bracteole x 64 (ditto). 16. Sub-bract x 64 (ditto). 17. Sub- 
 brac^eole x 64 (ditto). 18. Perianth x 31 (ditto). 19. Portion 
 of the mouth of the perianth x 85 (Tyn-y-Groes, N. Wales, 
 W. H. P.). 20. Capsule and calyptra x 31 (White Mts., 
 Oakes). 21 Perigonial bract x 85 (Aust. Hep. Am. bor., n. 7Q). 
 22, 23. Ditto X 64 (Sussex, Gr. Davies). 24. Perigonial bracteole 
 X 64 (ditto). 25. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 Genus 12. BAZZANIA, Gr. ^^ B. 
 
 Jnngermania, Linn. FJ. Suec. ed. 1, p. .'5;5.") (174;")). 
 
 Bazzatiia, Gr. & Benn. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 1, p. 704 (1S21). 
 
 Pleuroschisma, sect. Pleuroschismotypus, Duni. Syll. Jung., p. 70 (1S;51). 
 
 Pleuroschisma, Dum. Recueil, p. 1!) (ISoS). 
 
 Berpetium, Nees, Nat. Hist. Eur. Leberm., Ill, p. 214 (1838). 
 
 Masiigobri/um, G.Jj.^. Syn. Hep. p. 214 (1845). 
 
 Stems firm, almost round, slightly compressed frontally, 
 repeatedly furcate, dichotomous. Branches postical, very short 
 and floriferous, or often elongate, microphyllous and radiculose. 
 Cells of the stem several layers, cortical similar to the inner ones, 
 opaque. Leaves incubous, alternate, in a few species opposite, at 
 the base more or less imbricate, apex more or less distant, decurved, 
 
JlJZZ.iXM. 127 
 
 sometimes (principally when dry) secund, always oblique, some- 
 times llilcate, about twice as long as broad, at the base semicor- 
 dato-ovate, gradually becoming narrower, the upper half subligu- 
 late, apex plane, almost always truncato-tridentate, rarely 4-dentate 
 or subentire — in a few species equally bidentate, or unequally 
 bilobed ; margin in most species entire, in a few species postical 
 base spinose or dentate. Cells near the base elongate, others 
 small, subquadrate, guttulate, usually smooth, walls and angles 
 distinctly thickened. Stipules everywhere present, about half the 
 size of the leaves, rarely 3-4 times shorter, broader than the stem, 
 appressed, very often subrotundo-quadrate, rarely longer, apex 
 truncate, very often 4-crenate or incised, rarely subentire, margin 
 entire or subdentate ; in a few species cordate at the base, auricles 
 sometimes spinose. Flagella unequally leaved ; leaves minute, 
 tristichous, ovate, concave, apex bidentulate, rarely only apiculate 
 or tridenticulate, producing from near the base long pale radicles. 
 Inflorescence dioicous, both sexes cladogenous, constantly on 
 postical branches. Bracts $ 3- 5-pairs, innermost largest (but 
 often shorter than the leaves), closely imbricate, concave, orbicu- 
 late or ovate, rarely ovato-lanceolate, apex lobulate, laciniate or 
 ciliate, subscariose ; cells rather large, elongate, 4- G-angled. 
 Pistillidia 10-lG. Perianth ovato-subulate or fusiform. 3 to 4 
 times longer than broad, subcarnose at the base, leptodermous, at 
 first tricarinate at the base, keels broad, quasi G-plicate, on the 
 maturing of the fruit the keels almost obliterated, sometimes sub- 
 terete, with only the apex trigonous constricted, mouth in perfect 
 state with 12-15 long cilia. Ualyptra about half the size of the 
 perianth, pyriform or cylindrical-oblong, at the base 3-strata, 
 surrounded by the sterile pistillidia, above 2-strata. Capsule 
 about half the size of the calyptra, oblong, subcylindrical, about 
 5-strata, dividing to the base into 4 valves. Elaters slender, sub- 
 obtuse, about half the breadth of the minute spores. Amentula S 
 antical, proceeding from the axil of the stipule, short, incurved : 
 bracts 5, rarely up to 10-pairs, ovate, concave or subcomplicato- 
 convolute, apex truncate, bifid, or bispinose, rarely entire ; 
 antheridia two longistipitate, rarely solitary. 
 
128 HEPATIC^. 
 
 1. Bazzania trilobata (Z.), Gr. 8f B. 
 
 MtisGoides ierrestris repens, ex obscuro virescens, foliis superioribus et inferioribus 
 ad extremiiatem dentatis, Mich. Nov. pi. gen. p. 10, t. 6. f. 2 (1727). 
 
 Lichenastrmii pinnulis obtuse trijidis nervo geniculato, Dill. Hist, muse, p. 493, 
 7, 71, f. 22 (1741). 
 
 Jungermania trilobata, Linn. Sp. pi. 1599 (175?») ; Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 7G 
 (1816). 
 
 Bazzania trilobata, Gr. it B. Nat. Arr, Brit. PI. p. 704 (1821). 
 
 Pleuroschisma trilobatum, Dum. Syll. Jung. p. 70 (1831). 
 
 Jlerpetium ti'ilobatum, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. Ill, p. 49 (1838). 
 
 ^[astigobryum trilobatuvi, Nees in G.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 230 (1845). 
 
 Dioicous, densely csespitose, flagelliferous, large, dark to olive 
 green in colour. Stems on a cross-section showing about 20 cells 
 in diameter, cortical about 90, the 2 or 3 outer layers composed of 
 subquadrate cells with firm walls, equal in size to the inner, which 
 are hyaline with thin walls ; simple or once or twice dichoto- 
 mously branched, erect procumbent or creeping horizontally on 
 the ground, llexuose, rather rigid ; flagella abundant, about an 
 inch long, descending from the postical side of the stem, beset 
 with minute leafy scales ; radiculose, rootlets few, fibrous. Leaves 
 more or less imbricate on the antical side of the stem, horizontal, 
 distichous, semi-broadly-ovate, broadly truncate at the apex, tri- 
 dentate, teeth acute, sinuses acute ; texture firm, epidermis 
 slightly polished, cells medium to rather large in size, roundish- 
 quadrate, angles thickened or with large distinct trigones, walls 
 thick. Stipules transversely inserted (not cordate), oblong quad- 
 rate, coarsely and irregularly dentate, cells with thickened angles. 
 Inflorescence cladocarpous, $ on short postical branches, bracts 
 few, much smaller than the leaves, of a delicate texture, cells 
 elongate, walls thin ; orbicular or subrotund, ciliate at the apex. 
 Perianth highly exserted, lanceolate, cylindrical at the base, which 
 is 4 layers of cells thick, near the middle 2, upper portion 
 triplicate and composed of a single layer of cells, about 170 
 cells round, mouth small, with few teeth 3 to 4 cells long, 
 2 to 4 cells wide at the base. Calyptra small, oblong-ovate 
 4 cells thick at the base, 2 above, pistillidia about 8, long and 
 
IIAZZANIA. 129 
 
 narrow. Pedicel on a cross-section showing 16 large round 
 cortical ceils with firm walls, inner cells 5 in diameter, extremely 
 delicate, hexagonal or subquadrate. Capsule ovate, dark shining 
 brown, dividing nearly to the base into 4 oblong valves, of a thick 
 texture. Spores reddish-brown, verruculose. Elaters bispiral, 
 similar in colour to the spores, not quite as broad. 
 
 Androecia postical, minute, amentiform ; perigonial bracts very 
 delicate, 4, 5 pairs, closely imbricate, concave-complicate, bifid or 
 with few teeth ; antheridia solitary, small, shortly stipitate. 
 
 Var. minus Nees. Usually growing on rotting wood, is much 
 smaller than the type, prostrate, dichotomously branched, branches 
 spreading. 
 
 Dimensions.— Stems usually 3 to 4 inches long, sometimes 1 
 to 2, rarely 5; *4 mm. in diameter, with leaves 5' mm. wide; 
 leaves 2*5 mm. x 1"75 at the base and '6 mm. at the apex, teeth 
 •2 mm. long, 3* mm. x 2- mm. near the base and '5 mm. near the 
 apex ; cells "04 mm. x 03 mm., "045 mm. x "04 mm., "04 mm. x 
 *04 ram.; stipules 1' mm. x '8 mm., *8 mm. x 7 mm.; bracts 
 1*5 mm. X 1" mm., 2* mm. x 1*5 mm., 1*75 mm. x 1" mm. ; cilia 
 •75 mm., '5 mm. ; pistillidia "325 mm. x '06 mm. ; perianth 
 6* mm. X 1*25 mm., teeth at the mouth •125 ram. ; pedicel '5 mm. 
 diam. ; valves of capsule 1*6 mm. x "5 mra. ; spores "0175 ram. 
 diara. ; elaters '3 ram. x 'Ol rara. ; perigonial bracts '5 mm. x 
 •5 mra.; antheridia 1 ram. x '075 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in dense patches on damp, shady banks or 
 rocks, rarer on rotting wood. Common in subalpine districts, 
 very rare in fruit. 
 
 1, 2, 6-8.. 10-16. I. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 Obs. — A very striking and one of our finest native species. 
 From B. fricrenafa (Wahlenb.) it is distinguished by its much larger 
 size, broader stems, greener colour, less deflexed leaves and its 
 oblong-quadrate stipules, which are coarsely and irregularly dentate. 
 Mr. Greorge Stabler has found on specimens collected on 
 Black Crag, Staveley, Westmoreland, flagella both branched and 
 bearing male catkins. 
 
130 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Description or Plate XL VII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 11 (C. & P. Hep. Brit. Exsicc. 
 n. 187). 3-5. Leaves x 11 (ditto). 6. Portion of leaf x 290 
 (ditto). 7, 8. Stipules x 24 (ditto). 9-11. Bracts x 16 (ditto). 
 12. Perianth x 11 (ditto). 13. Cross-section of the perianth 
 near the base x 16 (ditto). 14. Ditto lower half near the middle 
 X 16 (ditto). 15. Ditto, near the mouth x 16 (ditto). 16. 
 Teeth, mouth of the perianth x 85 (ditto). 17-19. Perigonial 
 bracts x 24 (Killarney, S. 0. Lindberg). 20. Ditto x 64 (ditto). 
 21. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 2. Bazzania triangularis (^ScJdeicher), Lindb. 
 
 Jungermania triangularis, Schleich. PI. Crypt. Helv. ii. n. 61 (1805). 
 Jungermania dejiexa, Mart. Fl. Crypt. Erlang. p. 135, tab. 3, Fig. 8 (1817). 
 Bazzania triangularis (Schleich.), Lindb. Hep. in Hep. 499 (1874). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely csespitose, or creeping, flagelliferous, small, 
 brownish-green or olive-brown. Stems dichotomously innovantly 
 branched, innovations proceeding from the axil of the stipules, 
 slender, frao:ile, cortical cells about 20, about 8 in diameter, all 
 similar ; flagella abundant, microphyllous ; radiculose, rootlets 
 fasciculate, hyaline. Leaves incubous, horizontal or patent- 
 divergent, distant or approximate, caducous, deflexed, convex or 
 plane, oblong-ovate or ovate, apex entire acute or irregularly bi- 
 tridentate ; cells smallish to medium size, roundish, walls firm, 
 trigones large and distinct. Stipules patulous, orbicular, sub- 
 rotund or obovate, entire, retuse, emarginate, or irregularly crenate. 
 Androecia postical, proceeding from axil of stipule, bud-like, 
 globular. Perigonial bracts 4, 5 pairs, concave-complicate, broadly 
 ovate, bidentate, sinus and segments small, acute; bracteole oval- 
 orbicular, retuse. Antheridia solitary, oval, stipitate. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |- to 1 inch long, -15 mm. to "2 mm. in 
 diameter, with leaves 1" mm. wide; leaves "6 mm. x "4 mm., 
 7" mm. X '4 mm., "7 mm. x '35 mm., 1'2 mm. x '6 mm., 
 1*5 mm. X "7 mm.; cells "03 mm.; stipules '4 mm. x "35 mm., 
 '25 mm. X '25 mm., 2 mm. x 2 mm.; perigonial bract '4 mm. 
 
 i 
 
BAZZANIA. 131 
 
 X '3 mm. ; sinus '05 mm. ; perigonial bracteole '3 mm. x "25 mm. ; 
 antheridia '115 mm. x '09 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grrovving in loose tufts or creeping loosely amongst 
 mosses and other hepatics, on exposed or shaded banks, rocks, 
 or trunks of living trees. 7. Tyn-y-Groes, Merioneth, Dr. 
 Carrington 8f TF. H. P. Cwm Idwal, Carnarvon, W. H. P. 
 10. Dent, Yorks, George Stabler. 13. Borrowdale, Cumberland, 
 Dr. Carrittgton Sj' IF. H. P. 16. Moidart, West Inverness, 
 ^iS'. WI. Macvicar. I. Killarney, Dr. Carrington and others. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — I am uncertain whether to regard this as the male form 
 of B. tricrenafa, or as a distinct species, or as merely a variety ; 
 the numerous specimens I have been enabled to examine are either 
 sterile or male plants only. 
 
 It is distinguished from B. tricrenafa by its smaller size, more 
 slender stems, which are usually, but not always, dichotomously 
 innovantly branched, leaves soon falling away, proportionately 
 shorter (except in var. faccida); cells rounder, with large and 
 distinct trigones, stipules patulous, usually sub-entire. In var. 
 faccida the leaves are plane, narrower, often entire and apiculate. 
 
 From B. Pearsoni (Steph.) it differs in its smaller size, more 
 delicate habit, brownish-green or olive-brown colour, dichotomous 
 ramification, antical base of leaf not large or overlapping, cells 
 with large trigones and broader stipules. 
 
 Description or Plate XL VIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 24 (C. k P. Hep. Brit. 
 Ex. 124). 3. Leaf x 24 (ditto). 4, 5. Ditto x 64 (ditto). 
 6-8. Ditto x 24 (G. & R. Hep. Eur. n. 198). 9. Ditto x 24 
 (G-. & R. Hep. Eur. n. 401). 10. Portion of leaf x 290 (C. & P. 
 n. 124). 11. Stipule x 24 (G. & R n. 198). 12-14. Ditto x 64 
 (C. & P. n. 124). 15, 16. Ditto x 85 (ditto). 17. Male amen- 
 tulum X 24 (ditto). 18. Perigonial bract x 64 (ditto). 19, 20. 
 Perigonial bracteoles x 64 (ditto). 21. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
132 HEPATIC^. 
 
 3. Bazzania tricrenata (JVaJilenherg). 
 
 Jungermania tricrenata, Wahlenb. Fl. Carp. p. 364, n. 1207 (1814). 
 
 Dioicous, densely or loosely csespitose, flagelliferous, largish to 
 large in size, brownish-green to dark brown in colour. Stems 
 erect or procumbent, slightly branched, branches erect ; cortical 
 cells about 40, similar to the inner cells, only with firmer walls, 
 15 to 18 cells in diameter; somewhat brittle w^ien dry, flagella 
 abundant, microphyllous, proceeding from the axil of the stipules ; 
 radiculose, rootlets few, fasciculate, hyaline. Leaves approximate 
 or subimbricate, alternate, horizontal, strongly deflexed, when dry 
 involute, semi-cordate-ovate or semi-ovate-oblong, falcate, arcuate 
 at the antical margin, bi-tridentate at the narrow apex ; cells 
 medium size, roundish-quadrate, walls firm, angles thickened or 
 with trigones distinct. Stipules twice as broad as the stem, 
 roundish-quadrate or suborbicular, usually broader than long, 
 margin irregularly crenate or dentate, sometimes emarginate. 
 Inflorescence $ cladocarpous, arising from the axil of stipule ; 
 sub-bracts and sub-bracteole ovate, bifid; innermost bracts 
 ovate, quadrifid. Perianth lanceolate, cylindrical, plicate at the 
 apex, mouth small, denticulate. Pistillidia long, about 7. 
 Capsule not seen. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems about 2 inches long, diameter "2 mm., 
 with leaves 1"25 mm. wide; leaves "75 mm. x *45 mm. at apex 
 •175 mm. wide, 1*4 mm. x '9 mm. at apex, "25 mm., 1"3 mm. 
 X '8 mm. at apex, '3 mm., I'l mm. x '7 mm. at apex, "2 mm., 
 •9 mm. X 65 mm. at apex, '25 mm. ; cells '04 mm. x "03 mm., 
 •035 mm. x '03 mm., '03 mm. x '025 mm. ; stipule '4 mm, 
 X '5 mm., ^3 mm. x '5 mm., '35 mm. x *35 mm. ; sub-bracts 
 •55 mm. x "45 mm., '5 mm. x "4 mm., "6 mm. x "5 mm. ; sub- 
 bracteole "4 mm. X "3 mm. ; innermost bracts *5 mm. x "4 mm. 
 segments, '25 mm., "6 mm. x "4 mm. segments '3 mm. ; pistillidia 
 •2 mm. X '05 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in large tufts on exposed or shaded banks in 
 subalpine localities. 
 
 7, 10, 12, 13, 15-17. I. 
 
BAZZANIA. 133 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 Obs. — Differs from B. frilobafa (L.) in its smaller size, 
 brownish colour (not pale or dark green), more deflexed, and 
 when dry, involute leaves, which are shorter and narrower, witli 
 narrower apices, teeth longer and more acute. 
 
 From B. triangularis (Schleicher) and B. Pearsoni (Steph.) ; see 
 notes under each species. 
 
 Description of Plate XLIX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 24 (C. & P. Hep. Brit. Ex. 
 n. 266). 3, 4. Leaves x 31 (ditto). 5, 6. Ditto x 31 (C. & P. 
 n. 122). 7, 8. Ditto x 31 (C. & P. n. 123). 9. Portion of leaf 
 X 290 (Rosthwaite, Cumberland, Carrington & Pearson). 10. 
 Stipule X 31 (C. & P. n. 122). 11, 12. Ditto x 31 (C. & P. 
 n. 123). 13. Stipule x 31 (C. & P. n. 266). 14-16. Sub-bracts 
 X 24 (Killarney, Stewart & Holt). 17. Sub-bracteole x 24 
 (ditto). 18, 19. Innermost bracts x 24 (ditto). 20, Perianth 
 X ? (from Lindenb. Spec. Hep.). 21. Pistillidium x 85 
 (Killarney, Stewart & Holt). 
 
 4. Bazzania Pearsoni {StcjjJiani). 
 
 Masligohryum Pearsoni, Stephani, " Hedwigia " (1893). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely caespitose, flagelliferous, largish, ochraceous. 
 Stems erect or procumbent, simple or with one, rarely two short 
 branches, fiexuose, filiform, uncinate at the apex, on a cross-section 
 cortical cells about 25, with thick walls, inner more delicate, 8-10 
 cells in diam. ; flagella few, raicrophjdlous ; radiculose, rootlets 
 few, hyaline, fasciculate, delicate. Leaves distant, alternate, much 
 deflexed when dry, somewhat fragile, reniform, with large over- 
 lapping base, apex acute or truncate, entire or irregularly bi- 
 tridentate ; cells small, roundish-quadrate or elongate, guttulate, 
 walls thick, angles very much thickened, no trigones. Stipules 
 patulous, convex, slightly decurrent, obovate, ovate or orbicular, 
 entire or retuse. Inflorescence ? cladocarpous, arising I'rom axil 
 of the stipules. Sub-bracts small, few (4), ovate, bitid ; bracteole 
 obovate, entire. Innermost bracts ovate, bi-tridentate, margin 
 
134 HEPATIC^. 
 
 entire or denticulate. Pistillidia small, few (4-6). No perfect 
 perianth seen. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 2 inches long, 2 mm. in diameter, with 
 leaves 1'5 mm. wide; leaves 1- mm. x 75 mm. ; cells '03 mm. x 
 •02 mm., '025 mm. x '02 mm., "035 mm. x 02 mm. ; marginal 
 cells "02 mm. x "02 mm., "015 mm. x '02 mm. ; stipules '5 mm. x 
 '4 mm., *4 mm. x '3 mm., '5 mm. x '5 mm., '4 mm. x '3 mm. ; 
 sub-bracts -4 mm. x -3 mm., "3 mm. x '2 mm, ^ sub-bracteole 
 •4 mm. X -3 mm.; innermost bracts "3 mm. x '2 mm,, 'o mm. x 
 •35 mm. ; pistillidia '125 mm. x '04 mm. 
 
 Hab, — Very rare, the only known stations being on banks and 
 rocks Eagle's Nest, Horses Grlen, Cromaglown, Killarney, Steivart 
 8f Holt, June 1885. 
 
 Obs. — Differs from B. fricreuata (Wahlenb.) in its ochraceous 
 colour, the proportionately broader leaves with large overlapping, 
 antical base, smaller cells with thicker walls and much thicker 
 angles. From B. triangularis (Schleich.) by its larger size, ochra- 
 ceous colour and cell structure. 
 
 Description of Plate L. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 2. 
 Portion of stem, antical view x 24. 3-5. Leaves x 24. 6. 
 Portion of leaf x 290. 7-13. Stipules x 24. 14-17. Sub- 
 bracts X 24. 18. Sub-bracteole x 24. 19, 20. Innermost 
 bracts x 85. 21. Pistillidium x 85. 
 
 Genus 13. KANTIA. Gr. 8^- B. 
 
 Mnium, Dill. Hist. muse. p. 236, n. 5, et p. 237, n. G (1741); Linn. Sp. PI., 
 
 1 ed., 2, p. 1114, nn. 16 et 17 (1753). 
 Jungermania, Mich. Nov. pi. gen. p. 8, n. 2, tab. 5, Fig. 14 (1729). 
 Calypogeia, sect. B. Amphif/astriatce, Radd. in Att. soc. Modena, 18, p. 44, 
 
 tab. 6, Figs. 3 and 4 (1818). 
 Kcmtia, Gr. & Benn. Nat. Arr. Brit. PL 1, p. 706, n. 28 (1821). 
 Citicinnulus, Dum. Comm. bot. p. 113 (1822). 
 
 Plants rather large, depressed csespitose, pale green or olive, 
 rarely brownish, prostrate or with apices (often gemmiparous), 
 assurgent. Stems moderately firm, simple, rarely furcate, 
 
KANT I A. 135 
 
 branches postical axillary to the stipules. Leaves rather large, 
 imbricate, incubous, alternate, plane or convexiilous, oblong, some- 
 times twice as long as broad, often subrhomboid, entire, apex 
 rotundate or retuse, rarely acute, bidentate or bilobed ; cells lax, 
 rather large, rarely large or of medium size, quadrate or oblong- 
 hexagonal. Stipules everywhere present, about half the size of 
 the leaves, subrotund, rarely reniform, apex entire, retuse or bifid, 
 margin entire, rarely denticulate or spinulose or on both sides 
 unidentate or lobulate ; often very delicate. Flowers hypogenous, 
 produced from the axils of the stipules, dioicous or monoicous 
 (sometimes paroicous). Bracts ? 2-3 pairs, tristichous, much 
 smaller than the leaves, subrotund, oval, or lanceolate, entire or 
 2-4-fid, subconnate. Pistillidia about 12. Perianth pendulous, 
 attached by one side of its mouth to the stem, pendant or 
 descending into the earth, clavate or subcylindrical, carnose, 
 pluristratose, hairy. Calyptra membranous, a little shorter than 
 the perianth, attached to the perianth, but free in the upper 
 fourth part. Capsule on a long, firm pedicel, cylindrical, 3-4 
 times longer than broad, bistratose, inner layer with semi- 
 annular fibres, valves linear, twisted, deeply coloured. Elaters 
 filiform, somewhat short, subobtuse, bispiral. Spores minute, 
 about the same diameter as the elaters, scaberulous. 
 
 1. Kantia Trichomanis (Z.). Gr. 8f B. 
 
 Jungermania terrestris rejiens, foliis ex rotundinate acuminatis, bijidis, apertura 
 
 2Jene visihili, Mich. Nov. pi. gen. 8, t. 5, f. 14 (1739). 
 Mniuvi Trichomanis facie, foliis integris, Dill. Hist, muse, p. 23G, t. 31, f. 5 
 
 (1741). 
 Mniicm Trichomanis facie, foliis hifidis, Dill. Hist, muse, p. 237, t. -M, f. 6 
 
 (1741). 
 Mnium IVichomanis, Linn. Sp. pi., p. 1571) (17");')). 
 Milium flssnm, Linn. Sp. pi., p. 1579 (1753). 
 Janyermania 7'richoma7iis, lYicks. PI. crypt. Biit. fasc. Ill, t. 8, f. 5 (1793); 
 
 Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 79 (1816). 
 Junyermania fissa, Scop. Fl. Carn. 2, p. 348 (1772). 
 Kantia Trichomanis, Gi\ k B. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. p. 70(1 (1821). 
 
13G HEPATICjE. 
 
 Cincinnidus Trichomanis, Diiiu. Comm, Bot., p. 113 (1822). 
 Calypogeia Trichomanis, Corda in Opiz. Nat., p. 653 (1829) ; in Sturm Deutsch. 
 Fl. fasc. 19, p. 38, t. 10 (1835). 
 
 Heteroicous (monoicous and paroicous), depresso-csespitose, 
 medium to largish in size, pale to dark green in colour. Stems 
 prostrate or apices assurgent, moderately firm, simple or rarely 
 furcate, branches postical, elongate, attenuate, gemmiparous ; 
 radiculose, rootlets many, proceeding in tufts from base of the 
 stipules. Leaves usually small at the base and at apex, largest at 
 the middle of stem, imbricate, incubous, alternate, patent-divergent 
 or horizontal, slightly convex, ovate, entire, apex rotundate or 
 rarely acute, or very slightly bidentate, cells lax, oblong-hexagonal 
 or hexagonal, medium to rather large, walls thin, trigones very 
 small. Stipules nearly half the size of the leaves, about twice as 
 broad as the stem, subrotund, bifid to about a third, refuse or 
 subentire, lobes obtuse, sinus obtuse, margin entire. Bracts very 
 small, 2 or 3 pairs, oblong-quadrate, slightly bifid. Perianth 
 arising from axil of stipule, pendulous, subterraneum, cylindrical 
 or subclavate, carnose, composed of several layers of cells, near 
 base 6 layers, near the mouth surrounded by layers of small and 
 broadly subulate scales, which are often found on other parts of 
 the perianth; radiculose, rootlets long delicate hyaline, interior 
 layer covered with long papillae, composed of single, elongated 
 cells. Calyptra free, 2-4 cells thick near the base, pistillidia 
 long, narrow, about 10. Pedicel thick, about the same diameter 
 as the capsule. Capsule cylindrical, 3 to 4 times longer than 
 broad, composed of two layers, valves spiral, linear. Spores pale 
 brown. Elaters reddish-brown, 20-30 turns of the spiral, bispiral. 
 Androecia bud-like, sometimes catkin-like, postical, situated in the 
 axil of the stipule, near the $, perigonial bracts very small, 
 about 3 to 4 pairs, subrotund, trifid, segments acute, sinus obtuse, 
 antheridia about 10, oval. 
 
 Gemmae often pedicellate, in spherical heads, yellow-green. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems f to 1^ inch long, '3 mm. to '4 mm. in 
 diameter, with leaves 3* mm. broad; leaves 2* mm. x 1*5 mm., 
 sinus "1 mm. ; cells '04 mm. x "03 mm., "07 mm. x '04 mm., 
 
KANTIA. 137 
 
 •05 mm. X "04 mm. ; trigones "0075 mm. ; stipules 75 mm. x 
 •8 mm,, segments "25 mm., 7 mm. x •9 mm., seg. '2 mm., '55 mm. 
 X "6 mm., seg-. "05 mm., "5 mm. x "G mm. : bract "15 mm. x •! mm. ; 
 perianth 5' mm. x 1* mm. ; scale near the mouth of the perianth 
 •2 mm. X "125 mm., projecting cells, interior of the periantli 
 •075 mm. x 'OS mm., '06 mm. x "035 mm. ; pistillidia '25 mm. x 
 •03 mm. ; pedicel 75 mm. diam. ; capsule 3-25 mm. x 75 mm. ; 
 spores '015 mm. diam. ; elaters '2 mm. x "02 mm. ; perigonial 
 bracts "3 mm. x '25 mm., seg. -1 mm. ; antheridia "125 mm. x 
 •1 mm. 
 
 Obs. — This is a very distinct species, and cannot well be eon- 
 founded with any other, except the following, wliich see. 
 
 The attenuate, gemmiparous stems, the rotundate, acute or 
 slightly bidentate leaves, the lateral, pendant perianth and cylin- 
 drical capsule distinguishing it from other species. 
 
 Kaiitia argufa (Mont.), the other British species of this genus 
 is a much smaller, more delicate plant, with deeply bidentate 
 leaves, and is dioicous. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in moderate-sized patches in bogs, on damp 
 or wet banks in woods, &c. Common. 
 
 1-17. I. 
 
 Generally distributed on the Continent and in North 
 America. 
 
 Description of Plate LI.^Fig. 1. Plants nat. size. 2. Stem, 
 antical view x 11 (Loch Bray, Prof. Lindberg). 3. Portion of 
 leaf, showing sinus x 24 (ditto). 4. Portion of leaf x 290 
 (ditto). 5. Stipule x 24 (Goathland, York., Slater). 6, 7. 
 Stipules X 24 (Loch Bray, Prof. Lindberg). 8, 9. Ditto x 24 
 (Ottawa, Macoun). 10. Bract x 24 (ditto). 11. Perianth x 11 
 (Tyn-y-Groes, C J. Wild). 12. Scale, near mouth of perianth x 
 85 (ditto). 13. Projecting cells from interior of the perianth x 
 85 (ditto). 14. Capsule x 11 (ditto). 15. Perigonial bract x 
 85 (Closter, N. America, C. F. Austin). IG. Antheridium x 85 
 (ditto). 17. Perigonial bracteole (ditto). 
 
138 HEPATIC^. 
 
 2. Kantia Sprengelii {Mart.). 
 
 Junyermania Sjjrengelii, Mart. FI. Crypt. Erlang., p. ];5o, t. ?>, f. 6 (1817). 
 
 Cincinmdus Sprengelii, Dnm. Syil. Jung., p. 73 (1831). 
 
 Ccdypoyeia Trichomanis, var. Sprengelii, Nees Eur. Leb., Ill, p. !) (1838). 
 
 Heteroicous (monoicous and paroicous), cpespitose, medium 
 size, pale to dark-green in colour. Stems prostrate or suberect, 
 simple or furcate, attenuate often at the apex and gemmiparous ; 
 radiculose, rootlets plentiful, proceeding from the base of the 
 stipules. Leaves approximate or imbricate, horizontal or patent- 
 divergent, broadly ovate, apex entire, acute or rotundate or acutely 
 and shallowly bidentate, sinus and segments acute, margin entire ; 
 texture lax ; cells rather large, hexagonal or oblong-hexagonal, 
 walls thin, nucleate granules clinging to the walls making them 
 appear thicker, trigones very minute or absent. Stipules about a 
 fifth to a fourth smaller than the leaves, about twice as broad as 
 the stem, irregular in shape, suboblate to subreniform, bifid to 
 about a third, sinus wide, acute or obtuse, segments spreading 
 acute or obtusate, lobate, outer lobe smaller. Male and female 
 flowers proceeding from axil of stipules, sometimes the two pro- 
 ceeding from the one axil. Perfect fruit and male flowers I have 
 not seen. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from ^ to 1 J inch long, "3 mm. in diameter, 
 with leaves 25 mm. wide; leaves 1-6 ram. x 1*2 mm., sinus 
 •01 mm., 1-4 mm. x I'l mm., 1'3 mm. x 1- mm., sinus '01 mm.; 
 cells "05 mm. x '05 mm., "06 mm. x '05 mm., "05 mm. x "04 mm. ; 
 stipules "25 mm. x "3 mm. segments "1 mm., "4 mm. x "5 mm., 
 seg. "2 mm., '4 x '6 mm. seg. 2', '5 mm. x "6 mm., seg. '2 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in patches on damp shady banks, in woods, 
 &c. Somewhat rare, probably often mistaken for Kantia Tricho- 
 manis. 1. Penzance, Cornwall, IF. Ciirnow. 4. 7. 10. Castle 
 Howard, Yorks, M. B. Slater. Shipley Glen, JF. West. 16. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from. K. Trichomams (L.) by the laxer 
 texture of the leaves, the thinner cell- walls, stipules irregular in 
 
KANTJA. 139 
 
 shape, more deeply and acutely divided, segments spreading, often 
 acute and ao^ain lobate, outer lobe smaller. 
 
 It may be considered by some authorities as only a variety of 
 K. Trichomanis, but as the distinguishing characters are always 
 permanent, I give it as a species. 
 
 Description of Plate LIT.— Fig. 1. Plants nat. size. 
 2. Portion of stem, postical view x '24 (Castle Howard, M. B. 
 Slater). 3. Leaf x 24 (Gr. & R. n. 587, as Cali/jjo/jia TricJiomcmis 
 adscendens). 4, 5. Leaves x 24 (Suffolk, Skepper). G. Portion 
 of leaf X 290 (Castle Howard, M. B. Slater). 7. Stipule x 24 
 (G-. & R. n. 587). 8, 9. Stipules x 85 (ditto). 10. Stipule x 24 
 (Suffolk, Skepper). 
 
 3. Kantia arguta [Mont, et Nees), Lindh. 
 
 Cal;/pogeia m-yuta, Montagne et Nees in Nees Kat. Eur. Leb. Ill, p. 24 (1S38). 
 
 Cincinnulus argutus, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 117 (1874). 
 
 Kantia aryuta, Lindb. in Not. soc. F. FI. Fenn. 13, p. 363 (1874). 
 
 Dioicous, laxly and thinly spreading, small, pale green in 
 colour. Stems simple or sparing^ branched, delicate, sometimes 
 elongate, attenuate, depauperate, frequently gemmiparous; branches 
 proceeding from axil of stipules ; radicuiose, rootlets few. Leaves 
 distant or approximate, largest near the middle of stem, smaller 
 below, and often near the apex minute and remote, horizontal to 
 patent-divergent, postical margin usually decurrent, oval or oblong- 
 oval, bidentate to about one-tenth, sinus broad, semilunate, seg- 
 ments a little divergent, acute ; texture fragile, lax, cells rather 
 large, 4-, 5- and 6-sided, walls thick, no trigones. Stipules small, 
 scarcely twice as broad as the stem, irregular in shape, much 
 broader than long, bidentate to below the middle, segments diver- 
 gent, lobate to the middle or below, lobules acute, divergent. 
 
 I have seen no perfect (^ or ? ; the drawing of the perianth is 
 from a sketch sent me by Mr. Slater, who found a single one 
 on a plant collected by Mr. Curnow near Penzance. Andrcecia 
 on separate plants, bud-like, small, proceeding from axil of 
 stipules. 
 
140 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stem ^^ to f inch long, '2 mm. in diameter, 
 with leaves 1*5 mm. wide; leaves 1* mm. x "6 mm., segments 
 •1 mm. ; cells "07 mm. x '04 mm., "04 mm. x '035 mm., '06 mm. x 
 •04 mm. ; stipules "25 mm. x '35 mm., segments 'l mm., "15 mm. x 
 "25 mm., seg. "075 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on shady clayey banks, in woods or by road- 
 sides, moderately rare, or overlooked. 
 
 1. Near Penzance, IF. Cnmow. 2. Near Ditchling, Sussex, 
 G. Davies. 3. Epping Forest, Essex, ^. M. Holmes. 7. Torrent 
 Walk, Dolgelly, Merionethshire, W. H. P. Near Pandy Mill, 
 Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvonshire, M. B. Slater. 8. Near Leicester, 
 
 F. T. Molt. 9. Hazel Grove, Cheshire, Cotterill Clough, Cheshire, 
 
 G. A. Holt. 10. Park Quarry, Castle Howard, Yorks, G. Stabler, 
 M. B. Slater. Near Mallion Spout, Goathland, M. B. Slater. 
 Scarborough, M. B. Slater. Near Baildon, North- West Yorks, 
 W. West. 12. 14. Helensburgh, Scotland, Br. Graham. T. Kil- 
 larney, D. Moore. Connor Hill, Prof. Lindhercj. Clonallon, Bev. 
 C. H Waddell 
 
 Found on the Continent (France) and introduced in green- 
 houses in North America. 
 
 In a collection of Hepaticas made near Natal, South Africa, by 
 Mrs. Ellen Sophie Bertelsen, widow of a Norwegian missionary, 
 specimens of this species were found, agreeing in ever}^ respect 
 with ours. Two other British species were found in the same 
 collection, namely, Lejeimea hamatifolia (Hook), and Cejjhalozia 
 connivens (Dicks.). 
 
 Obs. — A ver}^ distinct species. Distinguished from K. Tri- 
 ckomanis (L.) and K. Sprengelii (Mart.) by its dioicous inflorescence, 
 much smaller size, leaves more oblong ; wider, semilunate sinus, 
 divergent segments, much laxer and more delicate texture, small 
 stipules which are deeply bidentate, with segments divergent and 
 again lobate, perianth narrower than in K. Trichomanis. In habit 
 it resembles small forms of Lophocolea hidentata (L.), from which 
 it is at once distinguished, even when barren, by its less bidentate 
 eaves and smaller stipules. 
 
 Description of Plate LIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 
CEPHALOZIA. Ml 
 
 2. Portion of fertile stem, postical view x 16 (Penzance, Curnow). 
 
 3. Portion of stem, antical view x 24 (ditto). 4. Stem, postical 
 view X 16 (Natal, Soutli Africa, Mrs. Bertelsen). 5. Portion of 
 leaf X 290 (Penzance, Curnow). 6. Stipule x 85 (Epping 
 Forest, Holmes). 7, 8. Stipules x 85 (Natal, Mrs. Bertelsen). 
 9. Stipule X 85 (Penzance, Curnow). 
 
 Genus 14. CEPHALOZIA, Bum. 
 
 Lichenastrum, Dill. Cat. pi. Giss. p. 213 (1718), et Hist. muse. p. 181, n. 4 
 
 (1741). 
 Jtmgermania, Mich. Nov. pi. gen. p. 9, n. 5, tab. 6, Fig. 17 (1729). 
 
 „ sect. Cephalozia, Dum. Syll. Jnng. Eur. p. 60 (1831). 
 
 „ sect. Bicuspides, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leber. 11, p. 211 (1830). 
 
 Cephalozia, Dum. Eecueil, 1, p. 18, n. 21 (1835). 
 Zoopsis, Hook. f. et Tayl. Crypt. Antarct. p. 55, n. 22 (1845). 
 Trigonanthus, Spruce, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. (1849). 
 Nowellia, Mitt, in C.-Godman Nat. Hist. Azor., p. 321, n. 12 (1870). 
 Phnroschisma Odontoschisma, Dum. Syll. (1831). 
 Odontoschisma, Dum. Kecueil (1835). 
 Sphagnoecetis, Nees in G. L. N. Syn. Hep. (1845). 
 
 Protliallium slender, linear or almost filiform, consisting of 
 only a single (more rarely in part of a double) series of cells ; 
 either simple or subramose ; often passing at the apex insensibl}^ 
 into the stem and persisting a long time. Plants usually small 
 and tender, in only a few species rather robust ; of almost all 
 shades of green and brown, or whitish and pellucid, sometimes 
 tinged with rose ; growing in depressed matted tufts, or flakes, or 
 creeping over Sphagna and other mosses. Stems usually prostrate 
 or procumbent, leafy throughout, or rhizomatous and leafless at 
 the base — very rarely with the leaves reduced to mere scales — 
 still more rarely frondose ; branches all postical, springing from 
 the underside of the stem, and axillary to the stipules where any 
 exist ; radicles usually copious, pale and slender. Leaves mostly 
 succubous, in a few species transverse, in a very few subincubous ; 
 horizontal or assurgent, never deflexed, roundish, or subquadrate, 
 or cuneate, rarely lanceolate, very seldom plane, usually concave. 
 
142 HEPATIC^. 
 
 and in most species somewhat complicate and bilobed (but never 
 divided to the veiy base, nor with capillary lobes), in a very few 
 species undivided or variable at the apex ; margins uniformly 
 plane or subincurved — never convex or recurved — mostly quite 
 entire, but in a few species toothed. Eeticulation in the typical 
 species lax and pellucid, in a few species denser and subopaque ; 
 cells often subquadrate; cell-walls mostly thin, rarely conspicuously 
 thickened at the angles ; cuticle smooth or scaberulous. 
 
 Stipules much smaller than the leaves, and oftener undivided 
 at the apex, but in some species subdentate at the margin ; entirel}^ 
 absent from many species (except in the involucre, where they 
 exist in every Cepltalozid). Inflorescence dioicous or autoicous — 
 very rarely paroicous. Androecia amentiform, occupying the 
 whole, or only a part, of a branch, rarely terminal on the stem. 
 Bracts in many pairs, leafy (even where there are no stem-leaves), 
 bifid, uniformly raonandrous. 
 
 Gynoecia capitate, usually seated on an abbreviated branch 
 (i.e., cladocarpous), but sometimes terminal on larger branches or 
 on the main stem (acrocarpous). Bracts much larger than the 
 subjacent leaves (where any exist on the same axis) tristichous, 
 i.e., with stipules added, even where absent from the rest of the 
 plant, and in three, or more amplexicaul rows ; all cloven 
 (usually bilobed, sometimes 3-5-lobed), and very often toothed 
 or subspinose ; cells elongate. Pistillidia about 20, shortish and 
 flask-shaped. Perianth free, usually very long and narrow and 
 elongate, reticulate like the bracts, fusiform, trigonous — rarely 
 with the angles varying from 3 to 5 or 6 in the same species, but, 
 whenever reduced to 3, with the third angle always postical, 
 mouth truncate, but usually constricted (from the angles becoming 
 more pronounced and plica3form at the apex), variously toothed, 
 ciliate, laciniate, or entire. Calyptra free (superior), with the 
 sterile pistillidia surrounding its base. Capsule on a long pedicel 
 (which at the calceolate base buries itself deeply in the fertile 
 branch), oblong or sub-cylindrical — usually about twice as long as 
 broad, but in the subgenus Cephalozidla often shorter, oblong- 
 globose- 4- vaived to the base ; capsule-walls of two layers of cells, 
 
EUCEPHALOZIA. ] 43 
 
 whereof the inner are strengthened by semiannular fibres. Elaters 
 elongate bispiral, about as wide as the diameter of the smooth or 
 scaberulous spores. Propaguhi apical, minute, red or wliitish, 
 polyhedral or amorphous ; rarely present, except in a very few 
 species. 
 
 Subgenus 1. EUCEPHALOZIA, Spruce. 
 
 Plants of a moderate size, rarely small or robust, virescent 
 rarely tawny or dull brown, sometimes with a rosy tinge, growing- 
 in broad tufts, or creeping amongst mosses in marshy places. 
 Stems for the most part tender and fragile, rarely somewhat rigid, 
 cortical cells sometimes large and pellucid, simple, very rarely 
 furcate, postical more or less branched, in a few species flagelli- 
 ferous. Leaves obliquely inserted, rarely subtransverse, always 
 broader than the stem, often moderately large (between 0'3 and 
 1"35 mm. long), more or less oblong, concave or laxly complicate, 
 rarely subplane, bifid, very rarely 3-4-fid, sinus rarely deep, in 
 some subacute, in others lunate; apex of the segments various, 
 but rarely rotundate or cuspidate ; margin entire. Stipules (in a 
 few species normally present) small, entire or bifid. Cells of the 
 leaves moderately constant in size, varying in dift'erent species 
 in diameter between ^}y^ and A- mm., rarely almost large 
 (Jg mm.), very rarely small (^V-^'s" nim.), equilateral-hexa- 
 gonal, or often quadrate-hexagonal or quadrate, in most species 
 subpellucid, in very hw, wall thickened at the angles, cuticle 
 almost smooth ; cells of the bracts and perianth generally larger, 
 rectangular-oblong. Inflorescence dioicous, or monoicous, very 
 rarely paroicous ; ? in some species constantly cladogenous, in 
 some now clado- and now acrogenous, or almost acrogenous, but 
 yet sometimes terminal on the same stem. Bracts 3 pairs, rarely 
 fewer, innermost large bifid, rarely 3-4-fid, entire or very often 
 dentate, spinulose, or incised, free or with the bracteole subcon- 
 formable, of equal length or shorter, connate at the base. Perianth 
 more or less highly emersed, fusiform — sometimes almost linear- 
 trigonous-prismatic, in some species the keels in all stages acute. 
 
144 HEPATIC^. 
 
 in others (fruit mature) partly obliterated or only at the apex to 
 be seen, mouth constricted denticulate, setulose, ciliate or laciniate ; 
 walls leptodermous, except at the very base, where it changes into 
 the stem or branch, or in a few species, the lower half 2-3 cells 
 thick. Andro3cia spicate or amentiform, in different places, but 
 very rarely hypogenous, $ bracts immediately below the female 
 flowers. 
 
 1. Cephalozia catenulata {Huben.) 
 
 Jungermania catenulata, Hiiben. Hep. Germ. p. 169 (1834). 
 Jungermania reclusa, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. p. 278 (1846). 
 Jungermania hicuspidata, var. ericetorimi, G.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 139 (1844). 
 Cephalozia serrifiora, Lindb. Medd. Soc. Fennica (1878). 
 Cephalozia catenulata (Hiiben.), Spruce, "On Ceph." p. 33 (1882). 
 
 Dioicous, usually cladocarpous, densely but thinly caespitose, 
 flagelliferous, small, brown in colour. Stems prostrate, sub- 
 pinnate, cells of the stems about 6 in diameter, cortical 14, inner 
 slightly larger and more pellucid ; branches radiculose ; rootlets 
 whitish. Leaves small, subimbricate, slightly concave, when dry 
 much incurved, catenulate, oval-rotund, slightly decurrent, bifid 
 to about the middle, sinus more or less obtuse, segments patulous 
 or subconnivent, acute, 5 rows of cells, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 wide; cells 
 small to smallish, subquadrate or rhomboid, leptodermous, chloro- 
 phyllose and subopaque, walls firm, no trigones. Stipules 
 wanting. Branches % postical, short, rarely subelongate. Bracts 
 twice as large as the leaves, oblong, bifid to about the middle, 
 segments subulate-acuminate, margin denticulate or spinulose ; 
 bracteole similar, or entire and broadly subulate, free, margin 
 denticulate or spinulose. Perianth deeply emersed, linear- 
 fusiform, 4 times longer than broad, composed of one layer of 
 cells, the whole length deeply tri-carinate, mouth constricted, 
 setose or ciliolate. Calyptra delicate. Capsule reddish-brown, 
 oval-cylindrical. AndrcBcia terminal on postical branches, jula- 
 ceous ; perigonial bracts somewhat similar to the leaves and of 
 the same size, few pairs; perigonial bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, 
 entire or with a slight notch on one side near the middle ; anther- 
 idia oval. 
 
EUCEPHALOZIA. 145 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to |- inch long, "1 mm. in diameter, 
 with leaves 5 to '6 mm. wide ; leaves 3 mm. x 2 mm., "25 mm. x 
 •17 mm., 2 mm. x 2 mm., segments '1 mm., -225 mm. x "175 mm., 
 seg. '075 mm., '25 mm. x 'IS mm., seg. -1 mm.; cells "025 mm., 
 •025 mm., '0225 mm. x "0225 mm., 02 mm. x "0225 mm., '03 mm. 
 X "02 mm. ; bracts "55 mm. x '4 mm., '6 mm. x •SS mm., segments 
 '3 mm.; bracteole '35 mm. x 175 mm.; perianth 1*3 mm. x 
 "35 mm., 1*4 mm. x 4 mm., teeth at the mouth '15 mm., '1 mm., 
 "075 mm.; perigonial bracteoles '12 mm. x "07 mm.; antheridia 
 "125 X '1 mm. 
 
 Hab.— On rotting wood, turfy banks and shady rocks. Rare. 
 
 2. Tunbridge Wells, R. Spnice. 10. Blaeberry Gill, near 
 Whitby, M. B. Slater. 12. Borrowdale, Cumberland, W. H. P. 
 13. N. of Black Craig, New Galloway, ./. Mc Andre w ; Col vend, 
 Kirkcudbrightshire,./. Mc Andrew. 15. Banchory, Aberdeenshire, 
 /. Sim. I. Cromaglown and other places in the S.W., Taylor, 
 Spruce, Moore, Carrington and others. 
 
 Eound on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — Similar in size and habit to Cephalozia hmulcefolia 
 Dum. but more rigid, leaf cells smaller, bracts denticulate or 
 spinulose, perianth composed of a single layer of cells. 
 
 Ceplialozia pallida Spruce is much paler in colour, more 
 branched, branches subfastigiate, leaves subdecurrent, bifid from 
 \ to \, cells rather larger, bracts entire. 
 
 Description of Plate LIV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 2. 
 Stem, antical view x 64 (Blaeberry Gill, M. B. Slater). 3. Leaf 
 X 85 (ditto). 4, 5. Leaves x 85 (Canada, Macoun). 6. Portion 
 of leaf X 290 (Blaeberry Gill, M. B. Slater). 7, 8. Bracts x 85 
 (Canada, Macoun). 9. Bracteole x 85 (ditto). 10. Perianth x 
 24 (G. & E. n. 594). 11. Portion of the mouth of perianth x 85 
 (ditto). 12, 13. Perigonial bracteoles x 85 (ditto). 14. Anther- 
 idium X 85 (ditto). 
 
146 HEPATIC^. 
 
 2. Cephalozia pallida, Spruce. 
 
 Cephalozia catenulata var. pallida {Ceph. pallida nobis in hb.), Spruce, On 
 Cephalozia. (1882.) 
 
 Dioicous, cladocarpous, depresso-csespitose, eflagelliferous, small, 
 pale green to yellowish in colour. Stems much branched, branches 
 subfastigiate ; cortical cells 15, rather larger than the inner ones, 
 5, 6 cells in diameter. Leaves small, approximate, from patent- 
 divergent to erecto-patent, orbicular to oval-rotund, subdecurrent, 
 from a third to the middle bifid, rarely more, sinus obtuse, seg- 
 ments acute or obtuse, connivent ; cells smallish to medium in 
 size, subquadrate, walls thick, no trigones or thickened angles. 
 Stipules wanting. Bracts larger than the leaves, oval-rotund, 
 bifid to a third, segments acute or obtuse, margin entire, bracteole 
 similar, sub-bracts and sub-bracteole similar but much smaller. 
 Perianth projecting much beyond the bracts, linear-fusiform, 
 composed of a single layer of cells, obtusely trigonous, mouth 
 ciliolate or setulose, ciliola 2 cells long. Calyptra moderately 
 coarse; pistillidia few, 8-10. Capsule oval, dark-brown. Spores 
 pale yellow. Elaters slightly broader and of a darker colour, 
 loosely bispiral. A ndroecia on short postical branches ; perigonial 
 bracts closely imbricate, erect, oval-rotund, concave, bifid to about 
 a third, with usually a third smaller tooth near the middle, seg- 
 ments acute ; antheridia oval. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stem ^ inch long, "1 mm. in diam., with leaves 
 *75 mm. wide; leaves "35 mm. x "3 mm., segments "2 mm., 
 *4 mm. X "3 mm., seg. '175 mm., '4 mm. x "3 mm., seg. "2 mm. ; 
 cells '03 mm. x -03 mm., '03 mm. x '025 mm., "04 mm. x '03 mm. ; 
 sub-bracts '45 mm. x "45 mm., seg. '15 mm., "5 mm. x "45 mm., 
 seg. '2 mm., '4 mm. x "25 mm., seg. '15 mm. ; sub-bracteole 
 •45 mm. x "3 mm. ; bracts "9 mm. x "7 mm., seg. "3 mm., "8 mm. x 
 •7 mm., seg. 3 mm. ; bracteole '75 mm. x '65 mm., seg. "25 mm. ; 
 perianth 2' mm. x 'Qb mm., 1"75 mm. x "6 mm., teeth at the mouth 
 •05 mm.; pistillidia '125 mm. x "025 mm.; capsule "5 mm. x 
 •3 mm., valve of capsule "85 mm. x '225 mm.; spores "01 mm.; 
 elaters "1 mm. x 0115 mm. ; perigonial bracts '5 mm. x '5 mm.. 
 
EUCEPHAWZIA. 147 
 
 seg. '2 mm.; perigonial bracteole "25 mm. x "1 mm.; antheridia 
 •15 ram. X 1 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On turfy banks or moors, or on shady rocks. Rare. 
 
 9. Frodsham, Cheshire, G. E. Hunt. 10. Strensall IMoor, 
 G. Stabler ; Stockton Forest, G. Stabler ; Yeadon, Dr. Carrhi/jion. 
 
 1. Lachan Bay, Co. Mayo, L. Moore. Loch Bray, Co. Wicklow, 
 B. McArclle. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from Ceph. catenulafa (Hi'iben.), which it 
 approaches most in habit, by its paler colour (pale green or 
 yellowish, and not a tawny brown), leaves not so deeply bifid, 
 cells slightly larger and bracts entire. From Cejjh. lunidcefolia 
 Dum. by its smaller leaf-cells, and perianth composed of a 
 single layer of cells only. 
 
 Description of Plate LV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 
 2. Portion of stem x 24 (Stockton Forest, G. Stabler). 
 3-6. Leaves x 64 (ditto). 7. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 
 8, 9. Bracts x 31 (Loch Bray, D. McArdle). 10. Bracteole x 31 
 (ditto). 11-13. Sub-bracts x 31 (ditto). 14. Sub-bracteole x 31 
 (ditto). 15. Perianth x 16 (ditto). 16. Cross-section of 
 perianth x 31 (ditto). 17. Portion of the mouth of perianth x 85 
 (ditto). 18. Perigonial bract x 64 (Stockton Forest, G. Stabler). 
 19. Perigonial bracteole x 64 (ditto). 20. Antheridium x 85 
 (ditto). 
 
 3. Cephalozia lunulaefolia, Liim. 
 
 Jungermania connivens, Mart. Fl. crypt. Erl. p. 109, t. 5, f. -li (1817); Moiig. 
 
 et Nestl. St. crypt. Vog., 5, n. 432. 
 Jungermania hinuhtfoUa, Dum. Syll. Jung., p. Gl (1831). 
 Cephalozia lumdcefolia, Dum. Recueil p. 18 (183.")). 
 
 Cephalozia media, Lindb. Medd. af Soc. pro f. fl. Fenn. t!, p. 242 (1881). 
 Cephalozia multijlm'a, Spruce, On Ceph., p. 37 (1882). 
 
 Dioicous, densely depressed ca^spitose, amongst S/)lia(/)ia laxly 
 creeping, eflagelliferous, small, of a pale green colour. Stem 
 prostrate, subramose, sometimes subpinnate, subcompressed, above 
 almost plane, below convex, cells 6 or 7 in diameter, cortical cells 
 
148 HEPATIC^. 
 
 12-14, large, pellucid, interior much smaller, subopaque. Leaves 
 small, subimbricate — in the sterile plant often distant — subascend- 
 ing, rhomboid-rotund, antically decurrent, bifid to about ^, sinus 
 obtuse, rarely lunate, segments connivent, acute or subacuminate ; 
 cells of moderate size, leptodermous, pellucid, slightly chloro- 
 phyllose, quadrate-hexagonal, walls moderately thick, no trigones 
 or thickened angles. Stipules wanting. Inflorescence cladocarpous. 
 ? terminal on very short postical branches. Bracts usually about 
 3 pairs, tristichous, the innermost considerably larger than the 
 leaves, delicate, oblong-rotund, bifid to the third, rarely trifid or 
 twice bifid, segments acutate, entire ; bracteole somewhat similar, 
 often connate with the bracts. Perianth linear-fusiform, when young 
 triplicate, when mature only towards the apex trigonous, mouth 
 subconstricted, denticulate or setulose (setse 1 or 2 cells long only), 
 carnose, towards the base composed of 3 layers of cells, in the 
 middle 2 and near the apex 1. Calyptra oval-globose, carnose, 
 almost the whole length composed of 3 layers of cells. Capsule 
 oblong- cylindrical, on a somewhat short pedicel. Spores of a 
 beautiful cinnamon colour, smooth. Elaters bispiral, slightly 
 darker in colour than the spores. Androecia on short postical 
 branches, perigonial bracts smaller than the leaves, oval, to about 
 a third bifid, canaliculate-concave ; antheridia solitary, oval, shortty 
 stipitate. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |- to 1 inch long, "l mm. in diam., with 
 leaves •5-'8 mm. wide ; leaves "3 mm. x '25 mm.,- 3 mm. x '3 mm., 
 •3 mm. X 4 mm. sinus -175 mm.; cells '04 mm. x "04 mm., "04 mm. 
 '03 mm., '035 mm. x -04 mm., "0275 mm. x '04 mm., "035 mm. x 
 X -03 mm. ; bracts "7 mm x -6 mm. segments. '3 mm., '8 x "65 mm., 
 seg. '2 mm., '9 mm. x "7 mm., seg. "3 mm., 5 mm. x "4 mm. seg. 
 "2 mm.; bracteole "7 mm. x b mm. seg., 2 mm., '5 mm. x '3 mm., seg., 
 •15 mm. ; perianth 1'25 mm. x '4 mm., 1*25 mm. x -Gmm., 2'1 mm. 
 X '7 mm. ; teeth of the perianth "075 mm. long; pistillidia •2mm. 
 X '05 mm.; capsule '45 mm. x -2 mm. ; spores "0125 mm. ; elaters 
 •15 mm. X '015 mm.; perigonial bracts ^225 mm. x -125 mm., seg. 
 •075 mm. ; antheridia •ll mm. x ^09 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On shady heathy banks, chiefly in woods and on rotting 
 trunks, m(U*e rarely on sandstone rocks, often fruiting luxuriantly. 
 
EUCEPHALOZIA. 149 
 
 also on iSpkafjna and other bog mosses where it is usually sterile 
 Common. 
 
 2. Tunbridge Wells, Ardingley Rocks, Sussex, G. Davies, 
 E. M. Holmes. 7. Barmouth, Br. Carnufjton ; Tyn-y-Grroes, 
 W. H. F. 8. Kinder Scout, Derbyshire, ./. Whitehead and 
 G. A. Holt. 9. Carrington Moss, Cheshire, G. A. Holt; Alderley, 
 Cheshire, lVilddk\\([ Holt. 10. Castle Howard, Dr. Spruce; Blaeberry 
 Gill, Whitby, M. B. Slater; Esholt, Dr. Carrington, W. West. 
 12. Foulshaw Moss, Westmorland, G. Stabler ; Borrowdale, Cum- 
 berland, Dr. Carrington 2i\\.^ W. H P. 13. Dumfries, ./. Mc Andrew. 
 15. Forfar. \7a. Sutherland, Dr. Grerille. I. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — " C. lunidiefolia may be distinguished from C. bicuspidata 
 and comiivens, and from most of their allies, by the dioicous 
 inflorescence ; the small leaves, obtusely cloven to only ^ of their 
 length, and rather more closely reticulate ; the bracts far less 
 deeply cloven, and rarely into more than two segments ; but, 
 above all, by the Jle.shg jjerianth and ealgptra, the perianth being 
 3 cells thick below and 2 cells thick about the middle, and the 
 calyptra 3 cells thick cdmost up to the very apex : whilst both these 
 organs in C. hictispidata and comiwens consist throughout of but a 
 single layer of cells. Moreover, the perianth is merely denticulate 
 at the mouth, while that of C. conniveiix has the almost unique 
 character, among European Cephalozice, of terminating m long- 
 cilia ; the perianth of C. catenidata being merely ciliolate, or setose 
 at the apex. The purple spores of C. bicuspidata alFord an addi- 
 tional mark of distinction from C. luiiuhefoliar R. S. 
 
 In 1893 I received the iollowing interesting note from Dr. 
 Spruce : " In writing for a set of my hepaticcTe, C. Delogne (who 
 has charge of the herbarium at the Brussels Bot. Garden) asked 
 for specimens of some of my British Cephcdozia and Lejeunece, which 
 I seiit him. I took the opportunity to ask if any specimens of 
 Dumortier's hepaticse were accessible. It would seem that 
 Dumortier left no herbarium of hepaticse, and there are only a 
 few specimens from him in the national herbarium, where, however, 
 he occasionally worked and annotated some of the specimens. 
 When I was studying the ('ephalozia' I wished very much for a 
 
15U HEPATIC^. 
 
 sight of some of Dumortier's originals, but in vain. Having 
 convinced myself of the distinctness of C. muWfora (nob.) from 
 C. connivens, I sought for some notice of the former in the works 
 of previous authors, and it seemed to me possibly identical with 
 C. lunidafolia Dum. The name suited well enough — not so well 
 the meagre diagnosis. The first question I asked M. Delogne 
 was about this plant, and he has been good enough to send for 
 my inspection two specimens from the herbarium, the one marked 
 by Dumortier (in the earlier part of his career) Jg. limulata Dum., 
 the other Ceph. hmidafoUa Dum. The latter from the classic 
 exsiccata of Moug. and Nestler is conclusive. I am glad of this, 
 as it gets rid of two names, mulfiflora and media, which were likely 
 to lead to a fight." 
 
 Description of Plate LVI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Plant X 24 (Moug. & Nestl. n. 432). 3. Portion of 
 stem X 31 (ditto). 4. Ditto x 64 (ditto). 5. Portion of leaf 
 
 X 290 (ditto). 6-9. Bracts x 24 (Blaeberry Gill, M. B. Slater, 
 herb. Spruce). 10. Bracteole x 24 (ditto). 11. Bracts and 
 bracteole x 31 (Carr. & Pears. Hep. Brit.). 12. Perianth 
 
 X 31 (Moug. & Nestl. n. 432). 13. Cross-section of perianth, 
 upper half x 24 (Carr. & Pears. Hep. Brit. Exs.). Portion of 
 the mouth of the perianth x 85 (Blaeberry Gill, M. B. Slater). 
 
 15. Perigonial bract x 85 (Carr. & Pears. Hep. Brit. Exs.) 
 
 16. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 4. Cephalozia bicuspidata (Z.), Difw. 
 
 Lichenastrum pin7iulis acutissime bifidis minimum, Dill. Hist, muse, p. 488, t. 70, 
 
 f. 13 (1741). 
 Jungermania hicusjndata, Linn. Sp. pi. 158'J (1753); Hook. Brit. Jung. n. 11 
 
 (1816). 
 Cephalozia bicuspidata, Dum. Recueil, p. 18 (1835). 
 
 Monoicous, caespitose, flagelliferous, small to medium in size, 
 pale gi'een, dull white or rose coloured. Stem prostrate, or 
 ascending, irregularly ramose, branches few, postical ; flagella 
 radiculose ; rootlets few, more frequent on the fertile branches ; 
 
EUCEPHALOZIA . 151 
 
 cortical cells about 10, large, pellucid, inner about G in diam., smaller 
 subopaque. Lower leaves smaller and distant, upper larger and 
 subimbricate, diagonal at base or where closer, almost transversely 
 inserted, ovate-orbicular, bilobed to about the middle, concave, 
 sometimes complicate, segments connivent or patent, ovate- 
 lanceolate or subtriangular, postical acute, antical a little 
 narrower, sub-acuminate, sometimes shortly apiculate ; cells rather 
 large, 4-, 5- and G-sided, pellucid, no trigones or thickened angles. 
 Stipules wanting, except rarely on the female flowers. Inflor- 
 escence clado-acrocarpous ; branches ? very short, rarely more or 
 less elongate. Bracts about 3 pairs, innermost almost 3 times 
 longer than the leaves, partly free, to the middle bilobed, segments 
 lanceolate acuminate, entire or towards the base 1-2 spinose, 
 rarely sublaciniate; bracteole similar; sub-bracts smaller, roundish; 
 sub-bracteoles also smaller, lanceolate, spinulose, rarely bifid, 
 sometimes obsolete. Perianth 4 times longer than the leaves, 
 linear, prismatic, or subfusiform, mouth constricted or rarely 
 open, denticulate, setulose or ciliolate ; at first tricarinate at 
 the base, when older subterete, above trigonous, areolation lax, 
 pale green or white, sometimes below of a beautiful purple colour, 
 apex canescent, the whole length (except at the very base, which 
 is 2, 3 cells thick) composed of a single layer of cells, about GO 
 cells round. Calyptra small, delicate. Pistillidia about 12, 
 small. Capsule cylindrical-oblong. Spores purple, Androecia 
 spicate, perigonial bracts situated at the apex or middle of the 
 branches, or occupying the whole length, very rarely immediately 
 below the $ flowers, closely imbricate, ascending, similar to the 
 leaves, but broader at the base, which is swollen, sometimes v/ith 
 a third, small, antical tooth. Antheridia oval, single. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems Jto 1 inchlong, 1 mm. in diam., with leaves 
 •5 to 10 mm. wide; leaves "55 mm. x '55 mm., 5 mm. x "4 mm., 
 •7 mm. X 5 mm., segments, "35 mm., 6 mm. x 4 mm., seg. "3 mm., 
 •3 mm. X 25 mm., seg. "15 mm.; cells "05 mm. x 04 mm., '045 mm. 
 X "OSo mm., "04 mm. x 035 mm., "05 mm. x '035 mm., -OG mm. 
 X *04 mm., '05 mm. x -05 mm, ; sub-bract "8 mm. x '8 mm., seg. 
 5 mm. ; bract 13 mm., 125 mm. x 75 mm., seg. "75 mm,, 15 mm. 
 
152 HEPATIC^. 
 
 X 1' mm., seg. "75 mm. ; bracteole 1"25 mm. x 1* mm., seg. 
 •6 mm. ; perianth 2* mm., x -75 mm., 2*5 mm. x '85 mm., 35 mm. 
 X r mm., 1'8 mm.-2*2 mm. x "o mm.; teeth at mouth '05 mm., 
 •075 mm.,*l mm. ; pistillidia "15 mm. x "04 mm. ; perigonial bracts 
 "75 mm. x "5 mm., seg. "4 mm., '6 mm. x '6 mm., seg. '25 mm. ; 
 antheridia '125 mm. x "l mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on damp stones, rocks, and earth, or amongst 
 mosses in wet and shady places; rarer on rotting wood. Common. 
 
 1 to 17. I. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs.^ — One of our commonest hepatics, varying extremely in 
 size, colour and habit. 
 
 Distinguished from C. connivens (D.), which is also monoicous, 
 by the presence of flagella; position, shape and texture of the 
 leaves, and perianth not furnished with long cilia. 
 
 C. mrvifoUa (Dicks.), which is also monoicous, has no flagella; 
 the leaves are remarkably concave, with long, incurved, hamate, 
 cuspidate segments, and usually of a beautiful purple colour. 
 
 Description of Plate LVII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem x 31 (Pass of Llanberis, G. K. Holt). 3. Ditto 
 X 31 (Penzance, W. Curnow). 4. Leaf x 24 (Kinder Scout, 
 Whitehead & Holt). 5, 6. Leaves x 24 (Tyn-y-Groes,W. H. P.). 
 7. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 8, 9. Bracts x 24 (Pass of 
 Llanberis, G. A. Holt). 10. Bracteole x 24 (ditto). 11. Sub- 
 bract x 24 (ditto). 12. Bract x 24 (Kinder Scout, Whitehead 
 & Holt). 13. Perianth x 16 (Festiniog, W. H. P.) 14. Cross- 
 section of perianth X 16 (ditto). 15. Portion of the mouth of 
 perianth x 85 (ditto). 16, 17. Perigonial bracts x 24 (ditto). 
 18. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
EUCEPHALOZIA. 153 
 
 5. Cephalozia Lammersiana (^Hiibcn.), ISpnice. 
 
 Jungermania Lammersiana, Hiibener Hep. Germ. p. 165 (1834). 
 
 Jungermania bicicsjndata y uliginosa, Nees Eur. Leberm. ii. 253 and (ex parte) 
 
 yy obliquata, Nees 1, c. 254. 
 Jungermania bicuspidafa, Eng. Bot. t. 2230. 
 Cephalozia Lammersiana (Hiiben.), Spruce, On Ceph., p. 43 (1882). 
 
 Dioicous, laxly csespitose, flagella none or very rare, medium 
 to largish in size, pale green to pale dull brown in colour. Stems 
 simple or with one or two short postical branches ; slender, 
 delicate; cortical cells large, about 10, inner A, 5 diam, smaller; 
 radiculose, rootlets few, white, delicate. Leaves distant or approxi- 
 mate, alternate, spreading, horizontal or patent-divergent, oval or 
 oblong-oval, bilobed to below the middle, segments connivent or 
 spreading, large, unequal, lanceolate, acuminate ; texture lax, cells 
 medium to rather large in size, quadrate or oblong-quadrate, walls 
 delicate, no thickened angles or trigones. Stipules present on the 
 male plant only, shorter than the leaves, subulate or ovate-lanceo- 
 late, mostly entire, rarely bidentate at the apex. Fertile branches 
 elongate ; bracts oblong-ovate-acute, bilobed to below the middle, 
 segments lanceolate-subulate ; entire or with a small tooth below 
 the middle on one side ; bracteole broadly ovate, coarsely unidentate 
 on both sides ; sub-bracts ovate-lanceolate, only slightly bitid, 
 segments acuminate ; 3rd sub-bract small, ovate, bilobed to about 
 the middle. Perianth much exserted, large, linear-cylindrical, 
 obtusely trigonous, composed of a single layer of cells down to the 
 very base, about 70 cells round near the middle, mouth constricted, 
 denticulate, teeth 1 or 2 cells long. Calyptra oval, delicate. 
 Capsule reddish-brown. Spores reddish-brown ; elaters same 
 colour, bispiral, hardly as broad as the spores. Andrcecia on 
 short or long postical branches; perigonial bracts closely imbri- 
 cate, assurgent, broadly ovate, swollen at the base, bilobed to 
 about the middle, segments acute ; perigonial bracteoles (see 
 stipules). Antheridia single, oval. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 2 inches long, '125 mm. in diameter, 
 with leaves '75 mm. to 1- mm. wide; leaves "4 mm. x "25 mm., 
 
154 HEPATIC^. 
 
 segment 2 mm., 45 mm. x '225 mm., seg. "225 mm., -35 mm. x 
 •25 mm., seg. '175 mm.; cells "05 mm. x 02 mm., '04 mm. x 
 03 mm., "05 mm. x 025 mm.; bracts 1'4 mm. x '6 mm., seg. 
 •75 mm.; bracteole 1*5 mm. x 1' mm., seg. "45 mm., -75 mm.; 
 sub-bracts 1'25 mm. x '45 mm., seg. "25 mm., 3rd sub-bract 
 •5 mm. x '35 mm., seg. '3 mm.; perianth 275 mm. x -5 mm.; 
 teeth at the mouth of perianth -05 mm., -075 mm. ; spores 
 '015 mm. ; elaters -15 mm. x '01 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in wet places, in bogs, &c., and by the side of 
 rivulets. Moderately common. 
 
 1. Marazion Marsh, Penzance, Cornwall, JF. Ciirnow. 8, 9, 
 10. Eskdale, Yorkshire, Dr. Spruce, M. B. Slater; Maize Beck, 
 Teesdale, Br. Spruce ; Eandy Mere, Egton, Yorks., M. B. Slater. 
 12. Bogs near Morecambe Bay, G. Stabler ; Grisedale, Cumber- 
 land, G. Stabler. 13. North of Black Crag, New Galloway, /. 
 Mc Andrew ; Barend Moss, Kirkcudbright, /. McAndreio. 16. 
 Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. I. Connor Hill, 
 Ireland, Br. B. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — Very similar to large bog forms of C. hicusjndata (L.), 
 but distinguished from them by its dioicous inflorescence, the 
 female flowers on long branches, absence of flagella, whitish or 
 dull brown colour (never rose coloured), the large, unequal, 
 acuminate leaf segments, presence of stipules on the male plants, 
 the deeply divided bracts with entire margins. 
 
 Description of Plate LVIII.— Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, postical view x 24. 3-5. Leaves x 64. 
 6. Portion of leaf x 290. 7, 8. Bracts x 24. 9. Bracteole x 24. 
 10, 11. Sub-bracts x 24. 12. Third sub-bract x 24. 13. Peri- 
 anth X 16. 14. Cross-section of perianth x 24. 15. Portion 
 of mouth of perianth x 85. (All Marazion, Cornwall, W. 
 Curnow.) 
 
EUCEPHALOZIA. 155 
 
 6. Cephalozia hibernica, Spn/ce MS. 
 
 Cephcdozia hibernica, Spruce MS. Pears, in " Irish Naturalist," Dec. (1894). 
 
 Dioicous, creeping amongst mosses, with few rooting flagella, 
 smal], of a whitish, crystalline or pale green colour. Stems stout, 
 flexuose, ramose, procumbent or somewhat erect, plano-convex, 
 antical aspect 3-4 cells wide, postical with a band of 4 x 5 much 
 smaller cells; branches postical, irregular, sometimes attenuate 
 and gemmiparous, gemmae capitate ; rootlets hyaline, on the lower 
 part of the stem, or at the apices of the arcuate stolons. Leaves 
 approximate or contiguous, alternate, almost horizontally inserted, 
 decurrent at the base, subalate, plane, so that the stem appears 
 bialate, bifid from a third to the middle of the length, sinus 
 rounded, segments subconnivent or erect, sharply acuminate, apical 
 cells 2-4 in single series, texture delicate, cells large, hyaline, 
 4-, 5- and 6-sided, surface pitted when dry as in Cejjh. comiivem, 
 walls thick, trigones wanting. Stipules absent. Flowers ? ter- 
 minal on very short postical branches, bracts oblong, divided to 
 about two-thirds into two unequal lanceolate-acuminate segments, 
 sub-bract smaller, divided to about the middle, sometimes with a 
 third small segment on one side, segments acute ; bracteole oblong, 
 bifid to about the middle or entire, unidentate near the middle, 
 segments lanceolate-acuminate ; sub-bracteole oval, divided to 
 about \, segments obtuse, third sub-bracteole small, slightly bifid. 
 Immature perianths only met with, mouth fringed with long cilia, 
 12 to 15, each composed of 3 or 4 long single cells. Androecia 
 on short postical branches, perigonial bracts 4-5 pairs, closely 
 imbricate, complicate-concave, oval, bilobed to about one- third ; 
 antheridia single, oval. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems ^ inch long, with leaves r25 mm. wide; 
 diameter of stem '2 mm. ; leaves '7 mm. x "45 mm., segments 
 •25 mm., -2 mm., '5 mm. x '3 mm., seg. "2 mm., "IS mm., 
 •55 mm. x '35 mm., seg. '2 mm., '175 mm. ; branch leaves "35 mm. 
 X 2 mm. ; seg. -15 mm., "1 mm. ; cells '04 mm. x '05 mm., 
 •05 mm. X -06 mm., '04 mm. x -04 mm., seg. -005 mm., '02 mm.. 
 
156 HEPATIC^. 
 
 ■05 mm. X "03 mm. ; bracts 1* mm. x "35 mm., seg. '6 mm., 8 mm., 
 12 mm. X "35 mm., seg. '(3 mm., 9 mm., bracteole '85 mm. x 
 ■4 mm., seg. '6 mm., 1* mm. x '4 mm. ; pistillidia -125 mm. x 
 •04 mm. ; perigonial bract -275 mm. x '2 mm. ; explanate, seg. 
 •075 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Among Playiotheciiim Borrericumm, Spruce, on banks, 
 Killarney, Dr. David Moore, 1865. Killarney, Mr. Reginald W. 
 ^cnlhj, 1889. 
 
 Obs. — Specimens were sent by Dr. David Moore to Dr. 
 Carrington in 1865 as Jmig. connkens, who, recognising it as 
 distinct from that species, brought it under the notice of Dr. 
 Gottsche of Altona. He referred it doubtfully to Jung, cra-m folia ^ 
 Lindenb. & Gottsch.. It would probably have remained unrecorded 
 until fertile plants were found, had not a fragment of Moore's 
 specimen been forwarded to Dr. Spruce, who at once referred it to 
 CepJialozia crassifolia {\j. & G.); since then he received further 
 specimens from Killarney, collected in 1889 by Mr. Reginald 
 Scully, and wrote to me some time before his death, that he 
 was inclined to consider the species distinct, and proposed the 
 MS. name of Cephahzia hihernica. I feel doubtful until fertile 
 specimens have been found whether it can be separated from 
 Ceph. crassifolia. In any case it is a distinct addition to our 
 Flora. 
 
 There is a strong resemblance in habit, texture, and structure 
 of this plant to the genus Zoopsis, its plano-convex stem, with the 
 band of small cells running through it, giving it a vertebrate 
 appearance, its remarkably plane leaves, the cells of which cross 
 the stem unaltered. It is not difficult to trace the transition from 
 the apparent simple ribbon-like frond of Zoopsis argentea (Tayl.) 
 through Z. seffdosa Leitg., with its claw-like leaves, to the more 
 perfect leaf form of Z. Leifgehiaua C. & P. and so to the distinctly 
 foliose Cep)lialozia crassifolia and Ceph. hihernica. 
 
 It is distinguished from its nearest ally, Ceph. connive^is 
 (Dicks.) by its dioicous inflorescence, the longer segments of its 
 leaves, which are composed of 2-4 single long cells, and other 
 characters. 
 
 I 
 
EUCEPHALOZIA. 157 
 
 I am indebted to the late i)r. Carriii<^ton for assistance in the 
 preparation of this description. 
 
 Description of Plate LIX. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size. 
 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 24 (Killarney, Dr. Moore). 
 
 3. Cross-section of stem x 85 (ditto). 4-G. Leaves x 64 (ditto). 
 7. Branch leaf x 85 (Killarney, R Scully). 8. Portion of 
 leaf X 290 (Killarney, Dr. Moore). 9. Portion of segment of 
 leaf X 290 (ditto). 10, 11. Bracts x 31 (ditto). 12, 13. Brac- 
 teoles X 31 (ditto). 14. Portion of the mouth of an immature 
 perianth x 31 (ditto). 15. Portion of male stem, antical 
 view X 31 (Killarney, Pt. Scully). 16. Perigonial bract x 85 
 (ditto). 
 
 7. Cephalozia connivens {Dicks.). 
 
 Junyermania connivens, Dickson, PI. crypt. Brit. Fasc. iv. (1801) ; Hooker Brit. 
 
 Jung. t. 15 (1816) ; Eng. Bot. t. 2436. 
 Cephalozia connivens (Dicks.), Spruce, On Ceph., p. 46 (1882). 
 Blepharostoma connivens, Dum. Eecueil, p. 18 (1835); Hep. Eur. p. 96 (1874). 
 
 Monoicous, loosely csespitose or creeping, flagelliferous, small, 
 pale green, pellucid, fragile. Stems subramose, subcompressed, 
 cortical cells about 8, interior moderately large, almost empty; 
 radiculose, rootlets plentiful, long, white. Leaves lower and 
 upper distinctly smaller, middle larger, subimbricate or aj^proxi- 
 mate, almost horizontal, insertion sublongitudinal, antical, very 
 decurrent, obliquely suborbiculate, from J to the middle bifid, 
 sinus obtuse or lunate, segments triangular-acuminate, connivent ; 
 cells moderately large, quadrate-hexagonal or oblong-quadrate, 
 almost empty, walls thick, no trigones or thickened angles. 
 Stipules none. Bracts 3 pairs, the innermost almost twice as 
 long as the leaves, oval or broadly ovate or irregular in outline, 
 deeply 3-5-fid (normally twice bifid), segments lanceolate- 
 subulate, acuminate, margin entire or sub-spinulose ; bracteoles 
 almost free, deeply bifid, exterior margin 1, 2 teeth. Perianth 
 projecting, pyriform-fusiform, terete, towards the apex obtusely 
 trigonous, cells elongate, composed of a single layer, about 60 
 roundish cells near the middle, these giving the inner and the 
 
158 HEPATIC^. 
 
 outer " surface a verruculose appearance, mouth sub-constricted, 
 longiciliate, afterwards trilobed ; cilia of the so-called lobe about 
 4, of about 5 cells long, usually of one series of cells, a few 
 eilioles or teeth interspersed. Calyptra short, delicate. Pistil- 
 lidia few, about 6, long, narrow. Capsule oblong-globose. 
 Androecia conspicuous, occupying the whole branch or often only 
 on the apex or base of it, perigonial bracts 8-10 pairs, a little 
 smaller than the leaves, concave, to the middle bifid, often with a 
 tooth or lobule added on the antical side; perigonial bracteoles 
 more or less absent ; antheridia oval, single. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems about an inch long, -2 mm. in diameter, 
 with leaves l" mm. wide; leaves -5 mm. x '5 mm., -4 mm. x 
 •85 mm., segments -2 mm., '45 mm. x -45 mm., seg. '2 mm. ; 
 cells -075 mm., -07 mm. x '05 mm,, "04 mm. x -04 mm., '07 mm. x 
 •04 mm., '05 mm. x •OS mm.; sub-bracts ^75 mm. x '7 mm., seg. 
 •35 mm., -65 mm. x '55 mm., seg. '3 mm., '5 mm. x ^4 mm., 
 seg. '3 mm.; sub-bracteole •SS mm. x '2 mm., seg. '15 mm.; 
 bracts 8 mm., !• mm. x 1' mm., seg. -75 mm., I'l mm. x !• mm., 
 seg. -6 mm. ; bracteole '6 mm. x '5 mm., seg. -4 mm. ; perianth 
 2^5 mm. — "4 mm. x I'mm., 3. mm. x ^75 mm.; cilia "4 mm., ^5 mm.; 
 pistillidia '25 mm. x -04 mm. ; capsule '5 mm x ^5 mm. ; valve of 
 capsule 1* mm. X -3 mm.; spores 'OlS mm.; elaters '1 mm. x 
 •015 mm. ; perigonial bracts '4 mm. x '35 mm., seg. ^2 mm., 
 •45 mm. x '45 mm., seg. '2 mm. ; antheridia "125 mm. x •I mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grrowing in loose tufts, thin patches, or creeping among 
 Sphagna on wet moors or peat mosses. Somewhat rare. 
 
 1 ? 2. New Forest, Hampshire, C. Lyell. 4. Marshy place 
 in wood near Holt, Norfolk, Hooker. 5 ? 7 ? 9. Chat Moss, 
 Lane, W. H. P. 10. Terrington Carr, Dr. iS/jrac(?; Groathland 
 & Wheeldale, nr. "Whitby, M. B. Slater. 12. 13. Glenlee 
 Glen, New Gralloway, J. Mc Andrew ; Barend Moss, above Eouten 
 Bridge and Crichope Linn, Kirkcudbrightshire, J. Criiickshank. 
 14. Kelso, A. Brotherston. 15. Strachan, Aberdeen, J. Sim. 16. 
 Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. I. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America, also a 
 variety with flagella in South Africa. 
 
ErVEVUMOZlA. l.V» 
 
 ( )ns.— T)istin}j;ui.sliL'cl Ironi (\ liivuspulnht (L.) |jy tlie Icjugi- 
 tiidinal or lateral insertion of tlie leaves, givin<^ it a flat ribbon- 
 like aj)pc'arance, the very decurrent antical base, connivent 
 segments, the larger cells, absence of flajj^ella, and periantii with 
 long cilia at the mouth. 
 
 C. lK/iN/<{'/()li(i Duni. is a smaller ])lant with dioicous inflores- 
 cence. 
 
 Dkscription of Platk LX. — Fig. I. Plant natural si/e. L'. 
 Portion of stem x 24. .'3, 4. Leaves x 64. 5. Portion of leaf 
 X 290. 6,7. Bracts x 24. 8. Bracteole x 24. l)-ll. Sub- 
 bracts X 24. 12. Sub-bracteole x 21-. \'.\. Perianth x 16. 
 14. Cross-section of perianth x 16. 15. Portion of mouth of 
 perianth x 85. 1 (>, 17. Perigonial bracts x 64. 18. Anlher- 
 idinm x 85 (Terrington Carr, Yorks., Dr. Spruce). 
 
 S. Cephalozia curvifolia (/>'/r/-.s.), Di/m. 
 
 Jungennania citrn/olia, Dicks. Tl. ciyi.t. Urit. f-ASc. II, ir>, t. T. (170(>); Hook. 
 
 Brit. Jiin^. t. 15 et Suppl. t. 1. e.r jxirte (IHIC). 
 Jungermania liaiieri, Mart. Fl. crypt. Erlang. p. 17l', t. •">, f 4C< (1SI7). 
 Cephalozia curvi/olia, Dum. Recueil p. 18 (IS.S.''*). 
 Xouyllia ciirvt/olia. Mitten in Godman's " Natural Hi.story of the Azores ' 
 
 (1S7(I). 
 
 Monoicous and dioicous, densely dcpresso-ca?spitose, cflagellife- 
 rous, small, pale green, whitish-red or deep purple colour. Stems 
 slender, pellucid, subterete ; radiculose, rootlets somewhat thick, 
 numerous; simple or slightly branched, branches few, ascending, 
 postical ; very rarely furcate ; cortical cells 8, large, outer walls 
 thick, inner 4 cells in diam., smaller. Leaves loosely imbricate, 
 assurgent-subsecund. succubous, almost transversely inserted, 
 oblique obovate, concave, antical margin almost straight, postical 
 broadly semi-cordate at the base, with intle.xed auricle, with 
 margin appresscd to the leaf, ventricose at the keel, bilobed to 
 below the middle, sinus more or less broadly luniilate; segments 
 incurved-hamate, capillaris-cuspidate, j)oints consisting of 8-10 
 oblong-(|uadrate uniseriate cells ; cells smallish to medium in size, 
 
160 HEPATIC^. 
 
 quadrate or obloDg-quadrate, guttulate, verruculose, walls thick, 
 angles thickened. Axillary leaf (when stem furcate) acuminate 
 entire, the other segment abortive. On some elongated stems 
 and branches the leaves are more symmetrical, the inflexed auricle 
 disappearing. Stipules none. Branches $ generally very short, 
 postical. Bracts 3 pairs, tristichous, innermost erect, oblong, 
 complicate-bilobed, segments subovate apiculate, partly free, all 
 the margin, except towards the base, minutely, unequally spinu- 
 lose-denticulate ; bracteole similar ; exterior bracts much smaller ; 
 all the bracts and bracteoles without auricles. Perianth large, 
 often about the middle of a rosy-purple colour, apex white, linear, 
 deeply triquetrous-prismatic, mouth broadly truncate, wide, rarely 
 constricted, setulose, teeth 1-4 minute quadrate cells long ; deli- 
 cate texture, composed of one layer of cells, near the middle about 
 200 very small, roundish cells around. Pistillidia about 10, 
 large. Calyptra very delicate. Capsule oblong-globose. 
 
 Androecia terminal or on short postical branches ; perigonial 
 bracts many, closely imbricate, somewhat similar to the leaves but 
 broader ; perigonial bracteoles subulate ; antheridia single, oval. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to f inch long, diam. -15 mm. ; leaves 
 •65 mm. x '4 mm. ; lobule *3 mm., seg. '35 mm., '6 mm. x "5 mm. 
 lobule, '3 mm., seg. "3 mm., '75 mm. x '5 mm. ; lobule, '2 mm., seg. 
 •4 mm.; cells "045 mm. x '025 mm., '035 mm. x '025 mm., 
 •035 mm. x 03 mm., "03 mm. x "025 mm., "025 mm. x "025 mm. ; 
 bracts 1*25 mm. x '9 mm., seg. "5 mm.; bracteole 1"1 mm. x 
 •7 mm., seg. "4 mm.; sub-bract 1" mm. x '6 mm., seg. '4 mm. 
 sub-bract, "65 mm. x '45 mm., seg. '25 mm. ; sub-bracteole '5 mm. 
 x "3 mm. ; perianth 2' mm. x '6 mm. ; teeth at the mouth 
 •075 mm., 125 mm. ; pistillidia '2 mm. x '04 mm. ; perigonial 
 bracts "6 mm. x '55 mm. ; lobule, '25 mm., seg. '4 mm. ; perigonial 
 bracteole '3 mm. x '05 mm. ; antheridia '1 mm. x "075 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on rotting trunks of trees, soft sandstone 
 rocks ; and damp heathy moors in subalpine situations. Somewhat 
 rare. 
 
 2. Tunbridge Wells, Sussex, Dr. Sprifcc. ^,7. Cvvm Idwal, 
 Carnarvonshire, C. J. JFild and 77^. H. P. 9. Near Todmorden, 
 
ErcEl'UALUZIA. Kil 
 
 John Noire//. 10. Near Whitby, O. S/<i/j/rr. VI. Na.ldlc 
 Forest, Westmorlaiid, (1. Sla/i/cr. JJorrowdale, Cumberland, Dr. 
 Car n nil I on am/ //'. //. P. Pattcrdale, Westmorland, W. Jl. P. 
 1-'). Dunveock Glen and near Garroch, New Galloway, •/. McAin/rcir. 
 15. Balmoral, G. S/a/j/cr. IG. Glen Finnan, Dr. Carrinnlon. 
 Moidart, West Inverness, >S'. M. Macoicar. I. About Killarney 
 abundant. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America, also ^Mexico, 
 Azores, and, according to " Syn. Hep.," in South Africa. 
 
 Obs. — A most beautiful species, usually of a rosy or deep 
 purple colour ; distinguished from all other British Ccp/id/ozuc by 
 the remarkable intle.xed auricle or lobule on the lower side of the 
 leaf. 
 
 Sometimes the stem is furcate, with a difform (unicural) leaf 
 at the fork; this and the leaf auricle, I suppose, induced Mr. 
 Mitten to make a separate genus of it; but, as Dr. Spruce points 
 out, this rare feature is also seen in other Ccp/ia/ozi(/', and the 
 auricle disappears in some of the ordinary leaves, towards the a})ex 
 of drawn-out stems and branches, and always in the bracts, thus 
 rendering these characters not of sufficient value to separate it 
 from true Cep/ia/ozia. I regret this, as I should have been glad 
 to have followed Mr. Mitten in associating the name of Nowell 
 with this elegant species. 
 
 John Nowell was a working-man botanist, who had a most 
 intimate knowledge of the Hepaticie, and who was one of the 
 most modest and generous of collectors. My readers will, I trust, 
 pardon me for inserting the following lines by his I'rieud, 
 Mr. Stansfield : — 
 
 " Nature to Inm 
 Wa.s ever, ever blooming ! Ah, to tell 
 The rapture that, even in winter's depth, 
 To him could yield each tiny, glistening moss, 
 Or lichen grey, clothing the barren rock I 
 
 AVhat nook of these our vales 
 Ilath he not peeped in— peeped, nay, closely .scanned^ 
 At what clear spring hath he not bent and drank ( 
 Beside what stream, or through what dough, hath he 
 
162 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Not roved, at his own gentle pace, and there 
 Ta'en note of plant-life in its tiniest forms ? 
 What hill or knoll hath he not clomb, early 
 Or late, or at mid-day, in rain or shine ? 
 
 Shine sweetly, Sun, upon this honoured grave ! 
 Tread softly ye upon his kindly mould ! 
 And raise a Tablet that the child may ask : 
 ' For whom ? ' and learn that Truth and Gentleness have 
 lived ! " 
 
 I have remarked upon the colour of the species. Whilst 
 collecting, along with my friend Dr. Carrington, in the woods of 
 Borrowdale, we noticed at some considerable distance a mass of 
 rich reddish-purple which we could not make out. Judge our 
 surprise, when we approached near, to find the huge trunk of a 
 rotting tree covered with this species ! ^We speedily made our- 
 selves 
 
 " Rich in the wealth, which is collected 
 Among woods and fields," 
 
 Description of Plate LXI. — Fig. I. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem x (Dr. Grottsche, in G. & R. Hep. Eur. 
 n. 232). 3, 4. Leaves x (ditto). 5-8. Leaves x 24 (Naddle 
 Forest, Westmorland, G-. Stabler). 9. Portion of leaf x 290 
 (ditto). 10. Bracts x 24 (Patterdale, Cumberland, W. H. P.). 
 11. Bracteole x 24 (ditto). 12. Sub-bract x 24 (ditto). 13. Sub- 
 bracteole x 24 (ditto). 14. Sub-bract x 24 (ditto). 15. Perianth 
 X 24 (ditto). 16. Cross-section of the same x 24 (ditto). 
 17. Ditto x ?(Dr. G. inG.& E. Hep. Eur. n. 232). 18. Portion 
 of the mouth of the perianth x 85 (Patterdale, AV. H. P.). 
 19, 20. Perigonial bract x 31 (ditto). 21. Leaf at the base of 
 ■stem X 31 (ditto). 22. Perigonial bracteole x 85 (ditto). 
 23. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
EUCEPHALOZIA. 163 
 
 9, Cephalozia Francisci [Ifoo/i.), Duiit. 
 
 Jungermania Francisci, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 49 (1810). 
 Cephalozia Francisci, Dum. llecvieil, p. 18 (1835). 
 
 Dioicous, densely csespitose, flagelliferous, small, green to 
 reddish-green at the ends of the stems. Stems filiform, yet pro- 
 portionately thick, fleshy, procumbent, subramose, branches 
 ascending, with few leaves near the base ; radiculose, rootlets 
 plentiful at the base, hyaline; cortical cells about 15, inner 
 slightly larger, all opaque ; flagella numerous, leafless or with 
 minute leafy processes. Leaves patent-divergent or patent 
 spreading or subsecund, distant or subimbricate, small, oval- 
 orbiculate or broadly ovate, from ^th to ^rd bidentate, sinus 
 acute or obtusate, segments acute or obtuse, lower one usually 
 connivent; cells smallish, subquadrate, near the middle oblong, 
 marginal cells small, quadrate ; walls thick, no trigones or thickened 
 angles. Stipules large, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, rarely 
 oblong-quadrate, bidentulate. Inflorescence cladocarpous, ? 
 bracts 3 pairs, innermost much larger than the leaves, ovate- 
 oblong, bifid to about Jrd, segments lanceolate obtuse or acute, 
 recurved, unidentate on the outside ; bracteole free, ovate-oblong, 
 bifid ; sub-bracts oval, shortly bidentate, sinus obtuse, segments 
 acute connivent ; sub-bracteole broadly lanceolate bifid. Perianth 
 twice as long as the bracts, projecting about half beyond them, 
 narrowly ovate-fusiform, tricarinate almost to the base, mouth 
 6-plicate, entire, at the base 3 cells thick, at the middle 2 cells. 
 Calyptra lower half 2 cells thick. Pistillidia 5-8. Capsule large, 
 dark brown, almost black, oval-cylindrical, spores and elaters deep 
 red colour. 
 
 Androecia on the middle or the ends of the stem or postical 
 branches ; perigonial bracts 3-7 pairs, closely imbricate, concave- 
 canaliculate, ovate-orbicular, bifid, sinus and segments subacute ; 
 perigonial bracteole linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Antheridia 
 sina^le, laro^e, oval. 
 
 Sometimes gemmiparous, gemmse large, greenish to reddish- 
 ij^reen, at the ends of the stems. 
 
164 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to J inch long, diam. '15 mm.; leaves 
 •3 mm. X '325 mm., ses^ments "1 ram., '35 mm. x "325 mm., ses^. 
 "075 mm., "35 mm. x '225 mm., seg. '075 mm., '4 mm. x "35 mm., 
 •35 mm. X '35 mm., -25 mm. x 15 mm. ; cells "OG mm. x 02 mm., 
 "035 mm. x "02 mm., '04 mm. x "02 mm., "03 mm. x "02 mm., 
 *025 mm. x "025 mm. ; marginal cells "02 mm. x '02 mm. ; stipules 
 '2 mm. X '1 mm., '2 mm. x "075 mm., -15 mm. x 'l mm., '15 mm. 
 X 08 mm., "2 mm. x "1 mm, ; sub-bract "75 mm. x "5 mm. ; sub- 
 bracteole "5 mm. x '3 mm. ; bract I'l mm. x '7 ram., seg. '4 mm., 
 •0 mm. X -55 mm. ; bracteole "D mm. x "5 mm., seg. "l mm. ; 
 perianth 2" mm. x '6 mm., 2" mm. x '55 mm.; capsule '5 mm. x 
 *4 mm., '65 mm. x '35 mm. ; pedicel '12.5 mm. diam. ; spores 
 "02 mm. diam.; elaters "15 mm. x '02 mm.; perigonial bracts 
 •3 mm. X -25 mm., seg. '075 mm. ; perigonial bracteole '225 mm. 
 X '1 mm. ; antheridia "15 mm. x •[ mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing by the sides of ditches in moist turfy soil on 
 moors. Very rare. 
 
 2. New Forest, Hants, C. LijpJL 4. Holt & Edgefield Heaths, 
 Norfolk, Francis. 9. Dale Ford, Delamere Forest, Cheshire, 
 W. Wilson. 10. Moors near York, Stockton Forest. Langwith 
 Moor, I)r. Spruce, Strensall Common, Yorks, M. B. Slater §• G. 
 Stabler. 11. Kildale Moor, Cleveland, B. Muchl 13. Eoadside 
 between Rosehall and Brownhall, Dumfries, Cridcksltank. 15. Baker 
 Wells, Strachan, Aberdeen, ./. Sim; Loch-na-gar, Aberdeen,/. Sim. 
 Kinnordy, C. Lyell. 
 
 I. Bantry, Miss Hut chins. 
 
 Found on the Continent sparingly. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from the dioicous C. lunultTfolia, Dum. 
 C. catenulata (Hliben.) and C. divaricata (Sm.), in addition to 
 other characters, by the presence of large stipules along the whole 
 length of the stem. 
 
 C.paitans (N.) is a very different plant with large lax oblong 
 leaves, segments obtuse, large cells. By some strange mistake 
 this species is figured in " Eng. Bot.," t. 2569, as Jung. Francisci. 
 Dr. Spruce remarks that in habit, presence of flagella, concave 
 leaves, small cells, the erect branches with leaves gradually becom- 
 
E UCEPHA TJJZL I. 1 05 
 
 ing si^ialler at tlie ends and l)caring rosy geninia?, C. Francixri 
 clearly has an affinity with C. [(Jdonfo.) denndahi (Mart.). 
 
 Description of Plate ]jXII. — Fi<j^. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem x 24 (Herb. Taylor). •'), 4. Leaves x 85 
 (ditto). 5, 6. Ditto x 85 (New Forest, Lyell). 7, 8. Portions 
 of leaf x 290 (ditto). 9, 10. Stipules x 85 (Herb. Taylor). 
 11. Stipule X 85 (New Forest, Lyell). 12, 13. Stipules x 85 
 (Strachan, Sim). 14. Sub-bract x 31 (ditto). 15. Sub- 
 bracteole x 31 (ditto). IG. Bract x 31 (ditto). 17. Brac- 
 teole X 31 (ditto). 18. Perianth x 24 (ditto). 19. Perigonial 
 bract X 85 (New Forest, Lyell). 20. Ditto, explanate x 85 
 (ditto). 21. Perigonial bracteole x 85 (ditto). 22. Antheri- 
 dium X 85 (ditto). 
 
 10. Cephalozia fluitans i^Nt'cs), Spruce. 
 
 Jungermania Jiuitans, Nees in Syll. Ratisb. (182;3). 
 
 J anger mania Ji aitans, Funck Cr. Gew. no. 59o. 
 
 Jungermania inflata bjiuitans, Nees Eur. Leber. (1833-;]C)). 
 
 Jimgermania injlata y ** laxa amhigua, G.L.N. Syn. Hep. (1844). 
 
 Jungermania Francisci, Eng. Bot. t. 25G9. 
 
 Jungermania Sehlmeyeri, Hiiben. Hep. Germ. (1834). 
 
 Cephalozia obtusiloha, Lindb. Bot. Not. (1872). 
 
 Cephalozia f uitans (Nees), Spruce, On Ceph., p. '>0 (1882). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely ca3spitose, flagelliferous, medium to large in 
 size, light green to pale brown in colour. Stems elongate, laxl}' 
 creeping, subramose, radiculose, rootlets plentiful, white ; 8 cells 
 in diam., cortical cells 14-lG, clilorophyllose, opaque, inner 
 slightly smaller, pellucid ; flagella plentiful, radiculose, leafless or 
 partly leafy. Leaves large, ascending, subsecund, distant, rarely 
 subimbricate, obliquely inserted, suboblique oval-ovate or oblong, 
 sometimes subcuneate at the base, slightly concave, bilobed to a 
 third, rarely almost to the middle, sinus acute or obtusate, narrow, 
 segments unequal, postical larger, lanceolate, apex subcucullate, 
 obtusate, rarely subacute ; cells medium to ratlier large, hexagonal, 
 leptodermous, chlorophyllose, subopaque, basal cells a little larger, 
 marginal ones subquadrate, walls somewhat delicate, angles slightly 
 
166 HEPATIC^. 
 
 thickened, no trigones. Stipules distant, appressed to the stem, 
 linear, linear-lanceolate, subulate or bifid and irregular segments 
 often unequal, 3-6 cells long, sometimes with 1 or 2 teeth at one 
 or both sides. Inflorescence cladocarpous, ? branches postical, 
 short, about 3 mm. long. Bracts lax, 3 pairs, trisiichous, inner- 
 most about the size of the leaves, erect, ovate-oblong, canaliculate, 
 from a third to nearly the middle bilobed, segments acute or 
 subacuminate, towards the base 1, 2 dentate; cells elongate, sub- 
 pellucid. Bracteole same as the bracts. Sub-bracts much smaller 
 than the bracts, unequally bidentate, or falcate and entire. 
 Perianth projecting 2 to 3 times its length beyond the bracts, 
 linear-fusiform, cylindrical, trigonous only at the apex, mouth 
 truncate-subconstricted, entire, composed of one layer of cells 
 from the middle to apex, lower half 2 cells, at base 2 to 3 cells 
 thick, near the middle about 90 cells round. Calyptra 2 to 3 
 times shorter, slightly narrower, oblong-pyriform, delicate, at the 
 base 2 to 3 cells thick. Capsule purple, oblong or oblong- 
 cylindrical ; valves linear-lanceolate, composed of two layers of 
 cells. Spores dark reddish-brown, broader than the elaters. 
 Elaters bispiral, same colour as the spores. 
 
 Amenta i postical, perigonial bracts few (3-6)-pairs, smaller 
 than the leaves, oval or orbicular, concave, shortly bilobed, seg- 
 ments subacute, sometimes with a third, short, antical, incurved 
 segment ; bracteole linear or oval-lanceolate, entire or bifid ; 
 antheridia large, solitary, oval-globose. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from 1 to 3 inches long, '2 mm. to 
 •25 mm. in diam., with leaves 1-25 mm. to 1-75 mm. wide; 
 leaves '9 mm. x '55 mm. segments, "2 mm., '6 mm. x •4mm. seg., 
 •175 mm., 1* mm. x "9 mm. seg., -3 mm., 1. mm. x "6 mm. ; cells 
 •045 mm. x -04 mm., '04 mm. x "03 mm., "035 mm. x -835 mm.; 
 stipules 'b mm. x -08 mm., •35 mm. x 'l mm., ^3 mm. x -1 mm., 
 •275 mm. X •I mm., ^225 mm. x ^075 mm.; sub-bracts ^7 5 mm. 
 X "4 mm. seg., '2 mm., '5 mm. x "3 mm. seg., '2 mm., 'Q mm. 
 X '3 mm. seg., •I mm.; bracts I' mm. x ^6 mm. seg., 'A mm., 
 1^25 mm. X •e mm. seg., 'o mm., 1*2 mm. x ^5 mm.; bracteole 
 •9 mm. X ^5 mm. ; perianth 3*3 mm. x '8 mm., A' mm. x '7b mm.. 
 
EUCEPHALOZIA. 167 
 
 4' mm. X '5 mm. ; calyptra 1*6 mm. ; capsule "85 mm. x '5 mm., 
 •8 mm,, X "3-4 mm.; valves 'lb-?>b mm. broad; spores "02 mm.; 
 elaters "2 mm. x '0125 mm.; amenta 2* mm. long; perigonial 
 bracts "5 mm. x '3 mm. sag., "1 mm.; perigonial bracteole "2 mm. 
 X -075 mm. ; antheridia "175 mm. x "15 mm. 
 
 Hab. — " In tbe wettest part of bogs, creeping upon Sphagna 
 and other mosses, sometimes partly floating." R. S, Somewhat 
 rare. 
 
 2. New Forest, Hampshire, C. Lydl, 1813. 7. Glyder Vawr, 
 Carnarvonshire, G. A. Holt. 9. Delamere Forest, Cheshire, 
 W. Wilson. Abbots Moss, Cheshire, G. A. Holt. Carrington, 
 Moss, Cheshire, G. A. Holt. Wybunbury Bog, Cheshire, /. 
 Whitehead. Staley Brushes, Cheshire, /. Whitehead. Barton 
 Moss, Lane, W. H. P. 10. Far Wheeldale and Goathland Moor, 
 Yorks., SauL Anderson. 12. Foulshaw Moss, Westmorland, G. 
 Stabler. 13. Barend Moss, nr. Castle Douglas, Kirkcudbright- 
 shire, /. i)/c^y/r/yYvt\ 16. Moidart, West Inverness, aS'. il/. Macvicar. 
 I. Kylemore, Co, Gal way, ]J. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — First discovered by Mr. Lyell in the New Forest in 
 1813, and published and figured in "Eng. Bot." under the false 
 name of Junfjeruianla Francisci, from which it is quite distinct, as 
 will be seen by reference to the description and figures of that 
 species. Nees was the first to recognise it as a new and distinct 
 species, but he appears afterwards to have doubted its claims to 
 specific rank, for he reduced it to a variety of Jungermania injlata 
 in his later works. As Dr. Spruce remarks, how such a con- 
 summate hepaticologist should have confounded them it is diflftcult 
 to conceive, adding : " It may suffice to contrast their chief 
 characters, which are, for C.puitans, the stem rooting by numerous 
 stout flagella; the branches, whether foliferous or floriferous, all 
 postical ; the longer, narrower, and more laxly-reticulate leaves ; 
 the constant presence of stipules ; the cladocarpous inflorescence ; 
 the tristichous female bracts, toothed at the base, the innermost 
 embracing the perianth ; finally, the lineari-fusiform, trigonous, 
 thin perianth. But in Jungermania injtata there are no flagella • 
 
168 HEPATIC^E. 
 
 the branches arise variously from the mid axil of a leaf, or from 
 its postical angle, and the female flowers are borne on the apex of 
 the stem or of long leafy branches ; there are no stipules at all, 
 except very rarely a small subfloral one ; the bracts are distichous, 
 conformable to the leaves, and usually remote from the perianth 
 (whence the species becomes the type of Dumortier's spurious 
 genus Gymuocoleci) \ and the perianth itself is pyriform, inflated, 
 and obscurely 4-5-plicate, only at the very apex ; it is besides 
 composed of 2 strata of cells up to \ of its height." 
 
 Description or Plate LXIII. — Fig. 1. Plants % and ^ 
 natural size. 2. Portion of fertile stem with perianth x 11 
 (Foulshaw Moss, G. Stabler). 3. Portion of male stem x 16 
 (ditto). 4. Portion of brancli, antical view x 24 (ditto). 5- 
 Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 6-8. Stipules x 85 (Delamere 
 Forest, W. Wilson). 9. Stipule x 85 (Wheeldale, Sam. Anderson). 
 10, 11. Bracts x 24 (Foulshaw Moss, CI. Stabler). 12-14. Sub- 
 bracts X 24 (ditto). 15. Cross-section of perianth, near the base 
 X 16 (ditto). 16. Ditto, near the apex x 16 (ditto). 17. Por- 
 tion of mouth X 85 (ditto). 18. Perigonial bract x 31 (ditto). 
 19. Perigonial bracteole x 85 (ditto). 20. Antheridium x 85 
 (ditto). 
 
 11. Cephalozia heterostipa, Carr. ct Spruce. 
 
 Ge'phalozia lieterostipa, CaiT. et Spruce. Spruce, On Ceph., p. 55 (1882). 
 Junyermania inflata, var. heterostipa, Lindb. in Arn. & Lindb. Muse. Asiae bor, 
 p. 47 (1888) ; Kaalaas Leverm. Norge, p. 290 (1893). 
 
 Dioicous, depresso-ca?spitose, flagelliferous, from a reddish- 
 brown to a dull brown or green, sometimes orange colour, fragile. 
 Stems intricately flexuose, radiculose, rootlets produced the whole 
 length of the stem, white ; simple or twice dichotomously branched, 
 with the young apex almost always bifurcate, sometimes, not 
 always, producing radiculose, stoloniferous, postical branches 
 partly leafy, rarely altogether leafless. Cells of the stem 7 or 8 
 in diameter, cortical 20-22, subquadrate, subopaque, inner some- 
 what smaller, more pellucid. Leaves diagonally inserted at the 
 
EUCEPHALOZIA . 1 G9 
 
 base, lower ones distant, patulous, oblong or cuneate -oblong-, to a 
 third subacutely bilobed, segments obtusate or rotundate, often 
 discoloured, upper ones approximate and more or less imbricated, 
 and near the flowers, and where tlie stem bifurcates more deeply 
 coloured, broader, cuneate, assurgent-concave, often to the middle 
 bilobed, very often 3- and sometimes 4-lobed, angular or obsoletely 
 denticulate, lobes alone obtuse, sometimes subacute, subequal, or 
 witli the exterior one, now the antical, now the postical, smaller ; 
 cells small to smallish, 4-6 sided, sul)leptodermous, chlorophyllose, 
 subopaque, lower ones slightly elongate, walls thick, angles not 
 thickened, or only very slightly, no trigones. Axilliar antical 
 leaf (at the fork of the stem) a little smaller than the others, 
 ovate, entire, rarely with a tooth added at the base. Stipules 
 small or minute, sometimes obsolete, rarely altogether wanting, 
 coloured, linear or subulate, entire or bifid, segments erect, narrow, 
 unequal. Sometimes between the normal stipules otlier abnormal 
 ones are found ec[ual in length to the leaves, falcate-lingulate or 
 irregular. Flowers ? terminal on stem, pistillidia 10-16. Bracts 
 2-3 pairs, laxly imbricate, concave, broader than long, 3-4-lobed, 
 lobes subacute, obtuse, or rotundate ; bracteoles rather smaller 
 than the bracts, oblique, ovate-lanceolate, entire, or deeply bilobed. 
 Perianth projecting much, bej^ond the bracts, green, p3^riform, some- 
 what compressed, very indistinctly trigonous, mouth shortly 6-iobed, 
 lobes 2-4 dentate, whole number of teeth about 18, shortly sub- 
 ulate, unequal; cells quadrate, opaque, pachydermous, composed 
 of one layer of cells, except at its base and a very little higher up, 
 where it is composed of two layers. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |^ to 1 inch long, "2 mm. to "25 mm. in 
 diameter, with leaves 1'5 mm. wide ; leaves, lower "6 mm. x "4 mm., 
 ■6 mm. X '5 mm., segments '2 mm., "65 mm. x "6 mm., seg. '25 mm., 
 upper 75 mm. x "55 mm., seg. -25 mm., 'S mm. x Qtb mm., 
 •9 mm. X '55 mm., seg. "25 mm., 1* mm. x 7i) mm., seg. "4 mm. ; 
 cells '02 mm. x -02 mm., '03 mm. x •025 mm., '0275 mm. x '02 mm., 
 •03 mm. X 03 mm. ; stipules ^2 mm. x "04 mm., '2 mm. x '06 mm., 
 •225 mm. x '05 mm., '15 mm. x ^04 mm., -125 mm. x 075 mm. ; 
 bracts 6 mm. x 8 mm., '75 mm. x 8 mm., '9 mm. x 'll mm. : 
 
170 HEPATIC^. 
 
 bracteoles 3 mm. x 'ITS mm., '4 mm. x '15 mm., "325 mm. x 
 "1 mm. ; perianth 3' mm. x 1'4 mm., 2*75 mm. x 1*5 mm. ; 
 pistillidia '2 mm. x "05 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On wet rocks on momitains. 7. Glyders, North Wales, 
 E. M. Holmes, 1876. 
 
 Extremely rare. 
 
 Obs. — Distmguished from CcjjJi. fait cats (iSTees) by its smaller 
 size, lurid colour, leaves more frequently trilobed, much smaller 
 cell structure, in being acrocarpous, perianth with mouth laciniate- 
 dentate. 
 
 From small forms o^ Jiim/. injlata Huds., in having postical, 
 flagelliform branches, distinct polyphyllous involucres, constant 
 presence of bracteole, perianth being visibly (although very 
 obtusely) trigonous upwards and rather wide-mouthed. 
 
 Description of Plate LXIV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, postical view x 24. 3-7. Leaves x 24. 
 8. Portion of leaf x 290. 9-13. Stipules x 85. 14. Bract x 24. 
 15-17. Bracteoles x 85. 18. Perianth x 16 (Glyders, E. M. 
 Holmes). 
 
 Subgenus 2. OBONTOSCHISMA, Bum, 
 
 OdontoscJdsma, Dum. Recueil, p. I'J (18oo) (genus). 
 Sphagncecetis, Nees in G.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 148 (1S45). 
 Jungermania, Dicks, itc. 
 
 Plants somewhat robust, green or lurid, sometimes rosy, rarely 
 whitish, spreading, in closely intricate la3^ers, or creeping upon 
 mosses, very often densely csespitose. Stems firm, subterete, 
 prostrate or repeatedly arcuate, with the flagelliferous branches 
 rooting; leafy branches few, similar to the stem. Cells of the 
 stem about 8 in diameter, cortical 20-22, about equal in size to 
 the inner ones and of the same colour, sometimes more opaque. 
 Leaves succubous, inserted at the base diagonally or almost 
 longitudinally, broadly ovate or suborbiculate rotundate or retuse, 
 rarely obcordate or emarginate-bidentate, more or less concave, 
 entire ; cells medium size or ver}^ small, equilateral, walls in some 
 
ODOXTOSCIimMA . 171 
 
 species delicate, in others with the angles thickened, epidermis 
 sometimes scaberulous. Stipules minute and everywhere obvious, 
 or partly obsolete, sometimes none. Inflorescence for the most 
 part dioicous, in a few monoicous ; ? cladogenous. Fertile 
 branches short. Bracts small, tristichous, sometimes bifid, rarel}- 
 3-4-fid. Perianth larg-e, leptodermous, trigonous-fusiform, very 
 often narrow, mouth ciliate or denticulate, sometimes closed and 
 dividing at a lateral cleft. Calyptra leptodermous. Capsule 
 cylindrical- oblong, in other respects similar to all Cephcdodce. 
 Androecia constantly on whitish small amentula, very rarely more 
 robust and terminal ; perigonial bracts minute ; antheridia situated 
 in their axils. 
 
 Often gemmiparous, gemmre collected in heads upon the 
 attenuated tips of the branches. 
 
 12. Cephalozia Sphagni {JJich.), S/)r//cc. 
 
 Janyermania Sphagni, Dicks. Crypt. Brit. (1785); Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 33 (^jn'o 
 
 parte) (181G). 
 Fleuroschisma (Odontoschisma) tSphagni, Dum. Syll. Jung. p. 08 (1831). 
 Odontoschisma Sphagni, Dum. Recueil, p. ID (1835). 
 Sphagncecetis Sphagni, Nees in G.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 148 (1845). 
 Cejyhalozia {Odontoschisma) Sphagni (Dicks.), Spruce, On Cephalozia, p. GO 
 
 (1882). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely ctespitose or creeping sparsely among mosses, 
 flagelliferous, largish in size, green or brownish-green in colour. 
 Stems procumbent, elongate, arcuate, simple or with few postical 
 branches, firm, flexuose, gemmiparous branches wanting, cortical 
 cells 25-30, yellowish-brown, similar in size to the inner ones 
 only with thicker walls, 10-12 cells in diameter, inner cells sub- 
 opaque ; flagella postical, stout, firm, covered with minute root- 
 lets or short conical cells ; radiculose, rootlets numerous, minute, 
 simple hyaline, proceeding from the postical side of the stem. 
 Leaves imbricate or approximate, alternate, bifarious, patent- 
 divergent to patent, subobliquely or almost longitudinally inserted, 
 secund, concave, never repand or undulate, ver}' slightly decurrent 
 antically, ovate-rotund, entire, rotundate, retuse or sometimes 
 
172 HEPATIC^. 
 
 emarginate, more or less distinctly margined, margin often 
 brownish ; texture firm, epidermis smooth ; cells small to medium 
 size, subopaque, roundish-quadrate or roundish-oblong-quadrate, 
 walls thick, angles large, thickened, trigones rarely present, 
 marginal cells usually quadrate with thicker walls. Stipules none 
 or rarely present at the apex of stem or branches, very minute, 
 ovate, entire or bifid. Inflorescence ? postical ; sub-bracts small, 
 oval, bidentate, concave ; sub-bracteoles oblong, entire ; bracts 
 somewhat larger than the leaves and often very much more pellucid, 
 somewhat recurved, cuneate-oblong, almost to the middle bifid, 
 with 1, 2 or 3 smaller segments, which are apiculate or acute 
 dentate, rarely entire ; bracteole somewhat similar, but smaller. 
 Perianth 3 to 6 times longer than the leaves, subulate-fusiform, 
 cylindrical below, trigonous above, hyaline, near base 3 to 4 cells 
 thick, upper portion composed of one layer of cells, mouth small 
 through the folds, laciniate-ciliate, cilia very narrow, 2 cells long. 
 Calyptra obovate, 1 to 2 cells thick near the base. Capsule 
 spherical, dark brown, valves dividing to the base, thin texture. 
 Spores small, smooth, dark reddish-brown. Elaters bispiral, rather 
 broader than the spores, of the same colour. Andrcecia postical 
 amentiform, catkins minute ; perigonial bracts about 8 pairs, 
 closely imbricate, concave-complicate, oval, bidentate, segments 
 acute; bracteole oblong, entire or slightly emarginate; antheridia 
 single, oval, stipitate. 
 Fruits April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 3 inches long, "15 mm. diameter; 
 leaves 75 mm. x 'G mm., 7 x "G mm., 7 mm. x "8 mm., 7 mm. 
 
 X 7 mm., 'GS mm. x "Go mm., 75 mm. x 75 mm. ; cells '035 mm. 
 
 X '02 mm., '025 mm. x 02 mm., "02 mm. x '02 mm., "03 mm. 
 
 x '03 mm., -03 mm. x 02 mm. ; sub-bracts '5 mm. x '4 mm. 
 sinus, '1 mm., "5 x '35 mm., "3 mm. x '25 mm. ; sub-bracteoles 
 •3 mm. X "2 mm. ; bracts 1'25 mm. x 75 mm. segments, '4 mm., 
 'G mm., I'l mm. x Qb mm. segments, '45 mm. ; bracteole 75 mm. 
 
 x '5 mm. segments, "25 mm. ; perianth 4" mm. x 75 mm., 2"G mm. 
 
 X "G mm. ; teeth at the mouth '075 mm. ; calyptra 1* mm. x "Smm.; 
 pistillidia '15 mm. x "025 mm. ; capsule "G mm. x "55 mm.; valves 
 
ODOXTOSCHISMA. 173 
 
 •7 mm. X '3 mm. ; pedicel "15 mm. diam. : spores 008 mm. diam. ; 
 elaters '1 mm. x Ol mm. ; perigonial bract, explanate, '55 mm. 
 X "4 mm. sinus, '15 mm., "55 mm. x "55 mm. sinus, 'i^ mm.; 
 perigonial bracteoles '3 mm. x "lo mm.; antlieridia 08 mm. 
 X -OG mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in dense patches on damp moors or in bogs, 
 often straggling loosely amongst Sphaf/na and other mosses. 
 
 1, 2, 4, 7 to 17, I. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — At once distinguished from all other round-leaved 
 species by its postical trigonous perianth and postical amentiform 
 androecia ; when barren, by its arcuate stems and abundant stout 
 flagella. From C. (0.) deniidata (Mart.), see notes under that 
 species. 
 
 Var. alpina, MS. is a small neat form of a reddish-brown colour 
 with smaller cells, firm walls, with indistinctly thickened angles, 
 perigonial bracts ovate-rotund, with a third, antical, basal tooth, 
 found on the Scotch and Welsh mountains. I have not been 
 able to observe other characters to enable me to separate it from 
 the type. 
 
 Description of Pj;ATe LXV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem x IG. 3-7. Leaves x 24. 8. Portion of leaf 
 X 290. 9 12. Sub-bracts x 24. 13, 14. Sub-bracteoles x 24. 
 15, IG. Bracts x 24. 17. Bracteole x 24. 18. Perianth x 11. 
 19. Cross- section of perianth near the base x IG. 20. Ditto 
 near the apex x 16. 21. Portion of the mouth of the perianth 
 X 85. 23-26. Peri'^onial bracts x 24. 27, 28. Perio-onial 
 bracteoles x 24. 29. Antiieridium x 85 (All, Foulshaw Moss, 
 Westmorland, (jfeoro-e Stabler). 
 
174 HEPATIC.^. 
 
 13. Cephalozia denudata (Nees), Sjjnice. 
 
 Jungermania denudata, Nees in Mart. Crypt. Erlang. p. xiv. (1817). 
 Jimgermania scalaris b denudata, Mart. Crypt. Erlang. p. 185, t. G, f. 58, b. 
 
 (1817). 
 Jungermania S'phagni, Hook, et al. ex p. (181(5). 
 Pletrroschisma denudatum, Dum. Syll. Jung. CD (1831). 
 Odontoschisma denudatum, Dum. Recueil, p. 19 (1835). 
 Sphagnaecetis communis macrior, Nees in G.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 149 (1844), 
 Sphagncecetis Huehneriana, Rabenh. Handb. ii. 5, p. 338 (1848). 
 Cephalozia deniodala. Spruce, On Cephalozia (1882). 
 
 Dioicous, intricately csespitose, flagelliferous, small, greenish- 
 to reddish-bi'ovvii in colour. Stems almost leafless at the base, 
 rhizomatous, creeping, subramose, cortical cells about 40, similar 
 to the inner, 10 x 8 cells in diameter; branches subfasciculate, 
 erect, gemmiparous ; radiculose, rootlets numerous on the creeping 
 stems ; flagella postical, few. Leaves imbricate, patent-divergent, 
 never secund, concave, broadly ovate or oval, entire, sometimes 
 retuse or emarginate, slightly decurrent antically, largest near the 
 middle of the stem, becoming gradually smaller above and 
 gemmiparous ; texture firm ; epidermis verruculose ; cells small, 
 roundish-quadrate, walls thick, angles thickened, no trigones. 
 Stipules everywhere present, increasing in size on the gemmi- 
 parous branches and becoming equal in size to the terminal leaves, 
 oblong-roundish-quadrate, broadly oval or lanceolate, entire, acute 
 or subdenticulate. Inflorescence $ postical ; sub-bracts oval or 
 ovate, bidentate to about a sixth ; sub-bracteole oblong, entire ; 
 bracts twice bifid, margin denticulate or rarely entire ; bracteole 
 lanceolate, acute, minutely bidentate. Perianth narrowly fusi- 
 form, cylindrical below, above obtusely trigonous, mouth small, 
 denticulate or shortly fimbriate, at the base 3 cells thick, near 
 the middle 2, upper lialf composed of a single layer of cells. 
 Calyptra very delicate, composed of a single layer of cells. 
 Pistillidia long, narrow, about 12. Androecia postical, amenti- 
 form, arcuate-decurved, perigonial bracts 3-8 pairs, deeply 
 saccate, margin entire, emarginate or incised, segments obtuse or 
 obtusate. 
 
ODONTOSCHISMA. 175 
 
 Fruits April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — |- to 1 inch long, diam. 2 mm.; leaves 'J mm. 
 X "5 mm., 7 mm. x '7 mm., 1' mm. x -9 mm., 'G mm. x '5 mm., 
 '7 mm. X -(3 mm., '8 mm. x 'G mm.; cells '025 mm. x 02 mm., 
 •02 mm. X -0172 mm., '02 mm. x '02 mm. ; stipules '4 mm. x 
 •25 mm., '35 mm. x '25 mm., '5 mm. x 2 mm. ; sub-bracts 'G mm. 
 X -4: mm.; sinus •! mm., "7 mm. x -4 mm., -35 mm. x -2 mm., 
 •4 mm. X •S mm., 'o mm. x ^3 mm. ; sub-bracteole ^3 mm. x ^2 mm. ; 
 bract '7b mm. x •Q mm., segments '3 mm. ; bracteole •!) mm. x 
 •45 mm., sinus "05 mm. ; perianth '2 mm. x -G mm.; pistillidia 
 •2 mm. X ^03 mm. (andnecia '5 mm. — 1^5 mm. long x ^25 mm. 
 thick S.O.L.). 
 
 Hab. — Growing on rotting trunks of trees or dead vegetable 
 matter, or on crumbling sandstone. 
 
 Somewhat rare ; very rare in fruit. 
 
 2. On crumbling sand rock, Tunbridge Wells, Dr. Spruce; 
 A rdingley Rocks, Sussex, G.Davies. 7. Tyn-y-Groes, Merioneth, 
 irUd §• Holt. 8. Stirrup Wood, Derbyshire, G. J. Holt. 9. Car- 
 rington Moss, Cheshire, G. A. Holt; Clifton Junction, Lane, 
 C. J. Wild. 12, 13. Burmurray, Balmaclellan, New Galloway, 
 J. Mc Andrew. IG. Glen Finnan, Br. Carriiujtou ; Moidart, 
 /S'. M. Macvicar. I. Co. Mayo, D. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent, North America ; also on the Andes 
 of South America, Dr. Spruce. 
 
