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A 
 
 rOR THE 
 
 NORTHERN AND MIDDLE STATES 
 OF AMERICA. 
 
 ( ONTAI-VIXG GENERIC AND SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS OF THE INDICES'* 
 
 OU5 PLANTS A^D COMMON CULTIVATED EXOTICS, GROW* 
 
 ING NORTH OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 TO WHICH IS PREFIXED : 
 
 A GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY: 
 
 Also, THE NATURAL ORDERS OF LINNEUS AND OF JUSSIEU, WITH 
 THE MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF EACH ORDER, 
 
 BY AMOS EATON, A. M. 
 
 I.k'le Profe^for of Botany, and now Profes^oi of Chemistry and Natural r'-ii'osopiiy 
 in the Vermont Academy of Medicine, and Lecturer in t!ie Troy Lyceum; Me ibev 
 of the American Geological Society; Corresponding Member of ihe New-York 
 Lyceum of Natural History, and Honorary Member of the Hudson and Newbur^jh 
 -Branf^he"?, 
 
 TAT FXI5TENCE IS SURELY CONTEMPTIBLF, AVHICH REG.VRD3 ONLv 
 THE GRATIFICATION OF INSTINCTIVE WANTS, AND THE PRESERVA' 
 TION OF A BODY MADE TO PERISH. TJmHUS. 
 
 FOURTH EDITIOXj r.EYISED AND CORRECTED, 
 
 'RIMED A>D PUBLISHED BY WEBSTERS h SKLNNERS, 
 
 Corner of State and Pearl-street?. 
 
 1824. 
 
Northern District of New- York, ss. 
 
 BE IT REviEMBERED, That on the twelfth day of Mav, in the forty-first .year ot 
 the Ind'^pendenceof the United States (.f America, WEBSTERS &.SKINNERS, of the 
 said district, have deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof they 
 claim as proprietors, in the words tollowinja:, to wit : 
 
 ' A Manual of Botany for the Northern and Middle States. Part I. Containing- Ge- 
 neric Descriptions of the Tlants to the North of Virginia, wifh references to the Na- 
 tural Orders of Linneus and Jussieu. Fart II. Containing Specific Descriptions of the 
 Indigenous Plants which are well defiaed and established, and of the Cultivated Ex- 
 otics. By Amos Eaton, A. M. Lecturer on Botany, Mineralogy and Chemistry, Cor- 
 responding Member of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Second edition 
 corrected and enlarged." 
 
 In conformity to the act of the congress of the United States, entitled " An act for the 
 encouragement of learning, by securing the ropies of maps, charts and books to the 
 authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentione ;" and also 
 to an act entitled "An act supplementary to an act entitled 'An act for the encourage- 
 ment of learning, by securingthe cojiiesof maps, charts and books, to the authors and 
 Tircrrielors of such cojiies, during the times therein nientioned,' and ex«tr'ri<ng the 
 lenefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other 
 
 IHtS." 
 
 RICHARD R. LANSING, 
 Clerk of the Northern District of J^(w-York. 
 
TO THE THIRD EDITIOJST. 
 
 The plan of this Manual having received the public 
 sanction, which has been manifested by the rapid sale of 
 the last edition, no material alterations are now made. 
 Though synonyms and authorities are given, they are 
 so economically introduced, by abbreviations and mar- 
 ginal notes, that the simplicity of the w ork is not affected 
 by them. 
 
 The localities are greatly improved. There has been 
 more done in regard to the correct location of plants^ 
 indigenous to our Northern and Middle States, since the 
 second edition of this work was prepared for the press, 
 than ever before. We are now enabled to assume a ge- 
 neral character for our mountainous or highly elevated 
 districts, and perhaps very nearly to settle the true limits 
 to our omnibus locis character.* Particular localities 
 may now almost be classified ; and it is to be hoped two 
 years more will enable us to adopt a set of characters 
 more satisfactory than those which refer to artificial 
 districts.! 118323 
 
 * See page 151. 
 
 1 1 mean characters analogous to those on page 151, which represent mountainous and 
 maritime districts. The following are some of the resources to which I am indebted for 
 jmproveraents in the localities of plants :— Dr. Torrey, Mr. Cooper, and others, have mi- 
 nutely examined the plants in the vicinity of New-York ; those growing in the vicinity 
 of Philadelphia have been attentively examinedby Dr. W. P.C. Barton, Z. Collins, Esq. 
 and Mr. Nuttail -, near Newburgh and Poughkeepsie, by the botanical classes of Mr. P. 
 Dudgeon ; near Hudson and Catskill, by my class at Hudson, apd the Hudson and Cats- 
 faai Lyceums ; near Troy, Albany, Schenectady and Waterford, by Mr. Tracy, and Drs, 
 Jamss, Beck. Hale, Robbins, Marvin and Watkins : that part of Vermont, and of this 
 
iV PREFACE. 
 
 The plants at Boston and New-Haven arc so nearly 
 similar, that I have left out the abbreviated character 
 for Boston ; but have given the name in full, when a re- 
 ference to the latter place was necessary. 
 
 In the preface to the second edition, it was observed, 
 that the cryptogamous part, beyond the Ferns, was very 
 defective. That part of the science was then in such a 
 state of fluctuation and uncertainty, that tl^B editors of 
 the Edinburgh Encyclopedia declared they could iind 
 nothing on that subject which it would be prudent to 
 adopt. The present edition of this Manual happens at 
 the precise time to be first in presenting to American 
 botanists a correct system of the Cryptogamia. 
 
 Acharius has given his latest improvements in the Or- 
 der Lichenes. Bridel has completed his arrangement of 
 the Musci ; and Agardh has closed his excellent system 
 of Algse. By adding the Hepaticse from De Lamarck 
 andDe Candolle, and the Fungi from Persoon's Synopsis 
 Methodica Fungorum, together with a few later im- 
 provements, a very satisfactory system is obtained. All 
 these, as far as they are known to apply to our district, 
 I have translated into familiar English, to correspond 
 with the phenogamous part of this work. 
 
 state which lies between the foot of the Green mountains and the river Hudson and 
 Lake Champlain, including the counties of Washington, Essex and Rutland, by Dr .31. 
 Stevenson, the students rf the Vermont Academy of Medicine, and my botanical class 
 at Rutland-, near Middlebury college, by Professor Hall and Dr. Edwio James; near 
 Williams college, by Professor Dewey ; near Connecticut river, between Northampton, 
 Mass. and Brattleborough, Vt. by Drs. Cooley, Williams and Allen, and the Rev. E. 
 Hitchcock; the mountain range in Plahifield, Hawley and Cummington, Mass. by Dr. 
 Porter ; in the middle and southern part of Berkshire county, by Dr. Emmons, and my 
 classes in Pittsfield, Lenox, Stockbridge and G. Barrington ; near N. Haven, by Dr. Mun- 
 son ; in the vicinity of Litchfield, Con. by Mr. Brace ; in various parts of New-Hamp- 
 shire and the eastern part of Vermont, by the classes of Dr. Locke ; in the vicinity of 
 Hartford, Con. by the pupils of Dr- Sumner. I have examined several collections, made 
 by my own pupils in the western part of the state of New- York, and about the shores of 
 Lakes Erie, Huron, St. Clair, &.c. I have, Iiowcver, derived more beaetit from those re- 
 ceived by^Dr.Torvey, than from those received by myself. 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 The localities of cryptogamous plants beyond Filices, 
 are not given. All the species described here hav- been 
 found in our district. Most of them have been sent to 
 the greatest cryptogamists in Europe, and their names 
 retained. But particular localities have not yet been 
 sufficiently explored to furnish a useful guide to students 
 in that particular. Let them search for ail they find 
 described in this work, in all parts of our district. 
 
 A considerable number of species and a few genera, 
 described in the second edition, have been rejected from 
 this; and many additional ones introduced. This was 
 to be expected in a progressive science, which depends 
 on continued research, and the accurate examination of 
 such a multitude of individuals. 
 
 Here I might leave the reader, with a sufficient view 
 of the improvements attempted, and with an impression 
 favourable to my industry. But i am compelled to ac- 
 knowledge, that though i have done all in my power, I 
 can claim as my own but a small proportion of the im- 
 provements, excepting as it respects localities. Dr. 
 Torrey, of New -York, suggested the most valuable cor- 
 rections and improvements to be found in this edition. 
 And I believe 1 may encourage the reader with the hope, 
 that the extensive collection of materials in his possession 
 will very soon appear before the public, in the foim of an 
 enlarged system of the Botany of the Northern States. 
 Such an extended view of the subject would be an in- 
 valuable treasure to all lecturers, pi'ivate teachers, and 
 to all others who are disposed to enter deeply into the 
 study.* 
 
 It would require more room than it would be expedi- 
 ent to occupy in a preface, to express separately the ob- 
 
 * Dr. Torrey has almost completed the materials for his first number. 
 
 A2 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 ligations I am under to individual botanists in our dis- 
 trict. Tlicy will please to accept my thanks in behalf of 
 those who, through the aid of the Manual, study this 
 kingdom of nature. To Professor Dewey, however, I 
 am under such particular obligations, that I owe him 
 more than an ordinary acknowledgment. 
 
 The Natural Orders of Jussieu are considered of high 
 importance in the study of vegetable materia medica, as 
 well as in the study of botanical affinities as a science. I 
 have therefore given a translation of their characters, as 
 far as they apply to our district. I have introduced many 
 improvements from De Lamarck and De Candolle, and 
 some from the reflections of Nuttall, Ives, and Rafmesque. 
 But 1 have retained the original numbers for the con- 
 venience of reference. 
 
 Though the properties of the Natural Orders are given 
 in few words, the student in vegetable materia medica 
 will derive great advantages from an arrangement of 
 3iis materials according to Jussieu. The short historical 
 account subjoined to some of tlie most important natural 
 orders, were derived chiefly from Parkinson, published 
 in the year 1640, in English ; and Tragus, published in 
 1551, in German. 
 
 The language throughout this work is strictly my own. 
 I acknowledge there is a kind of quaintness in the style, 
 calculated to furnish a good subject for our lilliputian 
 reviewers. Tiiis is absolutely necessary in pursuance of 
 iTiy design. And I profess to have saved the student 
 more than three-fourths of the labour of learning our 
 frightful terminology, by adopting an uniform set of ex- 
 pressions. Elliott, Torrey, Barton, and others among 
 our most distinguished botanists, seem inclined to adopt 
 Nuttall's genera as a standard for American plants. 1 
 
PREFACE. Vll 
 
 confess I follow on with considerable reluctance. He is 
 certainly too fond of innovation.* The first maxim in 
 the Linnean creed, ** let the genus give the character," 
 seems to be too little regarded in his otherwise excellent 
 work. I have followed him servilely through the Um- 
 belliferse and Orchideje ; excepting that I have arranged 
 the former by sections upon a plan of my own. 
 
 I have made free use of all the approved authorities 
 within Diy reach. And I have not thought proper to 
 burden the work with such a multitude of references as 
 individual credits would require. I have consulted Mi- 
 chaux, (the elder and younger) Pursh and Nuttall, more 
 than any other authors.f 
 
 Dr. Hosack's letter, which I published in the second 
 edition, has been so highly approbated by the readers of 
 the Manual, that I again take the liberty to publish it. 
 
 J\'eiv-York, .August 30, 1810. 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 I received yours of the 8th instant, and am happy to be informed of 
 the progress of the Botanical Institution at Catskill under your direc- 
 tion. You have set an example that, I do not doubt, will be followed 
 by many, if not most of the academies throughout the state. I am satis- 
 fied, there is no study so well calculated to occupy the young mind, as 
 the study of natural history-. It affords an agreeable exercise to the 
 memory ; at the same time, it teaches us the habit of attentively ob- 
 
 *He proposes 18 new genera for our district, without pretending to have founded but 
 0176 on a new discoverj-. 
 
 t The following authors I had before me. in addition to the above, while, preparing this 
 edition : Persoon's Synopsis Plantarum and Fungorum, Tiirton"s Linneus, Muhlenburg's 
 Catalogue and Grasses, Torrey's Caulogue of New-York Plants, Barton's Flora of Phi- 
 ladelphia, Bigelow'sBostsn Flora, De Lamarck and De CandoUe's French Flora. Phelps' 
 British Plants, Hosack's Catalogue, part of the numbers of Elliott's Botany, Spreneel's 
 Ci-v-ptogamia, Bridel's Mosses, Agardh"s Algae, Acharius' Lichens, MS. from Hedwig's 
 Mosses, Rannesque's Flora Ludoviciana, Smith in Rees' Cyclopoedia, Barton's and Bi- 
 gelow's Medical Botany. Several periodical works were consulted also, asSilliman's 
 Journal of Science, Is^w-York Mqnthly Magazina, Journal of the Academy of >'aturai 
 Science, iic. kc 
 
VIU PREFACE. 
 
 serving those objects which otherwise we pass by with careless indif- 
 ference. We acquire by this study a habit of analysis, or investigation, 
 that cannot be attained by those pursuits that are usually made the ob- 
 jects of education at this early age. 
 
 Since my acquaintance with the principles upon which the subjects of 
 natural history are arranged, I certainly look with very different eyes 
 upon every object that falls under my view, whether it be the produc- 
 tion of nature or of art. 
 
 In early life, before our external senses are completely evolved ; 
 when we are, in truth, endeavouring to bring them into exercise and 
 use ; it has always appeared to me a very absurd practice in our schools^ 
 to occupy children with studies of an abstract nature, and which re- 
 quire faculties to comprehend them that are not yet unfolded. 
 
 You have adopted, in my opinion, the true system of education } and 
 very properly address yourself to the senses and to the memory, in- 
 stead of the faculties of judgment and of reason, which are comparative- 
 ly of slow growth. By this system of instruction, their minds will be 
 stored with truths that cannot fail to prove useful ; not only as they 
 exercise their faculties in acquiring them, but from the information 
 which they also thereby receive upon a very interesting subject of hu- 
 man learning. 
 
 But this is not all. In proportion as the mind attaches itself to sub- 
 jects of this sort, it is diverted from those vicious propensities and pur- 
 suits, Avhich otherwise attract attention at this early period of life. 
 Studies of this nature, too, are no less calculated to improve the morals 
 of youth ; inasmuch as the mind is naturally led from the contemplation 
 of the beauties of creation, to that intelligence and power which gave 
 them birth; thereby improving their virtue, as well a? their wisdom : 
 which should always be kept in view, inasmuch as happiness is the 
 great end of all our pursuits. 
 
 Lord Kaimes, in his Elements of Criticism, has very properly ob- 
 served, that " among the many branches of education, that which tends 
 " to make deep impressions of virtue, ought to be a fundamental ob- 
 " ject in a well regulated government. For depravity of manners will 
 " render ineffectual the most salutary laws ; and in the midst of opu- 
 '* lence, what other means to prevent such depravity, but early and 
 " virtuous discipline .•"' 
 
 Such is the systera you are pursuing, independent of the wide field 
 to which you will hereafter lead your pupils, wherein they will learn 
 
PREFACE. IX 
 
 ihe uses of plants as articles of medicine, of figrlculture, and of the arts. 
 At the same time they will acquire a knowledge of the nati%e produc- 
 tions of our own soil and countiy, which are yet unexplored. 
 
 The state of New-York having passed an act for the purchase of the 
 botanic garden in the neighbourhood of this city, I hope to see among 
 its fruits the establishment of many similar institutions throughout the 
 state, as so many scions from this parent stock. By the dilfusion of 
 botanical knowledge, I anticipate the discovery of many valuable 
 plants, which are this moment trodden under foot, as unworthy of re- 
 gard. 
 
 To your pupils and their teacher, as first in the field, much praise is 
 <lue. 1 doubt not they will reap both pleasure and profit as the reward 
 of their enterprize. If I can contribute to either, I shall be happy to do 
 it in any manner that you may suggest. 
 
 You have stated to me, that it is the intention o-f the trustees of your 
 academy to set apart two or three acres for the cultivation of plants, to 
 be made the subjects of instruction y and to erect a green-house for the 
 more valuable exotics. If these be effected, I shall have it in my power 
 to supply you with the necessaiy plants from the botanic garden here. 
 Its produce will be suiBcient in a short time to furnish plants for a small 
 garden, connected with every academy tlii'oughout the state. 
 
 I sincerely wish your example may be followed. Nothing could so 
 effectually tend to the investigation of the native products of our 
 country. 
 
 1 am yours, respectfully, 
 
 D. HOSACK. 
 
 .imos Eaton, Esq. 
 
 The recommendation of the study of botany to the at- 
 tention of ladies, subscribed by the late Governor Strong, 
 of Massachusetts, and others, which was published in the 
 second edition, is unnecessary at this day ; for I believe 
 more than half the botanists in New-England and New- 
 York are ladies. 
 
 Troy, fMw'ForkJ Jan, 17ih, 182.^. 
 
TO THE FOURTH EDITIOX 
 
 The reader will find but few alterations in this edition. 
 Since this work has become a common school book, it 
 was deemed advisable to prefix a concise grammar of 
 botany, and a vocabulary of technical terms, so as to en- 
 able students to pursue the study of botany without the 
 aid of any other book. This addition will increase the 
 expense but little, and save considerable to the purchaser. 
 The reader is not to understand by this, that the study 
 of other books is rendered useless. The elementary 
 works of Locke, Sumner, and Smith, are particularly 
 recommended, as well as the Botanical Dictionary ; but 
 none of these are now imdispensible, as heretofore, in 
 studying plants with this book. 
 
 Troij, C^'YO 1B25. 
 
sm^ittaiAm %w m<&WAm^^ 
 
 General Physiology of Plants, 
 
 Phttology, or the physiology of vegetables, may 
 properly be divided into : 1st. The germination and 
 growth of plants from the seed ; 2d. The propugatioiL of 
 plants ; Sd. The increase of plants, or the enlargement of 
 their volume. 
 
 1 . The germination and growth of Plants from 
 THE Seed. 
 
 V If a seed be immersed in warm water for a considera- 
 ble time, and then subjected to a high magnifying power, 
 the elementary form of the future plant may be seen. In 
 some seeds even the embryo of the future flt>\ver becomes 
 manifest. Therefore it may not be absurd to say, that 
 the germination and growth is effected by the develop- 
 ment of the embryo plant contained in the seed ; and 
 that this development goes on by means of successive 
 supplies of nutriment, which are taken into an organized 
 structure adapted to their reception. 
 
 But where shall we stop in our views of these element- 
 ary forms ? Shall we say, that within the embryo of the 
 future flower which soiiketimes becomes manifest under 
 the microscoj)e, there is probably another seed containing 
 the elementary form of the next generation, and so on ad 
 injiniium ? 
 
 \!^rtunately, the present state of the science presents 
 the means of fixing the limit in the most satisfactory 
 manner. For nothing in the physiology of orgariized be- 
 ings is better established, than that a |)errect future seed 
 cannot be produced without the application of pollen from 
 a stamen to the pistil of a stigma. But if the future 
 seed were perfect in the present one, such an operation 
 would not be necessary. Thetefore, by the aid of the 
 microscope and this established law, \\v are enabied to 
 inter, that a seed may contain the elements of a future 
 plant as far as the flower and empty tegument of the fu- 
 ture seed, and no farther. 
 
 D. H. HILL LIBRARY 
 
12 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 2. The propagation of Plants. 
 
 There are two methods of* propagating plants. FirsO 
 by reproduction ; second, by continuation. 
 
 1. A plant is reproduced^ when it grows immediately 
 from the seed. The potatoe is reproduced, when the seed 
 is taken from the berry, planted and grows. Apple 
 trees are reproduced in the nurseries from seeds, &c. 
 
 2. A plant is continued, when parts taken from its roots, 
 stem, branches, its buds, &c. are transferred to different 
 places, and so cultivated as to continue to grow in several 
 places at the same time. The living branches or twigs 
 of the same apple tree may continue to grow from the 
 original root, and from hundreds of other roots in differ- 
 ent countries at the same time. And it is a fact now well 
 established, that those twigs or grafts, however recently 
 inserted, feel the effects of age in the same degree with 
 the twigs remaining on the original tree ;^ all other cir- 
 cumstances beiiig similar. 
 
 The roots of potatoes continue in succession in their 
 native torrid regions year after year for a limited pe- 
 riod, like the Malaxis and some others of the Orchis 
 family in our latitude. Agriculturalists and gardeners 
 aid their progress here, by housing the roots in winter, 
 and setting them in the earth again in the spring season. 
 These too are greatly distributed ; so that tliis plant is 
 vastly extended by the continuation of the same indivi- 
 dual. But in due time the effects of age become manifest 
 to the cultivator, and he finds it necessary to reproduce 
 this useful plant from the seed. 
 
 The Lombaidy poplar is becoming enfeebled with age 
 in our country, so that very recent shoots will hardly 
 withstand a severe winter. The reason is manifest. 
 There has never been a pistillate tree introduced from 
 Europe ; consequently this tree has never been repro- 
 duced here from the seed. We therefore sec but the 
 feeble limbs of an exile in dotage, though yet sustained 
 in a thousand localities. 
 
 3. The increase of Plants, or the enlargement 
 OF their volume. 
 
 After the first season of growing, all woody plants 
 
 * See Smith's Elements of Botany. 
 
BOTANY. 13 
 
 continue to increase llicirsizc, if no accident occurs, un- 
 til age terminates tiicir vital energies. Their volume is 
 not enlarged iVom an extension of eacli fibie or pore ; 
 but iVoni the annual acquisition of new ones. These new 
 ones are always deposited between the bark ajjd Mood. 
 
 In the spring season a mucilage is formed between the 
 bark and wood, called the camb, or cambium. Towards 
 the decline of the year it becomes considerably indurated, 
 and separates itself into two concentric hollow cylinders 
 of very different thicknesses. The thinner one is attach- 
 ed to* the bark, and forms its inner membrane. The 
 thick one is attached to the wood, and becomes the outer 
 layer of the wood for the next year. 
 
 It is on this account that those trees which long retain 
 their expanding cuticles, present to our land surveyors 
 those paradoxical magic-like marks. A beech tree, for 
 example, if lettered or figured with a board-marker, will 
 present these marks twenty or thirty years afterwards, 
 both on the cuticle and on the wood, of the year when 
 marked ; while the intervening layers are sound and 
 without a scar. These interposed woody layers, origin- 
 ating in mucilage annually deposited between the bark 
 and wood, gradually separate the marked bark and cu- 
 ticle from the marked wood, while they grow between 
 these marks and become continuous. 
 
 Elementary Okgans. 
 
 Every plant is either phenogamous or cryptogamous, 
 
 Phenogamous plants have tlieir stamens and pistils 
 sufRc iently manifest for examination. 
 
 Cryptogamous plar.ts either lose the staminate organs 
 before they become manifest, or they are too minute for 
 inspection. 
 
 Tije ClasseSf Orders and Genera of the Linnean sys- 
 tem, are founded v\ holly on the seven elementary organs 
 of fructification. 
 
 These are, 
 
 1. Calijx. The outer or lower part of the flower, gene- 
 rally not coloured ^ 
 
 * In the language of Botany, any part of a plant is not coloured when 
 it is green ; as tlie calyx of the apple is si'id not to be coloured, because 
 it is green J and that ot the nasturtion is coloured, because it is not green. 
 
 B 
 
14 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 2. CoroL The coloured blossom, within or above the 
 calyx. 
 
 3. Sfamens. The or.^ans immediately surrounding or 
 adjoinistg the central one ; consisting of mealy or glu- 
 tinous ksiobs, either sessile or supported on filaments. 
 
 4. Pistil. The central organ of the flower, whose base 
 becomes the pericarp and seed 
 
 5. Fericnrp. Tlie covering of tlie seed, whether pod, 
 shell, bag. or pulpy substance. 
 
 6. Seed. The essential part containing the rudiment of 
 a new plant. 
 
 r. Heceptade. The base which sustains the other six 
 parts, being at the end of the flower-stem. 
 
 Subdivisions or the Caitx. 
 
 Every calyx is either monophyilons, consisting of one 
 leaf; or polyp hy lions, consisting of more than one leaf. 
 
 1. Ferianth. That calyx which adjoins and surrounds 
 the other parts of the'tiower, as of the apple, rose, &c. 
 About two thirds of all plants have perianths. 
 
 2. Involucre. That calyx which comes out at some dis- 
 tance below the flower, and never encloses it. It is 
 commonly at ihe origin of the peduncles of umbels, and 
 sometimes attached \o other aggregate flowers. 
 
 Involucres are either universal, placed at the origin 
 of the uf)iversal umbel, as in caraway, lovage, &c. ; or 
 parfial, placed at the origin of a particular umbel, as 
 in coriander ; or proper, placed beneath a single flower. 
 S. Spalhe. A kind of membrane, which at first encloses 
 the flower, and after it expands, is left at a distance 
 below it, as daffodil, onion, Indian turnip. 
 
 4. Glume. That kind of calyx which is composed of one, 
 iwo, or three valves or scales, commonly transparent 
 at tJie margin, and often terminated by a long awn or 
 beard. AJl grasses have ghime calyxes. 
 
 5. MienU An assemblage of flower-bearing scales, ar- 
 ranged on a slender thread or recepta( le ; each scale 
 generally constituting the lateral cal>x of a flower, as 
 in the willow, chesnut, pine, &c. 
 
 6. Calyptre, The cap or hood of pistillate mosses, re- 
 seml'.ling in form and position an extinguisher set on a 
 caudle. Conspicuous in the common hair-cap moss. 
 
BOTANY. 15 
 
 r. Volva. The ring or wrapper at first ciiclosina: tlic 
 pilous or head of a fungus ; and which, after the (»iant 
 lias arrived to maturity, contracts aud remains on the 
 stem or at tlie root. 
 
 Subdivisions or the Corol. 
 
 Every corol is citlier monopetalous, consisting of one 
 petal or flower-leaf; or jjolypetabus, consisting of more 
 than one. 
 
 Jlonopdalous Carols are, 
 
 1. Bell-form. Hfdlowed out within the hasc, and general- 
 ly diverging upwards, as Canterbury hells, gentian, &c. 
 
 2. Funnel forrn^ With a tubular base, and the border 
 opening gradually in the form of a tunnel, as the thorn- 
 apple, morning-glory. 
 
 3. Salver-form. Having a flat spreading limb or bo-'^er, 
 proceeding from the top of a tube, as lilac, trailing ar- 
 butus, &c. 
 
 4. Wheel-form. Having a spreading border without a 
 tube, or with an exceeding short one, as borage, laurel. 
 
 5. Labiate. A labiate corol is divided into two general 
 parts, somewhat resembling the lips of a horse or other 
 animal. Labiate corols are either personate, (with the 
 throat muffled) as snap dragon ; or ringent, (with the 
 thrrjat open) as mint, mother-wort, catnip, monkey- 
 flower. 
 
 Polijpeialous Corols are, 
 
 1. Cruciform' Consisting of four equal petals spreading 
 out in the form of across, as radish, cabbage, mustard, 
 &c. 
 
 2. CaryophyUeous. Having five single petals, each ter- 
 minating iii a long claw, enclosed in a tubular calyx, 
 as pink, < atch-fly, cockle, &c. 
 
 3. Liliaceous. A corol with six petals, spreading gra- 
 dually from the base, so as altogether to exhibit a bcU- 
 forni appeai-ance, as tulip, lily, &c. 
 
 4. Rosaceous. A corol foi'med of roundish spreading 
 petals without claws, or with extremely short ones, as 
 rose, apple, strawberry, &c. 
 
 5. Papilionaceous. A flover which consists of a banner, 
 two wings aud a keel, as pea, clover, &c. 
 
16 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 [f II rorol f\2;rces with none of the above descriptions, it 
 is called anomalous. 
 
 Subdivision of the Stamen. 
 
 1. Jlnflier, The knob of the stamen, which contains the 
 poll'c;n I very conspicuous in the lily, &r. Never wanting, 
 
 2. Fallen. The dusty, mealy or glutinous substance con- 
 tained in the anthers. Never wanting. 
 
 5. Filaimnt. That part of the stamen which connects 
 the a^t^er with the receptacle, calyx or pistil. Often 
 wanting. 
 
 Subdivisions of the Pistil. 
 
 1. Sligma, The os'gan which terminates the pistil ; very 
 conspicuous in the lily, and hardly distinguishable in 
 the Indian corn. Never wanting. 
 
 £. Germ, That pait of the pistil which in maturity be- 
 comes the peri<:arp and the seed, as in the cherry, 
 pompien. Never wanting. 
 
 S. Style. That part of the pistil which connects the 
 stigma and tjje germ ; very conspicuous in the lily, 
 ^'anting in the tulip and some other flowers. 
 
 Subdivisions of the Peuicarp. 
 
 1. SUiqne, That kind of pod which has a longitudinal 
 partition, with the seeds attached alternately to its op- 
 p(;s)te edges, as radish, cabbage, &c. 
 
 2. Legume- A pod without a longitudinal partition, with 
 the seeds attached to one suture only, as the pea, &c. 
 
 3. Capsule. That kind of pericarp which opens by 
 valves or pores, and becomes dry vvlien ripe, as the 
 poppy, whicii opens by pores, and the mullein by valves. 
 
 4. Dvtipe. That kind of pericarp Avhich consists of a 
 tlnck fleshy or cartilaginous coat enclosing a nut or 
 stone, as in the cherry, in which it is said to be bernj- 
 like ; and in the walnut, where it is dry. 
 
 5. Pome, A pulpy pericarp without valves, which con- 
 tains within it a capsule, as apples, quinces, &c. 
 
 6. Berry. A pulpy pericarp enclosing seeds without any 
 capsule, as cunant, grape, cucumber, melon. 
 
 7. SfrobUe, An anient with woody scales, as the fruit of 
 the pine. 
 
BOTANY, 17 
 
 Subdivisions of the Seed. 
 
 i. Cotyledon. The thirk fleshy lobes of seeds ; very 
 manifest in heans, whose cotyledons c^row out of the 
 ground in the form of two large succulent leaves. Many 
 plants, as Indian corn, wheat, the grasses, &c. have 
 but one cotyledon ; mosses, &c. none. 
 
 2. Corde^ The rudiment of the future plant, always 
 proceeding from the cotyledon ; easily distinguished 
 in chesnuts, acorns, &c. 
 
 3. Tegument, The skin or bark of seeds ; it separates 
 from peas, beans, Indian coin, &c. on boiling. 
 
 4. Hilum. The extei-nal mark or scar on seeds, by 
 whidi they were affixed to their pericarps. In beans, 
 and the like, it is called the eye. 
 
 SUBSITISIONS OF THE Re€EPTACLE. 
 
 1. Proper. That which belongs to one flower only, 
 
 2. Common. That which connects several distinct flo- 
 rets, as in the sun-flovvci', daisy, teasel. 
 
 3. Rachis. The filiform receptacle, connecting the flo- 
 rets in a spike, as in the heads of wheat. 
 
 4. ColumeUa, The central column in a capsule, to which 
 the seeds arc attached. 
 
 5. Spailix. An elojigated receptacle proceeding from a 
 spathe, as Indian tui'nip. 
 
 General Divisions of Flowers. 
 
 1. Simple. Having a single flower on a receptacle, as 
 in the quince, tulip, &c. 
 
 2 A^grtgaie. Havi?ig on the same receptacle several 
 fl;>weis, whose anthers are not united, as teasel, button- 
 bush. &c. 
 
 3. Compound, Having several florets on the same re- 
 ceptacle, with their anthers united, as sun-flower, china- 
 asier, he. 
 
 4. Stamimite. Having stamens only, as those in the 
 tassels of Indian coin. 
 
 5. Pistillate. Having pistils only, as the fertile flower of 
 the cucumber. 
 
 6. Perject. Having both stamens and pistils, 
 
 7. Neutral. Having neither slaniens nor pistils. 
 
 B2 
 
18 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Ijvflorescence. 
 
 The manner in which Flowers are situated on Plants^ 
 
 1. Whorl, In which the flowers grow around the stem 
 in rings one above another, as niotlier-wort, catnip. 
 
 2. Raceme, Having the florets on short undivided pedi- 
 cels, arranged ah)ng a general peduncle, as currants. 
 
 S. Panicle, Having some of the pedicels, along the ge- 
 neral peduncle ot* the raceme, divided, as in oats. A 
 panicle contracted into a compact, somewhat ovate 
 form, as in lilac, is called thyrse, 
 
 4. Spike. Having the florets sessile, or nearly so, on the 
 elongated geneial receptacle, as wheat, mullein, &c. 
 
 5. Umbel, Having the flower-stems diverging from one 
 place, like the braces of an umbrella, bearing florets 
 on their extremities, as carrot, dill, fennel. &c. 
 
 6. Cyme, It agrees with the umbel in having its general 
 flower-stems spring from one centre, but dilTers in ha- 
 ving those stems irregularly subdivided, as eldei-, &c. 
 
 7. Corymb. In the corymb the peduncles take their rise 
 from different heights along tlie main stem ; but the 
 lower ones being longer, they foi m nearly a level or 
 convex top, as yarrow. 
 
 8. Fascicle. In general external appeai*ance it resembles 
 the umbel, bur the foot- stalks are irregular in their 
 origin anci subdivisions, as sweet-william. 
 
 9. Head, In this the flowers are heaped together in a 
 gl(»bular form without peduncles, or with very short 
 ones, as clover. 
 
 Roots and Herbage. 
 
 The substance of Roofs and Herbage consists of: 
 
 1. Cuticle. The thin outside coat of the bark, which 
 seems to be without life, and often transparent. Yevy 
 conspicuous on some kinds of birch, cherry, currant- 
 bushes, &c. 
 
 2. Cellular integument. The parenchymous substance 
 between the cuticle and bark, often green. Easily 
 seen in the elder, &c. after removing the cuticle. 
 
 3. Bark. The inner strong fibrous part of the covering 
 of vegetables. 
 
 4. Camb. The mucilaginous or gelatinous substance, 
 woi; h, in the spring of the year, abounds between the 
 baik and the wood of trees. 
 
BOTANY. 19 
 
 5. Wood. The most solid part of tlie trunks and roots of 
 herbs and trees. 
 
 6. Pith. The spongy substance in the centre of the 
 stems and roots of most ])lAnts. Lai'ge in the elder. 
 
 Roots are tlie descending parts of vegetables, and are 
 annual, biennial, or perennial. They are of seven 
 kinds. 
 
 1. Branching. Having the whole root divided into parts 
 as it proceeds downwards, as the oak, apple-tree, &c. 
 
 2. Fibrous. The whole root consisting of filiform parts, 
 originating immediately from the base of the stem, as 
 many of the grasses. 
 
 3. Creeping. Extending itself horizontally, and sending 
 out fibrous radicles, as gill-overground, mint, &c. 
 
 4. Spindle. I'hick at the top, and tapering downward, 
 as carrot, parsnip, &c. 
 
 5. Tuberous. Roots which are thick and fleshy, but not 
 of any regular globular form. They are knobbed, as 
 the potatoe ; oval, as those of orchis ; abrupt, as the 
 birdsfoot-violet; ov fascicled, as asparagus. 
 
 6. Bulbous. Fleshy and spherical. They are either 
 solidt as the turnip ; coated, as the onion ; or scaly, as 
 the garden lily. 
 
 7. Granulated. Consisting of several little knobs in the 
 form of grains, strung together along the sides of a 
 filiform radicle, as the wood-sorrel. 
 
 Herbage is all the plant except the root and fructifica- 
 tion. It includes stems, leaves a.ni\ appendages. 
 
 Stems. 
 
 1. Tidge. or proper stem. The ascending herbage-bear- 
 ing tiunk or stem of all phenogamous plants, except the 
 glasses, as the trunk of the oak, the grape vine, the 
 mullein stalk. 
 
 2. Culm. The stalk or stem of the grasses, as wheat- 
 straw, sugar-cajie, cScc- 
 
 3. Scape, riiat kind of flower-bearing stem which 
 springs immediately from the root, and is destitute of 
 leaves, as (iandelir)n. 
 
 4. Peduncle. The flower-bearing stem which ?!prings 
 from any part of the stem or branches; as apple, cu- 
 cumber, &c. 
 
20 CJRAMMAR OF 
 
 5. Petiole. The foot-stalk of the leaf. 
 
 6. Frond. A|)j)lie(l entiiely to cryptogamous plants. It 
 includes the hei'haceous, leathery, crustareous, or ge- 
 latinous substance, tVoni which the fruit is produced. 
 
 7. Stipe, The stem of a fern, of a fungus, of compound 
 eg?'et, and of a pericarp when elevated fr«»m the recep- 
 t^fle ; as of maiden-hair, of a mushroom, of a dande- 
 lion, and of s])urge caper. 
 
 Leaves are evergreen or deciduous. 
 Forms of Simple Leaves. 
 
 1. Orbicular. Nearly circular, as the leaves of red clo- 
 ver, of cabbage, &c. 
 
 2, Ovate, Resembling the longitudinal section of an egg, 
 the base being broader than the extremity. One of 
 the most common forms of leaves. 
 
 S. Oval. Differing from ovate in having both ends equal 
 in breadth. 
 
 4. Oblong, The length more than twice the breadtli, 
 and the sides somewhat parallel. 
 
 5. Obovate, Ovate with the narrowest end towards the 
 stem, as those of red clover. 
 
 6. Cordate. Heart-shaped, the hind-lobes being rounded, 
 as lilac. 
 
 7. Obcordate, Cordate, with the apex or narrowest end 
 towards the stem, as of wild indigo. 
 
 8. Kidney -form. Hollowed in at the base, with rounded 
 lobes and rounded ends, as mallows. 
 
 9. Lanceolate, In the form of the ancient lance, tapering 
 from near the base to the apex, and of some length, as 
 the leaves of most of the willows, of ribwort, &c. 
 
 10. Linear, Continuingof the same width through near- 
 ly the whole length ; usually pointed at one or both 
 ends, as most grasses. 
 
 11. Awljbrm. Linear at the base, and becoming more or 
 less curved at the point. 
 
 12. Acuminate, Any kind of leaf terminating more or 
 less suddenly in a point turned towards one edge of the 
 leaf. 
 
 13. Arrow form. Shaped like an arrowhead ; uiffering 
 from cordate in having the hind-lobes more or less 
 acute. 
 
BOTANY. 21 
 
 14. Halbert-fornu Hastate. Shaped like an Iialbert, as 
 field-sorrel, creeping snapdragon. 
 
 15. Guitar-form, Oblong, broadisli near the base, and 
 contracted at the sides. 
 
 16. Lobed. Deeply parted, and the divisions large, with 
 rounded sides or ends, as the white oak. 
 
 17. Palmate, Resembling a hand with the fingers 
 spread, as horse-chesnut. 
 
 18. Pedate. Resembling a bird's foot. 
 
 19- Sinuate. Having the margin hollowed with deep si- 
 nuses or bays, as the white oak. 
 
 £0. Pinnatijid. Divided transversely by deep incisions, 
 not extending to the midrib. 
 
 21. Lyrate. Pinnatifid, with the largest division at the 
 apex, and diminishing from thence to the base, as 
 liedge-mustard. 
 
 22. Runcinate. Pinnatifid, with the divisions pointing 
 backwards, as dandelion. 
 
 Edges of Leaves. 
 
 23. Serrate. Having sharp notches resembling saw- 
 teeth along the margin, and pointing towards the apex, 
 as those of chei'ry-trees, roses, &c.^ 
 
 24. Toothed. Having piojections from tlie margin of its 
 own substance, which are neither serj'atures, nor crcn- 
 atuies, as those of blue-bottle. 
 
 25. Crenate. Having uniform notches on the margin of 
 the leaf, which incline towards the apex, or the base, 
 or neither, as gill-overground. 
 
 Ends or Leaves. 
 
 26. Emarginate. Notched at the termination of the 
 midrib. 
 
 27. Retuse. Emarginate with a shallow sinus. 
 
 28. Obtuse. Having the apex of the leaf more or less 
 rounded. 
 
 29. Acute» Terminating in an angle ; that is, not round- 
 ed. 
 
 Surfaces of Leaves. 
 
 1. Hairy, Having distinrt strait hairs. 
 
 2. Downy, Covered with fine cotton-like down. 
 
 3. Silky, Covered with soft clo.se-pressed hairi. 
 
22 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 4. Bristly. Set with stiff hairs. 
 
 5. Ciliate, Edj^pd with parallel hairs or hristles, resem- 
 blijig eje-lasiies. 
 
 6. JS*erved, Furnished with midrib-like fibres running 
 from the base to the apex. 
 
 7. Veined. Having tendinous fibres variously branched. 
 
 Positions of Leaves. 
 
 1. Decurrenf, When two edges of the leaf extend along 
 thf' stem below the place ofinsertion. 
 
 2. Claspiug. Sessile with the base more or less heart- 
 form, so jis entirely or in part lo suri'ouFid the stem. 
 
 3. Sheathing. With the leaf prolonged down the stem, 
 so as to cover it, in the manner of the grasses. 
 
 4. Perfoliate, Having the stem passing through the leaf. 
 5> Connate, Leaves opposite, with their bases united. 
 
 6. Peltate. With the foot-stalk attached to the lower 
 side of the leaf, so as to resemble a shield. 
 
 7. Opposite, Standing at the same height with base 
 against base. 
 
 8. Whorled. Surrounding the stem in horizontal rings 
 or rows. 
 
 9. Imbricate. Lying over each other like shingles on a 
 roof, so as to •» break joints." 
 
 10. Fascicled. Growing in bunches from the same point. 
 
 11. Radical, Proceeding immediately from the root. 
 
 Compound Leaves. 
 
 L Ternate, Having ihree leafets proceeding from the 
 end of one petiole. 
 
 2. Biternc'.le. 1 wice ternate ; when the petiole is ter- 
 nate, and each division bears three Icafets. 
 
 3. Triternate. Three times ter-nate. 
 
 4. Pinnate. Wifli distinct leafets arranged on opposite 
 sides of the same petioles as locust. 
 
 5. Bipiunaft Twi( e pinnate. 
 
 6. Tripinnate. Tluire pinnate. 
 
 7. Interrupfcdhj' pinnate. Having smaller leafets dispers- 
 ed among the larger, as poratoe. 
 
 Appendages. 
 
 J. Stipule, A leafet or scale at or near the base of a pe- 
 tiole. 
 
BOTANY. 
 
 23 
 
 2. Bract. A leaf among or near the flowers, different 
 from the other leaves of the plant. 
 
 3. Thorn, A sharp process from the woody part of a 
 plant. 
 
 4. Prickle, A sliarp process from the hark, as those on 
 rasplierry bushes, &c. 
 
 5. Sting, Hair-like processes mostly from the leaves, as 
 nettles. 
 
 6. Gland. A roundish, generally minute, appendage to 
 different parts of plants. 
 
 7. Tendril. Ihe filiform appendage by which climbing 
 plants support themselves on other bodies. 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 
 The Latin and Greek numerals are so frequently com- 
 pounded with other words by botanical writers, that an 
 English student ought to commit them to memory, as here 
 laid down. 
 
 XATIN. 
 
 NOS 
 
 ;. GREEK. 
 
 Unus 
 
 1 
 
 Monos single. 
 
 Bis twice. 
 
 2 
 
 Dis twice. 
 
 Tres 
 
 3 
 
 Treis thrice- 
 
 Quatuor 
 
 4 
 
 Tet tares 
 
 fjMinque 
 
 5 
 
 Pente 
 
 Stx 
 
 6 
 
 Ex (pronounced hex) 
 
 Septcni 
 
 7 
 
 Epta (pronounced hepta) 
 
 Octo 
 
 8 
 
 Okto 
 
 Novem 
 
 9 
 
 Ennea 
 
 Decern 
 
 10 
 
 Deka 
 
 Underpin 
 
 11 
 
 Endeka 
 
 Du'xUMcm 
 
 12 
 
 Dodrka 
 
 Trc'erem 
 
 IS 
 
 Dokatreis 
 
 Quatuordecim 
 
 14 
 
 Dekatettares 
 
 Qtjindp. im 
 
 15 
 
 Dekapente 
 
 Sexder im 
 
 16 
 
 Deka ex 
 
 Septendr-rim 
 
 17 
 
 Dekaepta 
 
 0( todei im 
 
 18 
 
 Decaokto 
 
 Novendccim 
 
 19 
 
 Beraennca 
 
 Yiginti 
 
 20 
 
 Eikusi 
 
 Muitus 
 
 Many 
 
 Polus 
 
24 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 LINNEAN SYSTEM OF VEGETABLES. 
 
 All Vegetables are divided into twenty-two^ classes. 
 These classes are divided into ordeks. Ordeks are 
 divided into gexbra. Genesa are divided into spe- 
 cies. Species are frequp«ily changed into varieties. 
 Varieties, however, are more jjroperly within the pro- 
 vince of the Gardener, than of the Botanist 5 at least the 
 method of procuring varieties. 
 
 Wlien a Botanist finds a plant v/hich he never saw be- 
 fore and wishes to know its name and uses ; he proceeds 
 as follows. 
 
 1. He compares the stamens of the unknown flower 
 with the description of each class, until he finds the class 
 to which it belongs. 
 
 2. He then goes to the orders of that class and finds its 
 order in the same way. 
 
 3. If the order in which he finds his plant is subdivid- 
 cd into sections, he reads the characters of the sections 
 also. 
 
 4. Next he goes to the genera of that order or section, 
 and reads their descriptions, until he tinds the genus to 
 which it belongs. 
 
 5. At last he looks over the species of that genus, until 
 he finds the exact description of his piaut. 
 
 6. If he is desirous to compare the plant with its na- 
 tural associates and to ascertain its general properties, 
 he refers it to the natural orders of Linueus by the first 
 number next to the generic name ^ or to that of Jussieu 
 by the second number. 
 
 * Linneus divided them into 24 classes. But farther discoveries, 
 since his death, have proved the classes Tolyadelphia ai::d Poly;i;amia 
 to be too uncertain and variable to be any longer retained. Persoon. 
 therefore, and otber eminent botanists have rejected them. 
 
BOTANY. 25 
 
 LINNEAN CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 Plants are classified upon two distinct plans ; the Arti- 
 ficial and Natural. The object of the Artificial system 
 is merely to furnish a method for ascertaining the name 
 of a plant. The object of the Natural system is to brin.^ 
 tosjether into small .ejroups, plants which resemble each 
 other in their botanical aifinities, sensible qualities and 
 medicinal projierties. The Artificial system has been 
 very aptly compared to the dictionary, and the Natural 
 to the grammar of a language. 
 
 Artificial Classes. 
 
 The Linnean Artificial Classes are founded upon the 
 four following cii'cumstances of the stamens : number, po- 
 sition^ relative length* f\nd connexion. The first eleven 
 classes are distinguished by the number of stamens — the 
 twelfth and thirteenth by number and position — the four- 
 teenth ii\\(\ fifteenth by nusnber and relative length — the 
 sixteenth* seventeenth and eighteenth by connexion — the 
 nineteenth* twentieth and twentiffrst by position. The 
 last, or twenty-second class, being a natural one, is not 
 distinguished by any circumstance of the stamens. 
 
 The first, 'hirieen classes are named by prefixing Greek 
 numerals expressive of the number of stamens to andria ; 
 which is a Greek derivative, used hietajjhorically for sta- 
 mens. 
 
 1. Monandria, includes those plants which bear per- 
 fect flowers, with but one stamen to each. As the blite 
 and san)j)biie. Jt is a \Gvy small class. 
 
 2. DiANDRiA. includes those plants wliicli bear perfect 
 flowers, with two stamens to each. As hedge-hyssop and 
 lilac. Fart of this class of plants bears naked seeds, and 
 forms a natural union with those of tiie first order of the 
 fourteenth class ; as sage, rosemary, mountain mint. 
 
 3. Triandria. includes those plants wiiich bear per- 
 fect flowers, witii tlii'ee stamens to each. As the iris 
 and oats. Most of the grass-like or culmiferous plants 
 are included in this class. The rough coarse grasses, as 
 bog-rusii and cotton grass, which have closed' sheaths or 
 no sheaths to the leaves, have but one style to the pistil* 
 
 D. H. HIBL LIBRARY 
 
26 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 But the finer grasses, as timothy grass and hlue grass^ 
 which ha\e open sheaths to the lea>es, haxe Inno styles. 
 4. TtTRAKDKiA, incUides those plants ^^hi(h bear 
 perfect flowers, with four stamens to each. As plantain 
 and dogwood. This class is wholly artificial, conse- 
 quently the plants included in it are easily found out. 
 
 5. Pentandria, includes those plants, which bear 
 perfect flowers with five stamens to each. As comfrey, 
 mullein, tobacco, potatoe, ginseng, parsnip, elder and 
 flax. This is a vei-y extensive class, it includes a na- 
 tural assemblage of rough-leaved plants, as the borage — 
 of nauceous narcotics, as tobacco and henbane — of um- 
 belliferous narcotics and stomachics, as poison hemlock, 
 water parsnip and fennel — also many plants which great- 
 ly disagree in botanical affinities. The rough leaved 
 and umbelliferous plants of this class resemble ea{ h other 
 so nearly, that students find much difticulty in distin- 
 guishing the genera. 
 
 6. Hexandria, includes those plants, which bear per- 
 fect flowers with six stamens to each. As the lily, tulip, 
 dock and water plantain. 
 
 7. Heptandria, includes those plants, which bear 
 perfect flowers, with seven stamens to each. As the 
 chick wintergreen and horse chesnut. This is a \^ry 
 small class, and the number of stamens variable in most 
 flowers found in it. 
 
 8. Octandria, includes those plants, which bear per- 
 fect flowers with eight stamens to each ; as the marsh 
 cranberry, nasturtion and buckwheat. 
 
 9. Enneandria, includes those plants which bear 
 perfect flowers with nine stamens to each ; as the sassa- 
 fras and rhubarb. It is a very small class, and the num- 
 ber of stamens very variable in all the flowers found in it. 
 
 10. Decandria, includes those plants which bear 
 perfect flowers with ten stamens to each ; as the whortle- 
 berry, pink, cockle, and pokevveed. Some flowers in this 
 class have but half the number of stamens required^ in 
 part of the species of a genus. 
 
 11. DoDECANDRiA, includes those plants which bear 
 perfect flowers, generally with twelve stamens to each ; 
 as the wild ginger or white snakeroot, and purslane. If 
 ^he number of stamens is more than twelve, provided it 
 does not exceed nineteen, still the plant belongs to this 
 
BOTANY. 27 
 
 class ; as the apjrimony, migiiancttc, and liouselcek.— 
 This class has been abolished by some botanists, and the 
 plants included in it distributed amonj^ other classes. 
 
 12. IcosANDRiA, includes those plants which bear per- 
 fect flowers with twenty stamens to eacb, growing on the 
 calyx ; as the peach, apple and thorn. iTthc number of 
 stamens is more tlian twenty, provided they arc placed 
 on the calyx, still the plant belongs to this ( lass ; as the 
 strawberry and rose. Some flowers in this class have 
 but hair the number of stamens required : as some spe- 
 cies of thorn, &c. 
 
 13. PoLYANDRiA, iucludes those plants which bear 
 perfect flowers, with stamens more numerous than those 
 of any other class, growing on the receptacle ; as the 
 pond lily, and common St John's wort. If the number 
 of stamens does not exceed twenty, provided they are not 
 plated on the calyx, still the plant belongs to this class. 
 This is an extensive class, and the number of stamens is 
 more variable in this than in all the other classes. When 
 several flowers on the same plant have a variable num- 
 ber of stamens placed on the receptacle, we may gener- 
 ally presume that the plant belongs to this class, even if 
 none are found with so many as twenty stamens ; as the 
 American cowslip. 
 
 The fourteenth and fifteenth classes are named by prefix- 
 ing the Greek numerats expressive of the number of long 
 stamens, to dyxamia ; which is a Greek derivative, sig- 
 nifying power, — importing that the longest stamens are 
 most powerful. 
 
 14. DiDYNAMiA, includes those plants which bear per- 
 fect flowers with four stamens to each, two of which are 
 longest ; as savory, skull-cap, snapdragon. This class 
 embraces plants of two very natural assemblages. The 
 first order contains plants with naked seeds ; none of 
 which are poisonous. The second order contains plants 
 with seeds in capsules, all of which are said to be pois- 
 onous. Most flowers of both orders have labiate corols. 
 
 15. Tetrad YNAMiA, includes those plants which bear 
 perfect flowers with six stamens to each, four of which 
 are longest ; as mustard, cabbage and radish. This class 
 embraces a very natural family of plants, bearing cruci- 
 form flowers. 
 
28 GRAMMAR or 
 
 The sixteenth and seventeenth classes are named by pre- 
 fixing G-reek numerals, expressive of the number of par- 
 cels into which the stamens are united by their filaments, to 
 the word adelpiiia ; which is a Greek derivative, used 
 to signify brotherhood. 
 
 16. MoNADELniiA, includes those plants wliich bear 
 flowers wliose stamens are united laterally by tlieir fila- 
 ments in one group or set ; as the hollyhock, and nial- 
 iows. But if the flowers are pa])ilionaceous, they belong 
 to the next class, even if the stamens are so united ; as the 
 lupine. Some species of genera which belong to this 
 class, have the stamens broad and membranous at the 
 base, but not attached at all ; as some species of gera- 
 nium. They generally recede from the base of the pe- 
 tals, by approaching the pistil, presenting a columnar 
 form. 
 
 17. DiADELPHiA, includes those plants which beai* 
 perfect flowers, whose stamens are united laterally by 
 their filaments in two groups or sets ; as the pea, bean, 
 and locust-tree. In most cases nine stamens are united 
 in one set, and one stamen stands alone. In some flowers 
 the stamens are all united in one set, which is the proper 
 charactei* of the preceding class ^ though if the corol is 
 pa])ilionaceous, it belongs here. But if the stamens are 
 not united at all, the j)iant does not belong here, even if 
 the coH'l is papilionaceous ; as the cassia and wild indigo 
 belong to the tenth class. Genera of the tenth order in 
 this class lesemble each other so nearly, that students 
 find considerable difliculty in distinguishing them. 
 
 The eighteenth class is named by prefixing syn, fa 
 Greek derivative from sun.J signifying together, to ge- 
 ^'ESiA, a Greek derivative, signifying produced or growing 
 lip. The name is intended to signify that the anthers grow 
 vp together, or in an united state. 
 
 18. Syngenesia, includes those plants which bear 
 perfect, staminale, pistillate, or neutial florets, in which 
 those bearing anthers have them united laterally, so as 
 to form a hollow cylindei'. To this definition should be 
 added, that the plants of this class all bear compound 
 flowers, as the sun-llower, thistle, and dandelion, to ex- 
 clude the lobelia, some species of violet, the jewel-weed. 
 
BOTANY. 29 
 
 &c. wliich belong to the fifth class, though their anthers 
 are uuired. This is a \eiy extensive and pertecll> na- 
 tural class. 
 
 The nineteenth class is named by prefixing an abbrevia- 
 tion of GYNiA, a Greek derivative used me aphoricuUy to 
 signify the pistil, to axduia ; as the stamen and pistil are 
 united in this class. 
 
 19. Gynandria, includes tho^e plants which hear 
 perfect flowers, with the stamens slaJi'iing on the j)istil ; 
 as ladies-slipper, and orchis, lo this definition should 
 be added, that the stamens are inserted at a distance 
 from the place where the calyx and corol are inserted. 
 For the stamens are inserted on the germ of the jnstil in 
 all plants of the class syngenesia, he hut they are in- 
 serted in connexion with the corol. 
 
 The twentieth and twenty first classes are named by pre- 
 fixing Greek numerals exprtssive of the number of plants 
 occupied by the stamens and pistils in order to complete a 
 species, to cecia, a Greek derivative from oikos, a house. 
 Tiie name is intended to signify^ that the stamens ana pis- 
 tils inhabit the name or different tenements. 
 
 20. MoxcEciA, includes those plants which bear im- 
 perfect flowers, with the stauiinate and pistillate flowers 
 on the same plant ; as the oak, chesnut, and Indian corn. 
 
 21. DicECiA, includes those plants which hear imper- 
 fect flowers, with the staminate and pistillate flowers on 
 separate plants ^ as the iiemj), hop, willow and poplar. 
 
 Most [daiits of these two last classes are united in one 
 class by Pursh, called Diclinia. 
 
 The twenty-second class is named by prefixing crypto, 
 a Greek derivative signifying concealed, to gamia, a 
 Greek derivative used metaphoncally for the strewing of 
 pollen from the anthers upon tlie stigmas of pistils. It is 
 intended to signifii, thai the operation of strewing thefer- 
 tilizing pollen upon stigmas^ so manifest in lilies, poplars, 
 Jmlian corn, <^c. is conceaied in plants of this class ; thongh 
 it is probable that snch operations are as regularly perform^ 
 ed in cryptogamous as in phenogamous plants. 
 
 C2 
 
30 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 22. Cryptogamia, includes those plants whose sta- 
 mens are not manifest, even under the lens. They are 
 known by habit, oi* natural affinities ; as ferns^ mosses, 
 liver-worts, sea-weeds, lichens, and fungi. 
 
 ARTIFICIAL ORDERS. 
 
 Each class is subdivided into two or more orders. 
 These subdivisions are founded npofi the number of 
 styles (or stigmas when styles are wanting) — the cover- 
 ing or nakedness of seeds — the relative lengths of pods — 
 the comparison between disk and ray florets of compound 
 flowers — and the characters of preceding rlasses. The 
 orders of the class cryptogamia are distinguished by na- 
 tural family characters. 
 
 The orders of the Jirst thirteen classes are distinguished 
 hy the number of styles ; and named by -prefixing Greek 
 numerals expressive of the number of styles, to gynia, a 
 Greek derivative used metaphorically for style or sdgma. 
 The styles are numbered at their origin on the germ. Their 
 subdivisions above the germ are not taken into view in de- 
 termining the number of the order. Sometimes the style is 
 wanting, leaving the stigma to sit down upon the germ ; 
 in such cases the stigmas are numbered in determining the 
 number of the order. 
 
 1. MoNOGYNiA, includes those plants, in any of the 
 first thirteen classes, which bear flowers with but one 
 style, or one sessile stigma to each ; as the samphire in 
 the first class, the lilac in the second, the iris in the third, 
 the plantain in the fourth, the mullein in the filth, the 
 lily in the sixth, the horse-chesnut in the seventh, the 
 scabish in the eighth, the sassafias in the ninth, the 
 prince's pine in tlie tenth, the purslane in the eleventh, 
 the cherry in the twelfth, and the poppy in the thirteenth. 
 
 2. DiGYNiA, inc ludes those plants in any ot the first 
 thirteen classes, which bear flowers with two styles, or 
 two sessile stigmas to each ; as limulhy grass iu the 
 third class, and the pink in the tenth class. 
 
BOTANY. 31 
 
 S. Trigynia, includes those plants in any of the first 
 thirteen classes, \\l»ich bear flowers with three styles, or 
 Ihiee sessile sti.a;mas to each ; as the elder in the fifth 
 class, arid the hiu kwheat in the eighth class. 
 
 4. Tetuagynia, includes those plants in any of the 
 first thirteen classes, which bear flowers with four styles 
 or four sessile stigmas ; as the holly in the fourth class, 
 and the lizard's-tail in the seventh class. 
 
 5. Pentagyjsia, includes those plants in any of the 
 first thirteen classes, which bear flowers with five styles 
 or five sessile stigmas to each ,• as spikenard in the fifth 
 class, and cor kle in the tenth class. 
 
 6. Hexagynia. We have no plant of this order in 
 our district. 
 
 7. Heptagynia. We have no plant of this order in 
 our district. 
 
 8. OcTOGYNiA. We have no plant of this order in 
 our district. 
 
 9. Enneagynia. No plant has ever been found with 
 nine styles. 
 
 10. Decagyxia, W^e have no plant of this order in 
 our district. 
 
 13. Polygyria, includes those plants in any of the 
 first tliirteen classes, which bear flowers with any num- 
 ber of styles or sessile stigmas above ten ; as the house- 
 leek in the eleventh class, the rose in the twelfth, and 
 the crow-foot in the thirteenth. 
 
 The orders of the fourteenth andjifteenth classes are but 
 tivo in each. Those in the fourteenth are named by prefix- 
 ing GYMiso, a Greek derivative signifijing naked, or an- 
 Gio, a Greek deiivative signifying bag or sack, to sper- 
 MiA, a derivative signifying seed. In the fifteenth they 
 are named by using a derivative from the Latin siLiquA, 
 a pod ; and from the diminntiveqf'the same, silicula. 
 
 1. Gi^MNOSPERMiA, iucludcs those plants of the four- 
 teenth class, which bear seeds without any pericarp. 
 They generally lie naked in the bottom of the calyx ; as 
 of mother-wort and hyssop. 
 
 2. AxGiosPERMiA, includes those plants of the four- 
 teenth class, which bear seeds in a capsule , as the fox- 
 glove and snapdragon. 
 
82 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 1. SiLicuLOSA, inrludes those plants of the fiftepnth 
 class wliifh hear siliqiip pods, vvitlithe length and hieadth 
 nearly equal ; as the shepherd's-purse. 
 
 2 BiLiquosA, inrludrs those plarjts of the fifteenth 
 class which hear silique pods, wiih (he length ronsiiU'ra- 
 bly exceeding the breadth, ahva>s more than double ; as 
 the mustard. 
 
 The orders of the sixteenth, seventeenth, nineteenth, 
 twentieth^ and twenty -first classes, are distinguished by ihe 
 chnracers of preceding idusses^^and assume the same names. 
 Therefore when a plant is found in either of these five 
 classes, we inquire which nearest preceding class it would 
 fall into, if its particular classic charac'er were wanting. 
 The answer to this inquiry gives the order. 
 
 1. MoNANDRiA, whfn used for an order in the 16th, 
 17th, 19th, 20th, or 21st class, inrludes those plants in 
 eiiher of said classes which hear flowers with hut one 
 stamen to each ; as orchis in the nineteenth class, and 
 sea eel-grass in the twentieth. 
 
 2. DiANDUiA, when used for an order in the l6fh, 17(h, 
 19th, 20tli, (u- 21st class, includes those plants in either 
 of said classes which hear flowers with two stamens to 
 each ; as ladies'-slipper in class 19, duck-meat in class 
 20, and wilhiw in class 21. 
 
 3. Triaadria, when used for an order in the 16th, 
 17ih, 19lh. 20th, or 2lst class, im ludes those jilants in 
 either of said classes which heai' flowers with three sta- 
 mens to each ; as hlue-e>ed grass in class 16, Indian 
 corn in ilass 20, and the fig in class 21. 
 
 4. Tetra.ndria, whin used for an order in the 16th, 
 17th, I9'h, 20th, or 21st class, includes tht)se plants in 
 either of said classes vvhi( h hea»* flowers with four sta- 
 mens to eadi ; as the nettle in the 20ih class, and the 
 bayherry in the 21st dass. 
 
 5. Pextandria, when U'^ed for an order in tlie 16th, 
 17th, I9th, 20fh. «)r 21st class, in( ludes tliose plants in 
 either of said ciasses wliuh heai- flowers with five sta- 
 mens to each ; as the passion-flower in the 16th class, 
 the hog-w<'ed in the 20ih, and the hemp in the 21st. 
 
 6. Uexavdria, wIku used for fin order in the 16th, 
 17'h, I9ili, ;i0tii, or 21-.» < Ihss, inclu«les those plitits in 
 either of &aid classes which bear flowers with six stamens 
 
BOTANY. 33 
 
 to each ; as water-oats in the 20th class, and the green- 
 briar ill the 21st. 
 
 7. Heptandria, when used for an order in the IGth, 
 . 17rh, 19th, 20th, or 21st class, includes those plants in 
 either of said classes which bear flowers with seven sta- 
 mens to each ; as the stork -i^erani urn in class 16. 
 
 8 OcTANDRiA, wlien used for an order in the 16th, 
 irih, 19th, 20rh, or 2lst class, includes those plants in 
 either of said classes which bear flowers with eiglit sta- 
 mens to each; as the seneca snake-root in class 17, and 
 po|)lar in ( lass 21. 
 
 10 Decandria, when used for an order in the 16th, 
 17th, 19t!i, 20th, or 21st class, includes those i)lants in 
 either of said classes which bear flowers with teii stamens 
 to each j as the geranium in class 16, and the pea in 
 class 17- 
 
 13. PoLYANDRiA, when used for an order in the 16th, 
 17tii, 19th, 20th, or 21st class, includes those plants in 
 either of said classes which bear Howers with more than 
 ten stamens to each ; as the holl}hock in class 16, the 
 butternut in class 20, and the moon-seed iji class 21. 
 
 16. MoNADELPHiA, wlieu uscd foi- an order in the 20th 
 or 21st class, (it is never used in I6th, 17th, or 19th,) 
 includes those j)lants in either of said classes which bear 
 flowej's with the stamens united by their filaments in one 
 set ,• as the cucumber in class 20, and the red cedar in 
 class 21. 
 
 The four first orders of class 18 arc distinguished by 
 comparivg the disk and ray fiorets. The first, second and 
 third orders have perfect fiorets in the disk ; the fourth has 
 staminate fiorets only in the disk. The first has perfect 
 florets in the ray* the second and fourth have pistillate* and 
 the third has neutral. The fifth order has partial perianth 
 calyxes to all the fiorets ; whereas none of the other orders 
 have any but the general calyx — the egrets when present, 
 being a hibsiitute for the perianth. The orders of this class 
 are named by joining the word polygamia to an appro- 
 priate adjective. Fclygamia is a Greek derivative, used 
 metaphoncally to signify numerous organs for carrying on 
 the process of strewing the fertilizing pollen upon stigmas. 
 The adjective ^quALis is used to signify, that the organs 
 for furnishing pollen are equalized, or duly proportioned to 
 
g4 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 the stigmas to he fertilized ; superflua, that the pistillate 
 Jlorels in the margin or ray are superjiuous, each fertile 
 Horet of the disk having stamens and pistils in due propor- 
 tion; FRUSTRANEA, that the ray florets are empty or vain, 
 having no stamens or pistils; necessaria, that he ray 
 florets are necessary to the produciion of seed ^ the disk flo- 
 rets being all staminate ; segregata, that the j'^orets are 
 disjoined^ or separated from each other by partial calyxes. 
 
 1. PoLYGAMiA ^Q,UALis, incl»ides tliosc plants of tlic 
 18th class, which bear flowers with perfect floi-ets in both 
 the disk and ray ; as the dandelion, thistle, and burdock. 
 
 2. PoLYGAMiA SUPERFLUA, Includes those plants of 
 the 1 8th class, whit h bear flovvei's with perfect florets in 
 the disk, and pistillate florets in the ray ; as ox-eyed 
 daisy and yarrow. 
 
 s/ PoLYGAMiA FRUSTRANEA, Includes thosc plants of 
 the 1 8th class, which bear flowers with perfect florets ill 
 the disk, and neutral florets in the ray ; as the sunflowei* 
 and blue-bottle. 
 
 4. PoLYGAMiA NECESSARIA, Includcs thosc plants of 
 the 18th (lass, which bear flowers with staminate florets 
 in the disk, and pistillate florets in the ray ; as the pot- 
 inarygold, and hiijjh-vNater shrub. 
 
 5. PoLYGAMiA SEGREGATA, includcs thosc plants of 
 the 18th class, vNhi( h bear flowers with a peiianth to each 
 floret 5 as the globe-thistle, and elephant's-foot. 
 
 The orders of the twenty second class are distinguished 
 by natural family characters^ this class embracing six 
 naturalfamilies. 
 
 1. FiLiCEs, includes all the ferns. These plants bear 
 fruit on the back of the leaves, or some part of the leases 
 seem as it were metamorphosed into a kind of fruit-bear- 
 ing spike ; as the brake, and maidenhair. A sub-order, 
 which may be denominated ^pferes, ov Pteroides, includes 
 those which bear fruit in a peculiar appendage, as a spike 
 or protuberance in the axils or at the base of the leaves^ 
 as ground pine, scouring-rush, and quill- wort. 
 
 2. Musci, includes the proper mosses. These plants 
 bear, on leafy stems and branches, one-celled capsules 
 opening at the top, where they are crowned by a peculiar 
 lid. The capsules do not open by valves, and are gene- 
 rally elevated on stems or stipes ; as hair-cap moss. 
 
BOtANY. 35 
 
 3. Hepatic-^, includes those more succulent moss- 
 like plants, \^hi^ll are called liver-worts. They hear 
 foiir-valved capsules, which distinguishes them from 
 mosses ; as brook liver-wort, and platted moss. 
 
 4. Algjs, includes the sea- weeds and frog- spittle. 
 These plants bear vesiculous or filamentous fruit, mostly 
 in gelatinous fronds. The fruit frequently requires a 
 high magnifying power to be rendered visible^ as com- 
 mon sea- weed, and river green-hair. 
 
 5. LiCHENEs, includes the proper lichens. These 
 plants appear in somewhat circular patches on stones, 
 trees, and old fences ; also in fibres suspended from 
 branches, &c. They are generally pale green, yellow, 
 white, or black ; but they are found of all colours. They 
 bear exceedingly minute fruit in receptacles on compact 
 or gelatinous fronds. These receptacles are divided into 
 twelve kinds, translated by Dr. J. E. Smith into clefts, 
 spangles, puffs, buttons, tubercles, hollows, cellules, glo- 
 bules, shields, targets, orbs, and knobs. AH of these 
 terms are separately defined in the Vocabulary. 
 
 6. Fungi, includes such plants as the mushroom, 
 touch-wood, mould, blight, kc. They are destitute of 
 herbage, consisting of a spongy, pulpy, leathery, or 
 woody substance ; and bear fruit in a* naked dilated 
 membrane, or within the substance of the plant. 
 
 Hemark. For a more full account of these orders, the 
 reader is referred to the Natural Orders of Jussieu. 
 
 tV. B, When a star (*) is placed before gerieric names 
 at the end of an order, it is to be understood, that though 
 some species of thes^e genera fall here by the rules of the 
 artificial system, yet that as no natural genus must be 
 divided, these stragglers must be referred ba(k to their 
 natural genera for des( riptions. They may thus be re- 
 ferred back by aid of the alphabetical arrangement of 
 generic names, where the species are described. 
 
 J\^ote 2. When exercising pupils in the artificial classes, 
 the Instructor should direct them to begin by comparing 
 the stamens of the plant under examination, with the 
 characters of the highest numbered class, and to proceed 
 dow nwaids towards the first class. Because the charac- 
 ters of the lower classes are sometimes included in the 
 higher. 
 
M.of J 
 tameiis. i 
 
 36 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF ARTIFICIAL CLASSES, 
 
 f 1. Monandriaf one stamen in the flower. 
 I 2. I9iandria, 2 stamens, 
 i 3. Triaiidria^ 3 stamens. 
 
 4. Tetrandria, 4 stamens. 
 
 5. Pentandria, 5 stamens. 
 
 6. Hexandria, 6 stamens. 
 
 7. Heptandria^ 7 stamens. 
 
 8. OctandriUf 8 stamens. 
 
 9. Enneandriat 9 stamens. 
 
 10. Decandria, 10 stamens. 
 ^11. Dodecandrin, 12 to 19 stamens. 
 
 rl2. Icosandria, about 20 or more, standing on 
 ./Vo. awfZ J the calyx. 
 
 position. (_13. Fohjandria, always 20 or more, on the 
 receptacle. 
 
 rl4. DidtjnamiUi 4 stamens, 2 of them uni- 
 JV*o. ani/ J ^ formly the longest. 
 length. 1 15. Tetradtjnamia, 6 stamens, 4 of them uni- 
 formly the longest. 
 
 ri6. Monadelphia, stamens united by theii' fila- 
 
 I ments in one set, anthers generally 
 
 separate. 
 ConneX'j 17. DiudelpJmu stamens united by their fihi- 
 ion. ^ ments in two sets, sometimes in one 
 
 I set, with papilionaceous corols. 
 
 I 18. Sijngencsia^ stamens 5, united by their 
 
 L antiiers in one set, flowers compound. 
 
 f 19. Gynandria, stamens stand on the germ, 
 
 I svyle or stigma, separate from the base 
 
 I of the calyx and corol. 
 
 Position,^ 20. Mona^da, stamens and pistils in separate 
 
 I flowers on the same plant. 
 
 I 21. DiocciUi stamens and pistils on separate 
 
 L plants. 
 
 r22. Cryptogamia^ stamens and pistils so ob- 
 ^Yaiiiral. ) scure that the plants can only be class- 
 
 j cd by natural families. 
 
BOTANY. 
 
 37 
 
 SYiVOPSrS OF ARTIFICIAL ORDERS. 
 
 
 o o o 
 
 o 
 
 fiO 
 
 
 c o 
 PhPh 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 -«1 
 
 T3 
 
 
 
 
 
 >< 
 
 
 ;^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >^ ' 
 
 ;^ X X If 
 
 o 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 OJ O) X 3 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 -a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 -<1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 i' 
 
 
 
 
 sees 
 a; © a; s 
 
 
 5 r bb e c c -^ 
 
 S (D ^ 3 £ IJ 2 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 
 P^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^^;^fi^ 
 
 P 
 
 , P^ «2 fi^ ji; ^ h5 
 
 T5 
 
 ■fe 
 
 O 
 
 03 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 a> o "£ "5 "S 
 
 V 1 
 
 
 
 
 6 • ^ B 
 
 
 fi^ 
 
 
 
 
 b^fr^Hb-^b^ 
 
 HE-^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 i , . . . . ,; 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .2 
 
 P« 
 
 rz 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ i 
 
 2 
 
 O 
 
 c5 
 
 'j:'i 
 
 •rf •,:^ 1 -r -r: -r, -r 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 ; 3 . . a. 
 
 •s 
 
 
 HH 1 HH 1 HhHH 1 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 ^ ^ HHK 
 
 'i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a> 
 
 
 '^ .W) bb ti feb bh bh bb bb 
 
 bb bh bh fei'-^ 
 
 2^.5 .5 .5 3 
 
 ■B 
 
 "stf 
 
 «2 
 
 
 
 1 . 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 • 
 
 1 ? 
 
 S 
 
 
 liiiiiiitiiiiit-i 
 
 Mon. 
 Mon. 
 
 Filice 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Cfi 
 
 ^^ 
 
 '*' 
 
 in 
 
 «^ 
 
 >>« 
 
 m 
 
 
 — ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 D 
 
SB GRAMMAR OF 
 
 NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
 Plants of ilie same Natural (hder y.g;\ep in habit, and 
 mostly is) n»e(!i(iMal propcrlie When ihey (iiffer in 
 thfso properties, the differenre is indirated by the odour. 
 
 The ISatiiral Oi'ders of Linneus are retained on ac- 
 count of the books in use which refer to them. Jussieu 
 lias improved upon Linnrus greatly. Medi< al students 
 ought to ai range their plants according to Jussieu in the 
 lierbariijm. 
 
 Students should be told, that many plants may possess 
 the quaiities of the orders to which they l)elong, though 
 in a vci'v feeble and scarcely perceptible degree. 
 
 NATURAL ORDERS OF LINNEUS. 
 
 1. Palm-e. Palms and their relatives ; as Cocoanut, 
 Frog's hit. Farinaceous diet 
 
 2 PiPEEiT-E. Pepper and its relatives. In crowded 
 spikes ; as Indian turnip, Sweet-flag. Tonics and Sto- 
 machics. 
 
 3. Calamarije. Reed like grasses, with culms with- 
 out joints ; as Cat-tail, Sedge. Coarse caWe fodder. 
 
 4' Grami.va. The pj'»per grasses with Jointed culms; 
 as NV heat, Rye, Oats, Timothy-grass, Indian corn. Fa- 
 rinaceous did, and cattle fodder, 
 
 5. TRiPKTALoiDLiE. Coiol threc-pctalled, or calyx 
 three-leaved ; as Water plantain, Rush-grass, Arrow- 
 head. Tonics* and rough cattle fodder. 
 
 6. Ensatjd. Liliareous plants with sword-form leaves; 
 as Iris, Blue ay^il grass, Virginian spider-wort. »^nti- 
 scorbutics and tonics. 
 
 7. Orchide^. With fleshy roots, stamens on the 
 pistils, pallen glutinous, flowers of singular structure, 
 ^ith the germ inferior ; as Ladies-slipper, Arethusa. 
 Farinaceous diet^ and stomachics. 
 
 8. SciTAMiNii.K. Liliaci'ous corols, stems herbaceous, 
 leaves bi'oad, germ blunt-angular ; as Ginger, Turmeric. 
 Warming Stomacfiics. 
 
 9. Spathace.e. Liliaceous plants with spathes ; as 
 Daftodil, Onion, Snow-drop. Secernant Stimulants.'^ 
 
 * Which promote the secretion of perspirable matter, &,c. &.c. 
 
BOTANY. 39 
 
 10. CoKONARiyE. Lillaf eons plants wlthouf spatlies ; 
 aji Lil.v, Tulip, Siar jo'iass. The nauseous s( enteil and 
 h\ttti'' -An' Antiscorbutic iiui\ Cathartic^ the others Emol- 
 lient. 
 
 11. Sarmextace^. Liliaeous roiols with very weak 
 stems ; as Suiilax, Aspaiat^us, Bell-wort. Tonics and 
 Secerudnf Sfimnlants. 
 
 12. (Ileuace.e, <»r HoLERACE^. Having flowers 
 destitute of l)eauiy, at hust of gay colouring ; as Beet, 
 Blight. Pigweed, Dock. Heppei-age. If nauseous, Ca- 
 thurtiv; others, mild Sttnialunts aud J^ntrientics^ 
 
 r3. i5UccuLE]VT-G. Flants with very tliic k succulent 
 leaves ; as IM. kly-pear, Houseleek, Purslain. Jinti- 
 scorbniic and Emollient. 
 
 14 Gruinales. Corols with five petals, capsides 
 beaked ; as Flax, Wood-sorrel, Crane bill. Tonics and 
 Refrigerants 
 
 \5. Inundat.e. Growing under water, and having 
 flowers destitute of beauty ; as Hippuris, Pond-weed. 
 Jistringens. 
 
 16 Calyciflor.e. Plants without coi^ols, vvith the 
 stamens on the calyx ; as Poet's cassia, Seed buckthorn. 
 Astringens^w^ Refngerants 
 
 17. Calycanthemje. Calyx on the germ, or growl- 
 ing to it, flowers beautiful ; as Willow-herb, Ludwigia, 
 tEnothera. Tonics, 
 
 18. BicoRNEs. Anthers with two strait horns ; as 
 W hortleberry, Spicy and Bitter Wintergreen, Laurel. 
 Astringents. 
 
 19. Hesperides. Sweet-scented, leaves evergreen; 
 as Myrtle, Cloves, Mock orange. Astringent and Sto- 
 muchic- 
 
 20. Rotace^. Corols wheel-form ; as St. John's- 
 woi't. Tonics. 
 
 21. Precis. Plants with early spring flowers of an 
 elegant specious appearance ; as Primrose. Astringents, 
 
 22. Cartophyllejs. Plants vvith caryophyllous co- 
 rols ; as Pink, Cockle. Astringents and Secernant Sti- 
 mulants. 
 
 23. Trihilat^. Flowers with three stigmas, cap- 
 
 * Nutrientics of Darwin, which serve as nutriment merely, without 
 producing any extraordinary effects. 
 
40 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 sules inflated and winged, and generally tliree-seeded, 
 with distinrt liilums ; as Nasturtion, Horse chesrmt. 
 Tonics and *N*iitrientics. 
 
 24. CoRYDALEs. Corols spurred or anomalous ; as 
 Fumitory, 'I'oucli-me-not. JVarcotic atid Antiscorbutic. 
 
 25. PuTAMiNE^. Plants wliirh bear shell-fruit ; as 
 Caper- bush. Detergent and Jintiscorhutic, 
 
 26. MuiiTisiLi^u^. Having several pod-form cap- 
 sules to ea( h flower ; as Columbine, Larkspur, Rue, 
 American cowslip. Cathartic, J\*arcolic and Caustic- 
 
 £7. Rhceadeje. Plants with caducous calyxes, and 
 capsules or siliques ; as Poppy, Blood-root, Celandine. 
 Anodyne and Antiscorbutic. 
 
 28. LuRiD^. Corols lurid, mostly monopetalous ; 
 flowers pentandrous or didynamous, with capsules ; as 
 Tobacco, Thorn-apple, Nightshade, Foxglove. JVar- 
 cotic and Antiscorbutic. 
 
 29. Campan ACE^. Having hell-form corols, or those 
 whose general aspect is somewhat bell-form ; as Moin- 
 ing-gloiy, B. !l-llower^ Violet, Cardinal-flower. Ca- 
 t/iartics and Secernant Stimutants» 
 
 SO- CoNToiiTiE. Corols twisted or contorted ; as 
 Milk-weed, Periwinkle, Choke-dog. Cathartics and 
 Antiscorbutics. 
 
 31. Vepuecul.e. Having monophyllous calyxes, co- 
 loured like corols ; as Leather-wood, Thesium. Anti- 
 scorbutic and Emetic- 
 s'. Papilioxace^. Having papilionaceous flowers ; 
 as Peus» Beans, Locust-tree, Clover. Emollientf Diu- 
 retic, JS^atrientic. 
 
 S3. LoMENTACE.E. Having Icgumes or loments, but 
 not perfect papilionaceous flowers with united filaments ; 
 as Cassia, Sensitive plant. Emottient, Astringent, Ca- 
 thartic. 
 
 34. CuctRBiTACEiE. Fruit pumpkin-like, anthers 
 mostly united . as Melons, Cucumbers, Passioji-tiower, 
 Cathartic and Refrigerant. 
 
 S5. Sejvticosje. Prickly or hairy, with polypetalou3 
 cor<ds, and a number of seeds either naked oi* slightly 
 covered ; as Rose, Raspberry, Strawberry. Astringent 
 and Refrigerant. 
 
BOTANY. 4i 
 
 3G. P0MACE.E. Havini^ many stamens on the calyx, 
 and drupaceous or pomaceons fruit ; as Pear, Currant, 
 Cherry, Peach. Refngernnfs. 
 
 37. CoLUMNiFEiiiE. Stamcns united in the form of a 
 cohimn ; as Hollyhock, MaUows, Cotton. Emollient, 
 
 38. Tricocc^. Havin,^ three-cclIcd capsules ; as 
 Castor-oil plant. Spurge, Box. Cut/mrtic, 
 
 39. SiLK^uos^. Having silique pods; as Cabbage, 
 Mustard, Shepherd's-purse. Diuretic* dntiscorhntic, JV^u- 
 irientic- 
 
 40. Personat.e. Having personate corols ; as Snap- 
 dragon, Monkey-flower, beobstriients and Caihariics, 
 
 41. AsPERiFOLiiE. Corols monopetalous, with five 
 stamens, seeds five, naked, leaves rough ; as ComlVey, 
 Stone-seed, (lithospermum.) Jistnngents and Deobstnients, 
 
 42. VerticilLxITA. Having labiate flowers ,• as 
 Sage, Thyme, Catmint, Mother-wort. Stomachics and 
 Astringents. 
 
 43. DuMosiE. Bushy pithy plants with small flowers, 
 petals in four or five divisions ; as Sumach, Eidej*, Holly. 
 ^Tonic and Cathartic. 
 
 44. Sepiari^. Having mostly tubular divided co- 
 rols, with few stamens — being oinamentai shriibs ; as 
 Lilac, Jasmine. Astringent. 
 
 45. Umbellate. Flowers in umbels, with five pe- 
 talied corols, stamens five, styles two, and two naked 
 serds ; as FeniH^l, Dill, Carrot, Poison hemlock. Sto- 
 viachic and JS^arcotic- 
 
 46. HE13ERACE.E. Corols five-cleft, stamei:s five to 
 ten, fruit berry-like on a coinpound raceme ,• as Gmpe, 
 Ginseng, Spikenard. Tonics and Refrigerants. 
 
 47. Stellate. Corols four-cleft, stamens four, seeds 
 two, naked, leaves mosriy whorled ; as Bed-straw, Dog- 
 wood, Venus' pride. Tonics and Deob-frnents. 
 
 48. Aggregat.e. Having aggregate flowers ; as 
 Bntton-bu.Hh, xMarsh rosemary. Tonics and Secernant 
 Stimulants. 
 
 49. Composite. All the compound flowers ; as Sun- 
 flowe!', Boneset, Tansey, Thistle. Tonics and Secernant 
 Stimulants. 
 
 50. Amentace^. Bearing pendant aments ; as Ha- 
 zle, Oak, Chesnut, Willow. Jistringenis. 
 
 D2 
 
42 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 51. Conifers. Bearin.e; strobiles ; as Pine, Juniper, 
 Cedar. Tonics and Stomachics. 
 
 52 CoADUNAT^. Several berry-like pericarps, which 
 are adnatp ; Tulip-tree, Magnolia. Tonics, 
 
 53. ScABRTD/E. Leaves rough, flowei's destitute of 
 beauty ; as Nettle, Hemp, Hop, Elm. Astringents, 
 
 54. Miscellanea. Plants not arranged by any par- 
 ticular character; as Pond-lily, Poke-weed, Amaranth. 
 Their qualities are various ; but see Jussieu's orders. 
 
 55. FiLicEs. All ferns ; as Brakes, Maidenhair. 
 Secernant 8 imnlanls, 
 
 5Q>. Musci. All mosses ; as Polytrichum. Cathar- 
 tics and Secernant Stimulanis, 
 
 57. Alga. All liverworts, lichens, and sea-weeds ; as 
 Juugei'mannia, Fucus, Usnea. Tonics, 
 
 58 FujNGi. All funguses ; as Mushroom, Toadstool, 
 Puff-ball, Touch-wood, Mould. Tonics and Cathanics. 
 
 NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSIEU. 
 
 First Division. 
 
 ACOTYLEDONS, 
 
 OR PLANTS WITH C0NGTL0T7S SEEDS. 
 
 Order I, Fungi, 
 
 Plants of this order are never strictly aquatic, though 
 some of tliem grow in water and in both liamp and dry 
 j)l:i( es indifferently. Thev never exhibit the verdure of 
 gr(en heil»?.ge; but are generally corky, fleshy or mould- 
 like. 'i'h» V vary mu( li in form atid colour: being spher- 
 ical, hemisphei'ic, columnar, ( lavate, filameutous, la- 
 inr liar, ( iipsular, pulverulent ; wliitc, vellow, red, black, 
 gteeuish, &c. Ihe fruii of some is external, of others 
 in.' .nal, of others its place can hardly be demonstrated. 
 No [)' ut of this order gives off oxygen gas by the action 
 of light. 
 
BOTANY. 43 
 
 Generic names Sphaeria, Stilbospora, Hysteriiim, 
 Xylijina, Naeinaspora, rubercularia. Sclerotium, Tuber, 
 Geasti-uni, Bovista, Tulostoma, Lycoperdoii, Srleroder- 
 ma, Lj^cogala, Fuligo, Pli>sarum, rrichia, Arcyria, 
 Sternoiiitis, Tubulina, Mik or, Ony.8;ena, Aec idium, Ure- 
 do, PHcrinia, Tricboderma, Conoplea, Cyatbus, Pballiis, 
 Armanita, Agaricus, Meruliiis, Dedalius, Boletus, Sisto- 
 treina, Hyduuiii, Thelepbora, Merisiiia, Clavaj-ia, Geo- 
 glossum, S[iatbularia. Leotia, Helvella, Morcbella. J re- 
 mella, Feziza, Aegeiita, Isaria, Motjila, Deinatiura, 
 Erineum, Racodiuiii, Uiinantia, Meseiitcii -a. 
 
 Properties. Tonics \f(iry or corky ^ ca>kartics and naV' 
 eotics ij juicy. Jin alkaline juice exndesfrom some. 
 
 Order II. Mgae. 
 
 First division. The pi-oper algae are mostly aquatics. 
 Tbey are tilamentousor inembranouSj and nearly similar 
 in all tbeir parts. Tbey absorb circulating fluids through 
 their immersed parts only, which are not transfused 
 through other paits. They are generally green or led- 
 dish, and give offoxvgen gas from the parts under water 
 which are exposed to the sun 
 
 Generic names. Fucus, Chordaria, Laminaria, De« 
 lesseiia, Spliaerococcus, Hahnienia, Ulva, Vauche- 
 ria. Hutcbinsia, Ceiamium, Lemania, Conferva, Zvgen- 
 ema. Oscillatoria, Batrachospermum. Rivularia, Nostoc. 
 
 Second Division. The proper lichens 'die \arious in 
 texture, form and colour. They are Jeaihery, woody, 
 IaM«ellated, leaf like, Hlamentous, white, yellow, greenish, 
 bla'k. &c. Often they appear like green heibage, espe- 
 cially if wet. Some appear like leprous spots on stones 
 and trees, speckled with black, v\hite, or yellow dots. 
 Others in greenish or bluish patches ofi old fences and 
 walls ; and others in stn)ng light green filaments, sus- 
 pemied from branches of trees, which are falsely called 
 mosses. 
 
 They absorb circulating fluids,\^hich are transfused 
 throjigh every part of their substance. Their frucfifica- 
 tion is in the form of clefts, spangles, puffs, buttons, tu- 
 bercles, hollows, cellules, globules, shields, targets, orbs, 
 or knobs. 
 
44 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Generic names, Spiloma, Arthonia, Gyalecta, Leci- 
 dea, Calicium, Gyropliora, Opegrapha, Graphis, Verru- 
 caria, Endcx aipon, Porina, Pyrenula, Variolarm, Ur- 
 ceolaria, lit'canora, Parmelia, Borrcra, Cetraria, Sticta, 
 Peltidea, Nephrofna, E .ernia, Cenomyce, Baeomyces, 
 Isidium, Stereorauloii, Rhizomorplia, Alectoria, Rama- 
 lina, Collema, Cornicuiaria, Usnea, Lepraiia. 
 
 Properties. Tonics — some contain useful colouring mat- 
 ter , and some are nutridvc. 
 
 Order III. Hepaticae. 
 
 Plants of this order have green or greenish fronds^ 
 some resembling the fronds of lichens, others those of 
 mosseSi but more succulent and celiular. They are always 
 lnonoecii>us or dioecious. The barren orstaminate flow- 
 ers contain globides, aggregated together in a liind of 
 calyx, filled with a liquni analagous to pollen. The fer- 
 tile or pistillate flowers have germs or capsules, either 
 naked or surrounded with pericheths, which are mostly 
 peduncled. The seeds generally adhere to spirally 
 twisted fibres. The capsules are always 4-celled and 
 destitute of lids j which characters distinguish this order 
 from the next. 
 
 Generic names* Riccia, Anthoceros, Marchantia, Jun- 
 geriiiannia. 
 
 Properties, Tonics and refrigerants. 
 
 Order IV. Musci. 
 
 Plants of this order are monoecious, dioecious or per- 
 fect. The flowers are lateral or terminal, mostly elevat- 
 ed on peduncles. In early flowers Sptengel says, that by 
 the help of a magnifying glass, ** organs 'may be distinct- 
 << ly seen, which consist partly in ohlong bud-lik* gem- 
 *< mae, supposed formerly to be anthers ; and jjartly in 
 *^ an aggregation of pistils, intermixed with succulent 
 *' filaments.'' 
 
 Their capsules are always 1 -celled, and open at top by 
 operculi, or lids. Over the lids, calyptres are generally 
 placed. Under the lids and surrounding the niou hs may 
 be seen a kind of filamentous or denticulate fringe or 
 edging, called teeth. 
 
BOTANY. 45 
 
 The seeds are very numerous, re-^emblin.^fine dust ad- 
 hering to the inner surfaces of the capsules. The herb- 
 age is green and perennial; the leaves ai'e minute and 
 generall)' imbricated. Mosses flourish most in damp 
 shady situations ; and mostly flower early in the spring 
 or late in aJitumn. 
 
 Genenc names. Spliagnum, Fhascum. Gynmostonuini, 
 Schistidium. Aiioectangium, Tetraphis, Grimmia, Ueis- 
 sia, Trematodon, Ui( ranum, Campy lopus, Pi.-omitrum, 
 Trichostomum, Barbula, S} ntrirhia. Didj^mofion^Splach- 
 num, Ornithotrirhum, Ulota, Bvirtramia, Bryum, Ar- 
 rhenopterum, Mnium* Timmia, Diplocomium, Meesia, 
 Diphyscium, Buxbaumia, Funaria, Pterigynainirum, 
 Lasia, Leucodon, Npckera, Cryphaea, Pilotrirhuin, Cli- 
 macium. Leskia. Fterig ophyllum. Hypimm, Fontinalis, 
 Fissidens. Polytricbum. Catbarinaea. 
 
 Properties, Mosilif secernant stimulants^ somefexv ar& 
 cathartic. 
 
 Order V. Filices.^ 
 
 Plants of this order are herbaceous and take root in the 
 earth ; but bear numerous minute dust-like seeds, like 
 other cryptogamous plants. 
 
 Fist division. The pterous feruH bear s|>!jerical or 
 reniform 1 -celled capsules on the back of winged fronds 
 or on v\hat appears like leaves metamorphosed into fruit- 
 bearing spikes. The leaves are sub-iadical, with alter- 
 nate leafets, or alternate divisions or indentations. They 
 ai'e mostly coiled, or more or less rolled in at their tips, 
 when they first spring from the earth. 
 
 Generic names. Acrostichura, Polypodium, Onoclea, 
 Blechnum, Pteris, Asplenium. Scolopendrium, Wood- 
 wardia, Adiantum, Aspidium, Athyriutn, Dicksonia, 
 Woodsia, Cheilanthes, vSchizaea, Osmunda, Lycopodium, 
 Botrychium, Ophioglossum, 
 
 Second division. The Apteres bear fi'uit on spikes, in 
 the axils of leaves, or in the substance of the frond, hav- 
 ing no proper winged frond. They are either very leafy 
 or totally leafless. IN either the leaves nor any other parts 
 of apterous ferns are ever coiled. 
 
 *De Lamarck and De Candolle place this order and tlie next, among 
 the Monocotyledons. 
 
46 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Generic names, Lycopndium, Equisetum, Isoetes. 
 Properties. Secernanl stimulnnls* 
 
 Order VI. JSTaiades.^ 
 
 Plants of this ordpr are teivler aquatics, with few axil- 
 Ian fl jwers coiitaiiiirijo; few sniniit*^ stainpiis 
 
 Generic names. Caulitiia, Chara, Najas, Saururus, 
 PodosttMiiuin, L'lnna. 
 
 Properties, Jstringent. 
 
 Second Division. 
 MONOCOTYLEDONS. 
 
 OR PLANTS WITH 1-LOBED SEEDS, 
 
 CLASS FIRST. Stamens below the pistil. 
 Order VII. ^roideae. 
 
 Plants of this order all bear monoecious flowers, which 
 are sessile on a spa(iix,aiKl destitJite of perianth calyxes. 
 Siamensaiid pistils are intermixed and stand on the spa- 
 dix. Fruit a roundish berry. They are almost stemless, 
 with sub-radical leaves ; and support the flowers on 
 scapes or scape-like stalks. 
 
 Generic names. Ictodes, Calla, Zostera, Arum, Or- 
 ontium. 
 
 Properties* Warming stomachics ; if nauseous, antis- 
 pasmodics. 
 
 Order VIIL Typhae. 
 
 Plants of this order bear monoecious flowers with 3- 
 leaved perianths. Stamens 3 and styles one. Fruit 1- 
 seeded, seed fleshy or ferinaceous. They are always 
 aquatics, stems jointless, and leaves somewhat sheathing. 
 
 Generic names. Typha, Spaiganium. 
 
 Properties. Weak tonics. 
 
 *De Lamarck and De Candolle say that this order is artificial and 
 ought to be abolished. 
 
BOTANY. 47 
 
 Order TX, Cyperoideae, 
 
 Flowers glumaceous, in spikes or spikelets, glumes 1- 
 vahed. The flowers have no proper perianth ral3'xes; 
 stamens 3, st>le l,uith two or three stigjni as ; seeds sin- 
 gle, tarinareous, without pericarp. Plants grassy, pe- 
 rennial, of a coarse texture ; culm triangular or cylin- 
 dric ; leaves with dosed sheaths or destitute ot sht^aths. 
 
 Generic names Kyllingia, Schoenus, Rhyn( hospora, 
 C>perus, Mariscus, Dulichium. Sciipus, Eriophorum, 
 Tiicophorum, Fuirena, Liuinetis, Carex, Scleria. 
 
 Properties, Tonics, Used for coarse cattte fodder. 
 
 Order X Gramineae, 
 
 Flowers glumareous, generally in spikes or spikelets, 
 but sometimes solitary. Outer glumes generally 2-valv- 
 ed, whi( h serve as calyxes to spikelets, or to single 
 flowers when solitary. Stamens 3 ; stigmas 2, plumose 
 or capillary. Seeds single, farinaceous, without peri- 
 carps. Culms cylindric, jointed ; leaves alternate, with 
 sheaths always cleft throughout tht-ir whole extent, on 
 the side opposite to the direction of the leaf. 
 
 Generic names. Ciima, Anthoxanthum, Cenchrus, 
 Oryzopsis, Panicum, Digitaria, Cynodon, Paspalum, 
 Aristida, Stipa, Alopecurus, Phalaris, Crypsis, Horde- 
 iim, Milium, Agrostis, Saccharum, Muhlenhergia, Leer- 
 sia, Trichodium, Phleum, Aira, Uralepsis Elymus, 
 Melica, Eleusine, Sec ale, Triticum, Lolium, Atheropo- 
 gon, Uniola, Briza, Sorghum, Dactylis, Poa, W indso- 
 ria, Festuca, Bromus, Avena, Danthonia, Arund(», An- 
 dropogon, Uolcus, Oryza, Zea, Tripsacum, Coix, Zi- 
 zania, Hierochloa. 
 
 Properties. Feeble tonics The herbage furnishes the 
 best of cai tie fodder ; and the largest seeds are used for fa- 
 rinaceous diet, 
 
 CLASS SECOND. Stamens surrounding the pistil, 
 and standing on the calyx or corol. Sometimes they 
 are merely attached at the base. 
 
 Order XL Palmae, 
 AVe have no plants of this order in the Northern States. 
 
48 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 The coroanut, palm, and several other tropical plants 
 bel^>njj; to this order. 
 Properties, Weak ionics, and yield farinaceous diet. 
 
 Order XIL Mpar&gi, 
 
 Flowers with petaloid periantlis, .2;eiierally 6-parted or 
 6-rleft. Stamens adhei iJii^ to the sa.-iie base with the ro- 
 ral or ralvx. Berry 3o»'4 (elled, 1 to S-seeded. Leaves 
 often alternate, rarely wiiorled, never slieathiug. 
 
 Generic navies, A.spar.igus, Convallai'ia, Dracaena, 
 Gyromia, Smilax. Trillium. 
 
 Properties. Mild tonics and secernant stimulants. 
 
 Order XIII. Janci, 
 
 Plants of this order generally hear flowers with small 
 spathes, or spathelike bracts, and free 6-parted peri- 
 anths. 
 
 First division. The proper J*inci resemble the Cype- 
 roidrae in habit ,* having hheatlung leaves and ^luniare- 
 ous spathes or bracts. The flowers are in panicies or 
 corymbs ; stamens 3 or 6, and each flower has but a sin- 
 gle germ- 
 
 deneric names. 3 uncus, Xyris Arorus, Trades-^antia, 
 Commelina, Helonias, Xerophyllum, Veratrum, 'ioficl- 
 dia.* 
 
 Second division. The Alismaceae are all aquatics, and 
 earh flower contains more than one germ. 
 
 Generic names- Aiisina, Sagittaria, Tiighxhin, 
 Schciichzer'ia, Eriocaidou. Fotamngftou. Zrirri^hejiia. 
 
 Properties. Generally secernant siiiuulanis. The 
 sweet-scented are warming stomachics, and the nauseous 
 are antiscorbutics. 
 
 Order XIV. Liliaccae, 
 
 Plants of this order have no n^^'ianrbs. They have 6- 
 petalled corols olthe llliareojis ft»rm. StaniPhs 6. stand- 
 ing against the di\i»i(»ns of the corol and often aitari-ed 
 to it SrOe ]. v,tign!Hs 3, or 3-lobpd. Germs fret. ( rtp- 
 sules S-celled, 3-Nalved, \\ith transverse partitions; seeds 
 JIat. Lea\e.s g-Mierally with simple ner\es. 
 
 *The two last are placed in a distinct order by De Lamarck and 
 De Candolle. 
 
BOTANY. 49 
 
 Genenc names. Lilimn, Tulipa, Fritillaria, Erythro- 
 nium, Uvularia, Stiept )|)ms. 
 
 Properties. Emollients and weak secernant stimulants. 
 
 Order XV, Bromeliae, 
 
 We have no plants of tliis order, exceptinj^ rare exot- 
 ics, growing in tlip Northern States. The pine apple 
 (Bromelia ananas) belongs here. 
 
 Properties, Bejrigerants, 
 
 Order XVL Asphodeli, 
 
 No perianths, bnt some have spathes. Corols 6-part- 
 ed or 6-cieft. Stamens 6, standing against the di\isions 
 of the corol and attached to it. Germs free 5 seeds round 
 or angled. 
 
 Generic names. Aspliodelus, Hemerocallis, Ornithog- 
 ahim. Allium, Alotris. Narthei ium, Hja( inthus. 
 
 Properties. Expectorants and demulcents. The strong- 
 scentea are secernant stimulants, and the hitler are tonic and 
 cathartic. 
 
 Order XVII, JSTarcissi. 
 
 No perianths, but most have spathes. Corols 6-part- 
 ed or 6-petalled. Stamens 6, standing against the divis- 
 i-ons of the corol and attached to it. Germ attached to the 
 eorol, and generally supporting it. 
 
 Generic names, ]Sar< issus, Amaryllis, Galatithus, Po- 
 lyanihes, Agave, Hypoxis, Leptanthus, Pontederia, He- 
 teranthera 
 
 Properties. Weak tonics and emollients. 
 
 Order XVIIL Irides. 
 
 Corol 6-rleft or 6-parted : stamens 3 : style 1, with 1 
 or 3 stigmas : germ attac hed to the corol. Leaves ensi- 
 forni or linear. Roots bulbous or tuberous. 
 
 Generi: names. Iris, Ixia, Crocus, Dilatris, Sisyrin- 
 chiuu). 
 
 Properties, Antiscorbutics and tonics. 
 
50 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 CLASS THIRD. Stamens standing on the pistil. 
 
 Order XIX, Musae. 
 
 Wc Ijave no plants of this order in the Northern States. 
 The bread tree (Artocarpus incisa belongs here. 
 
 Froperties, Tonics. 
 
 Order XX. Cannae, 
 
 No plants of this order in our district. Ginger (xlmo- 
 iTiuni) is placed here. 
 Froperties, TFarming stomachics. 
 
 Order XXL Orchideae. 
 
 Plants of this order have superior, 5-petalled corols, 3 
 external and 2 internal Fhere is also in each corol a 
 petal-like orjjan, called the lip, various in foim and di- 
 rection Anfhers always 1 or 2, and from 1 to 4-celled, 
 sessile upon the side or apex of the style. The pollen is 
 easily removed IVom the cells in agglutinated masses. 
 Styles simpk% with viscous stigmas of various forms and 
 ])ositions. Caj)sules l-i elled, 3-valved, 3-keeled. Seeds 
 numerous, dust-like. Leaves entire, and generally ner- 
 ved and clasping. Flowers more or less spiked and 
 brae ted. 
 
 Generic names. Orchis, Goodyera, Neottia, Listera, 
 Pogonia, Triphora, Cymhidi'.jm. Arethusa, Tipularia, 
 Malaxis, Microstyius, Corallorhiza, Cypripedium. 
 
 Froperties. EmoUienis, and tiie ronfs of some are stoma- 
 chic. Dioscorides, Galen, and Pliny, sj)eak of the roots 
 as affording excellent farinaceous diet, and as of great 
 use in discussing svvellings aiid cleansing ulcers. 
 
 Order XXII, Hijdrocharides. 
 
 Plants of this order are all aquatics. Germs simple ; 
 stigtuas 3 to 6, bifid. Capsules 1 or 6-celled, many seed- 
 ed. Rather ar* artificial order. 
 
 Generic names, Proserpinaca, Floerkea, Vallisnerio. 
 
 Properties. Weak tonics. 
 
BOTANY. 51 
 
 Third Divisioif. 
 DICOTYLEDONS, 
 
 OR PLANTS WITH 2-LOBED SEEDS.' 
 
 CLASS FIRST. Flowers without petals, andtlie sta- 
 mens standing on the germ. 
 
 Order XXIII, Jristolochiae. 
 
 Perianth 1 -leaved adhering to the germ. Stamens nu- 
 merous, (6 or J 2) definite, attai hed to tfie germ. St^Ie 
 short, stigma divided. Capsule many-celled (generally 
 6) many -seeded. 
 
 Generic names. Asariim, Aristolochia. 
 
 Fropc'ities, irarming stomachics and active tonics, Ga- 
 len set a high value on the tonic powers of this order of 
 plants. 
 
 CLASS SECOND. Flowers without petals ; and the 
 stamens surrounding the germ, being attached to the 
 calyx. 
 
 Order XXIV, Jeleogni. 
 
 Calyx adheres to the germ, monoj)hylloiis, tubular^ 
 generally leafy outside and corol-like within. Stamens 
 stand towards the top of the calyx, and are equal to the 
 number of its division or double that number. Fruit 
 1-seeded. 
 
 Generic names. Thesium, Nyssa, Hippophae. 
 
 Fropenies. JVeak tonics. 
 
 Order XXV, Thymelae, 
 
 Calyx free, 1-leaved, 4 or 5-lobed, coloured. Stamens 
 inserted towards the upper part of the ( alyx and are 
 double the number of its divisions. Fruit 1-seeded. Stems 
 woody ; leaves simple, entire and alternate. 
 
 Generic names Oirca, Daphne. 
 
 Properties. Mild emetics anil antiscorbutics. 
 
52 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Order XXV J. Protae. 
 
 No plants of this order grow in our district. The sil- 
 Ter-trcr (Protea) is plared here. 
 Properties. Weak tonics. 
 
 Order XXVII. Kauri. 
 
 Calyx free, monophyllous, permanent, 4 to 6-cleft, or 
 6paited. Stamens inserted at the bottom of the divis- 
 ions of the ralyx, sometimes 6 in a single row, some- 
 times 12 in two rows, generally varying in number ; an- 
 thers adnate to the filaments, dehiscent from their bases 
 to their apexes. Germ 1, style 1, stigma simple, or di- 
 vided. Drupe or berry l-celled, 1-seeded. Stems woody, 
 leaves alternate. 
 
 Generic name. Laurus. 
 
 Properties. fFarming stomachics and active secernUnt 
 stimulants. 
 
 Order XXVIII. Polygoneae. 
 
 Calyx free, monopliyllous, divided, often coloured. Sta- 
 mens inserted on the bottom of the calyx ; anthers 2-cell- 
 ed and 4 groved, laterally dehiscent into a double chink. 
 Germ 1, styles or sessile stigmas several ; seed single, 
 farinaceous, naked, with Hie ( orcle inside. 
 
 Generic names. Polygonum, Rumex, Rheum. 
 
 Properties. Mild cathartics and demulcents. The strong 
 scented are antiscorbutic and discussient. 
 
 Order XXIX. Mriplices. 
 
 Calyx free, monophyllous, parted. Stamens inserted on 
 the bottom of the calyx, and equalling the nuniber of its 
 di\isions. Germ 1, style 1 or several. Seed often fari- 
 na* eojjs, vvithcorcles outside of it. Leaves alternate, sim- 
 ple, destitute of stipules or sheathes. Flowers small, 
 greenish, and of adidi appearance. 
 
 Generic names. Salirornia, Blitum, Salsola, Chenopo- 
 diun>. Beta, Afriplex, Spina( ia, A< nida, Phytolacca. 
 
 Properties. The strong scented are active cathartics^ 
 The others are mildly aperient. 
 
BOTANY. 53 
 
 CLASS TEHRD. Flowers without petals, and the 
 stamens standing below the germ. 
 
 Order XXX. Jimarantht 
 
 Calyx free, pernfianent, divided, often coloured. Sta- 
 mens 3 or 5. Germ 1, capsule 1 -celled. Seed farina- 
 ceous. Flowers small. 
 
 Generic names, Amaranthus, Gomphrena. 
 
 Froperties. Secernant siimulants ami weak tonics* 
 
 Order XXXI. Plantagines. 
 
 Calyx double, outer one 4-parted, inner one tubular. 
 (Rather, the outer is a pi'oper calyx, and the inner a dull 
 membranaceous ( orol.) Stamens 4, adhering to the inner 
 calyx, exsert. Germ simple, style I. Capsule opening 
 transversely. 2 to 4-celled. Seed corneous Flowersin 
 spikes- Leaves nerved and generally radical. 
 
 Generic name. Flantago. 
 
 Froperties. Emollients. 
 
 Order XXXII, JS^yetagines. 
 
 Involucre perianth-like, monophyllous ; perianth mo- 
 nophyllous, colouied, permanent, contracted above the 
 germ sit as to appear altogether like a corol standing on 
 the germ. Staaiens atrached to the gland-like base of the 
 inner calyx, (corol ?) which encloses the germ. Style 
 \, capitate. Seed i'ai-inaceous. 
 
 Generic names. Mirabilis. 
 
 Froperties. Emetics and cathartics. 
 
 Order XXXIII, Flumbagines. 
 
 Calyx double, permanent; outer one monophyllous, 
 tubular ; inrjer of. e (rather the corol) coloured, 1 or many- 
 petalled. Stamens 5, adheringto the inner calyx (corol ?) 
 Genn simple, fi ee, styles many, or one with many stig- 
 mas. Capsule 1 -seeded. Seed farinaceous.''^ 
 
 Gmeric name. Statice. 
 
 Froperties. Cathartic and tonic, 
 
 * Here in the three last orders we see, that the advocates for the na- 
 tural arrangement are compelled to force a corol to become a calyx. 
 But the Linnean artificial system will guide the student to the true ge- 
 nus, thence to the natural order, and thus secure to him its advantages. 
 
 E2 
 
54 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 CLASS FOURTH. Flowers with monopetalous 
 coi'ols inserted below the germs. 
 
 Order XXX TF, Lysimachiae» 
 
 Ciilyx monophyllous, permanent, 4 or 5 lobed. Corel 
 with the limb dixided, and bearing the stamens opi)osite, 
 and equal in number, to the divisions. Germ free, st>Ic 
 1, stigma simple. Capsule 1 -relied, many seeded, seeds 
 attached to a tree columella, the corcle strait and within 
 the fleshy seed. Leaves simple. 
 
 Generic names. Lysimachia, Anagallis, Trientalis, 
 Prinnda, Dodecatheon, Samolus, Hottonia, Buchnera. 
 
 Froperiies, Tonics and weak secernant stiinnlants. 
 
 Order XXX F. Pedicular es. 
 
 Calyx divided, permanent, often tubular. Corol irreg- 
 ular, often ringent. Stamens 2 or 4, inserted on, or at- 
 tached to, therorol; when 4, two are shr)rter. Germ 
 free, style simple ; capsule 2-valved. Seed with semi- 
 terete cotyledons. Flowers bracted. 
 
 Generic names. Pcd>gala, Veronica, Callistachia, 
 Bartsia, Rhinanthus, Obolaiia, Euphrasia, Melampy- 
 rum, Ei'inus, l*edi( ulares, Orobam he, Epiphcgus. [11»e 
 two last have been placed in a sub-order, and distinguish- 
 ed by their ca[)sules l)eing 1 -celled, and bearing seeds on 
 a longitudinal nei've.l 
 
 Properties. Deobstruents, caihariics and mild ionics. 
 Ancient authors, as L)ios( orides, IMiny and oiheis, valu- 
 ed most plants of this order for tiieir eificacy in healing 
 wounds, by external application. 
 
 Order XXX VL Acanthi. 
 
 Calyx divided, permanent, often bracted. Corol irre- 
 gular. Stamrns 2 or 4. Genu free, style 1, stigma 2- 
 lobt'd. Capsule 2-celled. ^eed with loliaceous cotyle- 
 dons. 
 
 Generic names. Justicia, Ruellia. 
 
 Properties. Emollients. 
 
 Order XXXVII, Jesmineae. 
 Calyx tubular. Corol tubular, except in Fraxiiius. 
 
BOTANY. 55 
 
 Stamens 2, exreptin.a: Fraxinus, inserted in, or attached 
 to, {he rorol. Seed T/itli i» fliit rnicle. Slerns woody. 
 
 Generic names, Jasniinum, Ligustrum, Syringa, Chi- 
 onaitlies. Fraxinus. 
 
 Properties. Mid tonics and secerjiant stimulants. Pe- 
 tals of the :!>yringii ronlain prussii acid. 
 
 Order XXX III. Vitices. 
 
 Calyx tubular. Corol tuhidar. Stamens 4, 2 of them 
 shoi ter — rarely 2 or 6. Germ free, style K stigma sim- 
 ple or 2 lobed. Corcle of the seed strait. Leaves oppo- 
 site. 
 
 Generic name. Verbena. 
 
 Properties. Deobstrnents and secernant stimulants, 
 Parkinson, and the older authors, considered them as an- 
 ti(hites to the poison of serpents, &:r. ; but tlie moderns 
 do not ascribe to them any xeiy active powers. 
 
 Order XXXIX, Labiatae. 
 
 Calyx tubidar, 5-( left or 2-lipped. Corol tubular, ir- 
 regtdar, often 2-lipp<'(i, the upper lip mostly 2-cleft. and 
 the lower one 3 (lett Stamens sometimes 2, mostlv 4, 
 wiih two of them shorter ; they are always inserted'mi- 
 der the upper lip of the corol. Gern> free,4-lobed ; each 
 lobe becoming a nuked seed at the bottom of the calvx, 
 with a strait corcle and liat cotyledons. Style 1, sti.Cma 
 2-cleft. Stems g<Mierall} , or perhaps always 4-sided ; 
 leaxes opposite. Flowers often whorled, and sometimes 
 spiked. 
 
 Generic names* Lycopus, Monarda, Rosmaiinus, Sal- 
 via, Collnisonia, Teucriuni. Isanthus. Lavandula, Larni- 
 um. Pycna itliemum, Nepeta. Hyssopus, Mentha, Stachys, 
 Galeopsis, Satureja, Leonurus, Marrubium, Ballota, 
 Cmiila, Hedetnna, Giechoma, Melissa, Trie hostema, 
 Ocynium, Scijtellhria. Origanum, rbymus,Clinopodiimi, 
 Prmiella, i'hryma, Mohiiflla. 
 
 Properties. Very active sccernnn' stimulants, embracing 
 all the most vainuote smor^fics. The swcef-scenten are 
 warming stomachics, ana Lne bUter ones are tonics. An- 
 cieui pli^sidruirt >e«Mi t" lja\r drawn a I.Mi/v j>ropf>rtion 
 of iIh ir vegeia^jie muteria medica tVoni tins order, i hey 
 esiabiisheU the meuiciiial virtues of these plants very 
 
56 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 nearly as they are now understood. To those virtues 
 asrribed to them by modern physicians, thev added, how- 
 ever, that they are efficient as xeimifiis^es, and in the 
 cure of epilepsy, hcmorrhagy, bites ot* serpents, and 
 stings ot* scorpions. 
 
 Parkinson, who wrote almost two centuries ago, cites 
 as authorities for the above, tlie trials and practice of 
 Theophrastus, Dioscoiides, Galen and Pliny among the 
 ancients ; and Matthiolus, Clusius, Camerarius, Agrippa, 
 Dodoneus, and many others among the oldest of the 
 moderns. 
 
 Order XL, Scrophularia. 
 
 Calyx divided, ofteti permanent. Corol irregular, 
 limb divided. Stamens rarely 2, mostly 4, with two of 
 them shorter, inserted on the corol Germ free, stvie 1, 
 stigma simple or 2-lobed. Capsule 1 or 2-celle'd, 2- 
 vaived, valves concave. Seeds numeious, affixed to the 
 middle of the partition, wilh a strait corcle and semi- 
 cylindric cotyl«Mlons. Flowers bracted. 
 
 Generic names. Ctricularia, Gratiola, Lindernia, He- 
 niianthiis, Erinus, Dracocephalum, Schwalbea, Limo- 
 sclla, Zai)ania, Scrophularia, Antirrhinum, Collinsia, 
 Gerardia, Digitalis, Mimulus. 
 
 Properties. IJeobstruents^ absorbents, and mild narco- 
 tics. Ancient physicians applied them to the woujuis ex- 
 ternally. Parkinson used the Digitalis in the epilepsy 
 two centuries ago with great success. 
 
 Order XLI. Solaneae. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, often permanent. Corol re- 
 gulai*, 5-( left, mostly r»f a lurid hue. Stamens 5, attach- 
 ed to the ba^e of the corol, and alternating with its l(»bes. 
 Germ free, style 1, stigma simple or sub- left. Fruit 2- 
 celled, many-seeded, either a 2-vaived capsule or a berry. 
 Seeds with spiral corcles and semi-terete cot^ledims. 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 Generic names. Lycium, Datura, Nicotiana, Verbas- 
 cum, Att{>|«a, Phacelia, Hjoscjanms, Solanum, Physalis, 
 Capsicum 
 
 Properties. Cathartic, discussientn emeticn and amU 
 scorifutic* Tne naustous-scerUed are very strong narcotics ; 
 
BOTANY. 57 
 
 pungent-scented are warming and deohstruent. Several 
 centuries a.ajo they were imich used, externally and in- 
 ternally, ill gouts and rheumatisms. 
 
 Order XL II. Boragineae, 
 
 Calyx 5-lobed, permanent. Corol 5-Iobed, mostly re- 
 gular, having a border and a tube, witli the upper en- 
 trance of the tube, railed the throat, naked and oj)en, or 
 more or less choked up with scales. Stamens 5, attach- 
 ed to the tube of the corol. Germ free, witii 4 lobes, 
 whicii become 4 naked vseeds ; style simple, permanent, 
 spiinging up from among the lobes of the germ ; stigma 
 entire, or 2-lobed. Seeds attached laterally to the style; 
 corcle strait, cotyledons foliaceous. Leaves alternate, 
 mostly scabrous. 
 
 Generic names. Pulmonaria, Cerinthe, Lithospermum, 
 Cynoglossum. Batsrhia, Anchusa, Myosotis, HeiiDtro- 
 pium, Unosmodinm, Borago, Symphitura, Echium, Hy- 
 drophyllum. 
 
 Properties, Astringent and vulnerary. 
 
 Order XL 11 1, Convolvuli, 
 
 Calyx 5-lobed. permanent. Corol regular, 5-lobed. 
 Staniens 5, attached to the corol, and alternating with 
 its divisions. Germ free, having one or matjy styles. 
 Capsule generally 3-valved and 3-t elh d, sometimes 2 to 
 4-celie(l and 2 to 4 valved ; columella central, 3-corner- 
 ed. Seed bony, cotyledons folded together. Leaves al- 
 ternate. Stem often twining or climbing. 
 
 Generic names. Convolvulus, Diapensia, Ipomaea, 
 Pyxidanthera, Cuscuta. 
 
 Froperties. Cathartics, mostly very mild. 
 
 Order XL IV, Polemonia, 
 
 Calyx divided. Corol regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, 
 attached to the middle of the tube of the corol, alt.rtia- 
 ting w ith the divisions. Germ fiee. style simple, stigmas 
 generally 3, or 3-cleft. Capsule surrounded with the 
 
 f)ermanent cal\x, 3-celled, 3-\alved, many -seeded ; co- 
 unieila central, 3-cornered. Seed vvith a strait corcle^ 
 and oval foiiaceoits cotyledons. Leaves opposite. 
 
58 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Generic names. Phlox, Polernontura. 
 
 Properties. Feeble tonics. 
 
 Order XLV, Bignoniae. 
 
 Calyx (livided. Coi ol iiipgidar, ringent and inflated. 
 Stamens iai'ei> 2, all <>tiiers4, with tvv!> of thcra shorier ; 
 an odd r.Iament-lik*^ oi i^an accotijpanies them. Capsule 
 2 or 4 . elled, 2-valved. 
 
 Generic nnmes Bignonia, Cataipa, Marty nia, Pent- 
 stenion, (/htlone. 
 
 Froperties. Mild narcotics^ deobstruents and cathartics. 
 
 Order XL FI. Gentiana. 
 
 Calyx monophylloiis, divided, permanent. Corol re- 
 gular,' often marcvsseut ; limb equally di-ided into a 
 number of parrs equal to tliose of tlie calyx and of the 
 stamens whirh are mostly 5. Siamens attached to the 
 corol. Germ fret', style 1 or 2, sti2:mas simple or 2-iobed. 
 Capsulf I or ^-celled, 2-valved, mauy -seeded ; seeds in- 
 serted on the inflexed margins of the valves. Herbage 
 glabrous, hitler ; leaves opj)osite. 
 
 Generic names. Gentiana, Sjigclia, Swertia, Frasera, 
 Salfbatia. Menyautlies, Villarsia. 
 
 Froperties. Tonics and mild cathartics. The Spigelia 
 is considered as a vermifuge. Dioscorides, Galen, and 
 other ancient physicians cofisidered the Gentiana as a 
 vermifuge and an antidote to poison. 
 
 Order XLVIL Jipocyneae. 
 
 Calyx 5-lobed. Corol 5-lobed, legular ; often fur- 
 ni- hed witi*. 5 nect&j'irerous appendages. Stamens 5, in- 
 serted in the bottossi of the corol, or suspended from the 
 angles of the stigma.* Germs free, double, style 1 or 
 
 * The celebrated Robert Brown says, that in the young state the an- 
 thers of the Asclepias syriacus are not attached to the stigmas. The 
 reader is requested to examine the anthers at all stag-es from the first 
 swellin;': of the flower-bud. He will find that although the aiithers or 
 masses of pollen adhere to their cases, they may be separated without 
 lacerating the cuticle of any orfcan ; but that thty cannol be separated 
 from the stigma in any >ta; e without rupUirlMji capillan' fibres or ves- 
 sels. Therefore the aisth-rs Ci^rta-nH' lOW cn\ the stigma only. A 
 magnifying power of at least one hundred is required for this examina- 
 tion. 
 
BOTANY. 59 
 
 none, stigma capitate. Follicles elongated, generally in 
 pairs, l-celled. Seed atta* lied to tin- (oiigit'udinal iiiar- 
 gliis of the follicle. Herbage generally iiiiiky. 
 
 Generic names. Apocynum, As( lepias, Pcriploca, 
 Vinca, Neriuni, Gonololuis, 
 
 Properties- Active deohstrnents, cathartics, antiscorbu- 
 tics, and narcotics. Ancient physicians used the Ascle- 
 pias, Apocynum, &c. as counter poisons. 
 
 Order XL VIII. Sapoiae. 
 
 No plants of this order grow in our district. The 
 southern ironwood (Bnmelia) is placed here. 
 Properties. Feeble antispasmodics and cathartics, 
 
 CLASS FIFTH. Flowers with monapetalous corols 
 surrounding the germ, and generally inserted on the 
 calyx. 
 
 Order XLIX, Guaiacanae, 
 
 No plants of this order grow in this district. The lig- 
 num vitse and benjamin tree are placed here. 
 Properties. Very active tonics and warming stomachics. 
 
 Order L. Rhododendra, 
 
 Calyx 4 or 5 lobed, permanent. Corol inserted in the 
 base of the calyx, 4 or 5-parted. Stamens definite, dis- 
 tinct. Germ free, style 1, stigma 1. Capsule 4 or 5- 
 celled, 4 or 5-valved. Seeds numerous, minute, corcle 
 stiait. Stems woody ; leaves alternate. 
 
 Generic names. Azalia, Itea, Menziesia, Rhodora, 
 Rhododendron, Kalmia, Ledum, Leiophyllum, Disospy- 
 
 I'OS. 
 
 Properties, Tonic. Kalmia is said to be narcotic. 
 
 Order LI. Erica e. V 
 
 Calyx permanent, 4 or 5-parted, often free. Corol 4 
 or 5 parted or cleft, inserted on the calyx or calycine 
 gland, often marrescent and permanent. Stamens defi- 
 nite, distinct, instated on the bottom of the corol or caly- 
 cine gland ; antla^rs often 2-horned. Germ often free ; 
 st}le 1, sti.ema 1. Fruit ma)iy-celled, many-seeded ; 
 berries or many-valved capsules. Seeds minute, with 
 
60 6RAMMAR OF 
 
 strait corrles anrl fleshy cotyledons. Stems more or less 
 woody ; leaves often evergi'een. 
 
 Generic names. Oxyrocnis, Erica, Clethra, Pyiola, 
 Cbimaphila, Arbutus, Gaultlieria, Epigaea, Vaccineum, 
 Empetrum, Andromeda. 
 
 Sub order. Destitute otMeaves or green herbage ; be- 
 ing ivory white, yellowish white, or reddish. 
 
 Generic names. Pterospora, Hypopithis, Monotropa. 
 
 Properties. Valuable astringents. Some bear refrige- 
 rant berries. Gerard, and other old physicians, particu- 
 larly the old Germans, applied plants of this order to 
 cancerous ulcers and in hemorrhagy, two centuries ago. 
 
 Order LIT. Campanulaceae. 
 
 Calyx adhering to the germ, limb divided, Corol in- 
 serted near the top of the\ alyx, often marcescent. Sta- 
 mens inserted on the calyx below the corol, often 5. al- 
 ternating with the divisions of the corol ; anthers either 
 distinct, united, or as thickened as to press against each 
 other. Germ glandular above, style 1, stigma simple or 
 divided. Capsule 2 to 6 celled, many-seeded, laieially 
 dehiscent. Seeds affixed to the inner angles of the cells ; 
 con le strait- Leaves alternate. 
 
 Generic names. Campanula, Lobelia. 
 
 Properties. The nan seous scented are cathartic^ emetic, 
 deobstruent and narcotic; the others are mitdtif aperient* 
 
 CLASS SIXTH Flowers with monopetalous corols 
 standing on the top of the germ. Stamens with united 
 anthers. 
 
 This class includes all plants with Compound Ftow- 
 EKs, and corresponds witb the class l;?yNG(i.vEsiA of 
 Linnens. The flowers hnve broad re( eptack'>, lic*i or 
 coMvex, naked (vvhen tiie florets are removed) 'H- s hatfy, 
 suj>poitiiig many florets Egret gen<»rally supplies liie 
 pi v( e (>f the ralyx to each floi*et, and is insciied on (he 
 top of the germ. The coiol is tubular or ligulate. often 
 5-toorhed. Germ *<imple, style 1, stiicnias generally 2. 
 Seed single, naked ; corcle strait, cotvledons flat. 
 
 This class is divided into three orders. 
 
BOTANY. 61 
 
 Order LIIL Cichoraceae, 
 
 Florets all ligulate and perfect. Leaves alternate ; 
 juice ill most is milky. Corols mostly yellow ^ rarely 
 blue. 
 
 Generic names. Troxiinon, Apargia, Leontodon, Kri- 
 girt, Preiiaritlies, Lactuca, Hieracium, Sonchus, Hyo- 
 seris, Ci( liorium. 
 
 Froperties. Mid aperients, and weak anodynes* 
 
 Order LIV, Cinarocephalae, 
 
 Corols all tubular. Receptacles fleshy and chaffy. 
 Stigma, above the style, articulated. Egret somev\ hat 
 rigid. Leaves alternate, often spinose. Flowers capitate. 
 
 Generic names. Ech>nops, Cynara, Liatris, Cnicus, 
 Carthanms. Onopordon, Carduus, Arctium, Centaurea, 
 
 Froperties. Tonics ; the nauseous-scented are cathartic. 
 
 Order LV. Corijmblferae. 
 
 Florets tubular and ligulate, mostly radiate. Recep- 
 tacle scarcely fleshy. Stigma, above the style, not ar- 
 ti( ulated. Inflorescence often a corymb. 
 
 Generif^ names. Scorzonera, Picris, Tolpis, Scholy- 
 mus. Vernonia, Sparganop!iorus, Bidens, Kuhnia, Eu- 
 patorium, >iikania. Chrysocoma, Cacalia, Balsamitai 
 Bhc( haris.Conyzrt. Gnaphaliuni, Artemisia, Tanacetum, 
 Chrysautheinum, Zinnia, Tagetes, Bellis, Pyrethrum, 
 DMi-onicuni, Inula, Erigeron, Scdidago, Senecio, Tussi- 
 lago, Ci!iei'aria, Aster. Heliopsis, Buphthalmum, Hele- 
 niuni, Boltonia, Matri( aria. Authemis, Achillea, Verbe- 
 sina, Rudbe( kia, lielianthus, Coreopsis, Silphium, Po- 
 lyinnia. Calendula, Iva, Ebphantopos. 
 
 Properties. Most valuable tonics and secernant stimu' 
 lants. Two ov thrive centuries ago, the physicians con- 
 sidered plants of this order as the most sovereign reme- 
 dies tor flesh wounds. Parkinson makes a class of them, 
 whii h he denominates Vulnerary or Wound Herbs. 
 D'Mscorides ami Galen deemed them very efficacious in 
 pulmonary complaints. 
 
62 6RAMMAR OF 
 
 CLASS SEVENTH. Flowers with monopetalous co- 
 I'ols siaii»:iri;; above the germs. Stamens with anthers 
 disiinct, and with filaments attached to the corol. 
 
 Order L VI. Vipsaceae, 
 
 F'owers a.e:.2:rp,i^ate(I on a common receptacle, and sur- 
 round«'d bv a manv leaved invohicre. Calyx double, 
 outer one noT a'lhei in.g; to the ij:erm ; the inner membra- 
 i)a<eons <*r pappose calyx closely coritracting around its 
 apex. Coprl iiist'i-ted on the tap of the inner calyx. 
 Stan)ens 3 to 5. atia. heil to the bottom of the tube of the 
 corol, and alternatiiijs; with its divisions. Seed with a 
 strai' c?av le an^i ooloiii^ cotyledons. Leaves opposite. 
 
 Generic names. Valeriana, Fedia, Dipsacus, Scabiosa, 
 Cephalanthus. 
 
 Froperdes. Weak tonics. 
 
 Order LVIL Rubiaceae. 
 
 Calyx adhf rin,g to the j^erm, 4 or 5-lobed. Corol re- 
 gular, inseited on the germ. 4 or 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 
 5, inserted on the coroK Style 1, stigmas 2. Seeds 
 generally 2. corcle strait, cotyledons foliaceous. Leaves 
 entire, Ah'U'led. 
 
 Generic names. Galium, Rubia, Houstonia, Mitchella. 
 
 P npertjes Jperients and tonics ; some abound in co- 
 louring matter. 
 
 Order L VIII. Capnfolia, 
 
 Calyx adhering to the germ, often 2-bracted at the 
 base. Cond regular, 4 or 5-cleft, or 4 or 5-petalled with 
 the petals broader at the base. Stamens equalling the 
 number of divisions of the corol. Style 1 or none, stig- 
 mas 1 to 3. Berry or capsule often crowned with the 
 permanetit calyx. Stems mostly woody ; leaves oppo- 
 site, and sometimes connate. 
 
 Generic names. Lonicera, Xylosteum, Symphoria, 
 Diervilla, Viburnum, Sambucus, Cornus, Hedera, Lin- 
 njea. Trit>steum. 
 
 Properties, Tonics ; and the strong-scented are cathartic. 
 
BOTANY. 68 
 
 CLASS EIGHTH. Flowers polypotalous. Stamens 
 standing on the gei'm, and alternating with the petals. 
 
 Order LIX. Jr aline. 
 
 Calyx superior, 5 -toothed, permanent. Stamens 5, 
 st}'les*2 to 5. Fruit a berry. Inflorescence an umhel. 
 Leaves compound. 
 
 Generic names. Panax, Aralia. 
 
 Properties. Valnahlt tonics and expectorants. 
 
 Order LX. Uinbellijerae. 
 
 Calyx attached to the germ. Petals 5, inserted on the 
 germ, or on a gland covering the top of the germ. Sta- 
 mens 5, alternating with the petals. Styles 2, often per- 
 manent. Fruit bipartible, becoming 2 seeds, offen ribbed 
 or grooved on their outsides, and on their joining sides, 
 (the commissure.) Stems herbaceous. Leaves alter- 
 nate, ofte»i compound. Inflorescent e an umbel, with the 
 radiating peduncles often surrounded at their origin and 
 sub-divisions with involucres. 
 
 Generic names. Erytigimn, Hydrocotyle, Crantzia, 
 Daucus, Ammi, Conium, Selinum, Imperatoria, Ht ;a- 
 cleum, Pastiatiaca, Ligusticnm, Angelica, Sium, Eri- 
 genia, Cicuta, Myrrhis. Uraspermum, Chserophyllum, 
 Smyinium, Thaspiuin, CEnanthe, Carum, Apium, Ane- 
 thum. * 
 
 Properties. Deohstrnenfs and narcotics ; excepting the 
 sweet scented^ which are stomachics. In the time of Di- 
 oscorides, Pliny and Galen, (during the first and second 
 centuries) the sweet-scented plants of this order vveie in 
 common use as remedies in cases of dyspepsia, flatulency, 
 cholic and epilepsy ; and the narcotic kinds* were used 
 as antidotes to poison, and as remedies in liver com- 
 plaints, gouts and rheumatisms, and by way of external 
 application in the resolution of inflamed tumors. 
 
 * The root of the cicuta maculata is a most deadly poison early in 
 the spring. Oa the 10th of April, 1820, Asa H. Man'ley and Amos 
 Rarasdell, of Rutland, Vermont, ate a small quantity of the root of this 
 plant. The former died in two hours, the latter in 36. They were 
 both under ten years of age. I exaniined the plsiit in the ensuing 
 summer, and took specin>ens which grew from the remainder of the 
 same root ; and was particular in questioning the parents and neigh- 
 i>ours respecting the above facts at the same time. 
 
64 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 CLASS NINTH. Flowers polypetalous. Stamens in^ 
 serted below the germ. 
 
 Order LXI, Ranunculaceae, 
 
 Calyx many-leaved, or none. Petals many, often in- 
 definite. Stamens often indefinite in number. Germs 
 often numerous, rarely solitary, inserted on the recep- 
 tacle, each having a single style. Seed with a minute 
 coirle at the apex or base of a corneous albumen. 
 
 Generic vames. Zanthorrhiza, Actjea, Macrotys, Po- 
 do|jhylliim, Delphinium, Aconitum. Aquilegia, Nigella^ 
 Hydrastis, Clematis. Atragene, Thalictrum, Caulophyl- 
 lum. Helleborus, Anemone, Hepatic a, Nelumbium, Ra- 
 nunculus, Trollius, Adonis, Hydropeltis, Caltha, Pjeoniay 
 Coptis, 
 
 Properties. Deobstruenii cathartic^ caustic and narcotic. 
 The two tast genera have astringent roots. 
 
 Order LXII, Fapaveraceae, 
 
 Calyx free, often 2-leaved and caducous ; sometimes 
 about 5-leaved. Stamens many. Germ single; style 
 often wanting ; stigma divided or lobed, permanent 
 Fruit a capsule or pod, 1 celled, many-seeded ; seeds at- 
 tached to lateral columellas ; albumen fleshy ; corcle 
 strait. 
 
 Generic names. Chelidonium, Papaver, Sanguinaria, 
 Argemone, Nymphjea, Nuphar, Sarracenia I Fumaria, 
 Corydalis. 
 
 Properties, Deobstrnentt cathartic, caustic^ antiscorhu- 
 He, narcotic, and anodyne. The papaver was in use as 
 an anodyne in the time of Theophraslus, between three 
 and four hundred years before the Christian era. Dios- 
 corides used the fumaria and chelidonium as antiscorbu- 
 tics. 
 
 Order LXIII. Cruci/erae. 
 
 Calyx 4-leaved. Petals 4, disposed in the form of a 
 cross and alternating with the leaves of the calyx. Sta- 
 mens 6, two of them outer and shorter. Germ single, 
 silting on the disk-like receptacle which supports the 
 stamens ; style 1 or none, stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit a sil- 
 ique or silicle. Seeds with incurved corcles. Stems her- 
 baceous: leaves alternate^ 
 
\iOTANY. 65 
 
 Generic names. Cakile, Draba, Alyssuni, Lepidium, 
 Thiaspi, Lunaria, Cochlcaiia, Iberis, Isatis, Deiitaria, 
 Cardamine, Barbarea, Sisymbrium, Erysimum, Clieir- 
 anthus, Hesperis, Arabis, Turritis, Raphanus, Brassi- 
 ca, Sinapis. 
 
 Properties, Aperient ^ diuretic^ antiscorbutic^ nutnen^ 
 tic and emollient. Plants of this ordt^r have been used 
 as etiioUients and diuretics, aud as remedies iu tiie Jaun- 
 dice, for several centuries. 
 
 Order L XI F. Cuppa rides. 
 
 Calyx polyphyllous, or monophyllous and parted. Pe- 
 tals 4 or 5. Stamens often iiulefini'te. Ge; m stiped, style 
 short or none, sti.^ma simple. Pod or berry many seed- 
 ed. Corcle of the seed incurved. 
 
 Generic names. Reseda, Parnassia, Cleome. 
 
 Properties Feeble aperients ; excepting the Cleome^ 
 which is an active cathartic and emetic, and considerably 
 narcotic. 
 
 Order LXV. Sapindi. 
 
 We have no plants of this order in our district. The 
 soap-berry of tlie Southern States is placed here. 
 Properties. Emollient. 
 
 Order LXVL Jicera. 
 
 Calyx Monophyllous, permanent, 5 cleft Petals 5 (or 
 none) with clav\s, itiserted on a disk l»elow the germ and 
 alternating with the lobes of the calyx. Slamens dis- 
 tinct and inserted on the disk with the corol. Germ 
 free. Stigmas I or 2. Capsidcs 2 or S-celled, 1-seeded. 
 Stems woody ; lea\es opposite. 
 
 Generic names. Acer, Aescnlus. 
 
 Properties. Aperient. 
 
 Order LXVIL Malpighiae. 
 
 We have no plants of this order in our district. 
 
 Properties. Aperient. 
 
 Order LXVIII. Hyperica. 
 
 Calyx monophyllous, 4 or 5-parted. Petals 4 or 5. 
 Stamens numerous, sometimes united by their filaments 
 in several parcels. Germ single, free; styles S to 5. 
 
 F 2 
 
66 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Capsule 1 to S-celled, 3 to 5-valved with inflexed nrar- 
 gins, many-seeded. Seed without Albumen, corcle strait. 
 Leaves opposite, often glandular ; flowers yellow or yel- 
 lowish. 
 
 Generic names, Hypericum, Ascyrum, Dionaea, Dro- 
 sera.* 
 
 Froperties. Tonic and vulnerary. 
 
 Order LXIX. Guttiferae. 
 
 We have no plants of this order in our district. 
 Froperties, Expectorants and secernant stimulants. 
 
 Order LXX. Jiurantia, 
 
 Calyx monophyllous. Petals 4 or 5 f stamens often uni- 
 ted by their filaments in several parcels. Berty many- 
 seeded. Corcle strait Stems woody ^ leaves glandular. 
 
 Generic name. Citrus. 
 
 Froperties. Tonics and refrigerants. 
 
 Order LXXL Melia. 
 
 Calyx monophyllous. Petals 4 to 9, often adhering 
 at the base. Stamens sometimes adhering by their fila- 
 ments, equal in number to the petals or double. Germ 
 single, free; style 1. Berry or capsule many-ceiled. 
 Seed without albumen, corcle strait. Stems woody j leaves 
 alternate. 
 
 Generic names, Melia, Tliea. 
 
 Froperties, Astringent and feebly narcotic. 
 
 Order LXXII. Vites. 
 
 Calyx monophyllous, short, subentire. Petals 4 to 6, 
 broader at the base. Stamens equal in number, and op- 
 posite to the petals, and inserted on a disk beneath ihe 
 germ. Germ single, free ; style 1 or none. Berry one- 
 orman.v -celled, oi»»-or many-seeded. Seed bony and 
 destitute of albumen, corcle strait, cotyledons Hat. Stems 
 "Wood^ and climbing ; leaves alternate 5 tendrils opposite 
 to tht- lea\es. 
 
 Generc names. Vitis, Ampelopsis. 
 
 Froperties, Tonics and rtjngerants, 
 
 * See Nuttall. page 279. 
 
BOTANY* 67 
 
 Order LXXJ/I. Gerania. 
 
 Calyx permanent, 5-parfe(J or 5-leaved. Petals 5, 
 ^ith f Iwws, .ejfrierally unequal or iiiej^ular. Stamens 
 5 lo 10; fiianicnts often unequal, sometimes united at 
 the base. Germ single, free, often 5-angled, sometimes 
 surrouniled b\ a gland ; st} le 1, stigmas often 5 Seed 
 Avitlioiit alUunjeii, corcle incurved. Stems herbaceous ; 
 leaves often stipuled. 
 
 Generic names. Geranium, Palargonium, Erodium. 
 Gerdmoids. Oxalis, Impatiens, TVupoeolum. 
 
 Properties. Tonics^ refrigerants arid feeble narcotics* 
 
 The geranioids ought to be disposed t»i diflferently. 
 
 Order LXXIV, Malvaceae, 
 
 Calyx often double v\ith the inner one monophyllous. 
 Petals 5, regular, generally adhering to the base of the 
 filaments. Stamens iimumerable, united by their fila- 
 ments. Germ free, sinq>le, often lobed, stigmas many. 
 Fi uit many -capsuled or many -celled. Seed viitiiout albu- 
 men ; core le lobed, incurved and wrinkled. Leaves al- 
 ternate, simple, stipuled. 
 
 Generic names Gordonia, ^lapaea, Side, Hibiscus^ 
 Mal\a. Ahhaea, Lavatera, Gossipium. 
 
 Properties. Emollient and aperient. Plants of this or- 
 der were usi t( as aperients and for sheathing the stomach 
 when any at rid substance had been taken into it, by Di- 
 oscoridcs and .»ther an< ient physicians; and Hippocrates 
 Taiued them highly for their vulnerary qualities. 
 
 Order LXXV. Magnoliae. 
 
 Calyx S-leaved Petals 6 or 9. Stamens many, not 
 united. Geinis many, arraiiged on an elongated recepta- 
 cle in the form of a C(me. Capsules many, I or S-seeded. 
 Seed with fleshy albumen and strait corcle. Stems 
 woody ; leaves alternate, having cadu-ous stipules. 
 
 Generic names Magnolia, Liriodendron. 
 
 Properties. Tonics, 
 
 Order LXXVL Annonae. 
 
 Calyx S-leaved. Petals 6. Stamens many. Germs 2 
 or more. Benies or capsules 2 or more. 1 -seeded. 
 Set^d compiessei!, ( i»r(le r5;inute, albumen solid. Stems 
 shrubby j leaves alternate and destitute of stipules. 
 
68 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Generic name. Porcelia. 
 Properties. Tonics. 
 
 Order LXXVIL Menisperma. 
 
 Calyx 4 or 6 leaved. Corol none or more than 5-pet- 
 alled. Floweis dioecioujs — stamens adnate — germs and 
 styles 3 to 6. Diupcs or berries 1 -seeded. Seed with 
 fleshy albumen, corcle at the summit. Stems woody, 
 mostly twining or climbing. Leaves alternate, simple, 
 destitute of stipules. 
 
 Generic name. Menispermum. 
 
 Properties, Weak narcotics. 
 
 Order LXXVIIL Berherides. 
 
 Calyx polyphyllous or deeply parted. Petals equalling 
 the divisions ot'the calyx in number. Stamens equalling 
 the petals in number and opposite to them. Germ simple, 
 free: style 1 or none. Fruit 1-celled, often many -seed- 
 ed. Seed affixed to the bottom of the cell ; albumen 
 fleshy, corcle strait. Stems woody ; leaves alternate. 
 Flowers yellow. 
 
 Generic /lames. Berberis, Hamamelis. 
 
 Properties, Astringents and refrigerants. 
 
 Order LXXIX. Tiliaceae. 
 
 Calyx polyphyllous or many parted. Petals alterna- 
 ting with the divisions of the calyx. Stamens innumer- 
 able. Germ simple, free. Berry or capsule 1- or many- 
 celled, 1- or many-seeded. Seed with fleshy albumen ; 
 corcle subincurved, flat. Stems woody 5 leaves alternate, 
 simple, stipwled. 
 
 Generic name. Tilia. 
 
 Properties. Emotticnt and aperient. 
 
 Order LXXX, Clsii. 
 
 Calyx Sparted. Petals 5. Stamens 5 or more. Germ 
 single, free ; style I. Capsule with many seeds attach- 
 ed to the middle of the valves or base of the cells. Albu- 
 men flesiiy or corneous. Leaves siipuled. 
 
 First division. Petals equal. Stamens more than 5. 
 Seed with a curved or spiral corcle. 
 
BOTANY. 69 
 
 Generic 7iames, Cistus, Uiidsniiia.*' 
 Second division. Petals unequal. Stamens 5. Seed 
 wit!) a strait corcle. 
 Generic name. Viola. 
 
 Order LXXXI. Rntaceae. 
 
 Calyx monopli}ll()us, 5-lobed. Petals 5, alternating 
 with the lobes of ihe calyx. Stamens 10 or 15 Uenn 
 simple, free ; style 1. Fruit many-capsuled or many- 
 celled. Seed with Hat cotyledons and strait corcle. 
 
 Generic, name. Ruta. 
 
 Froperties, Caustic and cathartic. 
 
 Order LXXXIL Caryop/ujlleae. 
 
 Calyx often permanent, 4 or 54oothed, or 4 or 5-leav- 
 ed. Petals 4 or 5 (sometimes wanting) with clavvs, alter- 
 nating with the divisions of the calyx. Stamens often 
 double the number of the petals ; sometimes equal and 
 alternating with them. Germ simple, sometinies s*ib- 
 stiped ; styles 3 to 5. Capsul-^ many-valved, dehiscent 
 at the top. Seeds affixeil to the centre of the base of the 
 capside ; albumen faiinaceous ; con le involute. Stems 
 with joints ; leaves opposite, entire. 
 
 Generic names. Dianthus, Saponaria, Lychnis, Agros- 
 emnm, Silene, Cucubalus, Ceraslium, Areuaiia, Sper- 
 gula, Linunj, Sarothra, Sagina, Lechea, Mollugo, Que- 
 ria, Stellaria. 
 
 Properties. Emollient and aperient. This order com- 
 prises those plants which are called pinks, chirkweeds 
 and llax. Flax-seed has been used as an emollient and 
 aperient more than two thousand years. 
 
 CLASS TENTH. Flowers polypetalous. Stamens 
 surrounding the germ and attached to a monophyllous 
 calyx. 
 
 Order LXXXI 1 1, Sempervivae. 
 
 Calyx free, parted. Corol inserted at the base of the 
 calyx ; petals (or the deep divisions) equalling in num- 
 ber the divisions of the calyx. Stamens equal or double 
 
 See Nuttall,vol. 2,, p. 4. 
 
7Q GRAMMAK OF 
 
 the number of petals. Germs equalling the number of 
 petaK, (w lia\ in,!;^ an eqfial number of lobes. Capstiles (or 
 foIlK les) I celled, opening on one side lon.gitudinally, 
 inan.\ -seeded. Seed wirb a slender, fleshy albumen, and 
 stiaii corcle. Stems herbaceous ; leaves mostly fleshy ; 
 inttoresrrnce a ryme. 
 
 Generic names. Sedum, Sempervivum, Penthorum, 
 Tillaea. 
 
 Properties, Emollient and vulnerary. 
 
 Order LXXXIi^. Saxifragae. 
 
 Calyx adhering, rarely free, limbs 5-lobed Petals 4 
 or 5, (sometimes wanting) inserted at the toji of the ca- 
 lyx, and alternating with its divisions. Stamens inser- 
 ted with the peials, and are equal or double in number. 
 Styles 2. pernranent. Capsule 2 beaked, 2-valved, 1 or 
 2-celle(l, dehiscent by a terminal pore. Seeds inserted 
 on the base of the capsule or the inflexed edges of the 
 valves ; albumen fleshy, corde strait. 
 
 Generic names. Heurhei*a, Hedyotis, Saxifraga, Ti- 
 arella, Mitclla, Chrysosplenium, Hydrangea? Horten- 
 sia ? 
 
 Properties, Tonics^ 
 
 Order LXXXV, Cacti, 
 
 Calyx adhering to the germ, 5-cleft. Petals inserted 
 on the calyx. Style 1, stigma cleft. Berry 1-celled, 
 many-seeded. 
 
 First division. Petals indefinite. Stamens indefinite. 
 Style tubulose, stigma many -cleft. Berry umbilicatc 
 Seed without albumen, corols incurved. 
 
 Generic names. Cactus. 
 
 Second division. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft. 
 Berry globose. Seed with corneous albumen, corcle 
 strait. 
 
 Generic names, Ribes. 
 
 Properties. Refrigerants and emollients. 
 
 Order LXXXVL Portulacceae, 
 
 Calyx divided at the top. Corol inserted on the ca* 
 lyx, 1 or 5-petalled (rarely wanting.) Stamens inserted 
 on the corol. Germ free or adhering at the base ; style 
 l to 3, or none. Capsule 1 or many-ceUed, 1 or many- 
 
BOTANY. 71 
 
 seeded. Seed with an inrurvpd or rinp^ like corcle, sur- 
 roimdirij^ a fari! a( eons albumen. 
 
 Generic names, Portulacca, Claytoiiia, Scleranthus, 
 Cnpta. 
 
 Properties. Emollient 
 
 Order LXXXVIL Ficoideae, 
 
 Calyx parted, free or adhering to the germ. Petals 
 inserted on the top of the ralyx. sometimes adhering a 
 little at the base. Stamens indefinite in number, insert- 
 ed with the petals. St\les many. Capsule or drupe 
 many-relied. Seed affixed to the inner a»igles of ihe 
 cells. Corrle incurved, and surrounding a farinaceous 
 albumefi. Leaves <iucrulent. 
 
 Generic name. Mesembryanthemum. 
 
 Properties. Refrigerant and emollient. 
 
 Order LXXXVIII, Onagrae. 
 
 Calyx adhering to the germ, tubular, divided at the 
 top. Petals generally 4, (rarely none) inserted on the 
 top of the calyx. Stamens inserted with the petals, 
 equalling or double their number. Germs many; style 
 1. Fruit many celled, many-seeded; seeds affixed' to 
 the top of the cells ; albumen wanting, corcle strait, ros- 
 tel superior and longer than the cotyledons. 
 
 Generic names. Circaea, Ludwigia, Isnardia, Gaura, 
 Epilobium, Oenothera, Myriophvllum. Serpicula. Ona- 
 graoids, with single germs, Callitriche, Hippuris. 
 
 Properties. Tonics and aperients. 
 
 Order LXXXIX, Myrti. 
 
 Calyx adhering to the germ, permanent, divided. Pe- 
 tals generally 5, inserted on the top of the calyx. Sta- 
 mens 20 or more, inserted on the calyx under the petals. 
 Style 1. Fruit many-seeded, 1 or many -celled. Seed 
 without albumen, corcle strait or curved ; cotyledons 
 flat. Stems woody ; leaves generally opposite, and often 
 with pellucid punctures. 
 
 Generic names. Philadelphus, Myrtus, 
 
 Properties, Tonics. 
 
 Order XC. Melastomae, 
 Calyx tubular, 4 or 5-cleft. Petals equal in number t« 
 
72 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 the divisions of the calyx and alternating with them, in- 
 serted on the top of it. Stamrns doubJe the nunibei- of 
 petals. Germ enclosed by the calyx. Seed vvithouf al- 
 bumen, coirle incurved. Stems herbaceous ^ leaves op- 
 posite, simple, nerve<l. 
 
 Generic name. Rhexia. 
 
 Froperiies. Feebly tonic. 
 
 Order XCI. SoMcariae. 
 
 Calyx free, tubular, permanent. Petals inserted at the 
 top of the calyx, sometimes wanting. Stamens inserted 
 in the middle of the calyx, equailin,g, or double, the num- 
 ber of divisions. Germ single, style 1. Capsule cover- 
 ed liy the calyx, 1 or many-celled Seeds numerous, 
 affixed to a central columella; without albumen, corcle 
 strait, rostel inferior. Leaves mostly opposite. 
 
 Generic names. Lythrum, Glaux, Ceratophyllum, 
 Amuiannia, Cuphea. 
 
 Properties, Dcobstrnent and cathartic. 
 
 Order XCII, Rosaceae. 
 
 Calyx mostly permanent, divided, covering the germ, 
 either adhering or free. Petals inserted on the to|) cd'the 
 calyx, geneially .5. alternating with the divisions of the 
 calyx. Stamens indefinite in number. Germs single or 
 many. Fruit various. Seed wifh a lateral hihim under 
 the apex, towhirh thefunicule isat(ached springing from 
 the bottom of the peric arp ; albumen none, corcle strait. 
 Stedis woody or herbaceous; leaves alternate. 
 
 First division, Fomaceae. Calyx 5-celled. Petals 5. 
 Germ single, adheiing to the ckIvx. Styles many. Pome 
 umiiilicate, crowned with the lobes of the calyx, many- 
 celled. Seed \Nith the rostel inferior. Stems woody. 
 Flowers complete and perfect. Stamens about 20. 
 
 Generic names. Pyrus, Aronia, Punica, Crataegus, 
 Mespiliis, Sorbus. 
 
 Second division, Rosae, Germs many, 1 -seeded, con- 
 cealed within the calyx which is contracted at the neck; 
 style 1 to eac h germ. Rostel of the seed superior. Stem 
 woody. Flowers complete and perfect. Stamens abcmt 20. 
 Leaves pinnate, with stipules adhering to the petioles. 
 
 Generic name, Rosa. 
 
 Third division, Jigrimoniae. Germs generally 2, each 
 
BOTANY. 73 
 
 with 1 sfyle, and 1 seeded, concealed within the urceo- 
 lalo calyx. Rostel of the seed supeiioi*. Stems herba- 
 ceous or woody. Flowei-s sometimes a[)etalous and mo- 
 noeceous. Leaves pinnate or digitate. 
 
 Generic names. Poierium, Sciiiguisorba, Agrimonia. 
 
 Fourth division, Bryaueae- Germs many; each l- 
 seeded, free, inserted on a general receptacle, style 1 to 
 ea< h. Rostel of the seed superior. Stems herbaceous, 
 or sutfriiticose. Stamens about 20. 
 
 Generic names- Potentilla, Fragaria, Dalibarda, Co- 
 marian, Geiim, Ruhns, Calycanthus. 
 
 Fifth division, Vlmariae. Germs many, free, each 
 having 1 style. Capsules equal in number to the germs, 
 1 or niany -seeded. Rostel ol the seed superior. Flow- 
 ers mostly complete and perfect. Stamens indefinite in 
 number. 
 
 Generic names. Spirjea, Gillenia. 
 
 Sixth division^ Drnpuceue. Germ single, free, style i. 
 Drupe with a 1 or 2-seeded nucleus ; infernal membrane 
 of the seed somewhat fleshy and tumid. Rostel superior. 
 Stems woody. Flowers complete and perfect. Stamens 
 indefinite in number. Leaves simple, having glandular 
 bases or petioles Calyx 5-lobed : petals 5 
 
 Generic names. Piumus. Armeniaca, Amygdalus. 
 
 Properties* Refrigerants, tonics and astringenls. 
 
 Order XCIII. Leginninosae. 
 
 Calyx often 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corol 5-petalled, in- 
 serted on the calyx, consisting of a banner, two wings 
 and a keel. Stainens generally 10, mostly united in 
 two sets, 9 and I ; sometimes in one set, and sometimes 
 they are free. Germ ftee, style I. Legume generally 
 2-valved, 1 -celled ; sonutimes iran*^versely divided into 
 several cells. Seeds affixed to the suture of one side ; 
 without albumen ; cotyledons tliick. Stem woody or 
 herbaceous; leavrs alternate, often compound ; stipules 
 axillary — leafets often dose up at evening. 
 
 First division. Stamens all distinct. 
 
 Generic names. Cassia, Cercis, Baptisia. 
 
 Second division. Stamens united by their filaments in 
 one set. 
 
 Generic names. Ulex, Mimosa, Genista, Crotolaria, 
 Arachis, Amorpha, Lupinus, Spartium. 
 
 G 
 
74 
 
 GRAMMAR or 
 
 Third division. Stamens united, 9 in one set, and one 
 separate. Le.i^uine Irelled. Cotylrdnns alwavs rise up 
 out of the eai'tli wlien the plant commences its growth, 
 and heroine succulent leaves. Leaves teinate or pinnate, 
 >vith a terminal leafet 
 
 Generic names I'l-ifolium, Melilotus, Medicago, Tri- 
 gonella, Phaseolus. Glycine, Galactia, Yexillaria, Gly- 
 cyrrhiza, Galega, Indigot'era, Rohinea, Colutea. 
 
 Fourth division. Stamens united, 9 in one set. and 1 
 separate. Legume jjartly divided by an imperfect lon- 
 gitudinal partition. 
 
 Generic names. Astragalus, Dolichns ? 
 
 Fifth division. Stamens united, 9 in one set, and one 
 separate. Legumes 1 -celled. Cotyledons do not rise 
 out of the ground, noi- become leaves Leaves pinnate, 
 without a terminal leafet ; but the general |)etiole termi- 
 nates in a tendril or filatnent 
 
 Generic names. Lath} rus, Pisum, Vicia, Ervum. 
 
 i^ixth division. Stamens united, 9 in one set, and one 
 separate Legume tiansversely divi(!ed into many cells, 
 ea( h cell 1 -seeded, not dehiscent spontaneously. 
 
 Generic names. Coionilla, Gleditschia, Hedysarum, 
 Lespedeza, Stylosanthes, ^schynonsene. 
 
 Froperlies. Einoilient, diuretic and aperient. In the 
 time of Dioscorides and Galen, the same properties were 
 ascribed to this order of plants as at this day. 
 
 Order XCIV, Terelintaccae. 
 
 Calyx fjften free, parted. Petals inserted on the base 
 of the calyx, ami aliernating wilji its divisions, (often 
 wanting.) Stamer.s inserted with the petals, equal or 
 double in number. Fruit various. Seed witlmut albu- 
 men, rostel itlkxed into lobes. Stems woody ; leaves 
 alternate. [This oiMJir is not satisfactorily defined.] 
 
 Generic names. Rhus. Juglans, Carya, Zanthoxylum. 
 
 Froperlies, Cathartic, emetic and narcotic. 
 
 Order XCV, Bhumni, 
 
 Calyx divided. Coi'ol many-petallcd, (sometimes 
 none, and sometimes deeply divided,) inserted on the ca- 
 lyx, and equallirjg the divisions of the calyx in number. 
 Stamens of the same number. Germs single, free, sur- 
 rounded by the calyx. Fruit a berry or capsule, many- 
 
BOTANY 
 
 75 
 
 cellrd. Seed with fleshy alhumcn, rorrlc strait, rostel 
 infei ior. Stotns wootlv : leaves stipuled. 
 
 Generic names. Stapli>lea, Eiionymiis, Hex, Ceano- 
 thus, Rhainniis, Prinos. 
 
 Froperties, Cathartic, and somewhat tonic. 
 
 CLASS ELEVENTH. Flowers generally without pe- 
 tals ; stamens and pistils mostly indifferent flowers. 
 [An imperfect definition ; for many phmts of this class 
 have petals.] 
 
 Order XCVL Euphorheac. 
 
 Flowers solitary, spiked, or encircled hy involucres. 
 Perianth (or corol) many-parted ; sometimes wantin,^ in. 
 the pistillate. Stamens inserted on tlie recejjtacle, flla- 
 ments often articulated in the middle. Germ free, often 
 stiped ; styles I to 3, 2-cieft Capsules 2 or 3-seeded ; 
 valves elastically dehiscent. Seeds arilled, affixed at 
 the top of a central columella ; corcle flat, involved in a 
 fleshy albumen ; rostel superior. 
 
 Generic names. Ricinus, Euphorhia, Phyllanthus, 
 Acalyplia, Buxus. 
 
 Properties. Cathartics, and mild emetics. The seeds 
 of the Ricinus communis had heen long in use as a ca- 
 thartic, before the time of Dioscorides in the first cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Order XCVII^ CucurUtaceae* 
 
 Calyx adhering to the germ, contracted above, and 
 then dilated into a 5-cleft limb. Corol bell-form, insert- 
 ed on the top of the germ, 5-Iobed, at length withering 
 and permanent. Stamens 3 to 5, inserted on the con- 
 tracted part of the calyx, often united ; anthers I -relied, 
 oblong, attached to the top of the filament ; the staminate 
 flowers have abortive germs. Germ single. Fruit a 
 berry, with a solid bark, which is often corneous. Seeds 
 many, without albumen ; corcle strait ; cotyledons flat. 
 Stems herbaceous, mostly climbing ; leaves petioled, al- 
 ternate, broad ; tendrils are often inserted in the axils of 
 the leaves. 
 
 Generic names. Passiflora, Momordica, Sycios, Cu- 
 curbita, Cucumis, Melothria. 
 
76 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Properties. The fruit is mostly refrigerant ; the herbage 
 and nauseous fruit are emetic and cathartic. 
 
 Order XCVIIT. Urticae. 
 
 Flowers small, greenish, solitary, in aments, or sur- 
 rounded by involucres. Cal>x(or rorol) l-leaved,l()bed. 
 Stamens inserted oti the base of the calyx. Germ single, 
 free ; styles 1 or 2-cleft. Leaves mostly hispid. 
 
 First division, Jirtocarpae. Flowers aggregated, sit- 
 ting on a general receptacle. Fruit fleshy. Seed having 
 flesliy albumen and curved corcle. 
 
 Generic names, P'icus, Morns. 
 
 Second division, Urticeae, Flowers solitary, on aments 
 or spikes. Fruit never fleshy. Seed without albumen j 
 corcle often stiait. 
 
 Generic noAnes. Urtica, Boehmeria, Parietaria, Can- 
 nabis, Humulus, Ambrosia, Xanthium.* 
 
 Froperties, Tonics. 
 
 Order XCIX, Jlmentaceae. 
 
 Staminate flowers in aments, furnished with scales on 
 which the stamens are inserted. Pistillate flowers have 
 scales or perianths ; germs free ; stigmas many. Fruit 
 b(my or membranaceous. Seed without albumen ; corcle 
 strait, flat. Stems woody ; leaves alternate and cadu- 
 cous. [This description is defective in its application to 
 Ceitis and Ulmus.] 
 
 First division. Flowers dioecious. 
 
 Generic names. Salix, Populus, Myrica, 
 
 Second division. Flowers monoecious. 
 
 Generic names. Betula, AInus, Carpinus, Ostrya, 
 Fagus, Castanea, Corylus, Quercus, Platanus, Lique- 
 dambar, Comptonia. 
 
 Third division. Flowers perfect. 
 
 Generic names, Fothergillia, Ceitis, Ulmus. 
 
 Froperties, Tonics and astringents. 
 
 Order C, Conifer ae, 
 Staminate flowers in aments, each furnished with a 
 
 "" Some botanists place the two last genera in the order corymbiferae, 
 also in the Linnean class syngenesia. I see no good reason for these 
 wiuovations. See De Lamarck and De Candolle, p. 183. 
 
BOTANY. 77 
 
 vscale or perianth supporting the stamens. Pistillate 
 flowers in strobiles, eacli furnished with a hard scale. 
 Fruit bony or membranaceous. Seed with a cylindric 
 corcle in the centre of fleshy albumen. Stems woody ; 
 leaves evergreen ; juice resinous. 
 
 Generic names. Finns, Cupressus, Thuja. 
 
 Sub-order^ Jiiniperi, Fruit a berry or drupe. 
 
 Generic names. Juniperus, Taxus. 
 
 Properties. Secernant stimulants and expectorants. 
 The resinous juice obtained from these plants has been 
 applied as a remedy to wounds and old ulcers for more 
 than two thousand years. Various preparations, as tar- 
 water, decoctions of the bark, &c. have been used with 
 various success from the time of Dioscorides, and pro- 
 bably much earlier, in pulmonary complaints. 
 
 General Rules tor avoidixg Poisons. 
 
 Plants not poisonous. 
 
 1. Plants with a glume calyx, nevor poisonous. As 
 Wheat, Indian corn, Foxtail grass, Sedge grass, Oats. 
 Linneiis. 
 
 2. Plants whose stamens stand on the calyx, never poi- 
 sonous. As Currant, Apple, Peach, Strawberry, Thorn. 
 Smith, p. 392. 
 
 3. Plants with cruciform flowers, rarely if ever poi- 
 sonous. As Mustard, Cabbage, Water-cress, Turnip. 
 Smith, p. 487. 
 
 4. Plants with papilionaceous flowers, rarely if ever 
 poisonous. As Pea, Bean, Locust tree. Wild indigo. 
 Clover. Smith, p. 446. 
 
 5. Plants with labiate corols, bearing seeds without 
 pericarps, never poisonous. As Catmint, Hyssop, Mint, 
 Mother-wort, Marjoram. Smith, p. 434. 
 
 6. Plants with compound flowers, rarely poisonous. As 
 Sunflower, Dandelion, Lettuce, Burdock. Milne, 
 
 Poisonous Plants. 
 
 1. Plants with 5 stamens and one pistil, with a dull- 
 coloured Lurid corol, and of a nauseous sickly smell, al- 
 
 G2 
 
78 GRAMMAR^ &€. 
 
 ways poisonous. As Tobacco, Thorn-apple, Henbane, 
 Nightshade. The degree of poison is diminished where 
 the flower is brighter coloured and the smell is less nau- 
 seous. As potatoe is less poisonous, though of the same 
 genus with niglitshade. Smith, \), 415. 
 . 2. Umbelliferous plants of tiie aquatic kind, and of a 
 nauseous scent, are always poisonous. As Water hem- 
 lock. Cow-parsley. But if the smell be pleasant, and 
 they grow in dry land, they are not poisonous. As 
 Fennel, Dill, Coriander, Sweet cicely. Smith, p. 416. 
 
 3. Plants with labiate corols and seeds in capsules, 
 frequently poisonous. As Snapdragon, Foxglove. Smith, 
 
 4. Plants from which issues a milky juice on being 
 broken, are poisonous, unless they bear compound flow- 
 ers. As Milkweed, Dogbane, Milne's Contortse and 
 Lactescentia. 
 
 5. Plants having any appendage to the calyx or corol, 
 and twelve or more stamens, generally poisonous. As 
 Columbine, Crowfoot. Linneus, 
 
 Most general Bide* 
 
 Plants with few^ stamens, not frequently poisonous, 
 except the number be five ; but if the number be twelve 
 or more, and the smell nauseous, heavy and sickly, the 
 plants are generally poisonous. Milne's Multisiliquse 
 and Sapor. 
 
 JV'oie. Many plants possess some degree of the narcotic 
 principle, which are still by no means hurtful. 
 
{ 79 ) 
 
 ** 
 
 Abrupt leaf. A pinnate leaf, which has not an odd or terminal leafet. 
 
 Accessory. Additional. Annexed, and of a different kind when ap- 
 plied to the border, fcc. of the receptacle of a lichen. 
 
 AciNACiFORM leaf. Sabre-form. One edge sharp and convex, the 
 other thicker and strait or concave. Cutlass-form. 
 
 AciNE. One of the little globules constituting a compound berry ; as 
 the raspberry. 
 
 Acuminate, 20. Acute, 21. 
 
 Adnate. Adhering. Any two or more parts of the plant being at- 
 tached to each other. 
 
 Aggregate, 17. 
 
 Aigrette, Egret. The flying, feathery or haiiy crown of seeds ; as 
 the down of thistles and dandelions. ' It includes whatever remains 
 on the top of the seed after the corol is removed. 
 
 stiped (stipulatus) when it is supported on afoot-stem. 
 
 simple (simplex) when it consists of a bundle of simple hairs, with- 
 out branches. 
 
 plumose (plumosus) when each hair has other little hairs arranged 
 
 along its sides, like the beards on a feather. 
 
 membranous, thin transparent leaves. 
 
 Alternate. Branches, leaves, flowers, kc. are alternate, Avhen ar- 
 ranged upon opposite sides of the stem, or whatever supports them ; 
 beginning at different distances from its base, and continuing in near- 
 ly equal series. Sometimes they are in three series. 
 
 Ament, 14. 
 
 Angular. By means of intervening grooves, the stems, calyxes, cap- 
 sules, k,c. have ridges running lengthwise. 
 
 Annual. Which springs up, perfects fruit, and dies in the same year. 
 
 Anodynes. Substances which promote sleep. 
 
 Anomalous. Whatever forms an exception to the assumed rules or 
 systems. 
 
 Anther, 16. 
 
 Antiscorbutics. Substances which cure eruptions. 
 
 Apetalous. a flower without a corol. 
 
 Apex. The tip or top end. 
 
 Apophysis. A process from the base of the capsule of a moss. 
 
 Appendage, 22. 
 
 Aq,uatic. Growing most naturally in or near water. 
 
 Arachnoideus. Resembling a spider-web. 
 
 Aril, Jlrillus. The outer coat of a seed, which, not contracting witk 
 it in ripening, falls off. 
 
 Arroav-form, 20. 
 
 * Wonis which are defined in the Grammar are not ag:ain defined in this Vocabulary; 
 but a reference to the page of the Grammar is annexed to the word in the Vocabulary. 
 Wlieo two or wore sucU words happen together, thty are put in the same line. 
 
80 CAR 
 
 Ascending. Rising gradually between a horizontal and vertical posi- 
 
 AsTRivGENTS. Substances which condense the fibres and consolidate 
 relaxed parts. They brace up debilitated intestines, and applied ex- 
 ternally, restrain bleeding wounds, 6ic. , , , 1- 
 
 AucTUs CALYX. Having an outer row of leafets ; as the dandelion. 
 
 Awl-form, 20. 
 
 Awl-pointed. Acuminate. ,. r .u * 
 
 Awn. a short slender process or stiff beard, proceeding from the top or 
 back of glumes or chaff. ., i r i 
 
 Axil The arm-pit. Applied to vegetables, it means the angle forme<l 
 by the meeting of a leaf or petiole with the stem, or of a branch with 
 the main stem. 
 
 Axillary. Any thing growing from the axils. 
 
 Banner. The upper petal in a papilionaceous flower. 
 
 Basis'. Base. The part of a stem, leaf, flower, fcc. nearest to the place 
 through which it derives its nutriment. 
 
 Beaked. Terminated by a process formed like a bird's bill. 
 
 Bell-form, 15. Berry, 16. 
 
 Biennial. Springing up one summer, flowering and dying the next, as 
 wheat. 
 
 Bifurcate. Forked twice. 
 
 Bipinnate, 22. 
 
 BiPiNNATiFiD. Doubly pinnatifid. When the divisions of a pinnatifid 
 leaf are cut in, or pinnatifid again. 
 
 Biternate, 22. 
 
 Boat-form. Hollow one side, with a compressed longitudinal ridge on 
 the opposite side. 
 
 Border in Lichens. The edging of their receptacles, (apothecium.) 
 It is wro;;er, when of the same substance and colour of the receptacle. 
 It is acessory, when of a different substance or colour from the disk of 
 the receptacle. 
 
 Bract, 23. Branching, 19. 
 
 Bristle-form. Resembling a bristle. 
 
 Bristly, 22. Bulbous root, 19. 
 
 Buttons, Tricce. That kind of receptacle of lichens which, when mag- 
 nified, resembles a coiled horse-hair. They are roundish, sessile, un- 
 expanding, compact, black and solid ; continued along their whole 
 surface. Upper side they are in concentric, or coiled, plaited, and 
 twisted folds ; covered every where with the same membrane ; con- 
 taining; seeds without cells or cases. Smith. 
 
 Caducous. Any part of a plant is caducous, Avhich falls off earlier, 
 compared with other parts of the same plant, than is usual for similar 
 parts in most plants ; as the calyx oiihe poppy falls oft" before the co- 
 rd is hardly expanded. 
 C/EspiTosE. ' Turfy. Several plants growing together, or from the 
 
 same root, forming a turf. 
 Calycled. See auctus. 
 Calyptra, 14. Calyx, 13. Camb, 18. 
 Capillary. Hair-form; longer than bristle-form, in proportion to its 
 
 thickness. 
 Capitate. Head-form; growing in heads. 
 Capsule, 16. 
 Carixate. See keeled. 
 
CON 81 
 
 Cartilaginous. Hard and somewhat flexible. It applies to a leaf, 
 when it is bound around with a strong margin, different from the disk 
 of the leaf. 
 
 CvRVOPHYLLEOUS, 15. 
 
 Catkin. See anient, 14. 
 
 Cathartics. Substances which stimulate the intestines so as to hasten 
 and increase evacuations. 
 
 Cauline. Growing on the main stem. 
 
 Caustics. Substances which corrode, burn or dissolve the part with 
 which they come in contact. 
 
 Cell. The hollow part or cavity of a pericai*p or anther. It is more 
 generally applied to the cavities of pericai-ps, where seeds are lodged. 
 According to the numbers of these, the pericarps are called one-celled, 
 txvo-celled, k,c. 
 
 Cellular integument, 18. 
 
 Cellules, cislula;. That kind of receptacle of lichens which is globose, 
 terminal, and formed of the substances of the frond. It is filled with 
 uncoated seeds, intermixed with fibres ; at length it bursts irregularly. 
 Smith. 
 
 Cespitose. See coespitose. 
 
 Channelled. Hollowed out longitudinally with a rounded groove of 
 considerable depth. 
 
 Ciliate, 22. Clasping, 22. 
 
 Clavate. Club-form. Growing larger towards the end. 
 
 Claw. The lower narrow part of a petal, by which it is fixed on the 
 calyx or receptacle. It can exist only in polypetalous corols. 
 
 Cleft. Split down, not exceeding half way to the base ; with nearly 
 strait edges on both sides of the fissure. The parts into which it is 
 split are numbered in descriptions ; as once split, making two divi- 
 sions, is called 2-cleft ; two splits, 3-cleft, <Si:c. 
 
 Clefts, Urellce. That kind of receptacle of lichens, which is open, 
 elongated, sessile, black, very narrow or linear, with a somewhat 
 spongy disk ; the border is parallel on each side, and proper. Some- 
 times it has an accessory border from the crust besides. The clefts 
 are either simple and solitary, or aggregate, confluent and branched. 
 Smith. 
 
 Climbing. Ascending by means of tendrils, as grapes ; by leaf-stalks, 
 as virgin's bower } by cauline radicles, or rootlets, as the creeping 
 American ivy, (rhus radicans.) It differs from twining,^ which see. 
 
 Club-form. See clavate. Cobwebbed. See arachnoideus. 
 
 Cochleate. Coiled spirally like a snail-shell. 
 
 Coiled. Twisted like a rope, or rather resembling the form of one 
 thread of a rope after the other threads are removed. 
 
 Coloured, 13. Columella, 17. 
 
 Commissure. The joining sides of pairs ; as of fennel seeds. 
 
 Common. Any part is common, which serves to include or sustain se- 
 veral parts, similar among themselves. 
 
 perianth. Including several florets ; as in the thistle. 
 
 involucre. Surrounding the base of the peduncles in an umbel, 
 
 which are subdivided above. 
 
 This term is often used for frequent also. 
 
 Complete. Having both calyx and corol. 
 
 Compound, 17. 
 
 Cohic. With a broad base, and approaching a point towards the top. 
 
S2 DID 
 
 Connate, 22. 
 
 CoNTRAKV. See partition. 
 
 Converging. Approaching or bending towards each other. 
 
 Convex. Swelling out in a roundish form. 
 
 CoRCLE, 17. Cordate, 20. 
 
 Coriaceous. Leathery, or parchment-like. 
 
 Cornered. Having angles or cornei-s. Three-cornered.four-cornered, 
 k.c. is often expressed trigonus, &lc. 
 
 CoROL, 14. Corymb, 18. Cotyledon, 17. 
 
 Cowled. When the edges meet below and expand above, and gene- 
 rally separate ; as the spathe of the arum, Indian turnip. 
 
 Creeping, 19. Chen ate, 21. 
 
 Crested. Having an appendage somewhat resembling a cock's comb 
 in form. 
 
 Cruciform, 15. Cryptogamous, 13. Culm, 19. 
 
 CuLMiFEROus. Having culms. 
 
 Cup-form. Hollow within, resembling a little cup. 
 
 Cuspidate. Having a shaqiened point, and that tipped w'ith a bristle, 
 a prickle, or lengthened apex, not curved. See raucronate, and ob- 
 serve the distinction ; also acuminate. 
 
 Cuticle, 18. — 
 
 CvATHiFORM. Wiueglass-form. Cylindric, widening gradually up- 
 wards, margin not revolute. 
 
 Cylindric A circular shaft, of nearly equal dimensions throughout 
 its whole extent. 
 
 Cyme, 18. 
 
 Deciduous. Falling off in the usual season for similar parts to fall ; as 
 leaves falling at the decline of the year ; corols falling off at the time 
 the stamens fall, &.c. See caducous and permanent. 
 
 Decumbent. When the base is erect, and the remainder lies on the 
 ground. It applies to stems, stamens, k,c. 
 
 Decurrent, 22. 
 
 Decussate. When leaves or branches are opposite in pairs, and each 
 pair stands at right angles with the next pair above or below on the 
 same stem. 
 
 Deflected. Bending doAvn archwise. 
 
 Dehiscent. The natural opening of capsules in the proper season. 
 
 Deltoid. A leaf with four corners ; that is, one at the stem, one at the 
 apex, and one each side ; but the side ones are nearer to the base than 
 to the apex. When the side angles are about as near to the apex as to 
 the base, it is called a rhomboid leaf. Both kinds are called diamond- 
 form in English. 
 
 Dense. Close, compact. A panicle with abundance of flowers very 
 close, is dense. See thyrse. 
 
 Dentate. Toothed. 
 
 Denticulate. Having very small teeth. 
 
 Deobstruents. Substances Avhich remove obstructions. 
 
 Detergents. Substances calculated for cleansing. 
 
 Diaphoretics. Those secernant stimulants which promote perspira- 
 tion more particularly 
 
 Dichotomous. Forked. Stem, fcc. parted in pairs, each branch part- 
 ed in pairs again, and so on. When it is parted but once, it is more 
 properly called forked. 
 
 Pjdynamous. Belonging to, or varying into the class didynaraia. 
 
E X O > 83 
 
 Diffused. Spreading. Expanded in an open loose manner. 
 
 Digitate. Fingered. When the base of several ieafets rest on the 
 end of one petiole ; as the strawberry and fivefinger. 
 
 Dilated. Expanded, widened. 
 
 DicEcious. Belonging to, or varying into the class dmcia. 
 
 Discoid. Having a disk without rays. 
 
 Disk. The whole surface of a leaf, or of the top of a compound flovr- 
 er, as opposed to its edge or periphery. This term is also applied to 
 the aggregate florets of an umbel. 
 
 DissiLiEST. A pericarp is dissilient,whenitbursts open with a spring, 
 as the touch-me-not, (impatiens.) 
 
 Diuretics. Those secernant stimulants which increase urine more 
 particularly. 
 
 Divaricate. Branches spreading out from the stem so far, as to form 
 more than a right angle with it above. 
 
 Diverging. Branches spreading out from the stem so far, as to form 
 almost a right angle with it. 
 
 Dorsal. Fixed to the back. Awns are dorsal, Avhen proceeding froM 
 the outside of a glume, and not from the tip. 
 
 Down or Downy, 21. Drupe, 16. 
 
 Drupaceous. Bearing drupes, or fruit resembling them. 
 
 Eared. This term applies, 1st, to the round extended, or appendaged 
 lobes of a heart-form leaf ; 2d, to the side lobes near the base of 
 some leaves ; and 3d, to twisted parts, in some ferns and some liv- 
 erworts, which are supposed toresemble the conchus, or passage in- 
 to the outer ear. 
 
 Echinate. Hedge-hog-like. Beset with erect prickles. 
 
 Eggform. See ovate. 
 
 Egret. See aigrette. 
 
 Elastic See dissilient. 
 
 Eliptic. Longer than wide, rounded at or near both ends, and near- 
 ly equalin breadth towards both base and apex. 
 
 Elongated. Lengthened out, as if extended beyond what is usual in 
 similar parts. 
 
 Emahginate, j21. 
 
 Emetics. Substances which excite vomiting. 
 
 Emollients. Substances which soften tumors or any hardness or 
 diyness of the skin. 
 
 Ensiform. Sword-form. T^vo-edged, tapering from base to apex 
 mostly, and a little arching towards one edge ; as flag and cat-tail, 
 (Iris and Typha.) 
 
 Entire. Continued without interruption. A margin of a leaf, calyx, 
 corol, &:c. is entire, when it is neither serrate, toothed, notched, nor 
 in any manner indented. 
 
 Equal. Similar parts equal among themselves. The calyx, corol, 
 ioc. are equal, wlien the Ieafets, petals, or subdivisions, are similar 
 in form, size and direction. Opposed to unequal. 
 
 Erect. Upright. 
 
 Erose. Gnawed. Unequally sinuated, as if the sinuses had been eat- 
 en by insects. 
 
 Evergreens. Such plants as retain their leaves throughout the year 
 as white pine, laurel, k.c. ' 
 
 Exotic. Plants not growing spontaneously in a wild state in that par- 
 ticular country, or section of a country. 
 
84 G L A 
 
 ExsERT. Standing out. Stamens are essert when protruded out of 
 the corols. 
 
 Factitious character. Added to more essential distinctions. 
 
 Families. See gentes. 
 
 Fascicle, 18. A bundle. 
 
 Fascicled, 19. 
 
 Fastigiate. Level-topped, or a little convex. 
 
 Faux. Jaws. The throat or opening into a corol. That precise spot, 
 where the tubular part of a ringent corol begins to separate or ex- 
 pands into lips or mouth, is the faux. 
 
 Fibre. Any thread-form part. Fibrous, 19. Filament, 16. 
 
 Filiform. Thread-like. 
 
 Fissure. A cleft or slitted aperture. 
 
 Flexuose. Bending and frequently changing direction. 
 
 Floret. Little flower. Whether the flower is large or small, it is a 
 floret, if it is one of a number, all of which constitute au a.^gregate 
 or compound. 
 
 Follicle. A pericarp with one valve, which opens lengthwise on 
 one side only; as milk-wted, (asclepias.) 
 
 Footstalk. See ptdunch: •oM&pcilole. it is put for both. 
 
 Forked. See dichotomoiis. Frond, 20. 
 
 Fructification. "The temporary part of vegetables, which is desti- 
 ned for the reproduction of the species, terminating the old individ- 
 ual and beginning the );ew." 
 
 Fruit-dots. Assemblages of capsules on the backs cf ferns. 
 
 Fugacious. Soon disappearing. Flying off. 
 
 FuNNEL-FORM, 15. FuRRowED. See sulcate. 
 
 Fusiform. Spindle-form, 19. 
 
 Galls. Excrescences produced by the stings of insects. The balls 
 found on oaks, which are used in dyeing, the comraon large green 
 oak-balis, the singular green lumps found on the wild honey-suckle, 
 &:c. are examples. 
 
 Gashed. See incised. General. See partial. 
 
 Generic name. The name of a genus. 
 
 Geniculate. Kneed. Forming a very obtuse angle, like a moderate 
 bending of the knee. 
 
 <jrENTEs. Natious. Liuneus divided plants into nine great natural 
 tribes or casts. 1. Palms (palmae ;) as the date and cocoa-nut. 2. 
 Grasses (gramina ;) as wheat, Indian-corn, sngfar-cane, rice, timo- 
 thy-grass, &,c. 3. Lillies (lilia ;) as lily, tulip, daffodil, &c. 4. 
 Herps (herbas ;) as thistles, nettles, peas, mint, potatoes, hemp, 
 plantain, beets, and all ether herbaceous plants except the above. 
 5. Trees (arbores ;) as oak, chesnut, pine, willow, dogwood, cur- 
 rants, lilac, whortleberry, cranberry, and all other plants with a avoo- 
 dy stem. 6. Ferns (filices ;) as brake, polypod. m.aidenhair, e;round 
 pine, and all other plants of this order, which see. 7. Mosses (m.us- 
 ci.) See the order. 8. Alg.t.. This tribe includes the plants of the 
 orders, hepatictE, ulgm and lichenes, which see. 9. Fungi. As 
 musin-oom, toadstool, puff-ball, mould, blight, k.c. 
 
 Genus, (plural genera.) A number of plants which agree with one 
 another in the habit and structure of the flower and fruit. 
 
 Gerbi, 16. 
 
 Glabrous. Sleek. Having no pubescence. 
 
IN V 85 
 
 'Gland, 23. ., ,, , 
 
 <Jlaucous. Clothedwith a seagreen mealiness, which is easily rubbed 
 off. It is sometimes put for a greenish-grey colour. 
 
 Globose. Spherical, round on all sides like a ball. 
 
 Globules. That kind of receptacle of lichens, which is globose, sol- 
 id and cruslaceous, formed of the substance of the frond, and termi- 
 nating its points orbranches ; from whence they fall off entire, leav- 
 ing a pit or cavity. They are supposed to be covered all over with 
 a coloured seed-bearing membrane. Smith. 
 
 Glume, 14. 
 
 Gldtinous. Having on some part more or less of adhesive moisture. 
 
 Gnawed. See erose. Granulate, 19. 
 
 Grooved. See sulcate. Guitar-form, 21. 
 
 Habitat. The native residence of plants ; or the situation wherein 
 they grow most naturally. 
 
 Habit. The external appearance of a plant, by a general view of 
 which we know it without attendingto any of its essential characters. 
 A knowledge of the habit of plants is to be acquired, by first seeing 
 them in a growing state, and then by repeatedly reviewing them ia 
 a herbarium. 
 
 Halbert-form, 21. Hastate, 21. Head, 18. 
 
 Herbaceous. Not w^oody. Herbage, 19. 
 
 Herbarium. A collection of dried plants. 
 
 Hexagonal. Six-cornered. Hilum, 17. 
 
 Hirsute. Rough-haired. 
 
 Hispid. Bristly. Beset with stiff hairs. 
 
 Hollows, (thalamia.) That kind of receptacle of lichens, which is 
 spherical, nearly closed, lodged in the substance of the frond, lined 
 with its proper coat, under which are cells 2 or 4-seeded. Each 
 hollow^ finally opens by an orifice in the surface of the frond above. 
 Smith. 
 
 Hooded. See cowied. 
 
 Horizontal. Parallel to the horizon. Leaves are horizontal, when 
 they form right angles w ith erect stems. 
 
 Horn. See spur. 
 
 Imbricate, 22. Imperfect. Wanting the stamen or pistil. 
 
 Incised. Cut in like a gash with a knife. 
 
 Incurved. Bent inwards. 
 
 Indigenous. Plants, growing naturally and originally in a country, are 
 indigenous to that country. 
 
 Indurated. Becoming hard, tough, or leathery. 
 
 Inferior. Below. A calyx or corol is inferior when it comes out 
 below the germ. See germ. 
 
 Inflated. Appearing as if blown up with wind. 
 
 Inflexed. The same as incurved. 
 
 Inflorescence, 18. Interruptedly pinnate, 22. 
 
 Introduced. Not originally native. Brought from some other coun- 
 try. 
 
 Involucre, 14. 
 
 Involucres of ferns generally lie on the tops of the capsules, like a 
 piece of linen spread out to"dr\^ They are said to open inwards, 
 when they separate from the frond so as to leave the capsules naked 
 on the side next the midrib. 
 
 Involute. Rolled inw ards. 
 
 H 
 
86 - M O N 
 
 Irregular. Differing iu figure, size, or proportion of parts, among 
 themselves. 
 
 Keel, 15. 
 
 Keeled. Having a ridge resembling the keel of a boat or ship. 
 
 Kidney-form, 20. 
 
 Kneed. See geniculate. 
 
 Knobs. (Cephalodia.) That kind of receptacle of lichens, which is 
 convex, more or less globular, covered externally with a coloured 
 seed-bearing crust, and placed generally at the extremities of stalks, 
 originating from the frond, permanent ; rarely sessile. Sometimes 
 they are at first spangles on filamentous lichens, and afterwards be- 
 come convex irregular knobs. They are simple, compound or con- 
 glomerate. Smith. 
 
 Labiate, 15. 
 
 Lacerated. Torn. Cut, or apparently torn into irregular seg- 
 ments. 
 
 Lacunose. Pitted. 
 
 Lamina. Thin plate. The broad upper part of the petal of a poly- 
 petalous corol. 
 
 Lanceolate, 20. 
 
 Lance-ovate, &ic. Partaking of the lanceolate form, and of that with 
 which it is compounded. 
 
 Lateral. On one side. 
 
 Leafet, or Leaflet. One of the lesser leaves, which, with others, 
 constitute a compound leaf. A simple leaf is never a leafet, however 
 small. 
 
 Legume, 16. 
 
 Ligulate. That kind of floret, in some compound flowers, which con- 
 sists of a single-strap-like petal, which becomes tubular at the base on- 
 ly ; as all the florets in a dandelion, and the ray florets in a sunflower. 
 
 Liliaceous, 15. 
 
 Limb. The broad spreading part of the petal of a monopetalous corol. 
 
 Linear, 20. 
 
 LioN-TOOTHED. See ruucinatc, 21. 
 
 Lobe. Divisions, which are rounded, or parted by rounded or curved 
 incisions. 
 
 LOBED, 21. 
 
 LoMENT. A legume pod with transverse partitions. 
 
 Lurid. Of a palish, dull, deathly colour. Most plants with lurid 
 petals are more or less poisonous j as tobacco, henbane, thorn-apple. 
 
 LVRATE, 21. 
 
 Lyrate-pinnate. Pinnate with the odd terminal leafet largest. 
 Many. Whenever there are more than are usually numbered; as we 
 
 say, 1-seeded, 2-seeded, 3-seeded, 4-seeded, many-seeded. 
 Marcescent. See Withering. 
 Marginated. Having a margin different in some measure from the 
 
 disk. 
 Mature. Full-grown, but not entered upon a state of decay. 
 Membranaceous or Membrane. Made up, apparently, of the two 
 
 plates of the cuticle, without any cellular integument between them. 
 
 Nearly transparent, very thin and often colourless. 
 Midrib. The main or middle rib of a leaf running from the stem to 
 
 the apex. 
 MoNCECious. Belonging to, or varying into, the class moncecia. 
 
PAP 87 
 
 MONOPETALOUS, 15. MoNOPHYLLOUS, 14, 
 
 MoNSTKous. Plants producing any part different from the same part? 
 when growing wild. As the rose has but five petals in a wild state ; 
 but by rich cultivation in gardens, the stamens are mostly changed 
 to petals. Carnations and peony are examples also. These are all 
 monsters. 
 
 MucRONATE. Having a rounded end, tipped with a prickle ; which 
 often appears rather an extension of the midrib. 
 
 MuRicATE, Armed with sharp spines. Covered with subulate prick- 
 les. 
 
 Naked. Wanting a covering analagous to that of most plants. Asa 
 stem without leaves, leaves without pubescence, corol without a 
 calyx, seed without a pericarp, receptacle without chaft', pubes- 
 ceus, ^c. 
 
 Narcotics. Those poisons which, in small doses, stimulate at first and 
 promote secretions ; afterwards induce dulness and sleep. But in 
 large doses produce delirium, convulsions and death. Some narco- 
 tics inflame the stomach. 
 
 Natant. Floating. 
 
 Nectary. That part of a flower, Avhich secretes honey. It is either 
 a distinct horn, gland, spur, scale, cup, kc. or the claw or some 
 other part of the corol secreting honey. This name is applied to any 
 appendage to the flower, which has no other name. 
 
 Nerved, 22. Neutral, 17. 
 
 Nodding. See nutant. 
 
 Nucleus. Nut or kernel. The inner seed or kernel is properly the 
 nucleus ; and its hard shell is the putamen. But the whole including 
 both putamen and nucleus, is the nut, nux. 
 
 Nut. See nucleus. 
 
 Nutant. Nodding. When above half of whatever it is applied to, 
 droops or hangs doAvn. 
 
 Nutrientics. Substances which serv'e for food. 
 
 Obcordate, 20. 
 
 Oblanceolate. Lanceolate with the base narrowest. 
 
 Oblique. A position between horizontal aud vertical, or between 
 the peipendicular and the plane of the base. It is also applied to 
 leaves, petals, calyxes, kc. which are, as it were, cut obliquely ; or 
 whose bases are shorter on one side than on the other. 
 
 Oblong, 20. Obovate, 20. 
 
 Obsolete. When teeth, notches, serratures, &,c. are obscure and ap- 
 pear as if worn out. 
 
 Obtuse, 21. 
 
 Officinalis. Such plants as are sold in the shops for some use, either 
 in medicine or the arts. 
 
 Opposite, 22. Orbicular, 20. 
 
 Orbs. That kind of receptacle of lichens, which is flat, orbicular and 
 dilated, of the substance of the frond, terminal, peltate, without a 
 border, but often surrounded with radiating shoots. The membrane, 
 or disk under which the seeds are lodged, is smooth, nearly of the 
 colour of the frond. Spurious orbs bordered like shields or span- 
 gles when young, are sometimes found in the genus cornicularia. 
 Smith. 
 
 Oval, 20. Ovate, 20. Palmate, 21. Panicle, 18. 
 
 Papilionaceous, 15. 
 
88 POD 
 
 Papilla. A fleshy process or point. 
 
 Papillose. Furnished or covered with fleshy points. 
 
 Parallel. Two lines or opposite sides, running nearly equal distao' 
 ces from each other. 
 
 Parasitic. Drawing support from another plant. Growing out of 
 another ; as the dodder. 
 
 Partial. Particular not general. The perianth, involucre, petiole, 
 &,c. of one floret, or of a separate part of all the florets, which with 
 others constitute a compound or aggregate. 
 
 Partition. The membrane, &ic. which divides pericarps into cells. 
 It is j9ara/Ze/, when it unites with the valves, where they unite with 
 each other. It is contrary or transverse, when it meets a valve in the 
 middle, or in any part not at its suture,or juncture with another. 
 
 Parted. Deeply divided, almost to the base. 
 
 Pedate, 21. 
 
 Pedicel. A partial peduncle, or other partial stem. 
 
 Peduncle, 19. Peltate, 22. 
 
 Pendulous. When the whole of the part droops or hangs dowu. 
 
 Perennial. Continuing more than two years. 
 
 Perfect Flower, 17. Perfoliate, 22. 
 
 Perforate. Having holes as if pricked through, or lucid dots. 
 
 Perianth, 14. Pericarp, 14. 
 
 Periciieth. Involucre-like leaves surrounding the base of the pe- 
 duncle of a moss. 
 
 Peristome. The fringe, teeth, or membrane, around the mouth of the 
 capsules of mosses, under the lid. 
 
 Permanent or persistent. Any part of a plant is permanent, which 
 remains longer compared with other parts of the same plant, than is 
 usual for similar parts in most plants. Asthe calyx of the quince re-* 
 mains on the end of the fruit, till it ripens. 
 
 Personate, 15. 
 
 Petal. The coloured leaf orleaves of the corol. The petal of a mono- 
 petal ous corol is divided into the tube and limb. Each petal of a 
 polypetalous corol is divided into the claiv and lamina. 
 
 Petal-form. Resembling a petal in shape. 
 
 Petiole, 20. Phanerogamous, Ph(Enogamous, 13. 
 
 Pileus. The hat of a fungus. 
 
 Pilose. Hairy. 
 
 Pinnate, 22. Pinnatifid, 21. Pistillate flower, 17. Pistil, 14. 
 
 PiTCHER-FORM. See urceolate. 
 
 Pith, 19. 
 
 Pits, (cyphellas.) That kind of receptacle of lichens, which consists 
 of open, cup-like, naked, white or yellow little spots, on the under 
 side of the frond ; which is generally downy. They are at first 
 immersed, globose, minute dots, which at length burst with an ir- 
 regular margin, and discharge a powder. 
 
 Plaited. Folded somewhat like a fan, when nearly full spread. 
 
 Plant. Any substance growing from seed. As trees, ^rass, puflF-ball, 
 mould. 
 
 Plicate. Plaited. 
 
 Plumose. Feather-like. 
 
 Plumose es^rf^ Feather-like down. When a hair of egret has other 
 hairs arranged on opposite sides of it. 
 
 Per. That kind of pericarp which is composed of two \'alves with 1,h« 
 
RAD 89 
 
 seeds attached to one or hoth sutures, or a longitudinal partition at 
 the edges immediately adjoining the sutures. The pod is either a 
 legume or silique. 
 
 Pollen, 16. 
 
 PoLYADELPHiA. (Poliis, many ; aclelphos, brother.) Many brother- 
 hoods. The name of the abolished eighteenth classs as first estab- 
 lished by Linneus. Tliis class includes all plants with perfect 
 flowers, whose stamens are united by their filaments in three or 
 more sets or brotherhoods. 
 
 Polyadelphous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class polyadel- 
 phia. 
 
 PoLYGAMiA. The name of the twenty-third class as established by 
 Linneus. It comprises all plants, which have some perfect flowers, 
 and others which are staminate and pistillate, or both kinds. This 
 class is divided into three orders. 1. Moiicecia, having perfect flow- 
 ers and either staminate or pistillate ones or both on the same plants. 
 2. Dicecia, having perfect flowers on some plants, and either stami- 
 nate or pistillate flowers on others of the same species. 3. Triceciaj 
 having perfect flowers on some plants, staminate on others, and pis- 
 tillate on others of the same species. This class like the 18th, is 
 abolished by Persoon and others, and the plants under it distributed 
 among the other classes. 
 
 Polygamous. Varying into, or inclining to, the c}ass polygamia. 
 
 PoLYPETALous, 15. Pqlyphyllous, 14. PoME, 16. Prickle, 23. 
 
 Prismatic. Linear with several flatish sides. A cylinder with flat 
 sides. 
 
 Process. A projecting part. 
 
 Procumbent. Lying on the ground. 
 
 Proliferous. Putting forth branches or flowers from the centre of 
 the top of a preceding one. 
 
 Proper, 17. 
 
 Pubescent. Hairy, having hairs, wool, down, glandular hairs, &:c. 
 
 Puffs, (pilidia.) That kind of receptacle of lichens, which consists of 
 little round bordered knobs, whose disk finally turns to powder. It 
 is at first covered with a membrane and often clothed with a fine grey 
 hoariness. These receptacles are elongated' below into a stalk iixed 
 to the crust, but totally difterent from it. 
 
 Punctate. Dotted or sprinkled with coloured, generally diaphanous 
 specks. See perforated. ' 
 
 Putamen. Nut-shell. See nucleus. 
 
 Qualities of plants. Richard says that plants of the same taste and 
 odour, are generally possessed of similar qualities. Also that the 
 smell and taste are always the same. He divides the odours of 
 the plants into, 1. Fragrant. 2. Aromatic. 3. Ambrosiac (resembling- 
 amber.) 4. Alliaceous (resembling garlic.) 5. Fetid (as asafcetida^ 
 &.C.) 6. JVauseous (causing the stomach to heave.) As the fragrant' 
 the aromatic and ambrosiac, are always free from all hurtful quali- 
 ties, and as the fetid and nauseous are generally poisonous, it seems 
 that mankind have in some measure an instinctive principle by 
 which food is to be selected. 
 
 Raceme, 18. Rachis, 17. 
 
 Radiate. The spreading florets around the margin of a compound 
 flower. As the Sunflower. 
 
 Radical, 22. 
 
 H2 
 
90 SHI 
 
 Radicle. The little fibrous branches proceeding from the main root. 
 
 Ray. The outer margin or circumference of a compound flower. 
 
 Receptaclk, 14. 
 
 Recurved. Curved downwards. 
 
 Reflexed. Bent back, nearly or quite to touch the stem or peduncle. 
 
 Refrigerants. Substances which directly reduce the heat of the body. 
 
 Regular. See equal. 
 
 Reniform. See kidney-form. 
 
 Resupinate. Upside down. 
 
 Reticulate. Netted. Having veins crossing each other like net-work. 
 
 Retuse, 21. 
 
 Rib. a nerve-like support to a leaf. 
 
 Rigid. Stiff, inflexible, or not pliable. 
 
 Ring. The band around the capsules of ferns which is elastic. 
 
 RiNGENT, 15. 
 
 Root, 19. Rosaceous, 15. 
 Rotate. See wheel-form, 15. 
 
 Rough. Covered w ith dots, w hich are harsh to the touch. 
 Rugose. Wrinkled or humped. Veins more contracted than the disk; 
 so that the intermediate pyrenchyma rises up between them. 
 
 RuNCINATE, 21. 
 
 Sabre-form. See acinaciform. 
 Sagitate. See arrows-form. 20. 
 Salver-form, 15. 
 
 Samara. A winged pericarp not opening by valves; as the Maple. 
 Saucer-form. Shaped like a common tea-saucer. 
 Scabrous. Rough. 
 
 Scaly. Covered more or less Avith scaly appendages, as Fern roots ; 
 or consisting of substances, in some measure resembling coarse fish- 
 scales; as the scales of Lily roots. 
 Scape, 19. 
 
 ScARious. Dry and membranous, generally transparent. 
 Scattered. Standing without any regular order. 
 Scrobiculate. Deep round pits on the receptacle gives it this name. 
 Secernant stimulants. Substances which encrease perspiration, or 
 promote the secretion of other substances w^hich it is desirable to 
 have evacuated from the system. 
 Segment. The parts into which a calyx, corol, leaf, kc. is divided or 
 
 cut. 
 Sericeus. See silky, 21. 
 Serrate, 21. 
 
 Serrulate. When a serrate leaf has the teeth serrate again. 
 Sessile. Sitting down. When a leaf, flower, seed-down, pileus of a 
 fungus, receptacle of a lichen, k.c. are destitute of a petiole, peduncle, 
 stipe, sic. 
 Setaceous. Bristle-form, 
 Setose. Bristly. 
 Sharp. Tapering to a point. 
 
 Sheath. The lengthening of a leaf dov/n the stem, which it encloses. 
 Sheathing, 22. 
 
 Shields, scutella:. That kind of receptacle of lichens which is open, 
 orbicular, saucer-like. The under side and border are of the sub- 
 stance and colour of the frond. The disk is of a different colour and 
 substance from the border aiid froiidjContainhig the seeds in extreme- 
 
S U T 91 
 
 \y minute vertical cells. The shields are thick and tumid when they 
 are sessile, and membranous when stalked or elevated. Very rarely 
 they are perforated in the centre. Smith. 
 SiLicLE. A little silique, whose length and breadth are nearly equal. 
 
 SlLIQ,UE, 16. 
 
 SiLiQUE-FORM. Shaped like a silique, without its essential character. 
 
 SiLKV, 21. Simple, 17. Sinuate, 21. 
 
 Sinuate-serrate. Having serratures hollowed out. 
 
 Solitary. Standing alone, or very distant from others of the same 
 kind. 
 
 Somewhat. Used as a diminutive ; implying in some degree, not fully. 
 President Smith translates sub by somewhat, when combined with an 
 adjective ; as subtrifidus, somewhat three-cleft. 
 
 Spadix, 17. 
 
 Spangles, patellulcE. Open and orbicular, like shields, but sessile, and 
 not formed of any part of the crust, from which they differ in colour, 
 being most usually black. The seeds are lodged beneath the mem- 
 brane that covers their disk, as in the former ; and the disk is sur- 
 rounded by apro;jer bord*^r. Their seeds are observed to be naked in 
 the cellular substance of the disk, not enclosed in cases. Disk some- 
 times concave or flat, oftener convex, and even globose, without any 
 apparent border when in an advanced state. 
 
 Spathe, 14. 
 
 Spatulate. Roundish, and diminishing into a long, narrow, linear 
 base. 
 
 Spherules. Small globular masses. 
 
 Spike, 18. 
 
 Spikelet. One of the subdivisions of a spike. 
 
 Spindle-form, 19. 
 
 Spinose. Thorny. 
 
 Spiral. Twisted like a screw. 
 
 Spur. An elongated process from the base, or from near the base of 
 the calyx or corol or nectary, somewhat resembling a horn or cock's 
 spur. 
 
 Squarrose. Ragged. When the points of scales, &c. bend, outwards 
 so as to make a ragged appearance. It is also used for scurfy, or 
 when covered with a bran-like scurf. 
 
 Stamen, 14. Staminate, 17. 
 
 Stellate. Spreading out in a radiate manner. Leaves are stellate 
 w hen three or more surround the stem in a whorl. 
 
 Stem. The main base or supporter of the fructification and herbage. 
 
 Stigma, 16. Sting, 23. Stipe, 20. Stipule, 22. 
 
 Stomachics. Substances which directly excite and strengthen the ac- 
 tion of the stomach. 
 
 Stfiate, streaked. Marked or grooved with slender lines. 
 
 Strigose. Armed with small, close, rigid bristles, which are thickest 
 below. 
 
 Strobile, 16. Style, 16. 
 
 Sub. Used in combination as a diminutive for somewhat. 
 
 Subulate. See awl-form, 20. 
 
 Sulcate, sukafiis. Furrowed; marked with deep lines. 
 
 Superior. A calyx or corol is superior when it proceeds from the 
 upper part of the germ. 
 
 Suture. A seam-like appearance at the meeting of two parts ; as the 
 valves of pea-pods. 
 
n V E N 
 
 Sword-form. See ensiform. 
 
 Tegument, 17. Tendril, 23. 
 
 Terete. Round, columnar, and tapering from the base to the other 
 end. 
 
 Terminal. Proceeding from, or occupying the end of a stem, branch, 
 style, &ic. 
 
 Ternate, 22. Tfiorn, or spine^ 23, 
 
 Throat. See faux. 
 
 Thyrse, 18. Tidge, 19, 
 
 Tomentose. Covered with fine downy or cottony substance, matted 
 together. 
 
 Tonics. Substances which give strength to the system. They are 
 stimulants which are permanent in their operation. 
 
 Toothed, 21. 
 
 ToRDLosE. With sw^elling ridges or humps, like the musk-melon or 
 horse-radish pod. 
 
 Translucent. Transmitting light faintly. 
 
 Transverse. Ci'osswise. 
 
 Triangular. Having three angles or corners. It is applied to a leaf 
 with three points or corners. 
 
 Tripinnate, 22. 
 
 Tripinnatifid. a pinnatifid leaf, with the divisions pinnatifid, and 
 those latter divisions pinnatifid again. 
 
 Triternate, 22. 
 
 Truncate. The end appearing as if cut off. 
 
 Tube. The lower hollow cylinder of a monopetalous corol. 
 
 Tubercles. That kind of receptacles of lichens, which is spherical or 
 slightly conic, nearly closed, crustaceous, black ; more or less im- 
 mersed in the surface of the crustaceous frond, which it elevates ; or 
 sometimes it is exposed, being merely sessile. Each contains a ball 
 or mass of connected seeds, destitute of cells, enveloped in a common 
 membrane. The whole mass of seeds is at length discharged togethe? 
 by an orifice at the top of the tubercle. We often find these tubercles 
 after the seeds are discharged. 
 
 Tuberous, 19. 
 
 TuBULous, tubulose. That corol of a compound flower which forms 
 a whole tube, not a ligulate floret. It is also applied to a perianth, if 
 the whole or the lower part is a hollow cylindei". 
 
 Turbinate. Top-form. 
 
 Turgid. Thickened, swollen, but not inflated. 
 
 Twining. Ascending spirally. 
 
 Valve. The several pieces of a pericarp which separate naturally on 
 ripening, are called valves ; also the leaves or chatfs of a glume. 
 Each piece is called a valve. This name is sometimes applied to the 
 scales which close the tube in some corols. 
 
 Variety. The changes produced among plants of the same species by 
 accidental causes ; as by soil, situation, culture, climate, kc. These 
 changes respect magnitude, fulness of flowers, cris]nngo{\edi\es, colour ^ 
 taste and smell. If the same kind of plant can possibly be produced 
 from the seed of other kinds, these are but varieties of the same spe- 
 cies. All apples are but varieties of the same species. 
 
 Vaulted. Arched over like the roof of the mouth. 
 
 Veined, 22. 
 
 Ventricose. Swelling out as if blown up with wind. 
 
Z I G 9S 
 
 Vertical. Standing or hanging up and down at right angles with the 
 horizon ; or parallel to the stem. 
 
 Vesicular. Containing or consisting of a cellular substance. 
 
 ViLLosE. Having a superficial covering of long, soft, whitish hairs. 
 
 Viscid. Covered superficially with a sticky juice. 
 
 Umbel, 18. 
 
 Umbelliferous. Bearing umbels ; as carrot, dill, fennel. 
 
 Umeilicate. Having a kind of central roundish hollow or protube- 
 rance, as on the end of an apple, or of apompion. 
 
 Unarmed. Having no thorns nor prickles. 
 
 Undulate. Wavy. 
 
 Unequal. The parts not corresponding in size, form and duration. 
 
 VOLVA, 15. 
 
 Urceolate. Swelling out like a pitcher, and not contracting much at 
 
 top. 
 Urn-form. Swelling in the middle, and contracting at the top ; as the 
 
 calyx of the rose. 
 Utricles. The little bag-like reservoirs for sap. 
 Utriculus. a little bladder. 
 Wkdge-form. Obovate with straitish sides. 
 Wheel-form, 15. 
 Whorled. Surrounding the stem in numbers at intervals ; as the 
 
 leaves of bedstraw, and the flowers of motherwort. 
 Wings. The two side petals in a papilionaceous corol. 
 Withering. Having a shrivelled and decaying appearance, thougk 
 
 not actually in a state of decay ; as the flowers of elm. 
 Wood, 19. 
 Zigzag. See flexuose. 
 
( 94 ) 
 
 EXPLANATIONS OF THE CHARACTERS ANN:EXED TO f HE 
 GENERIC DESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 The first numher following the generic description, is the number of ' 
 the natural order of Linneus to which the genus belongs ; the second 
 numher is that of Jussieu. By referring to the natural orders, the qua- 
 lities of plants may be so far ascertained as they depend on botanical 
 affinities, especially those of Jussieu. 
 
 FOR THE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 To be included in Parenthesis. 
 Localities. 
 
 H. Common in high or considerably elevated districts. As in the 
 Gatskill mountain rane-e, including its various spurrs ; the Green moun- 
 tain range, and other elevated parts of New-England, k,c. 
 
 L. Litus. Common in maritime districts, at and near the sea-shore. 
 As at Boston, New-Haven, New-York, kc. 
 
 Y. Yale college. Plants which grow in the vicinity of New-Haven. 
 
 C. Columbia college. Plants which grow about New-York. 
 
 W. Williams college. Plants which grow in the vicinity of that col- 
 lege. 
 
 N. Northampton. Plants which grow along Connecticut river from 
 Northampton to Deerfield. 
 
 T. Troy Lyceum. Plants growing in the vicinity of Albany and Troy. 
 
 V. Vermont Academy of Medicine. Plants growing between the 
 Green mountains and Hudson river, in the adjoining counties of Rut- 
 land, Vt. and of Washington and Essex, N. Y. near the centre of which. 
 is the medical school. 
 
 P. Pennsylvania. 
 
 D. Delaware. Plants growing betv/een the Delaware river and 
 New-York. 
 
 O. Omnibus locis. Plants more or less common to all the above 
 places. 
 
 E. Exotics. 
 
 Colours of Corols. 
 
 r. red — p. purple — y. yellow — w. white — b. blue — g. green. 
 
 Time of Flowering. 
 
 Ap. April — M. May — J. June — Ju. July — Au. August — S, Septem- 
 ber — Oc. October. 
 
 Duration, &lc. 
 
 % annual — $ biennial — U, perennial — ^ woody. 
 
 It is not to be understood by students, that plants referred to any of 
 the above places may not be found in places very distant from them. 
 But it will be useful in collecting plants, to know Avhat species have 
 been found in localities resembling those where plants are sought, in. 
 elevation, latitude, &c. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS. 95 
 
 The first number on the left of the generic name, is the number of 
 the artificial class to which it belongs ; the second, of the artificial or- 
 der Tile first on the right, of the natural order of Linneus ; the second, 
 of Jussieu. 
 
 Abbreviations for Authors. 
 
 JYot to be included in Parenthesis. 
 
 A. Alton — B. Barton — Bl. Bridel — Bw. Bigelow — Br. RobertBrown — 
 C. Curtis— D. Desfontaines— Dc. De Candolle— E. Elliott— Eh. Ehr- 
 hart — G. Gronovius — H. Hedwig — Hn. Hoffman — Hr. L'Heritier — J. 
 Jussieu — Jn Jacquin — L. Linneus* — Lb. Lambert — Lk. Lamarck — 
 M. Muhlenberg — Mx. Michaux — Mn. Moenchausen — Mr. Murray — N 
 Nuttall— P. Persoon— Ph. Pursh— Pt. Poiret— Pb. Palisot de Beauvois 
 — R. Rafinesque — Rs. Roemer and Shultes — Rd. Richard — S. Smith— 
 Sy. Salisbury — Sr. Schreber — SI. Sprengel — Sw. Swartz — Sh. Schkuhr- 
 •Sp. Sibthorp— T. Tournefort— Tr. Turton— V. Ventenat— W. Wilde- 
 now — Wr. Walter — Wm. Wangenheim. 
 
 * But the L. is generally omitted-, therefore those without any name or abbreviation 
 are to be understood as Linnean names, excepting that fungi without abbreviations are 
 to be understood as of Persoon ; algae, of Agardhj lichenes, ©f Aetiarius; mu8(4,'%s 
 adopted by Bridel; hepaticse, as byLamarcko 
 
( 97 ) 
 
 ^Ts^am mw '^mmmMA% 
 
 FOR 
 
 THE NORTHERN AND MIDDLE STATES 
 OF AMERICA. 
 
 CLASS I. MONANDRIA. 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 Salicornia. Calyx inflated, entire, 3 or 4-sided : corol o : seed 1, 
 «nclosed in the calyx. 12. 29 — (samphire.) 
 
 HiPPURis. Calyx superior, obsolete, with a 2-lobed margin : corol 
 
 o : seed 1 : stigma simple : style in a groove of the anther. 15. 88 
 
 (marestail.) 
 
 * Scirpus, C}7)erus. 
 
 Order II, Digyma. 
 Callitrtche. Calyx inferior, 2-leaved : capsule membranaceous 
 ■and margined : seeds 4, naked, compressed ; (flowers sometimes mo- 
 noecious, and by some the calyx is called the corol.) 12. 88 — (water- 
 starwort.) 
 
 Blitum. Calyx 3-cleft, or 3-parted, berry-like : corol o : seed 1. 
 12. 29— (blite.) 
 
 CiNNA. Calyx 1-flowered glume, 2-valved : corol a 2-valved glume : 
 linear, short-stiped, naked at the base ; one valve including th« other, 
 and having a small awn near the summit : seed 1. 4. 10, 
 *Uniola; Saccharum. 
 
 I 
 
98 CLASS II. ORDER i. 
 
 CLASS II. DIANDRIA. 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 A. Corol inferior, l-petalled, regular: border, except i7i Jawiiaum, 4' 
 parted. 
 
 Jasminum. Corol salver-form, 5 to 8-cleft : berry 2-seeded, each 
 seed solitary, aril led. 44.37 — (jasmine.) Exotic. 
 
 LiGUSTRUM. Calyx 4-toothed : corol with ovate divisions : berry 1- 
 celled, 2 to 4-seeded. 44. 37 — (prim.) 
 
 Chionajjthus. Corol 4-parted, with very long divisions : nucleus of 
 the drupe striate-fibrous. 44. 37 — (fringe tree.) 
 
 Syri>-ga. Corol salver-form : capsule 2-celled. 44. 37 — (lilac.) — 
 Exotic. 
 
 B. Corol inferior, \-peialled, irregular ; fruit capsular. 
 
 Utricularia. Calyx 2-leaved or 2-parted, equal : corol ringent; 
 ivith a subcordate palate, the upper lip > earing the stamens, spurred : 
 capsule 1-celled, globular. 24. 40— (bladder-AVort.) 
 
 Catalpa. Corol 5-cleft, somewhat bell-form : calyx 2-leaved : cap- 
 sule 2-celled. 40. 45— (catalpa tree.) 
 
 JusTiciA. Calyx simple or double, 5-parted : corol ringent, or near- 
 ly equal : capsule 2-celled, bursting with an elastic claw : partitions 
 transverse. 40. 36 — (malabar nut.) Exotic. 
 
 Gratiola. Calyx 5-leaved, sometimes with a 2-leaved calycle : 
 corol 2-lipped, reversed, tubular, sometimes 4 or 5-cleft : stamens 4, (2 
 of them barren:) stigma 2-lipped : capsule 2-celled. 40. 40 — (hedge- 
 Lyssop.) 
 
 LiNDERNiA. Calyx 5-parted, equal : corol tubular, ringent, the upper 
 lip very short, the lower one 3-cleft, 2-keeled at the base : anthers co- 
 hering by pairs : stigma bilamellate : capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, the 
 partition parallel to the valves. 40. 40. 
 
 Hemiakthcs. Calyx tubular, border 4-tootbed, cleft on the under 
 side : corol with the upper lip obsolete, lower one 3-parted, with the 
 middle segment linear,or strap-like and truncate, long, closely incurved : 
 stamens w ith 2-cleft filaments, bearing the anthers on the lateral branch- 
 es : capsules 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded : seeds ovate, shining. 
 40. 40. 
 
 Veronica. Calyx 4-parted: corol 4-cleft, lower division smaller: 
 capsule obcordate, few-seeded, 2-celled. 4C». 35 — (speedwell.) 
 
CLASS II. ORDER II. 99 
 
 Leptandra* Calyx 5-parted : corol tubular, 4-cleft, with one di- 
 vision smaller: capsule ovate, 2-celled. 40. 35— (Culver's physic.) 
 
 C. Corol Inferior, \-peta\hd irregular: seeds naked. 
 
 Lvcopus. CaJyx tubular, o-cleft or 5-toothed : corol tubular, 4-cleri, 
 nearly equal, 1 division broader and emar^inate : stamens distant : seeds 
 4, retnse. 42. S9 — (water hore-liourid.) 
 
 Mo.vAiiDA. Calyx cylindiic, striated, 5-toothed : corol ringent, tubu- 
 lar, upper lip lance-linear, involving the filaments. 42. 39 — (Oswego 
 tea, mountaia-miiit.) 
 
 Rosmarinus. Corol ringent, upper lip 2-parted : filaments long, cur- 
 ved, simple, with a tooth. 42. 39 — (rosemary.) 
 
 Salvia. Calyx tubular, striated, 2-lipped, under lir> '-'-too^^hed : cr>rol 
 j'ingent : filaments transversely or laterally affixed to a pedicel. 42. 39 
 —(sage.) 
 
 Collinsoxia. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped: corol funnel-form, unequal, 
 underlip many-cleft, capillary : one perfect seed. 42. 39 — (horse-balm.) 
 
 D. Corol superior. 
 
 CiRCAEA. Calyx 2-leaved or 2-parted : corol 2-petalled : capsule 
 hispid, 2-celled, not gaping ; cells 1-seeded. 48. 88 — (enchanters 
 nightshade.) 
 
 ^ Cunlla, Schoenus, Scirpus, Verbena. 
 
 Order II. Digy>'ia. 
 
 Anthoxanthum. Calyx, glume 2-valved, 1-flovvered : corol glume 
 2-valved, acuminate, awned nearer the base. 4. 10 — (sweet vernal 
 grass.) 
 
 Crypta. Calyx 2-leaved, inferior: corol 2 or 3-petalled, closed: 
 styles none ; stigmas 2 or 3, very minute: capsule 2 or 3-celled, 2or3- 
 valved J cells 4 or 5-seeded ; seeds subcylindric, striate, incurved. 13- 
 86 — (mud purslane.) The corol appears like a capsule with an aperture 
 at the top, when examined without a lens. 
 * Holcus, Festuca, Saccharum. 
 
 * Taken from the genus veronica hy Rafinesque, and called the callistachia. Hut 
 Mr R. says thai an tafciern plai.i is called by the same name} 1 have therefore adopted 
 Jkuttall's name. 
 
lOQ CLASS III. ORDER I. 
 
 CLASS in. TRIANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 A. Carol or perianth superior. 
 
 Valebiaha. Calyx 0, or with an extremely small margin ; corol I- 
 petalled, 5-cleft, base gibbous: seed 1: stamens 1, 2, 3 and 4, exsert, 
 48. 56 — (valerian.) Exotic. 
 
 Fedia. Calyx3 to6-toothed : corol tubular, 5-cleft or 5-parted : nut 
 2 or 3-celled : seed naked, or crowned with a tooth. 48, 56 — (lamb let- 
 tuce.) 
 
 Crocus. Spathe radical : carol funnel-form, with a long slendep 
 tube: stigma deep-gashed, crested. 6. 18 — (saffron.) Exotic. 
 
 IxiA. Spathe 2 or3-valved, ovate, short : corol 6-parted or 6-petall- 
 ed; sometimes tubular : stamens strait or incurved : stigmas subfiliform. 
 6. 18. Exotic. 
 
 Iris. Calyx spathe 2 or 3-valved: corol 6-parted, divisions alter- 
 nately reflected: stigmas 3, petal-like. 6. 18 — (flower-de-luce, iris or 
 flag.) 
 
 DiLATRis. Perianth petal-like, hirsute outside, permanent : the third 
 filament less than the rest : stigma simple : capsule globose, 3-celled. 
 6. 18. 
 
 B. Corol inferior. 
 
 CoMMELiNA. Calyx, spathe cordate ; perianth 3-leaved : corol 3- 
 petalled : nectaries 3, cross-form, inserted on peculiar filaments : cap- 
 sule sub-globose, 3-celled. 6. 13 — (day-flower.) 
 
 Leptanthus. Calyx, spathe 1-flowered : corol long-tubular ; border 
 6-parted, with the stamens on the divisions, anthers uniform, filaments 
 equal : capsule 3-celled, many seeded, gaping at the angles. 6. 17. 
 
 Heteranthera. Calyx, spathe 2 or 3-flowered: corol membranace- 
 ous with a long slender tube, border 4 to 6-parted : 2 anthers attached ta 
 the divisions 01 the corol, and a third (much larger) attached to the top 
 of the style: stigma sub-capitate, one-sided: capsules 3-celled, many- 
 seeded, dehiscent at the angles. 6. 17 — (slime plantain.) 
 
 Xyris. Calyx 2 or 3-valved, in a head: corol 3-petalled, equal, cre- 
 nate : capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. 6. 13 — (yellow-eyed-grass.) 
 
 C. Flowers grassy : valves of the calyx glume-like. 
 KvLLiNGiA. Spike (or araent) roundish-oblong, imbricate, sessile, or 
 umbel-like: calyx of 2 unequalleaves, or vftlves; 1-flowered corgi 2^ 
 
CLASS III. ORDER I. 101 
 
 valved or 2-leaved, greater than the calyx : sted 3-sided, (stamens and 
 stigmas vary from 1 to ■<.) 3. 9 — (false bog-rush.) 
 
 ScHOENus. Spikelets sub-convolute, acute; scales heaped in fasci- 
 cles, outer ones dry, shining, empty : corol 0: seed 1. roundish, naked; 
 style caducous. 3. 9 — (bog-rush.) 
 
 Rhyncospora. Scales of the calyx fascicled into a spike, lower ones 
 empty: corol 0: styles permanent at the base : bristles surrounding the 
 base of the seed. 3. 9. 
 
 CvPERUs. Corol : calyx scales imbricated 2-ways : seed single, 
 beardless : spikelets compressed. 3. 9. 
 
 Mariscus. Flowers distinct, subimbricate in a feAv-fiowered spike : 
 calyx 2-valved, 3 to 8-flowered : corols 1-valved, the lower corol em- 
 bracing the upper : style 3-cleft. 3. 9. 
 
 DuLicHirM. Spikes sub-racemed, proceeding from the axils of the 
 leaves ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, sub-compressed : scales somew"hat 
 2-ranked, closely embracing : styles very long, 2-cleft : germ Avith 
 small bristles rough backwards. 3. 9 — (galingale.) 
 
 SciRPUs. Glume chaffy, scales imbricated every way : styles filiform, 
 caducous : corol : seed single, naked, or surrounded with hairs or 
 bristles. 3. 9 — (club-rush.) 
 
 Eriophorum. Glume chaffy, imbricated every way : corol : seed 
 beset round with very long dense woolly hairs. 3. 9. — (cotton-^rass.) 
 
 Trichophorum. Calyx, scales imbricated every way : seed beset 
 with capillaiy bristles, which at length project out, and present a woolly 
 or hairy appearance as the seed ripens ; always 6 in number : spikelets 
 ovatish. 3. 9. — (clump-head.) 
 
 Fuirena. Scales of the calyx mucronate, everywhere imbricate in 
 a spike : corol o : seed beset round with broad chaff-like scales, some* 
 times awned. 3. 9. 
 
 LiMNETis. Calyx 2-valved, compressed, cie of them keeled and lon^- 
 ger than the other : corol 2-valved : floweis in unilaterc 1 spikes, some- 
 what imbricated in 2 rows. 3. 9 — (salt-grass.) 
 
 Cenchrus. Involucre divided, echinate, 3 or 4-flowered : 2;l!:mes2- 
 valved, 2-flowered, one flower barren: corol 2-valved, awnlc'ss : style 
 2-cleft. 4. 10 — (hedge-hog-grass.) 
 
 " Juncus. Galium; Oiyzopsis, Queria. 
 
 I 9. 
 
102 CLASS III. ORDER 11, 
 
 Order II. Digynia. 
 
 The proper Grasses. 
 
 A. Glume l-Jlowered. 
 
 OryzopsiS. Calyx 2-valved, lax, obovate : eorol coriaceous, cyllii 
 dric-ovate, surrounded with hairs at the base ; valves 2, outer one awn 
 ed at the tip : seed with 2 linear appendages, or one 2-parted : styles 
 often united in one, with 2 diverging or reflexed stigmas. 4. 10 — 
 (mountain rice.) 
 
 Panicum. Calyx 3-valved, the third valve dorsal and very minute, 
 with a second neutral floret : corcle 2-valved, sub-membranous and 
 permanent : inflorescence a panicle. 4. 10 — (cockfoot-grass, panic- 
 grass.) 
 
 Pennisetum.* Calyx 2-valved, sometimes with a second staminate 
 or neutral floret : inflorescence a spike, with a many-bristled involucre. 
 4. 10 — (bristled panic.) 
 
 DiGiTARiA. Calyx 2 or 3-valved, concave ; the outer one very small 
 or none ; the inmost one of the length of the corol : corol 2-valved, 
 oblong-ovate, awnless : style very long ; spikes digitate, linear : flowers 
 in pairs. 4. 10 — (finger-grass.) 
 
 CYNODON.t Calyx 2-valved, lanceolate, spreading : corol 2-valved, 
 longer than the calyx ; the outer valve larger, and somewhat oval ; 
 nectary truncate : spikes digitate : flowers solitary. 4. 10 — (dwarf 
 finger-grass.) 
 
 Paspalum. Calyx 2-valved, valves roundish, of the form of the co- 
 rol: flowers unilateral. 4. 10 — (paspalon.) 
 
 ARiSTiPA. Calyx 2-valved : corol 1-valved, with 3 awns at the tip. 
 4. 10 — (beard-grass.) 
 
 Stipa. Calyx 2-vaIved : corol 2-valved, shorter than the calyx ; 
 valves involute truncate ; awn terminal, very long, caducou?, twisted 
 at the base. 4. 10 — (feather-grass.) 
 
 Alopecurus. Calyx 2-valved ; corol 1-valved, simple at the tip ; 
 sometimes awned at the base. 4. 10 — (foxtail-grass.) 
 
 Phalaris. Calyx 2-valved, valves keeled, nerved, equal in length, 
 including the 2-valved pilose corol. 4. 10 — (ribbon-grass, canaiy- 
 grass.) 
 
 Crvpsis.|: Calyx 2-valved, oblong, 1-flowered : corol 2-valved, 
 longer than the calyx : stamens sometimes but 2 : (the spike is sur- 
 
 * raoicum, 2d Ed. t DigUaria, 2a Ed, J Agrostis, 2(1 Ed. 
 
GLASS III. ORDER II. 103 
 
 isounded at the base by the sheath of the leaf, or the flowers are in a 
 leafy head.) 4. 10— (false timothy.) 
 
 HoRDEUM. Calyx lateral, 2-valved, 1 or 2-flowered : florets in threes, 
 the middle one sessile, lateral ones often barren : corol 2-valved, acute, 
 outer valve awned. 4. 10 — (barley.) 
 
 Milium. Calyx 2-valved, l-flowered, ventricose : corol 2-valved, 
 very short : stigmas villose. 4. 10 — (millet.) 
 
 Agrostis. Calyx 2-valved, l-flowered, valves acute a little 1- ss 
 than the corol : corol 2-valved : stigmas longitudinally hispid or plu- 
 mose, florets spreading. 4. 10 — (redtop.) 
 
 Saccharum. Calyx involucred with long wool at the base, 2-valv- 
 ed : corol 1 or 2-valved : stamens 1 to 3. 4. 10 — (sugarcane.) Exotic. 
 
 Andropogon. Calyx glume 2-valved : corol 3-valved : flow^ers in 
 pairs, one sessile, perfect ; the other peduncled, staminate, awnless — 
 rarely neutral. 4. 10 — (beard-grass.) 
 
 MuHLESBERGiA. Calyx 1 or 2-valved, very minute : corol 2-valved, 
 base hairy, outer valve awned at the tip : seed 1, oblong acuminate : 
 flowers panicled. 4. 10 — (dropseed-grass.) 
 
 Leersia. Calyx : corol 2-valved, closed : valves compressed, 
 boat-form, awnless : stamens 1 to 6. 4. 10 — (cut-grass.) 
 
 Trichodium. Calyx 2-valved, valves nearly equal, acute : fceel vrith 
 small spines : corol 1-valved, awnless, shorter than calyx : stigmas 
 nearly sessile, sub-hispid, panicled. 4. 10 — (thin-grass.) 
 
 Phleum. Calyx hard, 2-valved, sessile, linear, truncate, bicuspidate : 
 corol enclosed. 4. 10 — (timothy-grass.) 
 
 B. Glumes 2 or ^-flowered, panicled. 
 
 AiRA. Calyx glossy, 2-valved, 2-flowered : corol 2-valved, awnless, 
 or awned at the base. 4. 10 — (hair-grass.) 
 
 Uralepsis. Calyx scariose, 2-valved, 2 or 3-flowered : corol 2- 
 valved, stiped ; outer valve with hairy nerves, much longer than the 
 calyx, and tricuspidate, with the middle cusp longest, and terminated 
 with an awn ; inner valve short and arched : seed arilled : florets al- 
 ternate and distinct, both flowers and culm purple. 4. 10 — (purple 
 hair-grass.) 
 
 HoLcus, Calyx glume 2-valved, opake, nerved : corol smaller than 
 the calyx, 2-valved j the outer one awned under the tip ; nectary li- 
 near, 2-parted : stigma sub-sessile. 4. 10— (sweet seneca, or soft-grass.) 
 
 Hierochloa. Calyx valves membranaceous, almost of the length 
 of the florets ; in staminate ones which are lateral, corol 2-valved; 
 
104 CLASS III. ORDER II. 
 
 lower one mucronate, upper one bifid-toothed ; the intermediate per- 
 fect ones often have but 2 stamens : nectaries sub-orbiculate : germ 
 beaked. 4. 10. 
 
 Anthofogon. Calyx with 2 rigid, subulate, unequal valves, 2-flow- 
 ered ; one flower barren, consisting of a minute pedicelled valve ter- 
 minating in an awn ; the fertile flower 2-valved, outer valve with a 
 long strait awn : panicle composed of setaceous spikes. 4. 10. 
 
 C. Glumes 2-Jloivered or more, close-spiked. 
 
 Elymus. General calyx involucre-like, generally 4-leaved, with, 
 ^pikelets in pairs ; partial calyx lateral, 2-valved, many-flowered. 4. 
 10— (lime-grass, wild rye.) 
 
 Melica. Calyx 2-valved, unequal, coloured, obtuse : corol smaller, 
 2-valved, ventricose ; it has the rudiment of a third flower. 4. 10 — 
 (melic-grass.) 
 
 Eleusine, Calyx awnless, keeled, 5 to 9-nerved, many-flowered : 
 inflorescence an unilateral digitate spike : corol 2-valved, awnless. 4. 
 10. — (dogtail-grass.) 
 
 Secale. Calyx 2-valved, 2 or many-flowered, oppasite, solitary : 
 glumes linear-lanceolate, smooth, or channelled on both sides. 4. 10 
 — (rye.) Exotic. 
 
 Triticum. Calyx 2-valved, about 3-flowered, alternate ; florets ob- 
 tusish and pointed : glumes beardless, or interruptedly bearded : spike- 
 lets shortish. 4. 10 — (wheat.) 
 
 LoLiuM. Calyx 1-leafed, permanent, many-flowered : florets in a 
 2-rowed simple spike. 4. 10 — (darnel-grass.) 
 
 Atheropogon. Calyx 1-valved, 2-flowered, and an inner bristle- 
 form valve : corol 2-valved, Avith the outer valve 3, and the inner 
 Talve 2-toothed or awned : generally a neutral 1-valved corol. 4, 10 
 — (hairy beard.) 
 
 D. Glumes many-flowered, in panicles. 
 
 Uniola. Spikelets flat, 2-edged, ovate : calyx 3 to 5-glumed : corol 
 2-valved, awnless, inner one smallest : stamens 1 to 3 : appendages 2, 
 somewhat 2-borned. 4. 10 — (sea rush-grass.) 
 
 Briza. Calyx 2-valved, many-flowered : spikelets of the panicle 2- 
 ranked : valvelets inflated, heart-form, obtuse ; inner one minute. 4. 
 10 — (quake-grass.) 
 
 Sorghum. Florets in pairs, one perfect, with a 3-valved corol, and 
 sessile; the other stamijiate or neutral; and pedicelled. 4, 10 — (broom- 
 corn.) Exotic. 
 
CLASS III. ORDER III. 105 
 
 Dactylis. Calyx 2-valved, keeled, compressed, somewhat awned, 
 one valve smaller : corol 2-valved, awnless, compressed, carinate : 
 style long : panicles strait : spikelets imbricate, with lateral florets. 
 4. 10 — (orchard-grass.) 
 
 PoA. Calyx 2-valved, many-flowered : corol ovate : valve 2-colour- 
 ed, acutish, scarious at their margins : spikelets of the panicle ovate, 
 awnless. 4. 10 — (meadow-grass, blue-grass.) 
 
 WiNDsoRiA. Calyx 2-valved, keeled, 1-nerved, scariose, acute or 
 cuspidate : corols 2-valved ; outer valves having nerves with mucro- 
 nate points, teeth between the points, and ciliate below ; inner valves 
 mostly naked, emarginate : flowers closely imbricated 2-\vays in a 
 thick spike. 4. 10. 
 
 Danthonia. Calyx 2-valved, longer than the included spikelet : 
 eorol 2-valved, outer one split at the tip, wnth a tw isted awn on the 
 back. 4. 10 — (wild oats.) 
 
 Festuca. Calyx 2-valved, many-flowered ; spikelets compressed- 
 teretish, or diverging when mature, awnless, or furnished Avith a ter- 
 minal awn : seed growing to the corol. 4. 10 — (fescue-grass.) 
 
 Bromus. Calyx 2-valved ; spikelets terete-2-ranked : corol, outer 
 valves awned below the tip ; inner valve pectinate-ciliate. 4. 10 — 
 (chess, broom-grass.) 
 
 AvENA. Calyx 2-valved, 2, 3, or many-flowered : corol, valves with 
 a twisted awn on the back : glumes membranaceous, and soraew hat 
 follicle-like. 4. 10— (oats.) 
 
 Arukdo. Calyx 2-valved, 1 or many-flowered, glabrous : florets 
 heaped togetlier : corol surrounded with wool. 4. 10 — (reed.) 
 
 * Stellaria. 
 
 Order III. Trigynia. 
 
 Lechea. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 3, linear : stigmas 3, plumose : 
 capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, with 3 inner valvelets : seed 1. 22. 82 — 
 (pinweed.) 
 
 MoLLUGO. Calyx 5-leaved, inferior, coloured inside : corol o : cap- 
 sule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 22. 82— (carpet-weed.) 
 
 Queria. Calyx 5-leaved or 5-parted, segments oblong, inferior ; 
 capsule 1-celled : seed 1 : stigmas sub-capitate : corol : the capsule 
 is bladder-like, and the seed somewhat reniform. 22. 82 — (fork chick- 
 weed.) 
 
 Proserpinaca. Calyx 8-parted superior: corol 0: nut 3-sidedj 3^ 
 celled, crowned by the calyx. 15. 22 — (mermaid weed.) 
 
 * Zanthoxylon, Stellaria, Eriocaulon. 
 
106 CLASS IV. ORDER I. 
 
 CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA. 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 A. Floicers 1-petalled, inferior ; calyx 4-cleft. 
 
 Spermacoce. Calyx 4-toothecl : corol funnel-form, 4-cleft : seeds 
 2, 2-toothecl. 48. 57. 
 
 Plantago. Corol 4-cleft reflexed : capsule 2-celled, opening trans- 
 versely : stamens exsert veiy long. 54. 31 — (plantain, ribwort.) 
 
 LyciuiM. Corol tubular, having the throat closed by the beards of the 
 filaments : stamens often 5 : berry 2-celled, many-seeded. 28. 41 — 
 (matrimony.) 
 
 Frasera. Corol 4-parted, spreading ; segments with bearded glands 
 in the middle : capsule compressed, sub-margined, 2-valved : seeds 
 few, imbricated. 41. 46 — (pyramid flower.) 
 
 Bartonia. Corol 4-cleft or 4-parted, bell-form, permanent : stigma 
 thick, glaudulous, sub-bifid: capsule 1-cell-ed, 2-valved, many-seeded. 
 20. 46— (screw-stem.) 
 
 HousTONiA. Calyx half superior: corol salver-form: capsule 2- 
 celled, 2-seeded. 47. 57 — (Venus' pride.) 
 
 B. Flowers l-petalled, superior. 
 
 MiTCHELLA. Calyx 4-toothed: corols 2 on each germ, tubular: 
 berry double, 4-seeded : stigmas 4. 48. 57 — (partridge berry, checker 
 berry.) 
 
 Cephalanthus. Inflorescence in a head : general calyx none : 
 proper calyx superior : corol funnel-form : receptacle globular, hairy : 
 capsules 2 to 4-partible : seed solitary, oblong. 48. 56 — (button-bush.) 
 
 LiNSiEA. Calyx double ; that of the fruit 2-leaved, inferior; that of 
 the flower 5-parted : corol bell-form, 5-lobed : stamens somewhat di- 
 dynamous : berry 3-celled, dry. 48. 58 —(twin flower.) 
 
 Hediotis.* Calyx 4-toothed: corol funnel-form : capsule 2-celled, 
 many seeded ; receptacle adnate to the partition. 13. 84. 
 
 RuBiA. Calyx 4-toothed : corol 4 or 5-cleft, bell-form : berries 2, 
 one-seeded, (stamens 4-5 ; leaves stellate.) 47. 57 — (madder.) Exotic. 
 
 ScABiosA. Common calyx many-leaved ; proper one double, superi- 
 or: receptacle chafty or naked. (Flowers aggregate.) 47. 56 — (scabi- 
 ous.) Exotic. 
 
 * Oldenlandia, 2d Ed. 
 
Class iv. order iv. 107 
 
 Galium. Calyx 4-toothed : corolflat: fruit dr>-: seeds 2. roundish ; 
 (leaves stellate.) 47. 57 — (bedstraw.) 
 
 DipsAcus. Common calyx many-leaved; proper calyx 1-leaved su- 
 perior : receptacle chaffy: seed 1, crowned: inflorescence an ovate 
 head. 48. 56 — (teasel.) 
 
 C. Flowers 4-petalled, inferior. 
 
 A.MMANNiA. Calyx tubular, plaited, 8-toothed : petals 4, or none, on 
 the calyx : capsule 4-celled — (sometimes 2-celled andS-stamened.) 17. 
 yi— (tooth-cup.) 
 
 D. Flowers 4-petalled, superior. 
 
 CoRNUS. Calyx 4-toothed: drupe with a 2-celled nut. Some spe- 
 cies have a 4-leaved involucre. 45. 58. — (dogwood, false box.) 
 
 LuDwiGiA. Calyx 4-parted, the divisions long, permanent : capsule 
 4-cornered, 4-celled, perforated at the top, many-seeded — (petals some- 
 limes wanting.). 17. 88 — (seed box.) 
 
 I E. Flowers not complete. 
 
 IcTODES.f General calyx a spathe : perianth o : spadix simple, co- 
 vered with flowers : corol 4-petalled or deeply 4-parted, permanent, be- 
 coming thick and spons:}' : berries globose, 2-seeded, inclosed in the 
 spongy spadix receptacle. 2. 7 — (skunk-cabbage.) 
 
 IsNARDiA. Calyx bell-form, 4-parted, superior: corol o: capsule 4- 
 celled, 4-cornered, many-seeded, surrounded by the calyx. 17. 88 — (wa- 
 ter purslane.) 
 
 ^ Convallaria, Cardamine, Prinos. 
 
 Order II. Digv^ia. 
 Sanguisorba. Calyx inferior, 2-leaved, bract-like : corol superior, 
 4-parted : capsule between the calyx and corol. Flowers in spikes or 
 oblong heads. 54. 92 — (burnet saxifrage.) 
 
 Hamamelis. Involucre 3-leaved : perianth 4-leaved, 4-cleft : petals 
 4, very long, linear : nut 2-celled, 2-horned. 54. 78 — (witch hazel.) 
 Flowers in autumn, and perfects its seed the following spring. 
 * Cuscuta, Swertia, Oldenlandia, Gentiana. 
 
 Order IY. Tetragynia. 
 Ilex. Ct^yx minute, 5-toothed ; corol 4-parted, wheel-form ; style 
 o ; berry 4-celled, cells 1-seeded. 43. 95 — (holly.) 
 
 Rupia. Calyx o : corol : seeds 4; pedicelled. 15. 13. 
 
 ^Potbos,2dEa. 
 
108 CLASS V. ORDER I. 
 
 Sagina. Calyx 4-leaved ; petals 4, often caducous ; capsules 4-ccl- 
 led,4-valved, many-seeded. 22. 82— (pearl-wort.) 
 
 TiLLAEA. Calyx 3 or 4-parted : petals 3 or 4, equal : capsules 3 or 4, 
 two or many-seeded. 13. 83— (pigmy-weed.) 
 
 PoTAMOGETON. Calyx 4-leaved: petals o: style o : seeds 4. 1&. 13 
 —(pond-weed.) 
 
 CLASS V. PENTANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Mosogyma. 
 
 A. Flowers l-petalled, inferior ; having 4 naked seeds. 
 Rough-leaved plants. 
 
 Pulmonaria. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled : corol funnel-form, with 
 an open throat : stigma emarginate : seeds roundish, obtuse. 41. 42 — 
 (lung-wort.) 
 
 LiTHosPERMUM. Calyx 5-parted : corol funnel-form, with an open 
 throat : stigma 2-cleft : seeds ovate, pointed, stony : stamens and pis- 
 tils inclosed. 41. 42— (stone-seed or gromwell.) 
 
 Cymoglossum. Calyx 5-parted : corol funnel-form, vaulted, throat 
 closed by 5 converging convex processes : seeds depressed, affixed lat- 
 erally to the style. 41. 42 — (hound-tongue.) 
 
 Batschia. Calyx about 5-cleft : corol salver-form, with a strait tube 
 longer than the calyx ; having a bearded ring within at the base ; throat 
 naked, or partly closed, with rounded divisions: seeds hard and shining. 
 41. 42 — (false bu gloss.) 
 
 Anchusa. ' Calyx 5-parted : corol funnel-form, vaulted, throat clos- 
 ed : seeds marked at the base, and their surface generally veined. 41. 
 42 — (bugloss.) Exotic. 
 
 Myosotis. Calyx half 5-cleft : corol salver-form, cui-ved, 5-cleft, 
 vaulted, the lobes slightly emarginate ; throat closed with 5 convex 
 converging scales : seeds smooth or echinate. 41. 42 — (scorpion-grass.) 
 Heliotropium. Calyx tubular^ 5-toothed: corol salver-form, 5- 
 cleft, with teeth or folds betw^een the divisions; throat open. (Spikes 
 recurved, involute.) 41. 42 — (turnsol.) 
 
 Onosmodium. Calyx deeply 5-parted : corol oblong, somewhat bell- 
 form, with the acute divisions converging, the upper part of the corol 
 being ventricose and half S-cleft, throat open : anthers sessile enclosed ? 
 styles exsert. (spikes revolute.) 41. 42 — (false grow w^ell.) 
 
CLASS ^. ORDER I. 109 
 
 BoRAGO. Corol wheel-form, the throat closed with rays. 41. 4£— 
 (borage.) Exotic. 
 
 SvMPHiTCM. Limb, or upper part of the corol, tubular-swelling, the 
 throat closed with subulate rays. 4L 42— (comfrey.) 
 
 EcHiuM. Calyx 5-parted : corol bell-form, obliquely and unequally 
 5-lobed, tube short, throat naked: stigma cleft. 41. 42— (viper's bug- 
 loss.) 
 
 B. Flowers l-petalled, inferior : seeds covered .- calyx generally 5-par- 
 ted or 6-toothed. 
 (Capsules l-c(il:d.) 
 
 Hydrophyllum. Corol bell-form, S-cleft, with 5 longitudinal honey 
 bearing groves inside : capsule globose, 2-v8lved : stamens f^xsert, fila- 
 ments bearded in the middle : stigma 2-cleft. 41. 42— (water leaf, buiT- 
 flower.) 
 
 Sabbatia.* Calyx 5 to 12-parted : corol wheel-form, 5 to 12-parted: 
 stigmas 2, spiral or coiled: anthers becoming revolute : capsule 2- 
 valved, many-seeded. 47. 46 — (centaury.) • 
 
 Anagallis. Corol wheel-form, deeply 5-parted: capsule opening 
 transversely: stamens hairy. 20. 34 — (scarlet pimpernel.) 
 
 Lysimachia. Corol Avheel-form : capsule globular, 5 or 10-vaIved, 
 mucronate : stigma obtuse. (In some species the filaments are united 
 at the base.) 20. 34— (loose-strife.) 
 
 Dodecatheon. Corol wheel-form, reflexed : capsule oblong : sta- 
 mens on the inside of the tube : stigma obtuse. 20. 34 — (false-cowslip.) 
 
 Menyanthes. Corol hairy, funnel-form : capsule ovate : stigma 2- 
 cleft. 47. 4<5 — (buck bean.) 
 
 Villarsia. Capsule 1-celled, valveless: corol wheel-form ; divisions 
 bearded at the base, margin indexed. 47. 46 — (spur-stem, bean water- 
 shield.) 
 
 Primula. Umbellets involucred : tube of corol cylindric, throat open, 
 divisions of corol emarginate : capsule 1-celled vrith a lO-cleft mouih : 
 stigma globular. 21. 34 — (primrose cowslip.) 
 
 HoTTONiA. Corol salver-form : stamens on the tube of the corol ■ 
 stigma globular : capsule 1-celled, globose, acuminate. 21. 34.— (teath- 
 er-leaf.) 
 
 (Capsules 2-celled.) 
 
 SpioELiA. Corol funnel-form, border equally 5-cleft : anthers coH' 
 * Chii-onia, 2d Ed. 
 
no CLASS V. ORDER I. 
 
 verging : twin capsule 4-valved, 2-ceiled : stigma simple : seeds many. 
 47. 40 — (pink-root.) 
 
 Convolvulus. Corol funnel-form, plaited: stigma 2-cleft or doub- 
 le : cells of the capsule 2 or 3 ; each 2-seeded. 29. 43 — (bind-weed.) 
 
 Datura. Calyx tubular, angled, caducous: corol funnel-form, plai- 
 ted } capsule 4-valved, 2-celled, and each cell half divided ; generally 
 thorny. 28. 41— (thorn-apple.) 
 
 NicoTiANA. Calyx urceolate : corol funnel-form, limb plaited : stig- 
 ma notche<-? : stamens inclined : capsules 2-ctlled, 2 to 4-valved. 28- 
 41 — (tobacco.) I.xotic. 
 
 VzRBAscuM. Corol wheel-form, 5-1 obed, somewhat irregular: sta- 
 mens declined, hairy : capsules 2-celled, 2-valved ; valves inflexed, 
 when ripened : many-seeded. 28. 41 — (mullein.) 
 
 Atkopa. Ccrol bell-form : stamens distant : berry globular, 2-cel- 
 led, sitting on the calyx. 28.41 — (deadly nightshade.) Exotic. 
 
 Phacelia. Corol somewhat bell-form, 3-cleft, with 5 longitudinal 
 honey-bearing grooves inside : styles filiform, stigmas 2 : stamens ex- 
 sert : capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded. 28. 41. 
 
 HvoscYAMUS. Calyx tubular : corol funnel-form, obtuse, irregular: 
 stamens inclined : capsule 2-celled, covered with a lid. 28. 41 — (hen- 
 bane.) Exotic. 
 
 (Capsules S-celled.) 
 
 DiAPENsiA. Calyx imbricated with leafets ; corol salver-form ; limb 
 flat, .5-cleft: stamens crowning the tube of the corol : stigmas 3 : cap- 
 sule 3-valved, many-seeded. 21. 43 — (mountain box.) 
 
 Phlox. Calyx prismatic : corol salver-form, with a tube somewhat 
 curved: filaments unequal in length: stigmas 3-cleft: cells 1-seedcd. 
 20. 44— (lichnedia.) 
 
 PoLEMONiuai. Calyx half 5-cleft : corol wheel-form, 5-parted : sta- 
 mens on 5 valves, closiiig the bottom of the tube : stigma 3-cleft. 29. 
 44 — (Greek valerian, false Jacob's ladder.) 
 
 Ipomj:a. Corol funnel or bell-form, with 5 folds : stigma globe- 
 headed, papillose : capsule ^2 or 3-celled, many-seeded. 29. 43 — (cy- 
 press vine, morning glory.) 
 
 (Capsules 5-ceUed.) 
 Azalea. Corol tubular, half 5-cleft, somewhat oblique ; stamens on 
 the receptacle, declined ; stigma declined, obtsue, usually ending with 
 5 short papillce. IS. 50 — (wild honey.suckle.) 
 
CLASS V. ORDER I. Ill 
 
 ViNCA. Corol salver-form, twisted, border 5-cleft, with oblique di- 
 visions ; throat 5-angled : seed naked, oblong : follicles 2, erect, terete, 
 narrow. 30. 47 — (periwinkle.) 
 
 (Berry 2-ceUed, juicy or dry.) 
 
 SoLANUM. Calyx permanent: corol bell or wheel-form, 5-lobed, 
 plaited : anthers thickened, partly united, with two pores at the top : 
 berry containing many seeds. -S. 41 — (potatoe, nightshade, bitter- 
 sweet.) 
 
 Physalis. Corol bell or wheel-form ; tube with 5 concave impres- 
 5ions: anthers converging: berries contained in an inflated calyx: 
 seeds numerous. 28. 41 — (winter cheiry.) 
 
 Capsicum. Corol wheel-form : berry juiceless, inflated : anthers 
 converging : calyx angular. 28.41 — (red pepper.) Exotic. 
 
 C. Flowers l-petalkd superior : calyx 5-cleft. 
 (Stems woody.) 
 
 LbNiCERA. Corol tubular, 5-cleft, unequal: berry 2 or 3-celled: 
 seeds many. 48. 58 — (trumpet honeysuckle.) 
 
 XvLosTEUM. Corol tubular, border 5-parted, nearly equal : berries 
 in pairs, united at their bases, or combined in one ; 2-celled. 48. 58 — 
 (fly honeysuckle, twin-berry.) 
 
 Symphoria. Calyx small, 4-toothed, bracted at the base : corol tu- 
 bular, short, 5-cleft, sub-equal : stigma globose ; berry ovate, small, 
 crowned with the permanent caly.\,4-celled,4-seeded ; (sometimes two 
 of the cells are abortive.) 48. 68. 
 
 DiERViLLA. Calyx oblong, with 2 bracts : corol twice as long as the 
 calyx, funnel-fonn : border 5-cleft, spreading : capsule oblong, 4-cell- 
 ed, many-seeded. 48. 58 — (bush honeysuckle.) 
 (Stems not woody.) 
 
 Campanula. Corol bell-form^ closed at the bottom by valves bear- 
 ing the stamens : stigma 3 to 5-cleft : capsules 3 to 5-celled, opening by 
 lateral pores. 29. 62 — (bell-flower.) 
 
 Lobelia. Corol irregular, often irregularly slitted : anthers coher- 
 ing, and somewhat curved: stigma 2-lobed: capsule 2 or 3-celled. 
 29. 52 — (cardinal flower, wild tobacco.) 
 
 MiRABiLis. Corol funnel-form, coarctate (compressed or narrowed) 
 below ; calyx inferior : germ between the calyx and corol ; stigma 
 globular. &4, 32 — (four o'clock.) Exotic. 
 
112 CLASS V. ORDER I. 
 
 TiixcsTEUM. Calyx permanent, of the length of the eorol : corol 
 tubular, 6-iobed : stigma capitate, sub-5-lobed : berry 3-celledj 3-seeded. 
 48. 53 — (faverwort, hor^e ginseng.) 
 
 Sam>lus. Calyx half superior, permanent: corol salver-forin, 5- 
 lobcd, v.'jth 5 iiitermediate scales fencing up the stamens between them : 
 capsule 1-celled, 5-toothed, many-seeded. 21. 34 — (brookweed.) 
 
 D. Flowers 5-petalled, inferior. 
 (Stems woody.) 
 
 Rhamnus. Calyx cup-form, 4 or 5-cleft : corol consists of scales 
 fencing in the stamens, and inserted on the calyx, (sometimes wanting:) 
 stigma either simple, 2 or 4-eleft ; berry 3 or 4-seeded, (sometimes po- 
 lygamous or dio5cions.) 43. 95 — (buckthorn, dwarf alder.) 
 
 Ceanothus. Petals scale-1'ke, vaulted ; claws long, standing in the 
 cup-form calyx ; stigmas 3 ; berry or capsule dry, 3-grained. 43. 95 — 
 (r^ew- Jersey tea.) 
 
 Celastrus. Calj'^x flat : corol spreading : capsule 3-angled, 3-cell- 
 ed, berrjMike : stamens standing around a glandular 5-toothed disk : 
 style thick . stigma 3-cleft : seeds calyptred. 43. 95 — (staff tree, false 
 bittersweet.) 
 
 EuoNYMDS. Calyx 5-parted, flat : corol flat, inserted on the outer 
 margin of a glandular disk : capsule 6-angled, 5-celled, 5-valved, co- 
 loured : seeds calyptred. 43. 95 — (spindle tree.) 
 
 ViTis. Calyx 5-toothed : petals cohering at the tip, hood-like, with- 
 ering : style o . stigma capitate : berry 5-seeded, globular, (often dics- 
 ciou?.) 46 72 — (grape vine.) 
 
 Ampelopsis. Calyx 5-toothed : petals reflexed, spreading : germs 
 surrounded with a glandular disk : berry 2-celled, 2 to 4-seeded. 46. 
 72 — (false grape, creeper.) 
 
 ,Itea. Calyx 5-cleft, bearing the 4 long linear reflexed petals : stig- 
 ma capitate, 2-lobed : capsule 2-valved, many-seeded; the valves 
 bearing the seeds, and having inflexed margins. 18. 50. 
 
 (Stt7ns not woody.) 
 
 Gomphrena. Calyx 5-leaved, coloured ; exterior one 3-leaved ; 
 two leafets converging, keeled • petals 6, villose, (or rather no corol ;) 
 nectary cylindric, 5-toothed : capsule opening transversely, 1-seeded ; 
 style semi-bifid. 55. 30 — (bachelor's buttons.) Exotic. 
 
 Imfatiess. Calyx 2-leaved : corol irregular, spurred ; anthers co- 
 
CLASS V. ORDER II, 113 
 
 hering: capsule elastic, 5-valved. 24. 73— (jewel weed, touch-me- 
 not, or balsam weed.) 
 
 Viola. Calyx 5-leaved : corol irregular, with a horn behind (some- 
 times the horn ,is Avanting:) anthers attached by a membranous tip: 
 capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. 29. 80— (violet.) 
 
 Claytonia. Calyx 2-leaved or2-parted, the leaves valve-like : stig- 
 ma 3-cleft : capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-seeded. 13, 86 — (spring 
 beauty.) 
 
 Drosera. Calyx 5-cl eft, permanent: petals marcescent : style 1, 
 deeply divided ; stigmas 3 to 5 : capsule round, 1-celIed, many-seeded 
 valves equalling the number of stigmas. 20. 6S — (sundew.) The leaves 
 of all the species are beset with glandulai' hairs resembling dew. 
 
 E. Flowers o-petalleJ, superior. 
 
 RiBEs. Corol and stamens inserted on the calyx : style 2-cleft : 
 berry many seeded. 36. 85 — (currant, gooseberry.) 
 
 Hedeua. Petals oblong : beriy 5-seeded, surrounded by the calyx ; 
 style simple. 46. 58 — (European ivy.) Exotic. 
 
 F. Carols wanting, 
 
 Glacx. Calyx inferior, 5-lobed, coloured : capsule 1-celled, 5-valv- 
 ed, 5-seeded, smTOunded by the calyx : receptacle rounded and punc 
 tured. 17. 91 — (sea milkwort.) 
 
 Thesium. Calyx superior, half 5-cleft, with petal-like edging at- 
 tached to icS margin : anthers adhering to the edging by means of fila- 
 mentous tufts : nut or capsule 1-seeded, covered with the permanent 
 calyx. 31. 24— (false toad-flax.) 
 * Queria, Lycium, Rubia. 
 
 Order II. Digynia. 
 A. Follicles 2 : corol \-petalled, icith a ^-parted border. 
 Neritm. Calyx 5-parted, small, permanent : corol funnel-form ; 
 throat with a lacerated crown : follicles converging, long, acuminate. 
 3l'. 47 — (oleander.) Exotic. 
 
 Periploca. Nectary pitcher-form, 5-cleft, putting out 5 threads, 
 surrounding the stamens . corol wheel-form : stigma capitate, 5-cor» 
 nered. 30. 47 — (milk vine.) 
 
 Apocyntjm. Corol bell-form : stamens with converging anthers, ad- 
 hering to the stigma, alternating with 5 nectaries : stigma thick,alraost 
 sessile : follicles long-linear. 30. 47— (dogbane, Indian hemp ") 
 K2 
 
114 CLASS V. ORDER II. 
 
 B. Capsules 1 or 2-cdled, 2-valved : corol l-pelalled : calyx ^'chft,Of 
 5-parted. 
 
 SwERTiA. Calyx 4 or 5-parted : corol wheel-form, with nectarifer- 
 ous pores at the base of the divisions : germ tapering to a point, termi- 
 nating in 2 stigmas : capsule 1-celled. 47. 46 — (false gentian.) 
 
 Gentiana. Corol with a tubular base, bell-form, without pores : 
 capsule 1-celled, oblong ; columellas 2, longitudinal. 47. 46 — (gentian.) 
 
 CuscuTA. Corol 4 or 5-cleft ; capsules 2-cell8d, dividing transverse^ 
 ly at the base : seeds binate. 29. 43 — (dodder.) 
 
 C. Corol 6-peialled. 
 ' Heuchera._ Calyx inferior, 5-cleft ; corol on the calyx ; capsule 
 2-beaked, 2-celled. 13. 84— (alum root.) 
 
 Panax. Polygamous. Umbelled. Involucre many-leaved ; calyx 
 5-toothed, superior; berry heart-form, 2 or 3-seeded ; calyx, in the 
 staminate flowers, entire. 46. 59 — (ginseng.) 
 
 * D. Corol o. 
 
 (Stem herbaceous, except Alriplex halimus.) 
 
 Salsola. Calyx 5-parted, with a capsular base : capsule l-celled. 
 with a spiral seed. 12. 29 — (saltwort.) 
 
 Chenopodium. Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, inferior : seed 1, lens-like, 
 invested by the calyx. 12. 29 — (pigweed, oak of Jerusalem.) 
 
 Beta. Calyx 5-leaved : seed kidney-form within the fleshy substance 
 of the base of the calyx. 12. 29 — (beet.) Exotic. 
 
 Atriplex. Calyx 5-leaved, or 5-parted, inferior ', style 2-parted : 
 seed 1, depressed. Pistillate flowers are intermixed, in which the ca- 
 lyx is 2-leaved. 12. 29— (orach.) 
 
 (Stems icoody.) 
 
 Ulmus. Calyx bell -form, withering, border 4 or 5-cleft : seed 1, en- 
 closed in a flat membranaceous samara. (Stamens vary from 4 to 8.) 
 53. 99— (elm.) 
 
 Celtis. Polygamous. Calyx 5-parted : styles thickish, spreading '. 
 drupe 1-seeded : staminate flowers beneath the perfect ones, Avith 6- 
 parted calyxes, stamens 6. 53. 99 — (nettle-tree.) 
 
 E. Plants UMBELLIFEROUS. Flowcrs 5-petalled, superior, 2-seeded. 
 
 ( Seeds prickly or hispid.) 
 Sasicula. Seeds hispid with hooked prickles : calyx 5-parted : pe- 
 
CLASS V. ORDER 11. 115 
 
 {als entire, petals and stamens inflexed: umbels at first capitate, becom- 
 ing somewhat expanded. 45. 60 — (sanicle.) 
 
 Daocus. Seeds striate on their joining sides; outer sides conveX; 
 having hispid ribs : involucre pinnatifid. 45. 60 — (carrot.) 
 
 Uraspermum. Seeds sub-linear, solid, acute-angled, not striate ; 
 angles a little furrowed, hispid ; the joining sides furrowed, and at- 
 tached to a 2-cleft columella-like receptacle : style subulate, perma- 
 nent, rendering the seed caudate : involucre none. 45. 60 — (sweet 
 cicely.) 
 
 Eryngium. Fruit oval-oblong, with chaff-like scales, often hispid : 
 calyx 5-parted, permanent : petals oblong, inflexed at the apex and 
 adnate at the base : flowers sessile, capitate, intermixed with chaflF : 
 involucre many-leaved. 45. 60 — (sea holly.) 
 
 (Seeds winged, or wilh wide lateral ribs of a icing-like appearance.) 
 
 Selinum. Seeds 5-ribbed, the 2 lateral ones a little prominent or 
 sub-alated ; germ roundish, emarginate base, glabrous : general and 
 partial involucres many-leared. 45. 60 — (milk parsley.) 
 
 Imperatoria. Seeds 3-ribbed, and having winged margins ; germ 
 
 roundish-oval, emarginate base : general involucre none. 45. 60 
 
 (masterwort.) 
 
 Heracleum. Seeds with winged margins and three grooves on 
 their outer sides, with the intervals dotted half way down ; joining 
 sides flat, with 2 dots ; germ oval, emarginate at the apex .- petals 
 emarginate, inflexed : partial involucre 3 to 7-leaved. 45. 60 (cow- 
 parsley.) 
 
 Angelica. Seeds with 3 ribs on their backs and winged margins ; 
 intervals between the ribs grooved : germ oval, corticate : general in- 
 volucre none. 45. 60 — (angelica.) 
 
 Thaspium. Seeds convex, with 5 wing-like ridges ; wings nearly 
 equal with grooved intervals between them : germ somewhat oval : ge- 
 neral involucre none ; partial ones about 3-leaved, one-sided in most. 
 45. 60 — (false parsnip.) 
 
 Pastinaca. Seeds emarginate at the apex, somewhat winged, ribs 
 3 besides the wings, intervals striate, joining sides 2-striate -. germ 
 oval, compressed : perianth calyx entire •• petals entire, incurved, sub- 
 equal : involucres none. 45. 60 — (parsnip.) 
 
 Anethum. Seeds flat or convex, 5-ribbed : germ lenticular, com- 
 pressed • calyx and petals entire ; involucres none. 45. 60~(fennel 
 dill.) Exotic. ' 
 
116 CLASS V. ORDER II. 
 
 (Seeds with 3 nearly equal ribs.) 
 
 Hydrocotvle. Seeds 3-ribbed, flat, dorsal rib sometimes obsolete ; 
 joining sides flat, linear : germ sub-orbicular or reniforra, compressed 
 laterally ; styles short, stigmas capitate : perianth none : petals entire, 
 spreading : involucres various. 45. 60 — (pennywort.) 
 
 Crantzia. Seeds enequal in size, each with 3 raarginated dorsal ribs, 
 and 4 obtuse-angled grooves ; joining sides excavated : germ sub-glo- 
 bose ; styles minute ; stigmas obtuse : perianth none : petals entire, 
 roundish, obtuse : umbel simple : involucre about 5-leaved. 45, 60. 
 
 Erigenia. Seeds convex-gibbous, 3-striate, joining sides narrow, 
 flat : germ oval, somewhat compressed laterally ; styles permanent, su- 
 bulate, very long ; perianth none : petals obovate, entire, spreading ; 
 general involucre none. 45. 60. 
 
 Smyrnium. Seeds convex-gibbous, marked with 3 angular eleva- 
 tions : germ roundish and solid, somewhat compressed laterally : pe- 
 rianth obsolete : petals acuminate, incurved. 45. 60 — (alexanders.) 
 
 Carum. Seeds oblong-ovate, striate : petals carinate, emarginate, 
 inflexed : involucre about 1 -leaved. 45. 60 — (caraway.) Exotic. 
 
 Oenanthe. Seeds 3-ribbed (rarely 5-ribbed) j styles permanent: 
 germ oblong-ovate, corticate, solid, apex denticulate : perianth slender- 
 ly 5-toothed : petals of the disk florets of the umbal cordate-inflexed,. 
 sub-equal ; those of the ray florets large and deformed : general involu- 
 cre mostly wanting. 45. 60. — (water dropwort.) 
 
 (Seeds with 5 ribs or none.) 
 
 CoNiuM. Seeds 5-ribbed : ribs at first crenate with flat intervals be- 
 tween them : germ ovate, gibbous ; perianth entire : petals unequal, 
 cordate, inflexed : general involucre about 3 to 5-leaved ; partial ones 
 mostly 3-leaved, unilateral. 45. 60 — (poison hemlock.) 
 
 SiuM. Seeds ovate, gibbous-convex, 5-ribbed Avith 4 interAening 
 grooves : germ oblong-ovate, glabrous, compressed laterally : perianth 
 obsolete : petals cordate inflexed ; involucres many-leaved. 45. 60 — 
 (Avater parsnip.) 
 
 CicuTA. Seeds gibbous-convex : ribs 5, obtuse, converging, Avith 4 
 interA'^ening tuberculate grooves ; joining sides flat : germ sub-globose, 
 corticate; compressed laterally : calyx obsolete, 5-toothed : petals cor- 
 date-inflexed : partial iuA'olucres 6 or 6-leaved. 45. 60 — (water hem- 
 lock.) 
 
 ^MMi. Seeds S-ribbed ; ribs obtuse with convex intervals ; germ 
 
CLASS V. ORDER III. 117 
 
 small, round-oblong, glabrous, corticate : perianth entire : petals cor- 
 date-inflexed ; equal in the disk florets of the umbel, unequal in the ray -. 
 involucre pinnatifid. 46. 60 — (bishop's weed.) 
 
 Myrrhis. Seeds with acutish ribs : germ sub-linear, solid ; apex at- 
 tenuated or crowned with the style : general involucre wanting. 45. 60 
 — (mock sanicle, honewort.) 
 
 Chaerophyllum. Seeds without ribs, joining sides furi'owed : germ 
 linear-oblong, terete, glabrous : general involucre wanting. 45. 60 — 
 (chervil.) 
 
 LiGusTicuM. Seeds with 5 acute ribs and 4 grooves : germ oblong, 
 corticate : general and partial Involucres many-leaved. 45. 60 — (lov- 
 age.) 
 
 Apium. Seeds convex externally; ribs 5, small, a little prominent : 
 germ sub-globose : perianth entire : petals equal, roundish, inflexedat 
 the apex ; involucre 1 to 3 leaved or wanting. 45. 60 — (celeiy, parsley.) 
 Exotic. 
 
 CoRiANDRUM. Seeds sub-spherical : germ spherical : perianth 5- 
 toothed : petals cordate-inflexed, outer ones largest : involucre l-leav- 
 ed, or wanting. 45 60 — (coriander.) Exotic. 
 * Polygonum, Sclei'authus. 
 
 [Asclepias and Gonolobus, are usually placed here ; but they ai'e 
 carried to the 19th class on the authority of Dr. Smith.] 
 
 Order III. Trigynia. 
 
 A. Carols superior, 5-cleft. 
 
 Viburnum. Calyx 5-parted : coro! bell-form : berry or drupe 1-seed- 
 ed. 43. 58 — (snowball, sheep-berry, high cranberry.) 
 
 Sambucus. Calyx 5-parted : corol sub-urceolate : berry 3-seeded. 
 43. 58— (elder) 
 
 B. Carols inferior, b-pet ailed. 
 
 Staphylea. Calyx 5-parted : capsules inflated, connate ; nuts glo. 
 bular, having a cicatrice. 23. 95 — (bladder nut.) 
 
 Rhus. Calyx 5-parted: berry 1-seeded. 43. 94 — (sumach, poison 
 ivy.) 
 
 Sarothra. Calyx 5-parted : petals linear : capsule l-celled; 3-valv-j 
 cd, coloured. 20. 82— (pine-weed.) 
 * Euphorbia; Panax, Queria. 
 
118 GLASS VI. ORDER I, 
 
 Order IV. Tetragynia. 
 Parnassia. Calyx 5-parted : corol S-petalled: nectaries 5, witk 
 stamen-like divisions, globular tips : capsule 4-valved, S-celled : seed 
 membranaceous-margined. 14. 64 — (parnassus grass, false plantain.) 
 
 Order V. Pentagynia. 
 Aralia. Umbellets involucred ; perianth 5-toothed, superior : pe- 
 tals 5 : berry crowned, 5-celled : cells 1-seeded. 46. 59 — (spikenard, 
 wild sarsaparilla.) 
 
 LiNUM. Calyx 5-leaved or 5-parted : corol 5-petalled, inferior : cap- 
 sule 5 or lO-valved, 10-celled: seeds solitary: filaments thickening at 
 the base. 14. 73— (flax.) 
 
 Statice. Calyx 1-leaved, entire, plaited, scarious, inferior: corol 
 5-petalled : seed 1. 48. 33 — (marsh rosemaiy.) 
 * Spergula, Cerastium. 
 
 Order XIII. Polvgynia. 
 Zanthorrhiza. Calyx o : petals 5 : nectaries 5, pedicelled : cap- 
 sules 1-seeded, about 5 in number. 26. 61 — (yellow-root-) 
 
 CLASS VI. HEXANDRIA. 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 A. Flower with a perianth and corol, without a spathe. 
 
 Tradescantia. Calyx inferior, 3-leaved : corol 3-petalled : fila- 
 ments with jointed beards : capsules 3-celled. 6. 13 — (spider-wort.) 
 
 Bereeris. Calyx inferior, 6-leaved : petals 6, with 2 glands at the 
 claw of each : style o : berry 1-celled, 2 or 4-seeded : (stigma umbili- 
 cate : stamens spring up on being irritated.) 64. 78 — (barberry.) 
 
 Caulophvllum. Calyx inferior, 3 to 6.1eaved: petals 6, opposite to 
 the leaves of the calyx : nectaries 6, sub-reniform, fleshy, glutinous at 
 the margin, attached to the claws of the petals : drupe stiped, 1-seed- 
 ed : anthers 2-celled, dehiscent at the margin. 24. 61 — (pappoos root.) 
 
 Prinos. Calyx inferior, 6.cleft, small : corol wheel-form, 6-cleft : 
 berry 6-seeded : seeds nut-like. 43. 95 — (winter-berry.) 
 
 Cleome. Calyx 4.1eaved, inferior: petals 4, ascending to one side • 
 glands 3, one at each sinuate division of the calyx except the lowest : 
 stamens from 6 to 20, or more : capsule stiped, silique-like, often 1-cell- 
 ed, 2.valved. Telradynamous. 25. 64 — (false mustard.) 
 
 Flcerkea. Calyx 3-leaved, inferior : corol 3-petalled, shorter: style 
 2-cleft : capsule bladder-like, 2 or 3-grained. 15. 22 — (false mermaid.) 
 
CLASS VI. ORDER I. 119 
 
 B. Flowers uiih a fj)afhc or glume, without a jterianth. 
 
 Amaryllis. Corol superior, 6-petalled, unequal : filaments unequal 
 in proportion or directiouj declined, inserted in the throat of the tube. 
 D. 17 — (atamask lily.) 
 
 Hypoxxs. Glume-like spathe, 2-valved : corol superior, 6-parted, 
 permanent ; capsule elongated, narrow at the base, S-celled, many- 
 seeded ; seed roundish. 10. 17 — (star-grass) 
 
 Allium. Spathe many-flowered : corol inferior, 6-p?.rted, very 
 deeply divided j divisions ovate, spreading: capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, 
 many-seeded: (flowers in close umbels or heads.) 9. 16 — (leek, garlic, 
 onion, cives.) 
 
 Galaxtiius. Petals 3, concave, superior : nectaries (or inner petals) 
 3, small, emarginate : stigma simple 6. 17 — (snowdrop.) Exotic. 
 
 Narcissus. Corol bell-form, spreading, 6-parted or 6-petalled, equal, 
 superior: nectary bell-form, l-leafed, enclosing the stamens. 9. 17 — 
 (jonquil, dafibdij.; Exotic. 
 
 PoNTEDERiA. Carol inferior, €-cleft, 2-lipped, v/ith 3 longitudinal 
 perforations below : capsule fleshy, S-celled, many-seeded : 3 stamens 
 commonly inserted on the tip, and three on the tube of the corol. 6. 
 1 7 — (pickerel-weed.) 
 
 C. Flowers witlwut^s]^athc, perianth or glume. 
 
 Agave. Corol erect, superior, tubular, or funnel-form: filaments 
 erect, longer than the corol : capsule triangular, many-seeded. 10. 17 
 —(agave.) 
 
 Aletris. Corol superior, funnel-form, wrinkled, somewhat 6-cleft, 
 ■with the stamens inserted at the base of its divisions : style 3-sided, 3' 
 partible : capsule 3-celled, many-seeded, half inferior Avhen mature, 
 10. 16— (false aloe.) 
 
 Hemerocallis.. Corol 6-parted, tubular funnel-form : stamens de- 
 clined : stigma small, simple. 10. 16 — (day-lily) Exotic. 
 
 DkacjEna. Corol inferior, 6-petalled, cohering at the base : fila- 
 ments somewhat thickened in the middle, and attached to the base of 
 the petals : berr>^ with three 1 -seeded cells. 11. 12 — (dragoncss plant.) 
 
 CoNosTYLis. Corel more than half inferior, 6-cleft, peroianent, with 
 branching hairs : anthers erect : s-.yle conic, 3-parted : stigma simple :- 
 capsule opening at top, 3-celled, many-seeded. 10. 17. 
 
 EuYTHRONiUM. Corol liliac'3ou3, inferior, 6-petalied : petals reflex- 
 ed, having two tubercle-form nectaries at the base of the three inner al- 
 ternate petals. 11. 14— (dog-tooth violet, or adder-tongue.) 
 
120 CLASS VI. ORDER I. 
 
 Asparagus. Corol inferior, 6-parted, erect ; the three inner divi-^ 
 sions reflexed at the apex : style very short : stigmas 3 : berry 3-celled, 
 ^any-seeded. 11. 12— (asparagus.) Exotic. 
 
 PoLyANTHES. Corol funnel-form, incurved: filaments inserted in 
 the throat: stigma 3-cleft : germ within the bottom of the corol. 10. 
 17 — (tuberose.) Exotic. 
 
 Hyacinthus. Corol roundish or bell-form, equal, 6-cleft: three 
 nectariferous pores at the top of the germ : stamens inserted in the 
 middle of the corol: cells somewhat 2-seeded. 10. 16— (hyacinth.) 
 Exotic. 
 
 LiLiUM. Corol inferior, liliaceous, 6-petalled: petals with a longitu- 
 dinal line from the middle to the base : stamens shorter than the style : 
 stigma undivided : capsule with the valves connected by hairs crossing 
 as in a sieve. 10. 14 — (lily.) 
 
 TuLiPA. Corol 6-petalled, liliaceous: style none: stigma thick: 
 capsule oblong, 3-sided. 10. 14 — (tulip.) Exotic. 
 
 Fritillaria. Corol 6-petalled, bell-form, with a nectariferous ca- 
 vity above the claw of each : stamens of the length of the corol : seeds 
 flat. 10. 14 — (crown imperial.) Exotic. 
 
 CoNVALLARiA. Corol inferior, 6-cleft, bell-funnel-form : stamens in- 
 serted on, or attached to the inner side of the base or tube of the corol : 
 berry 8-celled, spotted before ripenl^. 11. 12 — (solomon seal.) 
 
 UvuLARiA. Corol inferior, 6-petalled, with a nectariferous hollow 
 at the base of each petal : filaments very short, growing to the anthers : 
 stigmas reflexed : capsule 3-cornered, 3-celled, 3-valved ; with trans- 
 verse partitions : seeds many, sub-globose, arilled at the hilum. 11. 
 14_(bellwort.) 
 
 Stheptopus. Corol inferior, 6-petalled, sub-campanulate : stigma 
 rery short : berry sub-globo?e, smooth, 3-celled : seeds few, not arilled 
 at the hilum. 11. 14— (rose bell wort.) 
 
 Orontium. Receptacle spadix-like, cylindric, covered wiih florets : 
 5pathe : corol 6-petalled, naked : style : capsule bladder-like, 1- 
 seeded. 2. 7 — (floating arum) 
 
 Narthecicm. Corol 6-petalled, inferior, spreading, permanent : 
 filaments thread-form, hairy : capsule prismatic, 3-celled : seed many, 
 appendaged at both ends. 10. 16 — (false asphodel.) 
 
 Ornithogalkm. Corel 6-petalled, inierior, erect, permanent, spread- 
 ing above the middle : filaments oilated, '^r s ibulate at the base : cap- 
 sule roundish, angled, 3-celled: seed roundish, naked. 10. 16 — (star 
 of Bethlehem.) Exotic. 
 
CLASS VI. ORDER IH. 121 
 
 AspHODELUs. Corol 6-parted, spreading : nectary covering the germ 
 ^vith 6 valves. 10. 16-^(king's spear, or asphodel.) Exotic. 
 
 AcoRus. Receptacle spadix-like, cylindric, covered with florets : 
 calyx 6-parted : corol o ; (or calyx none, corol 6-parted or6-petalled ;) 
 style none ; stigma a mere point : capsule 3-celled> 3-seeded. 2. 13-^ 
 ^svveet flag.) 
 
 D. Flowers without corol. 
 
 JuNcus. Glume 2-valved : perianth inferior, C-leaved^ permanent : 
 stigmas 3 : capsules 1 or 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 6. 13— • 
 (rush-grass, bulrush.) 
 
 * Trientalis, Polygonum, Laurus, Corydalis, Acer, Lythrum. 
 
 Order IL t)iGy»iA. 
 
 Oryza. Calyx, glume 2-valvedj l-flowered : corol 2-valvcd, adhep* 
 ing to the seed. 4. 10-=^(rice.) Exotic. 
 
 * Ulmus. 
 
 Order III. Trigynia. 
 
 GyrobIia. Calyx : corol deeply 6-=parted, revolute : anthers 
 slightly attached to the filaments : styles o : stigmas 3, long-linear, re- 
 volute-spreading, slightly united at the base : berry 3-celled, cells 5 or 
 6-seeded : seeds compressed, 3-sided. 11. 12 — (Indian cucumber.) 
 
 MelanthiuM. Polygamous Calyx o : corol wheel-form, 6-parted 
 or 6-petalledj each part with 2 glands at the base : stamens from the 
 lengthened claws of the petals ; capsule ovatish, somewhat 3-cleft at, 
 the apex, 3-celled ) seeds membrane-wingedj numerous. 10. 13— 
 (black-flower.) 
 
 Veratrum. Polygamotis oi* dioecious. Cah'x o : corol 6-parted or 
 6-petalled, spreading, without glands ; capsules 3, adnate, many-seed- 
 ed. (The staminate flowers have the rudiment of a pistil.) 10. 13— 
 (itchweed, or swamp hellebore;) 
 
 Helonias. Calyx o : corol 6-parted or 6-petalled : styles distinct y 
 capsules 3-ceiled, 3ihorned, few seeded. 10. 13 — (helonias.) 
 
 XerophyLlum. Corol Wheel-form : filaments contiguous to the 
 base : stigmas 3-, revolute, sub-connate at the base : capsule sub-glo- 
 bose, opening at the top into three fissures, 3*celled, each 2-seeded, 
 10. 13. 
 
 ToFiELDA. Calyx 3-cleft, inferior : petals 6 : capsules 3, joined at 
 Ihe base, many-seeded. 10. 13. 
 
122 CLASS VIII. ORDER I. 
 
 ScHEUCHZERiA. Calyx 6-parted, inferior : corol o : (or corol 6- 
 parted and calyx o) anthers linear : stigmas sessile, lateral : capsulee 
 3, inflated, 1 or 2.seeded. 5. 13— (less flowering rush.) 
 
 ZiGADENUs. Calyx 6-leaved, spreading, with 2 glands above the 
 narrow base of each leaf ; stamens inserted in contact with the germ : 
 capsules membranaceous, 3-celled, many-seeded. (Sometimes the ca- 
 lyx is taken for a corol)— (zigadene.) 
 
 Trillium. Calyx 3-leaved, inferior, spreading : corol 3-petalled : 
 etyles o, stigmas 3 : berry ?-celled, many-seeded. U. 12 — (false wake 
 robin.) 
 
 Triglochin. Calyx S-leaved, inferior ; corol 3-petalled, resembling 
 the calyx : (or a double calyx with 3 outer and 3 inner leaves) stamens 
 3 or 6 : styles o : stigmas 3 or 6, hairy : capsules 3 or 6, united above 
 and separate at their bases. 5. 13 — (arrow-grass.) 
 
 RuMEX. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 3, converging : stigmas many-cleft : 
 seed 1, naked, three-sided. 12. 28 — (dock, field sorrel.) 
 Order XIII. Polygynia. 
 
 Alisma. Calyx 3-leaved: petals 3 ; capsules numerous, l-seeded. 
 5. 13 — (water-plantain.) 
 
 CLASS VII. HEPTANDRIA. 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 Trientalis. Calyx T^-leaved : corol 7-parted, equal, flat; beny 
 Juiceless : 1-celled, many-seeded : number of stamens Variable. 20. 34 
 — (chick-wintergreen.) 
 
 ^sculus. Calyx inflated, 4 or 5-toothed : corol 4 orS-petalled, in- 
 serted on the calyx, unequal, pubescent : capsule 3-celled : seeds large, 
 chesnut-forra. 23. 66 — (horse-chesnut.) Southern states. 
 
 Order IV. Tetragynia. 
 
 Saururus. Calyx an ament with l^flowered scales : corol o : germ* 
 4: berries or capsules 4, 1-seeded .- stamens 6, 7> 8 or more. 2. 6 — 
 (lizard-tail ) 
 
 '^ PolygODHm orientale. 
 
 CLASS VIU. OCTANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 A. Flowers superior. 
 fjjjrcoccus. Calyx superior, 4-todthed: corol 4-p«frted, the divis- 
 
GLASS VIII. ORDER I. . 128 
 
 ions nearly linear, revolute : filaments converging, anthers tubular, 2- 
 parted : berry many-seeded. 18. 51 — (cranberry.) 
 
 Gaura. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular: corol 4-petalled, ascending towards 
 the upper side ; nut 4-cornered, 1-seeded. 17. 88 — (Virginian loose- 
 strife.) 
 
 Epilobium. Calyx 4.cleft, tubular : corol 4-petalled : capsule ob- 
 long and of great length : seeds feathered. 17. 88 — (willow-herb.) 
 
 Fuchsia. Calyx funneUform, coloured, superior, caducous: petals 
 (or nectaries) 4, sitting in the throat of the calyx, alternating with its 
 divisions : stigma 4-sided-capitate : berry oblong, 4.celled : seeds nu- 
 merous. 17. 88— (ear-drop.) Exotic. 
 
 Oenothera. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular, caducous, divisions deflected : 
 petals 4, inserted on the calyx : stigma 4-cleft : capsule 4-celled, 4- 
 valved; seeds not feathered. 17. 88 — (scabish, or tree-primrose.) 
 B. Flowers inferior. 
 
 Rhexia. Calyx pitcher-form, 4 or 5-cleft : petals 4, oblique, insert- 
 ed on the calyx : anthers declined : capsule 4-celled, within the calyx, 
 setose : seeds numerous, cochleate. 17. 90 — (deer-grass.) 
 
 Acer. Polygamous. Sometimes hexandrous. Calyx 5-cleft : co- 
 rol 4 or 5-petalled, or wanting : samaras 2, united at the base, 1-seeded. 
 23. 66 — (maple.) 
 
 Jefeersonia. Calyx 5-leaved, coloured, caducous : corol 8-petall- 
 ed : capsule obovate, sub-stiped, 1-celled, dehiscent below : seeds ma- 
 nv, oblong, arilled at the base. 27. 62 — (twin-leaf.) 
 
 Menziesia. Calyx monophyllous : corol monopetalous, ovate : fil- 
 aments inserted on the receptacle ; capsules 4-celled, the partitions froia 
 the inflexed margins of the valves: seeds many, oblong. 18. 50. 
 
 Erica. Calyx 4-leaved, permanent : corol 4-cleft% permanent : fila- 
 ments inserted on tlie receptacle : anthers biHd : capsules membrana- 
 eeous, 4 to S-celled, the partitions from the margins of the valves : seeds 
 many in each cell. 18. 51 — (heath.) Exotic. 
 
 DiRCA. Calyx o : corol tubular, limb obsolete, unequal ; stamens 
 longer than the tube of the corol : style filiform : berry or drupe 1- 
 seeded. (The corol may be taken for a coloured calyx.) 31.25 — 
 (leather-wood.) 
 
 Daph.ve. Calyx o : corol 4-cleft, withering, including the stamens ; 
 drupe 1-seeded. 31. 25 — (mezereon.) Exotic. 
 
 Tkopaeolum. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, coloured, spurred : petals 4 or 9*, 
 unequal : nuts leathery, sulcate. 23. 73 — (nasturtion.) Exotic, 
 
134 CLASS X. ORDER I. 
 
 Order II. Dyginia, 
 
 Chrysospu:nium. Calyx superior, 4 or 5-cleft, coloured : corol o :- 
 
 capsule 2-beaked, 1-celled, many-seeded. (The terminal flowers in the 
 
 European specimens are decandrous.) 13. 84 — (golden saxifrage, wa* 
 
 ter-carpet.) 
 
 Order III. Trigynia. 
 
 Polygonum. Calyx inferior, 5-parted, coloured : corol o; seed 1^ 
 angular, covered with the calyx. Stamens and pistils vary in number, 
 The calyx in some species might be taken for a corol. 12, 28 — (knot* 
 grass, water-pepper, buckwheat, hearts-ease.) 
 
 CLASS IX. ENNEANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Monogykia. 
 
 Lacrus. Calyx 4 to 6-parted : corol o : nectaries 3, each a 2-brist- 
 
 led or 2-lobed gland, surrounding the germ : drupe 1-seeded. (Stamens 
 
 vary from 3 to 14— often dioecious. The calyx may be taken for a co- 
 
 Jol.) 12. 27 — (sassafras, spice-bush.) 
 
 Order III. Trigynia. 
 
 Rhecm. Calyx none : corol 6-cleft, permanent: seed 1, 3-sided. 
 12. 28— (rhubarb.) Exotic. 
 
 CLASS X. DECANDRIA. 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 A, Flowers with a calyx andmany-petalled, irregular. 
 Baptisia.^* Calyx 4 or 5-cleft half-way, (sometimes 4-toothed) some* 
 >vhat 2-Hpped : corol papilionaceous, wings of the length of the ban- 
 ner ; stamens caducous : legume inflated, smooth, many-seeded. 
 
 32. 93— (v/ild indigo.) 
 
 Gercis. Calyx 5-toothed, gibbous below: corol papilionaceous^ 
 wings longer thac the banner, keel 2-petaned : legume compressed r 
 seed-bearing suture margined : seeds obovate. 33. 93 — (judas-tree.) 
 
 Cassia. Calyx 5-leaved : corol 5-petalled : anthers, 3 lower ones 
 beaked, and on longer incurved filaments ; legume membranaceous, 
 
 33. 93— (cassia.) 
 
 Rhodora. Calyx 5-toothed, corol 3-petalled; or 2-petalled, with 
 the upper one deeply parted : stamens declined : capsule 6-celled. 18. 
 60 — (rhodora.) 
 
 *Podalyria, 2d. Ed. 
 
CLASS X. ORDER I. 125 
 
 B. Fhivers with a calyx and 5-pet ailed, regular. 
 Ci.ETHRA. Calyx 5-partcd, permanent : style permanent : stigma 
 3-cleft : capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, enclosed by the calyx. (Spiked.) 
 18. 51 — (sweet pepper-bush.) 
 
 Pyrola. Calyx 5-parted : anthers with 3 pores at the base before, 
 and the top after the opening of the flower : style exsert : capsule 5- 
 celled, dehiscent at the angles near the base. 18. 51 — (shin-leaf.) 
 
 Chimaphila. Calyx 5-parted : anthers with 2 pores at the base be- 
 fore, and at the top after the opening of the flower : stigma sessile, 
 thick, orbiculate ; style immersed in the germ : capsule 5-celled, de- 
 hiscent at the angles near the summit. 18. 51 — (prince's pine, pipsissi- 
 wa.) 
 
 RuTA. Calyx 5-parted : petals concave : receptacle surrounded by 
 10 nectariferous dots : capsule lobed. (Petals sometimes 4, and sta- 
 mens 8.) 26. 81 — (rue.) Exotic. 
 
 Melia. Calyx 5-toothed ; petals 5 : nectary cylindric, 10-toothed, 
 bearing the anthers in the throat : style cylindric ; stigma 5-rayed :- 
 drupe with a 5-celled nut. 54. 71 — (bead-tree.) Southern states. 
 
 DioNAEA. Calyx 5-leaved or 5-parted: stigma fringed : capsule 1*' 
 celled, gibbous : seeds numerous. (Petals sometimes 6.) 20. 68 — (Ve> 
 nus' fly trap.) 
 
 C. Flowers with a calyx, and \-petalled. 
 
 Andromeda. Calyx 5-parted or 5-toothed, inferior: corol ovate, 
 roundish, or sub-cylindric, smooth or hairy, with a 5-cleft reflexed 
 mouth : capsule 5-celled, with partitions contraiy. (Stamens some- 
 times 8.) 18. 51 — (whitebush, leather-leaf.) 
 
 Rhododendron. Calyx 5-parted : corol somewhat funnel-form and 
 oblique: stamens declining : capsule? 5-celled. 18. 50 — (rosebay.) 
 
 Kalmia. Calyx 5-parted : corol wheel-salver-foi'm, with 10 horns 
 beneath and 10 cavities within, con- aining the anthers until thepoUen 
 is mature : capsule 5-celled. 18. 50 — (laurel.) 
 
 Vaccinium. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-parted : corol bell or pitcher- 
 prm, 5-cleft, the divisions reflected: filaments inserted on the germ 
 with the corol: berry 4 or 5-celled, many-seeded. (The foreign spe- 
 cies are sometimes octandrous.) 18. 51 — (wiiortleberry.) 
 
 Epigaea. Calyx double, outer 3-leaved, inner 5-parted : corol sal- 
 ver-forra ; capsule .'-elled, many-seeded. 18. 51 — (trailing arbutus.) 
 
 Gaultheria. Calyx inferior, double, outer 2-leaved, inner o-cleft- 
 
126 CLASS X. OllDtR II. 
 
 corol ovate : filaments hirsute : capsule 5-cellecl, invested with the in* 
 ner, berried, calyx: nectary 10-pointed. 18. 5\ — (spicy winter-green.) 
 
 Arbutus. Calyx inferior, o-parted : corol ovate, pellucid at the 
 base, border small, 5-cleft, revolute ; berry 5-ceiled. 18, 51 — (bear- 
 berry.) 
 
 Ledum. Calyx small, 5-toothed : corol flat, 5-parted ; capsule 5- 
 celled, dehiscent at the base. (Stamens sometimes 5, leaves downy.) 
 18. 60— (labrador-tea.) 
 
 Leiophyllum. Calyx S-parted, coral fiat, 5-parted or 5-petalled : 
 capsule 5-celled, dehiscent at the top (leaves always glabrous.) 18. 50 
 — (sleek-leaf.) 
 
 J). Flowers wit'iout a cali/x, and the plants destitute of green herbage,. 
 
 MoNOTRopA. Corol confusedly polypetalous, permanent ; petals 
 about 5, with nectariferous hollows at their bases : anthers reniform, 
 sub-peltate, 1-celled, giving out pollen by 2 holes near the middle : stig- 
 ma orbicular, not bearded .- ca})sule 5-celled, 5-valved. IS. 51 — (birds' 
 nest.) 
 
 HvpoFiTHis. Corol confusedly polypetalous, permanent; inner 4 
 •cr 5-petals W'ith nectariferous hollow sat their bases, outer ones with- 
 out the hollows : anthers siib-pcltate, 1-celled, opening their whole 
 length: stigma ori)icnlar with a bearded margin: capsule 5-celled, 5» 
 valved. 18. 51' — (false beech-drops.) 
 
 Pterospora. Corol 5-parted neetaiy ovate with a 5-toothed re- 
 flexed margin enclosing the stamens : anthers 2-celled, 2-bristled, subr 
 peltate, filaments flat : style short, stigma capitate : capsule sub-glo- 
 ])0se, 5-celled. IS. 51 — (Albany beech drops.) 
 * Geranium, Rhexia, Portulacca, Lythrum. 
 