 Obs. — Differs from Cephalozia (0.) Sjjhafjni (Dicks.) in its 
 intricately branched leafless caudex, branches usually erect, atten- 
 uate, gemmiparous ; leaves never secund, destitute of any distinct 
 margin, epidermis verruculose, abundant presence of stipules 
 everywhere. 
 
 Ceph. [0.) Spliacjni (Dicks.) has stems often repeatedly arcu- 
 ately branched, which are equally leaved throughout, often 
 secund, with a distinct margin, stipules absent or few and extremely 
 minute. 
 
 " Cepli. (0.) deHudaia\'& usually found growing on rotting wood 
 or crumbling sandstone; CcjjIi. {(J.) Sphof/ni on living /iyV/r/y //a 
 and other bo"- mosses." li. S. 
 
176 HEPATICJE. 
 
 Desceiptiox of Plate LXVI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem (after Hooker). 3. Portion of stem, antieal 
 view X 24 (Sweden, S. 0. Linclberg, also the following). 4-9. 
 Leaves x 24. 10. Portion of leaf x 290. 11-15. Stipules x 
 24. 16-20. Sub-bracts x 24. 21. Sub-bracteole x 24. 22. 
 Bract X 24. 23. Bracteole x 24. 24. Perianth x 24. 25. 
 Cross-section of perianth near the base x 24. 26. Ditto, near 
 the middle. 27. Ditto, near the apex. 
 
 Subgenus 3. CEPHALOZIELLJ, Spnice. 
 
 Plants small or minute, often creeping amongst mosses or 
 other hepatics, or densely csespitose, sublurid. Stem for the size 
 of the plant very often firm, generally at the base subrhizomatous, 
 but flagella wanting ; cortical cells 10-20, hardly different from the 
 interior. Lower leaves distant subobliquely inserted (succubous) ; 
 upper more crowded, or almost exactly transverse, the length 
 (•1--15 mm.) rarely exceeding the breadth of the stem, very often 
 cuneate, to the middle or more bifid, carinate, segments subcompli- 
 cate or divergent, entire or in one species subdenticulate, rarely 
 spinulose ; cells small-minute (diam. vg-yVr nim.) subquadrate 
 or guttulate. Stipules very variable, sometimes in one and the 
 same species everywhere present, now altogether obsolete ; always 
 (where present) small, narrow, entire or bifid. Inflorescence for 
 the most part dioicous, in few monoicous ; ? very often terminal 
 on the chief stem, in other species cladogenous, or in various 
 places. Bracts moderately large 3 -pairs (or more) bilobed, tristi- 
 chous, very often with the bracteole highly connate, lobes generally 
 denticulate or spinulose. Perianth for the most part elongate and 
 narrow, leptodermous, acutely prismatic, keels rarely reduced to 3, 
 sometimes 3, 4, 5, and also 6 in the same species, mouth denticu- 
 late or ciliolate, rarely submuticous. Calyptra delicate. Capsule 
 oblong-globose. Androecia in the middle or at the end of the 
 chief stem or elongated branches, bracts not smaller than the 
 leaves, very rarely produced on slender postical branches. 
 
CEPHALOZIELLA . 177 
 
 14. Cephalozia divaricata (>S////M), Dam. 
 
 Jungermania divaricata, Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 711) (a. 1X00) et t. 2A^ij'^. 
 Jungermania bijssacea, Roth. Tent. fl. Germ. i. p. 387 (ISOO) ; Hooker. ISrit. Jung. 
 
 t. 12 (181G), &c. 
 Jungermania con/ervoides, Radcli in Act. soc. Modena, p. 29, t. 4, f. 1. (1818). 
 Jungermania Starkii, Herb. Funck. Nees Nat. Eur. Leb. 11, 225 (18.'5G). 
 Cephalozia divaricata (Sm.) Dum. Recueil (ISoo). 
 
 Dioicous, densely ctespitose or creeping amongst mosses, flagel- 
 liferous, small, colour very various, namely, green, olive, sometimes 
 reddish, rarely whitish or almost black. Stems prostrate or sub- 
 erect, firm, 6-8 cells in diameter, cortical cells 14-20 scarcely 
 diff'erent from the inner ; simple or slightly branched ; radiculose, 
 rootlets white, Leaves small, distant on sterile stems, on fertile 
 very often subimbricate, accrescent, subsuccubous or almost trans- 
 verse, cuneate or rotund-quadrate, nearly to the middle bifid (rarely 
 a little more), segments complicate or divergent, ovate triangular 
 acute or subacuminate, rarely obtuse, entire, rarely with one or 
 two teeth ; cells from minute to small, subquadrate, leptodermous, 
 pellucid or subopaque, walls firm, no trigones or thickened angles. 
 Stipules lanceolate or ligulate, lower ones minute, entire, upper 
 larger, apex often bifid (rarely trifid), sometimes wanting altogether 
 or only present near the flowers. Flowers % terminal on chief 
 stem or elongated branches (rarely on short ones) ; bracts 3 pairs, 
 tristichous, larger than the leaves, innermost sometimes more or 
 less connate, rotund-quadrate, bilobed, segments acute, denticulate 
 or subspinose ; bracteole adnate to bract or free, ovate-quadrate, 
 bilobed, rather smaller than the bracts. Perianth linear or 
 narrowly fusiform, composed of one layer of cells, often bicolour, 
 towards the base purple, apex white prismatic, witli very rarely 
 only 3 angles, usually 4, 5 or 6 ; mouth subconstricted, denticulate 
 or subentire. Calyptra smaller, delicate. Pistillidia about 12. 
 Capsule oblong-globose. Androecia on proper stems, variously 
 situated on stem or branch, perigonial bracts several pairs, sub- 
 imbricate, equal, incurvo-concave, bilobed, segments somewhat 
 acute ; autheridia single, oval. 
 
 M 
 
178 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Fruits March, April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to f inch long, '05 to "07 mm. in 
 diameter, with leaves '2 mm. wide; leaves '15 mm. x 'IS mm., 
 seg. -075 mm., -175 ram. x -175 mm., seg. '1 mm., '2 mm. x 
 •15 mm., seg. '075 mm. ; cells '02 mm. x '02 mm., -0225 mm. x 
 •0225 mm., -02 mm. x "03 mm. ; stipules -15 mm. x '075 mm., 
 •125 mm. x '075 mm. ; sub-bract '275 mm. x -3 mm., seg. '1 mm. ; 
 sub-bracteole -175 mm. x -125 mm., seg. "075 mm. ; bracts '35 mm. 
 X '4 mm., seg. •225 mm., ^5 mm. x ^5 mm., seg. •175 mm. ; 
 bracteole '225 mm. x '15 mm., seg. '075 mm. ; perianth '75 mm. x 
 •25 mm., '8 mm. x ^4 mm., 1' mm. x '5 mm. ; pistillidia "15 mm. x 
 *05 mm.; valve of capsule '325 mm. x 125 mm.; antheridia 
 •1 mm. X -075 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on somewhat damp rocks, stones, earth or 
 rotting wood, exposed or shaded ; on heaths, or creeping upon 
 other hepatics or on mosses. Very common. 
 
 1 to 17. I. 
 
 Europe, Asia and North America. 
 
 Obs. — A common and variable species, which has stipules 
 always near the bracts, but on other parts of the stems some- 
 times without and sometimes with. The type with stipules has 
 been considered a distinct species [CejjJialozia Stai'lm^ Funck), but 
 agreeing with Dr. Spruce, I find no other characters of sufficient 
 value to make it worthy of specific rank. 
 
 C. divaricafa is a small species with wiry stems distinguished 
 from its nearest allies Ceph. Jackii^ Limpr. and Ceph. sfellulifera 
 (Tayl.) by its dioicous inflorescence. - 
 
 Ceph. Jeucantlia, Spruce, which is also dioicous, is of a much 
 paler colour, stems more fragile, leaves more oblong, with segments 
 parallel or connivent, not divergent, stipules always absent. 
 
 Description of Plate LXVII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of sterile stem x 85 (Sussex, E. N. Bloomfield). 
 3-5. Leaves x 85 (Warmbrunn, Hb. Nees). 6-8. Ditto x 85 
 (Glen Finnan, Dr. Carrington). 9, 10. Ditto x 85 (Stockholm, 
 S. 0. Lindberg). 11. Ditto x 85 (Altona, Dr. Gottsche). 
 12. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 13-15. Stipules x 85 (ditto). 
 
CEFHALOZIELLA. 179 
 
 IG. Sub-bract x 85 (ditto). 17. Sub-bracteole x 85 (Blanken- 
 berg, Hampe). 18. Bract x 85 (Warmsbrunn, Hb. Nees). 
 19. Bracteole x 85 (ditto). 20. Perianth x G4 (Altona, Dr. 
 Gottsche). 21. Mouth of perianth x 85 (Alliers, Du Buysson). 
 22. Antheridium x 85 (Llangollen, W. Wilson). 
 
 15. Cephalozia stellulifera {TajjI. MSS.) 
 
 Jnngermania stellulifera, Tayl. MSS., G.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 134 (1844), 
 Jnngerrtxania Starkii, var. procerior, Nees G. & R. Hep. Eiir. n. 02.5. 
 Cephalozia divaricata (Sm.), var. stellulifera, Spruce, On Oeph. (1882). 
 
 Monoicous, acrocarpous or cladocarpous, densely csespitose, 
 eflagelliferous, small, pale green or subolive to reddish-brown. 
 Stems creeping or suberect, simple or slightly branched, flexuose, 
 firm, sometimes thick and fleshy, cortical cells 15-25, similar to 
 the inner, sometimes brown, sometimes hyaline 8-10 in diameter ; 
 radiculose, rootlets few, pellucid. Leaves distant or approximate, 
 near the apex of fertile branches crowded, broader than the stem, 
 patent-divergent, below concave-complicate or spreading, above 
 widely spreading or almost squarrose, oval-quadrate, bifid to 
 nearly the middle, sinus acute or obtusate, segments 5, 6 cells 
 wide at the base, acute or obtusate, divergent or erect ; cells small, 
 4-, 5- and 6-angled, subquadrate, walls firm, no trigones. Stipules 
 distinct on some stems, lanceolate-acute, sometimes above (sub- 
 bracteoles ?), bifid, sometimes minute or wanting. Flowers $ on 
 apex of main stem or on long or short branches. Bracts much 
 larger than the stem leaves, ovate-quadrate, bifid to about ^, sinus 
 broad, acute or obtusate, segments narrowly triangular, acute, 
 dentate ; bracteole smaller than the bracts, oval or ovate, bifid to 
 about ^, or ovate-lanceolate and entire, margin dentate or denticu- 
 late ; sub-bracts somewhat similar to the leaves but larixer, den- 
 ticulate or quite entire ; sub-bracteole bidentate or entire, margin 
 denticulate or quite entire. Perianth projecting much beyond the 
 bracts, large in proportion to the size of the plant, oblong, or 
 elongate-fusiform, unistratose, trigonous, angles acute, mouth 
 hyaline, scariose and indistinctly crenulate. Pistillidia about 10. 
 
180 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Calyptra obovate, of a delicate texture. Capsule spherical, dark 
 brown. Spores brown, elaters paler than the spores, Androecia 
 on long or short branches proceeding often from below the peri- 
 anth, catkins long or short, perigonial bracts 4-8 pairs, closely 
 imbricate, roundish-quadrate when explanate, bifid to about \, 
 sin as and segments acute, margin quite entire or dentate, compli- 
 cate-concave, ventricose ; antheridium solitary, oval. 
 
 Fruits March, April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems \ io \ inch long, "08 mm. in diameter, 
 with leaves '35 mm. wide ; leaves '2 mm. x '16 mm., segments 
 •1 mm., "175 mm. x '125 mm., seg. "075 mm., "175 mm. x '15 mm., 
 seg. -075 mm., '225 mm. x -175 mm., seg. '075 mm. ; upper leaves 
 •3 mm. X -25 mm., seg. "125 mm. ; cells "02 mm., '025 mm., 
 '0175 mm. ; sub-bracteole '2 mm. x '14 mm. ; bracts "425 mm. x 
 •325 mm., seg. '175 mm., '4 mm. x -35 mm., seg. '15 mm.; 
 bracteole '25 mm. x -15 mm., seg. *! mm., '075 mm., '325 mm. x 
 •2 mm. ; perianth -8 mm. x "3 mm., "9 mm. x '35 mm. ; pistillidia 
 '1 mm. X "04 mm. ; spores '01 mm. ; elaters '13 mm. x -01 mm. ; 
 perigonial bracts '21 mm. x •21 mm., seg. ^07 5 mm. ; antheridia 
 •15 mm. X •! mm. 
 
 Hab. — On hedge banks, rocks and stones, rarely on rotting 
 wood. Rare. 1. Hedge banks near Redruth, Cornwall, 1871, 
 The Lizard, Cornwall 1883, W. Curnow. 5. ? 8. Crich, Derby- 
 shire; W. Wilson, 1833. 12. Westmorland, G. Stabler ; on dead 
 trees, Rigmaden Park, Westmorland, Peter Brecsen. 15. Scottish 
 Highlands, Drummond. 
 
 Found on the Continent (Schwartzwasser, Sudetia, Hb. Nees, 
 as Jift/f/, Starkii, var. mimiua). 
 
 Oes. — Differs from C. divaricata (Sm.) in its monoicous 
 inflorescence, leaves often very widely spreading, at the immature 
 flower ends squarrose (hence I suppose Taylor's name), perianth 
 always trigonous (not 4-6-angled), angles acute. 
 
 In the original specimens from Crich the perigonial bracts are 
 dentate, in those from Cornwall and elsewhere they are quite 
 entire. 
 
 Description of Plate LXVIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 
CEPHALOZIELLA. 1 8 1 
 
 2. Portion of fertile plant x 64 (Cornwall, Curnow). 3. Portion 
 of branch, postical view x 31 (ditto). 4-8. Leaves x 85 (ditto). 
 9. Leaf x 85 (Westmorland, P. Dreesen). 10. Ditto x 85 
 (Scotland, Drummond), 11-14. Leaves x 64 (Crich, Wilson). 
 15. Upper leaf x 64 (Cornwall, Curnow). 16. Portion of leaf 
 X 290 (ditto). 17, 18. Stipules x 64 (ditto). 19. Sub- 
 bracteole x 85 (Scotland, Drummond). 20, 21. Bracts x 85 
 (Crich, Wilson). 22. Bracteole x 85 (Cornwall, Curnow). 23. 
 Perigonial bract x 64 (ditto). 24. Antheridium x 64 (ditto). 
 
 16. Cephalozia aeraria, Fearson. 
 
 Cephalozia m'aria, Pears., Spruce, On Ceph. (1882). 
 
 Dioicous, cladocarpous, densely depressed csespitose, eflagelli- 
 ferous, minute, tawny or pale brown colour. Stems flexuose, 
 extremely fine, rootlets closely intertwined, moderately strong, 
 sparingly branched, branches subhyaline, foliose; cells of the 
 stem 8 in diameter, cortical ones 10-15, slightly larger than the 
 inner. Leaves dissitous-squarrose, almost patent, minute, sub- 
 cuneate, obscurely carinate, deeply (to fths) bilobed, subentire, 
 sinus acute or obtuse, segments ovate or lanceolate, at the base 
 2-4 cells broad, sub-acuminate, apical cell single, conical (twice as 
 long as broad), very often incurved, apiculate; cells minute, 
 oblong, pellucid, distinctly guttulate, walls at the angles thickened, 
 epidermis rough. Stipules variable, lower ones often minute or 
 obsolete, upper ones about half the length of the leaves, lanceolate, 
 sometimes connate to the nearest leaf, forming a three-lobed one, 
 the largest rarely bilobed and scarcely smaller than the leaves. 
 Fertile branches very short ; bracts 3 pairs, nearly twice as long 
 as the leaves, in sterile flowers free, a little more than to the 
 middle bilobed, lobes ovate, acuminate. Further organs not yet 
 known. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems \ inch long, '05 mm. in diameter, with 
 leaves -25 mm. wide; leaves '125 mm. x '075 mm., segments -06 
 mm., -15 mm. X -1 mm., seg. "1 mm., 175 mm. x -1 mm., seg. 
 
182 HEPATIC^. 
 
 •075 mm., •125-'15 mm. x -125 mm. ; cells '015 mm., -015 mm. x 
 •0175 mm., "02 mm. x '0175 mm., '01 mm. x "0125 mm., '0125 mm. 
 X 015 mm. ; apical cell '02 mm. x '01 mm. ; stipules "1 mm. x 
 •02 mm. at base, "1 mm. x '03 mm., '075 mm. x '025 mm. ; 
 bracts "2 mm. x "125 mm., seg. ^075 mm., '1 mm., -25 mm. x 
 •15 mm. ; bracteole '1 mm. x ^06 mm., seg. "04 mm. 
 
 Hab. — 7. At the mouth and on the roof of an old copper mine 
 between Dolgelly and Tyn-y-Groes, Merionethshire, W.H. Pearson, 
 April 1877. Ehaider Dhu, Tyn-y-Groes, G. A. Holt, July 1882. 
 Mouth of copper mine, near Pistyl Cain, Tyn-y-Groes, C. J. Wild, 
 July 1882. Extremely rare. 
 
 Obs. — " Cejjli. Macounii, Aust., comes near to it, but is of a 
 green colour, stems slender and much branched, leaves subimbri- 
 cate, sinus sometimes lunate, apices of lobes not unguiculate, cells 
 subquadrate, stipules none. Cejjh. diraricata (Sm.) certainly dis- 
 tinct, flowers acrogenous ; leaves distinctly carinate, rarely more 
 than to the |- divided, exunguiculate, cells quadrate, reticulate 
 (not guttulate). It differs essentially from C. divaricata in being 
 still more minute, in the deeply bifid leaves whose narrow seg- 
 ments end in a clawlike apiculus, the guttulate areolation and 
 especially in the cladogenous inflorescence which brings it near 
 to C. Macoimiir — R. Spruce. 
 
 Description of Plate LXIX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem x 85. 3-14. Leaves x 85. 15. Leaf with 
 connate stipule x 85. 16. Portion of leaf x 290. 17-23. Stipules 
 X 85. 24, 25. Bracts x 85. 26. Bracteole x 85 (Tyn-;y- 
 Groes, W. H. P., April 1877). 
 
 1 7. Cephalozia Jackii, Lintprkld MjSS. 
 
 Cephcdozia Jackii, Limpi\, MSS. Spruce, On Cephalozia, p. 67 (1882). 
 
 Paroicous, csespitose, eflagelliferous, small, size of Cejj//. 
 divaricata, aero- and cladocarpous, pale green to reddish-green, 
 with the flowering apices often purplish. Stems short, fragile, 
 simple or with few branches, prostrate, radiculose, ends ascending, 
 some branches elongate, with minute leaves. Lower leaves, chiefly 
 
CEPHA L OZIEL LA . 183 
 
 of the sterile branches, distant, minute, cnneate, upper near the 
 ? flowers imbricate, cuneate-quadrate or subrotund, all subcari- 
 nate, almost or even to the middle acute bilobed, segments ovate- 
 triangular, acute; cells very small to small, quadrate to sub- 
 elongate, 4-, 5- and 6-sided, angles thickened, no trigones. 
 Stipules half the size of the leaves, lower ones linear or lanceolate, 
 upper ones ovate-lanceolate, rarely divided at the apex. Involucre 
 ovate-juliform. Bracts 3-5 pairs, larger than the leaves, oblong- 
 orbiculate, concave, less deeply bilobed, more or less denticulate, 
 enclosing single antheridium, which is oval, the innermost bracts 
 highly connate, forming with the smaller bracteole (with which 
 both bracts are connate) a cuplike receptacle. Perianth twice as 
 long as the bracts, projecting above half its length beyond them, 
 oblong or ovate-oblong, obtusely 4-5-angled (ver}^ rarel}' trigonous), 
 composed of a single layer of cells, about 80 round, near the 
 middle, mouth scariose, truncate, repand, afterwards variously 
 divided. Capsule oblong. 
 
 Fruits March, April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to J inch long, '1 to "15 mm. in 
 diameter, with leaves "5 mm. wide; lower leaves 'l mm. x 'l mm., 
 •15 mm. X '12 mm. ; upper leaves '275 mm. x '225 mm., segments 
 •15 mm., -225 mm. x '175 mm., seg. "1 mm., ^3 mm. x '275 mm., 
 seg. •IS mm. ; cells "02 mm., "015 mm. x •0125 mm., ^0175 mm. 
 X ^0175 mm., ^015 mm. x •OlS mm., '02 mm. x ^0175 mm.; 
 stipules "15 mm. X "075 mm., ^175 mm. x '06 mm.; sub-bracts 
 •3 mm. X "3 mm., seg. "1 mm., •S mm. x ^25 mm., "35 mm. x 
 "325 mm,, seg. '125 mm., '4 mm. x ^4 mm., seg. '175 mm. ; sub- 
 bracteole "225 mm x •IS mm. ; bracts '4 mm. x "3 mm., "55 mm. 
 X "425 mm., seg. '175 mm. ; bracteole ^4 mm. x '175 mm. ; 
 antheridia "15 mm. x •! mm. ; perianth 1"25 mm. x 'b mm., "7 mm. 
 X '25 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On sandy paths or banks. Very rare. 
 
 1. Hayle, W. Cornwall, W. Curiww, April 1842, June 1883. 
 9. "Four miles from Warrington, Cheshire, towards High Leigh, 
 April 1841, W. Wihon, 2,^ Jang, hpsacea (fruit)." W. Wilson in 
 litt. ad R. Spruce. 12. Whitbarrow, G. Stabler. 
 
184 HEPATICjE. 
 
 Found on the Continent (Germany). 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from Cci^lt. divaricafa (Sm.) by its 
 paroicous inflorescence, Lracts more highly connate, entire brac- 
 teole, not bifid or ever free; remarkable at first sight by its 
 swollen involucre. 
 
 Description of Plate LXX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Fertile stem with perianth x 24 (nr. Warrington, W. Wilson). 
 3-5. Leaves x 85 (ditto). 6. Leaf x 64 (Custrin, Germany, 
 Flotow, Hb. Limpricht). 7. Portion of leaf x 290 (nr. War- 
 rington, W. Wilson). 8, 9. Stipules x 85 (ditto). 10. Sub- 
 bract X 64 (Custrin, Flotow). 11. 1st sub-bract x 64 (nr. 
 Warrington, W. Wilson). 12. 2nd sub-bract x 64 (ditto). 
 13. 3rd sub-bract x 64 (ditto). 14. Sub-bracteole x 64 (Custrin, 
 Flotow). 15. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 16. Bracts x 84 
 (nr. Warrington, W. Wilson). 17. Cross-section of perianth 
 near the base x 24 (Cornwall, Curnow). 18. Ditto, near the 
 middle (ditto). 
 
 18. Cephalozia elachista (Jac/>:), Lindb. 
 
 Jungermania elachista, Jack, in G. & R. Hep. Eur. no. 574 (1873) ; Limpr. Ki ypt. 
 
 Schl. 1. p. 296 (187(5). 
 Cephalozia elachista, Lindb. Hep. in Hib. p. 502 (1874); tSpruce, On Cephalozia, 
 
 p. 70 (1882). 
 
 Monoicous, clado- or acrocarpous, laxly csespitose, small, pale 
 green. Stem rooting at the base, rootlets few, distant, very deli- 
 cate, prostrate, subaphyllous, with few branches. Leaves distant, 
 subimbricate only towards the apices of the fertile branches ; 
 oval, deeply acutely bilobed, segments broadly subulate, acuminate, 
 incurved, entire or furnished with one or two teeth ; cells small, 
 subquadrate or elongate, pellucid, sub-leptodermous, walls thin, no 
 thickened angles or trigones. Stipules minute, entire or bifid, 
 acuminate, sometimes wanting. Branches ? short or elongate, 
 often innovantly proliferous ; bracts much larger than the leaves, 
 partly free, deeply bilobed, denticulate or subspinulose ; segments 
 finely acuminate. Bracteole similar. Perianth elongate, trigonous- 
 
CEPHALOZIELLA. 185 
 
 prismatic, mouth slightly denticulate, teeth few, incurved. Capsule 
 oval. Spores and elaters reddish-brown, elaterebispiral. Amenta ^ , 
 terminal on stem or occupying almost the whole branch ; perigonial 
 bracts narrowly oval, deeply bilobed, denticulate, segments acumi- 
 nate, above secund ; perigonial bracteole oblong, bifid, segments 
 acute ; antheridia small, oval. 
 
 Fruits March, April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems :f to J inch long, diameter '02 mm., 
 •03 mm. ; leaves '175 mm. x 125 mm., seg. "1 mm., "15 mm. 
 X "125 mm., seg. "11 mm., -135 mm. x -11 mm., seg. 115 mm., 
 •15 mm. X '1 mm., seg. "06 mm.; cells "025 mm. x ^02 mm., 
 •035 mm. x '015 mm., ^025 mm. x "02 mm., '02 mm. x "02 mm., 
 '02 mm. X •0175 mm.; stipules '13 mm. x '05 mm., '1 mm. x 
 •03 mm., seg. "04 ; bracts '35 mm. x ^25 mm., seg. "2 mm. ; 
 perianth l" mm. x '4 mm., I'o mm. x "3 mm., Vb mm. x "4 mm. ; 
 perigonial bracts '2 mm. x "175 mm., seg. '15 mm.; perigonial 
 bracteoles "125 mm. x '075 mm., seg. '05 mm. ; antheridia •I mm. 
 X ^07 5 mm. ; elaters "15 mm. x '01 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on damp rocks, I., near Lough Bray, 
 S. 0. Lwdher(j, 1873. Brandon Mt., &c., B. Moore. 
 
 Extremely rare. 
 
 Found on the Continent ; Baden, Jacl\ Finland, S. 0. Lindbcrij. 
 Norway, Brylui. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from all forms of C. cUcaricafa (Sm.), and 
 from C. Jackii, Limpr. by its monoicous inflorescence ; it is remark- 
 able for its very slender habit, distant, deeply bilobed leaves, which 
 are either entire or slightly denticulate. 
 
 Description of Plate LXII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2, 3. Portions of stem x 85. 4-9. Leaves x 85. 10. Portion 
 of leaf X 290. 11, 12. Stipules x 85. 13. Bract x 85 
 14-16. Segments of bracts x 85. 17. Perianth x 24. 
 18. Perigonial bract x 85. 19. Perigonial bracteole x "ib. 
 20. Antheridium x 85. (Gr. & Pi. Hep. Eur. no. 274, Salem, 
 Baden, Germany, Jack.) 
 
186 HEPATICJ^. 
 
 19. Cephalozia leucantha, Spruce. 
 Cephcdozia leucantha, Spruce, On Cephalozia, p. 68 (1882). 
 
 Dioicous, almost always cladocarpous, sometimes acrocarpous, 
 csespitose, eflagelliferous, albescent, small, size of Ceph. divaricafa 
 (Sm.). Stems prostrate, with ^ and ? often intricately entangled, 
 slender, fragile, elongate, flexuose, simple or subramose, radiculose. 
 Leaves small, distant, patulous or assurgent, oblong or quadrate- 
 rotund, bifid to about the middle or more, sinus acute or obtuse, 
 segments often unequal, broadly subulate (3-4 cells broad at the 
 base), acute or subacuminate, parallel or connivent; cells very 
 small, subquadrate, lower ones slightly elongate, walls firm, no 
 trigones or thickened angles. Stipules wanting. Bracts 3 or 4 
 times larger than the lower leaves, more or less connate, orbiculate, 
 subdenticulate, 2-3-lobed, segments short, acuminulate. Perianth 
 large for the size of the plant, 10 times longer than the lower 
 leaves, ovate-lanceolate-fusiform or sublinear, white, leptoderm.ous, 
 above 3- (rarely 4-) augled, composed of a single layer of very 
 small cells, about 100 round near the middle, mouth minute, often 
 obsoletely setulose. Calyptra delicate. Capsule large, often equal 
 to half the size of the perianth, oblong-cylindrical, badious. 
 Androecia short, rarely occupying the whole of the branch, 
 terminal or medial, julaceous; perigonial bracts closely imbricate, 
 orbiculate, very concave, carinate, to a third or more bi-trilobed, 
 monandrous ; bracteole minute, linear-subulate ; antheridia small, 
 oval. 
 
 Fruits Spring and Autumn. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |- to J inch long, "075 mm. to "1 mm. in 
 diameter, with leaves "2 mm. wide; leaves '2 mm. x "13 mm., 
 •125 mm. x "15 mm., segments "075 mm., "06 mm., '175 mm. x 
 •175 mm., seg. "075 mm., '15 mm. x -175 mm., seg. '075 mm., 
 •2 mm. X "25 mm., seg. '15 mm., '125 mm., '225 mm. x '2 mm,, 
 seg. '125 mm., 075 mm.; upper leaves '275 mm. x '25 mm., seg. 
 •125 mm., -175 mm.; cells '0167 mm., "015 mm. x '0175 mm., 
 •02 ram. X '02 mm., "015 mm. x "015 mm., '0225 mm. x "02 mm. ; 
 sub-bracts "3 mm. x "25 mm., ses". '15 mm., *4 mm. x '4 mm., ses". 
 
CEPHALOZIELLA. 187 
 
 •2 mm. ; bracts "75 mm., -4 mm. x "4 mm., seg. '15 mm., -35 mm. 
 X "3 mm., seg. '15 mm. ; bracteole '45 mm. x -25 mm.; perianth 
 2* mm. X '5 mm., 1*25 mm. x "35 mm.; pistilliclia "075 mm. x 
 "025 mm. ; valve of capsule '5 mm. x '175 mm. ; perigonial bracts 
 •25 mm., '2 mm. x 2 mm., seg. '125 mm. ; antheridia '075 mm. x 
 "06 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On rotting wood, in very fine fruit. 15. Portach, 
 near Banchory, Aberdeenshire, along with Ccj)]i. catoudata 
 (Hiiben.) and Cepli. ciTvifuIia (Dicks.), /. Sim. Extremely rare. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — Cej)h. cateiiuhd(( (Hiiben.) is very different in its larger 
 size and fulvous colour to C. hucantha, leaves subimbricate, 
 broader and more concave, when dry incurved and catenulate, 
 cells larger, but chiefly by the deeply triplicate perianth, with 
 mouth distinctly ciliolate. C. leiiccuitha is also certainly ver}' 
 distinct from CejjJi. lumdafoUa, Dum., which has larger, rhomboid- 
 rotund decurrent leaves, divided only to a third, sinus more or less 
 lunate, cells larger; perianth (in comparison with the leaves) much 
 shorter and like the calyptra fleshy (composed of several layers of 
 cells), &c. &c. "R S." 
 
 Description of Plate LXXII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of sterile stem x 64. 3-7. Leaves x 85. 8, 9. 
 Tipper stem leaves x 85. 10. Portion of leaf x 290. 11-13. 
 Sub-bracts x 85. 14, 15. Bracts x 85. 16. Bracteole (?) x 
 85. 17. Pistillidium x 85. 18. Perianth x 31. 19. Cross- 
 section of perianth X 31. 20,21. Perigonial bracts x 85. 22. 
 Antheridium x 85 (Portach, J. Sim). 
 
 20. Cephalozia dentata [Baddi), Lindb. 
 
 Jungermania dentata, Raddi in Mem. della Soc. Ital. di Modena, six. p. 32, tab. 4, 
 
 Fig. 4 (1818). 
 Anthelia dentata, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 99 (1874). 
 Cephalozia dentata (Raddi), Lindb. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. (1872); Spruce, 
 
 On Cephalozia, p. 71 (1882). 
 
 Monoicous, densely depresso-csespitose, eflagelliferous, minute, 
 pale green w^lien young, when older dark green to brown in colour. 
 
188 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Stems creeping, simple or with one, rarely two postical branches, 
 proceeding from near the apex, 5 to G cells in diameter, cortical 
 cells about 12, similar to inner, all hyaline; radiculose, rootlets 
 plentiful, long, hyaline. Leaves subtransversely inserted, patent- 
 divergent below 60^-70°, above patent to erecto-patent 50°-30°, 
 approximate, larger, accrescent above, often capitate, below distant 
 and smaller, oval, ovate- quadrate or roundish, concave or slightly 
 complicate, bilobed to the middle or below, segments subincurved, 
 acute, acuminate or mucronate, margin irregularly spinulose- 
 dentate, or subdenticulate ; texture delicate, epidermis smooth, 
 cells minute to small, subquadrate, w^alls thin but firm, no trigones 
 or thickened angles. Stipules everywhere present, minute below, 
 lanceolate or subulate, mucronate, spinulose-dentate or denticulate. 
 Bracts larger than the leaves, bilobed to a third, segments sub- 
 spinose-dentate ; bracteole of equal length, broadly subulate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, entire or bilobed to ^. Perianth projecting f 
 beyond the bracts, delicate, hyaline or with a reddish tinge or 
 brown, subcylindrical, plicate above, mouth slightly or not at all 
 contracted, denticulate ; pistillidia few. Capsule dark brown, 
 nearly smooth, as broad as the dark brown elaters. Androecia 
 produced from the end of the chief stem on one or two very slender 
 branches, catkinlike; perigonial bracts several, larger than the 
 stem leaves, erect, concave, bilobed to about a third ; antheridia 
 large and round. 
 
 Fruits April. 
 
 Dimensions, ^Stem \ inch long, "Oo mm. diam., with leaves 
 '3 mm. wide ; stem leaves '25 mm. x "225 mm., segments '125 mm, ; 
 branch leaves '165 mm. x '125 mm., seg. *! mm., cells "0175 mm. ; 
 cells of marginal teeth "03 mm. x "01 mm.; stipules '14 mm. 
 X "05 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On damp shady earth or rocks. Extremely rare. 
 
 1, Curbis Bay, near Penzance, W. Mitten , W. Ciinwiv, 
 G. E. Lewies, Mrs. Mia M. Tindall. 2. Ashdown Forest, Sussex, 
 coll. G. E. Daviesy detected by JF. Mitten. 
 
 Found on the Continent (Italy, France, Germany). 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from Ceph. elacJnsta (Jack.) by its less 
 
FHWXOLOnrS. 189 
 
 slender habit, shorter stems, with closer upper leaves, which are 
 not so deeply divided, margin spinulose-dentate, stipules larger 
 and spinulose-denticulate. 
 
 From Prioiiolohiis Turiicr'i (Ilook.) by absence of any lateral 
 branches, presence of stipules and texture of leaves, which is not 
 guttulate. 
 
 Dr. Spruce conjectured that the inflorescence might be 
 dioicous, but Herr Linipricht has found copiously fertile plants 
 which prove it to be monoicous. 
 
 All the specimens I have been able to examine were barren ; 
 the description of the lertile plant is taken from Limpricht. 
 
 Description of Plate LXXIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, postical view x 85 (Cornwall, Curnow and 
 Davies). 3-5. Branch leaves x 85 (ditto). 6-8. Leaves x 85 
 (ditto). 9-12. Ditto x G4 (Italy, Carestia). 13, 14. Ditto x G4 
 (Grascony, Spruce). 15. Portion of leaf x 290 (Cornwall, 
 Curnow and Davies). 16-19. Sti[)ules x 85 (ditto). 20. Stipule 
 X 64 (Italy, Carestia). 21. Ditto x 64 (Grascon}', Spruce). 
 22. Ditto X 85 (Ashdown Forest, G. E. Davies). 
 
 Genus 15. PRIONOLOBUS, >S/>/v/rY. 
 
 Jnngermania, Hooker, Brit. Jung. t. 29 (I SIC). 
 Anihelia, Dum. Recueil, p. 18 (1S;}5). 
 Cephalozia, Lindb. in Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. (187P>). 
 Prionolobns, Spruce, Hep. Am, et And. p. i>OH (188")). 
 
 Acrocarpous, fertile branches sometimes al)breviate, often 
 elongate. Branches all lateral, very rarel}^ with an occasional 
 postical one. Leaves dentate, complicate, pectinato-distichous. 
 
190 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Prionolobus Turner! {Hook.), Spruce. 
 
 Jungermania Tio'neri, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 29 (1816). 
 
 Anthelia Turneri, Dum. Recueil, p. 18 (1835). 
 
 Cephalozia Tarneri, Lindb. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. (1873) ; Spruce, On Cepha- 
 
 lozia, p. 71 (1882). 
 Prionolobus Tarneri, Spruce, Hep. Am. et And. p. 508 (1885). 
 
 Monoicous and dioicous, aero- (rarely clado-) carpous, depresso- 
 csespitose, eflagelliferousj small, fragile, pale reddish colour, at the 
 apices greenish. Stems prostrate at the base, subradiculose. 
 assurgent, subramose, branches lateral, rarely postical, pol}^- 
 phyllous, terete. Cells of the stem pluristratose, very delicate, 
 interior opaqne, cortical similar, slightly larger, subpellucid. 
 Leaves pectinate-distichous, close and equitant, to about the 
 middle or more complicate-bilobed, the whole margin irregularly 
 acutely dentate-serrate, often doubly so, lobes ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, acute or apiculate, antical lobe erect and subparallel 
 with the stem, postical (a little broader), patent at an angle of 
 about 60°, cells small to minute, quadrate-hexagonal, plane, 
 beautifully guttulate, walls and angles strongly thickened, no 
 trigones, slightly endochromic. Stipules none. Flowers ? terminal, 
 often on elongated branches, innovations wanting. Bracts 1-3 
 pairs, the innermost almost twice the size of the leaves, connate 
 at the antical base, spinose-dentate, bilobed, lobes subacuminate, 
 acute ; bracteole highly connate with the adjoining bract, ovate, 
 subacuminate, entire or bilobed, spinose-dentate. (Leaves next 
 to the outer bracts a little larger than the others, free at the base, 
 no folioles added.) Perianth projecting much beyond the bracts, 
 delicate, composed of a single layer of cells, about 90 round the 
 middle (except at the base and the angles, where there are some- 
 times two layers) linear (at the base a little narrow), pentagonal - 
 prismatic, keels somewhat high, apex rotuudate, mouth almost 
 closed, obscurely ciliolate, ciliola very narrow, long, hyaline. 
 Cal3q3tra delicate. Capsule oval. Androecia on the same or often 
 on different stems, occupying the middle of the branch ; perigonial 
 bracts assurgent, several pairs, somewhat similar to the leaves, 
 sometimes larger ; antheridia single, oval. 
 
PEWNOLOBUS. 191 
 
 Fruits ]\Iai'ch, April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems \ to ^ inch long, "OG mm. diam. witli 
 leaves '4 mm. wide; leaves "25 mm. x '2 mm., segments "125 mm. 
 to "15 mm. ; cells 'OlS mm. to '03 mm. ; bracts '45 mm. x 7 mm., 
 seg. '3 mm. ; perianth 1*25 mm. x '275 mm. ; teeth at the mouth 
 •02mm. long; perigonial bracts '25 mm. x '2 mm., seg. "075 mm. 
 to -15 mm. ; antheridia '09 mm. x 07 mm. 
 
 Hab. — " Sandy or loamy situations, under shade of bushes or 
 on ditch banks, nearly always associated with Africlium undidatum , 
 JJipIojjJij/U/uii albicans, and sometimes with Nardla scalaris and 
 MarsiipeUa Fuiickil. " 
 
 Very rare. 
 
 2. Tilgate and Ashdown Forest, Sussex, E. Jcnner, 1842, 
 G. E. Dacies, 1879. 5. Wolford Wood, Warwick, -/. E. BagiiaU, 
 1891. 7. Dolgelly, Merioneth, W. H. P., 1875. 
 
 I. By the side of a mountain rivulet near Bantry, Co. Cork, 
 ^[iss Hutcliins, with female flowers, in March 1811? On a wet 
 sandy bank, Cromaglown, Co. Kerry, bearing autoicous perianths, 
 July 23, 1873, Frof. Lindherg. 
 
 C. On a gravelly bank near the sea, Guernsey, E. D. Marquand, 
 1893. 
 
 Found on the Continent (France), Canary Islands, Northern 
 Africa, and coast counties of California, North America. 
 
 Obs. — A very beautiful species, remarkable for its guttulate 
 texture and dentate-serrate leaves. 
 
 Distinguished from CcjjJtalozia deiildia (Ptaddi) by its lateral 
 branches and absence of stipules. 
 
 Although described by Spruce (whose description I follow) 
 and others as polyoicous (monoicous and dioicous) I have nev^er 
 met with any but dioicous plants, the t ^ind % sometimes growing- 
 entangled together, but on separate plants. 
 
 Description OF Plate LXXIV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 85. 3, 4. Leaves x 85. 
 5,6. Ditto, explanate x 85. 7. Antical lobe of leaf x 85. 8. Pos- 
 tical lobe of leaf x 85. 9. Portion of leaf x 290. 10,11. Bracts 
 x G4. 12. Perianth x 31. 13. Cross-section of perianth x 31. 
 
192 HEPATIC u^. 
 
 14. Portion of mouth of perianth x -85. 15, 16. Perigonial 
 bracts x 85. 17. Antheridium x 85 (Killarney, S. 0. Lindberg). 
 
 Genus IG. PLEUROCLADA, Spricce. 
 
 Jungermania, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 72 (181 G). 
 Cephalozia, Dum. Kecueil, p. 18 (1835). 
 Fleuroclada, Spr-uce, On Cephalozia, p. 78 (1882). 
 
 Differs from its ally Hijf/rohiella by its glaucescent colour 
 stems radiculose, all the length subsequifoliate, neither rhizomatous 
 nor flagelliferous at the base, subpinnate ; all branches lateral, at 
 the base, near the stem-leaf difformed (monolobed) ; leaves very 
 concave (hardly complicate) ; perianth very fleshy, below 8 cells 
 thick, subfloral innovations wanting. 
 
 1. Pleuroclada albescens [Hook.), Sjjruce. 
 
 Jungermania albescens, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 72 et suppl. t. 4 (181fi). 
 Ceplmlozia albescens, Dum. Recueil, p. 18 (1835). 
 Pleuroclada albescens, Spruce, On Cephalozia, p. 78 (1882). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, tufts depressed, eflagelliferous, small to 
 medium in size, of a whitish or greenish colour, when drj^ with a 
 bluish-white tinge. Stems procumbent, laxly subpinnate, some- 
 times subdichotomous, slightly radiculose, rooting up to apex of 
 stem ; firm oval-terete, composed of 5 concentric subequal layers 
 of opaque cells, cortical about 25, slightly larger than the inner. 
 Leaves somewhat distant or approximate, patulous, almost trans- 
 versely inserted, slightly succubous, orbiculate, very concave, 
 almost hemispherical, to about the third or a little more bilobed, 
 segments ovate, triangular, connivent, acute, sinus narrow, acute 
 or subobtuse ; cells medium in size, quadrate-hexagonal, 4-, 5- and 
 6-sided, thick but subleptodermous, almost smooth, slight!}^ endo- 
 chromic, subpellucid, walls firm, somewhat thick, angles only 
 slightly thickened, no trigones. Axillary leaf produced partly 
 from the stem and partly from the adnate branch, differs from the 
 other leaves in being broadly ovate, subcordate at base, apex acute, 
 
FLEUROCLADA. 193 
 
 not bifid. Stipules subcontiguous, appressed, subplane, slightly 
 shorter than the leaves, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or 
 subacuminate, rarely obtuse, on one side above the base deeply 
 uuidentate, sometimes on both sides or wanting altogether. 
 Flowers $ terminal on short or long branches ; at the base, 
 copiously radiculose. Bracts 3 pairs, appressed-convolute, sub- 
 bracts a little larger than the leaves, bracts almost 3 times larger, 
 free at the base or slightly connate, oblong-quadrate, bifid to the 
 third, rarely trifid, segments subacuminate acute, bracteoles 
 smaller, apex entire or bifid, on both sides near the base with 1-3 
 large teeth. Perianth highly exserted, 7 times longer than the 
 stem leaves, clavate or linear- fusiform, deeply trigonous, mouth 
 constricted, often scariose, afterwards lacerate and erose, texture 
 firm, near the base 5-8 cells thick, near the middle 2-4 cells, at 
 about f high, 2 cells thick, near the apex composed of a single 
 layer only ; cells large, elongate, pellucid. Calyptra pyriform, 
 delicate, only at the base 2 cells thick, where are situated about 8 
 sterile, somewhat short, lageniform pistillidia, upper portion 1 
 cell thick. Capsule 4-5 times smaller than the perianth, highly 
 exserted, cylindrical-oblong; valves linear-lanceolate or oval, of a 
 purplish-brown colour like the spores and elaters. Pedicel mode- 
 rately thick, cells large, 4-5 times longer than broad, prismatic- 
 cylindrical, cortical cells 8-9, inner of equal size. Elaters 4 times 
 shorter than the capsule, filiform, obtuse at both ends, bispiral. 
 Spores as broad as the elaters, globose, smooth. Audroecia? 
 Fruits May, June. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stem ^ to 1 inch long, diameter "2 to '3 mm., 
 with leaves r nmi. wide; leaves explanate, '5 mm. x '5 mm., 
 
 •65 mm. x '65 mm., 'oS mm. x '05 mm., '3 mm. x 25 mm., 
 segments *! mm., '4 mm. x -35 ram., seg. '15 mm., "4 mm. x 
 •35 mm., seg. 15 mm., ^5 mm x ^45 mm., seg. '2 mm.; cells 
 •025 mm. x "035 mm., ^03 mm. x '03 mm., ^03 mm. x 025 mm., 
 
 •04 mm. X ^025 mm., -033 mm. ; stipules 'G mm. x "3 mm., "5 mm. 
 
 X '38 mm., '55 mm. x "4 mm., '3 mm. x '175 mm., 5 mm. x 3 mm.; 
 sub-bracts •G mm. x 'G mm., seg. "2 mm., "75 mm. x '7 mm., 1 • mm. 
 
 X "7 mm., seg. "3 mm. ; sub-bracteole 75 mm. x 'G mm. ; l)racts 
 
 N 
 
194 HEPATICjE. 
 
 1-3 mm. X '9 mm., 1-mm. x '8 mm., seg. '3 mm. ; bracteole 1* mm. 
 X -55 mm. ; perianth 4' mm. x 'T-'So mm. ; pedicel 10-15-mm. ; 
 capsule -8 mm. x "5 mm., valve 7 mm. x '275 mm. ; spores 
 •0125 mm. diam. ; elaters •2--25 mm. x '0125 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On damp earth in alpine localities, rare. 
 
 15. Clova, R. K. GrcvUle. Ben Mac Dlmi, G. E. Hunt, Thomas 
 Rogers, G. Sf abler. Ben Lawers, G. E. Hirnt. Head of Loch Avon, 
 A. Croall. 16. Ben Nevis, R. K. GrevUle. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — A very distinct species, and only found near the tops of 
 the highest Scotch mountains ; from any of the CepJialoziiB dis- 
 tinguished at once by the lateral branches ; from P. islandica 
 (Nees), see notes under that species. 
 
 Description of Plate LXXV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 16 (Clova, K. K. Greville). 
 
 3. Ditto, postical view x 24 (ditto). 4, 5. Leaves x 64 (Grimsel, 
 G-. E. Davies). 6. Portion of leaf x 290 (Clova, Greville). 7. 
 Stipule X 64 (Grimsel, Davies). 8. Ditto x 85 (Clova, Greville). 
 9. 3rd sub-bract x 24 (Lapland, Angstrom). 10. 2nd sub-bract 
 
 x 24 (ditto). 11. Sub-bracteole x 24 (ditto). 12, 13. Bracts 
 x 24 (ditto). 14. Bracteole x 24 (ditto). 15. Perianth x ? 
 (G. & B. Hep. Eur. n. 468, drawn by Dr. Gottsche). 
 
 2. Pleuroclada islandica [Nees). 
 
 Jungermania islaiidica, Nees Nat. Eur. Leb. 11, p. 29 (1836). 
 Cephalozia islandica, Lindb. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 192 (1873). 
 Pleuroclada alhescens, var. islandica, Spruce, On Cephalozia, p. 79 (1882). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, tufts depressed, eflagelliferous, small, pale 
 green in colour, when dry with a bluish-white tinge. Stems 
 simple or slightly branched, oval-terete, cortical cells about 20, 
 similar to the inner, S cells in diameter ; radiculose, rootlets few, 
 white ; branches lateral. Leaves imbricate, near the apex of stem 
 approximate or somewhat distant below, patent to erecto-patent 
 (40^^), orbicular, complicate-concave, bifid to the middle or below, 
 sinus obtuse, segments broadly lanceolate or triangular, acute, 
 
PLEUROCLADA. 195 
 
 coniiivent ; texture somewhat thick, cells 4 -, 5-, and G-sided, 
 smallish, walls thick, no trigones or thickened angles. Stipules 
 large, as long as the leaves, ovate-lanceolate, entire. Flowers ? 
 terminal on long branches. Bracts oblong or oblong-ovate, bifid 
 to below the middle, segments lanceolate-acuminate, entire ; bract- 
 eole free or adnate to one of the bracts, much smaller than the 
 bracts, oblong-ovate or ovate, retuse, emarginate or entire ; sub- 
 bracts similar to the innermost, only smaller. Perianth projecting 
 much beyond the bracts, linear or narrowly fusiform, cylindrical 
 below, above deeply 4-5-plicate, folds obtuse, composed of a single 
 layer of cells, near the middle about 80 cells round, mouth con- 
 stricted, irregularly and slightly dentate. Oalyptra delicate, 
 composed of a single layer of cells. Fruit and male stems not 
 yet known. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |^ to 1 inch long, diam. '175 to "1 mm., 
 with leaves '5 to "75 mm. wide ; leaves "3 mm. x '25 mm., segments 
 •125 mm., -275 mm. x '25 mm., seg. "125 mm., -25 mm. x "225 mm., 
 seg. '15 mm., '4 mm. x '3 mm., seg. "225 mm. ; cells "02 mm. x 
 "025 mm., -0225 mm. x '0225 mm., '03 mm. x -025 mm., '02 mm. 
 X "02 mm.; stipules -3 mm. x '125 mm., "35 mnrx"15 mm., 
 '25 mm. x "l mm., "275 mm. x *15 mm. ; sub-bracts '75 mm. x 
 '5 mm., sea:. '4 mm., "9 mm. x '45 mm , seg. *55 mm. ; bracts 
 1' mm. X '6 mm., seg. '6 mm. ; perianth 2' mm. x '5 mm., teeth 
 at the mouth "04 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Moist rocks or earth in alpine situations. Extremely 
 rare. 15. Loch-na-gar, Aberdeenshire, /. Sim, April 1878. 
 
 Found in Iceland, Northern Europe and Greenland. 
 
 Obs. — Differs from P. albescens (Hook.) in the more slender 
 habit of the plant, closer, more erect leaves, which are usually 
 narrower, with deeper sinus, much less concave, not hemispherical, 
 but simply complicate-concave, stipules narrower with no basal 
 tooth or teeth, bracts longer and narrower, deeply bifid to below 
 the middle, segments lanceolate-acuminate, not to a thirti, with 
 seirments subacuminate-acute, bracteole retuse, emarginate or 
 entire, with no basal teeth, perianth narrower, more plicate near 
 the apex, composed of a single layer of cells, not several. Con- 
 
196 HEFATICjE. 
 
 sidered by Dr. Spruce as a variety of P. albescens (Hook.), but as 
 it grows under similar conditions and at tbe same altitude, 
 retaining the distinctive characters above mentioned, I look upon 
 it as a distinct species. 
 
 Description of Plate LXXVI. — -Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 31 (Loch-na-gar, J. Sim). 
 
 3. Ditto, postical view x 64 (ditto). 4-6. Leaves x 64 (ditto). 
 7, 8. Ditto X 85 (Lapland, y\ngstrom). 9. Portion of leaf x 290 
 (Loch-na-gar, J. Sim). 10, 11. Stipules x 85 (Lapland, 
 Anijstrom). 12-15. Ditto x 64 (Loch-na-gar, J. Sim). 
 16-18. Sub-bracts x 31 (Lapland, Angstrom). 19, 20. Bracts x 
 31 (ditto). 21. Bracteole x 31 (ditto). 22. Perianth x 24 
 (ditto). 23. Cross-section of perianth, near the base x 24 (ditto). 
 24. Ditto, upper half of perianth x 24 (ditto). 25. Portion of 
 mouth of perianth x 85 (ditto). 
 
 Genus 17. HYGROBIELLA, Spruce. 
 
 Jungermania, Hook. Brit. Jung. (1816). 
 Gi/mnocolea, Dum. Kecueil (1835). 
 Gephalozia, Lindb. Muse. Scand. (1879). 
 Hygrohiella, Spruce, On Gephalozia (1882). 
 
 Plants small, csespitose. Stems somewhat thick but fragile, 
 transverse sections about 6 cells in diameter, cortical cells about 
 14, at the base rhizomatous and flagelliferous ; rootlets very few 
 or absent ; above sparingly branched ; branches lateral and axillary. 
 Subfloral innovations lateral or postical, often repeatedly innovant 
 and floriferous. Lower leaves minute, distant, upper larger and 
 closer, all transverse, complicato-bilobed, lobes equal or antical 
 slightly smaller ; cells large and elongate. Stipules smaller than 
 the leaves, somewhat similar or rarely entire. Inflorescence 
 dioicous. $ terminal on stem or branch. Bracts few pairs, 
 tristichous. Perianth large, subcarnose, fusiform, distinctly 
 obtusely trigonous, mouth small, subentire. Calyptra narrow 
 above. Capsule oblong, bistratose. Elaters bispiral. Spores 
 
HYailOBIEL LA. 197 
 
 minute. Bracts ^ terminal, few pairs, somewliat similar to the 
 leaves, monandrous. 
 
 Obs. — The genus lIi/(/rofjlel/a, Spruce, originally contained 
 three species, Jun(/. la,vifoIla, Hook., Juii(/. niyriocarpa, Carr., 
 and Jii)}(/. ncviccnsu, Carr. ; later, Dr. Spruce, not being satisfied 
 with the position of Jiiu(/. mi/riocarpa in the genus, removed it 
 to an unpublished genus proposed by the late Prof. Lindberg, 
 which Dr. Kaalaas has been kind enough to prepare. 
 
 J//ji(/. jieviceusis having been found in more perfect condition 
 than when Drs. Carrington and Spruce had the opportunity of 
 studying it, proves to be a Mar-sifpcl/a, where it has been placed. 
 
 Hygrobiella laxifolia (IIoo/,-.), Spr//ce. 
 
 Jtmyermania laxifolia, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. .")9 (ISKi). 
 •Gijmnocolea laxifolia, Dum. Recueil, p. 17 (18o5). 
 Cephalozia laxifolia, Lindb. Muse. Scand. (1H79). 
 Hi/grohiella laxifolia, Spruce, On Cephalozia, p. 72 (1882). 
 
 Dioicous, caespitose, flagelliferous, small, pale green to greenish- 
 brown in colour. Stems suberect, almost round, cortical cells 
 14-20, large, inner 6-10 in diameter, smaller remarkably clear 
 with very dark walls ; often much branched at the base, some 
 branches short, flagelliferous, denudate or microphyllous, others 
 assurgent, fastigiate-corymbose below with few and distant leaves, 
 above (chiefly fertile) leaves closer. Kootlets very few or absent, 
 proceeding from the flagella or stem. Leaves transversely inserted, 
 erect, lower ones minute, ovate-subulate, sometimes entire, upper 
 accrescent, subinibricate, oval and oval-lanceolatf-', complicate- 
 oanaliculate and equitant, from \ to ]^ bifid, segments obtuse or 
 acute, often unequal, sometimes only emarginate, very rarely with 
 a third short segment near the middle. Texture lax ; cells rather 
 large, pellucid, leptodernious, rectangular-hexagonal, two to three 
 times as long as broad, walls thin but firm, no thickened angles 
 or trigones. Stipules similar to the leaves, usually a little smaller, 
 below often entire or emarginate. Flowers % terminal on stem 
 or on long or short branches, often repeatedly innovant. Bracts 
 
198 HEPATIC^. 
 
 2-3 pairs, embracing the base of the perianth, or subremote, 
 similar to stem leaves, but often much larger, shortly bifid, unequal, 
 repand, from base to nearly the middle composed of two layers of 
 cells ; pistillidia few, small. Perianth large, lanceolate- fusiform 
 when fruiting often elongate and almost linear, deeply trigonous, 
 from base to near the apex usually composed of two layers of cells 
 (at the keels and lower half often 3), near the middle a cross- 
 section shows a double row of about 150 small cells, smaller 
 perianths with 60-100 cells round, mouth contracted, narrow, 
 with 10-15 short, hyaline, obtusely rounded marginal cells. 
 Calyptra half the size of the perianth, lower half 2 cells tliick, 
 afterwards the apex unequally bivalved, surrounded at the base by 
 the barren pistillidia. Pedicel more than twice the length of the 
 perianth. Capsule oblong, reddish-brown, composed of two layers 
 of cells. Spores globose, smoothish, broader than the elaters, 
 pale reddish-brown. Elaters of a paler colour than the spores, 
 bispiral, short, obtuse, about 12 turns of the spiral. Androecia 
 terminal, short, rarely occupying the whole branch ; perigoniai 
 bracts usually 5-7 pairs, closely imbricate, ovate, bifid, concave, 
 swollen; perigoniai bracteole oblong, entire or bifid; antheridia 
 very large, single, oval, surrounded by leafy processes in the 
 bracts. 
 
 Fruits May. 
 
 Dimensions.— Stems J to 1 inch long, -1 mm. diam., with 
 leaves near the apex 1*25 mm. wide; leaves 1- mm. x "55 mm., 
 segments "25 mm., 2 mm., "9 mm. x '45 mm., seg. '3 mm., 
 '25 mm., I'l mm. x '5 mm., seg. '3 mm., '7 mm. x "4 mm., seg. 
 "25 mm., "5 mm. x "3 mm., seg. "275 mm., 35 mm. x "15 mm.; 
 cells "06 mm. x '02 mm., '08 mm. x '02 mm., '05 mm. x '02 mm., 
 •05 mm. X "03 inm. ; stipules "8 mm. x "5 mm., seg. '3 mm., 
 1'2 mm. X "5 mm., seg. "3 mm., "25 mm., 1"1 mm. x "5 mm., seg. 
 "3 mm., "35 mm. x '12 mm. ; bracts 1'65 mm. x "55 mm., 1'25 mm. 
 x '65 mm., seg. "3 mm. ; bracteole 1*35 mm, x '6 mm., seg. '3 mm. ; 
 perianth 2* mm. x '5 mm., 2*25 mm. x "65 mm. ; pistillidia 
 •13 mm. X "04 mm. ; capsule "6 mm. x '35 mm. ; spores '02 mm. ; 
 elaters •I mm. x "0125 mm. ; perigoniai bracts ^6 mm. x "45 mm.. 
 
HYGROBIELLA . 199 
 
 seg. "25 mm., 15 mm., G mm. x "5 mm., sei^. 2 mm., 15 mm., 
 •65 mm. x "6 mm., seg-. "3 mm., "25 mm., '4 mm. x 'S mm., seg. 
 •15 mm. ; perigonial bracteole "4 mm. x 25 mm., \'3 mm. x 25 mm.; 
 antheridia 225 mm. x '15 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on wet rocks by the margin of streams or in 
 moist situations in hilly or subalpine districts. 
 
 Somewhat rare. 7. Llanberis, Carnarvon, JF. Wilson, IF. H. P. 
 Cwm Idwal, Carnarvon, W. H. P. Glyder Vawr, Carnarvon, 
 TF. 11. P. 10. Goathland Beck, Eskdale, Yorks, Dr. Spruce, 
 M. B. Slater. High Force, Teesdale, Dr. Spruce, M. B. Slater, 
 G. Baker. 12. Langdale, Westmorland, G. Stabler. Borrowdale, 
 Cumberland, TF. H. P. 15. Head of Loch Avon, A. Croall. 
 Clockmaben, near Banchory, Aberdeenshire, T. Sin/. Ben Venue, 
 Dr. Carringtoii. Dalmally, E. George. 16. Glen Finnan, Lr. 
 Carrington. Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. I. Kerry, 
 Dr. Taijlor, Dr. Spruce, Dr. Carrington, and others. 
 
 Found on the Continent (Norway, Sweden and North 
 Germany), and in Greenland. 
 
 Obs. — "In specimens from Brandon Mt. (Ireland) and from 
 Teesdale, Eskdale, &c., the branches mostly originate from the 
 leafless lower portion of the stem, and (as there are no radicles to 
 indicate the underside of the stem) it is difficult to ascertain on 
 what face of the stem they are fixed ; but wliere they do spring 
 from a leafy part of it they are lateral, and axillary to the side- 
 leaves. Scotch specimens are more leafy, and the branches are 
 very distinctly lateral. Subfloral innovations are either lateral or 
 postical, and are often repeatedly innovant and floriferous ; as in 
 Hggrobiella myriocarpar Dr. Spruce. 
 
 A very distinct species, at once separated from any other 
 known British species by the almost equal tristichous leaves (the 
 third postical-stipule) with elongate cells. Not long before he 
 died Dr. Spruce wrote : " Ruminating instead of working, I have 
 turned over some ancient guesses of mine on the classification of 
 Hepatictie. What think you," for a change, "of Isotaclii.s laxifolia 
 (Hook.), Hggrobiella (Spruce), pro parte ^ There are the tristi- 
 chous, nearly transversely inserted leaves ; the elongated cells 
 
200 EEPATICu^. 
 
 (twice as long as broad) ; the flesh}^ perianth running to a narrow- 
 point often quite closed, &c. The way some genera touch many 
 others, more or less closely, is very remarkable." 
 
 Description of Plate LXXVII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Fertile stem x 16 (Dalmally, E. George). 3-7. Leaves x 24 
 (ditto). 8 Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 9-11. Stipules x 24 
 (ditto). 12, 13. Bracts x 24 (ditto). 14. Bracteoie x 24 
 (ditto). 15. Perianth x 24 (ditto). 16. Cross-section of 
 perianth, near the base x 24 (ditto). 17. Ditto, near the middle 
 X 24 (ditto). 18. Portion of the moutli of perianth x 85 
 (ditto). 19-22. Perigonial bracts x 24 (Cwm Idwal, W.H.P.). 
 23. Perigonial bracteoie x 24 (ditto). 24. Antheridium x 85 
 (ditto). 
 
 Genus 18. EREMONOTUS, Lindb. §• Kaalaas. 
 
 JDiplophyllum, Carr. in Carr. et Pears. Hep. Brit. Exsicc. n. 96 (187'.)). 
 Jungermania, Carr. in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. p. 466 (188U). 
 Hygrohiella, Spruce, On Cephalozia, p. 75 (1882). 
 
 Plants small, with the habit of Cephalozia dicaricata, reddish- 
 or brownish-green, densely and intricately csespitose. Stems very 
 rigid, comparatively thick, fragile, at the base leafless, slightly 
 radiculose, repeatedly ramose, most branches lateral or axillary, 
 below leafless, above leafy, eradiculose, a few (chiefly the lower 
 ones) postical, ieatless, flagelliferous and radiculose. Leaves sub- 
 transverse, lower ones distant, minute, appressed, upper gradually 
 laro-er and closer, ovato-quadrate, complicate, to the middle or 
 more acutely bifid, with acute segments; cells minute, sub- 
 quadrate, walls thickened. Stipules absent. Inflorescence dio- 
 icous. Female flowers terminal on repeatedly innovant proliferous 
 lateral (very rarely postical) branches. Bracts distichous, 2-3 pairs, 
 innermost 3 to 4 times larger than the leaves, ovato-quadrate, 
 from J to ^ bifid, lobes obtuse, rotundate. Perianth free, uni- 
 stratose, relatively large, semiemersed, oblong, Irontally com- 
 pressed, antical deeply unisulcate, postical bisulcate, with a smaller 
 obtuse keel between the furrows, apex broadly rotundate, mouth 
 small, minutely denticulate or setulose. Androecia situated at 
 
ERE MO NOT us. 2<)1 
 
 tlie end or middle of" branches, amentilbrm ; perigoiiial bracts 
 monandrons, distichous, somewhat simihir to the leaves, only 
 broader and more concave, bitid to about ^, segments obtuse. 
 
 Obs. — This new genus diH'ers from Cejj/ialozia in its branches 
 being Literal, not postical, and from Hygrohiella, which is its 
 nearest ally, by its frontally compressed, not distinctly trigonous 
 perianth, absence of stipules, bracts of the female flowers being 
 distichous and the very different cell structure ol the leaves. 
 B. Kaalaas in litt. 
 
 Eremonotus myriocarpus (6V//v.), IJinlb. §■ Kaahia-s. 
 
 Diplophiillam, myriocarpum, Carr. in Carr. et Pears. Hep. Brit. Exsicc. n. 911 
 
 (1870). 
 Jungermania myriocarpa, Carr. in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. p. ^(jO, t. IS, f. -i 
 
 (18SU). 
 Hyyrohiella mip'iocarpa, Spruce, On Cephalozia, p. 7o (1882). 
 
 Dioicous, densely csespitose, small, of a reddish-brown colour. 
 ■Stems :f to |- inch long, creeping at the base, rhizoinatous shoots 
 entangled, flexuose, resembling pale brown horsehair, terete, 
 ■ascending, rigid, interrupted, repeatedly innovant, branches 
 springing from one or both sides of the old axis, either ban-en 
 a,nd setaceous or fertile and with rapidly accrescent leaves, some 
 branches (upper) lateral, others (lower) postical flagelliferous and 
 rooting, rootlets sparse ; cells of stem 6 or 7 in diameter, 
 cortical 20, subquadrate, very little larger than the inner ones, at 
 first large and pellucid, afterwards, when dry, opaque. Leaves 
 on the lower portion of stem and branches distichous, approxi- 
 mate, erect, and appressed so close to the stem as to be readily 
 overlooked, ovate, ovate-quadrate, complicate, carinate-concave, 
 when explanate subcuneate, bifid to the middle, segments acute, 
 sinus acute, texture thin, chitinous, polished ; cells minute, punc- 
 tate, subquadrate, leptodermous, subpellucid. No stipules. 
 Flowers $ terminal, often on repeatedly innovant-proliferous 
 branches, innovations lateral, rarely postical, sometimes two 
 oppo.site, elongate. Bracts for the size of the plant large, 2-3 
 pairs, distichous, closely conduplicate and equitant, keel at an 
 
202 HEPATICjE. 
 
 angle of 45°, innermost large, 4 times larger than the stem leaves, 
 quadrate-oblong, subcordate at the base, bifid to about the ^th, 
 segments obtusate, rarely subacute, outer ones gradually becoming 
 smaller and changing into stem leaves. Perianth half hidden by 
 the bracts, subcompressed, very obtusely trigonous (third angle 
 postical), antical deeply unisulcate, mouth small, denticulate or 
 setulose, setie 1-4 cells long. Capsule brown, oblong- globose, 
 valves delicate, composed of two layers of cells. Elaters reddish- 
 brown, bispiral. Spores pale brown. 
 
 Androecia on separate stems growing with the $, simply fur- 
 cate, not repeatedly innovantly dichotomous as in the $ ; perigonial 
 bracts several, terminal or along the stem, slightly imbricate, 
 swollen at the base, bifid to about the -J^rd, segments obtuse, 
 antheridia solitary, oval. 
 
 Fruits May, June. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems about \ inch long, '75 mm. diam. \ 
 leaves '21 mm. x '175 mm., 12 mm. x 08 mm. ; cells "015 ram. 
 X '01 mm., "0175 mm. x "012 mm. ; bracts '475 mm. x "45 mm. ; 
 postical lobe "43 mm. x '25 mm. ; antical lobe '4 mm. x 2 mm. ; 
 valves of capsule "4 mm. x "175 mm.; pedicel "1 mm, diam., at 
 apex -12 mm. diam. ; elaters '1 mm. x "01 mm. ; spores '0175 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Creeping among spongy peat, along with Jung. Jaxifolia 
 in crevices of moist rocks. Rare. 
 
 7. Clogwyn-du-Arddu, Snowdon, Carnarvonshire, August 1881, 
 W. H. P. Pass of Llanberis, Carnarvonshire, May 1883, W. H. P. 
 10. Brown Ghyll, Laugdale, Westmorland, May 11, 1881, George' 
 Stabler 8r W. H. P. Nan Beild, Westmorland, May 11, 1882, 
 George Stabler. 15. Discovered by Dr. Carri/igton, July 1876, in 
 the crevices of moist rocks, in a stream from Ben Venue, running 
 in the direction of the Trossachs Hotel, Scotland. 16. Moidart, 
 West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 Norway. 
 
 Obs. — " In size this resembles CepJialozia dkaricaia, but its 
 true alliance is with Jung, minuta, of which it might be accounted 
 a microscopic form. Owing to the rigid chitinous texture of 
 Jung, ntgriocarpa, the stems and even perianths decay very slowly. 
 
EIIEMONOTUS. 203 
 
 so that it is not uncommon to find five or six perianths, one above 
 another, representing the growths of so many seasons. This give 
 the plant a very characteristic appearance, when it is remembered 
 the shoots are rarely more than from 2 to 4 lines in length. The 
 same proliferous habit is not uncommon in Ji/m/. uiiiii/fa, and it 
 shares with it other peculiarities, viz., the perianths were invari- 
 ably abortive and the pistillidia barren and undeveloped. The 
 young perianth looks like that of a FndJania ; it is a point where 
 the crests meet. 
 
 " From J//////, rujida, Lindb., which it also resembles in habit, it 
 may be known by its much smaller size, fasciculate ramification, 
 rapidly accrescent leaves, the lobes of which are equal, and the 
 different form of the perianth ; whereas in Jiiikj. rifjida the shoots 
 are terete from the closely imbricated uniform leaves, the lobes of 
 which are unequal." Dr. Carrington. 
 
 " This curious little plant differs from /. la.rifo/ia in the total 
 absence of stipules and the dense reticulation ; but in most other 
 respects it is a miniature counterpart of that species ; and they 
 agree so perfectly in habit and in all essential characters that I 
 can hardly doubt they should stand in the same genus. I have 
 cut transverse sections of several perianths of /. uti/riocar/jay and 
 have found them uniformly trigonous, with the third angle at the 
 back, as in J. laxifolm and in all Cephalozice. The furrow along 
 the middle of the upper face of the perianth, with a slight ridge 
 or keel on each side of it, quite corresponds to what is seen in 
 immature, or unfertilised perianths of several of the C('p/ialozi(e." 
 Dr. Spruce. 
 
 Description of Plate LXXVIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Plant X 16. 3-4. Portion of barren stems x 64. b,ij. Stem- 
 leaves X 64 (Ben Venue). 7-11. Ditto x 85 (Clogwyn-du- 
 Arddu). 12. Portion of stem and leaf x 200. 13. Apex of 
 leaf X 200. 14. Portion of leaf x 290 (Ben Venue). 
 15, 16. Bracts x 85 (Clogwyn-du-Arddu). 17. Perianth with 
 bracts x 64. 18. Perianth x 64 (Ben Venue). 19. Spores 
 X 290 (Brown Ghyll). 20. Perigonial bract x 85. 21. An- 
 theridium x 85 (Clogwyn-du-Arddu). 
 
204 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Genus 19. ADELANTHUS, Mitten. 
 
 Jungermania, Hook, in Eng. Bot. t. 2567 (1818). 
 
 Radula, Dum. Syll. Jung. p. 43 (1831). 
 
 Plagiochila, G.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 24 (1844). 
 
 Adekmthtos, Mitt, in Journ. Linn. Soc. p. 2G4 (1864). 
 
 Sphagncecetis, Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 10, 2, p. 144 (1871). 
 
 Odontoschisma, Lindb. MSS. in Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 10, 2, p. 144 (1871). 
 
 Plants caespitose, pale or dark green. Stems firm, caudex 
 creeping, simple or slightly branched, radiculose, suberect, apex 
 often decurved or subcircinnate, producing from near the base 
 postical tlagella which are minutely leaved and radiculose. Leaves 
 succubous, moderately large, alternate, obliquely rotund or ovate, 
 decurvo-secund, antical margin incurved, subentire, postical sub- 
 plane, very often spinulose-dentate ; cell rather large to minute, 
 guttulate, pachydermous, trigones distinct, marginal cells minute, 
 opaque. Stipules none or very rare and minute. Inflorescence 
 dioicous, cladogenous, postical. Bracts $ tristichous, the inner- 
 most slightly smaller than the leaves, apex bifid or variously 
 incised. Pistillidia 12-15. Perianth pyriform or fusiform, 
 turgid, 3-5 angled, mouth denticulate. Calyptra a little smaller, 
 carnose, below the middle 3-5-stratose, sterile pistillidia surround- 
 ing it. Capsule oval, 4-valved, bistratose. Androecia amentifbrm ; 
 antheridia solitary, very rarely two. 
 
 Adelanthus decipiens [Hook.), Mitt. 
 
 Jungermania decipiens, Hook, in Eng. Bot. t. 2567 (1813) ; Brit. Jung. t. 50 
 
 (1816). 
 Radida decijnens, Dum. Syil. Jung. p. 43 (1831). 
 Plagiochila decipiens, Dum. E.ecueil, p. 15 (1835). 
 Gymnanthe decijnens, Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 11, p. 166 (1863). 
 Adelanthus decipiens. Mitt, in Journ. Linn. Soc. p. 264 (1864). 
 Odontoschisma decipiens, Lindb. MSS. in Hartm. Skand. Fl. 11, p. 144; Lindb. 
 
 Soc. Faun, et Fl. Fenn. 13, pp. 357-363 (1874). 
 
 Dioicous, densely caespitose, flagelliferous, medium size, dark 
 olive green when growing, below and when dry, dark brown in 
 colour. Caudex prostrate, intricately branched below, producing 
 
ADELANTHUS. 205 
 
 erect or ascending fastigate stems, stems blackish, firm, simple, 
 rarely furcate or subramose, apices decurved ; cortical cells 30-36, 
 lurid, opaque, 10-12 cells in diameter, inner slightly smaller, sub- 
 pellucid ; flagella postical, few, only on the lower part of stem, 
 with very minute, tristichous, distant, subquadrate-rotund, pellucid, 
 rudimentary leaves, bearing fasciculate rootlets, tender, fragile, 
 towards the ends of the fiagella destitute of leaves, but producing 
 numerous rootlets. Leaves incubous, lower smaller, subimbricate, 
 appressed, upper larger, more crowded, decurvo-secund, rarely 
 distichous-patulous, obliquely inserted, antical base long and 
 gradually decurrent, subrhomboid or obliquely orbiculate, entire, 
 apex rotundate retuse, apiculate or spinose, bi-tri-lobate, antical 
 margin incurved, postical subplane or slightly concave. Texture 
 thick, epidermis a little rough ; cells medium to rather large in 
 size, hexagonal, walls firm, angles thickened or trigones distinct, 
 marginal cells distinct, thicker, subquadrate. Stipule on stem 
 none or rudimentary. Inflorescence ? postical, on very short 
 branches produced from near base of stem, rarely from middle. 
 Bracts about 9, in threes, tristichous, outermost minute, scale- 
 like, innermost a little shorter than the leaves, apex more or less 
 deeply bifid, segments patulous, free or subconnate at the base, 
 subentire ; $ branches excavate, cavity pyriform. Perianth twice 
 as long as the stem leaves, projecting far beyond the bracts, 
 narrowly obovate, pyriform, turgid, above obtusely tri- (rarely 
 4-, 5-) gonous, mouth at first connivent, afterwards subtrifid, sub- 
 denticulate or ciliolate. Calyptra a little smaller than the 
 perianth, pyriform, firm texture, composed of 3 layers of cells, 
 apex afterwards irregularly trifid, at base surrounded by few 
 (about 12?) sterile pistillidia. Andrnecia postical, whitish, 
 slender, julaceous or roundish, concinnate, produced from the 
 whole length of stem, but chiefly from near the base ; perigonial 
 bracts 12 pairs or less, closely imbricate, subcymbiform or cuccu- 
 late, very concave and subsaccate, but scarcely complicate, slightly 
 unequal, very oiten entire, rarely bidentulate, areolation very 
 pellucid; antheridia solitary, shortly stipitate ; perigonial bracteoles 
 everywhere present 2-4 times smaller than the bracts, subrotund 
 
■206 HEPATIC^. 
 
 or oblong, entire or angular, rarely connate at the base to the 
 nearest upper leaf. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to Ij inch long, '2 mm. in diam., with 
 leaves 2" mm., 2'5 mm. wide; leaves 2' mm. x 2* mm., 2" mm. 
 X 1*75 mm., 1-75 mm. x 1*5 mm., r4 ram. x 1*2 mm.; cells 
 •05 mm. X "05 mm., '045 mm. x "03 mm., "035 mm. x 035 mm. ; 
 bract 1"5 mm. long; perianth 3'4 mm. x 1"5 mm., 2" mm. 
 X '75 mm. ; capsule '75 mm. x '5 mm. ; pedicel "2 mm ; perigonial 
 bracts '5 mm. x "4 mm. ( x "75 mm. explanate) ; perigonial 
 bracteole "25 mm. x "125 mm., '13 mm. x '13 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on rocks or banks in woods or exposed places, 
 ^ery rare, extremely so in fruit. 
 
 7. Tyn-y-Grroes, Merioneth., E. M. Holmes, Dr. Carrington 8f 
 W. H. P., G. A. Holt. 12. Borrowdale, Cumberland, Dr. Carrington 
 ■Sf W. H P. 16. Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar, 1898, 
 W. H P. 1899. 
 
 I. Discovered by Miss Hutcldns near Bantry. Kenmare 
 ^Sound, Glengariff, Dr. Carrington. Rocks about the Upper Lake, 
 Prof. 8. 0. Lindberg. Glenad, Leitrim, Dr. D. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent (Norway), in Cuba, and South 
 America. 
 
 Obs. — A distinct species and the only British example of the 
 genus. When in fruit the postical $ and $ would readily identify 
 it, but $ has only been sparingly found b}'- Dr. Carrington in 
 Ireland, and no perianths have yet been discovered on British 
 specimens. When barren, distinguished from Plagiocliila punctata 
 Tayl., which it resembles somewhat in size and habit, by its dark 
 lurid green colour, leaves usually unispinose, antical margin 
 incurved, and the large hexagonal cells. 
 
 The description is taken from Dr. Spruce's valuable notes in 
 "Journ. of Bot." (1876). 
 
 Description of Plate LXXIX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Stem X 11 (Killarney, Dr. Carrington). 3. Fertile stem x 18 
 (G. & P. Hep. Eur. n. 474, from Cuba, drawn by Dr. Gottsche). 
 4-6. Leaves x 16 (Killarney, Dr. Carrington). Leal' x 16 
 {Canelos, South America, Dr. Spruce). 8. Portion of leaf x 290, 
 
SCAPANIA. 20^ 
 
 (Killarney, Dr. Carrington). 9, 10. l^racts x IS (G. & R. Hep. 
 Eur. n. 474). 11. Sub-bract x 18 (ditto). 13. AndroBcia 
 (Killarne}^, Dr. Carrington, G. & R. Hep. Eur. u. 474, drawn by 
 Dr. Gottsclie). 
 
 Subtvibe V. SCAPANIOIDE^. 
 Genus 20. SCAPANIA, D/nii. 
 
 Jungerma7iia, Mich. Nov. pi. gen. p. (! (17:^9); L. Sp. i)l. ed. 1, 2, p. 11. S2 
 
 (1758). 
 Martinellia, sect, a Gr. & B. Nat. Ait. Brit. PI. 1. p. G91 (1,S21). 
 Eadula, Dum. Comm. p. 112 (1823). 
 
 Badula, Dum. sect. 2, Scajmnia, Dum. Syll. Jung. Eur. p. o8 (1831). 
 Scapania, Dum. Recueil, 1, p. 14 (1835). 
 
 Plants usually robust, some large, otbers rather small, olive- 
 green, reddish-brown or purple, growing in matted tufts or in 
 large masses in streams. Stems firm ; primary shoots creeping, 
 perennial, naked, rhizomatous, entangled ; secondary shoots foliose, 
 ascending, decurved at the apex, simple or dichotomously branched; 
 branches all exactly axillary to the leaves. Leaves disticho- 
 declinate, alternate, conduplicate, unequally bilobed ; postical 
 lobe larefer, convex ; antical lobe incumbent ; maro-ins entire, 
 dentate or ciliate. Stipules absent. Inflorescence dioicous, rarely 
 paroicous, terminal, liracts $ 2, free, resembling the leaves but 
 more equally lobed. Perianth much longer than the bracts, 
 frontally compressed, plane, not winged, mouth wide, truncate, 
 bilabiate, entire or dentate, decurved. Calyptra iree, included. 
 Capsule ovate, of thi(di texture, divided to the base into 4 equal 
 valves. Elaters attached to the centre of the valves, long, bispiral. 
 Androecia terminal or interrupted. Perigonial bracts smaller, 
 ventricose at the base, the lobes shorter and nearly equal. 
 Antheridia (3-12) axillary, oval, seated on a slender stipe. 
 
208 HEPATIC^. 
 
 1. Scapania compacta {Hot It), Dum. 
 
 Jumjermania compacta, Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 3, p. 375 (1800). 
 
 Jungermania resupinata, Web. et Mohr Crypt. Germ. p. 427 (1807) ; Hook. 
 
 Brit. Jung. n. 23 (1810). 
 Radula resupinata, Dum. Oomm. Bot. p. 112 (1823). 
 Scapania compacta, Dum. Recueil, p. 14 (1835). 
 Plagiochila compacta, M. et N. in Nees Nat. Eur. Leb. Ill, p. 510 (1838). 
 
 Paroicous, loosely ceespitose, small, yellowish-brown. Steins 
 firm, flexuose, simple or innovantly branched, suberect or prostrate, 
 radiculose up to apex, rootlets dirty-white. Leaves subtrans- 
 versely inserted, approximate, accrescent, shortly and subequally 
 bilobed, antical lobe slightly smaller than the postical, lobes 
 rotund or semi-oval, entire or rarely denticulate, texture firm, 
 epidermis smooth, cells smallish to medium, subguttulate, walls 
 somewhat thick, trigones large. Bracts simihir to the leaves but 
 larger, often denticulate. Perianth large, projecting much beyond 
 the bracts, broadly obovate or turbinate, mouth wide, entire or 
 irregularly denticulate. Antheridia (about 4 to 6 in each bract) 
 oval, situated immediately below the perianth at the base of the 
 bracts, which are slightly swollen. 
 
 Fruits April, May, June. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems \ inch long, -3 mm. to '4 mm. diam., 
 with leaves 2' mm. wide; leaves, upper, antical lobe TS mm. x 
 1-25 mm., postical 1"75 mm. x 1-25 mm., lower, antical lobe 
 1- mm. X 75 mm., postical 1-25 mm. x 75 mm. ; cells -03 mm. ; 
 bracts, antical lobe 1"5 mm. x 1' mm., postical 175 mm. x P mm. ; 
 perianth 3* mm. x 2" mm. wide at the mouth, 2-25 mm. x 1-5 mm., 
 antheridium '2 mm. x -175 mm. 
 
 JJab. — Growing on clayey and sandy banks, and on mud- 
 covered walls. Generally distributed. 
 
 1. Common, West Cornwall, W. Curnow. 2. Isle of Wight, 
 G. E. Bavies. 3, 4. About Edgefield and Hempstead Hill, 
 Norfolk, Rev. R. B. Francis. Norfolk and Sufi'oik, Br. W. J. Hooker. 
 7. Penmaenpool, Merionethshire, E. M. Holmes, Dolgelly, 
 Merionethshire, W. H P. Festiniog, Carnarvonshire, Br. Car- 
 
^OAPAJVJA. 209 
 
 rim/fon Sf^ IF. JI. P. 10, 12. On rocks, Witherslack ; in a wood 
 near Staveley Church ; Rayrigg Wood, Windermere ; Oxenden, 
 Great Langdale, Westmorland, G. Stabler. 13. Frequent, Kirk- 
 cudbrightshire and Dumfriesshire, J. McAndreio. 14, 15. Ben 
 Lawers, C. J. Wild. Braemar, JR. K'nhoii. Gateside, Strachan, /. Sim. 
 IG. Frequent on rocks and boulders, Moidart, West Inverness, 
 8. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Brandon, Co. Kerry, Br. B. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent and Madeira. 
 
 Obs. — At once distinguished from any of the other known 
 British Scapanice by its paroicous inflorescence, the antheridia 
 being found in the bracts immediately below the perianth, whicli 
 is very rarely the case with any of this genus. 
 
 Apart from its inflorescence it is a very distinct species, its 
 compact habit, almost equal lobes of leaves and bracts, its habitat, 
 mud-covered walls and clayey banks in the plains, often near the 
 coast, readily enable the student to identify it. 
 
 Description of Plate LXXX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 !2. Portion of fertile stem, antical view x 16 (168 G. & R.). 
 3. Upper leaf, explanate x 16 (ditto). 4, 5. Leaves x 24 (Isle 
 of Wight, G. E. Davies). 6. Portion of leaf x 21)0 (168 G. & K.). 
 
 7. Bract, explanate x 24 (Isle of Wight, G. E. Davies). 
 
 8, 9. Bracts x 24 (ditto). 10. Perianth x 24 (Cader Idris, 
 W. H. P.). 11. Portion of mouth of perianth x 85 (ditto). 
 12. Antheridium x 85 (Isle of Wight, G. E. Davies). 
 
 2. Scapania Bartlingii [Hampe), Xce-s. 
 
 .Tumjermania Bartlingii, Hampe in Nees Nat. Eur. Leb. 11, p. 42.") (188(5). 
 Scapania Bartlingii, Nees in G.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 64 (1844). 
 Jungerma7via cuspid idiger a, Nees Nat. Eur. Leb. 1, p. 180 (1883). 
 Plagiochila Bartlingii, M. at N. in Nees Nat. Eur. Leb. Ill, p. 520 (1888). 
 .fungermania rupestrit, Schleich. Cat. Exs. (1S21) ^ 
 Scapania C'arestia', De Not. in Mem. Accad. 'I'orin. (IS.'tS) ^ 
 
 Dioicous, loosely caespitose, small, of a pale green colour. 
 Stems pale brown, somewliat tender, but proportionately thick 
 
 o 
 
210 HEP AT ICE. 
 
 for the size of plant, frontally compressed, 20 cells x 15, inner 
 cells distinct, hyaline, two outer rows of cells brown ; short, 
 simple, or with 2-3 innovant branches produced from the axil of 
 old bracts, suberect or creeping ; radiculose, rootlets copious, of a 
 dirty-white colour. Leaves transversely inserted or a little 
 ascending, few, accrescent, bifarious, alternate, lower ones minute, 
 scale-like, middle contiguous, upper closely imbricate, vaginate, 
 unequally bilobed from about a fourth to a third, margin entire, 
 sometimes erose, antical lobe about a third smaller, oblong, oval 
 to subquadrate, apiculate, acute or obtuse, undulate, recurved or 
 incurved, postical lobe oval, obtuse or rotundate ; texture some- 
 what lax, epidermis smooth, cells near middle at the base 
 elongate-quadrate, medium size, near the apex rather minute, 
 subquadrate, cell-walls somewhat thin, angles a little thickened, 
 no trigones. Bracts large, similar to upper leaves, lobes more 
 equal. Perianth projecting about a third to half beyond the 
 bracts, terminal, obovate, compressed, mouth truncate, wide, 
 entire, a little uneven. Male stems with perigonial bracts 
 terminal or at the middle, ventricose, antical lobe more erect, 
 antheridia oval. Gemmiparous, gemmje whitish-green to brown, 
 biseptate, terminal, sometimes forming brownish-black spherical 
 masses. 
 
 Fruits April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems about |- in. long, "3 mm. to "4 mm. diam., 
 with leaves 25 mm. to 275 mm. wide ; leaves, antical lobe 1*2 mm. 
 
 X -65 mm., postical 1"5 mm. x 75 mm., antical 1*1 mm. x '5 mm., 
 postical 1*5 mm. x 75 mm., antical 1*3 mm. x "75 mm., postical 
 1*5 mm. X '75 mm. ; upper leaves, antical lobe 175 mm. 
 
 X 1*25 mm., postical 2* mm. x 1' mm. ; cells, basal '06 mm. 
 
 X '025 mm., 04 mm. x '02 mm., '04 mm. x '025 mm., near apex 
 of leaf '025 mm. x 015 mm., '02 mm. x '015 mm., "015 mm. 
 
 x 'OlS mm.; bracts, antical lobe 175 mm. x T mm., postical 
 2* mm. X r mm.; perianth 2*25 mm. x ri5 mm. at mouth, 
 gemmge "02 mm. x '01 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on damp, shady rocks by streams ; very rare. 
 10. "Near the " Strid," Bolton Woods, Yorkshire, Dr. 
 
so A PAN! A. 211 
 
 Carrli/f//o)i. 1 1 . Egleston, Tees-side, /. G. Baker. Teesdale, 
 r. Mncld. 
 
 Eare on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from small forms of S. feqnilohd by its 
 smooth epidermis, from S. ciirfa by its more equal lobes and 
 distinctly accrescent liabit. 
 
 Description of Plate LXXXI. — Fig. 1. Stems natural size. 
 2. Fertile stem x IG (Bolton Woods, Dr. Carrington). :3. Por- 
 tion of sterile stem X IG (ditto). 4. Cross-section of stem x 24 
 (ditto). 5-7. Leaves flattened out x IG (ditto). 8. Upper leaf 
 X 16 (ditto). 9. Ditto flattened out (ditto). 10. Portion of 
 leaf, middle basilar cells x 290 (ditto). 11. Ditto, near marginal 
 apex (ditto). 12. Bract, flattened out x 16 (ditto). 13. Perianth 
 X 16 (ditto). 14. Portion of the mouth of perianth x 85 
 (ditto). 15, 16. Perigonial bracts x 24 (Switzerland, Jack). 
 17, 18. Gemmae x 290 (Bolton Woods, Dr. Carrington). 
 
 3. Scapania subalpina {Nccs)^ Duni. 
 
 Jungermcmia subalpina, Nees in Syn. Hep. Eur. p. 55 (1829). 
 Scapania suhalpina, Dum. Recueil, p. 14 (1885). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, small, pale green to brown in colour. 
 Stems reddish, simple or slightly branched, innovant branches 
 (2, 3 or 4) produced from the postical base of old perianth, erect, 
 rootlets few, hyaline. Leaves patent (50°), imbricate, divided 
 almost to the middle into two subequal lobes, appressed, closel}' 
 incumbent, rotundate or slightly apiculate, antical lobe a little 
 smaller than the postical, subrotund to subquadrate, entire or very 
 slightly denticulate, postical lobe subrotund or broadly rotund, 
 denticulate or rarel}' entire ; texture delicate, lax, epidermis 
 smooth, cells smallish, 4-, 5- and G-sided, walls thin, trigones none. 
 Bracts similar to leaves. Perianth oblong, truncate, mouth entire. 
 Perigonial stems with the c? in the middle or terminal, bracts 
 little different from the leaves. 
 
 Fruits May, June. 
 
 H.\B. — On sandy soil or amongst mosses in subalj^ine or alpine 
 districts. Kare. 
 
■212 HEPATICjE. 
 
 7. Near Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvonshire, iT/. ^. /iS7«/pr. 15. Ben 
 Lawers, C. J. Wild, August 1878. Ben Mac Dhui, John WMfehead, 
 July 1876. Ben Nevis, W. JFest, 1880. Glen Tilt, W. JFesf, 1880. 
 Moray, J. Croall, April 1848. Glencoe, .S'. M. Macvicar, 1899. 
 16. Eesipol, Sunart, S. M. Macvicar 8f W. H. P., 1899. I. Lug- 
 naquilla Mountain, Co. Wicklow, Br. B. Moore. Nephinbeg, 
 Co. Mayo, Br. B. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to \\ in. long, -2 mm. to Smm. diam., 
 with leaves To mm. to 2' mm. wide ; leaves, antical lobe 1"25 mm. 
 X "75 mm., posticallobel*5mm. x 1*25 mm., 1*25 mm. x I'mm. ; 
 cells "025 mm. ; perianth 225 mm. x 1' mm. 
 
 Obs. — This peculiarly alpine and subalpine species may be 
 distinguished from S. undulata by its neat habit, equal-sized, 
 closely imbricate, appressed, almost entire leaves and the mouth 
 of the perianth being entire. 
 
 Nearly all the specimens I have examined of this species have 
 the lower portion of the stems thickly matted with earth. 
 
 Description of Plate LXXXII. — Fio*. 1. Plants natural size. 
 
 o 
 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 24 (Glen Tilt, West). 
 
 3. Portion of stem, antical view x 24 (Finland, S.O.L.). 
 
 4. 5. Leaves x 24 (Sweden, S.O.L.). 6. Postical lobe of leaf 
 X 24 (ditto). 7. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 8. Perianth 
 X 24 (Glen Tilt, West). 9. Perigonial bract x 24 (Sweden, 
 
 S.O.L.). 
 
 4. Scapania aequiloba {Schwae(/.), Bum. 
 
 Jungermania cequiloba, Schwaeg. Prod. p. 24 (1814). 
 
 Ju7igermama montana, Mart. Fl. Ci-ypt. Erlang. p. 155, t. 4, f. 31 (1817). 
 Radula cequiloba, Dum. Syll. Jung. Eur. p. 39 (1831). 
 Scajjania cequiloba, Dum. Recueil, p. 14 (1835). 
 •Jungermania tyrolensis, Nees Hep. Eur. 11, p. 440 (1836). 
 Plagiochila tyrolensis, M. et K. Nees Hep. Eur. iv. p. xxxvii. n. 17 (1838). 
 Scapania tyrolensis, G.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 69 (1844). 
 
 Martinellia cequiloba, Linclb. Hep. in Hib. p. 521 (1874). Exsicc. G. & R. Hep. 
 Eur. n. 89, 404, 408. 
 
 Dioicous ; calcicolous, growing in densely matted tufts, medium 
 size, of a dark olive green to dark brown colour. Stems simple 
 
SCAPANIA. 213 
 
 or slightly branched, black, suberect or erect ; radiculose, rootlets 
 moderately plentiful, hyaline. Leaves horizontally inserted, 
 slightly ascending, closely imbricate, regular, of almost equal size, 
 somewhat pectinate, bilobed barely to the middle, lobes subequal 
 or the antical about a third smaller, convex, ovate or trapezoid, 
 acute or sometimes apiculate, crossing the stem, entire or slightly 
 dentate, postical lobe broadly oval or obovate, acute or sometimes 
 apiculate, subentire, textare firm, epidermis very finely verruculose, 
 cells small, roundish-subquadrate, walls thick, angles thickened, 
 trigones wanting. Bracts similar to upper leaves or slightly 
 larger, lobes subequal, subentire. Perianth projecting considerably 
 beyond the bracts, oblong- obovate, compressed, mouth wide, 
 laciniate, irregularly spinose-dentate. Capsule small, oval ; spores 
 light brown ; elaters short, bispiral, dark brown. 
 
 Male stems more slender than the others, perigonial bracts 
 terminal or at the middle, little different from ordinary, smaller, 
 ventricose ; antheridia 2, oval, with long bearers, along with several 
 leafy paraphyses. Sometimes gemmiparous, gemmse greenish- 
 white in colour, terminal on the upper leaves of sterile stem. 
 
 Fruits April, May, June. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 2 inches long, '3 mm. to "4 mm. 
 diam., with leaves from 2'5 mm. to 35 mm. wide; leaves, antical 
 lobe 1*5 mm. x I'mm., postical 1*5 mm. x 1' mm., antical 1'25 mm. 
 X -75 mm., postical 1"75 mm. x T mm., antical 1"5 mm. x -70 mm., 
 postical 1*75 mm. x 1*25 mm. ; cells 'Old ram., "02 mm., 0275 mm. 
 X '015 mm.; bracts, anticallobe 175 mm. x 1* mm., postical 2- mm. 
 X 1* mm.; perianth 2*75 mm. x I'l mm., lacinias at mouth of 
 perianth '275 mm., cilia ditto '125 mm. ; spores •0125 mm. ; 
 perigonial bracts, antical lobe "75 mm. x "G. mm., postical 
 1"25 mm. x '7b mm. ; antheridia -15 mm. x •125 mm. 
 
 Hab.— Growing usually on limestone rocks. Kare. 8. Lover's 
 Leap, near Buxton, C. J. Wild. Miller's Dale, Derbyshire, W.ILP. 
 10. Winch Bridge, Teesdale, Dr. SprNcc, July 1843. Wharfdale, 
 Dr. Spruce, Dec. 1841. Linton, G. A. Holt. 1(5. On sandy 
 banks, near the sea, Moidart, West Liverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
214 HEPATIC.^. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from all other Scupanice (except S. aspera, 
 M. & B., which see) by the leaves and perianth being minutely 
 verruculose, in addition to other characters. 
 
 The best method to observe this feature is to detach a leaf and 
 bend it between the slide and cover glass in water ; with a \ inch, 
 numerous minute warts are observed on the surface of each cell. 
 Its neat habit, regular leaves, not deeply divided, with the dense 
 cells, separate it from allied species. 
 
 From an exhaustive study of every specimen I have had the 
 opportunity of examining, I am only able to give the few stations 
 above recorded for this species, all the others I have to refer to 
 Scapania aspera, M. et Bern. ; the type seems to be better repre- 
 sented in the male stems, which are more regular and neater in habit. 
 
 Description oy Plate LXXXIII. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size. 
 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x IG (Moidart, Macvicar). 
 
 3. Leaves x 16 (ditto). 4, 5. Leaves x 24 (Winch Bridge, 
 K. Spruce). G. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 7. Bract, 
 explanate x 16 (Austria, Jack). 8. Portion of stem with 
 perianth x 16 (ditto). 9. Portion of mouth of perianth x 85 
 (ditto). 10. Perigonial bracts x 16 (404 Gr. & R.). 11. An- 
 theridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 5. Scapania aspera, Midler &,' Bertiet. 
 
 Scapania aspera, M. & B., Henri Bernet, Catalogue Hep. du Sud-Ouest de la 
 
 Suisse et de la Haute-Savoie (1888). 
 Exsicc. G, & R. Hep. Eur. n. 02 (as Scapania nemorosa), n. ooi (as Scapania 
 
 nemorosa), n. 602 (as Scajxmia mquiloha forma dentata), Massal. Hep. It.Ven. 
 
 n. 62 (as Scajxmia cerjuiloba, var. dentata). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely depresso-ctespitose, of a reddish- or olive-brown 
 colour. Stems tallish, simple or slightly branched, firm, blackish, 
 recurved at the apex, denudate at the base ; radiculose, rootlets 
 few, whitish. Leaves transversely inserted, somewhat smaller and 
 distant below, contiguous or imbricate above, subsecund, unequally 
 bilobed to about the middle, margin ciliate-dentate ; postical lobe 
 more distinctly ciliate, about 25 cilia around the margin ; antical 
 lobe with rather more distant teeth or cilia ; about half the size of 
 
SCAPANIA. 215 
 
 the postical, convex, oval-triangular, rotundate, appressed to the 
 stem, or upper margin slightly reflexed ; postical lobe oval-oblong, 
 rotundate, reflexed ; texture somewhat firm, epidermis verruculose, 
 several minute papillae on each cell; cells small to rather minute, 
 subquadrate, walls thick, angles thickened, no trigones. Bracts 
 rather larger than the upper leaves, lobes more equal, antical lobe 
 rotundate. Perianth projecting half beyond the bracts, com- 
 pressed, mouth wide, truncate, spinose-ciliate. Male stems more 
 slender, perigonial bracts enclosing leafy paraphyses with the 
 antheridia. Sometimes gemmiparous. 
 
 Fruits April, May, June. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 2 inches long, "5 mm. diam., with 
 leaves 5* mm. wide; branches '25 mm. diam., with leaves 
 275 mm. wide; leaves, antical lobe To mm. x 1* mm. ; postical 
 lobe 2*5 mm. x 1'75 mm., antical TS mm. x T mm., postical 
 2-5 mm. X 1-5 mm., antical 175 mm. x r25 mm., postical 
 2-25 mm. x 1-25 mm. ; cells '02 mm., -0175 mm. ; cilia of postical 
 lobe -05 mm.; bracts, antical lobe 2' mm. x 1*5 mm., postical 
 2*5 mm. x 1-5 mm. ; perianth 3"5 mm. x 2* mm. wide at the mouth, 
 lacinite of the mouth "275 mm., cilia of the same 1 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on limestone rocks. Somewhat rare. 2. Hill 
 above Studland, Dorset, E. M. Holmes, 26th April 1884. 7. Near 
 Aber, Carnarvonshire, G, E. Hunt, May 1868 (Herb. Spruce). 
 Tower Hill, Abergele, Denbighshire, IF. H. P., August 1892. 
 Llandulas, Denbighshire, IF. H. P., 1899. 9. Locally abundant 
 on limestone rocks in Lane. Silverdale, ./. A. Wheldon, July 1898. 
 Over Kellet, A. Wilson. 10. Bolton Woods, Yorkshire, Dr. Car- 
 rington, July 1877. 12. Yewbarrow, Westmorland, Geor//e Stabler, 
 Nov. 1869. 16. Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. MacDicar, 1899. 
 Eoshven, West Inverness, 8. M. Macoicar, 1899. 
 
 I. Hill of Howth ; Co. Cavan ; Killarney ; cide B. McArdle. 
 
 Found on the Continent (Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, 
 Germany, Austria, Italy). 
 
 Obs. — In habit and general appearance similar to Scapania 
 nemorosa (L.), but in this latter species the leaves, both antical 
 and postical lobes, are usually rounder and margin ciliate or more 
 
216 HEPATIC^. 
 
 finely dentate, but the most important distinctions of Scapania 
 aspera are the closer texture of the leaves and the epidermis being 
 verruculose ; this latter character separates it from all the other 
 British Scapania, with the exception of Scajjania csquiloba 
 (Schwaeg,). 
 
 Sccqjania aqiiiloba (Schwaeg.), of which it was considered a 
 variety by such good authorities as Gottsche and Lindberg, is 
 undoubtedly its nearest ally, although strikingly different in habit 
 and smaller in size, and generally of a darker olive-green colour ; 
 the leaves are regularly inserted and almost equal in size the whole 
 length of the stem, and although the lobes are by no means equal, 
 as the name would imply, they are more so than in Scajjaiiia ai<2jera, 
 are more quadrate, with the apex more acute. This character is 
 also observable in the bracts ; in Scapania aspera the perianth is 
 usually wider at the mouth, but the margin is exactly the same. 
 
 The male plant of Scapania aspera approaches nearer to 
 
 5. (squiloba than the barren or fertile one. 
 
 The founders of the species say, "It has nothing in common 
 with Scapania ceqmloha except in the tuberculose cuticle." This 
 statement will probably be questioned by students who have the 
 opportunity of examining a large series of specimens. 
 
 Scapania crassiretis, Bryhn (found in Norway), is another allied 
 species, which has not yet been met with in our country. 
 
 I find the species with which it is most generally mistaken 
 for, even by some expert students, is Scapania resnpiinafa (L.), 
 with which it agrees somewhat in the shape and margin of leaves, 
 but the latter species is usually of a pale olive -brown colour, 
 narrower and more equal leaves, the antical lobe is also more or 
 less reflexed on some portion of the stem, the epidermis is also 
 quite smooth. 
 
 Description of Plate LXXXIV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Portion of young branch x IG (Yewbarrow, Gr. Stabler). 
 3. Leaf x 11 (Gf. & E. n. 602). 4. Ditto, explanate (ditto). 5, 
 
 6. Leaves x 1 1 (Sweden, Kindberg). 7. Leaf x 11 (G. & K 
 n. 602). 8. Margin of leaf, postical lobe x 85 (ditto). 9. Por- 
 tion of leaf X 290 (ditto). 10. Bract x 11 (Yewbarrow, Gf. 
 
SCAPANIA. 217 
 
 Stabler). 11. Ditto, explanate (ditto). 12. Perianth x 11 
 (Sweden, Kindberg). 13. Portion of mouth of perianth x 85 
 (Yewbarrow, G. Stabler). 
 
 6. Scapania resupinata (Z.), Dnm. 
 
 Lichenastrum auricidatum, jnmudis rotmuUs, afispv/tn, Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 491, 
 
 t. 71, f. 11) (1741). 
 Jtmgermania resnjmiata, Linn. Sp. pi. 1599, fide Dillenii (1753); Huds. Fl. 
 
 Ang. p. 512 (1798); With. Arr. Br. pi. 3, ed. Ill, p. 875 (179G); Eng. 
 
 Bot. t. 2437. 
 Radula dentata, Duin. Syll. Jung. p. 40 (1831). 
 Scapania dentata, Dum. Recueil, p. 14 (183r»). 
 Scapania resujmiata^ Dum. Recueil, p. 14 (1N35). 
 Martinellia gracilis, Lindb. Manip. Muse. Secund. p. 305 (1874). 
 
 Dioicous, growing in dense tufts of a yellowish-brown or 
 olive colour, pale below, closely entangled with long hyaline root- 
 lets, which are produced from the underside of the stem. Stem 
 ligneous, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves crowded at the 
 apex, equal in size, from about J to the J bifid, closely condupli- 
 cate, antical lobe crossing the stem, appressed, somewhat erecto- 
 patent, convex, yet upper margin frequently reflexed, obliquely 
 reniform-rotund, apex rotundate-obtuse, with distant large teeth, 
 teeth broad at the base, the apical ones generally the largest, 
 postical lobe about twice as large, very convex, upper margin 
 remarkably reflexed and decurrent, obliquely oval-obovate, 
 rotundato-obtuse, dentato-serrate, apical teeth scarcely larger ; 
 epidermis smooth, cells small, quadrato-rotund or quadrate, angles 
 thickened, walls firm. Bracts a little larger than the leaves, 
 antical lobe proportionately larger. Perianth prominent, obconical, 
 piano-compressed, mouth often decurved, truncate, wide, inciso- 
 dentate, usually with about 6 segments, finely dentate, capsule 
 oval, projecting a little. Perigonial spikes usually terminal, 
 bracts closely imbricate, lobes almost equal, ventricose at the base, 
 antheridia oval. Upper leaves often gemmiparous, gemmae oval, 
 usually biseptate. 
 
 Var. minor. Small, rarely more than ^- in. long, more delicate 
 than the ordinary form, and although it is very constant in size 
 
218 HEPATICJE. 
 
 and habit, I see no character by which it can be separated from 
 the type. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems \ to \\ inch long, '3 mm. diam., with 
 leaves 2' mm. to 3* mm. wide, leaves, antical lobe 7 mm. x "5 mm., 
 *9 mm. X '7 mm., I'l mm. x '8 mm., postical 1' mm. x -7 mm., 
 1*7 mm. X '9 mm., 1-7 mm. x 1* mm., cells "02 mm., perianth 
 2*2 mm. long x 1'7 mm. wide at the month, gemmae -03 mm. x 
 •015 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On shady rocks and walls, more rarely base of trees, 
 generally in subalpine districts. Moderately common. 
 
 1. Penzance, W. Curnow. 2. Eridge Rocks, Dr. Spn/ce. 
 3, 7. Common in Merionethshire and Carnarvonshire, W. H. P. 
 10. Ilkley, Dr. Carrn)(jton, G. Stabler, G. Webster. Malham Moor, 
 Dr. Carrington. 11, 12. Frequent in Westmorland and Cumber- 
 land, G. StaljJer, Dr. Carrington, W. H. P. 13. Frequent on the 
 hills in Kirkcudbrightshire and Dumfriesshire, /. Mc Andrew. 14, 
 15, 16. Very common, Moidart, West Inverness, 8. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Very common and widely distributed in Ireland, Dr. D. 
 Moore. Killarney, McArdle §• Lett. Co. Cavan, D. McArdle. 
 
 Found on the Continent, Teneriffe. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished at once from any of the forms of Scapania 
 undidata by its brownish-olive colour, from Seapania nemorosa by 
 the coarser teeth of the leaves, and from Seapania cequiloba and 
 Seapania aqjera by the smooth epidermis. 
 
 The frequently reflexed antical lobe is also a good character to 
 distinguish it from other species ; this feature is somewhat incon- 
 stant, but is usually found on some portion of the stem. 
 
 Linnaeus founded his Jtmg. resnpinata on the plant described 
 and figured by Dillenius in his Hist. Muse. p. 491, t. 71, f. 19, 
 which, according to Lindberg, comprises two species, one of which 
 he named Martlnellia graeilis. This, however, so agrees with the 
 description " acutissime crenatos margined " as well as with the 
 figure h, that I follow Dr. Carrington in considering it the true 
 Jung, resupinata. Seapania resnpinata, recorded from several stations 
 in Staffordshire by Mr. J. E. Bagnall (" Journ. of Bot.," March 
 1896), all refer to Seapania aspera, Mlill. et B. 
 
SCAPANIA. 219 
 
 Description of Plate LXXXV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem x 24 (Scotland, Sim). 3-5. Leaves x 24 
 (G. & li. n. 225). 6-8. Leaves of var. mijwr x 24 (Ardingley, 
 Davies). *J. Portion of leaf x 290 (New Galloway, J. McAndrew). 
 10. Perianth x 1 6 (ditto). 11. Portion of the mouth of perianth 
 X 85 (ditto). 12. Gemmae x 290 (Ardingley, Davies). 
 
 7. Scapania ornithopodioides {DHL iFifher.), PeavH. 
 
 Lichenastrum auriculatum, Ornithopodii pinnatis ciliatis, Dill. Hist. Muse. 
 
 p. 493, n. 21 (1741). 
 Jungermcmia ornithopodioides, Withering, Botanical Arrangement, vol. ii. p. (il),"), 
 
 n. 14 (177G). 
 Jimgermania planifolia, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. (!7 (1810). 
 Scapania planifolia, (Hook.) Dum. Recueil, p. 14 (18;>.'j). 
 
 Dioicous (?), forming erect crowded tufts or straggling amongst 
 other mosses and hepatics ; very large ; of a dark brown colour. 
 Stems simple or furcate, ligneous, a cross-section showing it to be 
 oval, the outer layer consisting of one or two rows of dark-red 
 ligneous cells, inner cells white, somewhat homogeneous ; radicu- 
 lose, rootlets short, pale, produced from the postical side of stem. 
 Leaves distichous, imbricate or approximate, divided to the base 
 or almost into two unequal lobes, the antical one about half the 
 size of the postical, erecto-patent to patent (40°), cordate, obtuse 
 or acute, ciliate-dentate, crossing the stem, slightly convex ; 
 postical lobe patent-divergent to horizontal (80°), plane or slightly 
 deliexed, ovate, ciliate-dentate ; at the suture one or two lar^-e 
 cilia are often found, 3 to 4 cells long, 2 cells broad at the base ; 
 epidermis smooth, cells small, roundish, guttulate, cell-walls thick, 
 angles thickened. 
 
 <? and ? unknown. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 3 to 4 inches long, 4 mm. x o mm. 
 diam., with leaves 4' mm. wide; leaves, antical lobe 15 mm. x 
 1* mm., 14 mm. x 1*25 mm., 125 mm. x T mm., postical 22 mm. 
 
 X 1'3 mm., 2*1 mm. x 1*5 mm., 1*9 mm. x 13 mm. ; cells "Oo mm. 
 
 X '02 mm., 025 mm. x 02 mm., '0225 mui. x '02 mm. ; cilia '04 
 mm. X •017") mm. broad at the base. 
 
220 HEPATICJE. 
 
 Hab. — On damp rocks or growing amongst mosses in wet 
 places in mountainous districts. Very rare. 
 
 7. Snowdon, DUlerdas, 1740. Snowdon, below Clogwyn du 
 Arddu, ascent from Beddgelert, August 1840, Balfs. Cwm Idwal, 
 Carnarvonshire, W. Wilson. 12. Honister Pass, Cumberland, 
 Dr. Carrington &; W. H. P., IS^O. 15. Ben na Bord, George 
 Bonn, 1812. Ben Avon, G. Bonn, 1812; John Nowell, 1847. Ben 
 Voirlich, W. Gourlie, 1842. Ben Mac Dhui, G. Stabler, 1884. 
 16. On rock-ledges in several places on the hills from 1200 ft.- 
 1800 ft., frequently associated with MastigopJiora, Moidart, West 
 Inverness, S. M. Macvicar, 1 8 9 8 ; /*?. i)[/. Macvicar S^' W.If.P.,1899. 
 
 I. Brandon Mountain, -i^y. Taylor, W. Wilson. 
 
 Found on the Continent (Norway), Sandwich Islands, East 
 Indies {vide Mitten). 
 
 Obs. — A very rare and distinct species, first collected by 
 Dillenius on Snowdon in 1740; its brown colour, shape and 
 position of the antical lobe of leaf readily distinguish it from any 
 of the ciliate Scajjajiup, with the exception of S. nintbosa, which see. 
 
 I am averse to changing any well-established and appropriate 
 specific name, but as Dillenius described and figured so accurately 
 and Withering published the species so many years before Hooker, 
 who evidently was not aware the species was already published, 
 I feel compelled to adopt the earlier one. 
 
 Description of Plate LXXXVI. — Fig. 1. Plant natural 
 size. 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 16. 3-5. Antical leaf- 
 lobes X 24. 6, 7. Postical leaf-lobes x 24. 8. Portion of 
 leaf X 290. 9. Ciha x 290 (Ben Voirlich, Gourlie). 
 
 8. Scapania nimbosa, Taylor. 
 
 Scajmnia nimbosa, Tayl. in Lehm. Pugill. Plant. S (1844). Trans. Bot. Soc. of 
 Edin. 11, p. 115; G.L.N, Syn. Hep. Siappl. p. G62 (1847) . 
 
 Loosely csespitose, somewhat large, reddish-brown colour to 
 rosy red near the apex. Stems firm, ligneous, blackish, suberect 
 or flexuose, simple or sparingly branched, innovant branches pro- 
 duced from the postical side, rootlets near the base, few, long, very 
 
SCAPANIA. 221 
 
 delicate, hyaline. Leaves patent, inserted at an angle of from 40° 
 to 60°, imbricate, amplexicaul, complicate, [divided almost to tlie 
 base into two subequal lobes, margin ciliate-dentate, cilia fre- 
 quently uncinate, antical lobe slightly concave or undulate, crossing 
 the stem, a little smaller than the postical, oblong-ovate, apex 
 somewhat rotundate or lanceolate ; postical lobe obliquely ovate, 
 convex, slightly recurved at the upper margin, suture short, thick, 
 ligneous ; epidermis smooth, cells small, roundish-quadrate, cell- 
 walls thick, trigones distinct, (? and ? unknown. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 3 inches long, diam. "25 mm., with 
 leaves 2*25 mm. wide; leaves, antical lobe r25 ram. x -95 mm., 
 postical lobe 1*4 mm. x 1" mm.; cells 02 mm., cell-walls 
 •0075 mm., cilia "1 mm. long. 
 
 Hab. — On moist rocky ledges in alpine situations. Discovered 
 by Dr. Taylor near the summit of Brandon Mountain, Co. Kerry, 
 Ireland, in 1813, growing with Scapania oniifhopodioides, Juiuj. 
 arcade nsis, Hypniuii Joreum and Rhacomifriuia lanuginosum. W. 
 mi fen, 18—? 
 
 16. Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macoicar, 1898; 
 S. M. Maevicar 8f W. H. Pearson, 1899. 
 
 These are the only two known stations. 
 
 Obs. — The rarest, and one of the most beautiful and finest of 
 our British Hepaticse, discovered on Brandon Mountain, South of 
 Ireland, by Dr. Taylor in 1813, and although repeated attempts 
 have been made by other botanists, no one, except Dr. Taylor and 
 Mr. Mitten, has been so fortunate as to meet with it in Ireland ; 
 and as only few specimens were known to exist in herbaria, most 
 botanists had to be content with the description, and say with 
 the late Dr. D. Moore in his Report on the Irish Hepaticse : '^ I 
 know nothing of this plant further than the quotations transcribed 
 testify." 
 
 However, in 1898 Mr. Symers M. Maevicar found the plant 
 in Scotland, and in the following year I had the good fortune of 
 being taken to its habitat by him. 
 
 I add the following notes from his interesting Hepatica3 of 
 Moidart, "Journ. of Bot." Aus^. 1899: "Liable to be overlooked 
 
222 HEPATIC^. 
 
 when growing with S. or nitltopodi aides (With.) {^S. plani folia, ^qq)V.\ 
 but is distinguished from it by being rather more slender, more 
 erect, and not in layers, as that species usually is ; lower lobe 
 smaller, recurved, whilst in 8. ornifhopodioides it is flat and spread- 
 ing, giving this latter plant a compressed appearance. Under the 
 lens the long irregularly spinous cilia at once distinguish it, for, 
 although the cilia vary in size in S. ornithopodioides on different 
 stems, they are always regular and straight, never curved, as they 
 frequently are in 8. nimhosa. The upper lobe is concave from the 
 sides being inflexed, with the point incurved ; it is not appressed 
 to the stem, nor should I consider the lower lobe so much deflexed 
 as to give the shoots a squarrose appearance, as they have been 
 described." 
 
 Description of Plate LXXXVII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 16. 3. Portion of 
 stem, postical view x 24. 4. Leaf, antical lobe x 24. 5. Leaf, 
 postical lobe x 24. 6. Portion of leaf x 290. * (All Brandon 
 Mt., Dr. Taylor, 1813.) 
 
 9. Scapania nemorosa (Z.), Bum. 
 
 Jungermania nemorosa, foliis acutioribus, auritis, tenuissime denticidatis, Mich. 
 
 Nov. pi. gen. p. 7, t. 5, f. 8 (1729). 
 Lichenastrum auriculatum, pinnis minoribus, crenatis, Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 490, 
 
 t. 71, f. 18(1741). 
 Jungermania nemorosa, Linn. Sp. pi. 1 ed. p. 1132 (1753). 
 Martinellius nemorosa, Gr. & B. Nat. Arr. Brit. pi. 1, p. 602 (1821), 
 Radula nemorosa, Dum. Comm. Bot. p. 112 (1823). 
 Scapania nemorosa, Dum. Recueil, p. 14 (1835). 
 
 Dioicous, laxly csespitose, medium size, green to greenish- 
 brown colour. Stems simple or sparingly branched, ascending or 
 erect; radiculose, rootlets few, hyaline; firm, red to dark brown, 
 outer layer of cells dark brown, inner white. Leaves transversely 
 inserted, slightly ascending, lower leaves somewhat distant or 
 contiguous, upper imbricate, bifarious, alternate, margin ciHate- 
 dentate, unequally bilobed to about the middle, antical lobe about 
 half the size of the postical, cordate, acute, incumbent, postical 
 
SCAPANIA. L'2:J 
 
 ovate, rotundate, convex, reflexed ; epidermis smooth, cells sub- 
 quadrate, walls rather thick, no trigones. Bracts similar to 
 leaves. Perianth terminal, projecting high beyond the bracts, 
 obovate, frontally compressed, composed of a single layer of cells, 
 mouth wide, truncate, ciliate-dentate. Capsule roundish, reddish- 
 brown. Spores minute, round, light brown. Elaters bispiral. 
 Male stems similar to others, only perigonial bracts more crowded, 
 terminal or in the middle of the stem, antical lobe rounder, ventri- 
 cose at base, 3-6 antheridia enclosed, which are oval, with long 
 bearers. Stems sometimes gemmiparous, gemmie at apex of stem 
 or terminal leaves, dark brown. 
 
 Fruits April, May, June. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 1^ inch long, '5 mm. diam., with 
 leaves 4- mm. broad; leaves, antical lobe 2*5 mm. x 1*75 mm., 
 postical '2"75 mm. x 2" mm., marginal teeth '075 mm. ; cells 
 •03 mm., 04 mm. x 02 mm., "025 mm. ; bracts, antical lobe 
 2*25 mm. x 15 mm., postical 3' mm. x 2" mm. ; perianth 3 '75 mm. 
 X 2" mm., teeth of mouth -075 mm., *! mm.; perigonial bract, 
 antical lobe 2' mm. x 2*25 mm., postical 3' mm. x 2'5 mm. ; 
 antheridia "25 mm. x "175 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grows in woods and shady places on rocks or rottini,'- 
 wood. Generally distributed. 
 
 1. West Cornwall, frequent, //', Curnow. 2. New Forest, 
 Hants, C. LjjelL Cadnam Bog, C. Li/elL 3. North Frith Wood, 
 House. Swancombe Wood ; King's Wood, near Maidstone, Kent, 
 E. M. Holmes. 4, 5. Cloud, R. Garner. Seckley Wood; Arley 
 Wood ; Mayfield ; Ordesley Brook ; Leek, Staffordshire, ./. /:' 
 Baf/nal/. 6, 7. Dolgelly, Merionethshire, Br. Carrin(jtoii diid 
 IF. H. P. 8. Stirrup Wood, Derbyshire, G. A. Holt. 9. Bamford 
 Wood; Clifton Junction, Lane, G. A. Holt. 10. Aireyholme 
 Wood and Bilsdale, ir. Mtfdd; Bolton Woods, Dr. Carrijn/fon. 
 Teesdale, Dr. Spruce. Clapdale, Br. Carriiif/foii, George Stabler. 
 Dentdale, Br. F. A. Lees. Whernside, Dr. F. A. Lees. Eibbledale, 
 Br.F.A.hees. KYYicMe, IF. West. \\Wq\ , Br. Carrhujton. Shipley 
 Glen, Dr. Carringtoii. Todmorden, A. Stansfield. 12. Westmor- 
 land, Hudson. Stock Ghyll, G. Stabler. Staveley, G. Stabler. 
 
224 HEFATKJjE. 
 
 Kentmere, G. Stabler. 13. Frequent, Kirkcudbrightshire, Dum- 
 friesshire, J. Mc Andrew. 15, 16. Uncommon, Moidart, West 
 Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Killarney, Dr. Carringtoit, B. McArdle. Kylemore, Co. 
 Galway, Br. B. Moore. Cromaglown; Tore Waterfall, Prof. 
 Lindhercj. 
 
 C. Jersey, Mrs. McKenzie. 
 
 Europe, North and South America, Java. 
 
 Obs. — Tiie only species with which this can be confused are 
 Scapania aspera, M. & B., and Scapa/iia purpiirescens, which see. 
 
 The other two species with ciliate leaves [Scapania ornithopodi- 
 oides, Dill., and Scapania nimbosa) are remarkably distinct. 
 
 Description of Plate LXXXVIIL— Fig. 1. Stems natural 
 size. 2. Stem x 11. 3. Antical lobe of leaf x 11. 4. Postical 
 lobe of leaf x 11. 5. Margin of leaf x 85. 6. Portion of leaf 
 X 290. 7. Bract x 11. 8. Perianth x 11. 9. Cross-section 
 of perianth x 11. 10. Portion of mouth of perianth x 85 
 (Dolgelly, W. H. P.). 11. Perigonial bract x 11. 12. Anthe- 
 ridium x 64 (Sweden, Herb. Lindb.). 
 
 10. Scapania undulata (Z.), Bi/ni. 
 
 Hepatica saxatilis undulata seminifera, Vaill. Bot. par., p. 98, t. 19, f. 6. 
 Liche7iastru7n pinnulis auricidatis majorihus et no7i crenatis, Dill. Hist. Muse. 
 
 p. 490, tab. 71, fig. 17 (1741). 
 Jungermania undulata, Linn. Sp. pi. 1598 (1753); Hook. Brit. Jung, t, 22 
 
 (1816). 
 Radula imdidata, Dum. Comm. Bot. p. 112 (1823). 
 Scapania undulata, Dum, Recueil, p. 14 (1835). 
 Martinellius undiUata, Gr. & B. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. p. G91 (1821). 
 
 Dioicous; ca^spitose, of a green, brown, or reddish-brown 
 colour. Stem variable in length, erect, simple or subdivided. 
 Leaves transversely inserted, approximate or imbricate, divided to 
 about the middle into two unequal lobes, entire, denticulate, den- 
 tate or ciliate-dentate, broader than long, undulate when dry ; 
 antical lobe from half the size to subequal with the postical, con- 
 vex, subrotund, trapezoid or subreniform, rotundate, postical lobe 
 
 I 
 
SCAPANIA. 225 
 
 subrotund, trapezoid, rotundate, epidermis smooth ; celJs smallish, 
 5-6-sided, walls firm. Bracts with lobes subequal. Perianth 
 obloDg-obovate, mouth entire or denticulate. 
 
 Male stems somewhat similar to the others ; androecia middle 
 or near the apex ; perigonial bracts rather smaller and more 
 closely imbricate, lobes subequal ; antheridia several in each bract, 
 roundish-oval, pedicel long. 
 
 Fruits April, May, June. 
 
 Dimensions.— Stems -J inch to 6 inches long, diam. '3 mm. to 
 •4 ram., with leaves 4' mm. wide; leaves, antical lobe 1'5 mm. 
 X 1* mm., postical lobe 2" mm. x I'd mm. ; cells 02 mm., 
 •025 mm. ; perianth 3" mm. x 1"25 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On rocks or stones in or by streams or in wet places ; 
 generally distributed throughout the British Isles ; most abundant 
 in subalpine localities, ascending to the top of our highest 
 mountains. 
 
 1, 3-5, 7-18, I. 
 
 Found on the Continent, Canaries, North America. 
 
 Obs. — This is the most common and variable type of British 
 Scapaiiue ; it varies in height from ^ inch to 5 and (3 inches, and 
 assumes maii}^ forms, which varieties are described at length by 
 Nees in his " Eur. Leber." The notes under species likely to be 
 confounded with it will enable the student to distinguish it. 
 