 Order II. Digynia, 
 
 Hydrangea. Calyx 5-toothed. superior : corol 5-petalled: capsn?e 
 2-celled, i-beaked; dehiscent between the beaks. 13. 84 — (hydrangea.) 
 Vid. Hortensia. 
 
 Saxifraga. Calyx 5-parted: corol 5-petalled: capsule l-celled, 2- 
 beaked, opening between the beaks; many-seeded. 13. S4 — (saxifrage.) 
 
 Tiarella. Calyx 5-parted : corol inserted on the calyx, 5-petalied, 
 petals entire : capsule l-celh-d, 2-va!ved, one valve larger. 13. 84 — 
 (mitre-wort.) 
 
 MiTEi x -v. Calyx 5-cleft : petals 5 on the calyx, pinnatifid : capsule 
 1-celled, 2.vEjvcdj valvc« e<}uai. 13, 84— (false sanicle, currapt leaf.) 
 
CLASS X. ORDER V. 127 
 
 DiANTHUs. Calyx inferior, cylindrical, 1 -leafed, with 4 to 8 scales at 
 the base : petals 5 with claws : capsule cylindrical, 1-celled, dehiscent 
 at 'he top. 22.82 — (pink, sweet-william.) Exotic. 
 
 Saponaria. Calyx inferior, 1-leafed, tubular, without scales : petals 
 5, with claws: capsule oblong, 1-celled. 22. 82 — (soap-wort.) 
 
 ScLERANTHUs. Calyx inferior, 1-leafed : corol o : seeds 1 or 2, en- 
 closed in the calyx : stamens inserted on the calyx. 22. 86 — (knawell.) 
 * Chrysospleniura. 
 
 Order III. Trigv5ia. 
 
 Arenaria. Calyx inferior, spi*eading, 5-leaved . petals 5, entire:, 
 capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. 22. 82 — (sandwort.) 
 
 Stellarfa. Calyx 5-leaved, inferior, spreading ; petals 5, deeply 
 cleft, mostly to the claw, spreading : capsule ovate, 1-celled, many- 
 j^eeded, 6-toothed at the top. 22. 82 — (starwort.) 
 
 SiLENE. Calyx 1-leafed, inferior, cylindric, prismatic or conic : pe- 
 tals 5, with claws appendaged at the mouth : capsule imperfectly 3- 
 celled. 22. 82— (catch-fly.) 
 
 CucuBALUs. Calyx inferior, 1-leafed, bell-form, infiated : petals 5, 
 with claws, not much appendaged at the mouth : capsule 3-celled. 
 22. 82 — (bladder-campion.) 
 
 HoRTENsiA. Flowers deformed : florets solitary : calyx 5-toothed, 
 minute : corol 5-petalled : the gay flowers composing the cyme have a 
 large coloured, permanent, petal-like, 5-leaved calyx, and a minute ca- 
 ducous, 4 or 5-petalled corol: stamens 8, 10 or 11. 13. 84 — (change- 
 able hydrangea.) Exotic. 
 
 Order IV. TETRAGv?fiA. 
 
 MiCROPETALUM. Calyx o-leaved, spreading: petals 5, entire, minute 
 or none : capsule ovate, 4-valved. 22. 82 — (blind starwort.) 
 
 Order V. Pentagynia. 
 
 Sedum. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft : petals 5 : 5 nectariferous scales at 
 the base of the germ: capsule 5. 13. 83 — (iive-forever, or orpine, 
 stor.ecrop.) Exotic. 
 
 Penthorum. Calyx 5 to l(;-cleft : petals 5 or : capsule 5-cuspidate, 
 5-celled. 13. 83 — (Virginian orpine.) 
 
 OxALis. Calyx 5-leaved, inferior : petals 5, cohering by the claws ; 
 capsule 5-celied, 5-cornered, dehiscent at the corners: stamens with 5 
 shorter, outer ones adhering at their bases. 14. 73— (wood sorrel.) 
 
128 CLASS XT. ORDER I. 
 
 Spergula. Calyx 5-leaved, inferior : petals 5, entire : capsule Ovate, 
 1-celled, 5-valved ; (stamens often 5.) 22. 82— (spurry.) 
 
 Agkostemma. Calyx 1-leaved, prismatic or tubular, coriaceous; 
 petals 5 with claws : border Obtuse, entire : capsule 1-celled, many- 
 seeded. 22. 82— (cockle.) 
 
 Cerastium. Calyx 5-leaved : petals 5, 2-cleft, or emarginate : cap- 
 sule 1-celled, dehiscent at top, 10-toothed. 22. 82 — (mouse-ear chick- 
 weed.) 
 
 Lychnis. Calyx 1-leaved, oblong, 5-toothed : petals 5, with claws : 
 the limb somewhat 2-cleft : capsule 1 or 5-celled, with a 5-toothcd 
 .opening. 22. 82 — (campion.) Exotic. 
 * Phytolacca, Crataggus. 
 
 Order X. Decagvnia. 
 
 Phytolacca. Calyx o : corol 5-petalle'.', calyx-like, inferior : berry 
 10-celled, 10-seeded. 54. 29— (poke-weed.) 
 
 CLASS XL DODECANDmA. 
 Order L Monogynia. 
 
 AsARUM. Calyx 3 or 4-Gleft, superior : corol o : stigma 6-cleft : cap. 
 sule coriaceous, 6-celled, crowned with the calyx. 11. 23 — (wild gin- 
 ger, or white snake-root.) 
 
 HuDsoNiA. Calyx tubular, inferior, unequally 5-parted ; two of the 
 divisions obsolete, coloured : corol 5-petalled : stamens about 15 : cap* 
 sule 1-celled, 3-valved, 1 to 3-seeded. 18. 80— (false heath.) 
 
 PoRTULACcA. Calyx 2-cleft, inferior : corol 5-petalled: cdpsule 1- 
 celled, opening transversely : columella 5, filiform. 13. 86 — (purslane.) 
 
 Lythrum. Calyx 6, 3, 10 or 12-toothed, inferior : petals 5 or 6 on. 
 the calyx: capsule 2 to 4-celled, many-seeded, covered. 17. 91 — (milk 
 willow-herb.) 
 
 Taliuum. Calyx inferior, 2 or 5-leaved : corol 5-petalled : capsule 
 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded : seeds arillate : columella globose— 
 (taliny.) 
 
 CupiiEA. Calyx tubular-ventricose, 6 to 12-toothed, unequal : petals 
 6, mostly unequal, inserted on the calyx : capsule 1-celled, dekiscent 
 longitudiually with the calyx : follicle 3-sided : seeds lenticular. 54. 
 91^ — (wax-bush.) 
 
CLASS XII. ORDER I. 129 
 
 Order II. Digvnia^ 
 Agrimonia. Calyx 5-toothed, invested with an outer one ; petals 5 x 
 seeds 2, in the bottom of the calyx. 35. 92 — (agrimony.) 
 
 * Delphinium. 
 
 Order III. Trigykia. 
 
 Euphorbia. Calyx 1-leaved, inflated : petals 4 or 5, standing on the 
 calyx : stamens with articulated filaments : germ stiped ; styles 2-cleft : 
 capsule 3-grained. 38, 96 — (spurge, caper.) 
 
 Reseda. Calyx 1-leafed, 4 to 6-parted : petals in many divisions r 
 capsule 1-celled, dehiscent at the top : seed reniform ; (stamens 11 to 
 15: styles 3, 5, or none.) 64. 64— (mignonette, dyer's weed.) 
 
 Order XIII. Polygynia. 
 
 Sempervivum. Calyx 9 to 12-parted : petals 8 to 12 : capsules 12^ 
 many-seeded , (stamens 16 or 20.) 13. 83 — (house-leek.) Exotic. 
 
 CLASS XII. ICOSANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 Philadelphus. Calyx 4-5-parted, superior : corol 4 or 5-petalled : 
 style 4-cleft : capsule 4-5-celled, many-seeded ; seed arilled. 19. 89 — 
 (false syringa, or mock orange.) 
 
 Prunus. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior : corol S.petalled ; nut of the drupe 
 smooth, with prominent seams at tke sutures. 36. 92 — (cherry, plum.) 
 
 Armeniaca. Flowers sessile: calyx 6-cleft, inferior: petals 5: 
 drupe fleshy, pubescent : nut with one margin acute and the other ob- 
 tuse, furrowed both sides. 36. 92 — (apricot.) Exotic. 
 
 Cactus. Calyx superior, many-cleft, imbricate : petals numerous, 
 in many series, the inner ones larger : stigma many-cleft ; berry 1-cell- 
 ed, many-seeded, umbilicate. 13. 85 — (prickly pear.) 
 
 Myrtus. Calyx superior, 5-cleft: petals 5: berry 2 or 3-celled, 
 many-seeded. 19. 89 — (myrtle.) Exotic. 
 
 PuNicA. Calyx 5-cleft, superior: petals 5: pome or berry many- 
 celled, many-seeded : receptacle parietal : seed berried. 36. 92 — 
 (pomegranate.) Exotic. 
 
 Amygdalus. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior : petals 5 : drupe Avith a nuf 
 perforated with pores : flowers sessile. 36. 92— (peach.) Exotif. 
 
 * Lvthrum. 
 
130 CLASS XII. ORDER XIII. 
 
 From Order II. Digynia, to Order V. Pentagynia, ixclusivt:. 
 
 FoTHERGiLLA. Calyx inferior, truncate, cbsoletely crenate : corol 
 : germ 2-cleft : styles 2 : capsule 2-lobed, 2-celled : seeds solitary, 
 bony. 50. 99 — (witch-alder.) 
 
 Crat^gus. Calyx superior, 5-cleft : petals 5 : styles 1 to 5 : berry 
 mealy : seeds 2 to 5, bony. 36. 92 — (thorn-bush.) 
 
 SoftTsus. Calyx 5-cleft, superior: petals 5: styles 2 to 3 : berry 
 pomaceous : seeds 2 or 3, cartilaginous. 36. 92 — (mountain ash.) 
 
 Aronia. Calyx 5-toothed : petals 5 : fruit pomaceous : berry 5 or 
 10-celled ; cells 1 or 2-seedeu ; seeds cartilaginous. 36. 92 — (shad- 
 Jlower, choak-berry.) 
 
 Mespilus. Calyx 5-cIeft, superior, divisions generally foliaceous, 
 ferrate : corol 5-petalled : styles 2-5 : drupe or beriy -with from 2 to 5 
 bony seeds. 36. 92 — (medlar.) Exotic. 
 
 Pyrus. Calyx 5-cleft, superior : corol 5-petalled : pome 5-celled, 
 many-seeded. 36. 92 — (pear, apple, quince.) 
 
 Spiraea. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior, spreading : corol 5-petalled, petals 
 equal, roundish : stamens uumerous, exsert : capsules 3 to 12, 2-valved 
 within, each 1 to 3-seeded. 36. 92 — (steeple-bush, hard-hack.) 
 
 GiLLKNiA. Calyx sub-campanulate, border 5-toothed : corol partly 
 unequal ; petals 5, lanceolate, alternate, coarctate at the claws : sta- 
 mens included : styles 5, contiguous : stigmas capitate ; capsules with 
 5, 2-seeded cells. 36. 92 — (Indian physic.) 
 
 Mesembryanthemum. Calyx superior, 5-cleft . petals numerous, 
 linear, cohering at the base : capsule fleshy, many-seeded, turbinate. 
 13. 87— (ice-plant.) Exotic. 
 
 Order XIII. Polygyma. 
 
 Rosa. Calyx urn-form, inferior, 5-cleft, fleshy, contracted towards 
 the top : petals 5 : seeds numerous, bristly, fixed to the sides of the ca- 
 lyx within. 35. 92 — (rose.) 
 
 RuBus. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior : corol 5-petalIed : pistils numerous : 
 berry composed of many juicy, 1-seeded acines. 35, 92 — (raspberry, 
 blackberry.) 
 
 Dalibarda. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior : corol 5-petalled: styles long, 
 caducous, 5 to 8 3 berry composed of diy granulations. 35. 92 — (dry 
 strawberry.) 
 
 Fragaria. Calyx inferior, lO-cleft ; 5 alternate divisions smaller : 
 corol 5-petalled : receptacle ovate, berry-like, caducous. 35, 92— 
 (strawberry.) 
 
CLASS XIII. ORDER 1. 131 
 
 FoTENTiLLA. Calyx inferior, 10-cleft, 5 alternate divisions smaller : 
 cx)rol 5-pctalled : seeds awnless, roundish, rugose, fixed to a dry small 
 receptacle. 35. 92 — (five-finger, cinquefoil.) 
 
 Geum. Calyx inferior, 10-cleft, 6 alternate divisions smaller : corol 
 6-petalIed : seeds with a bent awn : receptacle columnar, villous. 35. 
 92 — (avens, or herb bennet) 
 
 CoMARUM. Calyx inferior, 10-cleft, 5-alternate divisions smaller : 
 petals 6, smaller than the calyx : receptacle ovate, spongy, permanent, 
 villous. 35. 92 — (marsh five-finger.) 
 
 Calycanthus. Calyx 1-leafed, pitcher-shaped, scurfy, with coloured 
 divisions : corol none ; styles many, with glandular stigmas : seeds 
 many in the succulent calyx. 35. 92 — (Carolina allspice.) Southern 
 states. "^ 
 
 CLASS Xin. POLYANDRIA. 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 Chet.tdoniiim. Calyx 2-leaved, caducous : coral 4-petalled : sili- 
 que-like capsule 1-celled, linear : seeds crested, many. 27. 62 — (celan- 
 dine.) 
 
 AcTAEA Calyx 4-leaved, caducous : corol 4-petalled : berry 1 -cel- 
 led : seeds half orbicular. 26. 61-^(necklace weed, bane-berry.) 
 
 Macuotvs. Calyx about 4-leaved, becoming coloured before ex- 
 panding, caducous : corol o : stigma simple, sessile, curving towards 
 the gibbous side of the germ : capsule 2-s alved, dehiscent at its strait 
 suture.* 26. 61 — (cohosh, black snake-root, bug-bane.) 
 
 CisTus. Calyx 5-leaved, 2 of them smaller, corol 5-petalled : cap- 
 sule 3-valved, opening at the top. 20. 80 — (rock-rose, frost-plant.) 
 
 Sarracehia. Calyx double, 3 and 5-leaved : corol 5-petalled, ca- 
 ducous: stigma peltate, covering the stamens: capsule 5-celled. 54, 
 62 — (side saddle flower.) 
 
 The A. Calyx 5 or 6-leaved : corol 6 orQpftalled: capsule 3-seed- 
 ed. 54. 71— (tea.) Exotic. 
 
 Citrus. Calyx 5-cleft : petals 5, oblong : filaments dilated at the 
 base, in several parcels : berry 9 to 18 celled — Polyadelphpus. 18. 
 70 — (orange, lemon.) Exotic. 
 
 Papaver. Calyx 2-leaved, caducous: corol 4-petalIed ; stigma 
 
 * I drew up this description for the Cimlcifufa in th«» vooris rear Hudson, whileT 
 had l>UBdreds of specimens before me. f have sinr e c'ctermine d to attach it to Mr. 
 ►Rain.- .|ue's name ; for it appears to be very different ft'ora the descriptions o( the Ci 
 miciluga and Actaea of author;. 
 
132 CLASS Xni. ORDERS II. V. 
 
 with radiating lines t capsule 1 -celled, dehiscent by pores under the 
 permanent stigma. 27. 62— (poppy.) 
 
 TiLiA. Calyx 6 of 6-parted, inferior, caducous : corol 5 or 6-petal- 
 led : capsule 6 or 6-celled, globular, coriaceous, dehiscent at the base, 
 a-seeded. 37. 79— (bass-wood.) 
 
 Sanguinaria, Calyx caducous, 2-leaved : corol about 8-petalled ; 
 stigma sessile, 2-grooved : capsule pod-like, ovate, 1-celled. 27. 62-^ 
 (blood.root.) 
 
 PoDOPHVLLUM. Calyx 3-leaved, minute : corol about 9-petalled ; 
 berry 1-celled, crowned with the stigma. 27. 61-^(wild mandrake.) 
 
 NiMPHAEA. Calyx 4 to 7-leaved, corol many-petalled, petals about 
 equalling the length of the cal3^x leaves, attached to the germ beneath 
 the stamens : stigma marked Avith radiated lines : berry many-celled, 
 tnany-seeded. 13. 62 — (pond-lily.) 
 
 NuPHAR. Calyx 6 or 6-leaved, petals many, minute, inserted on 
 the receptacle with the stamens, nectariferous on their backs : stigma 
 •with radiate furrows, seissile : berry many-celled, many-seeded. 13i. 
 62 — (water-lily, or yellow pond-lily.) 
 
 Argemonk. Calyx 8-leaved, caducous • oorol 6-petalled : stigma 
 sessile, capitate, lobed : capsule semi»valved. 27, 62-^(horned poppy.) 
 * Cleome. 
 
 From Order II. Digvnia, Td Order V. Pentagynia, inciusite. 
 
 Paeonia. Calyx 5*leaved : petals 5 : styles o ; stigmas 2 or 3 : cap- 
 sules pod-like, manj'-seeded. 26. 61 — (peony.) Exotic. 
 
 Ascvrum. Calyx 4-leaved ; 2 interior leafets cordate, larger : corol 
 4'-petalled : stamens with the filaments disposed in 4-parcels : capsule 
 oblong, 1-celled, 2-valvedj included in the calyx leaves. 20. 68 — (St. 
 Peter's wort.) 
 
 Hypericum. Calyx ^-parted, divisions subovate : corol 6-petalled : 
 filaments often united at the base in 3 or 5 sets : styles 2 to5 : capsules 
 roundish, with a number of cells equal to the number of styles. 20. 68 
 -^(St. John's wort.) 
 
 Delphinium. Calyx 0: corol 5-petalled, unequal .- nectary 2-cleft^ 
 horned behind ; capsules 1 or 3, pod-like. 26. 61 — (larkspur.) Exotic. 
 
 AcoNiTUM. Calyx : petals 5, upper one vaulted : nectaries 2, hood- 
 ed, peduncled, recurved : capsuleB 3 or 5, pod-like 26. 61— (monk's 
 hood.) Exotic. 
 
 A^uiLEGiAa Calyx : petals 5 : nectaries 5, alternating with th« 
 
CLASS Xlll. ORDER XIII. 133 
 
 petals and ending in horns beneath ; capsules 5, distinct. 26. 61 — 
 (columbine.) 
 
 jNigella. Calyx none ; petals 5 : nectaries 5, three-cleft, within 
 the corol : capsules 5, convex. 26. 61 — (fennel-flower.) Exotic. 
 * Reseda, Ascyrum, Caltha, Helleborus, Anemone, Hepatica. 
 
 Order XIII. Polygvnia. 
 A. Calyx none. 
 
 Hydrastis. Petals 3 : berry composed of 1-seeded aclnes. 26. 61 
 — (orange-root.) 
 
 Clematis. Petals 3, 4, 5 or 6 ; seeds compressed : styles perma- 
 iient, becoming long tails (Some species are dioecious.) 26. 61 — 
 (virgin's bower.) 
 
 Atragene. Corol double, many-petalled. outer ones largest : seeds 
 with pilose (or plumose) tails : (or petals 4 to 6, with spatulate necta- 
 ries alternating with the petals ; and the outer fdaments dilated.) 26. 
 61 — (false virgin's bower.) 
 
 Thalictrum. Petals 4 or 5 : filaments very long : seeds without 
 tails, striate- terete. (Some species are dioecious.) 26. 61 — (meadow 
 rue.) 
 
 Trollius. Petals 5 to 8, caducous : nectaries 5 to 8, linear : cap- 
 sules numerous, ovate, sessile, many-seeded. 26. 61 — (globe flower.) 
 
 Helleborus. Petals 5 or more : nectary 2-lipped, tubular : cap- 
 sules 5 or 6, many-seeded, erectish, compressed. 26. 61 — (hellebore.) 
 Exotic. 
 
 Coptis. Petals 5 or 6, caducous : nectaries 5 or 6, cowled : capsules 
 5 to 8, stiped, stellate, ])eaked, many-seeded. 26. 61 — (gold-thread.) 
 
 Caltha. Petals 5 to 9: capsules numerous, many-seeded: necta- 
 ries : (pistils variable in number.) 26. 61 — (American cowslip.) 
 
 Anemone. Petals 5 to 9 : seeds numerous, naked. 26. 61 — (wind- 
 flower, rue anemone.) 
 
 B. Calyx 2 to 6 leaved. 
 
 Hvdropeltis. Calyx 6-leaved, somewhat converging, 3 inner leaves 
 longest : corol o : stamens equalling the length of the calyx : capsules 
 oblong, somewhat fleshy, numerous, 2wcelied, 1 or 2-seeded. 26. 61 — 
 (water-shield.) 
 
 Hepatica. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 6 lo 9: seeds naked. 26. 61 
 
 (liverleaf.) 
 
 Porcelia. Calyx 3-leaved: petals 6, inner ones largest: germ< 
 
 M 
 
184 GLASS XIV. ORDER I. 
 
 many; stigmas sessile, obtuse: berry (1 or many) cylindric or ovate, 
 manv-oeeded : seed connected to an internal suture, arilled. 52. 16 — 
 ^custard apple.) Southern states. 
 
 LiRiODE.NDRON. Cdlvx 3-leaved : corol 6 or 9.petalled. liliaceous-: 
 seeds in a samara, imbricate on a strobile-like spike. 52. 75 — (tulip 
 tree, or wliitewood.) 
 
 Magnolia. Calyx 3-leaved : corol 6 to 9-petalled: capsules nu- 
 merous, imbricate on a strobik'-like spike, 2-valved : seeds arilled, 
 .pendulous. 52. 75 — (magnolia, or beaver tree.) 
 
 Nelumbium. Calyx 4 or 5-leaved : petals 5 or more : nuts half im- 
 mersed in a Irniicate receptacle, and crowned with the permanent 
 style. 26. 61— (nelumbo.) 
 
 Ranunculus. Calyx c-^eaved: petals 5, with claws, and a nectari- 
 ferous pore or scale on the inside of each ; seeds naked, numerous, 
 26. 61 — (crow-foot.) 
 
 Adonis. Calyx 4-5-leaved : petals 5 or more, without nectariferous 
 pores: seeds swuless. 26. 61 — (pheasant's eye.) Exotic. 
 
 CLASS XIV. DID YX AMI A. 
 
 Order I. GysiN.osPERMiA. 
 A. Cc I IX o-cleft, with the diviswis or teeth nearly equal. 
 
 Teucriuai. Corol deep-cleft on the upper side, and without an upper 
 lip ; lower lip 3-cleft, the middle division rounded : stamens and pistils 
 incurved ; stamens exsert through the cleavage on the upper side. 
 42. 39 — (wood sage, wild germander.) 
 
 IsANTHUs. Calyx somewhat bei;-''orm : corol 5-parted, tube strait, 
 Barrow ; divisions ovate equal : stamens nearly equal : stigma linear, 
 recurved. 42. 39 — (blue gentiaji.) 
 
 Verbena. Corol funnel-form, with a curved tube, border 5-cleft. 
 nearly equal ; seeds 2 or 4 : sometimes but 2 stamens, or 2 barren 
 ones. 42. 3S — (vervain.) 
 
 Lavandula. Calyx ovate, sub-dentate, bracts under-studded : corol 
 resupinate : stamens in the tube. 42. 39 — (lavender.) Exotic. 
 
 Lamium. Segments of the calyx subulate, spreading : corol with 
 the upper lip entire, vaulted ; under lip 2-lobed : thi^oat with a tooth 
 at each margin. 42. 39 — (dead nettle.) 
 
 Pycnanthemum. Involucre bract-like, raany-ieaved, under small 
 heads of llower.= : calyx tubular, striate : corol with the upper lip sub- 
 jnlircj lower lip 3-cleft, middle segment longer: stamens distant, near- 
 
GLASS XIV. OIlDEll I. -135- 
 
 ly et]'aal : cells of the anthers parallel. 42. 39 — (wild basil, mountain, 
 mint.) 
 
 ISepeta. Calyx diy, striated : corol with a ionp:ish tube, under Irp 
 with the middle division crenate, throat with a reflected margin : sta- 
 mens approximate. 42.39 — (catmint.) 
 
 IIVssoptTs. Corol-with the under lip 3-parted, its intermediate di- 
 vision sub-crenate : stamens strait, distant. 42. 89 — (hyssop.) 
 
 JNIentha. Corol nearly equal, 4-cleft ; broadest division emargin- 
 ate : stamens erect, distant. 42. 39 — (spearmint, peppern^int.) 
 
 Stachys. Calyx with its divisions aw-ned : corol with the upper lip 
 'i^ulted, the loAver lip refiexed at the sides, the middle division largest, 
 emarginate : stamens reflexed towards the sides after discharging the 
 pollen. 42. 39 — (wound-Avort, hedge nettle.) 
 
 Galeofsis. Calyx aAvned : corol with the upper lip sub-crenate, 
 vaulted ; lower lip unequally 3-lobed, havusg 2 teeth on its upper side 
 near the margin of the orifice, and opposite to the sinuses dividing the 
 lobes. 42. 39 — (flowering nettle.) 
 
 Satureja. Culyx tubular, striate : corol AVJth divisions nearly- 
 equal : stamens distant. 42. 39 — (savory.) Exotic. 
 
 Molucella. Calyx very largef bell or shell-forr: , margin repand- 
 spinose: corol much smaller, in the bottom of the calyx. 42. 39 — 
 (shell-flower, raolucca balm.) Exotic. 
 
 LeoxNurus. Calyx 5-angled, 5-toot!:ed : corol with the upper lip 
 villose, flat, entire ; lower lip 3-parted, middle division undivided ; 
 lobes of t'ie anthers parallel. 42. 39 — (mother- wort.) 
 
 Marrubium. Calyx salver-form, rigid, marked with 10 lines : corol 
 with the upper lip 2-cIeft, linear, strait. 42. 39— (horehound.) 
 
 Ballota. Calyx salver-form, 5-toothed, 10-striate : corol with tli« 
 upper lip concave, crenate : seed ovate, 3-sided. 42. 39— (false mo- 
 ther-wort.) Naturalized. 
 
 Cf NiLA. Calyx cylindric, 10-strlate, 5-toothed, throat villose : corol 
 ringeut : upper lip erect, fiat, emarginate : 2 of the stamens usually bar- 
 ren : stigma unequally bifid. 42. 39— (dittany.) 
 
 Hedeoma. Calyx 2-lipped, gibbose at the base ; upper lip 3-tooth- 
 
 ed, lower one 2 : corol ringent : 2 of the stamens barren. 42". 39 
 
 (pennyroyal.) 
 
 Geechoma. Calyx 5-cleft: corol double the length of the calyx : 
 upper lip 2-cleft : lower lip 3-cleft, with the middle segment emargin- 
 ate : each pair of anthers approaching so as to exhibit the form of a 
 cross. 42. 39— (ground ivy, gill-overground.) 
 
136 CLASS XIV. ORDER 11. 
 
 B. Calyxes 2-lipped. 
 
 Melissa. Calyx dry, flattish above, with the upper lip sub-fastigiate : 
 corol with the upper lip somewhat vaulted, 2-cleft; lower lip with 
 the middle lobe cordate. 42. 39 — (balm.) 
 
 Trichostema. Calyx resupinate : carol w ith the upper lip falcate ; 
 the under lip 3-parted, with the middle division small, oblong: fila- 
 ments very long-cxsert, incurved. 42. 39 — (blue-curls.) 
 
 Dracocephalum. Calyx sub-equal 5-cleft : corol with the throat 
 inflated ; the upj^er lip concave, the middle division of the lower lip 
 roundish, notched. 4<>. 40 — (dragon-head.) 
 
 Ocv?.ieM. Calvx with the upper lip orbiculate, the lower one 4-cleft ; 
 corol resupinate ; one lip 4-cleft, the other undivided : outer filaments 
 sending out a process from the base. 42. 39 — (sweet basif.) Exotic. 
 
 Scutellaria. Calyx with an entire mouth, which is closed with a 
 helmet-form lid after the corol falls out : tube of the corol bent. 42, 
 39— (scull-cap.) 
 
 Origanum. Calyxes collected into a 4-sided strobile-like cone, with 
 broad intervening bracts : corol with the upper lip erect, flat ; under 
 lip 3-paried, divisions nearly equal. 42. 39 — (marjoram.) 
 
 Thymus, Calyx sub-campanulate, with the throat closed with hairs : 
 coro! with the upper lip flat, emarginate ; lower lip longer. 42. 39 — 
 (tiiynie.) Exotic. 
 
 Clijcipodium. Involucre many-bristled, bract-like, under head-form 
 whorls : perianth 2-lipped : corol with the upper lip flat, obcordate, 
 strait. 42. 39— (field thyme.) 
 
 Prunella. Calyx with the upper lip dilated : filam.ents 2-forked, 
 with an anther on one of the points : stigma 2-cleft. 42. 39 — (selfi- 
 heal, or heal-all.) 
 
 Phryma. Cdlyx cylindric, upper lip longer, 3-clcft ; lower lip 2- 
 toothed ; corol with the upper lip emarginate ; lower lip much larger ; 
 seed single. 40. 39 — (lopseed.) 
 
 Order II. Angiospermia.! 
 A. Calyxes 2-clefi or 2-leaved, hract-like, 
 
 Obolaria. Corol 4-cleft, bell-form : capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, 
 many-seeded : stamens from the divisions of the corol nearly equal ; 
 stigma emarginate. 40. 35* — (penny-wort.) 
 
 t Read the 35th, 40th, and 45th Nat. Ord. of Jussieu. 
 
 * Nuttall says, and also quotes the opinion of Dr. W. Darlington, that this genUS W- 
 longs to the 46tfa natural order of JMssieu. See p. i03, vol. 1 . 
 
QLASS XLV. ORDER II. 187 
 
 ^ B. Calyxes A-cUft. 
 
 IBartsia.. Calyx lobed, emarginate, coloured : corol less than calyx j 
 opper lip longest, concave, entire ; lower lip 3-cleft and reflexed : cap- 
 sule 2-celled ; seed angled. 40. 35 — (painted-cup.) 
 
 Rhi.nanthus. Calyx inflated : corol ringent ; the upper lip mostly 
 compressed; the under lip spread, 3-parted : capsule 2-colled, obtuse, 
 compressed. 40. 35 — (yellow coxcomb.) 
 
 Euphrasia. Calyx cylindric : corol 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-cleft; 
 lower lip 3-lobed, with the divisions 2-cleft : lower anthers lobed, spi- 
 nose. 40. 35 — (eye-bright.) 
 
 Melampyrcm. Corol with the upper lip compres.?od, tlie margin 
 folded back; lower lip grooved, 3-cleft, sub-equal : capsule 2-cclledj 
 oblique, dehiscent on one side : seeds 2, cylindric, gibbons. 40. 35— ^ 
 (cow-wheat.) 
 
 ScHWALBEA. Calyx tubular-inflated : upper division small : lower 
 division large, emarginate or2-toothed : corol ringent, upper lip entire, 
 arched, lower lip 3-lobed : capsule ovate, compressed, 2-celled, 2 valv- 
 ©d with a double partition : seeds many, chaffy. 40. 40 — (chaff-seed.) 
 
 C. Calyxes 5-cleft or 5-leaved. 
 
 Orobanche. Calyx 5-cleft (sometimes 4.cleft) segments often une- 
 ♦]ual : corol ringent : capsule ovate, acute, l-celled, £-valved: seeds 
 numerous : a gland beneath the base of the germ. 40. 35 — (broom 
 rape.) 
 
 Epiphegus.* Polygamous, calyx abbreviated, 5-toothed : corol of 
 the barren flowers ringent, compressed, 4-cleft, lower lip flat; of the 
 fertile flowers minute, 4-toothed, caducous: capsule truncate, oblique, 
 l-celled, imperfectly two-valved, opening on one side. 40. 35— (beech 
 drops, cancer root) 
 
 LniosELLA. Calyx 5-cleft : corol 4 or S-lobed, equal : stamens ap- 
 proaching each other by pairs : capsule 1 Oi- 2-cellcd, i-ralved, many 
 seeded. 40. 40^(mudvvort.) 
 
 Zapania. Flowers capitate : calyx S-toothed : corol 5-cleft: stig- 
 ma head-peltate, oblique : pericarp bladder-like, vanishing, connecling 
 the two seeds. 40. 40 — (fog-fruit.) 
 
 * Nultall's name is Eoifa?ii3. Spri^nsrel in a leti.^r ti Pr. John Tcrrv, conects tliis 
 naming, so as to tiei ive Iwtb parts of llie coiiipouud from tUe saiae lanijaage. As 3£wi 
 i6 Gieek and Fagus iatin : but FLegos is Greek. 
 
 M 2 
 
138 CLASS XIV. ORDER II. 
 
 ScROPHULARiA. Calyx 5-cleft ; corol sub-globose resupinate, mid- 
 dle division of lower lip reflexed : capsule 2-celled. (Generally a sta- 
 men-like organ is attached to the corol.) — Corol dull purplish green or 
 brown. 40. 40 — (ligwort.) 
 
 BiGNONiA. Calyx 5-toothed, cup-form : corol bell-form, 5-lobed, ven- 
 tricose beneath : capsule silique-like, 2-celled : seed membrane-wing- 
 ed. 40. 45 — (trumpet-flower.) 
 
 RuELLiA. Calyx 5-parted, often 2-bracted : corol somewhat bell- 
 form, limb 5-lobed : stamens approaching by pairs : capsule tapering to 
 both ends, toothed, elastically dehiscent : seeds few. 40. 36 — (ruel.) 
 
 BccHNERA. Calyx 5-toothed : corol with a slender tube and the 
 limb in 5 equal divisions, the lobes cordate : capsule 2-celled. 40. 34 — 
 (blue hearts.) 
 
 Antirrhinum. Calyx 5-leaved or deeply 5-parted, the two lowet 
 divisions remote ; corol ringent, spurred, or with a prominent base, 
 the throat closed with a prominent palate, capsule ovate, 2-valved, 
 dehiscent at the apex. 40. 40 — (snapdragon, toad-flax.) 
 
 CoLLiNSiA. Calyx 5-cleft : corol 2-lipped, throat closed : upper lip 
 2-cleft, lower one 3-cleft, intermediate segment keeled, bag-like and 
 covering the declined stamens a^d style : capsule globose, somewhat 1- 
 celled and4-valved. Seeds 2 or 3, umbilicate. 
 
 Gerardia. Calyx 5-cleft or 5.toothed : corol sub-campanulate, un- 
 equally 5-lobed, segments mostly rounded : capsule 2-celled, dehiscent 
 at the top. 40. 40 — (false-foxglove.) 
 
 Digitalis. Calyx 5-parted : corol bell-form, ventricose, 5-cleft ; 
 stigma simple or bilamellate ; capsule ovate, 2-celled. — (Flowers ra- 
 cemed.) 40. 40 — (foxglove.) 
 
 Pedicularis. Calyx ventricose, 5-cleft or obliquely truncate : co- 
 rol ringent, upper lip emarginate and compressed : capsule 2-celled^ 
 mucronate, oblique : seeds numerous, angular, coated. (Leaves many- 
 cleft. 40. 35 — (lousewort, high heal-all.) 
 
 MiMULUs. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed : corol ringent, upper lip fol- 
 ded back upon its sides, lower lip with a prominent palate : stigma 
 thick, 2-cleft : capsule 2-celled, many seeded. 40, 40 — (monkey-flow- 
 er.) 
 
 Chelone. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-leaved, 3 bracted : corol ringent, infla- 
 led : the upper lip marginate obtuse, under lip slightly 3-cleft ; the ru- 
 diment of a smooth filament between and shorter than the two tallest 
 
CLASS XV. ORDER I. 139 
 
 stamens : anthers woolly : seeds membrane-margined : capsule 2-cell- 
 ed, 2-valved. 40. 45 — (snake-head.) 
 
 Pentstemon. Calyx 5-cleft or5-leaved : corol ringent, inflated ; the 
 rudiment of a bearded filament between and longer than the two tallest 
 stamens : anthers smooth ; seeds angular : capsule 2-celled. (Taken 
 from the last genus.) 40. 45 — (beard tongue.) 
 
 Martynia. Calyx 5-cleft : corol ringent, almost bell-form : capsule 
 woody and barked, with a hooked beak, 4-celled, 2-valved. 40. 45 — 
 (unicorn-plant.) 
 
 * Liunaja, Verbena. 
 
 CLASS XV. TETRADYNAMIA. 
 
 Order L Siliculosa. 
 
 All plants of this class have flowers with 4-leaved calyxes and cruci-- 
 form corols. See Jussieu's 63d Nat. Ord. 
 
 A. Silicle without a notch at the end. 
 
 Draba. Silicle oval-oblong, valves flattish, parallel to the partition : 
 style none. 39. 63 — (whitlow grass.) 
 
 Lunaria. Silicle entire, oval, flat-compressed, pedicelled : valves 
 equalling the partition, parallel, flat ; calyx consists of coloured sack- 
 like leafets. 39. 63 — (honesty, or satin-flower.) Exotic. 
 
 BuNiAS. Flower minute. Silicle sub-lanceolate, 4-angled ; with 
 two separable 1-seeded valveless articulations, lower one with a de- 
 pressed line, upper one furnished with an emarginate tooth on each 
 side and an elevated line. 39. 63 — (sea-rocket.) 
 
 IsATis. Silicle compressed, oblong, ligulate, valveless, 1-seeded : 
 partition like lattice work. 39. 63 — (woad.) Exotic. 
 
 B. Silicle with a notch at the end. 
 
 Alyssum. Filaments of the two shorter stamens marked with a 
 tooth , silicle entire, acuminate with the style, oval or globose, often 
 hairy. 39 63 — (madwort, gold of pleasure.) 
 
 CocHLEARiA. Siliclc thick, rugose, many-seeded, 2-valved : the 
 valves gibbous obtuse. 39. 63 — (scurvy-grass, horse-radish.) 
 
 Iberis, Ccril i'Tegular, the two exterior petals longest : silicle ejtl* 
 arginate, many seeded. 3i». 63 — (candy tuft.) Exotic. 
 
140 CLASS XV. ORDER. II. 
 
 Lepidium. Calyx spreading : corol regular : silicle emarginate, cor- 
 date or oval : celFs 1-seeded : valves carinate, partition contrary. 39. 63 
 — (pepper-grass.) 
 
 Thlaspi. Calyx spreading: silicle emarginate, obcordate, many 
 seeded ; valves resemble two boats witli the keels outward. 39. 63 — 
 (shepherd's purse.) 
 * Sisymbrium. 
 
 Order II. Siliquosa. 
 
 A. Calyx leaves converging or closed upon the corols, when the flowers 
 
 are mature. 
 
 Arabis. Glands 4, one within each leafet of the erect calyx, of the 
 Bize of the reflected scale : silique compressed, torulose, sub-divaricate; 
 seeds arranged in a single series. 39. .63 — (wall-cress.) 
 
 TuRRiTis. Calyx converging, erect ; corol erect 3 silique very long, 
 striate, 2-edged', valves keeled or nerved ; seeds arranged in a double 
 series. 39. 63 — (tower-mustard.) 
 
 Dentaria. Calyx longitudinally converging ; silique bursting elast- 
 ically with nerveless revolute valves ; the partition thick and fungus- 
 like : stigma emarginate- (Roots sharp-tasted, fleshy, with tooth-like 
 processes.) 39. 68 — (tooth-root, trickle-root.) 
 
 Hesperis. Calyx closed, shorter than the claws of the petals: pe- 
 tals bent obliquely, linear or obovate : silicle sub-terete ; stigmas fork- 
 ed, with converging apexes. 39. 63 — (rocket.) 
 
 ERysiMUM. Calyx closed; silique columnar, exactly 4-sided. 39. 68 
 — (hedge mustard.) 
 
 Barbarea. Calyx erect : glands between the bases of the short 
 stamens and the germ : silique £-edged (or oblique-4-sided) : seeds ar- 
 ranged in a single series. 39. 63 — (water radish.) 
 
 Bbassica. Calyx erect, converging : partition extending beyond 
 the valves of the silique : seed globose : glands betw^een the short sta- 
 mens and pistil, and between the long stamens and calyx. 39. 63 — 
 (cabbage, turnip.) Exotic. 
 
 Raphanus. Calyx closed; setose : silique torose, somewhat jointed, 
 teretr, not opeiiing by valves, 1 or 2-celled : glands between the short 
 statntns and pistil, and between the loiig stamens and calyx. 39. 63 — 
 radish.) 
 
 Chfirasthus. Calyx closed, two of the leafets gibbous at the base ; 
 petals dilated : silique when young with a glandu'ai- tooth each side , 
 stij^raa 2-lobed : seed flat. 39. §3 — (stock-july-flower, wall-ilower.) 
 Exotic. 
 
CLASS XVI. ORDER VIT. 141 
 
 B. Cali/x-hares spread, not lying closed upon the carol when the 
 flowers are mature. 
 
 Cardami.ne. Calyx leaves spreading but little : stigma entire : a 
 single gland between each of the short stamens and the calvx : siiique 
 long, bursting elastically with revolute valves, equalling the length of 
 the partitions. 39. 63 — (American water-cress.) 
 
 Sisymbrium. Calyx and copol spreading : siliqne bursting, not elas- 
 tically, valves sti*aitish, beak short and terete. 39. 63 — (English water- 
 cress, water-radish.) 
 
 SiNAPis. Calyx spreading : corol with strait claws : glands betweea 
 the short stamens and pistil, and between the long stamens- and calyx : 
 partition extending beyond the valves of the siliquc, ensiform. 39. 63 
 — (mustard.) 
 
 * Cleome. 
 
 CLASS XVL MONADELPHIA.f 
 Order III. Triandria. 
 
 SisYRiNCHiUM. Spathe 2-Ieaved : perianth o : corol superior, 6- 
 cleft tubular: style 1 : capsule 3-celled. 6. IS — (blue-eyed grass.) 
 
 Order V. Pentandria. 
 
 Passiflora. Calyx 5-parted, coloured : corol 5-petalled, on the 
 calyx: nectary, a triple filamentous crown within the petals: berry 
 pedicelled. 34. 97—- (passion-flower.) Southern states. 
 
 Erodium. Calyx 5-leaved : corol 5-petalled : nectariferous scales 5, 
 alternating with the filaments : arils 5, 1-seeded, awned, beaked at the 
 base of the receptacle ; awn spiral, bearded within. (Taken from the 
 geranium.) \4. 73— (stork's bill.) Exotic. 
 
 ^Lysimachia, Linum, Anagallis. 
 
 Order VIL Heptandria. 
 
 Pelargonium. Calyx 5-parted, upper division broader, ending in a 
 capillary nectariferous tube : corol 5-petalled, irregular, the two upper 
 petals usually broader, with coloured veins : filaments 10, three of them 
 usually without anthers : arih 5, each 1-seeded, awned, some of the 
 awns spiral. 14.73 — (stork geranium) Exotic. 
 
 » Pvcad the 73d and 74th Nat. Ord. of Jussicu. 
 
142 CLASS XVII. ORDERS V. VlII. 
 
 Order X. Decandria. 
 Geranium. Calyx 5-leaved : corol 5-petalled, regular : nectarifc' 
 Kous glands 5, adhering to the base of the long filaments : arils 5. 1-seed- 
 ed, awned, beaked at the head of the receptacle : awn naked, strait. 
 H. 73 — (crauebill, false crowfoot, herb-robert) 
 
 Mimosa. Calyx 5-toothed: corol 5-cleft, 6-petalled, or : stamens 
 capillary, very long, 4 to 10 or more, semotimes not united : legume 
 sometimes jointed. 33. 93— (sensitive plant.) Exotic. 
 Okder XIII. Polyandria, 
 
 GoRPONiA. Calyx simple, 5-leaved or 5-parted : corol 5-petalledj 
 adhering at the base : style 5-cornered : stigma 5-cleft : capsule 5-cell- 
 ed : columella columnar: seeds 2, with leaf-like v;ings. 37. 74 — 
 ^leaf-seed.) Southern states. 
 
 Nap^ea. Calyx bell-form, 5-cleft, simple : petals 5 : capsule orbi- 
 cular, depressed, 10-celled : seed solitaiy. (Pedicels not jointed.) 37. 
 74 — (false mallows.) 
 
 SiDA. Calyx simple, angular, 5-cleft : style many-parted : capsules 
 many, lor 3-seeded. (Pedicel articulated under the apex.) 37. 74 — 
 (Indian mallows ) 
 
 Hibiscus. Calyx double, outer one many-leaved ; inner one atout 
 5-cleft: stigmas 5: capsule 5 or 10-eelled, many-seeded. 37. 74 — 
 (hibiscus, okra.) 
 
 Malva. Calyx double, outer one 3-leaved, inner one 5-cleft : cap- 
 sules many, 1-seeded. 37. 74 — (mallows.) 
 
 Alth^a. Calyx double, outer one 6 or 9-cleft : capsules many, 1- 
 seeded. 37. 74 — (hollyhock.) Exotic. 
 
 Lavatera. Calyx double, outer one 3-cleft : capsules many, many- 
 seeded. 37. 74 — (tree mallows.) Exotic. 
 
 GossvpiuM. Calyx double, outer one 3-cleft: capsule 4-celled : 
 seeds involved in wool. 37. 74 — (cotton.) Exotic. 
 
 CLASS XVII. DIADELPHIA.* 
 
 From Order V. Pentandria, to Order VIII. Octandria. 
 
 FuMARiA. Calyx 2-leaved, caducous : corol irregular, spurred at 
 the base : filaments 2, each with 3 anthers : capsule drupe-like, 1-cell- 
 ed, 1-seeded, not opening by valves : seeds affixed to the side of thfe 
 cell. 24. 62— (fumitory.) 
 
 * Keatl the 93(1 Nat. Oid. of Jussieu. 
 
GLASS XVII. ORDER X. 143 
 
 CoRYDAM?. Calyx 2-leaverl : corol ringent, 1 or 2-spm'red : fila- 
 ments -2, membranaceous, each with 3 anthers : capsu4e siliijue-like, 
 many-seeded. 24. 62— (colic-weed.) 
 
 PoLVGAi.A. Calyx S-leaved, unequal, 2 of the leafets wing-like, lar- 
 ger, coloured : corol irregular (or rather, calyx 8-leaved, corol imper- 
 fectly papilionaceoi:s) capstde ol)cordate, 2-celled, 2-vaIved. Keel or 
 corol sometimes appcndaged. 33.35 — (snake-root, milk-wort, low cen- 
 tury, mountain flax.) 
 
 Order X. Decandria. 
 A. Stamens united in one set. 
 
 Amorpha. Calyx somewhat bell-form, 4 or 5-cleft : banner ovate, 
 
 c-oncuve, wings and keel : legume 1 or 2 seeded, falcate. 32. 93 
 
 (false-indigo.) 
 
 LcpiNus. Calyx 2-lipped : anthers, 5 oblong and 5 roundish : legume 
 coriaceous, torulose. 32. 93 — (lupine.) 
 
 Crotalahia. Corol with the banner cordate, large : keel acumia- 
 ate filamentous membrane with a dorsal fissure : style curved : c- 
 gume jiedicelled, turgid. 32. 93 — (rattle box.) 
 
 Spartium. Calyx extended downwards: keel generally pendant : 
 filaments adhering to the germ : stigma villose lengthwise on the up- 
 per side : legume oblong, 1 or many-seeded. S2. 93— (Spanish broom>) 
 Exotic- 
 
 Genista. Calyx 2-lipped, 2 upper teeth very short : banner oblong, 
 i-eflexed back from the pistil and stamens. 33. 93 — (kneed-grass, dy- 
 er's broom.) Exotic 
 
 Araciiis. Calyx 2-lipped : corol upside down ; legume gibbous, to- 
 Bulose, veiny, coriaceous. 32. 93— (pea-nut.) 
 
 Ulex. Calyx 2-ieaved, 2-brac;ed : stamens all united : legume 
 scarcely longer than the calyx, spinose. 32. 93 — (furze.) Exotic. 
 
 B. Stamciisiu 2 sets ; generally 9 in one set, and 1 alone in the other-. 
 1. Legume many-seeded, stigma j)uhcsccni ■ 
 
 PisuM. Cuiyx with the divisions leaf-like, about eqiial : banner prd^- 
 truding 2 folds : style compressed, carinate, villose above : legume 
 without down at the suture. 32. 93— (pea.) 
 
 Lathvrus. Calyx with the two upper divisions shorter: style flat, 
 villose above, broader towards the top. (Stems mostly winged, leafet*= 
 2 or mure, terminated by a divided tendril.) 32. 93 — (sweet pea.) 
 
144 CLASS XVII. ORDER X. 
 
 ViciA. Calyx emarginate above, 2-toothed : 3 strait long teeth be- 
 low : banner emarginate ; stigma bearded transversely on the lower 
 side. 33. 93— (vetch.) 
 
 Ervc^i. Calyx 5-parted ; divisions linear, acute, about equalling 
 the corol : stigma capitate, glabrous : legume oblong, 2 to 4-seeded. 
 32. 93 — (creeping vetch.) 
 
 Phaseolus. Keel, stamens and style spirally twisted together, le- 
 gume compressed, falcate : seeds sub-compressed, reniform. 32. 93 
 — (bean.) 
 
 DoLicHos. Banner with two oblong parallel processes at the base, 
 compressing the wings beneath them. 32. 93 — (cowhage.) 
 
 RoBiNiA. Calyx small, 4-cleft, upper division 2-parted : banner 
 large, reflexed, roundish : legume compressed, elongated, many-seed- 
 ed ; seeds compressed, small. 32. 93 — (locust tree.) 
 
 CoLUTEA. Calyx 5-cleft with the keel obtuse : style bearded on its 
 back through its whole length : legume inflated, opening on the upper 
 -Suture at the base. 32.93 — (bladder senna, bush locust.) Exotic. 
 
 Glycyrrhiza, or Liquiritia. Calyx tubular, equal, 5-parted : ban- 
 ner erect, reflexed at the sides : wings spreading: keel 2-cleft : legume 
 oblong, glabrous, 3 or 4-seeded. (Flowers racemed.) 32. 9.3— (liquor- 
 ice.) Exotic. 
 
 Indigofera. Calyx spreading : keel w^ith a subulate spur both 
 sides : legume linear, small, terete or quadrangular. 32. 93 — (indigo.) 
 Exotic. 
 
 2. Legntne mani/^seeded, stigma icUhoul pubescence. 
 
 Vextllaria.* Banner very large, spreading, overshadowing the 
 wings: calyx bell-form : or tubular : legume linear, ver)- long, acumi- 
 nate. 32. 93— (butterfly- weed.) 
 
 Galactia. Calyx 4-tootlied, 2-bracted : petals all oblong, banner 
 broader, incumbent : stigma obtuse : legume terete : seeds roundish. 
 32. 93— (milk-way plant.) 
 
 Glycine. Calyx 2-lipped, the tooth of the lower lip longest : the end 
 of the keel cm-ling upwards, and in appearance pushing back the ban- 
 ner : style incurved with the keel : legiime terete, somewhat 2-celled ; 
 seed cylindric-renlform. 32. 93 — (wild bean, wild liquorice, ground- 
 nut.) 
 
 * Tlii^ name i? eiven a? a 9iili=('ifute for that of the 17!2ili gcnu« of Pcrsoon, which is 
 so £eveic)y censnretl liy Doctor Smith, inllces' Cyclopedia. 
 
CLASS XVTI. ORDER X. 145 
 
 Amphicarpa. Calyx bell-form, 4-toothed, obtuse and naked at the 
 base: petals all oblonjr, banner broader and lying upon other petals, 
 snb-se?sile : anthers round : stigma capitate : germ cylindncally shertth- 
 f d at the base : legume flat, stiped ; seeds 2 to 4. 32. 9S — (wild bcan- 
 %'ine.) 
 
 Galega. Calyx with subulate teeth nearly equal, stamens monadel- 
 phous : legume compressed, sub-coriaceous. (Very glaucous, pinnate 
 leaves.) 32. 93— (goat's rue.) 
 
 3. Legumes fcvj-se-cded. 
 
 Medicago. The keel deflected from the direction of the banner ; 
 legume compressed, cochleate. 82. 93 — (lucerne clover, raedick.) 
 
 Trigonella. Banner and wings nearly equal, spreading, appearing 
 like a3-petalled corol : legume bowed, rugose, veiny. 32. 93 — (fenu- 
 greek.) Exotic. 
 
 AsTiiAGALUs. Calyx 5-toothed : keel obtuse ; legume somewhat 2- 
 celled, incurved at the suture below. 32. 93 — (milk vetch.) 
 
 CicER. Calyx 5-parted, of the length of the corol, \i upper divisions 
 resting on the banner : legume turgid, 2-seeded ; seeds gibbose, mucro- 
 nate. 32. 93 — (chick pea.) Exotic. 
 
 4, Legumes about l-seeded. 
 
 Trifolium. Flowers sub-capitate : legume included in the calyx, 
 tiot opening by valves, 1 to 4'-seeded. (Leaves always ternate.) S3. 
 93 — (clover.) 
 
 Melilotus. Flowers racemed : calyx tubular, 5-toothed : keel sim- 
 ple, shorter than the wings and banner : legume rugose, longer than 
 the calyx, or about as long. (Taken from the trifolium.) 32. 93 — (me- 
 V.lot clover.) 
 
 Lv.sPEDEZA. Calyx S-parted, 2-bracted, divisions nearly equal : keel 
 of the corol transversely obtuse : legume lens-form, unarmed, l-seeded. 
 (Leaves alvr-.ys ternate. Taken from the hedysarum.) 32. 93 — (bush 
 clover.) 
 
 5. Legumes jointed^ or in lomenls. * 
 CoRONiLLA. Calyx 2-l!pr;ed : petals v/ith claws : loment lei'etish, 
 
 jointed: flowers in umbels : seeds ge.^erally cylindric. 32 93 — (cor- 
 
 onilla.) Exotic. 
 
 Hedysartjm. Calyx o-cleft : koel of corol transversely ohUv-p : lo- 
 
 ment many-jointed, joints l-scedcd. compressed, generally hispid- 
 
 N 
 
1-16 CLASS XVIII. ORDER I. 
 
 Most, or all of the species in the northern states have ternate leaves.) 
 32. 93— (bush-trefoil.) 
 
 STYL0SA>-THrs. Caly:s tubular, very long, bearing the corol ^vhich 
 originates higher than the top of the germ : loment two-jointed, hook- 
 ed. (Sometimes the pod is in a single joint.) 39. 93 — (pencil-flower.) 
 
 Aeschvnome-\e. Calyx 2-lipped, lips toothed : stamens united in 
 t\t-o equal parcels : loment compressed, one suture strait, another lob- 
 ed ; joints truncate, 1-seeded. 32. 93 — (false sensitive plant.) 
 
 POLYADELPHOUS PLANTS. 
 
 The genera Citms, Ascyrum and Hypericum were placed in the class 
 polyadelphia by Linneiis, and are still retained in that class by many au- 
 thors. We, following Persoon's method, have removed them to the 
 c^ass polyandria, and left the dixss poly ad elp hi a out of the system. 
 
 CLASS XVIIL SYNGENESIA, 
 
 Order I. Polvgamia .^qualis. 
 A. Florets Ugulate, 
 
 Tracopggon. Calyx simple, many-leaved : receptacle naked : egret 
 plumose and stiped.* 49. 53 — (goat's-beard, vegetable oyster.) Exotic. 
 
 ApARGiA. Calyx imbricate : receptacle naked : egret plumose, ses- 
 sile. (Taken from the leontodon.) 49. 53 — (false hawk-weed.) 
 
 Leontodon. Calyx double : receptacle naked : egret plumose, 
 stiped. 49. 53 — (dandelion.) 
 
 Prexanthes. Florets from 5 to 20, in a simple series, (or in one 
 circular row :) calyx calycled : receptacle naked : egret simple, sub- 
 sessile. 49. 53 — (white lettuce.) 
 
 Lactuca. Calyx imbricate, cylindric, with the margin membrana- 
 oeous: receptacle naked : egret simple, stiped : seed smooth. 49. 53 
 — (lettuce.) 
 
 * HiERACiLM. Calyx imbricate, ovate : egret simple, sosslle : recep- 
 tacle naked, or sub-pilose. (From while becoming yellowish,) 49. 
 63 — (hawk-weed.) 
 
 SoNCHUS. Calyx imbricate, inflated : egret pilose, se.>slle ; receptacle 
 naked. 49. 53— (swine thistle.) 
 
 * Pull off the roro), slamcns and Ftyle?; whatever i* lefl on ihe s^prm is (lie pcref- 
 In some flowers the stipe to stiped egrK will i)ot anpcar before full m.Uitrity. Pull oft" 
 all the germs : if nothing is left, the receptacle is nalied; but whatever is left, bejonir* 
 to the receptacle and fri'/cs it the rlta'acter of chaffy, liuiry, or bristly. — Read the 53(1, 
 54lh. and 55th >«"atural Orders of Jii*iieu. 
 
CLASS XVIII. OKDEll I. l47 
 
 Troximon.* Calyx obloag, conic, many-leaved ; leafets unequal, 
 imbricate : receptacle naked, with minuie punctures ; egret sesaile^ 
 pilose. 49. 53 — (false goat's- beard.) 
 
 Kkigia. Calyx simple, many-leuved : receptacle naked: egret 5 
 membranous leaves wiJx 5 alternating brlsllci ; rectplacle naked. 4i». 
 53 — (dwarf dandelion.) 
 
 ToLPis. Calyx caliculateu : scales lax, subulate, a little longer thaa 
 the calyx : receptacle pitted : e-ret setose, uiih margin dentate. 49. 
 9o — (haAvk's-beard.) Exotic. 
 
 CiciioRiuM. Calyx calyclet! : egret many chruTy leaves : receptade 
 somewhat chaiFy. 49. 5^3 — (succory, or endive.) 
 
 ScoLYML's. Calyx imbricate, spinose, surrounded with spinose leaf- 
 ets : receptacle chaiTy: egret none- 49. 55— (golden thistle.) Exotic. 
 B. Florets tubnlous : ftowcrs capitate. 
 Cynara. Receptacle bristly : calyx dilated, imbricate ; scales with 
 fleshy bases, emarginate and pointed : egret phimose, sessile. 49. 54 
 — (garden artichoke.) Exotic. 
 
 LiATRis. Calyx imbricate, oblong: anthers entire at the base ^ 
 seeds hairy, striate, obconic ; egret permanent, plumose, coloured : 
 receptacle naked : (flowers purple.) 49. 54 — (gay-feather.) 
 
 Verv-onia. Calyx imbricate, ovate : egret double, exterior chaffy 
 and short, interior capillary : receptacle naked : stigma 2-cleft, short=- 
 ish.* 49. 55— (fiat-top.) 
 
 Cyicus. Calyx imbricate, with prickly scales : receptacle villose f 
 egret plumose. (Taken from the carduu?.) 49. 54— (thistle.) 
 
 Carthamus. Calyx ovate, imbricate with scales, ovatish-leafy at 
 the apex : egret chaif-haiiy or none : receptacle chaff-bristly. 49. 54 
 — (false satfron.) Exotic. 
 
 OsopoRDON Calyx imbricate, with sharp mucronate scales . egret 
 pilose, caducous: receptacle alveolate: seeds transversely sulcate. 
 49. 54 — (cotton tliistle.) Introduced. 
 
 Cakduus. Calyx ovate, imbricate with prickly scales : receptacle 
 villose : egret pilose. 49. 54 — (comb-tooth thistle.) 
 
 Arctium. Calyx globose, with scales hooked at the apex : egret 
 chaff-bristly : receptacle chaffy. 49. 54— (burdock.) 
 
 SparganophoRoS. Calyx sub-globose, imbricate with unequal 
 scales recurve-spreadins at the tips : receptacle raked : seed with the 
 cup-like crown sub- cartilaginous. 49. 55— (crov.n-cup.) 
 
 *ily»>seiit:, 2d E^. 
 
148 CLASS XVIII. ORDER II. 
 
 C. Florets tuhulous : flowers discoid. 
 
 KuiiNiA. Calyx iml-Tlcate, cylindrical : egret plumose, sessile : Fe-* 
 septacle naked. 49. 55 — (false boneset.) 
 
 EcPATORiDM. Calyx imbricated (rarely sixnple) oblong : style long^ 
 cloven half way down : egret pilose, or rough papillose : receptacle 
 naked : seed smooth and glandular, 5-striate. 49. 55— (boneset, tho- 
 rough-wort, joe-pye.) 
 
 Mi.TANiA. Calyx 4 or e^.leaved, equal, 4 or 6-flowered ; receptacle 
 naked : egret pilose. 49. 55 — (climbing boneset.) 
 
 CiiRYsocoMA. Calyv iuibricate, oblong or hemispheric : style scarce- 
 ly exsert : receotAcie naked : egret pilose,^ scabrous : seed hairy. 49. 
 65 — (golden locks.) 
 
 Cacaija. Calyi cylindric, oblong, somewhat calycled at the base i 
 recepta;^le naked : egret pilose. (Leaves mostly succulent.) 4y. 55—^ 
 (wild caraway.) ' -- 
 
 Balsaeiita. Calyx imbricate, orbicular ; yeceptacle naked: egret 
 Bone. 49. 55— (costmary.) Exotic. 
 
 Order II. Polygamia Superflua. 
 A. Flowers discoid. 
 
 Bacchari?. Calyx-scaks ovate, sub-coriaceous, imbricate, cyllndrlf^ 
 beli-form or ovate: florets are pistillate and perfect, intermixed: re- 
 ceptacle naked : egret pilose. (Sametimes the flowers are dicecious.) 
 49. 55 — (groundsel tree.) 
 
 CoxYZA. Calyx imbricate, with scales sub-linear-ovate, or hemi-^ 
 splieric and sub-scarious : egrt;t simple, capillary :, receptacle naked : 
 florets of the ray with a 3-cleft border, not composing a ray in appear- 
 ar.cs. 49. 55 — (plowm.an'3-wort.) 
 
 G.N'APiiALicM. Calyx imbricate, with the marginal scales rounded, 
 scarious, shortish, glossy, coloured : receptacle naked : egret pilose or 
 plumose. (Florets often all perfect.) 49. 55 — (life everlasting.) 
 
 Artemisia. Calyx imbricate, with sc:\les rounded, converging : 
 egret : receptacle somewhat villose, or nake 'Ish. (Flowers mostly 
 rounded.) 49. 55 — (wormwood, southern-wood.) 
 
 Tanacetum. Calyx imbricate, hemispheric : scales acuminate ; 
 i-ays obsolete, 3-cleft ; egret somewhat marginal : receptacle naked:. 
 (Flowers corymbed.) 49. 55— (tansy.) 
 
-CLASS XYIII. ORDER II. 149 
 
 B. rioiccrs radiate. 
 (Rercptaclcs nuked.) 
 
 CuRrsAKTHEMrM. Calvx hemisplifii'ical, imbricate, with the scales 
 membranous at the margin: egret none, or a narrow margin. 49. 5o 
 — (ox-eyed daisy? fever- tew.) 
 
 BoLTONiA. Calyx imbricate : florets of the ray numerous : recep- 
 tacle conic, punctate : egret consists of many minute bristles, and ge- 
 nerally 2 elongated bristles or horns •• seed flat, margined. 49. 55 — 
 (false chamomile.) 
 
 Tagetes. Cal)s simple, 1-leafed, 5-toolhed, tubular: florets of the 
 ray about 5, permanent : egret 5 erect awns. 49. 55 — (marigold.) 
 Rxotic. 
 
 Bellis. Calyx hemispherical, scales equal: egret 0: receptacle 
 conical : seed obovate. 49. 55 — (gai-den daisy.) Introduced. 
 
 Pi'RETHRUM. Calyx hemispherical, imbricate with scales, acutish, 
 and scarious margined : egret a marginal ring. (Taken from chrysan- 
 themum.) 49. 55 — (wild feverfew.) 
 
 DoRONicuM. Calyx-scales equal, in two rows, longer than ths disk: 
 egret simple : seeds of the ray naked and destitute of egret. 49. 55 — 
 (leopard's-bane.) 
 
 Inula. Calyx imbricate or squarrose : egret simple : anthers ending 
 in 2 bristles at the base : ray florets numerous. 49. 55 — (elecampane.) 
 
 Erigeron. Calyx imbricate: egret pilose, double; outer egret 
 minute and chafty : florets of the ray linear, very narrow, numerous. 
 49. 55 — (flea-bane, pride-weed.) 
 
 Solid AGO. Calyx oWong or sul -cylindric, with oblong, narrow, , 
 painted, strait scales, imbricate, closed : ray florets about 6, and fewer 
 than 10, lanceohite, 2-toothed, equal to or shorter than the calyx : fila- 
 ments capillary, very short: style thread-form, equalling the length of 
 the stamens : stigma cleft, spreading : egret simple, pilose : receptacle 
 fuirowed w^ith dots op puncture^ t seeds oblong-ovate, (Yellow.) 49, 
 §-5 — (golden rod.) 
 
 Senecio. Calyx cylindric ; leafets with withering, blackish tip.=,. 
 and a few small calycle leafets at the base : e_.ret simple, capillary^ 
 copious. 49. 55 — (rag-wort, fire-weed.) 
 
 TussiLAGo. Cal\x simple, scales equa^, rod equalling the disk, sub- 
 membranous: pistillate florels, ligulate oi w ihout teeth : egret simple^ 
 s€&gile. 49. ©0. (Sometimes polygamous) — ^coltsfoot) 
 
150 CLASS XVIJI. ORDER lit. 
 
 Cineraria. Calyx simple, many-leaved, equal : egret simple. 49, 
 55 — (ash-AVort.) 
 
 Aster. Calyx imbricate, the inferior scales spreading : egret simple, 
 pilose: receptacle scrobiculatc. (Florets of the ray more than 10, 
 except in solidaginoides and a few other species, colour purple or 
 white.) 49. 55 — (star-flower.) 
 
 (Receptacles chaffy.) 
 ZisjJiA. Calyx ovate, cylindric, imbricate : florets of the ray 5, per- 
 manent, entire ; egret 2 erect awns. 49. 55 — (blood marigold.) 
 
 Heliopsis. Calyx imbricate, with ovate-linear scales : ray florets 
 linear, large : receptacle conic ; the chaft's lanceolate : seed 4-sided : 
 egret o. 49. 55 — (sun-ray.) 
 
 BuPHTHALMUM. Calyx leafy : egret marginal, 44oothed or obsolete : 
 seeds of the ray margined, and sometimes of the disk. 49. 55 — (ox- 
 eye.) Southern states. 
 
 Helenium. Calyx 1-leaved, many-parted : egret 5-awned chaffy 
 leaves : receptacle chaffy in the ray only : florets of the ray half-3-cleft : 
 seed villose. (Leaves decurrent.) 49. 55 — (false sunflower.) 
 
 A-NTHEMis. Calyx hemispherical, nearly equal : egret 0, or a mem- 
 branous margin : florets of the ray more than 5 : receptacle chaffs flat, 
 with a rigid acuminate apex. 49. 55— (may-weed, chamomile.) 
 
 Achillea. Calyx imbricate, ovate : egret : florets of the ray 4 to 
 JO, roundish, dilated. (Flowers corymbed.) 49. 55— (yarrow.) 
 
 Verbesina. Calyx many-leaved ; leafets arranged in double orders 
 iorets of the ray about 5 : egret 2-awned. 49. Go — (crown-beard.) 
 Order IIL Polvgamia Frustranea. 
 Rudbeckia. Calyx consisting of a double order of leafets or scales :« 
 V-eceptacle chaffy, conic ; egret a 4-toothed margin, or 0. 49. 55 — 
 (cone-flower.) 
 
 Helianthus. Calyx imbricate, sub-sqiiarrose, leafy : receptacle flat^ 
 chaffv : egret 2-leaved, chaff-like, caducous. 49. 55 — (sunflower, Je- 
 rusalem artichoke.) 
 
 BiDENS. Calyx calycled, nearly equal, with or without ray florets : 
 receptacle flat, chaffy : egret consists of 2, 3, or 4 strong awns, >\ ith 
 reflexed and erect lateral prickles : seeds 4-cornered. 49. 55 — (burr- 
 marygold, beggar-ticks.) 
 
 Coreopsis. Calyx double, both many-leaved, (8 to 12 ;) seeds com- 
 pressed emarginate : receptacle chaffy : egret 2-horned. 49c 55— 
 .(tick-seed sunflower.) 
 
t'LASS XIX. ORDER I. ^51 
 
 Centaurea. Calyx various, mostly imbricate, roundish : egref 
 simple, various: receptacle bristly: corols of the ray funiiel-':Jiape, 
 loiij^'er, irregular. 49. 5-4 — (blue-bottle, blessed thistle.) 
 
 Order IV. Polygamia JN'ecessaria. 
 
 SiLPHiuM. Calyx squarrose, scales leafy, broad : egret a 2-horned 
 margin : receptacle chatty : seeds compressed, obcordate, margined. 
 49. 55 — (ragged-cup.) 
 
 PoLYMNiA. Calyx double, exterior 4-5-leaved, interior 10-leaved» 
 leafets concave : egret : receptacle chaiiy, 49. 55 — (leaf-cup.) 
 
 Calendula. Calyx many-Jeaved, equai : receptacle naked : egret 
 none : seeds of the disk membranaceous. 49. 55 — (pot marygold.) 
 Exotic. 
 
 Iva. Calyx about •'-' iaved or 5-parted : styles 2, long : seed obo- 
 yate, naked, obtuse : receptacle hairy, or chatt'-bristiy : ray 5-flo\vered-. 
 49. 55 — (high-vvater sbrub.) 
 
 Order V^. Polygamia Segregata. 
 
 Elephaxtopus. Common calyx S-leaved, partial calyx 4.f1ovrer- 
 ed : florets 5-jleft, ligulate : receptacle naked : egret setaceous. 49j 
 55 — (elephant-fool.) Southern states. 
 
 EcHisops. Proper calyx l-ilowered : corol tubular, perfect : recep- 
 tacle setose : egret obsolete. 49. 54— (globe thistle.) Exotic. 
 
 CLASS XIX. GYNANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Mon-andria.* 
 
 A. Anther adnate, sub-lerminnl, not caducous : masses of pollen affixid 
 
 by the base, and made up of angular part ides. 
 
 Orchls. Corol ringent-like, upper petal vaulted : lip dilated, spurr- 
 ed beneath : masses of pollen 2, adiiate, terminal. 7. 21 — (orchis.) 
 
 B. Anther parallel with the slignia, not caducous : masses of pollen affix- 
 ed to the summit of the stigma, and made up of farinaceous or angular 
 particles. 
 
 GooDYERA.t Corol rins:en+-like, the 2 lower petals placed under the 
 gibbous lip, which is undivided above : style free : constituent particles 
 of the masses of pollen angular. 7. 21 — (ratilesnake-leaf, scrophula 
 weed ) 
 
 * S .-.le botanists consider each mass of poil«>n as an anther; cocse'^utntiv place tbe^ 
 §enr • ;• in the 2<i order. See Uie 21st Hat. Ord. of Jusiieu. 
 t JNeottia, 2d Ed. 
 
152^ CLASS XIX. ORDER I. 
 
 Neottia. Coi-ol ringen1-like, the 2 lower petals placed under the 
 lip, which is beardless; interior petals converging: style wingless: 
 eonstituent particles of the masses of pollen fariuaceouS' 7. 21 — (Ig,- 
 dies'-hesses.) 
 
 LisTERA.J Corol irregular: lip pendant, 2-cleft : style Avingless, 
 minute, with the anther inserted at its base : pollen farinaceous. 7. 21 
 — (lily orchis.) 
 
 C. Jlnther inserUd, terminal, not caducous : masses of pollen farinaceous 
 
 or aui^ular. 
 
 PoGOMA.§ Petals 5, distinct, without glands : lip sessile, cowled^ 
 crested internally : pollen farinaceous. 7. 21 — (snake -mouth.) 
 
 Triphora.§ Petals 5, distinct, equal and converging, without 
 glands: lip unguiculate, cowled: style spatulate, even, \yingless : pol- 
 len farinaceous. 7. 21— (three-bird orchis.) 
 
 CvMEiDiUM. Petals 5, distinct : lip behind or inverted, unguiculate : 
 the lamina bearded : style free : pollen angular. 7. 21 — (grass pink.) 
 
 Arethusa. Petals 5, connate at the base : lip below growing to the 
 style, cowled above, crested W'ithiu : pollen angular, 7. 21 — (arethusa.) 
 
 D. Anther moveable, terminal, caducous : masses of foil en at length be- 
 
 coming ivax-like. 
 
 TiPULARiA.* Petals spatulate, spreading ; lip entire, sessile, conspi- 
 cuously spurred below at the base : style wingless, lengthened, free : 
 anther in the form of a lid : masses of pollen 4, parallel. 7. 21 — (11- 
 inodore.) 
 
 Malaxis. Petals 5, narrower than the lip, spreading or deflected r 
 lip flattened, undivided, sessile : style lengthened : masses of pollen 4^ 
 parallel, affixed to the summit of the stigma. Flower turned upside 
 down by the tw isting of the peduncle Avhen the corol opens. 7. 21— 
 (tway-blade.) 
 
 MicRosT' Lis.f Petals 5, converging, one only deflected ; 2 inner 
 •nes ftliforni : iip about equalling the petals in length, erect, sessile, 
 concave, truncate, and 2-toothed at the summit: style veiy minute : 
 masses of pollen 3. 7.21 — (snake-mouth tway-;>lade.) 
 
 Corallorrhiza. Petals equal, converging: lip either unguiculate, 
 er witi) an obsobte spur: masses of pollen 4, obhque : style free. T>. 
 21 — (coral root, adam-and-eve.) 
 
 1 i.jii;.'actis, ?'i Ed. § Arethr.sa, 2d Ed. * Limodor«ir,2d Ed. 
 
 t iUiiJa\is, ad Ed. I consider-this one of the besfeof Nuttjill's i^roposed ^«uiera.. 
 
GLASS XX. ORDER I. 153 
 
 Order II. Diandria. 
 
 GvPRiPEDiuM. Calyx coloured, 4-leHved, spreading : corol o, (by 
 some the calyx is called a corol :) nectary large, hollow, inflated : style 
 with a terminal lobe, and petal-like appendage on the upper side. 7. 
 2 X — (ladies'-slipper.) 
 
 Oro'^.r V, Pentandria. 
 
 AscLEPiAS Petals 5, reflexed : nectaries 5, concave, erect, con- 
 taining little Iforns : each stamen with a pair of pendulous antiiers sus- 
 pended from the top of the stigma. 30. 47 — (milk- weed, silk-weed.) 
 
 GoNOLOBUs. Calyx wheel-form, 5-parted: nectary simple, cylindric, 
 somewhat fleshy, 5-lobed, depressed, equal with the cells or cases of 
 the anthers, o^angled, without winged lateral margins or terminal 
 membranaceous bristles : masses of pollen in 5 pairs, even, transverse : 
 follicles 2. 30. 47 — (false choak-dog.) 
 
 Order VI. Hexaxdp.ia. 
 
 Aristolochia. Calyx 0: corol superior, 1-petalled, ligulate, in^- 
 flated at the base: capsule 6-celled, many-seeded. 11. 23 — (birtli= 
 wort.) 
 
 * Arum was formerly placed here, but is now removed to class 
 moncecicu 
 
 CLASS XX. MON(ECIA. 
 
 Order I. Monandria. 
 
 ZosTERA. Cabx and corol 0: anther ovate, sessile: germ ovate^ 
 inserted on an unilateral spadix-lilce receptacle : style 2-cleft : capsule 
 i-seeded. 2. 7-^(gra:<s wrack, sea eel-grass.) 
 
 Zanichellia. Staminate floAvers — calyx and corol 0. Pistillate 
 flowers — calyx 1-lcaved : corolO: little germs about 4, each 1-seeded. 
 2. 13. 
 
 Caulinia. Staminate flowers — calyx : corol ; anthers sessile. 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx 0; corol 0: style filiform: stigma 2-cleft: 
 capsule 1-seeded. 15. 6. (Flowers axillary) — (rlver-nymph.) 
 
 Chara. Staminate flowers — calyx : corotO: anther globose, ses- 
 sile. Pistillate flowers — calyx 0: corol 0: style 0: stigmas 5 : berry 
 l-celled, many-seeded. 15. 6 — (chara.) 
 
 Najas. Staminate flowers — calyx cyllndric, 2-cleft: stamen fila- 
 mentous, long ; anther 4-va'. .ed ; valves sfT?adi;;g. Pistillate flowers 
 — calyx 0: style 1, with 2 stigmas: nut 4-seeded. 15. 6— (water- 
 aymph.) 
 
154 GLASS XX. ORDER III. 
 
 OrDE-T. II. DiASDRIA. 
 
 Lemna. Staminate flov.ers— calyx 1-leafed : corol : stamens seat- 
 ed on the base of the germ. Pistillate flowers—calyx 1 leafed : corol 
 : style cyliudric ; stigma funnel-form : capsule 1-celled, 2 to 4.seeded. 
 54. 6 — (duck-meat, water flaxseed.) 
 
 PoDosTEMUM. Staminate Sowers— calyx : corol 0: stamens affix^ 
 edto a pedicel. Pistillate flowers— calyx 0: corol 0: germ ovate; 
 stigma 1, sessile : capsule 2-celled, 2-valv'ed, many-seeded. 54. 6-- 
 (thread-fool.) 
 
 OnoER III. Triandri.v. 
 Typha. Araent cylinJric. Staminate flowers— calyx obsolete, 3- 
 leaved; corol 0. Pistillate flowers— below the staminate: calyx 0; 
 corol 0: seed 1, pedicelled ; the pedicels surrounded at the base w-ith 
 long hairs resembling egret. 3. 8— (cat-tail, or reed mace.) 
 
 SpARGANiuM. Staminate flowers— ament globular : calyx 3-leaved ; 
 corol o. Pistillate flowers— calyx 3-leaved : corol : stigma 2-cleft : 
 drupe juiccless, !-seeded. 3. 8 — (burr-reed.) 
 
 Zea.- Staminate flowers — calyx-glume 2-flowered, awnless : coral- 
 glume awnless. Pistillate flowers — calyx-glume 2-valved, (number of 
 valves increased by cultivation:) style 1, very long, filiform, pendu- 
 lous : seed solitary, immersed in an oblong receptacle. 4. 10 — (IndiuH 
 corn.) 
 
 Tkipsacum. Staminate flowers — crdyx-glurae 2-3ow^ered5 outer or.e 
 staminate, inner one neutral : corol-glume membranaceous. Pistillate 
 flowers — calyx-glu ■ e 1-flow^ered, covered with a 1-leafed involucre 
 perforated with hollows ; corol witii numerous thin membranaceous 
 valves: styles 2 : seed 1. 4. 10 — (sesame grass.) 
 
 Coix. Staminate flowers — in remote spikes : calyx-glume 2-flower- 
 ed, awnless : corol-glume awnless. Pistillate flowers — calyx-glume 
 2-flovvered : corol-glume awnless: style 2-parted -: seed covered witli 
 the bone-like calyx. 4. 10 — (Job's-tear.) Exotic. 
 
 Carex. Aments imbricate, (usually in cylindric spikes.) Staminate 
 flov> ers — calyx-scales single : corol 0. Pistillate flowers — calyx-scales 
 single : corol inflated, monopetalous, 2-toothed at the apex : stigmas 2 
 or .) : nut 3-sid8d, enclosed in the permanent corol, which becomes an 
 utr'culus-like permanent aril. Sometimes dioecious. 3. 9 — (sedge.) 
 
 Sci.ERi.v. Staminate flowers — calyx-glume 2 or 6-valved, many- 
 ftowered: Korol glumes ajvnless. Pistillate flon^ers — calyx like the 
 
CLASS XX. ORDER IV. 155 
 
 staminate : corol ; stigmas 1 to 3 : nut coloured, suTi-globose. 3. 9— 
 (whip-grass.) 
 
 CoMPTOKiA. Staminate flowers — ament cylindric, with calyx-scales 
 1 -flowered : corol 2-petalled : filaments 2-forked. Pistillate flowers — 
 s-pike or anient ovate : corol 6-petalled, (the corol may be called a ca- 
 lyx:) styles 2 : nut ovate. 50. 99 — (sweet fern.) 
 
 Eriocaulon. Common calyx many-leaved ; florets many, in an 
 imbricate head : partial perianth superior, 2 or 3-leaved. Staminate 
 flowers central, with monopetalous cleft corols. Pistillate flowers 
 marginal, with 2-petalled corols : stigmas 2 or 3 : capsule 2or3-celled; 
 seed 1, crowned with the corol. 6. 13 — (pipe-wort.) 
 
 Serpicula. The perfect flowers liave 3 stamens only. Staminate 
 flowers — calys 3-parted : corol 3-petalled : stamens 9, 3 of them witli- 
 iu. Pistillate flowers — calyx S-pai-t^d, tube very long : petals 3 : bar- 
 ren filaments 3^ capsnle blfldder-like, 3-seeded. 15. 88 — (ditch-moss.) 
 * Andropogon, Holchus, Hierochloa. 
 
 Order IV. Tetrandria. 
 
 ArcuBA. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-toothed : corol 4-petalled: 
 receptacle pierced with 4 holes. Pi-stillate flowers — calyx and corol as 
 in the staminate: germ inferior: style 1, short: nut ovate, 1-celled— «- 
 (japan shrub.) E-xotic. 
 
 BffiHMERiA. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-parted : corol 0: nectaiy 
 0. Pistillate flowers — calyx 0: corol 0: styles 2 : seed 1. compressed- 
 (Flowers in cylindric spikes.) 53. 98 — (false nettle.) 
 
 Urtica. Staminate flower.^ — calyx 4-leavcd : corol : ncctarj- cen- 
 tral, cyathiform. Pistillate floAvers — calyx 2-leaved, (2-valved :) corol 
 0; seed 1, glossy. 53. 98— (nettle.) 
 
 Parietaria. Polyramous. Perfect flowers — calyx 4-cleft inferior : 
 corol 0: stamens elastic: style 1: seed 1. Pistillate flowers — calyx 
 2-leaved : seed covered with the dried elongated calyx. 53. 98 — 
 (pellitoiy.) 
 
 MoRus. Staminate flower? — calyx 4-parted : corol 0. Pistillate 
 flowers — calyx 4-leaved : corol : styles 2 : calyx berried : seed 1 . 
 53. 93— (mulberry.) 
 
 Alnus. Staminate flower."? — arncnt composed of wedge-form, trun- 
 cate, 3-flowered receptacles : calyx a scale: cofol 4-parted. Pistillate 
 flowers — calyx 2-nowtTed scales: corol 0: seed compressed, ovate, 
 wingless. 50. 99~(alder.) 
 
156 tLASS XX. ORDER Xllt. 
 
 Buxus. Staminate flowers — calyx 8-leaved : petals 2 : germ a mei-e 
 rudiment. Pistillate flowers — calyx 4-leav'ed: petals 3: styles 3: 
 capsules 3-beaked, 3-celled : seeds 2. 38. 96— (box.) Exotic. 
 Order V. Pxntandria. 
 
 Xanthium. Staminate flowers — ^common calyx imbricate : corol 5- 
 cleft, funnel-form,- receptacle chaffy. Pistillate flowers — involucre 
 2-leaved, l-flowered: corol 0: drupe dry, muricate, 2-cleft: nut 2" 
 -celled. 54. 98 — (sea burdock.) 
 
 Ambrosia. Staminate flowers — common calyx 1-leaved : corol 1- 
 petalled, 5-cleft, funnel-form: receptacle naked. Pistillate flowers— ^ 
 calyx l-1eafed, entire, the swelling part 5-toothed, l-flowered: corol 
 0: nut from the indurated ca'yx 1-seeded. 64,98 — (hog-weed.) 
 
 Amaranthus. Staminate flowers — calyx 3 or 5-leaved : corol Ot 
 Mamens 3 or 5. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol as the staminate : 
 styles 3: capsule l-celled, opening transversely: seed 1. 54. 30— 
 (amarantli, red cockscomb.) 
 
 * Quercus. 
 
 Order VI. Hexakdria. 
 
 ZiZAN'iA. Staminate flowers — calyx : corol-glume 2-vah-ed, awa- 
 less, with pi'^til]ate flowers intermixed. Pistillate flowers — calvx Oi 
 corol-glume 2-valved, cucullate, awned : style 2-parted : seed 1, in- 
 vested in the plaited corol. 4. 10 — (water oats.) 
 
 * Carya, Myriophyllura. 
 
 Order XIII. Polyandria. 
 A. Stems not woody. 
 
 Ceratophtllcm. Staminate flowers — calyx many-parted : corol 
 ©; stamens 1(^—20, short, with tricuspidafe anthers^ Pistillate flowers 
 — calyx fi-leaved, imbricated : corol : pistil 1 : nut 1-seeded. 15. 91 
 —(horn-wort.) 
 
 MvniopHVLLUM. Staminate flowers— calyx 4-cleft : petals 4, cadu- 
 rr>us: stam.ens 4, 6, or 8. Pistillate flowers—calyx and corol like the 
 s'aminate: germs 4: style Ot seeds 4, having a bark. 15. 88— (water 
 inilfr.il.) 
 
 Sagittaria. Staminate Ha wers—calyx 34eaved ; corol S-petalled : 
 filaments mostly 24. Pstiilate flowers— c«!yx and corol as in the sta- 
 minate: germs many: capsules aggregate, 1-seeded. 5. 13— (arrow- 
 head.) 
 
CLASS XX. ORDER XIII. 157 
 
 Calla. Spathe ovate, becoming expanded: spadix covered Avitli 
 the fructification : stamens intermixed. Stamiiiate flowers — calyx and 
 corol ; anthers sessile. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol : berries 
 1-celled, crowned with the short style. 2. 7 — (water arum.) 
 
 Arum. Spathe cucullate : spadix not entirely covered with the fruc- 
 tification ; being more or less naked above, with pistillate flowers be- 
 neath, and staminate in the middle ; (sometimes a few are staminate 
 beneath : berry mostly 1 -seeded, generally cirrose-glandular beneath. 
 2. 7 — (Indian turnip, wake-robin.) 
 
 PoTERiuM. Staminate flowers — calyx 4 leaved : corol 4-parted : 
 stamens 30 to 50. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the stamin- 
 ate : pistils 2 : berry from the indurated tube of the corol. 64. 92 — 
 (burnet) Exotic. 
 
 B. Stems icoody. 
 
 QuERCUs. Staminate flowers — calyx sub-5-cleft : stamens 5 to 10. 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx 1-leafed, entire, scabrous, being a woody cup : 
 styles 2 to 5 : nut coriaceous, surrounded at the base by the permanent 
 calyx. 50. 99— (oak.) 
 
 Carva. Staminate flowers— ament imbricate : calyx 3-parted 
 scales : corol o : stamens 4 to 6. Pistillate flowers — calyx 4-cleft, su- 
 perior : corol o : styles ; stigma 4-lobed : pericarp 4-valved : nut 
 sub-quadrangular, even. 60. 94 — (hickory, walnut.) 
 
 JuGLANS. Staminate flowers — ament imbricate : calyx a scale : co- 
 rol 6-parted : stamens 18 to 36. Pistillate flowers — calyx 4-cleft, su- 
 perior: corol 4-cleft : styles 1 or 2 : drupe partly spongy : nut rugose 
 and irregularly furrowed. 50. 94 — (butternut, black walnut.) 
 
 Fagcs. Staminate flowers — ament roundish : calyx 5-cleft, bell- 
 form : stamens about 12. Pistillate flowers — calyx 4-toothed, setose : 
 germs 2 : nuts 2, inclosed in the calyx, becoming coriaceous echinate. 
 50- 99— (beach.) 
 
 Castanea. Polygamous. Staminate floAvers — ament naked, linear: 
 corol 5 or 6-parted : stamens 10 to 20. Pistillate flowers — calyx 5 or 
 6-leaved, muricate ; germs 3 : stigmas pencil-form ; nuts 3, with coria- 
 ceous putamen, inclosed in the calyx, becoming echinate. 50. 99 — 
 (chesnut.) 
 
 Betula. Staminate flowers— ament imbricate, scales peltate, 3» 
 flowered : calyx a scale : stamens 10 to 12. Pistillate flowers — calyx 
 a 2-flowered scale : seed 1, winged. 50. 99— (birch.) 
 
 o 
 
158 CLASS XX. ORDEIl XVI. 
 
 Carpinus. Ament imbricate. Staminate flowers— Calyx scales cl- 
 liate : stamens 10. Pistillate flowers— calyx scales 2-flowered : corol 
 3-cleft : nut ovate sulcata . 50. 99— (hornbeam.) 
 
 OsTEYA. Ament imbricate. Staminate flowers— calyx a scale : fil- 
 aments ramose. Pistillate flowers— ament naked: capsule inflated, 
 imbricate at its base, 1-seeded. 50. 99— (hop hornbeam.) 
 
 CoRYLus. Staminate flowers— ament imbricate : calyx a scale : 
 stamens about 8. Pistillate flowers— calyx 2-parted, lacerated : styles 
 2 : nut ovate, surrounded by and included in the permanent leaf-like 
 calyx. 50. 99— (hazlenut.) 
 
 Platanus. Ament globose, corol 0. Staminate flowers — corol 
 none or scarcely apparent, anthers growing around the filaments. Pis- 
 tillate flowers— calyx many-leaved ; style with a recurved stigma ; 
 seed roundish, crowned with the mucronate style, with egret-like hairs 
 at the base. 50. 99— (button-w^ood, false sycamore.) 
 
 LiQUiDAMBAR. Staminate flowers — ament conic, surrounded with a 
 4-leaved involuci-e : corol : filaments numerous. Pistillate flowers 
 ament globose, surrounded with a 4-leaved involucre : calyx 1-leafed, 
 pitcher-form, 2-flowered ; styles 2 : capsules 2, surrounded at the base 
 by the calyx, 1-celled, many-seeded. 51. 99— (sweet gum.) 
 
 Order XVI. Monadelphia. 
 
 A. Stems woody. 
 PiNUS. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-leaved : corol : stamens many : 
 anthers naked. Pistillate flowers — calyx in strobiles or cones, scales 
 2-flovvered : pistil 1 : nut with a membranaceous Aving. (Perhaps 
 more properly a samara.) 51. 100 — (pine.) 
 
 CuPREssus. Staminate flowers — ament ovate, imbricate : calyx a 
 peltate scale: corol C : anthers 4, sessile. Pistillate flowers— ament 
 strobilaceous : calyx a 1-flowered peltate scale ; corol none : germs 4 
 to 8 under each scale of the calyx : nuts angular, compressed. 51. 100 
 — (white cedar.) 
 
 Thuja. Staminate flowers — ament im>)ricate : calyx a scale : corol 
 ■0 : anthers 4. Pistillate flowers — ament a strobile : calyx a 2-flowered 
 scale : corol : nut 1, surrounded with a marginal wing, 51. 100 — 
 (arbor vitae. •) 
 
 * This tree is also called while cedar in Dr. Hosack's catalogue ; tovliicb, and to 
 Plu'I|><«'Oaleinlar I {renorally refer, as l!ie standards for English names : escepting in 
 tbose cases, where 1 take the names immediately from the common people. 
 
 In the 3d ediiien, T have added several English names from Professor Teck's cata- 
 logue, and from i)artou"s r"lorain Philadelphia. 
 
CLASS XXI. ORDER II. 159 
 
 B. SI ems not woody. 
 
 AcALYPHA. Staminate flowers — calyx 3 or 4-leaved, or 3 or 4-part- 
 ed : stamens 8 to 16. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the sta- 
 minate : styles 3, 2-cleft : capsule tricoccous, 3-celIed. (Having large 
 bracts.) 38. 96 — (tliree seed mercury.) 
 
 RiciNus. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-parted : stamens numerous. 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx 3-parted : styles3, 2-cleft : capsules echinate, 
 3-celled, 3-seeded. 38. 9Q — (palma cliristi, or castor oil plant.) Ex- 
 otic.) 
 
 Phyllanthus. Staminate floAvers — calyx 5 or 6-parted : filaments 
 united in a column ; anthers 3, and generally several barren filaments. 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the staminate : nectary with a 
 12-angled margin : styles 3 : capsule tricoccous. 38. 96 — (leaf-flower.) 
 
 MoMORDicA. Staminate flowers — -calyx 5-cleft : corol 5-parted ; fil- 
 aments 3. Pistillate flowers — style 3-cleft : berry gourd-like and burst- 
 ing elastically : seeds compressed. 34. 97 — (balsam apple, wild cu- 
 cumber.) 
 
 SicYos. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-toothed : corol 5-parted : fila- 
 ments 3. Pistillate flowers — styles 3-cleft : berry gourd-like, 1-seed- 
 ed. 34. 97 — (single-seed cucumber.) 
 
 CucuRBiTA. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-toothed : corol 5-cleft : 
 filaments 3. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the staminate : 
 pistil 3-cleft : pomaceous berry large, 3 to 5-celled : seeds thickened 
 at the margin. 34. 97 — (gourd, squash; pumpkin, water-melon.) Ex- 
 otic. 
 
 CuccMis. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-toothed: corol o-parted : fil- 
 aments 3. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the staminate : stig- 
 mas 3, thick, 2-parted : berry with sharpish seeds. 34. 97 — (cucum- 
 ber, musk-melon.) Exotic. 
 
 Melothria. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-toothed : corol bell-form : 
 filaments 3. Pistillate flow^ers — style 1 : stigmas 3 : berry 3-celled, 
 many-seeded. 34. 97 — (creeping cucumber.) 
 
 CLASS XXI. DIOECIA. 
 
 Order II. Diandria. 
 
 Vallisneria. Staminate flowers — spathe ovate, 2-parted : spadix 
 
 eovered with florets : perianth 3-parted. Pistillate flowers — spathe 2- 
 
 cleft, 1-flowered : perianth 3-parted, superior : corol 3-petalled : stig- 
 
160 CLASS XXI. ORDER V. 
 
 mas 3, strap-like, 2-cleft : capsule valveles?, 1-celled, many-seeded. 
 (Stamens 2 and 6.) 1. 22— (tape-grass, eel-grass.) 
 
 Salix. Staminate flowers — ament cylindric : calyx a scale, with a 
 nectariferous gland at the base : stamens 1 to 6. Pistillate flowers — 
 ament and calyx like the staminate : styles 2-cleft capsule 1-celled, 2- 
 valved : seed with egret-like down. 50. 99 — (willoAv) 
 
 Fraxinus. Perfect flowers — calyx 0, or 4-parted : corol 0, or 4-pet- 
 alled : pistil 1: samara l-seeded, with a lanceolate wing. Pistillate 
 flowers — calyx, corol and pistils same as perfect. 44. 37 — (ash.) 
 
 Order III. Triandria. 
 
 Empetrum. Staminate flowers — calyx bud-like, imbricated with 
 about 9 scales ; the three innermost are petal-like : stamens long. Pis- 
 tillate flowers — calyx and corol as in the staminate ; styles 9 : berry 9- 
 seeded. 18. 51 — (crow-berry.) 
 
 Ficus. Common receptacle fleshy, (becoming the fruit) enclosing 
 the apetalous florets, both staminate and pistillate, either in the same, 
 or in distinct individuals. Staminate flowers — calyx 3-parted. Pistil- 
 late flowers — calyx 5-parted : pistil 1, lateral ; seed 1, covered with the 
 closed permanent somewhat fleshy calyx. 53.98 — (fig-tree.) Exotic. 
 * Carex. 
 
 Order IV. Tetrandria. 
 
 HiPPOPHAE. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-parted, caducous, tubu- 
 lar : corol : stamens 8, enclosed, alternating with 8 glands. Pistil- 
 late flowers — calyx 4-cleft, bell-form, superior : style 1 ; stigma ob- 
 lique : berry l-seeded. 16. 24 — (sea-buckthorn.) 
 
 Myrica. Staminate flowers — ament oblong: calyx an ovate scale : 
 corol 0. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the staminate : styles 
 2 : drupe or berry l-seeded. 50. 99 — (bay-berry, sweet-gale.) 
 
 ViscuM. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-parted : corol : anthers ses- 
 sile, adhering to the calyx. Pistillate flowers : calyx 4-leaved, supe- 
 rior ; corol : style : berry l-seeded : seed cordate : (paiasitic, ad- 
 hering to trees.) 43. 58 — (misseltoe.) 
 
 Order V. Pentandria. 
 Hamiltonia Perfect flowers — calyx sub-campanulate, superior, 5- 
 cloft corol : nectary with a 5-toothed disk : stamens 5 : pistil 1 : 
 fruit a drupe. Staminate flowers like the perfect, except in wanting 
 Che pistil. 43. 95 — (American oil-nut.) 
 
CLASS XXI. ORDERS VIII. XIII. 161 
 
 ZanthoxylUxM. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-parted : corol : sta- 
 mens 3 to 5. Pistillate flowers — pistils 3 to 5 : capsules equal to the 
 number of pistils, 1-seeded. 46. 94 — (prickly ash, or tooth-ache tree.) 
 
 SpiNACiA. Staminate flowers — calyx o-parted : corol 0. Pistillate 
 flowers — styles 4 : seed 1, within the indurated calyx. 12. 29 — (spi- 
 nach.) Exotic. 
 
 AcNiDA. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-parted : corol 0. Pistillate 
 flowers — calyx 3-parted : style : stigmas 3, sessile : capsule 1-seed- 
 ed. 53. 29 — (water-hemp.) 
 
 HuMULUs. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-leaved : corol 0. Pistillate 
 flowers — calyx 1-Ieafed, entire, oblique, spreading : styles 2: seed 1, 
 within the leaf-like calyx : inflorescence strobile-form. 53. 98 — (hop.) 
 
 Cannabis. Staminate flowers — calyx o-parted. Pistillate flowers 
 — calyx 5-leaved, entire, gaping laterally: styles 2: nut 2-valved, 
 within the closed calyx. 53.98 — (hemp.) Exotic. 
 
 NvssA. Perfect flowers — calyx superior, 5-parted : corol : pistil 
 1 : fruit a drupe. Staminate flowers— stamens 5 to 12, standing around 
 a peltate gland. 12. 24— (tupelo tree, pepperidge.) 
 Order VI. Hekandria. 
 
 Smilax. Staminate flowers — calyx 5 or 6-leaved, inferior : corol 0. 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the staminate : styles minute ; 
 stigmas 3: berry 3-celled, 1 to 3-seeded. 11. 12 — ^green briar, Jacob's 
 ladder.) 
 
 DioscoREA. Staminate flowers— calvx f-oarted : corol 0. Pistil- 
 late flowers — styles 3 : capsule 3-cened, triangular, compressed : seeds 
 2, membranaceous. (Leaves generally alteraate.) 11. 12 — (yam- 
 root.) 
 
 Gleditschia Perfect flowers — calyx 6 to S-parted, caducous, 3 or 
 4 of the outer segments smaller : corol none : stamens 5 or 6 (rarely 
 8 :) legume long, flat, compressed, 1 or many.seeded. Pistillate flow- 
 ers—calyx sub-turbinate, 5 to 8-parted, with 3 to 5 of the segments in- 
 terior : stamens 6 to 8. 33. 93 — (honey locust.) 
 
 From Order VIII. Octandria, to Ord£r XIII. Polyandria. 
 
 PopuLus. Staminate flowers — anient cylindric, calyx atom scale : 
 corol turbinate, oblique, entire. Pistillate flowers — ament, calyx and 
 corol like the staminate : stigma 4 or 6-lobed: capsule 2-celled ; seed 
 with egret-like hairs. (Leaves having a tremulous motion.) 50. 99 — 
 (poplar, balm of gilead.) 
 
 O 3 
 
162 CLASS XXII. ORDER I. 
 
 DiosPYROS. Staminate flowers — calyx 4 to 6-cleft, dilated : coroi 
 pitcher-form, 4 to 6-cleft: stamens 8, 16 or 29 j often 2 anthers to a 
 filament. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the staminate : stig- 
 mas 4 or 5 : berry 8 to 12-seeded. 18. 50 — (date plum.) 
 
 Datisca. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-leaved : corol 0: anthers 
 sessile, about 15. Pistillate flowers — calyx superior, 2-toothed : styles 
 3: capsules 3-angled, o-horned, 1-celled, many-seeded, pervious. 54. 
 98 .?— (false hemp.) 
 
 Menispermum. Staminate flowers — calyx 6-leaved : somewhat 2- 
 bracted, caducous : petals 6 to 9, glandular, minute, retuse : stamens 
 10, 18 or 24 ; anthers 4.1obed, 2-celled. Pistillate flowers — calyx and 
 corol like the staminate : germs and styles 3 to 6 : drupes or berries 
 mostly solitary, 1-seeded 3 nut woolly, compressed. 11. 77 — (moon- 
 seed.) 
 
 * Thalictrum, 
 
 Order XVI. Monadelphia. 
 
 JuNiPERus. Staminate flowers — araent ovate : calyx a scale : sta* 
 mens 3. Pistillate flowers — calyx 3-parted ; petals 3 : styles 3 : berry 
 1 or 2-seeded, consisting of the unequal tubercles of the calyx. (^S'ut 
 bony, 1-celled, with balsamy glands at the base.) 51. 100 — (red ce- 
 dar, savin.) 
 
 Taxus. Staminate flowers — calyx consists of 4 to 6 imbricated 
 scales : corol : stamens many, anthers peltate, 6 to 8-cleft. Pistillate 
 flowers — style : receptacle cup-form, succulent ; nut ovate. 51. 100 
 —(yew.) 
 
 POLYGAMOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Some authors still retain the class Polygamia ; but I, following Per- 
 soon, have distributed the genera belonging to this class as follows : — 
 Andropogon, to class 3, order 2. Holcus to 3, 2. Panax to 5, 2. AtrU 
 plex to 0,2. Celtis to 5,2. Veralriim to 6,3. Melanthiu7n to 6,3. Acer 
 to 8,1. Mimosato \6,h). Parielaria to 20,4. FraxinttS to 21,2. A^s- 
 «a to 2 1 J 5. Gleditsc/lia to 2 1 , 6. 
 
 CLASS XXII. CRYPTOGAMIA. 
 
 Order I. Filices.* 
 Ferns are annulated, when each capsule has a kind of chain passing 
 
 * The descriptions of th.; genera 01 this order are chiefly taken from Sprenerel's In 
 teoducuoa to lilt svwdy ol Qrypiogamous Tlants. r o * 
 
CLASS XXII. ORDER I. 168 
 
 around it at about right angles with the suture. When the fruit is ripe, 
 the chain in straitening opens the capsule ; it being attached by its ends 
 to two contiguous edges of it. 
 
 A. With annulated capsules. 
 1. Without involucres. 
 AcRosTicHUM. Capsules numerous, covering the whole lower sur- 
 face of the frond. (The fertile leaves differ in shape from the barren. 
 This genus should be examined in the young state ; for the scattered 
 fruit of other genera, by becoming confluent when old, often cover the 
 frond.) 55. 5 — (fork-fern.) 
 
 Poly PODIUM. Capsules disposed in round scattered dots, on various 
 parts of the lower surface of the frond. 55. 5 — (polypod.) 
 
 2. With involucres. 
 
 Onocle A . Fruit-dots indeterminate, presenting a berry-like appear- 
 ance ; capsules covering the whole lower surface of the frond : invo- 
 lucre formed by turning in or rolling back the margin of the leaf, which 
 opens inwards, in maturity, towards the midrib, or remains closed, 
 (The fertile leaves are contracted and narrower than the barren ones.) 
 55. 5— (sensitive polypod.) 
 
 BlechnuiM. Capsules in uninterrupted lines running parallel to the 
 midrib of the frond on both sides : involucre opens inwards.f (The 
 fruit of this genus, when ripe, often covers the whole lower surface of 
 the frond, like the acrostichum ; it must therefore be examined in the 
 young state.) 55. 5 — (Roman fern.) 
 
 Pteris! Capsules arranged in a continued line along the very mar- 
 gin of the frond : involucre opening inwards. (When the leaves are 
 extremely small, the rows of capsules on opposite sides meet and cover 
 the lower surface like the above.) 55. 5 — (brake.) 
 
 AspLENiuM. Capsules in lines parallel to each other, situated exact- 
 ly w/?on the secondary veins of the frond ; involucres opening inwards. 
 (By the secondary veins is meant those of the middle part of the disk 
 not the larger ones at the margin or midrib. The parallel lines of cap- 
 sules may stand obliquely with respect to the midrib, but their direc- 
 tion must be parallel to each other. 55. 5 — (spleen-wort, walking- 
 leaf.) 
 
 t The involucre opens inwards, when it opens Of separates, so as tokavc the caosules 
 ■aked on the siUe next to the niidrib. r'«*«^« 
 
164 GLASS XXII. ORDER 1. 
 
 ScoLOPENDRiUM. Capsules in strait or zigzag parallel lines between 
 the secondary veins (or ribs) of the frond : involucre double, opening 
 on the top of the lines of capsules, and folding down towards each side. 
 (In the genus asplenium, the lines of capsules lie across the veins of the 
 frond ; but in this they are in line with the veins, and attached along 
 their sides or between them.) 55. 5— (caterpillar fern.) 
 
 VVooDWARDiA. Capsules in oblong or oval spots, arranged in regular 
 rows on both sides of the midrib : involucre vaulted, and opening in- 
 wards. (When the leaves have large segments, the capsules are ar- 
 ranged along the midribs of the segments also.) 55. 5 — (kidney-fruit 
 
 fern.) 
 
 Adiantum. Capsules disposed in oblong spots, arranged along the 
 margin of the frond : involucre is formed by turning back the margin 
 of the frond over the capsules, and it opens inwards (The lines of 
 oblong spots are generally along that margin, which may be consider- 
 ed the end of the leaf, or of the segments of the leaf.) 55. 5 — (maid- 
 enhair ) 
 
 AspiDiuM. Capsules in scattered roundish spots on various parts of 
 the whole lower surface of the frond : involucre a kidney-form or round 
 membrane, fastened to the frond in or near the centre of the fruit-dot, 
 and opening on all sides. (The involucre, when a little opened, is 
 strictly peltate.) 55. 5 — (shield-fern.) 
 
 Athyrium. (Taken from aspidium.) Capsules in scattered round- 
 ish or oblong spots on various parts of the whole lower surface of the 
 frond : involucre a roundish membrane, fastened to the frond at one 
 side of the fruit-dot, and opens on the other. (The involucre is gene- 
 rally fastened inwards, and opens outwards towards the margin of the 
 frond. 55. 5 — (si:uff-box fern.) 
 
 DicKsoNiA. Capsule:? in small round scattered fruit-dots at the mar- 
 gin of the frond involucre double ; one part is formed of the thin mar- 
 gin of the frond turned over upon the fruit-dots, the other is from the 
 frond on the inward side of the fruit-dots, each part opening opposite to 
 where it is fastened to the frond. 65. 5 — (mountain fern.) 
 
 WooDsiA. Involucre perianth -form, with a hair-like margin : cap- 
 sules pedicelled, included within the involucre : fruit-dots roundish, 
 scattered. 55. 5 — (flower-cup fern.) 
 
 Chf.ilanthes. Fruit-dots roundish, distinct, situated at the margin 
 of the frond : involucre a roundish membrane, formed by turning over 
 the margin of the frond upon the fruit-dots, and opening inwards. (The 
 
CLASS XXII. ORDER I. 165 
 
 Biargln is always crenate, and each fruit-dot has its own involucre per^ 
 fectly separate from the others.) 55. 5 — (lip-fern.) 
 
 B. JVith capsules not annulated. 
 
 ScHizjEA. Capsules top-form, striate longitudinally and radiately, 
 situated upon the back part of a narrow spike-form appendage of the 
 frond, surrounded with or interspersed among bundles of hairs. (The 
 appendages, bearing the capsules, are generally digitate, and occupy 
 the summit of the frond.) 55. 5 — (one-sided fern.) 
 
 OsMUNDA. Capsules globose, pedicelled, radiate-striate or wrinkled, 
 having a hinge at the joining of the two valves, which resembles part 
 of the jointed ring of annulated ferns : the capsules either occupy the 
 whole frond, to a limited extent, or a panicled raceme. (The parts of 
 the frond occupied by the fruit are always more contracted than the 
 barren parts.) 55. 5 — (flowering fern.) 
 
 Lygodium. Capsules in two series, radiate-striated or wrinkled, 
 opening laterally, longitudinally or transversely ; they are situated up- 
 on spikelets which proceed from the margin of the frond, each capsule 
 being hid under a scale which falls oflF frequently in ripening. 55. 5— 
 (fringed fern, climbing fern.) 
 
 BoTRYCHiuM. Capsules coriaceous, globose, 1-celled, smooth ; they 
 are disposed in spikes or racemes, generally opening lengthwise, some- 
 times irregularly. 55, 5 — (grape fern.) 
 
 Ophioglossum. Capsules round, 1-celled, opening transversely ; 
 they are placed on a somewhat jointed spike in two close rows. 55. & 
 —(adder-tongue fern.) 
 
 Sub-order. Aptere?. 
 
 Lycopodium. Capsules mostly kidrey-form or roundish, 2 or 4- 
 valved, opening elastically ; they are placed under separate scales in a 
 spike, or sometimes in the axils of leaves. (Very leafy, their stems 
 being generally covered with 2, 3, or 4 rows of narrow, simple, entire 
 leaves.) 55. 5 — (ground.pine.) 
 
 EquisETOM. Fruit placed under peltate bodies, whVh are arranged 
 in vvhorls, forming a spike-form raceme ; four spiral filaments surround 
 the seed (probably,) which resemble green globules. (Fertile plants 
 mostiv leafless ; the stems of all are jointed with toothed sheaths at 
 cver>'jo!it, and usually longitudinally striated and hollow.) 55. 5— - 
 (scourin'^ rush, horsetail.) 
 JsoET£s. Capsules membranaceous, l-celled^ not dehiscent : fruit*- 
 
166^ CLASS XXII. ORDER IT. 
 
 dots heart-ovate, immersed in a swelling or tuberosity at the base of a 
 linear, sub-articulated, grass-like frond : seeds attached to numerous 
 cross-bars within the capsule. 55. 5 — (quill-wort.) 
 
 Order II. Musci.* 
 
 First division. Capsules without peristomes. 
 
 Sphagnum. Base of the calyptre remains attached to the capsule, 
 after the upper part has fallen off. 56. 4. 
 
 Phascum. Capsule terminal, without an opening : calyptre bell- 
 form, halved, subulate, minute. 56. 4. 
 
 GvMNOsTOMUM. Capsules terminal : calyptre cowled or halved, 
 subulate, caducous. 56. 4. 
 
 ScHisTiDiuM. Capsule terminal : calyptre mitre-form or bell-conic, 
 split at the base into many subequal divisions. 56. 4. 
 
 Akxectangium. Capsule lateral : calyptre halved, subulate. 56. 4. 
 
 Second division. Capsules with peristomes. 
 
 A. Mouth surrounded by asiiigle peristome : fruit terminal. 
 1. Teeth solitary, free (disconnected) at the hose, entire. 
 
 Tetraphis. Teeth of the peristome 4, pyramidal : calyptre mitre- 
 form, split into many divisions at the base. 56. 4. 
 
 Grimmia. Teeth of the peristome 16, pyramidal, easily reflexed : 
 calyptre mitre-form. 56. 4. 
 
 Weissla. Teeth of the peristome 16, erectish, narrow, imperforate : 
 calyptre halved, subulate. 56. 4. 
 
 Trematodon. Teeth of the peristome 16, lance-linear, perforate : 
 germ nodding, with a long horn-like epophysis at the base : calyptre 
 cowled. 56. 4. 
 
 2. Teeth solitary, free at the base, split from the apex towards the base. 
 
 Dicranum. Teeth of the peristome 16, inflexed, 2-cleft, the divisions 
 equal ; calyptre hood-form. 56. 4. 
 
 Campylopus. Teeth of the peristome 16, 2-cleft, sub-perforate : ca- 
 lyptre mitre-form, torn-fringed at the base. 56. 4. 
 
 Racomitrum. Teeth of the peristome split even to the base into 2, 
 
 * Arran^d, with few exceptions, according to the Methodus Muscorum A Sam.Eb a 
 
 Mosses maybe gathered whenever the capsules have arrived to their usual size-, but 
 they must be put in a closet, until the lids of the capsules become reddish-brown, before 
 teey are examined : tlieu the lids may be removed, and the teeth examined. 
 
CLASS XXII. ORDER II. 167 
 
 3, or 4 parts ; division equal, filiform : calyptre mitre-form or bell-form, 
 and siibiilale, mostly torn at the base. 56. 4. 
 
 Trichostomum. Teeth of the peristome 16, split even to the base 
 into 2, 3, or 4 parts ; divisions filiform : calyptre halved, hood-form. 
 56. 4. 
 
 3. Teeth solitary, twisted together like a rope at the top. 
 
 Barbula. Teeth of the peristome 16 or 32, capillary, somewhat 
 connected at the base, and spirally twisted at the top : calyptre hood- 
 form. 56. 4. 
 
 Syntrichi A. Teeth of the peristome 16 or 32, twisted spirally in the 
 form of a spike, and arising from a broad reticulate membrane : ca- 
 lyptre hood-form. 56.4. 
 
 4. Teeth approach each other, or unite inpairs. 
 
 DiDvaioDON. Teeth of the peristome 32 ; they approach each other 
 in pairs, but remain distinct : calyptre hood-form. 56. 4. 
 
 SpLACHNUiVi. Teeth of the peristome 16, attached to each other in 
 pairs, so that they can hardly be separated without lacerating their cu- 
 ticles ; reflexed, and at length close pressed to the back of the capsule ; 
 the capsule has an apophysis : calyptre bell-form, with a sub-lacerated 
 base. 56. 4. 
 
 B. Mouth surrounded by a double peristome, (except 2 species of Ortho- 
 trichum :) fruit terminal. 
 
 Orthotrichum. Peristome single or double. JVhen single, the teeth 
 are 16, arranged in pairs ; after the falling of the lid they are reflexed. 
 When double, the outer teeth are as when single, and the inner teeth are 
 8 or 16, linear, distant: calyptre conic or bell-form, keeled, pilose up- 
 wards ; rarely glabrous, 56. 4. 
 
 Ulota. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, arranged in pairs ; after 
 the falling of the lid they are easily reflexed; teeth of the inner peri- 
 stome are 8, linear, distant : calyptre conic, smoothish, hairy above, 
 often split into a fringe at the base. 56. 4. 
 
 Bartramia. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, wedge form ; the 
 inner peristome consists of a membrane folded into 16 carinate plaits 
 or folds; the divisions are bifid, receiving the inflexed apexes of the 
 teeth : calyptre hooded. 56. 4. 
 
 Brvcm. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadisb, acute ; the inner 
 peristome consists of a membrane, divided or folded by keel-like fur- 
 
168 CLASS XXII. ORDER II. 
 
 rows, and extended into 16 broadish processes, with cillate hairs inter- 
 posed : calyptre hood-form : capsule equal. 56. 4. 
 
 ArrhenopterumT Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, acute ; 
 the inner peristome consists of a keel-furrowed membrane, split into 
 broad processes, with ciliate hairs interposed : calyptre oblong, late- 
 rally sessile : capsule unequal, arcuate, nodding. 56. 4. 
 
 Mnium. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, ascending or 
 erect, with very long apexes arching outwards ; the inner peristome 
 consists of a membrane extended into 16 perforated or forked divisions, 
 ciliate hairs interposed ? calyptre acutely conic : capsule unequal, 
 jiodding. 56. 4. 
 
 TiMMiA. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, acuminate ; the 
 inner peristome consists of a membrane torn into 16 divisions, opposite 
 to the teeth, irregularly perforated and anastomosing, rarely the divi- 
 sions are alternately free : calyptre laterally fissile. 56. 4. 
 
 DiPLocoMiuM. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, obtuse, short; the 
 inner peristome consists of 16 ciliate hairs approaching each other in 
 pairs, not connected by any membrane. 56. 4. 
 
 Meesia. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, short ; the inner peristome 
 consists of ciliate hairs connected wholly by net-work. 56. 4. 
 
 DiPHYSCiuM. The outer peristome seer :s as if almost obliterated ; it 
 consists of 16 very minute scales surrounding the mouth of the germ ; 
 Ihe inner peristome consists of a conic truncate membrane, in 16 pli- 
 cate folds, which alternate with the scales. 56. 4. 
 
 BuxBAUMiA. Peristomes three. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, 
 truncate, very short, unequal, fugaceous : the two inner peristomes 
 consist of sub-conical m-embranaceous cylinders, constructed of fila- 
 ments laterally adhering together, and torn at the top ; the innermost 
 is the longest, folded in 16 plaits, and dehiscent at the apex. 56. 4. 
 
 FuNARiA. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, cohering together at the 
 apex, and twisted obliquely ; the inner peristome consists of 16 mem- 
 branaceous cilia opposite to the teeth, lying flatly. 56. 4 
 
 C, Mouth surrounded by a single peristome : fruit lateral. 
 1. Teeth entire. 
 
 Pterigvnandrum. Teeth of the peristome 16, equally distant, acute, 
 erectish : calyptre hood-form, glabrous. 56. 4. 
 
 Lasia. Teeth of the peristome 16, equally distant, acute, eiect : 
 cal}'ptre hood-form, pilose above. 56. 4. 
 
GLASS XXII, ORDER II. 469 
 
 2. Teeth split. 
 
 Leucodon. Peristome a membrane divided iiilo teeth, each of which 
 is split almost to its base : calyptre hood-form. 56. 4. 
 
 D. Mouth surrounded by a double peristome : fruit lateral. 
 1. Teeth of the inner peristome free at the base. 
 
 Neckera. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, erect, free ; cilia of the 
 inner peristome alternate with the teeth, (rarely opposite :) calyptre 
 hood-form, glabrous. 56. 4. 
 
 Cryph^a. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, erect, free ; cilia of the 
 inner peristome alternate with the teeth : calyptre mitre-form or conic, 
 glabrous. 56. 4. 
 
 PiLOTRicHUM. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, erect, free j cilia of 
 the inner peristome alternate with the teeth ; calyptie mitre-form or 
 conic, hirsute. 56. 4. 
 
 2. Teeth of the inner peristome connected by a lyiembrane at the base. 
 
 Climacium. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, acute ; inner peris- 
 tome consists of cilia, arising from a very short membrane, which are 
 united at the apex in pairs by transverse bars. 56. 4. 
 
 Leskia. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, subulate, inflexible ; inner 
 peristome consists of a membrane extended into 16 linear, uniform 
 processes : calyptre hood-form. 56. 4. 
 
 PTERiGOPHYLLUiM. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, lance-linear ; in- 
 ner peristome consists of a membrane split into 16 linear, uniform, (rarely 
 deformed) processes : calyptre mitre-form, entire, glabrous. 56. 4. 
 
 Hypnum. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, acute, reflexile ; inner 
 peristome consists of a membrane extended into 16 processes, with 
 smaller capillary ones interposed : calyptre hood-form, glabrous. 56. 4. 
 3. Inner peristome without teeth or cilia. 
 
 FoNTiNALis. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish., acute, erect ; 
 inner peristome a reticulate conic membrane. 56. 4. 
 
 E. Mouth surrounded b^ a single peristome : fruit arises from the du' 
 plicature of a leaf. 
 
 FissiDENS. Peristome simple : teeth 16, 2-cleft, broadish, inflexed; 
 the divisions somewhat unequal, diverging. 56. 4. 
 
 F. Mouth closed by a horizontal membrane. 
 PoLYTBiCHUM. Peristome veiy short : teeth 16, 32, or 64 : moutk 
 
170 CLASS XXII. ORDER lY. 
 
 of the germ covered by a dry meuibrane, which is connected to it by 
 the teeth of the peristome : calyptre very small, with a large villose or 
 hairy covering. 56. 4. 
 
 Catharin^a. Peristome very short ; teeth 32 or 64 : mouth of the 
 capsule covered by a dry membrane : calyptre glabrous or hirsute, with 
 scattering hairs. 56. 4. 
 
 Order III. Hepatic.?:.^ 
 
 RicciA. Capsules sub-globose, imbedded in the frond, not dehiscent^ 
 furnished with a short tube, scarcely prominent, becoming broAvnish 
 and perforated at the apex. This aquatic genus has the habit of the 
 most succulent and tender lichens. 57. 3. 
 
 Anthoceros. Capsules long, horn-form, subulate, longitudinally- 
 dehiscent into 2 valves when mature, imbedded and nourished in a 
 linear fleshy receptacle ; after the opening of the capsule, seeds appear 
 attached to a columella. Around the fleshy receptacle, (or perhaps 
 calyx,) within the substance of the frond, appear heaps of reddish bo- 
 dies resembling antiiers. The substance of the frond is made up of 
 hexahedral cells. In habit this genus resembles mosses. 57. 3. 
 
 Marchaktia. Receptacles pedicelled, radiate-lobed, disk-like or 
 bell-form, with the inside downwards, to which the globose 4-valved 
 capsules are attached, with their apexes downwards. The umbrella- 
 like receptacle is elevated one or two inches by a stipe attached to the 
 centre of its lower side, among the capsules and many pilose appen- 
 dages. The frond is leafy, reticulate, furnished with a midrib, and be- 
 set with villose roots on the under side, which attach themselves to the 
 stones in brooks, to damp earth, &,c. 
 
 JuNGERMANNi.A. Capsules 4-valved, globose, elevated by peduncles 
 or stipes from within a bell-form calyx. The fronds are made up of 
 finer leaves than those of the INIarchantia, and are often mistaken for 
 mosses, among which they generally grow. 57. 3. 
 
 Order IV. Algje.! 
 
 A. The section FucoidejE comprises those ^a-weeds of the old genus 
 Fucus, whose fronds are cartilaginous or leathery, and of an olive 
 or copper colour, becoming brown or black. They are composed of 
 interwoven longiludijial fibres. The floating vesicles appear like 
 portions of the frond blown vp in bubbles. 
 
 * From Spreneel, De Lar.invck and De Oaiiflolle. 
 
 t Translated frmn Acranlli's Synopsis Alcnrura— omitting- all which is not reqiure* 
 b7 discoveries in our districi. 
 
CLASS XX[I. ORDER IV. 171 
 
 Pucus. Receptacles tubercled ; the tubercles perforated, nourish- 
 ing aggregated caj)sules within, intermixed with articulated fibres. 
 57. 2. 
 
 CiioRDARii. The fruit consists of immersed, clavate, articulated^, 
 concentric tiireads, passing into seeds. Fronds filiform, cartilaginous 
 and lubricous. 57. 2. 
 
 Laminaria. Seeds oblong, immersed in a distinct part of the frond 
 — never in all parts. Frond a tenacious cartilage. 57. 2. 
 B. The section Floride^ comprises those sea-weeds of the old genus 
 
 Fucus, whose fronds are leather}/, membranous or gelatinous, and of tt 
 
 jmrple or rose colour. 
 
 Delesseria. Fruit double, seeds and capsules. Seeds heaped to- 
 gether in spots, immersed in the leaves in various places. Frond al- 
 ways thin and membranaceous. 57. 2. 
 
 Sph.erococcus Fruit uniformly a ca,psule, sessile in the disk of the 
 frond, or pedicelled at the margin. Frond cartilaginous, nerveless, flat 
 or filiform. 57. 2. 
 
 Halymenia. Frond membranaceous, leathery, nerveless, punctate : 
 seed immersed throughout the whole frond, disposed in spots. 57. 2. 
 C The section ULVoiDEiE comprises the plants of the old genus Ulvd' 
 Fronds membranaceous, (broad, or in narrow slips,) thin, of a grass- 
 green colour. Their substance consists of cells, with the fruit immersed 
 in the frond. They grow on rocks, stones, shells, &,c. in the sea ; also 
 in ditches, stagnant waters, damp woods, k,c. 57. 2. 
 
 Ulva. Seeds in fours, immersed in every part of the membranaceous 
 frond. 57. 2. 
 
 Vaucheria. Fruit consists of minute homogeneous vesicles strung 
 on a thread, or the threads or fibres sprinkled over with green granulai' 
 masses, which may at length be easily brushed off. Linneus denomi- 
 nated the plants of this genus amphibious confervse ; because they rise 
 to the surface of water, and project their fructiferous filaments above 
 it. 57. 2. 
 
 D. The section Coxfervoide^ comprises the plant? of the old genus 
 Conferva. Fruit capsular or naked granulations. Fronds ftlifortn 
 and geniculate, containing the fruit immersed in them, generally strung 
 on threads; mostly of a grass-green or greenish colour, sometimes pur- 
 ple. They grow in fresh water streams, springs, ditches, and stagnant 
 waters ; sometimes in damp w^oods, and some in the sea. 
 
172 GLASS XXII. ORDER V. 
 
 HuTCHiNsiA. Fruit double, capsular and filamentose granulation?' 
 Capsules ovate, broader at the base, acuminate apex (sometimes trun- 
 cate,) sessile, reticulate, containing globules in inflated branches. Fi- 
 laments formed from numerous channels, of a purplish colour, 67. 2. 
 
 Ceramium. Fruit double, filaraentose and capsular. Filaments 
 constituted from one tube. 57.2. 
 
 Lamania. Filaments torose, rigid, containing the seed within them. 
 The chain of germs is affixed to the interior disk of the membrane, in a 
 pencil-form aggregate. 57. 2. 
 
 Conferva. Filaments articulated, uniform, simple or branched ; 
 containing the seed within them. No external fruit. 57. 2. 
 
 Zygnema. Filaments simple, equal, articulated, green, gelatinous ; 
 articulations hyaline ; granulations disposed in spiral lines or in double 
 stars, rarely scattered. At length the transvei'se tubes burst in the mid- 
 dle of the joints, and from the two nearest filaments is transmitted, at 
 the same time, a green substance, which uniting, forms a spherical oc 
 oval seed. 57. 2. 
 
 Oscillatoria. Filaments continued, membranaceous, gelatinous : 
 germs ring-form, transverse, parallel, croAvded. Agardh considers some 
 of the species of this genus as intermediate between animal and vege- 
 table, though their oscillatory motions cannot be voluntary. 57. 2. 
 
 Batrachospermum. Frond gelatinous. Filaments with the main 
 part articulated ; branches whorled at the articulations : fruit externaL 
 67. 2. 
 
 E. The. section Tremellin^ comprises the old genus Tremella. Plants 
 of this seciion are all gelatinous, hyaline, and covered with a membrane. 
 They are globose, palmate, or filiform ; and contain conferva-like fila- 
 ments within. Colour green or purplish. They resemble Confervoidece 
 in habit and place of growth. 
 
 Rivularia. Filaments simple, continued, annulated within, termi- 
 nating in a distinct globe at the base, produced at the apex into a long 
 hyaline point. Colour olive, or dark green. 57.2. 
 
 NosToc. Filaments monili-form, constituted from coadunate glo- 
 bules. Frond bullate, vesicular, (at length becoming flattened,) craivd- 
 ed with simple, moniU-4"orm, ciirve-crisped filapaents. 57. 2. 
 
CLASS XXII. ORDER V. 173 
 
 Order V. Lichenes* 
 
 A. The Idiothalamous\ section comprises tfwse lichens, whose receptacles 
 are wholly of a substance and colour different from that of the frond. 
 
 1. Receptacles simple, wholly formed of a pulverulent or cartilaginom 
 substance. 
 
 (Receptacles without margins.) 
 
 Spiloma. Frondt crustaceous, expanded, flat, adnate, uniform: re- 
 ceptacles (efflorescence) composed of corpuscules, or pulverulent 
 atoms, aggregated in compact, homogeneous, naked, formless (or of 
 various and irregular forms,) coloured masses. 57. 2. 
 
 Arthonia. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : re- 
 ceptacle innate-sessile, round-shapeless, dark-coloured, covered with a 
 sub-cartilaginous membrane— resembles a solid parenchymous sub- 
 stance. 57. 2, 
 
 (Receptacles margined.) 
 
 GvALECTA. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : 
 receptacle shield-form, urceolate, immersed in the crust, resembling a 
 thin cartilage ; the lower part concave, with the aperture contracted 
 and sub-marginated. 57. 2. 
 
 Lecidea. Frond various : crustaceous, expanded and adnate, uni- 
 form or disfigured, foliaceous, rope- or tow-like : receptacles (span- 
 gles) shield-form, sessile, clothed every where with a cartilaginous 
 membrane: somewhat solid, including a parenchymous substance: 
 disk with an uniform or similar margin. 57. 2. 
 
 Calicium. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : 
 receptacles (puff's) bowl-form, sessile or stiped, cartilaginous ; sustain- 
 ing a compact, pulverulent mass, flat or sub-globose above, forming a 
 naked disk. 57. 2. 
 
 GvRopHORA. Frond foliaceous. coriaceous-cartilac^inous, peltate, 
 monophyllous (when luxurient polyphyllous,) free beneath: recei)tacles 
 (buttons) somewhat shield-form, sessile-adnate, clothed with a dark 
 membranaceous cartilage, including a somewhat solid parenchymous 
 substance : disk warty or circinal, plicate and margined. 57. 2, 
 
 Opegrapha. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : 
 
 * Translated from tlielast improved Synopsis Methodica Lichvnum of Professor Erii 
 Acharius. 
 t ItH'is, peculiar: thrtJamus.hoA. 
 \ Acharius has subsiituied for frond, universal nce^tade, in his last work ihi-yughout. 
 
 r 2 
 
174 CLASS XXII. ORDER V. 
 
 receptacles (clefts) oblong, elongated, sessile, clothed with a dark-co- 
 loured cartilaginous membrane, including a somewhat solid parenchy- 
 mous substance : disk linear, margined both sides. 57. 2. 
 
 S. Receptacles sub-simple, formed from a solitary frond, and furnished 
 with a perianth-like organ, including a nucleus. 
 
 (Receptacles margined.) 
 Graphis. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : re- 
 ceptacles (hollows) elongated, immersed in the frond ; the perianth- 
 iike organs surrounding the seed-cases are simple, cartilaginous, halved, 
 lateral, dark-coloured, margined both sides; nucleus linear: disk na- 
 ked above and beneath, cellular-striate within. 57. 2. 
 (Receptacles without margins.) 
 
 Verrucaria. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : 
 a-eceptacles (hollows) hemispheric or sub-globose, imbedded in the 
 frond at the base ; the perianth-like organs surrounding the seed-cases 
 are double ; exterior one sub-cartilaginous, thick, dark-coloured, halved 
 above, furnished with little openings or papillose ; interior one thin, 
 membranaceous: nucleus sub-globose, cell vesicular, ererypart en- 
 closed. 57. 2. 
 
 Endocarpon. Frond crustaceous, flat, adnate, somewhat deformed, 
 or foliaceous and peltate : receptacles (hollows) globose, hidden in the 
 substance of the frond ; the perianth-like organs surrounding the seed- 
 cases are simple, membranaceous, thin, translucent ; the little open- 
 ings at the surface of the frond are thick, sub-papiilose, prominent : 
 nucleus a globose substance. 57.2. 
 
 B. The CffiNOTHALAMous* section comprises those lichens, lohose recep. 
 tacles are in part only formed from fiie substance of the frond. 
 1. Receptacles included in warts, which are formed from the frond. 
 Porina. Frond crustaceous, cartilaginous, flat, expanded, adnate, 
 uniform : receptacles (hollows) single, or many together hidden in 
 verrucose enclosures, which are formed from the frond, and are with- 
 out margins ; the perianth-like organs surrounding the seed cases are 
 simple, tender, membranaceous, trans'ucent, furnished wUb coloured 
 openings, thicker at the surface of the warts, and inclu'^ing sub-globose 
 cellular vesicles. 57. 2. 
 
 * Koinos, common; tf-ulcmr^.W-": 
 
CLASS XXII. ORDER V. 175 
 
 Pyrexula. Frond cruslaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : 
 receptacles (hollows) single, enclosed or surrounded at the base by 
 warts formed from the frond ; the perianth-like organs are simple, 
 thick, dark-coloured, papillose, investing the whole cellular globose 
 nucleus. 57. 2. 
 
 Variolaria. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : 
 the receptacle is a kind of wart, formed externally from the frond, with 
 a white border or margin : nucleus naked, (without the perianth-like 
 organ,) compressed, cellular, hidden within the substance of the wart, 
 veiled above, but at length naked. 57. 2. 
 
 2. Recepta<:les shield-form, mb-sessile, furnished with a disk of a peculiar 
 substance and colour, and surrounded by a margin of a different colour, 
 proceeding from the frond. 
 
 Urceolaria. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : 
 receptacles (shields or spangles) concave, seed-bearing lamina, colour- 
 ed, striate, cellular within, immersed in the substance of the crust or 
 in warts, surrounded with margins formed from the frond, and of the 
 isame colour, sessile or elevated. 57. 2. 
 
 Lecanora. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : 
 receptacles shield-form, thick, adnate-sessile ; seed-bearing lamina 
 forming the disk, plano-convex, coloured, covering the receptacle 
 above, celiular-striate within, surrounded with a thickish margin form- 
 ed from the frond and of the same colour, somewhat free. 57. 2. 
 
 Parjielia. Frond coriaceou?, sub-membranaceous, flat, expanded, 
 close-pressed, orbicular, stellate and lotjed, or multifid-laciniate, having 
 fibres beneath : receptacle shield-form, sub-membranaceous, formed 
 under-side from the frond, free, with a central puncture by which it is 
 affixed ; seed-bearing lamina forming the disk, concave, coloured, co- 
 vering the whole receptacle above, within similar, sub-ceilular and 
 striate, cut round, inflexed with a frond-like margin. 57. 2. 
 
 BoRRERA. Frond cartilaginous, laciniate-branched ; divisions free, 
 often'channelled beneath and ciliate at the margin : receptacles sh'eld- 
 form, thick, formed from the frond beneath ; seed-bearing lamina 
 forming the disk, coloured, similar within or vesicular, surrounded by 
 a frond-like margin, elevated, inflexed. 57. 2. 
 
 Cetraria. Frond cartilaginous or membraraceous, ascending or 
 expanded, lob: -lociiiiate, sino-^ih and nakec' both sives • receptacles 
 (targets) shicId-Uke, ol»I\n'"5 ' --; '.' - ■! to tb? margin iif tlie frond, the 
 
176 CLASS XXII. ORDER V. 
 
 lower free, being separated from it, the upper one sessile ) seed-bear- 
 ing lamina forming the disk, coloured, plano-concave, within similar 
 or cellular-striate, surrounded with a frond-like inflexed margin. 57. 2, 
 
 Sticta. Frond foliaceous, coriaceous, cartilaginous, ^xpanded, 
 lobed beneath, free and villose, with pits interspersed : receptacles 
 shield-form; formed from the frond beneath, with a central puncture to 
 which it is affixed and close-pressed ; seed-bearing lamina forming the 
 disk, coloured, flat, cellular-striate v.'ithin, surrounded by a frond-like 
 margin. 57. 2. 
 
 Peltidea. Frond foliaceous, coriaceous, expanded, sub-adnate, 
 lobed, woolly-veined beneath : receptacles formed beneath from the 
 extended, ascending, proper lobes of the frond ; seed-bearing lamina 
 orbicular, wholly from the frond, sub-oblique, (inferior segment more 
 elevated,) cellular-striate within, adnate, coloured, flat, surroundpd by 
 a frond-like margin, which is thin, elevated, approximating on all sides. 
 57. 2. 
 
 Nephroma. Frond foliaceous, coriaceous, membranaceous, ex- 
 panded, lobed, free and naked, or sub-villose beneath ; receptacles up- 
 side down, formed above from the extended, ascending, proper lobes of 
 the frond ; seed-bearing lamina reniform, wholly from the frond and 
 its back-surface, adnafe, coloured, flat, ce'lular-striate within, guarded 
 around by a frond-like margin, approximate-inflexed above, more re- 
 mote and somewhat elevated beneath. 57. 2. 
 
 EvERNiA. Frond sub-crustaceous, laciniate-branched, angled orflat- 
 compressed, erectish or pendulous, rope- or tow-like within : receptacle 
 shield-Uke, sessile, eleva'ed all around; seed-bearing lamina forming 
 the disk, thin, concave, coloured, similar within, inflexed, with a frond- 
 like margin. 57. 2. 
 
 3. Receptacles without margins, sub-globose, formed from the frond above 
 or under side; inserted on the branchlets or terminal processes, or scat- 
 tered and sessile. 
 
 (Receptacles covered above with seed-bearing lamina.) 
 
 '^ENOMycE. Froad crusty or cartilaginous, foliaceous, laciniate, sub* 
 . ate, free, (rarely adnate;) bearing sub-fistulous peduncles (jjo- 
 c<v' toth barren and fertile: receptacles (knobs) orbicular, without 
 Tn< ^t ls;i!;th convex and canitate, inflated or empty beneath, ter- 
 
 m'-i Hched to the peduicles by their peripheries ; seed-bearing 
 
 lamina j . rwin^ the receptacle above, thlckisb, coloured, similar with- 
 
eLASS XXII. ORDER V. 177 
 
 ill, convex, rpflexed and attached at the periphery, invested beneath 
 with the woolly integument of the frond. 57. 2. 
 
 BiEMYCES. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate ; bearing soft, 
 »olid, fertile peduncles (podetia :) receptacles (knobs) capitate, without 
 margins, solid, terminal, sessile on the peduncles; seed-bearing lamina 
 covering the whole receptacle and adnate to it, convex-reflexed, thick- 
 ish, coloured, similar within. 57. 2. 
 
 IsiDiuM. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform, bear- 
 ing shortish, solid, fertile peduncles (podetia:) receptacles (globules) 
 orbicular, convex, at length sub-globose, solid, terminal, sessile on the 
 peduncles ; seed-bearing lamina included by the apex of the peduncles, 
 and surrounded by a kind of edging formed from them, convex above, 
 flat and coloured beneath, afterw ards prominent, edged around and 
 hemispheric, similar within. 57. 2. 
 
 Stereocaulon. Frond cartilaginous or somewhat woody, woody- 
 branched, bark crustaceous and unequal : receptacles (knobs) turbi- 
 nate, sessile, solid, flat above, edged around, at length globose bemi-» 
 spheres; seed-bearing lamina thick, covering the receptacle above, 
 flat, surrounded by a frond-like edging somew^hat equal, at length con- 
 vex, dilated and covering the edging, reflexed, coloured, similar with-- 
 in, sub-striate. 57. 2, 
 
 (Receptacle closed with the substance of the frond, and enclosing a 
 pulverulent mass.) 
 
 Rhizomorpha.* Frond cartilaginous, membranaceous, with rope- 
 ©r tow-like fibres within, solidish, somewhat terete, proliferous-branch- 
 ed, creeping, prostrate ; receptacles globose, sessile, afterwards con- 
 glomerate, formed from the cortical substance of the frond, lacerate- 
 burst, filled with fertile dust. 57. 2. 
 
 C. The HoMOTHALAMOusf section comprises those lichens, whose recep- 
 tacles are wholly formed from the hark and substance of the frond; be- 
 ing the same, or nearly the same colour. 
 
 1. Receptacles shield form, margined, sub-sessile. 
 Alectoria. Frond cartilaginous, sub-filiform, rope- or tow-like 
 within, sub-fistulous, ramose, prostrate or penduloys : receptacle shield- 
 form, thick, sessile, flattish, margined and convex, wholly formed from 
 
 ■^ Persoon places this root-like lichen under the order Fungi. 
 \ Onios, similar j thaiavK'?, bed. 
 
178 GLASS XXII. ORDER V. 
 
 tlie frond, covered with its cortical substance, which is similar withiH; 
 colour similar. 57. 2. 
 
 Ram.\lin^. Frond cartilaginous, rope-or tow-like within, solidish, la- 
 ciniate-branchedjSufFruticose, and mostly with powdery dots: receptacles 
 shield-form, thickish, sub-peltate, with small foot-sta!ks, flat, margined, 
 wholly formed from the frond and covered with its cortical substance, 
 colour uniform. 57. 2. 
 
 CoLLEMA. Frond sub-gelatinous, homogeneous, after drying mostly 
 hard-cartilaginous, polymorphous, (crust-like, foliaceous or in branch- 
 lets :) receptacle shield-form, sessile, (rarely elevated on a very short 
 foot-stalk,) margined, formed wholly from the substance of the frond 
 and similar, but the disk becomes coloured on drying. 67. 2, 
 
 2. Receptacle terminal, peltate, nearly destitute of margins.. 
 
 CoRNicuLARiA. Froud cartilaginous, solidish within, and rope-oi? 
 tow-like, branching, and a little frutescent : receptacles orbicular, ter- 
 minal, obliquely peltate, formed wholly from ihe frond, cov'ered all 
 ever with its cortical substance and similar, at length convex and sub- 
 inflated, somewhat two-coloured ; its periphery sub-marginated, sub- 
 dentate, and at length reflexed. 57. 2. 
 
 UsNEA. Frond sub crustaceous, teretish, branched, 'mostly pendu- 
 lous ; central part hyaline, elastic, composed of fascicles of tubes : re- 
 ceptacles orbicular, terminal, peltate, formed w^holly from the frond, 
 covered all over with its cortical substance, similar, nearly of an uni- 
 form colour ; its periphery destitute of margin, but often surrounded 
 byaciliate edging. 57. 2. 
 
 D. The AxHALAMOust section comprises those lichens, ichose receptacles 
 are wanting, or at least not distinguishable. 
 
 Lepraria. Frond crusty-pulverulent, expanded, adnate, uniform : 
 receptacle wanting, or at least unknown. 67. 2. 
 
 Remark. Sprengel considers the Lepraria, Spiloma and Variolaria 
 as merely the rudiments of other genera. 
 
 * This g^enus it placed between Usnea and Lepraria by Acharius in the natural aJ^ 
 rangement-, but it stands in this section in bis Conspectus Systematicus. 
 ■ t A without ; tkalamoi, bed, 
 
GLASS XXII. ORDER Vf. 179 
 
 Order VI. Fungi* 
 
 A. Fungtisj; dosed, or bearing fruit loHhin, mostly with seeds very copioi^s. 
 A plant of this section is denominated angiocarpus. 
 
 1. Fungus hardish, with a soft internal substance. 
 
 Sphaeria. Receptacles various : spherules roundish } mostly hol- 
 low when dry, filled when moist with a gelly or juicy-gelly, made up 
 from the free capsules. A large genus, comprising 184 species. Plants 
 minute. 58. 1. 
 
 Stilbospora. Spherules none : capsules or seeds aggregated toge- 
 ther in a black substance flowing from branches. 58. 1. 
 
 Naemaspora. Receptacle none, or manifest and soft : a gelly burst- 
 ing into hair-like or shaggy-forms, (when dissolved it becomes shape- 
 less.) 58. 1. 
 
 TuBERCULARiA. Receptaclc sub-hemispheric, stipe-form, or wanting ; 
 gelatinous substance roundish, compact, mostly reddish, permanent, 
 moist and somewhat flowing. 58. 1. 
 
 HvsTERiuM. Receptacle none : the enclosures of the capsules most- 
 ly oblong, dehiscent into longitudinal chinks. 58. 1. 
 
 Xyloma, Receptacles (or enclosures of the capsules) various, hard, 
 somewhat fleshy within, continuing closed, or at length bursting in va- 
 rious ways. 58. 1. 
 
 2. Fungus fleshy, stuffed. 
 
 ScLEROTiL'M. Stuffcd, various in form, similar and smooth within ; 
 at length corrugated externally in some. 58. 1. 
 
 TuEER. Roundish, fleshy : its substance variegated with seed-bear- 
 ing veins. 58. 1. 
 
 8. Fungus ni c mbranaceous, coriaceous or villose, stuffed tcith dust within .. 
 (The seminal dust intermixed with filaments.) 
 
 TtJLosTOMA. Receptacle pedicelled, opening with a cylindric carti- 
 laginous mouth. 58. 1. 
 
 Geastrum, Volva thin, evanescent : outer bark of the receptacle 
 split in a stellate form, at length reflexed ; mouth mostly pilose. 58. 1. 
 
 BovisTA. Receptacle smooth, sessile, outer bark white, resembling 
 
 * Translated from the Synopsis Methodira Funsforum, of P. C. H. Persoon. 
 
 t The worri fiin-^is is U'lecl by Persoon to denote the part enclosins' the I'ir.it, or in 
 any niaauer sustaining- if : as the liat of tlie niuslnooin to tbe unrer side of which the 
 l^melLie are attached, the memhraumis covering of a puff-ball, enclosing thedust-Uk? 
 seeds.&c— -Ihecoverinj and seeds may be called the fruits 
 
180 CLASS XXtl. ORDER VI. 
 
 a volva : at length irregularly bursting at the top, it becomes evancE- 
 cent by parts. The seminal dust is yellowish-purple. 5S. 1. 
 
 Lycopkrdon. Receptacle somewhat caulescent, at length bursting 
 at the top, with scaly warts or prickles scattered over its surface, espe- 
 cially when young. Seminal dust green. 58. 1. 
 
 ScLEBODERMA. Rcceptacle with a tesselate, hardish, corky bark, 
 at length bursting irregularly. Seminal dust purple, brown-yellow or 
 rust-colour. 58. 1. 
 
 Lycogala. Receptacle roundish, membranaceous, smooth ; stuffed 
 at first with a pulpy liquescent mass, which at length becomes dust in- 
 termixed with scattering distant fibres. 58. 1. 
 
 FuLico. At first pulpy, mostly open, somewhat deformed ', exter- 
 nally hardish-fibrous or villose, membranaceous at the base ; within 
 cellular-fibrous and pilose, at length crumbling into dust. 58. 1. 
 
 Phvsarum. Receptacle rigid, simple, mostly with small wrinkles, 
 somewhat farinaceous : fibres scattered, reticulate, mostly adnate, con- 
 cealed. 58. 1. 
 
 Trichia. Receptacle at length unequally ruptured, permanent: se- 
 minal filaments compact, adnate to the receptacle at the base, expand- 
 ing themselves elastically. 58. 1. 
 
 Arcyria. Receptacle evanescent to the middle : seminal filaments 
 denudated, overlaid with a calyclform receptacle. 58. 1. 
 
 Stemonitis. Receptacle verj- thin, somewhat evanescent : seminal 
 filaments reticulate, sub-compact, surrounding and afllixed to the colu- 
 laella-like organs. 58. 1. 
 
 (Seminal dust naked, or not reticulate with fibres.) 
 
 TuBULiNA. Receptacles tube-form, connate in a cespitose-forrei, 
 mostly imposed on an underlaying membrane : seminal dust naked, 
 farinaceous. 58. 1. 
 
 MucoR. Receptacle membranaceous, globose, stiped, at first watery 
 and pellucid, then opake : seeds naked, sub-cohering. Very minute 
 and fugacious. 58. 1. 
 
 Onygena. Receptacle stiped, roundish, dry, permanent : seminal 
 dust cohering, compact, not intermixed with filaments. 58. 1. 
 
 Aecidium. Receptacle stemless, manifest, terete, membranaceous, 
 at length ruptured with a dentate mouth : seminal dust farinaceous, 
 »aked. Grows on leaves. 58. 1. 
 