 Description of Plate LXXXIX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2, 3. Portion of stems x 16 (Herb. Mougeot). 4. Peri- 
 gonial bract x 24 (Tyn-y-Groes). 5. Portion of leaf x 290 
 (Mougeot & Nest. Exsicc). 6. Perianth x 16 (Balcombe, 
 (jr. Davies). 
 
 11. Scapania purpurascens [Hook.), Ta//I. MSS. 
 
 Jimgermania nemorosa, \ar. 2ntrpurascens, Hook. Biit. Jung. t. 21, f. 1(1 (181t'»). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, medium size, rosy to deep purple, rarely 
 greenish in colour. Stems erect or procumbent, rigid, dark brown 
 or purple, simple or with one or two branches proceeding fron) 
 near the base ; radiculose, rootlets few, whitish. Leaves imbricate 
 
 p 
 
226 HEPATIC^. 
 
 above, approximate or distant below, horizontally inserted, un- 
 equally bilobed, antical lobe about half the size of the postical, 
 crossing the stem or nearly so, convex, subquadrate, longer than 
 broad or roundish, free angle subacute or rotundate, margin 
 denticulate, postical lobe broadly oval or orbicular, often 
 rotundate, reflexed, margin denticulate ; epidermis smooth, cells 
 rather minute to small, roundish-quadrate, walls firm, no trigones 
 or thickened angles. Bracts larger than the leaves, unequally 
 bilobed, antical lobe about half the size of the postical, oblong- 
 subquadrate, free angle obtuse or rotundate, margin denticulate, 
 postical lobe oval, rotundate, margin denticulate. Perianth pro- 
 jecting more than half beyond the bracts, campanulate, oblong- 
 obovate, with a narrow base, mouth wide, denticulate. 
 
 Androecia terminal on separate stems ; perigonial bracts 4, 5 
 pairs, smaller than the leaves, closely imbricate, unequally bi- 
 lobed, antical lobe about half the size of the postical, very convex, 
 
 oval or orbicular, margin denticulate, postical oval ; antheridia 
 orbicular, pedicel long. 
 
 Fruits April, May, June. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 2 inches long, diam. '25 mm., with 
 
 leaves 3* mm. wide; leaves, antical lobe 1'25 mm. x "75 mm., 
 
 postical 2' mm. x 1'5 mm., antical I'l mm. x '75 mm., postical 
 1*75 mm. X 1-1 mm. ; cells '02 mm. x "02 mm., '015 mm., '02 mm. 
 x '015 mm. ; teeth of leaves "02 mm. x '02 mm. at base ; bracts, 
 
 antical lobe 1'25 mm. x 75 mm., postical 2* mm, x I'l mm. ; 
 
 perianth 3'5 mm. x 1*75 mm., marginal teeth "03 mm. ; perigonial 
 
 bracts, antical lobe "9 mm. x "6 mm., postical 1'25 mm. x "75 mm.; 
 
 antheridia -2 mm. x "175 mm. 
 
 Hab.— On wet rocks and stones by the side and in streams. 
 
 Not uncommon ; usually in subalpine districts. 
 
 1. Banks of the Tamar, Devon, IF. Ctinioiv. 7. Tyn-y-Groes, 
 
 Merionethshire, G. A. Holt. Cader Idris, Merionethshire, Jo/ui 
 WUiehead, IF. H. P. 8. Castleton, G. A. Holt. Kinder Scout, 
 
 Derbyshire, G. A. Holt. 9. Crowden, Cheshire, G. A. Holt. 
 
 Lonsrridffe Fell, Lane, IFheldon. Hindburn, Lane, A. Wilmn. 
 
 Clouojha and Udale, Lane, Wheldon. 10. Arncliffe Wood, Esk- 
 
 I 
 
SCAPANIA. 227 
 
 dale, M. B. S/a/rr. Wheeldale, M. B. S/a/er c^ W. 11. 1\ 
 12. Glen Helen, Isle of Man, G. A. ILoll. Grrisedale, Slater cV 
 Stabler. Langdale, Slahk'r 8^' W. IE. P. Long Sleddale, CI. Sfahlrr. 
 Sea Fell Pike, G. Si abler. 13. Occasionally on tlie hills, Kirkcud- 
 brig-litsliire and Dumfriesshire, /. Mc Andrew. 15. Ben Lavvers, 
 C. J. Wild. IG. Banks of Loch Long, W. Gonrlie. Common, 
 Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 L Dr. Taiflor and others. Common in Co. Kcriy, Dr. I). Moore. 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — Since Hooker's time there has been considerable doubt 
 as to whether this form should rank as a species or not. In his 
 "Brit. Jung." it is published as a variety oi S. nemorom, but from 
 this it is distinguished by the shape of its leaves, which are also 
 only denticulate, not ciliate, in many respects approaching 
 S. undidata. Dr. Gottsche, writing to Dr. Carrington many 
 years ago, said : " I cannot yet define the limits of these species 
 {S. nemorosa and S. nndidala^ and if I believe myself for a time in 
 order with the genus, new forms confuse me again." 
 
 It appears to occupy the same position between S. imdidata and 
 S. nemorosa as S. infer media, Husn., does between S. jj/frj}ifraseeii-s 
 and S. nmhrom. 
 
 Description of Plate XC. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Stem with perianth, antical view x 11. 3. Leaf, antical view 
 X 11. 4-8. Leaves, antical view x 16. 9. Portion of leaf 
 X 290. 10, 11. Bracts x 16. 12. Portion of mouth of perianth 
 X 85. 13, 14. Perigonial bracts x 16 (Arnclifte, Yorks, 
 M. B. Slater). 
 
 12. Scapania intermedia, lii/s/iof. 
 
 Scapania intermedia, Husnot, Hep. Gall. pi. Ill, fig. 23 (1875). 
 Scapania nemorosa, var. intermedia, Husnot, Hep. Gall. p. •22 (1876). Exsicc 
 Husnot, Hep. Gall. n. 05, as Scapania nemorosa, var. intermedia. 
 
 Dioicous, densely csespitose, small, rosy or greenish-brown in 
 colour. Stems intricately entangled at the base, simple or slightly 
 branched, flexuose, of rather firm texture, cortical cells about 50 
 in circumference, the 3 to 4 outer layers of cells smaller and 
 
228 HEFATIC.'E. 
 
 narrower than the centre ones and deep purple in colour, inner 
 hyaline 10-12 cells in diameter, all very small; procumbent or 
 somewhat erect. Leaves imbricate or approximate, horizontal to 
 patent-divergent, somewhat regular, unequally bilobed, margins 
 spinose-ciliate or denticulate, antical lobe about half the size of the 
 postical, nearly or not quite crossing the stem, convex, subquadrate, 
 acute ; postical lobe obovate or broadly oval, rotundate ; epidermis 
 smooth ; cells small, roundish-quadrate or roundish-oblong-quad- 
 rate, guttulate ; walls and angles thickened. Bracts much larger 
 than tlie leaves, unequally bilobed, antical lobe about ^ smaller 
 than the postical, oblong-quadrate, rotundate, obtuse, margin 
 spinose-ciliate or denticulate ; postical similar to the leaf lobe. 
 Perianth projecting f beyond the bracts, oblong, mouth wide, 
 distantly denticulate or shortly ciliate. Capsule dark reddish- 
 brown, thick texture. Spores smooth, pale reddish-brown. Elaters 
 reddish-brown, bispiral. Androecia terminal on stems ; perigonial 
 bracts 2, 3 pairs, unequally bilobed, antical lobe smaller than the 
 postical, ovate-orbicular ; postical obovate. Antheridia 3 in each 
 bract, very large, oval. 
 
 Fruits April, May, June. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems i to |- inch long, "2 mm. diam., with 
 leaves 1*75 mm. wide; leaves, antical lobe '8 mm. x '4 mm., 
 postical I'l mm. x "7 mm,, antical '7 mm. x Q mm., postical 
 1*2 mm. X '7 mm., antical "6 mm. x '5 mm., postical 1"1 mm, x 
 '7 mm, ; cells '02 mm,, '02 mm. x '015 mm,, "02 mm, x '01 mm., 
 "02 mm, X "025 mm.; bract, antical lobe 1'5 mm x '9 mm., pos- 
 tical 2" mm, X 1"2 mm, ; perianth 4* mm, x 1*25 mm, ; pedicel 
 •2 mm. diam.; valves of capsule 1*25 mm, x '55 mm,; spores 
 •015 mm, ; elaters '08 mm, x '01 mm. ; perigonial bract, antical 
 lobe 1* mm. X "9 mm., postical 1'5 mm. x "9 ram.; antheridia 
 •24 mm. x "16 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On shaded rocks, Littlebeck, Eskdale, Yorkshire, 
 M. B. Slater. 
 
 Found on the Continent, Mont-Dore, France, E. Laiinj. 
 
 Obs, — Mr, Slater collected this species many years ago, and 
 detected w^ith his usual acuteness the characters which separated 
 it from S. iiemorosa on the one hand and S. /imbrosa on the other. 
 
SCAl'AXIA. 221> 
 
 Specimens were .submitted to bis IrieiKl, the late Dr. Spruce, wbo 
 gave it a MS. name wbicb, bowever, was never publisbecl. 
 
 In Part I. of Husnot's "Hep, Gall." p. 22, it is publisbed as 
 S. nemorosa, var. infcniicdia, and on Plate 111, Fig. 23, given as 
 /S'. 'inl('nii('(h((. 
 
 Abbe Lamy, in "Revue Bryol." p. 54 (1876), says be bas 
 observed tins species growing in several ravines about Mont-Dore 
 under different conditions, wbere it retains a perfect conformity of 
 aspect and character, distinguisbing it no less from 8. timbrosa tban 
 from S. iieuiorosa, and be considers it well deserving of specific rank, 
 and approves of the name infer media. 
 
 Tbe acute antical lobe separates it from >S'. /leii/oro.^a and the 
 rotundate postical lobe from S. imihrom at once. 
 
 Note on IScapaiiia iiifertiiedia, Husn., by Mr. M. B. Slater : 
 
 " Scapania intermedia, Husn., approaches in some of its charac- 
 ters to S. piirpurasceni^ (Hook.); it is, bowever, a smaller plant, 
 and resembles more a broad-leaved S. umhrosa ; in cell structure 
 and shape of leaf lobes it much resembles jS. purjourascens. 
 
 "It is generally of a pale rosy colour, often whitish, and never 
 assumes the fine purple colour of some of tbe forms of S. jj/a-pu- 
 rascen-s. 
 
 " The latter plant grows very abundantly in the tributarj- 
 streams of the Esk and other moorland rivulets on the North 
 Yorkshire moors, growing on stones by the stream sides, which 
 are often inundated during flood times, and it grog's most 
 luxuriantly on stones where the water is constantly trickling over 
 its roots, assuming fine rosy and purple hues in places exposed to 
 sunlight, becoming greener under the shade of the stream banks 
 or under trees. 
 
 " S. intermedia always grows on drier rocks out of the stream, 
 often in company with S. urnJjrosa, Diplojjhtjllum albicans, and 
 HarpantJius scutatm. The name is very appropriate to the plant, 
 indicating its intermediate character between S. umhrosa and 
 purpurascens." 
 
 Description of Plate XCI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Stem, antical view x 16. 3-7. Leaves x 24. 8. Portion 
 
230 HEPATIC^. 
 
 of the margin of leaf x 85. 9. Portion of leaf x 290. 10. 
 Bract X 16. 11. Perianth and bract x 11. 12. Perigonial 
 bract, explanate x 24 (Littlebeck, Eskdale, M. B. Slater). 
 
 13. Scapania irrigua [Nees), Dirin. 
 
 Jungermania irrigua, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. 1, p. 193 (1833). 
 Scapania irrigua, Dum. Recueil, p. 15 (1835). 
 
 Dioicous ; in spreading tufts or creeping loosely amongst 
 Sphagna, medium size, of a pale green or brownish colour. Stems 
 ascending or prostrate, lax, rooting up to the apex, simple or 
 slightly branched. Leaves horizontally inserted, distant or 
 approximate, lax, divided unequally to about the middle into two 
 lobes, entire, or the upper leaves sometimes distantly denticulate ; 
 antical lobe about half the size of the postical, convex, subquadrate 
 or sub-rotund, acute or sub-mucronate ; postical lobe subquadrate 
 to sub-rotund, acute or sub-mucronate ; texture delicate, cells 
 smiallish to moderate in size, roundish, angles slightly thickened. 
 Perianth obovate to oval, mouth dentate. Perigonial stems with 
 bracts subimbricate, ventricose at the base ; antheridia numerous, 
 sometimes 4 in each bract. 
 
 The plant is sometimes gemmiparous ; gemmse small, greenish, 
 at the margin of the upper leaves. 
 
 Fruits April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from ^ to 1 inch long, -3 mm. diam., with 
 leaves 2" mm. to 3" mm. broad; leaves, antical lobe 1* mm. x 
 1*2 mm., '7 mm. x 1" mm., '6 mm. x "8 mm. ; postical lobe 1'4 mm. 
 X 1*8 mm., r mm. x 1*3 mm. ; cells '025 mm. x '03 mm., -025 mm. 
 X '025 mm. ; perianth 2" ram. long x 1-3 mm. broad, 1'6 mm. 
 X '9 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in swampy places or on wet banks. Some- 
 what rare. 
 
 1. Marazion Marsh; Trungle Moor; Chyanhal ; Tremethick 
 Moor, West Cornwall, W. Curnow (as Scapania ulir/hwsa, Trans. 
 Penz. N. H. Soc. 1881-82). 2. New Forest, C. Li/ell. Guestling 
 near Hastings, Rev. E. N. Bloonipcld. 5. Shirley Heath, 
 
SCAPAXIA. 231 
 
 Warwickshire, /. J'J. Bcu/ixill. Gospel End ; Newborougli ; Abbot's 
 Bromley ; Arley Wood ; Swynnerton ; Leek ; Cloud, Stafford- 
 shire, J. E. Bcujnall. 7, 8. Kinder Scout, Derbyshire, Holt tb 
 Whitehead. 9. Morley Common ; Walton Swamp, W. Wihon. 
 Oakmere, G. A. Holf. 10. Strensal Common, Yorks, G . S fabler. 
 12. Foulshavv Moss, /. M. Barnes & G. Stabler. Staveley, West- 
 morland, G. Statj/er. Injebreck, Isle of Man, G. A. Holt. 13. 
 Barend Moss, Castle-Douglas, /. McAmlreic. 15, 16. Moidart, 
 West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Cromaglown ; Benbulben, Co. Sligo ; Loch Bray, Dr. 
 D. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — This species, which appears to be more peculiar to low- 
 lying localities, is distinguished from 8. ///id/'lata by its subquad- 
 rate, acute leaf-lobes. A small form, growing in drier stations 
 than the normal form, may be confounded with S. ciirfa, but it 
 maybe separated by its stouter habit and the more quadrate shape 
 of the leaf lobes. 
 
 Description of Plate XCII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Stem X 16 (G. & R. n. 507). 3. Portion of stem x 16 
 (Thed. Ex. n. 147, as Jun(j. uliginosa). 4. Male stem x 24 
 (Cheshire, Wilson). 5. Stem x 16 (Essex). 6. Perigonial bract 
 with antheridia x 24 (Foulshaw Moss, Barnes). 7. Leaf x 16 
 (Husn., Hep. Gall. n. 102). 8. Perianth x 24 (G. & R. n. 319). 
 9. Mouth of perianth x 31 (Cheshire, Wilson). 10. Portion of 
 leaf x 290 (G. & R. n. 319). 
 
 14. Scapania uliginosa [Sirarfz), Dhih. 
 
 Jungermania uliginosa, Sw, in Lindenb. Syn. Hep. p. .">;) (1820). 
 
 Radula uliginosa, Dmn. Syll. Jung. p. 40 (1831). 
 
 Scapania uliginosa, Dum. Recueil, p. 14 (1835); Nees in G. L. N. Syn. Hep. 
 
 p. 07 (1844). 
 Plagiochila uliginosa, M. &. N. in Nees, Hep. Eur. Ill, p. 522 (1838). 
 
 Dioicous; in loose tufts or often floating in boggy places, 
 large, brown to reddish olive green in colour, when dry dark 
 
232 HEPATIC^. 
 
 brown. Stems simple or slightly branched ; leaves regular, sub- 
 transversely inserted, distant to approximate, deeply divided into two 
 lobes, margin entire or rarely minutely and distantly denticulate, 
 aniical lobe about ^rd smaller, reniform, arched, decurrent, incum- 
 bent, convex, postical lobe subrotund, a little reflexed ; cells rather 
 large, sometimes elongate, hexagonal, walls thin. Bracts similar 
 to the leaves. Perianth obovate, mouth wide, entire, rarely 
 minutely denticulate ; spores smooth, pale brown ; elaters reddish- 
 brown. Male stems somewhat similar to others ; perigonial 
 bracts imbricate, ventricose, lobes more equal. 
 
 Fruits May, June. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 2 to 4 inches long, -2 mm. to -4 mm. 
 diam., with leaves 2-5 mm. to 3-5 mm. broad ; leaves, antical 
 lobe "9 mm. x '9 mm., 7 mm. x 7 mm., "4 mm. x '6 mm., postical 
 1-9 mm. X 2'2 mm., 1-9 mm. x 175 mm., I'S mm. x 1-25 mm. ; 
 cells '05 mm. x '03 mm., '04 mm. x "035 mm. ; perianth 3*5 mm. 
 X 1-75 mm., 1*5 mm. x 1* mm. ; valves of capsule 1'4 mm. 
 X '65 mm. ; spores "02 mm. ; elaters "08 mm. long x -01 mm. 
 broad. 
 
 Hab. — Grrows on wet rocks and in swampy places in subalpine 
 and alpine districts. Kare. 
 
 7. Clogwyn du Arddu, Snowdon, Carnarvonshire, G. A. Holt, 
 1883. Nant Francon, Carnarvonshire, Br. Carrington & W. H. P., 
 1886. 10. Bog, south of Ingleboro', Yorks, Dr. Carrington, 1857. 
 15. Ben Mac Dhui, A. Croall, W. West, T. Rogers. Ben Lawers, 
 G. A. Holt, IF. West. 16. Loch Rannoch, Br. Carrington. 
 Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Knockavoila, Br. Taylor. Lough Bray, Br. B. Moore. Near 
 the Hunting Tower, Cromaglown, Br. B. Moore. Connor Hill, 
 Co. Kerry, Br. B. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — A few fine teeth are to be observed on the leaves and 
 at the mouth of the perianth of some specimens when highly 
 magnified. The only species with which 8. idiginosa can be con- 
 founded are 8. mididata and S. irrigiia, and from the former it 
 may be distinguished bj' its very reniform antical lobe, which 
 
SCAFANIA. 233 
 
 retains, all the length of the stem, its relatively small size ; in 
 S. undulata the two lobes usually become more equal near the 
 apex, the cells are usually larger and the leaves more delicate ; in 
 8. irrifjaa the postical lobe is more or less acute, the antical never 
 reniform, and the lobes are more equal in size. 
 
 Description of Plate XCIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 24 (Lapland, S. O. L.). 
 
 3. Portion of stem, postical view x 24 (Ben Lawers, West)- 
 
 4. Portion of leaf x 290. 5. Perianth x 31 (5iO, G. & K). 
 
 15. Scapania rosacea [Corda), Dniii. 
 
 Jungermania rosacPM, Corda in Sturm. Deutschl. Fl. 11, xxli.-xxlii. p. !)G, f. 29 
 
 (1832). 
 Scapania rosacea, Dum. Recueil. p, 14 (183.")). 
 
 Plagiochila rosacea, M. & N. in Nees, Nat. Eur. Leberm. Ill, p. 525 (1838). 
 Scapania curta, var. rosacea, Carr. Brit. Hep. p. 87 (1874-76). 
 
 Dioicous ; csespitose ; small ; claret coloured. Stems simple 
 or rarely sparsely innovant, erect or erecto-decumbent, somewhat 
 tender and fleshy; radiculose, rootlets dirty-white. Leaves 
 approximate, patent-divergent, distichous, unequally bilobed, 
 postical lobe obliquely obovate, cultriform, shortly cuspidate or 
 apiculate, plane or slightly concave, antical lobe much smaller, 
 subquadrate, obliquely ovate to cuneiform, acute, ascending ; 
 margin quite entire ; epidermis smooth, texture somewhat lax ; 
 cells small, roundish, walls and angles thickened, no trigones. 
 Bracts rather larger than the leaves, with apices of the lobes more 
 rounded. Perianth projecting about half way beyond the bracts, 
 ovate-oblong, compressed, subplicate, mouth truncate, entire or 
 slightly irregular. Male stems rather smaller ; perigonial bracts 
 on the upper half, approximate or imbricate, erecto-patent, more 
 equally bilobed than the leaves, lobes more rounded, swollen at 
 the base ; antheridia large, roundish-oval. 
 
 Fruits March, April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to |- inch long, 3' mm. thick, with 
 leaves 1"5 mm. to 2" mm. broad; leaves, antical lobe 'G mm. long 
 
234 HEPATIC^. 
 
 by -4 mm, broad, postical '8 mm. x -4 mm., antical '6 mm. x 
 "3 mm., postical '9 mm. x -5 mm. ; cells '02 mm. ; bracts, antical 
 lobe -7 mm. x '5 mm., postical '9 mm. x "6 mm. ; perianth 
 1*75 mm. long by '75 mm. broad; pistillidia 75 mm. x '3 mm. ; 
 perigonial bract, antical lobe '6 mm. x "4 mm., postical '8 mm. x 
 •5 mm. ; antheridia "2 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On damp shady rocks. Rare. 
 
 9. By the side of a stream, Woodhead, Cheshire, /. Whitehead 
 & W. H. P., July 1880. Alderley Edge, Cheshire, G. A. Holt, 
 March 1883. 12. Kentmere, Westmorland, Rev. H. IF. Lett, 
 August 1899. 13. New Galloway, /. Mc Andrew. 15. Sculty, 
 near Strachan, /. Sim, March 1886. 16. Moidart, West Inver- 
 ness, S. M. Macvicar, 1898. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — This is a pretty little species and quite distinct from 
 S. curt a (Mart.). Whether it is the true Jwif/. rosacea of Corda 
 is doubtful, for it does not agree with the figure given in Sturm's 
 Deutschl. Flora, which seems to represent some small form of 
 S. undulata. 
 
 S. rosacea is at once distinguished from S. curt a by its rather 
 larger size and beautiful rosy or claret-coloured foliage. The 
 stems are somewnat succulent and tender, which character alone 
 separates it from any of the small forms of the other British 
 SeajJanicB. 
 
 Description of Plate XCIV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem x 31 (Woodhead, Cheshire). 3. Leaf x 31 
 (ditto). 4, 5. Leaves, explanate (ditto). 6. Portion of leaf x 
 290 (Heisingfors, S. 0. Lindberg). 7. Bract x 31 (Woodhead, 
 Cheshire). 8. Bract, explanate x 31 (ditto). 9. Perianth x 31 
 (ditto). 
 
SOAPANIA. 235 
 
 1 G. Scapania curta (^Marf.), Dnm. 
 
 Jungermania curta, Mart. Fl. Crypt. CJerm. 1, p. 148, t. iv. f. 24 (1817). 
 
 Jungermania nemorosa,\?iV. denadata, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. xxi, ff. IT-l'.' (181 G)- 
 
 Radida curta, Dum. Syll. Jung. p. 40 (18:31). 
 
 Scapania curta, Dum. Recueil, p. 14 (1835). 
 
 Plagiochda curta, M. et N. in Nees Nat. Eur, Leberm. iii. p. 525 (1838). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely csespitose, minute, yellowish-green to light- 
 brown. Stems procumbent, simple or subramose, radiculose. 
 Leaves from patent to patent-divergent, 50° to 70°, approximate, 
 subimbricate, accrescent, entire or slightly dentate, to about the 
 middle unequally bilobed, complicate, postical lobe much larger 
 than antical, oblong-oval, acute, antical lobe usually more erect, 
 longer than broad, suboblong-quadrate, acute ; cells small, roundish, 
 angles of cells thickened, trigones distinct, epidermis smooth. 
 Bracts similar to leaves, only larger. Perianth longish obovate, 
 slightly folded above, mouth irregularly dentate. Antheridia 
 terminal on separate stems, perigonial bracts 4-6 pairs, lobes sub- 
 equal, antheridia oval. 
 
 Fruits April, May. Capsules extremely rare. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |- to f inch long, diam, '2 mm., with 
 leaves 2' mm. broad; leaves, antical lobe *8 mm. broad x "4 mm. 
 high, "9 mm. X "4 mm., "6 mm. x 3 mm., postical lobe I'l mm. 
 broad X "6 mm. high, 1*2 mm. x '6 mm., '9 mm. x "5 mm.; cells 
 1"50 mm. X 02 mm. ; bract, antical lobe 1" mm. broad x "6 mm- 
 high, postical lobe 12 mm. x '8 mm.; perianth 3*5 mm. long x 
 1*5 mm. broad. 
 
 Hab. — Grows on beaten paths and shady banks in woods, &c. 
 Generally distributed. 
 
 2. Sussex, ir. MUten. Ardingley Kocks, Sussex, G. E. Dacics. 
 3. Epping Forest, E. JL Holmes. 5. Gospel End Common ; 
 Seckley Wood, Staffordshire, J. E. BagnalL 7. Cader Idris, 
 Merionethshire, C. J. Ulld (£• G. A. Holt. Tyn-y-Groes, 
 Merionethshire, //'. //. P. Snowdon, Carnarvonshire, G. E. Hunt. 
 8. Near Woodhead, Derbyshire, G. J. Holt. 9. Staley Brushes, 
 Cheshire, //". Sfajilcj/ <0 C. ./. IJlId. Barton Moss, Lane, Dr 
 
236 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Carnngton. Easegill, West Lane, /. A. Wheldon. 10. Rigton 
 Hill, Dr. F. A. Lees. Idle Woods, Dr. Carringfon. Yeadon, Dr. 
 Carrington. Shipley Glen, W. West. Near Bingley, W. Wesi. 
 Newsholme Dean, W. West. 12. By the highway side, Staveley, 
 Westmorland, G. Stabler. 14, 15. Trossachs, J. Cruicks/icuik. 
 Near Stirling, Dr. Greville. Ben Mac Dhui, A. C. Black. Forfar 
 Burn, A. Croall. 16. Moidart, West Inverness, very little seen, 
 8. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Sillaghbraes and Sleemish Mountain, Co. Antrim ; GlenifF, 
 Co. Leitrim ; Benbulben Range, Sligo ; Cromaglown ; near Let- 
 terfrack, Co. Gal way. Dr. D. Moore. Slieve Glah, Co. Cavan, 
 D. McArdle. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — A pretty little species, the smallest of our British Sca- 
 pania ; it can be conlused only with immature forms of other 
 species, and if found with either ^ or $ can be easily identified by 
 the description. 
 
 Jimgermania Conradi Corda, according to original specimens, is 
 a small imperfect form of this species. 
 
 Description of Plate XCV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Stem X 24 (Sweden, Lmdb.). 3. Stem x 24 (G. & R 651). 
 4-8. Leaves x 24 (ditto). 9. Portion of leaf x 290 (Sweden, 
 Lindb.). 10. Bract x 24 (G. & R 651). 11. Perianth x 11 
 (Sweden, Lindb.). 
 
 17. Scapania umbrosa i^Schrad.), Dmit. 
 
 Jungermania convexa, Scopoli, Flora Carnolica, 2nd ed. p. 349, sp. 1348 
 
 (1772) (?). 
 Jungermania iimbrosa, Schrad. Syst. Samml. Krypt. Gew. 2, p. 5 (1707); Hook. 
 
 Brit. Jung. t. 24 (1810). 
 Radula umbrosa, Dum. Comm. Bot. p. 112 (1823). 
 Scapania umbrosa, Dum. Recueil, p. 14 (1835) ; Howe, Hep. & Antho. California, 
 
 Mem. Torrey Boc. Club, vol. vii. p. 153 (1890). 
 PlagiocMla umbrosa, Mont, et Nees in Nees Eur. Leberm. iii. p. 525 (1838). 
 Martinellia convexa, Lindb. Musci. Scand. (1879). 
 Scapania convexa (Scop.), Pears. List. Can. Hep. 15 (1890). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, of a yellowish or dark green to br 
 
 •own 
 
8CAPANIA. ■2:i7 
 
 colour. Stems ascending, subramose above, branches subfalcate, 
 radiculose. Leaves imbricate or approximate, patent to patent- 
 divergent (60°), complicate, unequally bilobed to about the middle 
 serrate to tlie upper half, antical lobe |- to ^ smaller, roundisli, 
 ovate, acute, erect, incumbent, postical lobe oval or obovate, acute, 
 convex, subsecund, epidermis smooth, cells guttulate, smallish, 
 roundish or roundish-oblong, cell-walls thick, trigones distinct. 
 Bracts similar, only larger. Perianth oblong, truncate, mouth 
 entire. Capsule oval, dark reddish-brown. Spores pale brown, 
 minute. Klaters sliort, thick, dark reddish-brown. Perigonial 
 stems with leaves closely imbricate, lobes smaller, more equal, 
 slightly ventricose, anther idia oval. 
 
 Fruits April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |^ to f inch long, diam. '3 mm., with 
 leaves 1*5 mm. broad ; leaves, antical lobe '85 mm. x -45 mm., 
 l-'2 mm. X -575 mm. ; cells "03 mm. x '02 mm. ; walls '005 mm. 
 thick; bracts, antical lobe 1'05 mm. x "5 mm., postical 1*3 mm. 
 X '7 mm.; perianth 1'6 mm. x '65 mm.; pistillidia "2 mm. 
 X '04 mm. ; capsule "7 mm. x "55 mm. ; spores "OlS mm. diam. ; 
 elater "08 mm. x '015 mm. ; antheridia '09 mm. x "06 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grows on rocks and rotting wood in shady woods and 
 by the sides of streams. Rare. 
 
 1, 2, 5. Ordesley Wood; Mayfield; Dimmings Dale, 
 Staffordshire, ./. U. BagnaU. 7. Dolgelly, Merionethshire, 
 C. J. Wild & IF. H. P. Festiniog, Merionethshire, Dr. Car- 
 ringtoii & W. H. P. 8. Woodhead, Derbyshire, /. Whitehead 
 & W. H. P. 10. Bolton Woods, Dr. Carriiicjton. & G. A. Half, 
 W. H. P. aoathland, M. B. Slater & W. H. P. 12. On decay- 
 ing trees, Naddle Forest, Mardale, Westmorland, G. Stabler. 
 16. Moidart, West Inverness, common on partly buried rocks 
 and on stumps in ravines and shady woods ; this pretty species is 
 very fine in this district, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Nr. Dublin, Dr. Taylor. Loch Bray, Wicklow ; Kylemore, 
 Co. Galway ; Killarney Woods, frequent ; Brandon, Co. Kerry, 
 Dr. D. Moore. Killarney, Dr. Carr'nif/toii. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
238 EEPATICjE. 
 
 Obs. — One of the most distinct species of this genus, smaller 
 than most of them, but more robust than S. curta ; its colour and 
 the acute serrated leaf-lobes distinguish it from them all. 
 
 The late Prof. Lindberg, in his "Muse. Scand." (1879), stated 
 that the Jim^. umbrosa of Schrader (1797) was without doubt the 
 same as the Jiin(/. convexa of Scopoli (1772), so along with others 
 I adopted the older name. Prof. Howe, in his admirable 
 " Hepaticse and Anthocerotes of California," says, " it is very 
 probable that it may be so, yet, as Scopoli describes the perianth 
 as oval and dentate at the apex, while those of S. umhrosa are 
 oblong and entire at the mouth, we prefer to retain for this species 
 a name concerning the correct application of which we can have 
 no doubt," so I gladly follow my friend Prof. Howe in retaining 
 this very characteristic one. 
 
 Description or Plate XCVI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Stem X 31 (15, Austin, Amer. Hep.). 3-7. Leaves x 24 
 (20, C. & P. Hep. Brit.). 8. Portion of leaf x 290 (Woodhead, 
 Whitehead & W. H. P.). 9. Bract x 31 (Husn., Hep. Gall, 
 n. 66). 10. Perianth x 24 (Goathland, W. H. P.). 11. Pis- 
 tillidia x 85 (Husn. Hep. Gall. n. 66). 10. Perigonial bract 
 
 x 31 (Woodhead, Whitehead «& W. H. P.). 13. Antheridium 
 
 X 85 (ditto). 
 
 Genus 21. DIPLOPHYLLUM, Dum. 
 
 Jungermania, Mich. Nov. PI. Gen. p. 8, tab. 5, fig. 9 (1729) ; Linn. Fl. Suec. 
 
 1st ed. p. 335(1745); Hook. Brit. Jung. (1816). 
 Diplophyllum, Dum, Eecueil, 1, p. 15 (1835). 
 Scapania, Mitt, in Hook. Fl. Tasm. 2, p. 233 (1858). 
 
 Brandies axillary, proceeding from the inner base of the leaves. 
 Leaves conduplicate, unequally bilobed, the antical lobe smallest. 
 Stipules absent. Involucral bracts small, similar to the leaves. 
 Bracteole absent. Perianth free, sessile, erect, terete, subcylin- 
 drical, pluriplicate, mouth denticulate. Capsule coriaceous, 
 4-valved. 
 
DIPLOVHYLLUM. 239 
 
 1. Diplophyllum albicans (Z.), Dim. 
 
 Hepaticoides albescens foliis pinnatis,Ya,i\\. Bot. Par., p. lOO, t. 19, f. 5 (1723). 
 Jungermania repens foliis cordatis carinatis, Mich. Nov. pi. gen. p. 8, t. 15, f. 9 
 
 (1729). 
 Lichenasiram auriculatum, pinnulis augustis planis recurvis, Dill. Hist. Muse, 
 
 p. 492, t. 71, f. 20 (1741). 
 Jungermania albicans, Linn. Sp. pi. p. 1599 (1753), Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 25 
 
 (181(5). 
 DiplojyhyUitm albicans, Dum. Recueil, p. 10 (1835). 
 
 Dioicous ; growing in loose or matted tufts, medium size, of a 
 green, greenish-brown, or often reddish-brown colour, as if singed. 
 Stems simple or subramose, ascending ; radiculose, rootlets short, 
 close, dirty- white, ascending to apex of stem. Leaves bifarious, 
 contiguous, conduplicate, unequally divided to about the J, vittate, 
 margin entire or subdenticulate, often erose ; antical lobe half the 
 size of the postical, incumbent, 30°-40°, lanceolate, acute or 
 rounded ; postical lobe slightly ascending 60^-80^ lanceolate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, acute or rounded, cells subquadrate, small or 
 rather minute, cell-walls thick, no trigones. Bracts similar to 
 leaves, only larger. Perianth terminal, obovate, 5-plicate at the 
 upper portion, mouth contracted, laciniate-dentate, h^^aline. 
 
 Perigonial bracts in the middle or at the end of the stem, 
 usually 4 to G pairs, often a little smaller, more erect; antheridia 
 1 or 2 in the swollen base of the antical lobe, oval, very large. 
 
 Fruits March, April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from ^ inch to 2 inches long, diam. "2 mm. 
 to '5 mm. ; leaves, antical lobe 1* mm. x '5 mm., postical 1*75 mm. 
 X '75 mm., antical '6 mm. x "25 mm., postical '9 mm. x '4 mm. ; 
 cells '0175 mm., "02 mm. ; bract, antical lobe 1*25 mm. x '5 mm., 
 postical 1"7 mm. x '75 mm. ; perianth 2* mm. x 1' mm. ; perigonial 
 bract, antical lobe '7b mm. x "5 mm. ; postical lobe 1'24 mm. 
 X "5 mm. ; antheridia '3 mm. x "2 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grows everywhere, on rocks and banks in shady woods 
 or by roadsides, on the ground or walls; xery common, from the 
 lowlands to considerable heights. 1 to IS. I. C. 
 
 Found on the Continent, Madeira, North and South America. 
 
240 HEP AT 10 jE. 
 
 Obs. — This is the commonest species known, being at once 
 recognised bv the presence in the antical and postical lobes of a 
 pseudo-nerve, which is often colourless, and consists of a series of 
 from 4 to 6 elongated cells, a cross-section of the leaf showing the 
 cells to be of equal diameter with others, the outer wall only 
 thickened considerably. 
 
 Description of Plate XCYII. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size. 
 2. Stem X 24 (Nova Scotia, Macoun). 3, 4. Leaves x 16 
 (Killarney, Lindberg). 5. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 6. Cross- 
 section of leaf X 85 (France, Du Buysson). 7. Bract x 24 
 (ditto). 8. Perianth x 24 (ditto). 9. Portion of mouth of 
 perianth x 85 (C. & P. Hep. Brit. Ex. n. 220). 10. Perigonial 
 stem X 60 (ditto), 11. Perigonial bract x 24 (ditto). 
 
 2. Diplophyllum taxifolium [Wahleiib.), Dm in. 
 
 Jungermania taxifoUa, Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. p. 383, t. 25, f. A-C. (1812). 
 Jungermania albicans, var. taxi/olia, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. 1, p. 228 (1833). 
 Diplophyllum taxifolium, Dum. Recueil, p. IT) (1830). 
 
 Dioicous ; growing in dense, depressed tufts, small to medium 
 size, of a greenish to reddish-brown colour. Stems simple or 
 ramose, sub-erect to erect, radiculose. Leaves bifarious, a little 
 distant or contiguous, conduplicate, unequally divided to below 
 the middle, margin entire or minutely denticulate, antical lobe 
 about |- to ^ the size of the postical, incumbent, patent to 
 patent-divergent, 40°-60°, oblong-oval to ovate, rotundate ; pos- 
 tical lobe spreading at right angles or slightly ascending, divergent 
 or horizontal, 80°-90°, oblong-oval to lanceolate; cells minute to 
 rather minute, subquadrate, cell-walls thick, no trigones. Bracts 
 similar to the leaves, larger Perianth terminal, obovate, upper 
 portion 5 -plicate, mouth contracted, lacinia;te-denticulate. Pistil- 
 lidia about 20. 
 
 The male plant I have not seen. 
 
 Fruits May, June. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from J to |- inch long, diameter "3 mm. ; 
 leaves, antical lobe 1* mm. x -4 mm., postical 1*25 mm. x -5 mm., 
 
DIPLOVHYLLUM. IW 
 
 antical 7 mm. x '.Vd mm., postical 1 ' mm. x '4 mm.; cells 015 mm. 
 bracts, antical lobe I'l mm. x -6 mm., postical r4 mm. x 'G mm. ; 
 perianth 1'75 mm. x '!) mm., 2'25 mm. x V'l'o mm.; pistillidia 
 •2 mm. X '05 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On rocks in alpine situations. 
 
 7. The Grlyders, Carnarvonshire, W. Wilson, 1844. 15. Ben 
 Lawers, Perthshire, Rev. C. IL Butsfead, identified and comm. by 
 G. A. Holt. 1(3. Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macuicar. 
 
 In similar localities on the Continent, in North America and 
 Canada. 
 
 Obs. — This species has usually been considered a variety of 
 the previous one, but Prof. Lindberg regarded it as distinct, its 
 neater habit, generally smaller and more graceful form, the 
 direction of the postical lobe being more horizontal, the lobes 
 generally more rounded, the absence of the pseudo-nerve — 
 although traces are sometimes observable — sustain this view. 
 
 Description of Plate XCVIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Stem x 16 (Thed. 197). 3. Portion of stem x 31 
 (Norway, Lindberg). 4. Leaf x 24 (ditto). 5. Portion of leaf 
 X 290 (ditto). 6, 7. Bracts x 24 (ditto). 8. Perianth x 24 
 (ditto). 9. Portion of mouth of perianth x 85 (ditto). 
 10. Pistillidium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 3. Diplophyllum obtusifolium [Hook.), Dion. 
 
 Jangennania ohtusifolia, Hook. Brit. Jung, t, 2G (181G). 
 Dlplojjhijllum obtusifolium, Dum. Recueil, p. IG (1885). 
 
 Paroicous or monoicous, densely ctespitose, small, green, 
 greenish-brown or brown in colour. Stems simple or innovantly 
 branched, postical side of stem often of a reddish tinge, sub-erect 
 or ascending ; radiculose up to apex, rootlets thick, dense, long, 
 hyaline. Leaves accrescent, bifarious, imbricate, conduplicate, 
 unequally bifid to about the middle, margin minutely denticulate 
 or entire, antical lobes 2 or 3 times smaller than the postical 
 incumbent, erect or erect-patent (l0°-20"), ovate or oblong, obtuse 
 or acute, postical lobe horizontal or slightly ascending (90-80 ), 
 
 Q 
 
242 HEPATICJ^. 
 
 concave, slightly undulate, subaciniciform or oblong, obtuse or 
 sometimes sliglitly apiculate ; cells small, quadrate, guttulate, near 
 base in postical lobe elongate, cell-walls thick, no trigones. Bracts 
 somewhat similar to the leaves, but larger. Perianth projecting 
 from about ^ to ^ beyond the bracts, terminal, obovate or 
 oblong-ovate, upper portion 5 -plicate, mouth contracted, laciniate, 
 irregularly dentate or denticulate. Capsule oval ; spores reddish- 
 brown ; elaters bispiral, same colour. Antheridia situated in the 
 base of the bracts or on branches proceeding from base of perianth, 
 small, one or two in each bract. 
 
 Fruits April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems about \ inch long, diameter '15 mm. to 
 •175 mm. ; upper leaves, antical lobe "6 mm. x '4 mm., postical 
 lobe 1* mm. x "5 mm., antical '5 mm. x -3 mm,, postical "9 mm. 
 X "4 mm. ; lower leaves, antical lobe '4 mm. x '25 mm., postical 
 7 mm. x -3 mm. ; cells -015 mm. x '02 mm., '025 mm., basal cells 
 •05 mm. X '02 mm., ^04 mm. x ^02 mm., ^03 mm. x '02 mm.; 
 bracts, antical lobe 1' mm. x ^6 mm., postical 1*3 mm. x '7 mm. ; 
 perianth 2^ mm.xl* mm.; capsule '9 mm. x '6 mm.; spores 
 •01 mm. diam. ; elaters "1 mm. x •Ol mm. ; perigonial bracts, 
 antical lobe ^5 mm. x '4 mm., postical ^9 mm. x "5 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grows on shady banks and in old quarries, in company 
 with Scapania rosacea and Jung, bicreuata. Rare. 
 
 7. Tyn-y-Groes, Merionethshire, G. A. Holt, May 1885. 
 9. Delamere, Cheshire, Wilson 8f Carrington. 10, 11. Near 
 Heddon on the Wall, Northumberland, Mr. TIiornhilL 15. Gate- 
 side, Strachan, Perthshire, /. Sim, June 1879. 16. Glen Finnan, 
 Dr. Carringtou, July 1876. Moidart, West Inverness, /S'. M. Mac- 
 vicar ^ W. H. 7^., 1899. 
 
 I. Near Ban try, Co. Cork, Miss Hufcliins. Near Dunkerron, 
 Co. Kerry, Br. Taylor ; Dunscome's Wood, near Cork, W. 
 Wilson. 
 
 Generally distributed on the Continent. North America. 
 
 Obs. — Although Dr. Hooker had an impression that the species 
 was dioicous, it is truly paroicous or monoicous, and this character, 
 along with its small size, distinguishes it from any form of Diplo- 
 
DIPLOPHYL L mr. 213 
 
 pliijllum laxifoUtmi, for which it has been mistaken by Austin and 
 others. 
 
 Description of Plate XCIX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size 
 (Eng. Bot. 2511). 2. Portion of stem x 24 (Glen Finnan, 
 Dr. Carrington). 3. Portion of stem x 31 (ditto). 4. Portion 
 of fertile stem x 24 (Delamere, Wilson k Carrington). 5. Upper 
 leaf X 24 (Tyn-y-Groes, Holt). 6. Upper leaf x 24 (Hb. Tayl.). 
 7, 8. Lower leaves flattened out x 24 (ditto). 9. Portion of leaf 
 X 290 (Delamere, W. & C). 10. Portion of leaf, near base 
 X 290 (ditto). 11, 12. Bracts x 24 (Hb. Tayl.). 13. Perianth 
 X 24 (ditto). 14. Portion of mouth of perianth x 85 (ditto). 
 15. Spores x 290 (ditto). 16. Perigonial bract x 24 (Tyn-y- 
 Groes, Holt). 
 
 4. Diplophyllum Dicksoni [Hook.), Bum. 
 
 Jmujerman'm ovata, Dicks. PI. Crypt. Brit. iii. p. 11, t. y, f. G (1793);? Lindb. 
 
 Musci Scand. p. 7 (1879). 
 Jungermania Dicksoni, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 48 (1816). 
 Diplophyllum Dicksoni, Dum. Recueil, p. IG (18;3o). 
 
 Dioicous, growing in loose patches or amongst mosses, small, 
 of a pale yellowish-brown colour. Stems simple or rarely 
 branched, innovant branches arising from base of bracts, 
 apparently subpostical ; radiculose, rootlets ascending to apex of 
 stems, hyaline, long, delicate, stem slightly channelled antically, 
 cortical cells about 40, more distinct than the inner, walls flrmer, 
 inner soft, and somewhat indistinct. Leaves transversel}^ inserted 
 or slightly ascending, antical lobe more erect, sometimes erect to 
 erect-patent, equitant, contiguous or imbricate, to below the 
 middle unequally bilobed, complicate, lobes lanceolate, acuminate, 
 antical lobe smaller than the postical, margin entire, upper leaves 
 slightly serrulate ; cells smallish to medium, subquadrate or 
 roundish, filled witli nucleate bodies, cell- walls delicate, hyaline, 
 trigones small. Bracts ovate, bifid to about the middle, segments 
 lanceolate acuminate or obtuse, margin serrate. Perianth pro- 
 jecting about J- to h beyond the bracts, oval fusiform, deeply 
 
244 HEPATIC^E. 
 
 8 -plicate to almost the base, composed of a single layer of cells, 
 about 250 round, mouth slightly contracted, laciniate-ciliate. 
 Perigonial bracts usually situated at the middle of the stem, little 
 different from the ordinary ; antheridia 2 at the base, oval. 
 
 Fruits April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems \ io \ inch long, diameter '25 mm. ; 
 upper leaves, antical lobe 1-1 mm. x "4 mm., postical lobe 1*6 mm. 
 X "6 mm. ; lower leaves, antical lobe '8 mm. x '4 mm., postical 
 I'l mm. X "4 mm., antical 1* mm. x -35 mm., postical I'l mm. 
 X "4 mm. ; cells '025 mm., '03 mm. ; bracts 175 mm. x 1*25 mm., 
 1"6 mm. X 1-25 mm., segments 1*1 mm., '75 mm., '5 mm. ; 
 perianth 2' mm. x 1*1 mm.jlacinise of mouth '5 mm. long; pistil- 
 lidia '15 mm. x '05 mm. ; perigonial bracts, antical lobe '9 mm. 
 X '3 mm., postical 1*1 mm. x -5 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grrows ill crevices of rocks and on the earth in shady, 
 usually subalpine situations. Rare. 
 
 1. Dartmoor, E. M. Holmes. 7. Cwm Bychan, Merioneth- 
 shire, E. George, E. M. Holmes. Tyn-y-Groes, Merionethshire, 
 C. J. Wild. 9. Kinder Scout, Derbyshire, /. Wkitehead 8^' 
 G. A. Holt. 10, 12. Staveley; Mardale ; Little Langdale, 
 Westmorland, G. Stabler. Isle of Man, G. A. Holt. "Found 
 many years since in Scotland by Mr. Dickson " (Hook. Brit. 
 Jung, 1816). 13. New Gralloway, /. Mc Andrew. 15. Kinnordy, 
 C. Lyell. Strachan, /. Sim. 16. Moidart, West Inverness, 8. M. 
 Macvicar. 
 
 I. Near Dublin, Br. Taylor. Shauslieve, Mourne Mts., 
 Rev. H W. Lett, 1898. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — Dr. Hooker wrote in his " Brit. Jung," : '"' There are few 
 naturalists to whom Cryptogamic botany is more indebted than 
 to Mr, Dickson. In the genus Jungermania his numerous 
 additions to the list of British species are well known. The 
 present is one of many collected since the publication of the 
 fourth fasciculus of his Flantce OryptogamiccB in the Highland 
 mountains of Scotland, which he kindly communicated to me ; 
 and I have great pleasure in distinguishing it by his name." 
 
LorirnCOLEA. 245 
 
 Prof. Liiidberg states in "Muse. Scand." p. 7 that Dickson's 
 original specimens ol Juu(j. ovafa PI. Crypt. Brit. Fasci, 3, p. 11, 
 t. 8, fig. 6 (1793) are identical, but evidently, from the above note 
 by Dr. Hooker, neither he nor Dickson considered them the same, 
 and as the description of Dickson is short and unsatisfactory, 
 and the figure poor, I retain Hooker's name. Dijdopliijllum 
 Dicksoni is a very distinct species, no other British one 
 approaching it. Diplop/i/jl/nm arf/enicuii/ (Tayl.), Spruce, a North 
 American species, is its nearest congener, but is distinguislied by 
 its serrate leaves, 12-plicate perianth, &c. 
 
 Description of Plate C. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem x 16 (Dartmoor, E. M. Holmes). 3. Portion 
 of fertile stem x 16 (New Galloway, Mc Andrew). 4, 5. Upper 
 leaves x 24 (ditto). 6, 7. Leaves x 24 (Dartmoor, Holmes). 
 
 8. Portion of leaf x 290 (New Galloway, McAndrew). 
 
 9, 10. Bracts x 16 (ditto). 11. Perianth x 24 (Dartmoor, 
 Holmes). 12. Cross-section of perianth, upper half x 24 (ditto). 
 13. Portion of mouth of perianth x 31 (ditto). 14. Ditto x 85 
 (New Galloway, McAndrew). 15. Pistillidia x 85 (ditto) 
 16, 17. Perigonial bracts x 24 (Dartmoor, Holmes). 
 
 Subtribe VI. EPIGONEANTHE^. 
 
 Genus 22. LOPHOCOLEA, Diwf. 
 
 Jungermania, Mich. Nov. pi. gen. p. H (1729); L. 8p. pi. ed. 1, 2, p. 1132 
 
 (1753). 
 Jungermanict} sect. Lophocolea, Dum. Syll. p. 5!) (1831). 
 Lophocolea, Dum. Recueil, p. 17 (1<S35). 
 
 Plants large, very rarely small or minute, soft and flaccid, 
 green or whitish-green, when dry usually yellowish, with an un- 
 pleasant smell, rarely fragrant, growing more or less in shallow 
 spreading layers. Stems creeping, with long whitish rootlets, 
 equally leaved, vaguely branched, rarely subpinuate, moderately 
 thick, in the more robust species about 7 cells in diameter ; cells 
 small, cortical quadrate or oblong, inner linear-prismatic. Branches 
 
24G HEPATIC^. 
 
 prostrate and radicalose or ass argent and sub-erect, all lateral or 
 postico-lateral, eflagelliferous. Leaves moderately large, delicate, 
 in all European species alternate, in several tropical ones opposite, 
 succubous, antical margin much decurrent, postical shortly 
 arcuately inserted, oblique, ovato-oblong or very often sub- 
 triangular, apex broadly truncate, erect, exciso-bidentate or bi- 
 apiculate, rarely perfectly explanate, often convex or decurvulate, 
 rarely recurvo-secund ; antical margin somewhat straight, prin- 
 cipally recurved at the base, postical rotundate or somewhat 
 straight, margin entire, or in a few species more or less serrulate, 
 ciliate or spinose. Cells rather large or medium size, rarely small, 
 leptodermous, in a few species with the angles thickened. Stipules 
 everywhere present, 2-4 times shorter than the leaves, cuneate or 
 subquadrate, bifid, sometimes unidentate on both sides. Inflor- 
 escence dioicous or monoicous (very rarely paroicous). Androecia 
 on the middle or ends of the branches, rarely the whole length ; 
 bracts several pairs, small, above recurved, bifid, antical lobule 
 turgid, incurved, unidentate, antheridium solitary, large. Flowers $ 
 terminal on the stem or branches (rarely abbreviated) ; bracts 
 about 3 pairs, but little different from the leaves, slightly larger, 
 more frequently laciniate or spinose ; bracteoles a little shorter, 
 apex some^vhat conformable to the leaves, very often free, or only 
 at the base connate with one of the bracts. Pistillidia 18-60. 
 Perianth emersed, trigono-prismatic, often oblong 2-4 times 
 longer than broad, rarely shorter and urceolate, angles (antical. 
 above the others) in tropical species very often dentato-alate, 
 almost always in European species wingless, in a very few species 
 with a facial crest added ; mouth trifid (trilabiate), lips bifid, very 
 often laciniate or ciliate, leptodermous, only towards the base bi- 
 (at the angles tri-) stratose. Calyptra about half the size, obovate, 
 delicate, afterwards lacerated at the apex, surrounded at the base 
 by the sterile pistillidia. Capsule on a long pedicel, oblong- 
 globose, dividing to the base into 4 valves, 5-strata. Elaters 
 elongate, bispiral. Spores minute, smooth. 
 
LOPIIOCOLEA. 247 
 
 1. Lophocolea bidentata (A.), Diini. 
 
 Jimgermania major repens foliis l>ifidis, Mich. Nov. pi. gen. p. 8, t. .'), f. 12 (1 7211). 
 Lichenastrum pinnulis acutioi'ibus, concavis, Injidis, majits, Dill. Hist. Muse. 
 
 p. 487, t. 70, f. 11 (1741). 
 Jimyermania bidentata, Jjinn. Sp. pi. p. loOH (1 7r)3) ; Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 30 
 
 (1810). 
 Lophocolea bidentata, Dum. Recueil, p. 17 (18;!;")). 
 Lophocolea Hooheriayia, Nees Nat. Eui-. Leb. 11, p. 33G (183(;). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely and broadly csespitose, medium size, pale 
 green, sometimes almost white in colour. Stems procumbent, 
 flexuose, firm, ramose, branches ascending; radiculose, rootlets 
 small, whitish. Leaves sub-imbricate, approximate or distant, 
 broadly ovate, antical margin decurrent, plane or slightly undu- 
 late, patent-divergent or horizontal, bifarious, bifid to about 1-J, 
 segments lanceolate, subulate, acuminate, unequal, the lower 
 usually smaller than the upper, sinus rounded or acute. Aromatic. 
 Texture thin, epidermis smooth, cells largish, oblong-hexagonal or 
 4, 5-sided, walls thin — but with the chlorophyl granules adhering 
 to them they often appear thick — trigones minute. Stipules 
 free, large, sometimes reflexed, bifid or quadrifid, usually bifid to 
 below the middle, with a smaller ses^ment on the two outer margins, 
 segments subulate. Bracts erect, larger than the leaves, oval or 
 broadly oval, bifid, trifid or quadrifid to about J, margin here 
 and there dentate or ciliate, segments and sinus acute. Bracteole 
 oblong-oval, bifid, trifid, or rarely quadrifid to about ^-J,, segments 
 and sinus acute, margin slightly dentate or ciliate. Perianth 
 terminal, ovate-oblong, obtusely triangular, mouth widish, tri- 
 lobate, laciniate. Pistillidia numerous (60), often with a purplish 
 tinge. Calyptra thin. Capsule ovate, deep brown. Spores rich 
 fulvous brown, spherical, about twice as broad as the elaters- 
 Elaters bispiral, dark brown. Perigonial bracts 10-12, terminal 
 or at the middle of a branch, closely imbricate, erecto-patent, 
 roundish-ovate, bifid, trifid, or rarely quadrifid to about J-1, 
 segments acute, sinus rounded ; antheridia 1 or 2, oval ; perigonial 
 bracteole quadrifid. 
 
 Fruits March, April. 
 
248 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to \\ inch long, "4 mm. diameter 
 (young stems '25 mm.), with leaves 3' mm. wide; leaves 2"5 mm. 
 X 1-5 mm., segments "45 mm., 2*25 mm. x 1'5 mm., seg. '3 mm., 
 3' mm. X 1"75 mm., seg. '5 mm. ; cells "08 mm. x '04 mm., "05 mm. 
 X '035 mm., "06 mm. x '04 mm. ; stipules 1* mm. x 6 mm., seg. 
 "6 mm. ; sub-bracteoles 1"6 mm. x "75 mm., seg. "75 mm. ; bract 
 3 "mm. X 1*6 mm., seg. "3 mm., '4 mm., "5 mm. ; Ijracteole 2*5 mm. 
 X '25 mm., seg. '3 mm.; perianth 2'75 mm. x 1*25 mm.; pistil- 
 lidia "IS mm. x "06 mm. ; perigonial bract 1"25 mm. x 1* mm., seg. 
 •2 mm., '3 mm. ; perigonial bracteole *9 mm. x '6 mm., seg. '6 mm. ; 
 antheridia '15 mm. x -125 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grrows in large spreading patches on walls, stones, earth 
 and rotting wood, in tlie plains and subalpine localities, usually in 
 shady situations. Common. 
 
 1 to 18. I. 
 
 Common on the Continent and in North America. Recorded 
 from the West Indies. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from Lo^jJiocoIea cnspidata, Limpr. and 
 LopJt. JieferojjJi'i/lIa (Schrad.) by its dioicous inflorescence. LojjJio- 
 colea latifolia, Nees (Z. Hookenana, Nees) is a variety with darker 
 green leaves of a firmer texture, usually growing in damper 
 situations, but I cannot fix upon any character to separate it from 
 the type. 
 
 Description of Plate CI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of young stem x 16 (Ashley, W. H. P.). 3-5. Leaves 
 x 16 (ditto). 6. Portion of leaf X 290 (ditto). 7. Stipules x 24 
 (ditto). 8. Sub-bracteole x 16 (ditto). 9. Bract x 16 (ditto). 
 10. Bracteole x 16 (ditto). 11. Perianth x 16 (ditto). 12. Por- 
 tion of the mouth of perianth x 16 (ditto). 13. Pistillidium 
 X 85 (ditto). 14. Perigonial bract x 16 (G. & B. Hep. Eur. n. 
 630). 15. Perigonial bracteole x 16 (ditto). 16. x\ntheridium 
 X 85 (ditto). 
 
LOPHOCOLEA. 249 
 
 2. Lophocolea cuspidata, JJntpr. 
 
 Lophocolea hidentata, var. cuspidata, Nees Nat. Eur. Leb. 11, p. 327 (1836). 
 Lophocolea cuspidata, Limpricht in Cohn Krypt. Fl. Schles. p. 303 (187(;). 
 
 Moiioicous, loosely csespitose, of medium size, pale yellowish- 
 green in colour. Stems branched, branches spreading, lateral sub- 
 postical ; radiculose, rootlets few. Leaves imbricate, spreading, 
 horizontal or patent-divergent, antical margin decurrent, ovate, 
 bifid to about \, segments cuspidate, divergent or connivent, sinus 
 lunate; texture thin, cells medium size, 5- and 6- sided, walls 
 thin, trigones minute. Stipules oblong, bifid to below the middle, 
 with a shorter tooth on one or both of the outer margins, segments 
 subulate. Bracts oblong-subquadrate or semi-oval, bifid or trifid 
 from 1 to the middle, margin plane. Perianth projecting about 
 half beyond the bracts, cylindrical, acutely trigonous, third angle 
 antical, third face postical, mouth dentate. Pistillidia long. 
 Capsule oval, dark brown. Spores reddish -brown, about as broad 
 again as the dark brown elaters. 
 
 Androecia on long or short branches on the $ plant ; perigonial 
 bracts 5-8 pairs, smaller than the stem leaves, erecto-patent, 
 closely imbricate, ventricose at the base, trifid, the third antical 
 segment smaller incurved, enclosing 1 or 2, rarely 3, almost 
 spherical antheridia. 
 Fruits March, April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 2 inches long, diameter "3 mm,, with 
 leaves 3" mm. wide; leaves 1'6 mm. x 11 mm., segments '4 mm. ; 
 cells "04 mm. x '05 mm., "035 mm. x "04 mm., "03 mm. x 03 mm., 
 •04 mm. X '03 mm. ; stipules 1*25 mm. x '75 ram., seg. "5 mm., 
 •6 mm. X '4 mm., seg. "3 mm. ; bracts 2* mm. x "9 mm., seg. 
 1" mm. and 7 mm., 1*7 mm. x 9 mm,, seg. "Go mm. and '5 mm., 
 3' mm. X 1*4 mm., seg. "G mm. and "3 mm. ; sub-bracteole 2" mm. 
 
 X '9 mm.,seg."8 mm. and 7 mm.; bracteole 3' mm. x 1*25 mm., seg. 
 "8 mm. and "7 mm. ; perianth 5* mm. x 125 mm. ; pistillidia "2 mm. 
 
 X '075 mm,, "225 mm. x '06 mm. ; perigonial bracts 1'2 mm. 
 
 X '6 mm., seg. •(> mm ; antheridia "11 mm. x "1 mm. 
 
250 HEPATIC a:. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in spreading patches at the base of trees, on 
 walls or stones in exposed or shady places, perhaps commoner 
 than is thought by being confounded with Loph. hidentata (L.). 
 
 5. Hart Hill, Hoare Park, Warwickshire, /. E. Bagnall. 
 7. Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvonshire, W. H. P. 8. Stirrup Wood, 
 Marple, Derbyshire, C. J. Wild. 10. Coneysthorpe Bank Wood, 
 Yorks, M. B. Slater. Ash Hag G-ill, Hackness, Yorks, M. B. 
 Slater. 12. Injebrick, Isle of Man, G. A. Holt. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from Lophocolea bidentata (L.) by its 
 monoicous inflorescence, narrower leaves, which are more cus- 
 pidate ; from Lophocolea JieterojjJii/lIa (Schrad.), which is also 
 monoicous, by its more spreading habit, its deeply bifid, 
 cuspidate leaves, which are never entire. 
 
 Description of Plate CII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 16 (Hackness, M. B. Slater). 
 
 3. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 4, 5. Stipules magnified (Isle 
 of Man, G. A. Holt). 6, 7. Bracts x 24 (ditto). 8. Bract x 16 
 (Hackness, M. B. Slater). 9. Sub-bracteole x 16 (ditto). 
 10. Bracteole x 16 (ditto). 11. Perianth x 11 (ditto). 
 12. Cross-section of perianth x 11 (ditto). 13. Portion of the 
 mouth of perianth x 16 (ditto). 14. Perigonial bract x 24 
 (Isle of Man, G. A. Holt). 15. Antheridium x 64 (ditto). 
 
 3. Lophocolea heterophylla [Scl/rad.), Dim. 
 
 Lichenastrum pinnulis ohtusiorihus hijidis 7ninus, Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 488, t. 70, 
 
 f. 12 (1741). 
 Jungermania heterophylla^ Schrad. Diar. Bot. p. 66 (1801) ; Hook. Brit. Jung. 
 
 t. 31 (1816). 
 Lophocolea heterophylla^ Dum. Recvieil, p. 17 (1835). 
 
 Paroicous, csespitose, small, pale green in colour. Stems pro- 
 cumbent, ramose, branches postical, erect ; radiculose, rootlets 
 short, white, few, fasciculate, produced from the base of the 
 stipules. Leaves imbricate, horizontal, slightly decurrent anti- 
 cally, plane or slightly concave, bifarious, spreading or secund. 
 
LOriluiJULEA. 251 
 
 ovate, (juadrate, entire or obtusely emarginate, rarel}- acutely 
 bifid ; texture somewhat firm, cells medium size, 4-, 5- and G- 
 sided, walls thin, no trigones. Stipules oblong, bifid to below the 
 middle, segments subulate, outer margin unidentate, on young 
 branches bifid only or minutely unidentate on one side. Sub- 
 bracts (perigonial) oblong roundish quadrate, emarginate or entire, 
 lobulate or deeply unidentate at the base, one or two roundish 
 antheridia enclosed in the lobule. Sub-bracteole oblong, bifid or 
 trifid, segments subulate, acuminate. Bracts closely imbricate, 
 oblong quadrate, roundish, or oblong-quadrate, entire or obtusely 
 emarginate, margin entire or furnished with one or two teeth, 
 lobulate or elobulate. Bracteoles oblong bifid to about the middle 
 segments subulate, margin sparsely laciniate-dentate. Perianth 
 terminal on main stem or branches, projecting about half beyond 
 the bracts, ovate, obtusely triangular, mouth wide, trilobate 
 dentate. Calyptra ovate, thin, delicate. Capsule ovate, dark 
 brown. Spores and elaters brown. 
 Fruits March, April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |- to 1 inch long, -25 mm. diam., with 
 leaves 2* mm. wide ; leaves 1" mm. x 'G mm., V'l mm. x 1' mm., 
 1*25 mm. x '8 mm. ; cells '03 mm. x '05 mm., "03 mm. x "035 mm., 
 •04 mm. X '035 mm. ; stipule '9 mm. x "3 mm., segments "55 mm. ; 
 sub-bract 1*4 mm. x "9 mm.; sub-bracteole \'\ mm. x 6 mm., 
 segments "G mm. ; bracts 1'4 mm. x 1' mm., 1"4 mm. x '8 mm.; 
 bracteole r2 mm. x '7 mm., segments "5 mm. ; perianth 2* mm. 
 X 1* mm. ; antheridia "15 mm. x '14 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing usually at the base of trees or on rotting 
 wood. 
 
 Common. 1-5, 7-14, IG. I. 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 Obs. — Difi'ers from Lophocolca hhlonlata (L.) by its being 
 paroicous ; from L. ct/spldafa, Limpricht. by its usually smaller 
 size, its variously shaped leaves, entire, emarginate and bifid — 
 hence its name. 
 
 Growing with it are often very small young stems with leaves 
 deeply bifid, stipules bipartite with a smull tooth on one side. 
 
252 HEPATIC^. 
 
 resembling small forms of Geoccdyx graveolem, but if their origin, 
 or connection with naature plants be traced, the difficulty is 
 solved. 
 
 This and the previous species have the strong unpleasant 
 smell, more evident when drying, of L. bidenfata. 
 
 Description of Plate CIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 16 (Dove Dale, AV. H. P.). 
 
 3. Portion of young branch x 64 (Abergele, W. H. P.). 4. Leaf 
 X 24 (Castle Mill, Cheshire, G. A. Holt). 5. Ditto x 24 
 
 (Bowdon, W. Stanley). 6. Ditto x 24 (Dove Dale, W. H. P.). 
 7. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 8. Stipule x 24 (Bowdon, 
 W. Stanley). 9. Ditto from young branch x 85 (Castle Mill, 
 G. A. Holt). 10. Sub-bract x 24 (Dove Dale, W. H. P.). 
 11. Sub-bracteole x 24 (ditto). 12, 13. Bracts x 24 (ditto). 
 14. Bracteole x 24 (ditto). 15. Perianth x 16 (ditto). 16. 
 Ditto, explanate to show mouth x 16 (ditto). 17. Antheridium 
 X 64 (Bowdon, W. Stanley). 
 
 4. Lophocolea spicata, Ta?/L 
 
 Lophocolea spicata, Taylor in G.L.N. Syn. Hep. 1G7 (1844). 
 
 Monoicous, closely appressed to rocks, in entangled masses, 
 small, pale green in colour. Stems creeping, irregularly branched, 
 outer layer of cells large, hyaline ; radiculose, rootlets few, small, 
 whitish. Leaves gradually increasing and decreasing in size, 
 horizontal (90°) to patent-divergent (70°), slightly imbricating, 
 antical margin decurrent, ovate, diversiform, bi-, tri or rarely multi- 
 dentate, segments acute, connivent or divergent ; texture delicate ; 
 cells small, subquadrate or oblong-quadrate, 4-, 5- or 6-sided ; 
 walls moderately thick, no trigones. Stipules free, bipartite, 
 segments acuminate, unidentate near the base of the exterior 
 margins. 
 
 Involucres on short branches ; bracts oblong, upper portion 
 irregularly dentate ; bracteole bipartite, segments acutate, irregu- 
 larly dentate. Perianth projecting beyond the bracts, triquetrous, 
 angles not winged, mouth wide, laciniate-dentate ; pistillidia 
 
LOPHOCOLEA. 1h?> 
 
 about 10. Calyptra, after rupture irregularly lobed. Capsule 
 oval ; spores light brown ; elaters bispiral, hardly as broad as the 
 spores. Male amentula on short branches above or below the ?, 
 2-5 pairs of perigonial bracts which are closely imbricate, ovate, 
 complicate, swollen at the base ; antheridia single, oval, shortly 
 stipitate. Mixed with the plants are many minute leafy- 
 branches. 
 
 Fruits April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stem i to J inch long, T ram. diam., with 
 leaves TS mm. wide; leaves 75 mm. x -5 mm., segments "1 mm., 
 •15 mm., '6 mm. x 4 mm., seg. "1 mm. ; cells '02 mm. ; stipules 
 •2 mm. X "075 mm., seg;. '15 mm., '2 mm. x "1 mm., seii^. "lo mm, ; 
 bracts '8 mm. x '4 mm., seg. "2 mm, ; bracteole "4 mm. x "2 mm., 
 seg. '25 mm. ; perianth "9 mm. x '5 mm, ; pistillidia "125 mm. x 
 •04 mm, ; calyptra "5 mm. x '5 mm. ; capsule -7 mm. x '45 mm. ; 
 pedicel "175 mm. diam.; spores 015 mm.; elaters '15 mm. x 
 •01 mm. ; perigonial bract (not explanate) "45 mm. x ^2 mm., seg. 
 •125 mm. ; antheridia •I mm. x "075 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On shaded wet rocks ; very rare. 
 
 1. St. Just, Cornwall, IF. Ciirnow, 1884. 7. Near Conway, 
 Carnarvonshire, IF. JFilson, 1844. Trefriw, Carnarvonshire, TF. H. 
 Pearson, 1887. IG, Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Cromaglown ; Dunkerron, Dr. Taj/lor. Bantry, Miss 
 Hiitcliins. Killarney, Br. Carringtou, &c, Altadore Glen, Wick- 
 low, J). McArdh'. 
 
 C. Guernsey, E. D. Marquand. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from the other monoicous species, L. 
 cuspidafa and L. licterophijUa by its habitat, small size and spicate 
 amentula, in addition to other characters. 
 
 Description of Plate CIV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Plant X 24. Portion of leaf x 290, 4, 5, Stipules x 85. 
 6. Bract x G4. 7. Bracteole x 85. 8. Sub-bracteole x 85. 
 9. Upper portion of perianth, explanate x 64. 10. Perigonial 
 bract X 85. (Near Conway, W. Wilson,) 
 
254 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Genus 23. CLASMATOCOLEA, Spruce. 
 
 Clasmatocolea, Spi^uce Hep. Am. et And. p. 440 (1885). 
 
 Plants small, fragile. Primary stem short, sub-erect, densely 
 leaved ; radiculose at the base — sometimes under the terminal 
 flower also ; producing slender, arcuate branches having small and 
 distant leaves, and often rooting at the decurved apex. Leaves 
 alternate, subsecund, ascending, plane or concave, obovate, 
 rotundate, subtruncate or retuse ; branch leaves very often ob- 
 cordato-cuneate. Stipules half the size, heteromorphous, most of 
 them ovato-lanceolate and entire, but others (chiefly the upper 
 ones) bifid. Inflorescence dioicous ; $ bracts larger than the 
 leaves, somewhat similar. Perianths large for the size of the 
 plant, very fragile, obovate or sub-conical, in the upper part 
 obscurely or very slightly trigonous, having a wide 2-4-lobed 
 mouth. Capsule oblongo-globose, in other respects like that of 
 LophocoJea. 
 
 Clasmatocolea cuneifolia [Hook.), Spruce. 
 
 Jungermania cuneifolia, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. (i4 (181 G). 
 Mylia cuneifolia, Gr. & B. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. p. 694 (1821). 
 Leptoscyphus cuneifolia, Mitten in Hook. Journ. Bot. iii. p. 358 (1851). 
 Coleochila cuneifolia, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 106 (1874). 
 Clasmatocolea cuneifolia, Spruce Hep. Am. et And. p. 440 (1885). 
 
 Loosely csespitose or creeping, minute, pale olive green to 
 reddish-brown in colour. Stems simple or with one or two very 
 minute shoots, extremely slender, filiform, flexuose, olive-brown, 
 very fragile ; radiculose, rootlets growing in short tufts, white. 
 Leaves approximate or distant, assurgent or erecto-patent, 
 appressed to stem or spreading, slightly decurrent antically, alter- 
 nate, caducous, plane, cuneate with a narrow insertion, entire, 
 truncate or slightly retuse, texture thick, guttulate ; cells minute 
 to small, roundish, lumen clear, containing only few chlorophyl 
 granules, walls thick, reddish-brown or olive colour, angles 
 thickened, no trigones. Stipules distinct, closely appressed to the 
 
CLA^SMJ 7V( 'OU'JA . 255 
 
 stem, near or connate to the adjacent leaf, broadly subulate, 
 entire or bifid to about J, segments and sinus acute. 
 
 ? and ^ not seen. 
 
 Demensions. — Stems \ in. long, with leaves -15 mm. to '2 mm. 
 wide, diam. '05 mm. to '075 mm. ; leaves '2 mm. long x •2 mm. 
 wide at widest part, '\7b mm. x '175 mm., "175 mm. x •125mm., 
 •125 mm. x '1 mm., '1 mm. x '1 mm. ; cells '015 mm. to "02 mm. ; 
 stipules "075 mm. long x '05 mm. broad, "OG mm. x -O:] mm., 
 •04 mm. X 03 mm. 
 
 Hab. — 1(5. "On birch trees growing on the bark and on 
 FniUania ; on a rock in a ravine creeping among Radiila aqn'degia 
 with Lejcimea ovafa, L. micro-wopica, Plaf/iochila piuicfafa, and P. fri- 
 denticidaia. On the trees it grows in reddish-brown patches 
 of a few inches, or creeping over the Fndlauia.'' Moidart, West 
 Inverness, S. Jl. Macvicnr. 
 
 I. Growing parasitically on Fndlania Tamarhci near Bantry, 
 Miss Hutchins. Cromaglown, Dr. Taijhr, Dr. Carri/if/ton, 
 Dr. Moore. Killarney, Dr. Carriugton. Connor Hill, Kerry, 
 D. McArdle. 
 
 Stavenger, Norway, Dr. B. Kaalaas. 
 
 Extremel}^ rare ; the above are the onl}^ known stations. 
 
 Obs. — Although no t or % have been observed on this species. 
 Dr. Spruce (Hep. Amaz. et And. p. 440) has no hesitation in 
 referring it to the genus C/asmafocolea founded by him on a species 
 he collected on the Andes. He writes : " These curious little 
 plants come very near Lophocolea, but are well distinguished by 
 the peculiar habit ; the asyurgent leaves, with a plane antical 
 margin — not convexo-deHexed, with the antical margin decurrent 
 and recurved at the base (as in Lophocoh'a); the biform stipules 
 mostly entire, but some bifid. The ])erianth, turgid and indistinctly 
 carinate, is so fragile that the slightest touch breaks off" the short 
 unequal lobes at the wide mouth. I cannot doubt that the Irish 
 Ji()i(/. cuneifolia, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 64, hitherto known only from 
 sterile specimens, is a true Clasmatocolea. Specimens gathered a 
 few years ago by McArdle are so like the arcuate barren shoots of 
 Cl.frapi/liiiia that, until I compared them closely, I thought them 
 
256 HEPATIC a:. 
 
 the same species. The Irish plant (like the Andine) has both 
 entire and bifid stipules, and was correctly so described by Nees 
 from original specimens of Miss Hutchins, although Hooker's 
 figure (I.e.) and the Eng. Bot. figure (t. 2700) show only bifid 
 stipules." 
 
 Mr. Macvicar, in his " Hepaticse of Moidart " (Journ. of Bot. 
 Aug. 1899), says: "Although a small plant, it is not difficult to 
 recognise when growing in patches, there being nothing with its 
 appearance in this district except a small lichen which grows in 
 similar places, and has much the same colour. Single stems 
 creeping among Fndlama can hardly be seen with the naked 
 eye." 
 
 From flagelliferous shoots of PJagiochila sjnnulosa, Dicks, and 
 JPlagiocMla punctata, Tayl. it maybe distinguished by its assurgent 
 leaves, which are of a different texture, and the presence of 
 stipules along the whole length of the stem. 
 
 Description of Plate CV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem x 85. 3. Ditto, postical view x 85. 
 4-18. Leaves x 85. 19. Portion of leaf x 290. 20-22. Stipules 
 X 85 (Conner Hill, Kerry, D. McArdle). 
 
 Genus 24. CHILOSCYPHUS, Bum. 
 
 Jimgermania, Mich. Nov. pi. gen. p. 8 (1729) ; L. Sp. pi. ed. 1, 2, p. 1131 (1753). 
 Cheilocyphos, Corda in Opiz Nat. p. 631 (1829). 
 Ghiloscyphus, Dum. Syll. Swag. p. 67 (1831). 
 
 Plants more or less flaccid, pale or dark green. Stems pros- 
 trate, somewhat thick, simple or slightly branched ; radiculose, 
 rootlets proceeding from the base of the stipules. Leaves sub- 
 decurrent, flattened, entire, rotundate, truncate 2 or 3 dentate, 
 rarely bifid. Stipules bifid, laciniate, in some species orbiculate 
 or reniform, margin dentate. Leafy branches postico-lateral, female 
 branches all postical, proceeding from the axils of the stipules, very 
 short. Bracts $ 1-2 pairs, exterior minute, innermost always 
 smaller than the leaves, variously divided. Pistillidia 5-30. 
 Perianth small, obconical or campanulate, only above trigonous, 
 
CHILOSGYPHUS. 257 
 
 never winged, mouth trilobate, lobes often spinose, postical some- 
 times bifid. Calyptra carnose, below 4-8-stratose, either sub- 
 globose and included in the perianth or clavate and emersed. 
 Capsule on a long pedicel, oblong-globose, about 4-stratose, 
 4-valved, dividing down to the base. Elaters bispiral, deciduous. 
 Androecia at the middle or apices of postical branches, in the 
 opposite leaved species always on minute-leaved postical amentnla, 
 but in the alternate leaved species at the middle or apices of the 
 stems or branches ; perigonial bracts smaller than the leaves ; 
 antheridia large, situated at the base of the antical lobe. 
 
 Chiloscyphus polyanthos (Z.), Dmn. 
 
 Jungermania major, foliis breviorihas et obtusioribus non dentatis, Mich. Nov. pi. 
 
 gen. p. 8, t. 5, f. 3 (1729). 
 Lichenastrum Trichomanis facie pohjanthemum breve et repens, Dill. Hist. muse. 
 
 p. 486, t. 70, f. 9 (1741). 
 Jungerviania polyanthos, Linn. Sp. pi. n. 1597 (1753); Hook. Brit. Jung, t G2 
 
 (181G). 
 Chiloscyphus polyanthos, Dum. Syll. Jung. Eur., p. G7, t. 1, f. 9 (1831). 
 Cheiloscyphus polyanthos, Corda in Sturm. Deutschl. FL, 19, p. 35, t. 9 (1835). 
 
 Monoicous, laxly Ciespitose, patches thin, spreading, medium 
 to large in size, green or yellowish-green in colour. Stems creep- 
 ing, lax, flexuose, simple or furcately branched, minute branchlets 
 often produced from the axil of the leaf, antically ; radiculose, 
 rootlets fasciculate, proceeding from the base of the stipules. 
 Leaves alternate, approximate, almost horizontally inserted, antical 
 base decurrent, plane, rotund-quadrate to oblong-quadrate, entire, 
 rotundate or retuse ; texture thin, cells medium size, clear, 5-6- 
 sided, often elongate, walls somewhat thick, no trigones. Stipules 
 small but evident, oblong, bipartite often almost to the base, 
 segments subulate, rarely unidentate on both outer margins. 
 
 Inflorescence cladocarpous, $ postical on very short branches. 
 Sub-bracts 3, very small, broadly subulate. Bract large, trifid, 
 irregularly dentate. Calyptra exserted, carnose, 4 cells thick 
 near the base, oblong-obovate, mouth irregular, subentire, after 
 protrusion of capsule, whieh is dark brown, oval, composed of 
 
 R 
 
258 HEPATIC^. 
 
 5 laj^ers of cells. Spores pale yellowish-brown, large, almost 
 twice the breadth of the elaters, which are darker brown, long, 
 with about 24 spiral turns. 
 
 Androecia on short catkins, immediately below the perianth or 
 on main stem ; perigonial bracts but little different from the 
 leaves, except that a small lobe is produced at the antical base, 
 enclosing 1-3 spherical, shortly stipitate antheridia. 
 
 Fruits April, May, June. 
 
 Var. pallescens {Jungermania pallescens, Schrad. Syst. Samml. 
 Krypt. Gew. 2, p. 7 (1797); ChUosci/jjhiis jjallescens, Dum. Syll. 
 Jung. p. 67 (1831)) is the small, pale green, neat form, usually 
 fertile, but I can detect no character sufficiently rehable to separate 
 it from the type. 
 
 On shady rocks. 7. Falls near Barmouth Junction, Merio- 
 nethshire, growing with Juhida Hutchinsice. 
 
 Var. rivularis, Nees. A large coarse form, of a somewhat 
 thick, greasy texture. 8, 10, 12, 16. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from an inch to several inches long, 
 •2 mm. to "4 mm. in diameter, with leaves 3' mm. to 5* mm. wide; 
 leaves 1*75 mm. x 1'5 mm., 2*5 mm. x 2' mm., cells '025 mm. x 
 •04 mm., '025 mm. x '035 mm., "03 mm. x '03 mm. ; stipules 
 •4 mm. X "175 mm. wide at the base, segments "2 mm., '3 mm., 
 •275 mm. x "125 mm. at the base, segments ^225 mm. ; bract, 
 explanate 1*5 mm. x 175 mm. ; calyptra 3" mm. x 1-5 mm. near 
 apex ; pistillidia ^16 mm. x "06 mm. ; capsule 1*4 mm. x 1*1 mm. ; 
 pedicel "5 mm. diam. ; spores '02 mm. diam. ; elaters '175 mm. x 
 •015 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in loose or straggling patches in moist and 
 very wet places, on rocks, stones or earth, rarely on rotting wood, 
 often floating in water, where it attains unusual length, stems 
 sometimes 6 to 7 inches long being met with. 
 
 Common. 1, 3, 5, 7-16, 18c. I. 
 
 Found generally on the Continent and North America. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from any of the entire leaved JungermanicB 
 by its postical, cladocarpous inflorescence, its large, fleshy, exserted 
 calyptra, the perianth being reduced to a trifid bract; when 
 
HARP ANT mm 259 
 
 sterile by its horizontally inserted, plane leaves and oblong, deeply 
 bipartite stipules. 
 
 Description of Plate CVI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size 
 (Eng. Bot.). 2. Fertile plant magnified (ditto). 3. Portion of 
 stem, antical view x 11 (Bamford, G. A. Holt). 4. Ditto x 11 
 (Charlesworth, J. Whitehead). 5. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 
 6. Stipule X 85 (ditto). 7. Ditto x 85 (Bamford, Gr. A. Holt). 
 8, 9. Sub-bracts magnified (ditto). 10. Bracts x 24 (ditto). 
 11. Calyptra x 11 (ditto). 12. Pistillidium x 85 (ditto). 13. 
 Spore X 290 (Charlesworth, J. Whitehead). 14. Perigonial 
 bract magnified (after Hooker). 
 
 Genus 25. HARPANTHUS, Nees. 
 
 Jmigermania, Web & Mohr. Bot. Taschenb. p. 408 (1807). 
 Harjmnthus, Nees, Nat. Eur. Lab. 2, p. 351 (1836). 
 Pleuraiithe, Tayl. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 5, p. 282 (1840). 
 
 Dioicous, plants small, caespitose ; stems decumbent, radicu- 
 lose, stipulate. Leaves succubous, ovate^ emarginate or bilobed, 
 semi- vertically imbricated, sub-decurrent, flattened, secund. Sti- 
 pules numerous, lanceolate, connate with the adjoining leaves, 
 free margin reflexed, unidentate at the base. Fertile shoots very 
 short, postical (issuing from the axils of the stipules), at length 
 sublateral. Bracts small, 1 or 2 pairs with interposed bracteoles. 
 Perianth exserted, fusiform, terete, lower half thickened, mouth 
 contracted, 3-4-fid, segments unequal, entire. Calyptra fleshy, 
 adherent for f its length with the perianth, free only near to the 
 apex. Capsule 4-valved, coriaceous. Elaters bispiral. Male 
 plant more slender; perigonial bracts terminal, more concave, 
 enclosing 1-2 oval antheridia. 
 
 1. Harpanthus scutatus [IF. et M.), Spruce. 
 
 Jungermania scutatus, Web. et Mohr. Bot. Taschenb, p. 408 (1807). 
 Jungermania stipulacea, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 41 (181G); Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 2538. 
 Lophozia scutata, Dum. Recueil, p. 17 (1835). 
 Harpanthus scutatus, Spruce, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. Ill, p. 2G9 (1849). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely coespitose, of a pale green colour. Stems 
 
260 HEPATIC^. 
 
 ascending, simple or slightly branched ; radiculose, rootlets 
 plentiful, close, white. Leaves imbricate or approximate, patent- 
 divergent, roundish-ovate or ovate, emarginate to about J-, sinus 
 wide, obtuse, rarely acute, segments acuminate, often somewhat 
 connivent ; cells roundish-quadrate, from smallish to medium 
 size, walls somewhat thick but delicate, trigones distinct. Stipules 
 almost as long as the leaves, somewhat patulous, with an arcuate 
 incurved apex, broadly lanceolate or lanceolate. Female inflores- 
 cence on short postical branches ; third sub-bracts small, bifid or 
 trifid, irregular in shape, oval, subquadrate or subcuneate ; second 
 series of sub-bracts larger, oval ; bracts large, ovate or subquadrate, 
 irregular bifid or trifid to about J, sinus acute or obtusate, seg- 
 ments acute. Bracteole pyriform. Perianth projecting a little 
 beyond the bracts, oblong- oval, acute, obtusely trigonous, composed 
 of a single layer of cells, about 60 near the middle, near the base 
 composed of two layers, mouth constricted, 6-dentate, teeth small. 
 Calyptra mitriform, rostellate, thickened near the base. Pistillidia 
 few, 4, 5, small. Capsule oval, reddish-brown. Spores brown, 
 as broad as the reddish-brown elaters. Androecia on the middle 
 or apex of the main stem or branches, perigonial bracts 3-8 pairs, 
 imbricate, complicate-concave, ventricose, enclosing 1, 2, small, 
 oval antheridia. 
 
 Fruits April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from |- to 1 inch long, diameter •! mm., 
 with leaves 1* mm. wide; leaves "45 mm. x '4 mm., segments 
 •1 mm., '5 mm. x '4 mm., seg. '1 mm. ; cells '03 mm. x '025 mm., 
 •04 mm. X '03 mm., '03 mm. x "03 mm., '04 mm. x '025 mm.; 
 stipules -3 mm. x 'l mm., "35 mm. x -125 mm. ; sub-bracts '3 mm. 
 X '25 mm., segments "1 mm., '375 mm. x '225 mm., seg. '1 mm. ; 
 bracts '6 mm. x '35 mm., segments '25 mm., -45 mm. x "325 mm., 
 seg. "175 mm. ; perianth 1' mm. x "4 mm. ; pistillidia 'lb mm. x 
 "04 mm.; perigonial bracts '35 mm. x "375 mm.; antheridia 
 •1 mm. X "075 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on shady banks, rocks and stones, or on 
 rotting wood. Eare. 
 
 3. Balcombe, Tunbridge Wells, Surrey, George E. Davies ; 
 
BARPANTHUS. 2()I 
 
 on rocks in Tlung-ersliall Wood, Yieni,Jcnn<'r. 7. Near Llanberis, 
 Cariiarvonsliire, Jf^. IFlhoit ; Tyn-y-Groes, Merionethshire, C. J. 
 Wi/d. 10. Arncliffe Wood, Eskdale, Yorks., Dr. Spruce, M. B. 
 Slater, W. 11. P. ; Bolton Woods, Yorks., Br. Carrinyton. 
 15. George Don. 16. Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 1. Bantry, Miss llutchins; Loch Bray, Dr. Taylor; Killarney, 
 Dr. Carrington; O'Sullivan's Cascade, Prof. Lindbercj ; Cromaglown, 
 Stewart 8f Holt. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — When fertile this is at once distiuL,mished from others 
 by its postical inflorescence, with the exception of Harpanthm 
 Flotoioii, which is a larger plant, with more orbiculate leaves, 
 smaller sinus, and cells of a different shape. 
 
 It differs from any of the forms of Jung, hanlriensis, for which 
 it might be mistaken when barren, in its paler green colour and 
 larger arcuate stipules. 
 
 Description of Plate CVII.— Fi.g. 1. Plants natural size. 
 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 31 (Killarney, Dr. Carrington). 
 3-5. Leaves x 31 (ditto). 6. Leaf x G4 (ditto). 7. Portion 
 of leaf X 290. 8, 9. Stipules x 04 (ditto). 10. Stipule x 85 
 (ditto). 11, 12. Sub-bracts x 64 (Canada, Macoun). 13, 14. 
 Bracts x 64 (ditto). 15. Bracteole x 64 (ditto). 16. Perianth 
 
 X 31 (ditto). 17. Portion of the mouth of perianth x 31 
 (ditto). 18. Pistillidia x 85 (ditto). 19, 20. Perigonial bracts 
 X 64 (ditto). 21. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 2. Harpanthus Flotowii, Nees. 
 
 Jiimjerviania Flotoviana, Nees in Diar. Bot. Ratisb. 11, n. 2(i, p. 108 (1833). 
 
 Jiuujer mania convoluta, Hiiben. Hep. Germ. p. 00, n. 7 (1834). 
 
 J imyermania Uai'tmanni, Theden. Muse. Suec. Exsicc. v. 1, d. 138, {i/envK/iiieus. 
 
 Ifarpanthus Flotovianus, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. 11, p. 353 (I83<!). 
 
 VUurantlhe olivacea, Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. v., p. 282 (184(1). 
 
 Dioicous, laxly csespitose, from small to largish in size, pale or 
 dark green to olive-brown in colour. Steins procumbent, llexuose, 
 simple or slightly branched ; radiculose, rootlets white, short. 
 
262 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Leaves horizontal or patent-divergent, spreading or complanate, 
 the insertion of the upper part of leaf is in a line with the side of 
 the stem, whilst the hase is decurrent, and brought forward by a 
 gradual symmetrical curve, ovate orbiculate, emarginate to about 
 \—j, sinus small and shallow, lunate, segments acute or obtu- 
 sate, upper segment sometimes larger and overhanging the other 
 like a claw ; texture lax, cells medium size, 4-, 5- and 6-sided, 
 mostly hexagonal, often longer than broad, in the upper portion 
 of leaf subquadrate, basal cells oblong, walls thin, trigones small, 
 sometimes indistinct. Stipules large, prominent, ovate-lanceolate 
 or lanceolate-acute, varying much in shape, inserted obliquely so 
 as to turn from the leaf opposite to which they arise, entire or 
 unidentate, rarely dentate on both sides. Cladocarpous, perianth 
 proceeding from the postical side of stem, from axil of stipule, on 
 a very short branch which bears only a few small bracts and 
 bracteoles ; cylindrical, slightly sickle-shaped, smooth, composed 
 of several layers of cells at the base, near the mouth of a single 
 layer, triplicate, mouth contracted, finely crenulate. Bracts small, 
 oval or subquadrate, bifid or trifid. Bracteole oval or ovate- 
 lanceolate, entire or bifid. Calyptra oval, composed of several 
 layers near the base. Pistillidia few, cylindrical. Capsule oval, 
 brown. Spores smooth, brown, small. Elaters bispiral. Androecia 
 on small catkin-like branches proceeding from the postical side of 
 distinct stems, from tlie axil of stipule ; perigonial bracts 4 pairs, 
 small, complicate, ventricose, enclosing 1-3 oval, stipitate anthe- 
 ridia ; perigonial bracteoles bifid. 
 
 Fruits May, June. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |^ to 2 inches long, diam. 25 mm. to 
 •3 mm., with leaves r75 mm. to 25 mm. wide; leaves 2" mm. 
 X r4 mm., 2- mm. x 1" mm., I'S mm. x r5 mm., I'b mm. x r3 
 mm., 1-5 mm. X 1- mm., 1"2 mm. x r2 mm., l" mm. x 1- mm., 
 1- mm. X -8 mm., 9 mm. x 6 mm., 13 mm. x 1-2 mm., cells '0775 
 mm. X -025 mm., 075 mm. x '025 mm., -06 mm. x '03 mm., 05 
 mm. X -027 mm., 05 mm. x '03 mm., "04 mm. x '03 mm., '03 mm. 
 X '03 mm. ; stipules "65 mm. x '225 mm., '65 mm. x 2 mm., 
 •6mm.x-2 mm., 55 mm. x '225 mm., 5 mm. x '2 mm., '475 
 
MY LI A. 2(5 3 
 
 mm. X '15 mm., "75 mm. x '3 mm.; perianth -3* mm. xl" mm., 
 24 mm. x '7 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in alpine regions on wet rocks or in swampy 
 places amongst mosses. 
 
 15. Loch -na-Gar, Aberdeen, George Stabler, 1884; Ben Lavvers, 
 Rev. II. G. Jameson, Sept. 1893. 18c. Burra Firth, Uist, Shetland, 
 John Sim, 1878. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — This very rare British species, which is only found in 
 alpine regions, cannot be mistaken for any other if seen with its 
 laterally inserted perianth ; when barren it is easily distinguished 
 from any of the forms of Junf/. bantriensis, Hook., by its claw- 
 like segments of the leaf and the large obliquely projecting 
 stipules. 
 
 Harpanthus scutatus (W. & M.), found on lower elevations, is 
 a smaller plant of different colour, shape and texture of leaves, 
 which see. 
 
 Description of Plate CVIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 16 (G. & R. 379). 3. Stem, 
 postical view x 16 (Uist, Sim). 4. Leaf x 16 (ditto). 5. Portion 
 of leaf X 290 (G. & E. 379). 6, 7. Stipules x 46 (Uist, Sim). 
 8, 9, 10. Bracts x 17 (Dr. Gottsche, G. k R. 379). 11. Perianth 
 with portion of stem x 17 (ditto). 12. Longitudinal section of 
 perianth x 17 (ditto). 
 
 Genus 26. MYLIA, Gr. §• B. 
 
 Jungermania, Hook. Brit. Jung. p. 15, t. 34, 57 (181G). 
 
 Mylia, Gr. & B. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. p. G93 (1821). 
 
 Leptoscyphus, Mitten, Hook. Lond. Journ. of Bot. Ill, p. 358 (1851). 
 
 Coleochila, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 105 (1874). 
 
 Dioicous. Stems simple or innovant below the apex, erect or 
 creeping, tomentose beneath. Leaves succubous, bifariously 
 imbricated, alternate, semi-vertical, either circular or ovate, and 
 acute. Stipules subulate obscured by the rootlets excppt at the 
 apex of the shoots. Perianth terminal (or from the growth of 
 innovations axillary) ovato-oblong, laterally compressed from a 
 
264 HEPATIC^. 
 
 sub-terete base, apex contracted, truncate, at length bilabiate, 
 denticulate. Bracts 2, patent, from a clasping base ; bracteole 
 lanceolate, unidentate, free. Capsule ovate, coriaceous, 4-valved. 
 Elaters bispiral. Perigonial bracts usually narrower, ventricose, 
 clustered near the apex of distinct shoots. Antheridia 2, 
 roundish. 
 
 1. Mylia Taylori (Hook.), Gr. 8f B. 
 
 Jungermania Taylori, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 57 (1816). 
 Mylia Taylori, Gr. <k B. Nat. Arrang. Brit. PI. 1, p. 695 (1821). 
 Lej)toscyphus Taylori, Mitt, in Hook. Journ. of Bot. Ill, p. 358 (1851). 
 Goleochila Taylori, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 106 (1874). 
 
 Dioicous, growing in dense, extensive patches, size medium 
 to large, of a yellowish or reddish-brown to a purple colour. 
 Stems simple or with one or two innovant branches arising from 
 axil of bracts, lateral, or slightly sub-postical, erect or suberect, 
 firm, flexuose, brownish ; cells of stem uniform, pale brown colour 
 throughout; very densely radiculose on the underside, rootlets 
 dull white, long, covering almost the whole of the underside of 
 the stem. Leaves bifarious, alternate, horizontal at an angle of 
 80° to 90°, obliquely semiamplexicaul, antical base slightly decur- 
 rent, contiguous or imbricate, secund, suborbicular, broadly ovate 
 or broadly oval, plane or slightly concave, margin entire, some- 
 times slightly undulate, sometimes retuse ; texture thick, sub- 
 carnose, epidermis with each cell convex and minutely verruculose, 
 cells largish, roundish, dull colour with the numerous chlorophyl 
 granules, walls hyaline, trigones distinct, roundish or angular. 
 Stipules small, subulate or lanceolate. Bracts no larger than the 
 leaves, somewhat similar in shape, entire, slightly spreading or 
 appressed. Bracteole free, broadly subulate. Perianth projecting 
 about half beyond the bracts, terminal, laterally subcompressed, 
 oblong-ovate, composed of one layer of cells, mouth contracted, 
 truncate, small, complanate, bilabiate, with about 15 club-shaped 
 irregular cilia, texture similar to the leaves, except near to the 
 mouth, where it is smooth and the cells more delicate, distinctly 
 verruculose in the middle and lower portion. Calyptra obovate, 
 
MY LI A. 2(i5 
 
 4 cells thick at the base, at apex one, cells elongate, walls thin, 
 no trigones or angles thickened. Pedicel about \ inch long. 
 Capsule oval, dark reddish-brown. Spores pale brown. Elaters 
 bispiral, about 15 turns, dark reddish-brown. 
 
 Male stems distinct, usually smaller, perigonial bracts about 
 middle of stem, or terminal, suberect, semiamplexicaul, ventricose 
 almost lobulate, enclosing 1 or 2 spherical antheridia, with long 
 bearers. 
 
 Fruits May, June. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from 1 to 3 inches long, "4 mm. diam., 
 with leaves 3"5 mm. wide; leaves 2'25 mm. x 1'75 mm., 2" mm. x 
 1'75 mm., 2*25 mm. x 2* mm.; cells of leaves '06 mm. ; walls of 
 cells '01 mm. ; trigones '02 mm. ; stipules "3 mm. long x '075 mm. 
 wide at base; bracts 2' mm. long x r75 mm. wide, 2*25 mm. x 
 1-75 mm. ; perianth 4*5 mm. long x 2' mm. wide at the middle, 
 1*75 mm. wide at the mouth, '75 mm. wide at the base; cilia at 
 mouth of perianth "125 mm. long, from '02 to "03 mm. wide at the 
 base ; pedicel "3 mm. diam. ; capsule 1'25 mm. x "75 mm. ; spores 
 •02 mm. ; elaters •115 long x "0125 wide. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in extensive patches on open heaths or boggy 
 places on moorlands, or on moist rocks in open or shady situations, 
 chiefly subalpine or alpine. Moderately common in the North, 
 very rare in fruit. 
 
 1 ?. 5. Chartley Moss, Staffordshire, /. E. Bagnall. 7. Snowdon, 
 Carnarvonshire, Br. Carrington ; Cader Idris, The Arenigs, Merio- 
 nethshire, TF. H. P. 8. Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout, 
 Derbyshire, G. A. Holt. 9. Botton Head Fell, West Lane, 
 A. Wilson; Clougha, West Lane, /. A. Wheldon. 10. Summit of 
 Ingleboro ; Whernside, Br. Carrington', Penyghent, W. West; 
 Ay ton Moor, IF. Mudd ; Greenfield, W. Wilson, G. A. Holt; 
 Todmorden, John Nowell, A. Sfansfield ; Upper Wharfe Valley 
 (c. fr.), G. A. Holt. 11. 12. Ambleside and Patterdale, Westmorland, 
 C.Lyell; Black Crag and Nan Bield, Mardale (<? and fr.) ; Kent- 
 mere ; Foulshaw ; Barbou Fell ; Red Screes ; Wild Boar Fell ; 
 Long Sleddale, Westmorland, G. Stabler ; Borrowdale, /. R.Bgrom Sf 
 W. H. P. 13. North of Black Craig, New Galloway; Barend 
 
266 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Moss, Castle Douglas, /. McAndreio ; Moors at Loch Skene, 
 W. NichoL 15. G^ii'Vi. GoYm, Sir W.J. Hooker ; Ben-na-Board and 
 Glen Dole, Forfar, A. Croall. 16. Moidart, West Inverness, 
 common, -5'. M. Macvicar. 17a. Sutherland Mountains, Dr. 
 Greville. 
 
 I. Wicklow Mountains, Br. Taylor; near Bantry, Miss 
 HutcJiins] Killarney, Dr. Carrington, Prof. Lindberg, and 
 others. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from all other round-leaved species with 
 stipules, by the presence of the very copious rootlets, the thick 
 leaves, entire bracts and laterally compressed perianth ; from 
 Mylia anomala (Hook.) by the never acuminate leaves, presence of 
 minute warts on the epidermis of the leaves and perianth, and the 
 mouth of the perianth being ciliate. 
 
 The easiest way to examine the epidermis is to detach a 
 leaf from the plant, bend it on the object-glass, place on it 
 carefully the cover-glass and examine in water with a \ inch, 
 when the minute warts can be seen, about 7 or 8 on each cell. 
 The copious, dense rootlets cause the stems to be separated with 
 difficulty. 
 
 I once found a perigonial bract quite bifid, also an imperfect 
 perianth from which a perfect capsule projected, which, when 
 flattened out like a bract, was subquadrate, emarginate, with the 
 whole of the margin ciliate-dentate. 
 
 Description of Plate CIX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 11 (Ireland, Lindberg). 
 3-5. Leaves x 11 (ditto). 6. Cross-section of leaf, showing 
 epidermis with the minute warts, free (ditto). 7. Portion of 
 leaf X 290 (Linton, Yorks., Holt). 8, 9. Stipules x 85 (Cwm 
 Bychan, North Wales, Holmes). 10, 11. Bracts x 16 (Linton, 
 Holt). 12. Bracteole x 24 (ditto). 13. Perianth x 11 (ditto). 
 
 14. Cross-section of upper portion of perianth x 11 (ditto). 
 
 15. Cross- section of middle portion of ])eriantb x 11 (ditto). 
 
 16. Cross-section of lower portion of perianth x 1 1 (ditto). 
 
 17. Portion of the mouth of perianth x 85 (ditto). 18, 19. 
 
MYLIA. 267 
 
 Perigonial bracts x 16 (Cwm Bychan, W. H. P.). 20. Aiitlieridium 
 X 85 (ditto). 
 
 2. Mylia anomala [Hook.), Gr. 8f B. 
 
 Jungermania anomala^ Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 34 (181G). 
 Mylia anomala, Gr. & B. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 1, p. 693 (1821). 
 Jungermania Taylori, var. anomala, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. 11, p. 455 (1836). 
 Coleochila anomala, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 106 (1874). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely csespitose or creeping amongst mosses, 
 largish to very large, of a yellowish-green to dark brown colour. 
 Stems (a cross-section shows about 30 cortical cells which are a 
 little larger and darker than the inner, 12 x 15 in diam.), procum- 
 bent, simple or producing one or two short lateral innovant 
 branches, flexuose ; radiculose, rootlets numerous, whitish, clothing 
 the whole of the underside of the stem. Leaves obliquely inserted, 
 horizontal to patent-divergent, bifarious, alternate, distant or 
 contiguous, ovate-acuminate, ovate or more rarely orbicular, 
 margin entire, or erose by gemmae ; texture rather firm, but more 
 delicate than in Mylia Taylori, epidermis smooth, cells large, 
 oblong-quadrate, cell- walls somewhat thin, showing two bands, 
 trigones distinct, darker coloured than the lumen of the cells. 
 Stipules small, often hidden by the rootlets, subulate, bifid to 
 about the \, sinus very narrow, segments acuminate. Bracts 
 oblong-oval, apices often erose. Bracteole free from bracts, subu- 
 late, about 15 cells broad at the base, bifid to about the ^, 
 sinus very narrow, segments acuminate. Perianth oblong-oval, 
 narrower at the mouth and base than the middle, laterally com- 
 pressed, mouth truncate, entire. Capsule roundish-oval ; spores 
 light-brown ; elaters bispiral, about 12 turns of the spiral, reddish- 
 brown. Male stems more slender, ^ terminal or at the middle of 
 the stem, perigonial bracts smaller, more erect, semiamplexicaul, 
 sublobulate, ventricose, antheridia small, spherical. 
 
 Fruits June, July. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from 2 to 4 inches long, 5 mm. diam., 
 with leaves 3'5 mm. wide; leaves S* mm. x 175 mm., 275 ram. 
 xl-5 mm., 2-5 mm. x 15 mm.; cells '1 mm. long x -05 mm. 
 broad, 1 mm. x '04 mm., "08 mm. x -035 mm. ; walls '0075 mm. ; 
 
268 HEPATIC^. 
 
 trigones "02 mm.; stipules I'l mm. x "3 mm. base, segments 
 •2 mm., I'mm. x*2 mm. base, seg. '2 mm.; bracts 3' mm. x 
 1'5 mm. ; bracteole 1'75 mm. x '5 mm. ; seg. "3 mm. ; perianth 
 4*5 mm. long x 1'75 mm. broad at the middle, 75 mm. at the 
 apex, and '75 mm. at the base; diam. of perigonial stem '2 mm. ; 
 perigonial bracts '7b mm. x '5 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in loose patches, or creeping amongst mosses, 
 especially Sphapia, in boggy situations. Moderately rare, ex- 
 tremely so in fruit. 
 
 2. New Forest, Hampshire, C. Li/ell. 4. Holt Lows ; Edge- 
 field Hill; Holt Wood, Norfolk, Rev. B. B. Francis; Westleton 
 Bogs, near Hales worth, Suffolk, Br. Hooker. 5. Sherbrook Valley ; 
 Brindley Valley; Chartley Moss, Staffordshire, /. E. Bagnall. 
 8. Kinder Scout, Derbyshire, Holt 8f Whitehead. 9. Wybunbury 
 Bog, Cheshire (cum. fr.), W. Wilson; Cockerham Moss, West 
 Lane, A. Wilson. 10. Harlow Heath, Yorks., Br. F. A. Lees; 
 Ilkley Moor, Yorks., Br. Carrington ; Askham Bog, Yorks., Br. F. 
 A. Lees ; Thornton Moor, Yorks., W. West ; Stansfield Moor, Yorks., 
 John Nowell. 12. Ambleside, Westmorland, C. Li/ell ; Foulshaw 
 Moss ; Witherslack Moss (c. per) ; Barbon Fell ; Sandford Bog, 
 near Warcop, Westmorland, G. Stabler. 13. North of Black 
 Craig, New Galloway, /. Mc Andrew; Lochar Moss, Dumfries, 
 /. Criiickshank. 15. Kinnordy, C. Lyell. 16. Moidart, West 
 Inverness, on wet moors, common, 8. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Devis Mountain, Co. Antrim, Mr. Templet on ; Annahilt 
 Bog, Co. Down, Mr. Templeton ; near Ban try. Miss Hut chins. 
 On wet banks in subalpine parts of the country, Br. B. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from Mylia Taylori by the shape and 
 texture of leaves, the smooth epidermis, elongate cells, bifid 
 stipules and bracteole, narrower perianth with entire mouth. 
 
 The leaves vary in shape, some being quite orbicular, but the 
 most common are as figured. 
 
 Description of Plate CX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem x 11 (Barton Moss, W. H. P.). 3-5. Leaves 
 X 11 (Fenniae, Lindberg). 6. Leaf and stipule x 11 (ditto). 
 
PEDINOPHYLLUM. 269 
 
 7. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 8. Stipule x 24 (ditto). 
 9. Stipule X 11 (ditto). 10, 11. Bracts x 11 (ditto). 
 12. Bracteole x 11 (ditto). 13. Bracteole x 24 (ditto). 
 14. Perianth x 11 (ditto). 15. Cross-section of perianth near 
 apex X 11 (ditto). 16. Cross-section of perianth at the middle 
 (ditto). 17. Cross-section of perianth at the base x 11 (ditto). 
 18. Portion of the mouth of perianth x 85 (ditto). 19. Portion 
 of male stem x 24 (ditto). 23. Perigonial bract x 24 (ditto). 
 
 Genus 27. PEDINOPHYLLUM, Litidb. 
 
 Jungermania, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. 1, p. 165 (1833). 
 
 Plagiochila, Dum. Recueil, p. 15 (1835). 
 
 Leptoscyphus, Mitt, in Hook. Journ. of Bot. Ill (1851). 
 
 Pedinophyllum, Lindb. Bot. not. p. 15G (1874); Hep. in Hibern. p. 504 (1871). 
 
 Monoicous ; habit of CMloscyplius ; depresso-csespitose, no 
 rhizomatous caudex ; stem creeping, radiculose. Leaves very 
 slightly decurrent, subplane or plane, rotund-rectangular. Sti- 
 pules constantly present, very small and inconspicuous. Perianth 
 never on chief stem but terminal on branches, compressed as in 
 Plagiochila. 
 
 Pedinophyllum interruptum (Nees), Lindb . 
 
 Jungermania interrupta, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. 1, p. 165 (1833). 
 
 Jungermania Dumortieri, Lib. PI. crypt. Ard. iv. n, 311 (1837). 
 
 Plagiochila interrupta, Dum. Recueil, p. 15 (1835). 
 
 Leptoscyphus interruptus, Mitt, in Hook. Journ. Bot. Ill (1851). 
 
 Plagiochila {Pedinophyllum) pyrenaica, var. interrupta (Nees); Lindb. Man. 
 
 Muse. Sec. p. 367 (1874). 
 Pedinophyllum pyrenaicum, Lindb. in Hep. in Hib. p. 505 (1875). 
 
 Monoicous, densely csespitose, tufts depressed, small, light 
 yellowish-green to olive-brown in colour. Stems intricatel}' 
 entangled, prostrate, then slightly assurgent, irregularly ramose ; 
 radiculose, on the prostrate stems rootlets plentiful, whitish, on 
 the upper branches rare. Leaves imbricate or approximate, 
 alternate, horizontal, antical margin slightly decurrent, spreading 
 or complanate, plane or subplane, rotund-rectangular, oval to 
 
270 HEPATIC^. 
 
 oblong-subquadrate, entire or retuse, lower leaves minute, theii 
 often acutely bifid ; texture firm, cells smallish, roundish-quad- 
 rate, lumen full of chlorophyl granules, walls moderately thick, 
 trigones large, distinct. Stipules minute, rudimentary, subulate 
 or broadly subulate, at the base ^ as wide as the stem. Bracts 
 similar to the upper leaves only larger. Perianth terminal on the 
 branches, projecting about ^ beyond the bracts, compressed, 
 obovate, mouth wide, bilabiate, irregularly dentate, teeth few. 
 Pistillidia large, about 15. Calyptra globose, of a delicate texture. 
 Capsule small, oval, dark brown. Spores small, pale brown. 
 Elaters rather darker brown than the spores, bispiral, about 10 
 turns of the spiral. Androecia on proper branches on the same 
 plant as the fertile or proceeding from the fertile branch, terminal 
 or situated at the middle ; perigonial bracts 5, 6 pairs, closely 
 imbricate, smaller and more erect than the stem leaves, ventri- 
 cose, lobate, lobe oval, lobule half the size and oval, antheridia 
 single, large, almost spherical. 
 Fruits April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems about J inch long, diam. 2 mm., with 
 leaves 2-0 mm. to 2-5 mm. wide; leaves TO mm. x '8 mm. ; cells 
 •025 mm. x -035 mm., '025 mm. x '03 mm., "025 mm. x "025 mm., 
 •03 mm. X -03 mm. ; sub-bracts 2'0 mm. x 1^6 mm., 2* mm. x 
 1-4 mm., 2- mm. x 1^75 mm. ; bracts 2-5 mm. x 2' mm. ; perianth 
 3- ram. X 1*75 mm.; pistillidia '225 mm. x '06 mm.; spores 
 •01 mm. diam.; elaters '1 mm. x -01 mm.; perigonial bracts 
 •75 mm. x -45 mm. ; lobule '5 mm. x ^3 mm. ; antheridia ^225 mm. 
 X -2 mm., -3 mm. x ^25 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grrows on damp rocks, usually calcareous. Eare. 
 2. Ardingley Hocks, Sussex, W. Miffen. 5, 8. Cheedale, 
 Derbyshire, G. A. Holt. 10. On rocks by the Strid, Bolton 
 Woods, Z)r. Car ring ton, John Nowell; Malham, Dr. Carrington; 
 Ingleton, W. H. P. 12. Windermere, Westmorland, Dr. Car- 
 rington. 
 
 L Benbulben Range, Co. SKgo ; Gleniff, Co. Sligo, Dr. D. 
 
 Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent, 
 
PLAGIOCHILA. 271 
 
 Greenland, Vahl. 
 
 Obs. — This rare species is not likely to be confused with any 
 other, especially if found fertile. 
 
 Chiloscyphm polyanthos (L.) is a larger plant, with quite 
 different cell structure, and furnished with distinct bipartite 
 stipules. 
 
 I have examined a large series of specimens from different 
 localities, and am of tiie opinion that the var. pyrcnaica is only 
 sportive, as stems which might be described as it are found also 
 on tlie normal form. Dr. Carrington arrived at this conclusion 
 years ago, and Dr. Spruce, who first noticed it, in later years had 
 no great confidence in its specific or varietal value. 
 
 Description of Plate CXI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 
 2. Portion of stem x 16 (near Bolton Abbey, John Nowell). 
 
 3. Portion of male stem x 16 (Baden, Jack). 4, 5. Leaves x 
 24 (ditto). 6. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 7,8. Stipules x? 
 (ditto). 9-12. Sub-bracts x 11 (ditto). 13. Bracts x 11 
 (ditto). 14. Perianth x 11 (ditto). 15. Cross-section of peri- 
 anth X 11 (ditto). 16. Portion of the mouth of the perianth x 
 
 16 (ditto). IT. Spores x 290 (ditto). 18,19. Perigonial bracts 
 
 X 24 (ditto). 20. Antheridium x 24 (ditto). 
 
 Genus 28. PLAGIOCHILA, Bum. 
 
 Junyermania, Mich. Nov. pi. gen. p. 7 (1729) ; L. Sp. pi. ed. i. 2, p. 1131 (1753) 
 
 CandoUea, Raddi in Act. soc. Modena, 18, p. 22 (1818). 
 
 Martinellia, sect. b. Gr. & B. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 1, p. 692 (1821). 
 
 Radula, Dum. Comm. Bot. p. 112, pp. 1822. 
 
 Radula, sect, Plagiochila, Dum, Syll. p. 42 (1831). 
 
 Plagiochila, Dum. Recueil, 1, p. 14 (1835). 
 
 Plants often very large and conspicuous, rarely small, csespi- 
 tose or creeping among mosses. Caudex stout, creeping, densely 
 radiculose on the underside, leafless or furnished with few small 
 ones. Stems firm, reddish, or almost black, rarely pale, 3-5 
 exterior layers of cells coloured, inner pale. Branches ascending 
 or procumbent, dichotomously branched or dendroid, uniformly 
 lateral, springing from the leaf axils. Leaves almost always 
 
272 HEP A TICJE. 
 
 large, succubous, opposite or alternate, distichous, patulous or 
 devexo-secund, oblique, rarely acute, usually rotundate or truncate, 
 dentate or spinose, rarely entire ; marginal teeth or cilia acute, 
 ending in a single, sharp-pointed, conical cell ; antical margin 
 decurrent, recurved or revolute ; postical margin arcuate, rotun- 
 date, sometimes semicircular, plane, towards the base reflexed, 
 margin dentato-spinose or ciliate, very rarely entire. Cells 
 medium size or rather large, rarely small, subquadrate-hexagonal, 
 only at the base oblong, very rarely all elongate ; trigones almost 
 always large and conspicuoas ; cuticule smooth. Stipules normally 
 wanting, in some species mere scales, in others everywhere present, 
 small, entire or unequally plurifid, segments often flexuose. In- 
 florescence dioicous. Androecia spicate, linear or fusiform, terminal 
 or at the middle ; perigonial bracts smaller than the leaves, ven- 
 tricose, closely imbricated, in two rows. Antheridia oval, 1 to 10, 
 usually 2 or 3. Female flowers terminal on the chief stem or 
 branches, or axillary from the growth of innovations. Bracts % 
 alternate, imbricate, transverse, erect, ventricose-saccate, 1-4 pairs, 
 free, larger and broader than the leaves. Pistillidia numerous 
 (25-70). Perianth more or less projecting, a little longer than 
 the bracts, free, laterally compressed at right angles to the plane 
 of the stem, campanulate or longer, and obconico-cylindrical or 
 clavate, erect or decurved at the apex, leptodermous, mouth wide, 
 obliquely truncate, rotundate or bilabiate, entire, dentate, or 
 ciliate. Calyptra free, included, about half the size of the 
 perianth, globose or oval-globose, leptodermous, slightly carnose 
 near the base, where it is surrounded by the sterile pistillidia. 
 Pedicel firm, about 10 cells in diameter, usually short, in a few 
 species elongate. Capsule large, globose or oval-globose, cori- 
 aceous, dividing down to the base into 4 valves, valves sometimes 
 bilobed, 3-8 layers thick. Elaters bispiral, long, deciduous, 
 attached to the centre of the valves. 
 
PLAainCHTLA. 273 
 
 1. Plagiochila Stabler!, Penr.so/i. 
 
 Pliujiochila Stahleri, Pears, in Jour, of Bot. June (IH'jo). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely ca3spitose, small, pale to brownish-fifreen in 
 colour. Stems creeping, simple or irre*^ularly branched ; branches 
 ascending; radiculose, rootlets lew, single, white. Leaves imbri- 
 cate or distant, bifarious, alternate, horizontal or patent-divergent, 
 largest near the middle of the stem, very slightly or not at all 
 decurrent antically, plane or slii:;htly concave, oblong-quadrate, 
 oval or subcuneate, bidentate to about one-lburth, retuse or entire, 
 margin quite entire ; texture somewhat thick ; cells from moderate 
 to largish in size, roundish-quadrate ; walls thick, angles 
 thickened. Stipules evident, simple or bifid, segments subulate. 
 DiMKNsioNS. — Stems J inch long, with leaves 1*25 mm. wide; 
 diameter of stem 0'15 mm. ; leaves 0'7 mm. x 0"5 mm., 0*5 mm. 
 X 0*5 mm., 0"7 mm. x 0'45 mm. ; segments 0'2 mm., O'G mm. 
 X 0*5 mm., 07 mm. x 0'55 mm.; segments 0"1 mm.; cells 
 04 mm. X 0-045 mm., 0-04 mm. x 0-04 mm., 0-035 mm. 
 X 0*04 mm., 0*035 mm. x 0*035 mm. ; stipules 0*225 mm. 
 X 0*05 mm., 0*2 mm. x 0*08 mm., 0*2 mm. x 0*04 mm. 
 
 Hab.— On rocks near Fall, Rydal Park, Rydal, Westmorland, 
 Mr. George Stabler, Sept. 1877. 
 
 Obs. — Although the small flagelliferous varieties of P. .yji/ii/Io-sa 
 (Dicks.) and P. jjunctafa, Tayl. are numerous, P. Sfableri cannot 
 be confounded with any of them, the almost horizontal insertion 
 of the bidentate, retuse, or entire leaves, which are nearly plane, 
 and their much larger cells at once distinguish the species. 
 
 P. f r identic idat a, Tayl., which has usually bidentate leaves, 
 oblong-oval in shape, with a very narrow base and small cells, is 
 very distinct. 
 
 P. eocifjua^ Tayl. has ver}' decurrent leaves of a different shape, 
 with an extremely narrow base ; cells much smaller. 
 
 Pedinophijllnm interruption (Nees), with which it agrees some- 
 what in the insertion of its leaves, is a much more robust ]ilant, 
 with usually entire leaves and less evident stipules. 
 
 s 
 
274 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Description of Plate CXII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Plant, antical view x 24. 3-8. Leaves x 31. 9. Portion 
 of leaf X 290. 10-12. Stipules x 85. 
 
 2. Plagiochila asplenioides (Z.), Bum. 
 
 Lichenastriim asplenii facie, pinnis laxioribus (et confertiorihus), Dill. Hist. muse. 
 
 p. 482, t. 69, f. Set G (1741). 
 Jungermania asplenioides, L. Sp. pi. p. 1595 (1753). 
 
 Radida [Plagiochila) asplenioides, Duai. Syll. Jung. Eur. p. 42, n. 28 (1831). 
 PlagiocJdla asplenioides, Dum. Recueil. p. 14 (1835). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose or creeping amongst mosses, from medium 
 to very large in size, of a pale green to greenish-brown colour. 
 Creeping stem or caudex firm, blackish ; radiculose on the under- 
 side, leafless or with few small leaves, ascending stems pale brown, 
 rootless, or rootlets very few, but long, apex often recurved, ramose, 
 branches lateral, subpostical, arising from the axil of the leaves. 
 Lower leaves small and distant, others large, contiguous or sub- 
 imbricate, succubous, obliquely inserted, patent, alternate, de- 
 curved, slightly concave, postical margin recurved, postically 
 decurrent, much decurrent antically, ovate, obovate or suborbicular, 
 apex rotundate, ciliate-dentate, dentate, subdentate or entire, teetli 
 acute ; texture thin to moderately firm, epidermis smooth, cells 
 medium size to rather large, hexagonal, vacuous or with the 
 chlorophyl granules lining the margin, walls thin, trigones 
 wanting or very minute. Stipules absent or rudimentary only. 
 Bracts similar to upper leaves only larger, erect. Bracteole 
 wanting. Perianth projecting about half beyond the bracts, 
 tubular at the base, laterally compressed, long, oblong obovate, 
 mouth truncate, wide, ciHate-dentate, cilia 3-4 cells long at the 
 most, usually only 2, apical ones acute, pistillidia 12-25. Pedicel 
 long. Capsule oval, spores smooth or finely punctate, yellowish- 
 brown, elaters reddish-brown. 
 
 Male stems distinct, $ terminal, perigonial bracts about 5 
 pairs closely imbricating, semi-amplexicaul, small, obovate, saccate 
 at the base, basal margin a little incurved, slightly lobulate, 
 antheridia oval to roundish, 2 in each bra.ct. 
 
PLAGIOCHILA. 21o 
 
 Fruits April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from 1 to G inches loi'g, diaiii. 75 mm., 
 with leaves 8* mm, broad; leaves 4* mm. x 3" mm., "35 mm. x 
 "275 mm. ; teeth of leaves "5 mm. ; cells "04 mm. ; bracts 4*5 mm. 
 X 3" mm. ; perianth 7' mm. long- x 375 mm. wide at the moutli ; 
 teeth at mouth of perianth "1 ram. ; elaters "15 mm. long x 
 "01mm. wide; spores "0175 mm.; perigonial bracts 15 mm. x 
 r mm.; antheridia '3 mm. x '225 mm. 
 
 Hab. - — Growing in dense patches on rocks or creeping aerially 
 amongst the larger mosses in shady places. 
 
 Common. 1-18. I. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — The large aerial Ibrm, almost tropical in some of its 
 forms, and which rarely fruits, is remarkably different in habit 
 from the smaller and fertile form, which grows usually in dense 
 patches on damp rocks, but a close microscopic examination 
 reveals no permanent character which can be relied upon ; the 
 leaves differ in shape, the margin of both forms vary, from being 
 entire to ciliate-dentate. 
 
 According to original specimens, Pla(jiochUa DiUciiii, Tayl. is 
 the small form. 
 
 Description of Plate CXIII. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size. 
 
 2. Portion of stem x 11, antical view (Carr. & Pears. 87). 
 
 3. Perianth and bract x 11 (Baden, Jack). 4. Portion of mouth 
 of perianth x 85 (ditto). 
 
 Description of Plate CXIV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size 
 (var. Dillenii, Tayl,). 2. Portion of stem of type x 11, postical 
 view (Carr. & Pears. 87). 3, Portion of margin of leaf x 85 
 (ditto). 4. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 5. Perigonial bract 
 X 16 (G. & E. G20). G, Antheridium x 24 (ditto). 
 
 3. Plagiochila ambagiosa, Miften. 
 
 riagiochila avibagiosa, Mitten, Trans. Linn. Hoc. vol. iii. p. lO.'J (ISDl) ; Stcpli. 
 Bull, de 1. Herb. Boissier, vol. v. p. S8 (18!)7). 
 
 Dioicous, ctespitose, medium size, of a yellowish-brown 
 colour. Stems arising irom a creeping or procumbent rhizome 
 
276 HEPATIC^. 
 
 with a lew stoloniferous divaricate shoots ; leaves larger to- 
 wards the apex, patulous or divergent, oval or ovato-oval, apex 
 rounded or truncate, usually trispinose, antical margin shortly 
 decurrent, entire, postical margin dentate, teeth short and broad ; 
 cells smallish to medium size, punctate, round or roundish-oblong, 
 walls thick.. Bracts similar to the leaves only larger and more 
 dentate. Perianth obovate, bent over on the postical side, without 
 wing, mouth rounded, shortly dentate. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 1|- inch long, "5 mm. x "75 mm. 
 diam., with leaves 5* mm. to 6* mm. wide ; leaves 3'5 mm. x 
 2'25 mm., 3 "25 mm. x 2* mm., 3" mm. x 1"5 mm. ; teeth '2 mm. ; 
 cells "03 mm. 
 
 Hab. — -Bantry, South of Ireland, Miss liiitchius (Herb. 
 Mitten). 
 
 The only known station. 
 
 Obs. — Mr. Mitten detected this fine species in a collection 
 made many years ago by the late Miss Hutchins in the South of 
 Ireland. It is abundantly distinct from either F. punctata, Tayl. 
 or P. spinidosa (Dicks.), with which it is nearest allied. 
 
 I am indebted to Mr. Mitten's description for most of my 
 notes of the species. 
 
 Description of Plate CXV. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 11. 3-8. Leaves x 11. 
 9. Teeth of leaf x 64. 10. Portion of leaf x 290. 
 
 4. Plagiochila spinulosa [Dicks.), Dmn. 
 
 Lichenastrum ramosus foliis trifidus et L. jnnnulis alternis quasi spinosis, Dill. 
 
 Hist. muse. p. 489, t. 60, f. 15, 10 (1741). 
 Junger7nania spinulosa, Dicks. Y\. Crypt. Brit. fasc. 2nd, p. 14 (1790); Hook. 
 
 Brit. Jung. p. 9, t. 14 (IS 16). 
 Plagiochila spinulosa, Dum. Recueil, p. 15 (1835). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose or creeping amongst mosses, medium to 
 largish size, of a pale yellow, yellowish-green, or olive-brown 
 colour. Stems erect or creeping, simple or dichotomously 
 branched ; radiculose almost up to apex of stem, rootlets whitish, 
 
PLAGIOCIIILA. 277 
 
 branches lateral, siibpostical, arising from axil of leaves or bracts. 
 Leaves patent at an angle of 40° to 60°, alternate, distant or con- 
 tiguous, much decurrent antically, oblong-oval, obovate or semi- 
 ovate, with few large teeth or spines on the upper margin, lower 
 margin entire, reflexed ; texture somewhat firm, cells smallish, 
 roundish ; walls rather thick, angles thickened, trigones wanting. 
 Stipules rudimentary, minute, bifid or trifid, or wanting. Bracts 
 larger than the leaves, with numerous teeth on the upper margin, 
 broadly ovate. Bracteole wanting. Perianth broadly obovate, 
 compressed, mouth wide, ciliate-dentate ; pistillidia numerous. 
 Male stems distinct, more slender and graceful, perigonial bracts 
 at the middle or end of the stem, catkin-like, small, closely imbri- 
 cate, about 5 pairs, broadly oval, lobulate, lobule 2-3 dentate ; 
 antheridia roundish-oval. 
 
 Hab. — On rocks or at the base of trees, in woods and shad}^ 
 or exposed places, chiefly subalpine. Somewhat common. 
 
 1. Penzance; Pe(h-uth, Cornwall, IF. Cnnioio; Devon, C.LyelL 
 2. Rufus-stone, New Forest, Hants, C. Li/eU. 7. Merionethshire; 
 Carnarvonshire, common, W. II. P. 9. Easgill, near Leek, West 
 Lane, A. Wilson; Grey garth Fell, West Lane, /. A. Wheldon. 
 
 10. Bolton Woods, /. Nowell ; Ingleboro', /. NowelU J- G. Baker ; 
 Dent, G. Stabler ; Todmorden, A. Stansfield; Teesdale, Dr. Spruce- 
 
 11, 12. Westmorland, G. Stabler ; Cumberland, frequent, IV. II P. 
 13. New Galloway, frequent, /. Mc Andrew. 15, 16. Moidart, 
 West Inverness, very common and variable, ascending to 1700 ft. 
 at least, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Common. 
 
 C. Jersey, Mrs. McKenzie ; St. Ouen, A(f(/. Martin. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 2 inches long, diam. '25 mm. with 
 leaves 2-5 mm. wide; leaves 1*3 mm. x 7 mm., 1*8 mm. x '7 mm-, 
 1*9 mm. X -8 mm. ; cells -0175 mm. x '02 mm., '025 mm. x '02 mm., 
 •025 mm. x -02 mm., '03 mm. x "02 mm.; bracts 1-9 mm. 
 xl*9 mm.; perianth 2'5 mm. x 2* mm.; perigonial bracts 
 1- mm. X 75 mm.; lobule 'b mm. x '3 mm.; antheridium 
 •3 mm. X '275 mm. 
 
278 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Obs. — This species iu its normal state is only to be confused 
 with Flagiodiila punctata^ Tayl., which see. 
 
 The small flagelliferous forms, of which there many, are apt to 
 be mistaken for PlagiocJiila tridcuHcvhifa, Tayl., but this species is 
 at once separated from any of them by its erect habit, darker 
 coloured leaves, which also differ in shape and cell structure. 
 
 The American F. spinnlosa of Sullivant and others has justly 
 been removed to anotlier species, P. Sidlivantii, Gottsche MS., see 
 Evans' admirable monograph, " North American Species of Plagio- 
 chila," Bot. Gaz., April 1890. 
 
 Description of Pj.ate CXVI. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size. 
 
 2. Portion of stem x 24, antical view (Cader Idris, J. Ealf's). 
 
 3, 4. Leaves x 24 (Cromaglown, Lindberg). 5. Portion of leaf 
 X 290 (ditto). 6. Bract x 24 (Cader Idris, J. Balfs). 7. Perianth 
 X 24 (ditto). 8, 9. Perigonial bracts x 24 (Cromaglown, Lind- 
 berg). 10. Antheridium x 24 (ditto). 
 
 5. Plagiochila punctata, Ta^I. 
 
 riagiochila pu7ictata, Tayl. Hep. Antarct. in Lond. Journ. of Bot. p. 371 (1844); 
 
 G.L.N. Syn. Hep. Suppl. p. (V2G (1817). 
 Plagiochila spinulosa, var. pu7ictata, Oarr. Irish Crypt, p. 10, t. 2, f. 3 (1803). 
 
 Dioicous, densely csespitose, flagelliferous, medium size, yellow 
 or olive-brown, young plants pale green in colour. Stems erect, 
 dark brown ; radiculose, rootlets whitish, branched, branches 
 arising from the axil of the upper leaves or bracts, lateral, but 
 slightly subpostical. Leaves patent to patent-divergent at an 
 angle of 55° (from 50° to 70°), alternate, obliquely inserted, lower 
 leave smaller, more distant, others subapproximate, only slightly 
 decurrent antically, roundish-ovate or roundish-oval, upper margin 
 recurvate, spinose-ciliate, lower margin entire or almost so; 
 texture firm, cells small, roundish, lumen clear, walls thick, 
 angles thickened, trigones wanting, punctate. Stipules wanting, 
 or rudimentary. Bracts larger than the leaves. Perianth from a 
 narrow base broadly obovate, compressed at the mouth, bilabiate, 
 truncate, mouth wide, spinose-ciliate. 
 
PLAaiOCHILA. 279 
 
 Dimensions.— Stems ^- to 1 inch long, diam. "2 nun., witli 
 leaves 1"75 mm. wide ; leaves, upper 1'4 mm. x "9 mm., 125 mm. 
 X '9 mm., middle r2 mm. x "G mm., 1*1 mm. x '5 mm., lower 
 •9 mm. x -75 mm., '8 mm. x 'G mm. ; cells "02 mm. (-02 mm. 
 X -0175 mm., '0175 mm. x '0175 mm., -015 mm. x -015 mm., 
 •02 mm. X "02 mm., "025 mm. x '02 mm., '03 mm. x '015 mm.) ; 
 bracts 1*2 mm. high x I'G mm. broad; perianth 1*2 mm. high 
 X 1'5 mm. broad; cilia at the mouth from '3 mm, to "6 mm. 
 long ; pistillidia '22 mm. long x '05 mm. broad. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in woods and shady places, chiefly subalpine, 
 on rocks in dense compact tufts, or creeping amongst mosses, 
 when it is remarkably flagelliferous. Moderately rare. 
 
 1. Carn Galva ; Carn Brea, Redruth, 1J\ Curnow (as F. fri- 
 denficulafa in Report and Trans. Penzance N. H. & A. Soc. 
 1881-2). 7. Barmouth; Dolgelly ; Tyn-y-Groes, Merioneth- 
 shire, Dr. Carrington, G. A. Holt, IF. H. P. Snowdon District, 
 Carnarvonshire, G. E. IJavies, E. M. Hohws. 10. Wensleydale, 
 Br. F. A. Lees. 12. Borrowdale, Dr. Carrington §• W. H. P. 
 13. Glenlaggan Hill, Parton ; Burnfoot Hill, New Galloway, 
 /. McA7idrew. 15. Bowling, A. McKinlag. IG. Moidart, West 
 Inverness, common and very variable, on tree stems and rocky 
 banks, ascending to 2500 ft., S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Abundant in Co. Kerry, especially in the Killarney Woods, 
 but not common in the northern or eastern counties ; Altedore 
 Glen, and at Seven Churches, Wicklow ; Glenad, Co. Leitrini, 
 Dr. D. Moore ; Killarney and the South-west, most abundant. 
 Dr. Carrington. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from PlagiochUa qnnulosa (Dicks.) by its 
 smaller size, more compact habit, darker colour, rounder leaves, 
 which are more transversely inserted, not decurrent, cells slightly 
 smaller, bracts broader proportionately, perianth shorter with 
 longer cilia ; it is also more flagelliferous. I do not rely much 
 upon the punctate character of the leaves, for there is little 
 difference to be observed in the cell structure of P. spinulosa and 
 P. punctata. 
 
280 HEPATIC^. 
 
 The lumen of the cells being clear and the thick walls and 
 angles of a brown colour, the leaves appear to be punctate, 
 bringing into prominence the feature which gives the name to 
 this plant. 
 
 It is more variable in size than P. spimdosa, often growing in 
 small dense pulvinate tufts, very closely entangled, about J inch 
 high. 
 
 Desi iiiPTiON OF Plate CXVII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem x 24 (Killarney. Dr. Carrington). 3, 4. 
 Upper leaves x 24 (original, Herb. Taylor). 5, 6. Lower leaves 
 X 24 (ditto). 7. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 8, 9. P>racts 
 X 24 (Killarney, Dr. Carrington). 10. Perianth x 24 (ditto). 
 11. Pistillidium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 6. Plagiochila tridenticulata, Taj/l. 
 
 Jungermania sjnnidosa, var. tridenticulata, Hook. Brit. Jung. p. 9, t. xiv. ft". 9, 
 
 10 (1816)?. 
 Radida cornicidata, Dum. Syll. Jung. p. 13 (1831)?. 
 Plagiochila cornicidata, Dvim. Recueil, p. 15 (1835)?. 
 Plagiochila tridenticidafa, Dura. Recueil, p. 15 (1835)?. 
 Plagiochila tridenticulata, Taylor in G.L.IS". Syn. Hep. p. 26 (1844). 
 
 Dioicous, densely csespitose or rarely creeping, small, of a 
 dark indigo-green colour, when dry almost black. Stems filiform, 
 flexuose, dark brown, erect, ramose, branches lateral ; radiculose, 
 rootlets dull white, ascending almost to apex of the stem. Leaves 
 obliquely inserted, patent to divergent-patent, 60° (fronj 50° to 
 70°), distant or approximate, alternate, oblong-ovate or cuneate- 
 ovate, from a narrow base, caducous, 2-3-lobulate, bifid or less 
 often trifid to about ^ or ^, sinus rounded or acute, segments 
 acute or apiculate, margin entire ; texture somewhat firm, cells 
 small, roundish, lumen clear, walls thick, angles thickened and 
 pale brown, no trigones. Stipules wanting or rudimentary. 
 Perigonial bracts middle or end of the stem, 3-5 pairs, closely 
 imbricated, more erect, semi-amplexicaul, ventricose at the base, 
 ovate, trifid ; antheridia spherical. 
 
 Female plants not seen. 
 
1' LAG IOC in LA. 281 
 
 DiMKNSioNs. — Stems J to 1 incli lon^-, diam. "L mm., with 
 leaves T mm. wide; leaves '8 mm. x '4 mm., segments '3 mm., 
 "7 mm. X '3 mm., seg. 2 mm., "05 mm. x "4 mm., seg. "3 mm.; 
 cells '03 mm., "02 mm., '0175 mm., -015 mm. ; cell-walls '01 mm. ; 
 perigonial bra(;ts 7 mm. x *55 mm., seg. '2 mm. ; autlieridia 
 •1 mm. 
 
 H.\B. — Growing on rocks or trees in shady places. Rare. 
 7. Tyn-y-Groes, Alerionethshire, C. J. Wild, G. A. Holt, Dr. Car- 
 rington, W. 11. P. ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire, JF. Wilson, E. George; 
 Aber, Carnarvonshire, W. Wikon ; Lhinberis, Carnarvonshire, 
 W. II P.- 12. Keswick, C. Lyell, 1812 ; Br. Carriu(jUni $• W. II. P., 
 1884. 13. New Galloway, /. McAndreio. IG. Moidart, West 
 Inverness, S. M. Macvlcar 8f W. II. P. ; Scotland, W. Wilson. 
 South of Ireland, I)r. Taylor, and others. Bantry, Glengariti'e, 
 Killarney, &c. 
 
 The Play, tridcniicidata, Tayl., reported as collected in Corn- 
 wall by the late Wra. Curnow, belongs to another species. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from Playiochilu i^anctata, Tayl., by its 
 smaller size, compact habit, darker colour, oblong-ovate, cuneate 
 leaves, which are only bifid or trifid, and which when dry easily 
 fall off, leaving only the naked stem. 
 
 When dry it turns almost black, and is then at once distin- 
 guished from any of the other PlayiochilcE. 
 
 It is very doubtful whether Hooker's J/fny. spimdo-sa, var. 
 fridoilicidata, is this species ; the figures given in his " lirit. 
 Jung." certainly do not represent it. 
 
 Playiocltila Iridenficidata, Dum. Recueil 1835, and Playiocliila 
 corniculata, Dum. Recueil 1835, are both founded on Hooker's 
 Jiniy. .splniflom, var. tridcniicidata, wdiicli probaljly is not the same 
 as Taylor's species. Dr. Spruce remarked in a letter, " the specific 
 name is not a very happy one, for * denticulata' means only rudi- 
 mentarily toothed, whereas the leaves of tliis plant are decidedly 
 2-3-lobulate." 
 
 Dkscuiption of Platk CXVIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Plant X 24(Tyn-y-Groes, North Wales, W. II. P.). 3. Portion 
 of stem X 24 (ditto). 4. Leaf x )i'o (ditto). 5. Portion of 
 
282 HEFATICjS. 
 
 leaf X 290 (ditto). 6, 7. Perigonial bracts x 24 (ditto). 
 8. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 7. Plagiochila exigua, Tai/1. 
 
 Jungermania exigua, Tayl. in Trans, Bot. Soc. Ed. 1, p. 179 (1843). 
 Plagiochila exigua, Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. v. p. 264, n. 14 (1846). 
 
 Csespitose or creeping upon other larger species, very small, of 
 a light green to olive-brown colour. Stems ascending or procum- 
 bent, slightly radiculose up to the apex, rootlets dull white, pro- 
 ceeding from the postical side of the stem below the stipules, in 
 small fascicules ; filiform, cortical cells oblong-quadrate, about 10. 
 Leaves obliquely inserted, slightly decurrent antically, patent to 
 patent-divergent, 55°, alternate, remote, but forming small capitula 
 at the apex of the stem, caducous, roundish obovate, obovate, or 
 cuneate, from a narrow base, margin quite entire, bifid from about 
 ^ to J, sinus rounded, segments acute or obtusate ; texture delicate, 
 cells very small to small, subquadrate, lumen clear, walls thick, 
 angles thickened, no trigones. Stipules evident, persistent, subu- 
 late, entire, 5-7 single cells long. Neither male nor female yet 
 seen. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to |^ inch long, diam. -1 mm., with 
 leaves 75 mm. wide ; leaves "5 mm. x "3 mm., segments "175 mm., 
 •4 mm. X 'S mm., seg. '15 mm., "35 mm. x -25 mm., seg. '1 mm., 
 "275 mm. x '175 mm., seg. "1 ram., '5 mm. x "45 mm., seg. 
 '175 mm., -4 mm. x -3 mm., seg. '15 mm., '35 mm. x "25 mm., 
 seg. '1 mm. ; cells "025 mm. x -0175 mm., '02 mm. x -0175 mm., 
 •0175 mm. x -015 mm. ; stipules -175 mm. x '03 mm. wide at the 
 base. 
 
 Hab. — Epiphytic on tufts of Frullania, Badula, &c. ; about the 
 bases of moss-covered trees at Cromaglown and Killarney, Br. 
 Taylor. On wet rocks, Knockavoila and Dunkerron, Br. Taylor. 
 Tore Mountain, on Frullania Tamarisci, Br. Taylor. Killarney, 
 Br. Carrington. Glengariffe, Br. Carrinyton. O'Sulli van's Cas- 
 cade and Grlena, Br. Moore. Adrigole, near Glengariffe, Bev. C. 
 H. Binstead, 
 
J'LAdlOCHlLA. 283 
 
 Extremely rare, no otlier stations known. 
 
 Obs. — This very rare and minute species, about which many 
 botanists have had their doubts, has generally been referred to 
 the genus Plnf/iochila ; the constant presence of stipules along the 
 length of the whole stem, which remain, whilst the leaves fall oif, 
 and its peculiar habit, lead me to conjecture that it may belong 
 to some other genus, but until more perfect plants are found I 
 place it with the Plagiochila. 
 
 Shortly before the lamented death of Dr. Spruce, I had some 
 correspondence with him about this plant. He had specimens of 
 what I considered small flagelliferous forms oi Flagiochila punctata 
 under this name, and his opinion was, that my plant (which 
 is an original specimen from Taylor) and the one collected by 
 Dr. Carrington was a new species. As the specimen I have fairly 
 agrees with Taylor's description, I have no desire to further 
 complicate this subject, and I name it P. exigua, Tayl., and 
 refer other small forms which do not agree with Taylor's specimen 
 to either P. punctata or P. spinulosa. Amongst these are to be 
 placed specimens published in C. & P. Hep. Brit. Ex. n. 15, 
 which were doubtfully referred to P. exigua. 
 
 Dr. Carrington described and figured P. exigua with stipules 
 sometimes acutely bidentate ; in the fine specimens from Dr. 
 Taylor I have only been able to observe long, entire subulate 
 ones. Small, flagelliferous forms of Plag. punctata or Plag. 
 spinulosa are likely to be mistaken for it, but they are at once 
 distinguished by the absence of the long, subulate stipules. 
 The leaves having a very narrow base become easily detached 
 from the stem. A similar feature also has Plag. tridenticulata, 
 Tayl., which is a more robust species, of a darker colour, with 
 longer, sometimes trifid leaves, cells larger, and in this also the 
 numerous long stipules are absent. 
 
 Description of Plate CXIX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Stem, antical view x 24. 3-9. Leaves x 85. 10. Portion 
 of leaf X 290. 11-13. Stipules x 85. (Original specimens from 
 Dr. Taylor, Cromaglowu, Ireland.) 
 
284 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Genus 29. LIOCHL-ffiNA, Nees. 
 
 Jungermania, L. Sp. pi. 1 ed., 2, p. 1597 (1753) ; Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 28 
 
 (1816). 
 Liochlcena, Nees in G.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 150 (1844). 
 Aplozia, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 58 (1874). 
 
 Stems prostrate, with rootlets very long, pale or reddish, 
 slightly (laterally) branched, rarely flagelliferous. Leaves ovate- 
 oblong, sublingulate, apex rotundate or retuse, very rarely sub- 
 emarginate, slightly decurved, antical base shortly decurrent, 
 very slightly recurved ; reticulation somewhat lax, subopaque. 
 Stipules absent. Inflorescence dioicous or paroicous. Female 
 flowers terminal. Bracts $ 1-2 pairs, similar to the leaves only 
 broader. Pistillidia 5-12. Perianth at first pyriform, afterwards 
 cylindrical, incurved, eplicate, apex abruptly rotundato-constricted, 
 mouth minutely ciliolate. Capsule highly exserted, dividing 
 down to the base into 4 valves, composed of two layers, inner 
 layer with semi-annular fibres. Elaters attached to the middle of 
 the valves, bispiral. Spores globose, minute, as broad as the 
 elaters. Perigonial bracts similar to the leaves, antical base turgid. 
 Antheridia 2-4. 
 
 liiochlaena lanceolata (Z.), JVces. 
 
 Jungermania 2yalust7'is minima rejiensfoliis suhrotundis densissimis Icete virentihus, 
 
 Mich. Nov. pi. gen., p. 8, tab. 5, fig. 6 (1729). 
 Jungermania lanceolata, Linn. Sp. pi. 1 ed., 1597 (l75o) ; Hook. Brit. Jung. 
 
 t. 28 (1816). 
 Liochloina lanceolata, Nees in G.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 150 (1844). 
 
 Paroicous or monoicous, ^ flowers usually immediately below 
 the ? bracts, sometimes on proper branches which proceed from 
 below the perianth, densely ceespitose, small, pale or dark green 
 to a greenish-brown in colour. Stems dark brown, 30 cortical 
 cells, slightly darker than the inner ones, of equal size, about 12 
 in diameter, inner very clear, vacuous, walls thin but firm, dark ; 
 procumbent or suberect, simple or slightly ramose, branches 
 lateral, produced at right angles or ascending ; radiculose, rootlets 
 
LIOCHLJ^jNA. 285 
 
 brownish-white, strong, long, ascending to apex of the stem. 
 Leaves close, horizontal or patent-divergent, obliquely inserted, 
 often projecting anticnlly from the stem, slightly decurrent at the 
 antical and postical base, oblong-oval or oblong-obovate, entire ; 
 texture somewhat thin, epidermis smooth, cells roundish, near the 
 base elongate, lumen pellucid, with few chlorophyllose granules, 
 walls somewhat thin, two bands, trigones distinct. No stipules. 
 Bracts similar to leaves only a little larger and a trifle broader. 
 Bracteole absent. Perianth terminal, erect, somewhat curved, 
 composed of one layer of cells, similar to leaf-cells, but more 
 elongate, clavate-cylindrical, smooth, apex depressed, plane, mouth 
 very small, contracted, conical, cells delicate, hyaline, witli thin 
 walls, elongate-quadrate, about 20 rows, margin crenulate. Pistil- 
 lidia few, about 7, surrounding base of immature capsule. Calyptra 
 delicate, composed of one layer of cells. Capsule oval, spores 
 yellovvisli-brown. Perigonial bracts slightly lobulate, saccate ; 
 antheridia 2-3, spherical, bearers short, composed of 4 rows of 
 cells. 
 
 Fruits spring. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from ^ io ^ inch long, "4 mm. diam. ; 
 leaves 2- mm. long x 1*2 mm. broad, 1"5 mm. x l* mm., 1-4 mm. 
 X '8 mm. ; cells "05 mm. x "03 mm., '04 mm. x -03 mm., '03 mm. x 
 "03 mm., '02 mm. x "02 mm. ; trigones "01 mm. ; bracts 2" mm. x 
 1'25 mm., 1'75 mm. x 1*25 mm. ; perianth 3"2 mm. long x 1'5 mm. 
 broad, 2-5 mm. x 1-25 mm. ; pistillidia IQ mm. long x '04 mm. 
 broad ; antheridia '2 mm. diam. 
 
 Hab. — Grrows in small dense patches in woods or moist shady 
 places, or on banks of streams on claj^ey or gravelly soil, on stones 
 and rocks or at the base of trees. Very rare. 
 
 2. Tunbridge Wells, Sussex, IF. Borrer, E. M. Holmes. 10. 
 Cronkley Gill, Eskdale, Yorks, Dr. Spruce; Arncliffe Wood, 
 Eskdale, Yorks, J/. B. Slater. 12. Mill Beck Stock, Rayrigg 
 Wood, Windermere, Westmorland, G. Stabler. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 Obs. — Hooker figured and described this species from Con- 
 tinental specimens; it was first described from British specimens 
 
286 HEPATIC^. 
 
 iii"Eng. Bot. Suppl."tab. 2947 (Oct. 1, 1848) by Dr. Spruce, 
 who discovered it in Eskdale, December 1842. 
 
 Distinguished from Jun^. pumila, With, and Jung. .sjjJiarocarjja, 
 Hook., which are both paroicous, by the insertion and shape of 
 leaves and clavate perianth ; some forms of Jun(/. rijKiria, 
 Tayl. might be taken for lanceolafa, but riparia is always 
 dioicous. 
 
 Description of Plate CXX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 '2. Portion of fertile stem x 11 (C. & P. n. 170). 3, 4. Leaves 
 X 16 (ditto). 5-7. Leaves x 24 (Canada, Macoun). 8. Portion 
 of leaf X 290 (C. & P. n. 170). 9, 10. Bracts x 24 (Canada, 
 Macoun). 11. Cross-section of perianth near the middle x 24 
 (ditto). 12. Apex of perianth x 16 (ditto). 13. Portion of 
 the mouth of the perianth x 85 (ditto), 14. Pistilliclium x 85 
 (ditto). 15,16. Perigonial bracts x 16 (ditto). 17. Antheridium 
 X 85 (ditto). 
 
 aenus 30. JAMESONIELLA, Spruce. 
 Jamesoniella, Spruce, Journ. of Bot. (1876). 
 
 Large, showy, csespitose, rosy or pale. Stems often suberect, 
 sparingly and fastigiately branched, flagelliferous, circinnate ; 
 branches postico-lateral. Leaves large, alternate, succubous, 
 laterally appressed, decumbent, remarkably decurrent at the base, 
 insertion oblique, very concave, quite entire or very distantly 
 ciliate or denticulate ; cells small or minute, semipellucid, beauti- 
 fully thickened at the angles. Stipules none or very rare and 
 minute, except near the involucre. Inflorescence dioicous ; ? 
 flowers terminal, with innovations below ; bracts and interposed 
 bracteole much laciniated. Perianth more or less projecting 
 beyond the bracts, towards the apex 6-10-plicate, mouth scarcely 
 denticulate. Capsule, &c., not seen. $ cauline, very often 
 terminal, perigonial bracts equalling the leaves, 2-3 androus. 
 
JAMESONIELLA. 287 
 
 Jamesoniella Carringtoni {Balf\ Spruce. 
 
 Adelanthus Carringtoni, Balf. MSS. Carr. in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. p. 378 
 
 (1870). 
 Nardia Carringtoni, Carr. Brit. Hep. p. 27 (1874-0). 
 N'ardia comjjreasa, var. Carringtoni, Lindb. in Hep. Hibern. in Act. S )c. Sc, Fenn. 
 
 (1875). 
 Jamesoniella Caii'ingioni (Balf.), Spruce, Journ. of Bot. (187G). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, flagelliferous, largish to very large, pale 
 or olive green in colour. Stems procumbent or suberect, simple or 
 innovantly branched, branches postical-lateral, rootlets slender, 
 few, whitish, fasciculate ; firm, flexuose, brownish colour, apex more 
 or less circinnate. Leaves alternate, succubous, laterally appressed, 
 obliquely inserted, secund, very concave, imbricate, regular, lower 
 ones minute, distant, subrotund or cuneate ; obliquely orbicular 
 or reniform, antical base very decurrent, postical semicordate, 
 ampliate, abruptly and very narrowly decurrent, margin entire or 
 furnished with few large teeth, 1-6 ; epidermis polished, texture 
 firm, subpellucid, little altered when dry, cells from very small to 
 medium size, roundish, walls thick, trigones distinct, angles 
 thickened. Stipules absent or rudimentary, towards apex of stem 
 or branches, very minute, sublinear, muchnarrow^er than the stem, 
 appressed ; to about the middle or base unequally or equally 
 divided, segments subulate. Androecia at apex of stem or branch 
 or on lateral branches, spicate, perigonial bracts 6-10 pairs, a 
 little smaller, turgid, antical lobule narrow ; antheridia at base 
 solitary (2-3, Dr. C), spherical, mixed with paraphyses. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 2 to 4 inches long, diam. "2 mm., with 
 leaves 1*5 mm. to 175 mm. wide; leaves 1'5 mm, high from the 
 decurrent base x 1"4 mm. broad, 1*3 ram. x 1*3 mm., 1"2 mm. 
 
 X 1*4 mm.; teeth "125 mm. long; cells "035 mm., '03 mm., 
 '0225 mm., "02 mm. ; cell- walls '0075 mm. ; trigones "01 mm. ; 
 stipule 2 mm. long x '05 mm. broad at base; antheridia '14 mm. 
 
 X -12 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on wet rocks and damp rocky ledges in alpine 
 districts in Scotland. Very rare. 
 
288 HEPATIC^. 
 
 15. On rocks above Loch Avon, Dr. GreviUe, 1830; A. Croall 
 1850; G. Stabler. Ben Lawers, Br. Stirfon, 1866. Ben Voilich, 
 Dr. Stirto7i, 1869. Ben Laoigli, C. J. Wild Sf G. A. Holt, 1880. 
 16. Loch Maree, C. Howie, 1867. Glen Finnan, Dr. Carrington. 
 Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macmcar, 1898 ; 8. M. Macvicar 
 8r IF. H P., 1899. Faroe Isles. 
 
 Obs. — This very fine, rare, and beautiful species was first 
 recognised as distinct by Dr. Stirton, who named it in his MSS. 
 Alicularia viridis. 
 
 Prof. Balfour publislied it as Adelaniluis Carringtoni in the 
 Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. 1870, and I am glad that the memory of 
 my dear friend sliould be associated with such an unique British 
 species. 
 
 From Nardia covipressa (Hook.), to which it has even been 
 relegated, as a variety, by Prof. Lindberg, it is at once and readily 
 distinguished by its beautiful cell structure. In N. compressa the 
 cells are more quadrate, with thin walls and small trigones ; the 
 leaves also are nearly plane, appressed to each other, texture more 
 delicate, epidermis not polished, and it has a terminal immersed 
 perianth. 
 
 Description of Plate CXXI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size 
 
 2. Portion of stem x 16 (C. & P. n. 233, and following figures). 
 
 3, 4. Leaves x 24. 5. Leaf with teeth x 24. 6. Leaf x 16. 
 7. Portion of leaf margin x 85. 8. Portion of leaf x 290. 
 9. Stipule X 85. 10. Antheridium. 
 
 Genus 31. JUNGERMANIA, L. 
 
 L. Sp. pi. 1131 (1753); Dum. Recueil, p. 16 (1835). 
 
 Plants medium size, rarely very large. Stems simple or 
 furcate, in a few species repeatedly dichotomous, in several 
 vaguely ramose, branches (few) lateral, proceeding from the 
 postical angle of the leaves, true postical branches none or very 
 rare, but rooting fliagella present in some species. Rootlets 
 usually pale, in the prostrate species plentiful, in the caespitoso- 
 
JUNGERMANIA. 289 
 
 erect species few or almost wanting. Leaves succubous, rarely 
 subtransverse, patent, assurgent or laterally accumbent, mode- 
 rately broad, in several species entire, in others bilobed, in a few 
 3-5 lobate or dentate ; margin plane or incurved, never recurved, 
 almost always quite entire, rarely denticulate ; cells medium size, 
 rarely small. Stipules usually absent, where present more or less 
 small, entire or bifid, rarely subquadrifid. Inflorescence dioicous 
 or paroicous; female flowers terminal, fertile rarely innovant, 
 sterile frequently present on subfloral innovations. Bracts $, 
 rarely more than 2-pairs, somewhat similar to the leaves or more 
 incised, free from the perianth, sometimes connate with themselves. 
 Pistillidia numerous (8-70). Perianth usually emersed, slightly 
 compressed laterally, rarely all ecarinate, almost always (at least 
 above) 3-10-carinate, smooth, rarely rough, never winged; mouth 
 usually small, quite entire or denticulate, rarel}^ ciliate, sometimes 
 tubular, sometimes at first closed, afterwards rupturing into lobes, 
 very rarely bursting on one side. Calyptra pja'iform or oval, 
 delicate, or only towards the base slightly carnose, where are the 
 free sterile pistillidia. Capsule highly (rarely shortly) exserted, 
 globose or oblong, rarely cylindrical, 2-5 layers of cells, 4-valved, 
 valves rarely bifid. Elaters bispiral. Spores minute, smooth or 
 scaberulous. 
 
 Subgenus I. APLOZIA, Dim. 
 
 Jungermcmia, sect. Ajilozia, Dum. Syll. Jung. Eur. p. 47 (1831). 
 Aplozia, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 55 (1S74); Schiftner, Engl, and Prantl. Pfl. Fam. 
 p. 82 (1893). 
 
 Dioicous, paroicous or monoicous, caespitose, small to medium 
 in size, green, brown or reddish-brown in colour. Stems creeping 
 or erect, determinate, simple or slightly branched, often with one 
 or two innovations proceeding from below the perianth ; usually 
 radiculose. Leaves succubous, orbicular or ovate, entire or rarely 
 retuse. Stipules absent (except in J. nuf/rnnialis). Bracts simihir 
 to leaves (except in /. anf/zmnnli-s). Perianth terminal, 3-5, very 
 rarely 6 and 7 keeled. 
 
290 HEFATIC^E. 
 
 1. Jungermania cordifolia, Hooker. 
 
 Jungermania cordifolia, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 32 (1810). 
 
 Jungermania tersa, Nees Nat. Eur. Leb. 1, p. 329 (1833), fide letter from 
 
 Dr. Gottsche to Dr. Spruce. 
 A]jilozia cordifolia, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 50 (1874). 
 
 Dioicous, laxly casspitose, flag-ella absent, large, dark olive- 
 green in colour, when young pa]e recldish-brown. Stems simple 
 or dicliotomously branched, branches lateral-subpostical {^rising 
 Irum the postical aspect of the leaf axil, often several (3-6) arising 
 from the base of old bracts, suberect or floating, lax, oval on cross- 
 section, 12 cells X 20, cortical cells 40, similar to the inner, 
 hyaline, walls thin, firm, dark-brown ; rootlets absent. Leaves 
 transversely inserted, succubous, decurrent antically, slightly so 
 postically, suberect, subinibricate or approximate, accrescent, sub- 
 opposite near apex, close, lower smaller, alternate, distant, cordate 
 or ovate-oblong, sheathing, amplexicaul ; texture flaccid; cells 
 smallish to medium in size, 4-, 5- and 6-sided, lumen with 
 numerous chlorophyl granules, walls firm, thick, reddish-brown, 
 no trigones or thickened angles. No stipules. Bracts similar to 
 the upper leaves, sub-vertical, ventricose-concave. No bracteole. 
 Perianth almost hidden by the bracts, projecting only about J, 
 fusiform, acute, very slightly plicate near the apex, near the base 
 composed of 3 layers of cells, lower half of 2, upper half of 1 
 only, interior layer of cells convex ; mouth contracted, very small, 
 laciniate, lacinise entire. Perigonial bracts swollen near the base ; 
 antheridia two in each bract, oval. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from 1 to 4 inches long, "3 mm. to "4 
 mm. diam. ; leaves 2-25 mm. long x 2-25 mm. broad, 2" mm. x 
 175 mm., 1-75 mm. x 1'3 mm., 1'6 mm. x 1-3 mm., 1*5 mm. x 
 1-25 mm.; cells '035 mm. x -025 mm., -025 mm., -02 mm.; 
 perianth 4*5 mm. long x 1-25 mm. broad; young perianth 
 2'25 mm. x 75 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in large patches on rocks and earth by the 
 side of mountain rills, often submerged in the water. Somewhat 
 rare. 
 
JUNGERMANIA. 291 
 
 7. Cwm Idwal, Carnarvonshire, IF. 11. P. 9. Longridge Fell, 
 J. A. Wheldon ; Udale, Jnehh?^ S^' A. Wihon ; EasegiU Kirk, West 
 Lane., A. JFikojL 10. Hovvgill Fells, 7Jr. F. A. Lcch. White- 
 side, Br. F. A. Lce.s. Ingleboro, Joint Nowell. Ingleton, Dr. 
 Carriiigton. Clapliam, W. West. Penyghent, W. West. Middles- 
 more, W. West. Teesdale, Br. Spruce. 12. Plentiful in small 
 streamlets among the mountains in Westmorland, Nan Bield, 
 Mardale ; Hill Bell ; Merke Side ; Middleton Fell; Barbon Fell; 
 Long Sleddale, Westmorland, G. Staljler. 13. Dalveen Scott^ 
 Criffel, Cndckshank. Blackhope Glen, Nichol. 15. Ben Lawers, 
 G. A. Holt. Forfar, C. Li/eU. Mael Tarmachan, C. J. Wild. 
 
 I. Bather rare in Ireland. Mangerton, in the stream from 
 the Punch Bowl, Br. Taijlor. Coomashana Lake, Br. Car- 
 rington. Brandon, Br. B. Moore. Maghanabo Glen, Co. Kerry, 
 D. McArdle. Cushinden, Co. Antrim, Br. B. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — This is very distinct, and cannot well be confused with 
 any of the allied species ; small forms of it have been mistaken 
 for Jtfn(/. riparia, Tayl. (and Juntj. tersa, Nees, which, is a mixture 
 of both), but it is distinguished by the absence of rootlets and 
 flagella, the more distinctly cordate-shaped leaves, the transverse 
 insertion of them, and the almost hidden fusiform perianth. 
 
 When fresh it smells strongly like Baucns Carota. 
 
 Description of Plate CXXII. — Figs. 1 and 2. Plants 
 natural size. 3. Fertile stem x 16 (C. & P. 27). 4-7. Leaves 
 X 16 (ditto). 8. Leaf x 11 (Penyghent, West.). 9. Portion 
 of leaf X 290 (C. & P. 27). 10. Perianth x 11 (Penyghent, 
 West.). 11. Cross-section of perianth from near the middle x 
 11 (ditto). 
 
292 HEPATIC^. 
 
 2. Jungermania pumila, Withering. 
 
 Ju7igernmnia jwniila, Wither. Brit. Fl. p. 866 (1776); Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 17 
 
 (1816). 
 Aplozia pumila, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 50 (1874). 
 
 Paroicous, csespitose, small olive-green colour. Stem simple 
 or branched, creeping or suberect, no flagella ; radiculose, rootlets 
 thick, frequent; branches lateral-subpostical, arising from the 
 postical side of the leaf- axil, or proceeding from the base of 
 perianth. Leaves succubous, upper imbricate, sheathing com- 
 plicate, concave, erecto-patent or patent, lower alternate, spreading, 
 approximate, obliquely inserted, horizontal or patent-divergent, 
 ovate, oval or oblong-oval ; texture delicate, epidermis smooth ; 
 cells 4-, 5- and 6-sided, quadrate or elongate, walls delicate, com- 
 posed of two bands, no trigones or thickened angles. 'No stipules. 
 Bracts similar to the upper leaves, only larger and swollen at the 
 base, where the antheridia are. No bracteole. Perianth pro- 
 jecting about § beyond the bracts, composed of a single layer of 
 cells, about 120 round the middle, fusiform, acute, mouth very 
 small with few delicate teeth or subentire, upper portion antically 
 obtusely 2-plicate with a narrow fold between the folds. Calyptra 
 extremely delicate. Capsule oval, dark brown, spores pale golden- 
 brown, elaters the same, bispiral, 12 turns of the spiral. Peri- 
 gonial bracts immediately below the perianth, 2 or 3 pairs ; anthe- 
 ridia oval, 1 or 2 at the swollen base. 
 
 Fruits May, June. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to |- inch long, diam. -1 mm, to 15 mm. ; 
 leaves 1* mm. long x '75 mm. broad, '9 mm. x •? mm., -9 mm. x 
 "6 mm,, '8 mm. x '55 mm. ; cells "05 mm. x 02 mm., "04 mm. x 
 *025 mm., '035 mm. x "03 mm., -03 mm. x '03 mm., '03 mm. x 
 •02 mm. ; bracts 1'5 mm. long x 1' mm. broad, 1'5 mm. x "8 mm., 
 1*25 mm. x 75 mm. ; perianth 2*25 ram. long x '6 mm. broad, 
 1"75 mm. X '65 mm. ; pedicel "l mm. thick ; capsule '75 mm. x 
 '5 mm. ; valves '75 mm. x '25 mm. ; spores "025 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on wet rocks and earth by streams. Some- 
 what rare. 
 
JUNGEBMANIA. 293 
 
 1. Helston, Reo. C. A. Johns. Riverside, Truro, IF. Curnow. 
 3. Hungershall Rocks, Kent, Jenner. 6, 7. Tyn-y-Groes, Dr. 
 Carrington 8f JF. H. P. Barmouth, Merionethshire, W. 11. P. 
 Pass of Llanberis, Carnarvonsliire, /. (kish Sf IF. II. P. Cwm 
 Idwal, Carnarvonshire, GrtJ/Uks. 10. Howgill, JF. TFest. Dent, 
 G. Stabler. Clapham, Dr. Car ring ton. Bolton Woods, Dr. Car- 
 rington ^' IF. LI. P. Todmorden, A. Stansjield. Studley, Dr. 
 Hooker. 12. On damp rocks by River Kent, Kentmere ; Black 
 Crag ; by Biver Lune, Sedbergh ; Groom Grhyll ; Barbon Fell, 
 ^estmov\^x\&, G. Stabler. 13. Glenlee Grlen, &c., New Galloway, 
 /. Mc Andrew. Moffat, Dumfries, Nichol. Dalscairth, Dumfries, 
 Crtdchhank. 15. Killin, Perthshire, G. A. Holt. 16. Very 
 common on rocks by the side of streams ; frequent on wet banks, 
 Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. On rocks at the side of streams and rivers, not rare. Dr. 
 Taylor. Glen near the Hunting Tower, Cromaglown, Dr. Car- 
 ringfon. Connor Hill, Brandon, Co. Kerry, Dr. D. Moore. Loch 
 Bray, Co. Wicklow, Dr. D. Moore. Grlenad, Co. Leitrim, Dr. D. 
 Moore. Ballyhaise Wood, Co. Cavan, D. McArdle. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from small forms oi Jtingennania riparla, 
 Tayl., with which it is most commonly mistaken, by its 
 paroicous inflorescence, absence of flagella, and its narrower 
 perianth. 
 
 Description of Plate CXXIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Fertile stem x 24. 3. Portion of stem x 24. 4-G. Leaves 
 X 24. 7. Portion of leaf x 290. 8. Bract x 24. Perianth 
 with bracts and upper leaves x 24 (Tyn-y-(iroes, North Wales, 
 Dr. Carrington & W. H. P.). 
 
294 HEPATIC^E. 
 
 3. Jungermania riparia, Taylor. 
 
 Jimgermania riparia, Tayl. Ann. and Mag. Nat. ' Hist. August (1843). Spruce 
 
 in Phyt. March (1843). 
 Jimgermania tristis, Nees Nat. Eur. Leb. 11, p. 461 (1836). 
 Jimgermania j)umila, var. notha. G. et R. n, 396. 
 Aplozia tristis, Dum, Hep. Eur, p. 63 (1874). 
 Aplozia rijmria, Dum, Hep. Eur. p. 65 (1874). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, flagelliferous, small, pale to clarK olive- 
 green colour. Stems creeping or suberect, simple or branched, 
 flagella frequent, postical, branches lateral-subpostical, arising 
 from the postical side of the leaf axil, or frequently from base of 
 perianth ; radiculose, rootlets ascending to apex of stem, whitish, 
 somewhat thick. Leaves imbricate or approximate, alternate^ 
 obliquely inserted, horizontal, spreading, broadly ovate, oval, 
 oblong-ovate or orbicular ; whtre the branches arise the leaves are 
 sometimes (but very rarely) small, and acutely bifid, on sterile 
 stems decreasing in size towards the base and apex ; texture some- 
 what delicate, cells smallish to medium size, 4-, 5- and 6-sided, 
 quadrate or elongate, walls firm, no trigones or thickened angles. 
 Stipules absent. Bracts similar to leaves, usually broadly ovate, 
 spreading. No bracteole. Perianth projecting about f beyond 
 the bracts, fusiform or oblong-ovate, below smooth, slightly 
 frontally compressed, with a somewhat deep, antical furrow, 
 bordered by two distinct folds, near apex with from 5 to 8 folds, 
 mouth contracted, laciniate. Perigonial stems small, perigonial 
 bracts at the middle or terminal, erect, imbricate, complicate, 
 ventricose, smaller but proportionately broader than the stem 
 leaves ; antheridia oval, single. 
 
 Dimensions, — Sten;is from |^ to 1 inch long, '1 mm,, '15 mm,, 
 •2 mn), diam. ; leaves 1'3 mm. long x 1"2 mm. broad, 1'2 mm, 
 X I'l mm., ri mm. x 7 mm., 9 mm. x 7 mm., "8 mm. x ■7mm. ; 
 cells "04 mm. x "025 mm., '04 mm. x '02 mm,, '03 mm, x "025 mm., 
 •025 mm. X '02 mm,; bracts 1'5 mm, x 1'25 mm., I'i mm. 
 X 1"5 mm.; perianth 2*4 mm, long x '75 mm. broad, "2 mm, 
 x 75 mm., 175 mm, x 75 mm. ; perigonial bract "8 mm. long 
 
JUNGEBMANIA. 295 
 
 X "7 mm. broad, '8 mm. x "6 mm. ; antlieridia '125 mm. x 
 •1 mm. 
 
 ' Hab. — Growing in depre.ssed tufts on wet or damp rocks by 
 the side of streams and in shady places. Somewhat rare, more 
 frequent in limestone districts. 
 
 1. Near St. Ives, West Cornwall, /¥zY/ey^ §^ C/«5/v/ow. 5. Boulder 
 near Seckley Wood ; Stream near Flash ; Dove Dale, Staffordshire, 
 /. E. Bagnall. 7. Glyder Vawr, Carnarvonshire, W. H. P. Tyn-y- 
 Groes, Merionethshire, Dr. Carnnyioii Sf W. H. P. 8. Miller's 
 Dale, Derbyshire, G. A. Hull. 9. Bamford Wood, Lane, G. A. Holt. 
 Marple, Cheshire, G. A. Holt. 10. Wharfdale, Dr. Sjrruce, 
 Dr. Carrincjton. Horton, /. Whitehead. Saltersgate Beck, 
 M.B. Slater. In^lehovo, IF. West. T>eiii,Dr. Carrui(/toii. Clap- 
 dale, Dr. Cairington. Ingleton, W. West, W. H. P. Gordale, 
 Dr. Carrington. Baildon, W. West. Sheddon Clough, /. Nowell. 
 
 12. Leven's Park ; on wet limestone rocks, Brightseer, Kentmere 
 Plantation. Whitbarrow, Westmorland, G. Stabler. Helvellyn, 
 Rev. C. H. Biusteacl. Patterdale, Westmorland, Dr. Carrington i^' 
 W. H. P. Borrowdale, Cumberland, Dr. Carrington Sf W. H. P. 
 
 13. The Glen; iTolme Glen, Kirkcudbright, ./. Mc Andrew. 
 15, 16. Common among wet rocks and sides of streams, ascends 
 to 1700 ft., Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Kerry, Dr. Taylor. Tore Cascade, Killarney, Dr. Carrington. 
 Brandon, Co. Kerry, Dr. D. Moore. Enniscona, Co, Cork, 
 /. Carroll. Loch Bray and near Woodenbridge, Co. Wicklow, 
 Dr. D. Moore. Benbulben, Co. Sligo, Dr. D. Moore. Eathliu 
 Island, S. A. Steivart. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — This is a species which assumes many forms, varying 
 extremely in size and in shape of leaves, the perianth varying also 
 according to its being more or less imperfect. Some of the acute 
 Continental botanists have attempted to separate and describe 
 some of the forms, but, from the study of an extensive collection, 
 I have come to the conclusion that all the differences of size and 
 shape depend upon locality onlj-. It is often confused with Janger- 
 niania jjuiiiilu, from which it is distinguished by being dioicous 
 
296 HEPATIGJS. 
 
 and the perianth proportionally wider; from small forms of Junger- 
 mania cordifoUa — see notes under the latter species. 
 
 Description of Plate CXXIV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Stem X 24 (Miller's Dale, W. H. P.). 3. Leaves x 24 
 (276, G. & Ft.). 4. Leaf (ditto). 5, 6. Leaves x 24 (Miller's 
 Dale, Gr. A. Holt). 7. Portion of leaf x 290 (Miller's Dale, 
 W. H. P.). 8. Bract x 24 (276, G. & P.). 9. Perianth x 24 
 (Miller's Dale, W. H. P.). 10. Perigonial stem x 24 (ditto). 
 IL Perigonial bract x 24 (Wharfdale, Herb. Slater). 12. Ditto 
 (Canada, Macoun). 13. Antheridia x 85 (ditto). 
 
 4. Jungermania sphaerocarpa, Hooker. 
 
 Jungermania s-phcerocarpa, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 74 (181G). 
 
 Jungermania Goulardii, Husn. Hep. Gall. n. 68 et Hepaticol. Gall. p. 20 (1881). 
 
 Aplozia sjjhKTOcarjxi, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 61 (1874). 
 
 Monoicous, rarely paroicous, csespitose, pale to yellowish-green 
 to brown in colour. Stems somewliat fleshy, simple or innovantly 
 branched, innovations arising from base of perianth, erect or 
 ascending ; radiculose, rootlets ascending to apex of stem, long, 
 whitish. Leaves succubous, regular, alternate, approximate, 
 obliquely inserted, slightly decurrent, embracing the stem, secund 
 or spreading, subhorizontal, orbicular or roundish, somewhat 
 slightly retuse, concave, plane or slightly undulate, lower leaves 
 distant and smaller ; texture somewhat fleshy, epidermis smooth ; 
 cells medium size, 5-, 6-sided, walls moderately thin, firm, trigones 
 distinct, marginal cells quadrate, distinct. Stipules none. Bracts 
 similar to the leaves. Bracteole none. Perianth often jDrojecting 
 far beyond the bracts, usuall}^ §, obovate or obovate-oblong, 
 sometimes with a long neck, composed of one layer of cells in the 
 upper portion, in the lower 2 cells thick, 4-angled, sometimes 
 with 5 or 6 angles. Pistillidia 7-10. Capsule spherical, some- 
 times slightly hypophysate. Spores brown. Elaters bispiral. 
 Perigonial bracts terminal on the innovant branches, 3 to 4 pairs, 
 small, oval ; antheridia oval, with long bearers, 1 or 2 at the base 
 of each bract. 
 
JUNGERMANIA. 297 
 
 Fruits March, April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |- to 1 inch long, '2 mm. to 3 mm. 
 diam. ; leaves r4 mm. long x r35 mm. broad ; cells 04 mm., 
 •025 mm. x '03 mm., '05 mm. x -025 mm., '02 mm. x '03 mm. ; 
 bracts T mm. x 9 mm., 9 mm. x '9 mm. ; perianth 2*5 mm. long 
 X 1-5 mm. broad, 2' mm. x 125 mm., 2' mm. x 1-mm., 175 mm. 
 X rmm. ; pistillidia -15 mm. long x -05 mm. broad; capsule 
 75 mm. x '65 mm. ; spores '02 mm. diain. ; perigonial bract 
 •8 mm. long x 7 mm. broad ; antheridia '15 mm. x -125 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on sandy or clayey damp banks or boggy 
 places. (Generally distributed. 
 
 1, 2. Cadnum Bog, New Forest, Hants, C. Lyell 3. North 
 Frith Wood, Kent, Uoiose. Joyden s Wood, near Bexley, Kent, 
 E. M. Holmes. 5. Seckley Wood; Arley Wood; Sherbrook 
 Valley, Staflfordshire, J. E. Bag nail . 7. Near Harlech, Merioneth- 
 shire, Br. Carrington 8f W. H. P. 9. Early Bank Wood, Staley- 
 bridge, Cheshire, 6^. A. Holt. Near Kemple End, J. A. IF/ieldon, 
 Hindburn, A. Wilson. Easegill, West Lane, /. A. Wheldon. 
 10. Penyghent, W. West. Spofforth, Br. F. A. Lees. Bingley, 
 W. West. Hareley Wood, Todmorden, John NoweU, G. A. Holt. 
 12, 13. New Galloway, /. McAndreiv. 
 
 I. On stones by the side of rivulets. Nr. Dublin, Dr. Tuijlor- 
 Kelly's Grlen, Dublin, Br. B. Moore. Lough Bray, Co. Wicklow, 
 Br. B. Moore. Tore Waterfall, Killarney, Br. Carrington. Glenad, 
 Co. Leitrim, Br. B. Moore. Hill of Howth, B. McArdle. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — Distini^uished from all the other British round-leaved 
 Jungermanice by the characters given, from Nardia ^^/^^^'(Schrad.) 
 and Nardia conqjressa (Hook.) by the absence of stipules and 
 bracteole, from Nardia hyalina (Lyell) and Nardia obovata (Nees) 
 by its free bracts and white rootlets, from Jitngermania cord/folia 
 Hook., Jimg. riparia Tayl., Jung, pinnila With, by its inflor- 
 escence and shape of leaves and perianth, from Jungcrmania 
 cremdata, var. graciUiina (Sm.) by its larger size, shape ot perianth, 
 &c. See further notes under var. lurida (Dum.). 
 
 Description or Plate CXXV.— Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 
298 HEFATICE. 
 
 2. Fertile stem x 16 (Scotland, Original, Hooker). 3. Ditto 
 (Sweden, Lindberg). 4. Ditto (Yorkshire, Mudd). 5 Leaf x 16 
 (Sweden, Lindberg). 6. Portion of leaf x 16 (Todmorden, 
 Nowell). 7, 8. Bracts x 24 (Todmorden, Dr. Carrington). 
 9. Perianth x 16 (Slogdale, Mudd). 10. Cross-section of perianth 
 X 16 (ditto). 11. Ditto (Bay sdale, Mudd). 12. Perigomal bract 
 X 24 (495, Gr. & E.) 13. xintheridium x 85 (ditto). 14. Juwjer- 
 mania Goulardii, Husn. x 16 (68, Husn. Hep. Gall.). 
 
 5. Jungermania sphserocarpa, Hook., var. lurida (Diim.). 
 
 tnia lurida, Dum. Syll. Jung. p. 50 (1831). 
 Jungermania nana, Nees Nat. Eur. Leb. 1, p. 317 (1833). 
 Aplozia lurida, Dura. Hep. Eur. p. 60 (1874). 
 
 Obs. — Dr. Spruce writes : ''Jungermania sjjharocarpa, Hook, 
 is a species I have gathered abundantly both in England and the 
 Pyrenees, but I have not had occasion to re-examine it for many 
 years. Now, I have gone over all my splicer ocarp a and lurida, 
 and utterly fail to find any specific distinction between them. 
 The former is larger and often lax-leaved ; the latter smaller and 
 with more crowded, more transverse, and proportionately wider 
 leaves ; but there is no essential difference. 
 
 " The Jungermania Goulardii, Husn. (of which you will have 
 specimens in his Exsiccata) had been previously gathered by 
 myself in exactly the same place — the ascent to the Gorge of 
 Esquierry in the Pyrenees. It is exactl}^ what we Britons should 
 call Jungermania sphcerocarpa, with rather broader leaves than 
 ordinary. 
 
 " Let us come to the conclusion of the matter, which is, I 
 presume, that /. lurida, or nana, should stand as /. sijlicerocarpa, 
 var. lurida. Other synonyms will doubtless be found in plenty 
 by those who hunt for them." 
 
 From the examination of numerous specimens from all quarters 
 obtainable, I quite agree with the conclusion arrived at by Dr. 
 Spruce, til at no satisfactory characters can be relied upon to 
 separate J . lurida, Dum. {Jung, nana, Nees) from /. spharocarpa. 
 
JUNGERMANIA. 299 
 
 What slight differences do exist are owing to either drier localities 
 or higher altitudes. Tj^Dical /. liirida has been named ./. sphcero- 
 carpa by Hooker himself (Scotia, Herb. Hooker). 
 
 Jimgcrmaiiiasjjhcerocar'pa, var. Inrida, (Dum.), is usually smaller, 
 with less erect, fleshy stems; leaves usually darker in colour, pale 
 brown to reddish-brown, more compressed, crowded, upper ones 
 along with the bracts broader, lower ones on the contrary oval or 
 slightly obovate ; cell structure identical. 
 
 Jungermariia Goulardii, Husn. (68 Husn. Hep. Gall. Exsicc), is 
 a smaller form, inflorescence like type monoicous, spores same 
 size. 
 
 Fruits April, May, June. 
 
 DimensiojNS. — Stems |- to f inch long, '2 mm. to '25 mm. 
 diam. ; leaves I'l mm. long x '9 mm. broad, 1' mm. x -7 mm., 
 "9 mm. X "7 mm. ; branch leaves 'G mm. x "5 mm. ; cells "04 mm. 
 X '03 mm., '03 mm. x '025 mm., '03 mm. ; bracts 1*6 mm. long 
 X I'G mm. broad, 1"2 mm. x 1'6 mm.; perianth 2"25 mm. long 
 xT mm. broad; valves of capsule 1"1 mm. long x "45 mm. 
 broad; spores "02 mm. diam. ; elaters "16 mm. long x '01 mm. 
 broad. 
 
 Hab. — On wet rocks or in damp places, usually subalpine or 
 alpine. Rare. 
 
 7. Pass of Llanberis, W. Wilson, 1830. Snowdon, W. U. P. 
 Glyder Vawr, Carnarvonshire, IV. II. P. Tyn-y-Groes, Merioneth- 
 shire, C. J. Wild. 8. Marple, G. A. Holt. ' Woodhead, /. W/ii/a- 
 head ^' W. H. P. Mellor, G. A. Holt. Kinder Scout, Derby- 
 shire, /. Whitehead 11. Cleveland, W. Mudd. 15. Mael Tar- 
 machan, Perthshire, C. J. Wild. 
 
 I. Glengarifl", Co. Cork, Miss Hiitchius. Kelly's Glen, Co. 
 Dublin ; near Seven Churches, Co. Wicklovv, Dr. D. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Descrh'tion of Plate CXXVL— Fig. 1. Stems natural size. 
 2. Fertile stem x 16 (Glyder Vawr, W.^H. P.). 3. Ditto, with 
 imperfect perianth x 16 (Mael Tarmachan, C. J. Wild). 4. 
 Ditto {Jnnf/. nana, N., original, ex herb. Flowtow, Nees). 5-8. 
 Leaves x 24 (Mael Tarmachan, Wild). 9. Pranch-leal" x 24 
 
300 HEPATIC^. 
 
 (Glyder Vawr, W. H. P.). 10. Portion of leaf x 290 (Pyrenees, 
 Dr. Spruce). 11, 12. Bracts x 16 (aiyder Vawr, W. H. P.). 
 13. Perianth x 24 (Verona, Massalongo). 14. Antlieridium x 
 85 (Glyder Vawr, W. H. P.). 
 
 6. Jungermania crenulata, Smith. 
 
 Jungermania cremdata, Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 146o (1805); Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 37 
 
 (1816). 
 Aplozia crenulata, Dum. Hep. Eui-. p. 57 (1874). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely caespitose, flagelliferous, small, of a pale 
 green, rosy or reddish colour. Stems reddish-brown, procumbent, 
 cortical cells larger than the inner, whitish, 20 round, inner same 
 colour, 7x8 in diam. ; simple or innovantly branched, innova- 
 tions lateral, arising from axil of leaf, numerous, with small 
 distant leaves ; radiculose, rootlets dull white, plentiful, ascending 
 to apex of stems. Leaves on the upper portion of stem larger 
 and more crowded, imbricate, obliquely inserted, patent, secund 
 or spreading, lower leaves smaller and more distant ; broadly 
 ovate to subrotund; texture somewhat thin, epidermis smooth, 
 cells from smallish to small, roundish-quadrate, 4-, 5- and 6- 
 angled, near the base elongate ('0237 mm.), walls thick, trigones 
 very small or wanting, marginal cells largish ('053 mm.), oblong- 
 quadrate, which give the plant a very distinct appearance, margin 
 quite plane, not crenulate; these large marginal cells are usually 
 wanting in the small leaves of the innovations. Stipules absent. 
 Bracts similar to the leaves, only larger, appressed, sometimes 
 produced from the lower part of the perianth, but very rarely. 
 Bracteole wanting or sometimes rudimentary, then Ungulate. 
 Perianth terminal, projecting about ^ beyond the bracts, com- 
 posed of a single layer of cells, 130 round, larger at the angles, 
 obovate, sHghtly compressed, plicate, 4-angled, angles smooth or 
 irregular, obtuse or acute ; mouth contracted, submucronate, 
 fringed with hyaline, elongate cells, margin crenulate. Calyptra 
 thin, delicate. Pedicel long, pellucid, white, cross-section shows 
 17 cells round, 6 x 6 in diam. Capsule small, oval, dark reddish- 
 
JUNGERMANIA. 301 
 
 brown, spores pale reddisli-brown, elaters recldish-brown. Male 
 stems smaller, slender, with several pairs of peri<^onial bracts, 
 small, closely imbricate, semi-amplexicaul, ventricose at base, 
 margin inflexed ; antheridia 1 or 2, oval, pale green, bearers 
 short. 
 
 Fruits Winter and Spring. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |- to f inch long., diam. '2 mm. ; leaves 
 •7 mm. long x "8 mm. broad, 75 mm. x '75 mm., "G mm. x 
 •6 mm. ; cells "0275 mm., "0225 mm., "02 mm., '03 mm. x 
 0175 mm. ; marginal cells "06 mm. x -03 mm., '055 mm. x 
 •03 mm., "04 mm. x '05 mm. ; bracts 1*35 mm. long x 1"1 mm. 
 broad, 1*1 mm. x 1*1 mm.; perianth 1"G mm. long x T mm. 
 broad, 1'5 mm. x 85 mm.; spores -015 mm. diam.; elaters 
 •1 mm. long x '01 mm. broad; perigonial bract "5 mm. x "5 mm. ; 
 antheridia "125 mm. x '11 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grows in swampy places on moors and in bogs, or in 
 very damp situations by roadsides, &c. Generally distributed. 
 
 1. Cornwall, common, W. Curnow. 2. Bogs at Amberley, 
 Sussex, W. Borrer. New Forest, Hants, C. LyelJ. 3. Epping 
 Forest, Essex, E. Forsfer. 4. Holt Heath, Norfolk, Rev. R. B. 
 Francis. Hungershall Eocks, &c., Kent, E. M. Holmes. 5. Can- 
 nock Chase ; Winkshill, near Froghall ; Canwell, Staffordshire, 
 /. E. Bagnall. 7. Roadside, Barmouth, Merionethshire, W. H. P. 
 8, 9. Longridge Fell, J. A. Wlieldon. Udale, West Lane, 
 Jfheldoti ^' A. Wilson. 10. Ingleton ; Clapham, W. West. Yeadon 
 Moor, Br. Carrington. Todmorden, John Nowell. Rose Wood, 
 Sheffield, A. Carr. 11, 13. Roadsides, New Galloway, /. 
 McAndrew. Glen Mills and Goldielea, Dumfries, Cruichshank. 
 Grey Mare's Tail, Dumfries, Nichol. 15. Kinnordy, Forfar, 
 C. Li/ell. 16. Local; on loamy footpaths, Moidart, West Liver- 
 ness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Not unfrequent, Kelly's Glen, Dublin ; side of river, Seven 
 Churches, Co. Wicklow, Br. B. Moore. Connemara, Dr. B. Moore. 
 Ross Bay, Dr. Carrington. Hill of Howth, B. McArdlc. Slieve 
 Glah, Co. Cavan, D. McArdle. 
 
 C. Pointe Corbiere, Aurj. Martin. 
 
302 HEPATIC^.. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — Recognised at once, by tlie remarkably large marginal 
 cells, from any of the other round-leaved Jmigermanice. 
 
 The perianths are generally 4-angled, sometimes more ; Dr. 
 Spruce met with a form in the Pyrenees with 8, some with 7, 6, 
 and 5, but he could find no diflPerence whatever from the ordinary 
 /. crenulaia, and remarks : " So that an occasional duplication of 
 one or more of the perianth-angles would seem a common occur- 
 rence in this section." 
 
 Description of Plate CXXVII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Fertile stem x 24. 3-6. Leaves x 24. 7. Portion 
 of leaf near margin x 85. 8. Ditto x 290. 9, 10. Bracts x 
 24. 11. Perianth x 24. 12. Cross-section of perianth, upper 
 half X 24. 13. Portion of mouth of perianth x 85. (All 
 Walton Swamp, Chesliire, Holt & Pearson.) 14. Perigonia] 
 bract X 24 (Baden, Jack). 15. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 7. Jungermania crenulata, Hook., var. gracillima. {8}ii.\ 
 
 Jungermania cremdata, var. Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 37 (1816). 
 Jungermania gracillima, Smith, Eng. Bot. n. 2238 (1805). 
 Jungermania Genthiana, Hueben. Hep. Germ. p. 107 (1834). 
 Aplozia gracillima, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 57 (1874). 
 Aplozia cristulata, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 57 (1874). 
 
 Dioicous, ca3spitose, tufts shallow, innovations plentiful, 
 marginal cells similar to the others, on stronger stems the 
 tendency to become larger is observable, bracts similar to the 
 upper leaves, perianth mucronate, margin of mouth slightly 
 crenulate, angles of perianth cristulate, calyptra delicate, claret 
 coloured. 
 
 Fruits April, May. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in thin patches on shady sandy or gravelly 
 banks. Generally distributed. 
 
 1, 2, 4, 5. Seckley Wood ; Arley Wood; Dimmings Dale, 
 near Dane Bridge, Staffordshire, /. U. Bagnall. 7. Torrent Walk, 
 Dolgelly, Merionethshire, W. II. P. 9. Alderley Edge, Cheshire, 
 C. J. Wild. 10. Castle Howard, M. B. Slater; Teesdale, Dr. 
 
JUNQERMANIA. 303 
 
 Carrin(jfou. 12. Plentiful in the Lake District ; Gray vigg Forest ; 
 in a quarry near Staveley ; Witberslack ; Whitbarrow ; Barbon 
 Fell ; Long Sledtbile, Westmorland, G. SI abler. 13. Common on 
 damp ground, New GaHoway, -/. Mc Andrew. 15, IG. Frequent 
 on loam and sbale banks, Moidart, West Invei-ness, 8. M. 
 Maccicar. 
 
 I. Westaston, Co. Wicklow, Br. D. Moore ; Killakeen ; Slieve 
 Glali ; on the shores of Lough Cultra, Co. Cavau, D. McArdle ; 
 Hill of Howth, D. McArdle. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — This form is so nearly related to the type tliat I re<''ard 
 it simply as a variety. 
 
 Description of Plate CXXVIIL — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Fertile stem x 31 (Alderley Edge, Cheshire, C. J. Wild). 
 3. Stem X 31 {Jung. Genthiana, Hub. & Genth. Hep. Germ. ^b. 
 Original). 4-7. Leaves x 24 (n. 248, C. & P.). 8-10. Ditto 
 (Alderley Edge, Wild). 11 Portion of leaf x 290 (n. 248, 
 C. & P.). 12, 13. Bracts x 24 (ditto). 14. Portion of mouth 
 of perianth x 290 (ditto). 
 
 8. Jungermania autumnalis, De C. 
 
 Jimyermania autumnalis, De Candolle FI. Franc, 5, p. 202, sp. Wbib (IS 15); 
 
 Moug. et Nest. Exsicc. n. 528. Lindb. Muse. Scand. p. 6 (1879). 
 Jungermania subapicalis, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. 1, p. 310, n. 33 (1833) ; G. et R. 
 
 n. 230 (as Jung. Schraderi, Mart.); G. et R. n. 231 (as Jung. Schraderi, 
 
 Mart.) ; G. et R. n. 592 (as Jung. Schraderi, Mart.) ; Husn. Hep. Gall. 
 
 Exsicc. n. 67 (as Jung. Schraderi, Mart.); Aust. Hep. Amer. Exsicc. n. 27 
 
 (as Jung. Schraderi, Mart.); Underw. Hep. Amer. n. 18 (as Jung. Schradei-i, 
 
 Mart.). 
 Jungermania Schraderi, Ekart Syn. Jung. Germ. p. 39, t. xl., f. 97, and of most 
 
 authors (not Martius). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, small, of a yellowish- or reddish-brown 
 colour. Stems procumbent or suberect, simple or slightly 
 branched, branches subpostical ; 40 to 50 cells in circumference, 
 cortical cells slightly darker with the walls rather tirmer, inner 12 
 to 15 cells in diam., whitish; radiculose, rootlets distant, short, 
 
304 HEPATIC^. 
 
 dull white. Leaves obliquely inserted, horizontal or slightly 
 ascending, alternate, approximate, plane or slightly concave, 
 broadly ovate, entire or retuse, upper ones subquadrate with 
 rounded angles, sometimes with a small antical tooth ; cells of 
 medium size, roundish, walls thick, of a pale brown colour, 
 trigones distinct, lumen clear or with few chlorophyllose granules, 
 epidermis sraoothish. Stipules subulate. Bracts a little larger 
 than the leaves, broadly ovate to subquadrate, retuse or entire 
 with one or several long segments near to the base on one or 
 both sides. Bracteole free or connate with bract on one side, 
 oblong-quadrate or irregular in shape, laciniate or dentate. 
 Perianth projecting § beyond the bracts, cylindrical or clavate, 
 upper portion plicate, mouth slightly constricted, ciliate, cilia 5-10 
 cells long, 1 or 2 wide at base. Pistillidia about 30. Capsule 
 oval, reddish-brown. Spores pale to reddish-brown. Elaters 
 dark red, about 20 turns of the spiral. Male stems with 4-6 
 pairs of perigonial bracts, terminal or situated at the middle of 
 the stem, close, ventricose, with a small incurved segment at the 
 antical base protecting the single, large, shortly stiped, oval 
 antheridium. 
 
 Fruits April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems about J inch long, diam. '15 mm. ; 
 leaves 1*25 mm. x -9 mm., l"! mm. x '8 mm., 1* mm. x 7 mm., 
 •9 mm. X *6 mm., '8 mm. x '7 mm., '75 mm. x '6 mm.; cells 
 •04 mm. X "03 mm., '03 mm., '03 mm. x '02 mm. ; stipules 
 •75 mm. long x "2 mm. broad at the base ; bracts 1*4 mm. x "9 mm., 
 1-2 mm. X '9 mm., 1" mm. x ^o mm., 11 mm. x '7 mm. ; bracteole 
 1- mm. X "6 mm. ; perianth 2' mm. x '9 mm., 1'5 mm. x '7 mm. ; 
 cilia of perianth '125 mm., '225 mm. ; pistillidia "2 mm. x '05 mm. ; 
 capsule '25 mm. x -2 mm. ; spores '0175 mm. diam. ; elaters "15 
 mm. long x '0125 mm. broad ; perigonial bract "8 mm. x "8 mm. 
 explanate ; antheridia '3 mm. x '2 mm. 
 
 Hab.— Grows in large patches or tufts in somewhat dry 
 situations, on heathy banks or rotting wood in shady places. 
 Bare. 
 
 7. Tyn-y-Groes, Merionethshire, Dr. Carrington Sf JF. H. P., 
 
JUNGIIBMANIA. 305 
 
 April 1879, G. A. Holt, May 1885. 1:^. On a bank by River 
 Lune, near Ingmire Hall, Westmorland, G. Stabler ; Borrowdale, 
 Cumberland, Dr. Carrim/to)i S)' ir. II. P. 13. Troquhain Wood, 
 Balmaclellan ; Blackbank dyke, Glenlee, New Galloway, I. 
 McAndrea'. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — I have taken as type oS^ Jung, autz/nnialis, De C, n. 528 
 Moug. et Nest. Stirpes Crypt. Vog-Rhen. Exsic, wliich agrees 
 entirely with the description <di Jang. Huhapicalh, Nees, in habitat, 
 habit, more elliptic leaves and narrower perianth with ciliated, 
 mouth. 
 
 Jnng. Scliraderi, Mart., I consider merely a variety of the 
 same, distinguished by its more marshj^ habitat, laxer habit, 
 broader leaves and perianth, which, so f\ir as I have been able to 
 observe, has no long cilia at its mouth. 
 
 This very rare species is at once distinguished from any of 
 the other round-leaved ones with stipules, by the ver)- difierent 
 bracts and in the type by the ciliated perianth. 
 
 Description of Plate CXXIX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 24 (Canada, Macoun). 
 4. Ditto X 24 (Tyn-y~Groes, Gr. A. Holt). 4, 5. Leaves x 24 
 (ditto). 6-8. Ditto (Ingmire, Stabler). 9. Portion of leaf x 290 
 (Tyn-y-Groes, Holt). 10, 11. Stipules x 24 (Ingmire, Stabler). 
 12, 13. Bracts x 24 (New Galloway, McAndrew). 14. Brac- 
 teole x 24 (ditto). 15. Perianth x 24 (ditto). 16. Cilia from 
 mouth of perianth x 85 (Ingmire, Stabler). 17. Pistillidium x 
 85 (ditto). 18. Perigonial bract x 24 (Canada, JNIacoun). 
 19. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 9. Jungerniania autumnalis, De C. var. Schraderi (J fart.) 
 
 J angermania Scliraderi, Mart. Fl. crypt. Erl. p. 180, t. 0, f. 55 (1817). 
 Jungermania Scliraderi, var. undvMfolia, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leh. 1 , p. oOG ; G. et 
 R. Hep. Eur. n. 338. 
 
 Dioicous, loosely ctespitose, medium in size, of a pale green to 
 yellowish-brown colour. Stems procumbent; radiculose, rootlets 
 
 u 
 
306 HEPATIC^. 
 
 plentifal, long, whitish, ascending to apex of stem ; simple or 
 innovantly branched, branches lateral, sub-postical, proceeding 
 from axil of leaves or from below the perianth. Leaves contiguous, 
 alternate, horizontal or slightly ascending, slightly decurrent 
 antically, secund or spreading, suborbicular, entire or slightly 
 refuse, undulate, lower leaves distant and smaller; texture flaccid, 
 epidermis smooth, cells roundish, medium size, lumen hyaline, 
 with few chloroph3dlose granules, walls distinct, angles thickened, 
 trigones small and often indistinct, stipules present near apex of 
 stem, absent below, subulate or suborbicular. Bracts broadly 
 oval or suborbicular, entire or emarginate, undulate, with a small 
 segment on one side near the base ; bracteole small, free, sub- 
 orbicular or obovate. Perianth projecting f beyond the bracts, 
 oblong, composed of a single layer of cells, about 200 round the 
 middle, terete at the base, trigonous near the middle and 6-plicate 
 at the upper part, mouth lobate, lobes entire, hyaline, delicate. 
 Calyptra very delicate, cells with thin walls, no trigones. Capsule 
 oval, dark brown. Spores dark reddish-brown ; elaters of a lighter 
 colour, bispiraJ, 20-25 turns of the spiral. 
 
 Fruits October. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems about an inch long, diam. '3 mm. ; 
 leaves 1"6 mm. x 1*6 mm., 1'7 mm. x 1-4 mm., 1'6 mm. x •15mm., 
 1'5 mm. X 175 mm., 1*3 mm. x 1*3 mm. ; cells "04 mm., '03 mm., 
 '025 mm. ; trigones '005 mm. ; stipules '4 mm. x -5 mm., "5 mm. 
 X '6 mm.; bracts 1*5 mm. x 1*25 mm., 1'6 mm. x 1'5 mm.; 
 bracteole 1" mm. x "To mm.; perianth 3' mm. long x I'l mm. 
 broad ; pistillidia "225 mm. x "06 mm. ; spores "02 mm. ; elaters 
 ■125 mm. x -01 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in loose patches, or creeping amongst Sjjliagna. 
 Very rare. 
 
 12. Barrowfield, Westmorland, G. Stabler, October 1878. 
 
 Description of Plate CXXX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of fertile stem x 16. 3-7. Leaves x 16. 8. Portion 
 of leaf X 290. 9-11. Stipules x 24. 12, 13. Bracts x 16. 
 14. Bracteole x 16. 15. Cross-section of perianth, lower half 
 x 24. 16. Ditto, upper half, near the middle x 24. 17. Portion 
 
JUNGEIIMANIA. 307 
 
 of mouth of perianth x )i'o. 18. Pistillidium x 85 (Barrowheld, 
 Westmorland, Gr. Stabler). 
 
 Subgenus 2. GYMNOCOLEA, Bmn. 
 
 Jungermania, sect. Gtjmnocolea, Dum. Syll. Jung. p. ")2 (18:51). 
 Gymnocolea, Dum. Recueil, p. 17 (18o5). 
 
 Plants without stipules. Leaves subdecurrent, flattened, bi- 
 lobed. Bracts small, similar to the leaves. Perianth exserted, 
 erect, naked, terete, contracted at the apex, mouth denticulate. 
 Capsule four-valved, coriaceous. Elaters double, deciduous. 
 
 10. Jungermania inflata, Hi/d-so/i. 
 
 Jimgermania inflata, Hude. Fl. Angl. p. 511 (1708); Hook. Brit. Juug. t. ^8 
 
 (181(;)._ 
 Gymnocolea injlata, Dum. Recueil, p. 17 (li^.l.J). 
 
 Dioicous, densely or loosely ctespitose, eflagelliferous, tVoin 
 small to largish in size, green or brownish-green, sometimes black 
 in colour. Stems on a cross-section 8 x 10 cells in diameter, 
 20 cortical cells, similar to the inner ones, a few rather larger, 
 lumen clear, walls thin, firm ; procumbent, lax, simple or sparingly 
 furcately branched, Ijranches lateral, slightly postical, arising from 
 the mid-axil of a leaf or from its postical angle ; radiculose, root- 
 lets frequent or sparse, long or short, delicate, ascending to the 
 apex of the stem. Leaves hilarious, distant or approximate, 
 semi-vertically obliquely inserted, antical margin slightly decurrent, 
 horizontal or slightly ascending, plane or a little concave, oval or 
 roundish-obovate, bifid to about a third, sinus roundish, rarely 
 acute, segments obtuse ; texture lax, cells smallish, subquadrate, 
 lumen clear, walls firm, pale olive, no trigones, angles slightly 
 thickened. Stipules wanting, very rarely subfloral, small, subulate. 
 Bracts similar to the leaves, only smaller, bracteole wanting or 
 rarely present, similar to the bracts, but smaller. Perianth 
 terminal on main stem or on long leafy branches, projecting lar 
 beyond the bracts, oblong-oval, obovate, pyriform or cylindrical, 
 
808 EEPATICJ^J. 
 
 Barrow at the base, soon falling off, smooth, obscurely 4-, 5-plicate 
 oni)^ at the very apex, composed of a single layer of cells, about 
 100 round at the middle, near the base and up to -J- of its height 
 bistratose, mouth somewhat contracted, dentate, 8 to 16 teeth, 2 
 or 3 cells wide at the base, incurved. Pistillidia 8-10. Calyptra 
 ovate, reticulate, very delicate. Capsule oval, brown ; spores 
 small, fulvous brown ; elaters same colour, broad as the spores. 
 
 Male stems similar to the others, $ terminal, 3, 4 pairs of 
 bracts, imbricate, ventricose ; antheridia large, 1 or 2 at the base 
 of each bract. 
 
 Fruits very rarely, May, June. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |- to 2 inches long, diam. -15 mm. to 
 •2 mm., with leaves from 1"25 mm. to 2' mm. wide; leaves 
 I'l mm. X "8 mm., segments "25 mm., l" mm. x '6 mm., seg- 
 2 mm., 75 mm. x "65 mm., seg. "IS mm.; cells "02 mm. 
 X "035 mm., 02 mm. x 03 mm., '02 mm., "03 mm., '025 mm.; 
 stipules "2 mm. x "05 mm. broad at the base; bracts "G mm. 
 X '45 mm., seg. 15 mm., 45 mm. x "4 mm., seg. "1 mm. ; perianth 
 3" mm. X 1*25 mm., 225 mm. x '9 mm.; teeth at the mouth 
 •125 mm., '05 mm.; spores "015 mm. diam.; elaters '09 mm. 
 x'015 mm.; perigonial bracts "9 mm. x '9 mm.; antheridia 
 2 mm. X 175 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing often in very densely matted patches of con- 
 siderable extent, or floating in water in bogs and marshy places, 
 generally distributed. 1 to 18. I. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — A distinct species, and not likely to be confused with 
 any other, except CepJia/ozia Jiicifans (Nees) Spruce, which may at 
 first sight be mistaken for it, has obtusely-lobed leaves, and is 
 found in similar situations to the lax bog form ; " it is distinguished 
 by the stem rooting by numerous stout flagella, branches whether 
 foliiferous or floriferous all postical, the longer, narrower and 
 more laxly-reticulated leaves ; the constant presence of stipules ; 
 the cladocarpous inflorescence ; the tristichous female bracts, 
 toothed at the base, the innermost embracing the perianth ; finally 
 the linear-fusiform, trigonous, thin perianth." E. S. 
 
JUNGEBMANIA. 309 
 
 Cephalozia heferosfipa, Carr. & Spruce, which might be con- 
 founded with the small alpine form of Gi/mnocolea injlata, has 
 stolons and postical branches, with linear, subulate stipules, bracts 
 3-, 4-lobed, perianth obscurely trigonous. 
 
 Description of Plate CXXXI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Fertile stem x 16 (G. & E. 679, Cornwall, W. Curnow). 
 3-7. Leaves x 24 (Cader Idris, W. H. P.). 8. Portion of leaf 
 X 290 (G-.&E. 627). 9. Stipule x 85 (G. & K. 174, Ingleboro, 
 Dr. Carrington). 10, 11. Bracts x 24 (Cader Idris, AY." H. P). 
 12. Cross-section of perianth x 24 (ditto). 13, 14. Portions of 
 the mouth of perianths x 85 (ditto). 15. Perigonial bract x 24 
 (G-. & R. 174). 16. Antheridium x 85 (Festiniog, W. H. P.). 
 
 11. Jungermania turbinata, Raddi. 
 
 Jungermania turbinata, Raddi in Act. soc. Modena xviii. p. 29, t. Ill, i". 2, 3 
 
 (1820). 
 Jungermania acuta, pp., Lindenb. Syn. Hep. p. 88 (1829). 
 Jungermania affinis, Wils. in Hook. Brit. Fl. 11, p. 128 (1830). 
 Jungermania corcyracea, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. 11, p. 39 (1836). 
 Jungermania Wilsoniana, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. Ill, p. 548 (1838). 
 Jungermania Wallrothiana, Nees, in G. L. N. Syn. Hep. p. lOl (1841). 
 Jungermania badensis, Gott. in G. et. R. Hep. Bur. n. 96. 
 Jungermania algeriensis, Gott- in G. et R. Hep. Eur. n. 391. 
 Gymnocolea affinis, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 65 (1874). 
 Gymnocolea affinis, var. Wallrothiana, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. ^& (1874). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, small, of a pale green colour. Stems 
 simple or slightly branched, prostrate or suberect ; radiculose, 
 rootlets long, plentiful, delicate, whitish. Leaves succubous, 
 alternate, contiguous or distant, obliquely semi-vertically inserted, 
 slightly decurrent antically, concave or plane, spreading or 
 recurved, horizontal or slightly ascending, ovate, orbicular, sub- 
 rotund or subquadrate, bifid to about J, sometimes with a small 
 third basal antical tooth, sinus acute or obtuse, segments subequal, 
 acute or obtuse ; texture somewhat delicate, cells between medium 
 and rather large ('04 mm.), 4-, 5- and 6-sided, quadrate or oblong- 
 quadrate, walls somewhat thick, two bands, trigones absent or 
 
310 HEPATICJE. 
 
 very indistinct. No stipules. Bracts larger than the leaves, 
 repand or appressed, subrotund, trifid, the third segment smaller 
 and antical, sinus acute or obtuse, divided to about \, segments 
 acute. No bracteole. Sub-bracts with a third basal antical 
 tooth. Perianth terminal, projecting about \ or barely beyond 
 the bracts, composed of a single layer of cells, about 30 round the 
 middle, turbinate or pyriform, terete, smooth or slightly folded 
 near the apex, mouth contracted, small, ciliolate, fringed with 15 
 to 20 cilia composed of 1 or 2 elongated cells, incurved. Calyptra 
 very delicate. Capsule oval. Spores and elaters deep reddish- 
 brown. Perigonial stems small, bracts small, crowded, imbricate, 
 more erect, ventricose, bifid with a third antical, basal segment, 
 monandrous, antheridia oval. 
 
 Fruits April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to ^ inch long, diam. "1 mm, to '15 mm., 
 with extended leaves 1- mm. to 1*25 mm. wide ; leaves '8 mm. long 
 X 75 mm. broad, segments '2 mm., "8 mm. x ■6mm.,seg. "2 mm., 
 '7 mm. X "45 mm., seg. '2 mm., '65 mm. x "5 mm., seg. "2 mm., 
 "5 mm. x '4 mm., seg. "2 mm., "45 mm. x "3 mm., seg. '1 mm.; 
 cells "06 ram. x '03 mm., "05 mm. x *035 mm., '04 mm. x '03 mm., 
 •035 mm. x '03 mm., walls '0075 mm. ; sub-bracts "8 mm. long x 
 '75 mm. broad, seg. "2 mm., '07 mm. x '06 mm., seg. '2 mm. ; 
 bracts '95 mm. long x 9 mm. broad, seg. '25 mm. ; perianth 
 1*75 mm. long x '5 mm. broad upper half, 2* mm. long x "6 mm. 
 broad upper half; pedicel 1* mm. long x '01 mm. diam. ; capsule 
 '5 mm. long x '35 mm. broad; antheridia ■13mm. long x "1 mm. 
 broad. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on wet or damp shaley banks or rocks, chiefly 
 magnesian limestone or chalk. Somewhat common. 
 
 1. Near Hayle Causeway, and near Lelant Ferry, Cornwall, 
 W. Curunw. 2, 3. Atford, Kent, E. M. Holmes. 4. Bedminster, 
 E. li. Keml. 5. Banks of drain, one mile from Arley, Stafford- 
 shire, J. E. Baf/valJ. 7. Bangor, Carnarvonshire, G. E. Hunt. 
 
 8. Monsal Dale, Ashwood Dale, Derbyshire, G. A. Holt. 
 
 9. Cotterill Clougli, W. Wilson ; Oversley Fold Wood, Hand- 
 - forth Capf. P. G. Cniilijfe- Marple, Cheshire, C. J. Wild-, South- 
 
JUNGERMANIA. 311 
 
 port, Lane, G. E. limit, Br. Carringtou. 10. Quarn' Moor, 
 Ripoii, Miss M. Morion. 11, 12. On wet limestone rocks, Levens 
 Park ; The Force, Levens ; on the banks of lliver Kent, Nether 
 Levens; Mihithorpe ; near Whitbarrow Hall, G. Stabler; near 
 Kendal, Westmorland, Rev. C. H. Biustead. 13. Orroland, 
 Rerrick, Kirkcudbright, /. Mc Andrew. 14. 
 
 L Woodlands, near Dublin, W. Wilson; not unfrequent on 
 the grey limestone in Co. Dublin, where it fruits freely, JJr. D. 
 Moore; Finglas Quany, Z>. M' Ardle ; on white limestone near 
 Grlenarm, Co. Antrim, Dr.D. Moore; Killarney on limestone,/);-. 
 Carrington ; Tore Cascade, Killarne}^ and Carrantual, Kerrj',, 
 Dr. B. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — Under this name I have grouped all the small forms of 
 what were considered Jungermania acuta, Lindenb., which are 
 without stipules ; the form published in Gr. & R. n. 643 as Jung. 
 acuta is the same as a form named Jung, turhinata var. aeutiloba. 
 Spruce, Avhich connects Jung, turhinata with Jung, hantriensis var. 
 Muelleri. Jung, turhinata is a very constant form and may be 
 regarded as the extended type of a group with Jungermania 
 hantriensis, Hook., at the other extreme. 
 
 It may be distinguished from other dioicous species by the 
 antical segment at the base of the upper leaves and bracts, its 
 delicate cell structure and the turbinate perianth. 
 
 Description of Plate CXXXII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem x 31, antical view (/<'('/;y. //7/^50W2(2;?«. Original. 
 Herb. Taylor). 3. Ditto, postical view (Bedminster, E. H. Read). 
 4, 5. Leaves x 31 (Cotterill Clough,^ Cheshire, W. Wilson). 
 6. Portion of leaf x 290 (Hb. Taylor). 7. Bracts x 31 
 (Bedminster, E. H. Read). 8. Sub-bracts x 31 (ditto). 
 9. Perianth x 31 (Fib. Taylor). 10. Cross-section of perianth 
 X 31 (ditto). 11, 12. Portions of the mouth of perianth x 31 
 (ditto). 13. Antheridium x 85 (Monsal, Derbyshire, G. A. 
 Holt). 
 
312 HEPATIC ^E. 
 
 Subgenus 3. LOP HO ZI A, Bum. 
 
 •Tumjermania, sect. Lophozia, Dum. Syll. Jung. p. 53 (1831) ; Spruce, Hep. Am. 
 
 et And. p. 511 (1885). 
 Lopliozia, Dum. Kecueil, p. 17 (1835) ; Scliiflner emend Eng. & Prant. 1 ; Pflanz. 
 
 91 und 92 Lief. p. 81: (1893). 
 
 Leaves suborbicular or subquadrate, bifid, in a few species 
 3-5 -fid, quite entire or sometimes denticulate. Stipules absent 
 or present, often bipartite. Perianth usually deeply plicate, very 
 rarely cylindrical and smooth. 
 
 Section 1. BIDENTES, Schiffn. 
 
 Stem leaves always bifid ; bracts similar or multifid. Stipules 
 absent or present. 
 
 12. Jungermania bantriensis, Hooker. 
 
 Jungermania bantriensis, Hook. Brit. Jung, in note under J. stipiilacea, n. 41 
 
 (1816). 
 Jungermania bidentata, var. Hook. Brit. Jung. Suppl. t. Ill (1810). 
 Jtingermania hygro2yhylla, Spruce, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. 11 (1840). 
 Jungermania culearis, Wils. MSS. in Spruce, Hep. Pyren. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. 
 
 Ill, p. 20 (1850). 
 Jungermania subcomp-essa, Limpr. Jahr. Schl. Ges. p. 7 (1884). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely ceespitose, medium size, of a pale, dark 
 green or brown colour. Stems creeping or suberect, simple or 
 innovantly branched; on a cross-section cells alike, walls dark, 
 firm ; radiculose, rootlets long, few, whitish ; firm, flexuose, some- 
 times flaccid. Leaves succubous, alternate, imbricate, secund or 
 spreading, obliquely semi-vertically inserted, horizontal or sub- 
 erect, antical margin decurrent, roundish-quadrate, broadly ovate 
 or orbicular, emarginate-bidentate, from about j^j to 2^ deep, very 
 shallow, broad, rounded, often folded at the base, segments acute 
 or obtuse ; texture somewhat lax ; cells medium size, roundish or 
 roundish-hexagonal, lumen pellucid, with few chlorophyl granules, 
 walls somewhat firm, trigones small but distinct. Stipules lanceo- 
 
JUNGERMANIA. 313 
 
 late-subul:ite, broadly subulate or ovate-obloug, entire or with a 
 basal tooth on one Side. Bracts broadly ovate or broadly oval, 
 sinus acute, folded at the base, segments acute. Bracteole absent. 
 Perianth projecting about |- beyond the bracts, obovate or ob- 
 conical, smooth or slightly folded near the apex, composed of a 
 single layer of cells, about 100 round the middle, near the base 
 
 I, 2 or sometimes 3 cells thick, cells quadrate, near the base 
 elongate, with trigones very small but distinct, mouth contracted, 
 laciniate-ciliate, 20 to 25 cilia. Calyptra pale brown, delicate, 
 composed of a single layer of cells above, 2 to 3 near the base. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 2 inches long, "2 mm. to '3 mni. 
 diam., with extended leaves 2' mm. to 3- mm. broad ; leaves r25 
 mm. long X 1*6 mm. broad, segments '2 mm., 1"3 mm. x r2 mm., 
 seg. '2 mm., 125 mm. x 1'25 mm., seg. "1 mm.; cells "03 mm., 
 ■03 mm. X -035 mm., '03 mm. x '025 mm. ; stipules '5 mm. long 
 x -15 mm. broad at the base; bracts 2* mm. long x r75 mm. 
 broad, segments 75 and "5 mm. long, 2' ram. x r5 mm., seg. 
 •5 mm..; perianth 2'25 mm. long x 1*25 mm. broad, 2' mm. x 
 11 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in loose patches, or straggling amongst 
 mosses on damp rocks or banks in woods. Ptare. 
 
 7. Dolgelly, Merionethshire, /. jS«/A' ; near Dolbadarn Castle, 
 Llanberis, Carnarvonshire, JF. II. P. 10. Banks of the Tees, i)r. 
 Spruce; Teesdale, John Noivell ; Bolton Woods, Dr. Carringfon. 
 
 II, 12. Westmorland, P. Dreeson ; Garburn, Kentmere Park, 
 G. Stabler; Kentmere Waterfall, G. Stabler; Long Sleddale, Rev. 
 a H. Binstead; Stock Ghyll, G. Stabler; Groove Ghyll, Barbon 
 Fell, G. Stabler (These Westmorland stations probably include 
 var. Muelleri). 13. Crummy Park Glen; Ballingear Glen, New 
 Galloway, /. McAndren-. 16. On a wet bank, rare, Moidart, 
 West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar ^' JF. II. P. 
 
 I. Near Bantry, Miss IhctcJiins ; Glengariff, Dr. Carrington; 
 Brandon, Co. Kerrj^ ; Benbulben, Co. Sligo; Glenifi', Co. Leitrim, 
 Dr. D. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Ohs. — This I regard as the most perfectly developed type of a 
 
314 HEPATIC^. 
 
 series of forms running through Jin^f/. Mneller'i, Noes, Jimg. acuta, 
 Lindenb. to Jung, furbinafa, Eacldi. at the other extreme, which 
 all agree in their dioicous inflorescence, but the variation in size. 
 shape of leaf, stipule and perianth differ to a very great extent ; 
 for further notes see under the varieties following. 
 
 Distinpruished from var. Muelleri, Nees, bv its larger size, 
 more lax habit, more quadrate leaves, with shallower and broader 
 sinus. 
 
 From HarjiantliUH Flotowii, Nees, by its smaller stipules and 
 terminal perianth. 
 
 From Jungermania venfricosa, Dicks., which is also dioicous, 
 by the presence of stipules and absence of bracteole. 
 
 Description of Plate CXXXIIL— Fiq;. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2, 3. Portions of stem x 16 (Bantry, Miss Hutchins, 
 Original). 4. Ditto x 24 (Saltzburg, Dr. Sauter). 5. Portion 
 of leaf X 290 (Original). 6. Stipule x 85 (ditto). 7. Bract 
 X 16 (Banks of the Tees, Dr. Spruce). 8. Ditto (Gotland, 
 Lindberg). 9. Perianth x 24 (Original). 10. Ditto x 16 
 (Saltzburg, Dr. Sauter). 11. Portion of the mouth of the 
 perianth x 85 (Gotland, Lindberg). 
 
 13. Jungermania bantriensis, Hook., var. Muelleri [Nees). 
 
 Jungermania Muelleri, Kees in Lindenb. Syn. Hep. Eur. p. 39 (1829). 
 Lophozia Muelleri, Dum. Eecueil, p. 17 (183.5). 
 
 Dioicous, caespitose, small, pale green to dark greenish- 
 brown in colour. Stems simple or slightly branched, flexuose, 
 creeping or suberect, innovations arising from base of the perianth ; 
 radiculose, rootlets plentiful, whitish. Leaves succubous, alternate, 
 subimbricate, contiguous or distant, obliquely semi-vertically 
 inserted, horizontal or slightly ascending, slightly decurrent 
 antically, spreading, plane or concave, orbicular, ovate or sub- 
 quadrate, emarginate-bidentate, sinus acute or rounded, narrow 
 or broad, segments acute or obtuse, equal or unequal ; texture 
 somewhat lax, cells medium size, roundish-quadrate, walls mode- 
 
JUNGEllMANIA . 315 
 
 rately thick, trigones distinct. Stipules small, lanceolate-subulate, 
 acuminate, entire or dentate on one or both sides near the base. 
 Bracts similar to the upper leaves, only larger. Bracteole wanting. 
 Perianth terminal, projecting about ^ beyond the bracts, obovate 
 or subcylindrical, smooth, mouth slightly plicate, contracted, 
 laciniate-ciliate, cilia 2-4-cells long, submucronate. Pistillidia 
 few (5). Perigonial stems smaller, bracts small, imbricate, 
 ventricose, wdli a third antical segment. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems ^ to f inch long, •! mm. to "3 mm. diam., 
 with leaves extended 1* mm. to 2" mm. broad ; leaves 1" mm. long 
 X "9 mm. broad, segments '3 mm., 'i) mm. x "85 mm., seg. "2 mm., 
 •8 mm. X "8 mm., seg. '2 mm., '75 mm. x -75 mm., seg. '2 mm., 
 '75 mm. x '65 mm., seg. "2 mm., '5 mm. x "4 mm., seg. '15 mm., 
 "45 mm. x '45 mm., seg. '15 mm. ; cells '033 ('04 mm. x '04 mm., 
 '04 mm. X '03 mm., '03 mm. x "03 mm., '03 mm. x '02 mm.) ; 
 stipules*'9 mm. long x "2 mm. broad at the base, "5 mm. x -15 mm., 
 '4 mm. X '125 mm., 25 mm. x '05 mm., '15 mm. x "05 mm.; 
 bracts 2' mm. long x 1-4 mm. broad, segments "5 mm. and '3 mm. ; 
 perianth 275 mm. long x 1* mm. broad. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in somew^hat dense, often small patches on 
 damp rocks by streams or shaded places. Somewhat rare. 
 8. Ash wood Dale, Buxton, Derbyshire, G. A. Holt. 10. Near 
 the Strid, Bolton Woods, Yorks, Dr. CaMngton ^' W. H. P. ; 
 near Linton, Yorks, G. A. Holf, and other stations. 11, 12. 
 Brown Ghyll ; Kentmere ; and other stations in "\^'estmorland, 
 G. Stabler. 15. Near Bumbling Bridge, Dunkeld, Perthshire, 
 Dr. Carrinrjton. IG. JNIoidart, West Inverness, 8. M. Macvicar. 
 
 Pound on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — This is a form connecting Junt/. bantrienfii-'i, Hook., witli 
 Jiaig. iurbinata, Eaddi., and has been variously named; an 
 interesting series of varieties is met with in Europe which has 
 been a source of perplexity to many authorities. 
 
 I refer to it all the small forms of Jung, broifricnsis, Hook., 
 which have leaves with more acute segments and sinuses, stipules 
 present and with more cylindrical perianths. 
 
 One of the types of Lindenberg's J/fiif/. acuta (Sillen. Muse. 
 
S16 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Suec. n. 191) is certainly this variety, beino- a larg-e form with 
 stipules. Dr. Spruce observes that Ji(N(/. bantrie/i^is, when young, 
 has perianth pyritbrm or broadly clavate, but var. Jfin'/Zfri, 
 cylindrical. 
 
 J/i//(/. da/!tne/is^is has often the sinus folded at the base, var. 
 MtieUeri usually plane, but I find the type and var. with and 
 without this feature. Nees describes J>/n(/. Jf/zel/cri with bracts 
 dentate : I should think he had some other species under his notice, 
 for I have seen no approach, in any form, to this character. 
 
 Forms oiJiing. venfricosa, Dicks., have been confounded with 
 this variety, but are recognised by the postical side of the stem 
 being coloured violet, the absence of stipules, tlie presence of 
 bracteole, which is connate, the bracts and the ovate perianth. 
 Distinguished from Ji(N(j. banfnenms, var. acuta, by the presence 
 of stipules, i-^c. 
 
 Descrtptiox of Plate CXXXIT. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. -. Portion of stem, antical ^•iew x 1 6 (as Jung. banfrietisiSt 
 Saltzburg, Sauter, Original, Hb. Flowtow, Nees). 3. Ditto, 
 postical view x 24 (Buxton, Derbyshire,, G. A. Holt). 4-6. 
 Leaves x 24 (Saltzburg, Sauter). 7. Leaf x 31 (Linton. Yorks., 
 G. A. Holt). S, 9. Leaves x 04 (Buxton, G. A. Holt). 
 
 10. Portion of leaf x 290 (Craven, Yorks., Dr. Carrington). 
 
 11, 12. Stipules x 85 (Linton, Holt). 13-15. Ditto x 85. 
 {Buxton, Holt). 16. Stipule x 24 (191 Silleu. Muse. Suec. n. 
 191, 2i% Jnnff. acuta). 17, 18. Bracts x 16 (ditto). 19. Perianth 
 
 X 16 (ditto). 
 
 14. Jungermania bantriensis. Hook., var. acuta {^Lindenb.) 
 
 Jungermania acuta, Lindenb. Syn. Hep. Eur. p. 88 (18:?!1). 
 Lophozia acuta, Diim. Recueil, p. 17 (1885). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, small, pale or dark green to brown in 
 colour. Stems decumbent or suberect, simple or innovantly 
 branched, branches delicate, arising from base of perianth or apex 
 of old stems ; radiculose, rootlets white, copious, ascending to 
 i\pex of stems. Leaves approximate or distant, somewhat secund 
 
JUNGEliMANIA. 317 
 
 or repand, senii-vertically inserted, sliiilitly ascending-, antical base 
 a little decurrent, ovate, oval or orbicular, bitid to about 1, sinus 
 narrow, obtuse or acute, segments acute or sometimes (jbtuse, 
 margin entire ; texture lax, cells roundisli-(|uadrate, sometimes 
 elongate, walls thick, trigones distinct. No stipules. Sub-bracts 
 similar to leaves, sligbtl}' larger. Bracts larger, oval, ovate or 
 subrotund, bifid to about 1, sinus obtuse or acute, segments obtuse 
 or acute, margin entire or sometimes with a very slight antical 
 indentation. Perianth projecting about rj beyond the bracts, 
 cylindrical or oblong-obovate, smooth, mouth small, slightly 
 dentate. 
 
 Male stems delicate, bracts more erect, clasping the stem, oval, 
 complicate, saccate at the base, bilid, with usuall}^ an antical 
 seg-ment, antheridia single, oval. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to J inch long, "1 mm. diani., with 
 leaves "75 mm. to 125 mm. wide ; leaves 3 mm. long x 275 mm. 
 broad, segments 075 mm., 35 mm. x 3 mm., seg. 075 mm., 
 •5 mm. X "45 mm., se"-. '1 mm., "55 mm. x "4 mm., scii'. 1 mm., 
 ■6 mm. X 5 mm., seg. 1 mm., 6 mm. x "6 mm., seg. "l mm.; 
 cells "03 mm., "04 mm. x "03 mm., '05 mm. x '03 mm., -05 mm. x 
 035 mm.; trigones "01 mm.; sub-bracts "75 mm. x '05 mm., 
 seg. '15 ]nm., '75 mm. x "75 mm., seg. '1 mm. ; l)racts I'l mm. x 
 11 mm., seg. "1 nun., 125 mm. x T mm., seg. o mm. ; perianth 
 2' nun. long X 75 mm. broad, "15 mm. x 75 mm.; pistillidia 
 •1 mm. long X •()5 mm. broad; perigonial bract, flattened out 
 ■3 mm. X "3 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on damp shady limestone rocks, liare. 
 8. Near Buxton, Derbyshire, /. WliUclicad ; Ashwood Dale, near 
 Buxton, G. J. Jlo/f. 10. Under a bridge (limestone) at Castle 
 Howard, J)r. S/jri'cc 15. Dunkeld, Lr. Cfirri/it/lu/i. 
 
 Found on tlie Continent. 
 
 Obs. — This lorm dififers from the type by its smaller size, 
 absence of" stipules ; from var, MuclU'ri by the alisonce of stipules ; 
 ivoiw Jtni(/('rti/n II if/ li/rfjiiiafa, l\addi, b}' the sha] e and texture otits 
 leaves, the sub- bracts and bracts being rarely distinctly antically 
 notched, the i)erianth not turbinate. 
 
318 HEPATIC^. 
 
 It is another interesting link connecting Jungermania han- 
 trieiisis, Hook., witii Jungerniania furbinata, Eaddi. 
 
 Description of Plate CXXXY. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 
 2. Portion of fertile stem x 24 (Dunkeld, Dr. Camngton). 
 
 3. Portion of stem x 31 (Castle Howard, Dr. Spruce). 4, 5. 
 Leaves x 24 (Dunkeld, Dr. Carrington). 6-10. Lea^^es x 24 
 (Castle Howard, Dr. Spruce). 11, 12. Ditto x 64 (G. & E. n. 
 643). 13. Portion of leaf x 290 (Dunkeld, Dr. Carrington). 
 14, 15. Sub-bracts x 24 (Castle Howard, Dr. Spruce). 16, 17. 
 Bracts x 24 (Dunkeld, Dr. Carrington). 18, 19. Ditto x 24 
 (Castle Howard, Dr. Spruce). 20. Perianth x 24 (ditto), 
 21. Perigonial bract x 85 (Dunkeld, Dr. Carrington). 
 
 15. Jungermania obtusa, Lindb. 
 
 Jungermania obtusa, Lindberg Muse. Scand, p. 7 (1879); Kaalaas Leverm. 
 Norge, p. 348 (1893). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely ciespitose, medium size, pale green to fusce- 
 scent in colour. Stem simple or bifurcate, thick, succulent, fragile, 
 flexuose, below pale brown, above dark or pale green, on the 
 postical side more or less brownish, prostrate, apex slightly 
 ascending, the whole postical side densely radiculose ; rootlets 
 short or long, often in fascicles, near the base purplish-brown, 
 near apex hyaline. Leaves on sterile stems usually decrescent, 
 sometimes of equal size, somewhat remote, upper often closer and 
 contiguous, somewhat concave, obliquely inserted, slightl}' decur- 
 rent antically, rotund to obovato-quadrate, to J or a little more 
 bilobed, sinus semi-lunate, broad, gibbous, obtuse, rarely acute 
 and narrow ; lobes oval, obtuse or rotundate, sometimes somewhat 
 acute, slightly unequal, postical usually larger ; texture tender 
 and soft ; cells smallish to medium in size, somewhat dense, 
 quadrate-rotundate, more or less chlorophyllose but often trans- 
 lucent ; angles slightly thickened ; cuticule verruclose. Stipules 
 usually absent, when present rudimentary, more frequent on the 
 male stems and at tlie apex and fork of bifurcate stems, minute, 
 
JUNGERMANIA. 319 
 
 subulate-lanceolate. Bracts similar in size to the leaves, or rather 
 smaller, irregularly 2-4-lobed. Bracteole variable, entire or bifid. 
 Perianth projecting, pale green, cylindrical-obovate, upper -J- pluri- 
 plicate, below smooth, composed of one layer of cells, mouth 
 narrow, liyaline, irregularly ciliolate, with 15-20 cilioles, 1 and 2 
 cells long. Male plant more slender ; andnpcia o to 4 pairs at 
 the middle or apex of stem ; perigonial bracts much smaller than 
 the leaves, concave, at the base saccate, bilobed ; lobes obtuse, 
 connivent, unequal, postical larger; sinus broad, obtuse. Anthe- 
 ridia 1-3 in each bract, oval-globose, yellowish-green, stipitate. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 2 inches long, with leaves 2" mm. 
 to 3* mm. wide, "5 mm thick, leaves 1*5 mm. long xl "2 5 mm. 
 broad, segments "3 mm., cells '03 mm. x '025 mm., '025 mm., 
 stipules '4 mm. x '15 mm., perianth 3*5 mm. x ■1'25 mm., peri- 
 gonial bract 1' mm. x 1" mm., antheridia "15 mm, x '125 mm, 
 
 Hat3. — On rockv ledges, in alpine situations. Ben Gaire, 
 1700 ft., Moidart, West Inverness, Sijmers 31. Maccicar, July 27, 
 1898. 
 
 The only known British station. Found in Norway, Switzer- 
 land and Styria. 
 
 Obs. — There is no other alpine hepatic which this species 
 is likely to be mistaken for, the obtuse lobes of the leaves readily 
 distinguishing it. 
 
 Drs. Kaalaas and Jorgensen have confirmed the Scotch speci- 
 mens and have also sent me a series of Norwegian specimens with 
 which our species iuUy agrees. 
 
 The figure given by Dr. Henri Bernet in his " Cat. Hep. Sud- 
 Ouest Suisse " does not well agree with any specimens I have seen. 
 JuHf/. ohfiisa is one of the numerous discoveries made in Scotland 
 by my friend Mr. Macvicar. 
 
 Description oe Plate CXXXVI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Stem x 11 (Moidart, Macvicar). 3-5. Leaves x IG 
 (ditto). 6. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 7. Stipule x 24 
 (Norway, Bryhn). 8. Perianth x 16 (ditto). 9. Peri-onial 
 bract X 24 (ditto). 10. Antheridium x ^b (ditto). 
 
320 HEPATIC^. 
 
 16. Jungermania socia, Nees. 
 
 Jungermania socia, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb, 11, p. 72 (1836). 
 
 Paroicous, Joosely caespitose, from small to medium size, dark 
 green to j:>ale browu in colour, sometimes with a slight purplish 
 tinge on the upper leaves. Stems simple or innovantly branched, 
 branches slender ; prostrate or suberect, flexuose, thick, somewhat 
 tender; radiculose, rootlets long, whitish. Leaves subinibricate 
 or ajjproximate, accrescent, obliquely semi-verticall}^ inserted, 
 horizontal or slightly ascending, decurrent antically, secund or 
 sjDreading, slightly concave, undulate, orbicular, ovate, broadly 
 ovate, or subquadrate, bifid to about J or ^, segments acute or 
 obtuse, sinus acute or rounded, sometimes trifid, the third seg- 
 ment being basal and smaller ; texture tender, cells smallish to 
 medium size, 4-, 5-, and 6-sided, quadrate or oblong-quadrate, 
 trigones very small but distinct, walls thin, lumen full of chloro- 
 phyl granules which often cling to the walls, giving them a 
 thickened appearance. Stipules generally present on the upper 
 portion of stem, absent below, free or connate with the adjacent 
 sub-bracts, lanceolate, ligulate, subulate, simple or rarely bifid. 
 Sub-bracts {$) orbicular, subquadrate, bifid-trifid, with one or two 
 marginal small teeth, usually two pairs, containing several 
 antheridia, which are large, roundish-oval with rather long stipes. 
 Bracts broadly ovate, irregularly dentate, bracteole oval or ovate, 
 bidentate, connate or free. Perianth terminal, projecting more 
 than J- beyond the bracts, cylindrical, subclavate, upper portion 
 slightly folded, mouth with 5 segments, margin slightly and 
 irregularly bluntly dentate, teeth one cell long, when young with 
 a slight purple tinge. Calyptra mitriform, ovate. Pistillidia 
 linear-oblong, about twelve. Spores pale brown golden colour ; 
 elaters rather short, thick, dark claret colour, very diff'erent in 
 colour from the spores, bispiral, spiral threads thick, closely 
 twisted. 
 
 Pruits April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from h to 1 1 inch long, with leaves 2- mm, 
 broad, diam. 4 mm., diam. of young stem -25 mm. ; leaves '8 mm. 
 
JUNGERMANIA. 321 
 
 X 1- mm., segments -3 mm., I'l mm. x •\) mm., seg. '3 mm., 
 •8 mm. X '9 mm., see:- *3 mm., 1" mm. x "8 mm., seg. "4 mm., 
 •8 mm. X "8 mm., seg. "3 mm., '8 mm. x "7 mm., seg. "3 mm., 
 7 mm. X •() mm., seg. '1 mm. ; cells '03 mm. x '03 mm., -025 mm. 
 X '04 mm., '025 mm. x '03 mm., '02 mm. x '04 mm., "02 mm. x 
 •02 mm.; stipules '45 mm. x "2 mm., '45 mm. x 'IS mm., '225 
 mm. X -2 mm.; sub-bracts 1*1 mm. x 1'2 mm.; sub-bracteole 
 9* mm. X "3 mm., '6 mm. x '25 mm.; bract 1' mm. xTG mm.; 
 bracteole "8 mm. x '5 mm. ; perianth 2*5 mm. x "7 mm. ; pistil- 
 lidia "25 mm. x '075 mm. ; spores '02 mm. diam. ; elaters '1 mm. 
 X '01 mm. ; antheridia "175 mm. x "175 mm. 
 
 PIab. — Growing intermixed with Campijlopm nfrovirens in 
 marshy places on the ascent of Cader Iclris, Merionethshire, to 
 the left of the bridle path to Tow}^!, from Dolgelly, about 1500 
 ft. IF. IL Pearson, April 1876. 
 
 Extremely rare. Found on the Continent. 
 
 Variety. Near Barmouth, Merionethshire. IF. II. Pearson^ 
 June, 1878. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished ivom Jiin^ennania capitata, Hook., by its 
 much larger size, more distant leaves, which are more delicate in 
 texture, and by the presence of stipules on the upper portion of 
 the stem, &c. 
 
 I had some hesitation in adding this species to our list of 
 British Hepaticae, but as I sent good specimens to the late Prof 
 Lindberg, who replied, '' your Jiaig. mjcia, Nees, is correctly 
 named, no doubt left," I think it will stand good. 
 
 I collected, near Barmouth, another form, where the stipules 
 are found all along the stem. 
 
 Description of Plate CXXXVII. — Fig. 1. Piants natural 
 size. 2. Portion of young stem x 24 (Helsingfors, Lindberg). 
 3. Portion of stem x 16 (ditto). 4. Leaves x 24 (ditto). 
 5. Leaf x 24 (Original, Hb. Nees). 6-11. Leaves x 24 
 (Cader Idris,W.H.P.). 12. Portion of leaf x 290 (Helsingfors, 
 Lindberg). 13. Sub-bract x 24 (Cader Idris, W.H.P.). 14. 
 Sub-bract with sub-bracteole x 24 (Original, Hb. Nees). 15. 
 Portion ot uracts x 24 (ditto). 16. Sub-bracteole x 64 (Cader 
 
 X 
 
322 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Idris, W.H.P.). 17, 18. Ditto X 85 (Original, Hb. Nees). 
 19. Ditto (Cacler Idris, W.H.P.). 20. Bracteole x 24 (ditto). 
 21. Perianth x 24 (Original, Hb. Nees). 22. Pistillidia x 85 
 (ditto). 23. Spores x 290 (Helsingfors, Lindberg). 24. Elaters 
 X 290 (Ditto). 25. Antheridia x 85 (Cader Idris, W.H.P.). 
 26. Ditto, rather young (ditto). 
 
 17. Jungermania capitata, Hook. 
 
 Jungermania e.vcisa, Dicks. PI. crypt. Brit. fasc. Ill, p. 11 (170,3) ?; Lindb. 
 
 Muse. Scand. p. 7 (1879). 
 Jungermania capitata. Hook. Brit. Jung. p. 86 (1816). 
 Jungermania excisa, var. crisjyata, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 9 (1816). 
 Jungermania intermedia, Lindenb. Syn. Hep. Eur. p. 83, p. 93 (1829). 
 
 Paroicous, csespitose, small, pale or dark green in colour. 
 Stems simple or innovantly branched, frontally compressed, 14 
 cells X 10, cortical cells darker; prostrate or suberect, somewhat 
 succulent. Leaves above semi-vertically and below sub-horizon- 
 tally inserted, crowded, imbricate,- capitate, crisp and undulate, 
 below smaller and more distant, ovate, orbicular or subquadrate, 
 bifid to about |-, rarely trifid, uppermost leaves and sub -bracts 
 trifid, sometimes quadrifid, segments acute, sinus obtuse, sometimes 
 lunulate ; texture tender, cells from moderate to largish in size 
 (•038 mm.), 4-, 5- and 6-sided, somewhat thin walls, trigones very 
 small. No stipules. Bracts broadly ovate or orbicular, quadrifid, 
 segments irregular. Bracteole free or connate with a bract, 
 obovate or oblong-quadrate, obtuse or apiculate, sub-bracts with a 
 large lateral antical segment to enclose the antheridia. Perianth 
 obovate or oblong-obovate or subcylindrical, upper third portion 
 slightly folded, 4 or 5 furrows, mouth contracted, bluntly dentate, 
 teeth one cell long, usually very short, often tinted slightly 
 purple. Pistillidia about 20. Calyptra delicate. Spores brown. 
 Elaters bispiral, brown. Antheridia inserted immediately below 
 the perianth, 1, 2 or rarely 3 at the base of each bract and sub- 
 bract. 
 
 This plant is sometimes gemmiparous, geramse diamond- 
 
JUNC^EBMAXIA. 323 
 
 shaped, pyriform or spherical, pale green or sometimes of a purple 
 colour. 
 
 Fruits March, April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems \ to h inch long, "2 mm. diam., with 
 leaves i-5 mm. broad; leaves I'l mm. x 1' mm., segments "4 mm. 
 lonc^, 1* mm. x l* mm., sesf. "4 mm., "8 mm. x G mm., seg. '2 mm., 
 •6 mm. X "G mm., seg. '2 mm. ; cells "05 mm. x "04 mm., '05 mm. 
 x "03 mm., '04 mm. x '04 mm., "04 mm. x "03 mm., "04 mm. x 
 •025 mm. ; bracts r2 mm. x i'o mm., segments '2 mm., '4 mm., 
 •5 mm. long, 1"1 mm. x 1"2 mm., seg. -2 mm., '25 mm., "4 mm., 
 1" mm. X 1*2 mm., seg. "2 mm., 'S mm., "5 mm., 1' mm. x \- mm., 
 seg. *4 mm., 'O mm. x 1" mm., seg. "3 mm., '7 mm. x 7 mm., 
 seg. "2 mm. ; bracteoles "8 mm. x '5 mm. ; sub-bracteole '4 mm. x 
 •4 mm., perianth 2 '5 mm. xl" mm., 2* mm. x "7 mm.; spores 
 •02 mm. diam. ; elaters "1 mm. x -01 mm. ; antheridia "14 mm. x 
 *1 mm. ; stipe OG mm. long x 01 mm. thick. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in patches on sandy banks or moors. Some- 
 what rare. 1, 2. Guestling near Hastings, Brr. E. K. Blooiufich/ ; 
 Cadnum Bog, New Forest, Hants ; Lyndhurst Eacecourse, C. Li/elL 
 3. Hungershall Rocks, ./6^;z^/6^/-. 5. Cannock Chase, near Rugeley ; 
 Gospel End Common, Staffordshire, /. E. Ba(jncdL 7. Llanfaelog, 
 Anglesea, W. Wilson. 9. Udale, West Lane, WlteJdoii ^- A. 
 Wilson. 10. Strensall Moor, Br. Spruce; Castle Howard, Dr. 
 Spruce; Grosiwont, M. B. Slater. 12. Witherslack, Westmorland, 
 G. Stabler. 13, 15. Sculty and Gateside, Strachan, Aberdeen- 
 shire, ./. Sim; Kinnordy, C. Lijell. 16. Moidart, West Inverness, 
 S. M. Afacvicar. 
 
 I. Near Bantr\^, Aliss HutcJdns ; Galtymore Mountain, Co. 
 Tipperary, Br. B. A'loore. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — This may be the Jung, excisa of Dickson (PI. crypt. 
 Brit. fasc. 3, 1793), as Lindberg asserts, but his description and 
 figures are vague and incorrect, so I prefer to adopt the very 
 characteristic name of Hooker. 
 
 Distinguished from Juu//. veniric.osa, Dicks., by its paroicous 
 inliorescence. 
 
324 HEPATIC^. 
 
 From Ji())(/. xocia, Nees, and Jim^. bicrenata, Lindenb., both 
 paroicous species, see notes under them. 
 
 Description of Plate CXXXVIII.— Fig 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Fertile stem x 16 (Castle Howard, Dr. Spruce). 
 3-5. Leaves x 24 (Strachan, Sim). 6, 7. Ditto (Kinnordy, C. 
 Lyell). 8. Leaf x 24 (Llanfaelog, North Wales, Wilson). 
 9. Portion of leaf x 290 (Castle Howard, Dr. Spruce). 10. 
 Bract x 24 (Llanfaelog, Wilson). 11. Ditto (Strachan, Sim). 
 
 12. Bract with connate bracteole x 24 (Grosmont, Slater). 
 
 13. B^-acteole x 24 (Castle Howard, Dr. Spruce). 14, 15. Sub- 
 bracts X 24 (Strachan, Sim). 16. Ditto (Grosmont, Slater). 
 17. Ditto (Kinnordy, Lyell). 18. Sub-bracteole x 31 (Castle 
 Howard, Dr. Spruce). 19. Perianth x 24 (Strachan, Sim). 
 
 20. Cross-section of perianth x 24 (Castle Howard, Dr. Spruce). 
 
 21. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 18. Jung-ermania bicrenata, Schnidel. 
 
 Ju/igermania bicrenata, Schmid. Anal. p. 347, t. 64, f. 1 (1747). 
 Lo])hozia bicrenata, Dum. Recueil, p. 17 (1835). 
 
 Paroicous, csespitose, patches thin ; small, from yellowish to 
 reddish-brown in colour. Aromatic. Stems simple, rarely inno- 
 vantly branched, creeping, procumbent, the perianth and upper 
 portion of stem suberect, stem bearing rarely more than 8 pairs 
 of leaves ; radiculose, rootlets abundant, whitish, by which the 
 stems are firmly attached to the ground. Leaves semi-vertically 
 inserted, ascending, imbricate, concave, not undulate, accrescent, 
 ovate, orbicular, sometimes subquadrate or obovate, bifid from J 
 to ^, segments and sinus acute or obtusiuscuius ; texture thick, 
 guttulate, cells from smallish to medium in size, roundish or 
 roundish-oblong, walls very thick, no trigones. No stipules. 
 Bracts oblong-quadrate, trifid, quadrifid, segments irregularly 
 dentate, rarely entire, from ^ to ^ long ; bracteole subulate, entire 
 or oblong-quadrate and emarginate, connate with one of the 
 bracts, second pair of bracts orbiculate, irregularly dentate, third 
 
JUNGEBMANIA. 325 
 
 pair broadly ovate, less dentate, but witli a large tooth or segment 
 near the antical base to enclose the antheridia. Perianth terminal^ 
 projecting about ^ beyond the bracts, ovate, oblong-oval, upper 
 half plicate, mouth contracted, hyaline, divided into about 8 
 segments, which are ciliolate, cilia 20 to 24, from 2 to 4 single 
 cells long, incurved. Pistillidia about 12. Calyptra oval, narrow 
 at the base, delicate texture. Capsule brownish-red, almost 
 spherical. Spores brown. Elaters brown, bispiral. Antheridia 
 situated below the perianth, in one or two pairs of sub-bracts 
 below the innermost pair of bracts, roundish-oval, single, bearers 
 long. 
 
 Fruits March, April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems about \ inch long, rarely ^ inch, diam. 
 "25 mm., upper portion of stem with leaves 1* mm. wide, lower 
 portion *5 mm.; leaves 1" mm. x '8 mm., sinus '4 mm. deep, 
 •9 mm. X "8 mm., seg. "S mm., "9 mm. x "7 mm., seg. '25 mm., 
 '7 mm. X '7 mm,, seg. "15 mm., '7 mm. x '6 mm., seg. '2 mm. ; 
 cells "04 mm. x "025 mm., -035 mm. x -03 mm., '03 mm. x -025 mm., 
 •03 mm. X -02 mm. ; bracts 1*4 mm. x 1*2 mm., segments '2 mm., 
 •3 mm. and '4 mm., 1"6 mm. x "9 mm., seg. '6 mm. and '4 mm. ; 
 sub-bracts 1"1 mm. x I'l mm., sinus '35 mm. deep, 1* mm. x .8 mm., 
 seg. "25 mm., "9 mm. x '9 mm., seg. "2 mm. , perianth 275 mm. 
 X 1'25 mm., 25 mm. x 11 mm., 2*3 mm. x 1'2 mm., 22 mm. 
 x 1" mm., 1-75 mm. x '9 mm., 1'5 mm. x 7 mm.; cilia at 
 mouth of perianth "15 mm. long x '02 broad, at the base "12 mm. 
 X "02 mm.; pistillidia "15 mm. x "05 mm.; antheridia '16 mm. 
 X '13 mm. ; stipe '1 mm. ; spores '015 mm. diam. ; elaters "1 mm. 
 long X '01 mm. broad. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on exposed rocks, in woods and on heaths, 
 on sandy soil, soft sandstone or on mud covered walls. Rare. 
 
 2. Ashdown Forest, Sussex, G. E. Davies. 5. Sandpit near 
 Aldridge ; Brindley Valley, Staffordshire,/. E. Bar/ nail. 7 . Port- 
 madoc ; Tremadoc, Carnarvonshire, W. Wilson. Barmouth, 
 Merionethshire, /. TFJiiteJiead, C. J. Wild. 8. Swithland Wood, 
 Bloxam, F. T. Mott. Bardon Hill, Leicestershire, Cohnian. 
 9. Dale Ford Dingle, W. Wilson. Delamere, IV . H. P. Alderley 
 
326 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Edge, Chesliire, G. A. Holt. Whiteley Dean, near Hollingworth 
 Lake, Lane, G. A. Half. 10. Strensall Common; Grosmont, 
 Yorks., M. B. Slater. 13. S. of L. Dungeon, New Galloway, 
 /. Mc Andrew ; Lochar Moss, Kirkcudbrightsliire, /. Cruichhank. 
 15. Straciian, Aberdeenshire, J. /S'ii'^w. 16. Moidart, West Liver- 
 ness, on bare peaty banks with Sccqjcmia curta, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Temple Michal, Cork, Isaac Carroll; near Letterfrack, 
 and Kylemore, Co. Galway, Dr. D. Moore; Ballykill, Hill of 
 Howth, B. McArdle. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — A very distinct species. From Junff. capiiata Hook., 
 another paroicous species, it is distinguished by its brown colour, 
 the closely and uniformly imbricated, concave leaves, areolation 
 quite different, guttulate, the lumen small, with remarkably thick 
 walls, bracts and sab-bracts more acutely dentate, perianth cilio- 
 late ; in addition to these characters, the plant has a strong 
 aromatic smell when fresh, and even when dry, which becomes 
 more noticeable by moistening it. 
 