 Uredo. Receptacle none : seminal dust under the cuticle of leave* 
 
CLASS XXII. ORDET V^ 
 
 and stems, when ruptured it is easily bruslied ofTj the 'itib jnaEEesof 
 seeds uniform, mostly globose. 58. 1. 
 
 PucciNiA. Receptacle none: seeds coiiulcmeraied in a littie l'x?ad, 
 from terete it is sub-turbinate ; caudate, divided by liule paditiODS. — 
 Mostly on leaves. 58. 1. 
 
 Trichoderma. Denudated ; seminal dast copious, farinaceous, sur- 
 rounded with a tomentose or villose integument. 58. 1. 
 
 CoNopLEA. Form distinct, byssuo-like (flax-like ;) lilaments perma- 
 nent, compact, rigid, sprinkled with conspicuous seminal dust. 58. 1. 
 
 (Fruit lenticular, fleshy, veiy manifest.) 
 CvATHUS. Receptacle funnel-form or cup-form, coriaceous ; closed 
 at first with a veil or covering, including within lenticular vessels or 
 seeds. 58. 1- 
 
 B. Fungits fleshy, bearing seeds in some kind of exposed or naked recep- 
 tacle ;as in plates, papillose or aculeate processes, or a spongy substance. 
 A plant of this section is denominated gvm-nocarpus. 
 
 1. Receptacles juicy, gelatinous, at length dissolving. 
 
 Phallus. Having a volva at the base of the stipe : pileus ovate, 
 sitting on the stipe, entire, covered with dissolving juice. 58. 1. 
 
 3. Receptacles of a membranaceous substance, not dissolved ; seeds pulve- 
 rulent. 
 
 (Receptacles lamellar or vein-like, beneath a pileus.) 
 Amanita. Having a volva : pileus fleshy, mostly verrucose ; lamel- 
 lae confert, sub-entire : stipes mostly elongated, annulated or naked. 
 58. 1. 
 
 Agaricus. Destitute of a volva at the base of the stipe, with or with- 
 out the ring : lamellae either entire or with shorter ones intermixed, 
 rarely simply ramose. Never veiny. A vast genus. Persoon de- 
 scribes 447 species, which occupies one third of his work on Fungi. 
 58. 1. 
 
 Merulius. Pileus fleshy or membranaceous: receptacles vein-like ; 
 the veins being superficial, tumid, in the form of folds. 58. 1. 
 
 (Receptacles in the form of tubes beneath a pileus.) 
 Dedalea. Pileus (halved) cork -leathery, reticukited beneath witli 
 
 ft 
 
182 CLASS XXII. ORDER VI. 
 
 oblong nollows, Wciviiu and torn, somewhat pore-form. This genus 
 pa! lakes of the chaiacJers ol the Merulius and the Boletus. 58. 1. 
 
 BoLETcS. Pil»ius various ; tubes and pores terete, entire. A large 
 genus. Persoon describes y3 species. 58. 1. 
 
 (Receptacles in the form of teeth or aculeate processes growing from 
 a pileus.) 
 
 SisTOTREMA. Pileus various : receptacles at first in circular pores j 
 at Iciiinu torn mostly in the middle into compressed deformed teeth. 
 Tlii:' genus partakes of the characters of the Boletus and Hydnum. 58. 1. 
 
 HiONTjM. Fileus various : receptacles echinate, or in entire promi- 
 nent bubuifite teeth. 58. 1. 
 
 (Receptacle a smooth orpaplllose membrane.) 
 
 THr.T.r.PHoRA. Pileus coriaceous, with a papillose membrane be- 
 n^^ath ; rarely covered with minute bristles, or uniformly smooth. 
 5b. 1. 
 
 r>i£Ri?MA. Branching, coriaceous, compressed, smooth ; mostly pi- 
 lose at the apex. This genus in substance resembles that of the Thele- 
 phora, and l»i form that of the Clavaria. 58. 1. 
 
 (Receptacles fleshy, elongated ; pileus confluent with the stipe.) 
 CLAVARIA. The clavate pileus simple and branched. confluent with 
 
 a thick stem, or with a short stipe, rarely manifest. 58. 1. 
 
 Gkoglossum. The clavate pileus fleshy, mostly compressed, short, 
 
 contiguous to the stipe, with a prominent margin. 58. 1. 
 
 (Pileus membranaceous, distinct from the stipe.) 
 
 Spathularia. Clavate ; pileus compressed, membranaceous, de- 
 current into the stipe both sides. 58. 1. 
 
 Leotia. Head-form, pileus conic or orbicular, reflexed at the mar- 
 gin, closely surroundiug the stipe. 58. 1. 
 
 Hkt.vella. Pileus membranaceous, inflated, somewhat deformed, 
 deflected both sides ; mostly stiped. 58. 1. 
 
 Morchella. Pileus elongated, teretish, lacunose with elevations, 
 adhering within. Without volva or seminal juices. 58. 1. 
 
 Trkmella. Open, gelatinous, circular-plicate : pileus not distinct. 
 58. 1. 
 
 Peziza. Receptacle hemispheric, concave or cup-form, a little 
 swollen, bearing the seeds in a smooth disk above. Capsules follicle- 
 
CLASS XXII. ORDER VI. 183 
 
 Tike, generally inconspicuous to the naked eye, seeds 8, flying about 
 and giving off fetid fumes. 68. 1. Persooti describes 151 species. 
 
 Aegerita. Minute stemless fungi, of a granulated appearance, stuf- 
 fed and sub-farinaceous. 68. 1. 
 
 3. Fungus bi/ssus-like (flax-like orjilamento.ie,) comprising the old ge- 
 nus Byssus and its relatives. 
 
 IsARiA. Sub-filamentose, simple or ramose, sprinkled over with a 
 farinaceous (sub-filamentose) seminal dust. Substance soft, colour 
 white. 58. 1. 
 
 MoNiLA. Stiped or open, filamentose ; filaments monili-form or ar- 
 ticulated, 58. 1. 
 
 Dematium. Filamentose fungus of an indeterminate form, erect or 
 depressed, sub-fascicled or diffused ; threads smooth, not interwoven. 
 58. 1. 
 
 Erineum. Growing on leaves : filaments rigid with little lumps, 
 conglomerated into a cup-form head impressed on the leaf. 58. 1. 
 
 Racodium. Expanded, soft ; bearing a kind of clothing with threads 
 densely interwoven. 58. 1. 
 
 HiMANTiA. Creeping, villose, branch-fibrous. 58. 1. 
 
 Mesenterica. Creeping, gelatinous, veiny : ramifications of the 
 %'eins joined by a little membrane. 58. 1. 
 
 EsD OF Genera. 
 
( 185 ) 
 
 GROWING IN THE 
 
 NORTHERN AND xMIDDLE STATES 
 OF AMERICA. 
 
 A. 
 
 ^—16. AcALYPHA. L. 38. 96. 
 
 mrginica, L. (three-seeded mercury. O. g. Au. 0.) pistillate flowers a| 
 the base of the staminate spike : involucres ovate, acuminate, tooth- 
 ed : leaves short-petioled, lance-oblong, remotely and obtusely ser- 
 rate. 4 to 3 inches high, coarse and unsightly. 
 
 caroUniana, Wr. (T.P. g. Ju. 2^.) pistillate flowers at the base of the 
 staminate spike : involucres cordate, toothed ; leaves long-pet'oled, 
 rhomb-ovate, serrate, entire at the base. Rather more slender than 
 the above, but can hardly be distinguished from it without comparing 
 them. 
 
 8—1. Acer. 23. 60. 
 
 rubrum (red maple, soft maple. 0. r. Ap. I7.) leaves palmate-5-lobed, 
 at the base cordate, unequally gash-toothed, glaucous beneath, the 
 dividing incisions between the lobes acute : flowers in sessile umbels 
 with long pedicels : germs glabrous. Large tree. 
 
 dasycarpum (1) (white maple, silver maple. P. New-England, g-y. Ap, 
 ^.) leaves pa!mate-5-lobed, at the base truncate, unequally gash- 
 toothed, glabrous and glaucous beneath, obtusely sinuate ; flowerS^ 
 glomerate ; pedicels short : germs downy. Large tree-. 
 
 (1) eriocarpam, Up 
 
 Q3 
 
186 
 
 barbatum, Mx. (1) (hairy maple. D. w-g. Ap. 1^.) leaves heart-ovate, 
 short-3-lobed, unequally serrate, glaucous beneath, and hairy at the 
 nerves: peduncles hairy, staminate ones branching, pistillate ones 
 sir pie : calyx bearded within ; wings of the capsules erect. Small. 
 
 saccharinum (sugar maple, rock maple, hard maple. O. r-y. M. fp.) 
 leaves palmale-5-lobed, at the base sub-cordate, acuminate, obtusely 
 sinuate, sinuate-toothed, glaucous beneath : peduncles in a nodding 
 corymb. Large tree. 
 
 nigrum, iils.. (sueet-tree, black maple. H. y. Ap. ^.) leaves palmate- 
 6-lobed, cordate, with the sinus at the base closed, lobes spreading, 
 somewhat sinuate -toothed, downy beneath : flowers corymbed : cap- 
 sules turgid, sub-globose. Large tree, affording almost as much sugar 
 as the last. 
 
 striatum, Mx. (2) (striped maple, false dogAVOod, moose-wood. O, g. M. 
 fp .) lower leaves roundish, upper ones 3.cuspidate-acuminate, sharp- 
 ly serrate, glabrous: racemes simple, pendant. Small tree, with a 
 greenish-striped bark. 
 
 spicatum, Lk. (3) (mountain maplje bush. 0. y-g. M. ^.) leaves sub-5- 
 lobed, acute, toothed, pubescent beneath : racemes compound, erect. 
 
 negundo (ash maple, box-elder, P. M. ^.) leaves pinnate or ternate, 
 unequally serrate. Flowers dioscious. Large tree. 
 
 IS— 2. Achillea. 49. 55, 
 millefolium (yarrow, milfoil. O. w. J. 2^.) leaves 2-pinnatifidj downy ■ 
 
 the divisions linear, toothed, mucronate : stem furrowed. 
 partirica (sneeze-wort. C. can. w. Au. 2^.) leaves linear, acuminate, 
 equally ar.d sharply serrate, glabrous. Damp. 
 21—5. AcMDA. 53. 29. 
 cannabina (water hemp. L. T. w-g. Ju. #.) leaves lanceolate : cap- 
 sules smoothish, acute-angled. Damp or wet, both on salt marshes 
 and inland. 
 ruscocarpa(P. w-g. Ju. #.) leaves lance-oval : capsules rugose, obtuse- 
 angled. Damp. 
 
 13—5, Aco.MTUM. 26. 61. 
 
 v.ndnotura (monk's hood. P. b. J. li) stem flexuose . leaves palmate^ 
 3 to 5-paited •, divisions ruorab-lanceolate, gash-toothed : upper lip 
 of the corul lengtneiied. Cu'tivated. 
 
 (1) laroliniaHum, A'r. (2) prnnsylvanicum, W- 
 
 (S) monxanum, W. peunsylvr.iiicuDi. Wm, 
 
ACONITUxM^ AECIDIUM. 187 
 
 naptUiis (wolf's bane. E. b. J. If.) leaves shining, 5-parted ; the divis- 
 ions 3-parted by gashed incisions, sub-divisions linear : upper lip of 
 the corol lanceolate, ascending, 2-cleft ; spur strait, obtuse. 
 
 6 — 1. AcoRus. 2. 13. 
 mlamm {sw-e^i flag, calamus. 0. g-y. J. 24:.) spike protruding from the 
 side of a sword-form leaf-like scape. Water or wet. 
 
 22 — 1. AcRosTicHUM. 55. 5. 
 aureum, Mx. (forkfern, southern states. Ju. U-) frond pinnate ; leafets 
 stiped, bases wedge-form, lance-oblong, entire, acuminate, the upper 
 enes fruit-bearing. Very large, 4 or 5 feet high. 
 
 13—1. AcTAZA. 26 61. 
 
 rubra, W. (1) (baneberry. O. w. M. 2^.) petals acute: pedicels of the 
 raceme less than the general peduncle when mature. Berries red 
 Bw. MS. 
 
 «/6a, Bw. (necklace Aveed, white beads. O. w. M. 2^.) petals truncate : 
 pedicels of the raceme as large as the general peduncle when ma- 
 ture. Berries white. The leaves of both species are decompound 
 Woods. ^ " 
 
 22 — 1. Adiantum. 55. 5. 
 pedatum (maiden hair. O. J. U-) frond pedate with pinnate branches ; 
 leafets halved, upper margin gashed— barren segments toothed, fer^ 
 tile ones entire ; stipe capillary, very glabrous. Woods. 
 
 13—13. Adonis. 26. 61. 
 Kuhmnalis (pheasant's eye. E. P. Au. 0.) flowers 5 to 8-petalled : fruit 
 sub-cyliudric : petals erose, or emarginate. 
 
 22 — 6. Aecidium. 58. 1, 
 
 1. Cespitose: receptacles aggregated in a tii/t, making a crust-like spot 
 on leaves. 
 
 cornutum, becoming yellow ; receptacles very long, curved, olive-gi-ey. 
 
 Appears like saffron coloured spots on the upper sides of leaves of 
 
 mountain ash, he. 
 eancellatum, tuberculate, chesnut-brown : receptacles at length split- 
 
 Oj brachypetala, Dc. americana. Ph. spicata, Mx. 
 
188 AECIDIUM, AGARI€U«. 
 
 ting into divisions cohering at the apex. Grows on the under side of 
 
 withering or dicing pear leaves. 
 rhamni, cespitose, rose-coloured : receptacles elongated, somewhat 
 
 diverging, at length becoming pale. On the leaves of the rhamnus. 
 tussilaginis, spots purplish yellow, tufts flat ; receptacles immersed.— 
 
 Occurs on the leaves of the colt's foot, (tussilago farfaro) is hardly 
 
 prominent above the surface of the leaf. 
 2. Simple ; receptacles scattered ; crust, which is distinct, is never con- 
 joined. 
 
 eiiphorbiae, simple, crowded : receptacles cylindric, pale ; mouth re- 
 flexed, yellow with dust. On the leaves of Euphorbia maculata. 
 
 anemones^ simple, scattered : receptacles cylindric, a little prominen , 
 pale, mostly toothed ; wholly filled with white dust. On the leaves 
 of Anemone nemorosa in the spring. 
 
 punctatuyn, simple, scattered : receptacle sub-immersed : mouth some- 
 what converging ; dust compact, becoming sooty-yellow. Found 
 aometimes on leaves of Anemone. 
 
 22 — 6. Aegerita. 58. 1. 
 Candida, crowded, smooth, white. Found in autumn on alders, kc. of- 
 ten on the wood in damp places. 
 
 17—10. AESCHYN0ME5E. 32. 93. 
 
 Mspida, W. (false sensitive plant. D. P. y. Ju. 0.) stem erect ; stem 
 and petioles tubercle-hispid : leaves in many pairs ; leafets linear, 
 obtuse : stipules membranaceous, half arrow-form : racemes simple,, 
 few-flowered : loments hispid. 
 
 7—1. Aesculus. 23. 66. 
 
 hippocastanum (horse chesnut. E. w. J. ^.) leaves digitate about ia 
 
 seven divisions : corol 5-petalled, spreading : flowers in a panicled 
 
 pyramid. 
 pallida, W. (P.J. >>.) leaves digitate, in fives, glabrous : corol 4.petal- 
 
 led, claws of the length of the calyx : stamens longer than the corol : 
 
 fruit spinose. 
 
 22 — 6. Agaricus. 58. 1. 
 1. Lamellae juiceless or becoming dry ; not smoke-dusty, nor sooty .♦ stipe 
 
 anniilated. 
 procerus, large : pileus fleshy, bossed, scaly, reddish-ash coloured : la« 
 
AGARICUg. 189 
 
 mellae very remote, white : stipe bulbous, very long : ring movea- 
 ble. Var. squamosus, pileus convex, and scaly above, lamellae pres- 
 sed together outwardly from the stipe, and becoming yellow. Var. 
 excoriatus, smaller, wuitish, scales obsolete. Woods and fields. 
 
 squarrosus, cespitose : pileus fleshy ; pileus and stipe scaly and scurfy, 
 rusty yellow; lamellae crowded, pale-olive. Often on roots and 
 trunks of trees in autumn. 
 
 polymyces, cespitose, heaped together : pileus bossed, halry-scaled, 
 sooty-yellow : lamellae sub-decurrent, white becoming pale : stipe 
 annulated, conic, olive-ash-coloured, solid, elastic. Woods on trunks 
 or the earth in autumn. 
 
 mndidus, cespitose : pileus somewhat fleshy, glabrous, cinnamon co- 
 lour : lamellae sub-decurrent, pale rust coloured ; stipe scaly, cylia- 
 dric, rather slender. On trunks in autumn. 
 
 2. Pileus mostly fleshy : lamellcE emarginafe, mostly one-coloured, and at 
 length cinnamon : stipes mostly bulbous, haxing a veil-like volva dis* 
 solved into spider-web-like filaments. 
 
 decolorans, pileus viscid, yellow : lamellae at first bluish-purple, at 
 length cinnamon : stipe glabrous, sub-tuberous, white : veil-like volva 
 rust-colour. 
 
 flavidus, cespitose : pileus somewhat fleshy, yellow ; the central part 
 more obscure: lamellae distinct, one-coloured, becoming yellow: 
 stipe soft, thickening downward, and becoming sooty-yellow. On 
 trunks. 
 
 decipiens, growing in groups : pileus fleshy, acutely-bossed and mem- 
 branaceous near the centre, depressed : lamellae broadish, obscurely 
 cinnamon-coloured : stipe long, from white becoming reddish. 
 
 3. Pileus fleshy, entire, convex: lamella one-coloured, becoming dry : 
 
 stipe central, destitute of a ring or curtain-like volva. 
 
 (Colour of the pileus brownish, or brownish yellow.) 
 pratensis, tawny-red, hardish : pileus campanulate, either obtusely 
 bossed or flattish, glabrous: lamellae thick, distant, decurrent: stipe 
 short, somewhat slender, tapering downwards. Among grass. 
 reflexus, growing in groups, rusty yellow : pileus somewhat fleshy, 
 acutely bossed, scaly, reddish-yellow: lamellae distinct, light-cinna- 
 mon : stipe long, slender, fibrous-scaly, scales reflesed. Woods 
 radicaius, pileus fleshy, bossed, viscous, rugose, sooty, purple or tawny ; 
 
196 AGARICUS. 
 
 lamella? sub-decurrent, white ; stipe very long, having a long fusiform 
 root. Woods. 
 velutipes, cespitose : pileus somewhat fleshy, repand, glabrous, brown ; 
 lamellae ventricoie, becoming yellow : stipe tomentose, becoming 
 dark liver-brown. Autumn. 
 
 (Colour of the pileus shining, red or light yellowish-green.) 
 coccineus, growing in groups : scarlet all over : pileus sub-merabrana- 
 
 ceous, convex, sub-viscous : lamellae distinct, connected by teeth : 
 
 stipe hollow, sub-compressed. Autumn in grass. 
 conicus, pileus conic, acute, sub-viscous, light greenish-yellow : lamellae 
 
 crowded, ascending, becoming yellow : stipe long, yellow. Var. 
 
 tristis, solitary: pileus acutely campanulate, from yellowish-green 
 
 becoming dark : lamellse free. 
 russula, large : pileus fleshy, sub-convex, with rose-red scales ; stipe 
 
 rose-red, solid, short : lamellse unequal, white. 
 
 (Colour of the pileus white.) 
 
 discoideus, sub-cespitose : pileus fleshy, viscid, fiattish, white ; middle 
 part yellow, or somewhat rust-colour : lamellae sub-decurrent ; la- 
 mellae and stipe middling whiie. 
 
 puhnnatiis, pileus flesiiy or rather corky, cushion-like, sub-repand, gla- 
 brous, white ; middle part pale flesh-coloured : lamellae crowded, 
 decurrent, white : stipe veiy short, solid, hard. Woods. 
 
 4. Small, tender : pileus mostly membranaceous, striate, pellucid, C07ivex, 
 permanent : lamellce, becoming dry, one-coloured : stipe mostly hollow, 
 elongated, naked. 
 
 galericulatus, cespitose, inodorous : pileus membranaceous, bossed, 
 
 tawny lead-colour : lamellae distinct, white : stipe smooth, rooting, 
 
 strigose-haired at the base. On trunks in autumn. 
 hypnorum, small, very tender, rusty-yellow all over: pileus bell-form, 
 
 furrowed : lamellae distant, broadish : stipe middling. 
 elavus, growing in groups, extremely minute : pileus somewhat fleshy, 
 
 papillose, orange or red : lamella? broadish : stipe and lamellae white. 
 lojcteus, white all over : pileus campanulate, obtuse, striate : lamellae 
 
 distinct, ascending: stipe rather long, hirsute at the base. 
 torticola, minute, scattered, tawny : pileus hemispherical, sub-plicate 
 
 lamellaj uiicinate, linked together, white : stipe shortish, incurved. 
 
 In crevices of bark, of wood, ^c. 
 
AGARICUS. 191 
 
 6. Pileus membranaceous, fugaceoxis or someivhaf fleshy, at length torn : 
 lamella at length becoming a black juice, or dusty smut : stipe white^ 
 naked or annulated. 
 
 (MembranaceouSj almost wholly becoming a black juice : lamellse very 
 
 thin.) 
 
 comatus, growing in groups : pileus conic, scaly, white ; scales yellow : 
 lamellde crowded or heaped together, at first white-purple : stipes 
 very long, ring moveable. 
 
 cinereus, pileus conic, furrowed, sub-tomentose, cinereous ; smooth and 
 bluish-purple at the apex, the margin at length torn and intiexed •• la- 
 mellae linear, punctate, somewhat zigzag : stipe long, scaly. Gardens 
 and woods. 
 
 disseminatus, crowded or heaped together, small, fugaceous : pileus 
 somewhat oval, striate-plicate ; at first somewhat reddish-yellow, 
 then grey : lamellae distinct, in some measure linked together, light 
 sooty-yellow : stipe mostly incurved. 
 
 doynesticus, pileus campanulate, obtuse, undulate, sulcate, sooty ; scales 
 bran-like: lamellae crowded, linear; at first bluish-red, then becom- 
 ing black. On damp walls, kc. about houses. 
 
 narcoticus, pileus convex, cinereous ; plicate with distinct, bifid, dense 
 folds ; vertex entire : stipe subulate : lamellae more rare or distant, 
 entire and halved, alternate. It diffuses a very narcotic odour. 
 
 (Somewhat fleshy : lamellae at length becoming black, smut or soot- 
 like, in nebulous or sooty spots.) 
 
 semiglobaius, pileus fleshy, hemispherical, sub-viscose, becoming yel- 
 low: lamellae very broad, horizontal, becoming dark -cloudy : stipe 
 long, annulated. 
 
 papilionaceus, pileus somewhat fleshy, campanulate, soot)' (becoming 
 almost black :) lamellee all attaclied, dark-cinereous and various, 
 white at the margin : stipe furrowed at the apex, dark-pulverulent. 
 
 6. Pileus fleshy or sub-mevibranuceous, smooth, permanent: lamella 
 someuhat nebulous, at length dark-sfained or one-coloured, sub-ramose, 
 flnally becoming more obscure and dark with seininal dust : stipe annU' 
 lated or naked. 
 
 (Pileus fleshy : stipe annulated.) 
 edulisj in groups, large; pileus white, smooth or obsoletely scaly ; la- 
 
192 AOARICUS. 
 
 mellae red : stipe long, bulbous ; the ring-volva manifest. This ig 
 an eatable mushroom ; but not the most common. 
 
 Campestris, pileus fleshy, flattish, having dark-yellow scales : lamellae 
 becoming yellowish-red : stipe short j the ring-volva rather incom- 
 plete. This is the common eatable mushroom. 
 
 precox, somewhat in groups ; pileus fleshy, hemispheric, tan-yellow, 
 at first white : lamellae fiat, thin, watery-soot-yellow : stipe solid, 
 somewhat tenacious ; ring-volva fugaceous. 
 
 lutericius, cespitose, large ; pileus fleshy, sub-viscous, brick-colour ; 
 margin yellow : lamellae distinct, somewhat nebulose, becoming 
 greenish-cinereous: stipe long, sub-solid; ring fugaceous, becoming 
 black. 
 
 fascicularis, small, cespitose ; pileus somewhat fleshy, bossed, reddish- 
 yellow: lamellae nebulose, becoming green : stipe hollow, slender; 
 the curtain-like volva becoming black, 
 
 (Pileus mostly fragile, membranaceous, subaquose : stipe naked.) 
 
 denticulutus, slender; pileus hemispheric, livid purple : lamellae tooth' 
 
 ed at the margin : stipe hollow, sooty-yellow. 
 gracilis, wholly fragile ; pileus membranaceous, campanulate, acute, 
 
 veiy soft : lamellae linear, becoming dark-cinereous : stipe very 
 
 long, glabrous. Pileus varies to flesh-colour, dark reddish-yellow, 
 
 white, k-c. 
 
 7. Pileus fleshy, mostly depressed : lamcVjE becoming milky. 
 
 piperatus, pileus funnel-form, expanded at the margin, glabrous, white : 
 
 lamellae crowded, forked, white becoming pale. 
 subduhis, pileus funnel-form, becoming reddish-yellow : lamellae pale 
 
 flesh-colour: juice sweetish. 
 
 8. Pileus fleshy, mostly depressed : lamellce of equal length, white, becom- 
 ing dry : stipe naked, white. 
 
 rosaceus, pileus convex, flat, smoothish, rose-coloured or pale red : 
 lamellae and stipe white. 
 
 §. Pileiu entire, membranaceous, mostly striate, funnel-form or umbili- 
 cate : lamellce of equal length, not becoming milky, mostly decurrent : 
 stipe naked, central. Small. 
 
 rotula, cespitose, white ; pileus deeply furrowed : laraellee united in % 
 tnbe surrounding the stipe : stipe becoming black. 
 
AGARICUS. 193 
 
 aadrosaceus, iu groups, pcrmauent : pileus flattish, su"b-plicale, white, 
 obsoletely bossed : lamella3 simple, all attached : stipe becoming 
 dark liver-brown. 
 
 epiplii/llus, in groups, minute, w'hite ; pileus membranaceous, convex, 
 at length sub-umbilicate : lamellce few, ramose : stipe becoming 
 black. 
 
 campa7iella, in groups ; pileus hemispheric, umbilicate, striate, rust- 
 coloured : lamella? decurrent : stipe hollow, chesnut-brown. 
 
 10, Pileus fleshy, depressed, oblique, entire or halved : stipe naked, not 
 attached to the centre of the pileus, lateral or none. 
 
 (Pileus entire : stipe not in the centre.) 
 inconstans, largish ; pileus sub-tenacious, depressed, entire or halved, 
 lobed, zigzag, somewhat reddish-yellow : lamellai sub-ramose, crisp- 
 ed at the base, white and somewhat shining. 
 
 (Pileus halved : stipe marginal : lamellae decurrent, diverging from the 
 side of the pileus.) 
 
 flahtlliformis, sub-stiped ; pileus flattish, torn in various forms, margin 
 crenate : lamellaj -S-cleft, pale, sub-crenate : stipe short or none. 
 
 spathulatus, erect, spathe-form ; pileus pale tan-colour ; the middle 
 part spongy and scaly : stipe perpendicular, channelled. 
 
 mollis, in groups, soft ; pileus glabrous, gibbose, pale : lamellae watery- 
 cinnamon-colour. 
 
 siyptacus, cespitose ; pileus sub-coriaceous, eraarginate, tan-colour, 
 sub-farinaceous : lamellge very thin, veiny, connected, cinnamon- 
 colour : stipe compressed, ascending, dilated at the apex. 
 
 mitis, in groups, all over white ; pileus somewhat fleshy, glabrous, 
 smooth ; lamellae simple : stipe horizontal, dilated at the apex. 
 
 (Pileus halved, somewhat corky.) 
 
 aJneus, coriaceous, tomentose, whiiish-grey : lamella? split, revolute 
 
 at the margin. Becoming purple-cinereous. 
 abicfinus, sub-cespitose, dark sooty-yellow ; pileus glabrous, smooth ; 
 
 lamella? glaucous : branching in the young state. 
 corinceus, coriaceous, marked with zones, tomentose, pale : lamellae 
 
 sub-ramose, pale-woody. 
 sepJnrius, coriaceous, hard, flat both sides ; pileus strigose-tomentose, . 
 
 chesnut-brown : lamella? crowded, ramose, becoming yellow. 
 
 R 
 
194 AGAVE, AGROSTIS. 
 
 6—1. Agave. 10. 17. 
 
 virghura, (acrave. P. y-g. S. 2j!.) stemless : leaves with cartilaginous 
 serraturt-s, scape very simple. 
 
 11— 2. Agrimonia. 35. 92. 
 
 eupaforia, (agrimory. O. y. Ju. 2^.) cauline leaves interruptedly pin- 
 nate, the terminal one petioled : leafets obovate, gash-toothed, al- 
 most elahroiis : flowers sub-sessile ; petals twice as long as the ca- 
 lyx : fr.iit hispid. 
 
 parvijtora, A. (dotied agrimony. P. C. y. Ju. 2_C.) cauline leaves pin- 
 nate : leafets mostly lanceolate, serrate ; terminal ones sessile : pe- 
 tals one and a half the length of the calyx. 
 
 10—5. Agrostemma. 22. 82, 
 
 githnf^o, (cockle. 0. r. J. 0.) hirsute: calyx longer than the corol: 
 
 petals entire. 
 ccronnrla^ (rose campion. E. Au. ^ .) tomentose ■ leaves lance-ovate : 
 
 petals emarginate. 
 
 3—2. Agrostis. 4. 10. 
 
 1. Awned. 
 
 ^picaventi, W. (bent-grass. P. J. 0.) a very long, straight, stiff beard 
 or awn upon the exterior petal : panicle spreading. Naturalized. 
 
 tenuiJlora,\N. (P. Au. 2^.) panicles very simple, with appressed branch- 
 es : corol awned, and the av.n longer than the flower. 
 
 diffusa, M. (P. C. An. IS.) branche? difTn'^en and erect : leaves lanceo- 
 late, sub-perforate : corol-glumes sub-pubescent at the base : one 
 valve with a short st."aight awn. 
 
 sericea, M. (1) (C. P. J. 2^.) leaves terete-filiform, very long : panicle 
 capillary, very slender : corol small, and the calyx but one-third as 
 long: awns straight, naked. 
 
 Ji'ifonnis,M. (P. S. U-) panicle contracted, filiform, becoming purple ; 
 peduncles and pedicels scabrous : calyx 2-valved, equal, 1-flowered : 
 corol equalling the calyx. 
 
 stricta,\\. (N. England. C. J. If.) panicles elongated, stiff and straight : 
 corol smaller than the calyx : a twisted awn from the base of the 
 petal, longer than the flower. 
 
 ("i; Stipa Fericea, M.K. 
 
AGROSTIS, 195 
 
 sttosa, >L(1) (P. W. S. 11.) culm erect, sending out shoots from ' e 
 base ; stipules none : panicle contracted, cyliudric, with a pubescent 
 rachis : calyx awned : corol awnless. 
 
 2. Without awns. 
 
 soboUfera, M. (P. C. S. 2i.) culm erect, sending oft' shoots from the 
 base : leaves 5-nerved : stipules none : sheathes gaping, glabrous : 
 calyx-valves acuminate, carinate : panicle contracted, fiiifonn. 
 
 juncea, Mx. (C. P. Ju. If.) panicle oblong-pyramidal : flowers awn- 
 less ; the extreme valves half as large : leaves stiflly erect, rigid, with 
 convolute bristles. 
 
 compressa, Torrey. (D. Oc. If.) very glabrous : culm erect, compressed, 
 simple : panicle oblong, sub-contracted, with capillary branches : 
 calyx equal, shorter than the corol : valves acute : corol equal, ob- 
 tusish, glabrous at the base. See Torrey's Catalogue, p. 91. 
 
 involuta, M. (P. C. Oc. 2^.) leaves long, filiform at the apex, and re- 
 curved, rough ; upper one straight: stipules obsolete ; sheath striate, 
 glabrous, hairy at the orifice : panicle concealed, contracted: valves 
 of the calyx with scabrous keels, half as large as the corol. 
 
 vulgaris, S. (red-top. O. Ju. 2i.) panicle spreading: branches diver- 
 gent, capillary ; calyx equal ; petal within, half as long, retuse. 
 
 clandesfina, SI. (2) (P. S. If-) leaves glaucous, very long, rigid, with 
 rough margins : stipule very small or none ; mouth of the sheath 
 hairy : panicle concealed, often sooty and spike-form : corol twice 
 as long as the calyx, spotted. 
 
 glauca, M. (P. New-England. J. 2_f.) leaves glaucous, keel white: sti- 
 pule white, split : panicle terminal, crowded : lower branches whorl- 
 ed in fives. Probably an Arundo. 
 
 albajW. (white-top, bonnet grass. O. Ju. 2X-) panicle lax: culm root- 
 ing at the lower joints : calyx-valves equal, awnless, keels rough. 
 
 mexicajia, M. (3) (P. W. J. I^.) panicle oblong, heaped together : calyx 
 and corol acuminate, sub-equal, awnless. 
 
 laterijlora, Mx. (C. P. J. Z^.) panicles lateral and terminal, compact : 
 flowers awnless, valves very acute, interior greater, bearded at the 
 base : leaves short and flat. 
 
 jtungens, Sr. (C. J. 1(.) panicle contracted, spike-form : leaves invo- 
 lute, rigid, pungent, upper ones obliquely opposite : culm ramose. 
 
 <i; raceiuesa, Mx. glomeratus, W. ('2; aspeia, Mx. (3) lateriflora, Mx^. 
 
196 
 
 3—2. AiRA. 4. 10. 
 
 melicoides, Mx. (1) (hair-grass. P. C. Ju. 2^.) panicle small, compact; 
 sub-racemed : glumes, the partial ones rather larger than the general, 
 linear-lanceolate, awnless : corols villose at the base ; there is but 
 tlie rudiment jf a third flower : leaves flat, glabrous : culm erect. 
 
 pumila, Ph. (d\varf hair-grass. P. J. H-) panicle few-flowered, level- 
 top; pedicels short : corol awnless, obtuse, twice as long as the ca- 
 lyx : valves membranaceous at the margin : leaves flat, glabrous: 
 culm erect, of the length of the leaves. About one inch high. 
 oblusata, Mx. (2) (P. W. C. J.) panicle compressed into an oblong ra- 
 ceme of dense flowers : corol awnless, compressed at the top : one 
 valve of the glume narrow-linear, acute } another broad, obovate, 
 round-obtuse : leaves flat : culm erect, slender. 
 triJloray'E. (D. Ap. 1^.) panicle slender, erect: valves of the calyx 
 acute : upper spikelets 3-flowered : leaves short, flat. About 14 
 inches. 
 
 cespliosa, W. (P. W. J. IT.) panicle spreading : petals awned, villose at 
 the base : awns straight and short. A variety has sub-bristle-form 
 leaves. 
 
 flexuosa, W. (W. P. C. J. 2^.) panicle spreading, trichotomous : pe- 
 duncle flexuous : awn geniculate v leaves bristle-form ; culm naked- 
 ish. 
 
 mollis, M. (P. C. M. U-) leaves with soft hairs : stipule short, retuse, 
 many-cleft: sheaths pubescent : panicle spreading, sub-simple ; calyx 
 with one valve broad, 3-nerved ; the other lanceolate, acute. 
 
 fallens, M. (3) (P. C. J. &, S. If.) leaves lance-linear, glabrous, with 
 glabrous joints : stipules retuse, ciliate : panicle contracted, nodding : 
 corol Avitli 2 punctate valves : awn below the apex contorted. 
 
 inecox, W. (C. P. M. %.) leaves bristle-form : sheath annular : flowers 
 in panicled spikes : florets awned at the base. 
 
 22 — 5.. Alectoria. 57. 2. 
 
 jubata, (negro-hair. T.) frond terete, glossy, livid-brown and black, 
 very branching j branches filiform, pendulous, compressed at the 
 axils : receptacles of the same colour, at length convex, entire at the 
 margin. Found on fire-wood brought to market in Troy and Albany. 
 
 (\) triflorum, E. Poa melicoides, N. 
 
 <2) Uuncata, ai. pennsjlvanica, 61. II«lcus striatug, L . (3) Avena palustrig, Mx. 
 
ALECTORIAj ALLIUM. 197 
 
 Var, chalybeiformis, frond and its branches more simple, zigzags 
 twisted, complicate, somewhat ritrid, lead-brown, decumbent. 
 usneoides, frond Hat-compressed, stiiate lou:<itudinally, very branch- 
 ing, pale-white : branches Sbroas : receptacles Hat, of the same co- 
 lour, entire. On trees. 
 
 6 — 1. Alktris. 10. 16. 
 
 farinosa, (1) (false aloe, unicorn-root, false star-grass. Y. y. 11.) stem- 
 less : leaves linear-lanceolate, withering at the tips : scape with al- 
 ternate pedicelled, mostly farinaceous flowers. This plant grows 
 plentifully in Brimfield, (Mass.) Here the inhabitants use the root 
 as a tonic, which at the same time serves as a moderate cathartic. 
 The root is intensely bitter. Meadows. 
 
 aurea, Mx. (yellow star-root. P. D. y. Ju. 11.) flowers sub-sessile, 
 short-tubular, sub-campanulate : fertile corols rugose, very scabrous : 
 leaves lance-ensiform, acute. 
 
 6—13. Alisma. 5. 13. 
 
 :fla7itago, (2) (water plantain. O. w. Ju. If .) leaves ovate or heart- 
 ovate, obtuse or abruptly acuminate, 5 to 9-nerved : fruit 3-coruercd : 
 flowers whorled. Var. parvijlora, flowers smaller : leaves about 5 
 or 7-nerved. DitFerence scarcely sufficient for a variety. Wet and 
 water. 
 
 subulata, W. (P. D. Au. @.) leaves linear-subulate. 
 
 6—1. Allium. 9. 16. 
 
 jporrum, (leek. E. Ju. If .) stem flat-leaved, umbelliferous: stamens 
 tricuspidate : leaves sheathing at the base. 
 
 sativum, (garlic. E. Ju. I]!.) stem flat-leaved, buib-bearing ; bulb com- 
 pound: stamens tricuspidate. 
 
 fragra-iis, (false snowdrop. E. w. M. If.) scape terete: leaves linear, 
 keeled, obtuse, contorted : peduncles naked : stamens flat. 
 
 seiiescens, (false narcissus. E. 2^.) scape flaked, 2-edged : leaves linear, 
 convex under side, smooth : umbel round : sta.mens subulate. 
 
 vineah, (field garlic. T. C. P. p. J 2X.) .stem terete-leaved, bulb-bear- 
 ing : stamens iricuspidate. River alluvion. 
 
 oleraceum, (striji^d onion. E. Z^.) stem terete-leaved, bulb-bearing: 
 leaves scabrous, semi-terete, sulcate beneath : stamens simple. 
 
 (I) alba, Mx. '2; trivialis, Ph. 
 
 112 
 
198 
 
 ascalonicvm, (shallot. E. Ju 2^.) scape naked, terete : leaves subulate : 
 fnbels globose : stamens tricnspidate- 
 
 irifinrjin. (mountain leek. H. M. 1(.) scape naked, terete, shorter than 
 the leaves: leaves lanceolate-uerved, caducous : umbels few-flower- 
 ed. 
 
 can idense, (meado-.v gavlic. P. Y. T. W. r. M. C. 2^.) scape naked, te- 
 rete : leaves iir.ear : little heads bulb-bearing. 
 
 cepa, (garder» onioji. E. Ju. 11.) scape naked, swelling towards the 
 base, longer than the 'erete leaves. 
 
 tricoccum, (three-seed leek. W. P. Ju. 11.) scape naked, semi-terete: 
 leaves lance-ohlonf?, flat, dabrous : umbel globular. 
 
 fshtlosv.m, (welch ouion. E. It.) scape naked, equalling the terete 
 ventricosp 'eaveVv'^v v^r.. 
 
 schcfuoornanm, (elves. E. Ju. Z^.) scape naked, equalling the leaves, 
 which are tereie-iiiiibrm. 
 
 20—4.- Alnus, W. (1) 50. 99. 
 
 ?ncancr, W. (P. "^.) leaves oblong, acute, pubescent beneath : axils of 
 the veins naked : stipules lanceolate. 
 
 iivAulata, W. (waved alder. Muh. says it grows in New-England. ^.) 
 leaves oblong, acute, rounded at the base : petioles and veins hairy 
 beneath ; axils of the veins r'aked : stipules ovate-oblong. 
 
 serridaia, (aider. O. r-g. A.p. 1?.) leaves obovate, acuminate : veins and 
 their axiis hairy beneath : stipules oval, obtuse. 
 
 ghUiiwsay (Canada. Ap. fp.) leaves round-wedge-form, obtuse, gluti- 
 nous : axils of the veins downy. 
 
 3 — 2, Alopecurus. 4. 10. 
 
 'firntensh, (meadow-grass, foxtail. P. C. J. 2^.) culm erect: glume vil- 
 
 lose : coroi beardless. 
 geniaUatus, M. (2) (floating foxtail. W. C. T. Ju. U-) culm spiked and 
 
 geniculate : corol beardless. 
 
 16—13. Alth^a. 37. 74. 
 officinalis, (marsh-mallows. E. 2^.) leaves downy, oblong-ovate; ob- 
 
 soletely 3-lobed, toothed. 
 rosea, (boUyiiock. E. ^ .) stem erect: leaves rough, heart-form, 5 to 
 
 7-angied, crenate. 
 Jici folia, (fig-hollyhock. E. <? .) leaves 7-lobed, sub-palmate, obtuse. 
 
 (i; Ueuila, 1. (2; aristulatus, Mx. 
 
ALYSSUM, AMARANTHUS. 19S 
 
 15—1. Alyssum. 39. 63. 
 
 saxatih, (madwort, basket of gold. E. l?.) stem woody, panicled : 
 leaves lanceolate, very soft, spreading. 
 
 Iiyperboreum, W. (Canada.) stem herbaceous : leaves hoary, toothed ; 
 stamens 4, 2-forked. 
 
 sativum, (P. y. J. 0.) stem erect : leaves lanceolate, toothed, clasp- 
 ing, alternate : flowers corymbed. 
 
 incanum, (E. 2^. ^ ^ .) stem erect: leaves lanceolate, enth-e, hoary: 
 flowers corymbed : petals 2-cleft'. 
 
 22—6. Amanita. 58. 1. 
 1. Stipe surrounded ivitli a distinct volva at the base, naked at the fop. 
 
 livida, pileus bossed, flattlsh, striate, lead-livid : lamella white : stipe 
 
 long, white. Margins of woods. 
 spadicea, pileus sub-campanulate, bossed, striate, fragile, chesnut- 
 
 brown ; lamella wliite : stipe scaly, sooty-yellow. 
 pusilla, pileus hemispheric, bossed : lamella ventricose, rose-colour : 
 
 stipe shortish, white : volva often 4-cleft. In gardens, kc. autumn. 
 
 2. Stipe icith a manifest volva at the base, and a ring at the top. 
 
 bulbosa, wholly white; pileus conrex: stipe elongated, attenuated, 
 bulbous. Woods in autumn. Stipe about 3 inches long, quartec 
 thick. 
 
 citrina, pileus glabrous, citron-yellow : lamella w hite : stipe white. 
 
 3. Stipe with a ring at the top, volva at the base obliterated : warts on 
 the pileus small, equal. 
 
 umbrina, pileus flattish, from sooty-yellow becoming chesnut-brown : 
 warts, lamella and stipe white. In beech wood. 
 
 »spera, pileus fleshy, compact, bossed, dark reddish-yellow, rough with 
 acute warts : lamella crowded, w hite : stipe long, sub-bulbous, hay- 
 ing fibres. 
 
 20—5. Amaranthus. 54. 30. 
 
 nlbus, W. (white coxcomb. C. P. g-w. Ju. #.) glomernles axillary, 
 triandrous : leaves obovate, retuse : stem 4-cornered, simple. Com- 
 mon garden weed. 
 
 groEcizans, W. (P. Au. 0.) glomerules axillary, triandrous : flowers SL- 
 cleft : leaves obovate, emarginate : stem teretisb, brauching. 
 
200 AMARANTHUS, AMBROSIA. 
 
 melancfwlicus, (love-lies-bleeding. E. r. ) glomerules axillary, pe- 
 duncled, roundish : leaves ovate-lanceolate, coloured. 
 
 tricolor, (three-coloured coxcomb. E. Ju. 0.) glomerules sessile : 
 leaves oblong-lanceolate, coloured. 
 
 lividus, W. (lead amaranth. E. Ju. 0.) glomerules triandrous, sub- 
 spiked, roundish : leaves eliptic, retuse : stem erect. Probably in- 
 troduced. 
 
 0leraceus, (pot amaranth. Y. W. T. C. Ju. 0.) glomerules axillary, 
 branching : leaves wrinkled, oblong, very obtuse, emarginate. Some- 
 times the flowers are pentandrous. 
 
 hyhruJus, W. (P. Y. C. Ju. 0.) racemes pentandrous, doubly-com- 
 pound, heaped together, erect : leaves ovate-lanceolate. 
 
 paniculatus, W. (P. Ju. 0.) racemes pentandrous, triply-compound : 
 branches spreading, pubescent : leaves ovate, lanceolate,, 
 
 retroflexus, W. (rough amaranth. O. Au. 0.) racemes pentandrous, 
 triply-compound, compact, erect ; branches pubescent : leaves 
 ovate, undulate. 
 
 hypochondriacus, W. (spleen amaranth. P. Au. ^.) racemes pentan- 
 drous, compound, compact, erect : leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucro- 
 nate. Leaves red. (False prince's-feather.) Cultivated. 
 
 spinosus, W. (P. Au. 0.) racemes pentandrous, terminal, compound : 
 axils spinose. 
 
 pumilus, R. (dwarf amaranth. C. g.) glomerules axillary : flowers pen- 
 tandrous : calyx 5-leaved, concave : leaves ovate, obtuse, smooth 
 and fleshy, sometimes retuse. Scarcely twelve inches high. 
 
 6 — 1. Amaryllis. 9. 17. 
 
 atamasco, (atamasco lily. P. w. &, r. J. 2^.) spathe 2-cleft, acute : flow- 
 er pedicelled : corol bell-form, subequal, erect : stamens declined. 
 
 formosissiina, (jacobea. E. If.) spathe 1-flowered : corol ringent-like : 
 petals declined. 
 
 20 — 5. Ambrosia. 54. 98. 
 
 trifda, W. (P. V. N. C. T. g-y. S. 0.) bristly, rough: leaves 3-lobedj 
 serrate : lobes oval, lanceolate, acuminate : fruit 6-spinedj beneath 
 the apex. From 5 to 8 feet high. 
 
 intefiri folia, W, (P. Ju. #.) Uaves ovate, sessile, acuminate, serrate, 
 bristly on both sides, ciliate at the base : racemes terminal, some- 
 times ternate. Flowers very inconspicuous. 
 
AMBROSIA, AMPHICARPA. 201 
 
 dalior, W. (hogweed. O. S. 0.) leaves doubly pinnatifid, smoothish : 
 petioles long, ciliated : racemes terminal, panicled: stem wand-like. 
 
 urtemisifolia, W. (C. P. S. 0.) leaves doubly-pinnatifid, hoary beneath, 
 at the summit pinnatifid : racemes terminal in threes : branches le- 
 vel-topped. 
 
 paniculala, W. (P. J. »|l.) leaves glabrous, doubly pinnatifid, pinnatifid 
 at the summit: racemes terminal, solitary : branches level-topped. 
 
 hetcrophylla, W. (P. S. Q.) cauline leaves pinnatifid, sub-toothed, pe- 
 tioled ; on the upper branches lanceolate sessile : petioles long cili- 
 ate : racemes terminal, solitary: stem panicled. 
 
 4 — 1. Amman N I A. 17. 91. 
 
 humilis, (tooth-cup. P. p. Au.) procumbent : leaves lanceolate, narrow- 
 er downwards : flowers all solitary. Wet. 
 
 ram^m^r, W. (D. p. Au 0.) stem erect : leaves lance-linear, base dila- 
 ted, half-clasping : lower flowers whorled. 
 
 5—2. Ammi. 45. 60. 
 
 capillaceum, M. (1) (bishop-weed. C.Y. w. Au.) stem ramose : leaves 
 all capillary, many-cleft : umbel with short, many-parted involucres : 
 seedglabrous. Pursh says it grows in sandy fields. But at N. Haven 
 and N. York it grows in salt marshes. 
 
 17—10. Amorpiia. 32. 93. 
 
 fndicosa (false indigo. P. p. Ju. 1?.) calyx with 4-teeth acute, and one 
 acuminate, pedicelled, nakedish : legumes few-seeded : spikes elon- 
 gated, aggregate : leaves petioled. 
 
 glabra, D. (D. b-w.) leaves glabrous. 
 
 5 — 1. Amp£Lopsis. Mx. 46. 72. 
 
 quinquefolia, M. (2) (false grape, creeper. O. w. Ju, '^.) leaves iu 
 fives, toothed : stem rooting, climbing. 
 
 17—10. Amphicarpa. N. (3) 32. 93. 
 
 monoica (wild bean-vine. 0. b. &.. w. Ju. %.) stem slender, twining, 
 hairy backwards : leaves ternate, ovate, nearly smooth ; stipules 
 ovate, striate. Var. comosa, has narrow, hirsute leaves. 
 
 (i; majus, Wr. Spren^el says, in a letter to Dr. John Torrey, tliat (his i* a Siuili. 
 f2; Hedera quin(iuefolia,i. Citsus hederacea, P. Vitis quin. tk. 
 (3; Glycine, I. * ^ ' » 
 
202 AMYGDALUS^ ANDROMEDA. 
 
 12—1. Amygdalus. 36. 92. 
 persica (peach. E. r. M. ^.) serratures of the leaves all acute, flowers 
 
 sessile, solitary. 
 nana (flowering almond. E. ^.) leaves ovate, tapering to the base, 
 
 sharply serrate. 
 
 5—1. Anagallis. 20. 34. 
 arvmsis (red chickweed, scarlet pimpernell. Y. T. C. P. r. J. 0.) stem 
 spreading, naked, procumbent : petals entire, flat, with hairs at the 
 margin. 
 
 5 — 1. Anchcsa. 41. 42. 
 officinale (buglos. E. y. 2^.) leaves lanceolate : spikes imbricate, one- 
 sided : bracts ovate. 
 
 10 — 1. Andromeda. 18. 51. 
 
 hi/pnoides,\Y. (moss-bush. Whitehills. Au. fp.) leaves imbricate subu- 
 late, glabrous : peduncles solitary, terminal, 1-flowered : corol nod- 
 ding, globose-bell-form. Small, creeping. 
 
 tnariana, W. (P. C. J. ^.) leaves oval, entire, sub-acute at both ends, 
 glabrous, lea.the!y, paler beneath : flower-bearing branches almost 
 leafless; peduncles fascicled: corol ovate-cylindric : calyx leafy: 
 anthers beardless : capsule ovate, and resembling the form of a pine- 
 apple. One variety has narrow lanceolate leaves. 
 
 poUjblla, Mx. (H. &, T. r-w. M. fp-) leaves linear-lanceolate, convex, 
 revoiute, white-glaucous beneath and hoary-glaucous above : flow- 
 ers aggregate, terminal : coroi sub-globose : anthers bearded towards 
 the top. One foot high. Wet. 
 
 arborea, W. (sorrel tree. P. w. Ju. ^.) branches terete : leaves oblong, 
 acumi>iate, mucronate-serrate, glabrous : panicles terminal, many- 
 spiked : corol ovatc-cylindric, pubescent : anthers linear, beardless. 
 About 40 feet high, with acid leaves. 
 
 paniculata, M. (l) (white bush. 0. w. J. ^ .) pubescent : leaves obo- 
 vate-|anceolate, acute, sub-entire : flower-bearing branches terminal 
 pauicled, nakedish : glomerules peduncled : corol sub-globular, pu- 
 bescent : anthers obtuse, beardless. A shrub running into several 
 varieties — flowers small. 
 
 racemosa, W. (P. C. w. J. ^.) leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, serrulate, 
 
 O) Lyonia paniculata, N. 
 
ANDROMEDA, AXEMONE. 203 
 
 membranaceous, glabrous : spikes terminal, one-way, elongated, 
 simple or branched : bracts linear, acute : corol cylindric : calyx 
 acute, with bracts at the base : anthers doubly 4-bearded at the apex. 
 A middling sized shrub, odoriferous. Wet. 
 calyculata, W. (leather leaf. T. Y. C.P. W. N. w. M. f).) leaves lance- 
 olate-oblong, obsoletely serrulate, sub-revolute, with scaly dots, rust- 
 coloured beneath : racemes terminal, leafy, turned one-way : pedi- 
 cels short, solitary, axillary : calyx acute, 2-bracted at the base ; 
 bracts broad-ovate, acuminate : corol oblong-cylindric. Wet. 
 
 3 — 2. Andropogon. 4. 10. 
 
 milans, (1) (beard-grass. Y. W. P. D. N. V. T. Au. U-) panicles branch- 
 ing, compact, nodding : flowers in pairs, awned : calyx bristly : per- 
 fect flowers sessile, staminate, pedicelled, caducous. Dry. 
 
 macrourus, Mx. (2) (Indian grass. D. P. S. U-) sheaths villose at the 
 margin : panicles lateral, with many fascicular spikes ; flowers mo- 
 nandrous, beard 4 or 5-fold of the length of the glume ; anterior 
 valves glabrous. 
 
 dissiliflorus, Mx. (.3) (P. S. If.) sheaths glabrous ; culm erect : spikes 
 lateral, distant : flowers monandrous ; awns long, straight ; interior 
 valves glabrous. 
 
 purpuracens, W. (4) (0. Au. U-) spikes simple, peduncled, double, 
 close-panicled ; flowers double, the perfect is sessile lanceolate 
 bearded, the neutral is pedicelled bearded ; rachis ciliate. 
 furcatus, W. (forked spike. O. Au. 2/.) spikes digitate, partly in fours, 
 flowers double ; the perfect ones sessile, awned, the staminate ones 
 beardless, pedicelled : rachis hairy. 
 
 rirginints (broom-grass. C. P. S. If.) spikes in pairs, lateral, rachis 
 woolly : florets in pairs, one pedicelled decaying, the other perfect: 
 calyx of the perfect flower 2-valved, valves acute, longer than the 
 corol, villose at the base : corol 2-valved, one of them awned at the 
 apex. 
 
 13—13. Anemone. 26. 61. 
 horfensis (garden anemone. E.) radical leaves digitate, divisions ??-c'eft ; 
 cauline ones ternate, lanceolate, connate, sub-divided : seed woolly. 
 vlrgimana (wind flower. 0. g-w. Ju. I^.) stem dichotomous : leaves in 
 
 {\) avenaceus, Mx. (2) Cinna glomeratn, Wr. 
 
 (3; Cinna lateralis, Wr. (i) Scoparium, Mx. 
 
204 ANEMONE^ ANGELICA. 
 
 threes, ternate, upper ones opposite, leafets gash-lobate and serrate 
 acute : peduncles solitary, 1-flowered, elongated : seed oblong, wool- 
 ly, mucronate, in heads. 
 
 nconitifolla, Mx. (1) (P. C. T. w. J. 11.) stem dichotomous : radical 
 leaves palmate ; cauline leaves sessile, clasping, 3-cleft, the lower 
 ones ternate, with the lobes acute-lanceolate, gash-serrate ; pedun- 
 cles solitary, 1-flowered ; seed in globose heads, naked, subulate- 
 beaked. Flowers large. 
 
 dichotoma (2) (Can. T. w-r. M. 11.) stem dichotomous : leaves all cau- 
 line, opposite, clasping, 3-cleft, lobes wedge-lanceolate, with the up- 
 per ones gash-serrate : peduncles solitary, 1-floAvered : seed in a glo- 
 bose head, naked, recurved-mucronate. 
 
 nemorosa (low anemone. O. r-w. M. 11.) stem 1-flowered : cauline leave? 
 in threes, ternate, leafets wedge-form, gash-lobed, toothed, acute : 
 corol 5-6-petalled : seeds ovate, Avith a short style, hooked. A vari- 
 ety, quinquefoUa, has lateral leaves deeply 2-cleft. 
 
 Iftncifolia (P. w. M. li) stem 1-flowered : leaves cauline in threes, ter- 
 nate : leafets lanceolate, crenate-toothed : corol 5-petalled : seeds 
 ovate, with a short style hooked. 
 
 ihalidroides, (3) (rue anemone. O. w. M. 11.) umbels involucred : radical 
 
 * leaves twice ternate, leafets sub-cordate, 3-toothed : involucre 6- 
 leaved, leafets petioled, uniform: umbel few-flowered : seed naked, 
 striate : root tubeixtus. A variety? t/"?/^oror, has a 1-flowered invo- 
 lucre. 
 
 Anemone. See Hepatica. 
 
 5 — 2. Anethum. 45. 60. 
 
 graveolens (dill. E.) fruit compressed : plant annual. 
 fueniculum (fennel. E.) fruit ovate : plant perennial. 
 
 5 — 2. Angelica. 45. 60. 
 
 trrhangelica (archangel. E. ^ .) the odd terminal leafet lobcd. 
 
 «/ro;5urpwrea (angelica. O.J. 2^.) leaves compousd, leafets oblong, sub- 
 lobate, serrate, sub-sessile, the last pair united, the terminal petioled. 
 3 to 6 feet high, root fragrant. Meadows. 
 
 triquinata, Mx, (4) (O. w. J. 24!.) petiole 3-pai-ted, partitions pinnate, 
 SJeaved ; leafets gash-tootbed ; the odd terminal one sessile rhom- 
 bic, lateral ones decur^ive. Diy, woods. Alluvion. 
 
 (■) pensyUanica.L. (2) irregularis, Lk. C3) ThaUctrumanemonoides, Mx. 
 
 (4) Ferula canadensis, L. 
 
ANGELICA, ANTIRRHINUM. 205 
 
 lueida (nondo.w. J. If) leafets equal, ovate, gash-serrate. 
 22 — 2. Anoectangium. 56. 4. 
 
 Jiliforme, Mx. stem slender-filiform : leaves closely imbricate, oval, den- 
 ticulate in a similar-coloured point : capsule ciliate at the apex : lid 
 sub-conic : calyptre sub-villose. On rocks. 
 
 18 — 2. Anthemis. 49. 55. 
 
 nobilis (chamomile. E. w. Au. If.) leaves 2-pinnate ; leafets 3-parted, 
 linear-subulate, sub-villose : stem branching at the base. Gives out 
 a fragrant odour. 
 
 arvensis (C. T. w. Ju. ^ .) receptacle conic, chaff lanceolate : seed 
 cro\VM-:nargined : leaves 2-pinnate, sub-divided, lanceolate, linear. 
 
 cotula (mayweed. O. w. J. 0.) receptacle conic, chaff-bristly : seed na- 
 ked : leaves 2-pinnate, leafets subulate, 3-parted. 
 
 22 — 3. Anthoceros. 57. 3. 
 
 levis (wax liverwort) frond flat, undivided, scarcely undulated at the 
 
 margin. On the earth in damp shaded situations. 
 pundatus, frond sinuate, undivided, crisped at the margin. On |the 
 
 earth where moist and shaded. 
 carolinianus, Mx. fronds with short roundish lobes, margin sub-entire, 
 
 scarcely punctured above ; the horn-form capsule about half an inch 
 
 in length. 
 
 3 — 2. Anthopogon. N. 4. iO. 
 iepturoides, N. (1) (false beard-grass. D. 2^.) stem decumbent at the 
 base, ascending above and erect : leaves short, lance-ovate, acute, 
 smooth, flat, striate : sheaths bearded at the summit ; stipule obso- 
 lete. 
 
 2 — 2. Anthoxanthum. 4. 10. 
 odoratum (sweet vernal grass. O. M. If.) spike oblong-ovate ; florets 
 sub-peduncled, longer than the awn. An American variety, 
 aliissimum, is larger and of a darker green. Ives. An elegant sub' 
 stitute for the Leghorn grass. Dewey. 
 
 14 — 2. Antirrhinum. 40. 40. 
 elatine, W. (creeping snap-dragon. P. T. y. Ju 0.) procumbent pilos^: 
 leaves alternate, hastate, entire : peduncles solitary, very lon^. 
 
 (1) Antiropoffon ambiffuu6,Mx. 
 
 s 
 
206 AXTIRIlHlNUMj AQUILEGIA. 
 
 triornoihophorum, (three-birds. E.) leaves whorled, lanceolate, 3-nei-v- 
 ed : stem decurubent : raceme terminal, Icav -flowered, flowers large, 
 peduncled. 
 
 linaria (snap-dragon. E. y. Ju. If.) erect, glabrous : leaves scattered, 
 lanceolate-linear, crowded together : spikes terminal, dense-flower- 
 ed : calyx glabrous, shorter than the spur. Flowers large — (toad- 
 flax.) isaturalized. 
 
 c-Xftadense, W. (flax snap-dragon, C. Y. T. P. w-b. J. If.) rising in a 
 curve, glabrous, very simple : leaves scattered irregularly erect, 
 narrow, liiiear, obtuse, remote: flowers racemed : scions procum- 
 bent. Flowers snxall. 
 
 Onychia, see Queria, 
 18—1. Apargia. 49. 53. 
 
 aulunnialis, W. (1) (false haw^kweed. Boston, y. J. 2/.) scape branch- 
 ing, scaly ; leaves lanceolate, runcinate-pinnatifid, smoothish. Nat- 
 uralized. Bw. 
 
 Jlpios, see Glycine. 
 5—2. Apium. 45. 60. 
 
 ■petroselinum, (parsley. E, Ju. ^ .) cauline leaves linear : involucre 
 minute. 
 
 grnveoltnsj (celery. E. Ju. $ .) stem channelled : cauline leaves wedge- 
 form. 
 
 5 — 2. Apocvnum. 30. 47. 
 
 androsccviifolium, (dog-bane. O. r-w. J. If.) leaves ovate, glabrous 
 above : cymes lateral and terminal : tube of the corol longer than 
 the calyx : limb spreading. 
 
 Cannabinum, Mx. (2) (Indian hemp. O. g. y. Ju. If .) leaves oblong- 
 oval, whitish-dowMiy beneath: panicle pubescent : tube of the corol 
 about equal to the calyx : limb erect. 
 
 hyperirifoliuni, W. (John's dog-bane. C. P. w. Ju. If.) stem erectish : 
 leaves oblong, heart-form, glabrous : cymes shorter than the leaves. 
 Flowers very small ; the plant low and smooth. 
 
 13—5. Aquilegia. 26. 61. 
 vulira'-is, (garden columbine. E.J. If.) nectaries incurved horns : leafy 
 
 (1) Leonrodni' antumnale, L. Hedypnois autumnale, S- 
 
 (2) pubescens, Br. 
 
AQUILEGIA, ARALIA. 207 
 
 stem and leaves glabrous : leajt'es decompound. Nectaries multi- 
 plied by culture. 
 canadensis, (wild columbine. O. r. &l y. Ap. 2^.) horns strait: stamens 
 exsert : leaves decompound. Growing frequently in crevices of 
 rocks. 
 
 15—2. Arabis, 39. 63. 
 
 rhomboidea, P. (1) (spring cress. P. T. w. M. U-) leaves glabrous, 
 rliomboid, with obsolete spreading teeth ; lower leaves with long 
 petioles : root tuberous. Damp. 
 
 fhaliana, W. (mouse-ear cress. W. P. T. C. w. Ap. #.) radical leaves 
 oblong, petioled ; cauline leaves lanceolate, sessile : stem erect, 
 rough haired at the base : petals twice as long as the calyx. 
 
 reptans, W. (P. C. J. If.) leaves sub-rounded, entire, rough-haired : 
 shoots creeping. 
 
 lyrata, W. (P. C. T. Can. w. Ap. 0.) leaves glabrous, radical ones ly- 
 rate, cauline ones linear. 
 
 hispida, A. (2) (P. W. w. M. U-) leaves toothed, obtuse, hispid, radical 
 ones sub-lyrate : stem hispid ; petals erect, 
 
 hastala^ (3) (C. T. Great-Barrington. w. M.) leaves lanceolate, narrow- 
 ed at the base, hastate, sessile, very glabrous : peduncles glabrous, 
 erect : siliques pendant, falcate, very narrow. Torrey. 
 
 falcata, Mx. (4) (O. w. If.) leaves lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, 
 remotely toothed, hastate-sessile : silique pendant, 2-edged, falcate : 
 peduncles hairy. 
 
 17—10. Arachis. 32. 93. 
 
 hypogcea, (pea-nut, false ground-nut. E. 0.) stem pilose, procumbent : 
 leaves pinnate, abrupt : flowers axillary. Peduncles become elon- 
 gated, and deposit the fruit under ground to ripen. 
 5 — 5. Aralia. 46. 59. 
 
 spinosa,\\'. (shot-bush, angelica tree. P. y-w\ Au. ^.) v/oody : stem 
 and leaves thorny, leaves doubly pinnate ; leafets slightly serrate : 
 panicles very branching : umbels numerous. 
 
 JiispidayMx. (bristly-stem sarsaparilla. H. w. J T;).) low, sub-shrubby : 
 stem and petioles rough with bristles : leaves doubly pinnate ; leaf- 
 
 (1) bi-.lbosa,M. (2) stricta, W. 
 
 (3) pendu'a, N. Turiitis 1apvi<rata, W. 
 
 (4). canadensis. W.; but Kuuail suspects it to be the kastata, or Turrltis laevigata of 
 TV* 
 
208 
 
 ets ovate, gash-serrate, unarmed, glabrous: umbels with long pC'' 
 duncles. Neglected fields. 
 
 racemosa, W. (spikenard. O. w. J. If.) spreading branches : petioles 3- 
 parted, the partitions 3 — 5-leaved ; leafets often heart-form : branch^ 
 lets axillary, leafy : umbels many, sub-panicled, leafless above. 
 Damp. 
 
 nudicaulis, W. (wild sarsaparilla. O. w. M. 2^.) hardly a proper stalk, 
 1-leafed ; the leaf thrice-ternate or thrice-quinate : leafets oblong- 
 oval : scape naked, shorter than the leaf: umbels few. Woods. 
 
 10—1. Arbutus. 18. 51. 
 
 iwa-ursi, W. (bear-berry, kinnikinnick. T. N. Y. C. P. w-r. M. fp.) 
 stem procumbent : leaves wedge-obovate, entire : berry 5-seeded.- 
 Dry, barren sand-plains, k-c. Very abundant about the great lakes. 
 Schoolcraft. 
 
 ulpina,\Y. (Can. w. J. ^.) leaves serrate, rugose, acute, obovate •, ra- 
 cemes terminal. 
 
 18—1. Arctium. 49. 54. 
 
 lappa, (burdock. 0. r. Au. U.) cauline leaves heart-form, petioled, 
 toothed : flowers panicled, globose : calyx smooth. 
 
 22—6. Arcyria. 58. 1. 
 
 Jiava, rare, yellow, very long, capillary, nodding. On trunks. 
 cinerea, 'gregarious, white-cinereous, sometimes becoming rust-colour- 
 
 On trunks in woods. 
 pimlcea, crowded together, between saffron colour and scarlet. On 
 
 decaying trunks in summer and autumn. 
 
 10—3. Arenaria. 22. 82. 
 1. Leaves oblong. 
 
 peploideSjW. (C. Can. Ju. 2^.) stem dichotomous : leaves ovate, acute, 
 fleshy: calyx acuminate. 
 
 laterifora, W. (sand-wort. P. C. w. J. Zf.) stem filiform, simple : leaves 
 ovate, obtuse, sub-triple-nerved: peduncles lateral, solitary, elon- 
 gated, 2-cleft; one pedicel middle-bracted : corol longer than the 
 calyx. 
 
 serpyllifolia, W. (P. O; w. Ju. 0.) stem dichotomous, spreading; 
 leaves ovate, acute, sub-ciliate : calyxes acute, sub-striate : petals 
 shorter than the calyx. 
 
ARENARIAj ARISTIDA. 209 
 
 2. Leaves linear, subulate. 
 
 glabra, Mx. (1) (T. Shawanguiik. 2/.) very glabrous, sub-erect, fili- 
 form, many stems : leaves subulate-linear, flat, spreading : pedicels 
 1-flowered, elongated, divaricate : lealets of the calyx oval, oblusish, 
 smooth, shorter than the petals. 
 
 siricta, M\. (N. Whitehills. T. vv. M. U.) glabrous, erect, many stems: 
 leaves subulate-linear, erect : panicles few-llowered : petals much 
 longer than the calyx, which is oval-lanceolate, apparently striate. 
 Dry. 
 
 squarrosa, Mx. (2) (D. w. Ju. 24-.) turfy: lower leaves scaly-imbricate» 
 channelled, glabrous : stems few, very simple : liowers few, termirial, 
 erect: petals much larger than the roundish calyx. 
 
 rubra, Mx. (3) (P. Y. C. T. r. J. #.) gWibrous, humifuse : leaves fili- 
 form, fleshy, much longer than the joints : stipules connate-mem- 
 branaceous, sheathing: stamens 5 : capsule angular or globose. Var. 
 canadensis, leaves linear, fleshy. Troy, sandy beach. 
 
 19—1. Arethl-sa. 7. 21. 
 
 livlbosa, W. (arethusa. C. Y.P.N, r. J. 11.) leafless: root globose: 
 scape sheathed, 1-flowered: calyx with the superior divisioi.s in- 
 curved : lip sub-crenulate. Flowers large, sweet-scented. Damp. 
 
 Jirelhusa, see Triphora and Pogonia. 
 
 13 — 1. Argemone. 27. 62. 
 
 mexicana, W. (P. T. y. Ju. #.) leaves pinnatifid, gashed, spinose : 
 flowers axillary. Flow ers large. 
 
 3—2. Aristida. 4. 10. 
 
 dichotoma.Mx. (beard-grass. P. C. Ju. ^ .) turfy: culm dichotomous, 
 erect, setaceous : calyx longer than the corol ; middle awn twisted, 
 two lateral ones vtrv short : flowers sub-spiked. 
 
 oligantlia, ^w. (P. Ju. 2^.) culm strait, sub-branched: leaves convo- 
 lute-filiform : flowers distant, solitary : awns long, spreading. 
 
 racemosa, M. (C. S.) culm erect, 4-cornered ; joints glub:*ous : leav es 
 linear, striate, hairy at the base, and scabrous at the apex: sheath 
 hairy : panicle contracted, sub-racemed : pedicels angled, jointed 
 
 (1) Siellaria miiflora, Wr. ("*) '"roliniana, Wr. (c>) canadensis, P. 
 
 S 2 
 
210 ARISTIDA, ARONIA. 
 
 below the calyx : valves of the calyx unequal, keeled, scabrous, mu- 
 cronate : coiol a little smaller, hairy at the base. 
 slricta, (P.) culm terete, glabrous : leaves linear, pubescent : panicle 
 dense, with solitary branches : both valves of the calyx awned. 
 
 19 — 6. Aristolochia. 11. 23. 
 
 sip}w,lir. (blrthwort. P.J. ^.) leaves heart-form, acute: stem twi- 
 ning : peduncles 1-flowered, furnished with an ovate bract : corol 
 ascending; limb 3-cleft, equal. A very high running vine, with 
 large leaves ; flowers yellowish-brown. 
 
 serpentina, (P. C. p. J. If .) leaves heart-form, oblong, acuminate: 
 stem zigzag, ascending : peduncles radical : lips of the corol lanceo- 
 late. (The Virginia snakeroot.) There is a variety with very long, 
 narrow leaves. Tonic and diaphoretic. B. 
 
 12—1. Armeniaca. 36. 92. 
 vulgaris, (apricot. E. Tp.) leaves sub-cordate : stipules palmate. Var. 
 precox, (early apricot.) fruit small, yellow. Vav. persicoides, (peach 
 apricot.) fruit sub-compressed. 
 <lasycorpa, (black apricot, E. ^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly 
 serrate : petioles glandular : drupe globose, pubescent. 
 12—5. Aroxia. 36. 92. 
 
 arbutifolia, (I) (red choak-berry. O. w-r. M. 1?.) leaves lance-obovate^ 
 crenate-toothed, downy beneath, with the midrib glandular above : 
 flowers corymbed : calyx downy. Damp. 
 
 botryapium,'P. (2) (shad-bush, june-berry. O. av. Ap. ^.) leaves ob- 
 long-oval, cuspidate, glabrous when mature, (when first expanded 
 lanceolate and downy :) flowers racemed : petals linear: germs pu- 
 bescent : segments of the calyx glabrous. 
 
 sanguinea, (3) (bloody choak-berry. C. Pittsfield. w. M. ^ .) leaves 
 oval, obtuse at both ends, raucronate, serratures very slender: ra- 
 cemes few-flowered : calyx glabrous : petals linear, obtuse. 
 
 melanocarpa, (4) (black choak-berry. 0. w. M. "^.) leaves obovate- 
 oblong, acuminate, serrate, glabrous beneath : midrib glandular 
 above : flowers corj'rabcd : calyx glabrous. Damp. 
 
 ovalis, P. (5) (medlar bush. P. V. W. D. w. M. Tp.) leaves round-oval, 
 
 (;) pyriforia. p. Tyrw^ nrl)Utifolia, W. Mespilus arlmtifolia. L.; and ervrhrocarpa, 
 JVI^. ('2) Pyrus UolrvapiiDVi, W. Mespilus rar.a(lvnsis, L. (;) Pyrus sansruinea, Ph. 
 (?) .irhu'.ito'.ia, P. Pyius melanocarpa, W. Crataegus arbutifolia, Lk. Mespilus ar- 
 butii'.trn, Vir. •neUoocarpa, Mx. (i) Mespilus canadensis. Var. obovalis, Mx. 
 €raUBgu3 spicata, Lk. 
 
ARTHOXIA. 211 
 
 acute, glabrous : (lowers racemed : petals obovate : germ aud seg- 
 ments of the calyx pubescent. 
 
 22 — 2. Arrhenopterum. 56. 4. 
 /iderostichum, erectish : leaves lax-imbricate, oval, with an obtuse 
 point, serrulate, all nerved : peduncle generally terminal : capsule 
 oblong, arcuate : lid conic, obtusely acuminate. 
 18 — 2. Artemisia. 49. 55. 
 abrotanum, (southern-wood. E. U. ^ ^.) stem straight : lower leaves 
 bipinnate ; upper ones hair-form, pinnate : calyx pubescent, hemi- 
 spheric. 
 tanadensis, Mx. (wild wormwood. C. Y. w. y. Au. !(..) sub-decumbent 
 scarcely pubescent : leaves flat, linear-pinnatifid : branchlets spike- 
 flow^ered : flowers sub-hemisplieric : calyx scarious. Receptacle 
 smooth. 
 
 jjontica, (roman artemisia. E.) leaves downy beneath ; cauline ones 
 bipinnate: leafets linear: branches simple: flowers roundish pe- 
 duncled, nodding. 
 absynthium, (wormwood. E. If.) stem branching, panicled : leaves 
 hoary ; radical ones triply pinnatifid ; divisions lanceolate, toothed 
 obtuse : cauline ones 2-pinnatifid or pinnatifid ; divisions lanceolate, 
 acutish : floral ones undivided, lanceolate. Naturalized in most 
 mountain districts of New-England. 
 
 vulgaris, W. (mugwort. P. T. S. U-) leaves downy beneath ; cauline 
 ones pinnatifid ; divisions lanceolate, sub-toothed, acute : floral ones 
 undivided, linear-lanceolate: flowers sub-sessile, oblong, erect: ca- 
 lyx downy. 
 
 22 — 5. Arthonia. 57. 2. 
 
 punctiformis, crust somewhat determinate, membranaceous, smooth 
 dark orange-yellow : receptacles minute, roundish, scattered, sub- 
 immersed, flattish one side and sub-convex the other, dark coloured. 
 On the tender bark of branches of trees. 
 
 obscura, crust membranaceous, somewhat olive-coloured : receptacles 
 minute, flat, a little concave, sub-membranaceous, oval and reniform 
 sub-immorsed, a little rugose, dark-coloured. On the cuticle and 
 bark of trees. 
 
 pruiriosa, crust thin, of a tartar-like appearance, unequal, smooth, ri- 
 mose, white : receptacles flat, immersed, roundish polygons con- 
 fluent, obscurely dark-yellow, mealy-glaucous. On oak bark, kc. 
 
2 12 ARUM, ARUXD©. 
 
 20—13. Arum. 2. 7. 
 
 «iraconlium,W. (2:reen-dragon. T. P. J. 2^.) stemless ; leaves pedate ; 
 leafets lanceolate-oblong, entire : spadix subulate, longer than the 
 oblong convolate spathe. River alluvion. 
 
 mtroruhens, W. (brown-dragon. P. M. 2^.) stemless : leaves ternate ; 
 leafets ovate, acuminate : spadix cylindrical : spathe sessile, ovate, 
 acuminate, spreading horizontally above. Spathe dark brown, dis- 
 agreeable smell. 
 
 triphyllum, \Y. (Indian turnip, wild turnip, wake-robin. O. p. k. g. M. 
 21) S'lb-caulescent : leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate, acuminate : spa- 
 dix club-form : spathe ovate, acuminate, peduncled, with the lamina 
 as long as the spadix. One variety, virens, has a green spathe ; 
 another, atropurpurauin, has a dark-purple spathe. 
 
 yirginicum, W. (1) (poiso.i aivim. Y. T. C. P. g. J. 2^.) stemless : leaves 
 hastate, heart-form, acute i I )bes obtuse: spathe elongated, incurv- 
 ed, green : .spadix long-stamen-flowered. 
 
 3 — 2. Art; K DO. 4. 10. 
 
 donax, (reed-grass. E.Nov.) calyx 5-flowered: panicle diffuse : culm 
 somewhat woody. 
 
 phra^mites, W. (marsh reed-grass. Y. P. C. Hudson. Ju. 2^.) calyx 5- 
 flowered : panicle lax, somewhat nodding : branches glabrous. 
 About 6 or 8 feet high. Damp. 
 
 epigejos, M. (D. 2^.) calyx 1-flowered : panicle erect : leaves glabrous 
 beneath, lanceolate. Flowers small. 
 
 canadensis, Nix. (2) (P. V. W. J. 2^.) panicle oblong, contracted, sca- 
 brous : calyx 1-flowered, lanceolate, scabrous-pubescent upon the 
 keel: corol awned upon the back, awn of the len?th of the corol ; 
 pubesceiiCe equalling the corol : culm terete, glabrous, simple : 
 leaves hairy above and glabrous beneath. About 3 feet high. 
 
 arennria, S. (saiid reed-grass. Can. D. Ju. I^.) paaicle spiked: calyx 
 1-floivered, laager than the corol : flowers erect, beardless: leaves 
 involute, prickly. 
 
 egrjstoides, Ph. (P. V. C. D. Ju. 2^.) panicle lax, diffused : calyx 1- 
 flowei'pc!, acuminate, 4abrous : corol shorter than the calyx, mf^m- 
 brauaceous: outer valve crashed at the top: pubescence equalling 
 the corol : leaves flat, a little scabrous : culm sheathed and glabrous. 
 
 (:) Calla viieinica,Mx. 
 
 ^) cinnoicles, M. Calamagrostis canadensis, N. 
 
ASARUM^ ASCLEPIAS. 213 
 
 11—1. ASARUM. 11. 23. 
 
 canadtnse, (1) (white snakeroot, wild ginger, false colt-foot. O. p. M. 
 2^.) leaves broad kidney-form, in pairs: calyx woolly, deeply 3- 
 parted ; divisions sub-lanceolate, reflected. Root aromatic and sti- 
 mulant. B. 
 
 virginicum, W. (P. M. U-) leaves solitary, round heart-form, glabrous, 
 leathery : flower sub-sessile : calyx glabrous above, shoi't, bell-form. 
 Leaves speckled, smooth. 
 
 19 — 5. AscLEPiAS. 30. 47. 
 
 1. Leaves opposite. 
 
 syriaca, (common milkweed. O. w-p. Ju. H) stem very simple ; 
 leaves lanceolate-oblong, gradually acute, downy beneath : umbels 
 sub-nodding, downy. 3 to 5 feet high : flow ers in large close clusters, 
 sweet-scented — nectaries are fly-traps. 
 
 obtusi/olia, Mx. (2) (Y. P. C. p. J. 11.) leaves clasping, oblong, round- 
 obtuse, sometimes mucronate, waving: umbel terminal, long-pe- 
 duncled, many-flowered, glabrous; the horn of the nectaiy exsert. 
 Flowers large. 
 
 phytolaccoides, Ph. (T. D. W. P. w-g. Ju. 24..) stem erect, simple : leaveg 
 broad-ovate, acute, glabrous, paler beneath : nectaries truncate, in- 
 ternal margin 2-toothed : umbels lateral and terminal, long-peduu- 
 cled, nodding, 
 
 periploccefolia, N. (3) (D. w-g. Ju. 2^.) leaves sub-sessile, somewhat 
 distant, lance-ovate, narrowing upwards, very acute, smooth on both 
 sides, margin rough : umbels mostly 2, naked, lateral : root round- 
 tuberous : segments of the nectaries oblong-linear. 
 
 ttm(£na,W. (Y. D. P. p. Ju. 11.) stem simple, a little hairy on tw© 
 sides ; leaves sub-sessile, oblong-oval, pubescent beneath : terminal 
 umbels and nectaries erect, appendages exsert. Damp. 
 
 purpurascens, W. (C. P. p, Ju. 11.) stem simple: leaves ovate, villose 
 beneath : umbels erect : nectaries resupine. Damp shades. 
 
 ianceolata, (Y. g. Ju. 2^.) stem decumbent, hirsute : leaves lanceolate, 
 acute, sub-sessile : umbels hirsute, lateral, solitary, sessile, sub-glo- 
 bose, dense-flowered, nodding: no appendage. Ives. Diy sandy 
 plains. Vid. Silliman's Journal of Science, p. 252. 
 
 (1) carolinianum, Wr. latifoliiim, Sa'. (2) purpurascens, Wr. 
 
 (•3) ACBaiiu»ta, Ph. csrUata, Wr. laurifolia, Ma. ' ^ 
 
214 ASCLEPTAS^ ASCYRUM. 
 
 vm4iJlora,'Ph. (P. Y. g. Ju. If.) stem simple, erect, hirsute: leaves 
 lanceolate-oblong, obtusish, sub-sessile, (ii>Avny-hirsute both sides : 
 umbels lateral, solitary, sub-sessile, nodding, sub-globose, dense- 
 flowered: no appendage. Dry. 
 
 t'flr/ego/a, W. (1) (C. P. w. Ju. I(.) stem simple, erect: leaves ovate, 
 petioled, rugose, naked : umbels sub-sessile, pedicelled, tomentose. 
 The umbels dense. 
 
 incarnata, W. (0. r Ju. If ) stem erect, branching above, downy : 
 leaves lanceolate, sub-downy both sides : umbels mostly double at 
 their origin : the little horn of the nectary exsert. A vsiriety, pulchra, 
 is more haiiy. Var. glabra, almost p;labrous. Damp. 
 
 dthiilf., Mx. (V. C. w. Ju. 11.) sraoothish ; stem weak, erect, simple: 
 leaves petioled, oval-lauceolate, acute at both ends, membranaceous : 
 umbels terminal, lax-flowered ; pedicels capillary. The bark is a 
 good substitute for flax. 
 
 quadrifolia, Ji\ (O. w. M. 7i.) stem erect, simple, glabrous: leaves 
 ovate, acuminate, petioled ; those in the middle of the stem are 
 largest, and in fours : umbels 2-terminal, lax-ilowered : pedicels tili- 
 form. About 10 inches high : flowers small and sweet-scented. 
 
 laurifolia, Mx. (P. p. An.) stem erect, glabrous : leaves sub-sessile, 
 oval-lanceolate, gradually growing narrower, very acute, glabrous, 
 with a roughish margin. 
 
 2. Leaves not opposite, 
 verticillatay Mx. (dwarf milkweed. Y. T. P. D. g-y. Ju. U-) stem erect, 
 
 very simple, marked with lines, and small pubescence : leaves very 
 
 narrow-linear, straight, glabrous, whorled generally : horn in the 
 
 nectary exsert. 
 hiberosa, W. (butterfly-weed. N. Y. T. W. P. y. Ju. U-) stem erectish, 
 
 at the top spreadingbranched, very rough-haired : leaves scattered, 
 
 oblong-lanceolate, rough-haired : umbels terminal, sub-corymbed. 
 
 A variety, the decumbens, has a decumbent stem : leaves sub-linear, 
 
 hirsute. Cathartic, diaphoretic, expectorant. B. 
 
 13—3. AscvRUM. 20. 68. 
 
 arux-andre(e,W. (2) (peter's-wort. P. D. y. Ju. fp.) many ste^js, dif- 
 fuse : leaves sub-lanceolate-oblong, obtuse : coiymb terminal : 
 flowers sub-sessile, 2-styled: stem sub-terete, 2 feet high: petal? 
 narrow. 
 
 (1) hybrida, Mx. ^) raulticaule, M^^- 
 
ASCtRUM, ASPiniUM. 215 
 
 hi/pericoides,\Y. (1) (D. y.Ju. ^,) erect, branching : branches 2-edged ; 
 leaves oblong, witii 2 glands at the base : tiowers tcnu.nal, ouiiiury, 
 with short pedicels, 3-styled. From 1 to 2 leet high. 
 
 6 — 1. Asparagus. 11. 12. 
 
 officinalis, (asparagus. E.Ju. If.) stem iierbfce.u^, unarmed, sub-erect, 
 terete : leaves bristle-form, soft : stij;uL^s suh-,.)litary. 
 
 6 1. AsPHODEIUS. 10. 16. 
 
 luteus, (asphodel, king's-spear. E. U.) stem leafy: leaves 3-sided, 
 
 striate. 
 ramosus, (E. U-) stem branching, naked: leaves ensiforra, carinate, 
 
 smooth. > 
 
 22—1. AspiDiuM. 55. 5. 
 
 1. Fronds ternate. 
 
 rACutarium, W. (2) (P. If.) leafets pinnatifid ; divisions acuminate^ 
 sinuate-pinnatifid, entire ; the lower and outer divisions of the sides 
 elongated : fruit-dots in rows. 
 
 2. Fronds pinnate. 
 
 acrostichoides, W (3) (O. J. to Au. If.) leafets lanceolate, sabre-forra, 
 acute, ciliate-serrate, the upper ones eared and dagger-pointed, the 
 lower ones wedge-form at the base ; the upper fruit-bearin^' ones 
 smaller : stipe and rachis chatty : fruit-dots solitaiy, but at length 
 become confluent. 
 
 3. Fronds suh-pinnalifid ; involucre [indusium] halved, kidney-form. 
 
 noveboracense, W. (4) (N. W C. T. P. Ja. U) frond pinnate ; leafets 
 liuear-lanceo^ate, pinnatifid, divisions oblong, obtusish, sub-entire, 
 ciliate : fruit dots marginal : stipe smooth. Damp woods. 
 
 cristatum,\V. (C. P.J. 1/.) frond lai ceolate-ovate, glabrous, pinnate > 
 leafets sub-cordate-oblong, pinnatifid, divisions oblong, obtuse, tooth- 
 serrate : stipe chatty. A variety, cal'p'tris, largish: leafets alter- 
 nate, divisions oblong, unequaUy ap|T :sed-seir ite : frond be; ring 
 the fruit at the top. Another variety, lancastriense, leafets sub-oppo- 
 site, divisions triangular, ovatr^, acute, serrate : stipe naked. 
 
 (:) -talis Mx. (O Polypodium ricmarium, L. apnendiculatum. Sw. 
 
 ( ; aunculatum, Sh. ^fpIlror^ium nrrosiichoides, Mx. N. B. Linueub placed the 
 ffei.us Aspjduim un.er the genus Polypodium. 
 <)) Nephrodium tljeJjpterioiues. 
 
216 ASPiDiuM, asplenium:. 
 
 4. Frond doubly or triply pinnate^ involucre halved, kidney-form, 
 
 o6iwsitm,W. (P. C. Ju. If.) frond doubly-pinnate, the lesser leafets ob" 
 lono-, obtuse, the upper ones having united bases, tooth crenate : ra- 
 chis pubescent above. 4 or 5 inches high. Rocks. 
 
 aculeatum, W. (Vermont mountains. Au. U-) frond doubly-pinnate ; 
 the lesser leafets ovate, sub-sabre-form, acute, dagger-serrate, the 
 base of the upper ones truncate, of the lower ones short wedge-form ; 
 the upper ones bear the fruit : stipe and rachis chaffy. 
 
 marginale,\V. (1) (O. Ju. 2^.) frond doubly-pinnate : lesser leafets ob- 
 long, obtuse, decuiTent, crenate ; more deeply crenate at the base : 
 fruit dots marginal : stipe chaffy. Two or three feet high. 
 
 Jilix-7nas, W. (W.N. CD. P. Ju.) frond doubly-pinnate, lesser leafets 
 oblong, obtuse, serrate ; serratures beardless •• fruit-dots of the mid- 
 dle rib approximate : stipe and rachis chaffy. 2 or 3 feet high. A 
 variety, erosum, lesser leafets erose-seiTate, more remote. Rocky 
 hills. 
 
 intermedium, W. (P. W. T.J. 11.) frond doubly-pinnate ; lesser leafets 
 linear, gash-pinnatifid ; divisions at the apex sub-mucronate-serrate : 
 stipe chaffy. Resembles the next species in many respects. 
 
 ■spinulosum,W ■ (W. P. T. Ju. 2^.) frond doubly-pinnate: lesser leaf- 
 ets oblong, decurrent, runnhig together, gash-toothed ; divisions mu- 
 cronate-serrate : stipe chaffy : involucre glandular. Large. 
 
 iilatatum, W. (2) (P. Ju. 2^.) frond doubly-pinnate ; lesser leafets ob- 
 long, distinct, gash-pinnatifid, divisions mucronate-senate : stipe 
 chaffy : involucre smooth. Leaves more compound, larger and 
 broader than the filix-femina. 
 Remark. This genus has been divided, and the remainder of the 
 
 species arc placed under the genus Athyrium. 
 
 22 — 1. Asplenium. 55. 5. 
 
 fhisophyllum, W. (walking leaf. O. Ju. If.) frond lanceolate, stiped, 
 sub-crenate, heart-form ears at the base : apex very long, linear-fili- 
 form, rooting. Vdir.pinnatifidmn, leaves with the crenatures so deep 
 as to become sub-pinnatifid. Barton. Woods. 
 
 tLngusiifolivm, W. (3) (spleenwort. W. C. P. Ju. 2^.) frond pinnate ; 
 leaves alternate, upper ones sub-alternate, linear-lanceolate, sub-re- 
 
 (1) Nephrodium marginale,Mx- (2) Nephi'odium cristatum, Mx. 
 
 (3) pycnocarpon, SI, 
 
ASPLENIUM, ASTER. 217 
 
 pand, base of the upper ones truncate, of the lower ones slightly roun- 
 ded. One foot high. 
 
 ebcnum, W. (1) (W. C. T. P. Hudson. Ju. 2^.) frond pinnate : leafets 
 sessile, lanceolate, serrulate, cordate at the base, auricled above. A 
 very small species. 
 
 metanocaulon, W. (2) (W. C. T. P. Ju. U-) frond pinnate; leafets 
 roundish, obtuse, crenate, at its base wedge-form : stipe particolour- 
 ed. Very small ; stem black, polished. 
 
 ihelypteroides, W. (3) (W. T. P. Ju. U-) frond pinnate ; leafets sessile, 
 lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid ; divisions oblong, obtuse, 
 obtusely serrate : fruit-dots, parallel, at length confluent. 
 
 ruta-7nuraria, W. (W. C. T. P. Hudson. Ju. 11-) frond bipinnate at the 
 base, simply pinnate at the apex, obtusely denticulate. Very small. 
 Rocks. 
 
 Dwntanum, W. (4) (W. T. Ju. If.) frond glabrous, bipinnate : leafets lan- 
 ceolate, pinnatifid, divisions 2 or S-toothed. 
 
 18—2. Aster. 49. 55. 
 1. Leaves en'ire. 
 
 hyssopifolius.W . (starflower. D. vv. y. p. Au.to O.) leaves linear-lanceo- 
 late, 3-nerved, punctate, acute, margin scabrous : branchlets level- 
 top, corymbed, compact : rays ajiout 5-floAvered ; calyx imbricate, 
 twice as short as the disk. 12 to 24 inches high. 
 
 soUdag{7ioides,\V. (5) (O. w. Au. 2^.) leaves linear-lanceolate, obsolete- 
 3-nerved, entire, obtuse, margin scabrous ; branches level-top-co- 
 rymbed : flowers sessile, aggregate: rays 5-flowered, calyx shorter 
 than the disk, imbricate, scales oblong, obtuse, close-pressed, sub-re- 
 flexed at the apex. About 2 feet his;h : scales of the calyx white 
 with green tips : rays long and Vvhite. 
 
 hdifolius, Ph. (6) (D. y. w. S. and Oc. If.) leaves linear-lanceolate, ta- 
 pering to the base, without nerves, roughish, revolute margin: branch- 
 es corymbed ; branchlets filiform, 1-flowered, nakedish : calyx lax, 
 imbricate, twice as short as the disk : leafets very acute ; rays about 
 20-flowered. A variety, uniflorus, (7) has a very simple stem, bear- 
 ing but one flower. About a foot high ; sometimes the leaves have 
 a small indenture on each side. 
 
 (i) trichomanoides, Mx. (2) trichomanes, Mk. 
 
 (5) acr«stichoides, Sw. (4) Adiantum ni^um, Mx. (5) Conj'za Unifolia, L- 
 
 (6) nemoialis, A. (7) uniflorus, Mx. 
 
218 ASTER. 
 
 rio-idus, W. (1) (N. Y. C. p. y. Au. If.) leaves linear, mucronate, suh^ 
 carinate; rigid, margin rough-ciliate : the cauline leaves reflexed, the 
 branch ones spreading, subnlate : stem erect, somewhat branched 
 above, branchlets 1-flowered, corymbed : calyx imbricate, twice as 
 short as the disk : scales obtusish, carinate : rays about 10-flowered, 
 reflexed. Hardly a foot high. 
 lincriifolius. W. (2) (O. p. y. Au. If.) leaves thick-set, nerveless, linear, 
 muci'onate, dotted, carinate, rough, stiff, those on the branches recur- 
 ved : stem sub-decumbent : branches level-topped, 1-ilowered : ca- 
 lyx imbricate, of the length of the disk. A little lov/er than the pre- 
 ceding species, and Howers smaller; stem rough, purplish. 
 linifolius,yV. (N. P. S. If.) leaves linear, without nerves, dotted, rough, 
 refiexed-.5preadiag: branches level-top-coiymbed, leafy: calyx im- 
 bricate, short : rays about equal to the disk. About 18 or 24 inches 
 high. 
 subidatwi, Mx. (L. An. ?_f .) very glabrous ; small-flowered : stern pani- 
 cled : branches maiiy-flowered : leaves llnear-subnlate : calyx cy- 
 lindvic ; I'.gu'.ate florets of the ray minute. Salt marshes. 
 foUolosirs, W. (P. Au. If.) leaves linear-lanceolate, t8.-pering to both ends, 
 acuminate : stem pubescent, panicled, erect : branches few-flower- 
 ed : calyx imbricate : scales linear, acute, close-pressed. Flowers 
 small ; hardly distinct from the next species. 
 tenuifolius, W. (C av. Au. If.) leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to 
 both ends, hispid margin : stem glabrous, branching, erect ; branch- 
 lots 1-flowered : calyx imbricate, scales oblong, acute, lax. 
 dumnsus, W. (C. w. y. Au. If.) leaves linear, glabrous; those of the 
 branchlets are the shortest ; branches panicled : calyx cylindric, 
 closely imbricate. A variety, called violaceus, has pale violet rays, 
 and a pubescent stem. Anotlier variety, «/6it5, has white rays and a 
 glabrous stem. Flowers small. 
 ericoides, W. (O. w-y. Au. If.) leaves linear, very glabrous ; those of the 
 branchlets subulate, approximate, cauline ones elongated : calyx 
 somftwhat scurfy : leaves acute : stem glabrous. Flowers smalL 
 multifiorus, W. (0. w-y. Au. to N. If.) leaves linear, smoothish : stem 
 very branching, diffuse, pubescent, branchlets one-way : calyx imbri- 
 cate, scales oblong, scurfy, acute. Probably a variety of the last. 
 
 (1) Unaiiifolius, in Banks' collection. (2) Inula linariifolia, N. 
 
ASTER. 219 
 
 sjiuirsijlonis, Mx. (1) (L. y. w-p. An. 2^.) very glabrous : leaves subulate- 
 linear, somewhat lleshy,sub-reilexed : stem slender, very branching; 
 branches and branchlets spreading, bristle-form, l-ilowered: scales 
 of the peduncles divaricate, subulate : calyx imbricate, scales close- 
 pressed, acute. Resembles the last } flowers smaller. Salt marshes, 
 voncolor, W. (D.P.r-b. Au. 24-) leaves oblong-ianceolate, white-pubes- 
 cent both sides : stem very simple, erect, pubescent : raceme termi- 
 nal : calyx imbricate, scales lanceolate, silky, close-pressed. About 
 a foot high ; ray and disk coloured alike. 
 cornifolius, M. (^0. w. Au. 2^.) glabrous : leaves oblong-ovate, acumin- 
 ate, short petioled, margin rough : stem glabrous : panicle few-flow- 
 ered ; branches 2-flow^ered j calyx sub-imbricate. 
 humilis, W. (2) (P. w. Au. 74 •) leaves sub-rhomboid, oval-lanceolate, 
 acuminate at hotheads, sub-netioled, glabrous, margin hispid: co- 
 rymb divergingly dichotomous, uakedish, few-.lowered : calyx lax 
 imbricate : rays 8-flowered. About a foot high ; flowers large. 
 amygdalinus, Mx. (3) (O. v.'. S. 2/.) leaves lanceolate, tapering to the 
 base, acuminate, margin rough : stem simple, level-top-corymbed at 
 the top : calyx lax-irabricate, scales lanceolate, obtuse. Rays large. 
 salicifolius, W. {4) (C. r-b. Au. 2^.) leaves linear-lanceolate, sub-entire, 
 glabrous : stem glabrous, panicled at the top : calv x lax-imbricate, 
 scales acute, spreading at their tips. FvoiJijA to 6 feet high 3 flower 
 middle-sized. 
 aestivus, VV. (D. b. Ju. to S. 2^.) leaves lanceolate, sub-clasping, taper- 
 ing to the apex, margin rough : stem branching from its base, ersct, 
 hispid ; branchlets pilose ; calyx scaly, scales las, linear, acute, equal. 
 About 2 feet high ; the flowers resembling the last. 
 noia-angliae (O. b-p. Au. 2^.) leaves linear-lanceolate, pilose, clasping, 
 auricled at the base : stem sub-simple, pilose, straight and stift" : flow- 
 ers sub-sessile, terminal, crowded • scales of the calyx lax, coloured, 
 lanceolate, longer than the disk. In rich soil it grows 10 feet high : 
 flowers large. 
 cyaneus, Hn. (5) (0. b-p. Au. U-) leaves linear-lanceolate, clasping, 
 smooth : stem wand-like-panicled, very glabrous : branches racem- 
 ed : scales of the calyx lax, lanceolate, equalling the disk, inner ones 
 coloured at the apex. 3 or 4 feet high ; flowers many and large.— 
 This is the handsomest of all asters. 
 
 (1) flexuosus, N. (-) infi.'-iKUS. Mx. probably a variety of cornifolius. 
 
 f3) uinbe!latus,A. IraUa anijjaaliiia, K. (4) praealtus, Lk. 
 
 (5; rubricauiis, Lk. spurius, W. novae-augliae, A. 
 
220 ASTER. 
 
 'phlogifolias, W. (1) (C. w. p. Au. U-) leaves lanceolate, heart-form, 
 cbsping, pubescent beneath, rough margin : stem very simple, pubes- 
 cent : panicle terminal, lax, few-flowered : scales of the calyx lax, 
 imbricate, lanceolate. From 18 to 24 inches high. 
 
 jjuteyis, W. (2) (O. p-y. S. to Nov. H.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, ciliate, 
 heart-form, clasping, rough both sides, haiiy : stem branching, rough 
 with hairs ; branches spreading, elongated, few-flowered, small-leav- 
 ed : scales of the calyx imbricate, lanceolate, spreading. From 1 to 
 2 feet high. 
 
 2. Leaves heart-form and ovate, serrate. 
 
 undulatus, W. (3) (O. p. S. If.) leaves oblong, heart-form, clasping, en- 
 tire, hairy, sub-undulate ; lower ones ovate, heart-form, sub-serrate, 
 petioled ; petioles winged: stem panicled, hispid; branchlets one- 
 May, leafy, l-flowered. Flowers small. 
 
 paniculatus, A. (O. b-p. Au. to Nov. 2^.) leaves ovate-lanceolate, sub- 
 serrate, petioled, glabrous; radical ones ovate-heart-form, seiTate, 
 rough, petioled : petioles naked : stem very branching, glabrous : 
 branchlets pilose : calyx lax, sub-imbricate. From 2 to 4 feet high : 
 flowers smallish, numerous. 
 
 cordifolius, L. (4) (0. w. S. 2^.) leaves heart-form, pilose beneath, 
 sharp-serrate, petioled ; petioles winged : stem panicled, smoothish : 
 panicles divaricate ; calyx lax, sub-imbricate. Flowers small. 
 
 corymbosus, A. (O w. Au. If.) leaves ovate, sharp-serrate, acuminate, 
 smoothish ; lower ones heart-form, petioled ; petioles naked : stem 
 glabrous, level-top-corymbed above : branches pilose : calyx oblong, 
 imbricate, scales obtuse, very close-pressed. 12 to 14 inches high : 
 flowers rather large. 
 
 macrophyllus, A. (O. w-b. Au. If.) leaves ovate, petioled, serrate, rough ; 
 up}ierones ovate-heart-form, sessile; lower ones heart-form, petioled ; 
 petioles sub-margined . stem branching, diffused : calj^x cylindric, 
 closely imbricate, scales oblong, acute. 1 or 2 feet high ; flowers 
 largish. 
 
 chinensis (china aster. E. @.) leaves ovate, thickly toothed, petioled ; 
 cauline ones sessile, at the base wedge-form, floral ones lanceolate, 
 entire : stem hispid ; branches l-flowered : calyx foliaceous. A 
 
 (1) amplexicaulis, Mx. (2) diversifolius, Mx. 
 
 (H) amplexicaulis, Ms- but not of W. (4) lieteropbyllus, W. 
 
ASTER. 221 
 
 variety has very full flowers, various-coloured and very short rays. 
 Cultivated. 
 
 3. Leaves lanceolate and ovale, lower ones serrate. 
 
 amplexicaulis, W. (1) (O. b. S. If) leaves ovate-oblong, acute, clasping, 
 heart-form, serrate, glabrous : stem panicled, glabrous ; branchlets 
 l-2-flo\vered : scales of the calyx lanceolate, closely imbricate. 
 Flowers middle-sized. 
 
 prenanthoides, VV. (W. P. C. b. 11.) leaves clasping, spatulate-lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, serrate in the middle, heart-form at the base ; 
 branchlets pilose : scales of the calyx lanceolate, scurfy. 
 
 laevigatus, W. (P. C. r-p. S. to Nov. 2/.) leaves sub-clasping, broad- 
 lanceolate, sub-serrate, smooth : stem very branching, glabrous, 
 branchlets many-flowered : scales of the calyx lanceolate, lax, near- 
 ly equalling the disk. 
 
 versicolorj W. (P. D. y-w. Au. 11.) leaves sub-clasping, broad-lanceo- 
 late, sub-serrate, glabrous : radical ones serrate in the middle : stem 
 very branching, glabrous : scales of the calyx lanceolate, lax, short- 
 er than the disk. Flowers many and large, elegant. 
 
 ■mvtabilis, W. (C. p-y. Au. to Oc. 11.) leaves sub-clasping : upper ones 
 lanceolate, acuminate, entire ; lower ones lanceolate, at the base 
 narroAV, serrate : branchlets wand-like : calyx shorter than the disk, 
 lax : stem glabrous. 
 
 laevis,W. (C. V. b-p. S. to Nov. 1^.) leaves sub-clasping, remote, ob- 
 long, entire, shining ; radical ones sub-serrate : branches simple, 1- 
 flowered : calyx imbricate, the leafets somewhat wedge-form, acute, 
 thickened at the apex : stem glabrous, angular. 
 
 concinnus, W. (P. b-p. S. to Nov. If.) leaves lanceolate, somewhat clas- 
 ping: lower ones sub-serrate, glabrous : stem simple, panicled at the 
 top : calyx closely imbricate. 
 
 puniceus (O. p. Au. to Nov. If.) leaves clasping, lanceolate, serrate, 
 roughish : branches panicled : calyx lax, exceeding the disk, the 
 leafets linear-lanceolate, sub-equal : stem hispid. A variety, purpu- 
 reus, (2) seven feet ; stem deep purple. Another variety, rufescenSj 
 eight feet : from green becoming reddish. From 3 to 10 feet high ; 
 flowers large. Damp. 
 
 novi-bclgii (C. w-p. Au. If.) leaves sub-clasping, lanceolate, glabrous,, 
 
 (0 pensjlvanicus: Lk. (2) Amoenus, Lk. 
 
 T2 
 
222 ASTER. 
 
 rough at the margin ; lower ones sub-serrate : branches sub-divided : 
 calyx lax-imbricate, the leafets linear-lanceolate : stem terete, gla- 
 brous. 
 
 sj)ectabilis,VJ . (F.h. Au. 11-) leaves lanceolate, roughish, sub-clasping : 
 lower ones serrate in the middle : branches corymbed : leafets of the 
 calyx lax, foliaceous, somewhat wedge-form, acutish, scurfy. About 
 2 feet high : flowers large. 
 
 serotinus, W. (D. b. S. It-) leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 sessile, glabrous; margin rough : lower ones serrate: branches co- 
 rymbed, glabrous ; branchlets 1-flowered : scales of the calyx lance- 
 olate, acuminate, spreading. About three feet ; flowers large. 
 
 tardiflorus, W. (D. b. Oc. 24..) leaves sessile, serrate, glabrous, spatulate- 
 lanceolate, tapering to the base, deflected at the margin and both 
 sides ; branches divaricate : calyx lax, the leafets lanceolate-liuear, 
 sub-equal, glabrous. Flowers not middle size. 
 
 bUmdus, Ph. (Can. p. Oc. 2^.) leaves somewhat clasping, oblong-lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, serrate, glabrous : stem branching in a pyramid- 
 form ; branches axillary, racemed, scarcely longer than the leaf; 
 peduncles downy, not winged : calyx lax, sub-equal, shorter than 
 the disk. Flowers largish. 
 
 ecuminatus, Mx. (P. W. w. Au. If.) leaves broad-lanceolate, lower ones 
 tapering, entire, upper ones unequally serrate, long-acuminate : stem 
 simple, zigzag, angular : panicle corymbed, divaricate-dichotomous : 
 leafets of the calyx lax, linear, shorter than the disk. A variety cal- 
 led elalior, has a taller stem ; panicles many-flowered and leafy. 
 Another variety, j) milus, has a lower stem ; corymb few-flowered, 
 naked, scarcely higher than the leaves. Commonly 12 inches high 
 and upwards } flowers middle-size. Probably a variety of prenau- 
 thoictes. 
 
 contfzoides, W. (1) (O. w. Ju. li) leaves oblong, 3-nerved, narrow and 
 acuie at the base ; upper ones ses?!iri, sub-entire : lower ones petiol- 
 ed, serrate: stem simple, corymbed at the top: cal} x cylindric, 
 scurfy : rays 5, very short. About 12 inches high : flowers small. 
 
 radula, W. (P. w. S. If.) leaves lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, rugose, 
 very -on-h: stem erect, angukr, simple: corymb terminal : calyx 
 imh.-.cfcie ; ieaieis lanceolate, obiusish, somewhat scurfy. Flowers 
 m.d-s!ze. 
 
 (1) maoiuutUcus, iJ,U. Conyza asieroides, L. 
 
ASTER. 223 
 
 sfricHis, Vh. (I) (P- y-r. ^.11-) leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, ser- 
 rate, rough : stem 1 or few-ttowered above : scales of the calyx ina- 
 bricate, close-pressed, oblong, acute, nearly e(|ualling the disk. Four 
 to seven inches high : flowers middle-sized. 
 
 tradescanti, W. (2) (O. w-p. Au. 2^.) leaves lanceolate, serrate, sessile, 
 glabrous : brandies wand-like : calyx imbricate : stem terete, gla- 
 brous. 3 to 4 feet high : flowers small. 
 
 recurvatiiSj W. (3) (O. h. S, 11) leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, ta- 
 pering to the base ; lower ones serrate in the middle : stem branch- 
 ing, glabrous, recurvate : scales of the calyx lax, imbricate, linear- 
 lanceolate, sub-equal. Resembles the last. 
 
 laxus, W. (D. w-y. S. to Nov. 14..) leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 rough margin ; lower ones sub-serrate : stem sub-reflexed : branches 
 very spreading : stem lax, panicled at the apex : calyx imbricate ; 
 leafets lanceolate, acute, reflexed at the apex. 
 
 junceus, W. (C. r. Au. If.) leaves lanceolate-linear, sessile, glabrous ; 
 lower ones sub-serrate ; those of the branchlets lanceolate : stem 
 panicled, glabrous : branches wand-like : calyx imbricate. 4 to 6 
 feet high. 
 
 dracunculoides, W. (4) (C. w. S. 11-) leaves linear, acuminate, entire ; 
 lower ones linear-lanceolate, sub-serrate ; branches corymbed : ca- 
 lyx imbricate : stem snioothish. About 3 or 4 feet high. 
 
 miser, W. (Can. C. w. S. 11-) leaves sessile, lanceolate, serrate, gla« 
 brous : calyx imbricate ; leafets acute : florets of the disk and ray 
 equal : stem sub-villose. 
 
 divergens, W. (0. w-r. S. 2^.) leaves elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, gla- 
 brous ; cauline ones linear-lanceolate, elongated : branches spread- 
 ing : calyx imbricate : stem pubescent. 3 to 5 feet high : flowers 
 small. 
 
 diffuaus, A. (P. W. T. C. w. S to Nov. 2^.) leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 
 serrate, glabrous, all proportioned : branches spreading : calyx im- 
 bricate : stem pubescent. Flowers small. 
 
 jpendidus, A. (P. W. Oc. Nov. 21.) leaves elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, 
 glabrous,; those of the branchlets reruotisb : branches verj- divari- 
 caie, pendulous : stem pubescent. Resembles the preceding; but 
 the disk turns brcwn. 
 
 (1) bi'-Ioras, Mx. (2) vunjneui, Lk. (3) salicifolius, Lk. 
 
 (4; artemisiiioru^, Lk, 
 
224 ASTRAGALUS^ ATHYRIUM. 
 
 17—10. Astragalus. 32. 93. 
 
 glaux, (milk vetch. E. 0.) caulescent, diffuse ; the little heads pe- 
 dmicled, imbricate, ovate : flowers erect; legume ovate, callous, in- 
 flated. 
 
 dcpressus, (trailing vetch. E. It-) sub-caulescent, procumbent : leafets 
 obovate : raceme shorter than the petiole : legume terete, lanceolate, 
 reflexed. 
 
 secundusj Mx. (Can. p. Ju. If.) caulescent, procumbent : leafets ovate, 
 pubescent : spikes peduncled : legumes one-way, straight, acuminate 
 both ends, pendulous. 
 
 canadensis, W. (P. C. T. y. Ju. If.) caulescent, diffuse : leafets (21) 
 glabrous both sides: legume sub-cylindric, mucronate. On the isl- 
 ands near Troy. 
 
 carolinianus, W . (P. y. J. 11.) caulescent, erect: leafets (41) oblong, 
 pubescent beneath : spikes peduncled : bracts lanceolate, of th© 
 length of the peduncle : legumes ovate, tumid, beaked. 
 3 — 2. Atheropogon. 4. 10. 
 
 apludoides, M. (1) (hair-beard. P. S. If.) spikes short, numerous, (20 
 to 40,) reflexed downwards : culm terete, glabrous, geniculate : leaves 
 hairy at the base : sheaths hairy. About a foot high. 
 
 22—1. Athvrium. (2) Roth & SI. 55.5. 
 
 thelipteris, (snuff-box fern. C. P.Ju. If.) frond pinnate : leafets lance- 
 linear, pinnatifid, glabrous ; divisions ovate, acute, entire : fruit-dots 
 marginal, contiguous, at length confluent. 
 
 bulbiferum, (C. P. W. Ju. 2J!.) frond bipinnate, lance-oblong: leafets 
 opposite, oblong, obtuse, serrate ; lower ones pinnatifid : rachis 
 bulb-bearing: fruit-dots roundish. 
 
 asplenoides, (C P. New-England. Ju. 24..) frond bipinnate : leafets 
 lance-linear, gash-serrate ; serratures 2 or 3-toothed ; terminal ones 
 more acute : fruit-dots oblong, lunate. Tall. 
 Jilix-femina, (P. Ju. 2^.) frond bipinnate: leafets lance-oblong, gash- 
 serrate ; serratures 2 or 3-toothed, acutish : fruit-dots oblong, straight. 
 Tall. 
 
 angustum, (C. W. Y. P. Ju. If ■) frond bipinnate : leafets lanceolate, 
 gash-serrate, sub-bidentate } lower one elongated above : fruit-dots 
 oblong, sub-lunate. 
 
 (1) Cljloris curtipendula, Mx. 
 
 (2) Aspi(liuiu,Sw. JNepbrodiuDi, Ms. Folypo<}iuiD, L> 
 
ATHYlllUM, ATROPA. 225 
 
 punctilobiim, (P. Ju. 24) frond bipinnate : leafets decurrent, ovate- 
 oblong, pinnatifid ; divisions somewhat 4-toothed : fruit-dots solitary : 
 rachis pubescent : stipe glabrous. 2 or 3 feet high. 
 
 atomarium, (P.) frond bipinnate : leafets decurrent, ovate-oblong, pin- 
 natifid ; divisions toothed : fruit-dots scattered. About a span liigh. 
 
 tejiue, (C. P. T. Ju. 2X) frond bipinnate : leafets ovate, decurrent, 
 toothed : fruit-dots solitary, near the teeth of the leafets. Small. 
 Rocks. 
 
 rujii{i(h(77i, (Y. W. D. P. J. I(.) frond bipinnate: leafets chaff-bristly 
 beneath, oblong, obtuse, crenate, coadunate : fiuit-dots at length con- 
 fluent. Small. In tufts on rocks. 
 
 13—13. Atrageke. 26. 61. 
 
 amerkana, Sims. (1) (false virgin-bovver. 0. b-p. M. 2.^.) stem climb- 
 ing, 6-angled : leaves in fours, ternate, with climbing petioles ; leaf- 
 ets glabrous, heart-ovate, acuminate : seeds caudate, with hairs not 
 plumose. 
 
 5—2. Atrtpt.ex. 12. 29. 
 
 halhnus,W. (orach. D. Tp.) leaves alternate or opposite, oblong-sub-^ 
 rhomboid, entire. 
 
 hortensis, (garden orach. C. Ju. ©.) stem erect, herbaceous : leaves 
 triangular, toothed, of an uniform colour : calyx of the fruit ovate, 
 netted, entire. 
 
 laciniata, W. (L. J. 0.) stem erect, herbaceous : leaves triangulai'^, 
 deeply-toothed, white beneath : calyx of the fruit rhomboid, 3-nerv- 
 ed, denticulate. 
 
 arenaria, N. (2) (C. Ju. ) stem herbaceous, spreading : leaves en- 
 tire, oblong-ovate, sub-sessile, white-silvery beneath : upper ones 
 acute or acuminate : flowers axillary, glomerate : calyx of the fertile 
 flowers muricate, dentate, retuse. Stem reddish, angular, very 
 branching ; about a foot high. 
 
 5 — 1. Atropa. 28. 41. 
 
 belladonna, (deadly nightshade. E. w-y. 2^.) stem herbaceous, bra- 
 chiate : leaves ovate, entire. Berries black and poisonous. 
 
 physaloides, W. (3) (P. w-b. Ju. #.) stem very branching : calyx mem- 
 branaceous, 5-angled, net-veined : berry fleshy, covered with the 
 calyx. 
 
 (1) pensylvanica, M. Clematis verticillata, Pc (2) patula.'' 21. 
 
 (3) ^ficandra physaloides, P. 
 
226 AUCUBA, AZALEA. 
 
 20 — 4. AucuEA. 
 japonica, (japan slirub. E.y. J. >>.) leaves opposite, serrate, with yel- 
 lowish spots. 
 
 3—2. AvENA. (1) 4. 10. 
 
 saliva, (oats. E. J. 0.) panicled: calyx 2-seeded : seeds smooth, one 
 
 of them awned. First discovered in the island of Juan Fernandez. 
 
 A variety is awnless, and has black seeds. 
 sterilis, (animated oats. E. Ju. 0.) panicled : calyx about 5-flowered : 
 
 florets haiiy, the middle ones awnless. When dry, the heads are set 
 
 in motion, if moistened, by the untwisting of the awn. 
 fatua, (P. Au. 0.) panicled : calyx 3-flowered : florets spreading, all 
 
 awned, and the base rough-haired. 
 elatior, (E. J. 2^.) panicle sub-contracted, nodding : glume 2-flower- 
 
 ed : florets perfect, sub-awnless, staminate-awned : culm geniculate, 
 
 glabrous : root creeping. Introduced. 
 pensylvanica. W. (2) (P. C. W. J. 0.) panicle tapering : calyx 2-flow- 
 
 ered : seed villose : awn twice as long as the calyx. 
 
 5—1. Azalea. 18. 50. 
 
 lapponica, (mountain honeysuckle. Whitehills. p. Ju. ^.) leaves oval, 
 punctate, excavated, rough : corol bell-form. 
 
 procumbens, W. (Whitehills. r. Ju. fp.) leafy-flowered: branches dif- 
 fuse, procumbent : leaves opposite, elliptic, glabrous, margin revo- 
 lute : corol bell-form, glabrous: filaments enclosed, equal. Flowers 
 small ; resembles Ledum buxiiolium : all the other species resemble 
 the Pihododendron. 
 
 calendulacea, Mx. (P. r. &- y. Ap. '^.) sub-naked-flowered: leaves ob- 
 long, pubescent both sides, and when full-grown become rough- 
 haired : flowers abundant, large, not viscous ; teeth of the calyx ob- 
 long : corol with a hirsute tube shorter than its divisions. A variety, 
 fiammea, has a flame-coloured flower ; another, crocea, has a saffron- 
 coloured flower. 
 
 canescens, (Catskill mountains, r. J. 1^.) sub-naked-flowered ; leaves 
 obovate-oblong, pubescent on the upper side, and downy beneath : 
 nerves not bristle-bearing : flowers not viscous : tube of the corol 
 scarcely shorter than its divisions : teeth of the calyx very short, 
 round-obtuse: stamens scarcely exsert. 
 
 (1) See Pambonia. (2) Trisetum peusylvanicum.Pb. 
 
AZALEA, BACCHARIS. 227 
 
 nudiJlora,W. (1) (early honeysuckle, pinxter blomaclie. 0. r. M. ^.) 
 sub-naked-flowered : leaves lanceolate-oblong, smoothish both sides, 
 uniform-coloured : nerves on the upper side downy, and beneath 
 bristly ; margin cillate : flowers abundant, not viscous ; their tubes 
 longer than their divisions : teeth of the calyx short, oval, sub-round- 
 ed : stamens very much exser. A variety, coccinea, has scarlet 
 flowers and lanceolate leaves ; another, rutilans, has deep-red flow- 
 ers and minute calyx ; another, carnea, has pale-red flowers, with 
 red bases and leafy calyx : another, alba, has white flowers, with a 
 middling calyx ; another, papilionacea, has red flowers with the 
 lower divisions white, calyx leafy ; another, pariita, has flesh-co- 
 loured flowers 5-parted to the base 3 dLnother, polyaiidria, has rose- 
 coloured flowers, with from 10 to 20 stamens. "Woods. 
 
 nilida, (swamp honeysuckle. Y. C. D. w. J. 1?.) leafy -flowered : 
 branches smcothish : leaves few, oblanceolate, sub-mucronate, lea- 
 thery, glabrous both sides, and the upper side shining : nerve bristle- 
 bearing beneath ; margin revolute-ciliate : flowers viscous, tube a 
 little longer than the divisions : calyx very short ; filaments exsert. 
 Leaves dark green, smallish. Swarups. 
 
 viscosa, W. (white honeysuckle. 0. w. J. f?.) leafy-flowered : branches 
 hispid : leaves oblong-obovate, acute, both sides glabrous and one-co- 
 loured : nerve bristle-bearing, margin ciliate : flow^ers viscous, tube 
 twice as long as the divisions : teeth of the calyx very short, round- 
 ed : filaments scarcely longer than the corol, Flowers very sweet- 
 scented. 
 
 glauca,Lk. (fragrant honeysuckle. P. w. J. ■^.)leafy-floAvered : branch- 
 lets hispid ; leaves oblanceolate, acute, both sides glabrous, and 
 glaucous beneath : nerve bristle-bearing, margin ciliate : flowers 
 verj- viscous ; tube of the corol twice as long as its divisions : calyx 
 very short ; "filaments about equai to the divisions of the corol. Rav- 
 ther lower than the other species : flowers abundant. 
 
 B. 
 
 18—2. Baccharis. 49. 55. 
 hulimifolia, Mx. (groundsel tree. C. w. S. ^ .) leaves obovate, gash- 
 toothed above : panicle compound, leafy : fascicles peduncled. 
 The whole shrub covered with white powder. Sea-coast, and river 
 alluvion. 
 
 (i) periclTraenoid«$, Mx. 
 
228 B^MYCES, BARBULA. 
 
 22—5. B^EMYCES. (1) 57. 2. 
 
 roseus, (O.) crust uniform, warty, Avhite : peduncle (podetia) short, 
 cyliudric : receptacle sub-globose, pale-red. On the earth. 
 
 14—1. Ballot A. 42. 39. 
 
 nigra- (false motherwort. Y. 11. naturalized, and ^rows Avild about 
 New Haven.) leaves heart-form, undivided, serrate : leafets of the 
 calyx acuminate. Ives. 
 
 18 — 1. Balsamita. 49. 55. 
 
 suaveolens, (costmary, sweet tansey. E. 24..) leaves toothed j upper 
 ones with eared bases. 
 
 10—1. B.^PTisiA. V. (2) 32. 93. 
 
 iindoria, (wild 'indigo. O. y. Ju. 2^.) very glabrous and branching : 
 leaves ternate, sub-sessile ; leafets wedge-obovate, round-obtuse, 
 (becoming black in drying :) stipules obsolete, oblong, acute, much 
 shorter than the petioles : racemes terminal : legumes ovate, long- 
 stiped. 
 
 cceridea, Mx. (3) (spiked indigo-weed. Y. Canandaieua. b. Ju. 11.) 
 glabrous : leaves ternate, short-petioled ; leafets oblong-wedge-form, 
 obtuse : stipules lanceolate, acute, twice as long as the petioles : ra- 
 cemes spiked, elongated : legumes acuminate. 
 
 15—2. Barbarea. Br. 39. 63. 
 
 vulgaris, (4) (water radish, water rocket. T. V. W. N. y. M. 24!.) lower 
 leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, with the terminal lobe roundish ; upper 
 leaves obovate, toothed. Banks of rivers. 
 
 22—2. Barbula. 56. 4. 
 
 ceBspitosa, stem very short, sub-simple : leaves densely crowded toge- 
 ther, oblong-linear, mucronate, convolute at the apex on becoming 
 dry : capsules cylindric, with a straight-subulate lid of nearly its own 
 length. 
 
 acuminata, leaves ovate-acuminate, concave, twisted on becoming 
 dry : stems erect, simple and divided, becoming renewed ; elonga- 
 tions of the renewed parts stand out behind the capsules. 
 
 fallax, stem ramose : leaves recurve-spreading : pericliifith nerveless: 
 capsules oblong ; lid obliquely beaked. On walls and bye-lanes, &,c. 
 
 (\) See Cenomyce. (2) Podalvria, W. Scphora, Wr. 
 
 (5) australis, W. (4) Erysimum barbarea, L. 
 
BARBULA; SATSCHIA. 229 
 
 laneeolata, leaves lanceolate, sub-apiculate, crisped when diy; fascicle 
 of ducts strong : capsule bottle-foYm, straight ; lid oblique. 
 
 tortuosaf caulescent, rather high, ramose : leaves lance-linear, acute, 
 sub-denticulate, may become crisped: capsule straight, sleuder-cy- 
 lindric ; lid subulate. 
 
 4—1. Bartonia. 20. 46. 
 faniculata, M. (1) (screwstem. T. C. D. Y, N. P. w. Ju. #.) stem sub 
 ramose, 4-sided, and becoming spirally twisted : peduncles opposite, 
 lower ones ramose. Stem almost leafless ; 5 or 6 inches high. 
 Damp. 
 
 22—2. Bartramia, 56. 4. 
 trispa, pedicels erect: leaves subulate, crisped, serrate at the margin, 
 
 much contorted when diy. In the mountains about Williams Col. 
 erfen, (2) stem elongated, slender : pedicels erect : leaves lanceolate, 
 
 serrulate, scarcely twisted wuen dry. Among damp mountain rocks, 
 
 kc. 
 longiseta, stem short ; lesser stems somewhat simple : leaves not dense, 
 
 subulate, keeled, and scarcely perceptibly denticulate, erect when 
 
 dry ; peduncle very long. 
 
 14—2. Bartsia. 40. 35. 
 
 coccineOj W. (3) (painted cup Highlands. N. Y. P. y. &, r. J. ,? .) leaves 
 alternate, linear, gash-pinnatifid ; divisions linear : bracts dilated, 
 generally 3-cleft, longer than the flowers : teeth of the calyx round- 
 ed-obtuse. Flowers yellow, with scarlet bracts. One varietj', pal" 
 lens, has yellow bracts. 
 
 pallida, (WhitehlUs. w-y. Au. 2^.) leaves alternate, linear, undivided ; 
 upper ones lanceolate ; floral ones sub-oval, sub-toothed at the sum- 
 mit ; all are 3-nerved : teeth of the calyx acute. 
 
 22 — 4. Batrachospermum. 67. 2. 
 
 moniliforme, frond alternately ramose, moniliform : branches attenu- 
 ated. 
 
 5 — 1. Batschia. 41. 42. 
 
 cantsnns, (puccoon, false bugloss. P. y. Ju. U-) whitening-villose ; 
 
 (\) fenella, P. AndrewsJa panicuiata, B. Centaurella panicuJata, Mi. C. autum- 
 naUs, Pb. Sa^iua virginica, W. CeuU uriuin, P. in anocbei part of his works. 
 W gracilis, g. (3) Eucbroma coccinea, N. 
 
230 BELLIS, BETULA. 
 
 leaves all oblong : calyx very short : divisions of the eorol entire- 
 A red substance covering the root is the puccoon of the Indians. 
 
 18—2. Bellis. 49. 55. 
 
 2>erennis, (daisy. E. w. & p. Ap. If.) leaves obovate, crenate : scape 
 naked, l-flowered. Grows wild in cultivated fields in Pittsfield, 
 Mass. 
 
 6—1. Bereeris. 54. 78. 
 
 vulgaris, (barberry. N. Y. C.P. y. M. ^.) branches punctate : prickles 
 mostly in threes : leaves obovate, remotely serrate : flowers ra- 
 cemed. 
 
 5—2. Beta. 12. 29. 
 
 vulgaris, (beet. E. g. Au. ^ .) flowers heaped together : lower leaves 
 
 ovate. 
 cida, (white beet, scarcity. E. i .) flowers in threes : radical leaves 
 
 petioledj cauline ones sessile : lateral spikes very long. 
 
 20—1.3. Betula. 50. 99. 
 
 populifolia, W. (1) (white birch, poplar birch. T. V. D. N. C. Ju. ^.) 
 leaves deltoid, long-acuminate, unequally serrate, very glabrous : 
 scales of the strobile with rounded lateral lobes : petioles glabrous. 
 30 to 40 feet high. 
 
 €Zcelsa,\Y. (2) (tall birch, yellow birch. C.W.N. J. ^.) leaves ovate, 
 acute, seiTate : petioles pubescent, shorter than the peduncle : scales 
 of the strobile with rounded lateral lobes. 70 to 80 feet high. 
 
 tubra,M%.{S) (red birch. M. T?.) leaves rhombic-ovate, doubly-ser- 
 rate, acute, pubescent beneath, base entire : pistillate ament ovate ; 
 scales villose ; divisions linear, equal. About 70 feet high ; excel- 
 lent cabinet timber. 
 
 j)apyracea,W. (4) paper birch, canoe birch. C. W. ^.) leaves ovate, 
 acuminate, doubly-serrate : veins hirsute beneath : petiole glabrous : 
 pistillate ament peduncled, nodding : scales with lateral, short, sub- 
 orbicular lobes. Has a paper-like bark, of which the Indians con- 
 struct canoes. 
 
 lenta, W. (.5) (spicy birch, cherry birch, black birch. O. M. fp.) leaves 
 heart-ovate, sharp-serrate, acuminate ; nerves and petioles pilose 
 
 fl) acuminata, Eh. (2) lulea. Mx. (3) lanulosa, Mx. fl. nigra, L. 
 
 (1) paijyrifera, Hix. (5) ni jia, Wm. carpinifalia, EU. 
 
BETULA^ BTDENS. 231 
 
 beneath : scales of the strobile glabrous, with obtuse equal lobes 
 having elevated veins. Large tree, whose wood is much like maho- 
 gany ; very sweet-scented. 
 
 glandulosa, (scrub birch. C. P. M. Tp.) branches glandular-dotted, 
 glabrous : leaves obovate, serrate, at the base entire, glaI)rous, sub- 
 sessile : pistillate ament oblong, scales half-3-cleft : seed orbicular, 
 with a narrow margin. From 2 to 8 feet high. Very abundant in 
 the marshes about Stockbridge, Mass. It seems to be intermediate 
 between Betula and Alnus. 
 
 uana, (dwarf birch. Can. M. >>.) very small and glabrous: leaves 
 small, wedge-orbiculate, gash-crenate, net-veined beneath : scales of 
 the ament deeply 3-parted, divisions oblong : seeds oblong, nearly 
 wingless. Swamps. 
 
 })umila, W. (1) (dwarf birch. C. P. J. 1?.) branches pubescent, dotted ; 
 leaves orbicular-obovate; petioled, dense-pubescent beneath : pistil- 
 late ament cylindric. 2 or 3 feet high. 
 
 18—3. BiDENS. 49. 55. 
 
 ctrnua, (water beggar-ticks. O. y. Au. # ) flowers sub-rayed, droop- 
 ing : outer calyx longer than the Hower : leaves lanceolate, sub-con- 
 nate, toothed. One variety, mmima, has sessile leaves and erect 
 flowers and seeds ; another variety, coreopsis, has serrate, opposite, 
 clasping leaves, 
 
 chrysauthemoides^ W. (2) (daisy beggar-ticks. ? y. Au. 0.) flowers 
 rayed, drooping, the ray thrice as long as the sub-equal calyx : leaves 
 oblong, tapering to both ends, toothed, connate. Flowers large ; 2, 
 3, or 4 awns to a seed Wet. 
 
 frondosa, (burr raarygold. O. y. Ju. ^.) flowers discoid : outer calyx 
 six times as long as the flower ; leafets ciliate at the base : lower 
 leaves pinnate ; upper ones ternate, lanceolate, serrate. 
 
 conncUa, W. (3) (P. C. y. Ju. 0.) flowers discoid : outer calyx thrice 
 as long as the flower : cauline leaves ternate : lateral leafets con- 
 nate ; floral ones oblong-lanceolate. 
 
 pilosa, (P. Ju. 0.) flowers discoid : outer calyx of the length of the 
 inner : lower leaves pinnate, upper ones ternate , leafets oblong, a 
 terminal lanceolate one twice as long as the rest. 
 
 bipinnata, (hemlock beggar-licks. C. P. y. Ju. %.) flowers sub-rayed : 
 
 (1) nana, Kalm, not W- (2) Coreopsis perfoliata, Wr. (3) crysaathenccides, Mx 
 
232 BIDENS, BCEHMERIA. 
 
 outer )alyx of the len;;th of the inner : leaves doubly-pinnate ; leaf- 
 ets laiioeolste, ninixatifid. 
 bi-ikii, Torrey. (water marygold. Au. y. 2/.) sub-mersed leaves capil- 
 lar}', divided into many parts, dichotomous : flowers erect, terminal* 
 solitary. Flowers radiate. A neAV species discovered in a pond 
 near Scher.ectady, N. Y. by Dr. Lewis C. Beck, and named by Dr. 
 John Torrey, in honour of the zealous and persevering discoverer. 
 
 14—2. BiGNOKiA. 40. 45. 
 radicans, (trumpet flower. P. r. &, y. Ju. ^.) leaves pinnate : leafets 
 ovate, toothed, acuminate : corjmb terminal : tube of the coroT 
 thrice as long as the cal}'^ : stem rooting. Most beautiful climbing 
 shrub. One variety, flammea, has yellow-scarlet flowers ; another 
 variety, coccinea, has bright scarlet flowers. Cultivated. 
 
 Bignonia, see Catalpa. 
 22 — 1. Blechndm. 55. 5. 
 horealis, (Roman fern Au. 2J..) barren frond pinnatifid ; divisions lan- 
 ceolate, obtusish, parallel : fertile frond pinnate ; leafets linear, acu- 
 minate. 
 serrulatum, (U-) frond pinnate : leafets lanceolate, tapering to both 
 ends, at the base decurrent, sharp-serrate. 1 do not know that we 
 have a Blechnum in our district. 
 
 1—2. Blitum. 12. 29. 
 
 capitatum, (strawberry bl*te. O. r. J. 0.) heads in a terminal spike, not 
 intermixed with leav^es : leaves triangular, toothed. 
 
 virgatum, (slender blite. P. r. J. i^.) lateral heads scattered, top ones 
 leafy : leaves triangular-toothed. 
 
 maritimum, N. (sea blite. C. g. S. 11 ?) calyx membranaceous : clus- 
 ters axillary, spiked, naked : leaves lanceolate, tapering to each end, 
 gash-toothed. Salt marshes. From 1 to 3 feet high, very branching. 
 
 20 — 4. BcEHMERiA. 53. 98. 
 j-ylindrica, W. (1) (false nettle. O. g. Ju. 2^.) leaves opposite, ovate- 
 oblong, acuminate, toothed, glabrous : flowers sub-dicecious : stami' 
 nate spikes glomerate, interrupted ; pistillate spikes cylindric : stem 
 herbaceous. Damp. 
 
 O) Urtic» (yliBdrlca. L. 
 
BCEHMERIA, BOLETUS. 233 
 
 lateriflora, (P. Ju. 11.) leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 serrate, rough : flowers glomerate, lateral : stem herbaceous. Leaves 
 3-nerved, and on long petioles. 
 
 22 — 6. Boletus. 58. 1. 
 1. Pileus fleshy, cushion-like, easily separated from the elongated tulef, 
 
 annulatus, pileus cushioned, campanulate, viscid, becoming yellow- 
 livid ; with spots, from brick-coloured streaks becoming red : pores 
 yellow : stipe annulated. Among pines, he. in autumn. 
 
 cordnalus, stiped : pileus yellow, sub-viscid, orange in the centre ; the 
 fleshy part white, firm and ridgy, or crisped : tubes yellow : curtain- 
 like volva white : stipe thick, especially towards Lhe base. 
 
 rufus, pileus dilated, plano-convex, brick-red ; pores whi'.e : stipe 
 long, torn-wrinkled : scales becoming black. In grassy woods, cic. 
 autumn. This is a variety of the auranlius. 
 
 scaber, pileus sub-rugose, grey-sooty-yellow : pores becomln,-' pale- 
 white, depressed around the attenuated stipe : scales becoming bldck. 
 In beech woods, Sic. the beginning of aatumn : at length it becomes 
 di^, hard, and dark-coloured. 
 
 circiaans, in groups : pileus viscid, sub-repand, thick, "traw-colour or 
 livid-yellow: pores acute, yellow: stipe somt .vhal slcncer, short- 
 ish, yellowish, rough, with dark specks. Among pines, Lc. early in 
 autumn. 
 
 sub-tome7ilosus, middle size : pileus cushioned, plano-convex, sub-to- 
 mentose, yellowish ash-colour ; the fleshy part not very chaiigeable : 
 pores large : stipe somewhat slender, caddish in the middle, or yel- 
 lowish and one-coloured. Grows in woods in autumn. 
 
 radicans, pileus cushioned, yellows-cinereous ; margin involute, sub-to- 
 mentose : pores citron-yellow : stipe smooth, rooting, tomentose, 
 one-coloured. In oak woods, kc. autumn. 
 
 rclicidaius, pileus cushioned, dilated, dirty-yellow, mostly tessellated 
 and chinked J fleshy part becoming bluish : pores middle size, be- 
 coming yellow : stipe shortish, glabrous, of the same colour of the 
 pileus, red within. Pileus often 5 or 6 inches broad. 
 
 edulis, pileus cushioned, very broad, darkyellowish-pur})le, the fleshy 
 part not changeable : pores at first filled and whitish, afterwards 
 pale-yellow : stipe tuberous, sub-ventricose, reticulate, reddish-grey,. 
 In woods, k,c. autumn. 
 
 hiridus, large : pileus cushioned, dark olive : pores equal, at first r&d^ 
 
 V 2 
 
234 BOLETUS. 
 
 at length orange : stipe elongated, red, reticulate, sub-bulbous. la 
 July, large. 
 
 2. Pileus fleshy^ coriaceous, mostly somewhat corky .- tubes shortish, con-- 
 nected with the substance of the pileus. 
 
 (Pileus entire : stipe central, or a little out of the centre, and perpen- 
 dicular.) 
 
 hrumulis, pileus convex, sub-umbilicate, of a darkish shade becoming 
 yellow, pjRrgin ciliate : pores oblong, white. Late in autumn, on 
 decaying trunks, he. 
 
 ftrennis, coriaceous, tenacious, cinnamon-colour: pileus thin, with 
 zones mostly connate. On the earth about decaying trunks, kc. 
 
 (Pileus halved : stipe lateral.) 
 
 frondosics, very branching : pilei many, halved, sooty-grey. About 
 roots of oaks, k,c. in autumn. The whole group or mass sometimes 
 a foot broad. 
 
 lucllus, pileus very tough, coriaceous, chesnut^colour, shining, with 
 concentric furrows : pores minute, white. Stipe variable. On trunks 
 of trees, very large, becoming tawny. 
 
 hadius, sub-cespitose : pileus glabrous, tough, liver-brown, paler at the- 
 margin : pores minute, pale : stipe lateral, short, thick, dark cine- 
 reous. On hollow logs, &,c. in autumn. 
 
 vanus, sub-solitary : pileus tough, reddish-yellow, halved or entire :: 
 stipe sub-lateral, elongated, black from the middle downward. On 
 trunks, 1 to 2 inches broad. 
 
 (Pileus halved ; without a stipe.) 
 
 citrinus, imbricate, halved, fleshy, glabrous, citron-yellow. Roots of 
 oaks, Lc. in summer and autumn. 
 
 adoratus, halved, odoriferous, sub-deformed : pileus rugose, with zones 
 or parallel band; ; dark shade at the base, margin arched, and cinna- 
 mon-colour beneath, opake. On trunks. 
 
 jiiarginatus, simple or sub-imbricate : pileus thick, hard, tuberculate, 
 becoming red or reddish-yellow, margin issuing a white juice : pores 
 pale.orli^hf citron-vellow. Veiy hard and hairy ; about 4 inches. 
 When recej^'tjacid drops of a liquid issue from the margin. 
 
 '{gniurius dilated, sm -jtii, cuticle in ridges: pilrus hard, becoming 
 dark at the base, at the margin cinnamon-colour, beneath yellowish- 
 
BOLETUS^ BORAGO. 235 
 
 white. Grows on trunks. General form like a horse's hoof. It iv 
 called touch-wood. 
 
 betulimis, sub-stiped, largish ; pileus flesh-corky, reniform, dirty red- 
 dish-yellow, white beneath. On roots, he. 
 
 fomentarhis, halved, hard : pileus sub-triquetrous, with obsolete belts, 
 dirty ash-colour ; pores at first white-glaucous, at length sub-ferru- 
 ginous. Used for tinder. 
 
 velutinus, corky, simple : pileus convex, thin, hirsute, white : pores 
 minute, dirty white. About an inch and a half broad, somewhat 
 zoned. On dry trunks, fcc. 
 
 lutescens, sub-cespitose, corky : pileus depressed, thin, tomentose, pale ; 
 with hirsute zones becoming yellow. On tTU!iks, kc. with the last,. 
 which it resembles, but is rather broader. 
 
 versicolor, cespitose, coriaceous : pileus thin, with bluish many-colour- 
 ed zones : pores white. On dry tniiiks. Autumn and winter. 
 
 cinnabarinus, in groups, uniformly of a cinnabar or vermilion colour : 
 pileus thickish, ridgy, obsoletely zoned, sub-tomentose. One or two 
 inches diameter. 
 
 3. Open or effuse, upside down, (that is, the pores or tubes on the upper 
 side :) pileus mostly obsolete. 
 
 destructor, white : pileus unequal, undulated, rugose : pores roundish- 
 obtuse. Grows in buildings, kc. which it tends to destroy. Its sub- 
 stance is fibrous, and becomes dry. 
 
 radula, pale white, sub-tomentose : pores acute, unequally prominent^ 
 rough. 
 
 4. Tubes free among each other. 
 
 hepaticus, fleshy, blood-red, halved : tubes free, becoming yellow. 
 Roots of oaks, kc. in autumn. 
 
 18—2. BoLTO-ViA. 49. 55. 
 
 esteroides, (false aster. P. w-r. Au. If.) leaves very entire : flowers 
 lonjf, peduucled : seed oval, glabrous, sub-awnhss. 
 
 glastifolia, (false chamomile. P. w. Ju. 2^.) lovrer loaves serrate : 
 flowers short-poduucled : seeds obcordate, apitareatly winged, pu- 
 bescent : awns of the pappus two, of equal length with themselves, 
 
 5 — 1. BoRAGO. 41. 42. 
 officinalis, (borage. E.b. Ju, #.) leaves alteraate : calyx spreading.. 
 
236 BORAGO, BOTRYCHIUM. 
 
 africana, (E. 0.) leaves opposite, petioled, ovate : peduncle many- 
 flowered. 
 
 22—5. BoRRERA. 57. 2. 
 
 eiliaris, frond greenish ; divisions linear, ramose, attenuated; ciliate 
 at the apex, white beneath, channelled : receptacles sub-terminal ; 
 disk concave, at length fiat, dark sooty-yellow and grey, with a 
 frond-like, crenate and fringed margin. On trunks and rocks. 
 
 leucomela, frond becoming pale ; divisions erect, linear, many-cleft, 
 attenuate, ci.iale, very white beneath, sub-pulverulent, somewhat 
 channelled : disk of the receptacles flat, dark grey, with a frond-like 
 ciliate margin. On trunks of trees. 
 
 chrysojihthaima, frond yellowish-red, naked both sides, one-coloured ; 
 divisions linear, flattish, pinnatifid-branched, with little fibres at the 
 apes : receptacles sub-terminal ; disk orange, with frond-like, fibrous- 
 ciliate margins. Common on fences and trees. 
 
 exills, frond pale white ; divisions very branching, entangled a little, 
 compressed, capillary, attenuated : receptacles scattered ; disk flat- 
 tish, saff"ron-colour, with a thin, entire, frond-like margin* On trees? 
 &c. 
 
 22 1. BOTRYCHIUM. 55. 5. 
 
 fumarioides, W. (1) (gi-ape fern. C. P.J. If.) scape naked : frond gla- 
 brous, radical, 3-parted, 2-pinnate : leafets lunate, crenate ; spikes 
 pinnate. 
 
 *bliquum,Vf . (P. J. Ju.) scape below, 1-fronded ; frond sub-biternate : 
 leafets oblong-lanceolate, serrulate, dilated at the base, unequally 
 heart-form : spikes doubly pinnate. Perhaps only a variety of the 
 last. 
 
 dissedum, (P. C. J.) scape below, 1-fronded ; frond 3-parted, 2-pinna'' 
 tifid ; divisions linear, 2-parted, at the apex 2-toothed. 
 
 virginicum, W. (2) (0. J. Ju.) hirsute : scape in the middle fronded ; 
 frond sub-ternate, 3-parted, 2-pinnatifid r leafets gash-pinnatifid ; di- 
 Tisions obtuse, sub-3-toothed : spikes 2-pinnate, divaricate. Lar^. 
 (Fiattlesnake fern.) 
 
 gmcile. Ph. (C. Y. W. P. T. J.) glabrous : scape in the middle, fronded ; 
 frond 3-parted, 2-pinnatifid ; divisions gash-sub-pinnatifid, acute, sub- 
 toothed : spikes slender, pinnate, erect. Smaller. 
 
 (1) Botnpus lunariiicles, Mx. Osmunrla hiternata, Lk. 
 
 (2) Osmunda virgiuica, L. Botrypus virginicus, Mx. 
 
BOTRYCHIUM, BRIZA. 237 
 
 simplex, Hitchcock. (N, J.) glabrous : scape below, l-fronded ; frond 
 simple, 3-lobed or 3-cleft ; segments unequal : spike sub-compound, 
 interrupted, unilateral : capsules sessile. Capsules the size of mus- 
 tard seed. Grows in dry hilly pastures, about three or four inches 
 high. Vid. Amer. Jour. Sci. vol. 6, p. 103. 
 
 22—6. BovisTA. 58. 1. 
 
 nigrescens, large, becoming of a dark shade, plicate beneath. Form 
 either globose or round-oblong, an inch or two in diameter. In sha- 
 dy woods. 
 
 Brasenia, see Hydropeltis. 
 15—2. Brassica. 3P. 63. 
 
 orientalis (j)erfoliate cabbage. E. <?.) leaves heart-form, clasping, gla* 
 brous ; radical ones entire : silique 4-sided. 
 
 napus(ka.\e or cole. E. ^ .) root caulescent, fusiform : leaves smooth, 
 upper ones heart-lanceolate, clasping, lower ones lyrate-toothed. 
 (Rape.) 
 
 rapa (turnip. E. <J.) root caulescent, orbicular, depressed, fleshy : rad- 
 ical leaves rough, cauline ones very entire, smooth. Var. ruta-baga, 
 has a turbinate, sub-fusiform root. 
 
 eleracea (common cabbage, including all the varieties caused by cul- 
 ture. E. ^.)root caulescent; terete, fleshy : leaves smooth, glaucous, 
 repand lobate. 
 