 Description of Plate CXXXIX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Fertile stem x 24 (Sussex, G. Davies). 3. Leaf x 24 
 (Dale Ford, Wilson). 4-7. Leaves x 24 (Sussex, Davies). 
 8. Leaf x 24 (G. & K n. 187 ). 9, 10. Leaves x 24 (Nassau, 
 Huebener), 11. Portion of leaf x 290 (Sussex, G. Davies). 
 12, 13. Bracts x 24 (ditto). 14. Sub-bract, 2nd sub-bract x 24 
 (Dale Ford, Wilson). 15. Ditto, 3rd sub-bract (ditto, from 
 smaller plant). 16. Ditto, 3rd sub-bract (Nassau, Huebener). 
 
 17. Sub-bract and leaf near sub-bract x 24 (Dale Ford, Wilson). 
 
 18. Perianth x 24 (Sussex, G. Davies). 19. Cilia x 85 (ditto). 
 
 20. Pistillidia with paraphyses x 85 (Barmouth, J. Whitehead). 
 
 21. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 22. Spores x 290. 23. Elaters 
 X 290. 
 
JUNGEllMANIA. 327 
 
 19. Jung-ermania ventricosa, Dickie. 
 
 Jungermania minima repens,foUis bifidis, vagina Jiorum ventricosa, Mich. Nov. 
 
 pi. gen. p. 9, t. 5, f. 15 (172!)). 
 Lichenastrum quod Jtingermania minima repens, foliis bifidis, vagina fiorum 
 
 ventricosa, Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 489, t. 70, f. 14 (1741). 
 Jufigermania ventricosa, Dicks. Vl. crypt. Brit. fasc. 11, p. 14 (1790); Hook. 
 
 Brit. Jung. t. 28 (1816). 
 Lojihozia ventricosa, Dum. Recueil, p. 17 (1835). 
 Jtmgermania ventricosa, var porphyroleuca, Limpr. in Cohn, Krypto. Fl. Scliles. 
 
 1, p. 280 (1876). 
 Jnnger mania liorphyroleuca, ISTees, Nat. Eur. Leb. 11, p. 78 (1836). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose or straggling amongst mosses, small to 
 medium in size, of a light or dark green colour, sometimes with, 
 a reddish tinge. Stems procumbent or suberect, simple or 
 branched, frontally compressed, innovations arising from below 
 the perianth, single and stout, giving the perianth a laterally 
 inserted appearance, or several and then slender, the postical side 
 of the cortical layer usually of a reddish or violet colour ; radi- 
 culose, rootlets abundant, of a whitish colour. Leaves semi- 
 vertically inserted, horizontal or patent-divergent, imbricate or 
 approximate, on fertile stems accrescent, on sterile stems often 
 largest about the middle, concave or reflexed, gemmiparous, 
 obovate, ovate, broadly ovate or subquadrate, obtusely and widely 
 but not deeply (about \) emarginate, rarely and only near the 
 bracts trifid, segments obtuse or acute ; texture somewhat succu- 
 lent, cells from moderate to largish in size, 4-, 5- and 6-sided, 
 roundish-quadrate, lumen usually filled with chlorophyl granules, 
 trigones small but very distinct. No stipules. Bracts broadly 
 ovate, ovate or subquadrate, bifid, trifid or quadrifid ; bracteole 
 simple and Ungulate or oblong-quadrate and emarginate, connate 
 with the bracts or rarely free. Perianth terminal, projecting 
 about \ beyond the bracts, ovate-oblong, obovate, ventricose, 
 when young and barren, smooth, upper portion obtusely folded, 
 with about 5 folds, mouth contracted, margin irregular, dentate, 
 teeth minute. Pistillidia large, long. Capsule dark brown, 
 
328 HEPATIC^. 
 
 valves splitting down to the base, viewed through transmitted 
 light of a deep dark red colour. Spores reddish-brown, elaters 
 the same, bi-trispiral. 
 
 Perigonial stems usually slenderer, growing in separate tufts 
 or entangled with the fertile ; bracts clasping the stem, ventricose, 
 usually terminal, two or three pairs, containing in each bract 2 
 large, oval antheridia. 
 
 Gemm?e on the ends of many of the upper leaves, yellowish- 
 green, three and four angled. 
 Fruits March, April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from |- to 1 inch long, diam. '2 to 
 
 %S mm., with leaves spreading 2* mm. broad; leaves 1*5 mm. long 
 
 X 1-4 mm. broad, segments '4 mm., 1'5 mm. x 1"1 mm., seg. 
 
 4 mm., 1"3 mm. x 1"3 mm., seg-. '4 mm., 1'2 mm. x 1' mm., ses:. 
 
 3 mm., I'l ram. x "9 mm., seg. "25 mm., 1"1 mm. x '7 mm., seg. 
 
 3 mm. ; cells '06 mm. x '03 mm., "05 mm. x •04 mm., 045 mm. x 
 
 04 mm., 04 mm. x "03 mm., '035 mm. x "035 mm.; trigones 
 0075 mm.; bracts 2" 1 mm. long x 2* mm. broad, seg. "5 mm., 
 1*7 mm. X 1*3 mm., seg. "5 mm., 1*5 mm. x 1"4 mm., seg. "4 mm., 
 1-5 mm. X 1'2 mm., seg. "4 mm., 1"4 mm. x 1*2 mm., seg. '5 mm. ; 
 bracteoles -5 mm. long x -175 mm. broad, '325 mm. long x -1 mm. ; 
 pistillidia "3 mm. long x '06 mm. broad, '25 mm. x '05 mm.; 
 perianth 3' mm. long x r3 mm. broad, 1"8 mm. x 1' mm., 
 17 mm. X 11 mm, 1-3 mm. x '7 mm. ; spores "015 mm. diam. ; 
 elaters 17 mm. long x '015 mm. broad; perigonial bract '9 mm. 
 long X "6 mm. broad; antheridia "2 mm. x '175 mm.; gemmse 
 •02 mm., -015 mm., ^0125 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in patches on rocks, clayey or sandy ground 
 or straggling amongst mosses on heaths or in bogs, in the plains 
 or subalpine situations, on rotting wood, when it becomes the 
 Jf/,n(/ermajiia poiyln/roleifca of authors. Generally distributed. 
 
 1. Penzance, Cornwall, W. Cuntoic. 2. Sussex, G. J^. Dav?e8 ; 
 Tunbridge Wells, Sussex, Dr. Spruce; Hastings, Sussex, Bev. E. 
 N. Bloomfeld. 3. Southborough, Fmvcett ; Roadside near Seal, 
 Sevenoaks, Hon%se ; Ightham, Kent, E. M. Holmes. 4. Tuddenham, 
 West Suffolk, Eafjle. 5. Near Leek, /. E. Bacjiiall ; Dimmings 
 
JUNGERMAXIA. 329 
 
 Dale, /. E. Bmjnall ; Trentliam, 7?. Garner; Gospel End; Seckley ; 
 Tettensor, &c., StaflPordsliire, /. E. Bapiall. 7. Abergynolvvyn, 
 T. Bo(/crs; Cader Idris, W. 11. P.; Tyn-y-Groes, IF. H. P.; 
 Cvvm Bychan, Merionethshire, E. M. Holmes; Lyn Bodlyn, 
 E. JL Jlohi/e.s; Llanberis, Carnarvonshire, G. E. Huni. 8. Kinder 
 Scout ; Charlesworth Coombs, Derbyshire, G. A. HoU. 9. Green- 
 field, W. West; Bamford Wood, G. A. Holt ; Clifton June, Lane, 
 G. A. Holt; Above Kemple End, West Lane, ./. A. Whet don; 
 Marple, Cheshire, G. A. Holt. 10. Bingley, //'. Wext; Salters- 
 gate Beck, S. Andersoii ; Blaeberry Gill, M. B. Slater ; Bolton 
 Woods, Dr. Carr'ivgton, G. A. Holt. 12. About Staveley ; Saddle 
 Forest ; Foulshaw Moss, among Sphagna ; Witherslack ; Wild- 
 boar Fell, Westmorland, G. Stabler; Borrowdale, Cumberland, 
 Dr. Carrinr/ton S>' W. H P. ; Isle of Man, G. A. Holt. 13. White- 
 hill, C. Scott; Kelton and Lochar Moss, /. Cndchshank. 15. 
 Strachan, Aberdeenshire, T. Sim. 16. Glen Finnan, Dr. Car- 
 riiifjtoii ; Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Banks and rocks in mountain situations, Dublin and 
 Wicklow, Conemore, Dr. Taylor; Antrim; Benbulben, Sligo ; 
 Gal ty more, Tipperary, Dr. D. Moore. Rare at Killarney, Dr. 
 Carrington; Slieve Glah, Co. Cavan, D. McArdle ; Ballykill, Hill 
 of Howth, D. McArdle. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Var. Wliitehcadii. 9. Near Woodhead, Cheshire, Johi White- 
 head, 1877. 
 
 Obs. — This is a very variable species and a great number of 
 varieties have been named by Lindenberg and Nees. 
 
 With reference to Ju.vgcrmaiiia porphj/roleuca, N., I am con- 
 strained by the examination of an extensive series of specimens to 
 consider it only a variety of .Tfmr/. rentricosa ; the form growing 
 on rotting wood might be accounted distinct enough, if the 
 characters depended upon were only constant, but when the bracts 
 vary from bifid to quadrifid with the bracteoles simple or bifid, 
 connate or free, with segments more or less deep, the examination 
 of a larQ-e series can lead to no other conclusion than that tliev are 
 forms of one species. This is all the more confirmed by the fact 
 
330 HEPATIC^. 
 
 that in the Herbarium of Nees, are found specimens of both forms 
 and of paroicous species, along with Jiiuf/. alpcstris under the 
 name of Jn/tf/. j-'o^'P^^JP^oleuca. 
 
 A peculiar type of this species has been collected by the late 
 John Whitehead near Woodhead, Cheshire, which is chiefly 
 remarkable for the extremely large number of pistillidia; I have 
 counted 37, 54 and 57 in three involucres, in this character 
 approaching Jtfn(/. Mildei, G., with which it has other characters 
 somewhat in common — bracts broadly ovate, unequally trifid or 
 quadrifid and perianth plicate. Jun(/. Mildei, G., differs, however, 
 from it, in its yellowish-brown colour not a bluish-green, with 
 the extremities of the leaves tinged violet, the leaves almost 
 vertically inserted and densely imbricated, not semi-vertically and 
 loosely imbricated ; the lobes of the leaves of the young branches 
 are almost equal, not very unequal, and the cells smaller, with 
 large trigones. It has much the habit ol Jung, ccqjitafa, Hook., 
 in its crowded upper leaves, but is dioicous. It affords a striking 
 example of a transition fiom one species to another. 
 
 To distinguish /. ventricosa from allied dioicous ones is easy. 
 Jim^. incisa has a lighter green colour, leaves almost transversely 
 inserted, upper leaves irregularly toothed. Juu^. bantriensis and 
 its variety Muelleri, have stipules and different bracts and shaped 
 perianth. From Jmi^. aljjestris, see notes under that species. 
 
 Description of Plate CXL. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Fertile plant x 16 (Tunbridge Wells, Dr. Spruce). 3. Male 
 stem X 16 (C. & P. n. 171). 4. Leaf x 24 (Llanberis, W.H.P.). 
 5. Ditto (Cwm Bychan, E. M. Holmes). 6. Ditto (C. & P. n. 
 171). 7. Ditto (C. & P. n. 185). 8. Portion of leaf x 290 
 (Sussex, Gr. Davies). 9, 10. Bracts x 24 (Hastings, Bloomheld). 
 11. Bract X 16 (Isle of Man, Holt). 12. Young bract x 24 
 (G. & R. n. 185). 13. Bracteole x 85 (G. & R. 185). 14. 
 Pistillidium x 85 (ditto). 15. Perianth x 24 (Hastings, 
 Bloomfield). 16. Spores and elater x 290 (Sussex, G. Davies). 
 17. Perigonial bract x 24 (C. & P. n. 171). 18. Antheridium 
 X 85 (ditto). 19. Gemmae x 290 (Bingley, West). 
 
 Description of Plate CXLI. — Juugermania ventricosa, var. 
 
JUNGEBMANIA. 331 
 
 porpUyrolenca (N.). — Fig-. 1. Leaves x 17 (After G-ottsche, G. k 
 R n. 288). 2, 3. Sub-bracts x 17 (ditto). 4, 5. Bracts x 17 
 (ditto). 6, 7. Ditto (Sweden, Lindberg). 8. Perianth x 17 
 (After Ct. in G. &; R. 288). Jmigprmania ventricosa, var. White- 
 headii {Jmiff. IFIiifeheadii, Pears. MSS). 9. Leaf x 24 (Wood- 
 head, J. AVhitehead). 10, 11. Sub-bracts x 24 (ditto). 12, 13. 
 Bracts X 24 (ditto). 
 
 20. Jungermania alpestris, Schleicli. 
 
 Jungermania alpestris, Schleicher, Exsicc. 2 cent. n. 59 (1804 ?) ; Web. Prod. 
 
 p. 81 (1815). 
 Jimgermania sudetica, Nees in Hueben. Hep. Germ. p. 142 (1834). 
 Jungermania Goejyertiana, Hueben. Hep. Germ. p. 254 (1834). 
 Cephalozia alpestris, Cogn. Hep. Belg. p. 35 (1872). 
 
 Dioicous, growing in flat, closely entangled, often spreading 
 tufts, or straggling amongst mosses, small, from green, when 
 young, to reddish-yellow, brown or dark brown in colour. Stems 
 suberect, simple or furcately branched, brown, when old dark 
 brown, serpentine, flexuose, somewhat rigid ; radiculose, rooting 
 up to apex of stem, rootlets close, pale brown, often reddish or 
 reddish-purple. Leaves obliquely semi-vertically inserted, hori- 
 zontal, spreading or secund, sub-complicate and semi-amplexicaul 
 near the apex of fertile stems, antical margin slightly decurrent^ 
 imbricate or approximate, gemmiparous, roundish-ovate, ovate or 
 subquadrate, concave, bidentate, sinus v^ide, very shallow (y\p to 
 \ deep), obtuse, segments unequal, acute or obtuse ; texture firm, 
 epidermis smooth, cells smallish, 4-, 5-, and 6 -sided, roundish- 
 quadrate, trigones very small but distinct, marginal cells slightly 
 thickened and quadrate. No stipules. Bracts larger and broader 
 than the stem leaves, roundish, margin entire or slightly irregular, 
 bifid from -i^ to \, sinus acute or obtuse, not so wide. Bracteole 
 simple. Ungulate or rarely oblong and slightly retuse, connate 
 with the adjoining bract or rarely free. Perianth terminal, pro- 
 jecting about ^ beyond the bracts, oblong or oval, smooth, slightly 
 obtusely folded near the apex, mouth obtusely complicate, margin 
 
332 HEPATIC^. 
 
 dentate. Pistillidia 5-8. Capsule roundish-oval. Spores small, 
 yellowish-brown, elaters reddish-brown, not much broader than 
 the spores. Male plants usually growing in separate tufts or 
 more rarely mixed with fertile, male stems slender, often furcate* 
 branches short, $ terminal or middle of the stem, 3-6 pairs of 
 bracts, with 2 (rarel}^ 3) antheridia at the base, perigonial bracts 
 clasping the stem, bifid with a narrow sinus, ventricose at the 
 base, antheridia roundish-oval. Growing with the antheridia are 
 often leafy paraphyses. Gemmee often abundant, at the ends of 
 the uppermost leaves, 3-5 angled, brown or purplish-brown. 
 Fruits April, May, June. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from |- to 1 inch long, "2 mm. diam., 
 
 with leaves 1" mm. to 2" mm. wide ; leaves 1 "3 mm. long x 1.2 mm. 
 
 broad, segments "25 mm., 1*3 mm. x 1*3 mm., seg. '25 mm., 
 
 '8 mm. X •/ mm., seg. '1 mm., '7 mm. x '7 mm., seg. '05 mm., 
 
 '7 mm. x *7 mm., seg. "05 mm., '6 mm. x '6 mm., seg. '05 mm. ; 
 
 cells "02 mm. x '025 mm., -025 mm. x '025 mm., *02 mm. 
 
 X "03 mm.; bracts 17 mm. long x I'o mm. broad, I'l mm. 
 
 X 1* mm. (including bracteole), seg. •2mm.,'3mm.,'8 mm. x -8 mm., 
 
 seg. '1 mm., '8 mm. x '7 mm., seg. "2 mm., 1. mm. x '8 mm., seg. 
 
 ^1 mm., '8 mm' x '9 mm. (including bracteole), seg. '1 mm. ; 
 
 bracteole 1' mm. long x '6 mm. broad, "6 ram. x '6 mm. ; pistillidia 
 
 '16 mm. long x "06 mm. broad ; perianth 2'5 mm. long x 'I'l mm. 
 
 broad, 2 '2 mm. x I'l mm., 2'1 mm. x '8 mm., 1'8 mm. x 1. mm. ; 
 
 perigonial bracts *8 mm. long x '7 mm. broad ; antheridia '16 mm. 
 
 X '14 mm. ; gemm-se '0125 mm. x "01 mm., '01 mm. x '015 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in alpine and subalpine situations, on rocks 
 or earth, often in dry and exposed places. Eare. 
 
 7. Glyders, Carnarvonshire, W. Wilson. Cwm Idwal, Car- 
 narvonshire, IF. H. P. Cader Idris, Merionethshire, W. H. P. 
 Nr. Dolgelly, Merionethshire, Dr. Carringfon i^' W. H. P. 
 12. Staveley, Westmorland, G. Stabler. Eydal, Westmorland, 
 G. Stabler. 15. Bei\MiicJ)h\n, JF. JFest, T. Ro(/ers. Ben Lawers, 
 Sadler. Tillylair, /. Sim. 16. Ben Nevis, Z>/'. Carrinf/ton, IF. West, 
 J. Whitehead. Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
JUNGERMANIA. 333 
 
 I. Slieve Glah, Co. Cavan, D. McArd/c ; 13enbulben, Co. Sligo, 
 D. McArdh. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — This species is nearly rehited to Jiuiger mania ventricom 
 (Dicks.), and its var. porjjhyroleuca (Nees), on the one hand, and 
 JiuH/ermama baiitrlensi^ var. acuta (Lindenb.), on the other. 
 
 On examination of numerous specimens from several collectors, 
 and those given in different Fasciculi, I am confirmed in the 
 opinion that some uncertainty exists as to its characters. In my 
 copy of Austin's Hep. Am-Bor., the specimens would refer better 
 to a form of Jungermania ventricosa, which may have been given 
 in mistake, for 1 have good typical specimens from the same 
 station (White Mountains, Oakes). According to Crypt. Bad. 
 n. 96li, J((ngeriuaina aJpe^itris a. latior is a form also qI Jungermania 
 ventricosa, having the violet cortical stem layer, subquadrate 
 leaves with more acute segments, but exactly the same type is 
 given in G. & R. Hep. Eur. n. 304 and n. 264 as Jnngerniania 
 ventricosa. 
 
 To add to the confusion, I have specimens from Schleicher's 
 Cent. n. 59, which are {ecc parte) the original Jang, alpestris, but my 
 specimens are Jungermania bantriensis var. Aluelleri (Nees), having 
 the subulate stipules on all the stems. In Carr. k Pears. Hep. 
 Brit. Fasci. II. n. 110 is given a small iorm of Jungermania 
 aljjestris as var. geJida (Tayl.), but since it was publislied I have 
 had the opportunity of examining the original specimens of 
 Taylor, and am inclined to look upon the type as quite a distinct 
 species (see Jungermania gelida, Tayl.). 
 
 From Jungermania ventricosa Dicks, and its var. jjorjjiigrolcuca 
 (Nees), J. a/pest ris maybe distinguished by its often slenderer and 
 more graceful stems, with smaller leaves, which are rounder, not 
 subquadrate, with a wider and shallower sinus, the cortical layer 
 of the stem being destitute of the violet colouring, the bracts only 
 bifid, perianth narrower. 
 
 Jungermania /jantriensis var. acuta (Lindenb.) is more delicate,^ 
 of a darker green colour, leaves more oval, with narrow sinus. 
 
334 HEPATIC^. 
 
 larger cells, no bracteole, perigonial bracts with usually an antical 
 basal tooth. 
 
 Description of Plate CXLII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Fertile stem x 24 (C. k P. n. 109). 3. Male stem x 16 
 (a. & R. n. 265). 4. Leaf x 24 (Dolgelly, Dr. C. & W. H. P.). 
 5. Ditto (Staveley, Q. Stabler). 6-9. Ditto (Ben Nevis, Dr. Car- 
 rington). 10. Portion of leaf x 290 (Staveley, G. Stabler). 
 11. Bract X 24 (Dolgelly, Dr. C. & W. H. P.). 12, 13. Ditto 
 (C. &P. n. 109). 14. Bracteole x 24 (ditto). 15. Ditto x 16 
 (Dolgelly, Dr. C.&W.H. P.). 16. Pistiilidium x 85 (Ben Nevis, 
 Dr. C). IT. Perianth x 24 (Dolgelly, Dr. G. & W. H. P.). 
 18. Spores x 290 (ditto). 19. Elaters x 290 (ditto). 
 20, 21. Perigonial bracts x 24 (C. & P. n. 109). 22. Antheri- 
 diam x 85 (ditto). 23. Gemmas x 290 (G. & Pv. n. 190). 
 
 21. Jungermania gelida, Tai/I. 
 
 Jungermania gelida, Taylor, Journ. of Bot. p. 277, ii. 5 (1845); G. L. N. Syn, 
 
 Hep. p. 67G (1847) ; Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 79 (1874). 
 Jungermania alpestris, var. gelida, Cooke, Hanclb. Brit. Jung. p. 185 (1894). 
 
 Dioicous, growing intertwined in tufts of Cesia concimiata, 
 small, reddish-brown at the apices, below, and old stems brown in 
 colour. Stems creeping, or ascending, simple or innovant near 
 apex, flexuose, filiform, graceful, 10 cells in diameter, cortical cells 
 20-30, somewhat similar to the inner ones ; radiculose, rootlets 
 plentiful, long, whitish. Leaves approximate, erecto-patent, 
 secund, subrotund, bifid to 1 or ^, rarely trifid, segments acute, 
 unequal, incurved, sinus obtuse or acute ; cells small (large 
 for size of plant), roundish ; lumen filled with brownish granules ; 
 walls thick, angles thickened. No stipules. 3 and $ not been 
 seen. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems ^ to 1 inch long, diam. "15 mm., with 
 leaves "5 mm, leaves "5 mm. x "4 mm., sinus "l mm., '8 mm. 
 X '6 mm., sinus "2 mm., "7 mm. x '7 mm., sinus '2 mm., '7 mm. 
 X '6 mm., sinus "15 mm., cells "02 mm. 
 
 Hab. — -Scotch Alps growing intertwined with Cesia concinnaia. 
 
JUXGERMANIA. 335 
 
 l)riniiiiioii(l. 1 ('). Ben Nevis, Dr. GrcriJ/c. Kosliven, West 
 Inverness, S. M. Macrirar. 
 
 Obs. — This is a pretty little species, and thougli it may possibly 
 be only a form of Jinir/. aljjestr}>< Sehleich., yet its liabit, small, 
 secuud, acutely bifid leaves witli acute segments and different 
 cell structure lead me to look upon it as distinct. 
 
 Deschtption of Plate CXLIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Plant X 24. 3-8. Leaves x 24. 9-14. Ditto x 31. 
 15. Portion of leaf x 290 (Scotch Alps, Drumniond original, 
 Herb. Tayl.). 
 
 22. Jungerniania incisa, Sc/irnd. 
 
 Janyerinania incisa, Schrader, Syst. Samml. krypt. Gew. 2 p. ."» (17'.i7) ; Hook. 
 
 Brit. Jung. t. 10(181(5). 
 Lophozia incisa, Dum. Recueil, p. 17 (1835). 
 
 Dioicous, caespitose, small to medium in size, of a pleasant, 
 bright, light green colour. Stems prostrate or suberect, ver}^ thick 
 for the size of plant, frontally compressed, 9 and 10 cells by 14, 
 of a brown colour beneath, the postical cortical layer of cells lig- 
 neous and indistinctly cellular, the antical cortical cells smaller 
 and delicate, inner hexagonal, thin walls, with numerous dark 
 granules in each cell ; radiculose, rootlets very copious, on all the 
 under side of stem, whitish, thick, long ; simple or furcately 
 branched, branches often arising from base of perianth. Leaves 
 succubous, horizontalh^ inserted, ascending, imbricating or accres- 
 cent, closer and larger near the apex, subcomplicate, obovate, 
 deltoid, broadly ovate, bifid or irregularly trifid to about the 
 middle, margin entire or irregularly dentate or erose, segments 
 acute or somewhat obtuse, often dentate about the middle, sinus 
 rounded or acute ; texture somewhat coarse, epidermis smooth ; 
 cells rather large, 4-, 5-, and G-sided, lumen filled with chlorophyl 
 granules giving the plant a character distinct from its allies, walls 
 moderately firm, trigones small. No stipules. Bracts larger 
 than the leaves, l)ifid with large lateral segments, segments irre- 
 gularly and coarsely dentate. Bracteole none. Perianth project- 
 
336 HEPATIC^. 
 
 ing about half beyond the bracts, obovate, oval-rotund or 
 oblong-oval, slightly plicate near the mouth, mouth hyaline with 
 4 or 5 irregular segments, furnished with about 20 long or short 
 cilia, which are 1, 2, or 3 cells long, incurved; their irregularity 
 gives the mouth a lacerated appearance. Calyptra mitriform, 
 cells delicate, yet regular and well defined, not so delicate and 
 indistinct as in some allied species. Capsule oval, dark reddish- 
 brown, valves dividing down to the base. Spores light brown,, 
 elaters purplish-brown, bispiral. Male stems similar to others, 
 sometimes more slender, perigonial bracts accrescent, crowded, 
 forming small capitula, ventricose, bifid with incurved basal 
 lateral segments, dentate ; antheridia spherical, large, one or two 
 in each bract. 
 
 Fruits March, April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J- to 1 inch long, "5 mm. diam., leaves 
 1'3 mm. long x 1* mm. broad, segments '7 mm., 1*2 mm. 
 X 1'2 mm., sees'. "6 mm., 1'2 mm. x '7 mm., seg. '7 mm., I'l mm. 
 X 1'2 mm., seg. '6 mm., '6 mm. x "5 mm,, seg. '4 mm.; cells 
 •05 mm. X *04 mm., "05 mm. x '03 mm., .04 mm. x "04 mm., 
 '03 mm. X "03 mm.; bracts 1'7 mm. long x 1'9 mm. broad, seg- 
 ments "6 mm., '5 mm., 1'5 mm. x 1"8 mm., seg. "8 mm., seg. 
 •4 mm., 1*5 mm. x I'O mm., seg. '6 mm., "3 mm. ; sub-bract 
 1*3 mm. long x 1*1 mm. broad, segment "5 mm.; perianth 
 2'7 mm. long x 1*5 mm. broad, 2' mm. x 1"1 mm., 1"8 mm. 
 X 1*3 mm. ; cilia '15 mm. long, "12 mm., "07 mm. ; capsule 
 •25 mm. diam. ; pedicel ^08 ram. diam. ; spores '015 mm. diam. ; 
 elaters •I 2 mm. long x •Ol mm. broad ; perigonial bracts '7 mm. 
 long X 1"1 mm. broad, segments 'A. mm., 1. mm. x.8 mm., seg. 
 •4 mm. ; antheridia 'IQ mm. diam. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in large patches on heaths, banks, rocks, or 
 amongst mosses on moors ; most frequent in subalpine localities. 
 Generally distributed. 
 
 1, 3-5, 7, 8, 10-16. I. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — This is an easily recognised species, and from any of 
 the allied dioicous species may be distinguished by the remarkably 
 
JUNGEIIMANIA. 387 
 
 frontally flattened upper portion of stem, its pleasant li^lit ^reen 
 colour, the crisped, dentate leaves, and the leaf cells lilled with 
 numerous granules. When dry the specimens do not retain their 
 distinctive colour, but, on the contrary, turn a dingy black. 
 
 Description of PL.vrE CXLIV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 
 2. Portion of male stem x K> (Bettws-y-Coed, W. H. P.). 
 
 3. Upper portion of fertile stem x IG (France, Du Buysson). 
 4-6. Leaves x 24 (487 G-. & R). 7. Leaf x 24 (Ben Nevis, 
 West). 8. Ditto x 24 (Da Buysson). 1). Portion of leaf x 200 
 (487 Gf. &R). 10, IL Bracts x 24 (Du Buysson). 12. Ditto 
 
 X 16. 13. Sub-bract x 24 (ditto). 14. Perianth x 16 
 (228 Gr. & E.). 15. Mouth of perianth x 16 (Du Buysson). 
 16. Cilia from mouth of perianth x 85. 17. S]iores x 290. 
 18. Elaters x 290. 19, 20. Perigonial bracts x 24. 21. An- 
 theridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 23. Jungermania exsecta, Schmid. 
 
 Jungermania exsecta, Schmidel, Ic. et anal. p. 241, t. (12, f. 2 (excl. f. fi-uctif. et 
 
 10, 20), (1747); Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 14 et suppl. t. 1 (1<S1G), 
 Loj)hozia exsecta, Dum. Recueil, p. 17 (1835). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, small, of a green, yellowish or light brown 
 colour. Stems prostrate or suberect, simple or slightly branched ; 
 radiculose, rootlets few, dull white, sterile stems often depauperate, 
 apex gemmiparous. Leaves equitant, distichous^ imbricate, 
 ap[)roximate or distant, horizontal or slightly ascending, some- 
 times secund, convolute-complicate, concave ; outline, when 
 explanate sub-ovate, antical lobe small, broadly subulate, acute or 
 apic'ulate, postical lobe much larger, semi-ovate, entire or bidentate, 
 segments acute, minutely bidentate or erose, margin entire ; 
 texture gattulate, cells very small, roundish-quadrate, near central 
 base oblong, walls thick, angles thickened, no trigones. No 
 sti|)ules. Bracts roundish or roundish-quadrate in outline, when 
 explanate ; tri- or quadrifid, segments acute ; convolute-complicate 
 like the leaves. No bracteole. Perianth projecting about half 
 beyond the bracts, terminal, oblong, oblong-obovate or cj^lindrical, 
 
 Y 
 
338 HEPATIC^. 
 
 composed ot a single layer of cells, about 200 round, upper portion 
 obtusely 5 -plicate, mouth somewhat contracted, laciniate-ciliate, 
 cilia 20 to 30, 2 to 3 cells long, incurved. Capsule oval, dark 
 brown. Spores small, pale brown. Elate rs dark reddish-brown. 
 Male stems growing in the same tufts, perigonial bracts terminal, 
 few, closely imbricate, bifid or trifid, antical lobe broadly oval, 
 incurved, ventricose at the base, enclosing one or two oval, large 
 antheridia. 
 
 Gremmse at the apex of the stems or ends of the leaves, 
 plentiful, brick-red or yellowish. 
 
 Fruits April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from J to |- inch long, -2 mm. to '3 mm. 
 diam., with leaves about 2* mm. wide ; leaves, explanate, 1-25 mm. 
 longxl' mm. broad, 1"25 mm. x "9 mm., I'l mm. x "8 mm.; 
 cells -015 mm., 'Ol mm., '02 mm. x -01 mm. ; sub-bract r25 mm. 
 longxl" mm. broad; bracts I'l mm. long x Tl mm. broad, 
 I'l mm. X 1* mm. ; perianth 2" mm. long x "85 mm. broad; cilia 
 at mouth "l mm. long; capsule '75 mm. x '6 ram.; pedicel "25 
 mm. diam.: spores '01 mm. diam.; elaters -135 mm. long x 
 •01 mm. broad ; perigonial bracts, postical lobe '8 mm. long x 
 •65 mm. broad, antical lobe '5 mm. high x '4 mm. broad; anthe- 
 ridia -2 mm. X '15 mm. 
 
 Obs. — This is a very distinct species and not likely to be con- 
 fused with any other, the curiously convolute-complicate leaves, 
 which in the common form are usuall}^ bidentate, readih^ enabling 
 us to recognise it. A large, more erect form has been found on 
 the Continent, and also at Tyn-y-Groes, North Wales, by Mr. 
 Holt ; it has leaves usually tridentate, but no other character of 
 importance has yet been observed. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on rotting wood, heaths or rocks, in woods 
 or shady places. Somewhat rare, very rare in fruit. 
 
 3. Joyden's Wood, near Bexley, Kent, E. M. Holmes. 
 4. Westleton Heath, Tuddenham ; Holt and Edgefield Heaths 
 (where it was for the first time discovered in England by Bev. B. 
 B. Fraj/cis); Mousehold Heath, Norfolk, Dr. IF. J. Hooker; 
 Herringfleet, Suffolk, Fir. IF. J. Hooker. 7. Tyn-y-Groes, 
 
JUNGERMANIA. 339 
 
 Merioneth, G. A. Holt, W. H. P. 9. Eisley Mo:-;.s, Cheshire, 
 W. W'lhon. 10. Strensall Common, Br. Sprxcr, G. S fabler, M. B. 
 Slater; near Gomire Lake, Yorks., J/. B. Slafer. 12. Nacldle 
 Forest, Mardale, Westmorland, G. Sfnhler. 13. Eennan Hill, 
 Ballingear Wood, New Grallovvay, J. McAndrex-. 15, IG. Glen 
 Finnan, Dr. Carritujioa ; Moidart, West Inverness, S. JI 
 Macvicar. 
 
 I. Bantry, Co. Cork, J/m Haichhtx; on dr}- banks common, 
 Br. Taylor; Rotton logs, Cromaglown, Br. Carri.n(/fo7i ; Ballin- 
 hassig Glen, Co. Cork, /. Carroll ; Gleniff, Leitrim ; Sillaghbraes, 
 Antrim, Br. B. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Description of Plate CXLV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Stem X 31 (Strensall Conmion, Yorks., G. Stabler). 3-G 
 Leaves x 24 (Germany, Hampe). 7. Portion of leaf x 290 
 (Spruce, Hep. Pyr. n. 17). 8. Sub-bract x 31 (Germany, 
 Hampe). 9, 10. Bracts x 31 (ditto). 11. Perianth x 24 
 (ditto). 12. Portion of the mouth of perianth x 85 (British 
 Columbia, Macoun). 13. Perigonial bract x 24 (Spruce, Hep. 
 Pyr. n. 17). 
 
 24. Jungermania Lyoni, Taylor. 
 
 J anger mania quinq Hedentata,Weh. et Mohr, Bot. Taschenb. p. -ASO (1807) ; Eng. 
 
 Bot. 2517. 
 Jungermania Lyoni, Tayl. in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. 1, p. ll(i, t. 7 (1S44); Dura. 
 
 Hep. Eur. p. 73 (1874); Husn. Hep. Gall. p. 40, f. 00 ('l87.')-81). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely csespitose, medium in size, dark green in 
 colour. Stems simple or slightly ramose, often innovant at the 
 apex, procumbent or ascending, thick, greenish, postical side 
 usually reddish ; radiculose, rootlets copious, close, long or short, 
 pale brown or whitish. Leaves sub-vertically inserted, horizontal, 
 alternate, approximate or distant, spreading or complicate-concave, 
 roundish-quadrate, upper part rounded, entii'^, lower unequall3^ 
 tridentate to about a fourth, uppermost segment largest, sinuses 
 acute or rounded, sesrments acute or mucronate ; texture firm. 
 
340 HEPATICjE. 
 
 cells small, roundisli-qnadrate, walls thin, trigones distinct- 
 Stipules none : sometimes pseudo ones are found near the 
 branches of the stem ; then subulate, entire, or bidentate. Bracts 
 subrotund, tridentate to about \ to ^, sinuses and segments acute, 
 margin slight!}'" dentate ; bracteole small, ovate, bifid, sinus and 
 segments acute. Perianth terminal, oblong-obovate or oblong- 
 oval, upper portion 4-, 5-, and 6-plicate, nearly all antical, one 
 fold often running down to the base, mouth contracted, ciliolate, 
 from 40 to 50 cilia, which are 2, 3, and 4 cells long. Capsule 
 roundish-oval, reddish-brown ; spores and elaters reddish-brown, 
 elaters twice as broad as the spores. 
 
 Male stems often smaller, perigonial bracts terminal, about 
 4 or 5 pairs, closely imbricate, subrotund, tridentate, basal segment 
 incurved, ventricose ; antheridia oval with short bearers, 2 or 3 in 
 eacli bract. 
 
 Fruits ]\rarch, April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 2 inches long, '3 mm. diam., with 
 leaves 2" mm. to 2*5 mm. wide ; leaves 1'25 mm. long x 1*1 mm. 
 broad, segments "3 mm., 1' mm. x 1* mm., seg. '25 mm., 1' mm. 
 X "8 mm., seg. '25 mm.; cells '02 mm. x '03 mm., '02 mm. 
 X '02 mm., "015 mm. x '02 mm., '0175 mm. x "0225 ; bracts 
 1'5 mm. long x Ivo mm. broad, segments -3 mm., 1"25 mm. 
 X 15 mm., seg. '5 mm. ; bracteole "75 mm. long x '5 mm. broad, 
 seg. "2^ mm. ; perianth 3' mm. long x 1*75 mm. broad, 2*75 mm. 
 X 1-25 mm., r75 mm. x 1" mm,, 2* mm. x 1- mm. ; cilia at the 
 moutli of perianth "1 mm. ; perigonial bract 1 mm. long x 1*15 mm. 
 broad, ; antheridia "2 mm. x "175 mm. 
 
 Hab.— Growino' in spreading patches, somewhat entangled 
 with the long rootlets, or creeping amongst mosses on shady 
 walls or rocks, partial to limestone, but not peculiar to it. Not 
 uncommnn. 
 
 1. Penzance, 1]\ Cuniow. 7. Penmaenpool, E. M. Holmes; 
 Tyn-y-'xroes, Holt §• Wild; Arthog, W. H. P.; Cader Idris, 
 Merionetli shire, IF. H P. ; Caerwys, Flintshire, ./. //, Lewis ; 
 Bettws-y-Coed, J/. B. Slater, C. J. Wild. 8. Miller's Dale, 
 Derbvshire, G. A. Holt, IF. H. P. 9, Ease-ill near Leek, West 
 
JUNGERMANIA. 341 
 
 Lane, ^. Wilson. 10. Ingleboro, Dr. ddrriiujlon ; near Todmor- 
 den, /6>^/^ No well ; Teesdale, />/-. /§^r«6r. 11, 12. Wliitbarrow ; 
 Heversham Head c. fr. ; Witherslack ; Low Wood, Windermere ; 
 Bow Fell ; Naddle Forest ; Kentmere, Westmorland, G. Stabler. 
 13. North side of Black Craig, New Gralloway ; (irej Mare's Tail, 
 W.Nichol; Dalscairth & MoH'at, /. C/7^/6'/('.s7/rty//-. 15. Ben Lawers, 
 Perthshire, :Z'. /%6^Ay ; Banks of the Clyde, //'. Zj/o//. 16. Moidart^ 
 West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Grlenmaluer, Co. Wicklow, Br. JJ. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 Obs. — This is the Jaitcjenuaula qiciuquedentata., Web., of Conti- 
 nental authors, but it is absurd to call a plant which has uniformly 
 only 3 teeth " qifi/iqicede/itata " ; certainly ail the authors write of it 
 as having leaves with 3 to 5 and bracts witii 4 or 5 segments, but 
 in ail Continental and British specimens examined I find them 
 uniformly tridentate, without exception. 
 
 It is also the Jiiiigerinania Lyoni of Taylor, and, since there is 
 a great uncertainty as to what the early authors understood, I use 
 Dr. Taylor's name. 
 
 Dr. Spruce wrote me : " Juny. qiujiqiiedrnfata Huds. is no doubt 
 what we call J. barbataJ' 
 
 This, tlie most distinct species of the '' barbata " group, has 
 the lower (antieal) margin of the leaf tridentate, and the upper 
 (postical) margin is rounded and plane, which characteristics dis- 
 tinguish it at once from any of the others. 
 
 The perianth often appears to be lateral by the production at 
 its base of robust, subpostical branches. 
 
 Descript-ion of Plate CXLVI. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem antieal view X IG (Theden. Muse. Suec. 
 n. 144). 3. Ditto X IG (Miller's Dale, AV. H. P.). 4, 5. Leaves 
 X 24 (Bettws-y-Coed, .M. B. Slater). 6. Portion of leaf x 290 
 (Arthog, W. H. P.). 7. Bract x 24 {Jnn/j. Lijoni, Tayl. Clyde, 
 Hb. Tayl.). 8. Ditto (Arthog, W. H. P.). 9. Bracteole x 24 
 {J any. lyoni, Tayl. Clyde, Hb. Tayl.). 10. Perianth x 16 
 (ditto). 11. Portion of the mouth of perianth x 85 (Arthog, 
 W. H. P.) 12. Perigonial bract x 24 (Bettws-y-Coed, 
 M. B. Slater). 13. Antheridium x ^b (ditto). 
 
342 HE PAT 10 M 
 
 25. Jungermania gracilis, 8ch/eic/i. 
 
 Jnngermania gracilis, Schleichex', PI. crypt. Helv. Cent. 3, n. CO (1804). 
 Jungermania hctrbata, var. minor, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 70, figs. 18-20 (1816). 
 Jungermania harhata, var. attenuata, Mart. Fl. crypt. Erl. p. 177, t. 6, f. 50, c. 
 
 (1817). 
 Jimgermania attenuata, Lindenb. Hep. Eur. p. 48, n. 44 (1829). 
 
 DioicoLis, loose]}' csespitose, sniall to medium in size, of a 
 green or brown colour. Stems simple or furcate, or innovantly 
 branclied, suberect, flexuose, branches subj)ostical-lateral, proceed- 
 ing from apex of stem, filiform, attenuate, with small closely 
 appressed leaves ; radiculose, rootlets plentiful, long, whitish. 
 Leaves imbricate or approximate, obliquely inserted, patent or erect- 
 patent, ov^al-quadrate, quadrate, concave, bifid, trifid, or rarely quad- 
 rifid, from about ^ to ^ deep; leaves on the attenuate branches small, 
 closely appressed, erect, imbricate, erose by the development of 
 gemmoe; cells small, 4-, 5-, and 6-sided, lumen filled with chloro- 
 phyllose granules, walls moderately thin, trigones small, distinct. 
 Stipules Avanting or minute, linear, subulate, near the bracts distinct 
 (sub-bracteoles), ovate-lanceolate, bifid to about the middle, margin 
 entire. Bracts larger than the leaves, spreading, quadrate or 
 broadly roundish-quadrate, trifid or quadrifid to about \, segments 
 acute, unequal. Bracteole ovate-lanceolate, bifid to about the 
 middle, connate with an adjoining bract, rarely free. Perianth 
 terminal, projecting about \ beyond the bracts, cylindrical, oval- 
 oblong, oval or ovate, upper half acutely 5-plicate, lower half 
 slightly folded, 2 layer of cells thick at the base, higher one cell 
 thick, mouth contracted, ciliolate. Calyptra 2 cells thick at the 
 base, one higher where it is thin and delicate. Capsule oval, 
 reddish-brown. Spores round, brown. Elaters bispiral. 
 
 Male stems spicate ; perigonial bracts usually terminal, trans- 
 versely inserted, closely imbricate, 5-6 pairs, ventricose, condupli- 
 cate, bifid with a large tooth on the antical side (trifid), apices 
 incurved ; antheridia one or two in each bract, oval. Gemmae 
 terminal at the ends of the leaves, yellowish-red or green, irregular, 
 oval or angular. 
 
JUNOEUMANIA, 343- 
 
 Fruits April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from h to 1 inch long, rarely more, with 
 leaves from 1* mm. to 1"5 mm. wide, attenuated portion 4 mm. 
 wide, diam. of stem '2 mm. ; leaves "8 mm. long x "8 mm. broad, 
 segments '25 mm., '9 mm. x "9 mm., seg. '3 mm. ; upper leaves 
 •55 mm. x "5 mm., "5 mm. x -4 mm., '45 mm. x -4 mm., -4 mm. 
 X "25 mm. ; cells '02 mm.; l)racts 1' mm, long x "9 mii). broad, 
 !• mm. X 1" mm., seg. "4 mm. ; bracteole "8 mm. long x "5 mm. 
 broad, seu'. "4 mm. ; sub-bracteole "8 mm. x '5 mm., sej^. '4 mm. ; 
 perianth 2" mm. long x "9 mm. broad ; cilia "075 mm. ; peri- 
 gonial bracts '5 mm. long x "7 mm. broad; antheridia '2 mm. 
 X "15 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in loose tufts or creeping amongst mosses, on 
 heaths or in woods, in the plains or subalpine localities. 
 
 1. Near Penzance, U'm. C/wnotf. 3. Abbey Wuod, Kent, 
 K M. Holmes. 4. Holt, Norfolk, Rev. B. B. Francis. 5. Walls, 
 Alton Towers ; Ramshorne ; Dimmings Dale ; Star Wood, Oak- 
 amore, Stafford, ./. E. Bctf/naU. 7. Cwm Bychan, Merioneth, 
 E. J/. Holmes. Barmouth ; Cader Idris, Merioneth, //'. //. B. 
 8. Charlesworth Coombs, Derbyshire; near Woodhead, Derb}'- 
 shire, G. J. Holt. 9. Alderley Edge, Cheshire, C. J. Wild. Staley 
 Brushes, Cheshire, G. A. Holt. 10. Bolton Woods, 7>r. Carri/i(/ton, 
 Ingleboro' ; Penyghent ; Bingley ; Baildon, Yorks., IJ^. West. 
 
 12. Westmorland, G. Stabler; Skiddaw, Bev. C. H. Binstead. 
 
 13. Crichope Linn, Kirkcudbrightshire, C. Scott. 15. Kinnordy, 
 C. Li/ell. 16. Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. South of Ireland, Miss Hut chins. Near Dublin, Br. Taijlor. 
 Ballykill ; Howth demesne, D. McArdle. 
 
 0. Piemont et Grosnez, Aii(/. Martin. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — This is a very polymorphous species, and varies much 
 in size ; it is not likely to be confused with any other species on 
 account of the singular attenuated stems. I should like to 
 have adopted the characteristic name of Martins, Jnn//. hdrtjata 
 var. attennata {Jnnf/. atteiinata (Mart.) Lindenb.), but Sclileicher's 
 nauu' has the priority, and is quoted by Nees, " Eur. Leber.,"' 
 
3U HEPATIC^. 
 
 vol. 2 p. 164, as a variety. If there be any diflference, Martius's 
 name should be the varietal, but Lindberg, who has seen the 
 original, states they are the same. 
 
 Description of Plate CXLYII.— Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Stem X 16 (Abbey Wood, Kent, Holmes). 3,4. Leaves x 31 
 (Sweden, Lindberg). 5. Leaf x 31 (Kent, Holmes). 6-10. Leaves 
 from attenuated stem x 24 (Canada, Macoun). 11, Portion of 
 leaf X 290 (Kent, Holmes). 12. Stipule, free. 13. Sub- 
 bracteole x 24 (Sweden, Lindberg). 14, 15. Bracts x 31 
 (ditto). 16. Eracteole x 31 (ditto). 17. Perianth x 24 
 (ditto). 18. Portion of mouth of perianth x 85 (ditto). 
 19-21 Peri gonial bracts x 31 (ditto). 
 
 26. Jungermania barbata, Sclireb. 
 
 Jitngermania harhata, Schreber, F. Lip. p. 107 (1771); Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 70, 
 
 ff. 7, 8 (1816). 
 Jtmgermania barhata, var. Schreheri, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. 11, p. 189 (1836). 
 Lophozia barbata, Dum. Recueil, p. 17 (1835). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely csespitose, medium size, green or brow^nish- 
 yellow in colour. Stems prostrate or snberect, thick, brown, 
 simple or slightly branched; radiculose, rootlets close, whitish, 
 copious. Leaves semi-vertically inserted, horizontal, spreading or 
 secund, alternate, slightly imbricate or approximate, plane, sub- 
 quadrate, subcuneate or digitate, antical margin decurrent, divided 
 into 3, 4 rarely 5 subequal, acute or obtuse segments, sinuses 
 rounded or acute; texture somewhat firm, cells small, 5- and 
 6-sided, walls thin, but with numerous chlorophyl granules 
 attached, apparently thick, trigones very small. Stipules simple 
 or bifid, variable, segments lanceolate or subulate, entire or with 
 few, long teeth. Sub-bracteole oblong-quadrate, bifid, with 
 several other smaller segments. Bracts roundish quadrate, quadri- 
 dentate to ^, with a smaller segment on both sides, segments and 
 sinuses acute. Bracteole oblong-roundish-quadrate, with 4-6 
 large segments. Perianth terminal, projecting about f beyond 
 the bracts, oblong-oval, oblong-obovate or cylindrical, near apex 
 
JUNGEEMANIA. 345 
 
 6-plicate, folds short, mouth contracted, ciholate-dentate, 50-GO 
 ciliok. Capsule roundish-oval, elaters and spores brown. 
 
 Male stems little different from others, perigonial bracts 
 terminal, 4, 5 pairs, closely imbricate, subcomplicate, slightly 
 ventricose, antheridia oval, large paraphyses frequently mixed 
 with the antheridia. 
 
 Fruits April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from 1 to 1|- inches long, "o mm. to '4 mm. 
 diam., with leaves 2*75 mm. to o" mm. broad; leaves 18 mm. 
 longxl'5 mm. broad, segments '(3 mm., 1'4 mm. x 1*25 mm., 
 seg. "o mm., 1*25 mm. x 1"25 mm., seg. "4 mm. ; cells '03 mm. x 
 •02mm., "025 mm., -02 mm.; trigones '005 mm.; stipules r5 
 mm. long X '4 mm. broad; sub-bracteole 1*7 mm. longxl* mm. 
 broad; bracts 1*9 mm. long x 1*7 mm. broad, .^eg. 6 mm.; 
 bracteole 1'9 mm. long x I'G mm, broad; perianth 4 '25 mm. long 
 X Ivo mm. broad; cilia at mouth of perianth 1 mm. long; 
 perigonial bracts r25 mm. longxl" mm. broad, seg. '3 mm.; 
 antheridia "25 mm. x "2 mm., "2 mm. x •175 mm. ; paraphyses 
 *25 mm. long x "075 mm. broad. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in loose tufts or creeping amongst mosses on 
 damp shad}^ rocks, walls or banks. Somewhat rare. 
 
 1. Trevaylor Bottom, Cornwall, .7. RaJfo. 7. Tyn-y-Grroes, 
 C. J. Wild §• G. A. Holt; Barmouth, Merioneth, W\ H. P. 
 8, 9. Longridge Fell, /. J. Wheldon ; Udale, West Lane, 
 Wheldon 8f A. Wihou. 10. Malham, IF. IFesf. 11, 12. Patter- 
 dale, C. Lyell; Black Crag near Staveley ; AVitherslack ; Winder- 
 mere; Kentmere ; Barbon Fell, Westmorland, G. Sf abler. 13. 
 Crichope Linn, C. Scoff; Dalbeattie A¥ood, C. Scoff; Craigs, 
 J. Cniickshaiili ; Moffat, •/. Cndcksl/ank. 14, 15. Ben Lawers, 
 C. J. Wild. 16. Moidart, West Inverness, S. J/. Macvicar. 
 
 L "General in Ireland," Br. B. Moore; Hill of Howth, 
 B. McArdle; Slieve Glah, Co. Cavan, D. McArdle. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — Easily distinguished from other species of the same 
 group by the plane, digitate leaves, which have neither basal 
 teeth nor cilia. 
 
346 EEPATIG^. 
 
 Description of Plate CXLVIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Portion of stem x 16 (142, Thed. Muse. Suec). 
 3. Leaf x 24 (Vosges, Schimper). 4. Portion of leaf x 290 
 (142, Thed.). 5. Stipule x 64 (Vosges, Schimper). 6. Bract 
 X 24 (ditto). 7. Bracteole x 24 (ditto). 8. Sub-bracteole x 
 24 (ditto). 9. Perianth x 11 (Helsingfors, Lindberg). 10. 
 Cross-section of perianth, near the base x 11 (ditto). 11. Ditto, 
 near tlie apex x 11 (ditto). 12. Cilia from mouth of the 
 perianth x 85 (ditto). 13. Perigonial bract x 24 (British 
 Columbia, Macoun). 14. Antheridium x 31 (ditto). 
 
 27. Jungermania lycopodioides, JJallroth. 
 
 Jungermanioj hjcojjodioides, Wallr. Fl. crypt. Germ. Ill, p. 70 (1831). 
 Jungermania harhata, var. lycopodioides, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. 11, p. 185 (183G). 
 Lophozia lycopodioides, Cogn. Hep. Belg. p. 31 (1872). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, medium to largish in size, pale or dark 
 green in colour, turning brown when old. Stems simple or fur- 
 cate, somewhat thick, greenish or brown, prostrate, firm ; radicu- 
 lose, rootlets whitish. Leaves semi-vertically inserted, horizontal, 
 imbricate, orbicular or broadly subquadrate, 3, 4, rarely 5 dentate 
 to about \, sinuses acute, segments mucronate, undulate, postical 
 base of leaf ciliate, cilia very long, hyaline ; texture somewhat 
 delicate, cells from small to medium size, roundish-quadrate or 
 oblong, walls somewhat thin, trigones very distinct. Stipules 
 large, bipartite, segments lanceolate, ciliate. Bracts subquadrate, 
 to about \ quadridentate, sinuses acute, segments mucronate, one 
 or two cilia near the base of bract; bracteole narrowly subquadrate 
 or cuneate, quadridentate to about \, sinuses acute, segments 
 mucronate. Perianth terminal, oval or oval-oblong, upper portion 
 5-plicate, mouth contracted, ciliolate or dentate, cilia distant, 
 unequal. Pistillidia 8-10, cylindrical. Calyptra oval, delicate. 
 Pedicel moderately thick, white. Capsule almost round, dark 
 brown. Spores pale brown. Elaters bispiral, pale brown. Peri- 
 gonial bracts 4-6 pairs, closely imbricate, smaller than stem 
 leaves, broader than long, ventricose ; antheridia numerous, 4 or 5 
 
JUNGEEMANIA. 347 
 
 in each bract, oval, beurer long. (Tcmnife sometimes present, 
 brownish-red. 
 
 Fruits Marcli, April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 2 inches long, diam. -4 mm., "5 mm., 
 with leaves 3- mm. broad; leaves 2*5 mm. long x 2-5 mm. 
 broad, segments T mm. long, 2' mm. x 2-25 mm., seg. '75 mm. ; 
 basal cilia l" mm. long; cells '025 mm., '025 mm. x -03 mm., 
 •04 mm. X '02 mm., "03 mm. ; trigones '0075 mm. ; stipule l' mm. 
 high X 1- mm. broad, segments '075 mm. ; ])erianth 3' mm. long 
 X L-25 mm. broad; cilia at the mouth "2 mm., "l mm., "05 mm. ; 
 bracts 2-5 mm. long x 2*5 mm. broad, segments I'mm. ; bracteole 
 225 mm. long x 1*25 mm. broad, segments 75 mm. ; perigonial 
 bract 1-25 mm. long x 175 mm. broad; antberidia '2 mm. 
 X -275 mm. 
 
 Hab.— Growing in somewhat large tufts on l)anks or walls, in 
 hilly district-. Hare. 
 
 7, 10. 13. Near Hannahstown Bridge, New Gralloway, 
 /. ^[cAiKfn'ir. 15. Strachan, Aberdeenshire, ./. Sim. 16. Very 
 rare, Hoshven Hill, Moidart, West Inverness, at 2500 it. in a tuft 
 of Saxi/rcif/a /ii/pii aides, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 Found on the Continent, in North America, and Northern 
 Asia. 
 
 Obs. — Easily separated from allied species by the large cilia 
 at the postical base of leaf, and the mucronate leaf segments. 
 
 Distinguislied from the variety F/ocrh'i by its much larger 
 size. 
 
 Description oe Plate CXLIX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion ol' young, slender stem, antical view x IG (Strachan, 
 Sim). 3. Leaf x 1 G (ditto). 4. Cilia from postical base of leaf 
 X 85 (ditto). 5. Portion of leaf x 200 (ditto). G. Stipule 
 X 24 (Canada, Macoun). 7. Bract x IG (Sweden, Lindberg). 
 8. Bracteole x IG (ditto). 9. Perianth. 10, U. Cilia from 
 mouth of perianth x 85 (Sweden, Lindberg). 12. Perigonial 
 bract X 31 (ditto). 13. Antheridium x 31 (ditto). 
 
348 HEPATIC^. 
 
 28.. Jungermania lycopodioides, IFallv., var. Floerkii 
 {Web. et Mohr.). 
 
 Jungermania FloerJdi, Web. et Mohr, Bot. Taschenb. p. 410 (1S07). 
 Jungermania harhata, var. Floerkii, G. L. N. Syn. Hej). p. 12d (1S44:). 
 Jungermania lycopodioides, var. Floerkii, Lindb. Muse. Scand. p. 7 (1H79). 
 
 Dioicous, ci^spitose, small to medium in size, pale or dark 
 green to greenish-brown in colour. Stems erect or procumbent, 
 arcuate serpentine, rigid, simple or furcate ; radiciilose, rootlets 
 whitish, few. Leaves sub- vertically inserted, horizontal, imbricate, 
 subrotund, tridentate (very rarely bi-quadridentate) to about ^, 
 sinuses acute or rounded, segments acute, margin of leaf entire 
 with the exception of a small postical basal tooth ; texture some- 
 what firm, cells smallish, roundish-quadrate, walls firm, trigones 
 small, distinct. Stipules simple, bifid or bipartite, with one or 
 two longish cilia or teeth near the base, segments linear-lanceolate, 
 entire. Bracts quadrifid, undulate. Bracteole broadly ovate, 
 bidentate. Perianth terminal, oblong, acutely plicate above. 
 
 Male plant not seen. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to 1 J inch long, diam. "3 mm. to '4 mm., 
 with leaves 2' mm. broad; leaves 1'2 mm. long x I'S mm. broad, 
 segments '3 mm., 1* mm. x 1* mm., seg. -3 mm., '9 mm. x l"! mm., 
 seg. "3 mm.; cells -03 mm., '02 mm., '03 mm. x '025 mm.; 
 stipules '7 mm. long x '3 mm, broad at the base, '7 mm. x "25 mm., 
 •35 mm. X *2 mm. 
 
 Obs. — There is little doubt that this is merely a variety of 
 Jung er ma Ilia lycopodioidei<. Wallr., from which it is distinguished 
 by its smaller size, segments not mucronate, and, instead of being 
 furnished with large basal cilia, a short simple segment only is 
 evident. The stipules are not so ciliate. 
 
 I have seen neither ^ or $, the description of bracts, bracteole 
 and perianth being taken from Nees "Eur. Leber." 
 
 A number of forms are described by Nees, the most striking 
 being var. Nauinauniana, N., which is found with us ; except in 
 the largeness of its size, I see nothing to separate it from var. 
 FloerldL 
 
JUNGERMANIA. 349 
 
 Hab. — Growing on rocks tmd walls, moderately rare, iisuall}^ 
 in subalpine localities. 
 
 5. Stream above Flash ; Itoaches, Stafibrdshire, ./, E. Jia//>ialL 
 
 7. Cwm Bj'cban, Merioneth, E. M. Holmes ; Tyn-y-Groes, 
 Merioneth ; Barmoutb, Merioneth, /r. //. P. ; Crib Coch, Car- 
 narvonshire, irUd ^- Holt ; Llanberis, Carnarvonshire, W. H. P. 
 
 8. Kinder Scout ; Cliarlesworth Coombs ; near Woodhead, Derby- 
 shire, G A. Holt ; BensclifF, Leicestershire, F. T. Molt. 9. Staley 
 Brushes, Cheshire, G. A. Hoil ; LonL2:ridi>e Fell ; Tootle Heii^ht, 
 A^'est Lane, ./. A. Vliddon. 10. Bingley ; Baildon, Yorks., 
 //: West. 12. Isle of Man, G. A. Holl; Staveley; Grayrigg 
 Forest, G. 81 abler ; Kentmere, Westmorland, Rev. C. H. Bin-slead. 
 13. North side of Black Craig, New Gallowa}-, /. Mc Andrew \ 
 Crichope Linn and Terragles, C. Scott. 15. Ben Lawers, G. A. 
 Holt; Ben Mac Dhui, ./. Whitehead. 
 
 L Muckish, Co. Donegal, Dr. D. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Description of Plate CL. — Fig. 1, Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem x IG (Todmorden, C A. Holt), 3-5. Leaves 
 X 24 (Ben Mac Dhui, J. Whitehead). 6. Leaf x 24 (Wood- 
 head, Cheshire ; Whitehead & Pearson). 7, 8. Leaves x 24 
 (Ben Lawers, Of. A. Holt). 9. Portion of leaf x 290 (Helsing- 
 fors, S. 0. Lindberg). 10, 11. Stipules x 85 (Ben Lawers, G. 
 A. Holt). 12. Stipules x 85 (Isle of Man, G. A. Holt). 
 13. Ditto x 24 (Ben Mac Dhui; J. Whitehead). 
 
 29. Jungermania Kunzeana, Huehener. 
 Jungermania Kumeana, Ilueben. Hep. Germ. p. 115 (18o4). 
 
 Dioicous, growing in loose patches or amongst mosses, medium 
 in size, of a reddish-brown colour. Stems simple or dichotomously 
 branched, ascending or erect, firm ; radiculose, rootlets long, 
 hyaline. Leaves subhorizontal to patent-divergent, sub-vertical 
 to obliquely inserted, bifarious, subrotund, broadly rotund or sub- 
 quadrate, margin entire, often unidentate at the base, bifid to 
 aljout a third, lobes erect or spreading, ovate or broatlly ovate, 
 
350 HEPATIC^. 
 
 obtuse, incurved, sinus narrow, rounded, cells small, subquadrate, 
 4-, 5-, and G-sided, walls thick, angles thickened, no trigones. 
 Stipules usually bipartite almost to the base, rarely simple, seg- 
 ments subulate, lanceolate, divergent, entire, sometimes unidentate 
 at base. Bracts larger than the leaves, subquadrate, quadrifid, some- 
 times unidentate near base, segments widely subulate, acuminate or 
 acute, margin entire ; bracteole free, narrowly subquadrate, dentate- 
 spinose near base, bifid to about the third, segments widely subulate, 
 acuminate, entire, sinus narrow. Perianth terminal, projecting 
 beyond the bracts, oblong-oval or oblong-ovate, terete, upper half 
 plicate, mouth slightly constricted, laciniate, dentate or denticulate. 
 Pistillidia about 12. 
 
 Male stems more slender, leaves more erect, perigonial bracts 
 often trifid, segments incurved, terminal or in the middle of the 
 stem, antheridia oval. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 1|- inches long, -3 mm. diam.,175 mm. 
 wide with the leaves ; leaves '9 mm. high x 1* mm. broad, segments 
 •45 mm., '9 mm. x '9 mm., seg. "3 mm,, 75 mm. x '85 mm., seg. 
 "35 mm., "7 mm. x "6 mm., seg. '25 mm. ; cells -0175 mm., "02 mm., 
 •0225 mm. ; stipules "4 mm. long x '275 mm. broad at base, seg- 
 ments "35 mm., "35 mm. x -175 mm., seg. '3 mm., "35 mm. 
 X '125 mm., ses^. '3 mm. ; bracts 1*25 mm. x 1" mm., sesrments 
 •4 mm., '5 mm., *6 mm. ; bracteole 1"25 mm. x 65 mm., seg. 
 •55 mm. ; perianth 2 '5 mm. long x 1-25 mm. broad ; lacinise at 
 mouth of perianth "1 mm. long; pistillidia "2 mm. long x ■05 mm. 
 broad. 
 
 Hab. — Grows on rocks and heaths in alpine localities. Very rare. 
 
 Scotch Alps, Bruminoiid (Herb. Taylor). 
 
 Found in alpine districts on the Continent and in North 
 America. 
 
 Obs. — This extremely rare alpine British species is abundantly 
 distinct from any other by its colour, shape of leaves, bracts and 
 stipules. 
 
 Description of Plate CLI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 
 2. Portion of stem x 16 (Scotland, Druinmond, Hb. Taylor). 
 
 3. Portion of male stem x 16 (ditto). 4-6. Leaves x 24 
 
JUNGEBMANIA. 351 
 
 (Norway, Kaalaas). 7-9. Ditto x 24 (Lapland, Hb. Lindb.). 
 10. Portion of leaf x 290 (Scotland, Drummond). 11. Portion 
 of leaf, showing basal tooth x G4 (Norway, Kaalaas). 12,13. Sti- 
 pules X 64 (ditto). 14. Stipule x 85 (Lapland, Hb. Lindb.). 
 15, IG. Bracts x 24 (Finland, Hb. Lindb.) 17. Bracteole x 24 
 (ditto). 18. Perianth x IG (Scotland, Drummond). 19. Portion 
 of mouth of perianth x 85 (Finland, Hb. Lindb.). 20. PLstil- 
 lidium X 85 (ditto). 
 
 30. Jungermania Helleriana, Nees. 
 
 Jungermania Helleriana, Nees in Lindenb. Syn. Hep. Eur. p. 64 (1820). 
 Diplophyllum Hellerianum, Dum. Recueil, p. 16 (1835). 
 Jungermania verrucnlosa, var. Helleri, Lindb. Muse. Scand. p. 8 (1870). 
 Cephalozia Ilelleri, Lindb. Medd. af Soc. F. Fenn. 14, j). 65 (1887); Kaalaas 
 Leverme. Norge, p. 101 (189;>). 
 
 Dioicous, growing in matted tufts, small, of a pale yellow, 
 yellowish-brown or reddish-brown colour. Stems slender, flexuose, 
 simple, or slightly branched, with slender, small-leaved innovations 
 23roduced from below the perianth ; densely radiculose, rootlets 
 short. Lower leaves small, distant, upper larger and crowded 
 near the apex, bifarious, secund above, transversely inserted, semi- 
 amplexicaul, subquadrate, ovate or oval in outline, divided to 
 about I" into two equal acute, sometimes cuspidate, rarely obtuse 
 segments, sinus acute, narrow; cells small, roundish, roundish- 
 oblong or oblong-quadrate, guttulate, cell-walls thick, angles 
 thickened, no trigones, upper leaves and perianth distinctly verru- 
 cose. Stipules rarely present, subulate. Bracts larger than the 
 leaves, subquadrate, 2-3-lobed, segments acute, spinose-dentate, 
 sinus acute, sub-bracts bifid to about J or -J-, segments acute, 
 margin entire. Bracteole simple, narrowly oblong, subquadrate, 
 laciniate, sparingly dentate, or obovate, subquadrate, bifid, dentate, 
 connate on one side to adjacent bract or free. Perianth projectino- 
 about |- beyond the bracts, ovate or oval, slightly plicate above, 
 mouth a little constricted, laciniate-ciliate or laciniate-dentate. 
 Male stems rather more slender, perigonial bracts middle or end 
 
352 HEPATIC^. 
 
 of the stem, several pairs, ventricose ; antlieridia single, roundish, 
 bearers of equal length. 
 
 Gemmiparous ; gemmiparous stems with leaves closely imbri- 
 cate, erect, bifid or sub-entire, erose, gemmas small, quadrate, 
 crimson to purple, terminal in buds. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems about ^ inch long, '1 mm. diam., with 
 leaves 'o mm. broad; upper leaves '45 mm. x -35 mm., segments 
 •175 mm., '45 mm. x '3 mm., seg. '15 mm., "375 inm. x '25 mm., 
 seg. '1 mm.; middle leaves '25 mm. x '2 mm,, seg. '125 mm.; 
 lower leaves "2 mm. x '15 mm., seg. '075 mm. ; cells "03 mm. x 
 •02 mm., "025 mm. x "02 mm., '02 mm. x "02 mm., "02 mm. x 
 •0175 mm., '02 mm. x '015 mm., '0175 mm. x "015 mm.; sub- 
 bract '4 mm. x -375 mm., seg. "125 mm. ; bracts '45 mm. x -35 
 mm., seg. "275 mm. ; bracteole -45 mm. x "3 mm., seg. "275 mm. ; 
 perianth 1" mm. x '5 mm. ; lacinise at mouth of perianth ^075 mm. ; 
 pistillidia -125 mm. x "025 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on decaying wood, in subalpine districts. 
 Very rare. Discovered in this country by 31 r. George Stabler. 
 
 12. Mardale, Westmorland, May 12, 1882, Georr/e Stabler. 
 15. Balmoral, April 16, 1884, /. Micliie ; on dead trunk oi Pinus 
 sylvestris, Braemar, July, 1884, G. Stabler. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — This very rare and small species is not likely to be 
 confounded with any other; it grows on rotting wood, which is 
 its only habitat. 
 
 Lindberg reduced it to a variety of hhJiuu/. verrucnlosa(l874:), 
 but as it is a very distinct and full}^ developed species, I do not 
 see any reason why Nees's name Ji/n//. Helleriana (1829) should 
 have been superseded. Later (Medd. Soc. F. Fenn. 14, p. 65 
 (1887), be removed it to CephaJozia, in which he has been 
 followed b}^ Dr. Kaalaas. 
 
 Description of Plate CLII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Fertile stem x 31 (Herb. Lindb.). 3, 4. Upper leaves x 64 
 (ditto). 5-8. Middle and lower leaves x 64 (ditto). 9-11. 
 Upper leaves x 64 (Braemar, G. Stabler). 12. Erose leaf x 64 
 (ditto). 13. Portion of leaf x 290 (Herb. Lindb.). 14, 15. 
 
JUXnEnMAXfA. 353 
 
 Stlpiilos free (Canada, Macoiin). HJ, 17. Sub-bracts x 04 
 (llcrl). Liiidb.). IH. IJracts and connate braeteole x 04 (ditto). 
 \\). liracteole x 1 (ditto). I'O. IVrianth x 31 (ditto). 
 •J I. Portion of nioutli of })erianth x 85 (ditto). l22. Pistil- 
 lidiuni x 85 (ditto). 
 
 Subgenus 4. SPHEXOLOBTiS, fJudh. 
 
 Junffetin/inia, sect. c. S phenol oh m^, \j\\\([h. Mu.sr. Sriind. p. '.• (1H7;)). 
 
 Dioicous, stems simple, furcate or dichotomonsly branclied, 
 leaves transversely inserted, bilobcd ; stij)ule.s absent; bracts 
 ((uadriHd ; })eriantli oval or obovate, upper portion 5-, G-plicate. 
 
 31. Jungermania minuta, Cranlz. 
 
 Jnnget'mania minuta, Crantz ex Dicks. Pi. crypt. Brit. fasc. 1 1 , p. 1:! (17!l(»); 
 
 Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 44 (IHIC); Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 22.; I. 
 JiuKjermania hiconiis, Web. et Mohr Bot. Taschenb. p. 12.') (1S07). 
 Juivjernuinia Weheri, Mart. Fl. crypt. Erlang. p. l")?, t. .'), f. W.) (1H17). 
 DiplophjiUnm minnttnn, Dum. Recueil, p. K! (IH;*),")). 
 
 Dioicous, growing in loose or entangled patches, or amongst 
 mosses, small to medium in size, of a brownish or yellowish-green 
 colour. Stems creeping, suberect or erect, simple or dichotomously 
 branched, branches produced from the axils of the leaves, between 
 lateral and postical, more postical, filiform, rigid, fiexuose, some- 
 what brittle when dry, cortical and next inner layer of cells dark 
 brown, inner white, indistinct, small ; radiculose, rootlets few, long, 
 hyaline. Leaves bifarious, distant, contiguous or imbricate, pec- 
 tinate, transverse or patent-divergent (70 ), outline subcjuadrate 
 or ovate when flattened out, subconduplicate, margin <|uite entire, 
 bilobed to about v^, sinus acute or rounded, segments unequal, 
 antical slightly smaller, acute or rarely obtuse, sometimes apicu- 
 lato; texture iirm, e])iilermis slightly verruculose, cells minute to 
 rather minute, subcpuidrate, near base of loaf st)mctiines a little 
 elongate, walls thick, no trigones, guttulate. No stipules. Jiracts 
 larger than the loaves, two, (puKlriful om- bract often with a large 
 
354 HEPATIC JE. 
 
 tooth near the base, sometimes one bract will be quadrifid and the 
 other only bifid, divided to about the middle, rarely only to about 
 ^ or J, segments lanceolate, acutate or acute, margin quite entire. 
 Perianth projecting beyond the bracts, oval, terete, upper half 
 5-plicate, composed of a single layer of cells, about 150 cells round, 
 mouth constricted, laciniate-denticulate. Spores pale brown, 
 elaters dark reddish-brown. 
 
 Male stems similar to others, perigonial bracts middle of stem, 
 concave, ventricose at base, 3 to 4 pairs, antheridia roundish-oval, 
 with long bearers. 
 
 Gemmiparous, gemmae whitish. 
 
 Fruits May. 
 
 Dimensions.— Stems from |- to Ij inch long, '125 mm. diam., 
 with leaves 1' mm. wide ; leaves "8 mm. x '7 mm., segments '4 mm., 
 •75 mm. X '5 mm., seg. '3 mm., "8 mm. x '6 mm., seg. "4 mm. ; cells 
 •015 mm.; bracts 1"1 mm. broad x "95 mm. high, "95 mm. 
 x -95 mm., seg. '5 mm. ; perianth 2'35 mm. x 75 mm. ; spores 
 •01 mm. diam. ; elaters 'I mm. long x '01 mm. broad. 
 
 Hab. — On rocks and heaths in alpine and subalpine districts. 
 Somewhat rare. 
 
 7. Borthwen, Rev. T. Sahraj/ ; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire, 
 jr. H. p. 8. Kinder Scout, Derbyshire, Wkifehead 8^' Holt, 
 9. Clougha, West Lane, Wheldou 8f A. Wilson. 10. Near Green- 
 field, //". Wilson; Eibblehead, Br. F. A. Lees; Haworth, Dr. Car- 
 rlnfjion; near Todmorden, /o//y/ iV(:>2d;(:'//. 11,12. Mardale ; Brunt 
 Knot; Kentmere, Westmorland, G. Stabler. 13. Frequent on 
 banks and on the hills, New Galloway, /. McAndreiv. 15. Strachan, 
 Aberdeenshire, /. 8im ; Ben Lawers, C. J. Wild. 16. Common 
 among rocks in peaty soil, rare on the hills, where it was observed 
 at 1800 ft. Moidart, West Inverness, 8. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Mangerton, Dr. Carrington ; Loch Bray, Co. Wicklow, 
 Dr. D. Moore, D. M'Ardle, cum jjer. ; Seven Churches, Co. Wick- 
 low, Dr. D. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent, North America, Mexico, Africa. 
 
 Obs — This species is distinguished from Jiint/. saxicola by its 
 smaller cells, in addition to the other characters mentioned under 
 
JUNGEliMANIA. 355 
 
 that species. In its sterile state it may be confounded with some 
 Ibrms of Marsi/pel/a ciitartj'nKila or MarHiipclhi Funckii, but if l)racts 
 be found it is at once identified. 
 
 Description or Plate CLIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem x 31 (G. & P. G29). 3-0. Leaves, flattened 
 out, X 32 (Loch Bray, M'Ardle). 7. Leaves x 31 (ditto). 
 8, 9. Leaves, flattened out, x 31 (G. &. P. 029). 10. Leaf x 31 
 (Loch Bray, M'Ardle). 11. Portion of leaf x 290 (G. & R. G29). 
 12,13. Bracts x 31 (Loch Bray, M'Ardle). 14. Perianth x 24 
 (ditto). 15. Cross-section of upper part of perianth x 31 (ditto). 
 16. Portion of the mouth of perianth x 85 (ditto). 17. Peri- 
 o'onial bract free, after Carrino-ton. 
 
 32. Jungermania saxicola, Sc/irnder. 
 
 Jungermania saxicola, Schrad. Syst. Samml. krypt. Gew. n. '.•7 (1797). 
 Diplo'phyllum saxicolum, Dum. Recueil p. 10 (1835). 
 
 Dioicous, growing in thick patches or amongst mosses, medium 
 to largish size, of a brown, yellowish, red-brown, or rarely of an 
 olive-green colour. Stems simple or furcate, somewhat robust, 
 firm, branches proceeding from below the leaves, sub-postical, 
 between lateral and postical, but more postical ; about 15 cells in 
 diam. ; cortical cells dark and firm, about 40 to 50 cells round, 
 inner white, somewhat firm and distinct, walls firm ; radiculose, 
 rootlets long, close, hyaline, some stems destitute. Leaves hori- 
 zontally inserted, equitant, imbricate or contiguous, regular, almost 
 of equal size, somewhat oblique, amplexicaul, not decurrent, sub- 
 conduplicate, broadly ovate, bifid to the middle, rarely trifid, lobes 
 unequal, antical a little smaller than the postical, segments sub- 
 acute, obtuse or roundish, margin quite entire ; cells smallish, 
 roundish, roundish-oblong or subquadrate, cell walls thick, angles 
 thickened. No stipules. Bracts larger than the leaves, 2 to 4- 
 lobed to near the middle, segments acute, dentate. Bracteole 
 bifid to below the middle, segments acute, dentate ; sub-bracts 
 broadly ovate or subquadrate, bifid to about the middle, segments 
 roundish, irregularly dentate; sub-bracteole very small, obovate, 
 entire, or refuse. Perianth projecting about half beyond the 
 
356 HEPATIC.^. 
 
 bracts, oblong-ovate or obovate, cylindrical, upper part plicate, 
 mouth contracted, laciniate-dentate, about 30 fine teeth, pistillidia 
 very numerous. 
 
 Perigouial stems more slender, growing in separate tufts, 
 perigonial bracts terminal, containing 1 to 3 antheridia. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stem 1 to 2 inches long, diam. "2 mm., with 
 leaves 1"25 mm. broad; leaves, antical lobe "75 mm. x "55 mm., 
 postical lobe "85 mm. x '55 mm., antical 75 mm. x "5 mm., postical 
 *9 mm. X 7 mm.; cells "025 mm., "03 mm., "04 mm. x "02 mm. ; 
 sub-bract 1"25 mm. x 1*25 mm. (both lobes); sub-bracteole 
 •4 mm. X '35 mm. ; bracts 15 mm. x 1-25 mm., segments 
 "75 mm. ; bracteole 1' mm. x '55 mm., segments 6 mm. ; perianth 
 2 "2 5 mm. x 11 mm. 
 
 Hab. — An alpine species, growing on rocks or amongst mosses; 
 very rare. Ehonas Hill, Shetland, Dr. GreviUe. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — This extremely rare British species is not likely to be 
 confounded with any other native hepatic. From Jun^. minuta, 
 Crantz, its nearest congener, it is distinguished by its robustness, 
 the more obtuse lobes of the leaves and its dentate bracts ; from 
 Jung. Kunzeana, Hiib., by the absence of stipules, &c. 
 
 Description of Plate CLIV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem x 24 (Shetland, Greville). 3, 4. Leaves x 24 
 (Finland, Lindberg). 5, 6. Leaves, flattened out, x 24 (ditto). 
 7. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 8. Sub-bracts and sub-brac- 
 teole X 24 (ditto). 9, 10. Bracts x 24 (ditto). 11. Brac- 
 teole X 24 (ditto). 12. Perianth x IG (ditto). 13. Cross-sec- 
 tion of perianth X 16 (ditto). 14. Mouth of perianth, flattened 
 out, X 16 (ditto). 
 
 Subgenus 5. JNASTREPTA, Lindb. 
 
 Junger mania, sect. Anastrejita, Lindb. Bot. Not. (1889). 
 
 Dioicous, plants moderate size, csespitose, or creeping singly 
 amongst mosses; stem erect, radiculose, simple or innovantly 
 
JUNGERMANIA. 357 
 
 branched ; leaves obliquely inserted, enuirginate, margin remark- 
 ably recurved ; stipules absent ; perianth laterally compressed, 
 upper portion plicate, mouth constricted. 
 
 33. Jungermania orcadensis, Hook. 
 
 Jimyermania orcadensis, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 71 (IMl(l). 
 Mesophylla (?) orcadensis, Dum. 8yll. Jung. p. 80 (IH:;!). 
 Mesophylla orcmlensis, Dum. Hep. Eur. [>. I'M) (1S71). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely csespitose, largish, brownish-green or dark 
 reddish-brown in colour. Stems simple, or with a few innovant 
 branches arising from the postical side of axil of leaf-subpostical, 
 or truly postical, arising from the postical side of stem ; outer 
 layers of stem dark coloured, inner white ; erect or ascending, 
 flexuose, filiform, reddish-brown in colour; radiculose, rootlets 
 short, dense, ascending to apex of stem, dull white. Leaves 
 obliquely semivertically inserted, closely imbricate, or when 
 young, smaller and approximate, horizontal or slightly ascending, 
 spreading or secund, semi-amplexicaul, antical margin decurrent, 
 broadly ovate to cordate, emarginate, sinus shallow, rounded, 
 segments acute, margin entire, upper (remarkably so) and lower 
 recurved, concave at base ; texture somewhat thin but firm ; 
 epidermis smooth; cells small, roundish to roundish-oblong, 
 guttulate, walls thick, angles thickened, no trigones. Stipules 
 wanting, except where the innovant branches arise, irregular in 
 shape, much broader than long, usually 4-laciniate, the two 
 middle segments often long and acute. Bracts 2, large, recurved 
 above, the outer one embracing the inner, usually trilobate (2-4), 
 sinus somewhat acute, segments more or less acute. Bracteole 
 large, very broad, surrounding the lower half of the perianth, 
 deeply 4-laciniate (often with G lacinice), segments unequal, some 
 triangular, others smaller and more acute, the smallest and most 
 acute at the margins. Perianth projecting somewhat beyond the 
 bracts, slightly arcuate, narrowly oblong (below somewhat 
 narrower than above), distinctly laterally compressed, upper third 
 portion deeply plicate, with 5, sometimes more, rounded fold.*^, 
 
358 HEPATIGjE. 
 
 which are not all equally deep and perfect ; mouth constricted, 
 ciliate (cilia 3 cells long), between the cilia are short teeth. 
 Andrcecia situated on the middle of stem, 3-5 pairs of perigonial 
 bracts, which are very different from the stem leaves, they are 
 hardly half the size, saccate at the base, obtusely bilobed, lobes 
 broad and obtuse ; antheridia 2, shortly stipitate. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 2 to 3 inches long, diam. "3 mm., with 
 leaves 2* mm. broad; leaves 1*25 mm. long x 1"1 mm. broad, 
 segments '3 mm., 1-2 mm. x '9 mm., seg. '2 mm. ; cells '02 mm., 
 •0225 mm. x -0125 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grrowing in loosely matted patches or straggling 
 amongst other mosses and hepatics, in alpine or subalpine locali- 
 ties. Kare. 
 
 7. Snowdon, Carnarvonshire, W. Wilson. 12. Ambleside, West- 
 morland, C. Li/cIl ; Naddle Forest, &c., Westmorland, G. Stabler. 
 
 15. Clova Mountains, Dr. Greville ; Ben Mac Dhui, W. JFest. 
 
 16. Catlow Hills, Kinnordy, C. Lyell; Loch Maree, I)r. Carringto7i ; 
 Glen Finnan, Dr. Carrington; Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. 
 Alac clear. 183. Orkney Isles, Dr. Hooker. 
 
 I. Brandon Mountain, Dr. Taylor. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 The Jung, oreaclensis recorded from the Himalaya is a different 
 species, insertion of leaves more transverse, different in shape, 
 segments more obtuse, cells larger, &c. 
 
 Obs. — This is a very distinct species, easily recognised by the 
 remarkably recurved margins of the leaves. 
 
 No ^ or $ plants have yet been met with in this country. Dr. 
 E. Jorgensen has found them in Norway and I have taken my 
 description and figures of them fi'om his interesting paper in 
 ■'Bergens Museums Aarbog," 1894-95, No. xviii. 
 
 Description of Plate CLV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 16. 3. Portion of stem, 
 postical view x 24. 4. Leaf x 24. 5. Portion of leaf x 290. 
 (All from original specimen, Clova, Herb. Hooker.) 6. Stipule 
 X 30. 7. Bract x 30. 8, 9. Bracteoles x 30. 10. Perianth 
 X 30. (After E. Jorgensen, Berg. Mus. Aar. 1894-5, No. xviii.) 
 
JUNGERMANIA. 359 
 
 Subgenus G. CEPBALOZIOPSIS, Spruce. 
 
 Jungermania, subgenus LopJiozia, sect. CejihaloziojJsis, Spruce, Hep. Am. et And. 
 p. 511 (1885). 
 
 Plants small, leaves minute, somewhat similar to CophaJozia 
 but ramification different and perianth, which when only trii^onous 
 has the third angle antical ; stipules normally absent ; flowers 
 monandrous. 
 
 34. Jungermania Pearsoni, Spruce. 
 Jungermauia Pearsoni, Spruce, Journal of Botany, n. s. vol. 10 (1881). 
 
 Dioicous, depresso-csespitose, small, lurid green to reddish- 
 brown in colour, apex often with a reddish-purple tinge. Stems 
 flexuose, flaccid, when dry somewhat rigid and brittle, once or 
 twice (rarely more) furcate, sometimes swollen at apex, no pos- 
 tical branches ; radiculose, rootlets few. Leaves almost equal the 
 whole length of the stem, distant, rarely subcontiguous, hori- 
 zontal to patent-divergent, broadly cuneate or subquadrate, seg- 
 ments suberect, subparallel with the stem, somewhat plane, ovate, 
 subacuminate, acute or subobtuse, sometimes the antical lobe is 
 furnished with a small tooth at the base, otherwise margin entire ; 
 texture firm, epidermis slightly rough, cells very small, quadrate 
 or a little elongate, opaque or subpellucid, walls thick, no trigones 
 or thickened angles. Stipules subulate-linear, usually more fre- 
 quent near the ap3x, sometimes wanting. 
 
 Female inflorescence not met with. 
 
 Androecia on the middle of the stem or branches, perigonial 
 bracts larger than the adjoining leaves, swollen at the base, some- 
 times with an incurved antical tooth at the base, antheridia 
 roundish-oval, solitary, stipe long. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems ^ to J^ inch long, with leaves i mm. broad, 
 diam. '05 mm. to '075 mm. ; leaves *35 mm. long x "3 mm. broad, 
 segments '175 mm., '3 mm. x '275 mm., seg. '15 mm., '3 mm. x 
 •225 mm., seg. '125 mm. ; cells "015 mm. x "02 mm., -015 mm., 
 
360 HBFATICJ^. 
 
 •01 mm.; stipules "175 mm. long x "03 mm. broad at the base, 
 •225 mm. x "02 mm. ; perigonial bract '4 mm. long x '3 mm. broad ; 
 antheridia '125 mm. x '11 mm., ^125 mm. x '1 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in the interstices, or on the shady side ot 
 rocks, in subalpine localities. Very rare. 
 
 7. Glyder Vawr, W. H. P. May 1877 ; on boulders interspersed 
 with the immense broken rocks, at the foot of Twl Dhu, Cwm 
 Idvval, Carnarvonshire, W. H. P. August 1884. 12. Brown 
 Ghyll, Langdale, Westmorland, Gcor(/e Stabler §• TF. H. P. 1881 ; 
 Bleak Eigg, Easdale, Westmorland, Rev. C. H. Binsiead, 1886. 
 13. North side of Black Crag, New Galloway, /. Mc Andrew, 
 1884. 16. On a travelled granite boulder in a ravine, 
 Eesipol, Sunart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar Sf IF. H. P. 
 1899. 
 
 Obs. — " Somewhat similar in appearance to Ceplialozia divari- 
 eafa (Sm.) but larger. It is at once distinguished from that and 
 every other species of Cephalozia by the forked branching, and the 
 entire absence of the postical branches characteristic of CejjJialozia. 
 From MarsKjjella {Sarcoscj/jj///fs) it differs in wanting the rhizoma- 
 tous base, in the ramification, the deeply cloven leaves and their 
 texture, and (so far as I have seen) in the absence of oil-granules 
 from the cells. As we have only the male plant, wliich has 
 monandrous bracts, its place among other bifid-leaved Juvfjer- 
 mani(B is not easy to assign. Tt is not unHke small forms of 
 /. minuta, Schrad., and /. rif/ida, Lindberg ; but its nearest allies 
 are doubtless /. opacida, n. sp., gathered by myself in the Andes, 
 between Eioamba and the Plateau of Chimborazo, on the rocks 
 shattered by the great earthquake of 1796 ; and /. intricata, 
 Lindenb. et G., found by Liebmann in Mexico, near Oaxaca, where 
 it grew closely interwoven with /. eolorafaT — Dr. Spruce. 
 
 The description is taken from notes by Dr. Spruce in " Journ. 
 of Bot.'Teb. 1881. 
 
 Description of Plate CLVI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view, x 85 (Glyder Vawr,- May 
 1877, W.H. P.). 3. Leaf x 85 (Easdale, Eev. C. H. Binstead). 
 4. Leaf, with stipule x 85 (ditto). 5. Leaf, explanate, and 
 
K'- 
 
 jrX(;Ki:MAXi.\. nr;i 
 
 stipulo X 85 (ditto), (j-l.'i. Ijcaves, (.'Xijlaniito, x Hij (<Jly<U*r 
 Vawr, \V. II. P.). It. I'ortion of leaf with antical tootli x 
 85 (ditto). 15. rortion of leaf x 21)0 (Hasdale, liinstc-ad). 
 IG, 17. Stipules X 85 (ditto). IS. IVrigonial braet with aiith 
 ridiuiu x 85 (ditto). I'J. Antheridiuin x 85 (ditto). 
 
 Subgenus 7. ASAS'l'IlorU) LUM, Spnirc. 
 
 Jii ufjennnnin, s\ihgen\ii< Anastro/>/ii/Uuiu, ii\n-uce, .Umvu. oi Hot. p. 23'j (1>s7<>); 
 llt'p. Am. ft And. p. 51:5 (Ish:,). 
 
 Plants large, ruleseent or puri)urescent, assurgent, slightly 
 ramose, subradiculo.>e, rarely Hagelliferous. Leaves large, succu- 
 bous, a.ssurgeiit-secund, ovate, concave, apex bifid (very rarely 
 entire), segments unequal, antical slightly smaller, more or less 
 acute, often incano-cuspidate, (juite entire or denticulate, antical 
 base sometimes laciniate. Cells small, auglrs distinctly thickened, 
 cuticule scaberulous. Stipules absent. InHorescence dioicous. 
 Female flowers terminal, rarely innovant. IJracts $ more deeply 
 divided than the leaves (rarely :> t-liil) denticulate or at both 
 sides of the base sparsely laciniate. Perianth rosy-purple, apex 
 canescent, large, elongate, when young subulate, when mature 
 fusiform or below narrowly cylindrical, Irom almost the base 
 deeply 3-, 5-, or 8-plicate, mouth constricted, fimbriate. Calyptra 
 delicate. Capsule shortly pedicellate, oblong-cylindrical, rarely 
 subMobose, dividinfj to about the base into 4 valves, valves 
 sometimes biiid. Flowers ^ L'-4-androus. 
 
 35. Jungermania Doniana, //oo^: 
 
 Jmujerniduia Donniana, Hook. Hrit. Jung. t. ;!'.• (l^lil). 
 I'lenroschi.tma /huiiiaiia, Duni. Syll. Jung. p. 7- (ls>*I). 
 Juwjermania {AimstrophyUum) /./ojmVimm, Spruce, Journ. of l5ot. p. !';;."• (1>>7(I); 
 
 Hep. Am. et Ami. p. T.l;! (1X85). 
 JiiiDjcniutnia /kniii, HtMik. Kaalaas Ix'Vi'ini. Noigc, p. .17 H (I s'.i;'.). 
 
 l>i()icous, c.-i'spitose, medium to laiLTc in size, reddish-brown 
 to dark brown in colour. Stems simi»le or slightly branched. 
 
362 HEPATW/E. 
 
 branches few, postical-lateral, arising from the postical axil of 
 leaf; a cross-section shows 12 by 16 cells in diam., with 40 to 50 
 cortical, all somewhat similar, walls firm, dark ; flexuose, erect or 
 procumbent, rigid and brittle when dry, somewhat ligneous, 
 opaque, rootlets few. Leaves closely imbricate or approximate, 
 subhorizontal or slightly ascending, semi-obliquely inserted, 
 bifarious, subsecund, slightly falcate, succubous, concave, canalicu- 
 late, ovate-acute or oblong-ovate-acute, apex bifid to about y\y, 
 sinus acute, segments acute, unequal, margin incurved, quite 
 entire; texture firm, cells guttulate, rather minute, sinuate, 
 roundish-hexagonal, elongate and larger near the middle base, 
 lumen containing a few nucleate bodies, cell walls very thick, pale 
 golden brown, no trigones. Stipules wanting. Bracts usually a 
 little larger than the leaves, broadly ovate, acute, bifid from j^j to 
 \, sinus acute, segments acute and unequal, margin quite entire. 
 No bracteole. Perianth projecting about f beyond the bracts, 
 terminal, reddish-brown, cylindrical or oblong-obovate, terete 
 below, 5-7-plicate above, mouth contracted, laciniate-ciliate, cilia 
 hyaline, delicate, 2-4 cells long. 
 
 Male plants not seen. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 3 inches long, diam. '2 mm. to "3 mm., 
 with leaves 3* mm. wide ; leaves 1'4 mm. long x 1* mm. broad, seg- 
 ments "1 mm., 1"3 mm. x 1*2 mm., seg. -125 and "15 mm. ; cells 
 •02 mm. X '01 mm., -01 mm., '03 mm. x '0125 mm. ; bracts 1"4 mm. 
 long X ri mm. broad, segment "2 mm., 1 '3 mm. x 1*2 mm., seg. 
 •15 mm. ; perianth 2 25 mm. long x -75 mm. broad, 2* mm. long x 
 "85 mm. broad; cilia '1 mm. long; pistillidia '2 mm. long x 
 •06 mm. broad. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in rather small and loosely entangled tufts in 
 alpine situations. Eare. 
 
 15. Rocks above Loch Avon, Clova, with perianths, Br. 
 Greville ; Braemar, A. Croall ; Ben Mac Dhui, G. Stabler. 17? 
 
 Europe, Danubian Provinces, vide Dr. Spruce. Norway, 
 Kaalaas. 
 
 Obs. — A very distinct species and not likely to be mistaken 
 for any other British one ; the dark colour of the plant with the 
 
NARDIA. 363 
 
 remarkably incurved margin of the leaves, remove it far from any 
 other of the British species. 
 
 Description of Plate CLVII. — Fig. 1. Phmts natural size 
 (Eng. Bot.). '1. Portion of fertile stem x IG (Clova, Br. 
 Grreville). o, 4. Leaves x l>4 (Ben Mac Dliui, CI. Stabler.) 
 5. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). G, 7. Bract x 24 (Clova, 
 Dr. Greville). 8. Perianth x 24 (ditto). 9. Cross-section of 
 perianth, lower portion, x 24 (ditto). 10. Ditto, upper portion 
 (ditto). 11, 12. Portions of the mouth of perianth x 85 (ditto). 
 13. Pistillidium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 Genus 32. NARDIA, Gr. §• Bcjui. 
 
 Jimgermania, Schiad. Syst. Samml. crypt. Gew. 2, p. 4 (1 7'.>7) ; Sm. Engl. Bot. 21 
 (1805); Lyell in Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 03 (1810); Nees Hep. Eur. 1, p. 27.") 
 (1833). 
 
 N'ardia, Gray & Benn. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. p. C>[)i (1821). 
 
 Meso2)hi/lla, Dum. Comm. Bot. p. 112 (1822). 
 
 Alicularia, Cord, in Opiz Beitr. 1, p. 052 (1820), 
 
 Southhya, Spruce, Muse. Pyr. in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 5, 3, p. 197 (1850). 
 
 Plants medium size, rarely large, csespitose. Stems prostrate 
 or suberect, simple or furcate, branches proceeding from the 
 postical angle of the leaves, rootlets usually numerous, pale or 
 reddish, flagella absent, except in N. comprcssa. Leaves alternate, 
 succubous, or somewhat close and subtransverse, orbicular or 
 reniform, entire or refuse, very rarely bilobed, margin quite 
 entire ; cells medium size, subquadrate, walls rarely thickened, 
 lumen sometimes filled with chlorophyllose granules. Stipules 
 present, subulate or lanceolate ; in the subgenus Euccdij,v absent. 
 Inflorescence dioicous or paroicous; female flowers terminal, often 
 sterile on innovations. Involucre (in subgenus Eaiiardki) urceolate ; 
 bracts 2-5-pairs, opposite, connate with the bracteole. Perianth 
 (in Einiardia) slightly laterally compressed and concrete with the 
 innermost bracts and connective tissue of the receptacle to form 
 the urceolate involucre, apex free, ovoid or conoid, obscurely 3-5- 
 carinate, apex often at first closed, afterwards dividing into 
 
364 HBPATIO^, 
 
 several lobes. Calyptra free, obovate, delicate, surrounded at its 
 base by 10-12 sterile pistillidia. Capsule shortly pedicellate, 
 oval-globose, coriaceous, dividing to about the base into 4 valves. 
 Elaters moderately long, bispiral. Spores small, asperulous. 
 Androecia subspicate, on the middle or end of stem or branch ; 
 perigonial bracts 6-10 pairs, somewhat similar to the leaves, 
 2-4-androus. 
 
 Subgenus 1. EUCALYX, Lindh. 
 
 Nardia, sect. 1 Eiicalyx, Lindb. in Bot. Not. p. 167 (1872). 
 
 Stipules absent. Bracts 1-2 pairs, innermost adnate at the 
 base to the perianth. Perianth projecting, moderately firm, 
 acutely 3-8-carinate, mouth constricted, sometimes tubular. 
 
 1. Nardia hyalina [Li/ell), Carr. 
 
 Jungermania hyalina, Lyell in Hook. Brit. Jung, t, G3 (1816). 
 Aplozia hyalina, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 58 (1874). 
 N'ardia hyalina, Carr. Brit. Hep. p. 35, pi. 11, f. 36 (1874). 
 Nardia [Eucahjx) hyalina, Lindb, Muse. Scand. p. 8 (1879). 
 
 Dioicous, broadly csespitose, small to medium size, of a light 
 green colour, often witli a rosy tinge. Stems procumbent or 
 suberect, simple or innovantly branched, branches lateral, pro- 
 duced from the axil of the leaves or bracts ; radiculose, rootlets 
 claret or dull purple coloured, very rarely dull white, copious, 
 long, produced from the postical side of stem, base of the leaves 
 and perianth. Leaves obliquely inserted, horizontal, subimbri- 
 cate, contiguous or distant and smaller below, broadly rotund, 
 orbicular or broadly oval, semi-amplexicaul, sometimes subcompli- 
 cate, undulate or plane, margin entire ; texture somewhat tender ; 
 cells largish, roundish, walls thin, trigones distinct. Stipules 
 absent. Bracts larger than the leaves, adnate to the lower 
 portion of perianth, sometimes almost free, erect, enclosing 
 perianth, subrotund, entire. Perianth oval, oblong or ovate, 
 upper portion 4-6-plicate, contracted, mouth small, margin 
 
NABBTA. 3G5 
 
 composed of elongate, hyaline cells. Pistillidia 15-20. Capsule 
 oval, dark brown. Spores pale brown. Elaters bispiral, brown. 
 Male stems slender, distinct, perigonial bracts smaller, antical 
 side incurved, saccate at the base, $ all the length, antheridia 2-3 
 in each bract, oval, stipitate. 
 
 Fruits March, April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |- to 1 inch long, diam. '25 mm., with 
 leaves 2* mm. to 3* mm. broad; leaves 1"4 mm. long x 1*6 mm. 
 broad, 1*3 mm. x TG mm., 1'4 mm. x 1-2 mm., 12 mm. x 1-3 mm., 
 I'l mm. X -1 mm. ; cells '05 mm.; trigones '01 mm.; bract 1*G mm. 
 high X 2-25 mm. broad ; perianth 2- mm. x 75 mm., 175 mm. 
 X 75 mm. ; pistillidia 'IS mm. long x "03 mm. broad; perigonial 
 bracts 7 mm. x 7 mm. 
 
 Hab.— Growing in large patches on damp, clayey banks, 
 usually near streams, sometimes on wet rocks. Moderately rare. 
 
 1. Lower Ninnis, Madron, Cornwall, E. D. MarquancL 2. New 
 Forest, Hants, C. LijeJL 5. Dove Dale ; Star Wood, Oakamore ; 
 Chartley Moss, Staffordshire, /. E. Bagucdl. 7. Near Snowdon, 
 Carnarvonshire, IV. Wilson ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire, 7K IL F. 
 8, 9, 10. Eskdale, Br. Spruce; Banks of the Eye, /. G. Baker; 
 Hebden Bridge, G. E. Uuid. Whitby ; Ingleboro, Dr. Carrington. 
 Cleveland, W. Mudd. 12. Stock Ghyll Force, Ambleside, West- 
 morland, C. Lyell ; Naddle Forest; Long Sleddale; Kentmere ; 
 Barrow Field, Helsington, G. Stabler; Scandale, Westmorland, 
 IF. JFesf. 13. Eouten Bridge; Closeburn ; near MofFat Spa 
 Well, /. Cruicl-i^lianh. 15. Dumbarton, A. McKinlcuj ; Glen Esk, 
 Forfar, Br. Greville ; Braemar, A. Croall ; Kinnordy, C. Lyell. 
 16. Not uncommon on damp loamy banks and at the side of 
 ravines, Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvivar. 
 
 I. Aooreagh River near Sneem, Co. Kerry, Br. Taylor; Brandon, 
 W. Wihoii ; Luggielaw and Seven Churches, Dr. ]). ^foorc ; Slieve 
 Glah, Co. Cavan, B. M'Ardle; Seefing Mountain, Dublin, Br. B. 
 Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent, in the Canary Islands and North 
 America ; Br. Spn/cc also found it in South America. 
 
 Ol3S. — The only other round-leaved Jinn/crma/iia which has 
 
366 HEPATIGAi. 
 
 coloured rootlets is Ncirdia [Ei/calj/x) obovata (Nees), from which 
 it is distinguished by its dioicous inflorescence, broader leaves and 
 bracts, and slightly larger cells ; from NarcJla scalarls (Schrad.) by 
 absence of stipules ; from other round-leaved species by its bracts 
 being adnata with the lower half of the perianth. 
 
 Jungermania crenulafa, Sm., has been placed by Lindberg and 
 others in the section Eiicalyx of Nardia on account of the some- 
 times, although very rarely, sliglit attachment of the bracts to 
 the lower portion of the perianth, this so rarely happens and is so 
 slight that I have placed it next to Jmif/. spJ/aerocarjja, Hook., in 
 the subgenus Aplozhi o^i Jung er mania, which seems to me to be its 
 most natural position. 
 
 Description of Plate CLVIII. — Fig 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 16 (Original, Lyell). 
 3. Portion of fertile stem, antical view, x 24 (Salem, Jack.). 
 4-7. Leaves x 16 (Original, Lyell). 8. Leaf x 24 (Finland, 
 Lindberg). 9. Portion of leaf x 290 (Original, Lyell). 10. Bract 
 X 16 (ditto). 11. Perianth x 24 (ditto). 12. Pistilhdium x 
 85 (Finland, Lindberg). 13. Perigonial bracts x 24 (Salem, 
 Jack.). 
 
 2. Nardia obovata {Nees), Carr. 
 
 Jungermania obovata, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. 1 p. 332 (1833). 
 Eucahjx obovata, Lindb. Bot. Not. (1872). 
 Southbija obovata, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 133 (1874). 
 Nardia obovata, Carr. Brit. Hep. p. 32, pi. 11, f. 3.') (1874). 
 Nardia [Eucahjx) obovata, Lindb. Muse. Scand. p. 8 (1879). 
 
 Paroicous, csespitose, flagelliferous ; flagella small, radiculose ; 
 small, of a dark green colour. Stems procumbent, or suberect, 
 simple or ramose ; branches lateral, subpostical, proceeding from 
 the axil of the leaves or bracts ; radiculose, rootlets purple in 
 colour, short, ascending to apex of stem, often arising from base 
 of leaves and postical side of the perianth. Leaves obliquely 
 inserted, horizontal, slightly decurrent antically, alternate, im- 
 bricate or contiguous, gradually becoming more distant and 
 smaller lower down, in sterile stems they become smaller and 
 
XARDTA. 367 
 
 more distant near to the apex also, plane or slightly concave, 
 upper leaves on fertile stems subcomplicate, obovate or ovate, 
 margin entire ; texture somewhat flaccid, cells roundish or sub- 
 quadrate, of medium size, chlorophyllose, walls thin, trigones 
 distinct, marginal cells quadrate. Stipules absent. Bracts 
 similar to the leaves only larger, erect, appressed, adnate 
 to the lower half of the perianth. Bracteole absent. Perianth 
 almost hidden by the bracts, oval to obovate, upper portion 
 5-6-plicate, cells elongate, mouth contorted, contracted, small, 
 laciniate, denticulate. Pistillidia 15-30. Male bracts below 
 the perianth, more complicate, saccate at base, antheridia oval. 
 
 Fruits March, April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |- to 1 inch long, diam. '2 mm. to -3 mm. 
 with leaves 2" mm. to 2'5 mm. wide ; leaves 1"3 mm. lono- x T mm. 
 
 o 
 
 broad, V2 mm. x '9 mm., I'l mm. x -Qmm. ; cells '025 mm. ,'03 mm., 
 •03 mm. X *04 mm. ; tris^ones, "01 mm. ; bracts 175 mm. Ions: x 
 r25 mm. broad; perianth 2*25 mm. long x 125 mm. broad, 
 2- mm. X 1' mm. ; spores '02 mm. diam. ; elaters '15 mm, long x 
 '01 mm. broad; perigonial bracts '9 mm. x '7 mm.; antheridia 
 •11 mm. X '1 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grows on shaded wet rocks, usually in subalpine 
 districts. Rare. 
 
 7. Dolgelly, Merioneth, Dr. Curnngton ^- W. 11. P. ; 
 Snowdon, Carnarvonshire, IF. Wihoii ; Llanberis, Carnarvon- 
 shire, G.E. ILiiit. 9. Bamford Wood; Clifton Junction, Lane, 
 G, A. lIoJl ; Longridge Fell, West Lane, J. A. Wltchhii ; Ease- 
 gill, near Leek, West Lane, A. Wilson. 10. Kildale, N. York., 
 W. Mudd. 12. Kentmere; Little Langdale ; Harter Fell; 
 Mardale; Long Sleddle, Westmorland, C. /^/^(^/c^;-. 13. Opposite 
 Waulk Mill, New Galloway, ./. Mc Andrew. 15. Glen Esk, 
 A. Croall ; Banks of Forfar Burn, A. Croall ; Strachan, Aberdeen- 
 shire, ./. Sim. IG. Common on wet rocks, especially at the sides 
 of streams, ascends to 2500 feet, Moidart, West Inverness, 
 S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 L KiUarney, IF. Wihon ; Tore WaterfVill, IF. WUson, Br. Car- 
 ritigton ; Ravine near Hunting Tower, Cromaglown, Dr. Carriiifj- 
 
368 HEPATIC.^. 
 
 ton; Connor Hill, Co. Kerry, Br. D. Moore; Kylemore, 
 Co. Galwa}^ Br. B. Moore; Loch Bray, Co. Wicklow, Dr. 
 D. Moore; Slieve Glali, Co. Cavan, D. MArdle. 
 
 Found on the Continent, and doubtfully in North America. 
 
 Obs. — Only to be mistaken for Nardia {Eucahjx) liyalina 
 (Lyell), which see. In addition to other distinguishing characters 
 mentioned there, the rootlets are usually fewer and darker coloured, 
 the bracts adnate higher up the perianth. 
 
 The specimens published in C. & P. Hep. Brit. Ex. n. 100, 
 as Nardia liyalina belong to this species. 
 
 Description of Plate CLIX. — Fig. I. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem, antical view X 24 (Yosges, Mougeot). 3, Por- 
 tion of fertile stem with perianth x 16 (C. & P. Hep. Brit. 
 Ex. n. 100). 4. Portion of stem, antical view, x 16 (Killarney, 
 Wilson). 5. Portion of stem, postical view, x 16 (G. & E. Hep. 
 Eur. n. 266). 6. Leaf x 24 (Vosges, Mougeot). 7. Leaf x 24 
 (C. & P. Hep. Brit. Ex. n. 100). 8. Leaf x 24 (Vosges, 
 Mougeot). 9. Portion of leaf x 290 (Vosges, Mougeot). 
 10, 11. Bracts x 16 (C. & P. n. 100). 12. Perigonial bract 
 X 24 (Vosges, Mougeot). 13. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 Subgenus 2. EUNARBIA, Lindb. 
 
 Eimardia, sect. 3IesophiyUa (Dum.), Lindb. Muse. Scand. p. 8 (1879). 
 Eunardia, Spruce, Hep. Am. et And. p. 519 (1885). 
 Mesojyhylla (Dum.), Lindb., Kaalaas Lev. Norg. p. 388 (1893). 
 
 Stipules present, small, subulate. Perianth immersed, deli- 
 cate, obscurely carinate, adnate to the lower half of the bracts. 
 
 3. Nardia compressa [Hook.), Gr. §• Benn, 
 
 Jungermania compressa, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 58 (181G). 
 Nardia comjyressa, Gr. & B. Nat. Arr. Brit. pi. p. G91 (1821). 
 Mesophylla comp'essa, Dum. Comm. Bot, p. 112 (1822). 
 Alicidaria compressa, G.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 12 (1844). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, flagelliferous ; flagella leafless, slightly 
 j-adiculose ; from medium to large in size, pale green colour 
 
NARDIA. 369 
 
 with a purple or claret tinge. Stems simple or branched, 
 innovant, suberect, laterally compressed, cortical cells large, 
 hyaline, 35 to 50, inner very small, densely crowded, 20 to 25 
 in diam. ; radiculose, rootlets few, white. Leaves closely imbri- 
 cate, erect, horizontally inserted, decurrent, appressed to stem 
 laterally, plane or slightly concave, reniform or subrotund, 
 entire ; texture pellucid, thin, cells medium size, roundish- 
 quadrate, walls thin, firm, reddish, lumen with few oil corpuscles, 
 trigones distinct. Stipules small, triangular, irregular, dentate, 
 rarely subulate. Bracts similar to the leaves, only larger and 
 more distinctly reniform. Bracteole ovate, irregular. Perianth 
 immersed in the bracts, delicate, conoid, lower portion adnate 
 to the innermost bracts, mouth twisted, dentate, teeth small, few. 
 Capsule oval. Sj)ores brown. Elaters bispiral, brown. 
 
 Andrcecia terminal, 2-3 pairs of bracts, but little different 
 from the stem leaves, slightly ventricose at the base ; antheridia 
 large, oval, 2-3 in each bract. 
 
 Fruits April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to 2 inches long, "3 mm. diam., with 
 leaves 2' mm. wide, leaves r4 mm. x TS mm., 1'5 mm. x 2*0, 
 1-25 mm. x 175 mm. ; cells '05 mm. x 03 mm., "035 mm. x -03, 
 •03 X '04 mm., 03 mm. x '03 mm. ; stipules "6 mm. x -3 mm., 
 •55 X "2 ; perigonial bracts 1'4 mm. x I'S mm., 1^3xl'75 mm.; 
 antheridia '225 mm. x "2 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On wet rocks and stones by or in alpine or subalpine 
 rivulets. Somewhat rare. 
 
 1. Dartmoor, Devonshire, E. M. Holmes. 7. Glyder Vawr. 
 Carnarvonshire, JV. Wilmu, G. A. Holt, W. H. P. Snowdon, 
 Carnarvonshire, Dr. Carnngton ; Pass of Llanberis, Carnarvon- 
 shire, W. H. P. ; Cader Idris, Merionethshire, W. H. P. 9. Staley 
 Brushes, Cheshire, G. A. Holt; Carr Meadows, Derbyshire, 
 G. A. Holt; Kinder Scout, Derbyshire, Whitehead & Holt. 
 10. Near Todmorden, /. Noicell, G. A. Holt; Ingleboro, Br. Car- 
 rington ; Blaeberry Gill, M. B. Slater ; Falling Foss, Little Beck, 
 North Yorks., M. B. Slater ; Cleveland, W. Mudd. 12. Little 
 Langdale ; Oxendale, Great Langdale, Westmorland, G. Stabler; 
 
370 HEPATICJ^. 
 
 Borrowdale, Cumberland, W. 11. P. 13. New Galloway, J. McAn- 
 clrew. 15. Succoth Hill, Arroquhar, A. McKinlay ; Ben Sligott, 
 C. Howie; Ben Mac Dliui, G. E. Hunt, J. Wliifehead ; Glen Clunie, 
 Aberdeen, J. Whifehead ; Ben Laoigb, T. Fwfjers. 16. Moidart, 
 West Inverness, 600 feet, 8. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Bantry, Miss Hut chins ; Aooreagb River near Sneem, Br. 
 Taylor ; abundant at Upper Lougb Bray, Br. B. Moore ; Luggie- 
 law and Seven Cburcbes, Dr. D. Moore ; Connernara, near Kyle- 
 more, Gal way, Br. B. Moore; Kelly's Glen, Dublin; Killarney, 
 Dr. Carrington; Co. Wicklow, Prof. S. 0. Lindherg. 
 
 Found on the Continent, also in Greenland. 
 
 Obs. — This species, being semi-aquatic, sometimes grows to the 
 length of 4 or 5 inches, and forms in some subalpine rivulets 
 large patches over which the water is constantly flowing. 
 
 In drier alpine situations a small variety is found, of a deep 
 purple colour, steins J to |- inch long, simple, leaves orbicular, 
 closely imbricate, stipules dentate. 
 
 From Nardia scalaris [ScJirnd.) it is distinguished by its 
 reniform, closely laterally appressed leaves, which are also 
 thinner and more delicate, and its large cortical stem cells. 
 
 From JamesonieUa Carrincjtoni {Balf.\ S^jriice^ see notes 
 under that species. 
 
 Description of Plate CLX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem x 16 (Ireland, S.O.L.). 3-5. Leaves x 16 
 (ditto). 6. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 7, 8. Stipules x 24. 
 (ditto). 9. Stipule X 24 (Cader Idris, W. H. P.). 10. 11. 
 Longitudinal sections of bracts and perianth (Dr. Gottsche, G. R. 
 Hep. Eur. 443). 12, 13. Perigonial bracts x 16 (Ireland, S.O.L.) 
 14. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 4. Nardia scalaris [ScJtrad.), Gr. §• B. 
 
 Jungermania scalaris, Schrad. Syst. Samml. Krypt. Gew. 2, p. 4 (1797). 
 Nardia scalaris, Gr. (Si B. ISTat. Arr. Brit. pi. p. 694 (1821). 
 Mesophylla scalaris, Dum. Comm. Bot. p. 112 (1822). 
 Alicularia scalaris, Corcla in Opiz Nat. p. 653 (1829). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely or densely ca}spitose, eflagelliferous, small^ 
 
NAIWTA. 871 
 
 pale, or dark to brownish green, rarely reddish in colour. Stems 
 creeping or suberect, simple or furcate, slightly laterally com- 
 pressed, cortical cells smaller and darker than the inner, which 
 are large and distinct, about 9x9 cells in diam. ; radiculose, 
 rootlets plentiful, dull white. Leaves distichous, imbricate, suc- 
 cubous, erecto-patent or patent, obliquely inserted, appressed or 
 spreading, orbicular or rotund, slightly concave, entire or slightly 
 retuse, lower smaller and distant ; texture somewhat thick ; cells 
 smallish, roundish quadrate, walls moderately firm, trigones large, 
 distinct ; lumen containing several oil corpuscles. Stipules large 
 and distinct, subulate or triangular-subulate, entire. Involucre 
 obovate, laterally compressed, composed of two bracts and brac- 
 teole ; bracts much larger than the stem leaves, orbicular, entire 
 or emarginate, bracteole triangular-subulate, connate at the lower 
 half of the bracts. Perianth immersed in the bracts, the lower 
 half adnate with the innermost bracts, composed of more delicate 
 cells, conoid, mouth contorted. Capsule oval-spherical. Spores 
 brown, elaters bispiral, brown. Androecia terminal or on the 
 middle of stem ; perigonial bracts closely imbricate, smaller than 
 the leaves, ventricose, enclosing 2 roundish oval, small antheridia. 
 
 Fruits March, April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |- to 1 inch long, -2 mm. to -25 mm. in 
 diam., with leaves V to 1*5 mm. wide; leaves '6 mm. x '8 mm., 
 •7 mm. X -9 mm., 7 mm. x 7 mm., '6 x 75 mm.; cells '03 
 mm., -025 mm., '035 mm. "02 mm.; stipules '225 mm. x -125 
 mm. at the base, '25 mm. x '125 mm., -35 mm. x -075 mm. ; 
 bracts 1-25 mm. x I'l mm. ; bracteole 1- mm. x -6 mm.; pistil- 
 lidia -15 mm. x '075 mm. ; perigonial bracts -G mm. x -G mm., 
 •G mm. X 7 mm., '5 mm. x -G mm.; antheridia 'll mm. x 'l 
 mm., '11 mm. x -08 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grows in loose or dense patches on damp banks, moors, 
 rocks, or stones; generally distributed 1 to 18. I. 
 
 Common on the Continent. 
 
 Found in North America. 
 
 Obs. — A common species, easily recognised, even when barren, 
 by the presence in the leaf-cells of several oil corpuscles, from any 
 
372 HEPATIC a:. 
 
 oi" the other round-leaved JangermanicB, excspt Nardla comprcssa, 
 which has them also. This is a larger species ; stem with large 
 cortical cells, leaves broader and more closely compressed. 
 
 Nardia hyalina and N. obovata have reddish or purplish root 
 lets, which at once distinguishes them. 
 
 Description of Plate CLXI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Sterile stem x 24 (Cader Idris, W. H. P.). 3. Portion of 
 fertile stem x 24 (Dalarne, S. 0. L.), 4, 5. Leaves with stipules 
 X 24 (Cader Idris, W. H. P.). 6-10. Leaves x 24 (ditto). 
 11. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 12, 13. Stipules x 85 (ditto). 
 14. Stipule X 85 (Sweden, S. 0. L.). 15, 16. Bracts x 24 
 \Sweden). 17. Bracteole x 24 (ditto). 18. Pistillidium x 85 
 (ditto). 19, 20. Perigonial bracts x 24 (Sweden, S. 0. L.). 21. 
 Antheridia x 85 (ditto). 
 
 5. Nardia silvrettse (Goffsc/te). 
 
 Syn. Jungermania Silvrettce, Gottsche in G. R. Hep. Eur. Ex. n. 470 (1869). 
 Sarcoscyphus anomalus, Jack in lit. Dr. Gottsche, G. R. Hep. Eur. Ex. n. 470 
 
 (1869). 
 Alarsupella (?) silvrettce, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 128 (1874). 
 Alicularia minor, Limpr. p.p. in Cohn Krypt. Fl. Schles. p. 251-433 (1876). 
 Nardia hanrnatosticta, var. suberecta, Lindb. Muse. Scand. p. 8, n. 153 (1879). 
 Nardia geoscypha, var. suherecta, Mass. Epat. delle Alp. Penn. in Nuov. Giorn. 
 
 Bot. Ital. vol. xiv. tab. xiii. 
 Exsicc. Theden. Muse. Suec. Ex. n. 136 (as Jung, scalaris); G. R. Hep. Eur. 
 
 dec. 42 et 44, n. 416 (as Alicidaria scalaris, var. minor); dec. 45 et 47, 
 
 n. 470 (as Jung. Silvrettce) ; Husn. Hep. Gall. n. 101 (as Alicidaria 
 
 Paroicous, caespitose, small, light to dark or brownish green in 
 colour. Stems simple or furcate, with often single slender inno- 
 vations arising from below the involucre, suberect, fleshy, some- 
 what fragile, on a transverse section oval, frontally compressed, 
 cortical la3^er of cells smaller, darker, about 30, inner large, 
 hyaline, 12 cells x 9 or 10 ; densely radiculose, rootlets white or 
 purplish. Leaves alternate, subdistichous, obliquely inserted, 
 patent, horizontal or suberect, lower smaller, distant, upper larger 
 
NARDIA. 37a 
 
 accrescent, concave, orbiculate, broadly ovate or ovate, emarginate, 
 rarely entire, sinus shallow, /, to J deep, obtuse or rarely acute, 
 segments obtuse, rarely acute ; texture somewhat thick, cells 
 moderately large, roundish subquadrate, lumen with oil corpuscles 
 as in N. scalaris, trigones distinct. Stipules subulate, entire, or 
 with one, two, or three irregular segments on one or both sides. 
 Involucre oval or clavate, composed of two large bracts with 
 bracteole (irregularly cuneate) behind, which is overlapped by the 
 bracts, connate with them at the base ; bracts 2 to 3 pairs, larger 
 than the leaves, subrotund, emarginate, margin irregular, crisped, 
 ventricose at the base. Perianth immersed, composed of elongate, 
 hyaline cells, mouth irregular, contorted, lower half adnate to the 
 innermost bracts. Calyptra delicate, cells irregular in shape, walls 
 very thin ; at its base are 8-10 barren pistillidia. Capsule brown. 
 Spores smooth, light brown. Elaters darker brown than the 
 spores, bi-trispiral. Antheridia roundish-oval, stipitate, usually 
 two in each bract below the perianth. 
 Fruits March, April. 
 
 Dimensions.— Stems J to f inch long, diam. '4 x '3 mm., with 
 leaves 2" mm. wide; leaves 2' mm. x I'l mm., segments '8 mm., 
 I'l mm. X -9 mm.,seg. "2 mm., '9 mm x '9 mm., seg. "2 mm., '9 
 mm. X 7 mm., seg. "2 mm., "8 mm. x '8 mm., seg. "2 mm., '8 mm. 
 X 7 mm., seg. '2 mm., '5 mm. x -4 mm., seg. '15 mm. ; cells 
 •04 mm.; stipules "4 mm. x -1 mm. at base, '35 mm. x •125 mm., 
 "275 mm. x •! mm.; bracts l^l mm. x 1* mm., segments '2 mm., 
 •3 mm.; sub-bracteoles •G mm. x '25 mm. at the base; bracteole 
 •6 mm. X •SS mm. at the base, '4 mm. x -15 mm. ; involucre 
 2-5 mm. x 1' mm.; cells of perianth •OG mm. x ^02 mm. ; pistilHdia 
 '175 mm. x ^05 mm.; valves of capsule 8 mm. x •G mm.; spores 
 '02 ram. diam.; elaters "15 mm. x •Ol mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grows on banks and moors. Kare. 
 
 9. Gorpley Clough, Todmorden, Lane, G. A. Holt. Alderley 
 Edge, Cheshire, G. A. Holt. 10. Strensall Common, Yorks., G. 
 Stabler. Baildon Moor, Yorks., IF. West. 16. Moidart, West 
 Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
374 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Obs. — The history of this hepatic is somewhat curious. Nees, 
 in his admirable "Nat. Eur. Leb.," vol. 11, p. 453, speaks of 
 a form of Jimgermania scalaris (var. minor) which ma}^ prove to be 
 a distinct species and to which he would give the name Jim^. 
 hamatosticta. To this Professor Lindberg referred the Jlicidaria 
 geoscyphu8 of de Notaris. Herr Limpricht objects to the name as 
 being inappropriate, for the plant varies very much in colour, 
 according to exposure, shade, &c., and he promotes Nees' varietal 
 name minor to specific rank. 
 
 To a large, suberect form of this. Professor Lindberg has given 
 the name var. subereda, which he had previously supposed to be 
 the Jmiff. scalaris var. repanda, Hliben., and as such published it 
 as Nardia repanda, but an examination of Hlibener's original speci- 
 mens showing it to be dioicous, the species repanda was dropped. 
 
 In 1869 Herr Jack forwarded to Dr. Gottsche specimens of this 
 var. subereda under the name Sarcoscijphus aiioiualus, which the 
 Doctor published in G. R. Hep. Eur n. 470 as Jnug. Silvrettce ; as 
 the specific name of Herr Jack is used for another hepatic, I 
 adopt Gottsche's name, which should have priority over the others, 
 if we raise it to the rank of a species. 
 
 A peculiarity about this species is that the stem is slightly 
 frontally compressed, not laterally as in Nardia com^wessa and 
 partially in N. scalaris. Transverse sections cut from all my 
 specimens give 12 cells x 9 or 10. 
 
 Distinguished from Nardia scalaris (Schrad.) by its paroicous 
 inflorescence, and the emarginate leaves and bracts. 
 
 Nardia geoscyplia (de Not.), of which I have not seen British 
 specimens, agrees with this species in its inflorescence, but is 
 much smaller, has a curious creeping habit, is without stipules, 
 and the bracts are not so irregularly margined. 
 
 Description of Plate CLXII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size 
 2, 3. Stems x 16 (Thed. Muse. Suec. Ex. n. 136). 4. Cross- 
 section of stem X 31 (Todmorden, G. A. Holt). 5, 7. Leaves 
 X 24 (Baildon, W. West). 6, 8-10. Ditto x 24 (Todmorden, 
 Holt). 11. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 12, 13, 15, 16. 
 Stipules X 85 (ditto). 14. Ditto x 85 (Baildon, West). 17. 
 
MARSUPELLA. 375 
 
 Bract X 24 (Todmordeii, Holt). 18 Ditto x 31 (Strensall, G. 
 Stabler). 19. Sub-bracteole x 31 (ditto). 20. Portion of iiiner- 
 luost bract and connate bracteole x 16 (Thed., 136). 21. Brac- 
 teole X 31 (ditto). 22. Pistillidia x 85 (Baildon, West). 23. 
 Antheridium (ditto). 24, 25. Spores and elater x 2'JO (Tod- 
 morden, Holt). 
 
 Genus 33. Marsupella, Di/iu. 
 
 Jungermcmia, Ehrh. Beitr. ;5 p. 80 (1788). 
 
 Nardius, Gr. ct B. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2 p. (;;)4 (1821). 
 
 Jliii'supella, Dum. Comm. Bot. p. 114 (1822). Spruce " Rev. Bryol." p. 92 (1881). 
 
 Sarcosci/phas, Cord, in Opiz Beitr. 1 p. (i52 (1829). 
 
 Nardla, Carr. in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. x. p. 309 (1870) ; Brit. Hep. p. 10 (1874). 
 
 Nardia, sect. c. Marsupella, Lindb. Hep. in Hib. p. 531 (1874). 
 
 Stem (witli leaves) frontally compressed, usually with rhizomes 
 and flagella proceeding from the base subleafless. Leaves trans- 
 verse, imbricating or spreading, canaliculate-concave, sub- 
 complicate or carinate, always bilobed. Cauline stipules always 
 wanting. Fructification terminal. Bracts few or several pairs, 
 innermost (1-2 pairs) connate ; also at the base with the peri- 
 anth, bracteole normally wanting. Perianth frontally compressed, 
 mouth 5-7 lobed. Calyptra included. Capsule 4-valved. Elaters 
 bispiral. Androecia subspicate ; antheridia in the saccate base of 
 the perigonial bracts. 
 
 1. Marsupella emarginata [Ehrlt.), Dion. 
 
 Junrjermania emao'yinata, Ehrh. Beitr., 3, p. 80 (1787-92). 
 Jungermania macrorhiza, Dicks. Crypt. Brit. f. 2, p. 16, t. 5, f. 10 (1785). 
 Marsuj)ella emarginata, Dum. Comm. Bot. p. 114 (1822). 
 SarcoscT/phus Ehrharti, Corda in Opiz Nat. p. (532 (1828). 
 
 Dioicous, densely caespitose, flagelliferous, small to large, 
 varying very much in colour, from pale or dark green to brown, 
 reddish-brown, bright red or purple to almost black. Stems 
 slightly or intricately branched, suberect or erect, firm, cortical 
 
376 BEPATICM 
 
 cells larger and darker than the inner ; radiculose, rootlets long, 
 white or purplish, thick. Leaves spreading, suberect or erect, 
 closely or loosely imbricate, cordate, subrotund or ovate, 
 emarginate to about ^th, sinus acute or obtusate, segments broad, 
 acute or obtuse ; texture firm or lax ; cells smallish, roundish, 
 walls firm, angles thickened, no trigones, marginal cells smaller, 
 quadrate. No stipules. Bracts larger than the leaves, subrotund, 
 emarginate to about ^th, segments and sinus acute or obtuse. 
 Perianth usually smaller than the innermost bracts, adnate to 
 them for about half its height, mouth 4, 5-lobate. Capsule 
 spherical, pedicel short, spores brown, elaters bispiral. 
 
 Androecia terminal, 2-4 pairs of bracts, which are closely 
 imbricate, ventricose at the base, somewhat similar to stem leaves, 
 enclosing 3, 4, large, oval antheridia, with long stipes (10-24 cells 
 long). 
 
 Fruits March, April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |- to 3 inches long, diam. -1 mm. to 
 •4 mm., with leaves 1' mm. to I'S mm. wide; leaves 75 mm. x 
 75 mm., segments 2 mm., 75 mm. x -6 mm., seg. "2 mm., 9 
 mm. X "8 mm., seg. '2 mm., 1* mm. x l" mm., seg. '2 mm., 175 
 X 2* mm., seg. '2 mm. ; cells -03 mm., '025 mm., '025 mm. x 
 "02 mm.; bracts 1"5 mm. x 1*5 mm., seg. "3 mm.; perianth 1-5 
 mm. long; antheridia '225 mm. x '15 mm., -2 mm. x -125 mm.; 
 stipe '15 mm. long. 
 
 Hab. — Grows on rocks or at the base of stone walls, from the 
 plains to alpine regions, most frequently in or by the side of 
 subalpine rivulets. 1, 3, 7, 10 to 17. I. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Var. robusta Glyder Vawr, IF. H. P. 
 
 Var. saccata ( ?) Killin, Perthshire, G. A. Holt. 
 
 Obs. — A very variable species in size, colour, and shape of 
 leaves ; several varieties have been named by Nees and other 
 authorities, and some have been esteemed species by Lindberg and 
 others. Two of the most remarkable are var. robusta (Marsupella 
 robust a, Lindb.) and one which I believe is var. saccata of 
 Nees ; the former is distinguished by its large size, firm texture 
 
MARSUPELLA. 377 
 
 of stem and leaves, subrotund leaves, with shallow sinus 
 and broad rotimdate' segments. Var. mccala N. (?) is a very 
 graceful form, leaves orbicular, sinus shallow, segments broad, 
 rotundate. 
 
 From the dioicous M. sphacckda, Faiickii, and Ccsia alpuia, see 
 notes under those species for distinguishing characters. 
 
 Dkscription of Plate CLXIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Portion of fertile stem x 24 (Mael Tarmachan, C. J. 
 Wild). 3. Leaf x 24 (Langdales, G. Stabler & W. H. P.). 
 4-6. Leaves x 24 (Snowdon, Nuttall). 7. Leaf x 24 (Festiniog, 
 W. H. P.). 8-10. Leaves x 24 (Arthog, J. Whitehead). 11. 
 Portion of leaf x 2U0 (Mael Tarmachan, C. J. Wild). 12, 13. 
 Bracts x IG (ditto). 14, 15. Linermost bracts with portions of 
 perianth adhering. IG. Antheridium x 85 (Arthog, J. White- 
 head). 
 
 Description of Plate CXLIV. — Fig. 1, 2. Marsupella emar- 
 (jinata var. robust a. Leaves x 24 (Glyder Vavvr, W. H. P.). 
 3-5. Ditto X 24 (Finland, S. 0. Lindberg). G. Perigonial bracts 
 with antheridia x 24 (Glyder Vawr, W. J I. P.). 
 
 Fig. 7. Marsupella emarginata var. saccafa Nees ? . Portion 
 of stem X 16 (Killin, G. A. Holt). 8-10. Leaves x 24 (ditto). 
 
 2. Marsupella sphacelata [Gieseke), Bum. 
 
 Junrjermania sphacelata, Gieseke in Lindeub. Syn. Hep. p. p. 7(> t. i. f. D-12 
 
 (1839-41). 
 Marsivpella sphacelata, Dum. Recueil Jung. p. 24 (1835). 
 Sarcoscijphus sphacelatics, Nees Eur. Leberm. i. p. 129 (1833). 
 Xardia sphacelata (Gieseke), Carr. Trans. Bot. Edin. 5, 10, p. 878 (1870). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely crcspitose, from medium to large in size, 
 pale or dark green, with apices tinged brown, or sometimes black 
 in colour. Stems simple or slightly ramose, flagelliferous, leafless 
 below, erect or procumbent, slender, flexuose, rootlets few. Leaves 
 usually distant, erect-patent, decurrent, amplexicaul at the base, 
 concave, cordate, bilobed to about I, sinus obtusate or acute, 
 
378 HEPATIC^. 
 
 segments rotundate ; texture lax, delicate, cells smallish, 4-5 and 
 6-sided ; walls reddish, firm, trigones more or less distinct. No 
 stipules. Bracts erect, somewhat similar to the leaves, only 
 larger and longer. Perianth delicate, small, about f the height of 
 the bracts with which it is adnate, mouth laciniate-dentate. Male 
 stems more slender, antheridia terminal or in middle of the stem; 
 perigonial bracts imbricate, turgid; antheridia 1, '1, or 3 at the 
 base of each bract, oval. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from 1 to 3 inches long, diam. 'IS mm. 
 to '2 mm., with leaves Vb mm. to 2' mm. wide : leaves 1'75 mm. 
 long X 1-25 mm. broad, segments -5 mm., I'S mm. x 1* mm., 
 seg. '3 mm., '9 mm. x 7 mm., seg. '2 mm.; cells "02 mm. x 
 •02nmi.,-02 mm. x '03 mm.; bracts 2' mm. long x 75 mm. broad ; 
 segments '3 mm.; perigonial bracts r25 mm. long x 1* mm. 
 broad, segments '2 mm. ; antheridia -4 mm. x -3 mm., -3 x -25 
 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in extensive patches in wet situations, by the 
 margin of pools or streams in alpine situations. 
 
 7. Glyder Vawr, G. A. Holt ; Margin of Llyn Bodlyn, Cwm 
 Idwal, W. H. P. 15. Ben MacDhui, G. E. Hunt, JoJm Whitehead; 
 Loch Kandor, G. E. Hunt. 16. Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. 
 Macvicar, 1899. 18c. Uist, ./. Sivi. I. Loch Bray, Lindber^ ; 
 D. McArdle. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — From all forms <di Marsupella emarginata (Ehrt.) it may 
 be distinguished by its colour and lax texture and the narrow, 
 decurrent base of leaf. 
 
 Marsupella sparsi/olia, Lindb., approaches nearest to small 
 forms of M. sphacelata, but the former is paroicous. 
 
 Description of Plate CLXV. — Fig. 1, 2. Plants natural size. 
 3. Fertile stem x 16 (Glyders, G. A. Holt). 4. Stem x 16 
 (ditto). 5, 6. Leaves x 16 (Ben MacDhui, J. Whitehead). 
 7-9. Ditto X 31 (Glyders, G. A. Holt). 10. Portion of leaf x 
 290 (Ben MacDhui, J. Whitehead). 11. Bracts x 24 (Glyders, 
 G. A. Holt). 12, 13. Perigonial bracts x 16 (Sweden, S. 0. 
 Lindberg). 
 
MAMUPELLA. 379 
 
 Marsupella Funckii {Web. cf Mu/ir) Diuii. 
 
 J^iwjer mania excisa, Funck Samml. crypt, gew. n. 1 18 (nee. Dicks. (18U(!-;>H). 
 Jangermania Fanckii, Web. et Mohr. Deuts. krypt. p. 422 (1807.) 
 Sarcoscij2)hus Ficnckii, Nees Eur. Leberm. t. i., p. 130 (18;5;>). 
 Marsupella Funckii, Dum. Recueil Jung. p. 24 (1835). 
 
 Dioicous, densely csespitose, stoloniferous, stolons leafless, 
 nidiculose ; small, lurid or dark brown colour. Stems erect or 
 procumbent, innovantly fasciculately ramose ; radiculose, rootlets 
 few, wanting- on the ascending branches. Leaves imbricate, on 
 young plants or innovations distant, patent to erecto-patent, 
 concave, subrotund, obovate or oval, emarginate from J to J, sinus 
 and segments acute ; texture firm, cells rather minute to small, 4, 
 5 and 6-sided, walls thick, angles thickened. No stipules. Bracts 
 larger than the leaves, broadly ovate, emarginate from ^ to ^, sinus 
 acute, segments acute or obtusate. Perianth smaller than the 
 innermost bracts to which it is adnate for about half its length, 
 free margin 4, 5 dentate ; pistillidia 5-7. Capsule small, brown ; 
 spores pale brown ; elaters a little darker, bispiral. 
 
 Androecia terminal on chief stem or branches, 4, 5 pairs of 
 bracts, closely imbricate, tumid ; antheridia solitary, oval, stipitate. 
 
 Fruits April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |- to f inch long, diam. "1 mm., with 
 leaves '7b mm. wide; leaves '6 mm. x '5 mm., segments '2 mm., 
 •5 mm. X *5 mm., seg. '2 mm., "6 mm. x "6 mm., seg. "2 mm. 
 •5 mm. X "4 mm., seg. '15 mm.; cells "015 mm. x "015 mm. 
 .0225mm. x -0175 mm., '02 mm. x '02 mm.; sub-bract '8 mm. 
 X -8 mm., seg. '2 mm. ; bracts -9 mm. x "8 mm., seg. "25 mm.; 
 perianth '7b mm. high; perigonial bracts "5 mm. x '5 mm., seg. 
 "2 mm. ; antheridia '15 mm. x •12 mm. ; spores "01 mm. ; elaters 
 •15 mm. X '015 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grrows usually on subalpine and alpine pathways, or 
 on rocks on which there is a layer of soil, rarely on the bare 
 rock. 
 
 2. Tilgate Forest, G. E. Lavics. 7. Bettws-y-Coed, Dr. 
 Carrinyton. Cader Idris, W. 11. P. ; Tyn-y-Groes, G. A. Holt, 
 
380 HEPATIC.]^. 
 
 W. H. P. 12. Bow Fell, G. Stabler. Borrowdale, IF. H. P. 
 13. Miljea ; North of Black Craig; Ballingear Woods, New 
 Galloway, /. McAjidreiv. 15. Jjoch-na-Gar, ./. 8i7n ; Ben Challum, 
 Breadalbane, A. 0. Black; Ben Voirlich, Craig-na-Gour, and 
 Ben Lawers, J. McKinlay ; Locli Kandor, Ben MacDhui, G. E. 
 Hunt. 16. Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Black Mountains, Dr. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from M. emarginata (Ehrh.) by its usually 
 darker colour, by its never cordate leaves, with segments more 
 acute. Cesia alpina (Gotts.) has polished leaves of a different 
 texture. 
 
 Description of Plate CLXVI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Fertile stem x 31 (Llanberis, W. H. P.). 3. Male stem x 
 31 (ditto). 4-8. Leaves x 24 (Tyn-y-Groes, W. H. P.). 9. 
 Leaf X 31 (Llanberis, W. H. P.). 10. Portion of leaf x 290 
 (ditto). 11. Sub-bract x 31 (ditto). 12, 13. Bracts with 
 portions of perianth x 31 (ditto). 14-17. Perigonial bracts x 31 
 (ditto). 18. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 19. Spores x 290 (ditto). 
 
 4. Marsupella olivacea, Spruce. 
 Marsupella olivacea, Spruce in " Rev. Bryol." p. 97 (1881), 
 
 Synoicous and paroicous, csespitose, small, olive green colour. 
 Stems rigid, rhizomatous, stolons long, creeping, leafless or 
 clothed with minute leaves, radiculose, erect, subsimple, or 
 innovantly elongate — rarely repeatedly ramose, apices of the 
 fertile stems clavate, sterile stems filiform- small-leaved. Leaves 
 small, subimbricate, erect, appressed — upper sometimes subpatent 
 at the apex — at the base decurrent-vaginate, oblong, canaliculate- 
 concave, hardly subcarinate, bilobed from \ to J, sinus obtuse, 
 lobes obtuse, rarely abruptly subacute ; texture thick, opaque ; 
 cells minute, walls thickened, angles thickened, no trigones, cells 
 of the upper portion of the leaf and middle subequal, near the 
 base larger, a little elongate, marginal cells quadrate. Bracts 
 terminal, fusiform, 3-4 pairs, broadly ovate, canaliculate-concave, 
 at the apex very shortly (^V to \) bilobed, lobes incurved, 
 
MAllSUPELLA. 381 
 
 obtuse, rarely rotundate ; inner bracts twice as large or larger 
 than the leaves, slightly connate at the base, apex sometimes 
 divided to \. In the axils of all the bracts are large, stipitate 
 solitary (rarely two) antheridia, sometimes in the same receptacle 
 with the pistillidia.. Pistillidia about 5, rarely about 10. Peri- 
 anth very variable, sometimes as long as the bracts, oblong, apex 
 rarely closed and symmetrical, very often cucullate, sometimes 
 shorter and open at the side, mouth, then plurilaciniate, concrete 
 from the base to about |- high with the bracts, sometimes only at 
 the base, rarely free. Calyptra smaller, oval-globose, 2 cells 
 thick, at the base and for a little way up adnate with the 
 perianth, to above the middle strewn over with 4-9 sterile 
 pistillidia. Capsule oblong-globose, composed of two layers, 
 inner layer composed of semiannular fibres. Spores brown. 
 Elaters reddish-brown. 
 
 Fruits March, April, May. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |- to J inch long, '1 mm. diam., with 
 leaves '4 to "5 mm. wide; leaves '5 mm. long x '3 mm. broad, seg. 
 •1 mm., "4 X "3 mm., seg. '075 mm., '4 x '25 mm., seg. "075 mm., 
 '3 X "2 mm., seg. '05 mm., 2 mm. x 15 mm., "Smm. x -3 mm. ; cells, 
 near the middle "01 mm., •0125 mm , "01 mm. x '0125 mm., near 
 the base "0125 mm., -01 mm. x "02 mm., 01 x -0125 mm., -015 mm. 
 X "015 mm. J perigonial bracts "5 mm. x -45 mm.; seg. '1 mm., 
 •525 mm. x ^4 mm., seg. "1 mm. ; bracts '65 mm. x '6 mm. ; anthe- 
 ridia •IS mm. X "1 mm., bearer ^5 mm. long ; pistillidia ^075 mm. 
 x ^035 mm. ; capsule ^4 mm. x "325 mm. ; pedicel "1 mm. diam. ; 
 spores "0175 mm. ; elaters ^075 mm. long x "01 mm. broad. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on rocks in alpine localities. Very rare. 
 
 7. Clogwyn-du-Arddu, Snowdon, Carnarvonshire, IF. H. P. 
 12. Little Langdale ; Bow Fell, Westmorland, G. Stabler. " This 
 species grows along with JSLarsupcUa Sfahlcri on the large stones 
 and rocks immediately to the left of the track from the top of 
 Rosset Ghyll to Angle Tarn," G. Stabler. IG. Moidart, West 
 Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 Found on the Continent, Riesengebirge, Germany, G. L'lm- 
 prlcht. 
 
382 HEFATIGM. 
 
 Obs. — This rare species, discovered on Bow Fell by Mr. George 
 Stabler, is distinguished from an}^ of the Ceslm by the presence of 
 a true perianth, from Marsupella usfidafa {Hilben.) by its closer 
 appressed leaves, which are more oval, with shallower sinus and 
 more obtuse segments. For further interesting notes see Dr. 
 Spruce's excellent paper m Revue Bryologique for 1881. 
 
 Description or Plate CLXVII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Portion of fertile stem x 64 (Bow Fell, G. Stabler). 
 3, 4. Leaves x 85 (Snowdon, W. H. P). 5, 6. Ditto x 64 
 (Bow Fell, a Stabler). 7. Upper leaf x S5 (ditto). 8. Portion 
 of leaf near middle x 290 (ditto). 9. Ditto, near the base 
 (ditto). 10. Sub-bract x 85 (ditto). 11, 12. Perigonial bracts 
 X 85 (ditto). 13. Bract and portion of perianth x 85 (ditto). 
 14. Portion of perianth x 85 (Snowdon, W. H. P). 
 
 5. Marsupella ustulata [hilben.)^ Spruce. 
 
 Jtmgermania ustulata, Hubener. Hep. Germ. p. 132 (1834). 
 Ilarsupella ustulata, Spruce in " Rev. Bryol." p. 100 (1881). 
 Marsupella ustulata (Hiiben.), Spruce in litt. 
 
 Paroicous, shallowly csespitose, minute, reddish or purplish 
 brown, in shady places green, in exposed alpine situations 
 purplish black in colour. Ehizomes creeping ; radiculose, root- 
 lets frequent, intricately flexuose, stoloniferous. Stems suberect 
 or erect, simple or slightly branched ; fertile clavate, leaves 
 accrescent, subimbricate or imbricate, sterile small, equal, distant 
 or approximate, patent or erecto-patent, broadly oval, ovate or sub- 
 rotund, sometimes subovate, laxly complicate, carinate, from J to ^ 
 bilobed, sinus acute, rarely obtuse, lobes acute, rarel}^ obtuse ; tex- 
 ture firm, cells very small to small, roundish-quadrate, walls firm, 
 angles slightly thickened, sometimes slightly trigonous, basal cells a 
 little larger and elongate. Inflorescence terminal. Bracts $ 2-5 
 pairs, almost twice as large as the lower or sterile stem leaves, 
 broadly ovate, orbiculate, perigonial bracts subcordate, ventricose 
 and antheriferous at the base, -| to \ bilobed, lobes acute or obtuse, 
 innermost longer and erect, margin reflexed or undulate, more or 
 le^s connate ?it the base, lobes often obtuse, rarely acute. Anthe- 
 
MAKSUPELLA. 383 
 
 ridiii 1 or 2 in the axil of the bracts, oval. Perianth small, 
 immersed, delicate, composed of larger cells than the leaves, 
 oval-globose or tubular, 4, 5 laciniate, sometimes composed of 
 2 bilobed leaves rarely with a further segment, adnate from the 
 base to nearly the middle with the innermost bracts, very rarely 
 free to the base. Calyptra oval-globose, surrounded about the base 
 by 6-8 sterile pistillidia. Capsule globose, composed of two layers, 
 inner with semi-annular fibres. Spores small, brown. Elaters 
 as wide as the spores, same colour, bispiral, rarely trispiral. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 2* to 5" mm. long, 075 to '15 mm. diam., 
 with leaves (fertile) "05 mm. wide (sterile) '35 mm ; leaves "3 mm. 
 X "25 mm., seg. '11 mm., •Gmm. x '5 mm., seg. '15 mm., '5 mm. 
 X '4 mn., seg. '1 mm., "25 mm. x '25 mm., '35 mm. x '3 mm., •4 mm. 
 X '33 mm., '55 mm. x '45 mm. ; cells '02 mm. x 0125 mm., '015 
 mm. X '015 mm., '0175 mm. x '0175 mm., '02 mm. x '015 mm. ; 
 sub-bract '4 mm. x 4*75 mm.; seg. '1 mm; bracts 1' mm. x 1' 
 mm. ; seg. '225 mm., '5 mm. x '5 mm., 'G5 mm. x '5 mm., '85 mm. 
 X I'l mm., I'l mm. x I'l mm.; perianth '7b mm. high; pedicel 
 2' mm. long; capsule '3 mm.; spores '01 mm. diam.; elaters 
 '1 mm. long x '01 mm. broad. 
 
 Hab. — Grows in very thin shallow patches on soft sandstone 
 rocks in moist situations, in the plains or in subalpine or alpine 
 localities. Eare. 
 
 2. Blackdown, Sussex, Jciiuer, Georfje E. JJacies;. 7. Fairy 
 Glen, Bettwys-y-Coed, Dr. Carriiu/fon ; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire, 
 IF. TL P. ; Tyn-y-Groes, Dr. Carringlon c^ W. II. P. ; Cader 
 Idris, Merionethshire, Wild ci: Holt. 10. Park Quarry, Castle 
 Howard, Yorks., Br. Sjjrnce, M. B. S/a/er, G. Stabler. 12. Harter 
 Pell; Bow Fell; Oxenden, Westmorland, G. Stabler. IG. Moidart, 
 West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar cO JF. II. P. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — Mars/ij)('I/a .sparsifo/ia, Lindb., which is also paroicous, 
 is a much larger and robust species, of a darker colour, with lobes 
 of the leaves obtuse. 
 
 Marsupclhi olivacea, Spruce, has more oval lcave.«, with 
 shallower sinuses, 
 
384 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Description of Plate CLXVIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Fertile stem x 24 (Hercynia, Hampe). 3. Ditto x 64 
 (Castle Howard, Dr. Spruce). 4. Portion of sterile stem x 64 
 (ditto). 5. Leaf x 64 (Bettvvs-y-Coed, Dr. Carrington). 6. Ditto 
 X 64 (Hercynia, Hampe). 7. Ditto x 85 (Bettws-y-Coed, Dr. 
 Carrington). 8. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 9. Sub-bract 
 perigonial, x 64 (ditto). 10, 11. Bracts with portion of peri- 
 anth X 24 (Castle Howard, Dr. Spruce). 12. Antheridium x 85 
 (Hercynia, Hampe). 
 
 6. Marsupella sparsifolia {LincJb.), Bum. 
 
 Sarcoscyphus sparsifolia, Lindb. in Not. pro F. Fl. Fenn. Forh. 1, p. 280, No. 13 
 
 (1808). 
 Nardia {Marsuj^ella) sjyarsifolia, Lindb. in Not. pro F. Fl. Fenn. Forh. xiii., 
 
 p. 270 (1874). 
 Marsupdla sparsifolia, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 123 (1874); Pears, in " Jovirn. of 
 
 Bot." p. 225 (1884). 
 
 Paroicous, csespitose, stoloniferous, stolons without or with 
 a few leaves ; small, sphacelate, olive or blackish-brown colour. 
 Stems creeping, intricately entangled, shoots simple or rarely 
 irregularly furcate, annotinous, often one, two or three inno- 
 vations on a single stem, erect; rootlets short, purple, mostly 
 on the postical side of the creeping stems and stolons, rarer on 
 erect shoots. Leaves 12-20 pairs, distichous or subsecund, 
 alternate, clasping the stem at the decurrent base, ascending, 
 lower leaves approximate or somewhat distant, vaginate, the few 
 leaves nearest apex more closely imbricating, roundish-ovate, 
 cordate-orbiculate, obcordate, subquadrate, some leaves narrow 
 at the base, emarginate, sinus :^ to J deep, obtusely angular, 
 wide, rarely acute, segments broad, obtuse, divergent in the 
 lower leaves, postical lobe larger; epidermis not polished, cells 
 smallish, roundish -quadrate, 4, 5, and 6-sided, walls thick, 
 reddish-brown through transmitted light, trigones indistinct or 
 wanting. Perigonial bracts 2-5 pairs, below the perianth, broadly 
 orbiculate, bifid to about J or ^, sinus and segments obtusate or 
 ^cute. Innermost bracts large, ovate, subquadrate, bifid to ^, 
 
MA I? SUP ELLA. 335 
 
 sinus and segments acute. Perianth of much more delicate cell- 
 strncture, with distinct trigones, adnate with the lower third of 
 the innermost bracts, divided for lialf its length into 5 irregular, 
 denticulate se^'nients, terminal cells elongate, hyaline. Antheridia 
 oval, stipitate, two in each bract. Pistillidia 8, surrounding base 
 of calyptra. Capsule small, dark brown, almost spherical, walls 
 composed of two layers. 
 
 Fruits in Summer. 
 
 D]:\[ EN SIGNS.— Stems ^ to 1 inch long, •!() mm. x -13 mm. 
 diam., with leaves l" mm. wide; cells of stem, cortical layer 
 •02 mm. X '025 mm., interior '015 mm. ; leaves "8 mm. x '8 mm., 
 sinus -25 mm. deep, "85 mm. x "05 mm., sinus '25 mm.; cells 
 •02 mm. X 'Oo mm., -02 mm.; bracts 1-2 mm. x l"! mm., sinus 
 •4 mm.; perigonial bracts '9 mm. x "9 mm., sinus '2 mm.; inner- 
 most bracts I'P) mm. x I'lmm., sinus '5 mm., 1'5 mm. x 1*3 mm., 
 1-4 mm. x I'l mm.; perianth 1-2 mm. high, segments '4 mm.; 
 pedicel -21 mm. diam. ; capsule '5 mm.; antheridia '02 mm. x 
 •0125 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grows on rocks in alpine situations. 15. Loch-na- 
 gar, Aberdeenshire, /. Sj' T. Sim, August 14, 1870. Only known 
 British station. 
 
 Found on the Continent in Norway, Sweden, Lapland, 
 Austria, and Switzerland; also in North America. 
 
 Obs.^ — 'This is a very distinct species, altliough it has been 
 confused even by Lindberg himself with M. if.^f/data (Hilben.), who 
 has distributed both species under the name of M. f<par.s)foUn. 
 
 It is a much larger species than M. Kstuh/ta, with which it 
 agrees only in its inflorescence; the lobes of the leaves are 
 rounder, habit much more flaccid. 
 
 It is very similar in appearance to M. ■s/j/iacrJata (Giesccke), 
 but differs in being paroicous. 
 
 It is not very unlike some small forms o{ J/ii///. inflafa Huds., 
 and might easily be mistaken for it ; but this species is dioicous 
 and has a perfect perianth. 
 
 Description oi< Plate CLXIX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Stem X 24 (Norway, Norrlin, S. 0. L.). 3-5. Leaves x 31 
 
 2 B 
 
386 HEPATIGjE. 
 
 (Loch-na-gar, J. & T. Sim). 6. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 
 7, 8. Bracts x 31 (Norway, Norrlin, S. 0. L.). 9. Innermost 
 bracts with portion of perianth x 31 (ditto). 10. Perigonial 
 bract X 31 (Lago Lucendro, G. Davies). 11. Bract x 16 
 (Loch-na-gar, J. & T. Sim). 
 
 7. Marsupella Stabler!, Spruce. 
 
 Marsupella Stahleri, Spruce, " Revue Bryol." p. 7G (1881). 
 
 Dioicous, densely csespitose, small, from brownish green to 
 purple, often with the apices of the stems of a beautiful rosy- 
 purple colour. Stems intricately entangled, suberect or creeping, 
 rhizomatous; radiculose, rootlets few, short, white, substolon- 
 iferous, microphyllous, rarely aphyllous ; filiform, ramose, branches 
 fastigiate, subequally foliose, female clavate, below the flowers 
 often dichotomous or innovantly fasciculate. Leaves subimbricate, 
 subpellucid, erect, appressed, broadly ovate-quadrate, carinate-com- 
 plicate, to I rarely to about the middle bilobed, lobes acute, rarely 
 subacuminate, entire or rarely furnished with one or two teeth ; 
 cells rather minute, 4, 5 and 6-sided, roundish-quadrate or hex- 
 agonal, walls firm, angles thickened, no trigones. Leaves of the 
 lower portion of the stems and of all sterile branches minute, very 
 closely appressed. Bracts abruptly much larger than the leaves, 
 3, 4 pairs, not so close, appresso-imbricate, innermost shortly 
 connate, broadly ovate, below ventricose, pale, above carinate and 
 of a beautiful rosy colour, in the sterile flower almost to J, in 
 fertile only from ^ to -J- bilobed ; lobes plane, ovate, subacu- 
 minate, repand-denticulate, spinulcse or entire, laxly reticulate 
 (towards the base especially) ; cells subequilateral-hexagonal, 
 marginal cells small, quadrate, trigones very small but distinct. 
 Bracteole usually wanting, when present small, oval-lingulate, 
 adnate to the base of the perianth. Outer bracts but little smaller 
 than the innermost, less deeply bilobed, laxly complanate, subentire. 
 Perianth terminal, slightly complanate when young, smaller than 
 the bracts, ovate-tubular, at the base free or shortly adnate to the 
 
MARSUPELLA. 387 
 
 bracts, mouth ciliolate, rose colour, when mature but little shorter 
 than the bracts, and adnate to the same to ^ or f, mouth fimbriate, 
 afterwards ruptured, delicate, laxly reticulate. Calyptra not much 
 smaller, globose, delicate, sometimes of" a purple tinge, cells large, 
 4-, 5-, and G-angled, elongate, base constricted; barren pistillidia 
 surrounding the base. Capsule exserted on a short pedicel, 
 moderately large, oblong-globose. Spores smooth, same diameter 
 as the elaters, which are bispiral. Andrrpcia terminal or situated 
 in the middle of the stem or branches ; bracts 3 pairs (rarely 
 more), large, 2 to 3 times larger than the adjacent leaves, very 
 ventricose, bilobed to ^. Antheridia large, pedicellate, solitary, 
 rarely two. 
 
 Fruits in Summer. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from ^ to f inch long, "075 mm. in 
 diam., with leaves "2 mm. wide; lower leaves '15 mm. long, 
 '275 mm. long x "l^S mm. broad ; segments '1 mm., upper leaves 
 •4 mm. long x '225 mm. broad; seg. "125 mm., '425 mm. x 
 •325 mm., seg. "l mm. ; cells '02 mm. x -02 mm., '0175 mm. x 
 '0175 mm., '02 mm. x "0175 mm., "015 mm. x "015 mm.; outer 
 bract '5 mm. x "3 mm., seg. '2 mm. ; bract '55 mm. x '45 mm., 
 seg. "15 mm., "6 mm. x '45 mm., seg. "25 mm., '7 mm. x "7 mm.» 
 •75 mm. X "75 mm. ; perianth '5 mm. long x '25 mm. broad, 
 •65 mm. long; capsule ^35 mm. x -25 mm.; perigonial bracts 
 '375 mm. x ^4 mm. ; antheridia ■15 mm. x 'I mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing often in large patches on damp, decaying 
 rocks in subalpine or alpine localities. Very rare. 7. Cader 
 Idris, Merionethshire, G. A. Half; Y Try fan, Carnarvonshire, 
 W. H. P. 12. Oxenden, Westmorland, G. SfafjJpr ; Langdale, 
 Westmorland, G. Stabler cV //". //. P- ; Nan Beild, Mai-dale, 
 Westmorland, G. S'/r//j/er ; Bow Fell, Westmorland, G. tS/ab/cr ; 
 Honister Pass, Cumberland, W. II. P. 15. Ben MacDhui, G. 
 Stabler. Scotland, Dr. Carrim/fon, ride letter from Dr. Spruce. 
 16. Moidart, AVest Inverness, >V. M. Macvicar ^- W. H. P. 
 
 Obs. — One of the most beautiful and distinct of liepatics, dis- 
 covered by Mr. George Stabler, of Levens, on Bow Fell, in 1875, 
 and named after its discoverer by Dr. Spruce. 
 
388 HEPATIC^. 
 
 It is to be deeply regretted that, owing to ill-health and the 
 loss of one of his eyes, this most acute and genial of naturalists 
 was compelled to relinquish working among the hepaticie, for 
 there were few better qualified to carry on the work left unfinished 
 by the late Dr. Carrington. 
 
 It will always be a pleasure to remember that his name is 
 associated with one of the gems of his Lakeland. 
 
 A remarkably distinct species, distinguished by its rosy purple 
 colour from most others ; the only one with which it can be con- 
 founded being Ereinonofiis myriocarpiiH (Carr.), with which it agrees 
 in habit, and often grows with it. This species never has the purple 
 colour of M. Sfableri, is furnished with numerous leafless stolons, 
 stem leaves are smaller, divided to the middle, bracts quadrate, 
 not broadly ovate, closely complicate, always free, lobes obtusate, 
 entire, perianth rounder, carinate, protruding beyond and quite 
 free from the bracts. 
 
 M. Sfahh'vi is distinguished from the small purple form of 
 Ceplicdozla (llraricafa (Sm.) without stipules, by its more imbricate, 
 appressed leaves in its sterile state, and when fertile by its very 
 different perianth. 
 
 The description is taken from Dr. Spruce's contribution to 
 "Eev. Bryol." for 1881. 
 
 Description of Plate CLXX. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size. 
 2. Portion of fertile plant x 24 (Oxenden, G. Stabler). 3. Por- 
 tion of stem X 85 (Mardale, G. Stabler). 4-9. Leaves x 85 
 (Langdale, G. Stabler & W. H. P.). 10. Portion of leaf x 290 
 (Mardale, G. Stabler). IL Outer bract x 85 (Langdale, G. 
 Stabler & W. H. P.). 12. Bract x 85 (Oxenden, G. Stabler). 
 13. Ditto (Langdale, G. Stabler & W. H. P.). 14. Perianth x 
 85 (Bow Fell, G. Stabler). 15. Cross-section of perianth x 85 
 (Langdale, G. Stabler & W. H. P.). IG. Perigonial bract x 85 
 (ditto). 17. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
MABSUFELLA. 389 
 
 8. Marsupella nevicensis [Carri)/(/(oit), Kaalaa-s. 
 
 Jumjermania nevicensis, (Jarr. in C. &, P. Hep. iJrit. Exsicc. ii. 85 (1870); 
 
 Carrington in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. (1880). 
 Sarcosci/phas capillaris, Limpr. in Jaliresb. Schles. Gesellsch. vater]. Cult. 58, 
 
 p. 182 (1880) {vide Kaalaas). 
 Jli/l/robiella nevicensis (Carr.), Spruce on Cephalozia, p. 77 (1882). 
 Xardia latifolia, Lindb. ap. Soc. F. FJ. Fenn, die 2 Deer. (1882). 
 Marsupella latifolia, Lindb. in Meddel. soc. F. FJ. Fenn. 1:'., p. 288 (1886). 
 Mars'iqjella nevicensis (Carr.), Kaalaas, Leverm. Norge, p. 117 (18'Jo). 
 
 Dioicous, cnespitose, flagelliferous, small, pale green, here and 
 there with a slight reddish tinge, when dry a dull yellow colour, 
 Stems simple or slightly branched, flexuose, scorpioidal at the 
 apex, naked below, 12 cells in diam., cortical cells '24, rather 
 larger than the inner ; rootlets wanting or extremely sparse, 
 reddish-purple tinge. Leaves distant, alternate, small, scarcely 
 broader than the stem on sterile specimens, vaginate, upper ones 
 erect, roundisli-ovate, lower erecto-patent, ovate, subquadrate, 
 complicate-concave, rounded at the base, or subcordate, apex boat- 
 shaped, J to ^ acutely bidentate, lobes acute, sinus acute ; cells 
 small, 4-, 5-, and 6-sided, walls moderately thick but weak, without 
 trigones in the British imperfect specimens, in perfect ones fully 
 developed trigones distinct. No stipules. Bracts larger than 
 the leaves, suborbicular to subquadrate, bifid to almost the middle, 
 segments acute, sinus acute. Perianth small, delicate, hidden in 
 the bracts, and adnate to about the middle to them, mouth 
 laciniate, sterile pistillidia surrounding base of calyptra. Androecia 
 terminal on main stem, 2, 3 pairs of leaves, imbricate, roundish, 
 bifid to ^, complicate, ventricose, enclosing 1 or 2 large, oval 
 antheridia. 
 
 DniENSioNs. — Stems h to | inch long, l mm. to '2 mm. diam. 
 leaves "ob mm. x -."jO mm., '375 mm. x '35 mm., "7 mm, x 
 •7 mm., segments "2 mm. ; cells •0125 mm., '015 mm., '017 mm., 
 •02 mm., '02 mm. x '03 mm.; bract r mm x "D mm., seg, 
 ■5 mm.; perigonial bracts "5 mm. x b mm., seg. "15 mm.; 
 antheridia '15 mm. x '125 mm. 
 
390 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Hab. — Discovered on moist shelving rocks, near the last 
 spring below the summit of Ben Nevis, July 1875, by the late 
 Mr. John Whitehead. This is the only known British station. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — With only imperfect sterile British specimens collected, 
 this species has been a puzzle to our leading authorities, but since 
 good fertile ones have been met with on the Continent the 
 difficulty has been solved, and it turns out to be a true Marsupella. 
 No doubt the specimens collected by Mr. Whitehead were growing 
 in a very moist situation, and had differentiated in a remarkable 
 manner from the perfect state. A distinct species, and not likely 
 to be confused with any other when met with. 
 
 Dp:script]on of Plate CLXXI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size 
 (Ben Nevis, John Whitehead). 2. Portion of fertile stem x 24 
 (Norway, S. 0. Lindberg). 3. Portion of $ stem x 31 (ditto). 
 4. Sterile stem x 31 (Ben Nevis, J. Whitehead). 5-8. Leaves 
 X 64 (ditto). 9-12. Ditto x 24 (Norway, S. O. Lindberg). 
 13. Portion of stem with leaves x 120 (Ben Nevis, J. White- 
 head). 14. Portion of leaf x 290 (Norway, S. 0. Lindberg). 
 15. Bract x 24 (ditto). IG. Portion of involucre, showing 
 portion of bract and perianth x 31 (ditto). 17-19. Perigonial 
 bracts x 31 (ditto). 20. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 Genus 34. CESIA, Gr. & B. 
 
 Jungermania, Lightf. Fl. Scot. 2, p. 786 (1777). 
 Cesius, Gr. & Benn. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. i., p. 705 (1821). 
 Gijmnomitrium, Corda in Opiz Beitr. 1, p. 651 (1829). 
 Acolea, Dum. Syll. Jung. Eur. p. 76 (1881). 
 Cesia, Lindb. Muse. Scand. p. 9 (1879). 
 
 Stems fasciculate, ascending or erect, creeping at the base, 
 flagella radiculose ; glaucous green, reddish brown, or almost 
 black. Leaves succubous, distichous, closely imbricated, emar- 
 ginate-bidentate. Stipules wanting. Perianth wanting. Involucre 
 double, inner shorter, composed of two or more involute deeply 
 cleft and dentate free bracts, which enclose the short campanulate 
 
CESIA. 391 
 
 calyptra. Base of tlie younjs: fruit immersed in the hollow apex 
 of the stem. Capsule globose, 4-valved, wlieii empty reflexed. 
 Elaters bispiral, caducous. AndnL'cia distinct. Antheridia oval, 
 stipitate, seated in the axils of the perigonial bracts. 
 
 Section 1. IIOMOCRASPIS, Lhulb. 
 
 S. 0. Lindberg, ]«8G, Schili". Engl. & Prantl, Pilanzenf. Dl k 1)2 Lief. p. 77 
 (1S;)3). 
 
 Habit similar to Marst/jjcJla, but diflers usually in the absence 
 of a true perianth. 
 
 1. Cesia alpina [Gotlsc/i.), Lliidh. 
 
 Sarcoscyphus alpinus, Gottsch. in G. & R. Hep. Eur. n. 585 (1872). 
 Cesia alpina, Lindb. in Meddel. soc. F. Fl. Fenn. 13, p. 251 (188G). 
 
 Dioicous, broadly caBspitose, small, dark olive-green to reddish- 
 brown, through transmitted light of a golden-brown colour. 
 Stems creeping or suberect, simple or innovantly fastigiate, 10-12 
 cells in diameter; 2, 3 outer layers brownish-yellow, inner hyaline; 
 radiculose, rootlets very short, white, or with a slight purplish 
 tinge. Leaves loosely inserted, alternate or regularly pectinate, 
 patent-divergent to patent (80^ - 40*^), somewhat distant, near 
 apex imbricate, subiunplexicaul, decurrent at the base, ovate, 
 cordate-ovate, cordate-orbicular, emarginate to \ or \, lobes 
 obtuse or obtusate, slightly unequal, sinus obtuse ; texture firm, 
 epidermis polished, cells small, hexagonal, containing 2 or 3 
 nucleate granules, walls thick, angles thickened, no trigones. No 
 stipules. Bracts ovate-cordate, emarginate from 1 to \ deep, 
 segments and sinus obtusate ; sometimes there is present an ovate 
 lanceolate bracteole connate with the bracts. Perianth delicate, 
 adnate with the bracts at the lower half or free, trilobate, margin 
 irregular. Pistillidia about 10. Spores seen through transmitted 
 light pale brown. Elaters bispiral, short, 4-G turns of the spiral, 
 dark brown. Andrcecia terminal, crowded, 3-4 pairs of bracts, 
 
302 HEPATICM 
 
 which are broadly ovate, slightly swollen at the base, containing 
 1-3 oval antheridia. 
 
 Fruits May, June. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems ^ to 1 inch long, '15 mm. diam., with 
 leaves 1* mm. wide; leaves "55 mm. x "?>b mm., segments 
 •125 mm., I'mm. x 75 mm., '8 mm. x -625 mm. ; cells "02 mm. x 
 •025 mm., '02 mm. x '0275 mm.; sub-bracts "85 mm. x 'GS mm., 
 •85 mm. x 75 mm.; bract 1*1 mm. x 7 mm., "8 mm. x 'G mm., 
 segments 'lo mm.; perianth 'S mm. long; pistillidia "1 mm. 
 X '04 mm. ; pedicel ' I ram. x "IG mm. ; capsule "5 mm. x 45 mm. ; 
 spores '0125 mm., '015 mm.; elaters '1 mm. x "01 mm.; peri- 
 p-onial bracts '65 mm. x '55 mm., seo^ments "125 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grows in broad patches on slanting rocks, usually 
 unmixed with other species in alpine or subalpine situations. 
 
 7. The (ilyders, Carnarvon, ]^. M. Holmes; Pass ot" Llanberis, 
 Carnarvon, April 1876, C. J. Wild t^" W. H. P.; Snowdon, near 
 the Capel Curig Path, about 2500 ft., April 1878, //'. H. P. 
 12. Bow Fell, Cumberland, June 1881, Gcurfjc Sfah/cr cV //: H. P. 
 (^ and $ fruit). 15. Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeen, July 1871, 
 G. E. Hunt; Loch Kandor, Aberdeen, G. iJ. ILiiif; Tillylair, 
 Aberdeen, May 1874, /. Sin/; Loch-na-gar, Aberdeen, October 
 1876, J. ^- T. Sim: Ben MacDhui, Aberdeen, ;3500 it., August 
 1880, ir. West; Ben Lawers, Perthshire, A. O. Plack. 16 
 Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar ^- W. II. P. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — Easily distinguished from all forms of J/, emaq/i/iafa by 
 its colour, and the polished epidermis and close texture of its leaves ; 
 and from M. FtincMi by the same characters and its obtuse lobes. 
 These are the most likely species which it could be mistaken 
 for, without a careful study of the involucre. Sometimes the 
 perianth is a true one, and adnate to the lower portion of the 
 bracts, but generally it is free and not perfectly tubular. 
 
 Description of Plate CLXXIL — Fig. 1. Fertile plant, 
 natural size. 2. Male plant, natural size. 3. Portion of stem x 
 24 (Ben MacDhui, W. West). 4-8. Leaves x 24 (Bow Fell, 
 G. Stabler & W. H. P.). 9-12. Ditto x G4 (ditto). 13. Por- 
 
CESIA. 393 
 
 tionofleaf x 200 (ditto). 14. Bract x G4 (ditto). 15. Perianth, 
 spread out x 24 (ditto). IG. Pistillidia x 85 (ditto). L7. 
 Spores X 290 (ditto). J 8. Elater x 290 (ditto). 19. Perigonial 
 bracts x 24 (Ben MacDhui, W. West). 20. Antheridium x 85 
 (ditto). 
 
 2. Cesia revoluta {Nec><), Liiulh. 
 
 Sarcoscyphus revolutus, Kees, Nat. Eur. Leberm. U, p. il'.' (l!S;5(;). 
 
 Xardia revoluta, Lindb. Revis. crit. Fi. Dan. p. 113 (1871) ; Carr. in Grevillua, 2, 
 
 p. -SH (1873). 
 Marsupellarevolata, Liudb. in Meddel. Hoc. F. Fl. Fenn. 13, p. 23S (1S<S(;). 
 Cesia revoluta, Lindb. in Arn. k Lindb. Muse. Asiae bor. p. (15 (1888). 
 Qymnomitr'mm revohftuvi, Philib. Eevue Bryol. (1890) ; Carr. ct Pears. Hep. 
 
 Brit. Exsicc. n. 4 (18!)0). 
 
 Dioicous, densely csespitose, small, black in colour. Stems 
 erect, simple, or slightly dichotomously branched, rhizomatous, 
 stolons with minute leaves ; radiculose, rootlets few ; leafless 
 below. Leaves approximate or subimbricate, accrescent on fertile 
 stems, distichous, patent to patent-divergent, semi-amplexicaul at 
 their narrow base, complicate-concave, oval or obovate, bifid to 
 about ^, sinus acute or obtuse, segments acute, margin of the 
 whole leaf remarkably revolute ; texture firm, epidermis papillose 
 on both sides, cells small, subquadrate or oblong-quadvate, walls 
 firm, no trigones nor thickened angles. Bracts larger than the 
 leaves, ovate, emarginate to about l or J, sinus and segments 
 obtuse, innermost bracts several, smaller, ovate, pale, delicate, 
 obtusely and irregularly lobed or subentire, margin plane. 
 Calyptra large, sterile pistillidia surrounding its base, never on its 
 apex. Pedicel exserted. Capsule spherical. 
 
 Fruits Summer. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from J to an inch long, '2 mm. diam., 
 with leaves 1' mm. to 2- mm. wide; leaves '9 mm. long x 7 mm. 
 broad, segments '^^ mm., 1' mm. x 75 mm., seg. 'S m.m., 75 mm. 
 X -G mm., seg. '2 mm.; cells '02 mm., "025 mm. x 0175 mm., 
 •015 mm., -025 mm.; outer bract 1-25 mm. long x T mm. broad, 
 segments *3 mm., 1*5 mm. x 1' mm.; innermost bract I" mm. 
 
394 HEPATIC^. 
 
 long X 1" mm. broad; pedicel '15 mm. diam. ; capsule "6 mm. x 
 '5 mm., "75 mm. x '6 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Luggielaw, Co. Wicklow, Ireland, D. Orr, 1851, 
 detected by the late Professor Lindberg amongst specimens of 
 Andrpcem sent him to be named. 
 
 Found in alpine situations on the Continent — Tyrol {JPanch, 
 Arnold, Breidler), Norway {Berggren, Bijan, and Kaurin, c. fr.). 
 
 Obs. — This is peculiarly an alpine species, being only found at 
 a considerable altitude. 
 
 I am rather afraid some mistake has been made in the speci- 
 mens purporting to be from Ireland, the packets having possibly 
 got mixed ; however, the specimens of the supposed original plants 
 from Ireland are true C. revoJuta. 
 
 In general appearance like an Andreaa. 
 
 From all other species distinguished at once by the margin of 
 the whole leaf being evenly revolute. 
 
 Some forms of MarnupcUa cmarglnata (Ehrh.) have their leaves 
 a little reflexed, but never approach to the same regularity as in 
 C. revoluta. 
 
 In habit this s])ecies resembles a true Marsi/pe/la, with which 
 it also agrees in its sterile pistillidia surrounding the base of tlie 
 calyptra. On the other hand, it agrees with Cesia in having no 
 true perianth, but only a few small bracts with no approach to 
 adherence either to the outer bracts or to each other, and thus 
 well illustrates the position taken by Dr. Spruce that the characters 
 depended upon for the separation of Cesia ivoxn MarsujjcIIa, namely, 
 the presence or absence of a perianth and the position of the 
 sterile pistillidia, are not to be relied upon. 
 
 I am indebted to Mons. Philibert, " Kev. Bryol." 1890, for 
 the observations on these characters. 
 
 Description ot' Plate CLXXIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of stem x 16 (Luggielaw, D. Orr). 3-8. Leaves x 24 
 (ditto). 9. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 10. Outer bract x 24 
 (Norway, Kaurin & Ryan). 11. Leaf and bracts x 24 (ditto). 
 12. Section of outer and inner bract x 31 (ditto). 13. Inner- 
 most bract X 24 (ditto). 
 
CESIA. 395 
 
 3. Cesia crassifolia {Can:), Lindb, 
 
 Gymnomitrium cvassi folium, Carr. Trans. Bot. Hoc. Edinb. xiii. p. 401 (1S71I). 
 Cesia crassifolia (Cavr.), Lindb. in Meddel. soc. F. Fl. Fenn. xiv. p. IX (188<s); 
 Kaalaas, Leverm. Norge, p. 427 (l.s!)o). 
 
 Dioicous, pulvinate, stoloniferoiis, smull, dark olive-brown to 
 black in colour. Stems simple or branched, branches usually 
 innovant ; stout, decumbent at the base, the apex ascending, sub- 
 terete, fertile ones clavate ; radiculose, rootlets abundant, long, 
 tawny. Leaves smaller at the base, of nearly equal size upwards, 
 densely and closely imbricated, erecto-secund, about twice the 
 breadth of the stem, orbiculate or oblong-orbiculate to subquad- 
 rate, very concave, emarginate from ^ to 1, sinus acute or obtusate, 
 sometimes lunate, segments subacute, margin entire ; texture 
 thick, firm, subopaque, cells small to smallish, roundish or near 
 basal middle roundish-oblong and slightly larger, walls firm, 
 thick, trigones distinct. No stipules. Bracts larger than the 
 leaves, subquadrate, bilobed from ^ to almost the middle, sinus 
 acute, segments acute or obtusate, entire. Innermost bracts free 
 from the outer, about J shorter, lobate-dentate, delicate texture. 
 Calyptra campanulate, 8 pistillidia dispersed over it. Capsule 
 spherical, cinnamon-brown, thick-walled, pedicel firm. Spores 
 pale brown, roundish or roundish-oblong, surface irregular; elaters 
 similar in colour, bispiral, narrowly fusiform. Male stems erect, 
 terete, subclavate, apex obtuse ; perigonial bracts closely imbri- 
 cated, erecto-patent, somewhat broader, tumid at the base ; 
 antheridia numerous, solitary in the axils of the bracts, roundish- 
 oval, pedicel short, 3, 4 binate cells. 
 
 Fruits in early Summer. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to ^ inch long, diameter "1 mm., with 
 leaves '5 mm. wide, near clavate apex •75 mm. wide; leaves "4 mm. 
 long X "35 mm. broad, seg. '! mm., '375 mm. x -3 mm., seg. 
 •1 mm., -3 mm. x "3 mm., seg. '075 mm., upper leaves -C mm. x 
 •45 mm., seg. '1 mm. ; cells '025 mm. x '0:^5 mm., '025 mm. x 
 •02 mm., "015 mm. x '02 mm., '03 mm. x "02 mm. ; bracts 1" mm. 
 long X "75 mm. broad, segments 2 mm., 1" mm. x "9 mm., seg. 
 
896 HEPATIC^. 
 
 ■3 mm., "6 mm. x 475 mm., seg. "25 mm.; innevmost bracts '75 mm. 
 long X 1* mm. broad, -75 mm. xl'25 mm.; spores "015 mm., 
 •0125 mm.; elaters l' mm. long x -015 mm. broad; perigonial 
 bracts '05 mm. x "5 mm., seg. "1 mm.; antheridia '2 mm. x 
 '15 mm. 
 
 Hab.— Growing in broad sliallow compact patches in alpine 
 situations. Very rare. 
 
 15. Craig Coynacb, near Ben Lavvers, l)r. A. 0. Black ; Ben 
 Lawers, C. J. IJ'i/d, Geor//e Davies. 16. Ben Nevis, //'. U'esf. 
 
 Found on the Continent, Norway. 
 
 Obs. — This is another species which illustrates the slight 
 grounds there are for separating Cesia [Gj/mjiomifr'uim) from Mar- 
 supeJla. i)r, Spruce has found immature perianths in the speci- 
 mens he has examined, Dr. Carrington and I have only been able 
 to find fertile stems with the innermost bracts free to the base, 
 from the outer ones, and no perfect tubular perianths ; unfortu- 
 nately only little good material has yet been met with, and a 
 further study of the species, when found in good fruit, may settle 
 the question. Dr. Spruce very wisely says, " Tlie fact is, the cha- 
 racter relied on for the separation of Gymiwmilr'unii from MavHupdla 
 is a purely artificial one, like that of G//iin/o>ifoiunm among mosses." 
 
 Differs from C. conc'iiinata, C. ohiiim and C. corallioide-s by its 
 smaller size and darker colour, absence of the silvery glaucous 
 tinge, margin of leaves never scariose. 
 
 From C. crcin/Iafa, G., which it resembles in size, by being- 
 less intricately entangled, of a darker colour, almost black, not 
 greenish-brown ; margin of leaves entire, not crenulate-dentate. 
 
 Description of Plate CLXXIV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Stem x 30 (nr. Ben Lawers, Dr. Black). 3. Portion 
 of male stem x 62 (C. & P. n. 76). 4. Leaves x 64 (nr. Ben 
 Lawers, Dr. Black). 5. Leaf x 24 (Ben Lawers, G. Davies). 
 6. Leaf x 31 (Ben Nevis, W. West). 7. Ditto x Qi (ditto). 
 8. Portion of leaf, near middle base x 290 (Ben Lawers, G. 
 Davies). 9. Ditto x 200, from near apex of leaf 10, Bract 
 x 31 (Ben Nevis, W. West). 11. Ditto x 64 (C. & P. n. 76). 
 12. Innermost bract, calyptra and capsule x 64 (ditto). 13-15. 
 
CKSIA. 397 
 
 rnncrmost bracts x 'M .(I'cii Lawers, (\. Davics). Ki. I*eri- 
 gouial bract witli aiitheridiuiu x G2 (C. & 1*. n. 7(5). Figures 3 
 and IG drawn by Dr. (iottsche, othex's by Dr. Carrington and 
 W, 11. P. 
 
 4. Cesia confer ta [Llm/jr.). 
 
 S'arcoscj/phvs C07}fertus, Liiupvicht, Jahrb. Hchles. Cios. p. :\]l] (1X80). 
 (Ij/innomitriinn confortum, Limpr. Flora n. 5 (18S1). 
 
 Jfarsiipella covferia (Limpr.) Spruce, Rev. Bryol ii. (i. !)."i (l.SSI) ; Pears. Journ. 
 of Bot. Sept. (1802). 
 
 Monoicous, cjospitose oi* straggling among mosses, pale 
 yellowish-green to reddish-brown in colour. Stems simple or 
 branched, prostrate, flexuose, filiform, terete, denudate at the base ; 
 branches short, ascending, about 10 cells in diameter, cortical 
 cells witli slightly firmer walls ; radiculose, rootlets fasciculate, 
 short, ascending to apex of the stem, few, more frequent below, 
 dull white or reddish-purple. Leaves closely imbricate, bifarious, 
 from a vaginate base, appressed, erect, on fertile stems gradually 
 accrescent, oval, bifid to about 1 ; sinus and segments acute; 
 texture firm, epidermis smooth, cells very minute to minute, 
 roundish-quadrate or indistinctly 5-G angled, walls thick, trigones 
 large and distinct. ? terminal, on short branches or on main 
 stem ; bracts larger than the leaves, oval or oval-rotund, the 
 innermost bracts free or sometimes united into a tube, small, 
 tender, margin irregular. Pistillidia 5-10, dispersed over the 
 calyptra. Pedicel long, thick. Capsule dark brown, almost 
 spherical. Spores yellowish-brown, granulate. Elaters o-4- 
 spiral, sometimes furcate. Andrtecia spicate, situated on the 
 main stem or on short branches, perigonial bracts ovate, a little 
 swollen at the base ; antheridia solitary, stipitate. 
 
 Fruits Summer. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems from | to 1 in. lono-, diam. --Jmni., with 
 leaves '5 mm. broad, leaves '65 mm. x T) mm., segments 
 ']'25 mm., "G mm. x '45 mm., seg. '1:25 mm., '5 mm. x "4 mm,, seg. 
 •125 mm., cells '0 1 mm., -OL^nim. x -ol mm., sub-bracts "45 mm. 
 
398 HEPATIC^. 
 
 X -45 mm., "5 mm. x "45 mm., bracts 75 mm. x "45 mm., segments 
 •1 mm., -65 mm. x '5 mm., seg. -1 mm., "65 mm. x "5 ram., seg. 
 •15 mm., perigonial bract "55 mm. x '425 mm., seg. '1 mm., 
 antheridia -125 mm. x '075 mm. 
 
 Hab. — 16. Grows in depressed tufts, or straggling among 
 mosses. Ben Nevis, at about 4000 ft., W. West, August 12, 
 1880. The only known British station. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — The British form differs from any of the Continental 
 specimens I have seen in its larger size, but, as it agrees in its 
 monoicous inflorescence, $ and ? on the same plant, but on 
 different branches, and in the shape and texture of the leaves, I 
 have little doubt they are one and the same species. Herr 
 Limpricht, the founder of the species, described it at first as a 
 Sarcoscjjphi(s[Marsiq)elIa), with a distinct perianth, but soon after- 
 wards referred it to the genus, or, as Dr. Spruce maintains, sub- 
 genus Cesia. In carefully examining every stem sent me by Mr. 
 West, I met with two fertile ones which appeared to have true 
 perianths, but the specimens were weathered and too imperfect to 
 rely upon ; others, as figured, well represent the genus Cesia, 
 where there is no true perianth, and the innermost bracts are free. 
 Distinguisbed from other species of the same genus and from any 
 of the Marsiipellce by its monoicous inflorescence. Dr. Spruce 
 found in original specimens from Herr Limpricht a fertile invo- 
 lucre which had a tubular perianth reduced to a short multilobate 
 cup, confirming his contention as to the position of the supposed 
 genus Cesia. 
 
 Cesia covferta has been referred by some authorities to Cesia 
 varians, Lindb. (Meddel. soc. F. Fl. Fenn. 13, p. 238 (1886), Nardia 
 {Marsupella) varians, Lindb. Muse. Scand. p. 9 (1879), but I have 
 found no variableness in the inflorescence of C. covferfa, nor does 
 it agree in other particulars. 
 
 When barren it might be overlooked for a small form of Jiivr/. 
 miniita, Crantz, but from which it is very distinct. 
 
 Description or Plate CLXXV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Portion of fertile stem x 24. 3-6. Leaves x 31. 7-9, 
 
CESIA. 399 
 
 Ditto X 24. 10. Leaf X G4. 11. Portion of loaf x 290. 12, 13. 
 Sub-bracts x 64. 14, 15. Bracts with inner perichaetium x 64. 
 16. Bract x 64. 17. Pericfonial bract x 64. 18. Antheridium x 
 85 (Ben Nevis, W. West). 
 
 '&' 
 
 5. Cesia brevissima [D/nn.). 
 
 Jungerynania coyiclnnata 11 viinm', Schleich. Cat. exsicc. (1821). 
 
 Acolea brevissima, Dum. Syll. Jung, p 7G (1831). 
 
 Gjfmnomitrinm adustum, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. 1, p. 120 (1833); SchifFn. in 
 
 Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 91 & 92 Lief. p. 77 (1893). 
 Cesia aclusta (Nees), Lindb. in Meddel. soc. F. Fl. Fenn. 13, p. 238 (188(;)et 14, 
 
 p. (59 (1888); Kaalaas Leverm. Norge, p. 42(5 (1893). 
 
 Paroicous, shallowly ca^spitose, minute, dark brown colour. 
 Stems intricately entangled, rhizomatous, rhizomes creeping, 
 stems somewhat erect, rigid, ramose ; radiculose, rootlets ^ew, 
 somewhat reddish, fertile stems clavate-fusiform. Leaves closely 
 imbricate and accrescent on the fertile stems, more distant on the 
 sterile, erect or erecto-patent, oblong or oval, bifid to J or ^, 
 segments acute, somewhat unequal, sinus acute, rarely obtusate; 
 texture firm, cells very small, roundish subquadrate, walls firm, 
 trigones wanting, or small and very indistinct. Bracts larger 
 than the leaves, oval or broadly oval, with one rarely two oval 
 antheridia at their base, innermost bracts 2, of a very delicate 
 texture, pale colour, connate with each other, broadly oval or 
 roundish, quite free from the outer bracts, irregularly dentate, 
 sometimes with a small ovate-acuminate bracteole present. 
 Calyptra oval, sterile pistillidia 8-10, dispersed over its convexity. 
 Capsule dark brown, spores small, pale yellowish or reddish- 
 brown, elaters bispiral, as wide as the sjoores, dark reddish-brown. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 2* to 3* mm. long, •] mm, diam. with 
 leaves -3 mm. wide ; leaves "5 mm. long x -3 mm. broad, segments 
 •075 mm., "4 mm. x 25 mm., seg. -05 mm., '4 mm. x -3 ram., seg. 
 •075 mm., ^35 mm. x -2 mm., seg. ^075 mm. ; cells -02 mm. x 
 •015 mm., ^02 mm. x -02 mm., -015 mm. x '015 mm. ; bracts '6 mm. 
 long X -425 mm. broad, segments '1 mm., '5 mm x -4 mm., seg. 
 "075 mm. '55 mm x '5 mm,, seg, "1 mm. ; bracteole -175 mm. x 
 
400 HEPATIC.^. 
 
 •i mm. ; antlieridia "15 mm. x '1 mm. ; innermost bract '5 mm. 
 long X "35 mm. broad ; pistillidia '1 mm. long x "035 mm. broad ; 
 spores '01 mm. diam. ; elaters •] mm, long x -01 mm. broad. 
 
 Hab. — Growing on soft sandstone in alpine localities. Ex- 
 tremely rare. 
 
 7. Clogwyndu Arddu, Snowdon, Carnarvonshire, August 1<S81, 
 ir. H. p. 16. Moidart, West Inverness, S. Al. Macvicar, 1889. 
 
 Found on the Continent ( Weiss- wasser, Germany, G. LimpricJif). 
 
 Obs. — I publish this species with some little hesitation, having 
 spent much time and wearied my eyes with taking sections after 
 sections — which is no easy task, as the type is a very small one — 
 and am still somewhat undecided as to its merits as a good 
 species. 
 
 It is supposed to be distinguished from Marsifpd/n oliracea. 
 Spruce, by its more rigid habit, the more oblong oval leaves, the 
 innermost bracts being quite free from the outer, the absence of a 
 tubular perianth, and the convexity of the calyptra being covered 
 with the sterile pistillidia. All these characters I have found on 
 the Snowdon plants, but they are growing with MarsiqjeJIa 
 olivacea, which has been found having free innermost bracts and 
 not a perfect tubular perianth. 
 
 Further investigation may bring more light to bear on these 
 minute species ; meanwhile I give what information I have been 
 able to gather from others and from my own observation. 
 
 In 1833 Nees von Esenbeck published in his admirable Nat. 
 Eur. Leb. his GjjmnomHrium. adu-^iuin, founded on specimens 
 collected by Funck on the Fichtelgebirge. In 1845-6, Dr. Spruce 
 collected on the Pyrenees a small Sarcoscijphis, which he identified 
 with the Gijmi. adu^fiuu of Nees, and removed it to the genus 
 Sarcosct/phifs on account of finding it to have a true perianth. 
 Dr. Gottsche, after examining the specimens collected by Funck 
 in the Neesian Herbarium, confirmed Dr. Spruce's view ; so the 
 matter remained until Gustav Limpricht, of Breslau, having 
 occasion to study this group about the year 1881, examined 
 specimens from Funck in the Nees Herbarium, and found there 
 were really two species which had undoubtedly been confounded 
 
CESIA, 401 
 
 by Nees — G ijmnomUrhini adii^linit rent, and Snrco!^cj/j)InfS adiiHtn^, 
 Spruce; the Sarco-'^c//jjJufs he named after Dr. Spruce ("Jahres- 
 Bericht der Schles. Gesellschaft," p. 179 (1881). 
 
 In 1881 ("Rev. Brj'ol."), Dr. Spruce published his Pyrenean 
 plant as Marsupella ii-stiflafa, and a variety (var. decipiens) of Sar- 
 coscyphus Sprucei, Limpricht, as Marsupella olivacea. 
 
 A few years later he observed, in a letter to me, that Hiibener 
 has a Jiinr/ermaiiia ffstf/dafff, which, from the description, is identical 
 with liis species, wdiich now stands Marsupella nstulata (Hiib.) Sp. 
 
 DESCRirTTON OF Pl ATK CLXXVI. — Fig. 1. Plants nat. size. 
 
 2. Fertile stem x :^1. (Weiss-wasser, Germany, G. Limpricht). 
 
 3, 4. Leaves x 04 (ditto). 5, G. Ditto x 85 (ditto). 
 7, 8. Ditto X 85 (Snowdon, W. H. P.). 9. Portion of leaf x 
 290 (G. & E. G48). 10-12. Bracts x 85 (Snowdon W. H. P). 
 
 13. Bracteole x 85 (Weiss-wasser, Germany, G. Limpricht). 
 
 14. Upper portion of innermost bract x 85 (Snowdon, W. H. P.). 
 
 15. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 Section 2. EUCESIJ, Lindh. 
 
 Cesia. Sect. B. Encesia, Lindb. Muse. Scand. p. 9 (1S79). 
 Gymnomitrium. Sect. 1. Typicce, SchifFn. in Engl. t(: Prnntl, Pflanzenf. 91 
 92 Lief., p. 77 (189.^). 
 
 Type, see description of genus. 
 
 G. Cesia corallioides [Nees). 
 
 Gymnomitrium corallioides, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. 1, p. US (ISo;]). 
 Acolea corallioides, Dum. Recueil Jung. p. 25 (1885). 
 
 Cesia corallioides, Carruth. in Seem. Journ. liot. 3, p. 800 (1(805); Lindb. INluPC. 
 Scand. p. 9 (1879). 
 
 Dioicous, densely ca^spitose, small, pale rilvery or In-cwuish- 
 grey to green colour. Stems simple or slightly jurcate, corticiil 
 cells about 30, these and the next inner Inycr rail'.er larger il:Pn 
 the inner ones, 10 x 15 cells in diameter; frontally compressed, 
 suberect, prostrate below and denudate, flexuosc ; radiculose, 
 
 2 c 
 
402 HEPATICJE. 
 
 rootlets few, delicate. Leaves closely imbricate, distichous, erect, 
 broadly ovate, ovate or oval, entire, irregularly lacerate-bifid, 
 erose or bidentate ; texture delicate, margin extremely so, mem- 
 branaceous, diaphanous, quite entire; the walls of the mar- 
 ginal cells hardly visible, except in young leaves, inner cells 
 smallish to small, roundish-quadrate, larger near the middle, 
 walls thick, angles thickened. No stipules. Bracts similar to 
 the upper leaves, innermost bracts small, very delicate. 
 Androecia terminal, perigonial bracts broadly ovate, swollen, 
 bidentate, with a small basal acute segment.. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to |^ inch long, with leaves '5 mm. 
 wide, '275 mm. x '2 mm. diam. ; leaves '7 mm. x '6 mm., 
 •9 mm. X "7 mm., -75 mm. x "G mm., '6 mm. x -55 mm., 
 •7 mm. X '5 mm ; segments "1 mm. ; cells "OS mm. x "02 ram., 
 •02 mm., -0175 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Only found sparingly on high mountains. Extremely 
 rare. 15. Loch-na-gar, A. Croall, 1856. Ben Lawers, 
 W. Young, 1896 ; S. M. Macvkar, 1900. 16. Ben Nevis, 
 Br. Greville, 1830. 17a. Sutherland Mountains, Dr. Greville, 
 1830. 
 
 I. Brandon Mountain, Dr. D. Moore, 1840. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America, Alaska, 
 Krause. 
 
 Obs. — Hardly to be recognised as an hepatic : the closely 
 appressed leaves give the stem the appearance of a lichen or coral, 
 but when examined under the microscope its character is at once 
 made out. 
 
 Mounted in water or glycerine, and examined by transmitted 
 licvht, the leaves are so transparent that the stem can be seen 
 through them ; the extremely delicate hyaline margin, which is 
 quite smooth, and the usually entire or irregularly notched apex 
 distinguish it from Cesia concinnata or Cesia ohlu^a. 
 
 In recent specimens collected by Mr. Mac vicar on Ben 
 Lawers, the young leaves are not weathered, and show the apex 
 to be distinctly but shallowly bidentate, sinus obtuse, segments 
 obtusate or slightly acute. 
 
CESIA. 403 
 
 Description of Plate CLXXVII. — Pig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Portion of stem x 24 (Norway, Boeck). 3-8. Leaves 
 X 24 (G. II. Hep. Eur. n. 513. 9. Leaf x 85 (Ilusn. Hep. 
 Gall. n. 52). 10-12. Young leaves x 24 (Ben Lawers, S. M. 
 Macvicar). 13. Portion of leaf x 290 (Norway, Boeck). 
 Perigonial bracts x 24 (Ben Lawers, S. M. Macvicar). 
 
 14. 1.' 
 
 '. Cesia concinnata (Z/j/////!) G. S^- B. 
 
 'Sfi (1777). 
 
 Cesius coiicimiatics, Gr. &, Benn. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 1, p. 70;") (1821). 
 Gymnomitrium concinnatum, Cord, in Sturm Fl. Germ. Or. 10, 20, p. 2;5 (18^50) ; 
 
 Nees Nat. Eur. Leberm. 1, p. 115 (1833). 
 Acolea concinnata, Dum. Syll. Jung. p. 76 (1831). 
 Cesia concinnata, Lindh. Muse. >Scand. p. 10 (18711). 
 
 Dioicous, closely caespitose, small, of a silvery green colour. 
 Stems suberect, simple or ramose, cylindrical, about 15 cells in 
 diam., filiform below, towards the apices incrassated and com- 
 pressed, when dry brittle ; radiculose, rootlets ascending to apex. 
 Leaves erect, bifarious, loosely imbricate, somewhat secund, 
 concave, ovate, bidentate to about J,, sinus acute, segments acute, 
 margin quite smooth, often hyaline; texture firm, epidermis 
 smoothish, cells smallish, roundish-quadrate or roundish-oblong, 
 walls distinct, trigones small but distinct. No stipules. Bracts 
 bifid or trifid, somewhat similar to the upper leaves, innermost 
 bracts smaller, two or three, free, irregularly laciniate-dentate, 
 very delicate. Calyptra ovate, extremely delicate, cell structure 
 hardly visible, arranged like a spider's web ; pistillidia dispersed 
 over it. Capsule small, nearly spherical, of a reddish shining 
 brown colour. Spores spherical, deep fulvous brown colour. 
 Elaters similar in colour, bispiral. 
 
 Male stems somewhat clavate ; perigonial bracts terminal, 
 broadly ovate, swollen at the base, antheridia about 8, 1 or 2 at 
 the base of each bract, almost spherical, bearers long, of 24 cells 
 in two rows. 
 
 Fruits May, June. 
 
404 HEPA TICJE. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems |- to |- inch long, -2 mm. diam., with 
 leaves from '4 mm. to '6 mm. wide, at apex of fertile stem 1* mm. 
 wide; leaves l* ram. long x "75 mm. broad, segments '2 mm., 
 •9 mm. X '7 mm., seg. '15 mm., '8 mm. x "6 mm.,seg. '15 mm. ; 
 cells -025 mm. x '025 mm., '025 mm. x '02 mm., -03 mm. x 
 •02 mm., "03 mm. x '03 mm. ; trigones '005 mm. ; bracts 
 "75 mm. x "65 mm., "6 mm. x '5 mm., "55 mm. x "4 mm. ; 
 perigonial bracts '8 mm. long x '75 mm. broad, '7 mm. x 
 •7 mm. 
 
 Hab, — Grows in cushion-like patches on exposed rocks in 
 subalpine or alpine localities. Not uncommon at these alti- 
 tudes. 
 
 7. Cader Idris, Merionethshire, /. RaJfs ; W. H. P. ; 
 Snowdon, G. E. Hunt ; J. R. Bijrom ; Pass of Llanberis, 
 E. M. Holmes; G. A. Holt; Glyders, Carnarvonshire, W. Wilson. 
 10. Summit of Ingleborough, W. J. Hooker; Br. Carrington ; 
 Howgill Fells, W. West; Brimham Rocks, R. Teesdale, 1798; 
 Cronkley Scar, Teesdale, /. G. Baker. 12. Helvellyn, John 
 Nowell ; Bow Fell, Westmorland, G. Stabler. 13. Rocks on 
 Kells Hills, /. Mc Andrew ; Hart Fell, Blackhope, Nichol. 
 14. 15. Mael Tarmachan, C. J. Wild ; Ben Cruachan, T. Rogers. 
 16. Glen Finnan, JJr. Carrington ; Moidart, West Inverness, 
 S. M. Macvicar, not seen below 1400 It.; frequent from this to 
 the summits. 17. 18. 
 
 I have not seen any specimens from Ireland. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from Cesia ohtiisa, Lindb. and the rare 
 Cesia corallioides (Nees), in addition to other characters by the 
 acute segments of the leaves. It is frequently mistaken for 
 Anthelia julacea (Lightf ) by inexperienced collectors, from which 
 it is very different. 
 
 The innermost bracts differ considerably in various indi- 
 viduals ; some stems having two, some three, and others only one, 
 and are more or less laciniate-dentate, but are always free from 
 each other and the outer bracts. 
 
 Description of Plate CLXXVIII. — Fig. 1. Plants nat. size 
 
CESIA. 405 
 
 (Sowerby, Eng-. Bot. 2220). 2. Ditto. ,'}. Portion of fertile 
 stem X 24 (Snowdon, W. H. P.). 4. Portion of barren stem x 
 24 (ditto). 5-7. Leaves x 24 (ditto). 8-10. Ditto (Mael 
 Tarmachan, C. J. Wild). 11. Portion of leaf x 290 (Snowdon, 
 W. H. P.). 12-14. Bracts x 64 (ditto). 15. Perigonial 
 bract X 24 (Mael Tarmachan, C. J. Wild). 16. Ditto (Glen 
 Finnan, Dr. Carrington). 
 
 8. Cesia obtusa, Llndh. 
 
 Cesia ohtusa, Lindb. Muse. Scantl. p. 'J (1S7'J). 
 
 Gymnomitrmm concinnata7n, var. crenulatum, Limpr. in Cohn Krypt. Schles. 1 , 
 p. 24G (1877)? 
 
 Dioicous, densely csespitose, small, silvery white, where ex- 
 posed and old it is darker coloured, where shaded it has a greenish 
 tinge. Stems erect when tufts crowded, with few branches 
 assurgent, ascending to the height of the chief stem, when tufts 
 loose, stem prostrate, creeping, fertile stems increasing in size to 
 apex, which is blunt and swollen, barren shoots catenulate, on 
 a transverse section almost round, cortical layer of cells firmer and 
 darker coloured ; rootlets few, hyaline, short, arising from the 
 postical side of stem where the two series of leaves join, 
 ascending to about the middle of the stem, the leaves having to be 
 carefully separated from the stem before the origin of the rootlets 
 can be seen. Leaves closely and regularly imbricate, erect, 
 hilarious, ovate, roundish-ovate or obovate, concave, bidentate to 
 \ or J, sinus acute or slightly rounded, segments broad, obtuse, 
 finely crenulate on both sides, lower margin of leaf quite entire ; 
 texture somewhat fleshy, cells medium size to smallish, roundish- 
 quadrate or roundish- oblong, marginal cells smaller, trigones 
 small but very distinct. No stipules. Bracts larger than the 
 leaves, broadly ovate, bidentate to about \, segments obtuse, 
 finely crenulate. Innermost bracts free, very delicate, ovate, 
 laciniate-dentate or denticulate ; bracteole small, oblong-quadrate, 
 laciniate-dentnte or denticulate. Pistillidia lew (about 8), oblong, 
 dispersed over the calyptra. Male stems slightly clavatej 
 
406 HEPATIC^. 
 
 antlieridia terminal or rarely situated at the middle of the stem ; 
 perigonial bracts little different from the others, slightly swollen 
 at the base and rather broader ; antlieridia few, oval, the outer 
 layer persistent ; bearers as long or longer than the antheridia 
 (some 12 cells long). 
 
 Fruits May, June. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems i to l inch long, "2, mm. diam., with 
 leaves '2 mm. to "3 mm. wide; leaves -9 mm. long x -7 mm. 
 broad, '85 mm. x 7 mm., '65 mm. x "5 mm., segments "25 mm. 
 high X from 'lo mm. to '4 mm. broad at the base; cells 
 •05 mm. X '025 mm., "04 mm. x '03 mm., "04 mm. x '02 mm., 
 •03 mm. X '02 mm. ; marginal cells '02 mm. x "02 mm. ; 
 trigones "0075 mm., bracts "9 mm. long x "7 mm. broad, 
 segments "2 mm.; pistillidia "15 mm. long x "05 mm. broad ; 
 antheridia '25 mm. x 'IS mm. 
 
 Hab. — Grows on exposed rocks in subalpine and alpine 
 localities. Not uncommon in North Wales, the Lake District, 
 and Scotland. 
 
 7. Cader Idris, Merionethshire, U. M. llohues ; IF. II. P. ; 
 Cvvm Bychan, Merionethshire, G. A. Ilo/f ; Llanberis and Snow- 
 don, Carnarvonshire, E. 31. Holmes, J. 11. Byrom, James Neild. 
 12. Harter Fell, Mardale, G. Stabler; Hill Bell,/. A. Marluidale 
 (^- G. Stabler; Long Sleddale ; Langdale, Westmorland, G. 
 Stabler. 15. Loch-na-gar, J. ^- T. Sim. 16. Glen Finnan, Dr. 
 Carrin(jton ; Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar, rare on 
 low ground, but descends to sea-level ; common on the hills from 
 1200 ft. to 2000 ft. 
 
 I. Mwellrea Mountains, Co. Mayo, Dr. B. Moore, 1874; 
 Slieve Donard and other mountains in the North, Bevs. Lett & 
 Waddell. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — From Cesia concinnata (Lightf.)it may be distinguished 
 b}" its rounded, obtuse, finely crenulate segments, closel}^ and 
 regularly imbricating leaves, bifariously inserted, never secund 
 (as Lindberg remarks). 
 
 Cesia ereuiilata (Gott.) is a widely different species, with finer 
 
CESIA. 407 
 
 stems, arcuately brancliecl, dark brown or almost black in colour, 
 in shaded situations greenish ; in this species the segments are 
 acute, with the hyaline fringe of leaf composed of narrow sharp- 
 pointed, irregularly projecting cells. 
 
 Cesia coral lloidcH (Nees) has a more acute leaf, without sinus, 
 or if present, very shallow, or very irregular through being 
 weathered, and always has a very delicate diaphanous hyaline 
 border, so delicate that rarely any cellular structure is to be 
 observed. This character, along with the entire absence of any 
 approach to crenulation of the segments, at once separates it from 
 C. ohtuHa. 
 
 Cesia ofjfiisa (Lindb.) was first recognised as British by 
 Mr. George Stabler and published in " Journal of Botany " for 
 1880. 
 
 Description of Pj.ate CLXXIX. — Fig. 1. Plants nat. size. 
 2. Portion of stem x 64 (Cader Idris, E. M. Holmes). 
 3-7. Leaves x 81 (Glen Finnan, Dr. Carrington). 8, 9. Ditto x 
 31 (Scotland, Croall). 10. Lobes of leaf x 85 (Norway, Lind- 
 berg). 11. Portion of leaf x 290 (Grlen Finnan, Dr. Carring- 
 ton). 12, 13. Bracts x 31 (ditto). 14, 15. Portions of the 
 innermost bracts x 04 (Mardale, G. Stabler). 10. Bracteole x 
 G4 (ditto). 
 
 9. Cesia crenulata [Gollsc/ic). 
 
 Gymnomit7'iiim crenulatuvi, (\ottsche in dxvrington'a Iii!-li TTepatica^, Trans. Bot. 
 
 Soc. Edinb. vii. (18r.:5). 
 Acolea crenulata, J)um. Hep, Eur. p. 125(1874). 
 
 Dioicous, densely coespitose, tufts very depressed, small, of a 
 dark reddish or greenish brown or almost black colour. Stems 
 with about 20 cortical cells, reddish colour, 10 cells in diam. ; 
 intricately entangled, creeping, prostrate or suberect, arcuaiely 
 branched, filiform, wiry, catenulate, terete, or somewhat com- 
 pressed then lanceolate in outline ; radiculose, rootlets few. 
 ]jeaves closely imbricate, erect, scarcely broader tlnm the stem, 
 oval, ovate or broadly ovate, bidentate to about \, sometimes 
 
408 HEFA TWxE. 
 
 sub-entire, segmiuts acute, margin scariose, irregularly crenulate- 
 dentate to the base ; texture firm, marginal cells delicate, hyaline, 
 narrow, the next inner row suddenly tliickened and coloured, 
 small to smallish, roundish-quadrate ; walls thick, angles 
 thickened. No stipules. Fertile stems short ; bracts about 3 
 pairs, larger than the leaves, innermost bracts smaller than the 
 outer, bifid or rarely trifid, fringed with long teeth to the base, 
 free from the outer bracts. Cal3q3tra oval, extremely delicate ; 
 pistillidia dispersed over it. Capsule spherical, pale brown. 
 Spores small ; elaters somewhat short, brown, bispiral. Androecia 
 terminal on short branches ; perigonial bracts not so closely 
 imbricate as the leaves, slightly secund, broader than the stem 
 leaves ; antheridia oval, stipitate. 
 Fruits Mav and June. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems i to f inch long, diam. -15 
 
 mm. with 
 
 leaves '3 mm. wide; leaves '35 mm. x '3 mm., seg. 
 
 *05 mm., 
 
 •275 mm. x •25mm., seg. "05 mm., "3 mm. x '3 mm., seg. 
 
 •075 mm.. 
 
 *25 mm. x '2 mm., seg. '03 mm. ; cells '02 mm., ^02 mm. x 
 •025 mm., "025 mm. ; marginal cells ^04 mm. x ^02 mm., 
 •03 mm. X '015 mm. ; innermost bracts ^25 mm. x "25 mm., seg. 
 "05 mm., "3 mm. x '275 mm., seg. '075 mm. ; pistillidia -15 mm. x 
 •05 mm. ; perigonial bracts ^5 m.m. x ^45 mm., seg. '1 mm., 
 •35 mm. x "4 mm., seg. "075 mm. ; antheridia •IS mm. x •! mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in intricately entangled round cushions or in 
 patches on exposed rucks or stones in alpine or subalpine localities, 
 and also at a lower elevation than cither Cviila conciuuala or Ce^ia 
 obtiiHci. Not unfrequent. 
 
 1. Dartmoor, Devon, G. E. Bavies. 7. Cader Idris, Snowdon 
 and other Welsh mountains, W. Wlhon; E. M. Holmes ; IF. H. P. 
 12. Mardale, Westmorland, G. Stabler; Borrowdale, Cumberland, 
 IF. II. P.; frequent in the Lake District, G. Stabler. 13. Fre- 
 quent on the hills. New Galloway, ./. McAmlrew. ] 6. Glen Finnan, 
 Dr. Carriufjton ; frequent on rocks and boulders on the hills, 
 rarely below 1200 ft. ; noted from 700-2500 ft., and in one 
 locality at sea-level, Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Frequent on the higher mountains, and in some few 
 
ami A. 409 
 
 instaaces descending to sea-level, Dr. D. Moore. On rocks near 
 the tunnel, Cromaglovvn, Dr. Carriiujlon ; Dankerron and Knock- 
 avoila, Dr.Tai/lor ; Carnintual, Dr. J). Moore; Lugnaquilla, Co. 
 Wicklow, and Graltymore, A. Carroll ; rocks on the Hill of Howth, 
 Br. B. Moore ; Golden Kiver, Co. Louth, llev. 11. W. Lett. 
 
 Found on the Continent (Norway). 
 
 Obs. — This is a very distinct species and abundantly different 
 from any other of the genus, Cesia ohtma, Lindb., is far removed 
 from it by its larger size, different colour and shape of leaves, the 
 marginal cells of which are rounder and smaller. 
 
 Dr. Carrington was the first to distinguish this species, which 
 had been referred by Dr. Taylor to Cesia coraUioideH (Nees). He 
 sent specimens as a new species to Dr. Grottsche, who gave it the 
 characteristic name of crenidata. 
 
 Although generally distributed in the mountainous parts of 
 the British Isles, it appears to be very rare on the Continent, and 
 not well understood by some authorities, Herr Limpricht, a most 
 acute hepaticologist, and whose devotion to the European mosses 
 has evidently interfered of later years with his study of the 
 Hepaticae refers Cesia oblitsa to C. crenulala, as a variety of 
 C. concuuiaia (lA^\\it),[G^uiiioniitriuiu eonclnnat((ui,Ni\M. crenulattim), 
 (Cohn's Krypt. Schles. 1, p. 24G (1877) ). 
 
 It generally grows at a lower elevation than any other species 
 of the genus. Mr. Macvicar has found it at sea-level in Scotland, 
 and it is one of the commonest species on rocks and walls about 
 Llanberis in North Wales, and Seathwaite in Borrowdale. 
 
 Description of Plate CLXXX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Branch x 20 (Dr. C). 3. Fertile branch x 40 (ditto). 4. 
 Apex of barren branch x GO (ditto). 5. Portion of stem x 24 
 (Pass of Llanberis, W. H. P.). G. Leaf x 85 (ditto). 7. Ditto 
 (Cader Idris, W. H. P.) 8. Leaves x (Dr. C). 1). Portion of 
 the apex of a leaf, showing the crenate margin x oOO (Dr. C). 
 10. Portion of leaf x 290 (Long Stile, G. Stabler). 1 1. Marginal 
 cells X 290 (ditto). 12, 13. Bracts x 85 (Pass of Llanberis, 
 W. H. P.). 14. Bract enclosing the calyptra and capsule x 
 (Dr. C). 15. Pistillidia surrounded by the innermost bracts x 
 
410 HEPATIC^. 
 
 (ditto). IG. Pistillidium x 85 (Pass of Llanberis, W. H. P.). 
 17. Spores and elaters x (Dr. C). 18. Perigonial bract x 85 
 (Pass of Llanberis, W. H. P.). 19. Antheridium x 85 (ditto). 
 
 Genus 35. ACROBOLBUS, Nces. 
 
 Acrobolbus, Nees in G. L. N. Syn. Hep. p. 5 (1844). 
 Gijmnanthe, Tayl. MSS. G. L. N. Syn. Hep. p. 192 (1844). 
 
 Plants small, semi-parasitic. Stems prostrate, radiculose, 
 simple or furcate, rarely with one or two sublateral branches. 
 Leaves succubous, alternate, subquadrate, bifid, upper sometimes 
 trifid, quite entire, ^or here and there dentate ; cells medium size. 
 Stipules absent. LiHorescence dioicous. Bracts $ 1-2 pairs, 
 large, plurilobate, undulato-crispate. Pistillidia 10-22, Mar- 
 supium terminal, seated at right angles with the stem, short, 
 bulbous, obovato-globose, carnose, mouth without or very rarely 
 with subulate scales. Calyptra adnate up the apex with the 
 marsupium, crowned with the sterile pistillidia. Pedicel calceo- 
 late at the base. Capsule oblong. Antheridia terminal. 
 
 Acrobolbus Wilsoni (Te/j//.) Nces. 
 
 Jungermania Wilsoni, Tayl. in schedis. 
 
 Gymnanthe Wilsoni, Tayl. G. L. N. Syn. Hep. p. 102 (1844). 
 
 Acrobolbus Wilsoni, Nees, G. L. N. Syn. Hep. p. 5 (1844). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, tufts scattered, small, pea or dark green 
 in colour. Stems creeping, flexuose, colour olive or olive brown 
 near the base, cells 10 x 10, cortical similar to the inner; radi- 
 culose, rootlets abundant, clothing the postical side of the stem, 
 dull white, somewhat coarse. Lmovations postical or sublateral, 
 slender. Fertile stems suddenly accrescent at the apex and 
 bearing much larger erect leaves. Leaves appro:5:imate, semi- 
 vertical, roundish or obovate, divided for one third or even half 
 their length into two acute unequal lobes, the antical somewhat 
 larger, rarely trilobate ; sinus acute ; margin entire or with an 
 
ACnOBOLBUS. Ill 
 
 occasional tooth, insertion oblique, contracted at the base, nearly 
 plane and horizontal at the inCerior portion of tlie stems, but 
 more concave, ascending and connivent near tlie apex ; texture 
 fragile, somewhat thin, but flesh}^ cells medium to rather large 
 in size, roundish-hexagonal or roundish-quadrate, walls thick, 
 angles thickened, trigones hardly perceptable, lumen filled with 
 chlorophyllose granules. Stipules wanting or rarely present as 
 minute scales at the apex of innovations. Fructification terminal, 
 but from the growth of innovations sometimes appearing lateral. 
 Bracts 2, larger than the leaves, broadly ovate or cordate, 2 to 
 3-lobed, the lobes repand-dentate, so as to have a crisped appear- 
 ance, convolute-concave, base saccate-amplexicaul. Bracteole 
 semi- ovate, acuminate, margin irregularly dentate, connate with 
 one of the bracts, sub-bracts rather smaller, similar in size, but 
 only bilobed, and with margins more or less entire. The bracts 
 are originally free, surrounding the convex apex of the stem, on 
 which 15-20 pistillidia are crowded. But after impregnation 
 the rapid cell-growth of the young germ extends to the ' torus 
 pistillorum,' and the bases of the adjacent leaves, so that the whole 
 are blended together to form an involucre, the lower half of which 
 is ob-conic and entire, projecting below the level of the stem, and 
 forming a kind of bulb, from which numerous rootlets proceed. 
 The mouth of the involucre is surmounted by two connivent 
 bracts and bracteole, which retain their old form. 
 
 On longitudinal section the structure will be better under- 
 stood, the sub-bracts (which approach the terminal ones in size) 
 obscuring it. The capsule is found occupying a cavit}^ composed 
 in part of the metamorpliosed apex of the stem and bases of the 
 bracts, and in part of the calyptra, which, with the exception of 
 the dome-like apex, is concrete with the outer walls, bearing 
 around it the remains of the abortive pistillidia, which surround 
 the mouth of the involucre like a frimj^e. Perianth wantino;. 
 Calyptra campanulate, of thin hyaline texture, adnate except at 
 the apex with the fleshy involucre. Capsule oval, dark brown, 
 divided into four valves. Pedicel stout, fleshy, white, bulbous 
 at the base, and inserted into the thickened gibbous portion of 
 
412 HEPATWjE, 
 
 the involucre. Spores reddish-brown, minutely granular. Elaters 
 obscurely bi-spirah Male inflorescence on slender branches, 
 perigonial bracts 2 or 3 in number, terminal, sub-complicate and 
 saccate at the base, enclosing one or more oval, shortly stipitate 
 antheridia. 
 
 Fruits in Autumn and Winter. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J to |- an inch in length, diam. '2 mm. 
 with leaves explanate 2* mm. wide; leaves 1*6 mm. x 1"5 mm., 
 segments '6 mm., 1'2 mm. x 1"2 mm., seg. '6 mm., lower leaves 
 1* mm. X 75 mm. ; cells "05 mm. x "035 mm., '04 mm. x '04 mm., 
 •035 mm. x "035 mm.; sub-bracts 2' mm. x 2' mm., seg". '5 mm. 
 2* mm. x 1'75 mm., seg. '75 mm.; bracts 1*75 mm. x 2' mm., 
 seg. *75 mm., 1'75 mm. x 1'75 mm., seg. '75 mm. 
 
 Hab. — In scattered tufts, epiphytic on BculuJa or Frullcuiia. 
 Extremely rare. 
 
 I. Near Bantry, Miss Hutchins, 19th Nov. 1812, young fruit. 
 Banks of a ravine near the Hunting Tower,Cromaglown, Killarney, 
 Nov. 1829, fr., IF. IFilson. Tore Mountain, Killarney, Sept. 1841 ; 
 Glengariff, Sept. 1839, growing on FruUania germa7ia. Dr. Taylor. 
 
 Obs. — This is a curious and extremely rare species ; the absence 
 of a true perianth separates it from Nardia geoscypliiis (De Not.) 
 and Jung, capitata. Hook , which it resembles somewhat in habit, 
 but both are paroicous. This character serves to distinguish them 
 from it, even when their perianths are not fully developed. Jung, 
 capitata has also larger and more translucent cells with thinner 
 walls. The above description is almost entirely taken from the 
 late Dr. Carrington's uncompleted " British Hepatica?." 
 
 Descuiption oe Plate CLXXXL— Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Portion of stem, antical view, x 16 (Knock~a-voila, Dr. 
 Taylor). 3. Portion of fertile stem x (Dr. Carrington del.) 
 4-7. Leaves x 16 (Knock-a-voila, Dr. Taylor). 8. Portion of 
 leaf X 290 (ditto). 9, 10. Sub-bracts x 16 (ditto). 11, 12. 
 Bracts X 16 (ditto). 13. Involucre x (Dr. Carrington, del.) 
 
SACCOGYNA. 413 
 
 Genus 30. SACCOGYNA, /)>>>,/. 
 Saccoijyna, Dum. Comm. But. (18i';5). 
 
 Dioicous. IMaiits with the habit of C/iiloxri/p/nix, procumbent, 
 sparingly radiculose ; leaves succubous, horizontal, entire or 
 emarginate ; stipules triangular, adiuite with the adjacent 
 leaves. Perigjnium at first bud-like, postical, proceeding iroin 
 the axil of a stipule at length oblong, fleshy, saccate, naked, 
 smooth or everywhere pilose, mouth circular ; pendulous, affixed 
 laterally by the margin of the apex, sublateral, shortly stipitate, 
 surrounded by the remains of the involucral bracts. Perianth 
 absent. Calyptra connate for most of its length with the outer 
 walls, the dome-like ajjex alone free. Capsule oblong, 4-valved, 
 valves straight, erect. Elaters bispiral, deciduous. Male spikes 
 minute, postical, arising from the axils of the stipules of separate 
 individuals. 
 
 Saccogyna viticulosa {Linn.) Dum. 
 
 Junyertnania terrestris viticulis longis, foliis perexigiiis, densissimis, ex roiundi- 
 
 date acuminatis, Mich. Nov. gen. p. 8, t. 5, f. 4 (1729). 
 Jungermania viticulosa, Linn. Sp. pi. 1.597 (1753) ; Hook. Brit. Jung. t. Go 
 
 (1816). 
 Saccogyna viticulosa, Dum. Comm. Bot. p. 113 (1822). 
 
 Dioicous, broadly and shallowly csespitose, medium to laro-ish 
 in size, yellowish green or olive brown in colour. Stems simple 
 or slightly branched, branches postical ; radiculose, rootlets i'ew, 
 fasciculate, wdiite, proceeding from the base of the stipules. 
 Leaves succubous, regular, imbricate, sub-opposite, horizontal or 
 patent-divergent, plane or slightly concave, ovate or ovate- 
 triangular, antical margin decurrent ; texture firm, cells smallish, 
 4, 5, and G-sided, walls thick, trigones absent or indistinct. 
 Stipules connate with the adjoining leaves or leaf, broadlj' subu- 
 late, acuminate or orbicular-acuminate, irregularly dentate. 
 Periantli produced from the postical side of stem below a stipule, 
 and hanging by a short pedicel proceeding from its upper border, 
 
4 H EPA TIC M. 
 
 oval or oblong, cylindrical, clothed with long delicate, white 
 rootlets, mouth and upper portion furnished with oval or sub- 
 quadrate, dentate, delicate bracts, base solid. Calyptra oblong- 
 obovate, adnate at the lower portion to the perianth ; pistillidia 
 7 to 12, very long and narrow. Capsule oblong, reddish brown. 
 Spores reddish brown. Elaters bispiral. Androecia bud-like, 
 ovate, proceeding from the postical side of stem, in the axil of 
 the stipules, composed of 4 or 5 pairs of bracts with bracteoles, 
 bracts crowded,broadly ovate, trifid,ventricose at the base, bracteole 
 broadly subulate, or subulate, bifid, texture much more delicate than 
 either the leaves or stipules, antheridia single, oval, stipes long. 
 Fruits in Spring and eaidy Summer. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to 2 inches long, "o mm. in diam., 
 with, leaves 3" mm. to 4' mm. wide; leaves 2' mm. x 1'5 mm., 
 1'5 mm. X 1"1 mm.; cells "Oo mm. x "02 mm., '035 x "03, 
 '025 mm. x -025 mm., '03 mm. x "025 mm. ; stipules 
 '7 mm. X '4 mm., 'Gmm. x "Smm., '45 mm. x "2 mm., perianth 
 2* mm. X -9 mm.; scales on the perianth "7 mm. x -5 mm., 
 •6 mm. x •4 mm., ■4 mm. x '3 mm., "3 mm. x •2 mm.; pistillidia, 
 •3 mm. X -04 mm., perigonial bract, "35 mm. x -3 mm. ; antheridia 
 •2 mm. X '14 mm. ; perigonial bracteoles "25 mm. x '125 mm., 
 segments -15 mm., "3 mm. x '2 mm., seg. '075 mm. 
 
 Hab. — In various parts of Britain, but more especially in 
 subalpine localities, on damp walls, rocks or stones, often in exposed 
 situations, more rarely in bogs amongst Sjjliafjna. Somewhat 
 local in its distribution, but is often ver}^ abundant where found 
 draping damp walls, which are its favourite habitat to the exclusion 
 of other species. 
 
 1. Common in Cornwall, ^V . Ct/rnoir ; Linton, North Devon, 
 T. H. Bifssell. 3. Tunbridge Wells, G. E. Bavic^. 5. Banks of 
 Severn by Seckley Wood, Staffordshire, /. E. Bagnall. 6. Neath, 
 South Wales, Er. Carri7}gion ; Swansea, South Wales, C. W. 
 Slafer S JF. 11. P. 7. Near Bangor, Carnarvonshire, IF. Wihon ; 
 Dolgelly, Jo/iu Wliiidicad ; Maentwrog, W. H. P. ; Cader Idris, 
 J. Balfs ; Barmouth, Dr. Carrivcjion & W. B. P. ; Tyn-y-Groes, 
 Merionethshire, Er. Carriii(jioii tf JF. //. P. 9. Bamford Wood, 
 
SACCOGYNA. 415 
 
 Lanes., ('. J. Wild. 10. Bracken Gliyll, Dent, with niarsupia 
 and ^ plants, 6'. Shihlcr ; Mai ham Cove, II. 'rcc^dalc; Halifax, /. 
 Ballon, 1775; Dulosg-atc, Todniorden. John Xoircll. 10. Uydal, 
 G, Slaljlcr ; by river Lune, near Orton, Dr. Carrin/jlon ; Jilack 
 Crag, Staveley, G. Slaljler, Stock Ghyll ; Windermere $ and $ ; 
 Langdale; Brown Ghyll, Oxenden, Westmorland, G. Slnhler ; 
 Ulpha, Westmorland, /. Barnes ; Borrovvdale, Cumberland, Dr. 
 Carrlnfjlon ^' W. II. P. 13. Wet rocks, Lochar Moss, James 
 Crnicks/iank ; Brennan Hill, &c., Kirkcudbright, J. Mc Andrew. 
 15. Kinnordy, C. Li/cll. Ki. Very common on wet banks, iMoidart, 
 West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Frequent occurrence in many parts of Ireland, but more 
 especially in the south and west ; very fine at Lough Bray, 
 AVicklow, and the woods about Killarney. It also extends to the 
 counties of Antrim and Donegal in the north, and Mayo in the 
 west, Br. D. Moure ; on a damp bank, Howtli demesne, D. 
 McArdle ; on damp ground, Ballyhaise woods, Co. Cavan, D. 
 McArdle. 
 
 C. Saint-Ouen, /tiff/. Marl in. 
 
 Found on the Continent, but ver}^ rare. 
 
 The male flowers and fruit are extremely rare. j\[r. Wilson met 
 with fruit near Bangor, March 1835, C. Lyfdl young fruit at 
 Kinnordy, Prof. TAndberg fruit at Killarney, July 1872, J//-. Ralfs 
 young fruit on Cader Idris, Mr. John Whitehead male flowers and 
 fruit at Dolgelly, Mr. Geortje Slabler young fruit and flowers near 
 Dent and Windermere, and some years ago I collected it in fruit 
 in great abundance on the left-hand side wall, on the road to 
 Harlech, about a mile beyond Maentwrog, North Wales, where it 
 was again found in 1899 with abundant fruit by Mr. D. A.Jones, 
 of Harlech. 
 
 Obs. — A very distinct species and only type of the genus, not 
 to be confounded with any other British species. 
 
 Dksciiii'tton of Plate CLXXXII. — Fig. 1. Plants, sterile, 
 ^ and ?, natural size. 2. Portion of stem, antical view x 1 1 
 (Dolgelly, J. Whitehead), o. Portion of stem, postical view x 24 
 (Dolgelly,. J. llalfs). 4. Portion of leaf x 290 (Dolgelly, J. 
 
41 G HEPATTC.F.. 
 
 Wlntelieacl). 5. Stipule x 85 (Dolgelly, J. Ralfs). 6. Perianth 
 X 16 (Dolgelly, J. Wlntelieacl). 7, 8. Scales from near mouth 
 
 of perianth x 24 (ditto). 9, 10. Ditto from, lower down 
 X 24 (ditto). 11. Pistillidia x 85 (ditto). 12. Perigonial bract 
 X 85 (ditto). 13. Antlieridinm x 85 (ditto). 14, 15. Perigonial 
 
 bracteoles x 85 (ditto). 
 
 Subtribe YII, F08S0MBE0NIE^. 
 
 Genus 37. FOSSOMBRONIA, Racldi. 
 
 Fossomhronia, Raddi in Act. )Sc. Soc. Moden. (1S20). 
 
 Dioicous or monoicous, growing in tliin layers, usually densely 
 caespitose, small, pale or yellowish green in colour, inodorous or 
 fetid. Stems short, fragile, simple or furcate, often innovant, no 
 postical branches, antical plane or canaliculate, postical rotundate 
 or narrowly carinate ; creeping ; densely radiculose, rootlets very 
 long, violet-purple, red or rarely white. Leaves large, succubous, 
 obliquely or sublongitudinally inserted, antical margin decurrent, 
 subquadrate, often longer than broad, usually narrow at the base, 
 undulate, rarely plicate, apex broadly lobulate or sinuate, some- 
 times subdentate ; cells moderately large, in some species two and 
 three layers thick. Stipules absent. Female flowers terminal. 
 Bracts similar to the leaves, but rather larger and more incised. 
 Perianth campanulate, pyriform or turbinate, mouth wide, lobate, 
 often longitudinally plicate, upper part tender and composed of a 
 single layer of cells, low^er portion composed of two or three 
 laj^ers. Calyptra free, subglobose or pyriform, much smaller than 
 the perianth, at the base thickened, sometimes with a few sterile 
 pistillidia surrounding it. Pedicel thick, short. Capsule globose, 
 rupturing irregularly into 4 valves, bistratose. Spores large, more 
 or less brownish, tetrahedral, convex face variously armed, lamellate 
 or papillate. Elaters short, obtuse, normally bispiral, sometimes 
 1 or 3 loosely twisted. Antlieridia 2 or 3, aggregated, exposed 
 on the antical face of stem, orange, shoitly ]:edice]late, afterwards 
 mixing with the pistillidi^,. 
 
FOSSOMBRONTA. 417 
 
 Obs. — The genus Fossombronia is a very curious one, and 
 naturally comes at the end of the foliose genera ; it has characters 
 in common both with the foliose and frondose ; for instance, a 
 true stem with leaves, but the latter are usually composed at their 
 base of several layers of cells as with most of the frondose. 
 
 An extremely interesting note on the genus is to be found in 
 the" Species Hepaticarum "of Herr Stephani, whose arrangement 
 of the species I have followed. 
 
 Six British species have been observed up to now, which are 
 distinguished by their inflorescence, smell, shape of stem and 
 leaves, and more especially by the markings of their spores, full 
 particulars of which are given with each species. 
 
 FOSSOMBEONIA. 
 
 (A) Spores vvith lamellae resembling crests, furcate. 
 
 a. LamelUe laxly disposed. 
 
 Fossombronia pusilla (L.), Dum. 
 h. Crests crowded and numerous. 
 
 Fossombronia cristata, Lindb. 
 
 (B) .Spores vvith lamellfe regulai'ly reticulated. 
 
 c. Margin appearing as if winged. 
 
 Fossombronia angulosa (Dicks.), Raddi. 
 
 d. Lamellae prominent at the margin. 
 
 Fossombronia Dumortieri (H. et G.), Lindb. 
 
 (C) Spore.s with lamellae compressed into papilla'. 
 
 e. Papillae truncate. 
 
 Fossombronia crfspitiformis, De Not. 
 
 f. Papilla? long, hispid. 
 
 Fossombronia Mittenii, Tindall. 
 
 2d 
 
418 EEFATlCJi:. 
 
 (AS pores with lamellae resembling crests, furcate. 
 a. Lamellae laxly disposed, 
 
 1. Fossombronia pusilla {Bill., L.), Bum., Lindh. 
 
 Lichenastrum minimum, capitulis nigris lucidis, Dill, in Ray. Syn. stirp. Brit. iii. 
 
 ed. p. 110, n. 5 (1724). 
 Jungermania pusilla, L. Sp. pi. i. ed. ii. p. 1136, n. 27 (1753), 
 Maurocenia pusilla, Gr. & Benn. Nat. Avr. Brit. PI, i. p. G87 (1821). 
 Codonia pusilla, Dum. Comm. Bet. p. Ill (1822). 
 Fossombronia pusilla, Dum. Recueil, i. p. 11 (1835). 
 
 Monoicous, very fetid, caespitose, small, green in colour. 
 Stems procumbent, about three times broader than thick, simple 
 or furcate, antical side plane, postical rounded ; radiculose, root- 
 lets numerous, long, purple-violet. Leaves 3 to 4 pairs, close, 
 obliquely decurrent, horizontal, subquadrate or narrow at the 
 base, undulate, crisp, entire, irregularly emarginate or slightly 
 incised, segments erect, acute or obtuse, those surrounding the 
 perianth (bracts) larger; cells medium size, subquadrate, walls 
 thin, no trigones or thickened angles. Perianth obpyramidal or 
 turbinate ; mouth wide, recurved, irregularly dentate or slightly 
 incised. Calyptra pyritbrm, whitish. Capsule spherical, reddish- 
 brown, walls thin, delicate, bursting irregularly into 4 valves. 
 Spores brown, tetrahedral-globose, with radiating furcate darker 
 coloured lamellse laxly disposed, margin with 16 to 24 blunt 
 teeth, Elaters pale brown, bi-rarely uni- or tri-spiral. Anthe- 
 ridia situated on the antical side of stem, near the base of the 
 leaves, exposed or enclosed by a bract-like process, spherical, 
 with rather a long pedicel. 
 
 Fruit ripens in Autumn. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stem about ^ inch long x 2* mm. wide with 
 leaves ; '7 mm. wide, x 2 mm, thick ; leaves 1'5 mm. x 1*5 mm., 
 1'25 mm. x 75 mm., 1'5 mm. x T mm,, 1' mm. x I' mm., seg- 
 ments "2 mm., '3 mm. ; cells "05 mm. x '04 mm,, '04 mm, 
 X -04 mm., -035 mm. x '03 mm. ; spores '04 mm., 'Oo 
 mm,; elaters '\b mm. x '01 mm. 
 
 Hab, — On clay or sand, in shady ditches and on damp wood- 
 
FOSSOMBRONIA. 419 
 
 land paths, by the margins of dried pools, in fallow fields or 
 plou(,^hed lands. Somewhat rare. 
 
 1. Sidmouth, South Devon, Mrs. Ella M. Tindall 2. Hay- 
 ward's Heath, Sussex, G. E. Bavies, New Forest, C. Li/ell. 
 3. Ditching, Surrey, G. E. Davles. Woolwich, Middlesex, 
 Billenius. 10. Barmby Moor, Yorks, R. Spruce. 13. New 
 Gallowa}'', /. Mc Andrew. 
 
 T. Dingle Bay, Prof. Lindberg S(' Br. B. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Var. oc/tros/jorr/, Lindb. Not. pro. F. et Fl. Fenn. p. 387 
 (1874). 
 
 9. Ashley, Cheshire, G. E. Hi(nt. Winwick, Lancashire, 
 W. Wihon. Eccles, Lancashire, Br. Carrington. Todmorden, 
 Lancashire, J. Nowell. Crumpsall, Lancashire, C. J. Wild. 
 10. Yeadon, Yorkshire, Z>/*. Crt^v^/zy/oy^ 12. Foulshaw, Westmor- 
 land, G. Stabler. I. Kerry, Br. D. Moore. 
 
 Obs. — Under this name all the other British species of the 
 genus, with the exception of Fossombronia angidosa (Dicks.), were 
 formerly grouped. 
 
 It belongs to that section of the arrangement of Herr Stephani, 
 with the laraelLc of the spore furcate, in which only another 
 British species is included, F. cristafa, Lindb., and in addition to 
 other characters, is distinguished from it by the fewer number 
 of crests, which are more laxly disposed. 
 
 The var. oclirospora, so far as I am able to understand it, differs 
 but slightly from the type. 
 
 Description of Plate CLXXXIIL — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size (Hooker). 2. Fertile plant magnified (ditto). 3. Cross- 
 section of stem X 24 (Sidmouth, Tindall). 4-7. Leaves x 11 
 (Hay ward's Heath, G. E. Davies). 8. Leaf x IG (ditto). 
 9. Portion of leaf x 290 (ditto). 10. Perianth magnified 
 (Hooker). 11. Spore x 290 (Sussex, Davies). 12. Ditto x 400 
 (S. 0. Lindberg). 13. Ditto (Corbiere). 14. Elater magnified 
 (Hooker). 15. Portion of stem showing antheridia, magnified 
 (Hooker). IG. Ditto. 17. Antheridium magnified (ditto). 
 
420 HEPATIC^. 
 
 h. Crests crowded and numerous. 
 
 2. Fossombronia cristata Lindb. 
 
 Fossomhronia cristata, Lindb. apud Soc. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. (1873), Not. pro F. 
 et Fl. Fenn. 382 (1874). 
 
 Monoicous, inodorous or very slightly fetid, csespitose or sparsely 
 gregarious, small, green or yellowish-green in colour. Stems pro- 
 cumbent, apex suberect ; radiculose, rootlets reddish-purple, 
 numerous. Leaves crisp, subquadrate, obtusely or acutely lobed ; 
 texture delicate, cells medium size, quadrate, walls thin, no 
 trigones or thickened angles. Perianth obpyramidal, mouth wide, 
 irregularly dentate or incised. Capsule globose, dark brown. Spores 
 dark brown, tetrahedral-globose, densely cristate, about 10 crests 
 across, sinuous or sub-parallel, 28-36 minute spines projecting 
 around the margin. Elaters pale brown, short, thick, bi- rarely 
 uni- or tri-spiral. 
 
 Fruit ripens in Autumn. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems about \ inch long, '3 mm. thick ; leaves 
 1* mm. X 1- ram., segments '2 mm., '3 mm., 7 mm. x 
 •8 mm. ; seg. '1 mm., "2 mm. ; '7b mm. x "75 mm. seg. "2 mm., 
 •3 mm.; '9 mm. x '8 mm., seg. "3 mm., '4 mm. ; cells -05 mm. x 
 •04 mm., -04 mm. x '03 mm. ; bract 1-25 mm. x 1-25 mm., seg. 
 '4 mm. ; calyptra "7 mm. x '5 mm. ; capsule "4 mm. ; spores 
 •04 mm., •OS mm. ; elaters "13 mm. x •Ol mm. 
 
 Hab. — On bare damp soil on footpaths, sides of ditches, 
 margins of ponds, and fallow fields. Eare. 
 
 2. Aston and New Forest, Hampshire, C. Lyell. Ashdown 
 Forest, G. E. Davie-s, November 1884. 5. Staffordshire, Rev. 
 H. P. Reader. 10. Side of pool, near R. Foss, Yorkshire, 
 W. Ingham. 16. Moidart, West Inverness, 8. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. On whitish clay, shore of Loughbrickland, Co. Down, 
 Rev. H. IF. Lett, October 1890. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. Himalaya, 
 Gamble vide Stephani. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from Fossombronia jy?^5z7/<? (L.) by its 
 
FOSSOMBRONIA. 421 
 
 rather smaller size, its only slightly fetid smell, paler colour of 
 stem, which on a cross-section is semicircular, antical surface 
 slightl}^ channelled, postical convex, rootlets not so deep purple in 
 colour, and the dark densely cristate spores, the crests projecting 
 beyond the margin appear like minute spines, and number from 
 28 to 36 round. (See interesting note in " Journ. of Bot." 
 Oct. 1900, by Mr. Macvicar.) 
 
 Description of Plate CLXXXIV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Fertile plant x 15 (Schiffner, Engl, und Prantl. 
 Pfl.). 3-6. Cross-sections of stem x 24 (Helsingfors, Lindb.). 
 7, 8. Leaves x 24 (ditto). 9, 10. Ditto x 24 (Herb. Glasgow). 
 11. Leaf X 31 (Ashdown, Davies). 12. Portion of leaf x 
 290 (Herb. Glasgow). 13. Bract x 31 (Ashdown, Davies). 
 14. Calyptra x 31 (ditto). 15. Spore x 290 (Helsingfors, 
 Lindb.). 16. Ditto x ? (Corbiere). 17. Ditto x 204 (Herb. 
 Glasgow). 18. Ditto x 400 (Lindb.). 
 
 (B.) Spores with lamell:^ regularly reticulated, 
 c. Margin appearing as if winged. 
 
 3. rossombronia angulosa (Mich., Dicks.), Badd. 
 
 Jungermania foliis latiusculis, ohtusis, iindulatis et veluti anguhsis, Mich. Nov. 
 
 pi. gen. p. 7, n, 1, pp. e loco et excl. planta juvenili (1729). 
 Jungermania angulosa, Dicks. Fasc. pi. crypt. Brit. i. 7 (1785). 
 Jungermania jntsilla, Sm. Engl. Bot. xxv. n. 1775, pp. (1807). 
 Fossomhronia angulosa, Radd. in Att. soc. sc. Modena, xviii. p. 40, excl. synon. 
 
 Roth et var. B (1818). 
 
 Dioicous, shallowly c?espitose, inodorous, small, of a translucent 
 green colour. Stems procumbent, simple or once furcate, broad, 
 above green, below purple, usually frontally compressed, twice as 
 broad as thick, 12x6 cells, the upper layers composed of some- 
 what large hyaline cells, the lower smaller and purple; or sub- 
 terete, plane above and rotund below, more equal ; radiculose, 
 rootlets violet-purple, very numerous, close, flat, ribbon-like. 
 Leaves horizontal, decurrent, subquadrate or oblong-quadrate, 
 irregularly and obtusely lobed, lobes undulate ; texture delicate, 
 cells rather large, subquadrate, walls thick, angles slightly 
 
422 HEPATIC^. 
 
 thickened. Perianth campanulate, plicate, mouth wide, irregularly 
 obtusely lobate, lobes undulate. Calyptra somewhat fleshy. 
 Capsule globose, brown. Spores dark brown, tetrahedral-globose, 
 alveolate, with 7-9 very large and deep 5- and 6-angled pits, 
 regularly anastomosing, ridges membranaceous, sometimes appear- 
 ing to surround the spore, giving it a membranaceous border as 
 described by many authorities and figured by Lindberg and 
 Corbiere ; but as Mrs. Tindall, a most careful observer, remarks, 
 " The membranaceous border surrounding the spore is only the 
 continuation of the intersecting ridges or lamellae. There is no real 
 border." The projecting ridges around the spore vary from 10 to 
 
 12. Elaters abundant, long and narrow, pale brown, 3 to 4 times as 
 narrow as the diameter of the spore, pale brown, bi-rarely tri-spiral, 
 loosely twisted with 20-24 turns. I have not seen the male plant. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems i^ to |- inch long x 2' to 4* mm. broad 
 with leaves; "3 mm. to "8 mm. broad x '3 mm. thick; leaves 
 2*5 mm. x 3" mm., 2* mm. x 1*5 mm.; cells "06 mm. x '05 mm., 
 •06 mm. X '04 mm., '045 mm. x -04 mm. ; perianth 2*5 mm. 
 x 2:5 mm. wide at the mouth; spores "03 mm., '04 mm. ; elaters 
 •225 mm. x "01 mm. 
 
 Hab. — In damp sandy situations on the coast, forming wide 
 shallow patches. Eare. 
 
 1. Kynall Clifl, Penzance, IF. Ciirnow. 7. ? 
 
 I. Dingle Bay, Br. B. Moore, Prof, Lindhcrg ; Eoss Bay, 
 Br. Carrington. 
 
 C. Jersey, J Piquet ; La Hauteur, Mrs. Mackenzie. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — This is the largest and most distinct of our British 
 Fossombronice, the few deep pits on the spore along with the 
 membranaceous ridges distinguishing it. 
 
 Description of Plate CLXXXV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2-4. Leaves x 11 (Jersey, Piquet). 5. Portion of leaf 
 X 290 (ditto). 6-8. Cross-sections of stems x 24 (ditto). 
 9. Perianth x 11 (ditto). 10. Ditto, explanate x 11 (ditto). 
 11. Spore X 400 (Lindberg). 12. Ditto x 290 (Jersey, Piquet). 
 
 13. Ditto X ? (ditto). 
 
FOSSOMBRONIA. 428 
 
 d. Lamellae prominent at the margin, 
 
 4. Fossombronia Dumortieri [J [lib. ct Ge?)th.), Lindh. 
 
 Codonia Dumortieri, Hiib. et Genth. Deutschl. Ijeberm. n. 80 (1837). 
 Fossombronia foveolata, Lindb. Not. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. p. 382(1874). 
 Fossombronia Dumortieri (Hiib. et G.), Lindb., Not. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. 
 13, p. 380 (1874). 
 
 Heteroicous, very fetid, ciespitose, small, green in colour. Stems 
 procumbent, simple or sub-ramose, thick, on a cross-section sub- 
 carinate, purple-violet below ; radiculose, rootlets purple-violet. 
 Leaves small, slightly imbricate, obliquely obcuneate or sub- 
 quadrate, entire or irregularly (once or several times) lobate or 
 dentate, lobes acute or obtuse ; texture delicate, unistratose, cells 
 medium size, sub-quadrate, walls thin, no thickened angles. 
 Perianth shortly obpyramidal, mouth wide, shortly and irregu- 
 larly dentate or incised. Capsule spherical, composed of 
 two layers of cells, inner layer with numerous yellowish- 
 brown, firm, but generally imperfect semi-annular spiral 
 threads. Spores pale brown, tetrahedral-globose, regularly 
 foveolate, pits 12-18, large, pale yellow, 4-6-angled, ridges 
 slightly raised, sub-membranaceous, regularly anastomosing, 
 20-30 acute teeth projecting beyond the margin. Elaters short 
 and moderately thick, pale brown, bi-rarely tri- or quadri-spiral. 
 Perigonial bracts either below the perianth or on separate plants, 
 4 to 5 pairs closely imbricate, somewhat roundish, smaller, saccate, 
 margin sub-entire ; antheridia roundish-oval. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems about \ inch long; leaves "8 mm. x '8 mm., 
 '8 mm. X I'l mm., '6 mm. x 1* mm., 1* x '8 mm. ; spores "04 mm., 
 '045 mm.; elaters '12 mm. to 'lob mm. long; perigonial bract 
 '7 mm. X 1* mm. ; antheridia '2 mm. x -15 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On damp moorlands, or by the margin of ditches. Rare. 
 
 10. Barmby Moor, Dr. Sjjnice ; Pocklington, Dr. Spruce; 
 AUerthorpe Common, East Yorkshire, /. /. Marshall ; Skipworth 
 Common, near Selby, William lufjham. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
424 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Obs. — From the other fetid Fossombronia, distinguished by its 
 still stronger disagreeable smell. 
 
 The spores are similar to those of F. angulosa, only with more 
 numerous and much smaller pits, the ridges are more depressed 
 and the marginal projections number from 20 to 30. 
 
 Description of Plate CLXXXVI. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2, 3. Plants x ? (Allerthorpe Common, Marshall). 4-7. 
 Leaves x 16 (ditto). 8-10. Ditto x ? (ditto). 11. Portion of 
 leaf X 290 (Finland, Lindberg). 12-15. Cross-sections of stem 
 x 24 (ditto). 16. Portion of stem with perianth x ? (Aller- 
 thorpe Common, Marshall). 17. Young capsule x 24 (Finland, 
 Lindberg). 18. Spore x 290 (Allerthorpe Common, Marshall). 
 19. Ditto X 400 (Lindberg). 20. Ditto x 400 (Corbiere). 
 
 21. Perigonial bract x 24 (Allerthorpe Common, Marshall). 
 
 22. Antheridium x 64 (ditto). 
 
 (G.) Spores with lamellje compressed into papillae. 
 e. Papillae truncate. 
 
 5. Fossombronia csespitiformis, Be N. 
 
 Fossombronia angulosa, var. B. ccespitiformis, Radd. in Att. soc. sc. Modena. 
 
 XVIII., p. 41, excl. synon. (1818)? 
 Fossombronia ccespitiformis, De N. in G. R. Hep. evir. dec. 13 et 14, n. 123. 
 
 Heteroicous, fetid, csespitose, small, of a green colour. Stems 
 procumbent or sub-erect, simple or slightly branched, on a cross- 
 section subterete ; radiculose, rootlets violet-purple. Leaves 
 crowded, obcuneate, sub-quadrate or oblong-quadrate, lobate, lobes 
 obtuse; texture delicate, cells medium size, sub-quadrate, walls 
 thin, no trigones or thickened angles. Bracts sub-quadrate or 
 roundish-obovate, margin denticulate. Perianth obpyramidal, 
 plicate, mouth wide, irregularly lobate-dentate. Calyptra delicate. 
 Capsule globose, dark brown. Spores dark brown, tetrahedral- 
 globose, densely echinate, spines obtuse, numerous, about 25 
 projecting around the margin ; elaters long, pale brown, bi-rarely 
 tri- spiral. 
 