 3—2. Briza.' 4. 10. 
 
 canadeiuis, Mx. (1) (quake grass, 0. M. If.) panicle lax ; spikelets 
 erect, 4 to 10-flowered, the common glume smallish ; outer valve of 
 the?.flower acute, ovate : leaves longf: culm erect. 
 
 tragrostis, Sr. (2) (P. Y. Ju. 24!.) sp'kelet? oval-lanceolate, 20-flov,ered, 
 flowers sub-acute : neck of the sheathing leaves pilose : culm geni- 
 culate, decumbent. 
 
 media (E. M. U-) oheath striate, glabrous : pa.-jcle erect, spreading, 
 with the branches ia pairs ; "ipikeletj sub-triangular: cor<^! f^ ■u:-!- 
 ling the calyx, one valve brovi, (he othev "ompresstd. 
 
 a xima (rattlesnake grass. E. f^-) spike coiddtj, aboui 7-fio-vci {.-<.? •- 
 Flowers very large. 
 
 (1) Megastachia canadensS }■.-, 
 
 Ci) Foa niegastacbya. Koe ..i ^f gnstachia eragrorUs, Pb. 
 
238 BROMUS, BRYUM. 
 
 3—2. Bromus. 4. 10. 
 
 secalinus, W. (chess. O. J. ^.) panicle nodding ; spikelets ovate, com- 
 pressed : glumes naked, distinct ; awns shorter, subulate, straitish- 
 zJgzag. Probably from Europe, common in rye and wheat-fields. 
 
 ci/ia^wj, W. (1) (C. W. T. P.J. If) panicle nodding ; spikelets oblong, 
 compressed, 6 to 8-flowered, florets awned at the margin, ciliate-vil- 
 lose : sheaths and both sides of the leaves sub-pilose : culm bearded 
 at the joints. 
 
 pubescens, M. (broom grass. C. V. P. J. U-) culm hairy below, joints 
 brown: stipules very short : panicle at length nodding, pubescent: 
 calyx less than corol, 8 to 12-flowered : corol pubescent, one valve 
 awned beneath the apex. 
 
 purgaiis, W. (C. W. P. Au. 11.) panicle nodding, spikelets lanceolate, 
 terete : florets awned, pilose, awns erect : leaves glabrous both 
 sides, their sheaths pilose. 
 
 mollis^ S. (C. Ju.) panicle erect, compact ; peduncles ramose, spikelets 
 ovate, florets imbricate, depressed, nerved, pubescent. 
 
 22—2. Bryum. 56. 4. 
 1. Stamhiatejiowers peduncled, leafless, 
 androgynum, leaves lanceolate, acute, imbricate-spreading : capsules 
 erect, oblong ; lid conic. In damp woods. 
 
 2. Slaminate flowers sessile y terminal, bud-form : capsules pedunded. 
 
 cornewm, stem simple : leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, reticulate, re- 
 motish : capsule pendulous, ovate. In damp shades. 
 
 argcnttutn, stem ramose at the base, cespitose : leaves ovate, concave, 
 mucronate, imbricate, glaucous-silvery : capsule ovate-oblong, pen- 
 dulous. On walls, houses and sandy soils. 
 
 caespili'ium, stem ramose at the base : leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, 
 imbricate : capsule oblong, pendulous : lid convex. On walls, hou- 
 ses, &c. 
 
 3. Staminatefloivers sessile, terminal, with a disk-like tuft of leaves, 
 rosewri, stem erect : leaves crowded together, stellate, oblong, entire, 
 
 acute ; capsule oblong : lid conic. In woods and bushes. 
 cuspidatum, leaves lance-ovate, serrate : capsule ovate, pendulous : lid 
 
 conic, obtuse. In moist shades. 
 
 (1) canadensis, Mx-. 
 
BRYUM, CACALIA. 239 
 
 punctatum, stem erect, sub-simple : leaves obovate, entire, punctate* 
 reticulate : capsule ovate : lid subulate, incurved. In damp shady- 
 lawns, &c. 
 
 4. Flowers perfect ; germs nodding, 
 nutans, stem sub-simple : leaves lanceolate, acute, keeled : capsule ob- 
 ovate, nodding, lid convex, short-mucronate. In dry barren situ*- 
 tions. 
 
 14—2. BucHNERA. 40. 34. 
 tLmericana, W. (blue hearts. P. D.b. Au. U-) leaves lanceolate, 3-n«iT- 
 
 15—1. BuNiAS. 39. 63. 
 edentula, Bvv. (1) (sea rocket. L. Ju. 0.) leaves obovate, sinuate : il- 
 icles with two smooth, 1-seeded, toothless joints. 
 
 18 — 2. BUPHTHALMUM. 49. 55. 
 
 grandiJJorum (ox-eye. E. 11.) leaves alternate, lanceolate, sub-denticu- 
 late, glabrous. 
 
 22—2. BuxBAUMiA. 56. 4. 
 
 aphylla (leafless moss) capsule long-peduncled : leaves none. In bar- 
 ren places. 
 
 20—4. Busus. 38. 96. 
 
 sempervirens (box. E. ^.) leaves ovate, petioled, somewhat hairy at the 
 margin : anthers ovate, arrow-form. Var. angustifolia, leaves lam^ 
 ceolate. Var. suffruticosa, leaves obovate, stem hardly woody. 
 
 18—1. Cacalia. 49. 55. 
 
 lUaveoltm, VV. (wild caraway. P. w. Au. 11.) stem herbaceous : leaves 
 petioled, halbert-arrow-form, serrate, glabrous, one-columned : flow- 
 ers corymbed, erect : calyx many-flowered. From 3 to 4 feet high. 
 
 utripHcifolia, W. (orach caraway. P. w. Au. 2^.) stem herbaceous : leave* 
 petioled, glabrous, glaucous beneath, radical ones cordate, toothed, 
 
 (1) Cakilemaritima, Fb. americaca, N. 
 
240 CACALIA, CALLITRICHE. 
 
 cauline ones rhomboid^ sub-2-toothed both sides : flowers corymbe<J, 
 erect: calyx 5-flowered. Flowers small, 
 reniformis, W. (P. w. Au. 24-) stem herbaceous . leaves petioled, gla- 
 brous beueath, pilose at the veins : radical ones ample, heart-kid- 
 ney-form, repand-toothed ; cauline ones toothed, at the base wedge- 
 form, entire : corymbs level-topped ; calys many-flowered. From 
 5 to 10 feet high. 
 
 12—1. Cactus. 13. 85. 
 
 JlagelliformiS) (creeping cereus. E. r. Ju. ^.) creeping, cylindric or 
 10-angled; rooting. 
 
 opuntia, (prickly pear. Y. P. C. Catskill. y. J. If.) proliferous ; com- 
 pressed and ovate between the isthmuses : bristles fascicular. Flow- 
 ers large. The plant appears like a series of thick succulent leaves, 
 one growing from the top of another. Diy rocks, &c. 
 Cakile, see Bunias. 
 
 18 — 4. Calendula. 49. 55. 
 officinalis, (pot marygold. E. y.^.) seed keeled, rauricate, incurved. 
 
 '■ 22—5. Calicium. 59. 2. 
 
 stigoneUum, (fungus lichen.) crust sub-contiguous, unequal, becoming 
 white, or none: receptacles (putts) sessile, sub-globose, black, gla- 
 brous : disk puncticulate, at length fiattish, opake ; margin thin, 
 shining. In bark. 
 
 tnr''inatum, pufts turbinate, nearly sessile, black, rather polished : disk 
 dark, opake, puncticulate, within a thick contracted margin. On 
 trunks of trees, kc. 
 
 20—13. Calla. 2. 7. 
 paluslris, W. (water arum. 0. w. J. U ) leaves sub-roundish, heart- 
 form, acute : spathe ovaie, ci: pidate, spreading when mature. Grows 
 in wet places. 
 
 Callistachiaf see Leptandra. 
 1 — 2. Callitriche. 12. 88. 
 
 verna, W, (1) (water chickwecd, or starwort. 0. w. M. 0.) upper 
 leaves spatulate-obovate ; lower ones linear, obtuse and emarginate. 
 
 (I) heteropbylla, Ph. aquatica, Bw. 
 
CALLITRICHE^ CAMPANULA. 241 
 
 inlermcdia, (P. Pittsfield, Mass. w. Ju. 0.) upper leaves oval ; cauline 
 ones linear, 2-cleft at the apex. 
 
 aulumnalis, Loesel. (1) (Y. P. C. w. S. 0.) leaves all linear, bifid at 
 the apex : flowers perfect. 
 
 brevifolia, Ph. (2) (C. Au. 0.) leaves all linear, truncate, short, ap- 
 proximate. Small, moss-like. 
 
 1:B— 13. Caltha. 26. 61. 
 
 palustrisy W. (American cowslip. 0. y. Ap. 2i.) stem erect, corymbed : 
 leaves heart-re niform ; lobes spreading, acute-crenate all around : 
 floral leaves sub-sessile : petals ovate. 
 
 ficaroideSf Ph. (3) (fig cowslip. C. y. J. 2^.) stem erect, l-flovrered, 1- 
 leafed ; radical leaves heart-ovate, very obtuse, few^-toothed, many- 
 nerved : petals elliptic. 
 
 flMbellifolia, Ph. (tooth-leaf cowslip. P. y. J. I^.) stem procumbent : 
 leaves spread-reniforra ; lobes very spreading, acute and sharp-tooth- 
 ed all around : peduncles axillary, solitary, l-flovvered : petals obo- 
 vate : capsule book-beaked. Probably the dcntata of Muhl. 
 
 integerrivia, (New^-England. P. y. M. If.) stem erect, corymbed: 
 leaves entire, with a closed sinus, orbiculate-heart-form ; floral leaves 
 sessile, kidney-form, at the base obsoletely-crenate : petals obovate, 
 
 12 — 13. Calvcanthus. 35. 92. 
 floridm, (Carolina allspice. Southern states, p. M. ^.) divisions of the 
 calyx lanceolate : leaves broad-oval, acute, tomentose beneath : 
 branches spreading. Cultivated. 
 
 5—1. Campanula. 29. 52. 
 
 grandijlora, (great bell-flower. E. If.) leaves ternate, oblong, serrate ; 
 stem i-flowered : iloAvers spreading. 
 
 rotundifolia, \y . (flax bell-floAver, hair-bell. O. b. J. 2/.) glabrous: ra- 
 dical leaves heart-reniform, crenate ; cauline ones hnear, entire : 
 panicle lax, few-flowered ; flowers nodding. Without particular 
 care, the radicr.l leaves will be overlooked. Books, Lc. 
 
 nmerirnna, W. (P. b. J. ^ .) glabrous : leaves heart-form and lanceo- 
 late-serrate ; lower pptioles ciliate : flowers axillary, sessile ; corol 
 5-parted, flat, style longer than the corol. Flowers smaM, 2 or 3 in 
 the axils of the leaves ; from 2 to 3 feet high. 
 
 n) linearis, Ph. (2) terrestris M, (3) Ranunculus ficaria, Wf. 
 
 w 
 
242 CAMPANULA, CARDAMINE, 
 
 ticuminata, Mx. (1) (P. T. w-b Ju. U) smoothish, erect : leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate, ending in a long acuminate point, sub-serrate : spike fas- 
 cicular, many-flowered : corol somewhat wheel-form. Flowers like 
 the americana. 
 
 mnoides, M. (2^ (prickly bell-flower 0. w-b. J. C^.) slender : stem 
 simple, angular ; angles and the margin and nerve of the leaves with 
 reversed prickles : leaves linear-lanceolate, glabrous on the upper 
 side : peduncles few, those on the top of the stem flexuose ; axillary 
 ones 1-flowered, filiform. Flowers small. Damp. 
 
 medium, (canterbuiy bells. E. b. Au. ^ .) capsule 5-celled, covered : 
 stem undivided, erect, leafy : flowers erect. 
 
 speculum, (venus' looking-glass. E. b. Au. #.) stem ver>^ branching, 
 difiase : leaves oblong, sub-crenate : flowers solitary, often destitute 
 of the scales at the base. 
 
 2Jerfoliatu, W. (3) (clasping bell-flower. O.b. J. #.) stem simple, erect -. 
 leaves heart-form, crenate, clasping : flowers axillary, sessile, glo- 
 merate. Flowers small. 
 
 22—2. Campylopus. (4) 56. 4. 
 
 pulvinufus, stem ramose, fastigia.te : leaves lanceolate, bearing hairs : 
 capsule oval, nodding : lid subulate. On walls, stones, fcc. 
 21—5. Cannabis. 53. 98. 
 
 saliva, (liemp. E. g. Au. #.) stem pilose ; leaves digitate, serrate, pir 
 lose : staminate flowers solitaiy, axillarj- ; pistillate flowers spiked. 
 
 Caprifolium, see Lonicera. 
 5—1. Capsicum. 28. 41. 
 annuum, (guinea pepper. E. w. Au. #.) stem herbaceous : peduncle* 
 solitary. 
 
 15—2. Card AMINE. 39. 63. 
 
 impalieiis, (cuckoo-flower. E. w% 0.) leaves pinnate, gashed, stipuled" 
 
 flowers apetalou?. 
 roiundifolinfMyi. (Whilehills. w. Ju. 21".) stem procumbent, somewhat 
 
 simple : leaves sub-orbiculate, nearly entire. 
 pensyhunica, W. (American water-cress. O. w. M. 2^.) glabrouS; 
 
 branching: leaves pinnate: leafets roundish-oblong, obtuse, tooth; 
 
 angle*? : silique naiTow, erect. 
 
 (1) ni'ida, A. ^2) flexuosa,Mx. app.rinoideF, Ph. aspera, Donn.' 
 
 (3) amplesicauliSjJIx. (i) Diciamur., H, 
 
CAREX. 248 
 
 rirg'tnica, W. (P. PUtsfield, Mass. w. M. If.) glabrous, erect: leave* 
 
 pinnate ; leatets lanceolate, sub-auriclcd : silique long, straight, erect. 
 teres, Mx- (New-England. Pursh. \v. J. 11.) small, erect, ramose : leaves 
 
 all sub-lyrate-pinnatifid : silique short, terete, acuminate. 
 hirsuta, (P. w. M.) hiaves without stipules, pinnate : leafets rounded^ 
 
 repand-toothed, petioled, with the terminal oac oblong, gashed ; 
 
 flowers teti'androus. 
 
 18—1. Carduus. 49. 54. 
 
 pedmatus, (comb thistle. P.p. ^ .) unarmed: leaves decurrent : pe 
 duncles terminal. ver\- long, 1-flowered, somewhat leafless : flo\\er» 
 nodding after the discharge of pollen : scales of the calyx linear, 
 spreading. 
 
 20—3. Carex. 3. 9. 
 
 1. Stigmas 2,: spikes diacious. 
 
 scirpoiJea, JNIx. (Can. C.) solitary spike imbricate, cylindric : capsule? 
 densely-pubescent : leaves flat. 
 
 slerilis, W. (barren sedge. O. M. 11.) spikes sub-sixfold : fruit ovale, 
 compressed, 3-sided, acuminate ; at the apex recurved, doubly-cus- 
 pidate ; margin ciliate-serrate. Wet. 
 
 2. Stigmas 2 ; spikes single, with staminate flowers at the apex. 
 
 cephaJophora, W. (1) (head sedge. W. C. P. J. If.) spikes single, con- 
 densed in an elliptical form : fruit ovate, compressed, bifid, margin- 
 ed, ciliate-serrate above, leaves exceeding the culm in length. Wet. 
 
 3. Siigmas two : spikes several, with staminate flowers at the top. 
 
 bromoides, W. (0. M. If.) spikelets oblong, alternate, remotish, sessile 
 
 capsules oblong, acuminate, beaked, bicuspidate : scales oblong, mu- 
 
 cronate. Wet. 
 retroflexa, Sh. (O. W. I^.) spikelets somewhat in fours, remotish : fruit 
 
 ovate, 2-toothed, glabrous at the margin, reflexed-spreading : scales 
 
 oblong-lanceolate. On dry land. 
 stipaia, W. (O. J. 2^.) spikelets somewhat in fives, oblong, aggregate : 
 
 fruit spreading, ovate, acuminate, bicuspidate, convex-flat, nerved : 
 
 culm 3-sided, very rough. On wet land. 
 muldenbergii, W. (2) (P. 0. Ma. J.) spikelets somewhat in fives, ovate, 
 
 0) typhina, Mx. squarrosa, L. (2) vulpinoidea,Mx. 
 
244 CAREX. 
 
 alternate, approximate : fruit roundish-ovate, margined, compressed, 
 2-toothed, ciliate-serrate : scales mucronate. On dry land. 
 
 muliiflora, W. (0. M. 2^.) spikes in narrow panicles, oblong-obtuse : 
 fruit ovate, acuminate, bicuspidate : scales ovate, mucronate : bracts 
 leafy, filiform. On wet land. 
 
 sj)argaiiioicles, W. (O, Ma. to J;i. If.) spikelets many-fiowered, some- 
 what in eights, ovate, sub-approximate : fruit ovate, compressed, 
 margined, bifid, the margin ciliate-serrate, horizontal. On wet 
 ground. 
 
 rcsea, Vi^ (1) (0. 11.) spikelets someAvhat in fours, remote : fruit ovate, 
 acuminate, 2-toothed ; at the margin ciliate-serrate, horizontal : 
 scales ovate, obtuse : bract leafy at the base of the lower spike. On 
 dry land. 
 
 panicidala, W. (0. Ju. 11.) spikes panicled : fruit ovate, margined 
 above, 2-toothed, the margin ciliate-serrate : culm 3-sided. On wet 
 land. 
 
 4. Stigmas two : spikes several, wilh pistillate flowers at the top. 
 
 scirfoiar.s, W. (2) (O. Ma. Ju. li.) spikelets somewhat in fours, approx- 
 imaie, elliptic : fruit ovate, 2-toothed, compressed ; at the margin 
 ciliate-serrate, erect : scales elliptic, obtuse On wet ground. 
 
 lagcpociioi:!es, W. (3) (O. J. Ju. H.) spikelets in twelves, alternate, el- 
 liptic; obtuse, approximate : fruit ovate-lanceolate, margined, bicus- 
 pidc-.!e : brjct leafy, very long at the base of the last spike. On wet 
 ground. 
 
 straminea, Sb. (straw sedge. W.) spikelets oblong-ovate, alternate; 
 erect, approximate, sessile, about in sixes, at length sub-globose : 
 fruit ovate-compressed, diverging margin scabrous, 2-toothed at the 
 apex, nerved at the base : scales lance-ovate, half as large as the 
 capsule ; leaves glabrous, lower ones shorter. Wet. 
 
 scoparia, W. (4) (O. Ma. to Ju. 2^.) spikelets somewhat in fives, alter- 
 nate, elliptic, obtuse, sub-approximate : fruit ovate-lanceolate, mar- 
 gined, bicuspidate : bracts oblong, mucronate. Common on wet 
 and dry land. 
 
 fcHnca^-a, W. (O. Ma. J. U-) spikelets somewhat in eights, sub-ap- 
 proximate, alternate, cyliudric, the fruit-bearing ones club-form: 
 fr.UL r'wV.i!id'.sli-ova»e, beaked, 2-toothed, at the margin ciliate-serrate, 
 greater than the scales, which are lanceolate-mucronate. ComraoB 
 on dry land. 
 
 O; echiuata. (2) triceps, Ms. fS; rieliardi, Mx, C4) viridula, Mx 
 
GAREX. 245 
 
 5. Stigmashco : staminale and pistillate flowers mostly on distinct spikes. 
 
 saxatilis, W. (V. W.J. 2^.) pistillate spikes in pairs, oblong,, the lower 
 one peduncled : fruit elliptic, obtuse, equalling the oblong-obtuse 
 scale : bracts oblong, clasping, sub-foliaceous at the apex : culm 
 glabrous. Hemlock woods. 
 
 CcBspitosUf W. (1) (0. Ma. J. 24) pistillate spikes cylindric, obtuse, 
 somewhat in threes, distant, exsertly-peduncled, lower one veiy 
 short: fruit ovate, obtuse, perforated at the mouth, larger than the 
 oblong-obtuse scale : leaves spreading. On wet land. (Stamiuate 
 spike sometimes single.) 
 
 crtnita, W. (O. J. Ju. 2.^.) staminate spikes in pairs; pistillate ones in 
 fours, distant, peduncled, pendulous, cylindric : fruit roundish-ellip- 
 tic, ventricose, very short-beaked, at the orifice entire, shorter than 
 the oblong awned scale. A variety, paleacea, has cylindric spikes, 
 the staminate ones several : peduncles long, reclined : bracts leafy, 
 distant: scales terminated with long, serrate, sharp points : capsules 
 roundish, emarginate at the orilice : culm las. Wet. 
 
 acuta, W. (0. J. Ju. I^.) staminate spikes in pairs or in threes : pistil- 
 late ones somewhat in fours, sub-peduncled, a little nodding, cylin- 
 dric, remote : fruit oblong, w'ilh a very short beak at the orifice 
 entire, perforated — it nearly equals the oblong acute scale. Wet. 
 
 6. Stigmas three : spikes v:ith staminate flowers at the top. 
 
 willdenou'ii, Sh. (P. C. Ma. J. 2^.) spike simple : fruit alternate, ob- 
 long, terete-3-sided, rough, acuminate : scales ovate, acuminate } the 
 lowest apex leafy. On wet land. 
 
 ^olylrichoides, W. (2) (0. J. 24^.) spike simple : fruit oblong-lanceolate, 
 compressed-3-sided, obtuse, emarginate : scales oblong, obtuse, mu* 
 cronate. On w^et ground. 
 
 pedunculata, AV. (O. Ma. to Ju. 2^.) spikes somewhat in fours, pedun- 
 cled, much branched : fruit obovate, 3-sided, obtuse ; scales oblong, 
 obtuse, mucronate. Moist. 
 
 7. Stigmas three : the terminal spikes staminate below, the others pistillate. 
 
 virescens, W. (green sedge. O. Ma. 2^.) t!ie androg>'nous spike linear- 
 peduncled, staminate florets below ; the pistillate ones sub-approxi- 
 mate, in pairs, sub-peduncled, linear : fruit globular-3-sided, obtuse,, 
 pubescent. On dry land. 
 
 (\) polyandra, Sh. (2; microstacbva, Mx. 
 
246 CAREX. 
 
 hirsuta, W. (P. C. Ma. J. li.) androgynous spikes obloug-obovate ;sU-. 
 miaate fiorets below ; the pistillate ones remotish, sub-ternate, sub- 
 sessile, oblong : fruit ovate, very obtuse, obtusely 3-sided : leaves 
 and sheaths hirsute. On dry hills. 
 
 buxhoumii, W. (1) (P. Ju. Au. 11.) androgynous spikes peduncled, ob- 
 ovate : starainate florets below ; pistillate ones sub-ternate, remote, 
 sub-peduncled : fruit elliplic, 3-sided, obtuse, obsoletely 2-toothed, 
 nearly equalling the oblong loucronate scale. On wet ground. 
 
 tricfwcarpa, Sh. (2) (\Y. P. J. 11.) androgynous spikes in threes ; pis- 
 tillate ones in pairs, pedu'ided, erect, cylindric, remote : fruit ovate, 
 acuminate, bicuspidate, pilose, longer than the awned, ovate-lanceo- 
 late scale. On damp land. 
 
 8. Sligmas three : the stamens and pistils on distinct spikes : the staminait 
 spikes solitary ; the pistillate ones sessile, or having an enclosed peduncle. 
 
 varia,\Y. (O. JNla. J. IC.) pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, sub-ap- 
 prosimate, sessile, sub-globular ; fruit sub-globular, 3-s!ded, beaked, 
 2-toothed, pubescent, shorter than the oblong scale : culm erecf. 
 On dry land. 
 
 subulata, Mx. (C. 2^.) pistillate spikes somewhat in fours, veiy remote, 
 sessile; staminate one sessile : fiuU subulate, divaricate, reiexed 
 culm slender : leaves flat. Swamps. 
 
 marginata, W. (P. C. Ap. Ma. 2^.) pistillate spikes somewhat in pairs, 
 approximate, sub-glohular, sub-sessile : fruit globular, tomentose, 2- 
 toothed, larger than the oblong-ovate scale : radical leaves of on© 
 year longer than the culm. Common on dry land. 
 
 vestila, W. (O. J. 2^.) staminate spike lanceolate ; pistillate ones ovate, 
 in pairs, sessile, approximate : fruit ovate, beaked, at the orifice ob- 
 lique, pubescent, nearly equalling the acute-ovate scale. On wet 
 land, 
 
 tenlaculata, W. (O. J. Jn. It.) pistillate spikes in threes, with enclosed 
 peduncle-, ovate, sub-approximate : bracts very long, leafy : fruit 
 ovate, ventric^se, nerved, veiy long-beaked, at the orifice 2-toothed, 
 ' longer tlian the lanccolate-mucronate scale. On wet land. 
 
 rostrata, Mx. (O. J. 2^.) stiflly erect: leaves very narrow, flat: pistil- 
 late spikes i 1 pairs, distinct, axillaiy, sub-sessile, sub-globose ; sta- 
 minate spike sessile ; capsules capitate, erect, oblong, very long- 
 bc'ikfcd. Not a variety of tentaculata. Wet. 
 
 (1) iJolvgama, Sh. ^) Janu^inosa, Mr. 
 
eAREX, 247 
 
 ^miliaris, Mi. (O. Jii. 2^,) pistillate spike generally solitary, sessile, 
 ovate : bract bristle-form : fruit globose, glabrous. On damp land. 
 
 lupulina, W. (O. J. to Au. !(•) pistillate spikes in threes, with enclosed 
 peduncles, oblong, approximate : bracts very long, leafy : fruit ovate, 
 ventricose, nerved, with a very long conic beak, at the orifice bicus- 
 pidate, several times longer than the mucronate-ovate scale. On 
 damp land. 
 
 Jiava, W. (1) (P. W. J. 2/.) pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, sub- 
 approximate, elliptic, with an enclosed peduncle : fruit ovate, re- 
 flexed, beak longer than the ovate-lanceolate scale ; the beak curv- 
 ed, 2-toothed. On wet land. 
 
 oligocarpa, W. (2) (W. C. P. Ma. 11.) pistillate spikes in pairs, some- 
 what 4-flowered ; the lower florets peduncled : fruit roundish 3- 
 sided, obovate, beaked, at the orifice entire, longer than the mucro- 
 nate-oblong scale. Woods. 
 
 folliculata.Vi , (3) (O. J. Ju. If.) pistillate spike sub-solitary, sub-6- 
 flowered, sub-exsert-peduiicled : fruit ovate, ventricose, nerved, 
 beaked, at the orifice 2-parted. longer than the ovate scale. A va- 
 riety, major, has the fruit more swollen. 
 
 pubescens, W. (0. Ma. 11.) pistillate spikes in fours, sessile, th^ lower^ 
 most flowers exsert-peduncled : fruit ovate-3-sided, pubescent, beak- 
 ed, 2-toothed, longer than the obloug-raucronate scale : leaves on 
 the culm pubescent. On damp land. 
 
 9. Stii!;vias three : the stamens and pistils 07i distinct spikes : staminate 
 spikes solitary ; pislillale ones long-peduncled, the sheaths shorter. 
 
 plantaginea, W. (4) (plantain sedge. O. Ma. J. If.) spikes peduncled; 
 
 pistillate spikes in fours, distant : fruit elliptic, 3-sided, pedicelled, 
 
 glabrous, shorter than the cuspidate-ovate scale : bract sheathing, 
 
 sub-foliaceous at the apex : radical leaves lanceolate, nerved. Oa. 
 
 dry ground, in woods, <iic. 
 tiyiceps, \V. (5) (C. P. J. If.) pistillate spikes in threes, remote, lower 
 
 ones })eduucled : fruit ovate, nerved, at the orifice membranaceous, 
 
 lonser than the mucronate-oblong scale. Woods. 
 granularis, W. (6) (O. Ma. to Ju. If.) pistillate spikes in threes, remote, 
 
 the two lower ones peduncled : fruit globular-ovate, nerved, ventri- 
 
 ('1 ; cederi, Sh. (2) imnpercula, Mx. (3) intumescen?,Iluclgrc. 
 
 (4) {«''<"'>'•''• (p) striatula, 2/lx. Terhaps a variety of the plaaiaginaa. 
 
 (G) lenticularis, Mx. 
 
24S €AUEX. 
 
 cose, very short-beaked, at the orifice obsoletely-eraarginate, longer 
 than the ovatn-lanceolate scale. On dryland. 
 
 eonoidea, VV. (O. J. 2^.) pistillate spikes in pairs, remote ; the upper 
 one sub-sessile ; the lower one long-peduncled : fruit oblong-conic, 
 obtuse, equalling the awn scale. Woods. 
 
 Uianica, Sh. (P. C. W. Ma. J. If.) pistillate spikes in pairs, remote; 
 the upper one sub-sessile, the lower one long-pedujicled : fruit obo- 
 vate, recurved at the apex, at the orifice entire, longer than the ob- 
 tuse-ovate scale. Common in dry ground. 
 
 laxijiora, W. (1) (P. C. W. Ap. Ma. Zf .) pistillate spikes in threes, 6 to 
 8-flowered, distant ; lower one remotely-peduncled : fruit oblong, 
 ventricose, obtuse, larger than the raucronate-ovate scale. Shady 
 places., 
 
 hystericina, W. (O. J. Ju If.) staminate spike solitary : scales ovate- 
 oblong, sub-mucronate : pistillate spikes cylindric, in pairs ; the 
 lower one peduncled : fiuit ovate, many-nerved, beaked, at the 
 orifice bifid, Ion er than the awned oblong scale. On wet land. 
 
 Jiexuosa, AV. (2) (O J. 2^.) pistillate spikes somewhat in fours, remote, 
 filirorra, peduQcled, nodding : fruit distant, alternate, obloag, beak- 
 ed, bifid, twice as long as the mucronate-ovate scale. On wet land. 
 
 digi(aUs,W. (P. C. U-) pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, remote, 
 filiform, peduncled, nodding : fruit elliptic, obtuse, longer than the 
 oblong-lanceolate scale. 
 
 10. Sdgmas three : the stamens and pistils on distinct spikes: staminate 
 spike solitary ; pistillate ones peduncled ; sheaths scarcely any. 
 
 umheUata, W. (C. W. N. P. Ma. If ) pistillate spikes in threes, pedun- 
 cled, 8-<lowered, ovate, whorled : fruit ovate, pubescent, beaked, at 
 the orifice entire, equalling the ovate-lanceolate scale. Ou dry land. 
 
 miliacea, Sh. (P. C. Ju. If.) pistillate spikes in threes, filiform ; the 
 hi?hest sub-sessile, the others peduncled : fruit ovate-3-sided, short- 
 beaked, at the orifice entire, longer than the awned, emarginate, ob- 
 long scale. Ou wetland. • 
 
 *jpseu(h-cyperus, W (0. J. Ju. If.) pistillate spikes in fours, with the 
 peduncles in p-^ifs, pendulous, cylindric : fruit ovate-lanceolate, bi- 
 cuspidate, reflesed, equalling the bristle-form scale. Common Oft 
 wetland. 
 
 (i; paupercula,|fs. (2) debilis,Mx. t€oub,Rttdge. 
 
CAREX, CARUM. 249 
 
 11. Sdgmas three .- the stamens and pistils on disttnet spikes : staminate 
 s})ikes many. 
 
 ren/;-m, W. (1) (P. J. H) staminate spikes in pairs; pistillate ones 
 cylindric, somewhat in threes, pednncled, pendu'ous. fruit elliptic, 
 obtuse, often roughish, equalling the ovate-cuspidate scale. On wet 
 ground. 
 
 jjellita, W. (2) (O. J. Ju. 11.) staminate spikes in pairs ; pistillate ones 
 in pairs, cylindric, erect, remote, upper one sessile : fruit ovate, bifid, 
 pilose, shorter than the awned oblong scale. Common on wetland. 
 
 facustris, W. (3) (O. J. Ju. 2X.) staminate spikes in fours ; pistillate 
 ones in pairs, erect, cylindric, peduncled : fruit oblong, many-nerv- 
 ed, beaked, bifurcate, longer than the mucrouate-oblong scale. On 
 wet land. A large variety is called gigantea. 
 
 vesicaria,V^. (0. Ma. to Ju. !(.; staminate spikes in threes; pistillate 
 ones somewhat in pairs, peduncled. cylindric : fruit oblong-inflated^ 
 beaked, bicuspidate, larger than the lanceolate scale : culm acutely^ 
 3-cornered. On wet land. 
 
 bullata. W. (P W. J. 2^.) staminate spikes in threes ; pistillate ones in 
 pairs, cylindric, peduncled, erectish : fruit obovate-glohu'ar, beaked, 
 bifurcate ; the beak hispid, and longer than the lanceolate scale. 
 Common on wet land. 
 
 20—13. Carpinus. 50. 99. 
 
 americana, W. (4) (hornbeam, blue beech. 0. g. M. '^.) leaves oblong- 
 ©vate, acuminate, unequally serrate : scales of the strobile 3-parted, 
 Ihe middle division with a lateral tooth. 
 
 18—1. Carthamus. 49. 54. 
 
 iinttorius (false saffron safflower. E. y. J. 0.) leaves ovate, entire, 
 serrate-aculeate. 
 
 eoerulius (blue saifron. E. b. 11.) stem about 1-flowered : leaves lance- 
 ovate, spine-toothed. 
 
 5—2, Carum. 45. 60. 
 
 carui (caraway. E. w. ^ .) stem branching : leaves with ventrieotc 
 sheaths : partial iavolncre none. 
 
 (1) flacca, Sh. (2) striata, Mx. 
 
 ^S) riparia;!*. (4) virginiana, BI5. 
 
250 CARYA^ CASSIA* 
 
 20—13. Carya. N. (1) 50. 94. 
 
 sulcata, W. (2) (shell-bark hickory P. Ap. ^.) leafets about 9, ob-laa- 
 ceolate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath ; the terminal leafets 
 sub-sessile, tapering to the base : fruit roundish, 4-keeled ; nut sub- 
 globose, a little compressed, smooth, loug-mucroiiate. 
 
 s<iuamosa, Mx. (3) (shag-walnut, shag-bark hickory. O. M. ^.) leafetS' 
 about 7, long-petioled, lance-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, vil- 
 lose beneath ; the terminal leafet sessile : ament filiform, glabrous : 
 fruit globose, a little depressed : nut compressed, oblique. 
 
 iomentosa, Mx. (4) (white-heart hickory. T. C. P. Ap. 1?.) leafets 
 about 9, lance-oblong, acuminate, slightly serrate, pubescent beneath, 
 scabrous ; terminal one sub-petioled : aments filiform, very long, 
 tomentose : fruit sub-globose, smooth, with the pericarp veiy thick ; 
 nut somewhat 6-ar.gled ; putamen thick, hard to be broken ; nucleus 
 agreeably tasted. 
 
 #mara, Mx. (bitter-nut. T. C. Y. V. P. Hudson. Ap. ^.) leafets about 
 9, ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, glabrous both sides ; the 
 terminal leafet short-petioled : fruit sub-globose, with the sutures 
 prominent above : nut smooth, sub-globose, mucronate ; puiamea 
 easily broken ; nucleus bitter. 
 
 jpomncf, Mx. (pig-nut, broom hickory. O M. ^.) leafets about 7, lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous both sides ; terminal leafet sub- 
 sessile : fruit pear-form or globose : nut smooth ; putamen very thick 
 and hard ; nucleus small. Var. obcordata, (5) has an obcordate nut. 
 V&r.Jici/ormis, has the fruit turbinate and nut oblong. 
 
 10-— 1. Cassia. 33. 93. 
 
 senna, (Egyptian senna. E. @.) leaves in 6 pairs ; petioles glandless : 
 legume reniforra. 
 
 marilandica, (wild senna. O. y. Au. I^.) somewhat glabrous : leaves 
 in 8 pairs, lance-oblong, mucronate ; flowers in axillary racemes, 
 and in terminal panicles: legumes linear, curved. An excellent 
 mild cathartic. B. River alluvion. 
 
 chamcecrista, (cassia, partridge pea. Y. T. C. P. y. Au. ^.) somewhat 
 glabrous : leaves linear, in many pairs, the glands or the petioles 
 sub-pedicelled : petals with 2 spots: legumes pubescent. A most 
 elegant plant, from 8 to 16 inches high. Dry sand, kc. 
 
 (1) Juglans,!. (2) laciniosa,Mx. mucronata, Mx. ft. 
 
 fo) canipiessa. W. squamosa. Mx.arb. (4) alba. W^ 
 
 (o) These two varieties are the s^.ecies obcordata and glabra of W. ' 
 
CASSIA, CEANOTHUS. 251 
 
 fiisciculaia, (C. P. y. Ju. 0.) somouhat glabrous : leaves at the sum- 
 mit, in y pairs : fascicles many-flowered, lateral : petals and stamens 
 cf i!:e same colour: legumes glabrous, ascending, arched. 
 
 niciilans, (C. P New-England. Pursh. y. Ju. 0.) spreading, pubescent ; 
 leaves in many pairs, linear ; glands of the petioles pedicelled : pe- 
 duncles short, supra-axillaiy, 2 or 3-flowered ; flowers pentandrous. 
 The leaves of this species, and of the chamaecrista, possess a con* 
 siderable degree of irritability. 
 
 20—13. Castanea. 50. 99. 
 
 Americana, Mk. (1) (chesnut. O. g. J. ^.) leaves lance-oblong, sinuate- 
 serrate, with the serratures raucronate, glabrous both sides. Large 
 tree. 
 
 pumila, (chinquapin. P. g. J. ^.) leaves oblong, acute, mucronate* 
 serrate, with white down beneath. Small tree. 
 
 2—1. Catalpa. J. 40. 45. 
 syring(Bfolia, Sims. (2) (catalpa tree. P. w. k p. Ju. >>.) leaves cordatej 
 flat. An elegant tree. Cultivated. 
 
 22—2. Catharin^a. (3) 56. 4. 
 undulata, leaves lanceolate, serrate, undulated, crisped when drj ; 
 capsule cylindric : lid subulate. In woods and shades. 
 
 20—1. Caulinia. 13. 6. 
 
 Jlexilix, (water knot-grass. T. C. P. Y. Au. ®.) leaves in sixes, toothei 
 at the apex, spreading. Immersed in ditches, &ic. 
 
 fragilis, (P. S. 0.) leaves in threes or opposite, linear-subulate, re- 
 curved, aculeate-toothed, rigid. Immersed. 
 
 6—1. Caulophyllum. Mx. (4) 24. 61. 
 fhalictj-oides, (poppoose root, false cohosh. O. p-y. Ap. It.) very gla- 
 brous : leaves more than decompound ; leafets oval, the lower ones 
 petioled and lobed, the end ones 3-lobed. Berries dark blue. Woody, 
 
 5 — 1. CEANOTHUS. 43. 95. 
 miericanus, (New-Jersey tea. O. w. J. T?.) leaves ovate, acuminate, 
 serrate, 3-nerved, pubescent beneath : panicles axillary, long-pc- 
 dnncled, sub-corymbed. 
 
 (i) Fasfus castanen.L. (2) cordifolia, E. bi^nonioido"), Wr. Bignonia catalpa, t^ 
 (^3) Polytrichuna, t. (4) Leontice, L. 
 
252 GELASTRUS, CENOMtCE. 
 
 5—^1. Celastrus. 43. 95. 
 ■scandens, W. (false bittersweet, staff tree. O. y-w. J. 1?.) stem twining : 
 leaves oblon;^;, acuminate, serrate : racemes terminal. Retains its 
 scarlet berries through the winter, though dry, and generally open- 
 ing by valves. 
 
 5—2. Celtis. 53. 99. 
 
 octldcntalis, W. (nettle tree. P. w. M. ^ ) leaves ovate, acuminate, 
 equiilly serrate except near the base ; scabrous above, rough-haired 
 beneath : fruit solitary. 
 
 e^fssifolia, W. (hag-berry, hoop ash. C T. P. w. M. ^.) leaves ovate^ 
 acu.Tiinate, unequally serrate, unequally cordate at the base, sub- 
 coriaceous ; peduncles about 2-flowered. Very abundant in the 
 Highlands. 
 
 3 — 1. Cenchrus. 4. 10. 
 
 echinatus, (hedgehoq; grass. P. C. Au. ^.) spike oblong, conglomerate : 
 
 involucre sub-?lobose, lO-parted. 
 Iribuloides, (C P. Jn. 0.) spike domerate, with alternate spikelets : 
 
 pistillate glumes globose, muricate-spiiiose, hirsute. Sandy marsh. 
 
 22—5. CrscMYCE. (1) 57. 2. 
 
 1. Frond foHaceoi'^ : pedvnde (no det'm) fistulous, dilated upwards, bear- 
 ing cups, or altenuate-su ulate : the cups closed with truiisverse mem- 
 branes. 
 
 (Receptacles sooty-yellow or pale.) 
 
 alcicornis, frond foliaceous, marked, becoming pale green ; divisions 
 sulj-palmate, ascending, renand-toothed, ootuse, indexed, fascicles of 
 hairs at the margin : peduncles loT<'-turbinate, all bearing cups, 
 smooth ; cups regula-, crei-ate, at leiigth leafy and proliferous at the 
 margin : receptacles yellowish or tdwny. 
 
 pyxidatfi, frond foliaceous ; divisions crerulate, ascending : peduncles 
 all turbinate,, cup-form, trlabrous, at length warty-granulate, scabrous, 
 greenish-grey : c-^ps regular, afterwards the margin is extended and 
 proliferous : receptacles tawny. 
 
 jimhrima, frond foliac ons ; divisions small, crenate : peduncl«=>s elon- 
 gated, cvllndric, bearing cups : so ne are awl-form, very thinly-pul- 
 rerulent, white : cups wine-glass-form, regular ; margin entire and 
 erenate, at length proliferous: receptacles tawny. 
 
 •0) Bsemyces of AcLarius in a former edition oi lii* work: 
 
CENOMYCE. 253 
 
 ^onorega, frond foliaceous ; divisions broadish, gash-crcnulate : pe- 
 duncles longish, glabrous, somewhat warty, glaucous or whitish- 
 green ; when dying, it becomes dark-coloured, white-dotted ; all 
 bearing cups, which are irregular, somewhat torn-radiate ; margin 
 proliferous, leafy ; receptacles tawny. 
 
 (Receptacles scarlet or dark red.) 
 
 bacUlaris, frond foliaceous, minute ; divisions gash-lobed, crenate, na- 
 kedish beneath : peduncles cylindric, simple, sub-ramose at the apex, 
 white-cinereous, with pulverulent granulations ; rarely bearing cups, 
 which are narrow, at length radiate : receptacles scarlet. On de- 
 caying trunks. 
 
 defonnls, frond foliaceous, minute ; divisions broadish, gashed, crenate, 
 naked beneath : peduncles long, thick, sub-ventricose, sulphur-co- 
 lour, thinly-pulverulent ; bearing cups, which are narrow, crenate- 
 toothed, at length dilated and torn : receptacles sessile and pedicel- 
 led, scarlet. On the earth in woods and mountains. 
 
 eoccifera, frond foliaceous, minute ; divisions round, crenate, naked 
 beneath : peduncles long-turbinate, naked, warty-scabrous, pale-yel- 
 lowish, cinereous and green ; all bearing cups, which are wine-glass- 
 form ; margin extended, fertile : receptacles rather large, at length 
 roundish, scarlet. 
 
 2. Frond leafy : pedwnde (p'-xletldi) fistulous, dilated above, bearing cups, 
 
 which are not closed. 
 
 parecha, frond foliaceous, largish ; divisions narrow, pinnatifid, crenu- 
 late : peduncles smooth, pale, obconic, cup-form ; cup somewhat 
 pervious ; margin torn, dentate; the proliferous parts ramose, thic^t, 
 not cup-form ; apexes denticulate : receptacles terminal, aggi'egate, 
 tawny. Often on sterile earth. 
 
 3. Frond leafy : peduncles (podetia) suh-fistulous, cylindric, simple, split 
 
 at the apex, or sub-digitate-rayed ; rays al! fertile. 
 
 cariosa, frond foliaceous, minute ; lobes crenulale : peduncle white, 
 latticed as if womi-cuten, warty-granulate, divided somewhat in a 
 digitate form at the apex : branches fastigiate : receptacles crowded;, 
 dark-tawny. 
 
 symphycarpa, frond foliaceous ; lobes raundish, crenulate, livid : pe- 
 duncles shortish, smooth, subdivided at the apex : receptacles heap- 
 ed together, tawny. 
 
 X 
 
254 CENOMYCE. 
 
 delicafft, frond foliaceous ; lobes minute, erose-laclniate, granulated : 
 
 peduncles glabrous, granulate, pale, somev;hat divided at the apex; 
 
 branches very short: receptacles conglomerate, dark-tawny. On 
 
 decaying trunks or earth. 
 ctipitafa, frond foliaceous ; lobes imbricated, somewhat olive-coloured : 
 
 peduncles sub-simide, somewhat straw-like : receptacles heaped in 
 
 a sub-globular form, reddish-yellow, 
 
 4. Frond lec>fy, almost wanting or disappearing : peduncle (podetia) car- 
 tilaginous, rigid, Jistuluus, all altenuatcd and subulate, ramose, mosthj 
 perforated at the axils. 
 
 Rcicuhtris, peduncles stiffly-erect, terete, warty-v.'rinkled, white, sub- 
 simple : receptacles capitate, sub-glcbose, sub-solitary, shining, dark- 
 tawny. 
 furcaln, peduncle elongated, smooth, livid, and somewhat chesnut- 
 brown, dlchotomous : axils not perforated : branches aricular, carv- 
 ed, forked at the apes, diverging: receptacles of the fertile one-s 
 tawny. 
 
 inicialis, peduncles elongated, glabrous, pale, dichotomous : axils per- 
 forated, standing open ; apex of the branches spreading, short, rigid : 
 receptacles terminal, becoming tawny. 
 
 aduncrt, peduncles pale or hoary, fork-branched : axils perforated ; 
 apes of the branches radiately hook-spined : receptacles capitate, 
 pale-tawny. A variety of the last .' 
 
 rangifenna, peduncles elongated, cylindric, erect, somewhat scabrous, 
 becoming clnereouf, ramose : axils at length perforated : branches 
 scattered and sub-divided, the extreme branchlets sub-radiated ; 
 apexes noddirg : receptacles of the fertile ones sub-globose, aggre- 
 gate, tawiiy. 
 
 fiiflvatica, peduncles uhlte-lioary, softisli, thickish and turgid : branches 
 short, scattered, terminal, erectish, sub-fasti giate : apex sometimes 
 dilated, and someu hat torn. Variety of the last ? 
 
 Hlpeslris, peduncles white, softish, ven*'" branching : branches and 
 . branchlets ititerwoven, terminal, forming a dense thyrse. 
 
 Q. Frond none: pedun^lr. (podet'm) soft, sub-solid, subulate, somewhat 
 branched, (sterile :) axils not perforated. 
 
 vermicularis, peduncle somewhat awl-form, <^nb-slmple. smooth, vcrv 
 while, t:uli-fistu!ou~. zigzag, prostrate. 
 
CEXTAUREA^ CPniAMlUM. 255 
 
 13 — 3. Centaurea. 4D. 54. 
 
 cyanus (blue-boUle. E. b. w. r. J. 0.) scales of the calyx serrate : 
 leaves linear, entire ; lower ones toothed. Naturalized, and now 
 common in fields, Lc. 
 
 benedicla, (blessed thistle. E. y. J. 0.) leaves semi-decurrent, tooth- 
 spinose : calyx with branched spines. Cultivated. 
 
 jacea, (knapweed. P. p Ju. 2|.) leaves lanceolate, entire 5 radical oae^ 
 sub-dentate: branches angular : calyx scarious. 
 
 solslitialis, (D. y. Ju. f^.) calyx palmate-spinose, solitary : spines 
 straight: leaves hoary, lauce-lincar, decurrent, entire ; radical ones 
 lyrate. Naturalized. 
 
 centaurium^ (great centaury. E. 11.) leaves pinnate, glabrous ; Icafets 
 sharply and doubly serrate, decurrcnt : calyx smooth. 
 
 scabiosa, (scabrous century. E. If.) leaves pinnatilld, roughish ; divi- 
 sions lanceolate, spreading, acute, pinnatilid at the base : calyx ci- 
 liate. 
 
 suaveolenSf (yellow sultana. E. 0.) leaves lyratc-plnnatifid : calyx 
 smooth. 
 
 moschata, (sweet sultana. E. 0.) leaves slightly pinnatifid ; lov.*er di- 
 visions mostly entire : calyx smooth. 
 
 Centaurella, see Bartonia. 
 
 4 — 1. Cephalantuus. 4S. 66. 
 eccidenlalis, (button bush. O. w. Ju. T;).) leaves opposite and In threcs- 
 ova', acuminate. Inflorescence a round head. Swamp?. 
 22—4. Ceramium. (1) 57. 2. 
 1. Red or reddish, 
 ruhrum, threads dichotomous, very branching, suh-cartilagiuous : 
 branchlets forked ; joints ovate, opake ; knee-joints contracted : 
 capsules involucred. Bays, &.c. 
 diaphanum, threads dichotomous, very branching, sub-membranaceou?, 
 variegated with purple and hyaline ; branchlets forceps-like ; joints 
 cylindric, hyaline ; knee-joints elevated : capsules involucred. — 
 Bays, &ic. 
 
 2. Yellowish or rusl-colour. 
 ferr.igineum, threads slender, divaricately ramose, loosely entangled : 
 joints twice as long as their diameter. Sea. 
 
 (1) Species of Conferva of Linneus and others, excepting' the aurcum, which is a 
 Bvssus. 
 
256 CERAMIUM^ CERATOPHYLLUM. 
 
 liUorah, threads very slender, woven into a rope-like frond : branched 
 erect J joints with their length equalling their diameter. Lakes, &,c. 
 
 cirrAo^itm, branches pinnate, spreading, approximate, stiff and straight: 
 len<^t;i of the joints nearly equalling their diameters. Seas, bays,&Lc^ 
 
 aureum, threads llcxnose, fascicled in a dense, soft, cushion-like tuft : 
 branches elongated, spreading, somewhat rigid : joints twice as long 
 as their diameters. On damp rocks, as in Castleton, Vt. on oveii- 
 flo wed timber, fcc. 
 
 10—5. Cerastium. 22. 82. 
 
 mlgahun, S. (mouse-ear chickweed. O. w. Ap. 0.) hirsute, viscid, 
 cespitose r leaves ovate : petals oblong, about equal to the calyx : 
 flowers longer than the peduncle. 
 
 umidccandrum, W. (Y. P. w. M. %.) hirsute, viscid : leaves ovate-ob- 
 long, acute : petals emarginate, shorter than the calyx : peduncles 
 longer than the calyx : flowers pentandrous. 
 
 »rvense, W. (T. P. w. J. 2^.) pubescent, cespitose : leaves lance-linear, 
 obtuse, ciliate at the base, shorter than the distance between the 
 joints of the stem : petals obcordate, twice as long as the calyx- 
 leafets of the calyx obtuse. 
 
 dichotomum, M. (P. w. 0.) leaves lanceolate : stem diehotomous : 
 capsules erect, twice as long as the calyx. 
 
 viscosum, W. (P. C. T. w. M. 2i.) hirsute, viscous, diffuse ; leaves 
 lance-oblong, obtusish : petal? obovate, scarcely longer than the ca- 
 lyx : flowers shorter than the peduncle. 
 
 tenuifolium, Ph. (P. C. w. M. 11.) very slender, pubescent, cespitose : 
 leaves narrow-linear, longer than the distance between the joints of 
 the stem : petals obovate, emarginate, about thrice as long as the 
 acute calyx. 
 
 glutinusum, N. (1) (P. D, w. J. U- or 0.) viscid, with soft hafVs ; erecfc 
 leaves elongated, distant, oblong-linear, acute ; radical ones spatu- 
 late : petals oblong, 2-cleft at the apex, longer than the calyx : pe- 
 duncles at length much longer than the flower, though shorter at 
 first. 
 
 20 — 13. Ceratophyllum. 15. 91. 
 
 demcr.rum, (hornwort. C. P. Ju. 2^.) leaves 8 in a whorl, dichotomou« 
 in pairs, tooth-spined on the back : flowers axillary • friat 3-spiae^ 
 
 (I) nutans, R. ? longepeduncHlnUiin. M. 
 
CERCIS, CHARA. 257 
 
 10—1. Ckrcis. 33. 93. 
 canadensis, (red-bud, judas tree. D. P. Can. r. M. '^.) leaves round- 
 heart-form, acuminate, villose at the axils of the nerves : stipules 
 minute : legumes short-stiped. 
 
 22—5. Cetraria. 57. 2. 
 
 islandica, (1) (the Iceland lichen, iceland moss. C. Y.) frond olive- 
 chesnut-brown, at the base reddish-white, white beneath ; divisions 
 erectish, sub-linear, many-cleft, channelled, tooth-ciliate ; the fertile 
 ones dilated : receptacles close-pressed, flat, one-coloured ; margin 
 frond-like, elevated, entire. On saudy plains, as on the barren plains 
 near Beaver ponds in Xew-Haveu, where it covers the earth very 
 densely in many places. 
 
 funiperina, frond pale-yellow, very yellow beneath : divisions flat, 
 ascending, erose-crenate, crisped : receptacles elevated ; disk liver- 
 brown ; margin frond-like, crenulate. On trunks and branches. 
 
 piriastri, frond with divisions depressed, round-lobed, crenate ; margin 
 crisped, pulverulent, very yellow. A variety of the last ? 
 
 ciliaris, frond livid-tawny, reticuiate-lacunose, white beneath ; divi- 
 sions crisped, ciliate : receptacles somewhat elevated, dark-tawny ; 
 margin frond-like, crenate. 
 
 laeunosa, frond ample, whitish-green, rugose-reticulate, cellular, whiter 
 beneath, rou::d-l->bed ; margin torn-crenate : receptacles hu-ge, ele- 
 %'ated, reddish-yellow ; margin frond-like, fiesuose, sub-entire. 
 
 5 — 2. Ch/Ekophyllum. 43. 60. 
 procumbenSj (2) (chervil. C. P. w. IM. 0.) seeds shining, smooth ; 
 leaves decompound :. stem procumbent: umbels lew-flowered. 
 
 20—1. Chara. 15. 6. 
 vulgaris, W. (feather-beds. O. Jn. 0.) stem and branches naked at the 
 base; branchlets terete; j 'i'lts leafy; leaves oblong-subulate; 
 bracts shorter than the bdrry. Odour disagreeable. Ponds and 
 ditches mostly stagnant. 
 foliosa, W. (P. Ju. '^.) stem naked, papillose above : branchlets terete 
 at the base and in the leafy joints ; leaves linear : bracts shorter 
 tlian the berry. In clear water. 
 ftexUi3,\y. (P. W. Au.0.) stem translucent; naked; branchlets joint^ 
 
 (1) "bysica islandica, Mx. 
 
 f;-) Ssamlis procnm«>ens, \V. See Urasporrautn-. 
 
 X 2 
 
258 CHAUA^ CIIEXOPODIUM. 
 
 less, leafless, compressed ; berries lateral,, naked. Ponds in Stock- 
 bridge. 
 glabra, M. (P. Ju.) whole plant glabrous. 
 
 22 — 1. Cheilanthes. 55. 5. 
 ves!ita,W. (lip-fern. P. 2^.) frond doubly pinnate, hairy both sides: 
 leafets plnnatifid } divisions oljlong, obtuse, entire : stipe and ra- 
 cemes rough-haired. Small, on rocks. 
 
 15—2. Cheiranthus. 39. 63. 
 cheiri, (wall-flower. E. J. U-) leaves lanceolate, acute, glabrous. 
 
 .branches angled : stem somewhat of a woody texture. 
 fenes'ralis, (waved wall-fiower. E. ^ .) leaves crowded together in a 
 
 head, recurved, undulate : stem undiv'ided. 
 amiuus, (siock july-flower. E. Ju. @.) leaves lanceolate, sub-dentate. 
 
 obtuse, hoary : silique cylindric, with an acute apex. 
 iiicanus, (brompton stock, brompton queens. E. ^ .) leaves lanceolate, 
 
 entire, obtuse, hoary : silique truncate, compressed at the apex : stem 
 
 somewhat of a woody texture. 
 
 13—1. Chelidonium. 27. 62. 
 
 majns. \Y. (celandiue. O. y. M. Z|.) umbels axillary, peduncled : leaves 
 alternate, pinnate, lobed. 
 
 14—2. CuELONE. 40. 45. 
 
 glabra (snakebead. O. w. k r. Ju. 11.) leaves opposite, lance-oblong, 
 acuminate^ serrate ; spikes terminal, dense-flowered. Some authors 
 make a species obliqua, which they say, has all the leaves opposite, 
 and that the glabra has the lower leaves alternate — sed quere ? — 
 Damp. 
 
 5 — 2. Chenotodium. 12. 29. 
 
 bonus-henricus (english mercury. E. g. J. !(.) leaves triangular, saggi- 
 
 tate, entire ; spikes compound, leafless, axillary. 
 rubrum (rusty pigweed. O. r-g. Ju. #.) leaves triangular-cordate, ob- 
 
 tusishj sinuate-toothed : racemes erectish, compound, sub-foliaceous, 
 
 shorter than the stem. Frequent about gardens, &:c. perhaps Intro. 
 
 duced. 
 «.lbum (pigweed. 0. g. Ju. @.) leaves rhomboid-ovate; erose, entire 
 
(JIIENOPODIUM, CKORDAllIA. 259 
 
 behind, the upper ones oblong, entire, seed smooth. Var. viride, 
 
 leaves lance-rhomboid, sinuate-tootiiod : racemes ramose, sub-folia- 
 
 eeous : stem very green. 
 hyhridum (0. g. Ju. 0.) leaves cordate, angled-acuminate : racemes 
 
 branching, divaricate, naked. 
 io/ry5(oak-of-jerusalem. O. g. J. 0.) leaves oblong, sinuate ; racemes 
 
 naked, many-cleft. Sweet scented. 
 «Hi&rosiou/e5, W. (sweet pigweed. C. P. g. Ju. 0.) leaves lanceolate, 
 
 toothed : racemes leafy, simple. Sweet scented. 
 anthehninlicum (wormseed. Y. C. P. g. An. 11.) leaves ovate, oblongj 
 
 rarely toothed ; racemes leafless : styles 3. Odour strong and disa> 
 
 greeable. A good anthelmintic. B. 
 marilimum (sea pigweed. C. P. Y..g. Au. 2^.) leaves subulate, fleshy, 
 
 semi-terete : flowers glomerate, axillary. On the sea-coast. 
 glaucum (C. H.) leaves ovate-oblong, repand, glaucous beneath ; ra- 
 cemes naked, simple, glomerate. 
 scoparium (summer cypress. E.) leaves fiat, lance-linear, margin cili- 
 
 ate : flowers glomerate, axillary. 
 
 10—1. CuniAPHiLA, Ph. (1) 18. 51. 
 maculata, W. (spotted Avinter-green. O. w. Ju. 11) leaves lanceolate^ 
 
 rounded at the base, remotely serrate, marked with long spots : scape 
 
 2 or 3-flowered ; filaments woolly. Woods. 
 nmbellatay W. (prince's pine, bitter wintergreen. O. r-\v. Ju. 2L^.) leaves 
 
 wedge lanceolate, with an acute base: scape coiymbed : filaments 
 
 glabrous. Both species are tonics and diuretics, and resemble in 
 
 their effects the Arbutus uva-ursi. B. 
 
 2 — 1. Chionakthus. 44. 37. 
 virginica (fringe tre*-. C. P. w. M. >>.) panicle terminal, trifid : pedun- 
 cles 3-flowered : leaves acute. Berries purplish blue. 
 Chironia, see Sabbatia. 
 22—4. Chordaria. (2) 57. 2. 
 filum, frond filiform, very simple, terete, attenuate at the apex and 
 
 (i) Pyrola, L. The Chimaphila was long united to the Pvrola. Though they possess 
 St. 0112; botanical affiniues ih»y differ quite as u^u- I. in habit, and sensible as well as- 
 medi.inal properties, as other grenera of the natural orcier Ericae. Such divisions of 
 the Linnean genera where the '' natural grenus jrivcs the chyracters," outiht to be adop- 
 ted. Lut divisions founded on any artificial chamcier, however coniUiit and deci-ive- 
 inj we the science. (^jFucus, L' 
 
260 
 
 base, constructed of fibres spirally twisted. Colour tawny olive, 
 substance tenaceous. Sea. 
 
 18 — 2. Chrysanthemum. 49. 55. 
 Itucanthenxwn (ox-eyed daisy. O. J. 2/.) leaves clasping, lanceolate, 
 
 serrate, cut-toothed at the base : stem erect, branching. Fields. 
 partheriium (feverfew. E.) leaves petioled, compound, flat : leafets 
 
 ovate, gashed : peduncles branching, corymbed : stem erect. 
 carinalum (three-coloured daisy. E. r. w. Au. 0.) leaves bipinnate, 
 
 fleshy, glabrous : scale of the calyx carinate. 
 coroimrium (garden chry-santheraum. E. Au. 0.) leaves bipinnatifid, 
 
 acute, broader outwards : stem branching. 
 
 18—1. Chrvsocoma. 49. 55. 
 
 virgata (goldy locks. D. y.) herbaceous, smooth : leaves narrow-linear : 
 branches corymbed, fastigiate : calyx oblong,3or4-flowered; scales 
 glutinous, close-pressed. 
 
 3 — 2. Chrysosplenium. 13. 84. 
 oppositifolium (golden saxifrage, water-carpet. O. y-r. M. 11.) leaves 
 opposite, roundish, slightly crenate, tapering for a little distance to 
 the petiole. In rivulets, springs, Lc. 
 
 17_10. CicER. 32. 93. 
 
 aridlnum (chick-pea E. %.) peduncle 1-flowered : seeds globose, gib- 
 bous : leaves serrate. 
 
 18—1. CicHORiuM. 49. 53. 
 
 ^/ifeus (succory or endive. O. b. Ju. If.) flowers axillary, in pairs, ses- 
 sile ; leaves runcinate. 
 
 aidivia (garden endive. E. ^ .) peduncles axillary, in pairs; one long, 
 1-flovvered, the other short, about 4-flowered . leaves oblong, denti- 
 culate, Var. crispum, has fringed leaves and solitary flowers. 
 
 5—2. CicuTA. 45. 60. 
 
 cirnsa (^vater hemlock. E. 2i ) umbels opposite to the leaves ; petioles 
 mar-^ined, obtuse : leafets teruate, acutely serrate. Root containing 
 ayellow^ juice. 
 
 Ibulbifera (O. Ju. 24 ) branches bearing bulbs in whorls : leaves fennel 
 like. Damp. 
 
CICUTA, CTSTUS. 261 
 
 maculata (O.w.Ja. 11.) serratnres of the leaves mucronate : petioles 
 membranaceous: 2-lobed at the apex. Damp. 
 
 Cimicifuga, see Macrotys. 
 
 18—2. Ci.vERARiA. 49. 55. 
 heterophylla (asliwort. P. y. M. 2^.) downy : radical leaves loner-peti- 
 oled, obovate-spatulate ; also ovate, acutisb, and pinnatifid ; cauline 
 2-3, linear, pinnatifid : flowers coryrabed. 
 
 1—2. ClNNA. 4. 10. 
 
 arundinacea (1) (indian reed. W. V. C.) glabrous : panicle lar^e, many- 
 flowered, capillary : one valve somewhat awned below at the apex. 
 
 2—1. CiRCAEA. 48. 88. 
 
 hdetiana (2) (enchanter's nightshade. 0. r-w. Ju. 11.) stem erect: 
 leaves ovate, denticulate, somewhat glabrous. Var. fl/pi/io, has ar 
 ascending stem, leaves sub-cordate, and the calyx membranaceous. 
 This variety is generally considered as a distinct species. But they 
 certainly pass into each other by almost imperceptible gradations. 
 Damp. 
 
 13—1. CisTus. (3) 20. 80. 
 
 canadensis (rock rose, frost plant. 0. y. J. 24!) without stipules, erect ; 
 leaves alternate, erect, linear-lanceolate, flat, tomentose beneath ; 
 divisions of the calyx broad-ovate-acuralnate : capsules shorter than 
 the calyx. At the foot of the Pine-rock, New-Haven, the barren 
 plains produce great quantities of this plant. In Nov. and Dec. of 
 1816, I saw hundreds of these plants sending out broad, thin, curved 
 ice crystals, about an inch in breadth from near the roots. These 
 were melted away by day, and renewed every morning, for more 
 than 20 days in succession. 
 
 ramidiflorum, Mx. (D. y. Ju. 2^.) without stipules, erect : powdery-to- 
 mentose : leaves alternate, oblong, acute, revolute at the margin, 
 tomentose beneath : racemes short, about 3-flowered at the summit : 
 divisions of the calyx orbicular, pulverulent : capsule globose, of the 
 length of the calyx. Dry, sandy. 
 
 Qorymbosum (D. W. J. 2^.) without stipules erect, ramose, minutely 
 pubescent : leaves alternate, lanceolate, whitish-downy beneath : 
 
 n) AgrostJs cinna. Ph.. (?) canadensis, ^5. (3) Heliantheiaum, J- 
 
262 CITRUS, CLAVARIA. 
 
 corymb fastigiate, with numerous crowded flowers : divisions of the 
 calyx ovate, acute : capsule scarcely longer than the calyx. • Dry, 
 sandy. 
 
 13—1. Citrus. 18. 70. 
 aiiranHum (orange tree.'E. w. Tp .) leaves oval, acuminate, Avith the pe* 
 
 ttoles winged or margined. 
 medica (lemon tree. E. w. J. f?.) leaves ovate, acuminate, with linear 
 
 wingless petioles. Var. limon (lime tree) bears smaller fruit, whicfe 
 
 is almost round. 
 
 22—6. Clavaria. 58. 1. 
 1 . Corol-like ; da rate jnleus branched. 
 (Stems or stipes very thick.) 
 /or/nosa, very branching : stem sub-decumbent, thick, w^hite : branches 
 elongated, rose-orange } bi-ai.ehlets obtuse, becoming yellow. In 
 groves. 
 Jlava, stem thick, white : branches and branchlets straight, shortish, yel- 
 low. In autumn it grows in shady woods, about 3 inches long. 
 botry'.ls, sub-deformed ; stem very thick, ^decumbent, becoming palish- 
 white : branches shortish, sub-rugose ; branchlets obtuse, red. Oa 
 fallen trees, kc. 
 
 (Stems slender, or not so thick as to equal all the branches taken to- 
 gether.) 
 
 2)almata, somewhat winged or wing-like, becoming pale : stem slen- 
 der : branches sub-compressed, palmate. About 3 inches long, and 
 the breadth about the same. 
 
 corniculata, sub-ramose, yellow : stem slender, elongated, twice ter- 
 nately divided in forks ; branchlets acute. Branches mostly com- 
 pressed ; branchlets a little woolly. In woods, one and a half inch 
 long. 
 
 hyssistda, various, sub-ramose, small, pale, reddish-yellow ; rootlets 
 byssus-like or flax-like, Avhite, sessile or sitting down. Springs up 
 among fallen leaves, he. 
 
 mucida,\n groups, minute, simple and ramose, white : apex ochre co- 
 lour : sitting down with a tomentose base. On decaying trunks, &c. 
 about the fourth of an inch long, substance tough. 
 
 cornea, in groups, minute, viscid, becoming yellow, simple and ramose; 
 
CLAVARIA^ CLEMATIS. 263 
 
 connate at the bases. On trunks in autumn, scarcely the fourth of 
 an inch long. 
 
 2. Simple ; the clavate pileus not branched. 
 
 Ugula, sub-cespitose, pale reddish-yellow, opake, various, villous and 
 slender at the base, terete or sub-compressed at the apex. Adher- 
 ing to branches, k.c. about 2 inches long. 
 
 pistillaris, solitary, large, thick, from yellow becoming a little reddish ; 
 round at the apex. Nearly cylindric at first, and becoming thick and 
 sub-rugose. Has a bitter taste. 
 
 fusiformis, cespitose, heaped together, orange : clavate pileus attenua- 
 ted, sub-tenacious, cohering at the base. In woods. 
 
 Jlavipes, cespitose, fragile : clavate pileus, sub-falcate, acuminate, pale 
 approximate at the base : shining, yellow. 
 
 t-burnea, cespitose, crowded, fragile, snow-white. In shady woods oa 
 the earth. Very variable ; but distinguished by being white and 
 fragile. 
 
 herbarum, in groups, minute, lanceolate, sub-tenaceous ; becoming 
 dark -olive. Hardly belongs to this genus. About one sixth of an 
 inch long, on leaves and other herbage. 
 
 muscicola, very minute, white, suh-incrassate, curved, all glabrous ; sit- 
 ting down with globose tubercles. 
 
 gyrans, on leaves ; wholly white, filiform ; stipe with long pubescence. 
 In autarau. Stipe white, weak. 
 
 5—1. CLAYToyiA. 1.3. 86. 
 
 rirghiica, Vi. (spriiig beauty. T. Y. C. \v. k, r. Ap. U-) leaves lance-lin- 
 ear , raceme solitary : leaves of the calyx acutish : petals obovatc, 
 retuse : root tuberous. Thin woods. 
 
 apcdulata (1) (spring beauty. H.w. & r. Ap. 11-) leaves spatulate : ra- 
 ceme solitary : leaves of the calyx obtuse : petals roundish, retase : 
 root tuberous. Leaves nearer the flowers than those of the virgini- 
 ca, and much broader. 
 
 13—13. Cr.r.srATi:'. 26. 61. 
 vlliceUa (purple virgin's bower. E. p. Ju. 2;.) climbing: leaves com- 
 pound and decompound ; leafets oval, .sub-lobate, entire : petals ol?- 
 ovate, spreading. 
 
 (1) «j<hathulaefolin; Ph. caro!i:i;ana, Mx. 
 
264 CLEMATIS, CNICUS. 
 
 viorna, W. (1) (leather flower. P. b. J. ^ .) climbing : leaves compound 
 and decompound ; leafels lance-oval, acute at both ends, trifid and 
 entire : flowers solitary, bell-form : petals thick, leathery, acuminate, 
 
 tiirginica, (virgin's bower. O. vv. Ju. ^.) climbing: leaves ternate ; 
 leafets ovate, sub-cordate, gash-toothed and lobate : corymbs dicho- 
 tomous, few-flowered : petals longer than the stamens. Otten dioe- 
 cious. 
 
 Jlammula, (sweet virgin's bower. E. ^.) lower leaves laciniate ; upper 
 ones simple, entire, lanceolate. 
 
 §chroleuca, W. (2) (P. C. w. &,y. J. 2/.) erect, simple^ pubescent: 
 leaves simple, entire. About one foot high. 
 
 6 — 1. Cleobte. 25. 64- 
 dodecandra, W. (false mustard. P. T. C. p. Ju. #.) glabrous : flowers 
 axillary, solitary : leaves ovate, ternate, generally dodecandrous. 
 Along the banks of the Hudson, from Stillwater in Saratoga co. to 
 its mouth. 
 pentaphylla, W. (P. w-r. Ju. @.) leafets quinate : stem unarmed. — 
 Flowers gynandrous. The corols of this genus being cruciform, it is 
 by some placed in tiie loth class. 
 
 10—1. Clethra. 18. 51. 
 
 ftbiifolia, (spiked alder, sweet pepper-bush. Y. C. P. w. Ju. fp.) leaves 
 wedge-obovate, acute, coarse-serrate above, glabrous both sides : 
 flowers in spike-form racemes. A bush 3 to 6 feet high. Damp or 
 wet. 
 
 22 — 2. Climacium. 56. 4. 
 
 dendroides, (3) (tree moss.) stem branching, tree-form : leaves crowd- 
 ed, erect; lanceolate, sub-3-nerved, serrulate above : capsule erect, 
 long-cylindric : inner peristome at length multifid-capiUaceous. 
 
 14—1. Clinopodium. 42. 39. 
 
 rulgarc, (field thyme. O. r-w. Ju. 2^.) flowers in head-form whorls • 
 bracts setaceous, hispid : leaves above pilose, remotely toothed : 
 stem simple. Dry fields and woods. 
 
 18—1. Cnicus. (4) 49 54. 
 lanreolatus, (common thistle. O. p. J. <J ) leaves decurrent, hispid. 
 
 (1) cylindrica, Sims. (2) Sericea, Mx. (3) Lc-skea dendroides, Ml. 
 
 fi) (^aiduu<, L. in some of hU works. Cirsium, Mx. 
 
CNICUS;, COCIILEARIA. 265 
 
 p»nnatiiid ; divisions 2-lobed, divaricate, spinose : calyx ovate, with 
 spider-wob-like pubescence : scales lanceolate, spinoso; spreading. 
 
 discolor, (O. p. Ju. g .) leaves sessile, pinnatifid, rough-haired, downy 
 beneath ; divisions 2-lobed, divaricate, spinose : calyx globose, with 
 spider-web-like pubescence : scales ovate, close-pressed, with spread- 
 ing spines at the tips. 
 
 tdtissimus, (1) (tall thistle. O. w-p. Au. U-)\o^ves sessile, lance-oblong, 
 scabrous, downy beneath, toothed, ciliate ; radical ones pinnatifid : 
 calyx bracted, ovate ; scales lance-ovate, spinose, close-pressed. 
 
 arvensis, (2) (canada thistle. O. p. J. 2^.) leaves sessile, pinnatifid, ci- 
 liate, spinose : stem panicled : calyx ovate, mucronate : scales 
 broad-lanceolate, close-pressed ; margin woolly. 
 
 horridulus, Ph. (3) (C. P. w-y. Ju. U-) tall : leaves sessile, pinnatifid, 
 acutely-gashed, verj' spinose : involucre terminal, 1-flowered, many- 
 leaved ; leafets very spinose, double : calyx unarmed. 
 
 muticusj Ph. (4) (C. P. p. Ju. ^ .) leaves all pinnatifid, woolly beneath } 
 divisions sub-lanceolate, acute, a little spinose : branches at the 
 summit many, nakedish, 1-GoAvered : calyx globose ; scales not spi- 
 nose. 
 
 glaber, N. (D.) leaves sessile, pinnatifid, all over smooth ; segments 
 spinose, acute, lower ones sub-decurrent : calyx ovate, glabrous ; 
 scales spineless, short-mucronate, obtusely carinate : stem much 
 branched. 4 or 5 feet high, with slender branches. 
 
 odoratiis, M. (3) (P. D. C. r. Ju. 2^.) stem hairy backwards, 1 to 3- 
 flowered : leaves clasping, lance-oblong, pinnatifid ; segments irre- 
 gularly lobed, ciliate, tipped with spines j colour similar both side? ; 
 calyx large, sub-globose, naked ; scales close-pressed, lanceolate, 
 acuminate, spinose. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. 
 
 15 — 1. COCHLEARIA. 39. 63. 
 
 offi,cinaUs, (scurvy-grass. E. w. J. 2X.) radical leaves roundish ; cauline 
 
 ones. oblong, sub-=muate : silicles globose. 
 armoracia, (horse-radish. E. w. J. 11.) radical leaves lanceolate, cre- 
 
 nate ; caalinc ones gashed. Var. aquatica, leaves deeply pinnatifid, 
 
 or pinnate below. Growing Avild in water and wet places in various 
 
 parto 01 Berkshire county, Mass. 
 
 (t; v-M-glnianus \Vr. rcpandum, Mx. (I) Serratula arrensif, W. 
 
 (3) spinosispi; )us, Wr. fcjerratula discrlor, I,k. 
 
 /») carolinianus, Wr. (5) pimllus,IT. 
 
266 COIX, COLLEilA. 
 
 20—3. Coix. 4. 10. 
 lacliryma, (job's-tear. E. Ju %.) culm semi-terete above : flowers na- 
 ked : fruit ovate. 
 
 22—5. CoLLEMA. 57. 2. 
 
 nigrum, frond crust-like, sub-orbicular, dark-tawny ; lobes gash-crcnate 
 all around the periphery, the central ones sub-ramose, and in the 
 form of grains: receptacles at length convex, black, raarginated. On 
 stones. 
 
 pulposum, frond sub-orbicular-, formed of thick, sub-imbricate, repand- 
 crenate, plicate, na*:ed lobes: receptacles central, crowded, flattish, 
 re:icnsh-yeilo\v, v.nth eVvated entire margins. 
 
 papulosum, frond orbicular : central lobes thick, entangled, irregular ; 
 those of the periphery expanded, dilated outwardly, gash-crenate, 
 ■warty-blistered above. 
 
 palhocr.vs, frond vello wish-green, pale beneath : lobes deformed, dense- 
 ly entangled, irregularly crenate, ascending : receptacles sub-mar- 
 ginal. A variety of the tenax. 
 
 myriococciim, frond sub-orbicular, imbricate, black ; lobes crowded, 
 entangled, crisped, granulate ; receptacles minute, globose-turbinate, 
 heaped together, marginal and scattered, one-coloured, marked with 
 punctures. Among and on mosses on rocks, &i.c. 
 
 palmatum, frond sub-foliaceous, tawny-green, becoming glaucous ; 
 lobes thick, crowded, gash-palmate ; divisions sub-linear, terete : 
 receptacles red-tawny. On the earth and trunks. 
 
 nigrescens, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, sub-monophyllous, orbi- 
 cular, depressed, radlately-plicate, round-lobed, dark-green : recep- 
 tacles central, crowded, at length convex, red-tawny, margins en- 
 tire. On roots of *^rees, rocks, &:c. 
 
 jmlchellum, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, orbicular, flat, sub-laci- 
 niate, round-lobed at the peripheiy, plicate-papulose above, dark- 
 green, paler beneath and deeply lacunose : receptacles scattered, 
 crowded, elevated ; disk urceolete, pale wax-colour; margin thin, 
 contracted, entire, at length sub-rugose. 
 
 furvirn, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, sub-rugose, complicate, 
 darl:-green, granulated both sides : lobes round-deformed, afterwards 
 undulate, crisped, entire : receptacles scattered, flat, dark-tawny ; 
 margins entire. Trunks, &c. 
 
 (remeUoides, fiond foliaceous, membranaceous, very tender, sub-dia- 
 
COLLEMA, COMMELINA, 267 
 
 jiiianous, lead-colour, obsoletely rugose and marked vvith dots ; lobes 
 oblong, round, gashed, entire : receptacles scattered, flat, red-tawny, 
 at lengt': black ; margin ])ale. Trunks among moss, &ic. 
 laccrum, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, sub-diaphanous, sub-rugose- 
 reticulate, becoming glaucous ; lobes small, sub-imbricate, laciniatc, 
 tooth-ciliate ; receptacles scattered, a little concave, red; margin 
 pale. 
 
 2—1. COLLINSONIA. 42. 39. 
 
 $anadensis. (horse-balm, rich-weed. 0. y. Au. 11.) leaves heart- ovate, 
 broad, glabrous : teeth of the calyx short-subulate : panicle terminal, 
 compound. Var. cordata, leaves broad-cordate, upper ones entire. 
 Var. ovala, leaves ovate, attenuate at the base, all serrate. Strong- 
 scented, not unpleasant. Woods. 
 
 14—2. CoLLiNsiA. N. 40. 40. 
 terna, (collinsia. P. Lake Erie. b. M. =3 ) leaves opposite and whorled, 
 entire: peduncles axillary, whorled, single-flowered. River alluvion. 
 
 17—10. CoLUTEA. 32. 9-3. 
 
 arborescens, (bladder senna. E. y. fp.) leaves pinnate; leafets oval, 
 
 retuse : banner gibbous, abbreviated. 
 vesicaria, (senna herb. E. y. Ju.) leaves pinnate : leafets ovate : stem 
 
 herbaceous, decumbent, villose : legumes orbicular, inflated. 
 
 12—13. CoMARUM. 35. 92. 
 ixdustre, (marsh five-finger. 0. P. Ju. li) :eafets in threes, fives and 
 sevens, serrate : stipules growing to the petioles and sheathing : 
 flowers axillary and terminal : stem rooting. An active astringent. 
 Ives' Lectures, MS. 
 
 3—1. COMMELINA. 6. 13. 
 
 angustifolia, Mx. (day-floAver. P. b. Ju. If.) assurgent, w^eak, some- 
 what glabrous : leaves lance-linear, ver\- acute, flat, glabrous : 
 sheaths sub-ciliate : bracts (or involucres) peduncled, solitary, short- 
 cordate. 
 
 hngifolia, (\) (P.b.Ju. If.) stiffly erect, all over pubescent: leaves 
 long-lanceolate ; sheaths red-bearded at the throat : bracts (or invo- 
 lucres) sub-sessile, aggregate-terminal : calyx petal-like, 3-leavedj 
 nearly equal. 
 
 /I) hirt€lla,VabI. 
 
268 COMPTONIA, CONFERVA. 
 
 20—3. CoMPTONiA. 50. 99. 
 asplenlfoUa, (sweet fern. O. g. Ap. h.) leaves long-linear, alternately- 
 crenate-pinnatifid. A small odoriferous bush, from 2 to 4 feet high. 
 Dry barren situations. Mild astringent and tonic. B. It is also a 
 secornant stimulant. 
 
 22 — 4. Conferva. 57. 2. 
 
 1, Coloured, (not green) ramose, 
 rufa, threads ramos?, capillary, straight, obsoletely geniculate : branch- 
 es and branchlets opposite, remotish : length of the joints equalling 
 the diameter. In the sea. Reddish-yellow, shining, in fascicles : 
 threads of the thickness of human hair, 2 inches and longer, placid, 
 soft. 
 
 2. Coloured, simple. 
 
 hickiAa, threads simple, cylindric, fascicled : joints twice as long, as 
 thick In bays, &c. fascicled like a pencil-brush, an inch or an inch 
 and a half, yellow-ferru^^inous. 
 
 3. Green, simph. 
 
 Jloccosa, threads simple, spider-web-like, woven into abuUate stratum -. 
 joints with the length and diameter equal. In ditches and slow- 
 tlowing streams, frequent early in the spring, yellowish-green. Ad- 
 heres to paper or leaves. 
 
 capillaris, threads simple, variously refiexed and loosely interwoven : 
 joints when dry alternately compressed : granulations scattered. 
 Common in still water. Joints vary in length. Hardly adheres- to 
 paper J obscure green. 
 
 ve^caia, threads simple, slender: joints six times as long as thick ; in 
 some parts globose-inflated. \aLr.fuscescens, socty-yellow. 
 
 fontinalis, threads simple, adnate, fascicled, straight, obtuse : joints 
 ihrice as long as thick. In limpid fountains, bright green. Hardlj 
 udheres to paper when dry. 
 
 li/tutn, threads simple., filiform, very long, variegated and equal wheu 
 :h*y : diaraotcr of the joints about equalling the length. In saltwater 
 iilches. Will not adkere to paper. 
 
 . ^: n.'arls, threads simple, capillary, very long, straight, equal -. knee- 
 joints pellucid, joints bearing grains, diameter about one third their 
 length, alternately compressed Avhen dry. In rivers, sujamer acn<i 
 
CONFERVA, COXVALLARIA. 269 
 
 autumn. Obscure green, more slcuder than human hair. Variety, 
 crispala, has ramose threads. 
 
 4. Green, ramose and sub-mersed. 
 
 frada, threads rigid, very branching, capillary ; branches divaricate, 
 alternate : joints tive times as long as thick. Commou in ditches, 
 large. 
 
 glomcrata, threads very branching, capillary : branches alternate, ter- 
 minal ones fastigiate, somewhat 1-sided : joints cylindric, Cour times 
 as long as thick. Common in ri\ ers and lakes. Adheres siighlly to 
 paper. 
 
 rupeslris, threads fascicled, very branching, straight, wand-like, obtuse : 
 branches erect: knee-joints pellucid ; joints cylindric, thrice as long 
 as thick. In the sea and bays. Threads from 3 inches to a hand's 
 breadth in length. Does not adhere to paper when dry. 
 
 5. Green, ramose and emersed. 
 re/u/ma, threads creeping, rooting; fibrils flexuose, hyaline, ramose; 
 branches erect, obtuse, interwoven into a veil-like tissue : upper 
 joints double the length of the diameter. On the naked earth. 
 
 5—2. CoNirjM. 45. CO. 
 
 inaculatum (poison hemlock. O. w. Ju. 2^.) stem very brandling, spot- 
 ted ; leaves very compound : seeds striate. Powerful narcotic. 
 
 22—6. CoNoPLEA. 58. 1. 
 
 sjihaerica, in groups, sub-conduent, becoming a dark olive, tubercled or 
 sub-granulated, spherical. On deciduous branches in dense masses. 
 
 6—1. COXOSTYLIS. 10. 17. 
 
 amtricana (weed-grass. D. y. Ju. 2^.) corol woolly within : scape co- 
 rymb-pauicled : leaves grass-ensiform, glaucous : filaments equal. 
 
 6 1. CONVALLARIA. 11. 12. 
 
 1, Corol cylindric or funnel -form ; stamens attached to the vpperjiarl of 
 the corol. (1) 
 
 ftrtgus///bZirt, Ph. (2-flowered solomon-seal.P. y-w. M. U-) stem terete : 
 
 (1) This seclioais the Polyg^onatum, P. 
 
 Y5 
 
270 GONVALLAEIA. 
 
 leaves alternate, sessile, lance-oval, sharp, sub-tri nerved, glabrous : 
 peduncles axillary, long, about 2-flowered. 
 
 canaliculata,W. (1) (clasping solomon seal. H.w. Ju. 24) stem chan- 
 nelled : leaves alternate, clasping, oblong, margin pubescent : pe- 
 duncles axillaiy, about 2-flowered. 
 
 fuhescens, W. (0. w. M. 2/.) stem teretish, deeply furrowed : leaves 
 alternate, clasping, ovate, pubescent beneath : peduncles axillary, 
 about 2-flowered, 
 
 multiftora (giant solomon seal. O. w. Ju. 21.) stem terete : leaves al- 
 ternate, clasping, oblong-oval : peduncles axillary, some of them 
 many-flowered. 
 
 laiifolia (P.J. 1^.) stem angled : leaves sessile, ovate, acuminate : pe- 
 duncles 1 or many-flowered. Very tall. 
 
 Carols hell or wheel-form ; stamens attached to the base of the carol. (2) 
 racemosa, D. (spiked solomon seal. O. y-w. M. 2^.) stem Avith alternate 
 leaves : leaves sessile, oblong-oval, acuminate, nerved, pubescent : 
 flowers in a terminal raceme-panicle. 
 stellata (V. W. C. T. P. w. M. 11-) stem with alternate, clasping, lanceo- 
 late leaves : raceme simple, terminal. 8 to 12 inches high. 
 elliata, D. (Can. w. J. 2^.) stem arched : leaves sessile, ovate, ciliate : 
 
 panicle terminal, crowded. FloAvers very small. 
 trifolia (P. w. J. 2.^.) stem with three alternate, .pubescent, lance-ob- 
 long leaves : raceme terminal, lax. Near the great lakes. 
 hifolia, Mx. (3) (dwarf solomon seal. O. av. Ju. 24 ) stem with two 
 heai't oblong, sub-sessile, glabrous leaves : raceme simple, terminal : 
 flowers tetrandrous. 
 majalls (lily of the valley. E. w. J. 24!.) scape naked, smooth : leaves 
 oval-ovate. 
 
 Remark. The above genus has been divided, and the new genera, 
 Smilacina and Polygonatum taken from it. Vide Pursh, page 232, and 
 on. It is true that artificial characters have been assumed, which are 
 constant and distinct. Any natural genus may be divided in the same 
 way. But I never knew artificial characters applied in making such 
 unnatural and unnecessary havoc in a genus containing such a natural 
 assemblage of plants. Some of the species most nearly related are se- 
 parated, and those least related are kept together. 
 
 (1) co'ygoratumjM. 
 
 (2) This section includes the Convallaria majalis, L. and the genus Smilacina, J). 
 taken from the Convdllaria. (3; canadensis, Ph. 
 
CONVOLVULUS^ CONYZA. 271 
 
 5 — 1. Convolvulus. 29. 43. 
 arvensis, S. (bindweed. P. New-England, w. Ju. 2^.) twining, glabrous: 
 leaves sagittal.;, both lobes and apex acute : peduncles about 1-flow- 
 ered : bracts minute, remote from the flower. 
 sepium, W. (1) (lield bind^veed. O. w. ^r. J. If.) twining : leaVes sag- 
 gittate, with the apex acute and the lobes truncate, entire (some ob- 
 tuse) : bracts acute, longer than the calyx, and shorter than the 
 middle of the corol : peduncle exceeding the angle of the petal. 
 panduratm, Mx. (mechoacan. C. P. w. & r. Ju. 2^.) twining, pubescent : 
 leaves broad-cordate, entire or lobed, guitar-form; peduncles long ; 
 flowers fascicled : calyx glabrous, awnless : corol subulate, bell- 
 form. A mild cathartic, and resembles rhubarb in its effects. B. 
 batatas (sweet potatoe, Carolina potatoe. Southern states, w-r. Ju. !(.•) 
 creeping, tuberous : leaves cordate, hastate, angular-lobed, 5-nerv- 
 ed, smoothish : peduncles long ; flowers fascicled : corol sub-cam- 
 panulate. Cultivated. 
 j«/a/)rt (jalap. Southern states, w. J. If.) pubescent: leaves cordate, 
 entire and lobed, rugose-plaited, downy beneath : peduncles 1 to 3- 
 flowered : flowers sub-campanulate : root very thick. A well 
 known cathartic. 
 stans, Mx. (2) (dwarf morning glorj-. 0. w. J. If.) erect, downy : leaves 
 lance-oblong, acuminate, cordate, hind-lobes obtuse : peduncle 1- 
 flowered, long : bracts ovate, acute : stem floriferous below. 
 sagitfifolius, Mx. (3) (arrow bindweed. C. r. J. 11.) climbing, glabrous : 
 leaves thick, with roundish obtuse sinuate lobes ; the odd one lar^^er 
 emarginate : peduncles 1 -flowered ; corol short, sub-campanulate. 
 spithameus, W. (4) (P. T. w. J. If.) erect, pubescent ; leaves beart- 
 oval, obtuse ; peduncles l-flovvered, shorter than the leaves ; bracts 
 ovate, acute, stem floriferous above, 
 ^ico/or (.3-coloured bindweed. E. Ju.#.) leaves lance-ovate, glabrous : 
 stem declined : flowers solitary. 
 
 . Convolvulus, see Ipomaea. 
 18—2. CxvrzA. 49. 55. 
 
 camphorata, M. (5) (ma-f-sh fleabane, plowman's wort. Hig-hlands. C. P. 
 D. Y. n. Au. ) herbaceous, pubescent: leaves sessile, broad-Iance- 
 
 (1) rep«ns,L ''alysree-ia sopium, Br. 
 
 (2) Oaivpteoria tomentosa, Pk. (4) Calystepia snUhamaea, Pb, 
 (3; speciosus, Wr. (5) marylandica, Mx. 
 
272 CONYZA, COREOPSIS, 
 
 olatP, acute, serrate ; serratures at the apex cartilaginous : corymbs 
 terminal, fastigiate, condensed, almost leafless : scales of the calyx 
 subulate-inucronate : florets short. About a foot high, near rivers, 
 he. Odour resembling camphor. 
 [;(/ro>is, W. (Can. y.Ju. IT.) sub-glutinous: leaves clasping, spatulate- 
 oblong, acute, serrate : corymbs of the panicle glomerate. 
 
 13_13. CoPTis. 26. 61. 
 
 trifolia, By. (1) (gold thread. O. w. M. U-) scape l-flowered : leaves 
 temate. T-.vo or three i aches high. Roots long, filiform, golden- 
 yellow. Tonic bitter. B. 
 
 19 1. COKALLORHIZA, Br. (2) 7. 21. 
 
 innata, Br. (3) (corol root. W. V. P. w-y, M. 11.) scape sheathed, leaf- 
 less : flowers pedicelled ; petals lanceolate, the two lower ones 
 lance-linear, deflected ; lip acute, 3-cleft, spur obsolete, adnate to the 
 germ. Plant white, with a much branched corol-like root. 
 
 odonlorhiza (corol teeth. O. p. w. Ju. 2|.) scape sheathed, leafless : 
 flowers pedicelled : petals lanceolate, equal : lip entire, oval, obtuse, 
 margin undulate or a little crenate ; spur obsolete, adnate to the 
 germ : capsule sub-globose. Resembles the last. 
 
 hyemalis (4) (adam and eve, putty root. V. W. C. T. g-p. M. 2/.) leaf 
 single, radical, many-nerved, ovate, nerves lucid : scape simple, 
 sheathed, erect : petals erect, 3 outer ones lanceolate, inner ones 
 oblong ; lip 3-cleft, obtuse, palate ridged, central lobe rounded, 
 crenulate. A cement resembling putty may be made of the root. 
 
 15 — 3. CoREuPsis. 49. 55, 
 
 tripteris (tickseed sunflower. P. T. y. 2^.) glabrous ; leaves opposite, 
 petioled, lanceolate, entire ; radical ones pinnate, cauline ones ter- 
 nate : rays entire . s^;eds obovate, naked at the apex. 
 
 t-richosperma, Mx. (C. D. y. Ju ^' .) glabrous; dichotomous .- leaves 
 opposite, quinnte-pinnate, lanct-olate serrate : outer Icafets of the ca- 
 lyy (8) spa^!i!ate, ciliate serrate : rays entire: seed wedge-form : 
 about 4-toothed. SAvauips. 
 
 diciiolo.na, Mx. (5) (C. y S. 0.) stem glabrous, nakedish and dichoto- 
 mous above : leaves mostly alternate, undivided, entire, narrowing 
 
 (-1) HeHeborus .lifolUiSjL. (3) curallorhiion, W. 
 
 (2) C V !«! d.l iuin , W. (4; Aplectrum he imale, N, 
 
 (5) gladiata, Wr. 
 
COREOrSIS^ CORNUS. 273 
 
 iuto the petiole : seedobovate, 2-bristled, scabrous, ^vith a torn mar- 
 gin. Swamps. 
 
 alttrnij'ulia, L. (1) (P. C.y. k \v. Au. li.) stem winged : leaves lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, sub-petioled, serrate ; flowers coryrabed ; ray- 
 florets lanceolate. Meadows, &ic. 
 
 ro^ea, N. (D. P. r. M.) small, very smooth : stem mostly simple : leaves 
 linear, entire ; axils leafy : flowers few, long-peduncled, dicho<o- 
 mous, terminal ; rays unequally 3-toothed. In grassy sw amps. 
 
 5 — 2. CORIANDRUM. 45. 60. 
 
 sativum, (coriander. E. w. J. ^.) fruit globose : calyx and style per- 
 manent. 
 
 22 5. CoRKICULABIi.. 57. 2. 
 
 puhescens, (horned lichen.) frond decumbent, terete, rugose, a little 
 scabrous, dark-coloured : branches interwoven, capillaiy, the ex- 
 treme ones simple : receptacles of one colour, entire all around. Oa 
 moist rocks, k,c. 
 
 fibrillosa, frond obscurely soot-yellow, terete, smoothish, slender, en- 
 tangled, ramose, somewhat rough-haired from the branchlets and 
 fibres, which are flexuose, ramose, very thick, u-regular, sub-clavate.. 
 On rocks. Variety of the pubescens. 
 
 4—1. CoRNus. 45. 58. 
 
 canadensis, (dogweed, low cornel. O.w. M. If.) herbaceous: leaves at 
 the top, whorled, veiny : involucres ovate, acuminate ; fruit globose. 
 About 6 inches high. Berries red. 
 
 fiorida, (false box, dogwood tree. 0. w-y. M. ^.) leaves ovate, acumi- 
 nate ; involucres 4, very large, somewhat obcordate, and appear like 
 petals : fruit ovate. Size between shrub and tree. Berries red : in- 
 volucres white, very showy, but the corols are obscure. Tonic, re- 
 sembling in effects the peruvian bark, for which it serves as a good 
 substitute. B. 
 
 mojicula, (cornelian cherry. E. >>.) umbels equalling the involucre. 
 
 sanguinea, Hr. (T Can. w. J. ^.) branches straight: leaves ovate, 
 both sides pubescent and coloured alike : cymes spreading. About 
 10 feet high. Berries dark-brown : anthers yellow. 
 
 alha,\y.{2) (white dogwood. O. J. ^.) branches recurved ; branch- 
 
 . ri.) Verbesinacoreopsic, Ms. Actinomcris squarrosa. N, 
 (?) stsleniftra, Kx. 
 
274 CORNUS, CORYDALIS. 
 
 lets glabrous : leaves ovale, acute, pubescent, hoary beneath : cymes 
 depressed. About 10 feet high, with red branches. Berries bluish- 
 white. 
 
 sericec:, V/. (1) (red csier. O. vv. .T. T? ) branches spreading; branch- 
 lets woolly : leaves ovate> acuminate, rusty-pubescent beneath : 
 cymes depressed, woolly. Alfout 7 feet high. Berries bright blue- 
 Properties similar to the fioriJa. B. 
 
 uUernifoiia, Hr. (C, T. ?. w. M. ^.) branches warty : leaves alternate- 
 ovate, acute, hoary beneath : cymes depressed, spreading. About 
 18 feet high. Berries purple. . 
 
 eircinain, Hr. (2) (O. w. J. ^.) bi^anches warty: leaves broad-oval, 
 acuminate, white-downy beneath : cyme much spread. About 8 
 feet h'gh. Berries blue. 
 
 siricta, H. (3) (0. w. Ju. ^ ) branches straight, fastigiate : leaves ovate, 
 acuminate, glabrous, colour nearly alike both sides : panicled-cyme 
 convex. 
 
 paniculala, 117.(4) (bush dogwood. O. w. J. ■^.) branches erect : leaves 
 ovate, acuminate, glabrous, hoary beneath : flowers in a thyrsed 
 cyme. About 6 feet high. Berries white, globular-flattened. 
 
 17—10. CoiiONiLLA. 32. 93. 
 
 cvurus, (coroniila. E. y. 21.) stem angled, woody: peduncles about 
 .3-flowered ; claws of the petals about thrice as long as the calyx. 
 
 17—6. CoBYDALis. V. (5) 24. 62. 
 
 cucullaria, W . (colic weed. 0. y. &- w. M. If.) stemless: corol 2-spur- 
 red : scape naked : raceme simple, one-sided : nectaries of the length 
 of the corol : style .enclosed : root bulbous. Leaves more than de- 
 compound. All the specimens which were found by my class at 
 Williaras College, v/ere hexandrous ; they had also a 2-leaved bract 
 so near the calyx as to give the appearance of a 4-leaved calyx. 
 fungosa, A. (6) (climbing colic-weed. W. P. C Catskill. Plainfield, 
 Mass. r-w. J. <? .) stem climbing: leaves cirrose : racemes axillary, 
 corymbed, nodding : corol monopetalous, gibbous both sides of the 
 base, thick and fungus-like. 
 
 glauca, Ph. (7) (0. y-r-g. J. ^ .) corol 1-spurred : stem branching, 
 erect : leaves glaucous ; cauline ones biternate : raceme sub-co- 
 
 (1) lanuginosa, Mx. alba, Wr. rubiginosa, Eh. 
 
 (2) (.o»er!ti;losa,Mx. ru^osa, Lk. f'3) fastigiata, Ms- sangninei. Wr. 
 44J racemosa, Lk. (5) f uniaria, L. (6) recta, Mx. f) serapeiViren5,E. 
 
CORYDALIS;, CRAT.^GUS. 275 
 
 rymbed : bracts minute ; silique linear, thrice as long as the peduncle. 
 Grows 1 to 4 feet high. 
 
 formosa, Ph. (V. Can. r. M. 2^.) scape naked : raceme somewhat com- 
 pound, nodding, many-flowered : nectaries verj' short, incurved : 
 style extended : divisions of the leaves oblong, gash-pinnatifid : root 
 tuberous : flowers 2-spurred. 
 
 aurea, VV. (P. D. West-Point, y. M. #.) stem branching, diffuse : leaves 
 doubly -pinnate ; leafets divided, lance-Iinear, acute at both ends : 
 racemes one-Avay : bracts broad-lanceolate, sub-denticulate : silique 
 terete, thick, twice as long as the peduncles. 
 
 20—13. CoRYLUS. 50. 99. 
 
 avellana, (filbert. E. Ap. ^.) stipules oblong, obtuse: calyx of the 
 fruit campanulate, spreading at the apex, torn-toothed : leaves round- 
 cordate, acuminate. Var. maxima, has a gash-toothed calyx : nut 
 depressed-ovate. 
 
 ximericana, Wm. (hazel-nut. 0. Ap. fp.) leaves broad-cordate : calyx 
 of the fruit hispid, with glandular heads at the ends of the hairs, cam- 
 panulate, longer than the roundish nut ; limb spreading, tooth-serrate. 
 
 roslrata,W. (beaked hazel. 0. Ap. h.) leaves oblong-ovaie, acumi- 
 nate : stipules lance-linear : calyx of the fruit bell-tubular, 2-parted j 
 divisions gash-toothed ; elongated beyond the nut into a beak. 
 
 5 — 2. Crantzia. N. 45. 60. 
 
 lineata, (1) (false navel-wort. D. w. M. If.) stem creeping, terete, fili- 
 form : peduncles axillary, in many-flowered simple umbels, (8 to 12 :) 
 involucres about 5-Ieaved : leaves wedge-linear, obtuse, sessile. 
 Small ; in salt marshes. 
 
 12—5. Crat.€gus. 3n. 92. 
 
 cbccinea, A. {2) (thorn-bush. O.w. M. f?.) thorny : leaves heart-ovate, 
 t^ash-angled, glabrous, acute, serrate ; petioles and calyx pubescent, 
 glandular : petals orbicular : styles 5. Var. viridis, has lance-ovate 
 leaves, sub-trilobate : stem unarmed. The berries are large, red 
 and pleasant tasted. 
 
 'pyrifolm, A. (3) (pear-leaf thorn. T. C. P. w. J. ^.) thorny or unarm- 
 ed : leaves oval-ovate, gash-serrate, so.newhat plaited and rather 
 
 (1) Hydrocotyle lineata, Mx. {2) MpsoHus aestivalis, Wr. 
 
 (3) cornii'olia, P. leucopheu?, Mn. Jlespilus latifolia, Lk. 
 
276 CRAT-^GUS, CROCUS. 
 
 rough-haired : calyx a little villose ; leafets lance-linear, serrate : 
 flowers with 3 styles. 
 
 populifolia, Wr. (1) (P. w. J. fp .) thorny : leaves heart-ovate, truncate 
 at the base, gash-angled, glabrous : petioles and calyx without 
 glands : styles 5. jberries small, red. 
 
 elliptica, W. (2) (P. C. M. >>.) thorny : leaves oval, unequally serrate, 
 glabrous : petioles and calyx glandular : divisions of the calyx ob- 
 tuse : berry globose, 5-seeded. 
 
 glandulosa,V»\ (3) (0. w. M. fp.) thorny : leaves wedge-obovate, an- 
 gled, glabrous, shining : petioles, stipules and calyx glandular : ber- 
 ries oval, 5-seeded. Berries red, naiddle size. Stamens sometimes 
 10. 
 
 ^ara, W.(4) (yellow-berried thorn. Vermont. M. ^) thorny; leaves 
 wedge-obovate, sub-lobate, crenate-sorrate : petioles short : stipules 
 cordate, glandular : flowers sub-solitary : herry 4-seeded, turbinate. 
 
 punctata, W (5) (common thorn tree 0. w. M. Tp.) thorny or unarmed : 
 leaves wedge-obovate, sub-plicate, glabrous, gash-serrate, decurrent 
 into the petiole : calyx villose, divisions subulate, entire : berry sub- 
 globose, depressed. Var. rubra, has red berries. Yar. a«rea, yellow 
 ben-ies with dark specks. 
 
 crus-galli, W. (G) (thorn tree. O. w. M. fp.) thorny : leaves wedge-ob- 
 ovate, sub-sessile, shining, leathery : corymbs compound : leafets of 
 the calyx lanceolate, sub-serrate : styles 2. Var. splendens, leaves 
 wedge-obovate. Var. pyracanthifolia, leaves lance-oblong, sub-cu- 
 neiform. VB^r.salicifolia, leaves lanceolate. Berries small, red, 
 
 parvifolia, W. (7) (low thorn. D. w. M. ^.) thorny : leaves wedge- 
 ovaie, gashed, serrate, sub-tomentose : leafets of the calyx lanceo- 
 late, gashed, of the length of the fruit .- flowers solitary, styles 5 : 
 fruit sub-turbinate, warty-punctate. Fruit greenish-yellow. 
 
 oxyacantha {quickaet. '£. \v. M. '^.) leaves obtuse, somewhat 3-cIeft, 
 serrate, glabrous : peduncles and calyx somewhat glabrous : seg- 
 ments of the calyx lanceolate, acute ; styles 2. Naturalized. 
 
 3 — 1. Crocus. 6. 18. 
 
 officinalis (saffron. E. y. 2^.) leaves linear, with revolute margins : stig- 
 
 (\ ) cordata, A. Mespilus phoenopyrum, L. acerifolia, Lk. 
 
 (£; prunifolia, Lk. (3) Mespilus rolundifolia, Eh. 
 
 (4) virulis, vVr. gl.-indulosa, Mx. michaux, P. 
 
 (o) Mespilus cunftifolia, Eh. cornifolla, Lk. (G; lucida, Wm. hrenialis, We. 
 
 r*) tomentosa,L. Mespilus laciniala, Wr. 
 
CROTALARIA, CUCUMIS. 277 
 
 mii exsert, with long linear segments. V^ar. safiviis, having violet 
 corols. 
 
 17—10, Crotalaria. 32, 93. 
 
 iaglHalis, Mx. (rattle-box. T. N. C. P. y. Ju. 0.) hirsute, erect, branch- 
 ing : leaves simple, lance-oblong : stipules lanceolate, acuminate, 
 decun-ent : racemes opposite to the leaves, about 3-flowered : corol 
 less than the calyx. 
 
 parviflora, W. (1) (P. C. y. J. 0.) hirsute, erect, branching : leaves 
 simple, lance-linear : stipules above decurrent, with two short teeth ' 
 racemes opposite to the leaves : corol smaller than the calj^x, 
 
 22—2. Crvph^a. 56. 4. 
 
 hcieromnlla, stem branching, diffuse : leaves lance-ovate, acute 1- 
 nerved : capsules lateral, sub-sessile. On trunks. 
 
 3—2. Crypsis. Lk. 4. 10, 
 rirginica, (2) (C. D. P. S. U-) spikes oblong, thick-Iobed : stem pro- 
 cumbent, geniculate j joints numerous, approximate : leaves invo- 
 lute, rigid, pungent ; calyx keeled, shorter tlian the corol. 
 
 2—2. Crvpta. N. 13. 86. 
 minima, (3) (mud purslane. P. T. w-g. S.) stem dichotomous, decum- 
 bent, striate : leaves wedge-oval or obovate, opposite, sessile, entire 
 papillose above, with very minute stipules : flowers axillary, sessile 
 solitary. Very abundant on the shores oi the Hudson between high 
 and low water mark, about a mile below Albany. 
 
 10 — 3. CucuBALus. 22. 82. 
 
 behen, (bladder campiou. C. P. w. Ju. 2i.) giabrous, glaucous, decum- 
 bent : leaves oblong-oval, acute, nerveless : calyx inflated-membra- 
 naceous, veiny. 
 
 steUalvs, (Y. C. P. T. N-eivburgh. w. Ju..2^.) pubescent, erect: leaves 
 whorlod, in fours, lance-oval, very long-acuminate. About 2 or 3 
 feet high. 
 
 20—16. Crci'Mis. 34. 97. 
 
 colocynthis, (bitter apple. E. ^.) leaves many-cleft: pomaceous berrr 
 globose, glabrous. Fruit very bitter. 
 
 (!) A rariety of sa^ttalis, Mx. (2) A^stis virginica, W. C^JTeplis «inericai]a, Th, 
 
 JU 
 
278 CUCUMIS^ CUPIIEA. 
 
 anguria, (pricey cucumber. E.) leaves palmate-sinuate : fruit globose, 
 ecliinate. 
 
 anguinis, (snake cucumber. E. 0.) leaves lobed : pomaceous berry 
 cylindric, very loni, smooth, contorted, plaited. 
 
 melo, (muskmelon. E. y. Ju. #.) angles of the leaves rounded: pome 
 oblongj torulose. Sweet-scented. 
 
 sutivus, (cucumber. E. y. Ju. 0) angles of the leaves straight : poma- 
 ceous berry oblou ;;, scab'ou?. Brought from Asia. 
 20—16. CucuRBiTA. 34. 97. 
 
 oi-ifera, (er^j-squa h. E. f-.) leaves cordate, angled-5-lobed, denticu- 
 late, pubescent : pompceou: berry with fillet-like stripes lengthwise. 
 
 verrucosa, (club squish. E. y. J. ©.) leaves cordate, deeply 5-lobed; 
 
 middle lobe narrowed at the base, denticulate : pomaceous berry 
 
 clavate, a little warty. 
 
 nielopcpo, (ilaf squa=h. E.y. J. @.) leaves cordate, obtuse, sub-o-lobed, 
 
 denticulate : pomaceous ben y depress-based, swelled at the margin. 
 
 jjepo, (pumpkin. E. y. Ju. 0.) leaves cordate, obtuse, sub-5-lobed, 
 denticulate : pomaceous berry roundish or oblong, smooth. Var. 
 poilro, has the fruit mere or less flattened. From Asia. 
 
 cilrullus, (watermelon. E. y. Au. %.) leaves 5-lobed ; the lobes sinu- 
 ate-pinnatifid, obtuse : pomaceous berry oval, smooth. Fruit wa- 
 teiy, often striped. From Africa, and the south of Asia. 
 
 lagenaria, (gourd, calabash. E. w. Au. @.) leaves cordate, round-ob- 
 tuse, pubescent, denticulate ; with 2 glands at the base on the under 
 side j pomaceous berry clavate, somewhat woody. 
 14—1. CuNiLA. 42. 39. 
 
 itiariana, (1) (dittany. C. P. Highlands, r-b. J. 2|.) leaves ovate,, ser- 
 rate, sessile : corymbi terminal, dichotomous. Dry places. Dia- 
 phoretic. B. 
 
 Cunila, see Hedeoma. 
 
 11 — 1. CUPHEA. 54. 91. 
 
 riscoslssima, (wax-bush. V. P. p. J. 1?.) viscous: leaves opposite, pe- 
 tioled, ovate-oblong : flowers with 12 stamens, lateral, solitary: pe- 
 duncles very short. This plant is said to be sometimes herbaceous. 
 Dr. M. Stevenson found it in Cambridge, N. Y. where it grows about 
 14 inches high on wet ground, with a frutescent stem. 
 
 (I) Zlziphora raariana. Rs. 
 
CUPRESSUS^ CYNOGLOSSUM. 279 
 
 20—10. CupRESSus. 51. 100. 
 
 (hijoideSj Wm. (white cedar. D. C. M, Tp.) branchlets compressed : 
 leaves imbricate four ways, ovate, tubercled at the base : strobile 
 globular. 
 
 5—2. CuscuTA. 29. 43. 
 
 ^jnericana, W. (dodder. O. w. Au. @.) flowers peduneled, umbelled, 
 5-cleft : stigma capitate. A bright yellow leafless vine, twining 
 around other w^eeds in damp places. In some parts of New-England 
 it is called gold-thread vine. 
 
 curopea, (T. w. Au. 0.) flowers sub-sessile: stigma acute: stamens 
 mostly 5. Grows at Schenectady, N. Y. Tracy. 
 
 22— e. Cyathus. 53. 1. 
 slriatus, (tunnel fungus.) dark-brown, villous, striate within, cbesnut- 
 
 brown. On the earth and fallen branches in woods, late in autumn. 
 oUa, cinereous outside, or becoming sooty-yellow, sub-tomentose ; 
 
 lead-livid within. 
 nifidus, (bird-nest fungus.) campanulate, grey, tomcntose, margin at 
 
 length revolute ; shining lead-colour within, striate with concentric 
 
 zones. In sand and on wood, in summer and autumn. 
 crucibidum, sub-cylindric, indurated, sub-tomentose, ochre-yelloM'. 
 
 In pine woods, rarely in gardens, on branches, chips, kc. 
 
 19 — 1. Cymbidium. 7. 21. 
 pukheUiu7},S\\.(\) (grass pink. O.r.Ju. 2^.) leaves radical, ensiform, 
 nerved : scape few-flowered ; lip erect, slender at the base : lamina 
 spread ; disk concave, bearded. 
 
 18—1. Cyxara. 49. 54. 
 
 cardunculus, (cardoon. E. 2^.) leaves spinose, all pinnatifid : scales of 
 
 the calyx ovate. 
 scolymus, (garden artichoke. E. U-) leaves sub-spinose, pinnate : scales 
 
 of the calyx ovate. 
 
 5 — 1. Cynoglossum. 41. 42. 
 officinale, (hound-tongue. O. p. Ju. $ .) very soft-pubescent: leaves 
 broad-lanceolate, sessile : panicled racemes. 
 
 (i; Limodorum tuberosum, L. Calopogon pulchelluro, Br. See Corallorbiza. 
 
280 CYNOGLOSSUM^ CYPERUS. 
 
 amplexicaule, Mx. (1) (W. V. P. w. k h. J. 21.) very hirsute : leaves 
 oval-oblong} upper ones clasping ; corymbs terminal, leafless, long- 
 pedunclecl. 
 
 * 3—2. CvNODOS. Rd. 4. 10. 
 
 dactylon,(2) (flat finger-grass. O.Ju. If.) spikes digitate: flowers im- 
 bricate in a single series, solitary. A creeping grass, and grows best 
 on dry sandy land. 
 
 3—1. CypERUs. 3. 9. 
 1. Sjnkeleis aggregate. 
 
 Licolor, M. (P. Au.) umbel compound : rachis an^lar : spikeFets coffi' 
 pressed, lanceolate, acute : scales lanceolate, purple on the margin, 
 obtuse : pistil long, 2-cleft : seed oval, ash-colour, smooth -. involucre 
 3-leaved, much longer than the umbel. Vid. Barton's Flo. Phil. 
 
 poceformis, Ph. (O. g-p. Au.) spikelets oblong, flat, fascicle-corymbed j 
 fascicles sessile and peduncled : involucre 3-leaved, very long. 
 
 tincinaiv.s, Ph. (3) (0. J. <? .) little heads sub-globose, glomerate ; 
 spikelets linear, about 8-flowered : valves lanceolate, recurve-acu- 
 minate : involucre about 2-leaved, very long. 
 
 2. Umbels with elongated rays: spikelets terminal, umhelled. 
 
 tenuis, Vahl. (C.) umbel terminal, .simple: involucre 3 or 4-leaved, 
 longer than the spikelets, rough at the apex ; peduncles unequal : 
 spikelets lanceolate, alternate, yellow, acute, 10 to 17-floweredj 
 bracted at the base. Swamps. 
 
 brizeeus, Rd. (C. Ju. If.) spikelets oblong-ovate, obtuse : umbels crowd- 
 ed, leafless; leaves narrow: 
 
 injlexus, (P.Ju.) umbels 3-leaved, simple: spikes 3, ovate, one sessile, 
 the others peduncled, canglomerate : spikelets oblong, green, com- 
 pressed, 7-flowered : plant sweet-scented. 
 
 3. Umbels icith elongated rays : spikelets alternate. 
 
 phymatodcs, M. (P. Au. 11.) umbels simple or decompound, rayed : 
 involucre 3 to 9-leaved, unequal ; three of the leafets very long, sca- 
 brous at the margin : peduncles compressed : spikelets 2-ranked, li- 
 near ; lower ones compound ; upper ones simple, 15-flowered : bracts 
 linear. 
 
 (1) virt,-inianuin, L. (2) DigUaria dactylon, M- Panicum dactylort> I 
 
 ^a) iiiflexus, 2i' 
 
CYPEIIUS, CYPRIPEDIUM. 281 
 
 erylhrorhizus, M. (1) (0. Au. 0.) umbel decompound, 3-leaved ; um- 
 bellets mostly wanting : involucre 3 to 6-leaved, very long, scabrous : 
 spikelets alternate, linear, approximate, long, horizontal, 12-flower- 
 ed, terete-compressed. 
 
 parvijlorus, M. (P. D. V. Au.) umbel compound : involucre 3-leaved, 
 longer than the peduncles : peduncles glabrous, many (6 to 10,) 3- 
 sided : spikelets 3, compressed, alternate, ovate, S-flowered. Mud, 
 &c. 
 
 diandruSfTorrey. (C. Au.) culm obtusely three-cornered, and weak : 
 umbel about 1-rayed, with the flowers in fascicles : involucre 3- 
 leaved, 2 leaves much longer than the umbel : spikes chesnut-brown, 
 lance-oblong, compressed, many-flowered (14 to 16 :) glumes acutish, 
 keeled ; stamens but 2 : style bifid : seed ovate-compressed. See 
 Torrey's catalogue, p. 90. 
 
 flavescens, (C. P. Pittsfield. Au. <J.) spikelets lance-linear, crowded : 
 involucre 3-leaved, longer than the 3-cleft umbel. Bog meadows, 
 salt and fresh. 
 
 sfrigosus, Vahl. (O. g-y. Au. 14.) spikes oblong, lax : spikelets subulate, 
 spreading, remotisli : Lnvolucres nearly wanting : rays of the umbel- 
 lets alternate. Meadows. 
 
 4. Umbels with short rays : spikes digitate, 
 ceespif^sus, Torrey. (C. Au. If.) culm acutely 3-cornered : umbel ra- 
 diate or sub-radiate, tax ; rays short : involucre 4-leaved, two of the 
 leaves very long : spikes lance-linear, compressed, acute : stamens 
 2: style 2-cleft : seed oblong, obtuse, compressed. 5 to 12 inches 
 high. Seed glabrous. Salt marshes. See Torrey's catalogue of 
 New- York plants, p. 89. 
 
 19—2. Cypripediui.!. 7. 21. 
 
 candidum, M. (white ladies' slipper. P. w. M. ^.) stem leafy ; leaves 
 lance-oblong : lobe of the style lanceolate, obtusish : lip compress- 
 ed, shorter than the lanceolate petals. 
 
 parviflorum, Sy. (2) (C. P. y-g. M. U-) stem leafy : lobe of the style 
 triangular, acute ; outer petals oblong-ovate, acuminate ; inner ones 
 linear, contorted : lip shorter than petals, compressed. 
 
 vubescens, W. (3) (yellow ladies' slipper. H. y. M. U-) stem leafy : lobe 
 
 (1) strigosus, Sw, (2) calceelus, Mx. 
 
 (S) Qavescen?, Redoute. calceolusJWr. 
 
 Z 2 
 
282 CYPPaPEDlUM^ DANTHONIA. 
 
 of the style triangular-oblong, obtuse : outer petals oblon^-ovafe, 
 acuminate ; inner ones very long, linear, contorted : lip compress- 
 ed, shorter than the petals. Woods. 
 
 spedabile, W. (1) (gay ladies' slipper. W. T. C. V. P. w. fc p. J. 2^.) 
 stem leafy : lobe of the styi« oval -cordate, obtuse : outer petals 
 broad-oval, obtuse : lip longer than the petals, split before. Woods. 
 
 humile, W. (2) (low ladies* slipper. O. w. &- p. M. L^.) scape leafless, 1- 
 flowered : leaves radical, in pairs, oblong, obtuse : lobe of the style 
 round-rhomboid, acuminate, deflexed ; lip longer than the lanceo- 
 late petals, split before. Woods. 
 
 aridinum, A. (Can. w. r. g. M. ^.) stem leafy : lobe of the style orbi- 
 cular, obtusish ; petals 5, 2 lower ones lance-linear, horizontal, up- 
 per one ovate-oblo«g, acute 3 lip of the length of the petals, ob-conic 
 before, saccate. Damp, 
 
 3—2. Dactvlis. 4. 10. 
 
 frlomeruta (orchard grass. 0. J. H-) panicle one-sided, glomerate: 
 
 12—13. Dalibarda. 35. 92. 
 rq-)tns, Lk. (3) (H. w. J. K) villose : having creeping shoots : leaves 
 
 simple, cordate, crenate : peduncles 1-flowered. 
 fragaroides, Mx. (4) (dry strawberry. H. y. M. 2^.) leaves ternate : lea- 
 
 fets wedge-form, gash-serrate, ciiiate : peduncles many-flowered : 
 
 tube of the calyx obconic. 
 
 3_o, Danthonia, Dc. 4. 10. 
 
 spicata (3) (wild oats. O. J. It) leaves subulate, short; the radical 
 ones often hairy on the upper side : stifulfes obsolete, ciiiate : ra- 
 ceme simple, or divided near the base : spikelets 4 to 9 : calyx lon- 
 ger than the spikelets : florets 6 or 7. 
 
 ncricea (D. Ju.) culm erect : raceme compound ; branches 2 and 3- 
 flowered, spVkelets 9 to 13, 8 and 9-flowered, somewhat shorter than 
 the calyx : valves of the corol very unequal, outer lanceolate dense- 
 ly villose on the margin, bristly, 2-cleft at the apex, with a central 
 twisted awn : inner valve ciiiate, much shorten. 
 
 (t) ciTiadense, Mx. albun, A. reginae, Wr. (2) acaule-, A. 
 
 (3) V •■ oli. i-.u'u ies, Mx. Kubus dalibarda, W. (-i) X>rj as UifoUata, Pallasi 
 
 C5} Avena spicata. 
 
BAPHNEj DELPHINIUM. 283 
 
 8—1. Daphne. 31. 25. 
 
 meserewn (mezereon. E. M. ^.) flowers sessile, cauline, iu threes; 
 
 leaves lanceolate. 
 e(/ora (sweet mezereon. E. w. Ap. ^.) having many flowers in littlfr 
 
 terminal heads } leaves scattered, lance-oblong, glabrous. 
 
 21—1.3. Datisca. 54. 98 .' 
 hirta, W. (false hemp. P. y. If.) stem hirsute : leaves pinnate : leafets 
 running together at the base. Flowers small, panicled. 
 
 5—1. Datura. 28. 41. 
 stramonium (thorn apple.w -b. Au. 0.) pericarps spinose, erect, ovate • 
 
 leaves ovate, glabrous. Odour very disagreeable. 
 tatula (O. b. Ju. 0.) pericarps spinose, erect, ovate : leaves cordate, 
 
 glabrous, toothed. 
 
 5—2. Daccus. 45. 60. 
 
 carota (carrot. E. w. J. ^ .) seeds hispid : petioles nerved underside : 
 divisions of the leeifets narrow-linear, acute. 
 
 22—6. Dedalea. 58. 1. 
 
 qiiercina, coriaceous, pale-woody : pileus regular, glabrous; laminae 
 branch-sinuate with the hollows large. On trunks of oaks, kc. 
 
 22 — 4. Delesseria. 57. 2. 
 
 alata, stem compressed : leaves pinnate, confluent, ribbed, linear, en- 
 tire. In the sea. 
 
 13—2. Delphinium. 26. 61. 
 
 Tconsolidum (larkspur. E. b. Ju. 0.) nectaries 1-leaved : stem sub-divi- 
 ded. 
 
 ajacis (rocket larkspur. E. b. Au. 0.) nectary 1-leaved : stem simple. 
 
 exaltatum, W. (1) (P. b. Ju. 2^.) nectary i-leaved ; lip oblong, 2-cleft; 
 divisions lanceolate, equal : leaves 3-parted, divisions 3-cleft. 
 
 asureum, W. (2) (Southern states, b. M. TJ.) stem stiffly erect : leaves 
 linear, many-cleft : flowers spiked ; petals very downy : spur arched, 
 
 staphisagria (E.b. <? .) nectary 4-leaved, shorter than the petals : leaves 
 palmate, with obtuse lobes. 
 
 (i; trydactylum, Ms. OTceolalum, Jn. ^) carolinianum, Wi!^ 
 
284 DENTAUIA, eiCKSONIA. 
 
 15—2. DentarIxV. 39. 63. 
 diphylla, Mx. (tooth root, ^trickle, pepper-root. O. y. &i r. M. U) stem 
 
 with 2 leaves near each other ; which are ternate, ovate-oblong, une* 
 
 qually gash-toothed : root toothed. The root is white, brittle, and 
 
 has a strong taste resembling the horse-radish. 
 laciniata, W. (1) (New-England. C. P. Niagara, p. M. IT.) leaves ia 
 
 threes, ternate ; leafets 3-parted, linear-oblong, gash-toothed : root 
 
 tuberous, raoniliforra. 
 heterophylla, N. (P. p. w. J.) stem 2-ieaved ; leaves ternate, petioled, 
 
 leafets linear, sub-lanceolate, acute, entire, margin rough, ciliate : 
 
 radical leafets ovate-oblong, coarsely gash-toothed. Very small.— 
 
 Always one radical leaf with a long petiole. 
 
 10—2. DiANTHUs. 22. 82. 
 JarJa^Ms (sweet William. E. r. few. Ju. U-) flowers fascicled: scales 
 
 of the calyx ovate-subulate, equalling the tube : leaves lanceolate. 
 armeria (pink. New-Jersey ? r. Ju. #.) flowers aggregate, fascicled : 
 
 scales of the calyx lanceolate, villose, equalling the tube. 
 caryophyllus (carnation. E. r. Lw. U-) flowers solitary : scales of the 
 
 calyx sub-rhomboid, very short: petals crenate, beardless : leaves 
 
 linear-subulate, channelled. By rich culture, the stamens mostly 
 
 change to petals. 
 chinensis (china pink. E. Ju. #.) flowers solitary : scales of the calyx 
 
 subulate, spreading, leafy, equalling the tube : petals crenate : leaves 
 
 lanceolate. 
 plumarius (single pink. E. r. &. w. U-) flowers solitary : scales of the 
 
 calyx sub-ovate, very short and obtuse, awnless } corol many-cleft, 
 
 with the throat hairy. 
 
 5—1. DiAPENSiA. 21. 43. 
 
 lapponica, W. (2) (Whitehills. B\v. w. Ju. If.) leaves spatulate, gla- 
 brous : anthers oblique, awnless. 
 
 cunei/o/ia, Sy. (3) (Whitehills. Peck. C. w. J. T?.) leaves lance wedge- 
 form, pubescent below : anthers horizontal, beaked at the base. 
 
 22—1. DicKSONiA. 55. 5. 
 pilosiuscula, W. (4) (fine-haired fern. O.) frond doubly-pinnate ; leafets 
 
 (i) concatenata, Mx. ("2) obtugifolJa, Sy. (3) Pyxidanthera barbulala, 2Jj. 
 
 '4) pubescens, Sh» 
 
 M'- < 
 
BICRANUM. 285 
 
 Unce-oblong, pinnatifid ; divisions gash-toothed at the upper mar- 
 gin : stem sub-pilose. 
 
 22—2. DicRANUM. 56. 4. 
 1. Capsule icith apophyses, 
 
 cerviculatum, monoecious ; stem simple : leaves capillary, Avilhost 
 nerves, spreading, lax: capsule ventricose, erectish ; apoph3'sis gib- 
 fa ose. 
 
 virens, stems divided ; branchlets erect, sub-divided : leaves clasping 
 Rt the base, linear, flat, spreading, coiled: caisules nc^diug,^at 
 length curved; apophysis wen-like. 
 fragile, stem erect, ramose, very fragile : leaves erect, densely crowd- 
 ed together, somewhat whorled, lai ce-ovate, acuminate, sub-entire, 
 with the margin undulated : capsule nodding, elongated; apophysis 
 wen-like, at length striate. 
 
 2. Capsules ivithout apophysis, or truncated processes on the foreside of 
 the base. 
 
 (Leaves turned to one sidj^ ) 
 
 scoparium, stem ramose: leaves lance-ovat-^ acumiii?te, keeled, fal- 
 cate : pedicels sheathed, solitary : lid long-beak-'d. 
 
 condensalum, stem slrort, simple : leaves la.ice-oblong, macroc^te^ 
 with extended fascicular points : capsules nodding ; lids subufate. 
 On the earth. 
 
 heleromuUum, stem sub-simple : leaves capillary, ooe-nerved, dilated 
 at the base : capsule ovate ; lid long-beaked. 
 
 orthocarpon, small : stem short, simple : leaves setaceous, dilated at 
 the base : peduncle lateral, longish : capsule sub-erect, oblong-ovate ; 
 lid beaked. 
 
 tarium, stem sub-simple : leaves somewhat one-sided ; lower ones 
 lanceolate, upper ones subulate : capsules urqeolate, somewhat nod- 
 ding; lid conic. 
 
 (Leaves not one-sided.) 
 
 xanthodon, minute ; leaves lanceolate, long-aeuminate : capsul&s 
 
 ovate : teeth of the peristome yellow. 
 polycarpon, stem ramose : leaves linear-subulate, twisted when dry, 
 
 investing the stem on all sides : capsule obovate, €rectiib;fuiTOWfid-. 
 
 On rocks ia mountains. ^ 
 
286 DICRANUM^ DIGITAIilA. 
 
 glauRum, small : stem ramose, thick, with a dense foliation : lea^e? 
 glaucous, convex-channelled : capsule sub-inclined, oblong-ovate ; 
 lid slenderly subulate, sub-inflexed. 
 
 3. Capsules willi truncated prominences on the foreside of the base. 
 
 purpureuMj stem dichotomous : leaves lanceolate, twisted when dry, 
 furnished with a purple nerve : capsule oval ; lid conic. 
 
 22—2. DiDYMODON. 56. 4. 
 rigidulum, leaves lanceolate, cuspidate from the middle nerve, some- 
 what rigid : lid subulate, a little curved. 
 
 5—1. DiERVILLA. 4S. 58. 
 
 humiliSy'T. (1) (bush honeysuckle. O. y. Ju. ^.) peduncles axillary 
 and terminal, dichotomous, 3-flowered : leaves ovate, serrate, acu- 
 minate. Variable in size, 1 foot to 6. 
 
 14—2. Digitalis. 40. 40. 
 
 purpurea, (foxglove. E. p. Ju. ^ .) leafets of the calyx ovate, acute ; 
 corol obtuse j upper lip entire : leaves lance-ovate, rugose. 
 
 intermediaj (E. p. Ju.) leafets of the calyx lanceolate, equal : corol 
 slightly pubescent ; upper lip emarginate, 2-cleit : leaves pubescent 
 at the margins and base. Both species are powerful diuretics and 
 absorbents. The purp'irea is extensively cultivated by the Shakers 
 near Albany. 
 
 3—2. DiGITARIA. 4. 10. 
 
 sanguinalis, M. (2) (finger-grass. 0. g-p. Ju. 0.) spikes many : flowers 
 imbricate, in pairs : sheaths and leaves papillose-pilose : culm creep- 
 ing. 
 
 jyaspaloides, Mx. (3) (C. P. Au. ^.) spikes in pairs, sub-villose at the 
 base : rachis broadish, glabrous : flowers solitary, imbricate two 
 ways, glabrous : leaves spreading ; sheaths glabrous, villose at the 
 neck : culm creeping. 
 
 filiformis, M. (4) (C. D. P. Ju. ^.) racemes terminal, in pairs and 
 threes, alternate, pilose at the base, erect ; rachis flexuose, glabrous ; 
 florets 1 to 4, pcdiceiled : one. valve of the calyx 3-nerved, the other 
 
 (1) luea, Ph. tournefortiijMx. canadensis, M. Lonicera diervilla, L. 
 
 (2^ Panicum sanguinale, L. i ('3) iscbxmum, M. Paspalus digitaria, Pt. 
 
 (4; pilosa .-" Mx. Milium f anicffin, Sw. I'aspalus filiformls.Rs. 
 
DILATRIS^ DIPSACUS. 287 
 
 S'nerved : seeds black ; leaves glabrous beneath : lower sheaths 
 hairy, upper ones glabrous : culm straight, with dark glabrous joints. 
 
 3—1. DiLATRIS. 6. 18. 
 
 tinctoria, Ph. (1) (red-root. C. y. Ju. 2S-) petals lanceolate, doAvny 
 outside : panicle corymbed, downy ; leaves long, naked, linear, 
 
 10— 1. DioN.«A. 20. 68. 
 musclpida, W. (Venus' fly-trap. Southern states, w. Ju. Z/.) radical 
 leaves, with terminal ciliate appendages, somev»'hat resembling a rat- 
 ;trap ; this is suddenly closed on being irritated. Swamps. 
 
 21—6. DiOSCOREA. 11. 12, 
 
 villosa, (2) (yamroot. P. C. Highlands. J. 2^.) leaves alternate, opjro- 
 site and whorled, cordate, acuminate, pubescent beneath, 9-nerved ; 
 lateral nerves simple. Stem cltrabing, 
 
 glauca,^!. (P. J. If.) leaves glaucous, glabrous, cordate, acuminate, 
 9-nerved, in fours, alternate. Stem tAvining. 
 
 21—13. DiosPYROs. 18. Of}. 
 ■virginiana, (persimon, seeded plum. C. P. w-y. M, h ) leaves ovate- 
 oblong, acuminate, glabrous, reticulate-veined : petioles pubescent : 
 buds glabrous. 
 
 22 — 2. DiPHysciLM. 56. 4. 
 
 foUosinn, stemless : capsule sub-sessile : leaves lance-linear. 
 
 22—2. DiPLocoMiuM. (3) 56. 4. 
 
 longisetiim, caulescent : leaves gradually narrow-acute ; upper ones 
 subulate-acuminate from a broad base : peduncle very long 3 lid 
 conic : the setaceous teeth of the inner peristome about four times 
 as long as those of the outer peristome. 
 
 4—1. DipsAcus. 48. 56. 
 
 fnUomim, (teasel. E.w.Ju. <? .) leaves sessile, serrate: chaff hooked. 
 si/lvestrisj (wild teasel. P. C. Sheffield, Mass. Ju. ^ .) leaves connate, 
 
 sinuate : chaff straight : head involucred. Very abundant in Pom- 
 
 pey, N;Y. 
 
 ► -^ 
 
 (1) beritiera, B. Heriliera graelini, Mx. ^. 
 
 (2; paniciUaOQKx. (3) Mee^Hed, 
 
288 BIRCA, DRAC^XA. 
 
 8—1. DiRCA. 31. 25. 
 palustris, (leather-wood, moose-wood, american mezereon. O. y. Ap, 
 1^.) leaves oval : flowers axillary, 2 or 3 in a hairy bud-like invo- 
 lucre. Small bush : bark very tough. Woods. 
 
 5—1. DOOECATIIEON. 20. 34. 
 
 meadia, W. (false cowslip. P. p. M. U-) leaves oblong-oval, repand- 
 toothed : umbels many-tlowered, lax : bracts oval. Woods near 
 rivdrs. 
 
 iritegrifjlium, Mx. (P. b. J. U-) leaves spatulate, entire : umbels few- 
 flowered, straight : bracts I'.ncar. 
 
 17— lO. DoLic .0 :;2, 93. 
 
 pruriens, (cowa^e, or co-.v'tch. K. o. 'i^.) twJai.jg: leaves hairy be- 
 neath : lej^uines in racemes ; valves slightly keeled, hairy : pedun- 
 cles in threes. 
 
 jmrpvytiis, (wild cowhage. P. p. dj twining: stem glabrous: petioles 
 pubescent : corol with spreadin!< wings. 
 
 18—2. DoKO.MruM. 49. 55. 
 
 nudioaule, Mx. (1) (leopard's bant. P. y. J. 11-) stem nearly leafless : 
 in some the peduncles are divided at the top : leaves decussate, op- 
 posite, oblong-ovate. 
 
 15—1. Drab A. 39. 63. 
 
 verna, (whitlow grass. C. P. w. Ap. #.) scape naked : leaves oblong, 
 acute, <^ub .-(-rrate, rough^haired : petals bifid : stigma sessile. 
 
 umhellaiay M. !;2) (C. p. w. Ap. ©.) scape naked: leaves oval, acute, 
 very hirsute, silicles, long-linear, glabrous, approximate. 
 ' arabisans, Mx. (P New-England. M. <? .) stera leafy, somewhat branch- 
 ed : radical leaves v/edge-lanceolate ; cauline ones lanceolate ; all 
 acute, divaricate-toothed : sillcles acuminate with the perraanen"* 
 style. 
 
 6—1. DRACiENA. 11. 12. 
 ftorca/w, W. (3) (wild lily of the valley, or dragoness-plant. H.g. y.J. 
 2^.) sub-caulescent: leaves oval-obovate ; margin ciliate : scape 
 
 (1) acaule Wr. Arnica claytoni, Ph. (2; carolimana,"Wr. hispidula, Mx. 
 
 (33 Convallaiia umbellata, Mjf. the best name. Smilacina borealis, Ph» or probably 
 bisS.umbellata. 
 
DRACOCEPHALUM, ECHIUM. 289 
 
 pubescent: umbel corymbed, sometimes proliferous: pedicels na- 
 ked, nodding. (1) 
 
 14 — 1. Dracocephalum. 40. 40. 
 
 virginianum, W. (dragon-head. P. p. Au. U.) spikes elongated, with 
 the flowers crowded : bracts subulate : teeth of the calyx nearly 
 equal, short : leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate. 
 
 canarieiise, (balm of gilead herb. E.) flowers spiked : leaves ternate, 
 oblong. 
 
 denticulahun, W (2) (P. p. Ju. If.) spikes elongated, with remote flow- 
 ers : bracts subulate : teeth of the calyx nearly equal ; leaves obo- 
 vate-lanceolate, toothed above. 
 
 Draconlium, see Ictodes. 
 
 5 — 1. Drosera. 20. 68. 
 
 rotundifolia, (sun-dew. O. y-w. Au. 2^.) scape simple : leaves nearly 
 
 orbicular, narrowed at the base : petioles long, downy. Wet or 
 
 damp. 
 longifolia, (S) (Y. P. C. y-w. Ju. 11.) scape simple: leaves spatulate- 
 
 obovate : petioles long, naked. Wet. 
 Jiliformis, R. (4) (D. p. J. Z/.) scape sub-ramose, terete, glabrous : 
 
 leaves very long, filiform : styles 6 to 9. Wet. 
 
 3—1. DuLicHiuM. (5) 3. 9. 
 
 spathaceum, Rd. (galingale. O. g-y. Ju. If.) culm 3-cornered, leafy: 
 spikelets spreading, about 6-flowered. Wet. 
 
 E. 
 
 IS— 5. EcHiNOPS. 49. 54. 
 sphccrocephalus, (globe thistle. E.) leaves pinnatifid : stem branching. 
 
 5— i. EcHiUM. 41. 42. 
 vulgare, (viper's bugloss, blue thistle. C. P. Fishkill. b. Ju. ^ .) stem 
 
 (1) Tbis is the Clintonia nutans of Mr. Rafinesque. My personal oblig;ations to Mr. 
 CliTton would rertainly induce me lo unite in any act of justice to his literary and sci- 
 entific merit-, but to aid in an attempt lo force his name upon an old genus, would not 
 comport with my views of propriety, and I am sure it would be offensive to him. 
 
 (2) Prasium purpureum, Wr. (4) temiifolia, M. 
 
 ^3) americana, M. (5) Schospus,!,. Scirpus, Mx. Cyperus, TT. 
 
 Aa 'f- 
 
290 ELEPIIANTOPUS, EMPETRUM. 
 
 tuberculate-hispid : cauline leaves lanceolate-hispid : flowers spiked, 
 lateral. 
 
 18 — 5. Elephantopus. 49. 55. 
 
 earolinianus, W. (1) (elephant-foot. P. Collins, r. Au. If.) leaves ra* 
 dical, and cauline oblong, narrowed at the base, pilose on both 
 sides : stem simple, erect, pilose. 
 
 3—2. Eleusine. 4. 10. 
 
 indica, Mx. (2) (dog-tail grass, wire grass. C. P. Ju. ^.) glabrous : 
 sheaths compressed, pilose at the neck : spikes digitate, long-linear, 
 straight : spikelets about 6-flowered : flowers lanceolate. 
 
 3—2. Elymus. 4. 10. 
 
 villosus, (wild rye, lime grass. O. Ju. 2^.) spikes erect : spikelets 3- 
 fiowered, awned, villose, ternate : calyx awned, exceeding the spike- 
 lets. 
 
 canadensis, (0. Ju. IJ..) spike nodding, spreading : spikelets 6-flowered, 
 awned ; lower one ternate, upper ones binate. 
 
 virginicus, (0. J. 2i.) spike erect : spikelets 3-flowered, awned, gla- 
 brous, in pairs : calyx lanceolate, nerved, equalling the spikelets. 
 
 striatus, (W. T. P. Ju. If.) spike erect: spikelets 2-flowered, awned, 
 hispid, in pairs : rachis pubescent : involucre 4 to 6-leaved ; leaves 
 2-nerved, pubescent, awned : calyx linear, nerved, awned, rather 
 exceeding the spikelets : leaves and sheaths glabrous. 
 
 hystrix, (P. V. C. Ju. 2^.) spike terminal, erect : rachis scabrous : spike- 
 lets 6 to 9-flowered, diverging : involucre 1 or 2-leaved ; lateral 
 leafets linear, of the length of the corol : leaves lanceolate, glabrous, 
 with scabrous margins : sheaths glabrous. One variety has pubes- 
 cent sheaths. 
 
 glaucifolius, W. (3) (C. T. W. V. P. Ju. U-) spike nodding, somewhat 
 spreading, with d compressed rachis, having a ^pubescent margin; 
 spikelets ternate below and binate above, 2 and 3-flowered : involu- 
 cre 4 or 5-leaved : sheaths ner\'ed, glabrous. 
 
 21—3. Empetrum. 18. 51. 
 
 nigrum, Mx. (black crowberry. Whitehills. Bw. Ju. T?.) procumbent: 
 branchlets glabrous : leaves oblong, glabrous, with a revolute mar- 
 gin- V 
 ^1) scaber, Mx. (2) Cyfl^rus indica, L. (D; philadelpticus, S>w. 
 
ENDOCAHPOX, EPILOBIUM. 291 
 
 22 — 5. Endocarpox. 57. 2. 
 
 kedwigii, frond sub-cartilaginous, roundisli-angled and lobed, some- 
 what olive-coloured ; under side pale at the edge, then dark-colour- 
 ed and fibrous : the little mouths sub-prominent, dark sooty-yellow. 
 On naked earth, rocks and sides of mountains. Var. lachneum, has 
 the frond with aggregated sub-imbricated lobes ; margin elevated, 
 repand-lobed, undulated, dark woolly beneath. 
 
 muhlenbergii, frond thick, crusty-cartilaginous, foliaceous, orbicular, 
 peltate, obscurely tawny-green, thin, rugose-plicate, and somewhat 
 in chinks ; dark tawny and tubercled beneath : little mouths convex. 
 
 tniniatum, frond thick, crusty-cartilaginous, foliaceous, orbicular, pel- 
 tate becoming cinereous, repand at the periphery, flexuose-plicate ; 
 beneath smooth, becoming rugose and yellowish : little mouths 
 minute, few, sub-approximate, tawny. 
 
 10—1. Epigaea. 18. 51. 
 
 re;)en5 (trailing arbutus. O. r. &, w. Ap. ^.) stem creeping: branche* 
 
 and petioles very hirsute : leaves cordate, entire : corol cylindric. 
 
 8 — 1. Epilobium. 17. 88. 
 
 £picalum,'P. (1) (willow-herb. H.p. Ju. I^.) leaves scattered, lance-lin_ 
 ear, veiny, glabrous : flowers unequal : stamens declined. Thif 
 species grows from 4 to 6 feet high. 
 
 lineare, M. (2) (O. w. ^ r. Ju. 2i.) stem terete, pubescent, wand-like, 
 branched above : cauline leaves opposite, branch-leaves alternate, 
 linear, very entire : flowers few, terminal, long-peduncled. Flow- 
 ers small. 
 
 eoloratum, M. (3) (0. r. Ju. 11.) stem terete, pubescent, leaves lanceo- 
 late, serrulate, petioled, opposite ; upper ones alternate, glabrous, 
 red-veined. Var. tetragoniwi, has the stem 4-cornered part of its 
 length. Damp or wet. 
 
 palusire, W. (W. P. Ju. 11.) stem terete : leaves sessile, lanceolate, 
 sub-denticulate : stigma undivided. Damp. 
 
 alpinum (Whitehills. w-r. Au. H.) stem simple, sub-terete, 1 or 2- 
 fiowered : leaves opposite, oval, entire : flowers sessile. Very mi- 
 nute. 
 
 Epipactis, see Listera. 
 
 Ci) angustifolium, W. (2)oliganthBnJ, Mx. rosinarinifolium, Ph. squamatum.N. 
 (a; levigatum, Le Con«e, JjjL 
 
292 EPIPHEGUS^ ERICA. 
 
 14—2. Epiphegus, N. (1) 40. 35- 
 
 virginiaj'ius (2) (beech drops, cancer-root. 0. y. p. Ju. H.) stem very 
 branching : flowers alternate, distant : calyx short, cup-form, short- 
 er than the capsule. The whole plant is yellowish-white and of a 
 naked appearance. I have retained the old specific name, for there 
 is a species of Orobanche in our district called americana ; and this 
 genus being taken from that, it would be a violation of the Linnean 
 rule to follow Nuttall in naming this plant americanus. Barton says 
 this plant is an astringent ; and that it is useful in cases of indolent 
 ulcers, and perhaps cancers, applied externally. 
 
 22 — 1. Eqlisetum. 55. 5. 
 
 arvense, (horse-tail. O. Ap. H.) barren stems with simple branches ,; 
 the branches scabrous, 4-sided : fructification simple -^ sheaths cylin- 
 dric, gash-toothed ; teeth acute. 
 
 syh'aticutn,W. (0. Ap. 2Lf.) barren and fertile stems doubly-branched : 
 branches scabrous, deflected, 4-sided ; branchlets somewhat 3-sided 
 
 uliginosum, (D. P. W. M. H.) stem sub-ramose : branches generally 
 in fours, 4-sided, glabrous : spike terminal, cylindric. Wet or damp. 
 
 torreyanumj Stewart. (C.) stems branched; branches thick, roughish^ 
 hexagonal, close-pressed to the stem : spike terminal. Vide Stew- 
 art's article in the Wernerian Transactions ; w'herein he dedicates 
 this new species to Dr. John Torrey of New-York. ^ 
 
 palusfre, Sh. (D. M.2i.) stem simply ramose, glabrous, sulcate -.branch- 
 es pentagonal, bearing spikes at their apexes. 
 
 scirpoides, Mx. (C. W. V. D. Ju. U-) stem simple, ascending, glabrous, 
 filiform, bearing a spike at the top : sheaths 3-toothed ; teeth wither- 
 ing, with caducous awns at the apex. Wet. , 
 
 hyenxale, Sh. (scouring rush. O. Ju. U-) stems erect, very scabrous, 
 bearing spikes at the apex : sheaths 2-coloured, withering at the base 
 and apex : teeth with caducous awns. 
 