FOSSOMBRONIA. 425 
 
 Androecia usually situated below the perianth, exposed or in the 
 axil of the bracts, or more rarely on separate plants. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stem J inch long x 1* mm. to 2* mm. wide ; 
 leaves 175 mm. x 1* mm., 1-5 mm. x 1* mm. ; bracts 1'75 mm. 
 X 1'5 mm., 1*5 mm. x 15 mm. ; perianth 1*75 mm. x 15 mm. 
 wide at the mouth ; calyptra '75 mm. x '4 mm. ; spores "04 mm., 
 "045 mm. ; elaters "2 mm, x '015 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On bare damp soil. Very rare. 
 
 5. Kugeley, Staffordshire, Bev. H. P. Header. 12. Whit- 
 barrow, Westmorland, G. Stabler. 
 
 Found on the Continent, Algeria, Madeira, Teneriffe, and 
 Abyssinia. 
 
 Obs. — Rather smaller than the other species with a more 
 compact lettuce-like habit, spores with numerous blunt spines ; 
 the rootlets are not so deep purple as in the other species. 
 
 Description of Plate CLXXXYII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2, 3. Cross-sections of stem x 24 (Whitbarrow, Stabler). 
 4, 5. Leaves x ? (Algiers Herb. Tindall). 6. Leaf x 16 (Whit- 
 barrow, Stabler). 7. Portion of leaf x 290 (G-. & R. n. 377). 
 8. Bracts x 16 (ditto). 9, 10. Bracts x 16 (Whitbarrow, 
 Stabler). 11. Perianth x ? (Algeria, Herb. Tindall). 12. Ditto, 
 explanate x 16 (Whitbarrow, Stabler). 13. Calyptra x 24 
 (ditto). 14. Spore x 400 (Corbiere). 15. Ditto (Lindberg). 
 16. Ditto X 290 (G. & ZX. n. 377). 
 
 f. Papilhe long, hispid. 
 
 6. Fossombronia Mittenii, TindaU. 
 
 Fossomhronia Mittenii, Tindall, " Journal of Botany," Feb. 1898. 
 
 Monoicous?, csespitose, small, bright yellowish-green in colour. 
 Stems simple, prostrate, creeping, fragile, radiculose ; rootlets 
 numerous, of medium length, bright reddish-purple in colour, 
 giving the stem the appearance of being purple throughout. 
 Leaves overlapping each other by about one- third of their breadth, 
 more crenulate than lobed, much crisped, slightly angled, the 
 
426 HEPATIC^. 
 
 breadth being greater than the length, very pellucid, consisting of 
 only one layer of cells throughout the leaf, rather large in size, 
 the cells at the base being irregularly elongated and much larger 
 than those at the edge of the leaf. Perianth large for the size 
 of the plant, widely open at the crenulate mouth, situated either 
 singly or in pairs at the apex of the frond. Spores large, yellowish- 
 brown, closely covered with dark brown papillae ; papillee very 
 numerous, averaging about 110 on the face and edge of each 
 spore, finely pointed, projecting like spines from the edge of the 
 spore, so as to give it a spinulose appearance ; elaters narrow, of 
 medium length, with two spiral threads, rarely three ; spiral 
 threads loosely twisted. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 4' mm. to 5* mm. long, '5 mm. wide, 
 with leaves, stem "35 mm. x '7 mm., '25 mm. x "7 mm., leaves 
 1'25 mm. x 1-35 mm., cells '05 mm., '04 mm. x '05 mmx., 
 bracts 1*5 mm. x 2*5 mm., calyptra 1" mm. x •85 mm., spores 
 •047 mm., '05 mm., elaters 'lb mm. x 0125 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Bank on the side of the road between Parracombe and 
 Braunton, North Devon, IF. Mitten, Aug. 1875. 
 
 Obs. — " Fossombronia Mittenii belongs to the group of Fossom- 
 bronicB characterised by the papillose markings on their spores ; 
 in this division F. ccesjjitiformis, De Not. and F. Hiisjioti, Corb., 
 are the only hitherto recorded European species. In F. caspiti- 
 formis and F. Husnoti the papillse are large, obtuse, comparatively 
 far apart, and number from 20 to 25 on the face and edge of each 
 spore." — Mrs. Ella M. Tindall. The description and some of the 
 figures are taken from Mrs. Tindall's paper contributed to the 
 " Journal of Botany," Feb. 1898. 
 
 Descrii rioN OF Plate CLXXXVIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Plant x . 3, 4. Cross-sections of stem x 24. 5, 6. 
 Leaves x 24. 7. Portion of leaf x 290. 8. Bract x 24. 
 9. Calyptra x 24. 10, 11. Spores x. 12. Spore x 290. 
 13. Elater x. (Original, Herb. Tindall). 
 
SCALIA. 427 
 
 Genus 38. SCALIA, Gr. S)' Beim. 
 
 Jangermania, Lyell. in Eng. Bot. t. 2555 (181 o). 
 Scalia, Gr. k Benn. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. p. 704 (1821). 
 Mniopsis, Dum. Comm. Bot. p. 114 (1822). 
 Gymnomitrium, Corda in Opiz Beitr. i. p. 651, n. 1 (1829). 
 Haplomitrium, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leberm. i. pp. 98, 109 (18:^3). 
 
 Stems firm, siiberect, rliizomatous, flexuose, flagelliferous, sub- 
 simple, leafy branches few, lateral. Leaves large, subtransverse, 
 tristichous, lateral leaves broadly oblong or obovate, entire or with 
 apices having- a few irregular teeth, repand ; postical leaf narrower ; 
 cells large, subquadrate or hexagonal, leptodermous. Inflorescence 
 dioicous ; $ terminal polygynous ; bracts somewhat distant from 
 the receptacle, slightly broader than the leaves, often inciso- 
 dentate. Perianth absent. Calyptra large, subcylindrical, much 
 longer than broad, leptodermous or somewhat fleshy below, the 
 base and a little above it surrounded by the sterile pistillidia. 
 Capsule highly exserted, fusiform-cylindrical, composed of one 
 layer of cells, dividing irregularly and incompletely into 4 valves. 
 Elaters slender bi- or uni-spiral, deciduous. 
 
 Scalia Hookeri {Lz/ell), Gr. 8j- Benn. 
 
 Jungermania Ilooheri, Lyell in Engl. Bot. t. 2555 (1813); Hook. Brit. Jung. 
 
 t. 54(1816). 
 Scalia Eookeri, Gr. & Benn. Nat. Arr. Brit. PL p. 704 (1821). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely csespitose, small, of a dull green colour. 
 Stems erect, slightly flexuose, simple or rarely furcate, often with 
 a young innovation, succulent ; radiculose, rootlets horizontal, 
 thick, subcarnose, simple or branched, dull white in colour. Leaves 
 distant or crowded, loosely imbricate, patent or erecto-patent, 
 sometimes a little recurved, tristichous, varying in shape and size, 
 the lower ones smaller and roundish-ovate, upper ovate-oblong or 
 lingulate, obliquely decurrent, repand, margin dentate, irregular or 
 entire ; texture somewhat thin and delicate, cells rather large to 
 
428 HEFATIC^. 
 
 large, 4-, 5-, and 6 -sided, subquadrate, near the base elongate, walls 
 thin, no trigones or thickened angles. Female bracts imbricate, 
 oblong-ovate, concave. Perianth wanting. Calyptra quite ex- 
 posed, oblong or linear-oblong, carnose, smooth. Pedicel white, 
 filiform, succulent. Capsule linear-oblong, pale brown, reti- 
 culated, delicate, sub-pellucid, 4 sometimes 5 equal linear valves ; 
 " it is sometimes cloven on one side only ; rarely are all the valves 
 completely separated, but mostly remain cohering at the apex 
 even when free elsewhere. The capsule-wall consists of a single 
 layer of cells, except at the apex, where an inner lining of thin 
 cells is added. Several elaters are attached to this apical cupola, 
 but they are equally long and slender as the others ; they are 
 either monospirous throughout, or dispirous below, but with one 
 thread running out at about midway. All the other elaters are 
 dispirous, and a good many of them are entangled in the apical 
 elaters, with which they persist for a time, but soon fall away 
 along with them." — E. Spruce. Spores roundish-angular, reddish- 
 brown, verruculose. Perigonial bracts terminal, larger than the 
 stem leaves, variable in shape, not closely imbricated nor ventri- 
 cose at the base, apex rather expanded, exposing the antheridia, of 
 which there are several at the base of each bract, spherical in 
 shape, yellow to orange in colour and furnished with a short stipe. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems about \ inch long, leaves 1*75 mm. x 
 1*25 mm., cells, near base of leaf, '1 mm. x "05 mm., '075 mm. x 
 •05 mm., near middle and apex '045 mm. x '035 mm., "06 mm. x 
 •035 mm. ; bracts 2 "25 mm. x l^mm.; bracteole 2^ mm. x "75 mm. ; 
 perianth 4* mm. x '75 mm. ; pedicel about \ inch long ; capsule 
 2' mm. X '6 mm. ; spores '03 mm. ; elaters "4 mm. x •Ol mm. ; 
 perigonial bracts 2^ mm. x "6 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Heaths and damp places. Very rare. 
 
 1. Chyanhal Moor, Penzance, Cornwall, W. Curnoiv, Aug. 1844. 
 2. Private road from Cadnam to Poultons, New Forest, Hamp- 
 shire, C. Lyell, Dec. 1812. 10. Barmby Moor, near York, 
 H. Spruce, Nov. 1842. 15. Kinnordy, Forfar, C. Lyell, Aug. 1813. 
 16. Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar, 1898. 8. M. 
 Macvicar §• JF. H. P., 1899. 
 
FETALOPHYLLUM. 429 
 
 I. Connor Hill, near Dingle, Profemor S. 0. Li/ul/jcrt/, 1873. 
 
 Found on the Continent. 
 
 Obs. — This, about the rarest of all our British species, was 
 discovered by Mr. C. Lyell, and justly named by him in honour 
 of Sir Wm. Jackson Hooker, whose magnificent " British Junger- 
 mannia? " is a monument of the intimate and loving knowledge 
 he had of this group. 
 
 It is so distinct a species as to be impossible to be mistaken 
 for any other. 
 
 Descrii'tion of Plate CLXXXIX. — Fig. 1. Female plants 
 natural size. 2. Portion of female plant x (Hooker), o. Ditto 
 with perianth x (ditto). 4. Upper portion of leaf x 290 (Hel- 
 singfors, S. 0. L.). 5. Ditto lower portion of leaf x 290 
 (ditto). 6, 7. Bracts x 16 (ditto). 8. Bracteole x 16 (ditto). 
 9. Perianth and opened capsule x (Hooker). 10. Spores x 
 (ditto). 11. Elater x (ditto). 12, Male plant natural size 
 (ditto). 13. Upper portion of male plant with antheridia x 
 (ditto). 14. Perigonial bract with antheridia x (ditto). 
 
 Genus 39. PETALOPHYLLUM, Goft, 
 
 Petalojyhylln.m , Gottsclie in Lehm. Pug. viii. p. 29 (1844). 
 
 Plants frondose, small, tender, csespitose. Fronds substipitate, 
 subcircular or reniform ; costa thick ; radiculose ; wings lamellate. 
 Inflorescence dioicous. Perianth produced from middle of 
 stem, large, tubular, mouth wide, dentate. Calyptra free, 
 surrounded at base by a few pistillidia. Capsule globose, large, 
 rupturing irregularly. Spores large, reticulate. Elaters deci- 
 duous, short, bi-tri-spiral, loosely twisted. Male flowers produced 
 in the lamellae ; antheridia numerous. 
 
430 HEP AT 10 j^. 
 
 Petalophyllum Ralfsii (JFik.), Goff. 
 
 Jungermania hibernica, var. "Wils. Eng. Bot. t. 2750, f. ] ">, 1(5 (1832), 
 
 Jungermania Ralfsii, Wils. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2874 (1843). 
 
 BiplolcEna Lyellii, var. lamellata, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leberm. Ill, pp. 345, 852 
 
 (1838). 
 Petalophyllum Ralfsii (Wils.), Gott. in Lehm. Pug. pi. nov. et min. cogn. viii. 
 
 p. 29 (1844), G. L. N. Syn. Hep. p. 472 (1846). 
 Vodonia Ralfsii, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 16 (1874). 
 
 Petalophyllum lamellatmn, Lindb. in Meddel. Soc. F. Fl. Fenn. 1, p. 91 (1874). 
 Fossomhronia corbukfformis, Trabut, Atlas Fl. Alg. p. 7 (1886). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, closely attached to the ground, small, 
 light green in colour. Fronds procumbent, furcate, broadly 
 obovate or reniform, flattish, beset on the antical side with 
 lamellar processes disposed in radii towards the extremity of the 
 frond, which is somewhat emarginate ; texture rather flaccid, 
 cells largish to large, walls thin, with numerous chlorophyl 
 granules attached to their sides, making them to appear some- 
 what thick, midrib prominent, postically thick, often lengthened 
 out at the base of the frond and denuded so as to resemble a 
 stipe, covered beneath with numerous rootlets. Perianth antical, 
 proceeding from the middle of the frond, tubular, wide at the 
 mouth, which is dentate. Calyptra smaller. Pedicel thick and 
 somewhat persistent. Capsule oblong-spherical, slightly apophy- 
 sate, coriaceous, splitting to the base into two valves which are 
 usually bidentate. Spores brown, reticulate, walls raised, giving 
 them a bordered appearance not unlike F. aiigdosa, margin hyaline, 
 areola? 5, 6 across, 20 to 25 cells round. Elaters brown, narrow, 
 bi-tri-spiral. Male fronds broader, antheridia numerous, oval, 
 enclosed in the laminse, more frequently near the midrib or enclosed 
 in scale-like processes on the mid-rib. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds about \ inch long x \ inch broad, 
 stems 2* mm. broad x 1* mm. thick; cells of frond '06 mm.; 
 perianth 4*5 mm. x 2*25 mm. ; capsule 2' mm. x 1"5 mm.; spores 
 •07 mm. ; antheridia '275 mm. x -175 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Damp sandy flats on the coast. Very rare. 
 
 1. Near Penzance, /. Balfs. Formerly on the roadside 
 
PETAL OPHYLL UM. ' ^ 
 
 between Loggan's Mill and Treve, Pbillack, and between Hayle 
 Causeway and St. Erth, W. Curium; Gwitbian, near Penzance, 
 W. Curnow. 7. Aberfiraw, Anglesey, /. Ualfs, W. Wilso7i, 
 W. H. P., 1900. 9. Southport, Lancasbire, Dr. Carrington , 
 a J. Wild, W. IL P. 10. Coatbam Marsb, Yorks, IF. Iii(jhaw, 
 1901. 
 
 I. Malabide, Br. D. Moore. 
 
 Algiers, Trabut. 
 
 Obs. — Mr. W. Curnow, in bis " Hepaticoe of West Cornwall," 
 says : " One of tbe most interesting additions was a new species, 
 PefalopJii/Ihou llalfsii, first discovered by Mr. Kalfs in an immature 
 state on tbe sand-flats of Aberffraw, in Anglesey, and in tbe 
 spring following I gatbered it witb perfect fruit at Hayle, growing 
 in company witb Moerchia kibernica. I regret to say tbat tbis 
 locality for it bas since been destroyed by drainage, &c. In 
 consequence of tbis find an animated contest ensued between 
 Dr. Taylor and Mr. Wilson and Mr. Ralfs, eacb of our opponents 
 considering it a form of one or otber of tbe known species of 
 Fossombronia. Mr. Ealfs, bowever, witb bis usual clearness of 
 perception, and a praisewortby pertinacity in maintaining wbat 
 be believed to be tbe trutb, ultimately won bis case, and estab- 
 lislied tbe riglit of tbe plant to tbe rank of a new species, wbere- 
 upon Mr. Wilson courteously appended to it tbe name of tbe 
 discoverer.'^ 
 
 It is a singular species, easily recognised by tbe lamellate 
 fronds. 
 
 Description of Plate CXC- — Fig. 1. Fertile Irond, nnt. 
 size. 2. Male frond, sligbtly magnified. 3. Frond witb cross- 
 section of periantb (after Wilson, Eng. Bot.). 4-(j. Cross-sections 
 of stem X 11 (Soutbport, C. J. Wild). 7. Portion of frond x 
 290 (ditto). 8. Periantb x 11 (AberfFraw, Wilson). 9. Spore x 
 290 (Penzance, J. Ealfs). U». Antheridium x 24 (Soutbport, 
 Wild). 
 
432 EEFATICjE. 
 
 Genus 40. PALLAVICINIA, Gr. 8f Benn. 
 
 Pallavicinia, Gr. t Benn. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. (1821). 
 
 Dilmia, Dum. Comm. Bot. (1822). 
 
 Bhjttia, Endl. (1840), G. L. N. Syn. Hep. (184G). 
 
 Fronds prostrate or suberect, green, radiculose, strongly costate^ 
 simple or with a few postical branches, rarely furcate at the apex. 
 Inflorescence dioicous, antical. Bracts $, 2-3 series, variously 
 divided, more or less connate. Perianth large, tubular, fleshy, 
 mouth ciliolate. Calyptra included, equal or shorter than the 
 perianth, irregularly torn at the apex, somewhat delicate, below 
 the middle only somewhat fleshy and surrounded by the (about 
 20) sterile pistillidia. Capsule on a long pedicel, cylindrical, 
 composed of one layer of cells, dividing to its base into 4 valves, 
 often incompletely. Elaters slender, bispiral, deciduous. Spores 
 minute. Androecia uniseriate, situated on the margin of the 
 midrib, at the base of small incised or dentate peri gonial bracts. 
 Antheridia solitary. 
 
 1. Pallavicinia Lyellii [Hook.), Gr. §' Benn, 
 
 Jungermania Lyellii, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 77 (1810). 
 
 Palhvicinia Lyellii, Gr. & Benn. Nat. Arr. Brit. PL p. 775 (1821). 
 
 Dilcena Lyellii, Dum. Comm. Bot. p. 114 (1822). 
 
 Blyttia Lyellii, Endl. Gen. PI. (1840). 
 
 Steetzia Lyellii, Lelim. PI. Preiss., TI. p. 129 (1846). 
 
 Dioicous, in spreading patches, often stratified, medium size, 
 pale to yellowish green in colour. Fronds horizontal, simple or 
 with one or two lateral branches proceeding from the postical 
 side of the frond, oblong, nearly linear or obovate-ligulate, strongly 
 costate, costa plano-convex, postically rotundate, composed of 
 several layers of cells, with a strand of narrow, elongated, darker 
 coloured ligneous cells along the centre, sometimes two strands 
 are observed, apex of frond emarginate, very rarely furcate, 
 gradually or abruptly narrowing at the base, margin undulate, 
 entire or subserrate; radiculose, rootlets few, proceeding chiefly 
 
PALLAVICIXFA. 433 
 
 from the costa, simple, pellucid; texture delicate, cells of the 
 pagina large, oblong-hexagonal, walls thick, no trigones, lejito- 
 dermous, pellucid. Flowers $ antical, often two, proceeding from 
 the costa, about the middle of the frond. Bracts veiy short, 
 connate, palmatiiid-laciniate. Pistillidia 12-20, long and narrow. 
 Perianth erect, linear-cylindrical, fleshy, below 5 cells thick, 
 mouth sub-constricted, lobate-ciliolate. Calyptra a little shorter 
 than the perianth, above delicate, near to the base 2, 3 cells thick, 
 apex irregularly ruptured. Pedicel elongate, delicate, white. 
 Capsule sub-cylindrical, 5 times longer than broad, 4-valved, 
 valves often cohering at the apex, delicate, walls composed oi" one 
 layer of linear cells. Spores reddish-brown, roundish-angular, 
 finely verruculose. Elaters very long and narrow, pale Iji-own. 
 
 Male plant more delicate. Perigonial bracts antical, situated 
 along the middle of the frond, imbricate, scale-like, laciniate- 
 ciliate. Antheridia large, solitary, sub-globose, shortly slij)itate. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds 1 to 2 inches long, 2* mm. wide, costa 
 •85 mm. x '35 mm. thick ; cells "OS mm. x '05 mm., '00 mm. x 
 •04 mm., •05 mm., '04 mm. ; bracts i V5 mm. high ; perianth 
 10^ mm. X 1'3 mm.; pistillidia "6 mm. long; pedicel 3*5 mm. 
 long; capsule 4' mm. x '8 mm., 3* mm. x "75 mm. ; spores "04 
 mm. diam. ; elaters '5 mm. x "02 mm. ; antheridia 3 mm. x 
 •25 mm, 
 
 Hab. — Boggy spots amongst Spliafjna, and on wet dripping 
 rocks. Very rare. 
 
 2. New Forest, Hampshire, C. LyeJI ; nr. Tunbridge, Sussex. 
 Foster. 7. On wet rocks near Cader Idris, Merionethshire, 
 ./. Ba/f^^ 11, 12. Foulshaw Moss, Westmorland, G. Slahlcr. 
 13. Lochar Moss, Dumfriesshire, James Cruickshank. 
 
 I. South of Ireland, Bantry, Miss Hufchins ; Lough Biay, Dr. 
 Tai/Jor ; Maghanabo Glen, near Fermoyle ; Castlegregory and by 
 the lakes between Maghanabo Glen and Connor Hill, Co. Kerry, 
 Dr. D. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North and South America and 
 other parts of the world, 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished when sterile from any British liondose 
 
 2 i: 
 
434 HEPATIC^. 
 
 species by the presence of a strand of strong, ligneous, narrow, 
 elongated cells running along the centre of the costa; when 
 fertile by the short, laciniate bracts, surrounding the erect linear- 
 cylindrical perianth, which encloses a relatively large calyptra. 
 
 Description of Plate CXCI.— Fig. 1 and 2. Plants natural 
 size. 3. Portion of fertile plant x (Hooker). 4. Cross-section 
 of frond x 24 (Herb. Austin). 5, 6. Ditto x 16 (ditto). 7. 
 Portion of frond x 290 (ditto). 8. Female flower (bracts, 
 perianth, and calyptra) x . 9. Section of female flower, showing 
 bract, perianth, pistillidia, and germen x. 10. Bract x. 11. 
 Capsule and portion of pedicel x . 12. Portion of male stem, 
 showing perigonial bracts and ligneous strand x. 13. Perigonial 
 bract and antheridium x. 14. Antheridium x (Hooker). 
 
 2. Pallavicinia hibernica (Hook.), Gr. 8f Benn. 
 
 Jiongermania hibernica, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 78, & suppL t. 4 (1816). 
 
 Pcdlavicinia hibernica, Gr. & Benn. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. p. 684 (1821). 
 
 Dilaena hibernica, Dum. Comm. bot. p. 114 (1822). 
 
 Biplolaena hibernica, Dum. Syll. Jung. p. 83, t. 2, £. 21 (1831). 
 
 Diplolaena Lyellii, var. hibernica, Nees Nat. Eur. Leberm. Ill, p. 343 (1833). 
 
 Diplomitrio7i hibernicum, Oorda in 8turm Deutschl. Fl. fasc. 22, p. 87, t. 23 
 
 (1835). 
 Moerchia hibernica, Gottsche in G. &. R. Hep. Eur. Exsicc. n. 295 (1866). 
 Delin. Hook. Brit. Jung. tab. 78 et Suppl. tab. 4 ; Ekart Syn. Jung. Germ. 
 
 tab. X. fig. 84, et tab. xiii. fig. 116a ; Husn. Hep. Gall. pi. xi. fig. 124. 
 
 Dioicous, loosely C2esj)itose, medium to largish in size, odorous, 
 pale green colour. Fronds procumbent, loosely imbricate, once 
 or twice dichotomously furcate, oblong, margin entire, undulate ; 
 texture somewhat delicate, cells medium to rather large in size, 
 quadrate or oblong-quadrate, walls thick, no trigones, midrib 
 thick, broader than thick, 20 cells broad x 16 cells thick, 
 gradually diminishing in thickness into the lamina, usually with 
 no ligneous strands, lamina on each side of the midrib S to 10 
 cells wide composed of 2 or 3 layers of cells ; radiculose, rootlets 
 hyaline, rarely reddish. Female flowers several, produced anti- 
 cally from the mid-rib ; bracts two, surrounding base of the 
 
rALLAVICINIA. 435 
 
 perianth to about one-fourth its hei<,^ht, suborbicular, laciniate- 
 (lentate. Perianth larij^e, oblong-ovate, slightly [)licate, unistratose 
 near the middle, about 130 cells round, near base two or three 
 cells thick, mouth a little constricted, irregularly and sparsely 
 dentate. Calyptra half the size. Pistillidia long, about (>. 
 Capsule dark reddish brown, oblong-ovate, dividing to the base 
 into 2 or 3 bidentate or entire valves ; spores dark reddish brown, 
 with numerous irregular ridges, giving them a minutely verruculose 
 marginal appearance ; elaters very narrow, pale brown. Andrcccia 
 produced in scale-like bracts antically from the mid-rib, perigonial 
 bracts broadly oval, subconcave, apex irregularly dentate ; anthe- 
 ridia large, oval spherical. 
 
 Fruits about the middle of April. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds J to 2 inches long, 3' to 4" mm. broad, 
 mid-rib "G mm. broad x "4 mm. thick; cells "04 mm. x "05 mm., 
 •03 mm. X "04 mm., -04 mm. x -04 ram.; bract 1' mm. high x 
 •75 mm. broad; pistillidia "3 mm. x '075 mm. ; perianth 4* mm. x 
 •2 mm. ; pedicel '175 mm. diam. ; valve of capsule 2" mm. x 
 1'25 mm. ; spores '035 mm. ; elaters "4 mm. x "Ol ; perigonial 
 bracts '75 mm. x *6 mm., '05 mm. x *5 mm. ; antheridia 
 "275 mm. x '2 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On elevated marshy situations amongst /Sy^/zr/y/zr/. Ver}' 
 rare. 15. Catlaw Hills, Kinnordy, Forfar, C. Li/cIl, 1822. 
 
 I. Amongst Sphagnum cusjndatum and Jaiigermania emarf/ii/a/n 
 on the shores of Lough Bray, a very elevated situation near 
 Dul^lin, Dr. Tajjlor. J). McArdle, July, 1S78. 
 
 ( )bs. — The description is that of the original Jfuif/. Jiibcniica 
 published by Hooker in his "British Jung."; two other forras 
 have been grouped with it which probably deserve to rank as 
 distinct species. The type is distinguished from them by its 
 much larger size, long, slender, slightly undulate fronds in 
 addition to other characters. 
 
 Distinp^uished from Pallavicinin Li/el/ii (Hooker) by the absence 
 of a nerve in the midrib, by its strong smell in addition to other 
 characters. 
 
 Var. irH.suiiia/ia, Gottsche [Pa/lacicuiia M'lhoiiiana (Ci.), 
 
436 HEPATIC^.. 
 
 Pears. MS.). Jnut/. Jnbeniica, Wilson in Eng. Bot. 2, tab. 2750, 
 excl. lower half of plate (1834). 
 
 Delin. Eng. Bot. 2. tab. 2750, pp. Husn. Hep. Gall. pi. XT. 
 fig. 124, b, c, d. 
 
 Exsicc. G. etE. n. 163 ; C. and P. n. 143. 
 Closely cajspitose, small. Fronds more upright, crisp, much 
 folded ; mid-rib thicker, bracts more laciniate than in either of the 
 two other forms. 
 
 Dimensions. — Capsule 2*5 mm, x 1* mm., spores "05 mm., 
 '04 mm., elaters '35 mm. x '01 mm., '2 mm. x "Ol mm. 
 
 Hab. — In marshy sandy stations, usually on the coast. Rare. 
 1. Phillack; Hayle Sands, Cornwall, W. Curnow, 1842. 7. 
 AberlFraw, Anglesey, IF. Wilson, fruit April 1829, September 
 1830. W. H. P., 1900. 9. Southport, Lane, Dr. Carrington, 
 1863, 1865; C. J. IFihl, 1882; W. H. P. Coatham Marshes, 
 Yorks., Wm. Ijigliam, 1899. 15. Drumlie Airy, a waterfall on 
 the Noran, Forfar, C. Lyell. 
 
 Found on the Continent (Finland, Grermany, France, Switzer- 
 land, and Italy) ; also in North America. 
 
 Var. lejJtodesma (P allavicinia leptodesma, Tansley in Utf.). 
 Fronds |- to 1 inch long, simple or furcate, margin irregularly 
 lobed, mid-rib with two lateral rudimentary strands, perianth 
 longer and narrower than in type or var. Wilsoniana. Spores 
 light to dark brown. Elaters very light brown, very narrow, 
 bi-spiral, 8-10 spiral turns. 
 
 Hab. — In marshy, sandy situations on the coast. Very rare. 
 I. Malahide, Br. B. Moore, D. McArdle. 
 
 Dimensions. — Perianth 5*5 mm. x 1'5 mm., capsule 2*5 mm. x 
 1"1 mm., spores "05 mm., elaters '275 mm. x "01 mm., "2 mm. x 
 '015 mm. 
 
 Obs. — With reference to this variety or species Professor 
 Tansley writes : " We have finished our investigation of the 
 Pallavicmia-Si/m^jhi/of/yna-Hi/nieiiophi/fon group in reference to the 
 strand of prosenchymatous cells. I was fortunate enough to get 
 living- specimens of PaUavichna LyelUi from Professor Howe of 
 ."Nev*' York as you suggested, and find that the strand is water- 
 
FALL A VICINIA . 437 
 
 conducting, though water passes through it much more slowly 
 than is the case in mosses. In P. hibernica from Malahide, which 
 Mr. McArdle sends me, we find two lateral strands of very thin 
 walled but distinctly prosenchymatous cells which may be water 
 conducting, but not having living material I cannot tell for 
 certain. In larger plants from Lough Bray {Jun(/. hibernica, 
 Hook. Brit. Jung, type) we can find no trace of such strands, 
 neither can we in the specimens you sent from Coatham Marshes, 
 Yorkshire, Wm. Ingram (var. Wihoniana). "... there is the 
 occurrence in the Malahide plant of two distinct lateral veins in 
 the mid-rib. The walls of the cells of these veins are distinctly 
 lignified though very little if at all thickened, and in other 
 respects, so far as can be seen from dried material, the strands are 
 rudimentary compared with that of P. Lyellii and other species ot 
 Pallavicijiia, Si/mpho(///jia, &c. I shall, of course, be glad to know 
 if you find other characters in the Malahide plant distinguishing 
 it from true P. hibernica, but even if not, the marked anatomical 
 characters I find seem to me to justify its separation as a distinct 
 species. In the absence of more conspicuous external characters I 
 would suggest leptodesma as a specific name in allusion to the 
 rudimentary character of the strands." For an account and 
 figures of these strands see Tansley and Chick, " Notes on the 
 Conducting Tissue System in Bryophyta," Annals of Botany, 
 Vol. XV., March, 1901. 
 
 Description of Plate CXCII. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size 
 (Hooker). 2. Frond x ? (ditto). 3. Cross-section of midrib x 
 24 (Lough Bray, McArdle). 4. Portion of frond x 290 (var. 
 Wiho7iiana), (Hayle, Curnow). 5. Portion of bract and perianth 
 X ? (Hooker). 6. Portion of bract and pistillidia x 24 (Lough 
 Bray, McArdle). 7. Capsule x ? (Hooker). 8. Portion of male 
 frond X ? (Hooker). 
 
 Description of Plate CXCIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size 
 (var. leptodesnia), (Malahide, McArdle). 2, 3. Ditto (var. IFilsoniana), 
 (Aberffraw, Wilson). 4. Plants slightly enlarged (ditto). 5. 
 Fertile plant x 11 (var. leptodesma), (Malahide, McArdle). (5-8. 
 Cross-sections of mid-rib x 24 (ditto). 9. Perianth x 11 (var. 
 
438 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Wihouiana), (Hayle, Curnow). 10. Pistillidium x 64 (Lough 
 Bray, McArclle). 11. Spore x 290 (var. Wihoniana), (Hayle, 
 Curnow). 12-14. Perigonial bracts x 24 (ditto), (Soiithport, 
 Wild). 
 
 3. Pallavicinia Blyttii [Moerck), Lindh. 
 
 Jangermania Bhjttil, Moerck Fl. Dan. x. 34, t. 2004 (1830). 
 
 Gymnomitrion Blyttii, Hiiben. Hep. Germ. p. 44 (1834). 
 
 Gordea Blyttii, Corda in Sturm Deutschl. Fl. (1835). 
 
 J)i2domitrium Blyttii, Coixla in Sturm Fl. Germ. 11, p. 126 (1835). 
 
 JHjjlolaena Blyttii, Nees Hep. Eur. Ill, p. 339 (1838). 
 
 Thedenia Blyttii, Hartm. Skand. Fl. (1820-43). 
 
 Blyttii Moeo'ckii, G.L.N. Syn. Hep. p. 474 (1844). 
 
 Moerckia norvegica, Gottsch. in G. &, R. Hep. Eur. n. 295 (1863). 
 
 Moerckia Blyttii, Gottsch. Ann. sc. nat. p. 83 (1864). 
 
 Dilaena Blyttii, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 138 (1874). 
 
 Dilaena Blyttii, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 138 (1874). 
 
 Pallavicinia Blyttii, Lindb. Muse. Scand. p. 10 (1879) ; Kaalaas Leverm. Norge, 
 
 p. 451 (1893). 
 Galycularia BhjttH (Moerck) St. Sp. Hep. p. 360 (1900). 
 
 Dioicous, loosely or closely ca.'spitose, medium size, pale 
 green colour. Fronds oblong, simple or furcate, prostrate, some- 
 what thick; lobes sub-membranaceous ; costate, mid-rib ver}^ 
 prominent on the postical side ; a cross-section of frond shows 
 20-30 layers of thin (those below purple-walled) cells, gradually 
 becoming thinner near the margin where it is one layer thick ; 
 epidermic cells smaller than the inner, quadrate, large, walls firm, 
 no trigones ; margin undulate, sinuate, crispate ; radiculose, 
 rootlets numerous, close, reddish-brown. Female flowers antical ; 
 bracts surrounding the base of the perianth, undulate, plicate, 
 unequally laciniate. Perianth projecting very much beyond the 
 bracts, oval-campanulate, upper portion plicate, slightly laterally 
 compressed, composed of several layers of cells, mouth unequally 
 laciniate-dentate. Pistillidia 5-8. Calyptra thick. Capsule oval, 
 valves firm, bi-tri-stratose, lanceolate, pedicel very long. Spores 
 dark brown, verruculose. Elaters very narrow, bi-spiral, paler 
 than the spores. Male flowers antical, bracts imbricate, biseriate. 
 
PALLAVICINIA. 439 
 
 ])licate, obovate, simple or bilobed; antheridia largo, single, 
 roundish, style short and thick, composed of two rows of cells. 
 Paraphyses few. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds 2 c. mm. long x 8* mm. broad ; bracts 
 1' mm. high x 2" mm. broad ; perianth 5' mm. long; pistillidia 
 ■5 mm. X '075 mm.; calyptra 3' mm. x 2* mm.; valves of capsule 
 3- mm. x r mm. ; spores '035 mm. ; elaters '275 mm. x "01 mm. ; 
 male frond 3' mm. broad x "7 mm. thick near the middle, maU- 
 bracts "7 mm. x '05 mm., '7 mm. x -4 mm. ; antheridia '275 mm. x 
 •25 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On small bare vertical peatv banks on grassy slopes, in 
 alpine regions. Extremely rare. 
 
 Scotland, Jo/ut Sadler. 15. Locli-na-gar, Georf/c Stabler, July 
 1884. Ben Wyvis, George E. Davies, July 1888. Ben Lawers, 
 in several localities, 3100 to 3400 ft., /S'. M. Macvicar, June 1901. 
 
 Found on the Continent (Germany, Norway). 
 
 Obs. — This is an extremely rare British species, being only 
 found in a few alpine situations. 
 
 From Pellia it is at once distinguished by its oval capsule, no 
 other frondose species with which it is likely to be mistaken for, 
 being found at such altitudes where it is met with. 
 
 Description oe Plate CXCIV. — Fig. 1. Fertile plant natural 
 size. 2. Ditto x ? 3. Portion of male frond x ? 4. Bract, 
 explanate x ? 5. Young perianth x ? 6. Perianth x ? 7. 
 Mouth of perianth, explanate x ? 8. Calyptra x ? ("Flora 
 Danica"). 
 
 Description oe Plate CXCV. — Fig. 1. Cross-section of 
 male stem x 24 (Norway, Herb. Schimper). 2. Portion of 
 frond X 290 (Ben Lawers, S. M. Macvicar). 3. Bracts x 24 
 (Loch-na-gar, G. Stabler). 4. Mouth of perianth, explanate x 16 
 (Norway, Herb. Schimper). 5-8. Male bracts x 24 (ditto). 
 
ed, 
 
 440 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Genus 41. BLASIA, iMich. 
 
 Blasia, Mich. Nov. PL Gen. p. 14 (1729); Linn. Fl. Suec. ed. l,p. 9:^3 
 
 p. 105 (1715), et Sp. PI. p. 1605 (1753). 
 Janyermania, Hook. Brit. Jung. tt. 82-84 (181G). 
 
 Plant frondose, nerved, rructifi cation produced in a rupture 
 of the nerve. Involucre bladder-shaped, adnate to the apex of 
 the frond. Perianth enclosed within the utricular involucre. 
 Calyptra obovate. Peduncle emerging from the apex. Capsule 
 oval-globose, 4-valved, coriaceous. Elaters bi-spiral, deciduous. 
 Antheridia immersed in the thallus, covered with dentate scales. 
 Gemma' globose, arising by a slender ascending tube from their 
 large Hask-like receptacles which are immersed in the thallus. 
 
 Blasia pusilla, Z. 
 
 Blasia pusilla, Linn. Sp. pi. 1605 (1753). 
 
 Jungermania Blasia, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 82 & 84 (1816). 
 
 Dioicous, in flat imbricating patches, medium size,pale yellowish 
 or bluish-green in colour. Fronds prostrate, horizontal, costate, 
 simple or with a single lateral branch, dichotomously divided, 
 palmate with apices forked or rarely stellate ; lobes usually oblong 
 or linear-obovate, apices always broader than the base, often erect, 
 margin pinnatifid or shortly lobate, sinuous, undulate, incurved ; 
 throuo-liout the centre of the frond and its divisions runs an 
 evident and broad nerve, most prominent on the postical side ; 
 texture fleshy, thinnest at the margin where it is membranaceous ; 
 at the middle 8-14 cells thick, gradually becoming thinner to the 
 margins where it is one cell thick ; cells somewhat indistinct, at 
 the middle of the frond striate, narrow, elongate, near the margin 
 medium size, oblong-quadrate or quadrate, marginal cells smaller, 
 quadrate, very finely crenulate, walls thick and firm ; radiculose, 
 rootlets numerous, proceeding from the postical side of the frond 
 but (diiefly along the nerve, long, slender, hyaline. On the 
 postical side of the frond are scattered small, hyaline, oval scales 
 
BLASIA. 441 
 
 resembling stipules vvliicli are unequcilly dentate. Involucre 
 antical, oblong-lanceolate, inflated, semi-transparent, vanishing- 
 early, imbedded in an oval cavity in the mid-rib of the fronds. 
 Calyptra obovate, free. Capsule oval-globose, on a long pedicel, 
 4-valved, valves thick, dull reddish brown in colour, inner layer 
 with imperfect spiral threads. Spores sub- spherical, greyish- 
 brown, slightly granulate ; elaters very narrow, about \ the 
 diameter of the spores, hyaline, bi-spiral. Male plant smaller, 
 narrower and rarer ; androecia imbedded in the antical side of the 
 frond ; antheridia elliptical, yellowish in colour, shortly stipitate. 
 (xemmiparous ; gemma3 numerous, globose, issuing by a slender 
 ascending tube from their flask-like receptacles, which are 
 immersed in the frond. Fruits March and April, quickly dis- 
 appearing. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds ^ to 1 inch long, 4'-G' mm. wide; cells 
 •03 mm. X '04 mm. ; spores "05 mm. diam. ; elaters '2 mm. 
 long X '01 mm. broad. 
 
 Hab. — On wet clayey banks in woods, or on moist heaths. 
 Moderately rare. 
 
 1. Trembath, Chyanhal, Trungle Moor, Cornwall, if. Curnoic ; 
 Madron Valley, near Carfury, and near Gurnard's Head, Cornwall, 
 J'J. D. Marqaand. 3. Road leading from Langton Green to Speld- 
 hurst Church, Fon^fcr, " Fl. Tunbr." 5. Banks of Severn, Seckley ; 
 Arley Wood ; Dimmings Dale, Staffordshire, IF. Bagnall. 7. 
 Cvvin Bychan, Merionethshire, Ttev. T. Salway. 8, 9. Marple, 
 Cheshire, G. A, Holt; Ashley, Cheshire, W. H. P. ; Daisy Nook, 
 Lane, G. A. Holt, Sailor's Shore, Lane, G. A. Holt, Holden 
 Clough, Lane, G. A. Holt. 10. Near Claphara, i)r. Carrington ; 
 Clay pool-side, near Sherburn, Br. F. A. Lees; Halifax, ./. Bolton ; 
 Todmorden, John No well ; Pennant Clough, Hebden Bridge, A. 
 Stansjielcl. 12. Low Borrow Bridge ; Foulshaw ; by river Lune, 
 near Ingmire Hall, Westmorland, G. Stabler. 13. Damp road- 
 sides, New Galloway, J. McAnclreir ; near Carronbridge, Charles 
 Scott; Cluden Mill, Kirkcudbrightshire, /<7//^<:^s 6y7//r/-.s//r/y//-. 15. 
 Den of Garrol, Aberdeenshire, /. Sim. IG. Moidart, West 
 Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
442 HEPATIC^. 
 
 I. Castle Kelly Grlen, Dublin, Dr. TaijJor ; near Wooden 
 Bridge, Wicklow, Br. D. Moore ; at the base of Brandon Moun- 
 tain, Kerry, Dr. D. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent, Northern Asia, and in North 
 America. 
 
 Obs. — A very distinct species, the only one of the genus and 
 easily recognised, even when barren, by the remarkable flask-like 
 receptacles for the gemmae and the beautiful hyaline serrated 
 bracts on the postical side of the fronds. 
 
 Description of Plate CXCVI.— Figs. 1 & 2. Plants natural 
 isize. 3. Young frond x . 4. Portion of frond with young 
 receptacles for the gemmae, the mouth not being yet opened- 
 5. Fertile plant x . 6. Portion of frond, postical view showing 
 scales. 7. Cross-section of female frond x . 8. Capsule 
 opened x. 9. Antheridium x. 10. Gemmae x (Hooker). 
 
 G-enus 42. PELLIA, Raddi. 
 
 Jungermcmia, Linn. Fl. Suec. 1 eel., p. 399 (174.")), et. Sp. PI. 1 ed. 2, 1135, 
 
 n. 23 (17.33); Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 17 (ISlC). 
 Fellia, Eaddi in Att. Soc. Modena, 1<S, p. 49 (1818). 
 Pa2m, Gr. and Benn. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 1, p. G8(;, n. 12 (1821). 
 Scopulina, Duu). Comm. Bot., p. 11.") (1823). 
 
 Plants frondose. Involucre monophyllous, arising from the 
 antical side of the frond near the apex, cup-shaped, short, 
 mouth lacerate or dentate. Perianth wanting. Calyptra oval, 
 membranaceous, longer or shorter than the involucre. Capsule 
 globose, dividing nearly to the base into 4 valves. Spores 
 angular, oblong. Elaters free, bi-sj)iral. Elater-bearers attached 
 to the inner face of the valves. Antheridia globose, immersed 
 
 on the antical surface of the broad indeterminate thickening of 
 
 the li'ond. 
 
PELLIA. 443 
 
 I. Pellia epiphylla (//.), Ijiidh. 
 
 Juagennania epijihijUa. L. 8p. pi. ed. 1, 2, p. 1135 (175;5). 
 
 J^ellia epiphylla, A forma Dillenii, Gottsch. in Hedwigia, ]>. Ci'.t (isilT). 
 
 Pellia ejnphylla, Lindb. Hep. in Hib. p. 534 (1874) ; Limpr. in Colin Kr\ [)t. 
 
 Scliles, 1, p. 328 (187G). 
 Marsilia epijjhijlla, Lindb. Muse. 8cand. p. 10 (187!)). 
 
 Monoicous, growing in spreading, flat patches, largish, deep 
 green in colour. Fronds imbricating, and matted together by 
 means of their rootlets, simple or irregularly once divided, 
 segments oblong or broadly cuneate, margin entire near the base, 
 near the apex irregularly incised, sinuate or sublobate, broadly 
 nerved, near the middle 14-16 cells thick, gradually becoming 
 thinner towards the margins; texture submembranaceous, cells 
 largish to large, 4-, 5-, and 6-sided, elongate, w^alls thin, no 
 trigones ; radiculose, rootlets brownish white, numerous, close, 
 short. Involucre proceeding from the antical side of the frond, 
 near the apex or more rarely the middle, subcylindrical, plicate, 
 mouth slightly dilated, irregularly inciso-dentate. Calyptra ovate, 
 when older oblong, tuberculate, exserted, carnose, composed of 
 several layers of cells. Pedicel long, hyaline, 18 cells thick. 
 Capsule spherical, pale greyish-brown, dividing into 4 equal, ovate 
 valves, which soon recurve, outer layer composed of hexagonal 
 cells, whose corners are thickened, inner layer with elongated 
 cells containing numerous semi-spiral rings. Elater-bearers for 
 some time persistent at the base of the capsule, 20 to 40, in a 
 dense entangled mass, brownish colour, irregular in length, at 
 the free end conical, obtuse, usually with 1 or 2 brown spiral 
 threads, sometimes 3 or 4, rarely 5 or 6, at their free end, they 
 are more or less uncinate, holding some of the true elaters and 
 spores for a longer or shorter time back. Elatei's very long, 
 slender, twisted, usually bi-spiral. Spores oval, greenish-yellow, 
 finely muriculate. Male flowers situated on the antical surface of 
 the frond and always confined to the nerve, in which the antheridia 
 are imbedded irregularly in two rows. 
 
 Fruits in Spring. 
 
414 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds ^ to 2 inches long, J to |- inch broad, 
 cells "09 mm. x '045 mm., "09 mm. x '055 mm., 'll mm. x "05 mm., 
 '09 mm. x '05 mm. ; pedicel 1 to 2 inches long ; calyptra 3" mm. 
 high X r mm. broad; valves of capsule 175 mm. x 12 mm.; 
 elater-bearers 1* mm long x '025 mm. broad; elaters '5 mm. long; 
 spores '125 mm. x *1 ram. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in large patches on banks and rocks in damp 
 or wet shady situations, in ditches or springy places. 
 
 Common. 
 
 1 to 18. I. 
 
 Europe, North America. 
 
 Obs. — A common species, which fruits plentifully in Spring. 
 It is distinguished when fertile from other frondose species by 
 its long delicate pedicel, which supports a rather large capsule, 
 containing an extraordinary number of spores and elaters; Herr 
 Jack has counted one containing no fewer than 4500 of the 
 former and 5000 of the latter. When sterile, the large, 
 submembranaceous, dark green, broadly nerved frond will 
 distinguish it. 
 
 For the characters separating it from Pellia caJycina (Tayl.), 
 and Pellia Neesiana (G.), see notes under those species. 
 
 Decriptions of Plate CXCVII. — Fig. 1. Fertile plants, 
 natural size (Ekart, after Hooker). 2. Young fertile plant, 
 magnified (ditto). 3. Cross-section of the same, more higldy 
 magnified (ditto). 4. Portion of frond x 290(Llanfaelog, W. H. P.). 
 5. Capsule magnified (Ekart, after Hooker). 6. Opened capsule, 
 showing elater-bearers x 10 (Jack). 7. Elaters and spores x 
 75 (ditto). 8. Elater-bearers x 7b (ditto). 9. Elater x 316 
 (ditto). 
 
PEL LI A. 445 
 
 2. Pellia Neesiana [Got/.sc/i.), Limpr. 
 
 PelUa epijyhylla, B forma yeesiana, Gottsche in Hedwigia, p. (5i» (]H(i7). 
 
 Pellia Xeesiana, Limpr. in Cohn Krypt. Fl. Schles. 1, p. 329 (1876) ; Jack, 
 
 Flora, p. 81 (1895); Howe Hep. and Antho. of California, p. 7(5 (1890); 
 
 Macvicar, Journ. of Bot. July (1900); Stephani Sp. Hep. p. :'.(;(; (1900). 
 Marsilia N'eesii, Lindb. Muse. Scand. p. 10 (187'9). 
 Pellia N'eesii, Limpr. Kaalaas, Leverm. Norge, p. l.")!', (189;)). 
 
 Dioicous, growing in flat creeping layers, especially the fertile 
 plants, medium to largish in size, not so robust as Pellia epijjlnjlla, 
 dark green to reddish brown, older plants dark brown in colour. 
 Fronds elongate, cuneate, somewhat sparingly dichotomously 
 branched with oblong or linear segments, margin plane or frequently 
 undulate, middle of frond 10-12 cells thick ; radiculose, rootlets 
 numerous, brownish- white. Involucre antical, smooth, perfect, 
 viz., forming a complete ring, cylindrical, longitudinally plicate, 
 mouth truncate, entire or crenulate. Calyptra usually more or less 
 exserted, sometimes included, thick, composed of 5 layers of cells at 
 the base, at apex bistratose. Pedicel hyaline, delicate. Capsule 
 spherical, pale brown, dividing into 4 equal, ovate valves, outer 
 layer of cells nodulose, thickened at the angles, inner layer with 
 numerous semi-spiral rings. Elaters and spores similar to those 
 of Pellia epiphjlla. Male plants simple or bifid, never repeatedly 
 innovantly furcate ; antheridia numerous, imbedded in the frond. 
 
 Fruits in Spring and early Summer. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds \ to 1|- in. long by 7 cm. to 1* cm. 
 broad; involucre 1'2 mm. high; calyptra 1'3 mm. high; pedicel 
 3'5 cm. long ; capsule 1'5 mm. diameter. 
 
 Hab. — In wet grassy ground, Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. 
 Macvicar, 1900. Commoner than P. epijjlii/lla, above 3000 ft. on 
 Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; fruit 3200 ft. S. M. Macvicar, 1901. 
 
 Middle and North of Europe. 
 
 North America. 
 
 Obs. — Through the acuteness of Symers M. Macvicar, Esq., I 
 am enabled to add with certainty this distinct species to my 
 list. 
 
446 HEPATIC^. 
 
 In the "Journal of Botany," July 1900, lio published it as 
 new to Britain, and gives some interesting notes how to dis- 
 tinguisli it from the two other species of the genus, from which I 
 take the following : 
 
 " The fronds bear considerable resemblance to those of 
 P. calycina, the species being un distinguishable with certainty 
 when barren. The younger fronds are reddish-brown to dai k 
 green, frequently wavy at the edges ; the older ones are dark 
 brown, narrower, and flat. It also resembles calycina in bein^- 
 dioicous, but the male plant is without the hammer-shaped furcate 
 innovations of the latter. The most distinctive character between 
 the two species lies in the structure of the interior layer of the 
 capsule wall, caJyciyia being entirely without rings, while the 
 present plant agrees with epijjliyJJa in being furnished with them. 
 The involucre forms a complete ring, as in calycina, the cylinder 
 varying in length, but never so long as is frequently seen in the 
 latter. The calyptra is more or less exserted, sometimes only 
 slightly beyond the involucre, but more commonly for some 
 distance, and frequently as much as in e/jiphylla. It is usually 
 included in calycina. 
 
 " Pellia epijiliyUa differs in being monoicous, the antheridia 
 being on the same frond as the female, and it has commonly much 
 broader fronds, which are generally green. Tlie darker coloured 
 narrower forms cannot be distinguished with certainty in the 
 barren state from Neesiana. Besides the difference in the 
 inflorescence. P. ejiiphylla also differs from the two other species 
 in that its involucre does not form a complete ring, the antical 
 portion being absent; and the mouth of the involucre looks 
 towards the apex of the frond, while in the others it is vertical. 
 The calyptra is always highly exserted. The interior layer of the 
 capsule wall has more numerous rings than in Ncesianay 
 
PELL [A. U7 
 
 3. Pellia calycina {Taijl) 
 
 Jangermania calycina, Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. 11, 55 (l.s;)(i). 
 Jungermania endivioifolia, Dicks. PI. crypt. Brit. fasc. iv. p. ID (l.SOl ) ? 
 Jimgermania epiphylla, vax. farciyera, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 47, f. 18 (1<S1(;). 
 Marsilia eyidivicefolia (Dicks.) Lindb. Muse. 8cancl. p. 10 (1«71)). 
 
 Dioicous, growing in spreading flat patches, medium to largish 
 in size, dark to brownish-green in colour, translucent, shining. 
 Fronds dichotomous, proliferous, broadly linear, palmatifid, 
 margins undulate, sometimes crisped and raised, midrib broad, 
 distinct ; texture thin but firm ; cells large, hexagonal ; radi- 
 culose, rootlets brownish- white. Involucre proceeding from the 
 middle of the frond near the apex on its antical side, large, erect, 
 cup-shaped, ventricose, subplicate, mouth lacerate, irregularly 
 dentate. Calyptra short, included, smooth. Pedicel delicate. 
 Capsule spherical, light brown, composed of two layers of cells, 
 inner layer destitute of the semi-spiral threads. Elater-bearers 
 often about 100, attached to the base of the capsule, pale yellow, 
 in the form of long threads, somewhat straight and not entangled, 
 loosely and irregularly bi-spiral, sometimes uni- or tri-spiral. 
 Elaters only slightly bent, both ends conical, with 3 or 4 spiral 
 threads. Spores oval, slightly niuriculate. Antheridia irregularly 
 immersed in the frond above mid-rib. 
 
 Fruits in Spring. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds 1 to 2 inches long, about \ inch broad ; 
 involucre 4* mm. long x 2' mm. broad; capsule 1'5 mm. 
 diameter; valves of capsule -08 mm. x *07 mm.; elater-bearers 
 ■6 to "8 mm long x "005 mm. broad; elaters '\lb mm. x 
 *015 mm. ; spores "08 mm. x '07 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Growing in wet places on banks and rocks. Moderately 
 common. 1. Cornwall, not unfrequent, //'. Ciintow. 2, 3. 
 Hungersball Kocks, Jeniier ; Southborough, Fawcetf ; near 
 Hadley, E. M. Holmes ; Bexley, E. JL Holmes ; near J\[aidstone, 
 Kent, E. M. Holmes. 4, 5. Seckley Wood; near Leek; Dim- 
 mings Dale ; Weeford, Staffordshire, /. E. Ba(/naU. 7. Dolgelly, 
 Merionethshire, W. H. P. 8. Stirrup Wood, Derbyshire, G. A. 
 
448 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Holt. 9. Hattersley, Marple, Cheshire, G. A. Holt ; St. Anne's, 
 ./. A. WliehJon ; Hindburn, A. Wilsou ; LonCTridg-e, Lancashire, 
 ./. A. WlicJdon. 10. Bracken Ghyll, Dent, G. Statjter, and many 
 other stations. 11, 12. Low Borrow Bridge, Westmorland, G. 
 StaljJer. 13. Damp roadsides, New Galloway, J. McAfidrew ; 
 Whitehiil, ./. Mc Andrew; Dalveen Hills, C. Scott; Beld Craig, 
 Dr. IF. NicIioL 14, 15, 16. Moidart, West Inverness, common 
 in wet places among rocks, S. M. Macvicar. 17. 
 
 T. Frequent, Tore Cascade ; Cromaglown, Killarney, Dr. 
 Carringtoii ; Dunkerron. Co. Kerry, Dr. Taylor ; Altadore den and 
 Lough Bray, Co. Wicklow ; Glencar, Co. Sligo ; Glenballyemon, 
 Co. Antrim, Dr. D. Moore ; Hill of Howth, rare, on a small 
 shallow bog by the margin of a brook near Ballykill, D. McArdle ; 
 on wet rocks, Killarney, McArdle & Lett. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from P. ejjip/iylln by being dioicous, 
 growing in smaller patches, fronds narrower, more divided and 
 crisped, more translucent and shining, calyptra included in 
 involucre, not exserted. smooth, not tuberculate, valves of capsule 
 paler, inner layer of cells destitute of semi-spiral threads, elater- 
 bearers slenderer, more erect and less twisted, elaters only bent 
 not twisted, antheridia fewer and more scattered ; according 
 to Herr Jack it is a calcareous plant and more commonly 
 distributed in Europe than P. epijjJii/lla, although frequently 
 confounded with it when sterile. 
 
 I am indebted for some of my notes to Herr Jack's valuable 
 paper on PelUa in '' Bot. Zeii," 1895, 81 Bd. Heft 1. 
 
 See notes under P. Neesiana to distinguish it from that 
 species. 
 
 It is probably the /. endivicefolia of Dickson as Lindberg 
 states, but as Taylor was the first to clearly and fully distinguish 
 the species from ejnphylla, I retain his characteristic name. 
 
 Description of Plate CXCVIIL — Fig. 1. Fertile plant, 
 natural size. 2. Sterile plant, natural size (Hooker). 3. Male 
 plant, natural size (Hooker). 4. Ditto magnified (ditto). 5. 
 Portion of same, more highly magnified (ditto). 6. Capsule, 
 
ANEURA. 11.0 
 
 opened x 10 (Jack). 7. Spores and elaters x 75 (ditto). 
 8. Elater-bearers x 75 (ditto). 9. Elater x 316 (ditto). 
 
 Subtiibe VIII. METZGERIE^. 
 
 G-enus 43. ANEURA B/nn. 
 
 Riccardia, Gr. & Benn. Nat. Arr. (1H21), pi^o parte. 
 Aneura, Dum. Comm. (1822). 
 Acrostolia, Dum. Recueil (18;5r)). 
 Pseudoneura, Gottsch. Mex. Leverm. (18(53). 
 
 Plants frondose, broadly depresso-ctyspitose, sonievvhat fleshy, 
 dark green or reddish-brown, rarely light green, when dr}', 
 black. Fronds ecostate, prostrate, radiculose, pinnatitid, branches 
 lateral, alternate, or assurgent, bi-tripinnate, pinnjo (primar}' 
 only) opposite, apex (principally when dry) more or less 
 decurved. Stem or primary costa at first almost terete or more 
 or less compressed^ near apex the pinnse and pinnules usually 
 thin and broad. Inflorescence dioicous, rarely monoicous. 
 Female flowers on short lateral pinnules ; pistillidia 2-8 pairs, 
 sessile, short, subcylindrical, inserted a little within the margin 
 of the costa and partially veiled (involucrate) by the incurved 
 and often deeply laciniate wings of the pinnule ; bracts round 
 the fertile pistillidia cup-shaped,- very short and lacerate or 
 absent. Perianth wanting. Calyptra ascending, large, more or 
 less clavate, fleshy, smooth or papillose. Pedicel short. Capsule 
 large, oblong-cylindrical, narrow, more than twice as long as 
 broad, coriaceous, dividing to the base into 4 valves, composed 
 of two layers, inner with annular or semi-annular fibres. Elaters 
 loosely unispiral, slender. Elater-bearers short, stout, claviform, 
 persistent at the apex of the valves. Spores minute, scarcely as 
 broad as the elaters, smooth or asperulous. Andre L'cia on short 
 lateral pinnules. Antheridia 2-12 pairs, inserted in two rows, 
 one row on each side of the upper face of the pinnules ; in 
 little pits (alveoles) on the very margin, solitary, largo, globose, 
 subsessile. 
 
 2 F 
 
450 HEPATIC^E. 
 
 1. Aneura palmata [Hedic), Bum. 
 
 Jungerynania palmata, Hedw. Theor. gen., 1 ed. p. 87 (1784). 
 
 Aneura palmata, Dum. Comm. Bot. p. 115 (1822). 
 
 Riccardia palmata, Carruth. in Seem. Journ. Bot. 3, p. 302, pp. (1805). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose, small, reddish-brown in colour. Fronds 
 ascending, short, dividing into narrow linear segments, palmatitid, 
 apex subacute, obtuse or emarginate, cross-section bi-convex, 6 to 
 8 cells thick near the middle, outer layer of cells much smaller, 
 dark, inner hyaline ; texture opaque, cells of the antical surface 
 roundish, thick-walled. Female flowers lateral ; bracts numerous, 
 minute, lacerate-fimbriate, hyaline. Calyptra clavate, cylindrical, 
 tuberculate. Capsule oblong ; valves acute at the apex, strongly 
 reflexed at the margin when dry, inner layer with about 20 fine 
 rows of semi-annular threads. Spores very small, equal in 
 diameter to the thick part of elater, pale brown, smooth. Elaters 
 unispiral, dark reddish-brown, attenuate at each end. Male plant 
 with narrower stems and branches. Androecia lateral, simple or 
 binate, linear, canaliculate, margin incurved ; antheridia oval, G 
 to 8 imbedded in the frond in two irregular rows. 
 
 Fruits Spring or early Summer. 
 
 Dimensions. — Plants about J inch long, stem and branches 
 '4 to '5 mm. wide, '2 mm. thick; perichsetial bracts '25 mm. 
 long ; calyptra 175 mm. x "6 mm. ; valves '75 mm. x '2 mm. ; 
 spores '015 mm. ; elaters '25 mm. x "015 mm ; androecia 75 mm. 
 X '3, cross-section of same "225 mm. high x '3 mm. wide ; 
 antheridia '75 mm. x '125 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On rotting trees. Somewhat rare. 
 
 7. Tyn-y-Groes, Merionethshire, IF. H. P. 9. Marple, 
 Cheshire, G. A. Holt; Park Bridge, Lancashire, B. Roberts. 
 10, 12. Mardale, Westmorland, George Stabler. 13. (rarroch 
 Wood, New Galloway, ./. Me Andrew. 16. Glen Finnan, Dr. 
 Carrinfjtoh ; Moidart, West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Killarney, Br. CarringtoH, Dr. D. Moore; McArdle & Lett; 
 Oromaglown, Stewart Sj' Holt. 
 
AXEURA. 451 
 
 Found on the Continent, in North and South America and 
 Cuba. 
 
 Obs. — A distinct species, the growth on rotting trees, the 
 palmatifid fronds, bi-convex stem and branches, dioicous in- 
 rlorescence cliaracterising it. 
 
 Description of Plate CXCIX. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Plant x 24 (202 G-. & \l.). 3. Portion of frond x 24 
 (Cromaglovvn, Stewart & Holt). 4, 5. Cross-sections of frond x 
 r)4 (ditto). 6. Portion of calyx x 64 (ditto). 7. Calyptra x 
 24 (ditto). 8. Valve x 24 (ditto). 9. Androecia x 24 (ditto). 
 10. Cross-section of same x 85. (Killarney, Dr. C.) 11. An- 
 iheridium x 64 (Cromaglown, Stewart & Holt). 
 
 2. Aneura multifida (Z.), Dnin. 
 
 Jungermania multifida, Linn. Sp. pi. 1G02 (1753). 
 
 Riccardia multifida, Gr. & Benn. Nat. Arr. Brit. pi. 1, p. (583 (1821). 
 
 Aneura multifida, Dum. Comm. Bot. p. 115 (1822). 
 
 Monoicous, ^ usually near the $, in small, loose or crowded 
 tufts or among mosses, small, green to yellowish-green in colour, 
 turning brown when old. Fronds prostrate or somewliat erect, 
 irregularly pinnate or bipinnate, cross-section lenticular, at the 
 middle 5 to 8 cells thick, the inner ones larger, gradually 
 becoming thinner towards the margin, where it is 1 cell thick, 
 about 20 cells round; apices obtuse or emarginate; texture 
 fleshy, succulent; epidermis finely punctate. Female inflores- 
 cence lateral, usually on the chief stem, sessile ; bracts short, 
 laciniate, fimbriate. Calyptra oblong-clavate, fleshy, smooth or 
 very slightly tuberculate. Pistillidia 10-14. Capsule striate, 
 subcylindricai, dark brown. Spores reddish-brown, larger than 
 the thickest part of the elaters, roundisli-tetrahedral, indistinctly 
 granulate. Elaters reddish-brown, attenuate, often at one end 
 only, frequently attached to the apices of the valves. Androecia 
 generally on main stem, lateral, linear, simple or binate, in 
 which are imbedded 4-6 roundish-oval antheridia. Sometimes 
 gemmiparous, gemmae at apices of branches, roundish-oval, 
 angular. 
 
462 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Fruits in Spring. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems J- to 1 inch long, 75 mm. to "1 mm. 
 broad, "2 mm. thick at the middle; calyptra 25 mm. long x 75 
 mm. thick; spores '02 mm.; elaters "2 mm. long x '01 mm. 
 thick ; androecia 75 mm. long x '2 mm. broad. 
 
 Hab. — Damp woods, wet bogs, sides of ditches, or on sand- 
 stone rocks. 
 
 1. Cornwall, IF. Curnow. 2. Hampshire. 3, 4, 5. Synnerton, 
 R. Garner ; Synnerton Old Park ; Sherbrook Valley, Staffordshire, 
 /. E. Bagnall. 6-8, 9. Stream near Stonyhurst and near Loud 
 l^ower Bridge, Lane, Wheldon. 10. Bracken Ghyll, Dent, 
 G. Stabler. 11, 12. Mardale ; near Ulverston, Westmorland, 
 G. Stabler. 13. Bennan Hill, New Galloway, /. Mc Andrew ; 
 Colvend; Whitcomb, Dr. W. Nicliol. 14, 15, 16. Moidart, West 
 Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. " Common in Ireland," Dr. T). Moore. Hill of Howth, 
 D. McArclIe; Killakeen, Co. Cavan, D. McArdle ; Killarney, 
 McArdle cO Lett. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — The only species likely to be confounded with it is 
 Aneura latifrons Lindb., which see. 
 
 The stations given are those recorded by several authorities 
 and collectors, but they probably include Aneura latifrons and 
 Aneura ambrosioides [Anetira muUiJida, var. ambromoides\ which I 
 consider a distinct species. 
 
 Description of Plate CC. — Figs. 1-3. Plants natural size. 
 4. (Ditto) X 11 (C. and P. n. 62). 5-7. Cross-sections of 
 stem X 24 (ditto). 8. Fertile branch x \^ a ^ b calyptra, 
 c immature % (ditto). 
 
A.\i:ri;.\. 453 
 
 3. Aneura ainbrosioides (^\rr.s). 
 
 Aiteura malt ijl(I<(, Viiv. amf>ru.sii>id<;s, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. I 1 1 , p. 4.'i<» (ls;;h), 
 
 G. L. N. 8vii. Hep. p. r.i7 (!«»»). 
 Ju'ccardia lauliijida, var. ainbrosioides (Nees), Lindb. Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. M», 
 
 r.ii(is7-.). 
 
 Monoicous, loosely ca'spitose or croeping amongst mosses, 
 small, dark green, turning dark brown, when young light green 
 in colour. Stems prostrate, narrow, subjiinnate ; pinna- ascend- 
 ing, irregular in length, sometimes attenuate ; cross-section 
 bi-convex or piano-con ve.x ; margin minutely crenulate, composed 
 of a single row of cells; texture rigid; exterior cells small, 
 (juadrate, much smaller than the inner, 40 to GO round, walls 
 dark, firm ; inner cells medium to rather large in size, 4-G-sided ; 
 4 to G cells thick near the middle. Female flowers lateral on the 
 main stem ; bracts small, laciniate. Calyptra relatively very 
 large, cylindrical, smooth. Androecia lateral, long, linear, in 
 which are imbedded about G roundish-oval antheridia. 
 
 I have never met with perfect fruit. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds 1 inch long x 5' to 10" mm. broad, 
 stem 75 mm. broad x "2 mm. thick ; cells interior 03 mm. 
 X 05 mm., exterior 02 mm. ; male catkin 1 mm. long x 4 mm. 
 broad. 
 
 H.\H. — Amongst wet mosses or on shaded wet rocks. Some- 
 what rare. 
 
 1. Mousehole Cave, Penzance, Cornwall, Miffen iS* dirnoic. 
 7. 'ryn-y-Groes, Merionethshire, //'. //. /^ . Ogwen Valley, 
 Dr.Carrington ^- IW II. P. \). Hayfield, Derbyshire, G. A. UuU. 
 12. Grisedale, Burnt s ty Stabler ; Broad Gate Bog, Ings, 
 Westmorland, G. Stabler. 16. Common on wet rockv i)anks. 
 especially in ravines, Moidart, West Inverness. S. M. Marv'unr. 
 
 \. Ventry ; Connor's Hill; O'Sullivan's Cascade, ifec. Dr. 
 Carrinyhm and other?. 
 
 Found on the C«»ntinent. 
 
 Obs. — This has always been considered by previous writers as 
 a variety of A. inuUifuln, but its usually tlark brown colour, rigid 
 
454 HEPATIC jE. 
 
 habit, narrow outline of frond, with ascending branches, margin 
 of stem and branches usually minutely crenulate, are characters 
 which I consider make it quite worthy of specific rank, and by 
 them it can be easily distinguished from other British species. 
 
 Description of Plate CCI. — Figs. 1-3. Plants natural size. 
 4. Frond x 11 (C. & P. n. 63). 5, 6. Cross-section of stem x 24 
 (Ogwen Valley, W. H. P.). 7, 8. Ditto x 24 (near Penzance, 
 Mitten & Curnow). 9. Male catkin x 11 (C. & P. n. G3). 
 
 4. Aneura latifrons Lindb. 
 
 Jungermania multifida, Schmid. Icon. pi. 11], pp. 213-21(5, excl. synon. et 
 
 pp. (1797), Hook. Brit. Jung. p. 11), n. 75, pp. (1816). 
 Riccardia multijida, Gr. & Benn. Nat. Arr. Br. PL p. G84, n. 1, pp. (1821). 
 Aneura jxdmata, a major, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leb. Ill, p. 459 (1838), G. L. N. Syn. 
 
 Hep. p. 498 (1840). 
 Aneura latifrons, Lindb. Soc. F. Fl. Fenn. (1873). 
 Riccardia latifrons, Lindb. Hep. Hibern. p. 513 (1875). 
 
 Monoicous, broadly and densely csespitose, depressed, small, 
 pale, bright or brownish-green in colour. Fronds suberect, 
 irregularly subpinnate or sub-bipinnate, transverse section plano- 
 convex, almost the whole breadth 4 or 5 ceils thick, the inner 
 ones large, hyaline, exterior smaller and chlorophyllose, one cell 
 thick at the entire margin; branches thin, plane, more or less 
 fastigiate, broadly or oblong-cuneate or sublinear, transverse 
 section linear, 3 cells thick near the middle ; radiculose, rootlets 
 few or numerous, hyaline ; stoloniferous, stolons proceeding from 
 the main stem and branches, radiculose, subterete and long, 
 sometimes bearing inflorescence ; gemmiparous, gemmae roundish, 
 composed of one or two cells at apex of the branches; texture 
 opaque when dry, somewhat pellucid when living ; cells of the 
 antical layer irregular, oblong-rhomboid, slightly or indistinctly 
 thickened. Inflorescence lateral on the stem or branches, very 
 often the $ and $ together, rarely $ alone. Perichsetial bracts few 
 but large, broadly oval, irregularly lobate, fimbriate. Pistillidia 
 3-10, short, conical. Calyptra large, ascending, pyriform, clavate 
 
ANEURA. 455 
 
 or cylindrical, truncate, white, slightly verrucose, near the base 
 7 or 8 cells thick, above 3 or 4. Pedicel hyaline, somewhat 
 thick. Capsule oval or elliptical, brown, dividing to the bast- 
 into 4 valves, which are elliptical, when dry convolute, reflexed, 
 composed of two layers of cells, inner small. Elaters short, some- 
 what obtuse, unispiral, spiral threads brown. Spores globose, 
 greenish-brown. Androecia narrowly oblong, base narrow and 
 shortly stipitate, base and postical side slightly radiculose; anthe- 
 ridia biseriate, globose, hyaline, very shortly stipitate. 
 
 Fruits in Spring. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds \ to h inch long, branches 4- mm. io 
 8* mm. long, stem 4* mm. broad x 2* mm. thick, branches of 
 stem 4* mm. broad x 1* mm. thick; calyptra 2-3' mm. long x 
 •75-1* mm. thick ; pedicel 4--7* mm. long; capsule '0 mm. x '4 
 mm.; valve '9 mm. x "3 mm.; spores •015-'0175 mm. ; elaters 
 •225 mm. x •0175 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On rotting trees, damp turf or in wet places. Rare. 
 
 9. Cotteril Ciough, Cheshire, IF. Wihou. 10. Goathland, 
 M.B. Slater. 16. Moidart, West Inverness, ascending to 1400 it., 
 S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Killarney, Dr. Carr'uifjton and others. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — A species previously confounded either with A. niuUijida 
 or A. jjahiKita until the late Prof. Lindberg recognised it as 
 distinct from both. It is abundantly distinct from what was 
 considered a variety of A. muJtijida [A. avibro.sioiclcs) and from 
 A. palmed a ; from typical A. mult if da it is distinguished by its 
 relatively thicker and rounder stems, with more irregular and 
 broader branches, and the more tuberculate calyptra. 
 
 Description of Plate CCII. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size 
 (Hooker). 2. Frond magnified (ditto). 3. Portion of frond 
 magnified (ditto). 4. Frond x 24 (Cr. k P. 493). 5. Cross- 
 section of stem X 85 (ditto). 6. Cross-section of branch x 85 
 (ditto). 7. Calyptra x IG (Nr. Goathland, M. B. Slater). 
 8. Capsule x 24 (ditto). 
 
456 HEPATIC^. 
 
 5. Aneura sinuata (Dids.), Bum. p.p. 
 
 Lichenastrum chmncedryos mioltifidcp. divisura, Dill. Hist. Muse. pp. 511, t. 74, 
 
 f. 14b (notf. 44a) (1741). 
 Jungermania sinuata, Dicks. PI. crypt. Brit. fasc. '2, p. 16 (1790). 
 Jungermania multifida, var. sinuata, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 45, f. 2 (181G). 
 Aneura sinuata, Dum. Comm. Bot. p. 115 (1822). 
 
 Aneura pinnatifida, N. Carr. Irish Crypt, p. (1863), and of many others. 
 Eiccardia multifida, var. major, Lindb. Hep. Hibern. (1875) ? 
 Riccardia latifrons (Lindb.), var. sinuata (Dicks.), Lindb. Muse. Scand. p. 5 
 
 (1879) ; Kaalaas Leverm. Norge, p. 213 (1893). 
 
 Monoicous, growing in flat spreading patches, medium size, 
 pale green in colour. Fronds prostrate, imbricating, flat, irregu- 
 larly divided, branches irregularly pinnate or bipinnate ; thin, the 
 whole breadth almost equal in thickness ; cross-section linear ; 
 cells oblong-rhomboid. Female flowers lateral; bracts very 
 short. Calyptra oblong, clavate, smooth. Capsule oblong, dark 
 brown ; spores pale brown, same size as the thickest portion of 
 the elaters ; elaters unispiral, reddish-brown. Androecia lateral, 
 situated near the female flower, oblong-oval ; antheridia oval, 
 8-10 in two rows, imbedded in the male catkin. 
 
 Fruits in Spring. 
 
 Dimensions. — Stems 1 to Ij inch long, 2* mm. broad, 
 •2 mm. thick, branches '5 mm.-l'5 mm. broad; calyptra 3" mm. 
 X "8 mm.; capsule 1" mm. x "6 mm.; spores "02 mm.; elaters 
 •4 mm. X -02 mm. ; andrcecia "8 mm. x '4 mm. 
 
 Hab.— On wet dripping perpendicular rocks in shady situa- 
 tions. Rare. 
 
 7. Arthog, Dolgell}^ Tyn-y-Groes, Merionethshire, Dr. 
 CarrlngioR §' JF. H. F. 12. Borrowdale, Cumberland, W.H.P. 
 Isle of man, G. A. Holt. 
 
 I. Killarney, Cromaglown, Tore Cascade, Dr. Carrington and 
 others. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from Aneura midtifida (L.) and Aneura 
 latifrons Lindb. by its larger size, thinner fronds and smooth 
 calyptra. 
 
 It is a somewhat rare species, and, so far as I know, is only 
 
ANEUBA. 457 
 
 found on wet dripping perpendicular rocks, frequently growing 
 with Juhula Hutclihu^icB. 
 
 Dr. Scliiffner states that Aueura ^jiwiafifda, Nees, is quite a 
 different species. 
 
 Description of Plate CCIII. — Fig. 1. Plants nat. size. 
 2. Portion of frond magnified. (Isle oF Man, Holt). 3, 4. Cross- 
 section of frond x IG (ditto). 5. Male catkin and young female 
 flower X 24 (Artliog, W. H. P.). 6. Calyptra x IG (ditto). 
 7. Capsule x IG (ditto). 
 
 G. Aneura pinguis (X.), Difiii. 
 
 Marsilea media pingiois, pallide virens, Jlorihus nigricantibus. ad foliorum latera 
 egredientihus, Mich. Nov. pi. gen. p. 5, tab. 4, f. 2 (1720). 
 
 Lichenastrum ccqntidis oblong is ; juxta foliorum divisuras enascentibus, Dill. Hi.st. 
 Muse. p. 509, tab. 74, fig. 42 (1741). 
 
 Jungermania pinguis, Linn. Sp. pi. p. lloG (1753); Hook. JBrit. Jung. t. 4(! 
 (181G). 
 
 Aneura pinguis, Dum. Oomm. Bot, p. 115 (1822). 
 
 Riccardius pinguis, Gray k Benn. Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 1, p. 084 (1821). 
 
 Dioicous, csespitose or creeping among mosses, of medium 
 size, dark green in colour, turning pale yellowish-green when dry. 
 Fronds decumbent, often imbricate, simple or lobate, oblong- 
 sinuate, plane or concave, apex rounded and obtuse, margii: 
 somewhat undulate ; texture succulent, fleshy, opaque, rigid when 
 dry ; 6 to 8 cells thick near the middle, 1 to 2 near the margin, 
 without nerve ; cells 4-, 5-sided, interior ones hyaline, walls 
 firm, no trigones ; radiculose, rootlets few, minute, short, close, 
 yellowish-white, some fronds rootless. Female flowers proceeding 
 Irom the postical side near the margin ; bracts short, subhemis- 
 pherical, fimbriate. Calyptra linear-oblong, cylindrical, smooth, 
 nearly the same thickness throughout, straight or slightly waved 
 and curved, mouth a little uneven ; pistillidia 7 or 8, small, ovate. 
 Capsule oblong-oval, reddish-brown, striate or furrowed, 4-valvecl, 
 inner layer of cells with 20 to 30 rows of spiral threads, base of 
 capsule (apex of pedicel) composed of 8 x 8 large brown cells ; 
 spores spherical, brown, muriculate, twice the diameter of the 
 
i58 HEPATIC^. 
 
 broadest part of the elaters ; elaters pale brown, bispiral, attenu- 
 ated at both ends. Male plant usually shorter and crisped 
 at the margin, 4 to 16, roundish-oval, slightly pedicellate, 
 antheridia imbedded in the antical side of the roundish, simple 
 or bilobed processes. 
 
 Fruits in Spring. 
 
 Var. denfici'Iafa, N. 
 
 Fronds smaller than the usual form, simple, linear, margin 
 denticulate. 
 
 Dimensions, — Fronds |- to Ih inch long, by 5" mm. to 10' 
 mm. broad, "4 mm. to '5 mm. thick near the middle ; cells 
 •05 mm. X "05 mm., "05 mm. x "06 mm. ; calyptra 5" mm. 
 to 7' mm. long x 1*5 mm. broad ; pedicel 1 inch long; valves 
 1*2 mm. X '4 mm. ; spores "03 mm. ; elaters '25 x '015 mm. 
 near the middle. 
 
 Hab. — In damp places, ditches, bogs, or on wet rocks. 
 
 Common. 
 
 1-3. 5,G. 7-12. 14-16. I. 
 
 Europe, North America, Cuba. 
 
 Yar. denticulata, N. Creeping amongst mosses, frequent in 
 limestone districts. 
 
 Obs. — A distinct species, and not likely to be mistaken for any 
 of the other frondose ones ; distinguished by its thick, nerveless, 
 tiesh}^ fronds, which are brittle when wet and have a greasy feel, 
 like the leaves of Pinguicula vulgaris ; its usually larger size and 
 smooth calyptra separate it from the other British species of the 
 genus. 
 
 Descriptiox of Plate CCIV. — Figs. 1-3. Plants, natural 
 size (after Hooker). 4. Frond, postical aspect with involucres 
 slightly magnified (ditto). 5. Cross-section of frond x 16 
 (Closter, Austin). 6. Cross-section of involucre magnified 
 (after Hooker). 7. Cross-section of young calyptra, magnified 
 (ditto). 8. Cal3^ptra, magnified (ditto). 9. Capsule, magnified 
 (ditto). 10. Capsule opened, magnified (ditto). 11. Portion 
 of male frond, magnified (ditto). 12. Male receptacle, magnified 
 (ditto). 
 
METZGERIA. 459 
 
 Genus 44. METZGERIA H(i(/di. 
 
 Jungermania, L. Sp. pi. ed. 1, p. o24 (17;57) ; Hook. I'lit. Jiu lt. t. !'.'>, .")() iind hb 
 
 (181(0. 
 Metzgeria, Raddi in Act. See. Sc. Modena, 18, p. ;M (1«18). 
 
 Plants frondose, soft, pale green or yellow, rarely dark green, 
 prostrate, stratified or creeping laxly amongst mosses. Fronds 
 linear, diehotomously branclied, very rarely pinnate ; floriferous, 
 branches postical, pilose or ciliate, especially on the costa on the 
 postical side, sometimes on the whole of the postical surface, 
 rarely on the antical. Pili or cilia solitary or 2-5. Costa very 
 distinct, rarely terete, slightly compressed, cross-section oval, 
 4-11 cells in diameter, cortical cells larger and pellucid, inner 
 narrow, subopaque. Pagina, viz. wings on both sides of tlie 
 costa, 10-25 cells broad, composed of one layer, texture lax, 
 pellucid, often decurved or undulate. Inflorescence dioicous, very 
 rarely monoicous. Involucre ? (bracts) on short postical branches, 
 emarginate or obcordate, sometimes reduced to a mere annulus 
 around the base of the calyptra. Perianth absent. Pistillidia 
 i'ew, 2-5-pairs, short, the sterile surrounding the base of the 
 calyptra. Calyptra exserted, clavate or pyriform, fleshy, the 
 whole or only the upper half pilose or villose. Pedicel short. 
 Capsule oval, dividing to the base into 4 valves, composed of two 
 layers, inner without annular or semi-annular fibres. Elater> 
 long, unispiral, deciduous. Elater-bearers short, claviform, per- 
 sistent at the apex of the valves. Spores minute, almost 
 smooth. Involucre $ similar to the ? , globose, convolute ; 
 antheridia about 4-pairs, globose, very shortly stipitate. Gemma? 
 aggregated on the attenuate apices of the linear fronds, composed 
 of one layer, margin fimbriated. 
 
460 HEPATIC^. 
 
 1. Metzgeria pubescens [Schrcutk). 
 
 Jioigermania pubescens, Schrank, Prim. fl. Germ. 1, p. 231, n. 860, excl. synon. 
 
 (1792), Hook. Brit. Jung. p. 20, n. 79 (1816). 
 Metzgeria pubescens, Radd. in Act. Soc. Modena, 18, p. 40 (1818). 
 
 Dioicous, in flat patches, medium size, pale glaucous green in 
 colour. Fronds closely imbricate, horizontal, alternately pinnate 
 or sub-decompound, branches short, linear, of uniform width, flat, 
 apices obtuse ; margins undulate, uniformly and densely villose 
 on the antical and postical sides ; the hairs on the postical side 
 longer, single, or many at the margin double or in threes, 
 irregularly curved, without sucker-like branches at the apex ; 
 midrib projecting on the antical and postical side, 8-12 cells 
 tliick X 10-14 cells broad, showing scarcely any cortical 
 cells ; texture delicate, cells smallish, 5-6 angled. Perichsetial 
 bracts situated on the postical side of midrib near margin, 
 densely villose, pistillidia 2-10. Androecia numerous, on the 
 postical side of midrib ; antheridia 5-9, subglobose, shghtly 
 stipitate. 
 
 Only imperfect female flowers have yet been met with. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds 1-1 j- inch long, '2. mm. broad ; cells 
 •0225--0285 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On rocks and stones, or creeping amongst mosses, 
 rarely on trees, in limestone districts. Moderately common. 
 
 5. Eocks about Thor's Cave, Robert Gamer; Dove Dale, 
 Staffordshire, J. E. Bagnall, W. H. P. 7, 8, 9. Easegill, near 
 Leek ; Over Kellet, A. Wilson ; Silverdale, Lane, /. A. Wheldon- 
 10, 11, 12. On an old tree-stump, Barrow Field, near Kendal; 
 Deep Grhyll, Mallerstang ; on shady rocks near the bridge, Kirkby 
 Stephen ; on Stainmoor, near Barras ; in a shady ghyll at the 
 village of Dent, Westmorland, G, Stabler. 13. Penton Linns, 
 Charles Scott. 15. Ben Lawers, ascending to top, S. M. Macvicar. 
 16. Lismore, Argyll, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Mountains near Belfast, Mr. Tenq^letoii ; on limestone rocks 
 between Larne and Glenarm, and at Sillaghbraes, near Larne, 
 Br. D. Moore, S. A. Stewart. 
 
METZaEllIA. 461 
 
 Found on the Continent, North Anioricu ; Simla, Himalayas. 
 
 (Jbs. — The fronds, being densel}^ villose on the antical surface, 
 distinguished the plant at once from the other species of the 
 ^•('11 us. 
 
 Description of Plate CCV. — Fig-. 1. Plants nat. size (Eng. 
 Bot.). !2. Ditto (Hooker). 3. Portion of I'rond, antical view x 
 (ditto). 4. Cross-section of portion of frond x 60 (Elfving). 
 5. Portion of frond, bearing antheridia x (Hooker). 6. Anthe- 
 ridium x (ditto). 
 
 2. Metzgeria furcata (L.), Radd. 
 
 Lichenastrum saxatile erectuvi, temufolium, furcatam, Dill. Cat. pi. Giss. p. 21 ;> 
 
 (1718). 
 Lichenastrum fur catum, Dill. Hist. Muse. p. h\o, ut synon. (1741). 
 Jungennania /areata, L. Sp. pi, 1, ed. 2, p. lloG,n. 20, excl. synon. Mich. (1753). 
 Metzyeria glabra, Rad. in Att. soc. Modena, 18, p. 45 (1818). 
 Metzgeria /areata, Dum. Recueil, 1, p. 2(), min. p. (1835). 
 
 Dioicous, coespitose, closely jDressed to surface, small; pale to 
 yellowish-green in colour. Fronds imbricating, irregularly 
 branched and furcate, sometimes subsimple or alternately sub- 
 pinnate, linear, here and there narrower, plane or undulate, 
 sometimes slightly convex, antical surface smooth, postical 
 clothed with long white hairs, which are single, most being 
 usually near the midrib and margin ; midrib prominent, projecting 
 only on the postical side, a cross-section showing it to be oval, 
 and about 10 cells in circumference; texture thin,membranaceou.^, 
 one cell thick; cells medium to rather large, regularly 5- and G- 
 angled, lax and chlorophyllose, walls thickened. Female inflores- 
 cence produced from the midrib on the postical side, bracts 
 two, very small, convex, roundish, nerveless, ciliate. Calyptra 
 elongato-pyriform, carnose, beset with short rigid setie. Pedicel 
 short. Capsule subglobose, brown, when ripe splitting to the 
 base into 4 valves, walls composed of two layers of cells, the 
 inner with semi-annular threads. Spores greenish-yellow, 
 tetrahedral-roundish, finely granulate, broader than the elaters. 
 
462 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Elaters brown, unispiral. Aiidroecia proceeding from the mid- 
 rib on the postical side of frond ; bracts ventricose, beset with 
 numerous short hairs, enclosing 2-4 roundish antheridia, which 
 are very shortly stipitate. Gemmiparous ; gemmae terminal on 
 attenuated branches, discoid, oval or roundish, furnished later 
 with hairs, 
 
 Var. ani(/inosa. Hook. Minute, of a blue colour, changing to 
 green. No other good characters are to be observed. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds ^ to J inch long, '5 mm.-l" mm broad; 
 cells "035 mm. --05 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On trunks of trees, stones and rocks, in exposed or 
 shady situations. 
 
 Moderately common. 
 
 1 to 17. I. 
 
 Europe, Africa, North and South America, Australasia. 
 
 Obs. — The species belonging to this genus are easily recognised, 
 even in their barren state, by their thin fronds with prominent 
 midrib, which projects on the postical side, and the presence of 
 long white hairs on their surface. 
 
 The two good species separated from M. furcafa by the late 
 Prof Lindberg are at once identified by the characters given with 
 each species. 
 
 Description of Plate CCVI. — Fig. 1. Plants nat. size (Eng. 
 Bot. 1632). 2. Plant x (ditto). 3. Portion of frond, postical 
 view ? X (Hooker). 4. Ditto $ (ditto). 5. Portion of frond 
 X 60 (Elfving). 6. Cross-section of portion of frond x GO 
 (ditto). 7. Calyptra x (Hooker). 8. Spores and elaters x 
 (ditto). 
 
METZGEBIA. 463 
 
 3. Metzgeria conjugata, Lindh. 
 
 Jungermania fiircata (non L.), Weiss. PI. crypt, fl. (Jott. p. ] OS (1770), and 
 
 others. 
 Jungermaniafurcata, var. elongata, Hook. Brit. Jung, in textu ad tab. hh et .')(> 
 
 (pp. ?), (isis-k;). 
 
 Metzgeria conjugaia, Lindb. in Act. See. Fl. Fenn. 10, p. 4',)."), n. 27 (1875), 
 Schiffner in Engler k. Prantl, Pflanzenfamilien, 91 und !)2 Lief. p. 5^5 
 (with figures) (1.S03) ; McArdle in Proc. Royal Irish Academy, 3rd ser. 
 vol. iv. No. 5 (with plate) (181)8). 
 
 Monoicous, stratificato-c?espitose, medium size, pallid, pale 
 g-reen to green in colour, when dry slightly polished, very 
 pellucid. Fronds dichotomous, or in smaller forms irregularly 
 branched and furcate or sub-bipinnate, branches short, linear, 
 narrower in some parts, convex above, margins revolute, apices 
 obtuse, usually broader, antical surface smooth, postical, with the 
 margins and midribs pilose with rather long, straight, divaricate 
 hairs, the hairs usually double and very frequently with sucker- 
 like branches at their extremities, midrib about 20 cells in 
 circumference, projecting on the postical side ; texture firm, cells 
 largish, regularly 5- and 6-angled, lax. Female flowers situated 
 on the midrib on the postical side ; bracts pilose, hairs straight 
 and divaricate. Calyptra pyriform, clothed with numerous long 
 divaricate hairs. Androecia very numerous, situated on the midrib, 
 antheridia 3-10, shortly stipitate. 
 
 Fruits in Spring and Autumn. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds 1 to 2 inches long, 1* mm. -2* mm. 
 broad ; cells '04 mm. -'065 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On shaded rocks or trunks of living trees. Somewhat 
 rare. 
 
 2. Ardingley Rocks, Sussex, G. E. Davic-s. 7. Llanberis, 
 Carnarvonshire, IF. //. P. 9. Thrang End, Lane, ./. J. Whcldon. 
 10. Dent, G. Stabler; Ingleton, IF. West. 12. Kentmere Planta- 
 tion ; Park Beck ; Grisedale ; Possett Ghyll ; Rayrigg "Wood, 
 Windermere, Westmorland, G. Stabler ; Isle of Man, G, A. Holt. 
 13. In sub-alpine glens. New Galloway, /. J/<?^W>-<??6\ 15. Killin, 
 
464 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Perthshire, G. A. Holt, S. M. Macokar. 16. Common, Moidart, 
 West Inverness, S. M. Macvicar. 
 
 I. Killarne}^ Glena, Tore Cascade, O'Sullivan's Cascade, 
 Prof. S. 0. Liiidherg ; Killarney, fertile Sept. 1897, McArdle ^^ 
 Lett; Eoss Island,' fertile May 1899, McArdle §' Lett; Hill of 
 Howth, B. McArdle. 
 
 Europe, Asia, North and South America, &c. 
 
 Obs. — This large and beautiful species is in addition to other 
 characters, easily distinguished from M. f areata and M. hamata 
 by its monoicous inflorescence, the male and female flowers being 
 interspersed on the midrib of the same frond. 
 
 Description of Plate CCVII. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size 
 (Hooker). 2. Portion of fertile frond, postical view x 13 
 (Schiffiier in Engl, und Prantl, Pflanzenf.). 3. Portion of 
 frond X 60 (Elfving). 4. Cross-section of frond x 60 (ditto). 
 5. Female involucre, seen I'rom above, with a group of pistillidia 
 X 37 (Schifiner in Engl, und Prantl, Pflanzenf.). 6. Portion of 
 midrib with $ flowers x 27, the upper one partly opened, showing 
 the antheridia (ditto). 
 
 4. Metzgeria hamata^ Liiidb. 
 
 2letzgeria hamata, Lindb. Soc. F. Fl. Fenn. (1874). 
 Jung ermania f areata, var. B. elongata, Hook. Brit. Jung. (1813-16). 
 Metzgeria linearis (non Aust.), Lindb. in Act. Soc. sc. Fenn. 10, p. 494, n. 26, 
 excl. synon. Sw. (1875). 
 
 Dioicous ; stratificato-csespitose ; medium to largish size, yellow 
 or pale yellowish-green in colour, pellucid, when dry shining. 
 Fronds prostrate, dichotomous, branches long, linear, of equal 
 breadth, very convex, margins reflexed not undulate, apex obtuse, 
 antical surface smooth, postical surface densely setose-pilose 
 on the midrib, wings without hairs, except at the margin ; hairs 
 very long, divaricate, hooked-deflexed ; midrib same colour, 
 prominent on the postical side, also slightly so on the antical, 
 about 20 cells in circumference ; texture delicate, cells larg-e, 
 regularly 5- and 6-angled. Female flowers produced on the 
 
METZGERIA. 465 
 
 postical surface of frond from the midrib ; bracts densely clothed 
 with very long decurved, divaricate, white hairs. Calyptra 
 elongato-jiyriform, densely clothed with long hooked and divaricate 
 hairs. Andra^cia postical, situated on the midrib, bracts contain- 
 ing 4-8 antheridia. Proliferous ; numerous young plants are 
 frequently produced from the margin of the fronds. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds \\ to 2 inches long, 2*5 mm. broad ; 
 cells "05 mm. -"065 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On the ground or rocks in moist situations or on trunks 
 of living trees. Eare. 
 
 7. Tyn-y-Groes, Merionethshire, Wild §• Holf. Festiniog, 
 Merionethshire, Dr. Carrington §• W. H. P. 12. Brown Ghyll, 
 Great Langdale, Westmorland, Stabler §' Pearson. 13. New 
 (jf3i\\o\\2ij,J.McAnclreic. 15. ^x:\Qm2^x, J. Whitehead. 16. Arrochar, 
 p]. George. Common on wet rocks in some ravines, forming 
 luxuriant patches of two to three feet across ; rare on the hills, 
 but ascending to 1700 ft., Moidart, West Inverness, >S'. M. 
 Macvicar. 17a. Sutherlandshire, Br. R. K. Grecille. South of 
 Ireland, Killarney, P)r. D. Moore, Prof. Li/idber//, Canon Petf, 
 D. McArdle. 
 
 Europe, Asia, North and South America, New Zealand, &c. 
 Obs. — This is a much larger plant than M.fnrcata, of a paler 
 yellow colour, with more elongate less furcate branches, which 
 are remarkably convex, having fewer hairs on the postical surface, 
 a cross- section showing about 2 near the margin and 3 on the 
 midrib, the wings being otherwise smooth, the hairs are also 
 curiously hooked-deflexed. 
 
 Description of Plate CCVII. — Fig. 7. Plant natural size. 
 8. Portion of frond x CO (Elfving). 9. Cross-section of portion 
 of frond x 60 (ditto). 
 
1130 HEPATICJ^:. 
 
 Suborder II. MAUCHANTlACE.E. 
 
 Genus 45. MARCHANTIA, March. jiJ. 
 
 ilarchantia, March, fil. in 3Iem. Acad. Paris. (17l;5)- Micheli Gen. (1720); 
 Linn. Arc. 
 
 Fronds flesh}-, rarely membranaceous, opaque, often ver\Mjroad, 
 with a broad diffused midrib, densely radiculose, apex emarginate 
 or dichotomous ; no postical branches; antical face reticulate or 
 porose ; postical face with scales on each side, 2-5 seriate. 
 Inflorescence dioicous, terminal. Peduncle arising from a sinus 
 in the apex of the expanded forking frond, elongate, bi- (very 
 rarely 3) canaliculate. Capitulam more or less convex, many 
 lobed, radiating, rarely subentire, above smooth, below with 
 narrow scales. Involucre with several (2-5) flowers. Perianth 
 with apex 3-5-fid. Capsule globular, stipitate, exserted, pen- 
 dulous, dehiscent by 4-8 laciniate segments, often revolute. 
 Elaters long, slender, attenuate at each end, 2-, 3- (very rarely 
 1-) spiral. Spores medium-minute. Andra^cia pedunculate, 
 peltate, radiate or lobed. Gemma? lenticular borne in a cup- 
 shaped receptacle. 
 
 Marchantia polymorpha, Linn. Sjj. PL 11, 1G03 (1753). 
 
 Dioicous, c?espitose, medium to large in size, dull green on 
 the antical side, on the postical brownish. Fronds closely imbri- 
 cate, procumbent, dichotomoiisly branched, flattened, branches 
 short, margin entire, sinuous, midrib broad, thick and very 
 distinct; radiculose, rootlets numerous of two kinds, the stronger 
 but simpler kind are the root hairs which penetrate the sub- 
 stratum and perform the same functions as the true roots of 
 higher plants ; the otliers are more delicate and have internal 
 thickenings arranged spirally ; these delicate rhizoicls do not 
 penetrate the sub-strnium but lie flat up to the postical surface 
 
MARCHANTIA. 467 
 
 of the thallus, covered by the scales ; texture between flesljy and 
 membranaceous ; on the antical surface there are numerous 
 stomafca, each situated in tiie centre of a diamond-sliaped area, 
 the postical side beuig furnislied witli numerous brownish scales. 
 Female receptacle produced from the g-rowing- points of the 
 thallus, pedunculate, hemispherical, deeply divided to the base 
 into G to 12, usually 9, linear decurved rays, coverinj^ as many 
 involucres, wliich are united at the base and mixed with minute 
 chafty scales. Peduncle 2-channelled. Involucre oblong-, open 
 at the end and torn, enclosing an ovate quadrifid perianth. 
 Calyptra obovate, persistent, fissured at the apex. C.^ipsule 
 ovate or globular, exserted, pendulous, pale greenish brown, 
 protruding a little beyond the perianth, opening into about 8 
 short re volute segments or teeth. Spores smooth ; elaters Inspiral, 
 slender, attenuate at each end. Male receptacle greenish, peduncu- 
 late, produced from tlie growing point of the thallus, peltate, fiat, 
 horizontal, papillose, flesli}^ thin at the margin, crenately 8-lobed; 
 antheridia flask-shaped, imbedded in the receptacle opening- by an 
 orifice through the papillae. On the antical surface of the thallus 
 are numerous hemispherical cups with laciniate margins contain- 
 ing numerous roundish, lenticular (contracted near the middle) 
 gemmte. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds 1 to 4 inches long, -3 cm.-0"8 cm. wide ; 
 peduncle 2*5 cm.-7'5 cm. high, 1 -5 mm. x r25 mm. diam. ; male 
 peduncle 2*5 cm. high ; gemmio "Go mm. x 'bb mm. ; lacinitu of 
 receptacle containing gemmae '2 mm. long. 
 
 Hab.— By the sides of streams or in other damp and wet 
 -situations, on earth, walls or stones. Frequent in greenhouses. 
 Ver}^ common, except in the Highlands of Scotland. 
 
 1-17, 18b. I. 
 
 Generally distributed over Europe, Northern Asia, North 
 America, also found in Soutli Avnerica, Japan and Java. 
 
 Obs. — One of the commonest of our frondose species and 
 easily recognised. 
 
 For man}' of my notes and drawings of this species I am 
 indebted to a valuable paper contributed by my friend Mr. L. W. 
 
468 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Waechter to the Proceedings of the Manchester Microscopical 
 Society, 1891. 
 
 Description of Plate CCVIII. — Fig. 1. Female plants, 
 natural size (Carrington). 2, Thallus with mature female 
 inflorescence, two-thirds natural size, showing how the midrib 
 of the thallus branches, and how the branches become the stalks 
 of the inflorescence (Waechter). 3. Cross-section of the stalk of 
 a female inflorescence x II (W. H. P.). 4. Vertical section of 
 a young female receptacle when grown to about a quarter of an 
 inch above the thallus with rows of pistillidia (Waechter). 
 5. Vertical section through an older female receptacle: youngest 
 sporogonium (nearest the stalk) on the left ; oldest sporogonium 
 very nearly ripe (Waechter). 6. Vertical section of female 
 receptacle x ? (Bischoff). 7. Involucre, calyptra and capsule x ? 
 (ditto). 8. Portion of an elater, highly magnified (Waechter). 
 9. Young thallus with immature male inflorescence ; the midrib 
 in this case is not branched (ditto). 10. Vertical section through 
 a male inflorescence, antheridium nearly ripe in the centre of 
 the disc; youngest antheridia near the mar^^in of the disc 
 (ditto). 11. Portion of cup x ? (ditto). 12. Gemma x 11 
 (W. H. P.). 
 
 Genus 46. CONOCEPHALTJS, Necl^. 
 
 Ifejyatica, Mich. Nov. pi. gen. p. 3 (1729); Lindb. Hep. utv. p. 5 (1877). 
 Marchantia, L. Sp. pi. ed. p. 1138 (1753). 
 
 C'onocepA«Z«s, Neck. Elem. Bot. Ill, p. 344 (1790); Dum. Comm. p. 115 (1822). 
 Fegatella, Raddi, in Opusc. Scient. di Bologna, 11, p. 35G (1818) ; Nees, Eur. 
 Leberm. iv. p. 170 (1838). 
 
 Fronds large, dichotomous, cartilaginous, reticulate, with a 
 narrow distinct nerve. Female flowers pedicellate, conical or 
 mitriform, membranaceous. Involucres 5-8, tubular, 1 -fruited, 
 suspended from the apex of the peduncle, coherent with the 
 interior of the receptacle. Perianth wanting. Calyptra persistent, 
 campanulate, 2-4-lobed at the apex. Capsule oblong-pyriform, 
 dehiscing by 5-9 revolute segments, pedicellate. Spores muricu- 
 
CONOCEPHALUS. 469 
 
 Icite. Elaters short, thick, bispiral. Male flowers sessile Kear the 
 apex of the frond, disciform or oval. 
 
 Conocephalus conicus (^Xccl:), Bum. 
 
 Ilepalica vulgaris, Mich. Nov. pi. gen. p. o (1729). 
 
 Marchantia conica, L. Sp. pi, ed. 1, p. 1138 (1753). 
 
 Conocephalus conicus, Dum. Coram, p. 115 (1822). 
 
 Feyatella conica, Corda in Opiz Beitr. 1, p. Gl'J (1829). 
 
 llepatica conica, Lindb. Hep. utv. p. 5 (1877). 
 
 Conocephalmn conicum (L,), Necker, Steph. 8p. Hep. p. 141 (]90<»). 
 
 Dioicous, closely csespitose in thick patches, large, pale green 
 antically, often purple postically. Fronds aromatic, prostrate, 
 dichotomous, segments oblong, obtuse or emarginate ; midrib 
 distinct, about 20 cells thick near the middle. Epidermic cells 
 large, 6-sided, thin-walled. Furnished on the postical side with 
 numerous reniform or cordate scales of a purple colour and 
 delicate texture. Hadiculose, rootlets proceeding from the mid- 
 rib, long, white, intricately twisted. Spores dark brown to 
 black, muriculate. Elaters short, thick, brown, bi-trispiral. 
 Male receptacle arising from the midrib, antheridia about 20, 
 white-opaque. 
 
 Fruits in Spring. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds 1 to 3 inches long, segments ^ inch 
 broad, '5 mm. thick near the middle, "1 mm. near the margin; 
 cells of postical la3^er '05 mm. diara. ; stomata on antical side 
 •4 mm. X *3 mm. ; postical scales '4 mm. x "5 mm., pedicel 1 to 
 1 J inch long ; female receptacle G* mm. x 4'mm., 5* mm. x 4' mm. ; 
 capsule 1"5 mm. diam. ; spores "OG mm. diam. ; elaters 
 •5 mm. X "03 mm. ; male receptacle 3* mm. x 2* mm.; antheridia 
 1" mm. X '3 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Damp shady banks or on wet rocks. Common. 
 
 1-18. I. 
 
 Europe, Asia, Japan, North America. 
 
 Obs. — Ptecognised from other frondose hepaticic by its distinctly 
 reticulated epidermis, and the large whitish stomata which are 
 easily seen by the naked eye. 
 
470 HEPATIC.^. 
 
 The plant has also a pleasant aromatic scent. 
 
 Description of Plate CCIX. — Fig. 1. Sterile frond, natural 
 size. 2,3. Male fronds, natural size. 4. Portion of cross-section 
 of frond x 24. 5. Portion of frond, postical layer of cells x 85. 
 6, 7. Scales from postical side of frond x 24. 8, 9. Female 
 receptacles, natural size. 10. Ditto, magnified (Bischoft). 11. More 
 highly magnified (ditto). 12. Cross-section of same, magnified 
 (ditto). 13. Caljptra [a) and capsule {b) magnified (BischoflP). 
 14. Capsule, explanate x. 15. Cross-section of male receptacle 
 x 11. IG. Antheridium x IG. 
 
 Genus 47. REBOULIA, Raddi. 
 
 Marchcmtia, Linn. Sp. pi. 1 ed., 2, p. 1138; Fl. Lapp. (1753). 
 
 Asterella, p.p. Beauv. in Encycl. Meth. Suppl. 1, p. 502 (1810). 
 
 RehouUa, Raddi in Act. soc. Modena 11, p. 357 (1818), (nom. em. ISTees, 1846). 
 
 Frondose, fronds rigid, very indistinctly porose, the midrib 
 broad, strong and distinct. Female receptacle j^edunculate, 
 conical, hemispherical or plane, 1-G- (usually 4-) lobed, lobes 
 divided to about the middle, peduncle continuous with the frond, 
 barbulate-palaceous beneath. Outer involucre 1 -fruited, coherent 
 with the lobes, 2-valved. Perianth wanting. Calj-ptra oval, 
 minute, lacerate, persistent at the base of the capsule. Capsule 
 hidden by the valves of the involucre, greenish, subglobose, nearlj- 
 sessile, rupturing at the apex by irregular narrow teeth, or by a 
 fragmentary operculum. Spores tuberculate. Elaters moderately 
 long, mostly bispiral. Inflorescence monoicous. Andrtecia 
 sessile, lunate-disciform. 
 
 Reboulia hemisphaerica, Bculdl. 
 
 Marchantia hemtsphcprica, Linn. Sp. pi. p. IGOi (1753). 
 
 Asterella hemispharica, p.p. Beauv. in Encjcl. Meth. Suppl. 1, p. 502 (181(1). 
 
 Eeboidia hemisplia'rlca, Raddi in Act. soc. Modena 1], p. 357 (1818). 
 
 Monoicous, ca^spitose, medium size, dark green above, purple 
 below and at margin. Fronds rigid, simple, bilobed or dichoto- 
 
IIEBOULIA. 471 
 
 mously branched, sinus often deep and narrow: prostrate, Hat, 
 costate, midrib broad and prominent, margin crenate, undulate ; 
 epidermis smooth ; below squamose, scales dark purple, imbricate, 
 quadrate-elongate ; radiculose, rootlets copious, slender, white, 
 proceeding from the midrib. Female receptacle pedunculate, 
 subrotund, afterwards hemispherical, deeply 4-5-lobed, proceeding 
 from the antical side of frond, at the base of the sinus ; surround- 
 ing the base of the female peduncle, also at the apex, there are 
 long, white, silky, hair-like processes, 1 and 2 cells wide. 
 Perianth wanting. Calyptra minute, lacerate, persistent at the 
 base of the capsule. Capsule composed of several layers, the 
 innermost without any spiral threads, globose, rupturing irregu- 
 larly, teeth not revolute. Spores muriculate, pale yellow with 
 hyaline border when young, brown when old and dr3\ Elaters 
 very closely twisted, narrow. Antheridia narrow, numerous, 
 immersed in the antical, sessile, crescent-shaped discs. 
 
 Fruits in Spring and early Summer. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds 1 to 2 inches long, 5* to (>• mm. broad; 
 female peduncle 1 to 2 inches long; spores •! mm. diam. ; elaters 
 '35 mm. long. 
 
 Hab. — On dryish, exposed cracks oi" rock filled with earth. 
 Somewhat rare. 
 
 1. Extremely rare, Paul Hill, Cornwall, //'. 6V/'yv/o/r. 2. Hamp- 
 shire. 3. Sydenham, j\Iarf//ji ; lane leading from liustliall Com- 
 mon to the High Rocks ; Lamberhurst Quarter, J e inter ; Boro' 
 Green; Ightham ; Halstead, Kent, E. j]f. Jlolii/c-s. 4,5. Weaver 
 Hill, Staffordshire, 7^. Gdnirr. 7. On rocks, Barmouth, Merionetli- 
 shire, Rer. T. Sal toe//. Dr. Cdrrhujiou tS" // . H. P. 8. Castleton, 
 Derbysliire, /. Uliiteliead. \). Dalton Crag, Lane, ./. A. Wheldan. 
 10. Ingleboro, iJr. Carr'nujtoii ; Dentdale, G. S fabler; Thornton 
 Force, ir. West ; Settle, 7/. F. Parsons ; Malham Moor, V. l/'e.s/ ■ 
 Ingleton, Jf. II. P. 11, 12. Among limestone rocks, Levens 
 Park, Westmorland, G. Slahler. 13. Back of Kenmure Castle, 
 New Galloway ; rocks near Grennan, Dairy; about Kirkcudbright, 
 /. McAiidreir. 15, IG. Ptather common on exposed rocky banks, 
 Moidart, West Inverness, S. J/. j\faevicar. 
 
472 HEFATIG^. 
 
 I. DunkeiTon, Br. Taylor ; Dingle Bay, i^y. Carrington ; lime- 
 stone rocks near Cork and Fermoy, /. Carroll ; abundant on the 
 walls of the bridge at Cong, Co. Galway ; Sillaghbraes, near 
 Larne, Co. Antrim, Dr. D. Moore ; on sandy ground at the 
 North Bull, near Dublin, D. Mc Anile ; Island of Eathlin, Co. 
 Antrim, >S'. A. Steicart. 
 
 Found on the Continent, Asia, North and South America, 
 Java, Japan, Australia, New Zealand. 
 
 Obs. — Much rarer than Preissia conim/dafa, with which it is 
 frequently confounded. "Easily distinguished by the deeply 
 divided 4 -5- fid receptacle, which is barbate beneath and at the 
 base of the peduncle, and by the sessile antheridia, whereas the 
 receptacle of Preissia cohtmutata is marked on the top with a 
 cruciate crest and the ^ pedunculate. "^ — Dr. Carrington. 
 
 Another character at once makes the difference certain — viz., 
 the innermost layer of the walls of the capsule of P. cornmutata 
 have in their cells reddish-brov/n spiral threads, whereas they are 
 absent in this species. 
 
 Description of Plate CCX. — Figs. 1-4. Fertile plants natural 
 size. 5. Frond, postical view. 6. Plant with young (r/ c? ) and 
 {h ?). 7. Cross-section of pedicel X 11 (W.H. P.). 8-13. Female 
 receptacles. 14. Ditto, showing young capsule. 15,16,17. Cap- 
 sule in different stages x ?. 18. Spores x ?. 19. Spore and 
 elater, more highly magnified. 20. Cross-section of male recep- 
 tacle x ? (Bischolf ). 
 
 Genus 48. PREISSIA, Conla. 
 
 Preissia, Corda in Opiz Naturalientausch (182D) ; Nees, Eur. Leberm. (1838). 
 
 Frond obcordate, sparsely furcate, margin thin, increasing by 
 joints from the apex, pores conspicuous, bearing the peduncle 
 from a sinus of the terminal lobe. Gemma.^ wanting. Female 
 receptacle pedunculate, hemispherical, 4-6-lobed, rays of the 
 lobes shorter, rib-like, only free at the inferior part, librous-barbu- 
 late underneatli. Perianth obconically campanulate, angular, 
 
PREISSIA. 473 
 
 unequally 4 or 5 parted. Calyptra persistent, rupturing obliquely 
 at the apex. Capsule large, shortly pedicellate, dehiscing by 
 4 or 8 irregular revolute valves. Spores large, tuberculate. 
 Elaters short, bispiral. Male receptacle pedunculate, peltate, 
 repand, lobate. 
 
 Preissia commutata [Lindenb.), Nees. 
 
 Marchantia hemispharica , Linn. Fl. Suec. ii. 1052 (1745). 
 
 Marchantia quadrata, Scop. Fl. Carn. t. 63, 1356 (1772). 
 
 Marchantia commutata, Lindenb. Hep. Eur. p. 101 (1829). 
 
 Marchantia androgyna, Tayl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 380 (1835). 
 
 Preissia commutata, Nees, Nat. Eur. Leber, iv. p. 117 (1838). 
 
 Preissia hemisp/uerica, Cogn. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. p. 49 (1872) ; Dum. Hep. 
 
 Eur. p. 152 (1874). 
 Chomiocarpon quadratus (Scop.), Lindb. Muse. Scand. (1879). 
 
 Dioicous, closely ca?spitose, medium size, pale green to 
 brownish-green antically, dark purple postically and at the 
 margin. Fronds prostrate, oblong-sinuate, apices bilobed, 
 porose, margin irregularly crenate, on the postical side 
 squamose, scales purplish-black, oblong, acinaciforni. Female 
 flowers pedunculate, peltate, angularly hemispherical or sub- 
 quadrate, sub-entire or lacerate, above obtusely 4-costate, 2-4-lobed, 
 loculi attached to the underside of the lobes, 1-3-fruited, de- 
 hiscing irregularly. Perianth obconico-campanulate, 4-5-lobed. 
 Peduncle below red, above pale green, bicanaliculate, channels 
 on both sides with rootlet-threads. Calyptra rotundate, 
 styled, persistent. Capsule globose, shortly pedicellate, reddish- 
 brown or dark purple, dehiscing by revolute segments, cells 
 of the inner wall with reddish-brown ring fibres. Spores 
 brown, submuricate, roundish-tetrahedral. Elaters long, slender, 
 bispiral. Male receptacle pedunculate ; peduncle very thick, 
 obtusely angular and irregular in outline, outer walls dark 
 purple, 1 or 2 inner layers purple, others hyaline, trigones 
 large, walls thin, bicanaliculate, with rootlet threads in the 
 channels; smaller than the female, often subsessile; peltate, 
 margin scariose, thin, undulate, irregular but undivided ; 
 
474 HEPATIC^E. 
 
 antheiidia immersed, disposed in rays, oblong. At the base 
 of the peduncle are a few ver}^ delicate white scales. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds 1 to 2 inches long, -} to h inch broad, 
 near the margin "5 mm. and at the middle l* mm. thick : 
 spores -08 mm. diam. ; elaters '25 mm. long ; female pedicel 
 1 to 2 inches long; male pedicel |- to f inch long; 75 mm. x 
 *5 mm. diam. ; male receptacle 2* mm. to 3' mm. diam. ; antheridia 
 "4 mm. X -2 mm. 
 
 H.VB. — On rocks in exposed or -shady situations. Frequent in 
 sub-alpine localities. 
 
 6, 7. Barmouth, Merionethshire, Lr. Carrinr/fon 8^- IF. II. P. ; 
 Llanberis, Carnarvonshire, J. Ca-'<h lS" W- II F. 9. St. Annes, 
 Lane, J. A. Wlicldoii ; Easegill, Lane, WheJdou ^' A. V'lhon ; by the 
 Hodder, near White well, Lane, J. A. Wheldon \ Millers Dale, 
 Derbyshire, //: II P. 10. Claphani, Dr. Carringion & W. H.P. 
 Teesdale, abundant, Br. SjjrNcc, M. B. S/afcr, &c. 12. Hill Bell ; 
 Mardale ; Barbon Fell ; Grrisedale ; Little Langdale, Westmorland, 
 G. Stabler. LI Wet rocks, in sub-alpine glens, Scott; W. of 
 Cluden ; Burnhills, Kirkcudbrightshire, /. McAndrew. 15. Ben 
 Lawers, Perthshire, IF. H. P. IG. Eather common among 
 wet shady rocks ; also occurs in stony marsh}' places, Moidart, 
 West Inverness, S. J/. Macrlcar. 17a. Caithness, Rev. Bavid 
 LlUle. 
 
 I. Eavine below Eagle's Kest, Killarncy, Br. Carr'nu/ton ; 
 Dunkerron, i);-. Ta//lor ; Kenmare, //'. Wilson', fissures of damp 
 rocks, and on damp ground in mountainous parts of the country, 
 particularly in limestone districts : occasionally on sandy 
 ground near the sea, as at North Bull, near Dublin ; frequent 
 in Co. Galway ; rocks above Kylemore Castle, and by the side 
 of the lake at Letterfrack ; abundant near Cong; Sillagh-braes, 
 near Larne ; Co. Antrim ; Co. Kildare ; Co. Kerry, about 
 Killarney, &c., &c., Br. B. JSloore. 
 
 Found in Europe, Asia, North America and Japan. 
 Obs. — I have adopted the usually accepted name for this 
 species, because it would certainl}^ be unwise to follow Cogniaux 
 and Dumortier in having two species so liable to be confounded 
 
lAWULAlUA. 47'^ 
 
 witli eacli other bearing* the same specific names. LindljcrLT 
 revives Scopoli's old name, but Nees and otliers liad doubts aljout 
 tlie species being identical. To distinguish the species i'rom 
 H('/joti/ia h'/i/i-'^/j/ia'rlca (L.) with wliich it is i'requently confused, 
 see notes under that species. 
 
 Description of Platk CCXI. — Fig. 1. Fronds natural size 
 (Taylor). 2-4. Ditto, with female flowers, natural size (ditto). 5. 
 Frond with male flower, natural size (BischoH). G. Cross-section of 
 frond X 11. 7. Pore x ? (Taylor). 8-12. Female receptacles x ? 
 (Bischofi). 13. Calyptra and capsule x ? (ditto). 1 4. Ditto (ditto). 
 15. Male receptacle x ? (ditto). IG. Cross-section of portion of 
 male receptacle X ? (ditto). 17. Cross-section of male ])edicel x IG. 
 18. Antheridium x 24. 19. Spores and elaters x ? (Biscliofi'). 
 
 Genus 40. LUNULARIA, Mir/,. 
 
 LunuJaiia, Mich. Nov. pi. gen. \). 4, tnl). 4 (17-11). 
 Jfarc//((ntia cruciatd, Linn. Sp. pi. (17.");!). 
 
 Frond oblong, with rounded lobes, distinctl}' areolate and 
 porose, squamigerous. Scales imbricate, sublunulate, their ajjex 
 abruptly contracted into a roundish cochleariform lobe. Gemniiu 
 in crescent-shaped discs on the antical side of the frond. Female 
 receptacle crueiately divided into 1-G (usually 4) horizontal 
 segments or involucres, which are tubular, vertically bilabiate and 
 1 -fruited. Perianth wanting. Calyptra included, per.sistent, 
 rupturing at the ape.x. Capsule e.xserted on a long pedicel, 
 4"8-valved, the valves spreading, subtortuous. Spores minute, 
 nearly smooth. Elaters short, very slender, bispiral, deciduous 
 or a lew remaining attached to the apex of the valves. Peduncle 
 very hair}', involucrate with numerous membranaceous scales at the 
 base. Andra'cia oblong, sessile in the sinus ol' the apex of tiie 
 frond. 
 
476 HEPATIC.^. 
 
 Lunularia cruciata (Z.), Bum. 
 
 Lunularia vulgaris, Mich. Nov, Gen. (1729). 
 Marchantia cruciata, Linn. Sp. pi. 1137 (1753). 
 Lunularia cruciata (L.), Dum. Comm. p. 116 (1822). 
 
 Dioicous, densely caespitose, medium size, pale shining green 
 colour. Fronds prostrate, divided into 3 or 4 lobes, furcate, 
 innovant at the apex, margin membranaceous, undulate, antical 
 epidermis distinctly areolate and porose, postical radiculose from 
 the midrib. Female receptacle stalked with four linear iobes ; 
 partial involucre at the apex of the peduncle, quaternate, cruciate, 
 spreading horizontally, apex vertically bilabiate, monocarpous. 
 Perianth none. Calyptra included, crowned with a style, splitting 
 above, pedicels the length of the involucre. Capsule exserted, 
 thin, dark brown, obovate, 4-valved ; dividing to their base, linear, 
 spreading, somewhat twisted. Spores small, roundish, j^ellow, 
 smooth. Elaters very long and thin, bispiral. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds 2*5 cm. long, 5-8' mm. broad; peduncle 
 2-5 --3 -8 cm. high. 
 
 Hab. — Moderately common. On damp shady paths in gardens, 
 neglected flower beds, crevices in old walls, and often exceed- 
 ingly abundant in greenhouses. Extremely rare in fruit, Minehead, 
 Somerset, West Cornwall (Hb. Eeader), Kew Gardens, Richmond, 
 Surrey. 
 
 1 to 5, 7 to 10, 12, 15, 16. I. 
 
 In North America, introduced into greenhouses, but always 
 barren. Europe, Africa, South America, Queensland. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from other frondose species in its barren 
 state by its pale green, somewhat shining frond, dotted on its upper 
 surface with pores, and by the shallow depressions or cavities, half 
 surrounded by a crescent-shaped ridge, from which the generic 
 name Lunularia is derived. 
 
 I am indebted for some of my notes to an interesting paper on 
 the plant by the Eev. H. P. Ptcader, M.A. (Midland Naturalist, 
 October 1884). 
 
DUMORTIERA. 477 
 
 Description of Plate CCXII. — Fig. 1. Fertile frond, natural 
 size. 2. Frond, natural size. 3. Ditto, postical view. 4. Portion 
 of frond, cross-section x ?. 5. Portion of frond, antical view x ?. 
 G. Portion of frond, showing receptacle for gemma? («), and young 
 female flowers (b). 7. Female receptacle x ?. 8. Ditto, showing 
 calyptra {a), and capsule [b) x ?. 9. Portion of female recept- 
 acle X ?. 10. Spores and elaters x ?. 11. Gemma x ? (Bischoff). 
 
 Genus 50. DUMORTIERA, Nces. 
 
 Dumortiera, Nees in Nov. Act. N. 0. vii. (1823). 
 Hygropyla, Tayl. Linn. Trans, xvii. p. 390, t. 15 (1835). 
 
 Fronds large, delicate, soft, with a slight costa, subdichotomous 
 or with apex emarginate, with or without pores, mostly with hair- 
 like rootlets scattered over the entire postical surface. Inflor- 
 escence terminal, dioicous or monoicous. Capitulum $ pedunculate, 
 peduncle long, bi-canaliculate, apex smooth or setose, orbicular, 
 convex or subplane, divided into 2-8 segments, segments hairj^ or 
 smooth. Involucre tubular, often setulose, apex shortly bivalved, 
 monocarpous. Perianth absent. Calyptra included, obovate. 
 delicate, rupturing at the apex. Capsule with short pedicel, 
 subglobose, deeply cut into 4-8 segments, segments afterwards 
 more or less revolute. Elaters very long, straight, attenuate at 
 each end, 1-2- or 3-spiral, deciduous. Spores globose, asperu- 
 lous. Androecia very shortly pedunculate, discoid; antheridia 
 ovate. Gemmse wanting. 
 
 Dumortiera irrigua (//7/.y.), Nccs. 
 
 Marchantia irrujrca, Wils. in Hook. Brit. Fl. vi. p, lOCt, n. 5 (1833). 
 Hygropyla irrigua, Tayl. Linn. Trans, xvii. 390, t. 15 (1835). 
 Dumortiera irrigua (Wils.), Nees, Nat. Eur. Leber, iv. p. 159 (1838). 
 Dumortiera hirsnta (Swartz), Steph. Sp. Hep. p. 224 (1900). 
 Dumwtiera hirsuta (Svv.), var. irrigua (Tayl.), Spruce Hep. Am. et And. p. 5GG 
 (1885) ; Schiffn. in Eng. & Prantl. Pflanzenf. 91 und 92, Lief. p. SO (1893). 
 
 Dioicous, procumbent, large, bright pleasant green in colour, 
 when older brownish. Fronds bilobed, lobes rotundate, very 
 
■47 S HEPATIC^. 
 
 slight!}' undulate, margin of lobes raised, nerveless, without pores, 
 fleshy, membranaceous, semi-pellucid, antical layer of cells clearly 
 defined, 4-, 5- and G-angled, 'oblong, walls rather thick, postical layer 
 green, 4-, 5- and 6-angled, clearly defined, about twice the size of 
 the antical layer; postical side of frond clothed with numerous 
 scales ; radiculose, rootlets very numerous proceeding chiefly from 
 the midrib, long, fasciculate, simple, white. Scyphi none. Female 
 receptacle convex, pedunculate, at first surrounded by linear 
 scales, all recurved ; peduncle long, succulent, thick, semi-pellucid, 
 greenish, flexuose, bi-canaliculate, canals with rhizoids like root- 
 lets. Calyptra ruptured, leaving the remains at the base of the 
 pedicel. Capsule stipitate, globose, slightly verruculose, dividing 
 into 4, 6 or 8 unequal valves. Spores reddish-brown, angular- 
 rotundate, verruculose. Elaters elongate, dark reddish-brown, 
 delicate, spiral fibres closely twisted. ]\Iale receptacle raised 
 above the level of the frond ; peduncle very short, succulent, 
 thick, greenish below, brov^^nish above, striate, bi-canaliculate, 
 l)eset with numerous hair-like scales ; peltate, depressed in the 
 centre, fleshy ; antheridia oval, hyaline. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds 2 to 5 inches long, |- to 1 inch wide, 
 near the margin "3 mm. thick, middle '9 mm. thick, scales "2 mm. 
 long, spores '025 mm. diam., elaters '8 mm. long x "01 mm. 
 broad. 
 
 Hab. — On wet dripping rocks in shady places. Very rare, 
 except in the South of Ireland, where in some localities it is 
 abundant. 
 
 1. Ilfracombe, Devonshire, IF. Cur now. 2. Fairlight Glen, 
 Hastings, Sussex, I'j. J/. Holmes, Rev. E. N. BloonifebL 
 
 I. " Sheltered, shady, rocky recesses, where water is constantly 
 trickling over, or otherv/ise very moist. Blackwater Bridge, near 
 Dunkerron, Dr. Tcujlor (1820). Tore Waterfall, near Killarney. 
 Maohanabo Glen, near Fermoyle, Co. Kerry, W. Wilmn, Esq. 
 (1829), who first published the plant as a native of the British 
 Isles, in English Flora (1833). Ballinahassig Grlen, near Cork, 
 Fl. Cork. Dunscombe's Wood, /. Carroll. Altadore Glen, near 
 Delgauy, Co. Wicklow, The Bi(jht lion. Lord Gou(j]i. We have 
 
TAPJ.'/OXIA. 479 
 
 also collected it in the same glen, 1872 and 1874 ; also very 
 sparingly near a small waterfall at Lnggielaw, Co. Wicklovv. This 
 remarkable plant is very local in Ireland, and only occurs in the 
 warmest and most sheltered spots." — Dr. />. Moore, Pro. Bo//. 
 Ir'ixli Acad. p. G03 (1876). Kilhirney, Br. Carriu/jlon, and 
 others. 
 
 Found on the Continent (Pyrenees, l>r. Spruce, Prof. Sc/iiii//jcr, 
 Italy), and in the Southern States of North America. 
 
 Obs. — Our finest frondose species, and which seems to be 
 almost peculiar to the South of Ireland, as only two other 
 stations, where it has been sparingly collected, are known. 
 
 When seen not likely to be confounded with any other of our 
 frondose species. 
 
 Dr. Spruce and Prof. Sehitfncr consider it a variety of the 
 tropical Buuwrtlera hirs/ffa (Swartz), and Dr. Stephani in his Sp. 
 Jlcp. merges it with that species. 
 
 Description of Plate CCXIII. — Fig. 1. Portion of frond, 
 natural size. 2-4. Female fronds, natural size (Tayl.), 5. Cross- 
 section of frond x 11 (Killarney, S. 0. L.). 6, 7. Cilia x (U 
 (ditto). 8. Cross-section of pedicel x (Ta}^.). 9. Calyptra x 
 (Tayl). 10. Female receptacle x (ditto). 11. Ditto, reversed 
 X (ditto). 12. Spores and elaters x (ditto). 13. Male frond, 
 natural size (ditto). 
 
 Genus 51. TARGIONIA, J//V//. 
 
 Targionia, Mich. Nov. PI. Gen. (17;i;i). 
 
 Frond furcate and continuous from the apex, conspicuously 
 porose, squamulose beneatli. Distinct female receptacle absent, 
 the involucre sessile springing from the apex of the frond, bivalved, 
 1-fruited. Pistillidia ;> to 4, of which one is perfected. Perianth 
 absent. Calyptra thin, persistent, investing the capsule, at length 
 vanishing at the apex. Style deciduous. Capsule solitary, shortly 
 pedicellate, globose, rupturing irregularly. Spores globose, tuber- 
 culate. Elaters bi-trispiral. Andnecia lateral, disciform, papillose, 
 rising on a separate innovation from the antical costa. 
 
480 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Targionia hypophylla, L. 
 
 Targionia hypophylla, Linn. Sp. pi. p. 1604 (1753). 
 Targionia Michelii, Corda in Opiz Beiti\ 1, p. 649 (1829). 
 
 Monoicous, growing in spreading patches, small, dark green 
 in colour, with niore or less conspicuous whitish pores, margin 
 and postical aspect chocolate-purple. Fronds imbricate, simple, 
 obovate or obcuneate, plane, involute when dry, costate, thick 
 along the middle, margin thinner, a cross-section showing the 
 antical outer layer to be greenish, inner whitish, postical brownish 
 purple ; clothed on the jDOstical side with numerous, densely 
 imbricate, broadly lanceolate, chocolate-purple scales ; cells 
 elongate, irregularly 4-, 5-, and 6-sided, with several, much 
 smaller, roundish, hyaline ones containing minute, nucleate 
 granules ; rootlets very numerous, hyaline. Perianth sessile, 
 protruding postically from the apex of the frond, composed of two 
 semi-roundish, slightly emarginate, dark purple bracts. Calyptra 
 thin, persistent. Style deciduous. Capsule shortly pedicellate, 
 when young pale brown, deep purple when ripe, oval-orbicular, 
 protruding slightly or not at all beyond the perianth, bursting 
 irregularly. Spores globose, dark brown, margin slightly paler, 
 coarsely tuberculate. Elaters 2-4-spiral, pale brown, much 
 narrower than the spores. Androecia lateral, disciform, papillose, 
 rising on a separate innovation from the antical costa. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds 8mm. to 10mm. long, by 4 mm. to 5 mm, 
 broad, "75 mm. thick; scales '45 mm. x "15 mm. broad at the 
 base; cells of scales '08 mm. x '03 mm., "05 mm. x 'OS mm., 
 •05 mm. X "04 mm. ; small nucleate cells '02 mm. ; bracts 
 1*25 mm. X 1*5 mm. x 2" mm.; capsule 1"75 mm. x 1*4 mm.; 
 spores "05 mm. diam. ; elaters *225 mm. x "015 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On exposed warm dry or moist rocky banks. Rare. 
 
 1, 2. Hampshire. 5. Moist sunny red sandstone rocks at the 
 entrance to Habberley Valley, Kidderminster, Worcester, Dr. F. A. 
 Lees, March 1883; Dove Dale, Staffordshire, /. E. Bagnall 
 
SPHJEROCARPUS, 481 
 
 Barmouth, rocks above the town, and by the road to Harlech, 
 Iiei\ T. Salwet/ ; Barmouth, on the Dolgelly Road, Br.Carriiiglon Sf 
 ir. JI. P. 10. 
 
 I. Cave Hill, Belfast, John Teuipleton ; on dry limestone rocks, 
 Carrigaline, near Cork, /. Carroll ; on the warm basaltic rocks at 
 Deerpark, Glenarm, Co. Antrim, Br. B. Moore. 
 
 C. Bale de Saint Brelade, Aug. Martin. 
 
 Found on the Continent, Central Asia, Africa, Australia, 
 Tasmania, New Zealand, North and South America, &c. 
 
 Obs. — As only one species of this peculiar genus has been 
 found in Europe there is little difficulty in identifying it. From 
 other genera it is distinguished by the postical sessile perianth, 
 visible at the apex of the frond ; in habit it resembles the large 
 Rlccia glaucescens Carr., but grows in larger patches with the 
 fronds usually spreading in one direction, and when dry remarkably 
 involute, showing the almost black postical scales. 
 
 Description or Plate CCXIV. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size 
 (Templeton). 2. Ditto, slightly enlarged. 3. Portion of frond, 
 antical view x (ditto). 4. Ditto, postical view x (ditto). 5. 
 Frond, postical view x 3 (Schiffner in Engl. & Prantl Pflanzf ). 
 (). Portion of frond, antical view x (Templeton). 7. Cross- 
 section of frond x 11 (Alliers, France, du Buysson). 8. Scale x 
 (Schiffn. in Engl. & P. Pfl.). 9. Ditto x 64 (Alliers, du Buysson). 
 10. Portion of scale x 290 (ditto). 11. Bracts with ripe cap- 
 sules X 3 (Schiffn, in Engl. & P. Pfl.). 12. Bracts and capsule 
 X 16 (Kidderminster, F. A. Lees). 14. Bracts, explanate x 11 
 (ditto). 14. Male branch x 5 (Schiffn. in Engl. & P. Pfl.). 
 15. Longitudinal section of the same x 5 (ditto). 
 
 Genus 52. SPHiEROCARPUS, MlcUclL 
 
 Sph'i'rocarpus, Mich. Nov. PI. Gen. 4, t. 3 (1729); Dum. Comm. Bot., p. 78 
 
 (1822). 
 2\ir(/ionia, Dicks. PI. Crypt. Brit. fasc. 1, p. 8, n. 2 (178.J). 
 
 Fronds small, orbicular, costate, epidermis indistinct. Perianths 
 produced on the antical surface of the frond, aggregated, sessile, 
 
 2 H 
 
482 HEP A TIC.E. 
 
 pyriform or obtusely conical, perforated at the apex, 1 -fruited. 
 Calyptra crowned with a deciduous style, closely investing the 
 globose, indehiscent capsule. Spores globose, inuriculate, remain- 
 ing in a coccus. No elaters. Antheridia in folliculose bodies on 
 the surface of separate fronds. 
 
 Sphsgrocarpus terrestris, Jficlt. 
 
 Sphcerocarjms terrestris, Mich. Nov. pi. gen. p. 4, t. ;) {ll'l'd) ; Dill. Hist. muse. 
 
 p. 53G, t. 78, f. 17 (1741); Smith, Eng. Bot. t. 297 (1790). 
 Targionia Sj^hcerocarpus, Dicks. PI. crypt. Brit. fasc. 1, p. 8 (1785). 
 Spha'rocarjms Jlichelii, Bell. Act. Taur. v. 2.j8 (1702) ; Cooke, Brit. Hep. f. 195 
 
 (1868). 
 Sphcerocarjms Sphm-ocarjms (Dicks.), Howe, Hep. k, Anthoc. Calif, p. (iO (189!)). 
 
 Dioicous, closely cjcspitose, small, pale green in colour, some- 
 what glaucous. Fronds flat, orbicular, midrib 2 to 3 cells thick, 
 indistinct, graduall}' disappearing towards the thin membranaceous 
 margin, which is slightl}' and variously lobed, lobes short and 
 rounded, concealed by the aggregated inflated perianths ; texture 
 thin, reticulated; radiculose, rootlets long, single, hyaline, papillose 
 within. Perianths aggregated on the frond, sessile, obovate or 
 pyriform, when young longish or elliptical, variable in size, apex 
 obtuse or sub-truncate, when 3'oung closed, afterwards opened, 
 mouth small, rounded, texture semi-transparent, regularly 
 4-6-sicIed cells. Pistillidia 2-5, oblong. Calyptra very delicate, 
 bistratose at the base, at the apex unistratose, crowned with a 
 deciduous style, closely investing the capsule, and on its maturity 
 disappearing. Capsule globose, included in the perianth, inde- 
 hiscent, bursting irregularly, composed of a single laj^er of cells. 
 Spores greenish-blaclv, angular, muriculate. No elaters. Antheridia 
 spherical, shortly pedicellate, situated on the surface of separate 
 fronds which are smaller than the others. Gemmiparous, gemmae 
 dispersed on the frond, dark coloured, globose, elliptical or oval. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 DiAirNsioNs. — Thallus 'G mm. to 1'3 mm. diam, ; perianth 
 1"5 mm. io 2*5 mm. long. 
 
 Hab. — On the ground, especially clover fields. Very rare. 
 
JIICCIA. 483 
 
 4. Near Yarmouth, Bawson Tamer ; Gcorr/e Fitt. 5. Sellach, 
 near Ross, Herefordshire, 72^^?. A. Let/, 1872 ; B. Jf. IFatkifis, 1881. 
 8. On a stone in Collin's Lane, Coleman ; Stubble field, Twycross, 
 Leicestershire, Hlo.ram. 10. 
 
 Found on the Continent, North Africa, and in North 
 America. 
 
 Obs. — A very distinct species and the only known British one 
 of the i^enus. 
 
 Description of Plate CCXV.— Fig. 1. Plants natural size 
 (W. H. P.). 2. Ditto X 2. 3, 4. Ditto x 4. 5. Perianths in 
 different stages of growth with portion of frond and rootlets x . 
 G. Portion of rootlet x . 7. Portion of frond with section of 
 perianth («) showing pistillidia and (//) gemma. 8. Youn"- 
 capsule X . i). Half-ripe capsule x. 10. Half-ripe spores 
 x. 11. Perfect capsule x. 12. Portion of calyptra x. 
 13. Cross-section of capsule {(t) and a ripe spore {J)). 14. Gem- 
 ma) X (Bischoff). 
 
 Suborder III. lUCCIACLE. 
 
 Genus 5:3. RICCIA, MicL 
 
 Jliccia, Mich. PI. Gen. (1721)). 
 
 Fronds generally disposed in rosettes, at first radiating from 
 the centre, which often decays, segments bifid or dichotomous; 
 antical plane, depressed or canaliculate ; postical usually convex, 
 smooth or squamulose; margin either naked or ciliate ; epidermis 
 usually distinct, without pores. Fruit immersed in the interior 
 of the frond, rupturing antically, sessile. Involucre none. Calyptra 
 delicate, coherent with the capsule, style-bearing, style persistent, 
 protruding. Capsule spherical, sessile, indehiscent within the 
 calyptra. Spores tetrahedral, alveolate or muriculate. Kootlets 
 papillose within. 
 
484 HEPATICJE. 
 
 1. Riccia glauca, Linn. 
 
 liiccia ylaiica, Linn. Sp. pi. iCO.') (17");)), 
 
 Monoicous, growing in orbicular patches, closely attached to 
 the ground, small, glaucous green in colour, concolorous. Fronds 
 bifid or dichotomous, substellate, lobes linear, obovately-linear or 
 cuneate^ 8 to 12 cells thick near the middle, plane or channelled 
 near the apex, punctate, apex emarginate or obtuse, margin thin, 
 membranaceous, crenulate or smooth, postical side green ; radi- 
 culose, rootlets plentiful ; texture fleshy ; cells hexagonal or sub- 
 quadrate, walls thick, no trigones. Capsules subspherical in a 
 sinorle or double row radiatincr from the centre of the frond and 
 
 O C) 
 
 runnino; alons: near the middle of each lobe, crowned with a style, 
 4 to 6 cells long, of a dark colour, which alone is protruded, and 
 soon deciduous. Spores dark reddish-brow^n, almost black when 
 ripe, angular-globose, reticulate, walls of convex side irregularly 
 tuberculate, papilke narrowly conical, areolae regular, 5, 6-angled, 
 8-10 measuring the convex surface, other sides almost smooth ; 
 when young with a narrow pellucid border, scarcely visible when 
 ripe. 
 
 Var. minima. Minute, green on both sides, fronds bifid, lobes 
 linear, thin, 4 to 6 cells thick, plane, slightly channelled near 
 apex. 
 
 Dimensions. — Plants \ to J inch in diameter ; fronds 6' mm. 
 X 2- mm., 7 mm. thick, 5' mm. x l" mm., "5 mm. thick ; capsule 
 '6 mm. ; spores '09 mm. x '07 mm. 
 
 Var. minima, \ inch in diameter; fronds 1-75 mm. x '5 mm., 
 •3 mm. thick, 2*25 mm. x '6 mm., "3 mm. thick, 3*5 mm. x "7 mm., 
 '3 mm. thick. 
 
 Hab. — On moist ground, chiefly clayey fields and gardens. 
 
 1-16. I. Common; rarer in Scotland. 
 
 Europe, Asia, Japan, North America. 
 
 Var. minima. Probably generally distributed. 9. Stretford, 
 Lane, C. J. Wild; Cheetham, Lane, C. J. Wild. 12. Fowlshaw 
 Moss, Westmorland, G. Stabler, 
 
Rice I A, 485 
 
 Obs. — This is the commonest species of the genus, and is 
 easily recognised by its glaucous green colour, the same on both 
 sides. Some hepaticologists consider Rlccia minuiia L. to be the 
 same as It. sorocarpa Bischoff, but as probably all small forms of 
 Biccia would be included under this name, I prefer to follow 
 Bischoff, as he was the first to correctly and fully describe and 
 figure the species, and I retain the small form which cannot be 
 separated as a species from R. (jlanca as var. riiiiiiina. This must 
 not be confounded with the plant described and figured by 
 Lindenberg, which is purple beneath (Lindenb. Mon. Eiccia, 
 p. 427, t. XX (1836) ). 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF Plate CCXVL — Figs. 1, 2. Plants natural 
 size (Bischoff). 3, 4. Ditto magnified (ditto). 5. Ditto, var. 
 major x 2 (ditto). 6. Ditto, var. minima, natural size (Fowlshaw 
 Moss, G-. Stabler). 7. Ditto x 11 (ditto). 8. Ditto, var. major 
 (Baden, Jack). 9, 10. Cross-section of fronds x (Bischofl'). 
 11-13. Ditto X IG (Fowlshaw Moss, G. Stabler). 14. Portion 
 of rootlet X 200 (Hoft'meister). 15, Antheridium x (j4 
 (Fowlshaw Moss, Gr. Stabler). 16. Convex surface of spores, 
 highly magnified (ditto). 
 
 2. B-iccia crystallina, Z. 
 
 Lichen palusfris, Dill. Hist. muse. p. 5^)5, t. 78, f. 12 (1741). 
 Riccia crystallina, Linn. Sp. pi. 1605 (17r)o). 
 
 Monoicous, forming rosettes, closely attached to the ground, 
 small, pale or yellowish green on both sides, crystalline. Fronds 
 flat, circular or wedge-shaped, segments bilobed or furcate, 
 obcordate, margin slightly crenate, sometimes slighth^ raised^ 
 antical surface pitted, epidermic cells 6-sided ; cross-section shows 
 frond to be of equal thickness and full of air-cavities ; radiculose, 
 rootlets few, long, hyaline. Capsule embedded in the frond, 
 spherical, brown ; style conical, projecting, covered with a hyaline 
 or faintly purple calyptra. Spores roundish-angular, reddish- 
 brown, reticulate, 6-8 lumen across each face, walls raised, 
 
486 HEFATICjE, 
 
 irregular. Antheridia embedded in the frond, cylindrical, hyaline ; 
 style projecting, hyaline. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds about \ inch long by about \ inch 
 wide ; capsule '65 mm. diam. ; spores "08 mm. diam. 
 
 Hab. — On very damp earth in fields, on wet banks, or 
 especially by the margin of ponds. Very rare. 
 
 3. In a ditch near Deptford, Kent, Feiiccr, now extinct. 
 
 4. Helford, West Norfolk, Rer. E. N. Bloouifidd, Aug. 18S1. 
 
 5. Stoke-on-Trent, 11. Garner; Pottal Eeservoir, AVarwickshire, 
 /. E. BagncdJ. 7. Dolgelly, Merionethshire, /. Tlalf^, 18G3 ; 
 Aberffraw, Anglese}^ //'. IVUsoii. 8. Exposed mud banks of 
 reservoirs at Cropstone and Thornton, Leicestershire, F. T. Matt, 
 Aug. 1894. 9. Mere Mere, Cheshire, G. E. Hunt, 18G9. 
 13. Brownhall Orchard, Dumfries, /. Crn'u-k^hank ? 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — This rare and distinct species ma}' be distinguished 
 from M. (jlauca by its larger size, paler and 3'ellower colour, 
 spongy texture and its antical surface being pitted with, deep 
 cavities. 
 
 It has been conjectured that it might be a terrestrial form of 
 Bicciocmyus nafan-s, but, in addition to its other distinguishing 
 characters, the spores are nearly twice as large and are leticulate, 
 not papillose. 
 
 Description oe Plate CCXVII. — Figs. 1-4. Plants natural 
 size. 5. Frond x . G. Cross-section of frond x . 7. Ditto. 
 8. Portion of frond x. 9. Eootlets x. 10. Calyptra x. 
 11. Capsule X. 12. Style x. 13. Spores x. 14. Portion of 
 frond, showing styles of antheridia. 15. Styles of antheridia x 
 '(Lindenberg). 
 
FdCCIA. 4.87 
 
 3. Riccia sorocarpa, Bi.v/iolf. 
 
 Iiiccia sorocfW7;rt, Bischoff, Hep. Nov. Act. N. Car. xvii. p, 1053, t. 71, f. 11 
 
 (1.S3:.). 
 
 Jiiccia minima, L. Schifin. in Engl, und Prantl Pflanzenf. 1)1 und 92 Lief. p. 
 
 ir,(i8'J3). 
 
 Iiiccia minima, L. p.p. Howe, Hep. it Antho. Calif, p. 2-\ (18119). 
 
 Moiioicous, CiL'spitulose, small, pale green in colour, when 
 dry albescent, concolorous. Fronds subradiate, bifurcate ; lobes 
 oblong-linear, on cross-section boat-shaped, salcate, deeply so 
 \vlien dr}', with margins erect ; margins thin, smooth, or with 
 lew hyaline scales ; apex acute or obtuse ; texture firm, antical 
 surface finely reticulate. Capsules embedded in the i'rond, 
 roundish, dark brown. Spores reddish -brown, walls thin, finely 
 tuberculate on the convex sides, projections very minute and 
 numerous. 
 
 Dimensions, — Fronds about 4" mm. long ; lobes "75 mm, 
 broad x '7b mm. thick, 1" mm. x '7b mm., l"mm. x -G n)m. ; 
 when dry '6 mm. broad x 1' mm. thick, '75 mm. x '[) mm., 
 •8 mm, X "5 mm. ; spores -O'Jo mm., '08 mm. x '055 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On thin rocky soil, or more rarely in cultivated fields in 
 limestone districts. Hare. 
 
 1, Battery Hedge, near Penzance, Cornwall, //', Canioic, Sept. 
 1871). 5. Gt. Doward Hill, B. U. ll'afhiu.^, Sept. 1S70 ; Cheddar 
 Cliff's, near lioss, Herefordshire, J3. Jf. llafki/hs. 7. Barmouth, 
 Merionethshire, //'. IL P., Aug. 1877. b. Millers Dale, Derby- 
 shire, IF. II. 1\, Jan. 1871). 12. On earth, among rocks, near 
 Levens Church ; VVliitbarrow ; in sandy cultivated fields S.W. of 
 Bridge End, Levens, Westmorland, (L Stdhlcr. 
 
 I. In fissures and tops of old walls ; on an old wall near 
 Dingle, Liiidbcr// ^- Moore, 1873; wall top by the roadside, 
 leading from Dingle to Ventry, the Dingle side of the river near 
 the Union, Leif S>- McArdlc, ls98. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — From any form of Riccia (jluiica L. distinguished b\' its 
 deeply sulcate lobes, when dry, being apparently thicker than 
 
488 HEPATIC^. 
 
 broad, and its remarkably firm texture ; it is also generally much 
 paler in colour, and is almost peculiar to limestone districts. 
 
 Description of Plate CCXVIIL— Figs. 1 and 2. Plants 
 natural size. 3, 4. Ditto, slightly magnified. 5. Cross-section 
 of frond with young capsule x . 6. Ditto with capsule x 
 (Bischoff). 7-10. Cross-sections of fronds, when dry, x 31 
 (Cheddar, AVatkins). 11. Epidermis x. 12. Style x. 13. 
 Young spores x. 14. Spores x (Biscbofi'). 
 
 4. Riccia bifurca, Jloff'm. 
 
 Riccia hi/urea, Hoffmann, Deutschl. Fl. p. !):» (171)0) (excl. syn. Mich. tab. 57 
 fig. 4). 
 
 Monoicous?, closely ctespitose, small; antical surface glaucous 
 green, margins and postical surface of fronds purphsh-black in 
 colour. Fronds crowded and frequently imbricated, firmly 
 attached to the surface, tumid-flabellate or pedate ; lobes elliptic, 
 contracted at each end or obovate, rarel}' oblong, cuspidate, retuse, 
 bifurcate or obovate-emarmnate, marmn elevated, rounded, antical 
 surface sphacelate ; texture solid, homogeneous, upper stratum 
 columnar, intermediate portion darker green, epidermis of the 
 postical surface purplish-brown. Rootlets numerous, either 
 capillary and translucent or papillose within. Sporangia scattered 
 irregularly over the disc of the frond, at length rupturing the 
 epidermis. Spores conspicuous, dark brown, three-angled, sub- 
 cristate, rounded and reticulate, muricate on the outer surface. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds 375 mm. long x 2-5 mm. broad, 3" mm, 
 X 1"25 mm., 5" mm. x 2'5 mm,, from "3 mm. to "5 mm. thick 
 at the middle, near the margin '5 mm. to 7 mm. thick, spores 
 •095 mm., '1 mm. diam. 
 
 Hab. — On ledges of rocks where there is a thin layer of soil 
 and mud-covered walls, chiefiy in limestone districts and near the 
 sea. Rare. 
 
 1 . Penzance, JJ"^. Ciniiow. 7. Aberfii'aw, Anglesey, IF. IVihoUy 
 1830 ; Barmouth, Merionethshire, Br. Carrinyioii, 1887, on mud- 
 
RICCIA. 489 
 
 covered walls, IF. IL P. 1876. 12. On clamp limestone rocks, 
 Levens Park, Westmorland, G. Sf abler, 1870. 13. Burnfoot Hill, 
 New Galloway, ./. Mc Andrew. 15. Head of Glen Dole, Forfar, 
 J.Sadler, 1872. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Ohs. — The only other British species which is without cilia 
 and has a purple margin is Riccia ir'up'eJla 1).C. ; this is smaller, 
 with narrow linear lobes, dark green antical surface, the margin 
 and postical surfiice of which are clothed with regularly imbricating 
 scales. 
 
 Riccia (;laucescem Carr. is a ciliate species, usually much larger 
 and irregular in shape, but small forms where the cilia are not 
 so evident require careful observation to discriminate from 
 R. /jifi/rca. The description and drawings are partly taken 
 from Dr. Carrington's " New British Hepaticoe " contributed 
 to " Grevillea," Dec. 1874. 
 
 Description oi<' PlxVTE CCXIX. — Figs. 1-3. Fronds natural 
 size. 4-7. Fronds x ?. 8. Frond x ?. 9-14. Cross-sections 
 of fronds x 16. 15. Cross-section of frond near apex x 16. 
 16-19. Spores x 250 (Dr. Carrington & W. H. P.). 
 
 5. Riccia nigrella, JJ.C. 
 
 JRiccia niyrella, De Candolle, Fl. Fr. v., p. 19;] (1^05); Lindenb. Monog. Rice. 
 
 p. 4(;7, I. xxix. f. 1 (18:50). 
 Blccia lamellosa, Ralfs, MSS. ; Cooke, Brit. Hep. n. 1;}3 (1SG8). 
 Exsicc. Husn. Hep. Gall. n. DC ; Carr. k Pears. Hep. Brit. Exsicc. n. G.'>, et 2!)(>. 
 
 Dioicous, ca?spitose, minute, dark green in colour antically : 
 clothed with dark purple, almost black, transverse, closely imbri- 
 cated semi-circular scales postically or on the postical margin. 
 Fronds stellate or sub-stellate, narrow, linear, narrowly canalicu- 
 late, margins thickened, involute, strongly so wlien dry ; radicuiose, 
 rootlets few, hyaline. Spores angular globose, dark brown, almost 
 black, slightly verruculose. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds 4* mm. x 1- mm. : 35' mm. x 75 mm., 
 
490 HEPATIC.^. 
 
 •3 mm. to '5 mm. thick; cells of scales '04 mm., -05 mm. ; spores 
 •075 mm. x '05 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On banks and mud-covered walls. 7. Barmouth, 
 Merionethshire, ./. Balfs, Dr. Carrhir/fon, W. IF. P., and others. 
 Very rare. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in jN'orth America. 
 
 Obs. — Avery rare and distinct species, the dark purple, almost 
 black, semi-circular scales on the iuflexed margins easily distin- 
 guishing- it. 
 
 Herr Stephani considers the British species to be distinct from 
 Biccia iiif/rclla D.C, and has published it in his " Sjj. Hep.'' as 
 Biccia Bearsoni. It seems very ungracious to question his deter- 
 mination when he does me such honour, but I have not been able 
 to satisfy myself as to our British species being distinct from 
 French specimens upon which De CandoHe founded his species. 
 
 All French specimens I have had the opportunity of examining 
 are dioicous like our British ; the specimens in my copy of 
 Husnot's Hep. Gall. n. 96, are male plants. JStephani gives the 
 size of the British, species as 10* mm. long, but 1 have examined 
 a great number of specimens, and find them very regular in size, 
 like the French and Italian, 3"5 mm. to 4" mm. long; the apices 
 are all more or less rotundate, the channel varies in being more 
 or less sulcate ; cross-sections of British specimens agree exactly 
 with French ones. He also describes the spores as being different 
 in size, but I find those of Italian plants to be similar to the 
 British, '075 mm. x 05 mm. 
 
 I wrote to Herr Stephani expressing my regret that I could 
 not agree with his observations, and he wrote the following 
 characteristic kindly letter : " You are perfectly at liberty to 
 doubt my publication and to give expression to it. I am not 
 touchy at all. The drawings I here give are copies of \w\ tbrmer 
 examinations ; you see the form oi the Italian plant is altogether 
 different from that of the English one, and thh alojie icoidd be 
 sufficient, all other points being equal. I have examined a great 
 number of plants, which you kindly sent years ago, and 1 cannot 
 help differing from you." 
 
IIICCIA. 491 
 
 I give the drawings sent ; wluitever nuiy be the position of the 
 Italian plant, most of my drawings agree exactly with the French 
 ones. 
 
 Description of Platk CCXX. — Fig. 1 . Plants natural size. 
 2, 3. Fronds, antical view, magnified. 4, 5. Ditto x Hi (J3ar- 
 moiith, J. Kalis). 0-8. Cross-sections x 24 (ditto), i), 10. Ditto 
 (Paimpol, Cotes dii Nord, France, Dr. Avice). 11-13. Ditto 
 (Husn. Hep. Call. n. <}6). 14-lG. Ditto (C. t P. Hep. Brit. 
 Exsicc. n. 290, Barmouth, W. H. P.). 17, 18. Ditto (Florence, 
 Italy, Dr. Levier). 19, 20, 21. Cross-sections, apex, middle, 
 adult, Bicciff Fear-soju, alter IStephani. 22, 23. Ditto, apex, 
 middle, Biccia i/i//r('//fi, after Stephani. 
 
 (). Riccia tumida, Lindenh. 
 
 Tikc'ia tumida, Lindenb. Syn. Hep. Eur. p. ]2(1Sl^;)); Lindenb. Monogr. lliccia, 
 
 p. 4r)'J. t. 27 (18;)(;). 
 /'Iccia Jlichelii, Raddi, var. cili((ris, Levier, Bull. Herb. Bois.s. vol. ii. No. 4, 
 
 p. 230 (1894). 
 L'iccia Jlichelii, Raddi, Stepli. Sp. Hep. p. 1 1 (IDOO). 
 
 Dioicous ?, caespitulose, crowded, minute, bicolorous, light 
 grej'ish-green antically, margin and portion of postical sides deep 
 purple, almost black, maddle yellowish-green. Fronds simple or 
 bifid with segments again slightly divided in some instances, 
 linear or linear-obovate, obtuse at apex, thick, canaliculate, margin 
 thickened, when dry stroni>-lv inflexed : texture fleshy; ciliatc, 
 cilia marginal, biseriate, subulate, hyaline, often swollen at the 
 base ; radiculose, rootlets plentil'ul, long, of equal length. Capsule 
 embedded in the middle of the IVonds, spherical, dark brown. 
 Spores angular-globose, very dark brown, almost black, the plane 
 sides with pale brown border, Jaintly reticulate, convex side 
 irregularly tuberculate, spines shorter and blunter than in Ji. 
 (/I a lie (I. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds from 2- mm. to 4- mm. long x -5 mm. to 
 1" mm. broad, '3 mm. to -5 mm. thick ; cilia IG mm. to '25 mm. 
 long X -05 mm. to -08 mm. broad at the base ; rootlets "015 mm. 
 thick • capsule '35 mm. x '4 mm. ; spores '1 mm. x "075 mm. 
 
492 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Hab. — On miicl-covered walls, banks, and rocks. Very rare. 
 
 1. On rocks near Penzance, Cornwall, W. Cnrjww, 1870 
 (Herb. W. H. P.); Trebar- with - Strand, North Cornwall, 
 E. M. Holmes, Mrs. Ma 31. Thulall. 6. Lantyssil, Cardigan- 
 shh-e, W. Joshua, May 1877. 7. On mud-covered walls and 
 banks, Barmouth, Merionethshire,//'^. //. P., April 187G; T.Bogers, 
 Sept. 1877. 
 
 Pound on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — A minute but very distinct species, recognised by its 
 two colours, green and purple, and the two rows of cilia. 
 
 Blcc'ia (/laiicescens Carr. is a larger species, more irregular in 
 shape, margin somewhat acute, cilia in a single row. 
 
 Riccia ciliafa Hoffm. is destitute of the purple scales, fronds 
 plane, cilia much more abundant. 
 
 The Biccia fnn/ida, var. Pearsoiil Carr. (Lond. Cat. 12 b. 1881) 
 is a form found in damper situations, where the purple scales are 
 not so evident, fronds thinner, and the cilia not so regularly 
 biseriate ; it approaches B. ciliafa, but from close study of the 
 plant in sifii (Barmouth) I have little doubt but that it is simply 
 R. tiimida modified by its damper habitat. 
 
 Dr. Levier reduces M. tumida to a variety (var. ciliaris) of 
 Kiccia Michelii Paddi, and Herr Stephani refers it to that 
 species ; all the specimens I have seen from different localities, 
 and all I have seen growing for several years at Barmouth, are 
 so regular in size, shape and in having the double row of cilia, 
 that I follow Lindenberg, who described and figured our British 
 form so accurately. 
 
 Descriptiox of Plate CCXXI. — Pig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Frond x ? (Lindenberg). 3-5. Fronds x 24 (Cardiganshire, 
 Wm. Joshua). 6, 7. Cross-sections of fronds x ? (Lindenberg). 
 «, 9. Ditto X 24 (Cardiganshire, Joshua). 10. Ditto x ? (ditto). 
 11-15. Cilia x 64 (ditto). 16. Cilium x 290 (ditto). 
 
Rice I A. ' 493 
 
 7. Riccia glaucescens, Carrhifjlon. 
 
 Riccia glaucencens, Carr. in Carr. it Pears. Hep. Brit. Exsicc. fase. 1, n. GO (187><). 
 liiccia Michelii, Raddi, Lindb. Muse. Scand. p. 2 (187!>). 
 Riccia bifarca, Hoflm. Steph. 8p. Hep. p. 'M) (1 ",)()()). 
 
 Dioicous, cicspitose, small, pale glaucous green antically, 
 border somewhat paler, postical surface covered laterally by a 
 delicate membrane or detached scales of a purple colour, best seen 
 when the plant is dry and the border incurved, mid-line brownish. 
 Fronds flabellate-furcate, sometimes crowded and imbricating each 
 other ; segments linear-cuneate or battledore-shaped, concave, not 
 canaliculate on the upper aspect, surrounded by a rather broad 
 border, recurved and convex when moist, but inflexed when dry ; 
 texture homogeneous, composed of large cells arranged in regular 
 series, thickened along the mid-line of the lower surface, margins 
 thinner, acute, fringed with small but strong translucent cilia, 
 sometimes these are wanting or irregularly disposed, and the 
 border simply crenulate ; radiculose, rootlets hyaline. Capsules 
 few, occupying the hollow central channel near the base of the 
 frond ; spores large, brown, muriculate, angular-convex, about 
 10 areolae across the convex side. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds G" mm. to 12- mm. long, segments 
 1- mm to 3- mm. broad, -3 mm. to 7 mm. thick; cilia -l mm. x 
 '05 mm. ; capsule "75 mm. ; spores "1 mm. 
 
 Hab. — On damp banks or mud-covered rocks in exposed 
 situations, usually near the coast. Eare. 
 
 1. Penzance, Cornwall, //^. (7^/r//o?r. 7. Barmouth, Merioneth- 
 shire, i)>-. Carrhfffon, W. H. P.\ AberfFraw, Anglese}', TF. Wihon; 
 Aber, Carnarvonshire, W. Wihon. 12. Leveus Park, Westmor- 
 land, G. Stabler. 13. Portpatrick, /. McA/idrcw. 15. ^lontrose 
 Links, A. Cruo.l/ ; Den of Fullarton, Forfar, ^1. Croall. 
 
 Obs. — A large and characteristic species discovered by my late 
 friend Dr. Carrington at Barmouth, where it grows in some 
 abundance, remarkable for its glaucous antical surface, hence its 
 name. 
 
 The only other bicolourous ciliate species which has been found 
 
494 HEP A TICJi. 
 
 ill Britain \^ Riccia fumida Lindenb. which is veiy distinct from it, 
 bein2^ a much smaller plant, very neat and regular in its shape, 
 and possessing- a double rowof cilia; both species grow at Barmouth, 
 and there is no difficulty in distinguishing them with the naked eye. 
 
 Riccia Lesciirlana Aust., a North American species, approaches 
 the nearest to it, but is thinner, not so purple in colour, with the 
 margins more incurved and with more numerous cilia, which are 
 often 2 and 3 rows deep ; it is also monoicous according to Prof. 
 Howe. 
 
 Riccia Bi.^cJioJfii Huben., a Continental species, is nearly allied 
 to it, but in this the fronds are broader and shorter, generally 
 bilobed, obovate or obcordate, channelled above, but thick and 
 prominent beneath, surrounded with a broad membranaceous 
 margin, fringed with large obtuse cilia. 
 
 Herr Stephani in his ">S/y. Hep. " p. 14, refers Riccia (jJauccsceiis 
 to Riccia hifiirca Hoffm., a non-ciliate species. 
 
 Lindberg refers it to Riccia Michclii Raddi ; to the ciliate form 
 of which Dr. Levier refers this species. 
 
 The description and some of the observations are taken from 
 Carr. & Pears. Hep. Brit. Exsicc. n. 6G, contributed by Dr. 
 Carrington. 
 
 Description or Plate CCXXII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural size. 
 2. Frond x 11 (Barmouth, W. H. P.). 3. Cross-section of 
 Irond X 24 (ditto). 4-8. Ditto x 24 (Barmouth, Dr. Carring- 
 ton). 9,10. Ditto X 16 (Aberffraw, W.Wilson). 11,12. Cilia 
 X 25 (Barmouth, Dr. Carrington). 13. Style x 85 (ditto). 
 
 8. Riccia ciliata, Hoffm. 
 
 Riccia ciliaia, Hoftmann, Deutschl. Fl. p. D.J (179G). 
 
 Monoicous,'ca?spitulose, small, pale or yellowish-green in colour, 
 concolorous. Fronds sub-orbicular or llabellate, somewhat thin, 
 dichotomously or sub-stellately divided ; lobes linear or slightly 
 cuneate, obtuse or sub-emarginate, towards the apex sub-canali- 
 culate, margin slightly thickened and fringed with numerous long, 
 
PilCCIELLA. 495 
 
 subulate hyaline cilia, a little swollen at tlie base ; texture some- 
 what delicate; epidermic cells punctate; radiculose, rootlets 
 numerous, filiform, papillose within. Capsule embedded in the 
 frond, globose, black; spores dark brown, almost black, tuber- 
 culate, spines blunt. 
 
 Dimensions. — Plants forming circular patches | to -J inch in 
 diameter; lobes 3* mm. to 4" mm. long x 7 mm., "8 mm. and 
 r mm. broad; cilia '075 mm. to 'I'lb mm. long x •01 mm. broad 
 at the base, spores "09 mm. diam. 
 
 Oi?s. — Distinguished from any of the other ciliate lUccioi by its 
 green colour on the postical as well as antical surface of the 
 fronds, and the numerous long cilia. 
 
 Hab. — In damp places by ditch sides or on clayey fields. 
 
 Yery rare. 
 
 1. On mud, Tavistock, Devon, ./. Ihilfn ^' //'. Ciirnow, July 
 1875. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Description op Plate CCXXIII. — Fig. 1. Plants natural 
 size. 2. Plant x . 3. Portion of lobe x . 4. Cross-section of 
 lobe X . (). Cilia x (Lindenberg). 
 
 Genus 54. RICCIELLA, Br 
 
 am/. 
 
 Lichenastrum aquaticuvi, Dill. Hist. muse. p. .")14, t. 7i, f. 47 (1741). 
 Hiccia, Linn. Sp. pi. IGOO (175;',). 
 Ricciella, Braun, Bot. Zeit. p. 7:)(; (1S21). 
 
 Plants slender, linear, usually several times dichotomous, 
 scales not present. Fruit globose, exserted, adnate to the postical 
 surface of the frond. 
 
 Ricciella fiuitans (/.), Bra/n/. 
 
 Lichenastrum aquaticinti, Dill. Hist. muse. p. 514, t. 74, f. 47 (1741). 
 Ricciajiuitans, Linn. Sp. pi. 1(50(5 (1753). 
 Ricciella fiuitans, Braun, Bot. Zeit. p. 754 (1821). 
 
 Dioicous, ca?spitose or spreading, not forming rosettes, medium 
 size, yellowish-green in colour. Fronds dichotomously branched, 
 segments narrow, linear, plane or slightly canaliculate, thin, con- 
 
496 HEPATIC^. 
 
 colorous, apex emarginate or obtuse ; radiculose when terrestrial 
 only, rootlets hyaline. Female flowers adnate to the postical 
 side of frond. Capsule globose, dark brown, coarsely reticu- 
 lated, the areolae 5, 6 across the convex side, walls dark brown, 
 thin, raised in a winged manner. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds ^ to 2 inches long, 1" mm. wide, 'ii mm. 
 thick; capsule '7b mm.; spore "1 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Floating on stagnant ponds, or on mud at their 
 margins. 
 
 Somewhat rare. 
 
 2. Strathfieldsaye, Hampshire, i/"///, 1855. 3. \\.Q\\i,Forsfer. 
 4, 5, 8. Pond near Ashley ; pond between Donington and the Trent, 
 Leicestershire, F. T. Mott. 9. Ashton Canal, h^nc,!. E. Smiderland; 
 Moston, Lanc.,i?. Lees ; Reddish Canal, Lane, G. A. Holt ; Mere 
 Mere, Cheshire, G. E. Hunt. 10. Hirst Courtney and Drax, 
 H. F. Parsons ; pond near PoUington, T. Birh,Jnnr. ; near Goole, 
 H. F. Parsons. 14. 
 
 L Not unfrequent in ditches near the Shannon, Co. Limerick ; 
 by the side of the Bann River, above Drogheda ; still ditches near 
 Lough Neagh, where the canal joins the Lough at Lurgan, 
 Dr. D. Moore. 
 
 Found on the Continent, North America, &c. 
 
 Obs. — The fertile terrestrial form of this species is considered 
 by some writers to be a distinct species, but as it is only found 
 on mud at the margins of ponds where the floating form is found, 
 and where the ponds have become lower by dryness, I can only 
 conclude that whatever slight changes it may have undergone are 
 owing to the great difference in habitat to that of floating on 
 water, where it is always barren ; the terrestrial form is much 
 smaller, narrower, thicker, and more canaliculate. 
 
 Description of Plate CCXXIV.^ — Fig. 1. Plants natural size 
 (Bischoff). 2. Ditto (Lindenberg). 3. Frond x ? (ditto). 4, 5. 
 Ditto (Bischoff). 6, 7- Cross-sections oF fronds x (Lindenberg). 
 8, 9. Ditto X 24 (Mere, Cheshire, Hunt). 10. Capsule x (Bischoff^). 
 11. Cross-section of frond showing capsule x (ditto). 12. 
 Spore x 290 (Barmouth, Dr. Carrington). 
 
Rice IOC ARP US. 49 7 
 
 aenus 55. RICCIOCARPUS, Corda. 
 
 Ricciocarpus, Corda in Opiz Nat. (1829). 
 Riccia, Linn. Syst. 956. 
 
 Plants obcordate, constantly dividing with growth, air-cavities 
 abundant, postical surface naked or furnished with long dentate 
 scales. Fruit immersed in the frond and not protruding on either 
 surface, at length naked by the splitting of the central groove. 
 Antheridia in a row in the middle of the frond. 
 
 Ricciocarpus natans (Ziuh.), Corda. 
 
 Riccia natans, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. v. 12. p. 2 (1753). 
 Ricciocarpus natans, Corda in Opiz Nat. p. (J51 (1829). 
 
 Dioicous, floating on water or when terrestrial forming rosettes, 
 small, pale or dark green above, jDurple below. Fronds simple, 
 obcordate or obcuneate, broadly emarginate, channelled in the 
 centre, furnished with long linear-lanceolate ribbon-like, flattened, 
 purple, serrated membranaceous processes; epidermis with numerous 
 uniform air-cavities beneath it ; texture spongy ; radiculose, root- 
 lets few, very long, hyaline, smooth within. Capsules immersed 
 in the frond about the middle in two rows. Spores brownish- 
 black, angular, strongly papillose, papillae blunt. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds J to |^ inch long, segments 3" mm. 
 broad ; capsule '7b mm. diam. ; spores '05 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Stagnant ponds, floating, or on damp margins of the 
 same. Hare. 
 
 2. Hampshire,^///; Warner. -4,5. Near Eoss, Herefordshire, 
 B. M. WatMns. 7, 8. Thurcaston, Leicestershire, i^. T.Motf. 10. 
 Hebden Bridge, S. Gibson ; near Dringhouses, near York, JF. IFcsf. 
 
 " Rare in Ireland. Abundant in a large boggy pool, about 
 half-way between Drogheda and Navan, near the Railway, right- 
 hand side going from Navan to Drogheda ; ditch by the side of 
 the Shannon, near Portumna, Co. Gal way. Ditches near Passy, 
 Co. Limerick, Dr. W. H. ILarccij'' — Dr. D. Moore. 
 
 2i 
 
498 HEPATIC^E. 
 
 Found on the Continent, North America, &c. 
 
 Obs. — When floating the ribbon-like processes are long and 
 abundant, sometimes they are only faintly tinged purj)le ; when 
 growing on land, they frequently disappear, or are only few. 
 
 Description of Plate CCXXV. — Fig. 1. Plant natural size 
 {Lindenberg). 2,3. Ditto (BischofF). 4. Plant, slightly magnified 
 (Bischoff). 5. Cross-section of frond, magnified (Lindenberg). 
 6. Cross-section of portion of frond, showing immersed capsules, 
 magnified (Bischofi"). 7. Ditto, showing antheridia (ditto). 8. 
 Epidermis, magnified (ditto). 9. Hair-like process, magnified 
 (ditto). 10. Capsule, magnified (ditto). 11. Young spores, 
 magnified (ditto). 12. Spores, magnified (ditto). 
 
 Suborder IV. ANTHOCEUOTACE^E. 
 
 Genus 56. ANTHOCEROS, Mich. 
 Anthoceros, Mich. Gen. PI. (1729). 
 
 Fronds dark green or blackish, often orbicular ; nearly plane 
 or with centre depressed, radiately lobate ; lobes variously 
 divided; costa very wide, confluent, confused with the pagina; 
 texture lax, vesicular, with large chlorophyl granules, frequently 
 glandularly thickened at the apex or in streaks along the middle 
 so as to appear nerved. Inflorescence monoicous or dioicous. 
 Involucre tubular. Capsule pedunculate, exserted, linear or 
 cylindrical, very long, oblong, bivalved, furnished witli a 
 columella. Elaters in a few species perfectly spiral, in most 
 only undulate or sinuate, simple or branched, often geniculate, 
 more or less heteromorphous, fibres wanting or indistinct. 
 Spores papillose or smooth. Antheridia irregularly disposed on 
 the antical surface of the frond. 
 
ANTHOGEROS. 499 
 
 1. Anthoceros laevis, L. 
 
 Anthoceros kcvis, Linn. Sp. pi. 1 (!()G (17");3). 
 
 Dioicous, CcTespitose, small to medium size, dark green. Fronds 
 flat, smooth, without air-cavities ; lobate, lobes undulate, some- 
 what orbicular, rounded, not laciniate ; texture somewhat fleshy, 
 epidermic cells 4 times smaller than the inner, 3 to 4 cells thick 
 near the middle of the frond ; radiculose, rootlets numerous, pale 
 dirty brown. Calyptra trumpet-shaped, 1 to 2 cells thick near 
 the middle, 3 to 4 near the base, mouth wide, repand, toothed, 
 rarely scariose. Capsule brown, dark brown to black when dry ; 
 spores yellowish-brown, flatfish, angular, almost smooth ; elaters 
 rather short, geniculate, somewhat articulated. Andr^ecia irre- 
 gularly dispersed over the face of the frond, oval; antheridia 
 oval, pale green, slightly stipitate, about 6 in each cavity. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds J to J inch long and broad, '2 mm. to 
 *3 mm. thick ; calyptra 3* mm. long x 1- mm. broad, 2* mm. x 
 1" mm.; capsule f to 1 inch long; spores -05 mm. diam. ; 
 androecia "3 mm. x '2 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Wet fields, damp roadsides, by the sides of ditches, &c. 
 Rare. 
 
 1. Stable Hobba, near Trereiff*e, Newlyn CUft; Trungle, Paul, 
 Jr. C/fr//o/r. 3?, 5, 7?, 10, 12. In a cultivated field near Hever- 
 sham Railway Station ; cultivated fields (sand and sandy-peat), 
 Nether Levens and Foulshaw, Westmorland, G. Sfnhler. 
 17a. Caithness, Rev. B. LiUie. 
 
 I. On a wet clay bank by the roadside, leading from Dingle 
 to Ventry, left-hand side of the road about a mile and a half from 
 Ventry, Lliidb. &f Moore, 1873. On a pathway in Burnham 
 Wood, Ventry, Left §• McArdlc, 1898. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — Distinguished from At/f//ocero-'> jjHricfat/f.s by its dioicous 
 inflorescence, the smooth surface of fronds, no air-cavities, lobes 
 rounded not laciniate, paler colour of the spores, which are not 
 echinate. 
 
^00 HEPATIC^. 
 
 From A. Stableri, see notes under that species. 
 
 Description of Plate CCXXVI. — Fig. 1. Fertile plant 
 natural size. 2. Ditto x . 3. Cross-section of frond x 16. 
 4, 5. Calyptra x 11. 6. Cross-section of calyptra x 11. 
 7. Ripe capsule opened x . 8. Male plant natural size.. 
 9. Portion of male plant x 11. 
 
 2. Anthoceros punctatus, L. 
 
 Anthoceros punctatus, Linn. Sp. pi. 1606 (1753). 
 
 Monoicous, ca3Spitose, small to medium size, bright pale green- 
 in colour. Fronds in layers, thin, subirabricate, spreading in a 
 circular manner, centre depressed and concave, lobes suberect, 
 somewhat dichotomous, oblong and obtuse, without any distinct 
 midrib, if present confluent and confused with both sides of the 
 frond, more or less deeply sinuate, pinnatifid or laciniate, crisped ; 
 cross-section of frond shows about 2 to 3 layers of cells, rarely 5 
 to 6 ; texture delicate, glandular, reticulate ; cells lax, epidermic 
 layer 4-, 5-, and 6-angled, chlorophyllose, chlorophyl granules 
 large, angular ; walls thin ; stomata distinct ; small remote scales 
 scattered over the frond ; radiculose, rootlets pale dirty brown, 
 arising from base or centre of frond. Calyptra antical, lower 
 half 4 to 6 cells thick, inner layer of cells very minute, 
 others irregular in size with very thin walls, oblong-linear, 
 Slightly repand, when young closed at the top, and later rup- 
 tured by the protruding capsule, leaving an irregular lacerate 
 opening, parts of which are torn aw^ay or remain adhering 
 as scariose rudiments. Capsule pedunculate, exserted, very long, 
 black, pod-iike, filiform, arising like blades of grass, tipped with 
 a veil when young, bursting when ripe into 2 valves with a 
 parallel partition. Spores black, strongly echinate, angular, on the 
 convex side beset with blunt prickles, single or 2 and 3 together ; 
 on the other two sides irregularly verrucose. Elaters brownish- 
 black, short and broad, flattish, geniculate, variously contorted. 
 
ANTIIOCEUO^. 501 
 
 Androecia imbedded irregularly in the frond ; antheridia pale 
 brown, oval, stipitate, stipes 4 cells long by 2 cells thick, 8- 1 in 
 each cavity. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds \ to \ inch long and broad, "2 mm. to 
 '3 mm. thick at the middle ; capsule about 1 inch long ; spores 
 •05 mm. ; elaters 'Vlh mm. x '015 mm. ; antheridia '125 mm. x 
 '1 mm. 
 
 Hab. — In damp fallow fields and on ditch banks, &c. Some- 
 what rare. 
 
 1. West Cornwall, rather common, )V. Cnriiow ; Sidmouth, 
 South Devon, Urn. FMa M. Tiiidall ; Somerset, T. Briffain. 
 3. Kent, DHIen'mx. 5. Little Fenton, Staffordshire, 11. Garner. 
 7. Very finely in Corsygedol Woods, Barmouth, Merionethshire, 
 Rev. T. Salwei/ ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire, C. J. Wild. 8. Lough- 
 borough, Leicestershire, Pulteneij; Ditch near Twycross, Leicester- 
 shire, Roc. A. B/oxaii/. 10. 13. New Quay, Kirkcudbrightshire, 
 /. CriAckxIiauk. IG. Hare ; at the side of ditches, Moidart, West 
 Inverness, fruit Oct., /S'. M. ]\[acricar. 17a. Caithness, Rev. 
 D. LilVu-. 
 
 I. Frequent in the counties of Kerry and Cork, Dr. I). Moore. 
 Mount Brandon, W. Vl/mu, 1829; Maghanabo Glen, Z). J/c.<//-f//^, 
 1875, Z JF. Moore §• I). McArdle, 1881, 1897; near Brandon 
 Head, Left cO McArdle ; Glendoon, Co. Antrim ; Kelly's Glen, 
 Co. Dublin, Br. D. Moore ; Sugar Loaf Mountain, Co. Wicklow, 
 Br. E. P. Wrujht. 
 
 Found on the Continent and in North America. 
 
 Obs. — See notes under Anthoeero.'< Icavl'i how to distinguish it 
 from that species. 
 
 One of the most important contributions to our knowledge of 
 this genus is Prof Howe's Monograph on the Hepatica3 and 
 Anthocerotes of California (" Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical 
 Club," vol. vii. 1899). 
 
 Description of Plate CCXXVII.— Fig. 1. Plant natural 
 size. 2. Plant x. 3. Ditto. 4. Cross-section of frond x Ki 
 (Somerset, T. Brittain). 5. Cells x (Sidmouth, Tindall). 
 6. Calyptra x IG (Somerset, Brittain). 7. Cross-section of 
 
502 HEPATIC^. 
 
 calyptra x 16 (Sidmoutb, Tindall). 8. Spores and elater x 300 
 (Grottsche). 9. Antheridia x G4 (Sidmoutli, Tindall). 
 
 3. Anthoceros Stabler!, Sfepham. 
 Anthoceros Stableri, Stephani. Rev. Bryol. 5, p. 74 (18'.»5). 
 
 Monoicous, csespitose, small, green in colour. Fronds depressed, 
 creeping, flat, longer than broad, from a narrow base broadly 
 obconical, never distinctl}'^ furcate, sometimes spreading in a 
 circular manner, 2 to 3 cells thick, margin irregularly laciniate. 
 Calyptra small, cylindrical, 2 to 3 cells thick, which are irregular 
 in size with numerous empty ones, inner layer of cells very minute. 
 Capsule filiform, columella dark brown with hyaline wall ; spores 
 black when ripe, when not quite ripe pale yellowish-brown, 
 densely echinate ; elaters numerous, dark brown. Androecia 
 large, roundish or oval ; antheridia very numerous, about 20 in 
 each cavity. 
 
 Dimensions. — Fronds about ^ inch long by -^ inch broad, '2 mm. 
 thick near the middle; cells -05 mm.; calyptra 2* mm. long 
 X *5 mm. thick ; capsule 2 cm. long ; spores '042 mm. ; elaters 
 '275 mm. x '02 mm. ; andrcecia "25 mm. x '2 mm. ; antheridia 
 •125 mm. x '075 mm. 
 
 Hab. — Sandy fields, Foulshaw, Westmorland ; Geo/ye Si abler, 
 Sept., Oct. 1881. Very rare. 
 
 Obs. — "This is the plant Dr. Spruce speaks of in his 'Hep. 
 Amaz. and And.,' p. 572, in a footnote. It resembles very much 
 our common Aiifli. 'pundattis in size, but may easily be distin- 
 guished by the frond creeping flat on the soil beneath, while in 
 A. pu/tcfaf/f.s it is almost erect, turbinate, rooting only in the 
 centre, the upper half alone being more expanded. Both have a 
 very thin frond, which appears streaked and reticulate if seen 
 from above, from the sub-epidermous caverns, which in the 
 younger parts of the frond are smaller and more distinctly 
 reticulate. The epidermis of both bears numerous little crests 
 and short scales, always arranged parallel to the axis and never 
 
ANTHOCEROS. 503 
 
 running across. The frond is — as usual in the genus — repeatedly 
 forking, the forks, however, are not divided and free (as in some 
 exotic species), but connate with each other by means of a thin 
 lamina; a cross-section of the plant shows, therefore, thin and 
 thick parts regularly alternating, the thicker being the costa, 
 which also bears much larger caverns lying over a solid base of 
 unbroken tissue. In both species the frond runs out into numerous 
 laciniae, which in the vicinity of the vegetative apex are smaller 
 and shorter, while older and longer lacinise surround them, giving 
 the margin a very irregular and torn appearance. Ant/i. lavis is 
 a very much stouter plant, very thick and fleshy in living speci- 
 mens, and the margin is not laciniate, but merely divided into 
 thick rounded lobes. Spores and elaters are very similar to those 
 of A. jjuncfatus ; but the male organs of A. Sfahleri are very re- 
 markable, each cavity containing up to 20 antheridia on very 
 short stalks." — Stephani. 
 
 The description is taken from Stephani's notes in " Rev. 
 Bryol." for 1895. 
 
 Description of Plate CCXXVIII. — Figs. 1-3. Plants natural 
 size. 4. Fertile plant x. 5. Plant x 11. 6. Portion of frond 
 X 290. 7. Cross-section of frond x 16. 8. Calyptra x 16. 
 9. Cross-section of calyptra x 16. 10. Androecium x 64. 
 11. Antheridia x 85 (Foulshaw, G. Stabler). 
 
504 HEPATIC^. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 The following is a list of books, papers and exsiccata?, of interest to students 
 of the British Hepaticse, extracted from Prof. L. M. Underwood's " Index 
 Hepaticarum," Part I. — Bibliography, contributed to the " Memoirs of the 
 Torrey Botanical Club," vol. iv. No. 1 (18!)?.), by permission of the author, with 
 a few additional references. 
 
 Balfour — " Description of Adelanthus Carringtonii." Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. 
 
 X. 378-382 (1870). 
 
 Bischoff — " Bermerkungen uber die Lebermoose, vorzuglich aus den Gruppen 
 
 der Marcbantieen und Riccieen. Acts. Acad. Caes." Leop. Carol. Xat. Cur. 
 
 xvii. 2, 911-1088, t. Ixvii.-lxxi. (1835). (Sep. pp. 180). 
 
 Bloomfield, E. N. — " Hepaticfe of Suffolk." Journ. Bot. xxiii. 30G-3I0 (1885). 
 
 Botanical Record Club — " The London Catalogue of British Plants." Second 
 
 ed. 8vo. London (1881). 
 Braithwaite, R, — " A New British Riccia." Grevillea, i. 144 (1873). 
 Carrington, Benjamin — " Gleanings among the Irish Cryptogams." Trans. 
 Bot. Soc. Edin. vii. 370-372, 379-388 (1863). 
 
 " On Two Hepaticfe New to Britain : Jungermania saxicola ; J. Bart- 
 lingii." Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc. Proc. iv. 180-1('.8 (18G7). 
 
 " Dr. Gray's Arrangement of the Hepaticfe." 2Vans. Bot. Soc. Edin. 
 X. 305-309 (1870). 
 
 " On Two New British Hepaticse." Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. x. 378-382 
 (1870). 
 
 " New British Hepaticte." GreriUea, ii. 85-88, pi. xviii. (1873). 
 " British Hepatica?, containing Descriptions of the Native Species of 
 Jungermania, Marchantia, and Anthoceros." (Only four parts issued). 
 Pp. 88, pi. i.-xvi. (1874-1876). 
 
 "Notes on New British Hepatica^." Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. xiii. 461-470, 
 
 pi. xvii., xviii. (1879). 
 
 Carrington, B., and Pearson, "W. H. — " Hepatica? Britannica? exsiccatje," Fasc. i. 
 
 Nos. 1-75 (1878); Fasc. ii. Nos. 76-150 (1879); Fasc. iii. Nos. 151-215 
 
 (1883); Fasc. iv. Nos. 216-290 (1890). 
 
 Carruthers, William—" On the Nomenclature of the British Hepatic;(\" 
 
 Jonrn. Bot. iii. 297-302 (1865). 
 Cogniaux, Alfred — " Catalogue pour servir d'introduction a une Monographie 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 505 
 
 des Hepatiques de Belgique." Ball, de la Soc. Roy. de Bot. de Belgique 
 (1872). 
 Cooke, M. C. — " Easy Guide to British Hepaticie." Roy. Hvo. Woodcuts. 
 London (18G5). 
 
 "British Hepaticff', with Figures and Descriptions of every Species." 
 (1894). 
 CoRBiERE, L. — " Les Fossombronia du department de la Manche." Uev. Bryol. 
 
 xvii., l-() (1890). 
 OoRDA, A. K. J.— ^" Genera Hepaticarum : Die Gattungen der Lebermoose. In 
 Opix : Beitrage zu Naturgeschichte," 648-055 (1828). 
 
 " Monographia Rhizospermarum et Hepaticarum." 4to, pp. l(i, G tab. 
 Prag. (1829). 
 
 " Hepatica- in Sturm ; Deutschlands Flora nach der Natur mit Beschrei- 
 bungen.'' Zwe'de Ahtheilumj, Heft, i. xxxi. (1835) ? 
 Cruickshank, James — " List of Jungermania?, ikc, observed in the neighbour- 
 hood of Dumfries." Phytoloyist, i. 257-259 (1844). 
 OuRNOw, William — " The Hepatica? of West Cornwall." Trans. Penzance Xat. 
 Hist, and Antiq. Soc. (Sep. 5 pp.). (1881-2). 
 
 " Additions to the recorded Fauna and Flora of West Cornwall." Trans. 
 Penzance Nat. Hist, and Antiq. Soc. (1883-4). 
 Da VIES, George E. — " Blyttia Morkii N. v. E." Grevillea, iv. 76, 77 (l''<75). 
 De Candolle, A. P.—" Flore francaise." Vol. vi. (1815). 
 
 De Notaris, G. — "Primitijv Hepaticologia? italicse." Mem. Accad. delle Sci. di 
 Torino, 2nd ser. i. 1, tab. 287-361 (1839). (Sep. 4to, pp. 74) (1838). 
 
 " Appunti per un nuova censimento delle Epatiche Italiane." Mem. 
 Accad. delle Sci. di Torino, 2nd ser. xviii. 457-498 (1859) ; xxii. 353- 
 389 (1865). (Sep. 4to, pp. 44, 5 tab) (1865). 
 
 " Sunte di osservazioni sul genere Sarcoscyphus, Commentario." Soc. 
 Critto. Ital. (ilenova, i. 72 (1861). 
 Dickie, George — " Remarks on the Structure and Morphology of Marchantia 
 
 polymorpha." Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. i. 107-112 (1844). 
 Dickson, James — "Plantarum cryptogamicarum Britannise." Fasc. i. (1785); 
 
 Fase.ii. (1790); Fasc. iii. (1793) ; Fasc. iv. (1801). 
 DiLLENius, J. J. — " Historia Muscorum." 4to, pp. xxi. 576, 85 tab. Oxford 
 
 (1741). 
 DuMORTiER, B. C. — " Commentationes Botanic;^." 8vo, pp. 118, Tournay (1822). 
 " Sylloge Jungermannidearum EuropsR." 8vo, pp. 100, 2 pi. Tournay 
 (1831). 
 
 " Recueil d'observations sur les Jungermannes." JSvo, pp. 100, 27, 
 Tournay (1835). 
 
 " Hepaticpe Europa^." Bidl. de la Soc. royale de Bot. de Belgique, 5-203 
 (1874). (Sep. 8vo, pp. 203, 4 pi. Bruxelles) (1874). 
 Ehrhart, F. — " Beitrage zur Naturkunde, &c." Seven vols. 8vo, Hanover 
 (1787-92). 
 
506 HEPATIC^:. 
 
 Ekart, T. p. — " Synopsis Jungermanniarum in Germania." 4to, pp. 72, 13 tab. 
 
 Coburg (1882). 
 Evans, A. W. — "An Arrangement of the Genera of Hepatica?." Trans. Conn. 
 
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 " Uber die Fructification der Jungermannife Geocalycete." Acta Acad, 
 
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 des Natarw. Vereins in Hamburg, vii. 39-66, t. (1880), and numerous other 
 
 contributions. 
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 Hamburghi (1844-1«47). 
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 (1S16). 
 
 " Flora Scotica." Two vols. 8vo, pp. x. 292, 297, London (1821). 
 Hooker, W. J., and Taylor, T. — " Muscologia Britannica." Second ed. 8vo, 
 
 pp. 272, 36 tab. London (1827). 
 Hudson, William—" Flora Anglica." 8vo. pp. viii. 506, London (1762). 
 HuBENER, J. W. p. — " Hepaticologia Germanica." 8vo, pp. 314, Mannheim 
 
 (1834). 
 HtJBENER, J. W. P., et Genth, C. F. F. — " Deutschlands Lebermoose exsiccata," 
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 (18H1). 
 
 " Hepaticai Gallise (exsiccatje)." Fascicules i.-ix. Nos. 1-231. 
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 (1877). (Review of Dumortier's work). 
 
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 49-87, t. i.-x. (1886). 
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 i. 718 (1844). 
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BLBLIOGEAPHY. 507 
 
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 Schlesien" (1H77), and numerous other works. 
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 singfors (1877). 
 
 " Hepaticee in Hibernia. Mense Julii (1.S73), lectee." Acta Soc. Sc. Feiin. 
 X. 407-559 (1875), and numerous other works. 
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 Fasc. 1, Nos. 1-25, Helsingfors (1874). 
 LiNDENBERG, J. B. W. — " Synopsis Hepaticarum Europsearum." Nova Acta 
 Acad. Caes. Leop. xiv. Suppl. pp. 126, 2 tab. Bonn (182'J). 
 
 "Monographie der Riccien." Xova Acta Acad. Caes. Leoj). xviii. 361- 
 504, tab. xix.-xxxvii. (1836). 
 LiNDENBERG, J. B. W., et GoTTSCHE, C. M. — " Species Hepaticarum." 4to, 07, 
 
 tab. col. Bonn (1830-51). 
 LiNN.EUS, Carl — "Species plantarum, etc." Two vols. 8vo, pp. 1200, Holmiai 
 
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 " Pellia Neesiana Limpr. in Britain." Journ. Bot. p. 275 (1900). 
 " New British Hepaticse." Journ. Bot. p. 36 (1901). 
 " A Key to Bi-itish Hepaticae." Journ. Bot. p, 154-167 (1901). 
 " Scapania crassiretis Bryhn in Britain." Journ. Bot. p. 210 (1901). 
 Martius, K. F. p. von — " Flora cryptogamica Erlangensis." 8vo, pp. Ixxviii. 
 
 508, 6 tab. Nuremberg (1817). 
 Massalongo, Caro — " Hepaticologia Veneta." 3 tav. Padova (1879). 
 
 " Hepaticffi Italife-Venetfe exsiccatje." 4 fasc. Nos. 1-120 (1878-1881);^ 
 and numerous other works. 
 Massalongo, C, et Carestia, A. — "Epatiche delle Alpi Pennine." Nuooo 
 
 Giorn. Bot. Ital. xiv. 212-258, t. x.-xiv. (1882); and other works. 
 Mc Andrew, J. — " Radula voluta Tayl. in Scotland." Journ. Bot. xxvii. 51 
 
 (1889). 
 McArdle, David — " Notes on some New or Rare Irish Hepaticfe." Proc. Pay. 
 Duhlhi Soc. iii. 17-21, pi. v., vi. (1881). 
 
 " Hepaticfe of Wicklow." Journ. of Bot. xxvii. 11, 12 (1889). 
 " Hepaticaj of Lough Bray, County Wicklow." Journ. Bot. xxviii. 356- 
 361 (1890). 
 McIvoR, W. C — " Hepaticfe Britannica?, or Pocket Herbarium of British 
 
 Hepaticfe." Small 8vo, New Brentford (1847). 
 MiCHELi, p. A. — " Nova plantarum genera." 4to, pp. 234, 108 tab. Florence 
 
 (1729). 
 Mitten, William — " A List of all the Mosses and Hepatica^ hitherto observed 
 
508 HEPATIC^E, 
 
 in Sussex." Ann. Nat. Hist. viii. 305-324, 3<i2-370 (1851), and many 
 
 other works. 
 MoNTAGNE, J. F. C. — " Sylloge generum specierumque Cryptogamarum." Svo, 
 
 pp. 498, Paris (1856) ; and many other works. 
 Moore, David — " Ordnance Survey Collections of Counties of Derry and 
 
 Antrim. Vol. i. : Mosses and Hepatica? exsiccata^." (1834-8.) 
 
 " Addenda to the Musci and Hepatic* of the Flora Hibernica, with 
 
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 " Contributions to the British and Irish Musci and Hepatica?."' Pi-oc. 
 
 Dublin Univ. Zool. and Bot. Assoc, ii. 80 (1863). 
 
 " Anthoceros Isevis in Ireland." Joxirn. Bot. xl. 274 (1873). 
 
 " lUustrations of the Reproductive Apparatus in Marchantia;." Quar. 
 
 Journ. Micros. Science, 215, 216 (1874). 
 
 " Report on Irish Hepaticfe." Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 2nd ser. ii. 591- 
 
 672, 2 PI. (1876). 
 MouGEOT, J, B., Nestler, C. G., et Schimper, W. P.—*' Stirpes Cryptogamai 
 
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 (1810-1856). 
 Nees von Esenbeck, C. G. — " Naturgeschichte der europaischen Lebermoose." 
 
 Four vols, sm. Svo, Berlin and Breslau, vol. i. (1833); vol. ii. (1836); 
 
 vol. iii. (1838) ; vol. iv. (1838) ; and other works. 
 Pearson, W. H. — "Yorkshire Hepatica'." Naturalist, i. (1876); and other 
 
 works. 
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 xvii. 33, 34 (1(^90). 
 Power, Thomas — " Contributions toward the Fauna and Flora of Coik." Partii. 
 
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 Rabenhokst, L. — " Handbuch Deutschlands Kryptogamenflora," vol. xi. pt. 3, 
 
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 &c. 
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 Reader, H. P. — "Monmouthshire Cryptogams." Journ. Bot. xx. 120 (1882). 
 " The Hepaticje of Gloucestershire." Journ. Bot. xxii. 331, 332 (1885). 
 RossETTi, C. — "Appunti di Epaticologia toscana." Xuovo Giwn. Bot. Ital. 
 
 XX. 412, 413 (1888), &c. 
 Roth, A. "VV. — " Tentamen Flora^ Germanicaj." Three vols. 8vo, Leipzig (1788- 
 
 1800). 
 Salwey, T. — " A List of Certain Plants to be met with in the Neighbourhood 
 
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 xxvii. 207-211, 239-243, 1 Taf. ^886). 
 
 " Hepaticje in Engler und Prantl." Pflanzenf. (1893-5), &c. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 500 
 
 ScuMiDEL, C. C. — " Icone.s Plantarum, Ac." Folio, pp. 11)7, .")0 tab. col. Nurem- 
 
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 SciiRADEK, H. A. — " Plantje Cryptogamicii' nova-, rariore.s aut minus cognitje." 
 
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 ScoPOLi, J. A,—" Flora Carnolica, etc." Second ed. 2 vols. 8vo, Vienna (1772). 
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( -'11 ) 
 
 INDEX TO GENERA, SPECIES AND PLATES. 
 
 Synonyms are in Italics. 
 
 Acolea. 
 
 brevissima, Dum. . 
 
 co7icinnala, Lindb. 
 
 corallioides, Dum. . 
 
 cretmlata, Dum. 
 AcROBOLBus, JVees 
 
 Wilsoni (Tayl.), yees 
 Adelaxthus, Mitten . 
 
 Carrinytoni, Balf. . 
 
 decipiens (Hook.), Mitt. 
 Alicularia. 
 
 comp-essa, G. L. N. 
 
 'minor, Limpr. 
 
 sccdaris, (Jorda 
 AXEURA, Du7n. . 
 
 ambrosioides {Nees) 
 
 latifrons, Lindb. . 
 
 multifida (L.), Ditni. 
 
 inultijida, Kees 
 
 palmata {ITedw.), Dnni. 
 
 palmata, Nees 
 
 pinguis (7/.), Dum. 
 
 piimatifida, N. Can*. 
 
 sinuata (Dicks.), Dum. 
 Anthelia, Jjifni. 
 
 dentata, Dum. 
 
 julacea (Z.), J)inn. 
 
 Juratzkana {Limjrr.), 
 Spruce 
 
 nivalis, Lindb. 
 
 setiformis, Dum. . 
 
 Turneri, Dum. 
 
 AXTHOCEROS, Mich. . 
 
 laevirf, L. 
 
 punctatus, L. 
 
 Stabler!, Steph. 
 Aplozia. 
 
 cordifolia, Dum. 
 ' crenidata, Dum, 
 
 cristidata, Dum, 
 
 PLATE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 VOL 2 
 
 VOL. 1 
 
 
 
 40:5 
 
 , . 
 
 401 
 
 
 
 407 
 
 
 
 410 
 
 LSI 
 
 410 
 
 
 
 204 
 
 
 
 287 
 
 7'.» 
 
 204 
 
 _ 
 
 ;j(i« 
 
 
 
 372 
 
 — 
 
 370 
 
 -- 
 
 449 
 
 201 
 
 453 
 
 202 
 
 4o4 
 
 200 
 
 4,")! 
 
 
 4r)3 
 
 1!)'.) 
 
 4r)0 
 
 ._ 
 
 454 
 
 204 
 
 457 
 
 
 
 45G 
 
 203 
 
 450 
 
 — 
 
 93 
 
 — 
 
 1S7 
 
 ;54 
 
 94 
 
 PAGB 
 VOL. 1 
 
 114 
 190 
 
 498 
 499 
 500 
 502 
 
 290 
 30(> 
 302 
 
 Ajylozia — {continued) 
 
 (jracillima, Dum. . 
 
 hyalina, Dum. 
 
 larida, Dum. 
 
 pmnila, Dum. 
 
 riparia, Dum. 
 
 sphcerocarjxi, Dum. 
 
 tristis, Dum. 
 Aste7'ella. 
 
 hemisphcerica, Beauv 
 Bazzaxia, Gr. d- B. . 
 
 Pearsoni {Stephani) 
 
 triangularis {Schleich.) 
 Lindb. 
 
 tricrenata (Wahlenb.) 
 
 trilobata (L.), Gr. cC- L 
 Blasia, Afich. . 
 
 pusilla, L. 
 Blepharostoma, Dum. 
 
 connivens, Dum. 
 
 setacea, Dum. 
 
 setiformis, Lindb. . 
 
 trichophyllum {L.), JJum 
 Blepharuzia, Dum. . 
 
 ciliaris (Z.), Dam. 
 
 lloffmanni, Dum. . 
 
 pulcherrima(y/o//yM.),Z?« 
 
 IVoodsii, Dum 
 Blytiia. 
 
 Lyellii, Endl. 
 Blyttii. 
 
 Moerckii, G. L, N. 
 Calycularia. 
 
 hlyttii (Mcerck). . 
 Calyj)oyeia, Dill. 
 
 aryuta, Mont, it Xees 
 
 IVichomanis, Dum. 
 Cephalozia, Dam. . 
 
 au-aiia, Pearson 
 
 albesceiis, Dum. 
 
 48 
 49 
 47 
 
 196 
 
 302 
 3G4 
 298 
 292 
 294 
 296 
 294 
 
 470 
 126 
 133 
 
 130 
 132 
 128 
 440 
 440 
 111 
 157 
 124 
 114 
 112 
 
 — 104 
 3.S 104 
 
 — 106 
 db. 39 106 
 
 — 102 
 
 — 432 
 
 — lliH 
 
 ~ 438 
 
 — 1 :{4 
 
 — 139 
 
 — 13, 6 
 
 — 141 
 69 181 
 
 — 192 
 
512 
 
 
 HEPATIC^. 
 
 
 
 
 PLATE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PLATE PAGE 
 
 
 VOL.2 
 
 VOL. 1 
 
 
 VOL. 
 
 2 VOL. 1 
 
 Cephalozia — {continued) 
 
 
 
 Clasmatocolea — {continuec 
 
 I) 
 
 
 alpestris, Cogn. 
 
 
 
 331 
 
 cuneifolia {Hook.), Spruce lOi 
 
 254 
 
 bicuspidata {L.), Bum. . 
 
 57 
 
 150 
 
 Codonia. 
 
 
 
 catenulata {Hilben.) 
 
 54 
 
 144 
 
 Dumwtieri, Hiib. & 
 
 
 
 connivens {Dicks.) . 
 
 60 
 
 157 
 
 Genth. . 
 
 
 
 423 
 
 curvifolia {Dicks.), Dum. 
 
 61 
 
 159 
 
 pusilla, Dum. 
 
 
 418 
 
 dentata {Eaddi), Lindb. 
 
 73 
 
 187 
 
 Ralfsii, Dum. 
 
 
 430 
 
 denudata {Xees), Sjn-uce 
 
 'o'o 
 
 174 
 
 Coleochila. 
 
 
 
 divaricata {Smith), Dum. 
 
 67 
 
 177 
 
 anomala, Dum. 
 
 
 
 267 
 
 elachista {Jack), Lindb. . 
 
 71 
 
 184 
 
 cuneifolia. Spruce . 
 
 
 
 254 
 
 fluitans {Xees), Spruce . 
 
 &?> 
 
 165 
 
 Taylori, Dum. 
 
 
 
 264 
 
 Francisci {Hook.), Dum. 
 
 62 
 
 103 
 
 CoxocEPHALUS, Xeck. 
 
 
 
 468 
 
 Helleri, Lindb. 
 
 
 
 351 
 
 conicus {Xeck.), Dum. 
 
 .' 209 
 
 469 
 
 heterostipa, Carr. el Spruce 64 
 
 168 
 
 Cordea. 
 
 
 
 hibernica, Spruce MS. . 
 
 59 
 
 155 
 
 Blyttii, Cord. 
 
 — 
 
 438 
 
 islandica, Lindb. . 
 
 — 
 
 194 
 
 Dilama. 
 
 
 
 Jackii, Limpr. MS. 
 
 70 
 
 182 
 
 Blyttii, Dum. 
 
 — 
 
 438 
 
 laxifolia, Dum. 
 
 — 
 
 197 
 
 hibernica, Gr. & Benn. 
 
 — 
 
 434 
 
 leucantha, Spruce . 
 
 12 
 
 186 
 
 Lyellii, Dum. 
 
 
 
 432 
 
 lunula?folia, Ditm. . 
 
 56 
 
 147 
 
 Diptlomitrion. 
 
 
 
 media, Lindb. 
 
 — 
 
 147 
 
 hibernicum. Cord. . 
 
 
 
 434 
 
 midtiflora. Spruce . 
 
 — 
 
 147 
 
 Diplomitrium. 
 
 
 
 obtusiloba, Lindb. . 
 
 — 
 
 165 
 
 Blyttii, Cord. 
 
 — 
 
 438 
 
 pallida, Sp'uce 
 
 55 
 
 146 
 
 Diplolcena. 
 
 
 
 serriflora, Lindb, . 
 
 — 
 
 144 
 
 Blyttii, Cord. 
 
 — 
 
 438 
 
 Sphagni {Dicks.), Spruce 
 
 65 
 
 171 
 
 hibernica, Dum. 
 
 — 
 
 434 
 
 stellulifera {Tayl. MS.) 
 Turneri, Lindb. . 
 
 68 
 
 179 
 190 
 
 Lyellii, Nees 
 
 — 
 
 1-430 
 \434 
 
 Cesia, Gr. ii' B. 
 
 . 
 
 390 
 
 DiPLOPHYLLUM, Dum. 
 
 
 
 238 
 
 adusta (Nees), Lindb. . 
 
 — 
 
 399 
 
 albicans (Z.), Dum. 
 
 97 
 
 239 
 
 alpina {Gottsch.), Lindb. . 
 
 172 
 
 391 
 
 Dicksoni {Hook.), Dum. 
 
 100 
 
 243 
 
 brevissima {Dum.) 
 
 176 
 
 399 
 
 Hellerianum, Dum. 
 
 — 
 
 251 
 
 concinnata {Light/,), 
 
 
 
 minutum, Dum. 
 
 
 
 353 
 
 G. cC- B. . . . 
 
 178 
 
 403 
 
 obtusifolium {Hook.), 
 
 
 
 conferta, Limp'. . 
 
 175 
 
 397 
 
 Dum. 
 
 99 
 
 241 
 
 corallioides {Xees) 
 
 177 
 
 401 
 
 saxicolum, Dum. . 
 
 
 
 355 
 
 crassifolia {(Jarr.), Lindb. 
 
 174 
 
 395 
 
 taxifolium {Wahl.), Dum 
 
 . 98 
 
 240 
 
 crenulata, Gottsche 
 
 179 
 
 407 
 
 DuMORTiERA, Xees 
 
 
 
 477 
 
 obtusa, Lindb. 
 
 179 
 
 405 
 
 hirsata (Swartz.), Stejyh. 
 
 — 
 
 477 
 
 revoluta {Xees), Lindb. . 
 
 173 
 
 393 
 
 irrigua {Wils.), Xees 
 
 213 
 
 477 
 
 Chandonanthus, Mitt. 
 
 — 
 
 113 
 
 Eremonotus, Lindb. . 
 
 — 
 
 200 
 
 setiformis {Ehrh.), Mitt. 
 
 42 
 
 114 
 
 myriocarpus ( Carr.), Lind 
 
 b. 78 
 
 201 
 
 Chiloscyphus, Dum. 
 
 — 
 
 256 
 
 Eucalyx. 
 
 
 
 polyanthos {L.), Dum. . 
 
 106 
 
 257 
 
 obovata, Lindb. 
 
 — 
 
 366 
 
 Chomiocarpo7i. 
 
 
 
 Fegatella. 
 
 
 
 quadratus (Scop.), Lindb. 
 
 — 
 
 473 
 
 conica, Corda 
 
 — 
 
 469 
 
 Cincinmdus, Radd. . 
 
 
 
 134 
 
 FossoMBRONiA, Eaddi 
 
 — 
 
 416 
 
 argutus, Dum. 
 
 — 
 
 139 
 
 angulosa {Mich., Dicks.), 
 
 
 
 Sprengelii, Dum. . 
 
 
 
 138 
 
 Raddi 
 
 185 
 
 421 
 
 Trichomanis, Dum. 
 
 
 
 136 
 
 angulosa, Raddi 
 
 — 
 
 424 
 
 Clasmatocolea, Spruce 
 
 — 
 
 254 
 
 ciespitiformis, De X. 
 
 187 
 
 424 
 

 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 513 
 
 
 PLATH 
 
 I'AOB 
 
 
 PI ATI 
 
 PA OB 
 
 
 VOL. 2 
 
 VOL. 1 
 
 
 VOL. •> 
 
 VOL. I 
 
 Fossomhroniii - (contlmted) 
 
 
 HY(iROIJIELLA, Spruce 
 
 
 i9(; 
 
 coi'hulceformis, Trab. 
 
 — 
 
 1:50 
 
 laxifolia {Ifoolc), Sprue 
 
 ", t ( 
 
 197 
 
 cristata, JAndh. 
 
 . ISI 
 
 120 
 
 ■aevicensis, Carr. . 
 
 
 
 3H9 
 
 Duiiiortieri {Ifilh. <( 
 
 
 
 Jamksoxiella , Sprvce 
 
 
 2s(; 
 
 aenth.), JAndh. . 
 
 . ISC, 
 
 423 
 
 Carringtoni {Half.) 
 
 
 
 J'oreoluta, J^indl). . 
 
 — 
 
 423 
 
 Sjn'uce 
 
 121 
 
 287 
 
 Mittenii, y'iiid. 
 
 188 
 
 425 
 
 JuBULA, Dam. . 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 pusiUa {JJill., /,.), Bum 
 
 
 
 Hutchinsiiu {Hook.) 
 
 
 
 Lindh. 
 
 . 183 
 
 418 
 
 Dum. 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 Frullania, Haddi . 
 
 . 
 
 23 
 
 JUNGERMANIA, L. 
 
 
 
 288 
 
 dilatata {L.), Dum. 
 
 5 
 
 33 
 
 acuta, Lindl). 
 
 
 
 316 
 
 fragili folia, Tai/lor 
 
 3 
 
 2;) 
 
 acuta, Wils. . 
 
 
 
 309 
 
 germana [Tai/lor) . 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 adunca, Dicks. 
 
 — 
 
 99 
 
 Hutchinsiw; Nees . 
 
 — 
 
 3(; 
 
 a'qailoba, ,Schwaeg. 
 
 
 
 212 
 
 microphylla (GoUsche), P 
 
 ears. 2 
 
 26 
 
 albescens. Hook. . 
 
 — 
 
 192 
 
 Tamarisci (/>.), J)i(tn. 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 albicans, Linn. 
 
 
 
 239 
 
 Gymnant/ie. 
 
 
 
 albicans, Nees 
 
 
 
 240 
 
 declpiexs, Mitt. 
 
 * 
 
 204 
 
 ahjeriensis, Gott. . 
 
 
 
 ;)09 
 
 Wilsoni, Tayl. 
 
 
 
 410 
 
 alpestris, Schleich. 
 
 142 
 
 331 
 
 Gymnocolea. 
 
 
 
 anyulosa, Dicks. . 
 
 
 
 421 
 
 ajiiiis, Dum. 
 
 , 
 
 300 
 
 anomala. Hook. 
 
 
 
 267 
 
 injlata, Dum. 
 
 — 
 
 307 
 
 aquilegia, Tayl. 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 laxifoUa, Dum. 
 
 — 
 
 197 
 
 asplenioides, L. 
 
 
 
 274 
 
 Gymnomitrion. 
 
 
 
 attenuata, Lindb. . 
 
 
 
 342 
 
 Blyttii, Hiibeii. . 
 Gymnomitrium. 
 
 — 
 
 438 
 
 autumnalis, J)e ('. 
 
 129 
 
 1 3(13 
 1^305 
 
 adastum, Nees 
 
 — 
 
 399 
 
 hadensis, Gott, 
 
 
 
 309 
 
 concinnatuvi, Cord. 
 
 
 
 403 
 
 barbata, Hook. 
 
 
 
 342 
 
 confertum, Limpr. . 
 
 
 
 397 
 
 barbata, Schreb. 
 
 148 
 
 344 
 
 corallioides, Nees . 
 
 — 
 
 401 
 
 Bartlingii, Hampe 
 
 — 
 
 209 
 
 crassifoliam, Carr. 
 
 
 
 395 
 
 Baueri, Mart. 
 
 
 1 59 
 
 cremdatum, Gottsche 
 
 
 
 407 
 
 
 (133 
 
 312 
 
 revolutum, Pliilib. 
 
 — 
 
 393 
 
 bantriensis, Ifook. 
 
 'l34 
 
 314 
 
 liAKPANTiius, Xees . 
 
 
 
 259 
 
 
 i.3^ 
 
 :;i(; 
 
 Flotoviamts, Nees . 
 
 _ 
 
 201 
 
 bicornis, Web. 
 
 35;; 
 
 Flotovvii, Nees 
 
 108 
 
 2G1 
 
 bicrenata, Schinid. 
 
 139 
 
 324 
 
 scutatus, W. cf- .1/. . 
 
 107 
 
 259 
 
 bicuspidata, G. L. N. 
 
 
 
 144 
 
 IlejxUica. 
 
 
 
 bicuspidata, Linn. 
 
 — 
 
 150 
 
 conica, Lindl). 
 
 — . 
 
 4(;9 
 
 bicuspidata, Nees . 
 
 
 
 153 
 
 .saxaiUis, Vaill. 
 
 — 
 
 224 
 
 bidentata, Dum. . 
 
 
 
 247 
 
 vulgar in, Mich. 
 
 — 
 
 4(;9 
 
 bide)/tata, Hook. . 
 
 
 
 312 
 
 Ilepaticoides. 
 
 
 
 lilasKt, Hook. 
 
 
 
 440 
 
 albescens, Vaill. 
 
 - 
 
 2:'. 9 
 
 niyttii, Moerck . 
 
 
 
 438 
 
 Hehherta, Gr. d- B. . 
 
 _ 
 
 99 
 
 byssacea, Roth 
 
 
 177 
 
 adunca (Dicks.), Gr. <(■ /! 
 
 :;i; 
 
 !I9 
 
 calycina, Tayl. 
 
 
 447 
 
 llerpetiuni. 
 
 
 
 calyjdrifolia, Hook. 
 
 
 64 
 
 repians, Nees 
 
 - 
 
 /117 
 |ll9 
 
 capitata, Jlook. 
 catenulala, Hiiben. 
 
 l;;s 
 
 144 
 
 trilohatitm, Nees . 
 
 
 
 128 
 
 ciliaris, L. 
 
 
 
 104 
 
 llyijropyla. 
 
 
 
 cochlear if orm is, Weiss. 
 
 . 
 
 91 
 
 irriyaa, Tayl. 
 
 — 
 
 477 
 
 compacta, Iloth 
 
 
 2(tS 
 
 - K 
 
51' 
 
 HEPATIC.-E. 
 
 Jungermania — (continued) 
 complanata. Hook. 
 comjdanata, L. 
 compressa, Hook. . 
 concinnata, Lightf. 
 conci7inata, Schleich. 
 confervoides, Raddi 
 connivens, Dicks. . 
 connivens, Mart. . 
 convexa, Scop. 
 convoluta, Hiiben. 
 corcyracea, Nees . 
 Cordeana, Hiiben. 
 cordifolia, Hook. . 
 crenulata, Hooh. var. 
 crenulata, Smith . 
 culeccris, Wils. 
 cuneifolia, Hook. . 
 cu])7'essina, Swartz. 
 citrta, Mart. . 
 curvifolia, Dicks. . 
 citspididigera, Nees 
 decipiens, Hook. . 
 deflexa, Mart. 
 dentata, Raddi 
 denudata, Nees 
 Dicksoni, Hook. . 
 distans, Schwein. . 
 divaricata, Sm. 
 Doniana, Hook. 
 Donii, Hook. 
 Dimiortieri, Lib. . 
 elachista, Jack 
 
 elongata, Hook. 
 
 emarginata, Ehrh. 
 endivif^folia, Dick; 
 epiphylla., Hook. 
 ejnphylla^ L. 
 excisa, Dicks. 
 excisa, Funck 
 exigua, Tayl. 
 exsecta, Schmid. 
 Jissa, Scop. . 
 flava, Swartz. 
 Floerkii, Web. 
 Flotoviana, Nees 
 fluiians, Nees 
 Francisci, Hook. 
 Fi0ickii, Web. et Mohi 
 furcata, L. 
 
 PLATE 
 \0L. 2 
 
 PAGE 
 YOL.l 
 
 _ 
 
 74 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 368 
 
 
 
 403 
 
 
 
 399 
 
 
 
 177 
 
 
 
 157 
 
 — 
 
 147 
 
 
 
 23(; 
 
 
 
 201 
 
 . 
 
 309 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 122 
 
 290 
 
 ]28 
 
 302 
 
 ]27 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 312 
 
 
 
 251 
 
 
 
 117 
 
 
 
 235 
 
 
 
 159 
 
 
 
 209 
 
 
 
 204 
 
 
 
 130 
 
 
 
 187 
 
 
 
 174 
 
 
 
 243 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 
 
 177 
 
 ir)7 
 
 361 
 
 
 
 361 
 
 
 
 269 
 
 
 
 184 
 
 - 
 
 f463 
 
 ■\464 
 
 375 
 
 
 
 447 
 
 __ 
 
 447 
 
 
 
 443 
 
 
 
 322 
 
 
 
 379 
 
 
 
 282 
 
 145 
 
 337 
 
 
 
 135 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 348 
 
 
 
 261 
 
 
 
 165 
 
 
 
 163 
 
 
 
 379 
 
 — 
 
 461 
 
 Jungermania — {continued) 
 furcata (non L.), Weiss, 
 gelida, Tajjl. . 
 Genthiana, Hiiben. 
 Goepertiana, Hiiben. 
 Goulardii, Husn. . 
 gracilis, Schleich. . 
 gracillima, Smith . 
 hamatifolia, Hook. 
 Hartmanni, Theden. 
 Helleriana, Nees . 
 heterophylla, Schrad . 
 hihernica, Hook. , 
 hibernica, Wils. 
 Hqfinanni, Wallroth 
 Hookeri, Lyell 
 Hutchinsice, Hook. 
 hyalina, Lyell 
 hygrophylla^ Spruce 
 incisa, Schrad. 
 iitconspiciha, Raddi 
 iiiilata, Hads. 
 ivjiata, Nees . 
 intermedia, Lindenb. 
 interrupta, Nees 
 ii-rigua, Nees 
 islandica, Nees 
 Taylori, Hook. 
 julacea, L. 
 julacea, Nees 
 juniper ina, Hook. . 
 Juratzk:mta, Lirapr. 
 Kunzeana, Hiiben . 
 laevigata, Dum. 
 Lammersiana, Hiiben 
 lanceolata, L. 
 lunulcpfolia, Dum. . 
 laxifolia. Hook. 
 Leersii, Roth. 
 lurida, Dum. 
 
 lycopodioides, Wallr. 
 
 Ljjellii, Hook. 
 Lyoni, Tayl. . 
 Mackaii, Hook. 
 macrorhiza, Dicks. 
 
 major, Mich. . 
 
 7nicroscopica, Tayl. 
 minima, Mich, 
 minuta, Crantz 
 
 PLATE PAGB 
 VOL. 2 VOL. 1 
 
 — 463 
 143 334 
 
 14; 
 
 15^ 
 
 36 
 364 
 312 
 335 
 
 61 
 307 
 
 — 165 
 
 — 322 
 
 — 269 
 
 — 230 
 
 — 194 
 
 — 264 
 
 — 94 
 
 — 97 
 
 — 99 
 
 — 97 
 151 349 
 
 144 
 
 131 
 
 — 80 
 
 — 153 
 
 — 284 
 
 — 147 
 
 — 197 
 
 — 106 
 
 — 298 
 (149 346 
 \150 348 
 
 — 432 
 146 339 
 
 — 40 
 
 153 
 
'INDEX. 
 
 515 
 
 
 PLATE I'AOE 
 
 
 VOL. 
 
 1 VOL.1 
 
 Jun^ei'inania — [GontiaauV) 
 
 
 
 minatissima, Hook. 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 minutlssima, Sm. . 
 
 
 
 Gl 
 
 montana, Mart. 
 
 _ 
 
 212 
 
 Micelleri, Nees 
 
 
 
 ai4 
 
 multifida, Hook. . 
 
 
 
 45G 
 
 multijida, Linn. 
 
 
 
 451 
 
 multifida, Schmidt 
 
 
 
 454 
 
 nana, Nees . 
 
 
 
 298 
 
 nemorosa, Hook, . 
 
 - 
 
 (225 
 \235 
 
 nemorosa, L. . 
 
 
 
 'Z2'2 
 
 nemorosa, Mich. 
 
 
 
 22-2 
 
 nevicensis, Csur. 
 
 
 
 3.S9 
 
 nivalis, Sw. . 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 obovata, Nees 
 
 
 
 3GG 
 
 obtusa, Lindh. 
 
 \M 
 
 318 
 
 ohtusifolia. Hook. . 
 
 
 
 241 
 
 orcadensis, Hook. . 
 
 \k)b 
 
 357 
 
 ornithopodioides, With. . 
 
 
 
 219 
 
 ovata, ]3ickb. 
 
 -_ 
 
 243 
 
 jKdmata, Hedw. . 
 
 — 
 
 450 
 
 palusiris, Mich. 
 
 — 
 
 284 
 
 Pearsoni, Spruce . 
 
 156 
 
 359 
 
 pingiiis, Linn. 
 
 
 
 457 
 
 planifolia, Hook. . 
 
 
 
 219 
 
 platyphylla, L. 
 
 — 
 
 84 
 
 pohjanihos, Linn. . 
 
 — 
 
 257 
 
 Porella, Dicks. 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 porphyrolenca, Nees 
 
 
 
 327 
 
 pubescens, Schrank 
 
 — 
 
 4G0 
 
 jmlcherrima, Hofim. 
 
 
 
 106 
 
 pumihx, Wither. . 
 
 12;; 
 
 292 
 
 pmpurea, 8cop. 
 
 — 
 
 91 
 
 jntsilla, Linn. 
 
 — 
 
 (418 
 "(421 
 
 quimjuedentata, Web. . 
 
 
 
 339 
 
 Ealfsii, Wils. 
 
 — 
 
 430 
 
 reclusa, Tayl. 
 
 
 
 144. 
 
 riparia, Tayl. 
 
 12i 
 
 294 
 
 repens, Mich, 
 
 — 
 
 239 
 
 reptans, Dum. 
 
 — 
 
 119 
 
 reptans, Hook. 
 
 
 
 117 
 
 7'esupiHata, Linn. . 
 
 — 
 
 217 
 
 resupinata, Web. et Molir. 
 
 
 2< >8 
 
 rosacea, Corda 
 
 — 
 
 233 
 
 rupestris, Schleich. 
 
 
 
 2(1! 1 
 
 saxicola, Schrad. . 
 
 154 
 
 3r»r» 
 
 scalaris, Mart, 
 
 
 
 174 
 
 scalaris, Schrad, , 
 
 
 
 370 
 
 Schraderi, Ekart . 
 
 130 
 
 303 
 
 PLATK PAGE 
 VOL. 1 VOL. I 
 
 Juntrermania — {continued} 
 Schraderi, Mart. . 
 Schraderi, Nees 
 scutattts, W. cfe M. 
 Sehlmeyeri, Hiib. . 
 serjryllifolia, Dicks. 
 serpyllifolia. Hook. 
 setacea, Web. 
 setiformis, Ehrh. . 
 siln-etUr, (lott. 
 siuaaia, Dicks, 
 socia, A^ees 
 sphacelata, Gies. 
 
 spluerocarpn, Ilook. 
 
 Sphuijui, Difks. 
 Spliaijid, Hook. 
 spinulosa, Dicks. . 
 spinulosa, Hook. . 
 Sprenyelii, Mai't. . 
 Starkii, Herb. Funck. 
 Starkii, Nees 
 stellnlifera, Tayl. MH. 
 stipulacea, Hook. . 
 suhaljiina, Nees 
 subupicalis, Nees . 
 subcompressa, Limpr, 
 sudetica, Nees 
 Tamarisci, L. 
 taxi folia, Wahl. 
 Taylori, Hook. 
 terrestris, Mich. 
 terrestris, Mich. 
 te7-sa, Nees . 
 Thuja, Dicks. 
 tomentella, Ehrh. . 
 triangularis, Schleichei 
 Trichomanis, Dicks. 
 trichophyUa, L. 
 tricreitata, Wahlenb, 
 trilobata, L. . 
 tristis, Nees . 
 turbinata, Raddi . 
 Turneri, Hook. 
 tyroletisis, Nees 
 uUcina, Tayl. 
 uliyinosa, Nees 
 nliyinosa, Sw, 
 umbrosa, Scluad. . 
 undulata, Linn. 
 ustulata, Hiiben. . 
 
 125 
 126 
 
 13: 
 
516 
 
 
 HEPATICLE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 PLATE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PLATE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 
 VOL. 2 
 
 VOL. 1 
 
 
 TOL. 2 
 
 VOL.1 
 
 Jungervaiiniii~'(contim(sd) 
 
 
 
 Lichenastrum -{continu,edj) 
 
 
 
 ventricosa, Dicks. . 
 
 ' 
 
 UO) 
 141) 
 
 327 
 
 aqimticum. Dill. 
 asplenii facie, Dill. 
 
 — 
 
 495 
 274 
 
 verruculosa, Lindb. 
 viiiculosa, Linn. 
 
 
 — 
 
 351 
 413 
 
 arbor is vita' facie, Dill. 
 
 
 (82 
 (84 
 
 Wallroihiana, Nees 
 
 
 — 
 
 309 
 
 auricidatum, Dill. . 
 
 — 
 
 217 
 
 Weheri, Mart. 
 
 
 — 
 
 353 
 
 
 
 f219 
 J 222 
 [239 
 
 Wilsoni, Tayl. 
 
 
 — 
 
 410 
 
 auriculatuin. Dill. . 
 
 — 
 
 Wilsoniana, Nees . 
 
 
 — 
 
 309 
 
 
 
 Woodsii, Hook. 
 
 
 — 
 
 102 
 
 cajntulis ohlongis, Dill. 
 
 — 
 
 457 
 
 Kantia, Gr. ci' B. 
 
 
 — 
 
 134 
 
 chama'dryos, Dill. . 
 
 — 
 
 456 
 
 arguta {Mont. tH- 2\ 
 
 ees). 
 
 
 
 filicinum. Dill. 
 
 — 
 
 108 
 
 Lindb. 
 
 
 53 
 
 139 
 
 furcatum, Dill. 
 
 — 
 
 461 
 
 Sprengelii (Mart.) 
 
 
 52 
 
 138 
 
 imbricatum. Dill. . 
 
 — 
 
 24 
 
 Trichomanis (L.), Gr 
 
 ci- Ih 
 
 •. 51 
 
 135 
 
 minus. Dill. . 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 Lejeunea, Libert 
 calcarea, Lib. 
 
 
 16 
 
 39 
 
 58 
 
 minimum, Dill. 
 
 — 
 
 /327 
 \.418 
 
 calyptrifolia {Hook.), 
 
 Dum. 
 
 20 
 
 64 
 
 multifidum, Dill. . 
 
 — 
 
 119 
 
 diversiloba Spruce . 
 
 
 15 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 '128 
 
 echinata, Tayl. 
 flava {Sioartz.) Nees 
 
 
 12 
 
 58 
 49 
 
 jnnnulis, Dill. 
 
 . — 
 
 224 
 " 247 
 
 Holtii Spruce 
 
 
 18 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 250 
 
 hamatifolia {Hook.), 
 
 Dum 
 
 9 
 
 43 
 
 scorpioides, Dill. . 
 
 — 
 
 104 
 
 Mackaii {Hook.), Sj/reng. 
 
 7 
 
 40 
 
 trichoides. Dill. 
 
 — 
 
 112 
 
 microscopica, Tayl. 
 
 
 19 
 
 63 
 
 Trichomanis, Dill. . 
 
 — 
 
 257 
 
 minutissima {Sm.) 
 
 
 18 
 
 61 
 
 LlOCHLyENA, NeCS 
 
 — 
 
 284 
 
 minutissima, Spruce 
 
 
 — 
 
 54 
 
 lanceol.ata {L.), Nees 
 
 120 
 
 284 
 
 3IoUeri, Steph. 
 
 
 — 
 
 42 
 
 LOPHOCOLEA, Dum. . 
 
 — 
 
 245 
 
 Moorei, Lindb. 
 
 
 — 
 
 49 
 
 bidentata (Z.), Dam. 
 
 101 
 
 247 
 
 ovata, Tayl. . 
 
 
 s 
 
 42 
 
 bidentata, Nees 
 
 — 
 
 249 
 
 patens, Lindb. 
 
 
 11 
 
 47 
 
 cuspidata, Limpr. . 
 
 102 
 
 249 
 
 Rossettiana, Massal. 
 
 
 17 
 
 60 
 
 heterophylla {Schrad.) 
 
 103 
 
 250 
 
 serpyllifolia {Dicks.), 
 
 Lib. 
 
 10 
 
 45 
 
 Hookeriana, Nees . 
 
 — 
 
 247 
 
 Taylori, Spruce 
 
 
 — 
 
 61 
 
 spicata, Tayl. 
 
 104 
 
 252 
 
 ulicina, Tayl. 
 
 
 U 
 
 54 
 
 Lophozia. 
 
 
 
 Lepidozia, Dum. 
 
 
 
 116 
 
 acuta, Dum. . 
 
 — 
 
 316 
 
 cupressina {Sw.) . 
 
 
 43 
 
 117 
 
 barbata, Dum. 
 
 — 
 
 344 
 
 Pearsoni, Spruce . 
 
 
 45 
 
 121 
 
 bicrenata, Dum. 
 
 — 
 
 324 
 
 pinnata, Dum. 
 
 
 — 
 
 117 
 
 exsecta, Dum. 
 
 -_ 
 
 337 
 
 reptans {I^.), Dum. 
 
 
 44 
 
 119 
 
 incisa, Dum. . 
 
 — 
 
 335 
 
 setacea ( Web.), Mitt. 
 
 
 46 
 
 124 
 
 lycopodioides, Cogn. 
 
 
 
 346 
 
 tumidula, Tayl. 
 
 
 — 
 
 117 
 
 Muelleri, Dum. 
 
 
 
 314 
 
 Widfsbergii, Lindb. 
 
 
 — 
 
 121 
 
 scutata, Dum. 
 
 — 
 
 259 
 
 Leptoscyphus. 
 
 
 
 
 ventricosa, Dum. . 
 
 
 
 327 
 
 cuneifolia, Mitt. . 
 
 
 — 
 
 254 
 
 LUNULARIA, Mich. . 
 
 — 
 
 475 
 
 interruptus, Mitt. . 
 
 
 — 
 
 269 
 
 cruciata (Z.), Dum. 
 
 212 
 
 476 
 
 Taylori, Mitt. 
 
 
 
 
 264 
 
 vulgaris, Mich. 
 
 
 
 476 
 
 Lichen jyalustris, Dill. 
 
 
 — 
 
 485 
 
 Madotheca. 
 
 
 
 Lichenastrum. 
 
 
 
 
 • Thuja (Dicks.) 
 
 — 
 
 82 
 
 aljnnitm, Dill. 
 
 
 
 (91 
 
 platy])hylla, Dum. . 
 
 — 
 
 84 
 
 ' 
 
 
 194 
 
 Porella, Nees 
 
 — 
 
 89 
 
INDEX. 
 
 517 
 
 
 ri,ATE 
 
 PAGH 
 
 
 VOL. 2 
 
 VOL. 1 
 
 Madotheca (continued) 
 
 
 
 rividaris, Nees 
 
 — 
 
 87 
 
 Madotheca, l)um. 
 
 — 
 
 79 
 
 l(tm(/ata, Lindb. 
 
 — 
 
 «0 
 
 Marchantia, March, fil . 
 
 — 
 
 46 G 
 
 androcjyna, Tayl. . 
 
 — 
 
 473 
 
 commutaia, Lindb. 
 
 — 
 
 473 
 
 co7iica, L. . . . 
 
 — 
 
 4g;j 
 
 cruciata, L. . 
 
 — 
 
 476 
 
 hemisphairica, L. . 
 
 
 /470 
 \473 
 
 h'riyua, Wils. 
 
 
 
 477 
 
 polymorpha, L. 
 
 •im 
 
 466 
 
 Marsilia. 
 
 
 
 e7idivia'folia,{Dickii.), Lindb. — 
 
 447 
 
 ejn2)h)/Ua, Lindb. . 
 
 
 
 443 
 
 xVeesii, Lindb. 
 
 
 
 445 
 
 pingiiis, Mich. 
 
 
 
 457 
 
 Marsupella, Bum. . 
 
 
 
 375 
 
 conferta (Limpr.), Spruce 
 
 — 
 
 397 
 
 emarginata {Ehrh.), Bum. ' j*'"' ' 
 
 Funckii {Weh. et Mokr.), 
 
 Dum. . . . 1 6(1 
 
 latifolia, Lindb. . . — 
 
 nevicensis (Carr.), Kaal. 
 
 olivacea, Spruce 
 
 revohtta, Lindb. 
 
 silvrettw, Dum. 
 
 sparsifolia (Lindb.), Dum. 
 
 sphacelata (Gies.), Duta. . 
 
 Stableri, Spruce 
 
 ustulata (Ililben.), Sprace 
 Martinellia. 
 
 cequiloha, Lindb. . 
 
 convexa, Lindb. 
 
 (jracilis, Lindb. 
 
 oiemorosa, Gr. «fe B. 
 
 undalata, Gr. cfe B. 
 Mastiyohryum. 
 
 J'earsoni, Stephani 
 
 trilobatum, Nees . 
 Mastkjophora, Nees . 
 
 reptans, Nees 
 
 Woodsii (Hook.), yees . 
 Maurocenia. 
 
 pasilla, Gr. & Ben. 
 
 J71 
 107 
 
 169 
 165 
 
 170 
 I6.S 
 
 orcadensis, Dum. 
 comp'essa, Dum. 
 scalaris, Dum. 
 
 375 
 
 I 
 
 379 
 389 
 389 
 380 
 393 
 372 
 384 
 377 
 386 
 382 
 
 •212 
 236 
 217 
 222 
 224 
 
 133 
 128 
 102 
 119 
 102 
 
 418 
 
 357 
 
 368 
 370 
 
 Metz(ieria. Ji'addi . 
 conjugata, Lindb. . 
 furcata (L.), Eaddi 
 glabra, Dum. 
 liamata, Lindb. 
 linearis, Lindl). 
 pubescens (Schrank) 
 Mnium. 
 Jissum, L. 
 jungermania, L. 
 7Vicho7uanis (T>i\\.), L. 
 Moerckia. 
 
 Bhjttii, Gotts. 
 hibernica, Gotts. . 
 norregica, Gotts. . 
 Muscoides. 
 
 terrestre, Mich. 
 terrestris, Mich. 
 Mylia, Gr. (C- B. 
 
 anoniala (Hook). G'r. d- B 
 Taylori (Hook.)', Gr. tO B 
 cuneifolia, Gr. & B. 
 Nardia, Gr d: Ben. . 
 Carringtoni, Balf. . 
 comp-essa, Lindb. . 
 compressa (Hook.), Gr. d 
 
 Benn. 
 geoscypha, Mass. . 
 hcematosticta, Lindb. 
 hyalina (Lyell), Carr. 
 latifolia, Lindb. 
 obovata (Nees), Carr. 
 revoluta, Lindb. 
 scalaris (Schrad.), Gr. ( 
 
 Benn. 
 silvrettae, Gotts. 
 sparsifolia, Lindo. 
 sphacelata (Gies.), Carr. 
 Nowellia, Mitt. 
 
 curvifolia, Mitt. . 
 
 Odontochisma, Dum. . 
 
 decipiens, Lindb. . 
 denudatum, Dum. . 
 Sphagni, Dum. 
 Pallavicinia, Gr. d- Benn 
 
 Blyttii (Moerck), Lindb. 
 
 hibernica (/look.), Gr. d 
 
 Benn. 
 Lyii[Vn(/Iuok.),Gr.d-Be7in. 
 
 PLATE PAGE 
 VOL. 2 VOL. 1 
 
 — 459 
 
 463 
 461 
 461 
 464 
 464 
 460 
 
 207 
 206 
 
 207 
 
 110 
 109 
 
 J 60 
 
 158 
 
 159 
 
 161 
 162 
 
 (194) 
 (1951 
 (192) 
 1193f 
 191 
 
 ] 35 
 
 91 
 
 135 
 
 438 
 434 
 438 
 
 119 
 128 
 263 
 267 
 264 
 254 
 363 
 2S7 
 287 
 
 368 
 372 
 372 
 364 
 389 
 366 
 393 
 
 370 
 372 
 384 
 377 
 141 
 159 
 (in 
 1^170 
 204 
 174 
 171 
 432 
 
 438 
 
 434 
 432 
 
518 
 
 HEPATIC^. 
 
 Pedinophyllum, Lindb. . 
 
 interrviptum {Nees), 
 
 Lindb . 
 
 •pi/renaicitm, Lindb. 
 Pellia, Raddi . 
 
 calycina (Tai/l.) 
 
 epiphylla (/>.), Lindb. 
 
 Neesiana {Gotts.),Li7np 
 
 Xeesii, Limpr. 
 Petalophyllum, GoU. 
 
 lamellatum, Lindb. 
 
 Ralfsii (TF^7s.), Gott. 
 Physiotium, Nees 
 
 cochlear i forme, Nees 
 Plagiochila, G. L. X. 
 fiosa, 3RU. . 
 
 asplenioides (Z.), Dwm. 
 
 Bartlingii, M. et N. 
 
 compacta, M. et N. 
 
 corniculata, Dum. . 
 
 carta, M. et N. 
 
 decipiens, Dum. 
 
 exigua, Tayl. 
 
 interrupta, Dum. . 
 
 pijrenaica, Lindb. . 
 
 punctata, Tayl. 
 
 rosacea, M. et JST. . 
 
 spinulosa [Dicks.), 
 Dum. 
 
 Stableri, Dear son . 
 
 tridenticulata, 7\tyl. 
 
 tyrolensis, M. et N. 
 
 uliginosa, M. et N. 
 
 umbrosa, Mont. 
 Dleuranthe. 
 
 olivacea, Tayl. 
 Dleiiroschisv la , Dum. 
 
 demtdatum, Dum. . 
 
 Donniana, Dum. . 
 
 reptans, Dum. 
 
 Sjihagni, Dum. 
 
 trilobatum, Dum. . 
 Pleuroolada, Spruce 
 
 albescens {Hook.), Sjyruce 
 
 albescens. Spruce 
 
 islandica {Xees) 
 Pleurozia, Dum. 
 
 cochleariformis {Wei 
 Dum. 
 
 purpurea, Lindb. . 
 
 PLATE PAGE 
 VOL. 2 VOL. 1 
 
 — 269 
 
 269 
 
 442 
 447 
 443 
 445 
 445 
 421) 
 430 
 430 
 90 
 91 
 274 
 275 
 
 274 
 
 209 
 208 
 280 
 235 
 204 
 282 
 269 
 269 
 278 
 233 
 
 276 
 273 
 280 
 212 
 231 
 236 
 
 261 
 141 
 174 
 361 
 119 
 171 
 128 
 192 
 192 
 194 
 194 
 90 
 
 91 
 91 
 
 11 
 
 198 
 
 197 
 
 190 
 
 115 
 
 113) 
 
 114) 
 
 119 
 
 117 
 
 116 
 112 
 118 
 
 76 
 
 
 PLATE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 VOL. 2 
 
 VOL. 1 
 
 Porella {Dill^i . 
 
 
 79 
 
 Levigata {Schrad.), Lindb. 
 
 28 
 
 80 
 
 pinnata {Dill.), Lindb. . 
 
 32 
 
 89 
 
 platyphylla (Z.), Lindb. 
 
 :'.0 
 
 84 
 
 rivularis {Xees), Lindb. . 
 
 31 
 
 87 
 
 Thuja {Dicks.), Moore . 
 
 29 
 
 >^i 
 
 Preissia, Corda 
 
 
 ATI 
 
 commutata {Lindb.), Xees 
 
 211 
 
 473 
 
 hemisphwrica, Cogn. 
 
 
 473 
 
 Prionolobus, Hp>ruce . 
 
 
 189 
 
 Turneri {Hook.), Spruce . 
 
 74 
 
 190 
 
 Ptilidium. 
 
 
 
 ciliare, Hamp. 
 
 
 104 
 
 Eadula, Dum. . 
 
 
 W} 
 
 a'qidloba, Dum. 
 
 
 212 
 
 aquilegia, Tayl. 
 
 25 
 
 74 
 
 aquilegia, Tayl. 
 
 
 76 
 
 asjilenioides, Dum. 
 
 
 274 
 
 Carringtonii, Jack 
 
 2(') 
 
 76 
 
 complanata (L.) 
 
 
 68 
 
 Gomplanata (L.) 
 
 - — 
 
 70 
 
 complanata (//.), Dum. . 
 
 27 
 
 78 
 
 commutata, Gottsche 
 
 — 
 
 68 
 
 cornicidata, Dum. . 
 
 
 
 280 
 
 carta, Dum. . 
 
 — 
 
 235 
 
 decipiens, Dum. 
 
 — 
 
 204 
 
 dentata, Dum. 
 
 ___ 
 
 217 
 
 germana, Jack 
 
 23 
 
 70 
 
 Holtii, Spruce 
 
 24 
 
 72 
 
 Lindenbergiana, Gottsche 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 Lindbergii, Gottsche 
 
 22 
 
 68 
 
 nemorosa, Dum. 
 
 — 
 
 222 
 
 resupinata, Dum. . 
 
 — 
 
 208 
 
 uligi7iosa, Dum. . 
 
 — 
 
 231 
 
 umbrosa, Dum. 
 
 
 
 236 
 
 undulata, Dum. 
 
 
 
 224 
 
 voluta, Tayl. . 
 
 21 
 
 67 
 
 Reboulia, Raddi 
 
 
 470 
 
 hemisphffirica, Rad. 
 
 210 
 
 470 
 
 Riccardia. 
 
 
 
 latifrons, Lindb. 
 
 — 
 
 /454 
 1456 
 
 multifida, Gr. &, Benn. . 
 
 — 
 
 f451 
 \454 
 
 multifida (Nees), Lindb. 
 
 — 
 
 453 
 
 midtifida, Lindb. . 
 
 — 
 
 456 
 
 palmata, Carruth. . 
 
 — 
 
 450 
 
 Riccardius. 
 
 
 
 jnnguis, Gr. & Benn. 
 
 — 
 
 457 
 
 RicciA, Mich. . 
 
 — 
 
 483 
 
 bifurca, Hoffm. 
 
 219 
 
 488 
 
TNBEX. 
 
 519 
 
 Riccia — (continuedC) 
 
 bifurca, Hofim. 
 
 ciliata, Iloffm. 
 
 crystallina, L. 
 
 Jluitans, h. . 
 
 glauca, L. 
 
 glaucesceiis, (Jarr. . 
 
 lamellosa, Ralf.s. 
 
 Michelii, Raddi 
 
 minima, L. Schift". . 
 
 natans, L. 
 
 nigrella, B.C. 
 
 sorocarpa, Bisch. . 
 
 tumida, Lindevh. . 
 RicciELLA, Braun. . 
 
 fliiitans (L.), Brann. 
 RicciocARPUS, Corda 
 
 natans (Z.), Corda 
 Saccogyna, Dum. 
 
 viticulosa {Linn.), Dum 
 Sa7'cosc)/phits. 
 
 alphms, Gottsch. . 
 
 anomalus, Jack 
 
 capillaris, Limpr. . 
 
 confertus, Limpr. . 
 
 Ehrharti, Corda 
 
 Funckii, Nees 
 
 revolutus, Nees 
 
 sparsifolius, Lindb. 
 
 sphacelatus, Nees . 
 ScALiA, Gr. (t- Benn. . 
 
 Hookeri(Zye/^), Gr. c(-Bej 
 ScAPANiA, Dam. 
 
 JBquiloba (jSchway.), Dum. 
 
 aspera, Bern. 
 
 Bartlingii {Ilampe), JS 
 
 Carestice, De. Not. 
 
 compacta (Roth.), Ban 
 
 convexa. Scop. 
 
 carta, Carr. . 
 
 curta {Mart.), Bam. 
 
 dentata, Dum. 
 
 intermedia, Hasnot 
 
 irrigua {Xees), Dum. 
 
 PLATE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 VOL. 2 
 
 VOL. 1 
 
 _ 
 
 49?, 
 
 '. 22)\ 
 
 494 
 
 . 217 
 
 48:5 
 
 
 49:) 
 
 . 2](; 
 
 484 
 
 222 
 
 493 
 
 
 489 
 
 
 491 
 
 
 
 487 
 
 
 497 
 
 220 
 
 489 
 
 . 218 
 
 487 
 
 . 221 
 
 491 
 
 . 
 
 495 
 
 224 
 
 495 
 
 — . 
 
 497 
 
 . 225 
 
 497 
 
 
 
 413 
 
 .* 182 
 
 413 
 
 „ 
 
 391 
 
 
 
 372 
 
 
 
 389 
 
 — 
 
 397 
 
 
 
 375 
 
 
 
 379 
 
 — 
 
 393 
 
 
 
 384 
 
 - — 
 
 377 
 
 -- 
 
 427 
 
 in. 180 
 
 427 
 
 
 207 
 
 m. 80 
 
 212 
 
 . .S4 
 
 214 
 
 es HI 
 
 209 
 
 
 20!) 
 
 80 
 
 208 
 
 . 
 
 236 
 
 
 
 233 
 
 . 95 
 
 235 
 
 
 
 217 
 
 . !)! 
 
 227 
 
 1)2 
 
 230 
 
 •OL. 2 
 
 88 
 H7 
 86 
 
 PAGE 
 VOL.1 
 
 90 
 
 85 
 
 ;)4 
 
 82 
 
 96 
 93 
 89 
 
 tScapania — {continued) 
 
 nemorosa (A.), J) am. 
 
 nemorosa, Husnot . 
 
 nimbosa, I'ayl. 
 
 ornithopodioide.s {Dill, et 
 With.). Peai-.s. . 
 
 planifolia (Hook.), l^um. 
 
 purpurascens {Hook.), Tayl 
 MS ' 
 
 re.supinata (//.), Dam. . 
 
 rosacea {(.'orda), J) am. . 
 
 subalpina {Nees), Dum. . 
 
 ti/rolensis, G.L.N. . 
 
 umbrosa (Schrad.), Bum. 
 
 uliginosa {Sirartz.), Dum. 
 
 undulata (//,), Dum. 
 Schisma, Dum. . . • . 
 
 adunca, Dum. 
 Sendtnera, Nees 
 
 adunca, Carr. 
 
 juiiiperi'aa, Nees . 
 
 Woodsii, G.L.N. 
 Southbya. 
 
 obovata, Dum. 
 Sph^rocarpus, Mich. 
 
 Michelii, Bell. 
 
 terrestris, Mich. 
 
 Sphaynoecetis, Nees . 
 
 comm^inis, Nees 
 
 Hilbtieriana, Rabenli 
 
 Sphagni, Nees 
 Bteetzia. 
 
 L)/ellii,Jjehm. 
 Targioxia, Mich. 
 
 hypophylla {L.) 
 
 Michelii, Corda . . — 
 
 spharocarpiis, Dicks. . — 
 Thedenia. 
 
 Blyttii, Hartm. . . — 
 
 Trkciiocolea {Dam.), Xees — 
 
 tomentella {Ehrh.), Bum. 40 
 Tricholea. 
 
 tomentella. Dum. . 
 
 215 
 
 214 
 
 222 
 227 
 220 
 
 219 
 
 219 
 
 225 
 
 217 
 
 233 
 
 211 
 
 2V2 
 
 236 
 
 231 
 
 224 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 102 
 
 366 
 481 
 482 
 
 482 
 
 ri4i 
 
 \170 
 174 
 174 
 171 
 
 432 
 479 
 480 
 480 
 482 
 
 438 
 108 
 108 
 
 — 108 
 
520 HEP A TIC.E. 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 P, 11, col. 2, line 16, /or pistillidia read antheridia. 
 
 P. 11, col. 2, line iW,for male read female. 
 
 P. 24, line 22, for Monoicous read Dioicous, 
 
 P. 45, line 29, /or Dioicous read Monoicous. 
 
 P. 102, bottom line, /or smaller read larger. 
 
 P. 157, line 18, /or flagelliferous read eflagelliferous. 
 
 P. 214, line 24, delete Miiller. 
 
 P. 221, line 18, /or smooth read minutely papillose. 
 
 P. 339, above Jungermania Lyoni insert — 
 
 Section 2. BARBATAE, Schiffti. 
 
 Plants usually large. Leaves 3-5-fid. Stipules present, bifid, ciliate. 
 Perianth oval, plicate almost to the base. 
 
 P. 351, above Jungermania Helleriana insert — 
 Section 3. 
 
 P. 384, line 11, for sparsifolia read sparsifolius. 
 
 P. 413, line 2 from the bottom, p. 414, lines 17 and 18, p. 4ir>, lines 1 and 
 for perianth read, perigynium. 
 
 Plate cxviii. for trideniculata read tridenticulata. 
 
 Printed by Ballantvne, Hanson Cs^ Co. 
 London <2^ Edinburgh