 8—1. Erica. 18. 51. 
 
 puhescens, (downy heath. E. r. M.) corol linear, pubescent, with the 
 
 limb erect : capsule glabrous : leaves fringed. 
 tetralix, (E. f?.) anthers awned : corol ovate: style enslosed : leaves 
 
 in fours, ciliate : flowers in heads 
 
 (1) Orobanche,!. ("2) am«rieanus,N". 
 
ERIGENIA, ERIOCAULON. 293 
 
 5—2. Erigenia, N. 45. 60. 
 knlbosa, (1) (bulbous navel-wort. P. g-w. Ap. H.) leaf solitary, radical, 
 biternate ; segments many-cleft : scape terete, with an involucre- 
 like leaf. About 4 or 5 inches high. Anthers dark purple. 
 
 18 — 2. Erigeron. 49. 55. 
 
 caiiadense^ (2) (flea-bane, pride-weed. 01 w. Ju. ^3.) stem. hispid, pa- 
 nicled : leaves lance-linear, ciliate : calyx cylindric : rays crowded, 
 short. Flowers small. Plant strong-scented. ^Powdered leaves 
 useful in stopping blood, 
 
 strigosum, M.. (P. C. W. w. Ju. <?.) strigose-pilose ; leaves lanceolate, 
 tapering to both ends : in the middle are a few coarse teeth, or it is 
 entire : flowers corymb-panicled. 
 
 heterophifllum, M. (3) (O. w. J. i .) radical leaves round-ovate, deeply- 
 toothed, petioled ; cauline ones lanceolate, acute, serrate in the 
 middle : corymb terminal. 
 
 philadclphicum, (O. b-p. Au. U-) pubescent : leaves wedge-oblong, 
 rarely gash-toothed ; cauline ones half-clasping : stem weak, simple, 
 corymbed above : peduncles elongated, 1-flowered : rays capillary, 
 twice as long as the hemispheric calyx. 
 
 purpurtmn, A. (P. W. V. C. p. Ju. 11.) pubescent : leaves oblong, 
 toothed, clasping ; upper ones entire : peduncles thickened, corymb- 
 ed ; lower ones elongated . scales of the calyx hairy on the keel ; 
 rays twice as long as the calyx. 
 
 hdlidifoliu7n,W. (4) (O. b. & w. M. U-) hirsute, hoary^ radical leaves 
 obovate, sub-serrate ; cauline ones few, distant, lanceolate, entire ; 
 stem about 3-flowered : rays long. 
 
 22 — 6. Erineum. 58. 1. 
 
 acerinum, depressed, broadish, reddish-tawny ; at first thick-clotted 
 
 and pale. 
 fagineum, sub-immersed, compact, sub-elliptic, chesnut-brown. 
 pyrinum, oblong, lax, chesnut-brown. 
 
 20—3. Eriocaulok. 6. 13. 
 
 pellucidum, Mx. (pipe-Avort. 0. g. Au. U-) scape very slender, about 
 7-striped: leaves linear-subulate, channelled, glabrous, [jellucid, 5- 
 
 (1) Sison bulbosum, Ms. Ilydrocotylebipinnrxte, M. composita and aiubieua, Ph. 
 
 (2) iHisillum. N. (S; Asier annuus^L. (■*; pulchelluui, Ms. 
 
 Aa2- 
 
^94 EKIOCAULON^ ERVUm/ 
 
 nerved, transversely-striate : head small, globose; scales of the ia-' 
 volucre oval-obtuse. Grows in water from 6 to 12 inches high. 
 
 decangulare, Mx. (i) (tailpipe-wort. P. D. S. U-) scape 10-striped 
 leaves ensiform, glabrous : heads large, depressed-globose : scales o£ 
 tlie involucre ovate, acute : chafT of the receptacle mucronate. 3 or 
 4 feet high. 
 
 gnnphalioides, Mx. (2) (Sheffield, Mass. D. Ju. 2/.) scape sub-com- 
 pressed, with 10 grooves : leaves short, subulate-ensiform, glabrous : 
 heads hemispheric-convex: the involucre consists of shining scarious,- 
 ovalj round-obtuse scales. 
 
 3 — 1. Eriophorum. 3. 9. 
 
 mrginicum, (cotton grass. W. C. P. J. 11.) culm terete, leafy: leaves 
 flat : spikes crowded, sub-sessile, shorter than the involucre. In bog- 
 meadows, as all Ihe following species are. 
 
 angustifolium, (O. J. 2/.) culm leafy, terete : leaves 3-sided, channel- 
 ' led ; spikes peduncled : seeds ovate. 
 
 polystachimn, (3) (C. V. P. Ju. U) culm leafy, terete : leaves flat i 
 spikes peduncled : seed ovate. 
 
 cespiiosum, Host. (P. V. Stoc'cbridge, Mass. J. U-) culm 3-cornered 
 above : spikes simple, oblong ; scales scarious. Very slender ; 8 to 
 14 inches high. Oa marshes in Stockbridge, and in Castleton, Vt. 
 
 16 — 5. Erodiim. 14. 73. 
 
 ciconium, (.stoA-bill geranium. E. 0.) peduncle many-flowered : 
 leaves pinxiate : leafets pinnatifid, toothed : petals oblong, obtuse : 
 stem ascending. 
 
 dcutanuMj (hemlock geranium. P. p. Ap. 0.) peduncles many-flow- 
 ered: leaves pinnate; leafets sessile, pinnatifid, gashed : corol larger 
 than the calyx : stem prostrate, hirsute. 
 
 moschaium, (musk geranium. E.0.) peduncles many-flowered : leaves 
 pinnate ; leafets sub-petioled, oblong, gash-toothed : petals equal- 
 ling the calyx : stem procumbent. 
 
 17—10. Ervcm. 32. 93. 
 
 ~ hirsulum, W. (4) (creeping vetch. C. Y p. J. 0.) peduncles many- 
 flowered : legumes hirsute, 2-seeded : leafets linear, obtuse. 
 
 (1) serotinair., Wr. (C) decangulare, Wr. compressuxD, M. 
 
 {o) niljare, P. (4).Vieia milchilla, R. 
 
tiRYNGIUM; EUPATORtUM. 293 
 
 6 — 2. Eryngicm. 45. 60. 
 
 tj:aUfoHum,Mx. (1) (sea-holly. P. D. b. Ju. 2^.) simple: leaves heart- 
 ovate, with very short petioles : heads all peduncled : leafets of the 
 involucre chaffy and 3-cleft : stem wand-like, branching above, not 
 below. 
 
 virginianum, Lk. (2) (P. C. Y. g. k b. Ju. 1/.) very tall : leaves long- 
 lance-linear, serrate : branches linear, many-parted : leafets of the 
 involucre longer than the head, chaffy, 3 to 5-cleft : heads panicled. 
 
 15—2. Erysimum. 39. 63. 
 
 fifficinale, (hedge mustard. O. y. J. 0.) »iliques close-pressed to the rj- 
 chis of the spike ; leaves ruucinate. 
 
 Erysimum, see Barbarea. 
 
 6 — 1. Erythronium. 11. 14. 
 dens-canis, Mx. (3) dog-tooth violet, adder's-tongue. O. y. Ap. 2^.) 
 leaves oblong-ovate, glabrous, spotted. Scape 4 to 8 inches high. 
 Wood's. 
 
 6 — 1. EuoNYMUs. 43. 95. 
 
 etropurpuretis, Jn. (spindle tree. D.P. p. J. fp.) leaves petioled, lanc5- 
 oblong, acuminate, serrate : peduncles divaricate, many-flowered ; 
 flowers 4-cleft : fruit smooth. Fruit red. 
 
 emericanus, W. (burning bush. D. P. r-y. J. fp.) branches 4-angled : 
 leaves sub-sessile, lance-oval, acute, serrate : peduncles about 3- 
 floweredj flowers all o-cleft : fruit warty-muricate. Fruit red. Said 
 to grow in New-England. 
 
 obomtus, N. (P. p-g. J.) stem prostrate, rooting ; twigs erect, obtusely 
 4-cornered : leaves broad-obovate, obtuse, acute at the base, sub- 
 sessile, acutely serrate, flat : peduncles 3-flowered. About a foot 
 high. Stamens, as well as petals, sometimes but 4. 
 
 18—1. EuPATORiuM. 49. 55. 
 
 1. Calyxes not more than 5-flowered. 
 
 hyssopifolium, W. (hyssop thorough-wort, hemp-weed. C. w. Au. 2/.) 
 leaves opposite, somewhat whorled, linear, entire, pubescent, 3- 
 nerved, punctate ; radical ones sub-dentate. About one foot high. 
 
 (1) virgatum,Lk. integrifolium, Wr. (2) aquaticum, Mz. 
 
 i3) lanceolatuno. Ph. longifoliuni, Ft. americanuin, S. 
 
296 EUPATORIUM. 
 
 sessilifolium, W. (P. C. W. Au. U-) leaves sessile, clasping, distinct, 
 lance-ovate, rounded at the base, serrate, very glabrous : stem some- 
 what glabrous. About two feet high. Grows in rocky hills. 
 
 truncatum, W. (P. Ju. ^.) leaves sessile, clasping, distinct, lanceolate, 
 truncate at the base, serrate, somewhat glabrous : stem pubescent. 
 Resembles the last. 
 
 album, W. (P. Au. 2^.) leaves sub-sessile, lance-oblong, roughish, ser- 
 rate; inner scales of the calyx long, lanceolate, scarious, coloured. 
 About 18 inches high. 
 
 lanceolatum, W. (P. Au. 2|.) leaves sessile, distinct, lance-oblong, sca- 
 brous, deeply serrate : scales of the calyx one-coloured. Resem- 
 bles the last. 
 
 trifoliatiim, W. (D. P. Au. I|:.) leaves petioled, in threes or fours^ 
 ovate, tapering to both ends, serrate, roughish. Tall, not branched. 
 
 teucrifolium, W . (I) (P. D. W. Au. U-) leaves sessile, distinct, ovate, 
 scabrous ; upper ones with coarse teeth at the base and with the 
 summit entire. About two feet high. 
 
 melissioidcs, W. (P. Au. 2^.) leaves petioled,?ovate, obtusish, obtusely- 
 serrate, veiny, somewhat glabrous. Resembling the last. 
 
 rotund if olium, W. (P. Au. If.) leaves sessile, distinct, round-cordate^ 
 obtusely-serrate, veiny : scales of the calyx acuminate. About 12 
 to 18 inches high. 
 
 fuhtscens, W. (2) (C. P. Au. 2^.) leaves sessile, distinct, ovate, scabrous, 
 veiny ; lower ones doubly-serrate, upper ones sub-serrate, stem pan- 
 icled, pubescent ; branches fastigiate. Not above two feet high. 
 
 altissimum,W. (P. Au. IC.) leaves sub-sessile, lanceolate, 3-nerved, ta- 
 pering to both ends, pubescent ; lower ones serrate in the middle. — 
 From 3 to 7 feet high. 
 
 Mmoenum, Ph. (C. p. S. 2^.) leaves with short petioles, opposite and in 
 threes, lance-oblong, acute at both ends, serrate, sub-glabrous, sub- 
 rugose, net-veined beneath : corymb fastigiate ; scales of the calyx 
 oblong, coloured. 2 feet high. 
 
 ceanothifuiium, W. (C. P. Au. 2^.) leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, 
 toothed, 3-nerved, glabrous. Resembles, in general aspect, the New- 
 Jersey tea. 
 
 laevigatum, Torrey. (D. p. Au. 24) calyx mostly 5-flowered : leaves in 
 fives, petioled, lanceolate, very glabrous both sides, slender : stem 
 
 (1) pilosuni, Wr. verbenaefolium, Mx. 
 
 (2) glandulosum, Mx. 
 
EUPATORIUM, EUPHORBIA. 297 
 
 hollow, smooth, sub-glaucous. 5 or 6 feet high— stem marked with 
 purple lines. Vide Torrey's catalogue, p. 92, 
 
 2. Calyxes more than ^-flowered. 
 ;jMr?)wre urn (purple thoroughwort, or joe-pye. (1) O.p.Au. U-) leaves 
 
 in fours or fives, petioled, lance-ovate, serrate, rugose.veined,rough- 
 
 ish : stem hollow. 5 or 6 feet high. 
 maculatum (C. W. P. p. Au. If.) leaves in fours or fives, unequally ser- 
 rate, pubescent beneath : stem solid, furrowed. Hardly so tall as 
 
 the last. 
 pundatum, W. (P. D. p. Au. I/.) leaves in fours or fives, petioled, ovate, 
 
 acuminate, serrate, scabrous both sides : stem solid, terete. Hardly 
 
 so tall as the last. 
 verticillatum, W (joe-pye's weed. O. p. Au. U-) leaves in threes orfourP, 
 
 lance-ovate, wedge-form at the base, unequally serrate, somewhat 
 
 glabrous : stem solid, smooth, 4 to 6 feet high. 
 perfoHatum (2) (boneset, thoroughwort. O. w. Au. If-) leaves connate- 
 
 perfoliale, oblong-serrate, rugose, downy beneath : stem villose.— 
 
 About 3 feet high. Excellent tonic and diaphoretic. B. Also a mild 
 
 cathartic and emetic. Hosack. 
 coelestinum, W. (P. b. Au. Zf.) leaves petioled, heart-ovate, obtusish,3- 
 
 nerved, obtusely-serrate : flowers corymbed. 
 ageratoides,W. (S) (O. w. Au. U-) leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, 
 
 3-nerved, unequally and coarsely toothed, serrate, glabrous ; corymb 
 
 many-flowered, spreading : ca!yx simple. About 2 feet high, 
 
 11—3. Euphorbia. 38 96. 
 1 . Floivers not in iniolucred unibels. 
 hypericifoUa, W. (4) (spurge. O. J u. #.) dichotomous, glabrous, very 
 branching, sub-erect, spreading ; leaves opposite, serrate, oval-oblong, 
 sub-falcate : corymb terminal. 
 depressa, R. (5) (spotted spurge. O. w. Ju. 0.) stem prostrate, spread- 
 ing : leaves opposite, serrate, oblong, hairy : flowers axillary, soli- 
 tary: appendages to the calyx coloured. Leaves, when young andin 
 dry ground, spotted. 
 
 (1) The two species, called joe-pye, (from tlienime of an Indian) are in common usfi 
 ill the -western counties of Ma^sachusetts as diaphoretics, Sec. in typhus fever. President 
 Moore of Williams Col. (now of Amherst Col.) ascribes Iiis recovery from a very alarm . 
 ing- fever to the liberr.l and continued use of a tea made with these plants. 
 
 (2; connatum, Mx. (S) iirticaefolium, Mx. Ageratum altissiinum. I., 
 
 (4) laaculata, I.. (.5) maculala ? W. 
 
298 EUPHORBIA^ PEDIA. 
 
 dentata, Mx. (P. Ju. 0.) small, hirsute : leaves opposite, oval, dentate ; 
 flowers crowded together at the summit. Upper leaves spotted. 
 
 polygonifolia, Jn. (C. P. Ju. If.) very glabrous, diffused : leaves oppo- 
 site, entire, lance-linear, obtuse : flowers solitary, axillary. 
 
 ipecacuanhae, W. (D. P. Ju. U) procumbent, small, glabrous ; leaves 
 opposite, oboval or lanceolate ; peduncles axillary, elongated, 1- 
 flowered. Very long root. Emetic, a good substitute for the ipe- 
 cac. B. 
 
 portulacoides, W. (P. Ju. 2^.) erect: leaves entire, oval, retuse : pe- 
 duncles axillary, 1-flowered, equalling the leaves. 
 
 Flowers with involucred umbels, (1) 
 
 lathyrus (spurge caper. E. J. $ .) umbel 4-cleft, dichotoraous : leaves 
 
 opposite, entire, lanceolate, pointiag four ways. 
 pepluSy W. (wild caper. P. Ju. ^.) umbel 3-cleft, dichotomous ', involu- 
 
 cels ovate : leaves entire, obovate, petioled. 
 mercurialina, Mx. (P. Ju. 11.) stems slender, weak ; leaves opposite, or 
 
 in threes, sub-sessile, oval, entire : peduncles terminal, solitary, 1- 
 
 flowered. 
 corollata, W. (C. T. P. Ju. If.) umbel 5-cleft, 3-cleft, and dichotoraous j 
 
 involucels and leaves oblong, obtuse : petals obovate and resembling 
 
 appendages of the calyx. 
 
 14—2. Euphrasia. 40. 35. 
 
 nffkinalis (eyebrlght. Can. P. w. Ju. @.) leaves ovate, obtusely tooth- 
 ed : lower divisions of the lip emarginate. 
 
 F. 
 
 20—13. Fagus. 50. 99. 
 
 /erruginea, A. (red beach. O.y-w. M. ^.) leaves ovate-oblong, acumi- 
 nate, pubescent beneath, coarsely toothed, at the base obtuse, sub- 
 cordate-oblique : nuts ovate, acutely 3-sided. Middling sized tree. 
 
 tylvatica, Mx. (white beach. O. y-w. M. 2^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, 
 slightly toothed, ciliate at the margin, acute at the base : nuts ovate, 
 3-sided, obtuse mucronate. 
 
 3—1. Fedia. 48. 56. 
 olitoria (lamb lettuce. E.) stem dichotomous : leaves lance-lineaf. 
 
 Q) Tbis sectien comprizes the genas Esula, 2d Ed. 
 
PEDIA; FISSIDEXS. 299 
 
 radieta, Mx. (1) (wild lamb lettuce. T. C. P. vv. J. 0.) leaves spatulate- 
 oblong, sub-entire : fruit pubescent, about 4-sidecl, naked at the apex. 
 I found it on the side of the stage road between Troy and Albany. 
 
 3—2. Festuca. (-2) 4. 10. 
 
 tlatior, S. (fescue-grass. O.J. If.) panicle nodding, very branching, lax; 
 spikelets lance-ovate, acute : florets at first cylindric and closed, 
 spreading in maturity, obsoletely nerved. 
 
 poaeoides, Mx. (Can. Ju. y.) panicle somewhat crowded ; lower 
 brancbes simple : spikelets alternate, oblong, sub-sessile, awnless : 
 leaves flat, very glabrous. 
 
 Jluitans, Sr. (water-fescue. C. P. J. 2/.) panicle long, lax ; branches 
 simple: spikelets close-pressed, linear-terete, many-flowered; flor- 
 ets awnless, striate : culm decumbent : leaves very glabrous. 
 
 nutans, W. (New-England, C. P. Ju. 2^.) branches of the panicle one- 
 way, nodding, scabrous : spikelets ovate, compressed, about 6-flovr- 
 ered, acute, awned : leaves lance-linear. 
 
 elandestina, M. (C.) panicle concealed ; brancbes solitary ; one 
 spikelet sessile, another peduncled : leaves with long sheaths, linear 
 nerved ; stipules acuminate. 
 
 ienellcu,\Y. (3) (C.W. P.J. 0.) panicle very simple, one-way : spike- 
 lets about 9-flowered, awned : leaves linear-setaceous ; stipules 2- 
 eared -. culm 4-sided above, branching at the base. 
 
 duriuscula, S. (C. J. H.) panicle one-way, diff'use : florets awned : 
 culm terete : caiiline leaves flat : root fibrous. 
 
 rubra? M. (P. It.) culm striate, red at the base, pubescent, geniculate, 
 with dark-coloured joints : panicle contracted, erect and a little nod- 
 ding ; rachis 3-sided, zigzag: spikelets lanceolate, terete, pedicelled, 
 having pedicelled florets: leaves very long, with striate glabrous 
 sheaths. 
 
 21—3. Ficus. 53. 98. 
 carica (fig tree. E. g. Ju. ^.) leaves cordate, 3 or 5-lobed, repand- 
 toothcd : lobes obtuse, scabrous above, pubescent beneath. 
 
 22—2. FissiDENS. 56. 4. 
 hyoides, stem short : leaves facing 2 ways, lanceolate : pedicels termi- 
 nal ; capsules erect. In damp shades. 
 
 (1) Valeriana radiata, P. (2) Scbenodorus, Rs. 
 
 '">; bromoides. Mx. ocuoflora, W- 
 
300 FISSIDENS; FRAGARIA. 
 
 faxifolius, stem short : leaves facing 2 ways, lanceolate, slenderly den- 
 ticulate : capsules erect. In damp shades. 
 
 adianthoides, stem elongated, ramose : leaves lanceolate, sheathed at 
 the base : pedicels lateral ; capsules sub-erect. In wet woods and 
 meadows. 
 
 6 — 1. Floerkea. 15. 22, 
 
 uliginosa, M. (1) (false mermaid. T. P. w-y. Ap. 2^.) leaves alternate ; 
 those under water ternate, those above Avater quinate-pinnate. — 
 Found in ditches between Albany and Troy, by Dr. E. James. 
 
 22 — 2. FoxTiNALis. 56. 4. 
 
 capillacea (water moss.) leaves acute, linear-awl-form, spread, longer 
 than the capsule : sheaths and peduncles long filiform. 
 
 antepyretica, stem branched, 3-sided : leaves facing three ways, lance- 
 ovate, carinate, acute, pericheth obtuse. In water, both stagnant 
 and flowing. 
 
 12—13. FOTHERGILLA. 50. 99. 
 
 alnifolia, W. (2) (witch alder. Southern states w. Ap. "^.) leaves 
 wedge-obovate, crenate-toothed above. Var. major, has ovate-ob- 
 long leaves, sub-cordate. Var. acuta, has ovate-acute leaves. 
 
 12—13. Fragaria. 35 92. 
 
 vesca, (english strawberry. E. w. M. 24..) calyx of the fruit refiexed : 
 hairs on the petioles spreading, on the peduncle close-pressed. 
 
 elatior, (hautboy strawbeiTy. E. w. 2X.) calyx of the fruit reflexed : 
 hairs on the peduncle and petiole spreading. , 
 
 grandijiora, (pine-apple strawberry. E. w. 11.) calyx of the fruit erect: 
 hairs on the peduncle and petiole erect : leaves coriaceous, some- 
 what glabrous above. 
 
 vtrginiana, W. (3) (wild strawberry. 0. w. M. 11.) calyx of the fruit 
 spreading : hairs on the petioles erect, on the peduncles close-press- 
 ed : leaves somewhat glabrous above. 
 
 canadensis, Mx. (mountain strawberry. Can. P. w. M. If.) large : leaf- 
 ets broad-oval, lateral ones manifestly petioled : pedicels long, re- 
 curve-pendulous : receptacle of the seeds globose, honeycomb-scro- 
 biculate, villose. Is it a variety of virginiana ? 
 
 (0 Nectris pinnata, Ph. (2) gardeni, Mx. (3) glabra. Du HameL 
 
FRASERA^ FUCUS. 301 
 
 4 — 1. Frasera. 47. 40. 
 
 taroliniensis, Wr. (1) (pyramid flower, colurabo root. P. r. Ac y. Ju. ^ .) 
 leaves whorled or opposite : flowers in clusters. From 3 to feel 
 high. Tonic bitter, mild cathartic and emetic. B. 
 
 21—2. Fraxinus. 44. 37. 
 
 ja^uminat a, Lk. (2) (white ash. O. w-g. M. ^.) leafetspetioled,obloDg, 
 shilling, acuminate, very entire, glaucous beneath ; Cowers calycled. 
 
 juglandifolia,W. (S) (walnut-leaf ash, swamp ash. P. W. M. fp.) leaf- 
 ets petioled, ovate, opake, serrate, glaucous beneath ; axils of the 
 veins pubescent : branchlets glabrous : flowers calycled. 
 
 pubescens, Wr. {4) (red ash. P.M. ^.) leafets petioled, oval-ovate, ser- 
 rate ; petioles and branchlets downy beneath : flowers calycled. 
 
 sambucifolia, Mx. (black ash, O. M. ^.) leafets sessile, lance-ovate, 
 serrate, rugose-shining, round-oblique at the base ; axils of the veins 
 villose beneath : flowers naked, not calycled. 
 
 epipfera, Vahl. (-5) (P. D. Can. M. ^.) leafets lance-oval, sub-serrate : 
 samaras wedge-form, obtuse-emarginate at the apex, terete below. 
 
 ,platycarpa,W. (C. Ap. ^.) leaves sub-sessile, lance-oval ; leaves and 
 samaras serrate outwardly. 
 
 6—1. Fritillaria. 10. 14. 
 
 ■imperiaU^ (crown imperial. E. r. &t y. M. ZJ!.) flowers under a leafy- 
 crown, nodding: leaves lance-linear, entire. From Persia. 
 
 maleagris, (fritiliary, guinea-hen flower. E. p. k, y. M. IJ..) leaves al- 
 ternate, linear, channelled : stem 1-flowered : nectaiy linear. Flow- 
 er checkered. 
 
 8—1. Fuchsia. 17. 88. 
 
 magellanica,1.k. (6) (ear-drop. E. r.) peduncles axillar}", 1-flowered : 
 leaves opposite or in threes, very entire. Flowers pendulous. 
 
 22—4. Frcus. 67. 2. 
 
 slliquosus, stem compressed : branches 2-ranked, .-ilternate : vesicles 
 articulated, beaked ; rpceptacles beaked, lance-linear, compressed, 
 petioled. In the sea, bearing fruit in the winter. 
 
 no-IosKS, stem compressed: vesicles imbedded, some of them inflated ; 
 receptacles sub-opposite, pear-form, peduncled. In the sea. 
 
 (1) walteri, Mx. (2J concolor, Mx. auiericana, W. (.3) caroliniana, Wm. 
 
 (4) tomenlosa, Mx. ($) discolor, Mx. (t^) coccinea, A. 
 
 Bb 
 
802 rucus^ galactia. 
 
 vesiculosus, frond flat, ribbed,linear, dichotomous, very entire : vesicles 
 spherical, in pairs, imbedded in the frond: receptacles terminal, 
 thick-oval. In the sea, large. Var, spiralis, frond slender, without 
 vesicles, spirally twisted. At the mouths of rivers. 
 
 lorens, stem very short, dilated into a cup, sending out a fusiform, di- 
 chotomous receptacle. In the ocean. 
 
 3—1. FUIRENA. 3. 9. 
 
 sqiiarrosa, Mx. (umbrella grass. D. Ju. 24!.) flowers in simple umbels: 
 spikelets ovate : culm glabrous : leaves ciliate ; sheaths hairy. 
 
 22—6. FuLiGo. 58. 1. 
 
 rufa, (soot fungus.) cushioned, reddish-yellow ; bark "sub-rugose, fra- 
 gile, sub-compact. On trunks in summer and autumn. Sometimes 
 globose in the young state, and sometimes hemispheric ; from half 
 an inch to an inch in diameter. 
 
 fiava, opening and roundish, yellow, with a cellular, fibrous bark. On 
 deciduous leaves, trunks, mosses, fee. in autumn. 
 
 ivaporana, at first covered, veiny, creeping ; when mature broad-ces- 
 pitose, thick, cellular-fibrous, cinnamon-yellow. Among pulverized 
 bark, at first appearing like vapour, then fibrous and coriaceous. 
 
 17—6. FuMARiA. 24. 62. 
 ejlcinalis, (fumitory. Y. C. P. Gr. Barrirtgton, Mass. r. J. ©.) stem 
 branching, spread : leaves more than decompound ; leafets wedge- 
 lanceolate, gashed. 
 
 22 — 2. FuNARiA. 56. 4. 
 
 hygromeiica, (hygrometer moss.) leaves ovate, acute, concave, entire, 
 inflected: capsules swelling, drooping, pear-form: pedicels very 
 long, twisting spirally when dry. 
 
 Jlavicans, leaves setaceous, long-acuminate : peduncle capillary, pale. 
 
 7nuhlenbergii, leaves obovate, awned, concave, serrulate, spread ; cap- 
 sule obovate, oblique. 
 
 G. 
 
 n— 10. Galactia. 32. 93. 
 glabella, Mx. (1) (milk-way plant. D. P. r. & w. J. U-) prostrate, 
 
 (1) Dolichos vegularis, W. Ervum volubile, Wr. 
 
GALACTIA, GALIUM. 303 
 
 somewhat twining and glabrous : leaves ternate, oval-oblong, obtuse, 
 emarginate at both ends: racemes axillary, simple, abbreviated, 
 few-flowered : legumes villose. Root long, fusiform. 
 mollis, Mx. (1) (D.P. rM w. Ju. It-) twining, having soft whitish pu- 
 bescence : leaves ternate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, smoothlsh, glaucous 
 beneath : racemes axillary, simple, elongated, few-flowered : legumes 
 villose. 
 
 6 — 1. Galanthus. 6. 17. 
 
 nivalis, (snow-drop. E. w. Ap. If.) leaves linear, keeled, acute, radi- 
 cal : scape 1-flowered. 
 
 17—10. Galega. 32. 93. 
 
 virgiiiiana, (2) (goat's rue. T. V. P. Y. r. 11.) erect, having whitish 
 down : leafets (17 to 21) oval-oblong, acuminate : raceme terminal, 
 short, sub-sessile : legumes reversed-falcate, villose : calyx woolly 
 Sandy alluvion. 
 
 14—1. Galeopsis. 42. 39. 
 tetrahit, (flowering nettle. 0. r. &l w. Ju. 0.) the space? between the 
 joints of the stem thicken upwards : the upper whorls nearer toge- 
 ther : calyx prickly, a little shorter than the corol ; stem rough-haired. 
 
 4 — 1. Galium. 47. 57. 
 1. Fruit glabrous. 
 
 trijidum, W. (3) (bed-straw. AV. C. P. w Ju. If.) stem procumbent; 
 scabrous backwards . cauline leaves in fives ; branch leaves in fours, 
 linear, obtuse, scabrous at the margin and on the nerves: fascicles 
 terminal, few-flowered ; pedicels short : corols mostly 3-cleft. 
 
 tinetorium, (dyer's cleavers. O. w. Ju. 2^.) stem diffuse, smoothish : 
 cauline leaves in sixes ; branch leaves in fours, liuear-acutish : mar- 
 gins and nerves with slender prickles : peduncles terminal, elonga- 
 ted, mostly 3-flowered. 
 
 asprellum, Mx. (rough bed-straw. 0. w. Ju. 11.) stem diffuse, very 
 branching, prickly backwards : cauline leaves in sixes ; branch 
 leaves mostly in fours, lanceolate, acuminate ; margins and nerves 
 prickly : branchlets flower-bearing, many-flowered : pedicels short. 
 
 (i; Hedysarum volubile, W. 
 (2) Plakeueu, Tephrosia virguiica, P. (H) claytoni, Mi- 
 
304 GALIUM, GAULTHERIA. 
 
 2. Fruit hirsute. 
 
 hrachiatum, Ph. (bed-straAV. V. C. P. vv. Ju. U) stem IlraUer, long, 
 brachiate-ramose, hispid ; branches short : leaves in sixes, lance-ob- 
 long, acuminate, glabrous, margin and keel ciliate : branches Avhorl- 
 ed, the longest dichotomous : pedicels 2-flowered : fruit with hooks. 
 Pursh. 
 
 btrmudianum, W. (1) (P. T. p. Ju. 1^.) stem very- branching, scarcely- 
 pubescent : leaves in fours, ovate, obtuse, glabrous ; margins and 
 nerves pubescent, sometimes pellucid: bran chlets florifero.us, elon- 
 gated : fruit with hooked bristles. 
 
 micranilium, Ph. (Can. C. P. w. Ju. U-) stem very branching, prickly 
 backwards : leaves shorty lanceolate, mucronate, glabrous, margin 
 and keel prickly : pedicels about 2-flowered : fruit hispid. Flowers 
 small, many. 
 
 clrccEzans, Mx. (2) (wild liquorice. 0. w-y. J. 2^.) stem erect, smooth ; 
 leaves in fours, oval, obtuse, glabrous ; margins and nerves a little 
 ciliate : peduncles few-flowered : flowers remote, sub-sessile : fruit 
 with hooked bristles. Leaves taste much like liquorice. 
 
 irijiorum, Mx. (O. w. Ju. 2^.) stem procumbent, smoothish : leaves in 
 fives or sixes, lance-obovate, mucronate, glabrous, scarcely ciliate at 
 the margin: branchlets 3-flowered at the end ; flowers pedicelled: 
 fruit small, hispid, 
 
 aparine, W. (C. W. P. w. J. ^ .) stem limber, scabrous backwards : 
 leaves in about eights, lance-linear, mucronate, hispid above, mar- 
 gin and keel prickly : branchlets of the length of the leaves, about 
 3-flowered : fruit hook-bristled. 
 
 pilosum, W. (C. T. P. N. p. J. If.) stem nearly simple, long, ascend- 
 ing, remotely geniculate, hispid : leaves in fours, oval, short-mucro- 
 nate, very hirsute both sides, nerveless : branchlets nearly simple, 
 about 3tflowered at the end : fruit pilose. 
 
 strktum, Eddy, (3) (C. T. P. w. Ju. If.) stem stiffly erect, smoothish. 
 branching : branches short, erect : leaves in fours, linear-lanceolate . 
 obtuse, 3-nerved. with involute scabrous margins : flowers panicled^ 
 crowded : peduncles short, 3-flowered at the top, forked, hispid. 
 
 IC — L Gacltheria. 18. 5L 
 procumbens, (spicy wintergreen. O. w. J. li. or ^.) stem procum- 
 bent: branches erect: leaves obovate, acute at'the base ; flowers 
 
 (1) turpureuia, Wr. puncticuIoiHm, Mx. f^) bracliiaUinijM, rS) bo>e?.'f Pb. 
 
gaulTheria, gentiana. 305 
 
 few, nodding. Berries red, conslsiing in part of the permanent ca- 
 lyx ; a little mealy, pleasant tasted. Stimulant and anodyne. B. 
 hispidula, M. (1) (creeping wintcrgreen. H. k jN. w. M. ^.) stem 
 creeping, hispid : leaves oval, acute : flowers soiitury, axillary, sub- 
 sessile, havmg but 8 stamens, short-bell-form. Sensible properties 
 Hkethe last. 
 
 8—1. Gaura. 17. SS. 
 
 biennis, W. (virginian loosestrife. T. P. Hudson, r. k. y. Au. ^ .) leaves 
 lanceolate, toothed : spike crowded : fruit roundisli-4-coniered, pu- 
 bescent. 
 
 22—6. TrEASTRUM. 58. 1. 
 
 ru/e5cerw, rays many-cleft, reddish : fruit sessile, glabrous, pale. In 
 
 pine woods. 
 hygromdricum, rays many-cleft, inflexed, liver-brown : fruit reticulate, 
 
 sessile, nearly of an uniform colour. On gravelly soil, in spring and 
 
 autumn. 
 
 17—10. Genista. 32. 93. 
 
 findoriuy (dyer's broom. E. y. Au. 11.) leaves lanceolate, glabrous : 
 branches terete, striate, erect •• legumes glabrous. 
 
 5 — 2. Gextiana. 47. 46. 
 
 iutea, (yellow gentian. D. y.) leaves broad-ovate, nerved : corols 
 about 5-cleft, wheel-form, whorled. Muhlenberg quotes Kalm as an 
 authority for this l>eing found in New-Jersey. 
 
 pneumonanthe,Vi\ (calathiaii violet. P. Can. b. Au.'5i.) stem terete: 
 leaves lance-linear, obtusish : flowers tfirminal, fascicled ; lateral 
 ones soUtaiy, peduncled : corol 5-cleft, bell-form ; divisions round- 
 ish, inner folds with one acute tooth. 
 
 saponaria, W. (2) (soap gentian. O. b. k vv. S. 2^.) stem terete : gla- 
 brous : leaves lance-oblong, 3-nerved : flowt^'s sessile, fascicled, ter- 
 minal and axillary : corol 5-cleft, bell-ventricose, almost closed at 
 the top; inner folds toothed. Damp. 
 
 ^chroleuca, W. (3) (C. D. P. y. k b. S. U-) stem somewhat angled, 
 roughish : leaves lance-ovate, roughish : flowers sessile, fascicled, 
 
 (1) sefpillifolia. Ph. Vacciniura hispidiilurrj, L. Oxycoccus Isispidulus, P. ArbutO? 
 tbymifolia, A. filiformis, Lk. (2) fimbriata, Vahl. CatesbojL Wr. 
 
 (3) saponaria, Wr. villoja, "W. 
 
 Bb 9. 
 
306 GENTIAN A, GERANIUM. 
 
 terminal : corol 5-cleft, bell-ventricose ; divisions acute, inner fold? 
 simple, acute. 
 
 linearis, \Y. (1) (P. b. Au. 2/.) stem roughish v leaves lanee-lineay. 
 undulate, ciliate as the calyxes : flowers 5-cleft, bell-form, termiaal, 
 sessile, crowded ; divisions short, obtuse ; interior folds denticulate- 
 
 quinqutflora, W. (2) (H. fc T. b. Au. $ .) stem 4-cornered, branching : 
 leaves half-clasping, oval, acute. 3-nerved : flowers 5-cleft, bell-tu- 
 bular, with a glabrous throat, terminal and lateral, in threes or fives, 
 sub-pedicelled ; divisions lanceolate, acuminate : calyx short, nap- 
 row. 
 
 angustifolia, Mx. (3) (D. b. S, 11.) stem terete, simple, 1-flowered : 
 leaves narrow-linear, spreading: corol S-cleft; divisions oval, inner 
 folds torn. 
 
 crinila, W. (4) (fringed gentian. O. b. S. U-) stem terete: branches 
 long, 1-flowered : leaves lanceolate, acute : corol 4-cleft } divisions 
 obovate, gash-ciliate, interior folds simple. Damp. 
 
 22 — 6. Geoclossum. 58. 1. 
 
 hirsutum, sub-fascicled, hirsute, black. 
 
 viride, fascicled, green ; clavate pileus obtuse : stipe scaly. 
 
 16—10. Geranium. 14. 73. 
 
 sanguineunv, (bloody sreranium. E. Z(.) peduncle 1-flowered: leaves 
 5-parted, 3-cleft, orbicular : capsule bristly at the top. 
 
 maculatum, (crow-foot geranium. O. r. & b. J. 21.) erect: pubescence 
 reversed; stem dlchotomous : leaves opposite, 3 or 5-parted, upper 
 ones sessile : peduncles 2-fiowered : petals obovate. The root is a 
 powerful astringent. 
 
 caroii'i iaiLuni, (D w.r. Ju. <? .) diffuse, pubescent : leaves opposite, 5- 
 lobed ; lobi:s o-clef!:, gashed : peduncles 2-flowered, sub-fascicled : 
 petals eraarginate, equalling in length the awned calyx : arils villose. 
 
 eolumbinum, (P. C. b. M. 24..) peduncles 2-flowered, longer than the 
 leaves : leaves 5-parted : lobes many-cleft, linear : petals emargin- 
 ate, of the lei\^th of the awned calyx : arils glabrous. 
 
 pusilluni,\N. (P. b. M. 0.) peduncles 2-flowered ; flowers pentandrous : 
 petals emariiinate, of the length of the awnless calyx : leaves about 
 7-lobed, 3-cleft : arils pubescent. 
 
 roheriianum, (herb robert. 0. r. J. ^ .) spread, hirsute : leaves oppo- 
 
 Ci) yubi-rula, Mx. (2) quinquefnlia, L. amarelloides, Jtlx". 
 
 (3) purpurea, Wr. (y fibriataj Cot. rep. 
 
GERANIUM^ GEUM. 307 
 
 site, teruate and quinate, 3-cleft, pinnatilid: peduncles 2-flovvered : 
 petals entire, twice as long as the aw ned calyx : aril net-veined. 
 Several centuries ago, this plant was highly commended in hemor- 
 rhage, fresh woundS; and old ulcers. 
 dissetum, VV. (D. r. J. 0.) spread, hairy: leaves opposite, 5-parted : 
 lobes 3-cleft, gashed, linear: peduncles 2-flowered, long: petals 
 emargiuate, the length of the aw ned calyx : aril with glandular hairs. 
 
 Geranium, see Pelargonium and Erodium. 
 14—2. Gerardia. 40. 40. 
 flam, (false foxglove. 0. y. Ju. U-) pubescent: stem simple: leaves 
 
 sub-sessile, lanceolate, entire or toothed ; lower ones sub-pin natiiid, 
 gashed : flowers axillary, opposite, sub-sessile. 2 or 3 feet hiirh. 
 ^lauca, Eddy, (1) (oak-leaf foxglove. 0. y. Ju. 2^.) glabrous: stem 
 
 glaucous, purple, panicle-like : leaves petioled, sinuate-pinnatlfid, 
 
 with acute-lanceolate divisions : upper leaves lanceolate, entire. 3 
 
 to 5 feet high. 
 jpedkularia, (louse-wort foxglove. N. Y. C. P. y. S. ^ .) pubescent 
 
 brachiate-panicled : leaves oblong, doubly gash-serrate, and pinnati- 
 
 fid : flowers axillary, opposite, pedicelled : divisions of the calyx 
 
 leafy, gash-toothed. 
 jpurpurea, (P. Y. C. p. Au. ^ . #.) stem with opposite branches : leaves 
 
 linear, slender : flowers axillary, opposite, sub-sessile. 
 crinita, Eddy. (2) (W. C. T. p. Ju. ^ .) stem with opposite branches : 
 
 leaves short and fleshy. Discovered by Dr. C. W. Eddy. Resembles 
 
 the purpurea. It is from 6 to 12 inches high. 
 auriculaia, Mx. (.S) (P. p. An. 0.) ueyly simple, rough : leaves lance- 
 
 ovate, 2.eared at the base, entire : flowers axiilary, opposite : leaves 
 
 and flowers closely sessile. About 8 inches high, 
 mc/a, Vahl (4) (P. C. p. Au. ^ .) small, ramose-panicled : leaves very 
 
 narrow-linear : peduncles capillary, longer than tiie floAver. 
 setacen, Wr. (P. Au. #.) stem very branching : leaves setaceous ; 
 
 branches axillary, longer than the leaves, mostly 1-flowered. 
 
 12—1.3. Geum. 35. 92. 
 virginimum, (avens. O. w. Ju. U-) pubescent : radical and lower 
 cauline leaves teruate, upper ones lanceolate : stipules ovate. §ub- 
 
 (i; .(uecoifolin, F'h. Rfainanthus vlrginicus G- 
 
 (2) inai itima, R. crasdfolia, Var. of purpurea, Ph. 
 
 (3; Ennus africaaus, M. r r , tenuifolia, W. 
 
308 GEtlM, GLAUX. 
 
 entire : flowers erect : petals shorter than the calyx : awns hooked; 
 naked ; at the apex twisted, hairy. 
 
 stridum, W. (1) (upright avens. W. V. Can. C. y. J. 2^.) hirsute : leaves 
 all interruptedly pinnate, the odd one largest : leafets ovate, tooth- 
 ed : stipules gashed ; divisions of the calyx 5, alternately linear, 
 short J flowers erect, petals roundish, longer than the calyx : awns 
 naked, hooked. 
 
 geniculatum, Mx. (Can. 2^.) many-floAvered, sub-panicled : cauline- 
 leaves sub-sessile, 3-parted : stipules entire : petals wedge-obcordate : 
 awns all over hairy, geniculate in the middle. 
 
 rivale,Mx. (purple avens. O. p. M. If.) pubescent: stem simple: ra- 
 dical leaves interriiptedly pinnate ; cauline ones 3-cleft : flowers 
 nodding ; petals of the length of the calyx : awns plumose, nakedish 
 above, a little hooked. Excellent trnic. Damp. 
 
 album. W. (2) (P. w. Ju. If.) pubescent: radical leaves pinnate ; cau- 
 line ones ternate ; upper ones simple, 3-cleft : lower stipules gash- 
 ed : flowers erect ; petals of the length of the calyx : awns hooked, 
 naked, hairy at the end. 
 
 jicckii, (Whitehills. Jn. 2^.) somewhat glabrous : stem 1-flowered : 
 radical leaves reniform, rounded; sub-truncate at the base, gash- 
 toothed : petioles very long, sometimes appendaged : petals of the 
 length of the calyx. Discovered by Professor Peck, of Harvard col- 
 lege. 
 
 12—5. GiLLENiA. 36. 92. 
 
 irifoliata, Mn. (3) (Indian physic, Bowman's root. P. D. w J. 2X-) 
 leaves ternate, lanceolate, serrate, nearly equal : stipules linear, en- 
 tire : flowers terminal, in loose panicles: calyx bell-tubular. Styles 
 6. An emetic and tonic. B. 
 
 $tipulacea, (P. w J. 2^.) '.eaves ternate, lanceolate, gash-serrate, nearly 
 equal • stipules leafv, ovate, gash-toothed : flowers in a lax panicle : 
 calyx belUform. Medicinal properties like the last. B. 
 
 5—1. Glaux. 17. 91. 
 
 inaritima, W. (sea milk-wort. Can. r. Ju. If.) leaves oblong, smooth : 
 flowers axillary, sessile. In salt marshes. 
 
 (1) 'fTJinen^e, Mr. alrpp'^vim, Jn. 
 
 (2) caardfriEP, Jn. carolinianuBD, Wr. 
 C3) Spiraea, Mx. 
 
GNAPHALIUM. SO^ 
 
 14—1. Glkchoma. 42. 39. 
 
 hedei'ttcea, (ground-ivy, gill-overground. O. b. S:^ r. M. 11.) leaves reni- 
 
 form, crenate : stem rooting. 
 cordata, M. (P. b. 24) leaves heart-form. 
 
 21—6. Gleditschia. S3. 93. 
 triacaiitha, (honey locust. P. w. J. Tp.) thorn strong, cross-branched : 
 leaves linear-oblong : legumes very long, corc[)ressed. A large tree. 
 One side of the long flat legume contains a swtet pulp. Cultivated* 
 
 17—10. Glycine. 32. 93. 
 
 angnlosa, (1) (wild bean. P. p. Au. ^.) stem prostrate, sometimes 
 twining : leaves ternate ; lateral leafets 2-lobe'J; terminal leafet \^ ith 
 a rounded apex, (or parabolical :) peduncles longer than the leaves : 
 flowers capitate. E. 
 
 apios, (2) (ground-nut. O. b. &l p. Au. 2^.) twining, glabrous : leaves 
 unequally pinnate ; leafets 5 or 7, lance-ovate, upper ones narrow : 
 racemes crowded, shorter than the leaves. Roots tuberous, farina- 
 ceous, and in taste resembling the cocoa-nut. In loose rich soil. 
 
 umbillata, E. (P. w. p. Au. 0.) prostrate, sometimes twining: leaves, 
 ternate, ovate, glabrous : peduncles umbelled, longer than the pe- 
 tioles : legumes linear. 
 
 helva(n,'E. (3) (D P. r.) prostrate, sometimes twining : leaves ternate, 
 deltoid-oblong : flowers capitate : banner short ; wings large, ex- 
 panded. 
 
 •peduncular is, E. (4) (P. p Ju. %.) stem prostrate, sometimes twining : 
 leaves ternate, oblong-ovate and deltoid : flowei's capitate : banner 
 rather large, emarginate ; the other petals small : seed woolly. 
 Remark. I adopt Elliott's arrangement of the species of Phaceolus 
 
 and Glycine. 
 
 n— 10. Glycvrrhiza. 32, 93. 
 
 officinalis, (liquorice. E. 2^.) leaves pinnate, the terminal one petioled. 
 Root tuberous-cylindric, sweet. 
 
 18—2. Gnaphalicm. 49. 55. 
 
 margaritaceum (large-flowered life-everlasting. O. y. &, w. Ju. 2^.) 
 leaves lanceolate, gradually narrowing, acute 
 
 (1) Pha$eolus trilobiis, Mx. (2) Apios itiberosa, Ph. 
 
 (3;; Fhaseolirs belTo]'.!?, W (4) Pluseolu^ bekolH?. Mx. vexillatns,rh. 
 
310 GNAPHALIUM. 
 
 above : corymb fastigiate : flowers pedicelled. About 18 inches 
 high. Flowers with white pearly rays and yellow disks. Wrongly 
 applied in the Boston Florula. 
 polycephalum, Mx. (1) (sweet-scented life-everlasting. 0. y-w. Ju. #.) 
 leaves lance-linear, acute, glabrous above, downy beneath : stem 
 panicled, downy ; corymbs terminal. The heads of this species are 
 more numerous than of the preceding, more close, and the flowers 
 are smaller. Grows to about the same height. 
 
 decurrens, Ives, (2) (neglected life-everlasting. 0. y-w. Ju. #.) leaves 
 lanceolate, broad at the base, acute, decurrent, somew^hat scabrous 
 above, tomentose beneath ; stem leafy, branched, spreading. From 
 one to three feet high. This plant has always been confounded 
 with the polycephalum, until Professor Ives detected its essential 
 differences. Since he published the distinctive characteristics, I 
 have found it at Hudson, Troy, and various parts of Vermont and 
 Massachusetts ; and I have seen a specimen of it from Niagara. 
 
 plantagineum (early life-everlasting. 0. w. Ap. 2^.) shoots procumbent : 
 stem simple : radical leaves obovate, nerved : corymb close-press- 
 ed : flowers dioecious : inner scales of the calyx elongated, acutish, 
 coloured. About 6 inches high. 
 
 dioicum, P. (mousear. W. P. w. J. 2^.) shoots procumbent : stem sim- 
 ple : radical leaves spatulate : corymb close-pressed : flowers dioe- 
 cious : inter scales of the calyx elongated, obtuse, coloured. Dif- 
 fers from the last a little in the forms of the radical Leaves, the scales 
 of the calyx and time of flowering. But perhaps it may be a variety 
 of it. 
 
 purpureum, W. (C. P. p. Ju. H.) leaves linear-spatulate, downy be- 
 neath : stem erect, simple : flowers sessile, glomerate, terminal and 
 axillary. Hardly so tall as the two last species. Calyx purple. 
 
 uliginosum (mud life-everlasting. O. w^ Ju. 0.) stem branched, spread, 
 woolly : leaves lance-litiear, narrowed at both ends, downy : flowers 
 terminal, heaped ; 4or 5 inches long, half-prostrate, calyxes brown. 
 Damp. 
 
 germanicum (P.w. Ju. #.) stem erect, dichotomous ; leaves lance-lin- 
 ear, acute, tomentose : flowers in a globular head, terminal and lat- 
 eral, 5 or 6 inches high. 
 
 jpemylvaniaan, M. (3) (P. C. w. J. 0.) leaves lance-obovate, acute, 
 
 (1) nbtusifolium, W. (2) luteo-album ' M. (S) americanum, W. 
 
UOMPHRENAj GRAPHIS. 311 
 
 glabrous above, tomentose beneath ; margin pubescent ; flowers 
 sub-sessile, axillaiy and terminal, crowded. B. 
 
 5 1. GOMPHRENA. 54. 30. 
 
 globosa (globe amaranth, bachelor's button. E. r. Au. ^.) stem erect '. 
 leaves lance-ovate : heads solitary : peduncles 2.1eaved. 
 
 19 — 5. GoNOLOBUs. 30. 47. 
 obliquus (false choak-dog. P. p. J. If.) stem twining, hirsute : leaves 
 heart-ovate, acute : corymbs axillary; segments of the corol ovate, 
 acuminate. 
 
 19—1. GooDYErA, Br. (1) 7. 21. 
 
 pubescens (rattle-snake leaf, scrophula-weed. O. y. w. Ju. If.) leaves 
 radical, ovate, petioled, veins coloured, reticulate : scape sheatlied ; 
 scape and flowers pubescent : lip ovate-acuminate; petals ovate. 
 This plant is confounded with the Hieracium venosura by our root 
 doctors, as the leaves of both are reticulate, radical and depressed. — 
 Said to be useful in scrofula. 
 
 16—13. GoRDONiA. 37. 74. 
 
 lasianthus {\o\\y hay. B.S. fp.) flowers long-peduncled : leaves coria* 
 ceous, glabrous : capsules ovate. 
 
 16—13. GossYFiDM. 37. 74. 
 
 herba^eum (cotton. E. Au. ^ .) leaves 5-lobed, mucronate, one gland 
 Ijeneath : stem herbaceous, smooth. 
 
 22—5. Graphis. 57. 2. 
 scripta, crust membranaceous, smooth, somewhat shining, white and 
 l>ecoming somewhat cinereous : receptacles rising up, naked, flexu- 
 ose, simple and branched ; disk somewhat in the form of chinks ; 
 margin frond-like, elevated, membranaceous. On smooth bark, &,c. 
 Var. rnacrocarpa, crust effuse, becoming white : receptacles very 
 long, strait, sub-parallel, simple and forked at the apex. Var.pulve- 
 Tulenta, crust effuse, membranaceous, becoming white : receptacles 
 rising up, flexuose ; disk channelled, dehiscent, bluish-white ; mar- 
 gin frond-like, elevated, a little tumid. Var. ccrasi, crust very thin, 
 white, becoming glaucous, shining : receptacles rising up, straight, 
 
 (1) Neottia. 
 
S12 GRAPHIS, GRIMMIA. 
 
 elongated, somewhat simple, acuminate, suL-parallel : disk channel- 
 led, somewhat frosty-white; margin frond-like, thin. On the bark 
 of cherry and plum trees. 
 ^erpentinay crust cartilaginous-membranaceous, not uniform, a little 
 rugose, determinate, white and cinereous : receptacles immersed, 
 elongated, crowded, flexuose, sub-simple and ramose, obtuse, bluish- 
 white ; disk at length flat, margin frond-like, lateral, thick On 
 bark of trees. 
 
 2—1. Gkatiola. 40. 40. 
 
 -<iurea, M. (liedge hyssop. O. y. Ju. 11.) leaves broad-linear, sessile, 
 entire, 3-nerviid, punctate above : peduncles opposite, iiardly so 
 long as the leaves : filaments sometimes wanting and sometimes 
 without anthers, in damp ground. 
 
 jcirginica, Ph. (1) (creeping hedge-hyssop. Y. P. C. w-y. Ju. IX-) leaves 
 oblanceolate, attenuate below, remotely toothed, nerved, glabrous : 
 peduncles alternate, xery short : capsules acuminate, longer than 
 the calyx, in wet ground. 
 
 acuminata, Wr. (P. y. Ju. 2^.) leaves lanceolate, serrate, pubescent: 
 peduncles opposiie, longer than the leaves ; leafets of the calyx lin- 
 ear, of the length of the sub-globose capsule. In wet places. 
 
 neg/edff, Torrey, (C. T. W. V. w-y. Ju. 11.) stem pubescent, assurgent, 
 terete : leaves glabrous, lanceolate, sparingly tooth-serrate, tapering 
 and connate at the base : leafets of the calyx equal : no barren fila- 
 ments. See Torrey's catalogue, p. 89. 
 
 22—2. Grimmia. 5<5. 4. 
 
 1. Capsuhs sub-sessile, immersed. 
 
 ul2ncolay stem ramose : leaves lanceolate, obtusish : capsule ovate-ur- 
 ceolate, smooth, sub-sessile ; culyptre torn at the base ; lid obliquely 
 beaked. 
 
 japocarpaj stem ramose . Reaves ovate-acuminate, carinate, naked at 
 the apex : capsule oblong, -triate, sub-sessile. On moist trunks. 
 
 tnichauxi, Torrey, slenderly caulescent: leaves lanceolate, terminat- 
 ing in a capillary, white-pellucid and roughish point : pedicel termi- 
 nal : capsule short-ovate, smooth. Michaux describes this species 
 under the name gracilis ; but this name having been applied to ano- 
 
 1) officinalis, Mx. 
 
GRIMMIA^ GYROPHORA. 313 
 
 thcr species, Dr. Torrey substituted the name of its discoverer. — 
 Herb. Tor. 
 pilifcra, stem erect, branching : leaves densely imbricate, lanceolate, 
 erect-spreading and incurved : hairy pericheth large : capsules 
 ovate, sub-sessile : lid conic, cuspidate. 
 
 2. Capsules peduncled, exserl, short. 
 
 ovata, stem very branching, fastigiate : leaves lanceolate, obtusish, 
 erect-spreading, somewhat indexed, hairy : capsules oblong-ovate : 
 lid convex-conic. 
 
 22—5. Gyalecta, 57. 2. 
 
 hri/ophila, crust rugose-plicate, Avhite, becoming somewhat cinereous : 
 receptacles dark-blue, dilated at the bottom : the periphery elevated, 
 inflexed, somewhat contracted, acutish : at length crowned at the 
 base. 
 
 22 — 2. Gymnostomum. 56. 4. 
 1. Stem simple, erect. 
 
 pyriforme, stem veiy short : leaves ovate, acute, flat ; dioecious : cap- 
 sules erect, pear-form ; lid obtusely conic ; calyptr^ split laterally. 
 
 turbinatum, stem short, simple : leaves lanceolate, apiculale, serrulate : 
 capsules somewhat oblong-turbinate ; lid convex, obtuse, acuminate. 
 
 splachnoideum, capsules contracted in the middle : leaves deeply ser- 
 rate at the margin. 
 
 2. Stems divided, procumbent or fioating. 
 
 prorepens, stipe creeping : stem erect, short, obtuse : leaves closely 
 imbricate, lance-oval, acuminate : capsules globose ; lids subulate. 
 
 6—3. Gyromia, N. (1) 11. 12. 
 virginica, (Indian cucumber. O. y. g. M. 11.) several leaves in a whorl 
 near the middle of the stem, and 3 in a whorl at the top, lance-oval : 
 pedicels aggregate, terminal. Root white. Diuretic. B. 
 
 22 — 5. Gyrophora. 67. 2. 
 
 postidata, frond papulose, becoming cinereous-green ; deeply pitted 
 or lacunose beneath, and smooth, naked, pals-lawny: receptacles 
 distant, flat, marginated ; disk sub-equal, pajJllose and plicate. On 
 
 rocks, Sac. 
 (1) Medeola, L. 
 
 Cc 
 
314 GYROPHORA, HEDEOMA. 
 
 papulosa, frond rugose, papulose, obscurely cinereous ; under-side la- 
 cunose, pale-tawny : receptacles very thick together, minute, urceo- 
 late ; disk uniform and plicate in some places heaped and conglo- 
 merate. On rocks. 
 
 pcnsi/lvanica, frond papulose, tawny-oliye ; under-side pitted or lacU- 
 nose, rough-granulate, dark-coloured : receptacles marginated ; disk 
 flattish, uniform and plicate. On rocks and mountains. 
 
 muhlenbcrgii, frond somewhat glabrous, lacunose-reticulate, tawny- 
 olive ; under-side papulose, with ridges lacerated, and joining ends ; 
 scales of one colour: receptacles in pits, depressed, flattish, round- 
 plicate. On mountains. 
 
 mammuloia, frond smooth, pale-oliye, at length dark-tawny; under- 
 side very dark, scabrous and fibrous : receptacles convex, rugose- 
 chinked, nearly destitute of any margin j disk sometimes concave 
 and papillose. On rocks. 
 
 vdlea, frond smoothish, becoming dull-cinereous ; under-side fibrous, 
 hirsute, nearly of an uniform colour, dark tawny : receptacles sessile, 
 flat, marginated ; folds or wrinkles concentric. On rocks in moun- 
 tains. 
 
 H. 
 
 22—4. Halymenia. 57. 2. 
 
 falrtiala, frond flat, sub-palmate ; divisions oblong, sub-simple : colour 
 reddish-purple ; substance at first thin and membranaceous, at length 
 passing into a soft leathery substance. In the sea. 
 
 4 — 2. Hamamelis. 54. 78. 
 
 tiir^inica, W. (witch hazle. 0. y. Oc. ^.) leaves obovate, acute, tooth- 
 ed, cordate with a small sinus. Flowers in the fall, and perfects 
 the fruit the next summer. A shrub, from 5 to 15 feet high. 
 
 21—5. Hamiltonia. 43. 95. 
 eleifera,W. (1) (oil-nut. P. g-y. J. ^.) pubescent: leaves oblong, en- 
 tire, acuminate : flowers in terminal racemes. A shrub about 5 or 6 
 feet high. Flowers small. 
 
 14—1. Hedeoma. 42. 39. 
 pulegioideS) (penny-royal. O.b.J. #.) pubescent : leaves oblong, ser- 
 
 ^1) PyrHlariapubera,MK. 
 
HEDEOMA, HEDYSARUM. 315 
 
 rale : peduncles axillary, wliorled : lower lip of the calyx with two 
 ciliate bristles. 5 or 6 inches high. 
 glabra, (C. 2^.) glabrous : lower leaves oblong ; upper ones lanceO' 
 late, remotely serrate : peduncles terminal, ternate. 
 
 5 — 1. Hedera. 46. 58. 
 
 helix, (english ivy. E. g-v>'. S. Tp.) leaves 3 or 5-lobed } floral ones 
 ovate : umbel erect. 
 
 4—1. Hedyotis, Mx. (1) 13. 84. 
 
 glomcrala, (creeping green-head. W. D. w-g. M. 0.) procumbent : 
 leaves lance-ovate : flowers axillary and terminal, united or heaped 
 in heads, pedicelled : germs hispid. Damp or wet. 
 
 17—10. Hedysarcji. 32. 93. 
 
 canadense, (bush trefoil. O. r. Ju. 24..) erect, smoothish: leaves ter- 
 nate, lance-oblong : stipules filiform : flowers racemed : joints of the 
 loraent obtusely triangled, hispid. 
 
 canesctns, AV. (P. C r-b. Au. 11.) erect, pilose : stem anded-ciliate, 
 hispid : leaves ternate, roundish, with close-pressed hairs beneath : 
 stipules ovate, acuminate : racemes panicled : bractj cordate : joints 
 of the loment triangular, hispid. 
 
 marilandicum, (C. P. p. Ju. If.) erect, branching, pilose: leaves ter- 
 nate, oblong, villose beneath : stipules subulate : racemes panicled : 
 loment 3-jointed ; the joints rhomboid, reticulate, a little hairy. 
 Flowers large. 
 
 obfusum, W. (C. P. p. &i g. Au. TJ..) erect, pubescent- leaves ternate, 
 ovate, obtuse, sub-cordate at the base : stipules lance-subulate : pa- 
 nicle terminal : joints of the loment sub-orbiculate, reticulate, hispid : 
 loments rough ; joints oval. 
 
 viridijlorum, (C. D. g. &. p. Au. 2^.) erect, branching, pubescent : leaves 
 ternate, ovate-oblong, scabrous beneath : stipules lance-cuspidate : 
 racemes panicled, bracted About 3 feet high. Flowers become 
 greenish when old. 
 
 gtabellum, Mx. (2) (0. p. Ju. H.) erect, glabrous: leaves ternate, 
 o^'ate-obtuse, sub-glaucous beneath : stipules small, subulate : pa- 
 nicle terminal : joints of the loraent rhomb-trians^ular. 
 
 eiliare, W. (0. p. Au. If.) eroct, a little glabrous : leaves ternate, ovate^ 
 
 (J) Oldenlandja, L. (2) paniculatuin, W.. 
 
316 IIEDYSARUM. 
 
 ppbesccnt beneath, margin ciliate : stipules filiform: panicle termi- 
 nal : joints of the loment (2 or 3) half-orbicular, hispid. 
 
 rctundifoliuni, Mx. (O. p. Au. 11.) prostrate, hirsute: leaves ternate, 
 orbicular, pilose both sides : stipules round-cordate, reflexed : ra- 
 cemes anillary, and in the terminal panicles few-flowered : bracts 
 cordaie : joints of the loment sub-rhombic, reticulate-scabrous. 
 
 bracteosum, Mx. (0. r. Au. 24..) erect, glabrous : leaves ternate, oblong- 
 oval, acuminate : stiitules subulate : racemes terminal^ with scatter- 
 ed floAvers : bracts ovate, acuminate, striate, glabrous : joints of the 
 loment sub-oval. Flowers large. 
 
 cuspidaturriy W. (P. C. W. p. Au. 11.) erect, glabrous : leaves ternate, 
 petioied, ovate-oblong, long-acuminate, glabrous, margin scabrous ^ 
 stipule? lance-ovate : panicle terminal : joints of the loment triangu- 
 lar, reticulate, glabrous, at the margin pubescent. Is this a variety 
 of t)ie last .' 
 
 Iceiigatu7n, (D.) very smooth : stem simple, erect, sub-glaucous : leaves 
 lernate, long-petioied ; leafets ovate, acute : stipules subulate, mi- 
 nute, caducous : panicle terminal, sub-simple: flowers in pairs on 
 long peduncles : bracts ovate, acute, shorter than the flower-buds. 
 The smoothest of all American species. 
 
 glutinosum,\y. (0. p. Ji'. Ij!.) erect, simple : leaves long-petioled, ter- 
 nate, round-Ovate, acuminate : panicle scape-like, proceeding from 
 one side of the base of the stem : peduncles with glutinous hairs : 
 joints of the loment oblong-triangular, a little glabrous. 
 
 nudiflorum, (C. p. Ju. li.) erect, simple, glabrous : leaves ternate, 
 broad-oval, acuminate : scape panicled, glabrous, radical ; stem- 
 bearing leaves higher : joints of the loment round-triangular, some- 
 X^hat glabrous. 
 
 acuminatum, Mx. (1) (0. p. Ju. U-) erect, simple, pubescent, leafy at 
 the summit : leaves ternate, ovate, long-acuminate, Avith scattered 
 hairs on both sides, close-pressed, long-petioled ; the odd leafet 
 round-rhomboid : panicle long-peduncled, terminal. 
 
 stridum, Ph. (0. p. Ju. 2^.) stiffly erect, glabrous, simple : leaves pe- 
 tioied, ternate, linear-oval, glabrous, net-veined, glaucous beneath • 
 stipules subulate : panicle terminal, peduncled, few-flowered. Re^ 
 sembles the glabellum. 
 
 Hedysurum, see Lespedeza. 
 
 (1) This is raade a vaiietyof |-<i;tinosum by soi..e nitliors. On comparing many 
 specimens iu the growicg slate, they appear to be manileitly distinct. 
 
MELENIUMj HELIANTIIUS. 317 
 
 18—2. Helenium. 49. 55. 
 
 «iutumnah, (false sunflower. D. T. P. y. Au. 2^.) leaves lanceolate^ 
 serrate, sub-decurrent : stem corymbed above : diirk florets 5-cleft j 
 rays flat, reflexed. Damp ; at Hudson it grows in the mud of South 
 Bay. 
 
 18 — 3. Heliantiius. 49. 55 
 
 1. Leaves opposite. 
 
 alroruhens, W. (P. y. &, p. \u. 2^.) hispid : stem nakedish above, lax- 
 panicled -. leaves spatulate, ovate, crenate, 3-nerved, scabrous : scales 
 of the calyx lance-ovate, of the length of the disk. 
 
 irachelifolius, W. (1) (C. W. P. V. Can. y. Au !(.) leaves lance-ovate, 
 acuminata serrate, 3-nerved, very rough both sides ; scales of the 
 calyx lance-linear, clliate, outer ones longest. About 3 feet high. 
 
 dicaricaiusy W. (C. T. P. Can. y. Au. 2^.) stem glabrous, very branch- 
 ing: leaves nearly opposite, sessile, lance-ovate, 3-nerved : panicle 
 trichotomous, slender, few-floAvered. 5 or 6 feet high. 
 
 frondosus, (C. T. P. Can. y. Ju. If.) stem glabrous below : leaves 
 ovate, sharply serrate : peduncles scabrous : calyx squarrose, undu- 
 late, leafy, ciliate : rays 8-flo\vered. 4 feet high. 
 
 2. Upper leaves alternate. 
 
 annuus, (common sunflower. E. y. St w. Ju. 2^.) leaves all cordate, 3- 
 nerved: peduncles thickening upwards : flowers nodding. Culti- 
 vated for the fixed oil obteiined from the seed by compression. 6 to 
 10 feet high : flowers very large. 
 
 macropkyllus, W. (P. y. Au. 11) leaves ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, 
 serrate, scabrous above, white-pubescent beneath : scales of the ca- 
 lyx linear, squarrose. 
 
 iuberosus, (Jerusalem artichoke. E. y. S. U-) leaves 3-nerved, scabrous, 
 lower ones heart-ovate ; upper ones ovate, acuminate : petioles ci- 
 liate. Root tuberous. Naturalized. 
 
 strumosiis,W. (New-England. T. 11.) leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, 
 3-nerved, scabrous beneath : scales of the calyx lance-linear, ciliate 
 at the base. 
 
 ultissimus, (C. P. y. Au. U-) leaves alternate, lance-ovate, serrate, sca- 
 brous, 3-nerved, slender at the apex, with ciliate petioles : scales of 
 
 (1) gigus, uix. 
 
 Cc2 
 
gl8 HELIANTHUS, HELONIAS. 
 
 the calyx lanceolate, ciliate. Chaff on the receptacle green : stem 
 
 purple. 
 decapetalus, (0. y. Au. 2^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, remotely serrate, 
 
 3-nerved, scabrous : scales of the calyx lanceolate, sub-equal, sub- 
 
 ciliate : rays ten or twelve. 3 or 4 feet high. 
 mollis, W. (1) (P. y. Ju. 21.) leaves ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, with 
 
 close-pressed serratures, scabrous above, white-pubescent beneath, 
 
 very soft : scales of the calyx lanceolate, close-pressed. 
 cmgustifolius, W, (2) (D. y. S. 2/.) stem slender, about 1-flowered : 
 
 leaves linear, with a revolutc margin, very rough. Rays yellow, 
 
 disk brown. In pine barrens. 
 
 18—2. Heliopsis. 49. 55. 
 
 lavis, P. (3) (ox-eye. O. Ju. 2i.) leaves opposite, ovate, serrate, 3-nerv- 
 ed. Tall, resembling the sunflower, for which it is often mistaken 
 by botanists. 
 
 5 — 1. Heliotropium. 41. 42. 
 
 indicum, (turnsole. Southern states, b. Ju. 0.) leaves heart-ovate, 
 acute, roughish : spikes solitary : frait bifid. Cultivated. 
 
 13—13 Helleborus. 26. 61. 
 
 foetidus (hellebore. E.) stem many-flowered, leafy : leaves pedate, re- 
 motely serrate, coriaceous : corol somewhat converging. 
 Helleborus, see Coptis. 
 
 6—3. Helonias. 10. 13. 
 
 tatifolia, Mx. (4) (helonias. D. P. p. M. 24-.) scape almost leafless ; 
 spike ovate, crowded : bract lance-linear, mucronate, nerved. An- 
 thers blue. 
 
 trylhrnsptrma^ Mx. (5) (P. w. &. g. J. 2^.) scape leafy : racemes ob- 
 long : bracts sho^rt, oblong : leaves glabrous, lance-linear : seed 
 ovate, reddish : pericarp legume-like, fleshy. 
 
 dioica, Ph. (6) (blazing star, false unicorn root. C. T. Catskill. Great 
 
 (1) tomentof^us, Mx. (2) Rudbeckia angustifolia, W. in the same work. 
 
 (3) Heliaiithus laevis, L. RHribeckia oppti.«;tifolia, L. in ai other place. Buphtbal- 
 mum hf lianihoides, W. Silphium soliUaginoides, L. the last time he notices it. 
 
 (4) buHata, V- . 
 
 (5) Mfianihiumluteum, W. phalangioides, Lk. muscaetoxicum, Wr. Anthfricum 
 SUbtri^ii.um, Jn. 
 
 (6; puniilo,Jv). M.)aiithM;m diclcum, VVr. densum, Lk. Veratrum luteum, L It 
 is «till jdac. u w l.erc LinneusleiV it by N. Nyt it differs too widely in habit and sensible 
 •inalities to remain with the VerairuDa viride. 
 
HELVELLAj HESPERIS. 319 
 
 Barrington. w, J. 2^.) scape leafy: racemes spiked, nodding: pedi- 
 cels short, sub-bracted : lilamenls longer than the corol : petals lin- 
 ear: leaves lance-oblong. Always dioecious. From 6 to 18 inches 
 high. 
 
 22 — 6. Helvella. 58. 1. 
 
 nigricans, small, from sooty-yellow becoming black : pileus free but 
 pressed together both sides : pileus smooth, having bran-like scales 
 in some cases. 
 
 6 — 1. Hemerocallis. 10. 16. 
 
 Jiava (yellow day-lily. E. y. Ju. 21.) leaves broad-linear, keeled : pet- 
 als flat, acute ; nerves of the petals undivided. 
 
 fulva (tawny day-lily. E. y. Ju. 2/.) leaves linear-lanceolate, keeled : 
 three, inner petals obtuse, undulate; nerves of the outer petals 
 branching. 
 
 2—1. Hemianthus, N. 40. 40. 
 
 micranthemoides, N. (D.) leaves entire, opposite and whorled : flowera 
 axillary, alternate and pedicelled, minute. A small creeping plant, 
 in marshes. 
 
 13—13. Hepatica. 26. 61. 
 
 triloba, W. (1) (liverleaf. O. w. ^ b. Ap. y.) leaves 3-lobed, entire, 
 obtuse : calyx leaves broad-ovate, obtuse. Var. Acuta, leaves 3to 5» 
 lobed, acute : calyx leaves acute. 
 
 6 — 2. Heracleum. 45. 60. 
 
 tanatum, Mx. (0. w. Ju. 14..) petioles and nerves of the leaves very vil- 
 lose beneath : leafets petioled, broad, round-cordat^;-, sub-palmate- 
 lobed : seed orbicular. A large umbelliferous plant of a white 
 woolly appearance. Meadows and other damp places. Very poig-- 
 onous. 
 
 15—2. Hesperis. 39. 63. 
 
 tristis (yellow rocket. E. ^ .) stem hispid ; branches spreading ; leaves 
 
 lance-ovate : sitiqae sworJ-torm. 
 malronalis (garden ruCKCt, dame violet. E. H ) stem simple, erect : 
 
 leaves lauce-ovate, denliculale : petals emarginale, mucrODate><»" 
 
 Var. hsrttnsis, ilouers double, odoril'erous, white. 
 
 (1) Aaemone hepaUca, Xt> 
 
320 HESPERIS, HIBISCUS. 
 
 pinnatifida, Mx. (wild rocket. P.J. <? .) leaves sharply serrate ; upper 
 ones lanceolate, lower ones pinnatifid : silique sub-peduncled, 
 shortish. 
 
 3 — 1. Heteranthera. 6. 17. 
 
 reniformis, Mx. (1) (mud-plantain. T. D. P. Hudson, g-w. Ju. 2^.) 
 leaves heart-reniform, long-petioled, glabrous, bearing the flowers on 
 the sides of the pet.oles and clasping the peduncles with membrana- 
 ceous wings. Flowers very obscure, and an inattentive student 
 would not suppose it to be in flower even w hen in full bloom. About 
 3 or 4 inches high ; in muddy overflowed places. Very abundant in 
 South Bay, below Hudson city. 
 
 5 — 2. Heuchera. 13. 84. 
 
 fiscida, Ph. (2) (allum root. C. T. P. Catskill. r. Ju. U-) viscid-pubes- 
 cent : scape and leaves roughish : leaves moderately round-lobed, 
 with dilated obtuse mucronate teeth : peduncles of the panicle veiy 
 dichotomeus, spread : calyx short, obtuse. In dry woods and bushy- 
 fields. An active astringent. B. 
 
 pubesctns,Fh. (P. r. U y. J. Z^.) dusty-pubescent : scape glabrous be- 
 low : leaves sub-acute-lobed, toothed, glabrous beneath : peduncles 
 of the panicle short, with crowded flowers : calyx large, bell-form : 
 petals longer than the calyx, large. 
 
 16—13. Hibiscus. 37. 74. 
 
 moscheutos, W. (3) (marsh mallow. C. w. k p. Au. If.) leaves ovate, 
 acnminate, serrate, sub-3-lobed,pub-5-nerved, white-downy beneath: 
 peduncles flower-bearing, calyx downy : capsule glabrous. 
 
 paludris (marsh hibiscus. C. P. Newburgh. p. Au. 24-) leaves broad- 
 oval, obtusely serrate, sub-3-lobed, 3-nerved, dow ny beneath : pe- 
 duncles axillary, longer than the petiole. 
 
 ripcnus (P. p. Au. TJ.) very glabrous : leaves 3-lobed-hastate, acumin- 
 ate, serrate : corol tubular-bell-form : capsules ovate, acuminate, 
 glabrous ; seeds silky. 
 
 syriacis ^syrian mallow. E. vv. h p. Au. ^.) leaves wedge-ovate, 3-lob- 
 ed, toothed : outer calyx about 8-leaved, of the length of the inner : 
 stem woody. A shrub 4 to 6 feet high. 
 
 fhoj:<ctUi^ (I'heniceau mallows. E. r. Ju. I/) leaves ovate, acuminat^. 
 
 (1) - . u a Villi. Lepianthus reniforinis, Mx. virgiuica, P- 
 
 (2) coitusa,Mx. am«ricana,W. (3) paiustris, Wr. 
 
HIBISCUSj HIERACIUM. 321 
 
 serrate and crenate, lower ones S-cuspidate : peduncles jointed : 
 seeds woolly. 6 to 8 feet high. 
 
 esculentis (okra E. ^.) leaves heart-5-lobed, obtuslsli, toothed : peti- 
 ole longer than the flower : outer calyx about 5-leaved, deciduous, 
 bursting lengthwise. 
 
 virgi7iicus, (1) (sweat weed. C. P. r. Au. U-) downy, rough : leaves 
 acuminate, unequally toothed ; lower ones cordate, undivided ; 
 upper ones cordate-oblong, 3-lobed : peduncles axillaiy, and iu 
 terminal racemes } flowers nodding : pistils nodding In salt 
 marshes. 
 
 trionum (bladder ketmia, flower of an hour. E. 0.) outer calyx many- 
 leaved, inner one inflated : capsule membranaceous : leaves tooth- 
 ed, upper ones 3-parted. 
 
 18—1. HiERACiUM. 49. 53. 
 
 nurantiacum (orange hawkweed. E. y. H) scape leafy, hispid : flow- 
 ers corymbed : peduncles glomerate : leaves oblong, acutish, pilose- 
 hispid. 
 
 rc«o.<t?///t (vein-leaf hawkn-eed. O. y.Ju. 24^.) scape naked, connub-pa-^ 
 nicled, glabrous : pedicels tiliform : leaves lance-obovale with thin 
 hairs above and naked beneath, margin ciiiate, glandular-toothed, 
 veins coloured : calyx glabrous. 
 
 gronovii (C. T. P. Ju. 11.) scape somewhat leafy, or naked, corymb- 
 panicled : calyx pubescent : radicalieaves entire, obovate, obtuse, 
 ciiiate. 
 
 vaniculatmn (0. y. Ju. 2^.) very glabrous : stem erect, leafy, panicled, 
 white-woolly beneath : pedicels capillary -, leaves lanceolate, na- 
 ked, toothed, membranaceous. 
 
 marianum, W (2) (O. y. Ju. H) stem erect, villose : leaves oval-obo- 
 vate, stiigose, villose on the keel, lower ones sub-dentate : pedun- 
 cles and calyxes downy. Resembles the H. gronovii. 
 
 kalmii, W. (0. y. Au. H ) stem erect, many-flowered, glabrous : leaves 
 £ub-sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, sharply toothed outside : pedun- 
 cles cauline, near the top of the stem alternate, about l-flowered, 
 downy. 
 
 virgatmn, Ph. (3) (0. Ju, 2i.) stem erect, simple, villose : leaves ses- 
 sile, lanceolate, acute, glabrous:, pilose beneath, sharply repand- 
 toothed at the margin, entire towards ihe apex : panicle sub-corym-* 
 bed : calyx and peduncle tomeatose. 
 
 (1) cl^peatus, Wr. (2) scabruro. Ms. (3) canadenscj ftl^. 
 
322 HIERACIUM, ttORDEUM. 
 
 fasciculaium, Ph. (Can. Middlebnry, Vt. James. Au. If ) a little glab- 
 rous : stem erect, leafy, simple, glabrous : leaves sessile, oblong, 
 acute, sharp-toothed and the teeth elongated : branches of the pani- 
 cle divaricate, short : pedicels sub-fascicled, pubescent. 
 
 3—2. HiEROCHLOA. 4. 10. 
 
 edorata (1) (sweet summer grass, seneca grass. C. P. Seneca Ipke. M. 
 21.) panicle spreading : glumes 3-flowered, awuless : florets crowd- 
 ed, a perfect diandrous glabrous one in the middle, and a staminate 
 one triandrous. 
 
 22—6. Himantia: 58. 1. 
 
 domestica, large tawny violet, soft ; somewhat cohering in a membrane. 
 Often between timbers of a building. 
 
 sulphurea, pale sulphur-yellow, flaxen and fibrous ; branches sub-te- 
 rete, interwoven. Oil trunks. 
 
 Candida, white, thin and tender ; dilated at the apex and sub-plumose. 
 On fallen leaves. 
 
 21—4. HippoPHAE. 16. 24. 
 ennadensiSjW. (sea buckthorn. Can. D. P. M. 1?.) leaves ovate, acutish, 
 a little scabrous above, silver-haired and brilliant beneath ; scales 
 scattered, ferruginous. Near rivers and lakes. 
 
 1—1. HippuRis. 15. 88. 
 vulgaris (mares tail. T. P. y-g. M. U-) leaves mostly in sixes, linear .'-* 
 In water. Rare. Dr. L. C. Beck found it near Schenectady. 
 
 3—2. HoLcus. 4. 10. 
 lanatus, Sr. (soft grass. P. C. J. U-) glumes 2-flowered, the perfect 
 
 flower awnless, the staminate one awned, recurved, flower much 
 
 shorter. 
 monticola, Bw. (Whitehills. Ju) glumes 3-flowered, intermediate one 
 
 diandrous, perfect ; lateral ones staminate, triandrous ; outer valve 
 
 awned upon the back. 
 
 3—2. HORDEUM. 4. 10. 
 
 vulgare (barley. E. Ju. 0.) florets all perfect, aAvned : in two erec4 
 
 j{l) frcgracSjRs. Holcus odoratus, Mx, lanatus, J.. 
 
HORDEUM, HUTCHIXSIA. 323 
 
 jubatum, A. (New-Eiiglaud. Ju. ^ .) awns and involucres setaceous^ 
 very long. 
 
 10 3. HORTENSIA. 13. 84. 
 
 speciosa (changeable hydrangea. E. r. k, w. J. ^ ) leaves broadly ovate 
 
 serrate, acuminate : flowers corymbed. From the East Indies. 
 
 This is the common flower-pot shrub, usually called hyderindia. 
 5—1. HOTTOKIA. 21. 34, 
 
 jpalustris, (water violet. D. Ju. If.) flowers whorled, sub-sessile : stem 
 geniculate, with inflated joints. In stagnant waters. 
 
 4—1. HorsTONiA. 47. 57. 
 
 carulen, (1) (Venus' pride. O. b. k w. M. U.) stem erect, setaceous, 
 dichotomous : radical leaves spatulate ; cauline ones oblanceolate 
 opposite : peduncles 1-flowered, elongated. 
 
 purpurea, W. (2) (D. T. P. p. w. Ju. IT.) stem erect, branching above, 
 pubescent at the knee-joints : leaves sessile, ovate, lanceolate or 
 lance-linear : fascicles terminal, corymbed. 4 to 8 inches high. Most 
 abundant near Lansingburgh, and on the dry ridges in Catskill five- 
 mile woods. 
 
 lon^ifolia, (3) (P. p. Ju. 2^.) stem erect, very branching, glabrous; 
 leaves linear : flowers terminal, fascicled, sub-sessile, often ternate. 
 
 11 — 1. HUDSONIA. 18. 80. 
 
 ericoides, (false heath. D. y. J. ^.) leaves acerose-subulate, hirsute : 
 peduncles filiform, solitary. About 6 inches high; a very delicate 
 shrub. Pine barrens. 
 
 21—5. HuMULcs. 53. 98. 
 
 lupulus, (hop. O. g-y. Au. 11.) stem twining with the sun : leaves 
 lobed. One of the best of tonics. 
 
 22 — 4. HuTcniNsiA. 57. 2. 
 fastigiata, threads dichotomous, sub-equal, fastifiate : joints shorter 
 
 than their diameters, marked in the middle with dark dots. In the 
 
 sea. Will not adhere to paper. 
 .violacea, very branching, diffuse : branches wand-like, spreading : low- 
 
 (1) linnei, Mx. Anonymous. Wr. 
 
 (2) variant Mx. Hedyotis uaibellata, Wr. Knoxia purpurea, Lk. 
 (S) angustilolia. Mx. 
 
324 HUTCHIXSIA, HYDRANGEA. 
 
 er joints shorter than their diameter, those of the branches six times 
 as long. In the sea. Adheres to paper loosely. 
 strida, threads straight, equal , branches dichotomous, erectish -.joints 
 about thrice as long as the diameter. 
 
 6 — 1. Hyacinthus. 10. 16. 
 
 orie7itaIis, (garden hyacinth. E. r. Ap. 21.) corol funnel-form, half-6- 
 
 cleft, ventricose at the base. 
 muscari, (musk hyacinth. E. b. Ap. H.) corol s ovate, all equal. 
 botryoides, (grape hyacinth. E. b. Ap. 2^.) corols globose, uniform : 
 
 leaves cylindric, channelled, straight. 
 C07nosus, (purple grape hyacinth. E. p.) corol angular-cylindric, at the 
 
 summit sterile, long-peduncled, erect. 
 racemosus, (hare-bell hyacinth. 'E.ll.) flowers thick, ovate, those at 
 
 the top sessile ; leaves lax, pendant, linear, carinate. 
 22—6. Hydnum. 58. 1. 
 
 imbricatum, (prickly fungus.) pileus fleshy, umbilicate, scaly . scales 
 thick, sub-erect, obscure. 
 
 repandum, pale-fleshy : pileus rugose, flexuose, somewhat lobed, gla- 
 brous : teeth thickish, mostly compressed : stipe tuberous, a little 
 out of the centre of the pileus. Sometimes it is halved. 
 
 concrescens, in groups, confluent: pileus corky, funnel-form, having 
 zones, chesnut-brown : teeth slender, shining-tawny: stipe short, 
 sub-tuberous, deformed. Colour varies with the season. 
 
 gelatinosum, gelatinous, white-glaucous : pileus fiat both sides : stipe 
 lateral. About three-fourths of an inch broad. 
 
 coraUoides, large, very branching : branches crowded, incurved : ter- 
 minal teeth sub-fascicled. 
 
 chrysorhizw/n, (paper punk.) yellow, membranaceous, stemless, spread : 
 root golden-yellow, filiform, with intersecting branches j extending 
 far along the grains of decaying v.ood. The root of this fungus has 
 been often noticed several yards in length ; but Dr. J. Torrey, of 
 New-York, was the first, I believe, who traced it to the pileus, and 
 proved it a kydn itm. (1 ) 
 
 10_2. Hydrangea. 13. 84. 
 
 vulgaris, VI. (hydrangea. P. w. Au. ^.) leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at 
 
 (1) Pr. Torrey did not publisb thisspecies in Ins catalogue, because soirie .ioubf* had 
 arisen since the oublicati.iii.jf th^^ se'^ond e iHion . >' tbs Al»ni>«>;. I ha^ -> c.i^n'.dei to 
 Jet it remain '"or ike present I ar>i siil; inclined to leii-'ve i' is a hydnum; but the 
 fiicus is rarely fsund. I have a very perfect specimen now before me. 
 
HYDRANGEA^ HYDROPHYLLUM. 325 
 
 the base, acuminate, toothed, ghibrous beneath : cymes naked. A 
 shrub about 5 feet high. 
 tiivea, Mx. (P. w. Ju. ^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, toothed, snow- 
 white dowu beneath : serratures mucronate : cymes radiate. 
 
 Hydrangea^ see Hortentia. 
 
 13—13. Hydrastis. 26. 61. 
 
 canadensis^ (orange root. C. P. w-r. Ap. 2/.) stem with two opposite 
 leav^es above : leaves petioled, emardnate at the base, palmate, ser- 
 rate, gashed; peduncle terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. Roots yellow. 
 
 5 — 2. Hydrocotyle. 45. 60. 
 
 umbellata, W. (water navel- wort. P. M. 2^.) leaves peltate, crenate, 
 at the base eraarginate : umbels peduncled, many-flowered. 
 
 americana, (O. g-w. J. U-) glabrous, tuberous: leaves sub-peltate, or- 
 bicular, doubly-crenate, sub-urabelled : glomerules few-flowei-ed. 
 Flowers very small. Plant low and sub-prostrate. Damp. 
 
 vulgaris, (P. Can. g-w. J. I^.) leaves orbit u!ar, peltate, slightly cre- 
 nate : scape interruptedly spiked, few-flowered. 
 
 13—13, Hydropeltis. 26. 61. 
 
 purpurea, Mx. (1) (water shield. O. p. Au. 24.-) leaves peltate, oval, en- 
 tire : peduncles solitary, 1-flowered. The leaves float on the surface 
 of water, having long flexible petioles. Plant mostly covered with 
 mucilage. In all stagnant ponds. 
 
 5 — 1. Hydrophyllum. 41. 42. 
 
 appendiculalmn, Mx. (water-leaf. P. b. M. H.) very hirsute : radical 
 leaves snb-pinnatifid, cauline ones lobe-angled : sinuses of the calyx 
 appendaged : the fascicles of flowers sub-panicled. Calyx very 
 hispid. 
 
 virginicum, (burr-flower. O. b. J. 2^.) glabrous and hairy : leaves pin- 
 nate and pinnatind ; divisions lance-oval, gash-serrate : fascicles of 
 the flowers conglomerate. The flowers have the appearance of a 
 burr several weeks before they expand. Damp. 
 
 canadense, W. (rough burr-flower. W. P. p. & w. Ju. 2^.) hirsute : leaves 
 lobe-angled : fascicles of the flowers crowded. Resembles the last 
 in some respects ; but the leaves are much larger. 
 
 (1) Brasenia peltata, PIi. 
 
326 HYOSCYAMUS, HYPERICUM. 
 
 5 — 1. Hyoscyamus. 28. 41. 
 
 •niger, (henbane. E. Ju. ^ .) leaves clasping, sinuate : flowers veiny, 
 sessile. Naturalized about Middlebury college. An active narcotic. 
 
 13—5. Hypericum. 20. 68. 
 1. Flowers with 5 styles. 
 
 ascyroides, W. (1) (St. John's wort. W. P. T. C. V. y. Ju. U-) herba- 
 ceous, glabrous : stem simple, 4-cornered : leaves sessile, oblong, 
 acute, glabrous : flowers terminal ; styles of the length of the star 
 mens : leafets of the calyx lance-ovate. Flowers very large. 
 
 prolificum, W. (2) (P. Lake Huron. J. 11. or ^.) branches 2-edged : 
 leaves lance-linear, obtusish : corymbs axillary and terminal, few- 
 flowered : flowers at first sessile ; stamens and styles of the length of 
 the petals : leafets of the calyx lanceolate. 
 
 2. Flowers with 3 styles, or fewer. 
 
 angulosum, Mx. (3) (C. P. y-r. Ju. 2^.) erect: stem 4-sided: leaves 
 
 oblong, acute, closely sessile : panicle terminal, dichotomous : 
 
 branches divaricate, with distant, alternate flowers : calyx sub-cam- 
 
 panulate ; divisions lanceolate, acute, keeled below, almost as long 
 
 ' as the corol : petals with a single lateral tooth. 
 
 canadense, (N. C. W. P. Ju. ©.) erect, small-flowered : stem 4-sided, 
 dichotomous above : leaves sessile, linear, slender at the base : the 
 branches of the panicle opposite, the branchlets dichotomous : cap- 
 sule long, conic, coloured. Capsules red. 
 
 tirginicumj (4) (0. p. Au. 2^.) flowers with 9 or 12 stamens, distinctly 
 arranged in three parcels, and separated by nectaries : leaves oval, 
 obtuse, clasping : stem compressed. 
 
 adpressum, B. (P. y. Ju. 2/.) stem erect, 2-edged immediately below 
 each pair of leaves, and sub-cylindric near the root : leaves opposite^ 
 closely sessile, lanceolate-obtuse, transparently punctate with very- 
 fine dots ; those of the branches sub-linear, crowded ; those of the 
 cymes small, acute, crowded : flowers terminal and axillary, witii 
 obtuse entire petals : style 1 : capsule sub-conic. 
 
 peliolatum,Wi'. (5) (P. y. Ju. I([.) leaves petioled, oblong-oval, round- 
 obtuse : flowers opposite, axillary, sub-sessile, sub-ternate ; stamens 
 adnate as far as the middle : capsule oblong. 
 
 (1) macrocarpum, Mx. (2) kalmianum, Du Roi. (3) dcEticulatum, Wr. 
 
 (4) campanulatum, Wr. Elodea campanulata, Ph. 
 0) axillare, Mx. Elodea petiolata, PL. 
 
HYPERICUM; HYPNUM. 327 
 
 parviflorunij W. (1) (O. y. Ju. 2/.) erect, small, glabrous ; dichotomous- 
 ramose, somewhat 4-sided : leaves ovate-oblong, sub-cordate, ob- 
 tuse, nerved, sessile -. panicles terminal, dichotomous-corymbed : pe- 
 tals shorter than the lanceolate calyx. 
 
 rorymbosum^ W, (2) (0. y. Ju. 2^.) erect, glabrous, darkly-punctate ; 
 stem terete, branching: leaves clasping, oblong-oval, obtuse: co- 
 rymbs terminal, brachiate, dense-flowered : divisions of the calyx 
 lanceolate, acute. 
 
 perforatum, (S) (0. y. J. If .) erect, branching: stem 2-edged : leaves 
 oblong, obtuse, transparently-punctate : panicle terminal, brachiate, 
 leafy : petals twice jas long as the acute, lanceolate calyx. This is 
 the common St. John's wort, so troublesome to farmers. 
 
 22—2, HvpNUM. 56. 4. 
 
 1. Leaves tico-ranked. 
 
 syhaticum^ branches divided : leaves imbricate, compressed, spread at 
 
 the apex, lance-ovate, entire, nerveless : lid subulate. Woods. 
 ihnticulatum, stems simple : leaves imbricate, compressed, spreading at 
 
 the apex, jlance-ovate, entire, nerveless: lid conic. On trunks and 
 
 ^ound in woods. 
 jsetrulatum, shoots creeping ; branches simple, bearing fruit at the base 
 
 and middle : lid beaked. 
 prcelongum, stem pinnate, creeping : leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, 
 
 serrate, 1-nerved, spreading : lid subulate, incurved. (4) 
 riparium, stem ramose, spreading : leaves lax, lance-ovate, entire, one- 
 
 nerved : lid convex, slightly mucronate. On stones, &,c. in flowing 
 
 streams. 
 
 3. Leaves imbricate^ dose-pressed — sometimes a little spreading, pari of 
 their length. 
 
 £uspidatum, stem pinnate, sub-erect : branches cuspidate : leaves 
 lance-oblong, nerveless, smooth : lid conic. In ditches and brooka 
 
 illecebrum, stem with scattered obtuse branches : leaves ovate, ventri- 
 cose, obtuse, mucronate ; obsoletely one-nerved. Woods and mea- 
 dows. 
 
 abietinum, stem pinnate, villose; leaves lance-ovate, entire, one-nerv- 
 ed, 2-furrowed : lid conic. In dry places and^among pines, k,c. 
 
 (1) quinquenervium, Wr. mutiliim, L. 
 
 (2) punctatum, Lk. macu latum. Wr (3) virglnicum ? Wr. 
 
 (4) This description, taken from Lk. andDc. is similar lo that given in Turtoii'i LiK-. 
 jfijs tf the sernilatHin, 
 
328 HYPNUM. 
 
 splcjuhns, stem bipinnate : leaves lance-ovate, almost nerveless, shin.- 
 incf, close-pressed ; lid subulate, recurved. In woods. 
 
 delicatuhim, stem decumbent, bipinnate : leaves cordate, with ruptured 
 nerves and 2 grooves, scabrous : lid beaked. 
 
 minululum, veiy slender, decumbent, pinnately branched : leaves ve- 
 ry minute, oval, acute ; margins and keel somewhat scabrous, sepa- 
 rately incurved when dry : capsule recurved ; lid long beaked. 
 
 adnatum, small ; branchlets simple : leaves cordate-acuminate, desti- 
 tute of fascicles : capsules nodding ; lids conic. 
 
 3. Leaves imbricate, spreading. 
 
 g^i-aminicolor, stem creeping ; branches sub-simple, erectish : leaves 
 lax, sub-alternate, heart-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, with 
 a nerve somewhat continued : capsules ascending, oblong, unequal ; 
 lid round conic. 
 
 hians. siem decumbent ; branches short, simple : leaves somewhat lax, 
 heart-ovate, acute, serrulate : peduncles a little scabrous ; capsules 
 oblong, slightly inclined ; lid conic. 
 
 asprellum, stem decumbent, sub-pinnate : leaves remotish, somewhat 
 bifariously imbricate, acuminate, serrulate with sub-continued 
 nerves : capsules oblong, a little curved ; lid uuulc, sub-mutronate. 
 
 lutesceiis, stem procumbent, ramose ; leaves imbricate, lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, 3-striate : peduncles a little scabrous : lid conic, acute. On 
 dry earth, walls and rocks. 
 
 rutabulum, stem procumbent : branches erect, sub-simple : leaves 
 lance-ovate, acuminate, one-nerved : peduncles scabrous : lid co- 
 nic. On the earth and trunks. 
 
 chrysostomurn, procumbent ; inordinately branched : leaves laxish, 
 spreadiiig, lance-oval, acuminate, entire, sub-linear : peduncles 
 smoothish : capsules oblong, recurved } lid perfectly conic, with a 
 very acute spinr^se tip. : peristome yellow. 
 
 triquetrum, stem sub-erect, ramose : leaves deltoid, acuminate, striate, ~ 
 somewhat nerveless, spreading every way : capsule ovate ; lid conic, 
 obtuse. 
 
 4. Leaves imbricate, sub-rejlexed or recurved. 
 
 fragile, outer peristome has the teeth lanceolate, remotely tubercled, 
 yellow ; inner one is a membrane, extended into an equal number 
 of c >lirl, lance-acumir.ate, very acute teeth, with ciliae a little les^ 
 than the teeth, capillary, very acute. 
 
HYPNUM. 329 
 
 dellatum, stem weak, procumbent : leaves ovate, long-acuminate, 
 nerveless, entire, spreading : capsule oblong ; lid with an ubiuse 
 apex. 
 
 squarrosuvi, stem ascending : leaves keeled, nerveless, ovate at the 
 base, close-pressed, acuminate at the ai)ex,recurved-spreadiiig : cap- 
 sule ovate ; lid sbort, conic. 
 
 5. Leaves turned to one side, and conical falcate. 
 
 crista-castrensis, stem elougated, somewhat simple, recurvedly and ele- 
 gantly wing-branched : leaves recurve-curled one-way, subulate, 
 with slender lineate nerves : capsules very long-pedi|icled, oblong, 
 arched : lid conic. 
 
 commuiatum, stem procumbent, ramose ; branches sub-ramose ; cap- 
 sule large, becoming white, striate ; peduncles pretty large In wa- 
 ter or mud. 
 
 cupressiforme, stem prostrate, sub-ramose : leaves lance-ovate, falcate, 
 aierveless : lid conic. 
 
 impojiens, very short, somewhat feather-branched, recurved : leaves 
 uncinate, one-way, nerveless : capsule^ erect, cylindric-oblong ; lid 
 conic, obtusely beaked. 
 
 (orregoriiuin, SJ. {This is a new species, named by Professor Sprengel, 
 of Halle, in honor of Dr. John Torrey. I mislaid SprengeTs descrip- 
 tion, and could not obtain another in season to publish here ; but 
 vid. additions and corrections.] 
 
 6. Leaves turned to one side, and not circinal-falcale. 
 
 Jluvialile, branches rather long, simple . leaves lance-ovate, laxish, 
 somewhat spreading ; cap.-ules oblong, erect-nodding. On rocks 
 under water in rivers, tec. 
 
 ortliocladon, decumbent, buibiferous ; branches simple : leaves ovate, 
 nerves solid, very entire : lid conic. Flowers monoecious. Calyp- 
 tre subulate, white. Bulbs in the axils of the leaves or at the apexes 
 of the branches. 
 
 7. Leaves remote, lax-spreading. 
 
 serpens, stem creeping: leaves laxish, small, lanceolate, acuminate, 
 one-nerved at the base : capsule elongated, obconic ; liU convex, 
 inucronate, Shades. 
 
 Dd 2 
 
330 
 
 10—1. HypopiTHYS, N. (1) 18. 51. 
 
 lanuginosa (false beech-drops. 0. y-w. Ju. ZJ!.) scape spike-flower- 
 ed ; whole plant, including the flower, woolly, except the base of 
 the stem. Grows on roots of trees, he. whole plant yellowish-white- 
 
 eurovea, N. (2) (yellow beech drops. P. Can. y. J. If.) scape spike- 
 flowered : flowers and scales on the stem glabrous outside ; lateral 
 flowers octandrous. 
 
 6—1. Hypoxis. 10. n. 
 
 ereda, W. (3) (star-grass. O. y. Ju. !(!.) pilose : scape 2 or3-flowered : 
 leaves lance-linear : divisions of the corol lance-oblong. Var. gram- 
 inea, has longer and narrower leaves ; more flowers, longer lance- 
 linear divisions to the corol — and altogether a more grassy appear- 
 ance. 
 
 14—1. Hvssopus. 42. 39. 
 
 officinalis (hyssop. E. Ju. It.) flowers whorled, racemes one-way: in- 
 te< mediate division of the corol 2-lobed, entire : leaves lance-linear, 
 
 ncpeloides,W. (giant hyssop. T. C. P. W. g-y. Ju. 11-) spikes whorled, 
 cyliitdric : leav^es sub-cordate, ovate, acuminate, acutely toothed. — 
 r^Jepr Williams college and in Pownal, it grows from 4 to 7 feet high. 
 
 scrophularifolius, W (P. W. p. Ju. 21.) spikes whorled, cylindric : styles 
 longer than the corol : leaves heart-ovate, acuminate, obtusely tooth- 
 ed. About two feet high. (4) 
 
 20—6. HysteriuM. 58. 1. 
 pulvicare, gregarious, oblong or oval, striate. On oaks. 
 /raa;im, bursting, black, sub-ovate ; lips a little swollen. On the bran- 
 
 ches of ash and maple. 
 quercinum, bursting, flexuose, sub-ventricose, soft, dark-cinereous. On 
 
 the young branches of oaks. 
 
 I. 
 
 15—1. Iberis. 89. 63. 
 
 Mnibellntn (candy tuft. E. w. J. ) leaves lanceolate, acuminate ; low- 
 er oi.es serrate, upper ones entire. 
 
 (1") Mrnoriopa. L. (2) Monotropahyjopitbys, L. (3) caroliniensis, Mx. 
 
 (4^ Tliese wo indigenous spetits cnfferin bal it very widely from our exotic .speciCS. 
 Their whorled spikes sre larger than those cf Nepetiis. 
 
ICTODES, INULA. 331 
 
 4 — 1. IcTODEs. (1) 2. 7- 
 fcctida, Mx. (skunk cabbage, fetid hellebore. 0. p. Ap. H.) stemlesy 
 leaves radical, heart-ovale, very large : spadix supporting the flow- 
 ers in a sub-globose head. Odour resembles that of the skunk. — 
 Valuable expectorant and antispasmodic. B. 
 
 4—4. Ilex. 43. 95. 
 
 canadensis, Mx. (2) (mountain holly. H. &, Y. Mt. g-y. M. ^.) leaves 
 deciduous, ovate, entire, or a little serrate at the apex, glabrous : pe- 
 duncles sub-solitary, long, 1-flowered : fruit somewhat 4-sided. A 
 shrub 3 to 5 feet high. 
 
 opaca, A. (evergreen holly. Y. C. P. g-w. M. ^.) leaves evergreen, 
 ovate, acute, spinose, glabrous, flat : flowers scattered at the base of 
 the shoots of the preceding year. A middle sized tree. 
 
 5 — 1. Impatiens. 24. 73. 
 
 feaZsamina (balsam weed. E. y. Au. #.) peduncles aggregate, 1-flower- 
 ed : leaves lanceolate, upper ones alternate : nectary shorter than 
 the flowers. 
 
 nolitnngere (3) (jewel-weed, touch-me-not. O. y. Ju. 0.) peduncles 
 many-flowered, solitary : leaves ovate, obtusely toothed : joints of 
 the stem tumid. 
 
 hiflora, W. (4) (speckled jewels. C W. T. P. y. & r. Ju. #.) peduncle* 
 mostly 2-flowered, solitary : leaves ovate, sharply toothed. Is not 
 this a variety of the last ^ 
 
 5 — 2. Imperatoria. 45. 60. 
 ostruthium (masterwort. E. 24..) leaves ternate, broadish, serrate. 
 
 17—10. I.vdigofera. 32. 93. 
 tinctoria (indigo. E. ^.) leaves pinnate, oblong, glabrous, in four pairs ; 
 racemes shorter than the leaves: legume terete, somewhat arched.—- 
 From the East Indies. 
 
 18—2. Inula. 49. 55. 
 fuUnium (elecampane. O.y. Au. 2^.) leaves clasping, ovate, rugose, to« 
 mentose beneath : scales of the calyx ovate. 
 
 (1) Pitthos, L. Symplocarpiis, Sy. Dracontium, L. in another part of his work. 
 
 (2) N'emophanthus fascicularis, R. This species certainly differs much in habit from 
 the opaca, and |)erhaps it ought to form a new genus. Prof. Dewey of Williams col. 
 proposes the following- description for a new genus, but does not propose any name. 
 Calyx o : petals 4, lam-eolate, sub-acute, alternating with the stamens : stigmas sessile; 
 pericarp 4-celieil, l->ef.lP(;. Stamens 3to5, Ftiginas3 loo. Polygamous. jVIS. 
 
 (3) aurea, M. pallida, N. 
 
 (4) maculata, M* fulva, N. Yar. of nolitangere or noli-me-tangere, Ms. 
 
S32 INULA, IRIS. 
 
 falcata, Ph. (D. y. S. 2^.) woolly : leaves sessile, linear, very acute": 
 sub-falcate, nerves hairy both sides . peduncles few, axillary, co- 
 ryrabed : calyx and peduncle villose. 5 or 6 inches high. 
 
 mariana (1) (D. y. Au. 2^.) villose : leaves sessile, lance oblong, taper- 
 ing to the base, obtuse, glandular-toothed, lower ones petioled, ser-^ 
 rate : peduncles axillary, corymbed, glandular-hairy. About 12 or 
 14 inches high. 
 
 argentea, P. (P. y. 24!.) silky : leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved, erect, zig- 
 zag ; corymb sub-compound, erect : scales of the calyx flat, pubes- 
 cent. 
 
 5—1. Ipomaea. 29. 43. 
 
 quamoclit, W. (jasmine bindweed. P. r. w. Au. #.) leaves pinnatifid li- 
 near : flowxrs sub-solitary ; corol sub-tubular. 
 
 t'occinea, Mx. (Southern states, y-r. Ju.©.) pubescent : leaves cordate, 
 acuminate, sub-angled : peduncles about 5-flowered : calyx awned : 
 corol tubular : limb sub-entire. Cultivated. 
 
 lacunosa, Mx. (P. w. ^ p. J. #•) glabrous : flowers cordate, acumin- 
 ate, scrobiculate, angled at the base : peduncles short, about one- 
 flowered : calyx hairy : corol tubular, short : capsules hairy. 
 
 bo7ia-nox, W. (Southern states, w. Ju. ^.) very glabrous : leaves cor- 
 date entire or angled : peduncle 1 to 3-flowered : calyx awned : 
 corol undivided, tube long. Cultivated. 
 
 nil, Mx. (2) (morning glory. P. b. Ju. 0.) hirsute : leaves ventricose, 
 3-lobed : peduncles short, 1 or 2-flowered : bracts subulate : calyx 
 very villose, long-acuminate. 
 
 purpurea. Ph. (3) (common morning glory. E. b. p. J. %) pubescent : 
 leaves cordate, entire : peduncles 2 to 5-flowered : pedicels nodding, 
 thickened : divisions of the calyx lanceolate : capsules glabrous, 
 
 3—1. Ihis. 6. 18. 
 
 'fumila, (dwarf flower-de-luce. E. b. M. 2.^.) bearded: scape 1-flower- 
 ed : leaves ensiform, glabrous: tube of the corol exsert: petals ob- 
 long, obtuse. 
 
 prumatica, P. (4) (boston iris. Y. D. Boston, b. y. J. It-) beardless : 
 stem solid, terete, equalling the leaves : leaves very narrow, long : 
 capsules elongated, prismatic, acute at both ends, with 2 grooves on 
 
 (1) trlavidulosa, Lk. (2) Convolvulus nil, W. 
 
 (3) Convolvulus purpureus, W- (4) gracilis, Bw. 
 
IRIS^ ISXARDIA. 333 
 
 each side. Very abundant north side of Pine rock, New-Haven, 
 half a mile east of Mr. Lewis Bradley's. 
 
 pUcnfa, (garden iris. E. p. w. M. If.) bearded : stem many-flowered, 
 higher tiian the leaves : petals undulate-plicate, erect ones broadest, 
 
 virginica, W. (1) (wild flag, wild iris. O. b. p. y. J. If.) beardless: 
 stem 2-edged, many-flowered, taller than the ensiform leaves : stig- 
 mas shorter than the inner petals : capsules oblong, with fuiTowed 
 angles. 
 
 ochroleuca, (yellow iris. E. y. M.) beardless: leaves ensiform, depress- 
 ed, striate : scape sub-terete : germ 6-cornered. 
 
 versicolor, W. (C. p. J. I/.) beardless : stem terete, zigzag, equalling 
 the leaves : leaves ensiform : stigmas equalling the inner petals : 
 capsules ovate, angles obtuse. 
 
 lacusiris, N. (Great lakes, b. If.) beardless : leaves short, ensiform : 
 scape much shorter than the leaf, 1-flowered : petals sub-equal .'' at- 
 tenuated on the tube : capsule turbinate, 3-sided, margined : seed 
 roundish, smooth : root tuberous. 
 
 14—1. IsANTiius. 42. 39. 
 tueruleus, M. (blue gentian, false pennyroyal. C. T. P. b. Ju. 0.) viscid- 
 hairy : leaves lance-oval, acute at both ends, 3-nerved : peduncles 
 1 or 2-flowered. Along ilie Hudson from Sllllwatci to the High- 
 lands. Odour resembles the spikenard. 
 
 22^6. Is ARIA. 58. 1. 
 
 mucida, cespitose, effuse : branchlets sub-depressed, forked, nearly 
 soft. On decaying wood in summer and autumn, 
 
 15—1. IsATis. 39. 63. 
 
 tindoria, (woad. E. J. <? .) radical leaves crenate ; cauline ones sagit- 
 tate, oblong. 
 
 22—5. IsiDiuM. 57. 2. 
 
 coralUnum, (coral lichen.) crust tartarous, somewhat cushioned or 
 areolate ; becoming somewhat cinereous : peduncle (podetia) at 
 length rather long, terete, simple and branched : lamina of the re- 
 ceptacle tawny-cinereous. Among rocks. 
 
 4—1, liNARDIA. 17. 88. 
 
 palustris, (2) (water purslane. O. g. J. H.) leaves ovate, entire : flow- 
 ers axillary, solitary, sessile. In Avater, and wet places. 
 
 (1) iiesagona; Wr, (2) LyUmgia palustris, £. nitM^Mx. 
 
334 ISOETES, JUGLANS, 
 
 22 — 1. IsoETES. 55. 5. 
 lacusiris, (quill- wort, li-) frond dilated and imbricate at the base, nar- 
 row and subulate above, flat : root fibrous. From 2 to 12 inches 
 high : colour green : growing immersed, or at the margin of ponds. 
 Resembles a zophyte. 
 
 5—1. Itea. 18. 50. 
 tirginica^W. (itea. P. w. J. ^.) leaves oblong, serrate. 4 to 6 feet 
 high. 
 
 18—4. IvA. 49. 55. 
 frutescens, (high-water shrub. L. g. Au. >>.) leaves lanceolate, punc- 
 tate-scabrous, deeply serrate : glomerules of florets globose, depress- 
 ed. Somewhat shrubby, 3 or 4 feet high. GroAVS along the margin 
 of salt marshes, &,c. 
 
 3—1. IxiA. 6. 18. 
 
 chinensis, (blackberry lily. E. j. r. J. U-) corol about 6-petaUed : stem 
 flexuose : leaves ensiform. 
 
 J. 
 
 2 — 1. Jasminum. 44, 37. 
 
 jTuticans, (jasmine. E. y. ^.) leaves alternate, ternate, simple : leafets 
 
 obovate, wedge-form, obtuse : branches angled. 
 f^cinale, (jasmine. E. w. ^.) leaves pinnate, opposite: leafets acu- 
 minate. 
 
 8—1. Jeffersonia. 27. 62. 
 
 diphylla^'B. (\) (twin-leaf V. w. M. H.) stemless • peduncles naked, 
 1-flowered : leaves in pairs. 
 
 20—13. JuGLANS. (2) 60. 94. 
 
 regia, (madeira nut. E. M. fp.) leafets about 9, oval, glabrous, sub- 
 serrate, sub-equal ; fruit globose. Var. Jraximfolia, has 9 or 10 
 leafets, oblong, serrate, smooth, latej-al lower one adnate on the 
 common petiole. It is said that this variety is indigenous to North 
 America. 
 
 nigra, (black walnut. P. C. M. "n.) leafets numerous, lance«ovate, 
 
 cy Podophyllum dj^hyllum t. f?) See Csrya. 
 
JUGLANS^ JUNCUS. 335 
 
 serrate, sub-cordate, narrowed above : petioles and under-sides of 
 he leaves sub-pubescent : fruit globose, with scabrous punctures : 
 nut wrinkled. 
 cinerea, (butternut. 0. M. ^.) leafets numerous, lanceolate, serrate, 
 rounded at the base, soft-pubescent beneath ; petioles villose : fruit 
 oblong-ovate, viscid, long-peduncled : nut roughly sculptured. The 
 bark is a strong cathartic. 
 
 6 — 1. JuNcus. 5. 13. 
 
 1 . Culms leafless. 
 
 effusus, S. (rush-grass. O. J. 2_f .) culm straight : panicle lateral, spread, 
 more than decompound : capsules obtuse. Resembles the Scirpus 
 acutus in habit. 
 
 acutus, S. (1) (D. Ju. U-) culm terete, panicled, terminal : involucre 
 2-leaved : spinose capsules roundish, mucronate. Sea-coast. 
 
 setaceus, M. (Y. P. Ju. U-) culm filiform, nodding : umbels lateral, 
 compound, few-flowered : peduncles many-flowered : calyx subulate. 
 
 viarginatus, M. (2) (C. P. J. 2S-) leaves flat, glabrous : corymb termi- 
 nal, simple, proliferous ; little heads about 10-flowered : calyx equal- 
 ling the obtuse capsule. 
 
 nodosus, M. (0. Ju. l^.) leaves with nodding joints, terete : corymb 
 simple ; little beads globose : capsules acuminate, longer than the 
 calyx. 
 
 2. Culms leafy. 
 
 polycephalus, Mx. (3) (0. J. 2^.) stem erect, few-leaved : leaves with 
 knotted joints : little heads globose, many-flowered, sub-panicled . 
 calyx linear, triandrous. Var. tenuifolius, has filiform leaves. 
 
 sub-verticillatus, M. (4) (Can.) culm compressed, erect, hollow : leaves 
 compressed, jointed : peduncles somewhat whorled, sheathed at the 
 base, unequal, flat or terete, terminating in 3 to 5-flowered glome- 
 rules : outer calyx 2-leaved, ovate, acuminate ; inner one 6-leaved, 
 linear, somewhatawned : capsule longer than the calyx. 
 
 conglomeratus, S. (D. J. 2^.) stem naked, upright : panicle lateral- 
 conglomerate : capsule retuse : triandrous. 
 
 Mcuminatus, Mx. (5) (C. P. Ju. 2^.) culm leafy, erect : leaves some- 
 what knotty -jointed : panicle terminal ; compound glomerules about 
 
 (1) maritimus, Lk. (2) aristatus, Nx. 
 
 (3) Var. crassifolius, Six. nodoSUS, Var. polycepbalus, P. 
 
 (4) fluitans, Mx. (5) svlvaticus, M« 
 
B36 JUNCUS^ JUNGERMANNIA. 
 
 3-flowered, peduncled and sessile : calyx slender, acuminate. Tri- 
 androus. 
 
 bidbosus, M. (l) (C. Ju. If.) stem sub-compressed, undivided : leaves 
 linear, channelled : corymb terminal : calyx obtuse, shorter than 
 the roundish obtuse capsule. On dry ground. 
 
 tenuis, Roth. (2) (O. J. U-) culm leafy, simple, teretish : leaves chan- 
 nelled : corymb terminal, dichotomous, shorter than the bracts : 
 capsule oblong, obtuse, shorter than the calyx. 
 
 bufonius, (O. J. #.) culm leafy, dichotomous : leaves angled, sub-se- 
 taceous : flowers oblong, solitary, sessile. 
 
 spicatus, (Whitehills. Au. Bw.) leaves flat : spike racemed, nodding, 
 compound at the base : capsules acute. 
 Remark. The three following species have been placed under genus 
 
 Luzula by Willdenow, Desvous, and some others. 
 
 jnlosus, (O. Ap. If.) leaves flat, hairy: corymb sub-simple : peduncles 
 single-flowered, nodding ; petals ovate, acute, shorter than the cap- 
 sule. 
 
 campestris, (0. Ap. If.) leaves flat, with long fine hairs : spikelets pe- 
 duncled, somewhat nodding, intermediate one sessile : leafets of the 
 calyx mucronate, longer than the obtuse capsule. 
 
 melanocarpus, (Whitehills. Ju.) culm leafy : leaves broadish, sub-lan- 
 ceolate, glabrous : panicle capillaiy, reiy lax : flowers distinctly pe- 
 dicelled : capsules becoming black. 
 
 22 — 3. JCNGERMANNIA. 57. 3. 
 
 1. Fronds bearing simple leaves, 
 epiphylla, fronds sinuate, bearing capsules in the middle. On the earth 
 
 in damp woods, k,c. 
 pinguis, fronds oblong, sinuate : pedicels arising from the margin of 
 
 the frond beneath. On moist earth. 
 multijida, fronds many-cleft : lobes narrow, mostly 2-parted : pedicels 
 
 arising from the axils of the lobes near the base. On damp earth, 
 
 and rotten wood. 
 palmaia, frond digitate-palmate, bearing capsules at the base. In 
 
 mountain woods, on bark, the earth, kc. Very small. 
 2. Fronds pinnate, 
 piisilla, frond smooth, simply pinnate : leafets toothed, or obtusely 
 
 lobed. On moist earth. 
 
 (1) dichotomus, E. (2) bicorois, Mx. 
 
JUNGERMANNIA, JUSTICIA, 33T 
 
 scalaris, fronds simply pinnate : leafets very entire, ovate, 2-ranked, 
 
 alternate ; the stem or cauline plant bearing globules at the apex. 
 
 In groves. 
 bkuspidala, fronds simply pinnate, bearing capsules in the middle ; 
 
 leafets imbricate, 2-toothed. In moist shades. 
 bidentatay fronds simply pinnate, bearing capsules at the apes : leafets 
 
 round-ovate, emarginate and 2-toothed at the apex. In woods, on 
 
 the earth, and rotten wood. 
 titicidosaj fronds sub-ramose, two-ranked : leafets entire, round-ob- 
 tuse : pedicels scattered. In damp woods. 
 poiyanthos, fronds simply pinnate, bearijig capsules at the base : leafets 
 
 roundish, sub-imbricate, convex, entire. In groves. 
 lanctolala, fronds simply pinnate, bearing capsules at the apex : leafets 
 
 flat, obtuse, very entire. On the earth in damp shades. 
 dilatala, fronds doubly compound-pinnate, bearing capsules at the 
 
 apex, covered beneath with stipules in triple order. On rocks and 
 
 trunks of trees. 
 complanata, (plaited moss.) frond doubly compound-pinnate : leafets 
 
 imbricate, lying flat, round, eared below. Very common on trees, &,c 
 nemorosa, fronds erect, simple, or sub-ramose : leafets auricled and 
 
 ciliate. In damp groves. 
 
 21—16. JuN-iPERUs. 51. 100. 
 
 sabina, (savin. Can. ^.) leaves opposite, obtuse, glandular in the 
 middle, imbricate four ways, delicate, acute, opposite, A low shrub, 
 in clefts of rocks. 
 
 jrrosirata, (american savin. P. Can. fp.) leaves opposite, acute, imbri- 
 cate about 4 ways, smooth, glaucous: branches horizontal or pros- 
 trate. A shrub. 
 
 virginiana,^Vm. (red cedar. O. M. ^.) leaves in threes, adnate at their 
 bases ; in the young state they are imbricate, older they become 
 spreading. Hardly a middle-sized tree. 
 
 coitimunis, (juniper. Y.N. T. C. M. >>.) leaves in threes, spreading, 
 mucronate, longer than the berry. On the sand plains at the foot of 
 Pine rock in New-Haven, a root of it often sends off" shoots about 3 
 feet in length, so close to each other as to make a kind of mat 12 or 
 14 feet in diameter. 
 
 2—1. JusTiciA. 40. 36. 
 adhatoda, (malabar nut. E. p. ^.) leaves lance-ovate: bracts ovate, 
 nerved, permanent : helmet of the corol concave. 
 
 £e 
 
888 JUSTICIAR KYLLINGIA. 
 
 peduncidosa, Vabl. (1) (Niagara river. Cooper. Ju. >>.) spikes axil- 
 lary : flowers crowded : peduncles elongated, alternate : leaves lan- 
 ceolate. 
 
 K. 
 
 h 
 
 10—1. Kalmia. 18. 50. ^ 
 
 latifolia, (laurel. O. r. Ju. T?.) leaves long-petioled, scattered, and in 
 threes, oval, smooth both sides : corymbs terminal, with viscid hairs. 
 Generally 4 or 5 feet high ; but on Catskill mountain it is found 
 more than 20 feet high. 
 ittngustifolia, (sheep laurel. O.J. ^.) leaves in threes, petioled, oblong, 
 obtuse, sometimes rusty beneath : corymbs lateral : bracts linear : 
 peduncles and calyx with glandular hairs. A shrub one or two feet 
 high. 
 glauca, A. (2) (swamp laurel. P. N. Plainfield and Hinsdale, Mass. r. 
 M. ^.) brauchlets 2-edged : leaves opposite, sub-sessile, oblong, 
 smooth, glaucous beneath, margin revolute : corymb terminal, bract- 
 ed : peduncles and calyxes very glabrous. Variety, rosmarimfoUa, 
 leaves linear, green beneath. 
 
 18—1. Krigia. 49. 53. 
 virginica, W. (3) (dwarf dandelion. O. y. M. 0.) small: leaves ly rate, 
 glaucous, smoothish, ciliate : scape 1-flowered, twice as long as the 
 leaves : calyx about 8-leaved. Var. dichotoma, caulescent, dichoto- 
 mous. Nuttall considers it a new species. Barton calls it a variety, 
 A caulescent variety, probably the same, is often seen about Cats- 
 kill, New-Haven, he. 
 
 18—1. KuHNiA. 49.55. 
 
 tiqiatorioides, W. (4) (false boneset. P. w. Au. 2^.) glabrous : leave? 
 petioled, broad-lanceolate, serrate : corymbs terminal, few-flowered- 
 compact. 
 
 crUonia, W. (5) (P. y. Au. 21.) pubescent : leaves narrow-lanceolate, 
 about 2-toothed below, petioled, punctate beneath : upper ones li- 
 near, entire, sessile : panicle terminal, spreading. 
 
 3—1. Kyli.ingia. 3. 9. 
 monocephala, M. (false bog-rush. D. N. T. If.) culm filiform, 3-sided 
 
 (1) Dianthera americana, L. eBsiformis, Wr. 
 
 (2) polifnlia, Wm. (3) Hyoseris, L. 
 
 f 4) Eupatorium alteraifolium, t- (5) Critonia kuhnia, Mx. 
 
LACTUCA, LATHYRUS. 339 
 
 with a leafy base : heads globose, sessile ; involucres 3-leaved, very 
 fong. 
 
 L. 
 
 18—1. Lactuca. 49. 53. 
 
 saliva, (lettuce. E. y.Ju. ||J.) leaves roundish ; cauline ones cordate ■ 
 stem corymbed. Var. romana, has oblong, straight leaves, narrowed 
 at the base. Var. crispa, has sinuate-crenate leaves, toothed, undu- 
 lated, crisped ; radical ones hairy on the keel. Var. laaniala, has 
 the lower leaves pinnatifid, and the upper ones runciuate. 
 
 elongata, (1) (wild lettuce. O. y. J. ,? . or 2^.) leaves smooth beneath, 
 lower ones runciuate, entire, clasping; lowest ones toothed, highest 
 ones lanceolate : flowers corymb-panicled. 3 to 6 leet high. 
 
 22—4. Lami.varia. 57. 2. 
 esculenta, frond ribbed : stipe pinnate, with petioled wedge-form leaves, 
 running through a sub-coriaceous ensiform frond. Colour olive, 
 becoming sooty-yellow when dry. On the sea-shore. 
 saccharina, frond not ribbed, coriaceous : stipe flattened into a nerve- 
 less, ensiform, entire frond, ovate at the base. Colour olive. On 
 the sea-shore. 
 
 14—1. Lamium. 42. 39. 
 
 garganicum, (dead nettle. E. 11.) leaves cordate, concave : throat of 
 
 the corol inflated, tube short. 
 purpureum, (P. p. 0.) leaves cordate, obtuse, toothed, petioled, 
 
 crowded at the top : stem nakedish downwards. 
 amplexicaule, (hen-bit, dead nettle. O. p. M. 0.) floral leaves sessile, 
 
 clasping, gashed : radical leaves lobed. 
 
 22—2. La SI A. 56. 4. 
 
 frkhomitrion, branch compressed : leaves oval, acuminate, striate lon- 
 gitudinally : peduncle of the length of the calyx : capsule ovate : 
 calyptre profusely haiiy. In mountains. 
 
 marginata^ in very branching fascicles : branchlets erect, tapering, 
 filiform : leaves oval, acuminate, revolute both sides so as to appear 
 as if margined : nerves prominent : capsule oblong ; lid subulate. 
 
 17—10. Lathvrus. 32. 93. 
 palustris, W. (Can. w-p. Ju. U-) stem winged : stipules lance-semi; 
 
 (J) longifolia, Mx. 
 
340 LATHYRUS, LAVATERA. 
 
 sagittate -. leafets six, lance-linear; acute : peduncles about 3-8ovver- 
 ed. 
 
 myrtifcHus,W. (1) (C. P. T. Hudson, r. Ju. 1^.) stem naked, winged, 
 4-cornered : stipules semi-sagittate, lance-ovate, acuminate : leafets 
 4, lance-oblong, acute, mucronate, net-veined : peduncles longer 
 than the leaves, about 4 or o-llovvered. Damp. 
 
 venosus. W. (P. p. Ju. 11.) stem naked, 4-cornered : stipules semi-sa- 
 gittate, ovate, acuminate : leafets numerous, somewhat alternate, 
 ovate, obtuse, mucronate, veiny : peduncles 5, shorter than the 
 leaves. 
 
 odoratus, (sweet pea. E. J. 0.) peduncles 2-flowered : tendril with 2 
 ovate-oblong leafets : legumes hirsute. 
 
 latijblius, (everlasting pea. E. Au. 1(.) peduncles many-flowered : 
 tendril with 2 laace-ovate leaves ; membranaceous between joints. 
 
 cly.'ienum, (various pea. E. %.) peduncles 2-flowered ; tendril with 
 many laucoolate leafets : stipules toothed. 
 
 articu'atus, Jointed pea. E. Ju. ^s.) peduncles about 1-flowered: ten- 
 dril wiih inany alternate lanceolate leafets: legume jointed. 
 
 sativHs, (chick vetch. E. 0.) peduncles 1-flowered : tendrils with 2 
 and 4 leafets : legumes ovate, compressed, with tw o narrow wings 
 on the back. 
 
 9—1. Laurus. 12. 27. 
 
 camphoratus, (camphor tree. E. ^.) leaves about 3-nerved, lance- 
 ovate : panicle spreading. From Japan. 
 
 benzoin, (spice bush, fever bush. O. g. y. Ap. ^.) leaves wedge-obo- 
 vate : flowers in urabelled glomerules. A shrub from 4 to 8 feet 
 high, spicy tasted. Aromatic, stimulant and tonic. B 
 
 sassafras, (sassafras tree. O. y. M. f?.) leaves entire and lobed on the 
 same plant. Size from a low shrub to a smallish tree. The bark of 
 the root is very fragrant. The gum is useful for inflamed eyes. Sil- 
 liman. 
 
 14—1. Lavandula. 42. 39. 
 
 spica, (lavender. E. Au. U-) leaves sessile, lance-linear, with revolute 
 margins : spike interruptedly naked. 
 
 16—13. Lavatera. 37. 74. 
 
 thuringiaca, (gay mallow?. E. U-) lower leaves angled ; upper oues 
 S-lobed, with tuc middle one longest : peduncles solitary. 
 
 (1) stipnlacsus, Le Cant. 
 
LAVATERA^ LECIDKA. 341 
 
 aihorca, (tree mallows. E. S. $ .) leaves 7-angled : peduncles crowd- 
 ed. 
 
 22 — 5. Lecanora. .57 ? 2. 
 
 [See Appendix.] 
 
 3—3. Lechea. 22. 82. 
 
 major, (pin-weed. 0. g-p. Ju. 2^.) hirsute : leaves lance-oblong, mu- 
 cronate : panicle leafy : branches bearing flowers at their tops : 
 flowers in fascicled racemes, one-way, short-pedicelled : stem erect. 
 A dull unsightly weed, in barren fields, about one foot hi^h. 
 
 ■minor ^ (O. g-p. Ju. 2Lf .) smoothish : leaves lance-linear, acute : panicle 
 leafy : branches elongated, bearing flowers on all parts : stem as- 
 cending. 
 
 racemulosa^ Mx. (C. Ju. 2^.) pubescence close-pressed ; leaves linear, 
 acute, ciliate : panicle slender, very branching, nakedish : flowers 
 small, alternate, pedicelled : stem erect. 
 
 ihymifolia, Mx. (C. Dr. P. Townsend.) white down close-pressed on 
 all sides : leaves linear, acute : panicle elongated, leafy : branches 
 short : flowers in lateral and terminal fascicles : pedicels very short ; 
 flowei's white-downy, and very small : stem erect. 
 
 22—5. Lecidea. 57. 2. 
 
 1. Receptacles black and naked constantly. 
 
 airata, crust tliin, in little cracks, punctate, very black : receptacles in 
 
 the crust, wart-form, one-coloured : disk unceolate. Dry rocks. 
 Inpicida, crust tartarous, cracked, becoming white-cinereous : recep" 
 
 tacles depressed between the elevations of the crust, flat, at length. 
 
 convex, sub-confluent, dark ; corneous within, and becoming dark- 
 
 cinereous : margin thin. On stones. 
 parasema, crust thin, sub-membranaceous, white, becoming cinereous, 
 
 with dark edges, at length efluse, sub-granulated : receptacles flat- 
 
 tish, sessile, margined, dark ; becoming dark within. On barks of 
 
 trees, and on wood. 
 emeroleuca, crust sub-cartilaginous, becoming cinereous : receptacles 
 
 close-pressed, flattish, somewhat margined, dark, w hite within. On 
 
 bark of trees and decaying woods. 
 subuletorum, crust elfuse, granulated, in some parts lobe-branched, 
 
 Avhite-cinereous : receptacles crowded, sessile; plano-conveSf hcmi- 
 
 Ee2 
 
342 LECIDEA. 
 
 spheric, sub-confluent, somewhat margined, dark ; somewhat dusty 
 within, one-coloured. Var. geochroa, is fuscous-cinereous : recep' 
 tacles sub-globose, often crowded into conglomerate masses, and 
 shining. On the earth and decayed moss. 
 
 alba, crust sub-determinate, membranaceous, somewhat cracked, 
 white, with conglomerated-cinereous or greenish-milky dust at length 
 scattered over it : receptacles minute, close-pressed, flat, dark. On 
 trunks of trees. 
 
 asserculorum, crust effuse, thin, unequal, dark-sooty : receptacles ses- 
 sile, a little plano-concave, dark ; one-coloured within. On timber 
 and dead wood. 
 
 urceolala, crust cartilaginous, membranaceous, determinate, rugose- 
 cracked, glabrous, very white : receptacles sessile, urceolate, white- 
 hoary ; corneous and livid within under the disk : maj-gin inflexedj 
 sub-coarcate. On bark of trees, 
 
 2. Receptacles black and naked, becoming reddish or sooiy-yellow when 
 
 dump. 
 
 immersa, crusts effuse, thin, contiguous, becoming white : receptacles 
 plano-convex, immersed in the stone : margins dark ; disks some- 
 what hoary, when moistened dark red, at length somewhat convex, 
 becoming white within. On stones, particularly on lime-stones. 
 
 3. Receptacles dark-glaucous, grey, becoming hoary. 
 
 alboccerulescens, crusts tartarous, contiguous, uniform, at length crack- 
 ed, whitish : receptacles sessile and elevated, flat, dark, becoming 
 bluish-hoary j margin free, flexuose, naked, black. On rocks and 
 stones. 
 
 roriicola, crust sub-tartarous, granular-areolate, unequal, very white : 
 receptacles minute, sub-immersed, grey-hoary ; at length 5^ub-glo- 
 bose, immarginate, naked, dark, becoming cinereous within. On 
 the bark and trunks of trees 
 
 4. Receptacles dark-fuscous, or becoming fuscous, blended with some other 
 
 colour. 
 
 spadicea, crust cartilaginous, unequal, sub-granulated, becoming white- 
 cinereous : receptacles thick, flat, fuscous, liver-brown, at length be- 
 coming dark : margin very thin, and a little wrinkled, at length a 
 little convex, with the margin evanescent : colour uniform witbia. 
 Op bark of trtes 
 
LEG'IDfiA. 34S 
 
 'Stariaas, crust sub-membranaceous, cracked, afterwards granulated, 
 becoming green-cinereous, with dark limits : receptacles small, 
 crowded, yellowish, fuscous and dark, impressed in the middle, sub- 
 immarginate. On the bark of ash trees, he. 
 
 russela, crust sub-cartilaginous, rugose, areolate-rimose, becoming pale- 
 green with dark limits : receptacles sessile, glabrous, a little tumid, 
 red-fuscous ; the disk higher than the pale thin entire margin. On 
 bark of trees. 
 
 pineti, crust very thin, dirty pale cinereous: receptacles sessile, minute, 
 aggregated, urceolate, yellowish flesh-colour, entire. In pine woods 
 on roots, &lc. 
 
 sanguineoatra, crust thin, membranaceous, effuse, light green cinere- 
 ous, at length sprinkled over with granulated dust : receptacles hem- 
 ispheric, sub-immarginate, somewhat glabrous, dark purple and at 
 length black. 
 
 5. Receptacles red or light flesh-coloured^ 
 
 icmadophila, crust leprous-like, unequal, sub-granulated, whitish-green : 
 receptacles sub-sessile, fla.t, flesh-coloured, at length fl^xuose ; the 
 disk a little wrinkled 5 the margin thin or none. On the earth, on 
 trunks and decaying wood. 
 
 cupularis, crust sub-tartarous, whitish-green : receptacles superficial, 
 urceolate, white; disk light brick-colour, scattered pulverulent spots 
 on the outside. This is a variety oi marmorea of Acharius. On lime 
 and slate rocks, 
 
 6. Receptacles pale, becoming yellow, wax-coloured and orange, 
 
 lutea-alba, crust thin, smooth, white ; receptacles crowded, at length 
 convex, hemispheric margined, yellowish red, white within. Var. 
 holocarpa has a dirty cinereous yellow crust and minute flattish yel- 
 lowish orange sub-obliterated receptacles. On the bark of trees, 
 rarely on rocks. 
 
 7. Crust deformed or foliaceous. 
 
 globifera, crust imbricate, fuscous ; lobes round, entire and sub-lobed, 
 flexuose, sub-rugose, white beneath : receptacles at length sub-im- 
 marginate, sub-globose, obscurely redaish-yellow. On rocks. 
 
 dicipiens^ crust sub-imbricate ; lobes somewhat sepai-ated, su1)-peltate, 
 roundish, flesh-coloured and becoming fuscous, white beneath : re- 
 
344 LECIDEA, LEMNA. 
 
 ceptacles marginal, convex and sub-globose, 9ub-immargiaate,black. 
 the earth in mountains, particularly lime-stone mountains 
 sortdiata, crust orbicular, rugose-plicate, imbricate, cinereous, margins 
 of the lobes elevated and bearing the fruit-dots, dark beneath with 
 spongy fibres : receptacles scattered, close-pressed, flat, dark. 
 
 10—1. Ledum. 18. 50. 
 
 palustre,W. (marsh-tea. Can. w. M. ^.) leaves linear, margins revo- 
 lute, iron-rust down beneath : stamens longer than the corol. 
 
 latifoliam, Lk. (1) (labrador-tea. T. P. Pittsfield, Mass. w. r. J. ^.) 
 leaves linear-oblong, folded in at the margin, iron-rust down be- 
 neath : stamens mostly 5, equalling the corol. About swamps. 
 
 Ledum, see Leiophyllum. 
 
 3—2. Leersia. (2) 4. 10. 
 
 mrginicay'W. (cut grass. O. Ju. !{..) panicle contracted : glumes semi- 
 oval, close-pressed, keel ciliate. In water and wet ground. A very 
 rough harsh grass. 
 
 oryzoides, Sw. (Y. C. Au. 2^.) panicle diffused : glumes white pubes- 
 cent, with ciliate margins. Wet. 
 
 10 — 1. LEIOfHYLLUM. 18. 50. 
 
 ihymifoliuni,'P.{3) (sand myrtle, D. M. w. T?.) leaves ovate, obtuse, 
 glabrous ; umbels terminal, head-form, sessile. 
 
 22 — 4. Lemania. 57. 2. 
 
 Jiiiviatilis, threads sub-simple, olive-colour ; papillae sub-ternate, 
 
 internodes cylindric, the length 5 times the diameter. In rivers. 
 
 20 — 2. Lemna. 54. 6. 
 
 trisulca, M. (duck-meat. Stockbridge, Mass. Sagana, Mich. Litchfield, 
 Con. Wallingford, Vt. P.) leaves lanceolate, tapering into the peti- 
 ole and adhering together, cross-for : root single. 
 
 minor (green duck-meat. O.J. ||l.) leaves round-oval, flat, adhering by 
 their bases, a single root proceeding from the under side of each leaf. 
 Water. 
 
 polyrfiisa (water flaxseed. W. P. T. V. Ju. 0.) leaves round-oval, flat, 
 adhering by the bases : several roots proceed from the under side of 
 
 (1> ps lustre, Mx. (2) Phalaris, L. Asprella, Lk. 
 
 (3) buxifolium, A. Amyrshiebuxifolia, Ph. Ledum tbymifoliuni, Lli. 
 
LEPTAKDRA^ LEONTODON. 345 
 
 eachleaf in a fascicle. The leaves of this species become purplish 
 and greatly resemble flaxseed, scattered on the surface of the stag- 
 uant waters. The roots rarely reach the ground ; but merely ex- 
 tend downwards a few inches into the water. 
 
 18 — 1. Leontodon. 49. 53. 
 
 /araxacum (dandelion. 0. y. Ap. 2^.) outer calyx reflexed : scape 1- 
 flowered : leaves runcinate, with toothed divisions. ^ 
 
 14 — 1. Leonurus. 42. 39. 
 
 farrfiaca (motherwort. O. w-r. Ju. If.) leaves 3-lobed, toothed, bases 
 wedge-form : calyx prickly, less than the corol. 
 
 22—6. Leotia. 68. 1. 
 
 bulliardi, stipe elongated, snow-white, undulated : pileus ovate, obtuse, 
 
 orange-coloured. 
 lubrica, yellowish-green, sub-tremulous : pileus convex : stipe cylin- 
 
 dric. 
 
 15—1. Lepidium. 39. 63. 
 
 sativum (peppergrass. E. w. Ju. ^.) leaves oblong, many-cleft. 
 
 virginicum (wild peppergrass. Y. C. P. J. ^ .) radical leaves pinnatifidi 
 cauline ones lance-linear, somewhat gash-serrate : flowers 4-petall- 
 ed, mostly with but two stamens : silicles lens-form. 
 
 22 — 5. Lepraria. 57. 2. 
 
 chlorina (leprous lichen,) crust thick, cushion-like, greenish-yellow ; 
 made up of little pulverulent masses aggregated into sub-villose glo- 
 bules. On lime rocks, i>LC. 
 
 Jiava, crust etFuse, equal, thin, sub-rimose, very yellow ; made up of 
 n akedish, sub-globose granulations. On bark of trees and walls. 
 
 farinosa, crust veiy thin, membranaceous, becoming white : suttused 
 with white conglobated dust. On the bark of old trees. 
 
 2 — 1. Leptandra, N. (1) 40. 35. 
 
 tirginica (Culver's physic. O. w. Au. 11-) spikes terminal ; leaves in 
 fours or fives, whorled. 3 to 8 feet high. 
 
 (1) Callistachia, Raf. Veronica, Ij. 
 
M6 LEPTANTHUS^ LESPEDEZA. 
 
 3 — 1. Leptanthus. 6. 17. 
 Sramineus, Mx. (1) (yellow-eyed water-grass. O. y. Ju. If.) leaves alt 
 linear : stem slender, dichotomous, floating. 
 
 Le^/a7if^MJ, see Ileteranthera. 
 
 22—2. Leskia. 56. 4. 
 
 compressa, decumbent ; branches two-ranked, facing two ways, com- 
 pressed : leaves lanceolate, flattish, somewhat extended : capsule 
 oblong, straight ; lid conic. On trunks of trees. 
 
 acuminata, creeping : branches short, sub-simple : leaves lance-acu- 
 minate, extended, fascicled : capsule erect ; lid oblique, conic. On 
 trunks of trees. 
 
 imbricata, creeping: branches shortish, simple, erect, bearing flowers : 
 leaves extended, ovate, acutish, imbricate : capsule oblong, erect ; 
 lid conic. 
 
 gracilescens, creeping: branches somewhat simple : leaves acute, lan- 
 ceolate, extended, imbricate-spreading : capsule straight ; lid conic. 
 On the earth. 
 
 rupincola, creeping : branches somewhat simple, rising : leaves cor- 
 date-acuminate, imbricate, spreading : capsule cylindric, erect. On 
 rocks. 
 
 n^ciculosa, creeping : branches often crowded together in fascicles^ 
 short, simple : leaves cordate, extended, imbricate : calyx extended, 
 long-acuminate : capsule nodding. In damp places-. 
 
 varia, creeping : branchlets simple, ereotish, varying in length : leaves 
 concave, spreading, lance-acuminate : calyx and leaves oblong, ex- 
 tended, fascicled : capsule nodding. 
 
 squarrosa, creeping : the foliation somewhat 2-ranked, depressed, lax- 
 imbricate, with squarrose hooks behind : leaves lanceolate, slenderly 
 acuminate : calyx rather long, linear-subulate : capsule nodding in 
 an arch. Damp places. 
 
 37—10. Lespedeza. 32. 93. 
 sessUiflora, Mx. (2) (bush clover. O. p. Ju. 24.-) erect: leaves oblong: 
 fascicles of flowers sessile, numerous : legume nearly naked, acute : 
 calyx minute. Var. reticulata, stem simple, erect or ereotish : leaves 
 pubescent beneath. 
 
 (1) Heteranthera, Ph. Schollera, M. Commelina dubia, Jn. 
 
 (2) Hedysarum reticulaium. M. Medicag-o vir^inica, L 
 
LESPEDEZA, LIATRTS. 347 
 
 tiolacea, P. (1) (T. Y. C. V. P. p. Ju. If.) very branching, spreading : 
 leaves long-petioled : leafets oval, obtuse, with close-pressed hairs 
 beneath : racemes short, umbelled : floners in pairs : legume rhom- 
 bic, reticulate, glabrous. 
 
 rtpens, (P. p. Au. U-) leaves round-oval, emarginate : racemes axil- 
 lary: legume repand-toothed : stem creeping. 
 
 stuvei, N. (D. p.) erect, simple, soft-downy : leafets oval : spikes pe- 
 duncled, scarcely longer than the leaves : legume naked, pubescent. 
 
 divergens,B. (P. p. Ju. IC.) diffuse, branched : leafets oblong, obtuse, 
 close-pressed, hairy beneath : racemes longer than the petioles : 
 flowers in pairs : legumes ovate, reticulate, smooth. 
 
 j)rocumhens,M\. {2) (C. P. p. y. J. If.) procumbent, slender, haiiy : 
 leaves oval : peduncles long: legumes naked, with minute calyx. 
 
 capitata, Mx. (3) (O. w-p. J I^.) erect, simple : leaves sub-sessile ; 
 leafets oval : spikes capitate, short-peduncled, axillary, and in ter- 
 minal glomerules ; calyx viilose, of the length of the corol : legume 
 much smaller than the calyx- 
 
 polystachia, Mx. (4) (O. w-r. Ju. If.) erect, branching, very viilose : 
 leaves sub-sessile ; leafets round-oval : spikes axillary, long-pedun- 
 cled : corol and legume about equal to the calyx. 
 
 22 — 2. Leucoddn. 56. 4. 
 
 sciuroides, stem elongated, sub-simple, curved when dry : leaves close- 
 ly imbricated, lanceolate, striate: peduncle. lateral, shortish, wholly 
 sheathed within the long calyx or pericheth. 
 
 .18—1. LiATRis. 49. 54. 
 
 spicata, W. (5) (gay feather, button snakeroot. P. r. Au. 2+.) stem sim- 
 ple, tall: leaves linear, glabrous, ciliate at the base, nerved, and 
 punctate : spike very long : flowers sessile ; scales of the calyx li- 
 near-oblong, obtuse, close-pressed. Diuretic and tonic. B. Under 
 the direction of one of their members, Garret Lawrence, who is a 
 very accurate botanist, the New-Lebanon Shakers cultivate this and 
 many other indigenous plants, for medical uses. 
 
 (tcariosa, W . (6) (P. D. Au. If.) stem simple, sub-pubescent: leave? 
 lanceolate, tapering to both ends, glabrous, with scabrous margins : 
 calyxes squarrose below, racemed, alternate, distant : scales spatu- 
 late, with membranous coloured margins. 
 
 (1) diverg-ens, Ph. (2) prostrata, Ph. Hedysarum prostrafiim, V>' 
 
 (3) fruticosa, P. Hedysarum frutesccns, L. (4) Hedysarum hirium, L. 
 
 (5) niacrostachia, Mx. Anonymos graroinifolius, Wr. Scrratula spicata, L 
 <6, serralula, L. 
 
348 LIATRIS, LILIUM. 
 
 squarrusa, W, (1) (C. T. N. Y. r. Au. 2^.) stem simple, hairy: leavea 
 long-linear, nerved j margins a little scabrous : raceme few-flower- 
 ed : scales of the calyx leafy above, lanceolate, rigid, spreading. 
 
 5 — 2. LiGusTicuM. 45. 60. 
 
 levisticum, (lovage, smellage. E. \\\ IX.) leaves long, numerous; leaf- 
 ets above gashed. Strong-scented. 
 
 scolicum, Mx. (Can. Ju. 11 ) cauline leaves biternate, upper ones trifo- 
 liate ; lateral leafets trapezoid, terminal one rhomboid : umbels stiiF- 
 ly erect ; involucres many-leaved. 
 
 2 — 1. LiGusTRUM. 44. 37. 
 
 t'ulgare (prim. Y. C. P. w. J. ^.) leaves lanceolate, acutish : panicle 
 compact. Common in the woods about New-Haven, though it may 
 have been introduced. 
 
 6—1. LiLicM. 10. 14. 
 
 f.andidum (white lily. E. av. J. H.) leaves lanceolate, scattered, taper- 
 ing to the base : corol bell-form, glabrous within. 
 
 catesbaeiy Wr. (2) (southern lily. P. y-r. J. 11.) leaves scattered, lance- 
 linear : stem 1-flowered ; corol erect ; petals with long claws, mar- 
 gin undulate, apex retiexed. About a foot high. 
 
 suptrhum (superb lily. P. Y. T. C. Catskill. y.p. Ju. li.) leaves lance- 
 linear, 3-nerved, glabrous, lower ones whorled, upper ones scatter- 
 ed : flowers in a pyr?.mid-racerae, reflexed ; petals revotute. 3 to 6 
 feet high. 
 
 canadense (nodding lily. 0. y. r. Ju. H.) leaves remotely whorled, lance- 
 olate, 3-nerved> sub-hirsute beneath at the nerves : peduncles termi- 
 nal, elongated, niostly in threes: corol nodding, raceme spreading. 
 
 philadeJpliicum (red lily. O. r. y. J. 11.) leaves whorled, lance-linear : 
 stem about 2-jjowered : corol erect, bell-form, spreading: petals 
 lanceolate, having claws. 
 
 peimsylvanicwn (P. Sandusky.r.y. Ju. 11.) leaves scattered, lance-linear ; 
 the uppennoL-t ones whorled, about equal to the flowers ; stem about 
 l-flo\vered, somewhat 5-sided : peduncles woolly : corol erect, 
 •woolly outside. » 
 
 bulbiferum (or^ ;ge lily. E. y. J. 2^.) leaves scattered, 3-nerved : corol 
 campanulatt, erect, scabrous within. 
 
 (1) Serratula, L. (2) Spectabile, Sy. caroliqianum, Lk. 
 
• LIMNETIS, LTNUM. ,349 
 
 3—1. LiMNETIS. 3. 9. 
 
 jnncea, V. (1) (rush salt grass. L. Ju. U) leaves 2-ranked, shortish, se- 
 taceous-convolute : spikes few, remote, spreading : calyx acumin- 
 ate, keel rough. 
 
 polystachia, P. (many-spiked saltgrass. L. T. Au. If.) spikes many (10) 
 approximate on a 3-cornered ractiis, scabrous, sliort-peduncled : 
 leaves flat, the margins scabrous ; sheath striate j^labrous : one valve 
 of the corol hispid ou the keel. Very abundant near the Patroon's 
 mansion house, in Albany. 
 
 glabra, M. (L. Ju. 24..) spikes 6 to 10, close-pressed : rachis compressed 
 and 3-sided, glabrous, with sessile florets ; leaves convolute, nerved, 
 pungent, glabrous : calyx and corol awnless. 
 
 14 — 2. LiMOSELLA. 40. 40. 
 QUhulala (mudwort. Y.) leaves radical, cylindric, twice as long as the 
 scdpe. Very minute. This is a new species, first discovered by 
 professor Ives on the banks of the Housatonick, in the summer of 
 1816; and afterwards it was found by Messrs. Nuttall and Collins, 
 on the banks of the Delaware. 
 
 2 1. LiNDERNIA. 40. 40. 
 
 aitenuata, M. (2) (false hed.<re hyssop. O. b. Au 0.) leaves repand- 
 
 toothed : peduncles short. Damp. 
 diiatatn, M. (O. b. Au. #.) leaves oblong-ovate, obsolelely toothed, 
 
 sessile : peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. Damp. 
 
 4—1. LisNAEA. 48. 58. 
 
 hormlis, W. (twin-flower. H. N. T. w-r. J. 2/.) stem prostrate : branch- 
 es erect, each bearing 2 flowers : leaves roundish, crenate forward 
 Woods. 
 
 5—5. LiNUM. 14. 82. 
 
 usiiatissimum (flax. E. b. Ju. ^.) leafets of the calyx ovate, acute, 3' 
 nerved : petals crenate : leaves lanceolate, alternate ; stem sub-sol- 
 itary. 
 
 virgivinnum (wild flax. O. y. Ju. ^.) leafets of the calyx acute : pani- 
 
 0) SvJirtini Sr. Tracbyn.itia. Mx. Daclvlis cynoaurnides, Wr. 
 (2; Pyiidaria, Ph. Cratioia anagalloidea, Mx. inequalis, Wr. 
 
 Ff 
 
350 li:num, lobelia. 
 
 cle terminal : flowers remotely alternate : leaves laace-linear, scat- 
 tered : radical ones ovate. 
 perenne (earden flax. E. b. Ju. U-) calyxes and capsules obtuse -.leaves 
 alternate, lanceolate, entire : stems numerous. 
 
 20 — 13. LiQUIDAMBAR. 61. 99, 
 
 styraciflua (sweet gum. T. C. P. N. M. Tp ) leaves palmate, with acu- 
 minate lobes, serrate, villose at the meeting of the veins beneath. 
 
 Liquiritia, see Glycyrrhiza. ; 
 
 13 13. LiRIODENDRON. 52. >75. 
 
 lulipifera (white wood, tulip tree. C. T.N. Catskill. P. y. r. J ^.) 
 leaves truncate at the end, with 2 side lobes. A beautiful flowering 
 tree. The timber is useful to cabinet makers. It is also a useful to- 
 nic. B. 
 
 19—1. LisTERA, Br. 7. 21. 
 convallaroides (1) (lily orchis. H. D. g-p. M. 74..) stem with two round 
 cordate, acuminate, opposite leaves ; spike few-flowered : lip ob- 
 lonq;, dilated at iheanev, obtusely 2-lobed : germ sub-globose : root 
 fibroiis. Grows from 4 to 6 inches high in the spruce woods on 
 Catskill mountain. 
 
 5 — 1. LiTHOSPERMUM. 41. 42, 
 
 latifolium, Mx. (P. T. y-w. .T. 21.) seed turgid, ovate, shining, with hol- 
 lowed punctures : calyx spreading, exceeding the corol : leaves 
 ovate-oblon?, nerved. 
 
 arvense (steen-cront, stone-seed, wheat-thief. O. w. M. ^.) seed ru- 
 gose : corol scarcely longer than the calyx : leaves obtuse, veinless. 
 
 5—1. Lobelia. 29. 52. 
 
 cardinalis (cardinal flower. O. r. Ju. U-) erect, simple, pubescent ■ 
 leaves lance-ovate,' acuminate, erectly-denticulate . racemes some- 
 what one-sided, many-flowered : stamens longer than corols. Damp 
 Said to be anthelmintic. 
 
 kalmii (O. b. Ju. 0.) slender, erect, sub-simple : radical leaves spatu- 
 late, cauline ones linear, delicately toothed : flowers racemed, al- 
 ternate, remote, pedicelled. Var. gracilis, hdiS B. minutely scabrous 
 
 (1) Epipactis, Sw.^ Ophrys cordata- Mx. 
 
LOBELIA, LONICERA. 351 
 
 stem r peduncles shorter than the flowers : segments of the calyx 
 longer than the capsule. 
 
 pallida, M. (O.b. J. 11) somewhat hairy : stem erect, slender, simple : 
 leaves oblong-spatulate, toothed : flowers in a spike. 
 
 dortmannia, Mx. (T. D. Boston, b. Ju. 11.) radical leaves linear, recur- 
 ved, fistulous, with two cavities, entire : scape simple, racemose, 
 somewhat naked ; flowers remote, peduncled. 
 
 siphilitica (C.T. \V. V. P. b. Ju. 11.) erect, simple, hirsute with short 
 hairs : leaves lance-ovate, sub-serrate : raceme leafy : calyx hir- 
 sute, with reflexed sinuses. Flowers much larger than those of the 
 • pallida and inflata. Emetic, cathartic and diuretic, but not so ac- 
 tive as the inflata. B. 
 
 infiala (wild tobacco. O. b. Ju. 0.) erect, branching, very hirsute ; 
 leaves ovate, serrate : racemes leafy : capsules inflated. A power- 
 ful emetic and expectorant. B. 
 
 puberula, Mx. (P. b. Ju. 11-) erect, very simple, pubescent : leaves ob- 
 long-oval, repand-serrulate : flowers spiked, alternate, sub-sessile ; 
 germs hispid : calyx ciliate. 
 
 dayloniana, Mx. (1) (C. P. V. b. Ju. If.) erect, si nple; sub-pubescent . 
 leaves oblong, obtusish ; radical ones entire, cauline ones denticu- 
 late above : raceme wand-like : bracts subulate. 
 
 3—2. LoLiuM. 4. 10. 
 
 verenne (darnel grass. O.M. 11.) spike awnless : spikelcts compressed,. 
 
 many-flowered. 
 *amulentum (P. New-England. Ju. #.) spikes awned ; spikelets com 
 
 pressed, about 6-flowered, equalling the calyx. 
 
 5— L LoNiCERA. (2) 48. 58. 
 
 -aprifolium (honeysuckle. E. fp.) corols ringent-like, terminal, sessile 
 leaves connate-perfoliate at the top. 
 
 periclymtnum (woodbine. E.J. ^.) flowers in ovate, imbricate, termi- 
 nal heads : leayes all distinct. Var. quercifolia, leaves sinuate. 
 
 fraseri, Ph. (3) (Catskill Mt. y. J. ^.) spikes with whorled heads : corol 
 sub-ringent-like, with divisions oblong, obtuse : leaves ovate, glau- 
 cous beneath, Avith cartilaginous margins ; upper ones connate-per- 
 foliate. 
 
 grata, W. (C. r. y. J. >>.) spike with whorls very near each other : co- 
 
 (1) spicata, Ui. g^ocdenioideSjW- f2) Carrifolium. J. (3) flava, C. 
 
352 LONICERA, LUPINUS, 
 
 rol ringent-like, with a long tube : leaves perennial, obovate, sub' 
 mucronate, net-veined aid paler beneath, upper ones connate-per- 
 foliate. 
 
 parvijicra, Lk. (1) (O. y. J. ^.) spikes with whorled heads, sub-sessile r 
 corol shortish, riugent-like, gibbous at the base : filaments bearded : 
 leaves decidaous, glaucous beneath, mostly connate, floral ones per- 
 foliate. 
 
 sempervirens, W. (C. P. r. y. M. T?.) spikes with distant, nakedish 
 whoils : corols sub-equal, tube ventricose above : leaves ovate and 
 obovate, glaucous beneath, upper ones connate-perfoliate. 
 
 hirsuta, Eaton, (rough woodbine. VV. V. y. J. ^.) leaves hirsute, ab- 
 ruptly acuminate, lower ones obovate. Found at Williams college 
 in the summer of 1817. It grows in great plenty on a hill two miles 
 \vest of the college. It twines around trees from left to right to the 
 height of twenty or thirty feet. Mr. Le Conte gathered the same 
 plant in the state of New-York. Mr. J, Rice found it near Middlebu- 
 IT college, Vt. also. 
 
 Lonictra, see Diervilla and Xylosteum. 
 
 4 — 1. LuDwiGiA. 17. 88. 
 
 alternifolia, L. (2) (seed box. O.y. Ju. ^. or If.) erect, branching^, sab- 
 glabrous : leaves alternate, lanceolate, hoary beneath : peduncles 
 axillary, 1-flowered: capsules 4-sided : divisions of Ihe calyx large^ 
 coloured. Damp. 
 
 j)ilosa, Wr. (3) (D. Ju. 2i.) erect, branching, hirsute : leaves alternate, 
 oblong, sessile, hirsute both sides ; capsule with 2 bracts at the base. 
 
 15—1. LuNARiA. 39. 63. 
 
 aimua (honesty. E. p $ .) leaves obtusely toothed : silicles oval, ob- 
 tuse at both ends. 
 
 rediviva (satin flower. E. b-p. lt~) leaves with mucronate teeth : sili- 
 cles tapering to both ends. Flowers odorous. 
 
 17—10. LupiNus. 32. 93. 
 
 perennis (wild lupine. O. b. M. If.) stem and leaves smoothish : leaves 
 digitate with about 8 to 10 leafets, which are oblanceolate, obtusish: 
 calyxes alternate, not appendaged : banner emarginate, keel entire. 
 The keel terminates in a kind of beak when the flowers are first open. 
 
 (1) dioica et media, L. Caprifoliiim bracfeosum, Mx. 
 (i?) oaacrocarpa, Mx. (3) hirsuta, Lk. 
 
LUPlNUSj LYCOPERDON. 353 
 
 hifsulus (garden lupine. E. b. 0.) calyxes appendaged, alternate : ban- 
 ner 2-parted, keel 3-toothed. 
 
 pilosus (rose lupine. E.r. w. Q.) calyxes appendaged, whorled : banner 
 2-parted, keel entire. 
 
 futeits (yellow lupine. E. y. #.) calyxes appendaged, whorled : banner 
 2-parted, keel 3-toolhed. 
 
 villosus (hairy lupine. Southern states, w. r. p. J. If.) very villose : 
 leaves simple, oblong: calyxes not appendaged, alternate in a long 
 spike : banner 2-cleft, keel entire, long. 
 
 albus (white lupine. E. w. An. ^.) calyxes not appendaged, alternate 
 banner entire, keel 3-toothed. 
 
 10—5. Lychnis. 22. 82. 
 
 ckalcedonica (scarlet lichnis. E. r. J. 2^.) flowers fascicled, level-top, or 
 convex. 
 "^ viscaria (clammy lichnis, E. 11.) stem geniculate, Viscous : petals en- 
 tire : capsule 5-celled. 
 Jlos-caculi, (ragged robin. E. U) petals torn -. capsule 1-celled, round- 
 ish. 
 
 4 or 5 — 1. LyciuM. 28. 41. 
 barbarum, (matrimony vine. E. r. .1. y. 11.) stem angled : branches 
 erect : leaves lanceolate, tapering to both ends ; calyx mostly 3-cleft. 
 
 22—6. Lycogala. 58. 1. 
 
 punctata, cespitose, round, punctate, sub-cinereous. 
 
 miniata, gregarious, globose, at first scarlet ; at length dark-yellow, 
 with rose-coloured dust. Frequent on trunks in summer and au- 
 tumn after a storm. 
 
 22 — 6. Lycoperdon. 58. 1. 
 
 bovista, (common puff-ball. 0.) at first white and obconic, becoming 
 black and spherical : outer coat downy, which pealing off leaves 
 the leathery inner coat : seeds black, lighter than air, and appearing 
 like smoke. In meadows. 
 
 giganteum, almost stipeless, globose, large ; from white becoming 
 pale : scales scattered, sub-obsolete. In grassy situations in autumn. 
 
 pralense, white, soft : fru". hemispheric, smoothish; having small warts : 
 stipe very short. I:» meadows, ^.nd. on i^rassy hills, in the summer. 
 
 excipulij'orme , large, white, various : fruit sub-globose, with scattered 
 
 Ff 2 
 
354 LYCOPERDON; LYCOPODIUM. 
 
 spinose warts : stem sub-terete, long, plicate. Scattered on tkc 
 earth in autumn, in pine woods,&,c. 
 
 iimbrinvm, turbinate, somewhat bossed ; at first cinereous, at length 
 dark-brown ; rough with slender warts. Gregarious in pine woods 
 in autumn. 
 
 pyriforme, dirty brownish-white : an inch and an half high : base ta- 
 pering ; top pointed : stales thin : roots fibrous, long. On putrid 
 trunks. 
 
 22 — 1. LycopoDiUM. 55. 5. 
 1. Spikes peduncled. 
 
 clavctum,W. (club-moss. O. g. Ju.) stem creeping; branches ascend- 
 ing : leaves scattered, incurve-bristle-bearing : spikes in pairs or 
 single, cylindric : scales ovate, acuminate, erose-dentate. Woods. 
 
 complanaivm, (ground-pine. O. g-y. Ju. 2^.) stem erect : branches al- 
 ternate, dichotcmous ; leaves bifareous, connate, spreading at the 
 tips : peduncles 4-cleft, 4-spiked : spikes terete. Woods. 
 
 caroIinianvm,'W. (P. C.Ju. 1^.) stem creeping : leaves somewhat 2- 
 ranked, spreading, lanceolate, close-pressed : peduncles erect, soli- 
 tary, elongated, 1-spiked : bracts sub-lanceolate. 
 
 2. Spikes sessile : leaves surrounding the stem. 
 
 dtndroideum, W. (tree-weed. 0. g. Ju. 24..) stem erect: branches al- 
 ternate, crowded, dichotomous, spreading : leaves scattered, point- 
 ing 6 ways, lance-linear, spreading : spikes solitary, terminal. L. 
 obscurum. Woods. 
 
 annctinum, W. (P. Can. Ju. 11.) stem creeping : branches twice 2- 
 parted, ascending : leaves pointing 5 ways, lance-linear, mucronate, 
 spreading and serrulate near the tips : spike solitary, terminal. 
 
 inundaivm, W. (D Ju. 2^.) stem creeping, sub-ramose ; branches sim- 
 ple, solitary, erect, 1-spiked at the top : spike leafy: leaves linear, 
 scattered, acute, entire, curved above. 
 
 iilopecuroides,W. (D. P. Ju. U) stem creeping, sub-ramose : branches 
 simple, long, ascending, 1-spiked at the top : leaves linear-subulate, 
 ciliate-toothed at the base, spreading : spike leafy. 
 
 sdaginoides,\\. (C. P. Ju. 2^.) stem creeping: branches simple, as- 
 tending : leaves scattered, lanceolate, spreading, ciliate-toothed : 
 spikes solitary, terminal, leafy. 
 
 rupesire, W. (festoon pine. T. C. N. P. Taghkonnuk. Ju. U-) stem 
 
LYCOPODIUM, LYSIMACHIA. 855 
 
 creeping, branching •. branches sub-divided, ascending : leaves scat- 
 tered, lance-linear, ciliate, with hairs at the apex : spikes solitary, 
 terminal. Rocks and gravelly banks. 
 
 3. Spikes sessile : leaves 2-ranked. 
 
 albidulum, W. (P. An. 2^.) leaves ovate, acute, denticulate, alternate, 
 
 close-pressed : spikes terminal, long, 4-sided. 
 apodum, W. (P. C. Ju. If.) leaves round-ovate, acute, flat, denticulate ; 
 
 with superficial ones, alternate, acuminate : stem branching, rooting 
 
 near the base : spike terminal, sub-solitary. 
 
 4. Capsules axillary, 
 lucidulum, W. (1) (moon-fruit pine. O. M. y. 2^.) leaves pointing 8 
 ways, lance-linear, denticulate, acute, reflexed-spreading; stem as- 
 cending bifid : fruit lunulate. Woods. 
 
 2—1. Lycopus. 42. 39. 
 
 europcBus, L. (2) (water horehound. T. V. C. Y. P. w. Ju. U.) lower 
 leaves gashed ; upper ones lanceolate, serrate : calyx acuminate- 
 spined. Flowers small, whorled. Damp. 
 
 virginicus, (bugle weed. O. w. J. 2^.) leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate, 
 at the base narrowed and entire : calyx very short, spineless. Var. 
 quercifolius, leaves sinuate-pinnatifid. Damp. 
 
 unijiorus, Mx. (3) (Can. w. J. 11.) leaves lanceolate, sub-serrate, gla- 
 brous : suckers procumbent. A low plant, with flowers mostly soli- 
 tary. 
 
 22 — 1. Ltgodium. (4) 55. 5. 
 
 palmatum, Sw. (climbing fern. Granby, Amherst, Mass. g-y. Au. 2^.) 
 stem climbing : leaves palmate, 5-lobed ; divisions lanceolate, ob- 
 tuse ; spikelets terminal, compound-panicled. It generally climbs 
 to the height of about 3 or 4 feet. 
 
 5 — 1. LvsiMACHiA. 20. 34. 
 
 racemosa, Mx. (5) (loose-strife. 0. y. Ju. 24-) very glabrous, tallish : 
 leaves lance-oval, opposite : raceme terminal, long, lax : divisions 
 of the corol oblong-ovate. Often bears bulbs in the axils of the 
 leaves. Damp. 
 
 iapitata, Ph. (6) (C. T. V. P. y. J. Z^.) glabrous : stem very simple, 
 
 (1) reflexum, Sh. (2) vulgaris, P. americanus, M. (3) pumilus, VaW. 
 
 (4) Hvilroglost^um, W. 0}<hioglossuiii, L- 'Jteisiurn paniculatum, jix. 
 
 (5) stiricla, A. bulbifera, C. (6) thyrsifolia, Mx. 
 
356 LYSIMACHIA^ MACROTYS. 
 
 punctate : leaves opposite, sessile, broad-lanceolate, acute, punctate :• 
 peduncles lateral, elongated : flowers in compact heads. Damp. 
 
 quadrifolia, L. (1) (O. y. J. If.) pubescent : leaves sub-sessile, oval, 
 acuminate, punctate, whorled, or in nearly opposite pairs, with ax- 
 illary, 1-flowered peduncles : divisions of the corol oval, entire. 
 Near the outlet of the Beaver pond, New-Haven, I found this species 
 with 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 leaves together ; though Linneus allows but 4. 
 Damp. 
 
 ciliata, Mx. (O. y. J. 2^.) sub-pubescent : leaves opposite, long-petiol- 
 ed, sub-cordate-oval ; margin pubescent ; petioles ciliate : pedicels 
 somewhat in pairs : flowers nodding : divisions of the corol round- 
 ish, acuminate, crenate. 
 
 hybrida, Mx. (P. D^y. J. It-) glabrous : leaves opposite, petioled, lan- 
 ceolate, acute at both ends ; petioles ciliate : flowers nodding : corol 
 shorter than the calyx ; divisions crenulate. 
 
 revoiuta, N. (Northern lakes, y. J. It.) smooth : stem 4-sided, simple : 
 leaves opposite, linear, sessile, tapering to both ends ; margin revo- 
 lute : peduncle solitary ; divisions of the calyx lanceolate, very 
 acute : segments of the corol round-oval, abruptly acuminate. Six 
 to eight inches high, 
 
 11—1. Lythrum. 17. 91. 
 
 sulicaria, (milk willow-herb. Can. New-England, p. Ju. It.) pubes- 
 cent : leaves opposite and ternate, sessile, lanceolate, cordate at the 
 base : flowers terminal, whorled-spiked : capsules oblong : stamens 
 always 12. About two feet high. 
 
 zerticillatum, L. (2) (swamp willow-herb, grass poley. O. p. Au. It-) 
 pubescent : leaves opposite, or in threes, lanceolate, petioled : flow- 
 ers axillary, corymbed, aggregated, somewhat in whorls : fruit glo- 
 bose : stamens often 10. Wet. 
 
 hifssopifolium, ^ . (St. Clair, Detroit, w. p. It-) leaves alternate and 
 opposite, longer than the flowers, lance-linear, somewhat oval : 
 flowers solitary, axillary. Hexandrous. 
 
 M. 
 
 13—1. Macrotys, R. (3) 26. 61. 
 serpeniariaj (bug-bane, black snake-root, cohosh. Y. C. P. Hudson, w. 
 
 (1) birsuta, Mx. (2) Anonymos aquatica, Wr. Decodon aquaticuni, Gmcl* 
 
 (3) Cimicifuga serpentaria, Ph. racemosa, N. Actaea, l** 
 
MAGNOLIA, MALVA. 357 
 
 Ju. It.) leaves decompound ) leafets oblong-ovate, gash-toothed : 
 racemes in wand-like spikes. From 3 to 9 feet high. In woods- 
 13 — 13. Magnolia. 52. 75. 
 
 glauca, (beaver tree, swamp laurel. Cape Ann, Highlands. C. P. D. 
 w. J. ^.) leaves oval, glaucous beneath : petals obovate, tapering 
 to the base. Var. latifolia, has obtusish leaves. Var. longifolia, has 
 leaves acute at both ends. Valuable tonic. B. Highlands, by Dr. 
 Bartlett. 
 
 acuminata, Mx. (cucumber tree. P. b-y. J. ^.) leaves oval, dcuminatC, 
 pubescent beneath : petals obovate, obtusish. 
 
 tripetala,\\. (}) (umbrella tree. P. w. J. ^.) leaves oblong, wedge- 
 obovate, acute ; in the young state all over silky : petals 9, oval, 
 acute ; outer ones reflexed. 
 
 grandifiora, W. (big laurel, magnolia. Southern states, w. M. >>.) 
 leaves evergreen, oval, thick, leathery : petals broad-obovate, ab- 
 ruptly narrowed into a claw. Cultivated. 
 
 19—1. Malaxis, Sw. (2) 7. 21. 
 
 liliifolia, (twayblade. O. w. y. p. J. If.) leaves 2, lance-ovate or oval : 
 scape 3-cornered : inner petals filiform, reflexed, 2-coIoured : lip 
 concave, obovate, mucronate. This species is ofien mentioned as 
 someAvhat rare ; but I have seen hundreds in flower at one time 
 along the north side of Pine rock, New-Haven. 
 
 Malaxis, see Microstylis. 
 
 16—13. Malva. 37. 74. 
 
 aniericana, M. (rough mallows. P. y. J. 0.) leaves ovate, acute, 
 toothed, scabrous : flowers axillary, solitary, terminal, head-spiked. 
 
 rotwidifolia, (low mallows. 0. r. w. J. 2^.) leaves heart-orbicular, ob- 
 soletely 5-lobed : peduncles bearing the fruit declined : stem pros- 
 trate. 
 
 sylvestris, (mallows. E.r-b. J. ^. and U) stem erect: leaves about 7- 
 lobed, acutish : peduncles and petioles hairy. 
 
 crispa, (curled mallows. E. Au. 0.) stem erect: leaves angular, crisp- 
 ed : flowers axillary, glomerate. 
 
 moschata, (musk mallows. E. 11.) stem erect : radical leaves reniform, 
 gashed ; cauline ones 5-parted, pinnate, many-cleft : leafets of the 
 outer calyx linear. 
 
 (1) umbrella, Lk. (2) Ophrys, L 
 
858 MALVA, MARllUBIUM. 
 
 virgata, (whip stalk mallows. E, r, 2/. and >>.) leaves deeply 3-lobed, 
 toothed, wedge-form at the base ; peduncles in pairs, longer than the 
 petiole. 
 
 22—3. Marchantia. 57. 3. 
 
 polymorpha, (brook liverwort. 0. g-y. Ju. 2^.) receptacles fiat: pistil- 
 late ones deeply 10-parted ; lobes linear : staminate ones 8-lobed, 
 toothed, broad, roundish. On earth and stones in wet or damp 
 places. 
 
 hemispherica, pistillate receptacle^ hemispheric, obtusely 5 or 6-lobed, 
 no pericheth. On shady mountains. 
 
 Conica, pistillate receptf.cles conic, sub-ovate, 5 to Y-lobed, and bearing 
 as many capsules. Damp shady places. 
 
 oruciata, pistillate receptacles deeply 4 or 5-parted : lobes sub-tubular. 
 Damp. 
 
 3 — 1. Mariscus. 3. 9. 
 
 eckinatus, E. (1) (hedgehog club-rush. C. Ju. 2i.) culm 3-sided, nearly 
 naked, glabrous : spike ovate-globose ; spikelets horizontal, 4-flow- 
 ered : involucre 3 or 4-leaved : root globose. 
 
 retrofractus, Vahl. (2) (P. C. Ju. 2^.) spikes 6 to 8, erect, ovate, ped- 
 uncled, on a many-angled receptacle : involucre 3-leaved ; outer one 
 very long, scabrous : peduncles 6 to 8. unequal, compressed, glabrous, 
 sheathed at the base ; the spikelets linear, acute, terete, imbricate, 
 sub-pedicelled : bracts 3-flowered, upper ones erect, the rest at 
 length reilexed : lower valve ovate, middle one lanceolate, terminal 
 one subulate : culm 3-sided, 1 or 2 feet high, striate, nearly leafless : 
 the sub-radical leaves lanceolate striate, keeled, glaucous beneath : 
 sheath striate : seed 3-sided, peduncled, beardless. 
 
 fi/periformis, (3) (D. C. Ju. 11.) spikes roundish, terminal, 3 peduncled 
 and one sessile, (sometimes but the one sessile ;) involucre longer 
 than the spike, 3 or 4-lcaved, channelled } margin scabrous : spike- 
 lets 7-9owered, linear, alternate, terete ; glumes alternate, remote, 
 ovate, obtuse, upper ones acute : culm 3-sided, almost leafless, a span 
 high : sub-radical leaves linear, glabrous : .seed 3-sided, beardless. 
 
 14—1. Marrubium. 42. 39. 
 yulgare, (horehound. O. v/. Ju. 2.^.) leaves round-ovate, toothed, ru- 
 gose-veined : calyx toothed, setaceous, uncinate. 
 
 (1) ovularis, Vahl. Scirpas, M. Kvllingia ovularis,, Mx. 
 
 (?) Scirpus, M. (3) glouipratus, B. umbellatuSjPh. Scirpus, M. 
 
MABTYNIA, MELANTHIUM. 359 
 
 14—2. Martynia. 40. 45. 
 froboscideUy W. (1) (unicorn plant. Western states, w. p. y. Ju. ©.) 
 stem branching: leaves alternate, cordate, entire, viliose. Fruit 
 somewhat gourd-like, with one long born. 
 
 17—10. Medicago. 32. 93. 
 
 sativa, (lucerne medick. E. Ju. It.) peduncles racemed : legume 
 smooth, cochleate -. stipules entire : leaves oblong, toothed. 
 
 lupt Una, (hop medick. 0. y. J. ^.) spikes oval : legumes reniform, 
 1-seeded : stipules entire : leaves obovate stem procumbent. 
 
 tribiiloides, (hedge-hog. E. f^.) peduncles 2-flo\vered : legu; e cO' 
 chleate, cylii.dric, flat both sides, aculeate, conic 2-ways, reflexed: 
 stipules toothed : leaves toothed, obovate. 
 
 scutellata, (snail-shell, bee-hive. E. Ju 0.) peduncles about 2-flower 
 ed : legumes unarmed, cochleate in an orbicular form, with a convex 
 base and a flat top : stipules toothed : leaves obioiig, toothed. 
 
 macuiata, (P. y. Ju. 0.) peduncles about 2-flowered : Ictrumes cochle- 
 ate, compressed both sides, aculeate, subulate, archjed : stipules 
 toothed : leafets obcordate, toothed, spotted. 
 
 22—2. Meesia. 56. 4. 
 uliginosa, stem simple, short: leaves oblong-linear, obtuse: capsule 
 pear-form ; lid convex. In marshes. 
 
 14 — 2. Melampyrum. 40. 35. 
 americanum,M%. (2) (cow-wheat. O.y.Ju. #.) slender : lower leaves 
 Hnear, entire ; floral ones lanceolate, toothed behind : flowers axil- 
 lary, distinct. Var. latifolium, has veiy broad leaves. Woods. 
 
 6—3. Melanthil'm. 10. 13. 
 virginicum, W. (3) (black flower. D. P. w. becoming black. J. U.) 
 
 panicle pyrainid-rorm : petals oval, s.ib-hastaie, flat, with 2 spots : 
 
 flowers mosUy perfect. Flowers at first greeaish-wiiite, afterwards 
 
 turn to dark brow n. 
 race^nosum, i%ix. (4) (bunch flower. P. w. J. "4.) panicles racemed 
 
 above, pi^tillute : petals roundi.h, having claws, undulaie-plaitcd, 
 
 hardly spotted, hirsute outside. 
 glaucam,N. (Northern lakes, g-w. Ju.) root bulbous : leaves glaucous. 
 
360 MELIA, MELOTHRIA. 
 
 margined : raceme mostly simple, few-flowered : petals roundish; 
 tmguiculate, with two peculiar spots : seed subulate, alated. 
 
 10—1. M£LiA. 54. 71. 
 
 ttedarach (bead tree. E. ^.) leaves doubly-pinnate : leafets, smooth, 
 ovate, toothed. 
 
 3—2. Melica. 4. \0. 
 
 ipeeiosa,M. (melic grass. P. J. 2^.) panicle 1-sided : branches of the 
 
 panicle solitary, 3-flowered ; stipules 2-cleft. 
 9riJlora, Bw. (Whitebills. Au.) villose : panicle coarctate : glumes 3- 
 
 flowered, with a small appendage : florets awned. 
 
 17—10. Melilotus. 32. 93. 
 
 fj.f fJttZgam (melilot. T. P. y. J. Hi. or <J.) stem erect: leaves obovate, 
 serrate : spikes axillary, panicled ; le.^umes 2-seeded, rugose, acute. 
 Var. alba, (1) has white flowers. There seems to have been some 
 confusion among modern botanists respecting the yellow-floweied 
 and white-flowered varieties of this species, both in Europe and 
 America. Both varieties are very abundant on the islands near 
 Troy, in Schodack and Schaghticoke. On comparing them with 
 Parkinson's descriptions, v ritten about two centuries ago, I find he 
 had the same plants before him. To avoid perplexity, I have adopt- 
 ed his names, &lc. See page 718, London ed. 1640. 
 
 14—1. Melissa. 42. 39. 
 
 officinalis (balm. E. w. b. Ju. 14..) flowers whorled half way around, 
 sub-sessile : bracts oblong, pedicelled : leaves ovate, acute, serrate. 
 
 «e/)e<rt (calami nt. P. r.b. S. H) peduncles axillary, many-flowered, di- 
 chotomous-corymbed : leaves ovate, obtuse, sub-serrate, somewhat 
 glabrous : stem sub-hirsute : teeth of the calyx about equal, gla- 
 brous. 
 
 20 — 16. Melothria. 34. 97. 
 
 pencfula, Mx. (crftepine: cucumber. T. P. y. J. 0.) leaves snb-reniform, 
 lobe-anf;led ; terminal lobe equalling the rest : berry cyliudric, ovate. 
 River alluvion. 
 
 (1) o&ciaalis, i?h. Trifolium officinale, L- 
 
MENISPERMUM, MERISMA. 361 
 
 21—13. Menispermum. 11. 77. 
 
 canudcnse (moonseed. O. w-y. Ju. fp.) stem climbing : leaves sub-cor- 
 date, round-angled, peltate, with the petiole near the base. 
 
 virginicum, W. (P. w- J. ^.) leaves lobed, cordate, pubescent beneath, 
 sub-peltate. Perhaps a variety of the last. 
 
 14—1. Mentha. 42. 39. 
 
 viridis, Wr. (1) (spear mint. 0. w. J. H.) spikes oblong, interrupted : 
 leaves lanceolate, naked, serrate, sessile : stamens longer than the 
 corol. Damp. 
 
 2nperita (peppermint. E. p. Au. I^.) spikes obtuse, interrupted below: 
 leaves subovate, somewhat glabrous, petioled : stem glabrous at the 
 base. 
 
 gracilis, M. (slender mint. P. w. b. Ju. 11-) flowers whorled : leaves 
 lanceolate, sub-sessile : stem branching, erect : calyx at the base 
 and pedicels, glabrous. 
 
 borealis, Mx. (2) (northern mint. O. w. Ju. If.) ascending, pubescent : 
 leaves petioled, lance-oval, acute at both ends : flowers whorled : 
 stamens exsert. Damp. 
 
 canademis, (D. Can.) flowers whorled: leaves lanceolate, serrate, pe- 
 tioled, pilose : stamens equalling the corol. 
 
 5 — 1. MENyANTHES. 47. 46. 
 
 Irifoliata, (buck-bean. C. T. W. V. Pittsfield, Mass. P. r. J. U-) leaves 
 ternate : corols densely bearded above. In stagnant waters. 
 
 Menyanthes, see Villarsia. 
 
 8 — 1. Menziesia. 18. 50. 
 
 ccerulea, Sw. (3) (mountain heath. Whitehills. r. Ju. fp.) leaves scat- 
 tered, crowded, linear, obtuse, cartilaginous-toothed : peduncles ter- 
 minal, aggregate, 1-flowered : flowers bell-form : calyx acute. De- 
 candrous. Very small. 
 
 22—6. Merisma. 58. 1. 
 
 fcedda, fuscous-purple : branches palmate, approximate ; white and 
 shining at the apex. On the earth in woods. 
 
 (1) tenuis, Mx. (2) acu^ifolia. 
 
 (3) AnUromeda taxifoUs, Pallas. jErica coerulea, W. Phyllodoce taxifolia, Sy. 
 
 Gg 
 
362 MERULIUS^ MIKAMA, 
 
 22—6. Merulius. 58. 1. 
 1. Pilev.s entire: stipe central. 
 
 caniharelhis, ia groups, all reddish-yellow : pileus fleshy, glabrous, de- 
 pressed. 
 
 cornucopoides, cespitose, beconiing black : pileus membranaceous, 
 scaly : veins obsolete. In woods in autumn. 
 2. Effuse, stemless. 
 
 serpens, coriaceous, elongated, glabrous, white becoming red in thf 
 middle : folds or veins sub-obsolete, and resembling wrinkles. 
 
 12 — 5. MZSEMBRYANTHEMCM. 13. 87. 
 
 crysfaUinvrn, (ice plant. E. w. Au. 1^.) branching : leaves alternate, 
 ovate, paT)illose : flowers sessile : calyx broad-ovate, acute, retu.«e 
 From Greece. "^ 
 
 22—6. Mesenteric A. 58. 1. 
 
 luiea, orange or gold colour. 
 
 12—5. Me?pilus. 36. 93. 
 
 germanica, (medlar. E. ^.) leaves lance-ovate, doAvny beneath : flow- 
 ers sessile, solitary. 
 
 10—4. MicRopETAi.uM, P. (1) 22. 82. 
 
 lanrcolaium, (blind star-Mort. H. Ju.lf.) glabrous: leaves lanceolate, 
 narrow at both ends : flowers panicled : petals ovate, very short or 
 wanting. Damp. I have found this plant on Catskill mountain, 
 and its western spurs near Williams college, and in the mountain 
 towns of Vermont. 
 
 19—1. MicRosTVLis, N. (2) 7. 21. 
 
 opkioglo&soide'i, W. (.3) (adder-mouth. T. C. Y. V. g-w. J. Z^.) leaves 
 two, lance-ovate : scape 3-sided. 
 
 18—1. MiKANiA. 49. 55. 
 scandens, \\. (4) (climbing thorough-wort. P. Y. C. Newburgh. av. Au. 
 If.) stem glabrous, climbing: leaves cordate, repand-toothed, acu- 
 minate, lobed, divaricate, unequal : flowers corymbed. Damp or 
 wet. 
 
 (1) Spei-gulastruni,:,Ix. (2) Malaxis, Sw. Opbrj-s, L. 
 
 (3) uuitolia, Mx. (4) Eupatorium scandens, t 
 
M1KA.X1A, MIRABILIS. • 363 
 
 tiiclisso'foHa, W. (1) (P. \v. p. S. 2^.) pubescent : stem erect: leaves 
 ovate, ci-enate, sessile, pubescent beneatli; corymbs terminal. 
 
 3—2. Milium. 4. 10. 
 
 nigricans, (African millet. E.) flowers panlcled, crowded : valves of 
 the calyx shining, becoming black : leaves ensiform, very long. 
 
 fffusiim, (common millet. E.) flowers in whorled panicles, dispersed, 
 awjied. 
 
 ciHatum, M. (2) (millet grass. D. Ju.) culm glabrous : leaves lance- 
 linear, hirsute, ciliate : panicle simple : branches erect, bearing ra- 
 cemes : perfect flowers lanceolate, 3-nerved ; pistillate flowers on a 
 siieathed, radical, one-flowered scape : glumes oblong, ventricose, 
 acuminate, glabrous. Torrey's catalogue, p. 90. 
 
 ruccmosum, S. (clustered millet-grass. W.) flowers in a simple upright 
 raceme : calyx-glume oval, acute, ribbed : corol long-awned, hairy : 
 leaves lanceolate, with smooth sheaths. Sent to Dr. Smith of Lon- 
 don, by the Rev. Ur. Muhlenberg. It was collected by him in Lan- 
 caster, Peiin. It has recently been collected by Prof. Dewey, near 
 Williams college, Mass. It greatly resembles the Oryzopsis in its 
 generic character. Described by Smith in Rees' Cyclopo?dia. 
 
 10—10. Mimosa. 3:3. 93. 
 
 soisilira, (sensitive plant. E.) prickly : leaves pinnate ; the leafets ih 
 pairs ; inmost ones minute. 
 
 H— 2. MiMui.us. 40. 40. 
 
 i'tngen9, (monkey-flower. O.h.Jn.ir.) erect, glabrous : leaves sessile, 
 
 lanceolate, acuminate, serrate : peduncles axillary, opposite, longer 
 
 than the flower : teeth of the calyx acuminate. 
 alatns, (C. T. P. b. Ju. 21.) erect, glabrous : leaves petioled, ovate, 
 
 acuminate, serrate : peduncles axillary, opposite, shorCer than the 
 
 flower : stem winged at the 4 corners. 
 
 5 — 1 MiRABiLis. 54. 32. 
 
 uifapa, (four o'clock. E. r. y. Ju. U-) flowers heaped, peduncled : 
 leaves glal)rous. 
 
 longi flora, (E. w. Au. U-) flowers crowded, very loug, a little nod- 
 ding: leaves sub-viliose, 
 
 (1) piJbesce.ns. ¥.. .2) amnhicarpon, Ph, 
 
364 MITCHELLA^ MOMORDICA. 
 
 4—1. MiTCHELLA. 48. 57. 
 
 repens, (partridge berry, checker berry. 0. w. J. 2X-) stem creeping ; 
 leaves roundish. Woods. 
 
 10—2. MiTELLA. 13. 84. 
 
 diphylla, W. (currant leaf. 0. w. Ap. 11.) leaves cordate, sub-trilobate; 
 dentate : scape 2-leaved. Woods, 
 
 cordifolin, Mx. (P. w. M. 11.) leaves round-reniform, somewhat doubly 
 crenate : scape setaceous, leafless. 
 
 prostrata, Mx. (V. Pittsfield, Mass. w. M. 11.) leaves round-cordate ; 
 stem prostrate, leafy. Wet ground. I have found scores of speci- 
 mens in Pittsfield and Lenox of this species, which agreed perfectly 
 with the description of cordifoUa. Is not the cordifolia a variety oi' 
 the prostrata, which happens to be without the sarmentose shoot ^ 
 
 reniformis, Lk. (1) (V ? w. J. 2/.) leaves reniform, repand, ciliate : 
 scape naked. 
 
 22—2. Mnium. 56. 4. 
 
 hornum, leaves lance-ovate, serrate; peduncles curved : capsule ovate, 
 
 pendulous : lid obtuse. 
 palustre, stem erect, elongated, branching : leaves lanceolate, keeled^ 
 
 acute ; upper ones bent over to one side : capsule oblong, sub-erect: 
 
 lid conic, acute. In damp w^oods and fens. 
 
 3—3. MoLLUGO. 22. 82. 
 
 verticillata, (carpet weed. O. w. Ju. #.) stem sub-divided, prostrate 
 leaves in whorl?, wedge-form, acute : peduncles 1-flowered. Gene- 
 rally grows in gardens among purslane. 
 
 14—1. MOLUCELLA. 42. 39. 
 
 Iccvis, (molucca balm, shell-flower. E. w. g. Ju. ) calyx campanu 
 late, 5-toothed : teeth equal, awnless : leaves petioled, round-ovate^ 
 toothed. Calyx much longer and larger than the corol. 
 
 20—16. MoMOKDicA. 34. 97. 
 
 balsamina, (balsam apple. E. S. ^.) poraaceous berry angled, tuber- 
 
 cled : leaves glabrous, spreading, palmate. 
 echinata, (W. T. P. w. Au. 0.) pomaceous berry 4-seeded, roundish : 
 
 (1) nuda, W. 
 
MOXARDA. 365 
 
 selosc-echinale ; leaves cordate, 6-iobe-angleclj acuminate, entire. 
 Calyx 6-clett : corol G-parted. 
 
 2—1. MONARDA. 42. 39. 
 
 didpna, W. (1) (mountain mint. P. T.J.lt.) somewhat glabrous: 
 heads large, proliferous : outer bracts coloured, large, oblong, acu- 
 minate, sub-entire : calyx and corol long; leaves broad ovate, sub- 
 cordate, acuminate, serrate, rugose : serratures mucronate : stem 
 glabrous. 
 
 fcalmiaua, Ph. (Oswego tea. Oswego county, r. If.) thinly hirsute : 
 heads large, simple : outer bracts coloured, lanceolate, slender : ca- 
 lyx and corol pubescent : corols very long : leaves obiong-tapering, 
 serrate, having thin scattered rough hairs all over: stem sharp-cor- 
 nered: stem and petioles ciliale, hairy. 
 
 clinopodia, W. (2) (Can. P. St, Clair's river, y. p. Ju. U.) glabrous : 
 heads small, simple, terminal: outer bi-acts broad-ovate, acute, en- 
 tire, smoothish : calyx ciliate, short : corol pubescent, slender : 
 leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate, a little hairy : stem obtuse- 
 angled, glabrous. 
 
 (^iliata, VV. (P. V. C. p. Au. If.) hirsute : flowers small, whorled : bracts 
 ovate, glabrous, veiny, ciliate, equalling the calyx: leaves ovate- 
 oblong, tapering, sub-sessile, serrate, sub-pilose : stem acute-angled, 
 hirsute. Salem, N. Y. J. Smith. 
 
 oblongata-, A. (3) (P, W. T. C. y. r. Ju. 11.) hirsute : head simple : 
 outer bracts ovate, acute : calyx short, bearded in the throat ; teeth 
 spreading : stem obtuse-angled, hirsute above. 
 
 Jistidosa, Ph. (P. D. Can. p. Ju. 2^.) hirsute with scattered hairs : heads 
 simple, proliferous, leafy : outer bracts oblong, acute, glabrous ; calyx 
 long, bearded: corol hirsute, of middling length : leaves ovate, acu- 
 minate, serrate : petioles long, ciliate : stem glabi'ous, obtuse-angled. 
 ugosa, A. (Can. w. Ju. If.) smoothish : heads simple, middling size : 
 outer bracts oblong: calyx smoothish: leaves ovate, sub-cordate, 
 aoute, rugose, glabrous : nerves coloured and pilose beneath : stem 
 acute-angled, hirsute. 
 
 pimctata, W. (4) (D. P. y. J. Zf.) smoothish : flower middling size, 
 whorled : bracts lanceolate, nerved, coloured, longer than the 
 Avhorls : leaves lance-oblong, remotely serrate, glabrous • stem ob* 
 luse-angled, with whitish down. 
 
 (1) purpurea, Lk. coccinea, Mx. (2) glabra, Lk, 
 
 'Ji) aUophylla, Ms. mollis, W. (4} luiea, Jix. 
 
 Gg2 
 
366 MONILA^ MUHLENBERGIA, 
 
 22—6. MoNiLA. 58. 1. 
 
 aurea, stiped : threads constituting a little head : cespitose, golden- 
 yellow, 
 
 frucligena, stemless, cespitose, roundish, white-cinereous : threads 
 mould-like, indeterminately eflfuse, having ovate articulations. 
 
 10 1. MONOTROPA. 18. 51. 
 
 uniflora, (bird's nest, Indian pipe. 0. w. J. 24..) stem 1-flowered : flow- 
 er nodding at first, at length erect : scales of the stem approximate. 
 Whole plant ivory-white at first. 
 
 20—4. MoKus. 53. 98. 
 alba, (white mulberry. E. M. I7.) leaves heart-form, with oblique base, 
 
 ovate or lobed, unequally serrate, smoothish. From China and 
 
 Persia. 
 nigra, (black mulberry. E. Ju. ^.) leaves cordate, ovate, or sub-5- 
 
 lobed, unequally toothed, scabrous. From Persia. 
 rubra, (P. C. M. ^.) leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, or 3-lobed, 
 
 equally serrate, scabrous, soft hairs beneath : pistillate spikes cylin- 
 
 dric. 
 
 22—6. MucoR. 58. 1. 
 
 1. Siipe racenied. 
 aipergillus, (mould.) stipe filiform, dichotomous : little heads terminal^ 
 sub-conjugate, oblong when mature. On putrid fungi in autumn •- 
 grey. 
 
 2. Stipe simple. 
 
 muctda, receptacle or fruit inflated, dark-grey : mouth round, dehis* 
 cent about the stipe. On putrid cabbage, in autumn and winter. 
 
 caninus, crowded together, byssus-like or flax-like, white : fruit minute, 
 becoming yellowish. Stipe long and lax. In mild winters and after 
 storms, on manure, &ic. 
 
 3. Without a stipe. 
 
 herbariorum, yellow, permanent : fruit globose, sitting among down. 
 
 On dry plants in moist places. 
 
 3—2. MUHLENEERGIA, Sr. (1) 4. 10. 
 diffusa, (drop-seed grass. Y. C. P. J. 2^.) culm weak, branching ■ 
 
 branches and leaves glabrous : panicle compact : calyx 1-valved. 
 
 (;j) Dilepycum, M» 
 
MYOSOTIS, MYRIOPHYLLUM. 367 
 
 treda, (woods drop-seed grass. H. Ju. 11.) culm etronjr, simple ; culm 
 a?id leaves pubescent: panicle lax: calyx 2-valved ; awn long, 
 Dry woods. 
 
 6 — 1. Myosotis. 41. 42. 
 
 seorpioides, W. (1) (scorpion weed. Hudson. C. P. M. 2^.) seeds 
 smooth : calyx leaves sub-oval, about as long as the tube of the co- 
 rol : stem sub-ramose : leaves laiice-oval : racemes bractless. 
 
 virginiana, (H. w-b. J. 0.) pilose : seed prickly-bearded : leaves 
 lance-oi'ate, acuminate : racemes divaricate. Flowers small : leaves 
 large. 
 
 arvensis, (forget-me-not. C. T. P. w-b. J ^.) seeds smooth : calyx- 
 leaves oval, acuminate, very hirsute, longer than the tube of the co- 
 rol : stem very branching: racemes conjugate : leaves lance-ovate. 
 Flowers small. 
 
 lappula (W. C. T. V. Can. b. Ju. 0.) hispid: seeds prickly, bearded : 
 leaves linear-oblong : stem stifBy branched. 
 
 21—4. Myrica. 50. 99. 
 
 gale, (sweet gale. Y, H. M. ^.) leaves w^edge-lanceolate, obtuse, ser- 
 rate at the apex : staminate aments imbricate ; scales acuminate, 
 ciliate : fruit in a scaly head. Very abundant at the margin of 
 Crooked lake, in Plainfield. 
 
 cerifera, (bayberry. Y. C. P. g-p. M. fp.) leaves wedge-lanceolate, 
 acute, with distant serratures at the apex : staminate aments lax ; 
 scales acute : fruit small, globose, covered with a whitish wax, in a 
 mealy state. This is the bayberry tallow, which is obtained by 
 melting it off in hot water. 
 
 taroliiiiensis, W. (New-England. Pursh. M. ^.) leaves wedge-oblong, 
 coarsely toothed : staminate aments lax ; scales acute : berries gIo>- 
 bose, large. Three or four feet high. 
 
 20 — 13. Myriophyllum. 15. 88. 
 
 verticillatum, (water mi'foil. C. P. Can. Schenectady. Beck. Ju. If.) 
 leaves capillaceous; upper ones pectinat^-pinnatifid : flowers all in 
 axillary whorls ; lower ones pistillate j upper ones staminate or per- 
 fect, octandrous. In stagnant waters. 
 
 (1) palustris, Rotb. 
 
368 MYRIOPHYLLUM^ NARCISSUS, 
 
 spicatmn, (Can. D. Ju. 2^.) leaves all pinnate, capillaceous : spikes in- 
 terruptedly naked : flowers staminate, polyandrous. 
 
 ecmbiguutn, N. (D.) stem floating, dichotomous : leaves petioled, obso- 
 letely pinnate ; lowest ones capillary, middle ones pectinate, upper 
 ones nearly entire. Var. limosum, stem rooting, erect: leaves rigid, 
 mostly 3-cleft : segments setaceous, acute. 
 
 5—2. Myrrhis. 45. 60. 
 
 canadensis^ (hone-wort, mock sanicle. 0. w. J. 11) leaves ternate : 
 general involucre wanting : seeds oval-oblong. Stem 1 to 2 feet 
 high, branched, terete, smooth : umbels slender and few-rayed. Syn. 
 Sison canadensis. 
 
 12—1. Myrtus. 19. 39. 
 
 Communis, (myrtle. E. w. Ju. ^.) flowers solitary : involucre 2-leav 
 ed : leaves ovate. 
 
 N; 
 
 22—6, N^MASPORA. 58. 1. 
 
 chrysosperma, receptacle manifest, spherical, sub-conic, truncate ; 
 
 hairs gold-yellow. Under the bark of poplar. 
 crocea, receptacle obsolete or none, naked ; hairs crowded, uuequal, 
 
 somewhat w^oody, saffron-yellow. Chiefly on beech wood in winter. 
 
 20—1. Najas. 15. 6. 
 canadensis, Mx. (water nymph. W, Can.) small, filiform, smooth : 
 leaves narrow-linear. 
 
 16—13. NAPiEA. 37. 74. 
 
 ifcvu, L. (1) (false mallows. P. w. Ju. 2^.) leaves heart-5-lobed, gla- 
 brous : lobes oblong, acuminate, toothed : peduncles many-flower- 
 ed : capsules awnless, acuminate. 2 to 4 feet high. 
 
 scabra, L. (2) (P. w. Oc. 2^!.) leaves 7-lobe-palmate, scabrous : lobes 
 lanceolate, gash-toothed : corymbs bracted : flowers dioecious. 
 
 6—1. Narcissus. 9. 17. 
 
 ]f>seudo-narcissus, (daffodil. E. M. 24^.) spathe 1-flowered : nectary bell- 
 form, erect, crisped, equalling the ovate petals. 
 
 (1) Sida napaea, W. (2) Sida droica, W. 
 
NARCISSUS, NELUMBIUM. 369 
 
 taseita, (polyanthos. E. M. !(..) spathe many-flowered : nectary bell- 
 form, plicate, truncate, thrice as short as the petals : petals alternate- 
 ly broader : leaves flat. 
 
 jo7iquilla, (jonquil. E. M. 11.) spathe many-flowered: nectary bell- 
 form, short : leav^es subulate. 
 
 poeticus, (poet's narcissus. E. 2^.) spathe 1-flowered : nectarj" Avheel- 
 form, very short, scarious, (red,) crenulate : leaves indexed at the 
 margin. 
 
 6 — 1. Narthecium 10. 16, 
 
 americanum, Ker. (1) (false asphodel. D. y. Ju. If.) racemes some- 
 times interruptedly spiked, lax : one cauline bract clasping the pedi- 
 cel, another chaff-bristle-form below : filaments with short w^ool. 
 
 22—2. Neckera. 56. 4. 
 
 1. Leaves 2-ranJced. 
 
 pennala, foliage 2-ranked, compressed ; leaves lance-oval, acuminate, 
 nerveless, disk undulated : capsule immersed in the calyx (pericheth) 
 lid sub-conic and somewhat cuspidate. On trunks of trees. 
 
 matropodia, decumbent, sub-ramose : leaves flattish, lanceolate, facing 
 2 ways : capsule cylindric, straight, terminating in a long bristle, 
 
 2. Leaves imbricate every way. 
 
 cladorhizans, creeping : branchlets spreading and somewhat 2-ranked : 
 summit rooting in some : leaves somewhat depressed-imbricate, 
 oval, acute, nerveless : capsule cylindric ; lid somewhat conic, ob- 
 long, obtuse — columella exsert. On trees, 
 
 sediictrix, creeping, somewhat ascending ; branchlets erect, in some 
 places fascicled : leaves closely imbricate in a cylinder, oval, acu- 
 minate, nerveless : capsule cylindric ; lid from the base conic, short- 
 ish, cuspidate. 
 
 viticulosa, stem ascending, simple or withfew branches : leaves lax, 
 from the side of the base ligulate-obtuse : capsule oblong ; lid co- 
 nic, long-cuspidiite, small. On trunks of trees. 
 
 JVeclris, see Floerkia. 
 13 — 13. Nelumbium. 26. 61. 
 hdeum, Mx. (2) (sacred bean. P. y. Ju. U-) leaves peltate, orbicular^ 
 entire :corol polypetalous: anthers linear above. A most superb plant. 
 
 (1) Phnlangium ossifragum, M. 
 
 speciosum, W. Cyainus,Sy. Nymphaea rielambQ, L. 
 
370 XEOTTIA, XIGELLA, 
 
 IP — 1. Xeottia. 7. 21. 
 
 aeslivalis, P. (1) (summer ladies' tresses. O. \v. J. If.) stem leafy : roots 
 bulbs oblong, aggregate : leaves lance-linear : spikes spiral : flowers 
 one-sided : lip crenate, crispid. 
 
 ceniua, Sw. (2) (uoddiug ladies' tresses. O. w. An. H.) leaves lanceo- 
 late, 3-nerved : stem sheathed : spike oblong, dense-flowered ; flow- 
 ers recurve-nodding : lip oblong, entire, acute. The high primitive 
 mountains east of Pittsfieid, Mass. exhibit patches white Avith these 
 flowers, in Oct. and Nov. 
 
 14—1. Nepeta. 42. 39. 
 
 caiaria (catmint, catnep O. b-w. H.) flowers in whorled spikes ;. leaves- 
 petioled, cordate, tooth-serrate. 
 
 22 — 5. Nephroma. 57. 2. 
 
 resupinata, frond crustaceous-livid, palish, pubescent, granulated : fer- 
 tile lobes short : laminae of the receptacle reddish-yellow. On the 
 earth at the roots of trees in mountains. 
 
 5—2. Neuium. 30. 47. 
 
 oleander (rose bay, oleander. E. Au. ^p.) leaves lanceolate, narrow^ 
 ternate, ribbed beneath ; divisions of the calyx squarrose : nectary 
 flat; tricuspidate. 
 
 JS'icandra. see Atropa, 
 
 5—1. Nicotian A. 28. 41. 
 
 labacum (virginian tobacco. E. w-r. Ju. 0.) leaves lance-ovate, ses- 
 sile, decurrent : flowers acute. 
 
 rustica (common tobacco. E. Au. 0.) leaves petioled, ovate, entire : 
 flowers obtuse. 
 
 pdiiiculaia (small-flowered tobacco. Au. %.) leaves petioled, cordate, 
 entire : flowers panicled, obtuse, clavate. 
 
 13 5. NiGELLA. 26. 61. 
 
 damasctna (fennel-flower. E. M. ?^.) flower surrounded with a leafy 
 
 involucre. 
 aativn (E.) pistils 5 : capsules muricate, rough leaves subpllose. 
 
 (1) Uirtilis, \V. Opbrys aestivali?, Mx. Satyrium spirale, Sw. Limodorum t^xx- 
 Ccz> Wr- C2) Ophrys eei-nua, L. LJmodorcni autumnaie. Wr. 
 
XOSTOC^ OBOLARIA. 371 
 
 22 — 4. iNosToc. 67. 2. 
 :mmune, on the earth : frond ])lated-lobed, ventiiposc, gelatinous. — 
 On the earth after a storm, an inch or two in extent, olive-green. 
 prunij'ormc, frond solitary, spherical, smooth, olive, gelatinous, coria- 
 ceous, surface smooth : threads iuterwoven-crisped. In lakes. 
 botrj/oides, fronds minute, globular, aggregated into a green crust. In 
 moist shady places, and on decaying Avood. 
 
 13—1. NupHAR, S. (1) 13. 62. 
 
 lutea, A. (water lily. T. V. C. P. y. J. U-) leaves cordate, entire : lobes 
 near each other , calyx 5-leaved : stigma repand, with 14 to 20 ra- 
 diated lines, and a deep central hole. Water. 
 . Icahniana, A. (2) (C. T. Can.y. Ju. 2^.) leaves cordate, lobes near each 
 other : calyx o-leaved : stigma gashed, with 8 to 12 radiated lines. — 
 Flowers small. Water. 
 
 »dveiia, A. (O. y. Ju. 11.) leaves erect, cordate, entire : lobes spreading 
 asunder : calyx 6-leaved : stigma with a slight central depression, 
 and 13 radiating lines : pericarp furrow^ed= In stagnant waters. 
 
 13 — 1. ZS'ymphaea. 13. 62. 
 
 odoraia, A. (S) (pond lily. 0. w. Ju. 24!.) leaves round-coi'date, entire, 
 sub-emarginate : lobes spreading asunder, acuminate, obtuse : petal? 
 equalling the 4-leaved calyx : stigma with 16 to 20 radiating erectish 
 lines. Var. rosea, has the (lower purplish beneath, and the hind 
 lobes of the leaves acutish. Water. 
 
 21—5. Nyssa. 12. 24. 
 
 'tiriosn,M-s..(4) (pepperidge,tupelo.O. y-g. M. >).)leaves oblong, entire, 
 acute at both ends ; the petioles, midribs and margins villose : pis- 
 tillate petioles sub-3-flowered : nut short-obovate, obtuse, striate. 
 
 blflora, Mx. (5) (sour gum. C. M. ^.) leaves ovate-oblong, entire, acute 
 at both ends, glabrous : pistillate peduncles 2-flo\vered : drupe shon 
 ,obovate ; nut obtusely striate. 
 
 14—2. 0.?OLARiA. 40. 35. 
 
 ■tirginica, W. (penny-wort. P. r. Ap. ZX-) stem simple .- leaves oi>iongj 
 truncate, fleshy, purple beneath : flow^ers axillary, solitarj-, sessile. 
 
 (1) Nymphaea,L. (2) minima, M. (>) aIba,Mx. (}) muliiflora, W'r 
 
 {5) aquaiica, L. inte jril'olia, A. 
 
372 OCYMUM^ OBNOTHERA. 
 
 14—1. OcYMCM. 42. 39. 
 hasilicum (basil. E. 1^.) leaves ovate, glabrous : calyx ciliate. 
 5—2. CEnanthe. 45. 60. 
 
 amhigua, N. (water dropwort. D. P. if.) leaves few, obsoletely pin- 
 nate ; leafets in 3 to 5 pair, narrow-linear, long, entire, acute, 
 sessile, glaucous beneath : involucre 2 or 3-leaved : umbels termi- 
 nal, sub-solitary. Grows 6 to 10 feet high in marshes. 
 
 rigidus, N. (1) (D. P. w, S. 21.) leaves obsoletely pinnate > leafets in 
 4 or 5 pair, sessile, lance-oblong, entire or gash-toothed : involucre 
 none : styles dilated at the base in a peltate form, very short ; fruit 
 sub-oval. About 3 feet high. ^ 
 
 8—1. (ExXOTHERA. 17. 88. 
 
 biennis (scabish, tree-primrose. O. y. J. $ .) stem villose, scabrous: 
 leaves lance-ovate, flat, toothed : flowers terminal, sub-spiked, ses- 
 sile ; stamens shorter than the cprol. Phosphorescent. Pursh. 
 
 parvijlora, W. (C. D. y. Ju. ^.) stem smooth, sub-villose : leaves 
 lance-ovate, flat : stamens longer than the corol. 
 
 longiflorttf Ju. (P. T. y. #. or ^ .) leaves denticulate : stem simple, 
 pilose : petals distant, 2-lobed : tube of the flower very long : cap- 
 sule hirsute. 
 
 grandijlora, W. (P. y. Ju. <? .) stem glabrous, branching : leaves lance- 
 ovate, glabrous : stamens declined. Flowers very large. 
 
 sinuata, W. (P.y. J. 0.) stem diffused, having soft hairs : leaves oval- 
 oblong, tooth-sinuate : flowers axillary, villose : capsules prismatic 
 Barton says this species is semi-decumbent. 
 
 fruticosa, W. (sundrops. C. Y, P. T. y. Ju. 2^.) smoothish : leaves lan- 
 ceolate, sub-dentate, acute : capsules pedicelled, oblong-clavate, 
 angled. Var. anibigua, is somewhat hairy : stem simple : leaves 
 lanceolate or lance-ovate, acute, sub-denticulate: petals obcordate, 
 width exceeding the length : capsule sub-sessile, smooth, oblong, 4- 
 winged. 
 
 muricata,\y. (P.T. y. Ju. $ .) stem purple, muricate : leav^es lanceo- 
 late, flat : stamens of the length of the corol. 
 
 pusilla,M\. (P. Can. y. Ju. li.) sub-pubescent: stem small, sub-sim- 
 ple : leaves lance-oblong, obtusish, entire : flowers axillary at the 
 top : capsules clavate turbinate, about equally 8-sided, 
 
 (1^ Slum rigidus, L- Sison marginatum, Mx. 
 
CENOTHERA, OPEGRAPHA. 373 
 
 ihr^antha, Mx. (dwarf scabish. O. y. J. 2/.) stem slender, pubescent ; 
 leaves lanceolate, oblusish, flat, entire : tube of the calyx but half 
 as long as the divisions: capsule clavate, acute-angled, mostly ses- 
 sile. 
 
 22—1. Onoclea. 65. 5. 
 
 ^ensibilis, W. (sensitive fern. O.J. If ) barren frond pinnate, fertile one 
 
 doubly-pinnate : stem glabrous. The leafets slowly approach each 
 
 other, on squeezing the stem in the hand. 
 ebtusiloha, Sh. (P.) barren frond pinnate ; fertile one doubly pinnate : 
 
 5tem scaly. 
 nodulosa, Sb. (1) (P. 2X.) lower frond bipinnatifid : divisions entire, 
 
 obtuse ; lower ones elongated, acute. 
 
 18 — 1. Onopordon. 49. 54. 
 acanlhhim, (cotton thistle. Pittsfield, Boston, p. Ju. ^ .) scales of the 
 calyx spreading every way, acuminate : leave? ovate-oblon?, tooth- 
 ed-spinose, woolly. Dr. Bigelow says this exotic is now naturalized 
 about Boston. 
 
 5. — 1. Onosmodiom. 41. 42. 
 
 hispidum, Mx. (2) (false gromw^eli. Y. C. y-w. J. I^.) very hispid : 
 leaves iance-oval, acute, pHpilloie-punctate : divisions of the corol 
 subulate. Very abundant on the barrea plains between Ball's springs 
 and Love's tavern, New-Haven. 
 
 22—6. Onygena. 58. 1. 
 equina, gregarious, pale-white and reddish ; fruit orbicular, glabrous, 
 rugose, bran-like ; stipe short, somewhat fibrous. O'.i hoofs of hord- 
 es and horns of cattle, Avhich are thrown into w^et places. 
 
 22—5. Opegrapha. 57. 2. 
 
 tnacularis (lettered lichen) crust determinate, unequal, dark -fuscous : 
 receptacles minute, crowded, round-oval, at length rugose, irregular: 
 disk rimose-like. On the bark of beech and oak. 
 
 abnormis, crust thin, softish, white : receptacles immersed, very tbiu, 
 short and long, flexuose, coafluent, rugose-crisped : scarcely any dis- 
 tinct margin and disk. On the hard bark of trees. 
 
 (1) Strut kiopteris pennsvlvaoica, W. 
 
 (2) Litbosperiuum virginianum, L. Purshia hispida, SI- 
 
 Hh 
 
374 OPEGRAPHA, ORCHIS. 
 
 rimalisj crust effuse, becoming cinereous : receptacles sessile, oblong, 
 straightish, simple, tumid : disk channelled, concave ; margins ele- 
 vated, sub-inflexed, parallel. On bark ot trees. 
 22 — 1. Ophioglossum. 55. 5. 
 vulgatum, addertongue fern. T. C. P. M. 2^.)frond ovate, simple: spikes 
 
 about an inch long. 
 hulbosum, W. (1) (D. i\I. 2^.) rootbulbous: frond heart-ovate, obtuse. 
 19—1. Orchis. 7. 21. 
 
 1. Roots oval or palmate. 
 
 ciliaris (orchis. C. Y. P. T. y Ju. 11.) lip lance-oblong, pinnate-ciliate, 
 twice as long as the petals : spur longer than the germ. 
 
 blephariglotlis, W. (D. T. Plainfield, Mass. w. J. 2^.) lip lanceolate, ci- 
 liate, of the length of the upper petal : spur longer than the germ. — 
 Resembles the last. 
 
 psycodes,\Y. (P. Can. y. J. 2^) lip 3-parted, divisions capillary-many - 
 cleft : petals obtuse : spur filiforni-clavate, ascending, of the length 
 of the germ. 
 
 crisiafrt, Mx. (C. P. y. J. IX) lip oblong, pinnate-ciliate: petals round, 
 2 lateral ones toothed : spur shorter than the gerja. 
 
 lacera, M\. (C. Y. T. g-\v. Ju. 2i.) lip 3-parted-;. d'ivisions sub-digitate- 
 filiform : spur about equalling the germ : fishers alternate. 
 
 discolor, Fh. (D. Ju. 2^.) lip 3-parted, longer than the petals; lateral 
 divisions short acute ; middle one extended, spatulate : spur fili- 
 form, about twice as long as the germ ; leaf one, radical, heart-ovate. 
 
 Jlava, Vv . (P. y. Ju. 2^.) lip 3-cleft, entire, middle division larger : spur 
 filiform, of the length of the germ: spike elongated, compact : bracts 
 longer tiian the flower. 
 
 trideiituta, W. (C. Y. P. w^ J. 11.) lip lanceolate, 3-toothed at the apex : 
 petals obtuse : spur filiform, clavate, ascending, longer than the 
 germ. 
 
 bradeaia, W. (2) (vegetable satyr. O. g-w. M. H-) lip linear, emargin- 
 ate at the apex, obsoletely 3-toothed : spur short, sub-inflated, some- 
 what 2-l()bed : bracts twice as long as the flowers, leaf-like, spread- 
 ing : roots palmate. 6 to 10 inches high. 
 obsoleta,\\\ (2) (JSevv-England. P. J. 2^.) lip lance-oblong, undivided: 
 bracts short : germ pedicelled : scape naked: spur short, sub-iufla- 
 ted, somewhat 2-lobed : root palmate. 
 
 (1) crotaiopharoide?, Wr. (2; Satjrium, p. 
 
ORCHIS. 375 
 
 spectabilis,yV. (1)(0. r. M. 2^.) lip obovate, undivided, crenate, retuse: 
 petals straight, lateral ones longest : spur clavate, shorter than the 
 germ : bracts longer than the flowers : stem lea!les=. Three to five 
 inches high. 
 
 2. Roots fascicled. 
 
 virescens, W. (P. g. Ju. 1/.) lip lanceolate, crenate : bracts longer than 
 the flowers : spur short sub-inflated, somewhat 2-lobed : root fasci- 
 cled. 12 to 18 inches high. 
 
 fuscescens, W. (Catskill Mt. P. p-y. Ju. Z^.) lip ov^ate, toothed at the 
 base : petals spreading: spur subulate, of the length of the germ 
 bracts longer than the flowers. 
 
 incisa,\W. (C. P. w-p. Ju. It.) lip 3-parted, divisions v.edge-forra, gash- 
 toothed, middle one emarginate : lateral petals obtuse, sub-dentate ; 
 spur subulate, ascending, of the length of the germ. -Very tall. 
 
 rotundifolia, Ph. (P. w. J. If.) lip 3-cleft, intermediate divisions 2-cleft • 
 spur shorter than the germ : leaves round-oval. 
 
 fimbriata, W. (0. p. Ju. 2^.) lips .3-parted ; divisions wedge-form, ciliate- 
 fringed : lateral petals ovate, toothed : spur filiform, clavate, longer 
 than the germ. Damp. 
 
 orhiculata, Ph. (H.g-w. J. 11.) lip linear, entire, obtusish ; 3 upper pe- 
 • tals converging, upper one deltoid, obtuse : 2 lateral ones oblique 
 at the base ; spur longer than the germ, clavate, flattish, curved : 
 leaves 2, radical, orbicular, prostrate, glabrous, very shining. Flow- 
 ers green and white. Mountain woods. 
 
 bifolia, L. (H. g-y J. 11.) lip lanceolate, entire, acuminate : spur lon- 
 ger than the germ, terete, straightish : upper petal ovate, acute : 
 leaves 2, radical, broad-oval, ascending, t.labrous. Flowers green 
 and yellow. This plant has long been collected and labelled pro- 
 miscuously with the orbiculata. It is certainly a diff'erent species ; 
 but future collectors may possibly call it a new species. It is very 
 abundant on the side of the mountain a mile east of the village of 
 Great Barrington, Mass. I have collected it in Stockbridge, Pitts- 
 field, and near Williams college also 
 
 fissa, W.(P. p. Ju. U.) lip 3-parted ; divisions wedpe-form, toothed, 
 intermediate one 2-lobed : spur filiform, clavate, ascending, longer 
 than the germ. Tall, 
 
 (1) Humilis, Mx. 
 
376 ORCHIS, ORTHOTRICHUM, 
 
 dilatata, Ph. (giant orchis. T. V. W. w. or g. J. 11.) spur shorter than 
 the germ ; lip entire, linear, with the base dilated, of the length of 
 the spur : bracts of the length of the flower : stem leafy. In the 
 mountain woods, the flowers are green : in the open meadows, 
 white. It may be found in flower from 1 to 4 feet high. 
 
 14—1. Origanum. 42. 39. 
 
 vulgare (wild marjoram. Y. T. V. P. r. Ju. 2^.) spikes round-panicled, 
 heaped : bracts ovate, longer than the calyx. 
 
 «ia;ora7ia (sweet marjoram. E. ^.) spikes roundish, ternate, compact^ 
 peduncled : leaves petioled, oval, obtuse, smoothish. From Pales- 
 tine. 
 
 6 — 1. Ornithogalum. 10. 16. 
 
 umbellatum (star-of-betblehera. E. M. U-) flowers corymbed, pedun- 
 cles higher ; filaments dilated at the base. 
 
 14 — 2. Orobanche. 40. 35. 
 
 uniflora (squaw-root, cancer-root. O. p-w. J. 2^.) scape naked, 1-flow- 
 ered : calyx without bracts : corol recui'ved. About 3 inches high, 
 of a yellowish white colour. Astringent and antiseptic. B. 
 
 americana (P. W. V. p-y. Ju. U-) stem simple,, covered with imbricate 
 lance-oval scales : spike terminal, glabrous : corol recurved : sta- 
 mens exsert. Hardly a span high : brownish yellow. In clay 
 woods near Hudson. 
 
 6 — 1. Orontium. 2. 7. 
 
 aquaticum (golden club. Y. P.C, Hudson. y.M. 2^.) leaves lance-ovate t 
 spike cylindric, on a scape. Very plentiful in the west meadows, 2 
 miles from New-Haven, and in South Bay, Hudson. 
 
 22 — 2. Orthotrichum. 56. 4. 
 
 cupulatum^ peristome simple, teeth with pitts ; capsule immersed, sub- 
 sulcate ; calyptre globe-bellforra, glabrous : stem ramose : leaves 
 lance-ovate. 
 
 strangulalum, peristome simple ; teeth 16, entire ', capsule immersed^ 
 sulcate, contracted in the middle ; leaves lanceolate, sub-entire, ob* 
 tusish : stems cespitose, erect, sub-ramose, calyptre campanulate. 
 with 8 furrows. 
 
ORTHOTRICHUM, OXALIS. 377 
 
 tbcardalum, inner peristome 8-toothed : germ exsert at the extremities, 
 
 plaited. 
 striatum, teeth of the inner peristome 16, lanceolate, erose ; germ im 
 
 mersedj smooth ; leaves lanceolate. 
 
 6—2. Oryza. 4. 10, 
 
 saliva {rice. E. 0.) culm jointed : leaves clasping: panicle terminal 
 
 3 — 2. Oryzopsis. 4. 10- 
 asperifoUa, Mx. (mountain rice. O. M. U-) culm nakedish : leavcp 
 i-ough. erect, somewhat pungent. Woods and bushy fields. 
 
 22—1. Osmund A. 55. 5. 
 
 €innamomea, Mx. (flowering fern. O. y. J. If) frond doubly pinnatifid ,: 
 
 fertile ones distinct and panicle-raceraed. Damp. 
 iiitcrrup!a, Mx. (O. g-y. J. U-) barren leafets on the frond with the 
 
 fertile ones above and belov/ and sometimes among them. Damp. 
 reg«/j>, Mx. (1) (O.r-y. J. 2-f.) frond bipinnate, terminating in several 
 
 racemes, very branching, and without hairs. Wet. 
 
 20—13. OsTRYA. 50. 99. 
 .ifginicajW. (2) (iron-wood, hop hornbeam. O. g. M. f^.) leaves ovate- 
 oblong, sub-cordate, acuminate, unequally serrate : strobiles oblong- 
 ovate, erect : buds acute. 
 
 10—5. OxALis. 14. 73. 
 
 atetosella (woodiorrel. H. T. C. w. r. M. If.) stemless : scape l-flow- 
 ered, longer than the leaves ; leaves ternate, broad obcordate, with 
 rounded hind lobes. Woods. 
 
 tiola-cea (violet woodsorrel. Y. T. C. p. J. 2/.) stemless : scape umbel- 
 liferous ; pedicels sub-pubescent : flowers nodding : leaves ternate, 
 obcordate, glabrous : divisions of the calyx callous at the apex : 
 styles shorter than the outer stamens. Damp. 
 
 zlricia^ W. (yellow woodsorrel. O. y. J. %.) all over hirsute : stem 
 erect, branching : peduncles umbelliferous, leaves ternate, obcor- 
 date : petals obovate : styles of the length of the inner stamens. 
 
 torniculata (C. P. y. M. 0.) all over pubescent : stem branching, dif- 
 fused, or procambent : peduncles umbellate, shorter thaa the peti- 
 
 (1) spectabiliSjW. (2) Carpinus virginiana, Lk. 
 
 HU 2 
 
-378 oxYcoccus, panicum. 
 
 oles : leaves ternate, obcordate : petals wedge-form, erose at the 
 apex : styles of the length of the inner stamens. 
 
 8 — 1. Oxvcoccus. 18. 51. 
 
 vulgaris, Ph. (1) (low cranberry. H. T. r. J. ^.) creeping : leaves 
 oval, entire, margin revolute, sub-acute, glabrous, becoming white 
 beneath : pedicels elongated : divisions of the coral oval. Wet. 
 
 macrocarpus, P. (2) (cranberiy. O. r. J. Tp.) creeping, stem ascending j 
 leaves oblong, entire, flattish, obtuse, glabrous, becoming white be- 
 neath i pedicels elongated : divisions of the corol lanceolate. Wet, 
 
 P. 
 
 13—5. PiEONiA. 36. 61. 
 
 ojicinalis (peony. E. r. J. 11.) leaves decompound ; leafets lobed, lobes 
 broad-lanceolate : capsules downy. Improperly called pina. 
 
 5—2. Panax. 46. 59. 
 
 «ri/bZia (dwarf ground-nut. O. w. 11.) leaves in threes, ternate or qni- 
 nate ; leafets serrate, lance-oblong, sub-sessile ; root tuberous, roun- 
 dish. Styles generally three. Root round-tuberous, and very deep 
 in the earth in proportion to the size of the plant. 
 
 quinquefolia (ginseng. 0. w. M. IX.) root fusiform : leaves ternate, qui- 
 nate : leafets oval, acuminate, petioled, serrate. Larger than the 
 last. The Chinese panacea, or cure for all diseases. Mild stimu- 
 lant. B. It is also a sialagogue. 
 
 3—2. Panicum. 4. 10. 
 
 crus-galli, L. (3) (barn grass. 0. Ju. 0.) spikes alternate and in pairs, 
 thick, squarrose : glumes hispid, awned : rachis angled : sheath glia- 
 brous. 
 
 capillare (0. S. 0.) panicle capillary, very branching, lax : flowers mi- 
 nute, all pedicelled, solitary, oblong-ovate, acuminate, awnless : 
 leaves and sheaths very hirsute. The rachis is angled. Branches of 
 the panicle are opposite and alternate, jointed at the base : branch- 
 lets ternate, nodding. 
 
 mrgatum (O. Ju. U-) panicle very branching, wand-like : glumes 
 ovate, acuminate, awnless, 2-flowered : leaves very long, flat. The 
 
 (1) palustris, 2d ed. P. Vaccinium oxycoccus, Mx^ 
 
 CO Vaccinium macrocarpon, A. Yar. objongifolius, Ms-. (3) Echinochloa, Rs. 
 
PANICUM. 379 
 
 rdchis, or main peduncle, is coloured. Lower branches of the pani- 
 cle are'whorled, the others solitary. 
 
 iaiifolium (0. J. 24!.) panicle moderately spreading : glumes ovate, 
 acutish, sub-pubescent : leaves lance-ovate, clasping the stem with 
 the base above the sheath, glabrous, broad ; sheath pilose. The 
 leaves vary in breadth ; but the broadest are lance-cordate, and en- 
 close most of the few-flowered panicle with the sheath when young. 
 Willdenow calls this the variety clandestinum. Muhl. makes it a new 
 species. 
 
 nitidum, Lk. (O. Ju. 1(.) panicle capillaceous, branching : glumes stri- 
 ate, pubescent : seed shining : leaves somewhat distant, lance-linear, 
 bearded at the neck of the sheaths : stem glabrous. 
 
 umbrosum, Le Conte. (C.) culm glabrous, erect ; joints naked : leaves 
 long-linear, glabrous ; sheaths bearded at the neck : panicle simple, 
 few-flowered : glumes with long erect pedicels, large, ovate, gla- 
 brous, striate : seed 2-furrowed on opposite sides. See Torrey's ca- 
 talogue, p. 91. 
 
 scoparium, Ms. (D. P. J. 11-) panicle erect, compound, setaceous, 
 branched: glumes obovate, pubescent: leaves lanceolate, villose. 
 The sheaths are soft, and when young, glutinous. The lateral pani- 
 cles are partly concealed. 
 
 hispidum, M. (1) (C.) sheath hispid, striate : spike compound, nodding . 
 spikelets alternate, oblong, awned ; rachis pilose, scabrous : calyx 
 3-valved, one very small and mucronate, the others nerved, hispid, 
 awned. 
 
 geniculatum, M. (2) (C. P. S.) culm glabrous, dichotomous, geniculate 
 at the base : panicle diffuse, very branching, dichotomous : branches 
 jointed at the base, scabrous, solitary : pedicels thickened, or clavate 
 under the cal5rx, scabrous: one valve short, obtuse, sub-3-lobed ; 
 the others acuminate, glabrous. 
 
 vernicosum M. (C) culm with enlarged joints : terminal panicle 
 spreading ; lateral ones from the sheaths : branches alternate, soli- 
 tary, divided, zigzag, glabrous: calyx 3-valved } one small, acute ; 
 two others warty, 3-nerved. 
 
 walleri, M. (3) (C. Can. Ju. ^.) spikes alternate, erect, .«!olitary, sim- 
 ple : glumes ovate, muricate-hispid, awned ; one awn very long : 
 
 (1) crus-galli, Nov. hispidum, E. muriraturo,Mx. waiter!, Ph. Setaria muricate, 
 Rs. Also Echinochloaechinala, Ks. ™, . . . ,^ . rnc 
 
 (2) dichotomiflorum, m. proUferum, tk. (3) This is not the walten of Ph. 
 
8S0 PAMCUM. 
 
 rachis 3-cornered : sheaths very hispid : leaves glabrous. Grows 
 near salt water. 
 
 agrostoides, M. (C. P. Ju. 2^.) panicles terminal and lateral, branching : 
 branches distant, in threes, pairs and solitary, erect when young, at 
 length horizontal and reflexed, jointed at the base, scabrous ; branch- 
 lets scabrous, divided, close-pressed : pedicels short : leaves keeled, 
 glabrous. 
 
 nervosum, M. (C.) panicle terminal : branches numerous, spreading, 
 glabrous, somewhat zigzag : calyx unequal ; the small one ovate, 
 acute ; the others acute, nerved : leaves scabrous at the margins, 
 ciliate at the base : sheaths long, striate, pubescent at the margin. 
 
 puhescens, M. (C. P. J. 11.) erect, very branching, pubescent ; panicles 
 small, few-flowered, lax, sessile : glumes globe-ovate, sub-pedicelled, 
 pubescent. The branches of the panicle horizontal, zigzag. 
 
 macrocarpon, (C.) culm erect ; culm and sheaths pubescent : joints 
 naked : leaves broad-lanceolate, nerved and glabrous both sides, 
 ciliate : panicle sub-compound, ramose, glaucous, largish, turgid, 
 ovate : branches pubescent, striate. Le Conte. See Torrey's cata- 
 logue, p. 91. 
 
 umbromm, (C. Ju.) slender, erect, small, glabrous : culm purple : 
 joints naked : leaves remotish, spreading, lanceolate : sheaths cili- 
 ate : panicle smallish, simple : glumes ovate, glabrous, striate. Le 
 Conte. A new species. 
 
 angustifolium, (D.) culm glabrous, erect : joints naked : leaves gla- 
 brous, long-linear : sheaths bearded at the neck : panicle few-flow- 
 ered, long-pedicelled, largish, ovate, glabrous, striate. Le Conte. 
 A new species. 
 
 barbatum, (C. J.) erect, slender, glabrous : joints bearded : leaves 
 lance-linear, distant, spreading, short ; radical ones lanceolate, with 
 ciliate sheaths : panicle sub-compound, racemose, glaucous, pubes- 
 cent, striate. Le Conte. A new species. 
 
 discolor, Sh. (1) (P. J. U-) panicle terminal, sub-simple : branches ho- 
 rizontal, in pairs and solitary, zigzag, glabrous : florets all pedicel- 
 led: calyx 3-valved, 1-flowered ; one valve minute and coloured: 
 radical leaves abbreviated ; those of the culm lanceolate, hairy at 
 the base ; margin crisped. 
 
 dichotomum, M. (2) (C. P. Ju. 2^.) panicles perfectly simple, few- 
 
 (1) heteropbylluDi, Sr. lasiflorum, Lk. barbulatum.' QIx« 
 
 (2) ramulosum,SSx> 
 
PANICUMj PARMELIA. 381 
 
 flowered ; glumes obovate : leaves lance-linear, divaricate, glabrous ; 
 bearded at the base and neck of the sheath : stem dichotomous. The 
 lower joints are hairy, the upper ones glabrous. Radical leaves are 
 lance-cordate and abbreviated ; those of the culm lance-linear, 
 nerved, glabrous. 
 
 depauperatum, M. (P. V. J.) panicle terminal, erect, few-flowered, (de- 
 pauperate) branches in pairs j one abbreviated, 1-flowered ; the 
 other 2-flowered and twisted : leaves lance-linear, the lower ones 
 abbreviated, the upper ones elongated. 
 
 anceps, Mx. (P. Ju. 2S-) erect : branches of the panicle simple, inter- 
 ruptedly racemed : sheaths 2-edged, rough-haired below : the per- 
 fect flowers have 2-valved corols ; the staminate flowers have 1- 
 valved corols. 
 
 13—1. Papaver, 27. 62. 
 
 rhens, (wild poppy. O. r. J. 0.) capsules glabrous, sub-globose : stem 
 many-flowered, pilose, with the hairs spreading : leaves gash-pinna- 
 tifid. This is usually considered as an exotic ; if it was introduced, 
 it is certainly most effectually naturalized in many places. 
 
 somniferum, (opium poppy. E. J. ^.) calyx and capsule glabrous : 
 leaves clasping, gashed, glaucous. Well known as an anodyne and 
 narcotic. 
 
 20—4. Parietaria. 53. 98. 
 pennsylvanica, (pellitory. Hudson. W. P. J. #.) leaves lance-oblong, 
 veiny, with opake punctures : involucre 3-leaved, longer than the 
 flower. On rocky side-hills, &.C. 
 
 22—5. Parmelia. 57. 2. 
 
 1. Divisions of Ike fronds all equal at the apex. 
 
 caperata, (shield lichen. 0.) frond orbicular, pale yellow becoming 
 green, rugose, at length granulated, dark and hispid beneath : lobes 
 plicate, sinuate-laciniate, roundish, somewhat entire : receptacles 
 scattered, subfrescous : margin incurved, entire, at length pulveru- 
 lent. Var. cylisphora, smoothish, naked: lobes gash-crenate : re- 
 ceptacles of the central lobes margined, elevated, small. On old 
 timber, he. 
 
 galbina, frond orbicular, smooth becoming cinereous ; the outer mar- 
 gin leaden-blue, with dark punctures ; dark beneath, hispid, witU 
 
S82 PARMELIA. 
 
 spongy fibres : lobes imbricate, flat, sinuate-laciniate, crenate : cen- 
 tral receptacles concave, dark-purple, shining : margin entire. On 
 old wood. 
 jplacorodia, frond orbicular, smooth, pale-livid, sprinkled with black 
 elevated specks : glabrous, rugose, milky beneath, with dark-cJne- 
 reous impressions : divisions plicate, concrete, round-crisped, cre- 
 nate at the apex : receptacles scattered, elevated, light-fuscous, 
 somewhat concealed by the inflexed, rugose, crenate margin. On 
 decaying woods. 
 crijiila, frond orbicular, from white becoming pale-glaucous, scabrous, 
 with scattered grains and corol-iike branchlets : dark glabrous, a 
 little rugose beneath, rarely fibrous : divisions rather long, sinuate- 
 lobed at the margin, and erose-creiiate ciliate, obtuse at the apex. 
 rudecta, frond orbicular, pale-cinereous becoming green, thickly beset 
 with corol-like apophyses of an uniform colour ; dirty white, wrin- 
 kled and fibrous beneath : divisions coiicrete, undulate-plicate, 
 roundish at the margins, torn-crenate : receptacles scattered, small, 
 obscurely fuscous : margin thin, at length rugose-crenate. On old 
 wood. 
 scortea, frond orbicular, sub-coriaceous, white, glabrous, very thin, 
 dark-punctate ; dark-fibrous, hispid beneath : lobes longish, sinuate- 
 crenate, gashed : receptacles red-fuscous, sub-entire at the margins. 
 On rocks and trunks of trees. 
 perforata, frond orbicular, becoming glaucous-green, naked ; dark- 
 fibrous beneath : lobes round, gashed, flat, sub-plicate, crenate, ci- 
 liate at the margin : receptacles reddish-yellow, at length perforat- 
 ed : margin entire. On trunks of trees, very common. 
 herbacea, frond orbicular, membranaceous-herbaceous, naked ; pale- 
 fuscous, tomentose beneath : lobes gash-sinuate, round-laciniate, 
 repand, sub-crenate : receptacles reddish-yellow : margin inflexed, 
 rugose-crenate. On trunks of trees and rocks among moss. 
 tiliacea, frond orbicular, membranaceous, becoming glaucous-cine- 
 reous, somewhat hoary } dark-fuscous beneath, with black fibres ; 
 lobes sinuate-laciniate, the extreme ones round, crenate : receptacles 
 sub-fuscous : margin sub-entire. On the bark of trees. 
 sub-marginalis, {rond membranaceous, smoothish, becoming cinereous i 
 very dark beneath, becoming fuscous at the periphery : receptacles 
 somewhat margined, concave, fuscous, wrinkled outside : margin 
 simple. On trunks of trees. 
 
PARHELIA. 383 
 
 nlivacea, frond orbicular, dark-olive, wrinkled, having elevated specks ; 
 pale becoming fuscous, scabrous and somewhat fibrous beneath : 
 ]obes radiated, close-pressed, flat, dilated, round-crenate : receptacles 
 flattish, siomewhat uniform-coloured : margin crenulate. On trunks 
 of trees, split rails, k,c. 
 
 parietina, frond orbicular, very yellow ; pale, somewhat fibrous be- 
 neath : lobes radiating, close-pressed, flat, dilated, round-crei.ale and 
 crisped at the apex : receptacles uniform-coloured: margin entire. 
 On walks, old fences, rocks, trunks of trees, &,c. 
 
 ittosa, frond stellate, becoming white-glaucous ; becoming ragged be- 
 neath, with the dark-hispid, ramose, interwoven fibres : divisions 
 many-cleft, linear, separated, flat ; margins here and there bearing 
 fruit-dots : cilias very dense and long. 
 
 saxatilis, frond orbicular, becoming cinereous, a little scabrous, lacu- 
 nose-reticulate ; black and fibrous beneath : divisions imbricate, si- 
 nuate-lobed, flat, sub-retuse and di ated, round : receptacles liver- 
 brown : margin crenate. On rocks and in trunks of trees. 
 
 aquila, frond orbicular, fuscous, chesnut-brown ; paler beneath, and 
 dark-£brous : divisions many-parted, sub-linear, convex; the peri- 
 phery dilated, flattisb, crenate: receptacles dark-fuscous: margin 
 crenulate. On rocks and mountains. 
 
 michauxii, frond somewhat olive-colour, a little shining: divisions 
 convex, sinuate-lobed, dilated at the apex : receptacles chesnut-fas- 
 cous. On rocks. 
 
 congruens, frond stellate, becoming pale-white and fuscous-cinereoug 
 beneath, the fibres and impressions Uuiform-coloured : div.o.uns 
 many-cleft, lax, flexuose ; margins recurved, flattish and crenate at 
 the apex : receptacles elevated, concave, liver-like : margin entire. 
 On trunks of trees. 
 
 ctntrifuga, frond orbicular, with greenish-wLite zones receding from 
 the centre ; white beneath, with t'uscous-ci.iereous fibres : divisions 
 concrete, convex-rugose, parted cichotoinously, obtusish : recepta- 
 cles with reddish-fuscous peripheries : margins sub-entire. On HiOun- 
 tains and rocks. 
 
 conspersa, frond orbicular, pale-livid, smooth, dark-punctate ; becom- 
 ing fuscous and fibrous beneath : div!>ions sinuai'j-lobed, rourid-cre- 
 nate, flattish : receptacles central, chesnut-brown : margin sub-en- 
 tire. On stones and rocks. 
 divtrsicolor, frond sub-orbicular, golaen-yellow, concrete, with the 
 
884 PARMELIA. 
 
 rugose, narrow, torn-ramose divisions white with age ; becoming 
 white-cinereous beneath, and the impressions uniform-coloured : re- 
 ceptacles crowded, concave, dark-red : margin thick, at length white. 
 
 speciosa, frond stellate, glabrous, white becoming sub-cinerftous ', white 
 sofiish beneath, with obscure marginal fibres i divisions imbricate, 
 flat, gash-ramose, crenate, the ascending crenatures pulverulent : 
 receptacles central, sub-fuscous : margin indexed, tumid, at length 
 rugose-crenate. On rocks and trunks of trees. 
 
 hypoleuca, frond stellate, white, glabrous, naked; very white, soft, 
 sub-tomentose beneath, with hispid, dark, marginal fibres : divisions 
 linear, many-cleft, flat : receptacles scattered, sub-fuscous, at length 
 black : margin inflexed, at length crenulate. On trunks of trees, on 
 and among mosses. 
 
 lophyrea, frond stellate, white ; dark, smooth, naked, excavated-punc« 
 tate beneath : divisions linear, flat, flexuOse, sinuate, many-cleft : 
 receptacles reddish : margin sub-crenate. 
 
 granulifera, frond orbicular, white, hoary and granular, sprinkled 
 over with snow-white heaps of globules ; glabrous, one-coloured be- 
 neath, fibres and impressions dark : divisions flat, many-cleft, tooth- 
 crenate ; margins naked : receptacles dark-fuscous : margin inflexed, 
 granulated. Among niosses on trunks of trees. 
 
 conoplea, frond orbiculai, becoming glaucous-green, here and there 
 covered with granulaied dust becoming- blue ; dark, with spongy 
 fibres beneath : divisions v,ith flattish, round-lobed, crenate, naked 
 outer edges ; margins elevated, pulveiulent : receptacles reddish- 
 yellow. On mosses and trunks of trees. 
 
 ohsessa, frond orbicular, white, beset with a corol-like excrescence, 
 apex fuscous ; dark, fibrous beneath : divisions with a separate soli- 
 tary periphery, erose-many -cleft, ilat: receptacles central, flat, dark- 
 fuscous : margin granulate-tftothed. On the bark of trees. 
 
 pulveruUnla, frond stellate, light-grey-hoary ; dark, tomentose-hispid 
 beneath : divisions linear, many-cleft, separated in the periphery, 
 flat, close-pressed, undulated, retuse at the apex : receptacles grey : 
 margin entire and flexuose. On the bark of trunks of trees. 
 
 aipolia, frond stellate, becoming white-cinereous, grey and naked ; 
 
 white berieath, with dark-fuscous fibres : divisions all sub-connate, 
 
 flattish, many-cleft and lobed : receptacles dark-grey-hoary. On the 
 
 bark of trees. 
 
 stellaris, frond stellate, at length rugose-plicate, becoming green-ciae- 
 
PARMELIA, PARNASSIA. 385 
 
 reons ; white, fibrous-cinereous beneath : divisions sub-linear, some- 
 Avhat convex, gashed, many-cleft : receptacles becoming dark-glau- 
 cous : margin entire, at length flexuose and crenate. On the bark of 
 trees. 
 
 CiBsia, frond stellate, becoming white-cinereous and grey, bearing fruit- 
 dots ; cinereous beneath, with dark fibres : divisions linear, gashed, 
 many-cleft, somewhat convex, the extremities flat: receptacles sub- 
 concave, black : margin sub-inflexed. On rocks, woods, on mosses 
 and bark of trees. 
 
 iilothrix, frond stellate, cinereous-glaucous, sub-livid ; dark-fibrous be- 
 neath : divisions separated, linear, dichotomous, many-cleft, flat, 
 sub-ciliate : receptacles dark-fuscous : margin entire, ciliate-fibrous 
 beneath. On bark and trunks of trees. 
 
 2. Divisions of the frond sub-injiated at the apex. 
 
 physodes, frond sub-stellate, becoming white-glaucous : divisions im- 
 bricate, sinuate-multifid, somewhat convex, glabrous, inflated and 
 ascending at the apex : receptacles red, with entire margins. On 
 split wood, rails, rocks and trunks of trees. 
 
 cristulata, frond orbicular, becoming green-glaucous : divisions very 
 smooth, flat; periphery round, incumbent, gash-crenate ; all spongy 
 and dark beneath, sub-inflated at the apex: receptacles red : margin 
 entire. On the roots of trees. 
 
 colpodes, frond sub-stellate, becoming pale-green : divisions many- 
 cleft, smooth, naked, flattish, sub-inflated at the apes ; dark-ragged 
 beneath ; receptacles sub-fuscous ; margin sub-rugose. On bark of 
 trees. 
 
 enteromarpha, frond sub-stellate, becoming whitish-green ; divisions 
 elongated, sub-divided, effuse, lax, sub-rugose, inflated ; dark, rugose- 
 plicate beneath : receptacles liver-brown : margin entire. On trunks 
 of pines, k,c. 
 
 5 — 4. Parnassia. 14. 64. 
 
 americava, M. (1) (parnassus grass, flowering plantain. T, W. V. C. P. 
 w-p. Ju. 11.) leaves radical, sub-orbicular-cordate : nectaries 3-part- 
 ed, each divided into filaments, terminated by little heads. Damp 
 or wet. 
 
 (1) c:»r)liniaua, Mx. palustris, 2^ efl. I was forced Into that error by high authority, 
 as I had previously given it the true name- 
 
386 PASPALUM, PEDICULARIS. 
 
 3—2. Paspalum. 4. 10, 
 
 setaceum, Ms. (1) (paspalon grass. P. J. 0.) spike single, slender : 
 glumes round-obovate, glabrous : leaves villose : culm setaceous, 
 erect. 
 
 cUiatifolium,Myi. (P. D. S. If.) spikes alternate, somewhat in pairs: 
 glumes somewhat in three rows, paired, round-obovate, obtuse, gla- 
 brous : leaves lance-linear, serrulate-ciliate : culm decumbent. 
 
 hsve, Mx. (2) (P. J. 11.) spikes many, alternate : glumes in two rows, 
 round-ovate, glabrous, smootii : leaves glabrous : stipules ciliate : 
 sheaths compressed : stem sub-erect. 
 
 stolonijerum, P. (3) (D. Ju. 2^.) spikelets long-raceraed, somewhat 
 whorled, spreading: glu.nes alternate, ovate, serrulate-ciliate, rugose 
 transversely : leaves short, sub-cordate at the base : stem prostrate 
 at its base. 
 
 16—5. Passiflora. 34. 97. 
 
 lutea,W. (yellow passion-flower. P. y. S. U-) leaves cordate, 3-lobed, 
 obtuse, glabrous : petioles giandless : peduncles axillary, in pairs : 
 petals twice as narrow as the calyx. 
 
 cmruUa, (blue passion-flower. E. b. Ju. ^.) leaves palmate, S-parted, 
 entire : petioles glandular : involucre 3-leaved, entire : threads of the 
 crown shorter than the corol. 
 
 alata, (winged passion-flow^er. E.Oct. ^.) leaves oblong-ovate, sub- 
 cordate, entire, veiny : petioles with 4 glands : stipules lance-falcate, 
 sub-serrate : involucre 3-leaved : stem 4-cornered, membranaceous. 
 
 5 — 2. Pastinaca. 45. 60. 
 
 saliva, (parsnip. E. Au. $ .) leaves simply pinnate : leafets glabrous. 
 Var. arvensis, leafets sub-pubescent. This variety is often found in 
 situations which almost prove it to be indigenous. 
 
 14—2. Pedicularis. 40. 35. 
 
 canadensis, (louse-wort. O. y-p. M. 2X.) stem simple : leaves pinnati- 
 fid, gash-toothed : heads leafy at the basP!, hirsji'e : corol with a seta- 
 ceous, 2-toothed upper lip: calyx obliquely truncate. From 4 to 8 
 inches high ; generally several stems growing from one root. 
 
 gladiaia, Mx. (high heal-all. Y. T. C. N. y-p. J. !(. ) stem simple : leaves 
 lanceolate, pinnatifid, toothed: spikes leafy, with alternate florets, 
 
 (1) dissectum, Wr. (2) le.itiferum, Lk. membranaceam, Wr, 
 
 (S) race(B9S»in, Jr. UiliQin latifoliam, Caranille?. 
 
PEDICULAUIS, PELARGONIUM. 387 
 
 hirsute : capsules lengthened into an exsert, sword-niucronate-form. 
 Often 2 feet high. 
 
 pallida, P. (1) (C. T. Niagara. Y. y. Ju. 2^.) stem branching, tall : 
 leaves tub-opposite, lanceolate, crenale, toothed : spikes leafless, 
 glabi-ous : upper lip of the corol obtuse : calyx 2-cieft, roundish. 
 From 2 to 3 feet high. 
 
 resupinata, W. (Can. P. Ju. 11-) stem simple, glabrous : leaves lanceo- 
 late, toothed, crenate : calyx bifid-truncate : upper lip of the corol 
 acute. 
 
 16 — 7. Pelargonium. 14. 73. 
 
 1. JVearly stcmless : root tuberous. 
 
 iriste, (mourning geranium. E.) umbel simple: leaves rough-haired, 
 pinnate : leafets bipinnatifid ; divisions oblong, acute. Flowers 
 dark-green. 
 
 daucifolium, (carrot geranium. E. 2^.) scape very simple : leaves thrice 
 pinnate, hirsute : leafets lance-linear. 
 
 2. Leaves simple, not angled. 
 
 tdoratissitnuni, (sweet-scented geranium. E. ^.) peduncles sub-5- 
 flowered : leaves round-cordate, very soft. 
 
 3. Leaves simple, more or less angled or lohed. 
 
 zonale, (horse-shoe geranium. E. '^.) umbels many-flowered: leaves 
 heart-orbicular, obsoletely lobed, toothed, with a coloured zone or 
 band around near the margin. 
 
 mquinans, (scarlet geranium. E. "f?.) umbels many-flowered : leaves 
 round-reniform, hardly divided, crenate, viscid-downy. 
 
 Aceri folium, (lemon or maple-leaf geranium. E. ^.) umbels about 5- 
 flowered : leaves 5-lobe-palmate, serrate ; below wedge-form, undi- 
 vided. 
 
 capitatum, (rose-scented geranium. E. ^.) flow^ers capitate: leaves 
 cordate, lobed, waved, soft : stem diffuse. 
 
 quercifolium, (oak-leaf geranium. E. fp.) umbels sub-many-flowered : 
 leaves cordate, pinnatifid, crenate : sinuses rounded : filaments as- 
 cending at the apex. 
 
 ^rareoierw,. (sweet-rose geranium. E. ^.) umbels many-flowered, sub- 
 capitate : leaves palmate-7-lobed : divisions oblong, obtuse } margins 
 revolute. 
 
 (1) Serolina, M. 
 
388 .PELTIDEA^ PENNISETUM. 
 
 Remark. These are all the species which I have seen in Troy, Albany^ 
 Northampton, or any other town in the interior; but I have seen 20 or 
 30 other species in New-York. To include all these, would be giving 
 too much room to one genus of exotics, which is not among the com- 
 mon cultivated exotics promised in the title-page. 
 
 22—5. Peltidea. 57. 2. 
 
 scutata, (target lichen.) frond becoming cinereous; whiter and nearly 
 veinless beneath : lobes round^ gash-sinuate, crenate-crisped ; fertile 
 lobes very short: receptacles round, ascending, flattisb, fuscous, 
 ^ub-entire. On trunks of trees. 
 
 horizontalis, frond becoming fuscous-glaucous-green, glabrous ; very 
 white and reticulate, with black veins beneath : fertile lobes very 
 short : receptacles terminal, flat, horizontal, transversely oblongs 
 liver-brown, entire. On rocks among mosses in mountain woods. 
 
 vtnosa, frond cinereous-green; veins beneath ramose, shooting out at 
 a distance, fuscous-cinereous : lobes round, gashed,, sub-entire : re- 
 ceptacles margined, flat, round, tumid, obscurely fuscous, sub-crenu- 
 late. On the earth at the margins of ditches, &c. 
 
 apthosa, frond becoming livid-green, smooth ; knobs wart-like, close- 
 pressed : receptacle with black veins : fertile lobes rather long, nar- 
 row in the middle, reflexed at the margin : receptacles terminal, full, 
 ascending, red ; margin like the frond, iuflexed, sub-lanceolate. On 
 the earth, and in woods. 
 
 canina, frond becoming cinereous-green, sub-tomentose ; reticulate 
 beneath, with cinereous-fuscous veins : fertile lobes longish, reflexed 
 at the margin : receptacles terminal, erectish, revolute, reddish-yel- 
 low : margin like the frond, thin, sub-crenulate. On the earth in 
 mountain woods, and on mosses. 
 
 ^olydaclyla, frond becoming glaucous-green, naked, glabrous : reticu- 
 late, with fuscous veins beneath : fertile lobes very thick, elongated^ 
 and the terminal receptacles obscurely fuscous : margins cucullate- 
 revolute. On the earth in woods and bush-fields. 
 
 3—2. Pennisetum, N. (1) 4. 10. 
 
 glnucum, (fox-tail panic. O. y. J. @.) spikes terete : involucels two- 
 flowered, fascicle-setose : seed transversely rugose. Var. Ifevigatunji}. 
 has glabrous leaves and sheaths 
 
 (1) Panieuni, L. 
 
PENNISETUM, PEZIZA. 389 
 
 iialiciim, L. (1) (C. P. Ju. #.) spike terminal, cylindric, nodding, 
 compound, interrupted near the base : rachis and peduncles pilose : 
 bracts a little longer than the calyx, hispid upwards. 
 
 viride, L. (2) (C. P. Ju. r|^.) spike terete, sub-compound, nodding, un- 
 divided : involucels (bracts) 10 to 15, setose, soft : seeds nerved. 
 The rachis is hirsute below the spike, furrowed and many-cornered. 
 
 iserticillaium, W. (3) (V". D. P. Ju. 0.) spikes whorled : racemes in 
 fours : involucres l-flowered,2-bristled : culms dififuse : leaves with 
 scabrous margins, keeled : shields glaln'ous. 
 
 10—5. Penthorum. 13. 83. 
 
 sedoides, (virginian orpine. O. g-y. Ju. 2^.) stem branching, angled : 
 leaves lanceolate, sub-sessile, unequally and densely serrate : spikes 
 terminal, panicled, alternate and cymed : seeds pitted. 
 
 14 — 2. Pektstejion. 40. 45. 
 
 fiuhcscens, W. (4) (beard-tongue. W. T. C. P. \v-p. J. 11.) stem hairy: 
 leaves serrulate, lance-oblong, sessile : flowers panicled : the bai-ren 
 filament bearded from the apex to below the middle. Var. laiifolia, 
 has broad smooth leaves. Var. angustifolia, has narrow, hairy, ob- 
 scurely denticulate leaves. From 1 to 2 feet high. 
 
 [(EvigatayW. (5) (P. T. w-p. Ju. 24.) stem glabrous : leaves smooth, ob- 
 long-ovate, clasping at the base, slenderly toothed, lower ones en- 
 tire : flow-ers panicled : barren filament bearded above. About 2 
 feet high. 
 
 5—2. Periploca. 30. 47. 
 
 gr<Bca, M. (milk vine. P. p. M. ^.) flowers hirsute within, terminal : 
 stigma with 10 crenatures. 
 
 22—6. Peziza. 58. 1. 
 1. Tremelloides. Substance more or less tremulous. 
 
 inquiiians, in groups, large, dark-stained, at length convex, ob-conic : 
 rugose and brownish outside. Often grows in long series in autumn, 
 along hewn or cut timber. 
 
 sarcoides, cespitose, fleshy-tremulous, somewhat firm in texture, flesh- 
 red, somewhat veiny outside. In autumn, on cut decaying truoks^ 
 &c. 
 
 (1) Setaria italicum,Rs. (2) Setaria viridis,Rs. 
 
 (3) Panicuna aiopecuroideuDO, Wr. (-1) Chdone pentsieuioD, Mant. 
 
 112 
 
390 PEZIZA. 
 
 cinerea, in groups, small, cinereous or pale, sub-tremuioas : margi'a 
 whiter, sub-erect. On decaying trunks and branches, in spring and 
 autumn. 
 
 2. Kcivelloideae. Larger, JJechy-membranaceous, fragile ; externally 
 
 sub -farinaceous. 
 
 auranlia, stemless, cespitose, halved-fiexuose^ golden-yellow, white 
 externally. P. coccinea, Bull. In autumn, on roots and decaying 
 trunks, k,c. 
 
 wmbrina, large, cespitose, contorted, brown. On sandy grass-ground; 
 &c. 
 
 badia, almost stemless, entire ; margin sub-involute, obscurely fuscous ; 
 externally soraeAvhat olive-coloured. An inch and a half broad. In 
 autumn, on the earth, on trunks, he. in woods. 
 
 depressa, sub-orbicular, sessile, depressed, reddish-yellow. Var. appla- 
 nato, cinnamon-colour, expanded ; flat and rugose above, paler be- 
 neath. In fields on the margiu of rivers, he. 
 
 Hcetabulum, wine-glass-form, stiped ; pileus angled outside : veins 
 branching : colour earth-brown fuscous. Stipe thick, lacunose, as 
 in some species of Helvella. In shades. 
 
 3. Mostly small. Whole pileus strigose-hirsute, pilose, tomentose, or pu- 
 
 bescent. 
 
 hemispherica, in groups, pretty large, hemispheric ; white glaucous 
 
 within, brown outside. Half an inch broad. In autumn on the 
 
 earth, rarely on trunks. 
 scutellata, largish, spread-flattened, reddish-yellow outside : hispid, with 
 
 dark diverging bristles. On wood in damp places. 
 coccinea, stiped, largish, turbinate or funnel -form : scarlet within, white 
 
 without and somewhat downy ; margin mostly crenate. In the 
 
 spring on the earth and dead limbs. 
 anomala, stiped, crusty-crowded, turbinate ; dry, crisped, ferruginous 
 
 or fawn-colour ; mouth converging, paler. In spring and autumn 
 
 on dry fallen branches. 
 
 '1 Mostly smaj.1. Wholly glabrous (or at least not manifestly tomentose) 
 fleshy or wax-like. 
 
 (Piieu3 stiped.) 
 ^?«m; largish; sub-solitary: pileus orbicular-fimnel-form ;- outside of 
 
PEZIZA^ PHALAkI3. " 391 
 
 ten rugose-veiny and a little fibrous ; stipe thick, becomingdark at the 
 base, shortish. In autumn on dry stipes, &.c. 
 
 cyathoidea, in groups, small, white or pale ; pileus wine-glass-form, 
 unarmed, rather thin : stipe long, a little thicker downwards. On 
 the dry stems of large herbs — stipes about the fourth of an inch long. 
 
 lutescens, small, somewhat in groups, becoming yellow : pileus orbicu- 
 lar : stipe thin, cylindric. On the decaying wood of firs, kc. 
 
 pallescens, crowded, glabrous, white, at length becoming pale : pileus 
 somewhat funnel-form : stipe rather thick. On trunks of beech, &ic, 
 
 (Pileus sessile.) 
 leucoloma, narrow, depressed, spread, minute ; margin white, finely 
 torn. On walls and moss in the spring, 
 
 5. More or less coriaceous, dry, glabrous, or pulverulent ; mostly sessile. 
 
 leucomela, bursting : sessile : pileus concave , dark outside and white 
 
 within. Sometimes on hazle branches. 
 patellaria, in groups, dark, spread flattened, sub-coriaceous, distinctly 
 
 margined. On dry branches of basswood, and sometimes on trunks 
 
 of oak. 
 pinastri, scattered, sub-stiped, dark-shining j margin acute. On the 
 
 bark of pines and firs, &c. 
 
 5—1. Phacelia. 28. 51. 
 
 bipinnatijida, Mx. (phacelia. P. b. M.) erect : leaves pinnatifid, divisions 
 gashed-lobed ; racemes mostly bifid, oblong, many-flowered : divis- 
 ions of the corol entire. 
 
 Jimbriata, Mx. (P. b. M. 0.) ascending, hairy : leaves sessile, pinnati- 
 fid : divisions lanceolate, acute, entire, hispid-pilose above, glabrous 
 beneath : racemes solitary ; pedicels elongated : divisions of the co- 
 rol ciliate-fringed. 
 
 parviJlora,F.{l) (P.b. M. 0.) diff'used, pubescent : leaves sub-sessile, 
 pinnatifid : divisions oblong-obtusish, entire : racemes solitary ; pe- 
 dicels short ; divisions of the corol round, entire. 
 
 3—2. Phalaris. 4. 10. 
 
 americana, E. (2) (ribbon grass, wild canary grass. W. Y. P. Ju. 2X.) 
 panicle oblong, ventricose, compact : glumes acuminate, 3-nerved : 
 
 (1) f oUmooium dubiuxD, W' (2) arundiaace?, SilXi Cakiaagrostiscolor&ta;N. 
 
392 PHALAllIS, PHASEOLUS. 
 
 leaves scabrous at the margin ; sheaths striate. Var. pida, leaves 
 variously striped. This variety is the ribbon grass of the gardens. 
 canarie 7isis (ca.na.Ty grass. E. 0.) panicle spike-form, ovate : glumes of 
 the calyx boat-form, entire : corol 4-valved ; outer ones lanceolate, 
 glabrous, inner ones villose. 
 
 22— G. Phallus. 58. 1. 
 
 impudicus (morel.) stipe sieve-like, sub-oblique ; pileus cellular, per- 
 vious at the top. Very nauseous. On the ground in autumn in 
 fields and shady places. 
 
 j9r<ejowh*osM^, stipe sieve-like, sub-incurved ; involucre indusium-like. — 
 Nauseous. 
 
 22—2. Phascum. 56. 4. 
 
 patens, caulescent, erect : capsule about sessile : leaves lance-ovatc, 
 serrate at top, spreading. 
 
 muticum, stemless : capsule sessile : leaves ovate, without points, con- 
 cave, converging. 
 
 cervicollum, sub-caulescent : the leaves of the pericheth straight : pe^ 
 duncle incurved : capsule ovate. On dry gravelly earth. 
 
 subulatum, caulescent, erect : leaves lance-linear, spreading ; the sum- 
 mits, from the broadish base, subulate, rigid : capsule sub-sessile. 
 
 coherens, sub-caulescent, simple : leaves ovate, acute, nerves solid, 
 serrulate, erect : capsules with short bristles. 
 
 17—10. Phaseolus. 32. 93. 
 
 perennis, Wr. (1) (wild kidney-bean. C. P.p. Ju. 1/.) twining, wholly 
 pubescent: leaves broad-ovate, the odd one sub-cordate . racemes 
 in pairs, longer than the leaves : peduncles in pairs : bracts obso- 
 lete : legumes peduncled. 
 
 vulgaris (common pole-bean. E. p. w. Ju.0.) stem twining : racemes 
 solitary, shorter than the leaves : peduncles in pairs : bracts smaller 
 than the calyx, spreading : legumes pendulous. From the East In- 
 dies. 
 
 nanus (bush bean, six weeks bean. E. @.) stem erect, smooth : bracts 
 larger than the calyx : legumes pendulous, compressed, rugose. Seeds 
 variously coloured. 
 
 muttiflorus (scarlet runner. E. r. w, Ju. %.) stem twining : racemes 
 
 (1) panicolatas, Ms* 
 
PHASEOLUS, PHLOX. 39^ 
 
 solitary, of the length of the leaves : peduncles in pairs : bracts 
 close-pressed, smaller than the calyx : legumes pendulous. 
 macroslachi/us,E. (P.) stem twining; racemes simple, very long: pe- 
 duncle sub-fascicled: leaves villose beneath. 
 
 12—1. Philadelphus 19. 89. 
 
 coronnrius (mock orange, false syringa. E. w. J. ^.) styles distinct . 
 leaves ovate, sub-dentate. From Asia Minor or Greece. 
 
 inodorus (scentless syringa. Southern states, w. J. ^.) leaves ovate, 
 acuminate, entire : divisions of the calyx acute : style undivided, 
 longer than the stamens ; stigmas 4, oblong. Flowers large. Cul- 
 tivated. 
 
 grandiflorus (scentless syringa. Southern states, w. J. ^.) leaves ovate, 
 acuminate, denticulate : axils of the veins with fascicles of hairs be- 
 neath : divisions of the calyx acuminate : style undivided, longer 
 than the stamens : stigmas 4, linear. Cultivated. 
 
 3—2. Phleum. 4. 10. 
 
 j?ra^e?we (timothy grass. O. J. It. and ^.) spike cylindric, very long,, 
 ciliate : culm erect. 
 
 5—1. Phlox. 20. 44. 
 
 faniculata, W. (smooth-stem lichnidia. P. r. w. Ju. 2^.) glabrous, 
 erect : leaves lanceolate, narrowing gradually, flat, margins rough : 
 corymbs panicled : divisions of the corol rounded : calyx awned. — 
 Cultivated. 
 
 fyramidaliSfS. (1) (P.J. 74..) erect, glabrous ; stem scabrous : leaves 
 heart-ovate, acute : panicle fastigiate, pyramidal ; divisions of the 
 corol wedge-truncate : teeth of the calyx sub-erect, lanceolate, 
 acute. 
 
 maculata, W. (spotted lichnidia. D. P. r. w. Ju. 21.) erect; stem spot- 
 ted, scabrous : leaves lance-oblong, glabrous, ma rgins rough : pani- 
 cle oblong, flowers crowded : divisions of the corol rounded : teetk 
 of the calyx acute, recurved. 
 
 suaveolens, W. (P. w. Ju. H.) erect ; stem very glabrous, not spotted : 
 leaves lance-ovate, smooth : raceme panicled . divisions of the co- 
 rol rounded : teeth of the calyx lanceolate, acute, erectish. Sweet 
 scented. 
 
 (1) Carolina, W, 
 
S94 PHLOX, PHYSALIS. 
 
 aristata, Mx. (1) (P. D. Buffalo, r. w. J. 2^.) weak, erect, viscid-pubes- 
 cent ; leaves lance-lrnear : panicle lax, tastigiate ; pedicels some- 
 what in pairs : divisions of the corol somewhat obovate ; tube curv- 
 ed, pubescent : teeth of the calyx long, subulate. 
 
 pilosa, Mx. (creeping lichnidia. D. p. vv. J. If.) small, decumbent, pu- 
 bescent : leaves laiiCe-linear, short, roughish : flowers sub-sessile 
 and fascicled at the top : divisions of the corol round-obtuse, tube 
 straightish, glabrous : tooth of the calyx subulate-acuminate. 
 
 divaricata, \\ . (P. p-b. M. If.) low, decumbent, pubescent: leaves 
 lance-oval, upper ones alternate : branches divaricate, lax, few-flow- 
 ered ; divisions of the corol sub-cordate : teeth of the calyx linear- 
 subulate. 
 
 stolonifera, C (2) (P. b-p. J. If.) stoloniferous-creeping, pubescent; 
 radical leaves obovate-spatuiate, cauHne ones lance-oval : corymb 
 spreading, few-flowered : divisions of the corol obovate : teeth of 
 the calyx linear, reflexed. 
 
 subulatttj W. (mountain pink. D. r. M. 14..) caespitose, white pubes- 
 cent ; leaves linear, pungent, ciliate : corymbs few-flowered, pedi- 
 cels 3-cleit : divisions of the corol wedge-form, emarginate : teeth 
 of the calyx subulate, scarcely shorter than the tube of the corol. — 
 Cultivated. 
 
 stiacea (D. r. J. I^.) cespitose, pubescent : leaves fascicled, subulate, 
 pungent, ciliate : pedicels few, terminal, su]»-umbelled > divisions 
 of the corol wedge-form, emarginate : teeth of the calyx subulate, 
 thrice as short as the tube of the corol. 
 
 14—1. Phryma. 40. 39. 
 
 hptostachia (lopseed. O. p-w. Ju. If.) leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, pe- 
 tioled : spike terminal, slender: flowers opposite. As the fruit be- 
 gins to form, it lops down against the rachis. 
 
 20—16. Phyllanthus. 38. 96. 
 
 obovatus, W. (3) (leaf-flower. P. J. #.) leaves obovate, obtusish : flow- 
 ers in pairs, axillary, pedicelled : stem erect, branching, terete. A 
 span high. 
 
 5—1. Physalis. 28. 41. 
 viscosa (yellow henbane. T. C. P. W. Hudson, y. Ju. If.) leaves in 
 
 (1) pilosa, C. (2) reptan?;Mi. (3) caroUaiensis, Wr, 
 
PHYSALIS, PILOTRTCHUM. 395 
 
 pairs, heart-oval, repand, obtuse, sub-tomentose : stem panicled 
 above : fruit bearing calyx pubescent. 
 
 obscura, Mx. (1) (D. y. p. Ju.) leaves sub-cordate, orbicular, acumin> 
 ate, unequally dentate : stem herbaceous, divaricate, much branch- 
 ed, branches angled. B. 
 
 pennsi/lvanica (P. C. y. J. 2-f.) leaves ovate, sub-repand, obtuse, naked- 
 ish : stem branching : peduncles solitary, a little longer than the pe- 
 tioles. 
 
 philadslphica, Lk. (New-England, y. p. Ju. ^.) leaves ovate, repand- 
 toothed, glabrous : stem very branching, peduncles solitary, much 
 shorter than the petioles. 
 
 lanceolata, Mx. (P. y. J. 2^.) leaves in pairs, lance-oval, sub-entire, 
 gradually narrowing into the petiole, pubescent; stem dichotomous : 
 calyx viliose. 
 
 4ilkekengi (common winter cherry. E. 24!.)Ieaves in piirs, entire, acute : 
 stem sub-ramose below. Calyx of the fruit red or reddish. 
 
 22 — 6. Physarum. 58 1. 
 
 dnereuTH, sessile, globe-ovate, cinereous ; reticulate within with white 
 threads. On trunks in autumn. 
 
 nutans, stiped, white-cinereous ; fruit lenticular, glabrous, a lUtle 
 wrinkled, nodding. On trunks, leaves and mosses, in autumn, or in 
 the summer after long storms. 
 
 auranlium, stiped : fruit roundish, becoming yellow : stipe striate, 
 thickening downwards. On trunks. 
 
 farinaceum, stiped : bark of the fruit very thin, mealy-villose, cine- 
 reous. On branches of pine^, on moss, Uc. 
 
 10—10. Phytolacca. 54. 29. 
 
 decandra, (poke-weed. O. w. Ju. If.) leaves ovate, acute at both ends : 
 flowers racemed : berries flattened at the ends. A good substitute 
 for the Ipecac. See Bigelow's Medical Botany. The yuuna: shoots, 
 used as a substitute for asparai^us, are an excellent remedy in cases 
 of habitual costiveness. Antiscorbutic, cathartic, emetic. B. 
 
 22 2. PiLOTRICHUM. 56. 4. 
 
 hipinnatum, stem 2-pinnate : branches 2-ranked, pinnate : leaves im- 
 bricate, ovate, 2-nerved : pedunoles arcuate, short : capsules sub- 
 cylindric, with a conic-subulate lid; calyptre sub-pilose. 
 (1) angulata, Wr. ^ 
 
896 piNUs. 
 
 20—16. PiNus. 51. 100. 
 1 . Leaves solitary, with separate bases. 
 
 halsamea,\V. (\) (fir tree, balsam tree. O. M. ^.) leaves flat, emargi- 
 nate or entire, glaucous beneath, sub-erect above, recurve-spreading : 
 cones cylindric, erect : bracts abbreviated, obovate, long-mucronate, 
 sub-serrulate. 
 
 fraseri, Fh. (double spruce. H J. 1^.) leaves solitary, flat, emarginate, 
 glaucous beneath, somewhat one-sided, thick above, erect : cones 
 ovate-oblong, erect : bracts elongated, reflexed, wedge-oblong, emar- 
 ginate, short-mucronate, gash-toothed. 
 
 nigra, Lb. (2) (black spruce. 0. M. ^.) leaves 4-sided, scattered on 
 all sides of the branchlets, erect, straight : strobiles ovate : scales 
 oval, with undulate margins, erose-toothed at the apex. 
 
 «Z6a, Lb. (3) (wild spruce. O. M. ^.) leaves 4-sided, incurved: stro- 
 biles sub-cylindric, lax : scales obovate, entire. 
 
 canadensis, L. (4) (hemlock tree. O. M. 1?.) leaves flat, denticulate, 
 2-ranked : strobiles ovate, terminal, scarcely longer than the leaves. 
 The bark is used in tanning leather. 
 
 rubra. Lb. (5) (red sirruce, spruce fir. Can. New-England. M. ^.) 
 leaves solitary, subulate : strobiles oblong, obtuse: scales rounded, 
 sub-2-lobed : margin entire. 
 
 3. Leaves in pairs, with the bases bound together by sheaths, 
 resinosa, Lb. (6) (yellow pine, norway pine, red pine. T. W. N. Cats- 
 kill. M. ^.) leaves and sheaths elongated: strobiles ovate-conic, 
 rounded at the base, sub-solitary, about half as long as the leaves : 
 scales dilated in the middle, unarmed. Bark of a reddish colour, 
 and much smoother than the rigida and strobus. Often grows very 
 tall and straight. 
 
 inops, Lb. (7) (jersey pine. C. M. ^.) leaves short : strobiles oblong- 
 conic, recurved, of the length of the leaves : prickles of the scales 
 subulate, straight. 
 
 banksiana, Lh. (8) (scrub pine, grey pine. State of Maine. M. ^.) 
 leaves short, rigid, divaricate, obliqije, recurved, twisted : scales 
 without prickles. 
 
 (1) Abies balsa mi fera, Mx. (2) mariana, Du Roi. Abies deniculata, Mx. 
 
 (3) lax'rt, Eh. canadensis, Du Roi. Al'ies alba, Mx. 
 
 (4) nniei-irana. Du Hf)i Abies canadeii'^is. i\lx. 
 
 (3) Abies perti.iati. Lk. (6) rubia, .^Ix. (7) virginiana, DuRoi. 
 
 (3) rupestris, Mx. hudsonia, Lk. sylvestris, A. 
 
piNUSj pisuM. 397 
 
 3. Leaves in tlirees, with the bases bound together hy sheaths. 
 
 tariabilis^ Lb. (1) (three-leaved yellow pine. New-England.-* M. Tp.) 
 part of tbe leaves in pairs, the others in threes, slender, channelled : 
 strobiles ovate-conic, sub-solitary : prickles of the scales incurved. 
 
 rigida, (pitch pine. O. M. ^.) leaves with abbreviated sheatiis : sta- 
 minate aments erect-incumbent : strobiles ovate, scattered or aggre- 
 gated ; spines of the scale reflexed. Though very comraou, it groAVS 
 the most plentifully on barren sandy plains. 
 
 serotina,Mx. (pond pine. P. New-Jersey. M. >).) leaves elongated: 
 prickles of the scales straight and very slender. Probably a variety 
 of the last. 
 
 4. Leaves in fives, with bases bound together by sheaths, 
 strobus, (white pine. O. M. ^.) leaves slender; sheaths short: stro- 
 biles pendant, cylindric, longer than the leaves : scales somewhat 
 lax. This is called Weymouth pine by the English. Perhaps nine- 
 tenths of the boards used in America are of this species. 
 
 5. Leaves many, in a fascicle. 
 
 pendula, A. (black larch, tamarack, hack-matack. O. M ^.) leaves 
 deciduous : strobiles oblong : margins of the scales inflexed : bracts 
 guitar-form, with a slender point. 
 
 microcarpa, Lb. (2) (red larch. P. Can. T. V. M. ^.) leaves deciduous: 
 strobiles roundish, few-flowered : scales reflexed : bracts oval, ob- 
 tuse, acuminate. These two last species were considered as varie- 
 ties of the same; but Mr. Lambert proved their specific difl"erence, 
 by raising them from the seed. 
 
 larix. (common larch. E. ^.) leaves deciduous: strobiles ovate-ob- 
 long: margins of the scales reflexed, torn : bracts guitar-form. 
 
 17—10. PisuM. 32. 93. 
 
 sativum, (pea. E. p-w. J. 0.) petioles terete : stipules round and cre- 
 nate at the base : peduncles many-flowered. Var. umhcllutuui, (bou- 
 quet jjea.) has (he stipules 4-cleft, acute. Var. qundratum, (quadrate 
 pea,) fruit ash-colour, 4-sided. Var. humile, (dwarf pea,) stem erect, 
 not climbing: leafets roundish. 
 
 maritimum, (sea pea. Y. C. p-b. Ju. 2^.) petioles flattish above: stem 
 
 (1) mili?. Mi. 
 
 (2) "ennula, VV. larcina, Du Roi. Larix americana,Mx. who considered the pen- 
 dula and microcarpa as tbe same species 
 
 Kk 
 
398 PL ANT A GO^ POA. 
 
 angled, decumbent : stipules sagittate : peduncles many-flowered 
 At New- Haven it grows near Whitney's gua-faclory, two miles from 
 
 the sea-shore. 
 
 4—1. Plantago. 54. 31. 
 
 major, (plantain. O. w. J. 1C-) leaves ovate, sub-dentate, sub-glabrous : 
 scape terete : spik'^ oblonir, imbricate. 
 
 la7iceolaia, (rib-wort. O.J. 2^) leaves lanceolate, villose : spike short, 
 cylindric : bracts ovate, acuminate : scape angled, with close-press- 
 ed hairs. 
 
 virginica, (dwarf plantain. Y. C. P. r-y. J. 0.) whitish pubescence on 
 all parts : leaves lance-ovate, sub-denticulate : flowers remotish : 
 scape angled. The corol adheres to the germ so closely, that at first 
 view it appears to be superior. 
 
 cardata, Lk. (1) (P. C. T. Hudson, w. J. If.) leaves heart-ovate, broad» 
 sub-dentate, glabrous : spike very long : flowers sub-imbricate, lower 
 ones scattered : bracts ovate, obtuse. 
 
 paucif.ora, Ph. (D. Hudson. Au. 11.) leaves lance-linear, entire, sub- 
 glabrous : scape terete, shorter than the leaves : spike few-flowered, 
 interrupted: braes ovate, acute, glabrous. 
 
 cucullala, Lk. (2) (State of Maine. Ju. 74-) leaves o\rate, concave- 
 cowled, 9-iierved, pubescent beneath : spike cylindric, imbricate : 
 scape tall, terete. 
 
 meadia, (P. w. J. 11.) leaves lance-ovate, pubescent : spike cylindric : 
 scape terete. In one variety the leaves are hirsute, and the spikes 
 branching. 
 
 marituna, (L. Au. li.) leaves fleshy, subulate-linear, hairy at the base : 
 scape terete, pubescent : spike cylindric : bracts obtuse. 
 
 20—13. PlxVTanus. 50. 99. 
 
 occidenlnlis, (button wood, american plane-tree, false sycamore. 0. J. 
 ^.) leaves quinquangubir, obsoletely lobed, toothed : stem and 
 branches becoming white. Grows to a greater size than any other 
 tree in America. Very frequently hollow. 
 
 3—2. PoA. 4. 10. 
 
 pratensis, (common meadow-.^rrass, spear-grass. O. M. 11.) panicle 
 spread: spikelets about 4-flowered : glumes lanceolate, S-nerved, 
 
 (1) keutuckicnsi?, Mx- (2) maxicia, Jn. 
 
POA. 399 
 
 connected by doAvn : stipules abbreviated, obtuse. Not so good as 
 the Agrostis alba for bonnets, but it has been used with success. 
 
 fompressa, (blue grass. O. J. 2^.) panicle compact, somewhat 1-sided, 
 glabrous : culm compressed, hardly erect: florets angled, connected 
 at the base by entangled hairs : branches of tlie panicle in pairs, ab- 
 breviated : spikelets sessile. Root creeping. 
 
 paluslris, M. (I) (swamp meadow-grass. C.W.M. Ij!.) branches of (he 
 panicle aggregated, five, glabrous ; branchlets scabrous, with all the 
 florets pedicelled : calyx 2-flowered : valves equal, acuminate, sca- 
 brous at the keel : corol with the apex of the valves yellowish, and 
 the base pubescent: leaves somewhat clasping : stipules ovate. 
 
 annua, (O. M. 0.) panicle spreading : spilcelets ovate : florets remo- 
 tish, 5-nerved, free, (libera :) culm oblique, compressed. 
 
 nervala, W . (2) {O.J. 11.) panicle equal, diffused : spikelets ovate, 5- 
 flow-ered : Rowers free, 7-Derved, obtuse : culm sulcate, sub-angled : 
 root a little creeping. 
 
 hirsuta, ^Ix. (C. P. Ju. 2|.) panicle capillary, very branching: spike- 
 lets scattered, long-pedicelled, about 5-flow^ered : flowers oblong, 
 acute, glabrous : leaves longer than the culm, glabrous : sheaths 
 very hirsute : cul n thick, erect. 
 
 hrevifolia, M. (C. W ? P. M. IJ..) panicle lax : branches in pairs, hori- 
 zontal, zigzag at the apex, or in threes, glabrous : spikelets all pedi- 
 celled ; the pedicels jointed at the base : calyx 2-valved, 3 or 4- 
 flowered ; valves acute : corol with one valve, keeled, 5-nerved, 
 pubescent : culm sub-angled, erect : lower leaves abbreviated, keel- 
 ed. 
 
 Kapillaris, (C. P. Can. Ju. 0.) panicle lax, capillary, very spreading : 
 spikelets 3 to 5-flowered : flowers ovate, acute, pubescent : leaves 
 hairy at the neck : culm very branching. 
 
 frivialis, (W. C. P. J. If .) panicle spreading : spikelets S-flowered : 
 glumes lanceolate, 5-nerved, connected at the base by down : sti- 
 pules elongated. 
 
 aquatica, W. (Can. P. J. 2|.) panicle erect, half-whorled : branchlets 
 zigzag : spikelets ovate, 5-flowered, thick : flowers obtuse, glabrous, 
 7-nerved : culm erect, glabrous, terete. 
 
 parviflora, Ph. (3) (C. P. Ju. 2^.) panicle spread, capillary, half-whorl- 
 ed, very branching : spikelets small, about 4-flowered : flowers ob- 
 
 /l) crocata, Mx. <2) striata, Mx. (3) striata. Lk. 
 
400 POA. 
 
 long, sub-acute, delicately striate : leaves two-ways, exceeding the 
 culm, glabrous : stipules lanceolate, acuminate, 
 
 pedinccea, Mx. (D. C. V". Ju. ^.) panicle lax, spreading, erect : spike- 
 lets linear, 12-flowered : inner valves of the florets remain after the 
 remainder of the flowers are removed, and give the racbis a comb- 
 like appearance : flowers ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved : neck of the 
 sheath and axils of the panicle pilose : leaves and erect culm gla- 
 brous. 
 
 spectabilis, Ph, (1) (C. P. Ju. ^.) panicle divaricate, very branching : 
 spikelets pendant, linear, lO-dowered : flowers ovate, acute ; mar- 
 gin and back scabrous : neck of the sheaths and axils of the panicle 
 pilose : leaves and short erect culm glabrous. 
 
 reptans, Mx. (1) (T. P. V. C. J. 0.) culm ramose, creeping : panicle 
 fascicled ; spikelets sub-sessile, very long, many-flowered : flowers 
 oblong, acute, lax : leaves short, pubescent. A very delicate grass. 
 
 obtusa, M. (P. D, New-England. Au. IS.) panicle crowded, crisped, 
 contracted : branches in pairs or in threes, crowded ; branchlets 
 zigzag : calyx 2-valved, less than the corol, 5 to 7-flowered : valves 
 white at the apex, obtuse or acute : outer valve of the corol obtuse, 
 6-nerved, glabrous : culm erect, glabrous. 
 
 jihiladelphica, B. (2) (P.) panicle elongated, almost simply branched 
 at the base : branches erect : spikelets compressed, oblong-ovate, 
 obtuse, 8 to 15-flowered ; peduncles short : valves of the calyx 
 acute, inner one 1-nerved, outer one 3-nerved : corol 3-nerved, equal 
 in length to the calyx : culm weakish and sub-compressed ; leaves 
 flat, smooth : stipules obsolete, bearded. About 18 inches high. 
 
 maritima? M. (New-England) panicle erect, with a glabrous, striate 
 rachis : branches in threes, the middle one shorter ; branchlets gra- 
 dually thickening below the calyx : valves unequal, obtuse ; one 
 broader, 4-flowered : corol 2-valved, larger than the calyx : culm 
 and leaves striate, glabrous : stipules abbreviated, torn. On the sea- 
 shore. 
 
 vniflora, M. (New-England. D.) panicle very slender, stiflSy erect : 
 branches solitary, erect, scabrous : calyx 1 -flowered, bifid at the 
 apex : corol larger than the calyx, becoming black : leaves seta- 
 ceous, striate. This can hardly be called a poa, as the calyx is but 
 1-flowered. 
 
 pungens, N. (P. Ap.) panicle small, half-whorled alternately, spread' 
 
 (1) Megastachya, lis. (2) obtusa, N. 
 
PODOPHYLLUM, POLYAXTIIES. 401 
 
 ing horizontally, terminating in a sub-simple raceme : branches ca- 
 pillary, mostly in pairs or in threes : calyx smooth, inner valve 
 acute : corol lance-ovate, obtusish, scarious at the tip, villose at the 
 base, obsoletely 5-nerved : radical leaves erect, long and narrow ; 
 leaves of the culm generally 2, Hat, lanceoblong, scabrous at the 
 margin. 
 
 Podalyria, see Baptisia. 
 
 13 — 1. PoDOPHyLi.UM. 27. 6L 
 
 peltatum (wild mandrake, may-apple. 0. w. M. 11-) stem terminated 
 with 2 peltate palmate leaves : flower single, inserted in the fork, 
 formed by the petioles of the leaves. Sometimes the plant is 3-lea- 
 ved, and sometimes the flower is inserted on the side of one of the 
 petioles. Cathartic. B. In open woods and meadows. 
 
 20 2. PODOSTEMUM. 54. 6. 
 
 ceralophyllum (thread-foot. N. P. Ju. li.) stem filiform, floating : leaves 
 pinnate : flowers axillary. Attached to rocks and large loose stones 
 in shallow waters. Found in MuJJy Brook, Djerfield, Mass. by Dr. 
 Cooley. 
 
 19—1. PoGOMA, Br. (1) 7. 21. 
 
 ophioglossoides (snake-month arethusa. O. r. J;i. 2^.) root fibrous: scape 
 with 2 distant leaves, 1 or 2-iiowered : leaves lance-oval : lip frin- 
 ged. About 8 inches high, in damp places. 
 
 verticillata (GreatJBarrington and Deerfield, Mass. P. y-r. J. 2^.) leaves 
 5, in whorls, lance-oblong : stem generally 1-flowered ; o outer pe- 
 tals long-linear, inner ones lanceolate ; lip 3-lobed, middle division 
 undulated. Var. medtoloides, inner petals short obtuse -. leaves more 
 acuminate. 
 
 5 — 1. POLEMONIUM. 29. 44. 
 
 reptans^ W. (greek valerian. P. b. M. If.) leaves pinnate, in sevens : 
 flowers terminal, nodding. 
 
 6—1. POLYAXTHES. 10. 17. 
 
 h:&erosa (tuberose. E. 2^.) flowers alternate, in pairs : rootlets tuber- 
 ous : scape scaly : leaves linear, long. Sweet scented, 
 
 (I) Aretbusa, L. 
 
 Kk 2 
 
402 POLYGALA. 
 
 17—6. PoLYGALA. 33. 35. 
 
 incarnafa (milkwort. C. r. J. 0.) stem somewhat simple, erect : leaves 
 scattered, subulate : spikes oval-oblong : corol with a slender, elon- 
 gated tube : flowers crested. 
 
 rubella, W. (false low-centaury, ground-flower. Y. C. P. r. J. IS.) pu- 
 bescent : stem simple, erect : leaves narrowManceolate, acute : ra- 
 ceme terminal : bracts subulate, solitary, caducous : wings of the 
 flower nerve-veined, round-truncate, longer than the rest. This cu- 
 rious plant is very abundant on the sand plains west of Ball's spring 
 in New-Haven. In the latter part of summer it sends off flowering 
 shoots under ground, which produce numerous abortive capsules. 
 
 'jpaucifolia, W. (flowering wintergreen. O, r. M. 2^.) small, large-flow- 
 ered : stem simple, erect, naked below : leaves ovate, acute, glab- 
 rous, near the top of the stem : flowers crested, terminal, about in 
 threes. Three or four inches high ; and differs much from the rest 
 of the species — the leaves and flowers being much larger in propor- 
 tion to its size. 
 
 unijlora, Mx. (Lake Ontario. 2^.) small : stem simple, erect, nakedish 
 below : leaves few, broad-ovate, narrowing into the petiole : flow- 
 ers not crested, solitary, scattered, pedicelled, nodding. 
 
 senega (seneca snake-root, mountain fliix. T. C. P. Hudson, r. or w. J. 
 2^.) stem erect, simple, leafy ; leaves alternate, lanceolate : spike 
 terminal, filiform : flowers alternate, not crested. Strongly diuretic, 
 expectorant, sudorific, emetic and cathartic. B. 
 
 lutea (yellow milkwort. C. y. Ju. 0. or $ .) stem simple or branching : 
 radical and low^er cauline leaves spatulate, the others lanceolate : 
 spike head-cylindric, crowded, peduncled. 
 
 sanguinea (O. r. Ju. 0.) stem erect, corymb-branched at the top : 
 leaves alternate, linear : flowers not crested, in a head-form spike ; 
 peduncles squarrose. Damp. 
 
 purpurea, N. (O. Nuttall. r. 0.) stem fastigiate-branched : leaves al- 
 ternate, oblong-linear : flowers beardless ; spikes cylindric, obtuse, 
 imbricated on a squarrose rachis : wings of the flower cordate-ovate, 
 twice as long as the capsule. 
 
 'iitrticillata (dwarf snake-root. O. w. J. #.) stem erect, branching : 
 leaves whorled and scattered : spike filiform, peduncled : flowers 
 distinctly alternate, approximate, crested. About 6 inches high, of 
 a bluish appearance. .. 
 
POLYGALA^ POLYGONUM. 403 
 
 ambigua, N. (D. p.0.) first leaves whorled.the others alternate : stem 
 with wand-like branches : spikes acute, long-peduncled : flowers 
 bearded or crested, wingsround and veined, equal, and close-pressed 
 to the fruit : bracts caducous. 
 
 fastigiata,T^. (p.0.) stem slender, fastigiate-branched : leaves alter- 
 nate, linear, acute : spikes sub-capitate, peduncled : flowers some- 
 what crested, wings of the flower spreading, ovate, acute, scarcely 
 longer than the capsule. 
 
 hrtvifolia, N. (D. r. Ju. %.) stem erect, fastigiate-branched, angular- 
 winged : leaves oblong-linear, short, resinous-punctate, in fours, 
 whorled : spikes sub-capitate, peduncled : flowers somewhat crest- 
 ed : wings cordate-ovate, acute, scarcely longer than the capsule. 
 
 cruciata, W. (P. N. Y. r. g. Ju. 0.) stem erect, ramose, wing-angled : 
 leaves in fours, lance-linear : flowers in spiked sessile heads, not 
 crested. 
 ^ Polygonatu7n, see Convallarla. 
 
 8—3. Polygonum. 12. 28. 
 1. Flowers axillary. 
 
 oi7"cM?are (knot-grass. 0. w\ M. 2^.) stamens 8, styles 3 : leaves lance- 
 olate, scabrous at the margin; stipules nerved, remote: stem pro- 
 cumbent : flowers sessile, small. 
 
 glaucum, N. (D. w.) stamens 8, styles 3, stem diffuse, prostrate : leaves 
 lance-ovate, thick, glaucous : pedicels as long as the flowers. 
 
 ercr/um, Roth. (O. w. J. K.) stem erect, branched : leaves oval : sta- 
 mens mostly five. 
 
 ienue, Mx. (1) (slender knot-grass. O. w. Ju. ^.) leaves long-linear, 
 straight, acuminate : stipules tubular, apex villose : stem slender, 
 erect, branched, acute-angled : flowers alternate, sub-solitary. 
 
 2. Flowers in slender spikes. 
 
 iapathifolium, A. (P. r-w. Au. 0.) stamens 6, styles 2 : stipules awn- 
 less : peduncle scabrous : seeds concave on all sides. 
 
 pii7ictatuin,E. (2) (water pepper, biting knotweed. O. w. Au. 0.) sta- 
 mens 8, styles 3 : leaves lanceolate, glabrous : stipules lax, glabrous, 
 ciliarfe at the apex, spotted : spike filiform, weak, somewhat nod- 
 ding : bracts remotely alternate. 
 
 mite, P. (3) (tasteless knotweed. C. P. J. ^.) stamens 8, styles 3 : 
 
 (1) iinifoUunijM. barbatani, Wr. (3) bj dropiperoides, Mx. 
 
 (2) byitropiper, Mx. hydropiperoides, Ph. 
 
404 POLYGOXUM. 
 
 leaves narrow, lanceolate, sub hirsute : stipules hirsute, long-ciliate : 
 spikes linear : bracts ciliate, sub-imbricate. 
 
 virginianum (C. Y. P. V. T. w. Ju. 2/.) stamens 5, styles 2, unequal ; 
 leaves broad-oval : spikes wand-like : flowers remote. 
 3. Flowers in thick crowded spikes. 
 
 viviparum, Ph. (Whitehills. Au. 2X-) stem simple : leaves lance-linear, 
 glabrous, margin revolute ; spike single, linear : bracts ovate, acu- 
 minate. Dr. Bigelow and Mr. Boot found this species growing on 
 the Whitehills in New-Hampshire. Natural history, in all its depart- 
 ments, is greatly indebted to the incessant exertions of these two 
 gentlemen. 
 
 coccineum, W. (1) (lake knotweed. W. C. N. T. P. r. Au. If.) stamens 
 
 5, styles 2 or 1, half 2-cleft : spikes cylindric, dense : stipules trun- 
 cate, glabrous : leaves ovate or oval, petioled. 
 
 natans, Eaton, (floating knotweed. Whitijig's pond. r. Au. 11.) stamens 
 6 : styles 2, or 1 half 2-cleft ; leaves lanceolate, glabrous, near the 
 top of the stem ; petiole filiform, half as long as the leaf : stipules 
 not ciliate : peduncle of the spike smooth : stem very long, lax, fili- 
 form, submersed-floating, leafless under water and rooting. Stems 
 generally brown often 10 to 15 feet in length, and from the eighth 
 to the sixteenth part of an inch in diameter ; though generally larg- 
 er and not so long. It is the P. amphibium. Var. natans of Mx. and 
 a variety of the coccineum of Willdenow. But it appears sufficient- 
 ly distinct for a species. It grows plentifully in Whiting's pond, 6 
 miles south of New-Lebanon springs. 
 
 darbatum, W. (P. r-w. Ju.) stamens 6, styles 3 : spikes wand-like, 
 truncate, bristle-ciliate : leaves oblong, acute, smoothish. Barton 
 says it is common at Philadelphia 
 persicaria (ladies' thumb, heart-spot knotweed. 0. r. Ju. 0.) stamens 
 
 6, styles 2 : spikes ovate-oblong, erect : peduncles smooth ; leaves 
 lanceolate : stipules smoothish, ciliate. 
 
 pennsylvanicum (knee knotweed. O. Ju. 0.) stamens 8, styles 2 or 1 : 
 spikes oblong : peduncles hispid : leaves lanceolate : stipules glab- 
 rous, not ciliate : stem with swelling knee-joints. 
 
 orientale (prince's feather. E. r. Au. 0.) stamens 7, styles 2 : leaves 
 ovate : stem erect, tall : stipules rough-haired, somewhat salver- 
 form. Grows 5 or 6 feet high. It has become naturalized in many 
 places. 
 
 (1) amphibiom, Mx. 
 
POLYGONUM, POLYMNIA. 405 
 
 4. Flowers in spiked-panicle d racemes. 
 
 articiilatum,W. (joint-M^eed. T. D. N. Granby, Con. P. r. w. Ju. 0.) 
 stamens 8, styles 3 : racemed spikes in a panicle, filiform : pedun- 
 cles filiform, solitary, proceeding from above the imbricate truncate 
 bracts : leaves linear : stipules sheathing, truncate. About a foot 
 high, terminated by delicate racemes, to which the bractsgive a join- 
 ted appearance. Very abundant on the sandy plains west of Albany. 
 
 6. Flowers suh-racemed ; leaves cordate-sagittate or hastate. 
 
 sagittatum (prickly knotweed. 0. w. J. fi.) stamens 8, styles 3 or 1 ; 
 flowers in heads : leaves sagittate : stem with prickles reversed, or 
 curved towards its base, climbing. 
 
 arifolium (halbert knotweed. O. r-w. Ju. 0.) stamens 6, styles 2 or 1 ; 
 flowers distinct : spikes few-floAvered : leaves hastate : stem with 
 prickles reversed, sub-erect. 
 
 fagopyrum (huck-v^heat. E. r-w. Ju. #.) stamens 8, styles 3 : racemes 
 panicled : leaves heart-saggittate : stem erectish, unarmed : angles 
 of the seeds equal. 
 
 concolvulus (bind knotweed. O. w. r. Ju. 0.) stamens 8, styles 3: 
 leaves oblong, heart-hastate : stem twining, angled, roughish : divi- 
 sions of the calyx obtusely keeled. 
 
 scandens (climbing buck-wheat. 0. w. r. Au. If.) stamens 8, styles 3 : 
 leaves broad-cordate : stipules truncate, naked : stem twining, gla- 
 brous : calyx bearing the fruit 3-winged. 
 
 eilinode, Mx. (P. Can. Ju. 0.) stamens 8, styles 3 ; leaves cordate : sti- 
 pules sub-acute, surrounded at the base with an outer ciliate series • 
 stem angled, prostrate or climbing, roughish : divisions of the calyx 
 obtusely keeled. 
 
 18—4. POLYMNIA. 49. 55. 
 
 eanadensis, W. (white leaf-cup. P. Can. w. or y. J. U-) viscid-viliose . 
 
 leaves denticulate, acuminate ; lower ones pinnatifid, upper ones 3- 
 
 lobed or entire. Two or three feet high. Smell balsamic. 
 uvedalia, W. (1) (yellow leaf-cup. P. y. Ju. If.) leaves opposite, 3-lob- 
 
 ed, acute, decurrent into the petiole : lobes sinuate-angled : rays 
 
 elongated. Taller than the last. 
 
 (1) macMldta,CavamIles. 
 
406 POLYPODIUM, POLYTRICHUM. 
 
 22 — 1. POLYPODIUM. 55. 5. 
 
 vulgare, Sh. (polypod. O. Ju. U.) frond deeply pinnatifid : divisions 
 lance-linear, obtuse, crenulate, approximate, upper ones gradually 
 smaller : fruit dots solitary : root cliafFy. Var. virglnianum, has a 
 naked root. 
 
 hexagonopterum, W. (O. Ju. 2^.) frond doublj^-pinnatifid, smootWsh ; 
 two lower divisions deilexed ; sub-divisions lanceolate, obtuse, cili- 
 ate, those of the under leafets prash-crenate, and of the upper ones 
 entire; the lowest ones adnate-decurrent : fruit-dots minute, solita- 
 ly. The whole frond together presents a triangular form. 
 
 comiectile, W. (W. V. Can. Ju. 11.) frond donbly-pinnatifid, ciliate ; di- 
 visions opposite, contiguous, adnate : sub-divisions somewhat oval : 
 stipe chaffy: fruit-dots minute. 
 
 calcareuniy W. (1) (W. P. Ju. 11.) frond ternate, doubly pinnate, 
 straight, sub-rigid ; divisions obtusish, sub-entire : fruit-dots margin- 
 
 . al, confluent. 
 
 22 — 2. PoLYTRicncM. 56. 4. 
 1. Capsules with apophyses. 
 
 jj?m/)cn7n(m (hair-cap moss. 0. M. Z^.) stem generally simple : leaves 
 lance linear, entire, flattish, somewhat spreading : the apophysis de- 
 pressed. In dry woods, isi^c. 
 
 inliferuni, stem simple : leaves lanceolate, entire, bearing hairs at the 
 apex : apophysis depressed. In dry sunny places. 
 
 perigonale, simple, largish : leaves serrate; those of the pericheth dif- 
 fering, eloui^ated, membranaceous, ending in a capillary form : cap- 
 sule 4-sided ; lid orbicular, with a short apex in the centre. Apo- 
 physis under the capsule. 
 
 2. Capsules without apophysis. 
 
 capillare, stem short, simple : leaves few, laxish, linear, aculeate-ser- 
 rate : peduncles longish, capillar)^ : capsule erect, sub-ovate ; lid 
 convex, abruptly-mucronate, slender, longish. 
 
 brachyphyllum, stemless : leaves conglobate at the root, very short, 
 oblong-oval, apex obtuse and thickish : capsules sub-corneous, obo- 
 vate, sub-oblong ; lid whh a short apex. 
 
 brevicn'de, siiimXess : leaves very few, lower ones close-pressed, dilated 
 into an oblong form, upper ones mucronate-subulate, obscurely den* 
 
 (1) dryopteris, Nepbroaiura drjopteris,Mx. 
 
PONTEDERIA, POPULUS. 407 
 
 liculate : capsule erect, oblong-cylindric ; lid convex, long-mucron- 
 ate, inclined. 
 
 6 1. PONTEDERIA. 6. 17, 
 
 (ordata (pickerel weed. T. V. P. Y. C. Weslfield, Mass. b. 3w.lt) leavee 
 heart-oblong, obtuse: spike many-flowered, compact: divisions of 
 the corol oblong. In wet places. 
 
 21—13. PopuLus. 60 99. 
 tremuloifhs, Mx. (1) (white poplar, American aspen. O. Ap. fp.) leaves 
 heart-roundish, abruptly acuminate, tooth-serrulate, glabrous, a little 
 pubescent at the margin, with 2 glands at the base on the upper side: 
 petioles compressed, in the young state silky. The flatness of the 
 petioles causes the leaves to take a tremulous motion, from the 
 slightest action of the atmosphere. 
 grandhlcvtata, iMx. (tree poplar. O. Ap. i? ) leaves round-ovate, acute, 
 unequally and coarsely sinuate-toothed, glabrous; in the young state 
 villose : petioles compressed. 
 beiulijoiia, Ph. (2) (birch-leaf poplar. D. T. V. Ap. h.) leaves rhomboi- 
 
 dal, long-acuminate, dentate, glabrous : young brai^ches pilose 
 angulala (balm-of-gilead, water poplar, cotton wood. O. Ap. >> ) leaves 
 ovate-deltoid, acuminate, obtusely hook-toothed, glabrous; younger 
 ones broad-cordate : branches wing-angled. 
 balsamiftra, VVm. (balsam poplar. T. V.W.N. Can. Ap. Tp.) leaves 
 ovate, acuminate, close-pressed, serrate, rusty or n.ealy under side ; 
 buds resinous. 
 candicans,A. (3) (C. New-England. Ap. ^.) leaves cordate, ovate, acu- 
 minate, obtusely and unequally serrate, whitish ben.^aih, sub-o-nerv- 
 ed, net-veined ; petioles hirsute : buds residous : branches tere.e. 
 l(Erigala,W. (4) (cotton tree. T. P. Ap. ^>.) leaves round-ovate, del- 
 toid, acuminate, sub-cordate, unequally senate, glnhrous, £:landular 
 at the base ; petioles compressed : younger branches angled. Dr. 
 L. C. Beck found it near Albany. 
 heterojJiylla, Mx. (various-leaved poplar. P. M. ^.) leaves round-ovate, 
 cordate, A\ith a small sinus, sub-auricled, obtuse, hook-toothed } 
 younger ones downy. 
 dilntata (lombardy poplar, Italian poplar. E. Ap. ^ .) leaves glabrous 
 both sides, acuminate, serrate, deltoid, the bread(h equal to or ex- 
 
 (1) trepifia, W. (2) hudsonira, .V.x. younger. nigiauMx. elder. 
 
 (.3) latifolia^Ma. (4) canacleniis,Mx, 
 
408 POPULUS, POTAMOGETON. 
 
 ceeding the length : branches erect, close to the stem. It is said 
 that no pistillate plant of this species has been brought to America. 
 Consequently no seeds are obtained from it, and it has not been re- 
 produced here from seed. 
 
 13—13. PoRCELiA. 62. 76. 
 
 triloba, P. (1) (custard apple. P. p. Ap. >>.) leaves smoothish, oblong- 
 wedge-obovate : outer petals orbicular : fruit large, fleshy. 
 
 22—5. PoRiNA. 57. 2. 
 
 pertusa, crust smooth, equal, becoming white-cinereous : warts of the 
 receptacles sub globose ; mouths many, depressed, black. On the 
 bark of trunks of trees. Very common. 
 
 Itjoplaca, crust smooth, milk-white : warts of the receptacles convex : 
 mouth sub-solitary, becoming fuscous, opening into irregular chinks. 
 On bark of trunks of trees. ^ 
 
 fallax, crust sub-eflFuse, glabrous, plicate-rugose, olive-cinereous: w^arts 
 of the receptacle crowded, irregular, depressed above, sub-margined 
 with a sub-gibbose, flexuose, tumid periphery ; mouths solitary and 
 numerous, sub-confluent, deformed, black. On bark of trees. 
 
 papillata, crust smooth, broken-rimose, becoming white : warts of the 
 receptacle convex : mouth elevated, solitary, papilla-like, pore red- 
 dish-yellow, perfuse. On bark of trees. 
 
 globularis, crust thin, granulated, becoming white-cinereous ; granula- 
 tions crowded, white, sub-globose and branching : warts of the recep- 
 tacles thinly scattered, globose, glabrous ; mouth solitary, impress- 
 ed, punctate, black. 
 
 11—1. PORTULACCA. 64. 86. 
 
 oleracea (purslane. O. y. J. 0.) leaves wedge-form : flowers sessile. 
 
 nutans, (pond-weed. O. g. J. 2^.) leaves long-petioled, floating, lance- 
 oval; at first some of them are sub-cordate. On water. 
 
 fluitans, (O. g. Ju. If) lower leaves long, linear; upper ones lanceo- 
 late, nerved, coriaceous ; all petiolei In water. 
 
 heterophyUam, W. (2) (P. C. g. Ju. If.) upper leaves petioled, oval, 
 tapering to both ends ; lower ones crowded, sessile, linear. 
 
 (1) Anona, W. Orckidocarpum arietinum, Mx. 
 
 (2) porcatum, M. 
 
rOTAMOGETON^ POTENTILLA. 409 
 
 diversifoUum, B. (1) (T. D. g. Ju. 2^.) floating leaves opposite, lanceo- 
 late, 5-ncrvcd, short-petiolcd ; sub-raersed ones sessile, alternate, 
 filiform : spikes dense, axillary, alternate, shorter than the leaves'. 
 Water. 
 ptTfoliatum, (P. C. T. Can. g. Ju. 2^.) leaves heart-ovate, clasping, all 
 immersed : spikes terminal, above water : flowers alternate. In 
 water. 
 
 h,cens, M^. (O. g. J. U) leaves very large, lanceolate, sub-sessile, 
 middle rib thick : spikes long, cylindric. The substance of the leaf 
 is composed of translucent cellules ; so that to the naked eye it ap- 
 pears to be a thin pellucid membrane. Spike from 1 to 2 inches 
 long, with a peduncle thrice as long. The stipule abo.ve each leaf is 
 about an inch in length ; its substance resembling the leaf. Water- 
 -.rispum, (Can. P. r-g. J. 2^.) leaves alternate or opposite, lance-oval 
 undulate, serrate : spikes few-flowered. ' 
 
 pedinatum, S. (2) (Can. T. C. Hudson. Pittsfield. P. g. J. if.) leaves 
 long-bristle-form, approximate, two-ranked, sheathed at the base : 
 spikes terminal, interrupted, whorled : fruit ovate, turgid. All im- 
 mersed in water but the spike. 
 gramineum, Mx. (grass pond-weed. D. W. V. P. T. g Ju. If.) leaves 
 lance-linear, alternate, sessile : stipules broad : stem terete, sub-di- 
 chotomous. In July, some of these plants begin to raise their spikes 
 of unopened flower-buds to the surface of the water. As soon as 
 the stigmas are fertilized by the pollen, the spikes are again with- 
 drawn to ripen the fruit under water. Other individuals succeed 
 them, and the process goes on for several weeks. 
 compressum, W. (P. T. C. g. Ju. #. or 2^.) leaves linear, obtuse : stem 
 compressed : spike short, 4 to 6-flowered. Water. 
 
 12 13. POTENTILLA. 35. 92. 
 
 1. Leaves ternate. 
 nonvegica, (cinquefoil. O. y J.0.) erect, branching, hairy: stipule; 
 oval, toothed : leafets lance-rhombic, gash-toothed : branches di- 
 chotomous : pedicels short, axiUaiy, solitary : petals shorter than the 
 calyx. Large. 
 tridentata, A. (mountain cinquefoil. H. w. Ju. U.) ascending, smooth- 
 ish : stipules subulate : leaves wedge-oblong, 3-toothed at the end, 
 ^^^few close-pressed hairs : flowers in a terminal forked corymb ' 
 0) setaceum, Ph, (2) marinum, Mx. 
 
 lit 
 
410 POTENTILLA. 
 
 petals oblong-ovate, longer tban the calyx. Grows plentifully north- 
 east from Williams college on the mountain. 
 liirsutd,Mx. (Can. western part of iSew-York. w. Ju. 2/.) erect, sim- 
 ple, very hirsute : stipules lanceolate, entire : leaves obovate, gash- 
 laciniate : panicle few-flowered ; pedicels short : petals smaller than 
 llie calyx. 
 
 2. Leaves digitate in Jives, rarely in sevens. 
 
 r^iadensls, (common five-finger. O. y. M. 24..) procumbent, sub-ra- 
 mose, whitish-silky: stipules ovate, gashed : leaves wedge-obovate, 
 gash-toothed : stem ascending and creeping, hirsute : peduncles so- 
 litary, elongated ; divisions of the calyx lance-linear : petals orbi- 
 cular, sub-entire, of the length of the calyx. This plant is so long in 
 flower, and assumes so many forms and sizes, that students in botany 
 often make several species of it. Persoon's diagnosis of rtjptans 
 can be found in this plant ; but we have no such species. 
 
 shnplex, Mx. (C. T. V. P. y. M. 2^.) erect, unbranched, hirsute : sti- 
 pules gashed : leaves oblong-oval, coarsely toothed, upper ones ses- 
 sile : peduncles axillary, solitary, elongated, 1-flowered : divisions 
 of the calyx lance-linear : petals round-obcordate, longer than the 
 calyx. 
 
 argentea, (silver five-finger. 0. w-y. Ju. li-) stem prostrate and as- 
 cending, rarely sub erect, branching, wkite-downy : stipules ovate- 
 acute : leaves wedge-form, gash-toothed, silvery white down be- 
 neath : petals retuse. scarcely longer than the calyx. Willdenow's 
 description of this plant is certainly erroneous, and I have ventured 
 to correct it. 
 
 recta, V. (P. y. J. 2+) stem erect: leaves in fives and sevens ; leafets 
 lanceolate, coarsely toothed : petals obcordate, larger than the ca- 
 lyx. Corol large, pale. 
 
 3. Leaves more or less pinnate. 
 
 fndicosa, (shrubby cinquefoil. V. W. C. P. Stockbridge, Mass. y. J. ^.) 
 erect, very branching, hirsute : stipules ovate, entire : leaves qui- 
 nate-pinnate ; leafets linear, oblong, flat ; petals long : branchlets 1 
 or 2-flowered : five alternate divisions of the calyx linear; the rest 
 broad-ovate, acute : petals obovate, longer than the calyx. 3 to 5 
 feet high. Damp. 
 
 jloribunda, Ph. (1) (C. Can. y. Ju. ^.) erect, very branching, hirsute : 
 <i) Sprengel, ia a letter to Prof. Dewey, sars this is the fraticosa of L' 
 
POTENTILLA, PREXANTHES. 411 
 
 stipules ovate, entire : leaves quinate-pinnate ; leafels linear-oblong, 
 margin revolute : petioles short: corymbs terminal, dichotomous, 
 dense-raany-Qowered : divisions of the calyx sub-equal : petals 
 roundish, of the length of the calyx. About 18 inches high, and re- 
 sembles the last. 
 
 (tnssrina, W. (tansy cinquefoil. P. Can. T. y. J. If.) creeping: leaves 
 interruptedly pinnate, numerous, gash-serrate, silky, white-downy 
 beneath: peduncles solitai-y, l-flowered. On the banks of the Hud- 
 son near Troy. 
 
 pennsylvanica, Mx. (1) (C. P. W. V. T. y. Ju. If.) erect, down soft and 
 ■whitish : leaves pinnate ; leafets oblong, obtuse, sub pinnatifid, to- 
 mentose : panicle straight, many-flowered: divisions of the downy- 
 calyx semi-oval. Var. strigosa, has tooth-pectinate leaves, with re- 
 volute margins: flowers corymbed. 
 
 mpina, VV. (Can. P. y. J. 0.) procumbent, dichotomous : leaves pin- 
 nate ; leafets oblong, deeply toothed : peduncles lateral, solitary, 1- 
 flowered, spreading : leaves pinnate ; leafets serrate : flowers in 
 keads. 
 
 20—13. PoTERiuM. 54. 92. 
 
 Tunguisorba, (burnet. E. J. I^.) stem somewhat angled, unarmid 
 leaves pinnate ; leafets serrate : flowers in heads. 
 
 Pothos, see Ictodes. 
 18—1. Prenanthes. 49. 53. 
 
 ^Iba, (white lettuce. O. w. p. Au. 11.) radical leaves angled, hastate, 
 toothed, somewhat lobed ; cauline ones round ovate, toothed, pe- 
 tioled ; uppermost ones lanceolate : panicle lax, the terminal fas- 
 cicle nodding : calyx 8-cleft, 9 or 10-flowered. About tw^o o^ ^kie^ 
 feet high. 
 
 altissima, (0. p-y. Au. 2^.) stem branching: leaves petioied, S-lobed^ 
 angled, denticulate ; margin scabrous : racemes axillary : floweifs 
 nodding: calyx about 5-flowered. Very tall. 
 
 cordata, W. (D. w-y. Au. If.) stem panicled above : leaves petioied, 
 cordate, toothed, ciliate } floral ones sessile, oblong, entire : panicle 
 lax, raceme-flow^ered. Tall. 
 
 tlrgata, xMx. (2) (P. D. C. Pittsfield, Mass. w-p. Au. U-) glabrous ■ 
 stem very simple : leaves all lyrate-sinuate : branchlets some^vhat 
 
 0) Geum agrimoDOides, rh. (2) aaturanalrs,Wr. rubirunda .MV 
 
412 PRIMULA^ PRINOS. 
 
 1-sided : flowers pendant : calyx glabrous, 8-cleft, lO-flowered. 3 tu 
 6 feet high. 
 
 5—1. Primula. 21. 34. 
 
 ucaulis, (primrose. E. I(.) leaves rugose, toothed, hirsute beneath 
 scape 1 -flowered. 
 
 veris, (conslip primrose. E. r-y. U.) leaves rugose, toothed : limb of 
 the corol concave ; neck of the tube oblong : calyx inflated. 
 
 dalior, (oxlip primrose. E. w-y. 2X.) leaves rugose, toothed, hirsute : 
 limb of the corol fiat ; neck of the tube hemispheric : flowers naked 
 within. 
 
 uuricula, (auricula primrose. E. If.) leaves serrate, fleshy, obovate ■ 
 
 sfcape many-flowered : calyx mealy. 
 farinosa, (bird's-eye primrose. Can. r. 2^.) leaves rugose, crenate, sub- 
 glabrous, mealy beneath : umbel erect. 
 
 mistasinica, Mx. (Can. 11.) small, glabrous : leaves oval-spatulate, sub- 
 dentate : scape elongated : umbel few-flowered : limb of the corol 
 Feflexed ; the divisions wedge-oblong, obtusely 2-cleft : capsule ob- 
 long, exsert. 
 
 6—1. Fri.vos. 43. 95. 
 
 verticillatus, L. (1) (winter berry, false alder. O. w. J. ^.) leaves oval,, 
 serrate, acuminate, pubescent beneath : fascicles of staminate flow- 
 ers axillary, umbelliferous ; the pistillate flowers are aggregated ; 
 both 6-parted. Sometimes this shrub is monoecious, and sometimes 
 perfect-flowered. Generally in wet places. Berries red, permanent. 
 Damp or wet. Astringent and antiseptic, applied externally and in- 
 ternally. B. 
 
 ^laber, (ink-berry. C. P. Can. Ju. ^.) leaves evergreen, wedge-lan- 
 ceolate, coriaceous, glabrous, shining, equally sub-dentate above •. 
 pedicels axillary, sub-solitary, mostly 3-flowered A low shrub. 
 
 itEvlgatus, Ph. (D. C. P. Ju. '^).) leaves lanceolate, close-pressed, ser- 
 rate, acuminate, glabrous both sides, shining at the upper side, hard- 
 ly pubescent at the nerves beneath : pistillate flowers axillary, soli- 
 tary, sub-sessile ; staminate flowers scattered ; all 6-cleft. 
 
 amhiguu.'!, Mx. (D. T. w. Ju. ^.) leaves oval, acuminate at both ends, 
 mucronate-serrulate, sub-pubescent beneath : flowers 4 or 5-cleft ; 
 staminate ones crowded together at the lower branches; pistillate 
 ones solitary. AVet or damp. 
 (I) gronoviL Ms 
 
PROSERPINACA, PRUNUS. 413 
 
 8 — 3. Pkoserpinaca. 15. 22. 
 falustris, (mermaid weed. Y. C. P. Boston, Pittsfield. g. Ju. 0.) leaves 
 
 linear-lanceolate, serrate above water, pinnatifid below. Water. 
 pecti7iata, Lk. (C. P. g. Ju. 0.) leaves all pectinate-pinnatifid. Water. 
 
 14—1. Prunella. 42. 39. 
 jjtnnsylvanka^ W. (heal-all, self-heel. O. J. 2X.) leaves petioled, ob- 
 long-ovate, toothed at the base : lips of the calyx unequal; upper 
 one truncate, awned ; stem ascending. Willdenow calls this the 
 vulgari^j and says the pennsylvmiica has the lips of the calyx equal, 
 and that the upper one is 3-awned j but Muhlenberg has not adopted 
 this division of the species. 
 
 12—1. Prunus. 36. 92. 
 
 Mrginiana, W. (1) (wild cherry, rum cherry, cabinet cherry. 0. \\\ M. 
 Tp.) racemes erect, elongated ; leaves oval-oblong, acuminate, une- 
 qually doubly-toothed, glabrous both sides : petioles generally bear- 
 ing 4 glands. In open fields the limbs of this tree spread out into an 
 elegant oval top ; but in dense forests it grows to a very great height, 
 with a few contracted branches. The bark is an excellent tonic. 
 
 :^erotlna,W. (2) (choke-berry. O. w. J. Tp.) flowers in lax racemes: 
 leaves simply serrate ; lower serratures sub-glandular ; middle rib 
 bearded towards the base. In Muhlenberg's catalogue, the English 
 names of this and the preceding species are exchanged ; probably 
 through the mistake of the jirinter. Pursh seems, by his popular re- 
 marks, to have totally mistaken this, and several other species of the 
 Prunus. 
 
 canadensis, W. (Can. P. w. Tp.) flowers in racemes : leaves glandless, 
 broad-lanceolate, rugose, sharply serrate, pubescent both sides, ta- 
 pering into the petiole. 
 
 pennsylmnica, A. (C. P. New-England, w. M. ^;>.) umbels sub-sessile, 
 aggregated, many-flowered, and at length panicle-form : leaves 
 lance-oblong, serrate, glabrous, two glands at the base : braachlets 
 punctate. 
 
 nigra, W. (T. W. P. w. M. ^.) umbels sessile, solitary, few-flowered : 
 leaves ovate, acuminate, unequally and sharply serrate, glabrous 
 both sides : petioles with 2 glands. 
 
 pygtri<sa, W. (american sloe. New-England, w. M. Tp.) umbels sessile, 
 
 (l)rabra,A. Cerasns, Mx.' (2) virginiana,Mill€r. 
 
 L12 
 
414 PRUNUS. 
 
 aggfegated, few-flowered : leaves oval-ovate, acute, glabrous both 
 sides, sharply serrate, 2 glands at the base. 
 
 hiemalis, Mx. (winter plum. Can. P. w. M. ^.) pedicels aggregated., 
 glabrous : divisions of the calyx lanceolate : stipules setaceous, 
 compound : leaves oblong-oval or obovate, abr\^ptjy long-acumi- 
 nate ; fruit sub-ovate. 
 
 chicasa, Mx. (1) (summer plum, meadow plum. O.w. M. fp.) branches 
 very glabrous, somewhat thorny : leaves oblong-oval, acute or acu- 
 minate, minutely serrate : buds aggregate^ each about 2-flowered : 
 pedicels very short : divisions of the glal^us calyx obtuse : fruit 
 sub-globose. The plums are yellow and reddish. 
 
 spkcerocarpon, Mx. (2) (along the maritime parts of New-England. C. 
 w. M. ■^.) leaves short-oval, serrulate, generally 2 glands at the 
 base : calyx v.'ith fine hairs : drupe spherical ; nut round-oval. 
 
 maritiyna, Mx. (C. w. M. Z^.) peduncles sub-solitary : leaves ovate- 
 oblong, acuminate, doubly serrate. Pursh has copied in the P. acu- 
 minata of Mx. as a synonym, which is — branchlets glabrous : leaves 
 oblong-oval, long, acutely acuminate : calyx glabrous: drupe long- 
 peduncled, ovate, acuminate. 
 
 pumila, Mx. (P. W. w. M. ■^.) umbels sessile, aggregate, few-flowered : 
 calyx acute : brandies wand-terete : leaves narrow-lanceolate, ser- 
 rate above, the under sides pale. 
 
 depressa,Fh. (sand cherry. P^ T. Can. w. M. Tp.) umbels sessile, ag- 
 gregate, few-flowered : calyxes obtuse : branches angled, depressed 
 prostrate -. leaves wedge-lanceolate, remotely serrate, glabrous, 
 glaucous beneath : fruit ovate. Is this the pumila ? 
 
 spinosa,W. (english sloe. P. W. b.) peduncles solitary : leaves lance- 
 oval, pubescent beneath : fruit straight : branches thorny. Said to 
 be introduced. 
 
 Susquehanna, W. (P. w. M. "1?.) peduncles solitary : leaves obovate-ob- 
 long, glaucous beneath, serrate, entire at the base. 
 
 cerasifera, W. (P. w. M. ^.) peduncles solitary : leaves oval, glabrous : 
 fruit pandant : branches almost thornless. 
 
 cerasus, (garden cherry. E. w. r. ^.) umbel sub-peduncled : leave? 
 lance-ovate, glabrous, conduplicate. 
 
 fUfhis, (bird cherry. E. w. M. '^.) flowers racemed, lax : leaves dou- 
 bly serrate, sub-rugose, petioled, with two glands. 
 
 /J) insititia, Wr- n) pabesceBS. Ph^ 
 
PRUNUSy PTERIS. 415 
 
 ttvium, (small bird cherry. E. w. Tp.) umbels sessile: leaves lance- 
 ovate, pubescent beneath, conduplicate. 
 
 domtstica, (plum. E. w. M. ^.) peduncles sub-solitary : leaves lance- 
 ovate, convolute : branches thornless. Var. ju/ia?ia, (damson plum) 
 fruit oblong, blue. Var. claudiana, (sweet plum, horse plum) fruit 
 round, at first green, becoming yellowish. Var. enuclcala, (stonelcss 
 plum) the putamen obsolete. 
 
 Prunus, see Armeniaca. 
 
 22 — 2". Pterigophyllum. 56. 4. 
 
 rigidum, stem erect, pinnate above : leaves somewhat 2-ranked, obo- 
 vate, mucronate, serrate, 2-nerved. 
 
 22-7-2. Pterigvnandrum. 56. 4. 
 
 intricatum, creeping and rooting, entangled : branches simple, short: 
 leaves concave, acuminate, lanceolate, lengthened out : capsule ob- 
 long-ovate ; lid sub-oblique. On the trunks of trees. 
 
 julaceum, stem erect, terete : leaves thick-imbricate, oval, acuminate, 
 smooth : peduncles scarcely projecting out of the long pericheth : 
 capsules short-ovate ; lid conic : calyptre glabrous. On trunks of 
 trees. 
 
 brachycladon, stem creejiing: branches very short, crowded, erect, 
 simple, ..terete, acutish : leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, nerveless : 
 capsules erect, sub-cylindric, with a long-conic, sub-oblique lid. 
 
 hirtellum, branchlets slender-filiform, simple, short ; leaves imbricated 
 in a cylinder, sub-cordate, a little hirsute, fringed : capsule oblong ; 
 lid long-conic. On trees. 
 
 suh-capillatum, creeping, rarely rising, simple, flower-bearing: leaves 
 ovate-acuminate, with a halved prolongation, imbricate : capsule 
 oblong ; lid beaked : calyptre sub-pilose. 
 
 22—1. Pteris. 55. 5. 
 
 aquilina, (common brake. O. Ju. 2^.) frond pinnate, 3-parted : barren 
 branches doubly pinnate, with leafets lance-linear, obtuse-pinnatifid, 
 toothed ; fertile branches pinnate, with leafets pinnalifid ; divisions 
 acutish ; all ciliate. 
 
 alropurpurea, (rock brake. T. C. W. P. Catskill. Ju. 2^.) frond pinnate : 
 lower leafets lanceolate, obtuse, ternate or pinnate ; at the base 
 obtusely truncate or sub-cordate. From three to ten inches high ; 
 
416 PTERIS, PULMONARIA. 
 
 feluish-green : leaves stiff. In ripening, the marginal involucre un- 
 rolls, and the capsules on opposite sides meet ; so that it exhibits the 
 generic character of the Acrostichum. Stipe dark-purple. 
 
 gracilis, M\. (Can. Ju. y.) frond pinnate : leafets lanceolate, obtuse, 
 alternate, sessile ; lower ones pinnatifid ; fertile ones entire ; barren 
 ones crenate, round-obtuse. About 4 inches high. 
 
 caudata, Jn. (P. Au. 2^.) frond 3-parted-pinnate : barren branches 
 doubly pinnate : leafets linear, elongated, obtuse, entire ; lower 
 ones doubly pinnatifid : fertile branches pinnate ; leafets remotish 
 below, at the base pinnatifid-toothed. 
 
 10—1. Pterospora. 18. 51. 
 
 Mndromeda, N. (1) (Albany beech-drops. T. r-y. Ju. 0.) scape purple,, 
 very tall, bearing a many-flowered raceme : flowers lateral and ter- 
 minal, nodding : peduncles filiform, longer than the flowers: lan- 
 ceolate scales below, none above. Found at Greenbush by E. James,. 
 and in great abundance a mile south of Albany, by A. B. Eaton. 
 
 22—6. PucciMA. 58. 1. 
 
 jooZi/goni-apicuZari«, sub-linear, scattered, chesnut-brownj fruit globose. 
 
 On the stems and leaves of knotgrass. 
 graminis (blight, black rust) crowded, linear, becoming black ; fruit 
 
 sub-turbinate, naiTowed in the middle. In the culms of wheat and 
 
 various other grasses, in summer and autumn. 
 
 5 1. PULMONARIA, 41. 42. 
 
 officinalis (lung-wort. E.b. M. 11.) radical leaves heart-ovate, hirsute : 
 flowers racemed. 
 
 parvijlora, Mx. (Can. New-England, b. Ju. If.) stem diffuse, procum- 
 bent, glabrous : leaves oval-spatulate, fleshy ; peduncles lateral, one- 
 flowered. 
 
 virginica, W. (P. T. b. M. 2|.) calyx abbreviated, glabrous : leaves 
 ovate: stem erect : flowers sub-panicled, terminal. Near Albany. 
 
 sibirica, A. (Can. J. 2^.) calyx abbreviated : radical leaves cordate. 
 
 (1) Monotropa procera, 2d ed. This plant was discovered near Albany, in the sum- 
 laer of 1817, liy Dr. Edwin James. He considered it a Monotropa, and I published it 
 as described by Dr. Toirey in the second edition ef this work, under the name M.pro- 
 oera. Certainly the Monotropa, Hypopithys and Plerospora, ought to be united in one 
 genus, with some extension of the generic description. 
 
PUNICA, PYROLA. 4l7 
 
 12—1. PuNicA. 36. 92. 
 ^ranatum (pomegranate. E. ^.) leaves lanceolate : stem woody 
 
 14 1. PVCNANTHEMUM. 42. 39. 
 
 1. Stamens exsert. 
 
 ■ineanum, Mx. (1) (wild basil, mountain mint. O. vr. r. Ju. U.) leave* 
 oblong-ovate, acute, sub-serrate, white downy: flowers in compound 
 heads, lateral ones peduncled : bracts setaceous. About three feet 
 high. 
 
 UnifoHum, Ph. (2) (virginian thyme. O. w. Ju. U-) stem stiffly erect, 
 very branching, roughish : leaves linear, 3-nerved, entire : head*f 
 terminal, corymb fascicled. 
 
 2. Stamens inclosed. 
 
 lanceolatum,Fh. (3) (narrow-leaf virginian thyme. O. w. J. 2^.) stem 
 stiffly erect, very branching, roughish : leaves lance-linear, veiny, 
 entire : heads terminal, corymb-fascicled. 
 
 verticillatumj P. (4) (O. w. J. 2^.) leaves lance-ovate, entire, whorled^ 
 sessile, compact : bracts acuminate. 
 
 muticum, P. (4) (C. P. w. Ju. 2^.) leaves lance-ovate, sub-dentate, sub- 
 glabrous : heads terminal : bracts lanceolate, acutish, 
 
 22—5. Pyrenula. 57. 2. 
 
 nitida, crust cartilage-raembranaceous, smooth ; from pale becoming 
 fuscous-cinereous : warts of the receptacles glabrous, closed ; close- 
 ly surrounding the upper, naked, prominent wrinkled part of the 
 frond, which is perforated with a dejjressed mouth. On bark of 
 trunks of trees. 
 
 18 — 2. PyrethFvUM. 49. 55. 
 
 serotinum. W. (5) (North America. W. Oc. If.) leaves lanceolate flow- 
 er ones serrate at the apex, upper ones entire : branches corj'mbed. 
 
 10—1. Pyrola. is. 51. 
 
 roiundifoUa (shin-leaf, pear-leaf wintergreen. O. w. J. 11.) leaves round 
 or round-obovate, obsoletely serrulate : spike with the flowers re- 
 versed : pistil declined : stigma round, with 5 tubercles. 
 
 (1) Clinopodiiim ineanum, L. 
 
 (2) virginicura, V. Bracliystemum Tirginicum, Mx. linifolium, W. Thynius viN 
 g-inicus, L. OrganuDi flexuosuni, W. 
 
 (3) Brachysterauin, Mx. Orijanuna cliuopodioides, Wr. 
 
 'i) BracliT^teniMni, Mx. (•'') GhrjsanthernuiBserotmnw. 
 
418 PYROLA, rYRXJS. 
 
 secunda (one-sided shin-leaf. O. g-w. Ju.2^.) leaves round-ovate, acutCj 
 serrate : spike with 1-sided flowers : pistil straight : stigma peltate, 
 gibbous. 
 tiniflora (T. Can. J. 2^.) leaves sub-orbicular, serrate : scape l-flower- 
 
 ed : style straight. Very abundant near the Patroon's in .\lbany. 
 minor (W. P. Plainfield, Mass. w-r. Ju. 2^.) leaves round-oval, serru- 
 late : scape sub-naked : spike with (lowers reversed : pistil straight. 
 marifolia (P. T. Can, g-w. Ju. If.) leaves reniform : scape remotely 
 furnished with scales, sometimes convolute and sheathing : pistil de- 
 clined. On mountains. 
 elliptica, N. (P. D. w. J. I/.) leaves membranaceous, oblong-oval or 
 ovate, plaited-serrate, acute -.laminae much longer than the petiole : 
 scape naked, or having a single scale : bracts linear, subulate : calyx 
 5-toothedj subulate ; points reflesed. 
 
 Pi/rohi, see Chimaphila. 
 Remark. Dr. Smith, president of the Linnean society at London, 
 says, there is no diversity in the habit to justify the establishment of 
 the genus Chimaphila. Those of us, who live among so many species of 
 both genera, growing in their native wildness, and have independence 
 enough to exercise our own judgment, want no arguments to convince 
 us, that in this instance, the greatest botanist in the world is in error. 
 
 12—5. Pyrus. 36. 92 
 
 C07nmii.nis (pear. E. w-r. T\i. ^p.) leaves ovate, serrate, (rarely entire) 
 peduncles corymbed. Var. pyrnster (dwarf) fruit very small and 
 acid. Var. falcrna (bergamot) fruit orbicular, apple-form. Var. 
 pompeiana (good christian.) V&r.favonia (musk-pear.) Var. lique- 
 seen* (butter-pear.) Var. refiiscens (russet-pear.) Var. pyramidally 
 (leg-pear.) These five last varieties are distinguished more by their 
 flavor, than by any external marks. 
 
 maJus (apple. E. w-r. M. f^.) flowers in sessile umbels : leaves ovate- 
 oblong, acuminate, serrate, glabrous : claws of the petals shorter 
 than the calyx : styles glabrous. Var. sylvestris (v/ild apple) leaves 
 ovate serrate : fruit small, austere. Var. prasomila (pippin.) Var. 
 castanen (chesnut-apple.) Var. apiosa (ape-apple) fruit small, round, 
 red, pleasant-tasted. Var. cavillea (cornered apple) leaves broad- 
 ovate, downy beneath : fruit angled. 
 
 eydonia (quince. E. w. J. >>.) flowers solitary : fruit tomentose : leaves 
 ovate, entire. Yo-r. hmtanica, leaves v«ry broad. 
 
PYRUS, QUERCUS. 410 
 
 Bemafk. The varieties into which the above species have been ex- 
 Vended by culture, are very numerous. I have given those only which 
 are set down by Persoon as the most distinct. 
 Coronaria, L. (1) (crab apple. T. Y. C. P. Catskill. w-r. M. ^.) leaves 
 
 broad oval, at the base rounded, sub-angled or sub-lobed, serrate> 
 
 smooth : peduncles corymbed. Flowers sweet scented. 
 engmtifoliaj Wm. (P. C. M. ^.) leaves lance-oblong, at the base acute : 
 
 slightly crenate-toothed, shining : peduncles corymbed. Fruit very 
 
 small. 
 
 Pyrus, see Aronia. 
 Pyxidanthera, see DiapensiB. 
 
 Q. 
 
 20—13. QtJERCDS. 50. 99. 
 
 1. Fruit sub-sessile : leaves mucronate, with a bristle-form aion, (except- 
 
 ing virens,) entire. Fructification biennial. 
 
 phellos,\Y. (willow oak. P. D. M. ^.) leaves lance-linear, tapering to 
 both ends, entire, glabrous, mucronate : calyx saucer-form : aconi 
 roundish. 
 
 vire7is,W. (-2) (live oak. Southern states. M. fp.) leaves perennial, co- 
 riaceous, oblong-oval, entire, revolute at the margin, at the base ob- 
 tuse, at the apex acute, awnless, stellate-pubescent beneath : fruit 
 pedicelled : calyx turbinate : scales abbreviated : acorn oblong. 
 40 to 50 feet high, v€ry branching, 
 
 imbricaria, Mx. (shingle oak, laurel oak. P. M. fp.) leaves oblongj 
 acute at both ends, mucronate, entire, shining, pubesoent beneath : 
 calyx saucer-form, scales broad-ovate : acorn sub-^I-.bose. 40 or 50 
 feet high. 
 
 2. Fruit sub-sessile : leaves murronale, with a bristle-form awn, toothed, 
 
 or lobed. Fructification biennial, 
 
 heterophylla, Mx. (burrier's oak. M. >).) leaves lon^-pelioled, lance- 
 ovate or oblong, entire o<- unequally coarse-toothed; calyx hemi- 
 spheric : acorn sub-globose. Pursh says there h bu! one ir dividual 
 of this species known in the wo Id, which is now growing on the 
 Bartram plantation near Philadelphia. 
 
 0) Malas coroiiarla, Mx. ^2) seinpervirens,Wv 
 
420 ^UERCUS. 
 
 triloba, W . (1) (downy black oak. P. D. M. >>.) leaves wedge-oblong, 
 acute at the base, sub-3-lobed at the apex : lobes equal in breadth, 
 mucronate ; middle lobe longest, downy beneath : calyx saucer- 
 form : acorn compressed-globose. 20 to 40 feet high. 
 
 ttquatica, W. (2) (water oak. F. M. ^ .) leaves wedge-ovate, glabrous, 
 very entire ; apex obscurely 3-lobed, with the intermediate lobe 
 longest : calyx hemispheric : acorn sub-globose. Leaves very va- 
 riable 
 
 nigra, W. (3) (barren oak, black jack. P. New-Jersey. M. Tp .) leaves 
 coriaceous, wedge-form, sub-cordate at the base, spread and retuse- 
 3-lobed at the apex ; in the young state it is mucronate, glabrous 
 above, mealy-rust beneath : calyx turbinate ; scales obtuse, scarious : 
 acorn short-ovate. Small. 
 
 tinctoria, W. (4) (quercitron oak, black oak. 0. M. Tp) leaves obovate- 
 oblong, a little sinuate, pubescent beneath : lobes oblong, obtuse, 
 obtusely denticulate, setaceous-mucronate ; calyx saucer-form : 
 acorn depressed-globose. 
 
 discolor, W. (5) (false red oak. O. M. ^ .) leaves oblong, sinuate-pin- 
 natifid, pubescent beneath, and on both sides when young : lobes 
 oblong, toothed, setaceous-mucronate : calyx turbinate : acorn ovate. 
 
 toccinea, Wm. (scarlet oak, ink-ball oak. O. M. ^.) leaves long-pe- 
 tioled, oblong, deeply sinuate, glabrous : lobes divaricate, toothed., 
 acute, setaceous-mucronate : calyx turbinate, marked with scales : 
 acorn short-ovate. This, the last, and the next species, are usually 
 called red-oak by farmers ; and it requires some attention for the 
 botanist to distinguish them. The leaves of this species become red- 
 dish, and even scarlet in autumn. Produces brownish-purple nut- 
 galls. 
 
 .rubra, \Ym. (red oak. O. M. '^> .) leaves long-petioled, oblong, glabrous, 
 obtusely sinuate : lobes acutish, toothed, setaceous-mucronate . ca- 
 lyx saucer-form, smoothish: acorn sub-ovate, turgid. 
 
 falcata, Mx. (6) (spanish oak. P. D. Chatham. N. York. M. f?.) leaves 
 long-petioled, at the base obtuse, downy beneath, 3-lobed or sinuate : 
 lobes sub-falcate, setaceous-mucronate, terminal one elongated : 
 calyx bowl-form : acorn globose. Large tree. 
 
 ^alustris, W. (pin oak. O. M. Tp.) leaves long-petloled, oblong, deeply 
 sinuate, glabrous; axils of the veins viliose beneath : lobes divari- 
 cate, toothed, acute, setaceous-mucronate ': calyx saucer-form, 
 
 (1) cunpata, Win. (2) nigra, L. not W. uliginosa, Wm. (3) ferruginea,Mx. 
 
 (f) tinctoria-ang-ulosa,Mx. (5) tinctoria-siauosa, Mx. (R) elongata, W. 
 
QUERCUS. 421 
 
 smooth : acorn sub-glohose. Generally grow*; in wet p'l^c^s. T^e 
 small limbs along the body of tbe tree die as the tree advaut^'s. u hioh 
 gives it tbe ap!)earauce of having pins or truni:els driven into it. 
 ilicij'olia, W. (1) (scrub oak. O. M. ^.) leaves long-petioled, wedge- 
 obovate, 4 or 5-lobed, margin entire, whitish-downy beneath : lobes 
 setaceous-mucronate : calyx sub-turbinate ; acorn sub-globose. A 
 low shrub. 
 
 3. Fridt pcduncled : leaves without awns, lobed. Fructification annual. 
 
 stellnfn, W. (2) (iron oak, post oak. T. Y. P. Catskill. M. ^.) leaves 
 oblong, sinuate, wedge-form at the base, pubescent beneath ; lobes 
 obtuse, upper one dilated, 2-lobed, (often the lobes are so arranged ia 
 the young plants as to form a cross-form or stellate leaf:) calyx 
 hemispheric : acorn oval, 
 
 mncrocarpa, Mx. (over-cup oak. P. M. ^.) leaves downy beneath, 
 deeply iyrate-sinuate-lobed : lobes obtuse^ repand, upntr one;^ di- 
 lated : calyx bowl-form, upper scales setose : acorn turgid, ovate, 
 larire. A large tree. 
 
 olircBformi, M.\. (raossv-cap oak. P. New- York. M. '^ ) leaves oblong, 
 glabrous, glaucous beneath, deeply and unequally sinuate-piunatifid : 
 calyx deeply bowl-form, with lo«ks above, (superne crinita :) acorn 
 oval-ovate. Large tree. 
 
 alba,Wia. (white oak. O. M, ^.) leaves oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid, 
 pubescent beneath : lobes sub-linear, obtuse, entire, narrowed at 
 their bases, particularly on full-grown trees : fruit peduncled : calyx 
 somewhat bowl-form, tubercled, flattened at the base : acorn ova.e. 
 The most useful timber-tree in America. 
 
 4. Fruit ptdunded ; leaves without awns, toothed, not lobed. Fructifi- 
 cation annual. 
 
 prinus, W. (3) (swamp oak. P. M. 1? ) leaves long-petioled, obovate, 
 acute, pubescent beneath, coarsely toothed : teeth about erjual, 
 spread, callous at the apex : calyx bowl-form, tapering at the base ; 
 acorn ovate, large, sweet tasted. Large tree. 
 
 jprinnides, W. (4) (dwarf chesnut oak, chinquapin. P. M. Tp.) leaves 
 short-petioled, obovate, at the base acute, coarsely toothed, glaucous 
 
 (1) hnnisteri, Mx. (2) ..!.fn-J!.,l),-<.Mx. 
 
 (3) priflQs-palastris, Ml. (4> i.riuus-cljinr[uapiD,Mx. chinquapin, Mi- 
 
 Mm 
 
422 QUERCUS, RACODIUM. 
 
 beneath j teeth nearly equal, spread, callous at the apes : calyx 
 hemispherical; acorn ovale. Alow shrub 
 mcnlana, W. (1) (rock oak, chesnut oak, mountain oak. 0. M. ^.) 
 leaves moderately petioled, broad-obovate, oblong, white dov\ny 
 beneath, shining above; coarsely toothed, at the base obtuse, ob- 
 lique ; teeth sub-eq\iai, very obtuse, short : truit in pairs, short-pe- 
 duncled : calyx hemispheric, scales rugose, tubercled : acorn ovate. 
 •aslanea, W. (2) (yellow^ oak. P. T. Catskill. JSew-England. xM. >>.) 
 leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong, obtuse at the base, acuminate, 
 do>vny beneath, coarsely toothed : teeth sub-equal, spread, acute, 
 callous at the apex : calyx hemispheric ; acorn globular-ovate. — 
 Large tree-. The bark is used for dying yellow. 
 bicolor,\\. (3) (swamp white oak. P. M. Tp.) leaves short petioled, ob- 
 long-obovate, white-downy beneath, coarsely toothed, entire at the 
 base ; teeth unequal, spread, acutish, callous at the apex : fruit in 
 pairs, long-peduncled ; the peduncle terminating in a bristle ; calyx 
 hemispheric : acorn oblong-ovate. Large tree. 
 
 3—3. QuERiA. 22. 82. I 
 
 canadensis, L. (4) (fork chick weed. 0. w. Ju. 2^.) stem dichotomous, 
 veiy branching, spread : leaves lanceolate, glabrous, erect. About 
 G or 8 inches high, veiy slender and branching. Flowers veiy small, 
 stamens from 2 to 5. Var. capillacea, branches capillary : leaves ob- 
 tusish : flowers mostly longer than the stipules. 
 
 22—6. Racodium. 58. 1. 
 
 rupeslre, compact, black, adnate to rocks. 
 
 ce/ff.'rc, broad-expanded, very soft, black. Often in wine cellars, k,c. 
 
 xylostroma (5) very broad, soft, ochre-yellow. This is the oak leather 
 
 or punk. In the natural cleavages of decaying Mood, often many 
 
 inches broad and very tough. 
 T)0j9?/racc«m, white, thin, paperlike. Called paper-punk as well as the 
 
 hydnum chrysorhizum, and may be the same plant. Grows between 
 
 the cleavages of dry wood. 
 
 (1) primis moDtlcoln, Mx. (2) prinus acuminate, Mt. 
 
 (a) prinus tom»nto?a,:in(' dircolor, Mx. M) Anychladicbotoma, Mt 
 
 (5) Xylostroma giganteunijTode. 
 
RAMALINA;, RANUNCULUS. 423 
 
 22—5. Ramalina. 57. 2. 
 
 }wmalea, frond compressed, 2-edged, smooth, naked, ramose, becoming 
 pale-white, sub-ramose, crosswise ; branches dicholomous attenua- 
 ted : receptacles scattered, affixed at ihe centre, a little concave, 
 somewhat margined, uniform-coloured. 
 
 folymorplia, frond flat-compressed or leretish, torn-branched, pale, lon- 
 gitudinally lacuuose : fruit-dots scattered, sub-elliptic and terminal, 
 head-form : receptacles sub-marginal, a little concave ; disk fleshy, 
 somewhat hoary. On rocks and stones. 
 
 fraxinea, frond flat, linear-laciniate, white-cinereous, glabrous both 
 sides, ru^ose-lacunose, sub-reticulate ; extreme divisions lance-atten- 
 uated : receptacles marginal, flat, pale-flesh-coloured. On trunks 
 and branches of trees, chiefly ash and oak. 
 
 Jastigiaia, frond terete-sub-compressed, smooth, lacunose, ramose. 
 Vv'hite-glaucous : branches thickening upwards, fastigiate : recepta- 
 cles terminal, peltate-sub-sessile, white. On trunks of trees. 
 
 farinacea, frond terete-compressed, glabrous, sub-lacunose, bearing 
 fruit-dots, rigid, ramose, becoming white-cinereous ; branches lin- 
 ear-tapering : receptacles scattered, pedicelled, flat, somewhat mar- 
 gined, white. On trunks and branches of trees. 
 
 13—13. Ranv.vculus. 26. 61. 
 
 iicris (crowfoot, butter cup. O. y. M. If.) hairs close-pressed : feaves 
 3-parted, many-cleft, upper ones lineai* : peduncles terete: calyx 
 spreading. 
 
 Ahoriivus (1) (0. y. M. 2|.) glabrous : stem striate, naked below : rad- 
 ical leaves heart-reniform, obtusely crenate ; cauline ones petiolcd. 
 ternate, angled ; upper ones sessile : branches about 3-flowered. 
 Damp. 
 
 repens (W. T. C. P. y. M. 2i.) hirsute : leaves ternate, 3-clcft, gashed : 
 creeping shoots sent off in the summer : peduncles furrowed : calyx 
 spreading. Damp. 
 
 j-ecurvatus (C. W. T. y-vv. J. 2i.) pubescent: leaves 3-lobed, wedge- 
 form at the base, gashed at the apex, acute : stem many-flowered 
 calyx and corol recurved : petals linear. Flowers small. 
 
 fascicularis, M. (O. y. M. 2^.) leaves sub-pubescent, radical ones long- 
 peduncled, ternate or sub-pinnate ; leafets 3-lobed, the terminal one 
 
 :i) uitidu?, rt. 
 
424 RANUNCULUS, 
 
 deeply 3-cleft : calyx spreading, hairy underneath : petals longer 
 than the calyx : root fascicled. See Big. Florula Bost. 
 fiuviatilis (river crowfoot. O. w-y. M. U-.) stem sub-mersed . leaves all 
 capillary, dichotomous. The whole under water, excepting the 
 fructification while the corolis expanded. Water. 
 
 lacustris, BKck and Tracy. (1) (lake crowfoot. Lansingburgh. Albany. 
 y. M. ^.) leaves all sub-merged? alternate, dichotomously divided 
 into numerous capillary segments, with clasping membranaceous 
 stipules: peduncles emerging, dichotomous, slightly furrowed: flow- 
 ers terminal, large : calyx spreading, hairy, fleshy, caducous : petals 
 5 to 8, obovate, larger than the leaves of the calyx : nectary petal- 
 like, cucullate-tubular, nearly equalling the length of the filaments : 
 stem rooting at the lower joints, hollow, branched, glabrous, float- 
 ing : root fibrous. Stem sometimes 4 or 5 fee\ long. Very abund- 
 ant in a small lake east of the village of Lansingburgh ; also near 
 Albany. The flower is very large, bright yellow. The leaves are 
 diaphanous-reticulate. Dr. L. C. Beck and Mr. J. G. Tracy of Alba- 
 ny presented this as a new species. (2) If this is Bradbury's raulti- 
 fidus, Pursh has certainly described it very imperfectly. 
 
 delpkinifolius (C. y. If.) sub-mersed, leaves very finely divided, divis-. 
 ions dichotomous ; those above water coarser ; calyx expanding, 
 smooth, concave : petals orbicular, entire, twice as long as the ca- 
 lyx ; nectary orbicular, bifid. A new species by Dr. Torrey ; though 
 he suspects it may be a variety of the fiuviatilis. Water. 
 
 Imlbosus (T. P. C. y. M. 2^.) very hirsute : leaves ternate, S-cleft, 
 gashed and toothed •. stem erect, many-flowered : peduncles sulcate : 
 calyx reflexed : root bulbous. 
 
 hirsutus, C. (3) (W. T. P. V.y. Ju. 2|.) hirsute: leaves ternate, gash- 
 lobed, stem erect, many-flowered : peduncles sulcate : calyx re- 
 flexed, acuminate ; fruit globose, seeds tubercled : root fibrous. — 
 Damp. 
 
 hitermedius, S. (T. y. J. U) lower leaves 3-lobed, gashed ; upper ones 
 sub-digitate : peduncles solitary ; calyx reflexed ; seeds compressed, 
 smooth : root fibrous. Found on the banks of the Hudson near Al- 
 bany, by Mr. J. G. Tracy. 
 
 nammula (spearwort. T. Y. C. P. y. U-) glabrous : stem declined : 
 leaves narrow-lanceolate, acute, entire and denticulate, lower ones 
 
 (1) multifidus ? Bradl»urv. fla\5atilis .' Bvv. See his enlarged description, p. 139, 
 Uosion Flora. (2) See the JSew-Yyrk Medical and Pbysieui Journa!, vol 2, p. 112 
 
 (3; jphiiouolis, W- 
 
IIANUXCULUS. 425 
 
 petioled : peduncles terminal, axillary, l-flo\vered : calyx sub-rellcx- 
 ed. Flowers small. Damp. 
 
 sccleratus (celery crowfoot. O. y. J. U-) glabrous : lower leaves pal- 
 mate ; upper ones sessile, digitate : fruit oblong. Wet. 
 
 pennsi/lvanicus, W. (1) (C. Y. P. y. Jii. y.) stem pilose, erect, branch- 
 ing ; leaves ternate, 3-cleft, gashed, hairy beneath ; peduncles terete, 
 calyx reflexed : petals about equalling the calyx. Flowers large. — 
 Is not this the hirsutus .' 
 
 pasUlus, Fh. (2) (C. y. Ju. U-) glabrous : leaves petioled : lower ones 
 ovate, toothed ; upper ones lance-linear, tooihed at the apex, the 
 very uppermost ones linear, bract-like ; peduncles alternate, solita- 
 ry, l-Uowered. 
 
 lingua (great spearwort. P. T, y. Ju. If .) hairs close-pressed : leaves 
 lanceolate, sub-denticulate, acuminate, sub-sessile ; stem erect, ma- 
 ny-flowered. 
 
 veplans (dwarf spearwort. P. T ? y. Ju. If.) leaves linear, entire ; stem 
 creeping. Perhaps a variety of the flammula. 
 
 fjiarylandicus, Lk. (P. w-y. M. If.) pubescent: stem simple, sub-nak- 
 ed : radical leaves ternate ; leafets 3-lobed, lobes acute, gashed ; 
 ' calyx reflexed. 
 
 hispidas, Mx. (P. w-y. J. If.) very hirsute; erect : leaves ternate; leaf- 
 ets acutely lobed : stem naked below the first peduncle, few-flow- 
 ered : calyx close-pressed. 
 
 rymbalaria (Oaoiidaga. w-y. J. If.) glabrous, very small, filiform, creep- 
 ing, rooting at the joints : leaves heart-reniform, obtusely 5-tooth- 
 ed : radical peduncles solitary, mostly 2-flowered : petals linear : 
 fruit oblong. 
 
 filij'orynis, Mx. (P. V. T. Can. w-y. J. If.) glabrous, small : stem filiform, 
 creeping, geniculate, with the joints 1-flowered ; llowers axillary, 
 peduncled : leaves linear-subulate, obtuse. 
 
 nitidus, Wr. (D. P. w Ju. If.) very glabrous: stem fistulous : radical 
 leaves round-reniform, obtusely crenate, cauline ones sessile, digit- 
 ate ; leafets gashed, divisions obtuse : seeds sub-globose, very glab- 
 rous. 
 
 lanuginosus (P.y. J. If.) hirsute : leaves 3-cleft, lobed, toothed, all over 
 silky : peduncles elongated, terete : calyx spreading. 
 
 saniculceformis, M. (sanicle crowfoot. T. V, C.) veiy hirsute : leaves 
 
 (1) canadensis, Jn, (2J flammula, V/r. 
 
 Mm 2 
 
426 RAPIIA.NUS, RHEUM. 
 
 all 3-parted> divisions gash-serrate : peduncles short, bearing 2 or 3 
 small flowers : calyx reflexed, hirsute : leafets lanceolate, acute, lon- 
 ger than the petals. 
 
 15—2. Raphanus. 39. 63. 
 
 sativus (garden-radish. E. w. J. #.) leaves lyrate : silique terete, to- 
 rose, 2-celled. There are several varieties of this species — one has 
 a fusiform, another a globose, another a black root. 
 
 rapknni strum (wild radish, charlock. N. y. Au.) leaves lyrate : siliqnes 
 terete, jointed, smooth, 1-cclled. Before the silique is mature, it is 
 generally 2-celled and not jointed. It may have been introduced ; 
 but it is now growing wild in all the middle and southern towns of 
 the western counties of Massachusetts, 
 
 11—3. Reseda. 54. 64. 
 
 odorata (mignonette. E. w-y. Ju. 0.) leaves entire, and 3-lobed : calyx 
 equalling the corol. 
 
 hdeola (dyer's weed. Y. y. An. t^.) leaves lanceolate, undulate, entire, 
 a tooth on each side of the base ; calyx 4-cleft : flowers spiked. — 
 Prof. Ives found this plant growing near New-Haven, in situations 
 and with habits, which induced him to suspect it to be indigenous. 
 
 5—1. Rhamnus. 4.3. 95. 
 
 j'ranguloides, Mx. (I) (dwarf alder O. w-g. M. T^.) unarmed: leaves 
 oval, acuminate, serrulate, pubescent at the nerves beneath : pedun- 
 cles aggregate, 1-flowered : calyx acute : fruit turbinate. Berries 
 black. Pursh calls this the franguloides, after Mx. and gives alni- 
 foliusto a species found up the Missouri. 
 catharticus {buckthorn. Fishkill. 1?.) thorns terminal : flowers 4-cleft, 
 dioecious : leaves ovate, serrate. First found out in the Highlands, 
 by Dr Barratt. 
 
 9—3. Rheum. 12. 28. 
 
 j7a/mafM»i (rhubarb. E. J. 2^.) leaves palmate, acuminate. From China. 
 
 tariaricum (pie rhubarb. E. J. 11.) leaves heart-ovate, entire, flat, glab- 
 rous : petioles semi-terete, angled : branches of the panicle sulcate 
 The radical leaves very large. From Tartary. 
 
 0)aliiifolJus:W. 
 
421 
 
 8—1. RiiEXiA. 17. 90. 
 
 \irginica, (meadow beauty, deer-grass. Y. C. P. p. Ju. 2^.) stem wing- 
 angled, with scattered hairs -. leaves sessile, lance-ovate, denticulate, 
 setaceous, ciliate-serrate. About 8 inches high. 
 
 tnariana, Mil. (D. w-r. Ju. 24) stem and leaves very hirsute : leaves 
 sub-petioled, lance-oval or lance-linear ; calyx smoothish, tubular, 
 long. 
 
 14—2. Rhinanthus. 40. 35. 
 
 cnsta-gfdli, W. (yellow rattle, yelloAV coxcomb. Can. y. J. ^.) upper 
 lip of the corol emarginate, 2-toothed ; middle division of the under 
 lip very short. 
 
 22 — 5. Rhizomorpha,. 57 2. 
 
 sub-corlicalis, frond compressed, dark-tuscous, shining : branches scat- 
 tered, reticulate, with anastomoses (meeting and joining of mouths :) 
 receptacles conglomerate. On dead trunks of trees. 
 
 sub-terraiiea, frond terete, glabrous, black, very branching : branches 
 and branchlets crowded, attenuated, free. On stones and decaying 
 wood. 
 
 setifoi-mis, frond terete, veiy slender, black, shining, simple : apex 
 divided. On fallen leaves. 
 
 cor7iicularicides, frond and branches a little terete, flexuose, interwoven, 
 widely spreading, dark, opake, very tender. On the earth. 
 
 10 — 1. Rhododendon. 18. 50. 
 
 maximum^ (wild rose-bay. P. Highlands. Dedham, Mass. C.r. Ju. ^.) 
 leaves oblong, glabrous, paler beneath : umbels terminal, dense : co- 
 rois sub-bell-form ; petals rounded. A small tree. Found in the 
 Highlands by Dr. Barratt. 
 
 poiiticum, (rose bay. E. p. Tp.) leaves oblong, glabrous, both sides co- 
 loured alike : corymbs terminal : corol bell-wbeel-fonn ; petals lan- 
 ceolate. 
 
 10—1. Rhodora. 18. 50. 
 
 canadensis, (false honeysuckle, rhodora. C. Boston, Pittsfield &. Gran- 
 by, Mass. b. r. M. >>.) leaves oval, entire, glaucous-pubescent be- 
 neath : flowers in terminal umbels. About 2 feet high. 
 
 5—3. Rhus. 43. 94. 
 iyphinumj (samach. O. y-g. Ju. fp .) branches and petioles very villose 
 
428 RHUS, RHYNCHOSPORA. 
 
 leaves pinnate, many-paired ; leafets lance-oblong, serrate, some- 
 what downy beneath. Berries red, and very sour. 
 
 glabriun, (sleek sumach. O. g. r. Ju. ^ ) b.auches, petioles and leaves 
 glabrous ; leaves pinnate, many-paired ; leafets lance-oblong, ser- 
 rate, ^whitish beneath : fruit silky. The leaves of both the species 
 are used for tanning morocco leather. Berries red and sour. 
 
 copallinum, (wing-rib sumach, mountain sumach. O. y-g. Ju. fp.) 
 branches punctate : leaves pinnate, in about 5 or 6 pairs, with the 
 main petiole joint-winged ; leafets lance-oval, entire : panicle leafy, 
 branches sub-sessile : flowers dioecious. Berries red. 
 
 vernix, (poison sumach, poison elder. O. y-g. Ju. ^ ) very glabrous . 
 leaves pinnate, many-paired ; leafets oval, abruptly acuminate, en- 
 tire : panicle lax : dioecious : fruit glabrous. Berries green, at length 
 whitish. Panicle few-flowered compared with the preceding species. 
 Very poisonous. See Bigelow's Med. Bot. Damp. 
 
 toxicodendron, (poison vine, poison ash. 0. g. Ju. Tp.) rooting: leaves 
 ternate } leafets oval, entire or sinuate-crenate : racemes on the 
 branches and axillary, sessile : dioecious. Var. radicaris, (poison ivy) 
 stem climbing and rooting : leafets broad, entire, or with scattered 
 teeth. Var. 5ucrci/b/iwm, (poison oak) erect, low : leafets variously 
 sinuate-lobed. Var. microcarpon, leafets oblong-oval, long-acumi- 
 nate, sub-rhombic : fruit very small. The sap of this species is an 
 excellent marking-ink for linen. 
 
 uromaticum, W. (P. W. Catskill. y. M. >>.) a very little woody : flowers 
 amentaceous, naked: leaves ternate ; leafets rhombic -oval, toothed, 
 pubescent beneath. Dioecious. 
 
 cotinus, (false fringe-tree, aaron's-beard. E. p-g. Ju. ^.) leaves simple, 
 obovate and ovate : panicle-racemes plumose. A small tree, with 
 very minute flowers supported on capillaxy, downy, or hairy pedun- 
 cles. Grows wild in Siberia, Austria, and Lombardy. 
 3 — 1. Rhynchospora. 3. 9. 
 
 sparsa,Vah\. (\) (false bog-rush. C. P. Ju. 2^.) corymbs diffuse, axil- 
 lary, compound 5 terminal ones decompound: peduncles capillary : 
 seeds longer than the beaks. 
 
 glomerata, (2) (O. J. U) spikes corymb-fascicled, remote, in pairs : 
 culm obtuse-angled : leaves linear. 
 
 alba, (2) (0. Ju. 2^.) spikes corymb-fascicled : culm and leaves seta- 
 ceous. 
 (1) Schoenas sparstts, Mx. miliaeeus, Lk. (2) Schcenus,!. 
 
RIBES. 429 
 
 5—1. RiBEs. 36. 85. 
 1. Currant'Hke. Flowers racemcd. 
 
 rubrum, (currant. E. g. M. Tp.) unarmed : racemes glabrous, nodding : 
 eorol flat ; petals obcordate : leaves obtusely 5-lobed : stem erect. 
 Berries red. 
 
 nigrutn, (black currant. W. V. g. M. f^.) unarmed: leaves punctate 
 beneath : racemes lax : flowers bell-form : bracts shorter than the 
 pedicels. Berries black. 
 
 albinerviam, Mx. (H. g-y. M. ^.) unarmed : leaves abbreviated, acute- 
 ly lobed, smoothish ; nerves white ; racemes recurved : berry gla- 
 brous. Berries red. 
 
 irifidiim, Mx. (P. Can. y-g. M. ^.) unarmed : leaves moderately lobed, 
 glabrous above, pubescent beneath : racemes lax, pubescent : flowers 
 flattish : divisions of the calyx about 3-cleft : petals spatulate, ob- 
 tuse : berries hirsute. Berries red. 
 
 ringens, Mx. (Can. W. P. M. ^.) unarmed: branches straight : leaves 
 acutely lobed and toothed, reticulate-rugose, pubescent beneath : 
 race es lax, becoming stiffly erect : berries sub-hispid. Berries red, 
 erect. 
 
 glandulosum, A. (1) (O. r-y. M. ^.) unarmed: branches reclined- 
 prostrate : leaves lobed, smoothish, younger ones pubescent : ra- 
 cemes sub-erect : petals deltoid : bracts minute : berry hispid. Most 
 of the plant, particularly the calyx, covered with glandular hairs. 
 floridam, W. (2) (wild black currant. O. M. >> ) unarmed : leaves 
 punctate both si<les : racemes pendant : calyx cylindric : bracts 
 longer than the pedicels. 
 
 3. Gooseberry-like. Peduncles mostly few-flowered, rarely sub-racemed. 
 
 grossularia, (english gooseberry. E.g. M. ^.) branches prickly: pe- 
 tioles hairy : bracts 2-leaved ; berry glabrous or hirsute. 
 
 tiva-crispa, (smooth gooseberry. E. g. M. fp.) branches prickly : berry 
 glabrous : pedicels with 1-leaved bracts. Perhajjs a variety of the 
 grossularia. 
 
 tnflorum, W. (wild gooseberry. O. g. M. fp.) spine sub-axillary : leaves 
 glabrous, 3 to 6-lobed, gash-toothed : peduncles sub-3-llowered, with 
 the pedicels elongated : bracts very short : petals spatulate, undu- 
 late : style hirsute, half 2 or 3-cleft, exsert : berry glabrous. Berries 
 pale red. 
 
 (J) prostratum, Ilr. (2) pennsylvanicuin, Lk. 
 
436 RIBES, ROBINIA. 
 
 hirtellum, Mii. (W. T. Can. P. g. M. >>.) spines very small, sub-axii- 
 lary : branches sub-hispid : leaves small, semitrifid : lobes sub-den- 
 tate : peduncles 1-flowered : beriy glabrous. Berries red. 
 
 Oxyacanihoides, W. (P. Can. M. Tp.) the large sub-solitary prickles near 
 the buds, the smaller ones scattered : leaves glabrous, with toothed 
 lobes : peduncles short, about 2-flowered : berries glabrous. 
 
 gracile, Mx. (P. W. T. M. ^.) little spines sub-axillary : leaves petiol- 
 ed, slender, pubescent both sides : lobes acutely gash-toothed : pe- 
 duncles capillary, about 2-flowered : calyx bell-tubular : berries 
 glabrous. Berries bluish-purple. 
 
 lacustris, P. (1) (Can. W. V. P. g-y. M. ^.) spines many-fold, sub-axil- 
 lary : stem every where aculeate-hispid : leaves lobed beyond the 
 middle : petioles villose : berries somewhat racemed, hispid. 
 
 conohasli, Mx. (Can. W. P. Catskill Mt. g. M. ^.) prickles in pairs : 
 leaves short-lobed, gash-toothed, wiih soft pubescence : racemes 
 nodding;, few-fiowered : calyx erect, bell-form : beriy prickly. Ber- 
 ries dark-brown. 
 
 22—3. RicciA. 57. 3. 
 
 nalans, (floating liverwort. W. T. C. Ju.) fronds obcordate, with apex- 
 es meeting so as to form the sectors of circles, flat : radicles beneath 
 Hat. It floats on the water, with its short flat roots extending a little 
 distance into it. Colour sea-green. Each congenesof floating fronds 
 hardly an inch in diameter. Channels run on their backs, like mid- 
 ribs in leaves. 
 
 fluitans, (farkstems. W. J.) fronds repeatedly forked, linear, convex 
 or sub-cyiindric, smooth, reticulate, obtu:5e and cloven at the tips. 
 Very plenty in stagnant water near Williams college, among lemna. 
 It is pellucid and cellular. 2 or 3 inches long. It has nothing resem- 
 bling a root ; but the whole plant appears rather like the stems of 
 some plants. 
 
 glauca, frond radiating from a centre, dichotomous, fiat, reticulate, 
 
 20—16. RiciNus. 38. 96. 
 
 tzommunis, (castor-oil plantj palma christi. E. 0.) leaves peltate, pal- 
 mate : lobes lanceolate, serrate : stem with hoary mealiness. 
 
 17—10. RoBiNiA. 32. 93. 
 
 'fscvdo^acacia, (locust tree, false acapia. Can. P. w. M. ^.) leaves pin- 
 (i) oxycantUoJdes, ^l%> 
 
ROBINIA, ROSA. 431 
 
 aate, with a terminal leafct : stipules thorny, or a thorn : racemes 
 pendant : teeth of the calyx awned : legumes smooth. Cultivated 
 every where. 
 
 viscosa, \V. (1) (clanamy locust. Southern states. Ju. Tp.)racemes with 1- 
 flovvered pedicels ; leaves pinnate, with a terminal leafet : branches 
 and les^umes with v^iscous glajids : calyx acuminate. Racemes axil- 
 lary, dense-flowered, erect : flowers approaching from white to red. 
 Cultivated. 
 
 hispida, \V. (2) (rose locust Southern states. P. Tp.) racemes axillary, 
 sub-erect: calyx acuminate: stem mostly unarmed; most of the 
 pla.;t hispid : leaves pinnate, with a terminal leafet ; leafets round' 
 oval, mucronate, sometimes alternate. An elegant shrub. Culti- 
 vated. 
 
 12—13. Rosa. 35. 92. 
 
 corymbosa,Eh. (3) (swamp rose. 0. r-w. Ju. r,.) germs (permanent 
 calyxes) globose : germs and peduncles a little hispid, or glabrous : 
 petioles hairy, and a little prickly : stem glabrous : prickles stipular, 
 sub-uncinate : leafets 5 or 7, lance-oblong, acute, sharply serrate, 
 glaucous beneath : flowers solitary or corymbed. From 3 to 6 feet 
 high. Veiy variable. Dr. BIgelow sent three specimens to the 
 greatest botanist in Europe, which were all taken from different 
 parts of the same plant. He received an answer, making two of the 
 specimens different described specie?, and the third one a new spe- 
 cies. Damp or wet. 
 
 parvijlora, W. (4) (wild rose. O. r. w. ^.) germs depressed-globose: 
 germs and peduncles hispid : petioles pubescent, sub-aculeate : stem 
 glabrous : prickles stipular, straight : leafets lafice-ov;il, simply ser- 
 rate, glabrous : floviers somewhat in pairs. Very variable. Grows 
 mostly on dry land. 
 
 rubigtnosa, M. (5) (sweet-briar. T. C. Y. P. N. r. J. T?.) germ ovate : 
 peduncles and petioles glandular-hispid ; petioles somewhat prickly : 
 stem glabrous : prickles scattered, straight, slender : Lafefs (5 or 7) 
 ovate, serrate, scarcely ^jlandular-hairy beneath : brai'chlets 1-flow- 
 ered : divisions of the calyx entire. The leaves have often a rusty- 
 appearance beneath. 
 
 lucida, W. (P. C. r. .Tu. ^.) germs depressed-?lobnse : germs and pe- 
 duncles sub-hispid : peiioles glabrous, sub-aculeate : stem glabrous : 
 
 (1; glutinosa, C. (2) n.ontaoa, Rnrfn-m. ro.Pn. m, Hnniel. 
 
 ( >) pennsylvanic.-., Mx. Carolina, W. (4) Carolina, Mx- (.5) suaveolens, Ph. 
 
432 BOSA. 
 
 prickles stinular, straight: leafets lance-ovate, ohtusish, coarsely 
 serrate, glabrous, shining: flowers somewhat in pairs : divisions of 
 the calyx entire. 4 to 6 feet high. 
 
 gemella, W' . (P. New-Ene^land. C. r Ju. >).) cerms depressed-globose : 
 gernas and peduncles glabrous : flowers scmev.bat in pairs : leavcg 
 oblong, acute, opake : petioles and veins pubescent beneath : prickles 
 Uncinate, the cauline ones in pairs below the axils. 
 
 .pendulina, W. (thornless rose. jVorth Aineiite* ? E? r. J. f).) unerm- 
 «d : germs oblong : peduncles and petioles hispid : stem and branch- 
 es glabrous : fruit pendant. Cultivated. 
 
 canina, M.. (dog rose. D ^,) germs ovate : germs and peduncles gla- 
 brous : stern and petioles prickly : leaves ovate, glabrous. 
 
 gallica, (french rose, common rose. E. r. J ^.) germs ovate : germs 
 and peduncles hispid: stem and petioles hispid-prickly. Sometimes 
 the colours are variegated. 
 
 ilamdscena, (damask rose. E. w. r. J. ^.) calyx half-pinnate; germ 
 ovate, turgid, (thickened near its top,) bristly : stem and petioles 
 prickly : leafets ovate, pointed, downy beneath. 
 
 muscosa, (moss rose. E. r. Au. ^.) germs ovate : calyx, peduncles, 
 petioles and branches hispid, glandular-viscid, (mossy-like :) spines 
 of the branches scattered, straight. 
 
 moschata, (musk rose. E. fp.) germs ovate : germs and peduncles vil- 
 lose : stem and petioles prickly : leafets oblong, acuminate, glabrous : 
 panicle many-flowered. 
 
 lurgundiaca, (burgundy rose. E. ^.) germs sub-globose: germs and 
 peduncles hispid : leafets ovate, pubescent beneath : corol small, 
 full, fleshy-white ; disk obscure. Yar provincialis, has scattered re- 
 flexed prickles on the branches, and glandnlar serratures. 
 
 semperjlorens, (monthly rose. E. ^.) germs ovate-oblong, tapering to 
 both ends ; germs and peduncles hispid : stem prickly : flow ers in 
 erect corymbs. Resembles damascena. 
 
 alba, (white rose. E. w. J. '^.) germs ovate, glabrous or hispid : stem 
 and petioles prickly : leafets ovate, villose beneath. 
 
 pimpinellifolia, (burnet rose. E. r. ^.) germs globose : germs and pe- 
 duncles glabrous : stem with scattered straight prickles ; leaves ob- 
 tuse : petioles scabrous. Very small. 
 
 etntifolia, (hundred-leaved rose. E. r. Tp .) germs ovate : germs and 
 peduncles nispid : stem hispid, prickly : leaves pubescent beneath ; 
 petioles unarmed. 
 
KOSA, RUBUS. 438 
 
 cinnamomea, (cinnamon rose. E. Jp.) germs globose: germs and pe- 
 duncles glabrous : stem with stipular prickles : petioles somewhat 
 unarmed : leafets oblong. R. majalis. Stem brown-cinnamon co- 
 lour 
 
 muUiJiora, (japan rose. E. >>.) germs ovate : germs and peduncles 
 unarmed, villose : stem and petioles prickly. Branches generally 
 purple : leafets ovate : flowers small, panicled. 
 
 spinosissima, (scotch rose. E. ^.) germs globose, glabrous : peduncles 
 hispid: stem and petioles very hispid. Var. scotica, is smaller. 
 
 parcifolia, (small-leaf rose. E. ^.) small: germs ovate, sub-glabrous : 
 peduncles glandular : stem and petioles with slender prickles : leafets 
 rugose, a little villose beneath, ovate, glandular-serrate. 
 Remark. These 13 exotic species were mostly analyzed in the living 
 
 state, and obligingly furnished for this work by the much lamented Mrs. 
 
 Frances Dewey, late of Williamstown. 
 
 2—1. Rosmarinus. 42. 39. 
 officinalis, (rosemary. E. Tp.) leaves, some green both sides; others 
 whitish beneath, linear ; margins revolute. 
 
 4 or 5—1. RuBiA. 47. 57- 
 
 iindoria, (madder. E.) leaves lanceolate, about in sixes : stem prickly, 
 climbing. Var. syicestris^ lower leaves in sixes, upper ones in fours 
 or in pairs. 
 
 12—13. RuBus. 35. 92. 
 
 ideus, (garden raspberry. E. w. M. ^.) leaves quinate-pinnate and 
 ternate ; leafets rhomb-ovate, acuminate, d<yW ;y beneath ; petioles 
 channelled : stem prickly, hispid : flowers sub-panicled. A variety 
 has a smooth stem. 
 
 strigosus, Mx. (1) (red raspberry. 0. w, J. ^.) unarmed, rigidly hispid "• 
 leafets 3, or pinnate-quiuate, oval, at the base obtuse, acuminate, 
 marked with lines, and white-downy beneath : calyx acuminate : 
 flowers axillary, solitary at the ends of the branches : peduncles and 
 calyx hispid. Berries red, sweet : acines very slightly attached. 
 
 odoralus, (flowering raspberry. O. r. J. ^.) unarmed, erect, viscid- 
 hispid: leaves simple, acutely 3 or 5-lobed : corymbs termiiial, 
 spreading : calyx appendiculate ; petals sub-orbiculate. Flowers 
 large : berries rather dry and thin. 
 
 (1) peuBsylvauicus, Lk. 
 
 Nil 
 
484 KUBUS. 
 
 occideiitalis, \W . (black raspberry. O. w. g. Tp.) branches and pctiolec 
 glaucous and prickly : leaves ternate, oval, acuminate, sub-lobate 
 and doubly serrate, white-downy beneath : petioles terete : prickles 
 recurved. 
 
 villosus, (high blackberry. O. w. J. >>.) pubescent, hispid and prickly : 
 leaves digitate, in threes or fives ; leafets ovate-oblong, acuminate, 
 serrate, hairy both sides : stem and petioles prickly : calyx short, 
 acuminate : raceme.-, lax j pedicels solitary. Valuable astringent. 
 B. 
 
 trivialiSf Mx. (1) (creeping blackberry, dew-berry. O. w. J. >>.) sar- 
 mentose-procumbent : petioles and peduncles aculeate-hispid, with 
 the prickles recurved : stipules subulate : leaves ternate or quinate, 
 oblong-oval, acute, unequally serrate, sub-pubescent : pedicels soli- 
 tary, elongated : petals obovate, thrice as long as the calyx. Var. 
 Jlagellaris, has orbicular petals, and small .smooth leaves. 
 
 saxatilis, (brier herb, rock blackberry. O. w. J. 2^.) herbaceous, pu- 
 bescent : stem creeping : leaves ternate, rhombic, acute, gash-tooth- 
 ed, naked ; terminal one petioled : flowers somewhat in threes : pe- 
 duncles elongated. 
 
 obovalis, (D. M. 2^.) stem becoming a little woody, hispid, with stiff 
 hairs : leaves ternate, round-obovate, serr-ite, naked : stipules seta- 
 ceous : racemes sub-corymbed, few-flowered : bracts ovate : pedicels 
 elongated. 
 
 cuneifolius, Ph. (P. D. J. ^.) branches, petioles and peduncles downy, 
 with recurved prickles : leaves digitate, in threes or fives : leafets 
 wedge-obovate, unequally toothed above, plaited, downy beneath : 
 margin entire, revolute : racemes terminal, panicled : pedicels di- 
 varicate, nakedish. 
 
 hispidus, Kalm. (P. Can. w. J. Tp.) sarraentose-procumbent : stem, 
 petioles and peduncles very hispid, with rigid bristles : leaves ter- 
 nate, gash-serrate, naked, middle one peduncjed. 
 
 canadensis, (Can. New-England. J. ^ ) a little glabrous : leaves digi- 
 tate, in tens, fives and threes: leafets lanceolate, naked both sides, 
 sharply serrate : stem unarmed : bracts lanceolate. Stem purple. 
 
 chamesr^'orus, (cloud-berry. Can. New-England, w. J. 2/ ) herbaceous, 
 small : stem unarmed, 1-flowered, erect : leaves simple, sub-reni- 
 form, round-lobed : petals oblong. 
 
 accidis, (Can. J. 2/.) herbaceous, email, nearly stemless, 1-flowered ; 
 (1) pr&cumbens, M. 
 
nuBUs, RUMEX. 435 
 
 leaves almost radical, ternate : leafets sessile, lateral ones somewhat 
 trapezoidal. 
 parvijlorus, ^. (great lakes, w. Tp.) shrubby, unarmed ; leaves simple, 
 palmate-lobed ; peduncles 2 or 3-lobed : flowers small : segments of 
 the calyx villose, ovate, abruptly acuminate : petals oblong-ovate. 
 
 18—3. Rldeeckia. 49. 55. 
 
 laciniata, W. (cone-flower, cone-disk sunflower. O. y. Au. If.) lower 
 leaves pinnate ; leafets 3-lobed ; upper ones ovate : egret crenate : 
 stem glabrous. From 5 to 10 feet high. Damp. 
 
 digitata, W. (P. y. Au. If.) lower leaves pinnate ; leafets pinnatifid ; 
 upper ones simply pinnate ; top ones 3-cleft : egret crenate : stem 
 smooth. 
 
 pinnata, Mx. (1) (P. y. Ju. li) leaves all pinnate ; one or more of the 
 lower leafets 2-parted, the rest undivided : egret entire : stem fur- 
 rowed, hispid. 
 
 triloba^ W. (P. y. Au. ^ .) pilose-hispid: stem pan'cled ; branches di- 
 varicate, many-flowered, leafy : leaves lanceolate-acuminate at both 
 ends, serrate ; lower ones 3-lobed : leafets of the calyx linear, de- 
 flexedj of the length of the rays. 4 or 6 feet high. 
 
 fulgida,W. (P. Au. Z^.) stem hispid: branches wand-like, elongated, 
 1-flowered: leaves lance-oblong, denticulate, hispid, narrow at the 
 base, sub-cordate : calyx leafy, about equalling the ray : disk hemis- 
 pheric, with lanceolate chafl^. 
 
 hirta, W. (P. y. Ju. If.) very hirsute : stem wand-like, sub-ramose, 1- 
 flovvered : peduncles naked : leaves ovate-spatulate, 3-nerved, ser- 
 rate, rough-haired : calyx leafy, nearly equalling the rays : disk co- 
 nic, with lanceolate chaft*. 
 
 purpurea, C. (P. p. Ju. If.) rough: lower leaves broad-ovate, taper- 
 ing to the base, remotely toothed ; cauline leaves lance-ovate, acu- 
 minate at both ends, sub-entire : rays long, pendant, 2-cIeft. 
 14—2. RcELLiA. 40. 36. 
 
 itreptns, Sh. (ruel. P. w-b. Ju. IX) erect, hirsute : leaves petioled, 
 lance-ovate, entire : peduncles 1 to 3-flowered : divisions of the ca- 
 lyx lanceolate, hispid, half as long as the tube of the corol. Flowers 
 large. 
 
 6—3. RuMEX. 12. 28. 
 
 erispus, (dock. O. Ju. If.) valves of the calyx ovate, entire, all bearin^f 
 
 a) dig^itata.W. odorata, 6. 
 
436 RUMEX, SABBATIA. 
 
 grain-like appendages on their backs } leaves lanceolate, undulate; 
 acutish. 
 
 obtusifolius, (0. J. 2^.) valves toothed, one principally bearing a grain- 
 like appendage : radical leaves heart-oblong, obtuse: stem a little 
 scabrous. 
 
 verticillatus, W. (T. V. P. J. U.) valves entire, all bearing grain-like 
 appendages : spikes (about 3) leafless, with the flowers half-wfaorled : 
 leaves lanceolate : sheathing stipules cylindric. 
 
 hriianicus, (P. T. Y. C. J. 2X.) valves entire, all bearing grain-like 
 appendages : spikes of the panicle leafless : sheathing stipules obso- 
 letely torn : leaves broad-lanceolate, flat, smooth. On islands near 
 Troy. 
 
 sanguineus, W. (bloody dock. P. J. 2^.) valves entire, oblong, one 
 principally bearing the grain-like appendage : leaves heart-lanceo- 
 late. 
 
 aquaticiis, (water dock. P. Y. C. Ju. 2X.) valves ovate, entire, bearing 
 obsolete grains : leaves heart-lauceolate, acute. 
 
 2mtientia, (garden dock, patience. E. Z|.) valves entire, one of them 
 bearing a grain-like appendage : leaves lance-ovate. 
 
 aceiosn, (garden sorrel. E. 11.) stem elongated : leaves oblong, sagit- 
 tate-acute, clasping. 
 
 aceiosella, L. (1) (field sorrel. 0. g. and p. M. 11 ) leaves lance-hastate, 
 with the ear-like processes near the base, entire. Taste very sour. 
 
 4—4. RuppiA. 15. 13. 
 
 mariiima, (sea tassel-grass. C. D.P. J. 2.^.) floating: leaves pectinate^ 
 ^obtuse : flowers spiked. 
 
 10—1. RuTA. 26. 81. 
 graveolens, (rue. E.) leaves more than decompound ; leafets oblong, 
 terminal ones obovate : petals entire. 
 
 S. 
 
 5 — 1. Sabbatia, Adanson. (2) 47. 46. 
 angularis, (American century. P. p. Au. ^ .) erect : leaves heart-ovate^ 
 clasping : flowers with long peduncles, corymbed : divisions of the 
 calyx lance-linear : stem with 4-margined angles. 
 
 (1) Lapatbum, 2d ed.; but the acetosa and patientia seem to uiiitetHt two geDcra* 
 
 (2) Chironia, L- 
 
S ABB ATI A, SAGITTAIUA. 437 
 
 ^racitiSj Sy. (\) (P. r. Ju. ^ .) slender: branches lax, elongated, 1- 
 flowered : leaves oval-linear: divisions of the calyx linear, about 
 equalling the corol : divisions of the corol obovate : stem angular. 
 
 chloroides, Ph. (2) (C. P. r. Au. <J .) weak : leaves lanceolate, erect : 
 branches few, 1-flowered : flowers 7 to 13-parted ; divisions of the 
 calyx linear, shorter than the divisions of the corol. 
 
 siellaris, Ph. (C. r. Au. ^ .) erect: branches dichotomous, elongated, 
 1-flowered : leaves lanceolate, acute : calyx subulate : divisions of 
 
 the corol obovate : stem tej-ete. 
 
 i 
 
 calycosa, Mx. (C. P. r. Au. ^ .) erect, leafy; leaves oblong-obovatish : 
 flowers solitary, about 7-parted : calyx leafy, exceeding the corol ; 
 divisions oblanceolate. 
 
 paniculala, Mx. (3) (C. w. Ju. If.) leaves lance-linear; panicle marfy- 
 flowered, brachiate, sub-fastigiate : calyx subulate : stem 4-cornered. 
 
 S — 2, Saccharum. 4. 10. 
 
 oJici7mrumy (sugarcane. E.) flowers panicled, in pairs, one sessile, 
 and one pedicelled ; corol 1-valved, awnless. From the East Indies 
 originally. 
 
 4—4. Sagina. 22. 82. 
 
 pTocumhens, S. (pearl-wort. T. Y. C. Stockbridge. w. g. J. Z^.) stem 
 procumbent, glabrous : petals very short. At New-Haven it grows 
 only in runniug water, or very wet shady places, forming a kind of 
 water mat ; but it grows along dry road-sides in Stockbridge, Mass. 
 
 tipelala, C. (P. J. %.) stem erectish, pubescent : flowers sub-apeta- 
 lous. Both species have linear,, glabrous, connate leaves and axilla- 
 ry flovvcrs. 
 
 20—13. Sagittaria. 5. 13. 
 
 sagitlifolia (arrow-head. O. w. Ju. I^.) leaves lanceolate, acute, sagit- 
 tate : lobes lanceolate, acute, straight : scape simple : bracts and 
 calyx lanceolate, acute. In water or very wet places. 
 
 fatifolia (0. w. Ju. If.) leaves ovate, acutish, sagittate ; lobes ovate, 
 slenderly acuminate, straight : scape simple : bracts roundish, ob- 
 tuse. Var. major, leaves large, abruptly acute : scape sub-ramose. 
 Dioecious. 
 
 ohtusa, W. (P. w. J. If.) leaves broad-ovate, round-obtuse, mucronate, 
 
 (1) campanulata. L- (2) Chlora dodecandra, L- (3) Swertia difformis, L. 
 
 ]Nn2 
 
438 SAGITTARIA^ SALICOKNIA. 
 
 sagittate ; lobes near each other, oblong, obliquely acuminate, 
 straight : scape simple : bracts ovate, acute. Dioecious. 
 
 haslala, Ph. (D. P. w. Ju. I|.) leaves lance-oblong, gradually acute, 
 sagittate; lobes spreading, lanceolate, long-acuminate: scape sim- 
 ple : bracts and calyx roundish, obtuse. Dioecious. 
 
 gracilis, Ph. (C. Litchfield, w. Ju. 24 ■) leaves linear, obtusish, 3-nerved, 
 sagittate: lobes spreading, linear, elongated, gradually becoming 
 slenderly acuminate : scape simple, few-flowered : bracts short, sub- 
 orbiculate. Leaves very slender, about 3 inches long, including the 
 petiole. 
 
 hcterophi/lla, Ph. (O. w. Au. H.) leaves simple, linear and lanceolate, 
 acute at both ends ; or oval, acute, at the base obtuse, sagittate ; 
 Fobes spreading, linear : scape simple, few-flowered: pistillate flow- 
 ers sub-sessile : bracts broad-ovate, acuminate. 
 
 /•/■^k'a, Ph. (Oswego, w. Ju. 11.) leaves narrow-lanceolate, keeled be- 
 low, rigid, veiy acute at both ends : scape ramose. Grows in deep 
 water. 
 
 simplex, Th. (D. w. Ju. y.) leaves lance-linear, acute, narrow below : 
 scape simple, many-flowered : bracts and calyx round, obtuse. Di- 
 oecious. 
 
 gnuninea, Mx. (1) (Y. C. Can. P. w. Ju. 11.) leaves linear, long, 3-ner- 
 ved : scape simple, few-flowered : bracts oblong, obtuse. 
 
 aculifolia. Ph. (P. N. C. w. Ju. 2^,) leaves subulate, sheathed at the 
 base, convex on the back : scape simple, few-flowered : bracts dila- 
 ted, acuminate. 
 
 jmsilla, N. (2) (P. D. Au. ^.) leaves linear, obtuse, short ; summits 
 more like the leaves of dry land plants : scape simple, shorter than 
 the leaves : flowers few ; pistillate ones solitary, deflected ; stamens 
 about 7, one to three inches high. Leaves rarely subulate, about the 
 twelfth of an inch wide. In mud. 
 
 nalans, Mx. (P. w. Ju. 24^.) leaves nodding, lance-oval, obtuse, 3-nerv- 
 ed, tapering to the base ; lower ones sub-cordate : scape simple, few- 
 flowered : lower peduncles elongated. 
 
 1—1. Salicornia. 12. 29. 
 
 herbacea (samphire, glasswort. L. Onondaga. Au. ^.) hjerbaceous, 
 spreading : joints compressed at the apex, emarginate-bifid. Var. 
 
 (1) graminifolia, M. 
 
 (2) Alisnia subulata, Mx. I includetl it untler Alisma in this ctl. before I observed 
 I^uiiall's remarks. 
 
SALICORNIA, SALIX. 439 
 
 virginica, has the branches undivided and the jointed spikes veiy 
 long. The fructitication is very obscure ; but it may be known by 
 its leafless nearly cylindric jointed branches. It grows in salt marsh- 
 es along the sea-board. I collected it at Onondaga salt springs. It 
 is used for pickles, and for making soda. Bigelow says the speci- 
 mens about Boston have not the emarginate-comprcssed apex, as 
 expressed above. 
 ambigua, Ms. (C. Ju. <? . Tp.) somewhat woody, ascending, very 
 branching. 
 
 21—2. Salix. 50. 99. 
 1. Leaves entire, or ohsoletely serrate. 
 
 viminaliSjUa. (basket willow. E. Ap. Tp.) leaves lance-linear, very 
 long, acuminate, entire, sub-undulated, white-silky beneath, glands 
 scattered near the margin : stipules small : aments precede the leaf- 
 ing ; scales almost round, very hairy : germs sessile, ovate : style 
 filiform ; stigmas acute, undivided. Cultivated. B. 
 
 Candida, W. (white willow. P. Catskill Mt. Ap. Tp.) leaves lance-lin- 
 ear, very long, obsoletely denticulate at the apex, pubescent above, 
 white-downy beneath, margin revolute : stipules lanceolate, about 
 equalling the petioles : Gments precede the leafing, cylindric . scales 
 lance-obovate, down very long. 
 
 lyiuhlenberqiaua, \V. (1) (speckled willow. P. Ap. Tp.) leaves lanceo- 
 late, acutish, sub-entire, white-hairy, rugose-veiny beneath, margin 
 revolute ; stipules lanceolate, caducous : aments precede the leaf- 
 ing ; scales oblong with villose margins : germs lance-ovate, silk- 
 villose, long-pedicelled : styles short, stigma 2-cleft. Scale of the 
 anient tipped with red. 3 to 5 feet high. 
 
 trislis, \V. (mourning willow. Y. W. P. T. C. Ap. >>.) leaves lance-lin- 
 ear, acute at both ends, entire ; margin revolute, smoothish above, 
 rugose-veined and downy beneath : stipules none : aments precede 
 the leafing, oblong. 
 
 recurvala,Fh. (shrub willow. P. New-Jersey. Ap. fp.) leaves lauce-ob- 
 ovate, acute, entire, margin glandular, glabrous, glaucous beneath, 
 in the young state silky : stipules none ; aments precede leafing, 
 recurved ; scales black at the apex, hau-s of the length of the germs : 
 germs ovate, short-pedicelled, silky : style short, stigma 2-cleft.— 
 Probably a variety of S. rosmarinifolia. 
 
 (1) iiicana.IUx. trictis,M> alpina,Wr. 
 
440 SALIX. 
 
 repenSfW. (!) (creeping willow. Whitehills. J. ^.) creeping: leaves 
 lance-oval, entire, acute, glabrous, somewhat silky beneath : sti- 
 pules none : aments precede the leafing, ovate ; scales obovate, ob- 
 tuse, hairy, sooty-yellow at the apex : germs ovate-oblong, pedicel- 
 led, pubescent : style short, stigma 2-lobed : capsules glabrous. — 
 Very small. Found on the Whitehills by Bigelow and Boot. We 
 are indebted to these two gentlemen and professor Peck, for most 
 of the discoveries on this mountain, in every department of natural 
 history. 
 
 prostrata^ S. (W. ^.) leaves without stipules, obtusely dentate, oval- 
 acute, glaucous-silky beneath : stem prostrate. 
 
 ftdicellaris, Ph. (stem-berried willow. N. Pittsfield. Catskill Mt. Ap. ^ .) 
 branchlets smooth : leaves lance-obovate, acute, entire, both sides 
 glabrous and coloured alike : stipules none : a m ens flower at leaf- 
 ing time, peduncled, glabrous ; scales oblong, sceircely pilose, but 
 half as long as the pedicels : germs ovate-oblong, glabrous, with ve- 
 ry long pedicels : stigma sessile, 2-cleft. 
 
 rosmariiiifolia, W. (rosemary willow. P. Ap. ^ .) leaves straight, lance- 
 linear, acute at both ends, entire, sub-glandular at the margin, cadu- 
 cous-pubescent above, silky-beneath : stipules narrow-lanceolate, 
 erect : aments precede the leafing, ovate, recurved : scales oblong, 
 obtuse, ciliate : germs pedicelled, lanceolate, villose : stigma sub- 
 sessile, 2-cleft. About three feet high. 
 
 fuscata, Ph. (sooty willow. P. Ap. ^.) leaves lance-obovate, acute, 
 glabrous, sub-serrate, glaucous beneath, in the young state pubes- 
 cent : stipules very narrow : aments precede the leafing, nodding ; 
 scales obtuse, scarcely hairy within ; germs short-pedicelled, ovate, 
 silky : stigma sessile, 2-lobed. 
 
 2. Leaves remotely and obtusely serrate. 
 
 ionifera, Vf . (2) (rose willow, cone-gall willow. O. Ap. ^.) leaves 
 lance-oblong, remotely serrate, acute, glabrous above, flat and dow- 
 ny beneath, the first year's growth glabrous : stipules lunulate, sub- 
 dentate : aments precede the leafing : scales lanceolate, obtuse, 
 YiUose : germs pedicelled, lanceolate, silky : style 2-cleft : stigma 
 2-lobed. The scaly cones are mere excrescences or galls, caused by 
 the stings of insects. 
 
 (1) ilepressa, Hn. polym«rpha, Eh. 
 
 (2) eriocephaUjMx. longirosUi8,Mx. ihe elder. 
 
SALIX. 441 
 
 myrkoides, W. (gale leaf willow. O. Ap. >>.) leaves lance-oblong, 
 acute, 2 glands at the base, glabrous, glaucous beneath : stipules 
 ovate, acute, glandular-serrate : aments flower at leafing time, vil- 
 lose, leafy at the base ; scales lanceolate, obtuse, villose, dark-colour- 
 ed : germs long-pedicelled, lanceolate, glabrous : style 2-cleft ; stig- 
 ma 2-cleft. 
 
 2irinoides, Ph. (P. C. W. Ap. ^.) leaves oval-oblong, acute, remotely 
 wave-serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath : stipules half-cordate, 
 gash-toothed : aments precede the leafing, villose ; germs pedicel- 
 led, ovate, acuminate, silky : style long ; stigma 2-cleft. 
 
 discolor, W. (red-root willow, basket willow. 0. Ap. >>.) leaves ob- 
 long, obtusish, glabrous, remotely serrate, entire at the apex, glau- 
 cous beneath : stipules caducous, lanceolate, serrate : aments flow- 
 er near leafing time, oblong, downy : scales oblong, acute, dark-col- 
 oured, hairy : germs sub-sessile, lanceolate, downy : stigma 2-parted. 
 
 angustata, Vh. (P. Ap. ^.) leaves lanceolate, acute, very long, gradu- 
 ally tapering to the base, serrulate, glabrous, both sides coloured 
 nearly alike : stipules half-cordate : aments precede the leafing, 
 erect, smoothish : germs pedicelled, ovate, glabrous : style 2-cleft ; 
 stigma 2-lobed. Resembles prinoides. 
 
 longifolia, W. (long-leaf willow. P. T. M. f>.) leaves linear, acuminate 
 at both ends, elongated, remotely denticulate, glabrous, both sides 
 coloured alike : stipules narrow-lanceolate, denticulate : aments 
 flower after leafing, peduncled, downy ; scales flat, retuse : fila- 
 ments bearded at the base, twice as long as the scales. About two 
 feet high. 
 
 3. Leaves closely and acutely senate. 
 Remark. The first six of the following species have about 3 stamens 
 
 to each flower. 
 
 babylonica (weeping willow. E. M. '^.) brancblets pendant: leaves 
 lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous, upper and lower sides of 
 different colours: stipules roundish, contracted: aments flower at 
 leafing time : germs sessile, ovate, glabrous. Supposed to be the 
 willow on which the Israelites hung their haips, when captive in 
 Babylon. See the 137th Psalm. 
 
 falcata, Ph. (P. ^.) leaves long, lance-linear, gradually tapering 
 above, sub-falcate, acute at the base, close-serrate, glabrous both 
 sides, in the young state silky : stipules lunulate, toothed, deflected, 
 Srauches very slender and brownish. 
 
442 SALix. 
 
 ^nigra, W. (1> (brittle-joint willow, black-willow. 0. M. ^.) leaves 
 lanceolate, acute at both ends, serrulate, same colour both sides, gla- 
 brous, petioles and midribs downy above : stipules contracted, tooth- 
 ed : aments flower at leafing time, erect, cylindric, villose : scales 
 oblong, very villose ; filaments 3 to 6, bearded at the base : germs 
 pedicelled, ovate, glabrous : style very short ; stigma 2-cleft. About 
 20 feet high. 
 
 tucida, W. (shining willow. 0. M. ^ .) leaves ovate-oblong, cuspidate* 
 acuminate, rounded at the base, serrate, glandular, glabrous both 
 sides, shining : stipules oblong, glandular-serrate : aments flower in 
 leafing time ; scales lanceolate, obtuse, hairy at the base, serrate at 
 the apex, glabrous : germs lance-subulate, glabrous ; style 2-cleft ; 
 stigma obtuse. Size between shrub and tree. 
 
 vigida,W.{2) (stiff-leaf willow. P. C. T. W. Ap Tp.) leaves lance-ob- 
 long, acuminate, sub-cordate at the base, rigid, glabrous, sharply ser- 
 rate ; lower serratures elongated : petioles villose : stipules broad- 
 cordate, obtuse, glandular-serrate ; aments flower at leafing time : 
 scales lanceolate, dark-coloured, woolly : germs long-pedicelled, 
 lanceolate, glabrous : style very short ; stigma 2-parted. Branches 
 red towards the end, in the young state pubescent. Used also in 
 basket-making. 
 
 cordata,W. (heart-leaf willow. P. T. W. Ap. Tp.) leaves lance-oblong, 
 acuminate, cordate at the base, sharply serrate, glabrous, paler be- 
 neath : stipules broad, round-ovate, cartilaginous-serrate : aments 
 flow^er at leafing time : scales lanceolate, dark-coloured, woolly : 
 germs pedicelled, lanceolate, glabrous : style very short ; stigma 2- 
 cleft. 6 to 8 feet high. 
 
 fmea, W. (3) <grey willow. P. W. Ap. >?.) leaves lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, serrulate, glabrous above, downy on the midrib, silky or naked 
 beneath : stipules linear, deflected, caducous : ament precedes the 
 leafing : scales oblong, hairy, dark-coloured at the apex : germ ob- 
 long, pedicelled, silky ', stigma sessile, obtuse. About 8 (eet high : 
 joints brittle at the base. 
 
 ntellina, (yellow willow. O. M. >>.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 
 thickly serrate, glabrous above, whitish-silky beneath : stipules none : 
 aments flower in leafing time, cylindric : scales lance-ovate, both 
 sides coloured like outside, pubescent : germs sessile, lance-ovate, 
 glabrous : stigma sub-sessile, 2.lobed. Middle size tree. Every 
 
 (1) caroUniana, Ms. pentandra, Wr, vulgaris, Clayton. ^ 
 
 (2) eerdata, Mx. coraifolia, Baak?. ^3) serice?i, M- 
 
SALIX, SAMBUCUS. 443 
 
 where indigenous in the interior of the northern states. V'ar. alha, 
 has the leaves white-silky both sides, and very long aments. This 
 variety is usually the tallest. 
 
 ambigua, Ph. (D. Ap. >?.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, both, 
 sides of the same colour, glandular-serrate : aments flower in leafing 
 time : the pair of nectaries large : lobes lanceolate, deformed, tooth 
 cd at the apes, glabrous : the terminal florets have 3 stamens. Re- 
 sembling the vitellina. 
 
 yusseliana, W. (E. ^.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous : 
 aments flower in leafing time : florets generally with 3 stamens : 
 germs pedicelled, subulate, smooth : styles elongated. Tall tree. 
 
 fttiolaris, Vi . (D. Ap. ^ .) leaves lanceolate, wholly serrate, smooth 
 glaucous-silky beneath, generally unequal at the base: stipules ter- 
 nate, toothed, small : aments precede the leafing, loose : scales ob- 
 ovate, obtuse, having black hairs : germs long-peduncled, ovate, 
 silky , stigmas sessile, 2-lobed. B. 
 
 5—2. Salsola. 12. 29. 
 
 hali, (salt-wort. L. Ju. ^.) herbaceous, decumbent : leaves channel- 
 led, spinose : calyx margined, axillary. Var. caroliniana, leaves di- 
 lated, shorter, terete, nerveless, spinose : stem smooth or hairy : ca- 
 lyx with a broader margin. Seed cochleate. 
 
 tragus, (D. Ju. 0.) erect : leaves subulate, spinose, smooth ; calyx 
 ovate. M. 
 
 soda, (C. 0.) spreading : leaves without pricWes. M. 
 2—1. Salvia. 42. 39. 
 
 officinalis, (sage. E. b. J. 11. or ^.) leaves Lance-ovate, crenulate ; 
 
 whorls few flowered : calyx mucronate. 
 sclara, (clarry. E. ^.) leaves lu ose, cordate, oblong, villose, serrate : 
 
 floral bracts longer than the calyx, coijcave, acuminate. 
 lyrata, (wild sage. D. P. Can. b. M. U.) raJical leaves lyrate, toothed : 
 
 upper lip of the corol very short : stem nearly leafless, reverse-hairy. 
 
 Var. ooovata, has the leaves obovate, repand. 
 verbenaca, P. (vervain sage. P. b-p. J. 2/.) leaves serrate, sinuate, 
 
 smoothish : corol narrower than the calyx. 
 urticifolia, Vuh!. (nettle sa2;e. D. b. J. 2^.) villose-viscous : leaves 
 
 ovate-oblong, toothed, decurrent along the petiole. 
 
 5—3. Samblcus. 43. 58. 
 §tt%adensis, (black-berried elder. 0. w. J. f?.) branchlets and petioles 
 
444 SAMBUCUS, SAPONARIA. 
 
 glabrous : leafets about in 4 pairs, oblong-oval, glabrous, shining, 
 acuminate j midrib sub-pubescent ; base sometimes appendaged : 
 cyme lax, divided into about 5 parts. 
 pubescens, Mx. (red-berried elder. H. T.w. M. T^.) bark warty : leafets 
 in 2 pairs, lance-oval, pubescent beneath : flowers raceme-panicled, 
 or in a crowded bunch. 
 
 5—1. Samolus. 21. 34. 
 
 valerandi, (brookweed. C. P. Y. N. w. Ju. 2/.) leaves obovate : ra- 
 cemes elongated : pedicels bracted near the middle. Damp. 
 
 13—1. Sanguinaria. 27. 62. 
 
 canadensis, (blood-root. 0. w. Ap. Z^.) leaves sub-reniform, sinuate- 
 lobed : scape 1-flowered. A variety, stenopetala, has linear petals. 
 Root highly efficacious in the influenza, hooping-cough, and the late 
 epidemic. Ives. See Bigelow's Med. Bot. Also cathartic, emetic, 
 and a secernant stimulant. B. 
 
 4 — 2. Sanguisorba. 54. 92. 
 
 canadensis, (burnet saxifrage. N. C. P. T. Saratoga, w. Ju. H.) flowers 
 in a long cylindric spike : stamens several times longer than the co- 
 rols. The leaves resemble the burnet. Grows plentifully in Deer- 
 field, Mass. and in Waterford, N. York. 
 
 media, (Can .'' P. r-w. Ju. 2X-) spikes cylindric ; stamens a little longer 
 than the corol. 
 
 6—2. Sanicula. 45. 60. 
 
 marylandica (sanicle. O. w. J. li) leaves digitate ; leafets oblong, 
 gashed : part of the flowers are fertile, sessile and sub-ternate ; the 
 others are barren, pedicelled, and the most numerous The stem is 
 upright and smooth, with pretty upright branches. The seeds are 
 furnished with hooked bristles; After the unopened flowers ap- 
 pear, they are a long time in that state before they expand. About 
 2 or 3 feet high. 
 
 10—2. Saponaria. 22. 82. 
 
 officinalis (soapwort, bouncing bet. 0. w. J. 2^.) calyx cylindric : leaves 
 lance-ovate. About 12 or 14 inches high. It may have been intro- 
 duced from Europe. 
 
 vaccaria (field soapwort. \V. r. Au. ^.) calyx 5-cornered, cone-ovate • 
 
SAROTHRA, SAURURUS. 445 
 
 leaves ovate, acuminate, sessile. Probably iniroduccd ; but it now 
 grows wild along t e Ho-ick, near Willia 'S college. 
 6 — 3. Sarothra. 20. 82. 
 gentianoides, L. (1) (nit-weed, false John's wort. T. Y. C. Hudson, p. 
 y- J- 0) sma'l, erect, setaceous-ramose : leaves minute, close-press- 
 ed : flowers on the branchlets alternate, solitary : stamens 5 to 10: 
 capsule oblong, 1-celled. On the sandy plain west of Ball's spring, 
 New-Haven ; it grows about 5 or 6 inches high, has a leafless ap- 
 pearance, and always 10 stamens. 
 
 13 — 1. Sakracenia. 54. 62. 
 
 purpurea (side-saddle. O. p J. U-) leaves radical, short, gibbose-infla- 
 ted or cup-form, contracted at the mouth, having a broad arched la- 
 teral wing; the contracted part at the base hardly as low^ as the in- 
 flated part. Scape grows 1 to 2 feet high, with a single, large nod- 
 ding flower. In ruarshes. 
 
 heterophyUa (N. y. J H.) leaves radical, outer ones long-funnel-form, 
 not contracted at the mouth, having a narrow straight lateral wing ; 
 the contracted part at the base about twice as long as the inflated 
 part ; the inner leaves short, gibbose-inflated, contracted at the 
 mouth, having an arc;ied lateral wing,the contracted part at the base 
 iiardly as long as the inflated part : style longer than the tilarae.'.ts. 
 The whole plant palish yellow, and very slender. Corol yellow. — 
 Dr. David Hu.it gave me specimens of this plant three years ago, 
 (1818) which he collected in a swamp at iNortiiampton, Mass. At 
 first I was inclined to call it the flava. But it seems to embrace most 
 of the characteristics of both the purpurea and fla a. 1 have ventur- 
 ed to describe it here as a new species, though 1 had marked it in 
 my herbarium, S. purpurea, Vai\ cariolaris. P. 
 
 14—1. Satdreja. 42. 39. 
 
 hortensis (summer savory. E. b-w. Ju. 0.) peduncles axillary, some- 
 what in a cyme : leaves lanceolate, entire: stem bracbiate. 
 
 montana (winter savory. E. ^.) peduncles somewnai 1-si led : seg- 
 ments of the calyx acuminate, mucronale : leaves raucrouaie. 
 
 7 — 4. Sauhcjkus. 2. 6. 
 
 cernuns (lizard's tail. Fishlcdl. P. C. Can. Ju. U.) stem leafy, many- 
 spiked : leaves heart-sagittate. 
 
 (1) hypericoides, jN. Hy4)encuiii sarothra, Mx. 
 
446 SAXIFRAGAj SCHIZvEA. 
 
 10—2. Saxifraga.' 13. 84. 
 
 virginiensis, Mx. (1) (rock saxifrage. O. w. M. It.) minutely pubes- 
 cent : leaves oval, obtuse, creuate, decurrent into the petiole : flow- 
 ers sub-sessile on the dichotomous branches of an almost leafless 
 scape, it may be found in flower from 1 to 15 inches high. On 
 and near ledges of rocks, kc. 
 
 pennsylcanica (water saxifrage. O. g-w. J. 2/.) pubescent : leaves 
 lance-oblong, acute at both ends, obsoletely denticulate : scape 
 leafless ; panicle oblong, with fascicled branches at the top. One 
 to four feet high. On wet ground. 
 
 sarnuntosa (beef-steak, creeping saxifrage. E. w. Au. H) leaves round- 
 ish, toothed, hairy ; sending off creeping shoots : 2 petals in each 
 flower elongated. 
 
 4 — 1. ScAEiosA. 47. 56. 
 
 siellata (star scabious, cat's eye. E y-w. ) corol 5-cleft, radiate : 
 leaves cut aad jagged : outer crown of the seeds orbi cular, large, 
 spreading, membiaiious, many-nerved. The heads of seeds are very 
 ornamental for flowerpots in the winter, on account of their perma- 
 nent shining crown. 
 
 alropurpurea (sweet scabious. E. r. 24) corol 5-cleft, radiating : leaves 
 pinnatifid and cut : receptacle cylindric : outer crown ot the seed 
 short, lobed and crenate. 
 
 Scandix, see Charophyllum and Uraspermum. 
 
 6 3. SCHEUCHZEUIA. 5. 13. 
 
 palustris (less flowering rush. P. T. V. Taghconuk. g-y. J. 2^.) stem gla- 
 brous: leaves semi-cylindric, sheathing at the base ; each having a 
 lateral pore on the inner sirle, immediately below the cartilaginous 
 tip. In ponds and marshes. Grows about a foot high- 
 
 22 — 2. ScHiSTiDiuM. 56. 4. 
 
 ciliatum, siem ramose : leaves lance-ovate, concave, diaphanous at the 
 apex, denticulate : capsules ovate, sub-sessile : calyptre very long, 
 mitre-form or bell-conic, split at the base into many small irregular 
 divisions, beautifully reticulate. 
 
 22 — 1. ScHiz^A. 55. 5. 
 ^usilla,Th. (oue-sided fern. D. Ju. If.) frond simple, linear-compress- 
 (n nivalis, M- vernalis, 8w. 
 
SCIICEXUS, SCIRPUS. 447 
 
 ed : spikes conjrlomerate, inflexed, one-way. A party of botanists, 
 cousisting of Le Conte, Eddy, Pursh and Whitlow, found 3 speci- 
 mens only of this species in 1805, all of which have been lost. This 
 summer (1818.) Dr. Torrey and Mr. Cooper have found great num- 
 bers of them. The only known locality is near Quaker bridge, New- 
 Jersey, in a swamp. The specimen which Dr. T. sent to me, con- 
 sists of 20 filamentous stems, proceeding from the same root. Some 
 of them have heads not unrolled. The tallest is 4 inches hi^h, termi- 
 nated by the one-sided fan-like aggregation of spikes, which is but 
 one-eighth of an inch. 
 
 3—1. ScHffiNus. 3. 9. 
 
 se/aceus (bog-rush. D. P. 2^.) peduncles axillary and terminal, about 3- 
 flowered ; culm 3-cornered : culm and leaves setaceous. Most of the 
 species of this genus are now removed to the genus Khynchospora. 
 
 SchainaSjSee Rhynchospora. 
 
 14—2. SCHWALBEA. 40. 40. 
 
 ariifrkana, W. (chafF-seed. D. p. J. 2^.) simple, pubescent : leaves lan- 
 ceolate : racemes terminal ; flowers alternate. 
 
 3—1. SciRPus. 3. 9. 
 1. Culm with one terminal spike . 
 
 cnuis, W. (club-rush. 0. M. IS.) spike oval, acutish at both ends; the 
 2 ovate, obtuse bracts are dark-coloured, with whitish margins : 
 culm 4-sided, leafless, a span high ; sheaths truncate, sub-mucronate : 
 root creeping horizontally. In wet places, like most of the species 
 of this genus. 
 
 ^yalustris, L. (1) (P. C. M. 2_C.) spike oblong, erect: bracts obtuse: 
 culm leafless, terete, purplish at the base, not hollow, somewhat join- 
 ted, enclosed at the base in a truncate sheath. About 2 feet high.— 
 Willdenow says, the sheaths and scales are lanceolate, acute. The 
 root creeps horizontally. Seed roundish, rugose, bristles 3 or 4, his- 
 pid. 
 
 capitatus, Jj. (2) (O. Au.) spike globular-ovate, obtuse; culm erect, 
 leafless, compressed, cespitose, becoming slender uadcr the spike : 
 the sheath of the base retuse-mucronate, becoming white: seedshin- 
 
 ^1) Eleccharis, Br. (2) Eleocbaris, Br. 
 
448 sciRPus. 
 
 ing, oval, glabrous, with 6 bristles longer than the seed, placed un- 
 der the style. 
 
 trichodes, M. (O.J.) spike ovate, acute, 1,4 or G-flowered, with a sin- 
 gle obtuse bract : culm acicular, about an inch and an half high, ces- 
 pitose, 4-sided, putplish at the base; vshea.th truncate, obtuse : seed 
 3-sided, shorter than the bristles. 
 
 ijitermedius, M. (W. C. P. S.) spike ovate-oblong, acute, somewhat 2- 
 cleft : culm greenish, 4-sided, cesy itose, sukate, a hand's breadth 
 high : sheath at the base acuminate : seed pear-form ; bristles 6^ 
 longer tiiaa the seeds. 
 
 planifoiius, M (P. W. N. V. M.) spike ovate, acute, 6-flowered : bract 
 yellowish, ovate, cuspidate, longer than the spike : culm 3-siHed, a 
 span high, nearly leafless, cespitose : leaves sub-radical, alternate, 
 linear, flat, keeled, scabrous ; lowest ones broad, abbreviated, nerves 
 mucronate ; the rest 3-nerved, equalling the culm : seed 3-sidedj 
 with 3 bristles equalling the seeds. 
 
 obtvsns, Bxv. (\\ hitehills. Ju.) culm terete, naked •. spike lanceolate^ 
 scales fleshy at the apex, obtuse, A new species discovered by Big- 
 elow a«d Boot. 
 
 hrndeaius, Bw. (Whifehills. Au.) culm terete : spike ovate, acute : in- 
 volucre-like bracts : florets monandrous. A new species by Bigelow 
 and Boot. 
 
 2. Cubn with several spikes. 
 
 Iccuslris (great bull-rush. O. J. 2^.) spikes sub-terminal, many, oblong- 
 ovate, peduncled and sessile, with sooty-yellow bracts ; peduncles 
 flat, 2-edged and terete ; scales glabrous, mucronate : glumes ovate, 
 obtuse, mucronate : pistil 2-cleft: culm 4 or 5 feet high, terete, leaf- 
 less, becoming slender at the top : seeds obovate ; bristles 4, hispid, 
 rather longer than the seed. 
 
 acidus, M. (common bull-rush. C. P. Ju. U-) spikes with unequal com- 
 pressed peduncles, oblong, sub-umbelled, lateral near the top : culm 
 about 4 feet high, leafless, tereie, having oblong sooty-yellow spots : 
 glumes yellowish, keeled, mucronate, pubescent. 
 
 triquiter, M. (1) (0. Ju. If.) spikes lateral, 1 to 5, ovate, conglomer- 
 ate, sessile, sooty-yellow : culm perhaps somewhat leafless, sharply 
 3-cornered, 3 to 5 feet hidi, with an erect mucronate point, hollow- 
 ed out on the sides : glumes ovate, mucronate, keeled : pistil 2- 
 
 (1) Americanus, P. 
 
sciRPus. 449 
 
 cleft ; seed somewhat 3-sidpd, acuminate-crowned, flat and con- 
 vex, becoming black, setose at the base. Var. ? moaotachius is 
 about half a foot high, with a very short sub-radical leaf, sheath 
 obtuse, bearing the leaf; spike simple, ovate, sessile ; seed oval. 
 
 debilis, Ph. (P. C. Au.) spikes lateral, sessile, ovate, 1, 3, or 9, bract- 
 less, many-flowered, short : glumes ovate, obtuse and acuminate, 
 margin white, keel green : culm leafless, erect, channelled, about 1 
 foot high, cespitose, sheathed at the base, apex straight : seed some- 
 what 3-sided orobovale, shining, dark-coloured, rugose or punctate; 
 bristles 3 to 5, hispid, a little longer than the seed. 
 
 ferrugineus, M. (1) (P. D.) spikes sub-terminal, one in the middle ses- 
 sile, the rest (3 or 4) peduucled, ovate, acuminate ; the terminal 
 involucre 3-leaved, unequal, pubesciint, one leafet straight : glumes 
 ovate, acute, keeled, reddish-brown, a little hairy : pistils fringed : 
 culms cespitose, compressed, striate, glabrous : leaves radical and 
 alternate, flat, striate, a little punctate, equalling the culm, at the 
 base a broad sheath with a jjubescent margin ; seed obovate, stri- 
 ate, beardless. On dry land au inch or two in height, on wet land 
 1 or 2 feet. 
 
 ■^nadiceus, M. (2) (P. C.) spikelets ovate-oblong ; scales roundish, gla- 
 brous, chesuut-brown : spikelets in a terminal umbel ; peduncles 
 compressed, 1-spiked and divided into 3 or 4 spikes ; involucres 3- 
 leaved, unequal ; style compressed, pubescent : culm compressed, 
 about 3 feet high ; radical leaves filiform, glabrous : seed compress- 
 ed, striate, beardless. 
 
 papillaris, V'ahl. (C. P. V. Y. Ju.) spikes 1 to 4, lateral, under the apex 
 of the culm, one sessile, the rest peduncled ; involucre 1 or 2-leav- 
 cd : lower valve subulate, the rest obtuse, the keel green or white : 
 culm setiform, an inch or two high, 3-sided, cespitose, nearly leafless : 
 the leaves are sub-radical and alternate, setaceous, sheathing at the 
 base, with hairs at the top of the sheath: seed somewhat 3-sided, 
 beardless, sub-rugose, nerves transverse. 
 
 autumnalis, M. (3) (O. Ju.) spikes terminal, panicled, sub-umbelled, 
 peduncled, proliferous, with a 2 or 3-leaved involucre, oblong, acute, 
 sooty-yellow, alternately sessile : glumes ovate, mucronate, keeled : 
 culms a span high, 2-edged, cespitose, with linear, flat, nerved leaves 
 at the base : seed 3-sided, nerveless, beardless. 
 
 (1) Puberulus, Mx (2) Fimbristylis,Vahh 
 
 fSJ Mucronulutus, ^. Fimbristylis, lis. 
 
 Oo 2 
 
450 SClRPtJS, SCLERANTHUS. 
 
 sub-squarrosus, M. (P. Ju.) spikes 1 to 3, terminal, glomerate, ovatC; 
 sooty-yellow, sessile, many-flowered : involucre 3-leaved ; leafets 
 une(jua!, linear, broader at the base, striate : glumej. ovate, acute, 
 purplish under the apex, at the apex raucronate and sub-squarrose ,; 
 keel green : culm from 2 to 5 inches high, 3-sided, almost leafless, 
 purplish at the base, with 2 alternate, short, sub-radical leaves : 
 sheaths of the leaves nerved, glabrous : seed 3-sided, beardless. 
 
 brunneus, M. (1) (P. C. S.) tijiikes panicled, terminal : peduncles 5; 
 unequal, alternately terete and flat, furnished at the base with a 
 truncate sheath, and a lanceolate leaf or involucre : spikelets 3. 5, 
 or 16, ovate, glomerate : glumes imbricate, ovate, keeled, sub-mu- 
 eronate, brown : anthers red : culm 8-sided, striate, glabrous, leafy,, 
 about 2 feet high : leaves alternate, lance-linear, nerved ; margin 
 scabrous, with a glabrous, striate slieath : seed 3-sided, with bristles 
 longer than the seed. The general involucre is 4-leaved; erect, long- 
 er than the panicle. 
 
 ttrovirevs, M. (0. J. 11) spikes in a terminal panicle, proliferous : in- 
 volucre 3-leaved, with the margin and keel scabrous : branches of 
 the panicle or peduncles unequal, 3 to 6, pedicels about 12 .- spike- 
 lets glomerate, about 12, ovate, acute : glumes imbricate, ovate., 
 acute, keel hairy : stem o-sided, striate, glabrous, leafy, about three 
 feet high : radical leaves lanceolate, keeled, long ; those of the culm 
 alternate, scabrous : sheaths striate, glabrous, pellucid : seed 3-sided, 
 small, with 4 short bristles. 
 
 ftndulas, M. (2) (P. Tqnghkeepsie. J. 24!.) spikes in terminal and la- 
 teral panicles, nodding, all oblong-cylindric, pedicelled : involucre 
 1 -leaved : glumes imbricate, ovate, acuminate, white, with green 
 keels : culm 3-sided, glabrous, leafy, about 3 feet high -.leaves of the 
 culm alternate, flat, striate ; margin scabrous ; sheaths striate : seed 
 3-sided, with many interwoven bristles longer than the seeds. 
 
 macrostachyos, M. (3) spikes sessile, peduncled, 6 to 12, ovate : invo- 
 lucre 8-leaved, uneqr.al, elongated : scales of the spikes ovate, a little 
 hairy, 3-cleft, the middle division awn-form : culm exactly 3-sided, 
 glabrous, leafy at the base, more than a foot high : leaves lance-li- 
 near, nerved, keeled, glabrous, longer thaii the culm, sheathing at 
 the base : seed with bristles, hispid backwards. Salt marshes. 
 
 10—2. SCLERANTHUS. 22. 86. 
 
 anmius, (knawel, gravel chickwefed. O. Av-g. J. ^.) calyx of the fruit 
 
 (I; HxaUfiti's. j(2) Sciipus brizoides; W. Trichophoruni penduUiTp. 
 
 (.1) robu&ms, i'h. mar iU nous, Mx. 
 
SCLEUIA, SCR0P11ULA.RIA. 451 
 
 spreading, acute : stem spreading, sub-proslrate. In bunches 3 or 4 
 inches in extent, or more. 
 
 20—3. ScLERiA. 3. 9. 
 
 inglojnerata, (whip-grass. P. C. J. 24-) culm erect, simple, 3-sided, 
 scabrous : leaves scabrous at the margin : fascicles few-flowered, ter- 
 minal : glumes ovate, mucronate, scabrous : nuts globose, acute, ru- 
 gose. 
 
 paucijiora, (P. C. Au. If.) leaves narrow-linear, channelled ; margin 
 scabrous : fascicles very few-flowered, in pairs, terminal : nut small, 
 white, transversely rugose. Stem erect, hardly a span high. 
 
 verticillata, (P. Au. 11.) culm simple, 3-sided : culm and leaves gla- 
 brous : spike naked, with alternate distant glomerules : nut globose, 
 mucronate, transversely rugose-warty. 
 
 22 6. SCLERODEKMA. 58. 1. 
 
 citrinum, middle size, roundish, sending off shoots, pale-yellow : scales 
 thickish, obsolete. On the earth among oaks, or on trunks, in au- 
 tumn. 
 
 22 — G. SCLEROTIUM. 58. 1. 
 
 semen, (barked puff ball. P.) globular or pear-form, blackish, becoming 
 rugged } gregariou?. On dead potato-stems in autumn. 
 
 durum, ovate, hard, sub-striate, obscure, black. On the dried stems of 
 large herbs in autumn and winter. 
 
 22 1. SCOLOPENDRIUN. 55. 5. 
 
 officinarum,W. (1) (caterpillar fern. Onondaga. Ju. 2^.) frond broad- 
 lanceolate, cordate at the base : stipe chaffy. 
 
 18—1. ScoLYMUs. 49. 55. 
 
 hispanicus, (golden thistle. E. 2^.) flowers aggregated : leaves scabrous, 
 rough-haired on the midrib beneath ; interruptedly decurrent. 
 
 14 — 2. SCROPIIULARIA. 40. 40. 
 
 marylandica, L. (2) (fig-wort. O. g-p. Ju. U-) leaves cordate, serrate, 
 acute, roundish at the base ; petioles ciliate below : fascicles of the 
 panicle lax, few-flowered. 3 to 7 feet high. 
 
 lanceolata, Ph. (P. T. g-y. Au. 11.) leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, 
 acuminate, acute at the base ; petioles naked : fascicles of the pa- 
 nicle corymbed. 
 (1) Asplenium seolopendrium, L. ?2) nodofa, Var. araericana, MX' 
 
452 SCUTELLARIA, 3EDUM. 
 
 14—1. Scutellaria. 42. 39. 
 
 galericidain, (scull-cap. O. b. J. 2^.) branching: leaves sub-sessile, 
 lance-ovate, sub-cordate at the base, crenate, a little white-downy 
 beneath : flowers axillary, solitary. Flowers large. From 10 to 18 
 inches high. Damp. 
 lateriflora, (mad-dog scull-cap, hood-wort. 0. b. Ju. U-) branching, 
 glabrous : leaves long-petioled, ovate, toothed ; cauline ones sub- 
 cordate : racemes lateral^ leafy. Damp. 
 
 Much has been said and published on the wonderful virtues of this 
 plant. It is said to be an antidote to the hydrophobia, to the poison 
 of serpents, &.c. W. Coleman, Esq. editor of the New-York Evening 
 Post, has certainly merited public gratitude for his diligence in collect- 
 ing and publishing so many well attested facts in relation to this sub- 
 ject ; even if it should finally appear that the plant does not possess 
 those virtues. 
 
 ovalifolia, P. (1) (C. P. b. J. 2^.) leaves sessile, ovate or sub-oval, ser- 
 rate ; upper ones lanceolate, sub-entire. 
 farvula, Mx. (P. w-b. J. 2^.) small, simple, densely pubescent : leaves 
 sessile, ovate, entire : flowera axillary, solitary. About 2 inches 
 high. 
 integrifolia, (D. P. b. Ju. 2^.) somewhat simple, densely pubescent : 
 leaves sub-sessile, oblong or linear, obtuse, entire, tapering to the 
 base : racemes laxish, leafy. Var. hyssopifolia, has the leaves all 
 linear. 
 cordifolia, M. (2) (P. b. w. Au. 11.) leaves broad-cordate, obtusely 
 toothed ; petioles long : racemes ternate, terminal ; bracts ovate : 
 stem branching. Large and robust. 
 gracilis, N. (P. b-w. li.) stem sub-simple : leaves remote, broad-ovate, 
 dentate, smooth, sessile, scabrous at the margin ; upper ones entire ; 
 flowers axillary. Resembles the galericulata. 
 
 3—2. Secale. 4. 10. 
 
 ctreale, (rye. E. J. ^ ) glume scabrous-ciliate : scales of the calyx 
 narrow : awns long, and reverse-prickly : leaves rough near the 
 point. 
 
 10—5. Sedum. 13. 83. 
 
 Hlephium, (orpine, live-forever. E. r. w. Ju. 2./.) leaves flattish, tooth- 
 serrate, thickly scattered : corymb leafy : stem erect. 
 ' (1) pUosa,Mx. (2) versicolor, N. 
 
SEDUM, SEXECIO. 453 
 
 tetnalum, Mx. (false ice-plant. P. w. J. U-) small, creeping : leaves 
 flat, round-spatulate, teraate : flowers somewhat 3-spiked. Varies 
 into the eiglith class. Cultivated. 
 
 anacampscros, (stone-crop. E. 2^.) leaves wedge-form, entire, sub-ses- 
 sile : stem decumbent : flowers corymbed. 
 
 5 — 2. Selinum. 45. 60. 
 canadense, Mx. (1) (milk parsley. P. V. Can. w. Ju. 2^.) very glabrous, 
 shining : leaves doubly pinnate } leafets many-parted, divisions lan- 
 ceolate : fruit ovate. 
 
 11—13. Sfmpervivum. 13. 83. 
 
 tedorum, (houseleek. E. Au. If.) leaves ciliate : bulbs spreading : 
 
 nectaries wedge-form, crenulate. 
 n.rhoreum, (tree houseleek. E.) stem woody, smooth, branching : leaves 
 
 wedge-form, glabrous, with soft spreading hairs. 
 
 18—2. Senecio. 49. 55. 
 
 1. Florets tubular : rays none 
 
 Remark. The three first species vary from the character of the sec- 
 tion under which the genus is placed ; being destitute of rays. 
 vulgaris, (groundsel. T. P. y. J. 2^.) leaves mostly clasping, sinuate- 
 pinnatifid, toothed : flowers panicled rstera erect, branched, angular. 
 Near the Patroon's in Albany it grows 18 to 20 inches high, and the 
 leaves a very little clasping. 
 hieracifolius, (fire-weed. O. w. J. 0.) stem wand-panicled : leaves 
 clasping, oblong, acute ; deeply, acutely, and unequally toothed : 
 calyx smooth. From 4 to 8 feet high. This plant springs up wher- 
 ever land has been recently cleared of timber, and more particularly 
 if it has been burned over. It is very strong-scented, and is said to 
 be useful in hemorrhagy. 
 dongatas, Ph. (long-stem groundsel. P. Ju. If.) glabrous : radical 
 leaves spatulate, serrate, tapering into the petiole ; cauline leaves 
 pinnatifid, toothed very remotely : peduncles elongated, corj'mb' 
 umbelled. 
 
 2. Flowers u'dh ray florets. 
 
 aureus, W. (rag-wort. 0. y. J. 2^.) ra<iical leaves ovate, cordate, ser- 
 rate, petioled ; cauline ones pinnatifid, toothed, terminal division 
 (1) Apium lipinnatum, Wr. 
 
454 SENECIO^ SIDA. ^ 
 
 lanceolate : peduncles sub-umbell d, incrassate, 18 to 24 incbeS 
 high. 
 
 halsamitcs, W. (balsam groundsel. V. D P, y. J. IJ..) radical leaves ob- 
 long, serrate, petioled ; lower cauline ones lyrate-pittnatifid, serrate ; 
 upper ones pinnatifid, toothed : flowers sub-umbelled • stem and pe- 
 duncles villose at the base. 
 
 §bovatus, W, (H. y. M. 2|.) radical leaves obovate, crenate-serrate, 
 petioled ; cauline ones pinnatifid, toothed : flowers sub-urabelled, 
 long-peduncled : stenn somewhat glabrous. 
 
 I^radlisy Ph. (P. M. 2^.) radical leaves very long-petioled, orbicular, 
 sub-cordate, crenate ; cauline ones few, very remote, linear-oblong, 
 dilated at the base, gash-toothed : peduncles very short, hirsute, sub- 
 umbelled : calyx hairless : rays few, very short. 
 
 canadensis, W (Can.) leaves doubly pinnate, lii.ear, glabrous ; upper- 
 most ones simply pinnate : flowers in compound, fastlgiate corymbs. 
 
 20—3. Serpicula. 15. 88. 
 
 9ccidentalis, Ph. (1) (ditch moss. O. w. Ju. 2^.) perfect flowers trian- 
 drous : stigmas strap-like, reflexed, 2-cleft : leaves linear, acute, 
 somewhat whorled, glabrous, denticulate. The pistillate corols are 
 tubular. 
 
 20—16. SiCYOS. 34. 97. 
 
 angulata, (single-seed cucumber. O. w. Ju. 0.) leaves cordate, with 
 obtuse hind lobes, 5-angled, scabrous, denticulate : fruit capitate, 
 hispid. Cultivated every where ; also indigenous. River alluvion. 
 
 1&— 13. SiDA. 37. 74. 
 
 abutilon, (Indian mallows. O. y. Ju. #.) leaves round-cordate, acumi- 
 nate, toothed, tomentose : peduncles solitary, shorter than the pe- 
 tioles : capsules 2-awned, truncate, 4 to feet high. About gardens, 
 roads, &ic. 
 
 spinosa, W. (P. D, y. Ju. 0.) stem spreading : axils sub-spinose : leaves 
 long-petioled, lance-ovate, obsoletely cordate, toothed : peduncles 
 solitary, axillary : stipules setaceous, longer than the peduncle : 
 capsules 2-beaked. 
 
 crispa, W. (P. w. 0.) leaves oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate ; top 
 ones sessile : peduncles solitary, longer than the petioles, when they 
 bear fruit they are deflected : capsules inflated, awnless, crisp-undu- 
 late. On the sea-coast. 
 (1) vertkiilatus, M. Elodea canadensis, Mx. Udora canadensis, N. 
 
SILEN'E, SILPHIUM. 455 
 
 10—3. SiLENE. 22. 82. 
 
 Oiilirrhina, (sleepy catch-fly. O. w-p. J. 0.) leaves lanceolate, subti- 
 late : peduncles 3-parted : petals emarginale : calyx ovate. FIowcfs 
 small. 
 
 penn.tylranicn, Mx (1) (pink catch-fly. T. Y. N. C. P. r J. H) viscid- 
 pubescent : lower leaves wedge-forra ; upper leaves lanceolate : 
 stems few-flowered at the summit : about 3 petals, obtuse, slightly 
 eraarginate, sub-crenate. 
 
 rirgijiicn, Mx. (2) (P. T. r. J. U) decumbent, wholly viscid-pubescent : 
 leaves oblong, a little rough at the margin : panicle dichotomous : 
 petals 2-cleft : stamens and pistils exsert. Very handsome. Var. 
 ereda, has the stem erect : flowers sub-fascicled. Sandusky bay. 
 
 nocturna, W. (P. w. J. 0.) flowers alternate, sessile, on a one-sided 
 spike : petals 2-cleft. 
 
 armeria, (garden catch-fly. E. w-r. Au. 0.) flowers fascicled, fasti- 
 giate : upper leaves cordate, glabrous : petals entire. 
 
 C4)7iica, (cone-fruit catch-fly. E. r. 0.) calyx of the fruit conic, striate ; 
 (about 30 striate) leaves soft, lanceolate : petals bifid. Flowers 
 small. 
 
 dichotoma, (forked calch-fly. E. w. Au. ^ .) calyx ovate, viscid-hairy, 
 erect : petals 2-cleft : racemes in pairs, termiijal, one-sided : flowers 
 intermediate, peduncled ; leaves petioled, iance-ovate, ciliate at the 
 base, 
 
 v.oclijlora, (night-flowered catch-fly. E.) calyx lO-angled, veiny ; teeth 
 of the tube equal : stem dichotomous . petals bifid. 
 
 18 — 4. SiLPHicM. 49. 55. 
 
 ^erfoliatum, W. (ragged cup. P. y. Au. H) stem 4.sided, smooth 
 leaves opposite, triangular, connate, ovate, serrate, 5 oi 6 feet high ; 
 Tery strong. 
 
 Urnatum, W. (P. Niagara, y. Ju. 2^.) stem terete, smooth : leaves 
 whorled in threes, petioled, lanceolate, sub-denticulate, a little sca- 
 brous, ciliate at the base ; the upper ones scattered, sessile : panicle 
 dichotomous : calyx ciliate. 
 
 ■bUegri/olium^ W. (P. y. Au. If.) stem 4-sided, rough : leaves opposite, 
 sessile, oblong, entire, scabrous : flowers few, short-peduncled. 
 About 4 feet high. 
 
 (1) virgiaicaj W. caroli«iana, Wr. (2) catesbaei, Wr. 
 
456 SINAPIS^ SISYRINCHIUM. 
 
 15—2. SiNAPis. 39. 63. 
 
 mgra (common mustard. E. y. J. %.) silique glabrous, S-sided^ some- 
 what smooth, close-pressed to the stem : leaves at the top lance-iin- 
 ear, entire, smooth. INaturalized. 
 
 (dba (yellow-seed mustard. E. y. ) silique bristly, rugged, shorter 
 than the 2-edged beak : leaves piunatifid ; upper ones sub-lyrate, all 
 irregularly toothed. Seeds large, pale yellow and sometimes become 
 felackish. 
 
 Sison, see Myrrhis. 
 
 22 6. SlSTOTREMA. 58. 1. 
 
 cinereuniy imbricate, sub-erose : pileus halved, hirsute, cinereous be- 
 neath. On trunks of trees, kc. 
 
 violaceum, halved, imbricate, toraentose, white, becoming purple- 
 riolet beneath. On trees. 
 
 quercinum, glabrous, pale, somewhat reddish-yellow : teeth thick, 
 deformed, gashed, somewhat close-pressed. On dry oak branches, 
 he. 
 
 cerasi, small, orbicular, gibbose, pale, downy at the margin : teeth va- 
 rious, thick, close-pressed. On branches and roots. 
 
 15 — 2. Sisymbrium. 39. 63. 
 
 Mtnphibium (water radish. O^ y. J. 2/.) silique (or rather silicle) oblong- 
 ovate, declined : leaves lance-oblong, pinnatifid or serrate : petals 
 longer than the calyx. 1 to 2 feet high. A student would be induc- 
 ed, from the shortness of the pod, to look for it in the first order. — 
 Wet. 
 
 nasturtium (english watercress. P. Boston, w. J. 2X-) silique short, de- 
 clined : leaves pinnate ; leafets roundish, somewhat repand-toothed. 
 
 palustre, L. (1) (O. y. Ju. 0.) silique declined, oblong-ovate : leaves 
 pinnatifid, serrate : petals shorter than the calyx. 
 
 vulgare (creeping watercress. P. D. y. J. IJ..) silique declinate : leaves 
 pinnate, leafets lanceolate, gash-serrate. 
 
 16 — 3. SisyRiNCHicM. 6. 18. 
 
 anceps, Lk. (2) (blue-eyed grass. O. b. J. 21.) scape [or culm] simple, 
 2-edged or 2 winged : glume-like spathe of 2 unequal valves, extend- 
 ing above the flower Students generally puzzle themselves in ex- 
 amining this plant, by considering the 3 united filaments enclosing 
 the style, as a single filament. 10 or 12 inches high. 
 
 <1» terrestre, S. (2) grajBUieuin,C. 
 
SISYRTNCHIUM, SMILAX. 457 
 
 kixucronatum, Mx. (P b. J. 2^.) leaves and scape simple, sub-setaceous : 
 spathe coloured, with one valve terminaiing in a long mucrouate 
 point. 
 
 5—2. SiUM. 45. 60. 
 
 iatifolium (water parsnep. 0. w. Ju. 1^.) leaves pinnate; leafets oblong- 
 lanceolale, equally serrate : stem erect, angular, hollow, smooth.— 
 The leaves are alternate, and generally consist of about 3 pair of leaf- 
 ets, besides the terminal one. Whenever any of the leaves grow 
 under water, they are sub-divided. 
 
 lineare, Mx. (P. C. Y. w. Ju. !(..) leaves pinnate ; leafets elongated, 
 linear, sub-lanceolate : serratures remotish : general involucre few- 
 leaved ; partial ones numerous, linear : umbels with short pedun- 
 cles. Wet. 
 
 Smilacina^ see Convallaria. 
 
 Remark. Smith says, he cannot admit this name, notwithstanding 
 all his respect for its excellent author, Desfontaines. But he thinks 
 the line of distinction should be more accurately drawn between the 
 Convallaria and some of its neighbors ; tliough he seems not inclined 
 to adopt the modern divisions of this very natural genus. See Rees' 
 Cyclopoedia. 
 
 21—6. Smilax. 11. 12. 
 
 1. Stem woody ; branckes angled. 
 
 mrsaparilla, L. (1) (C. P. J. ^.) prickly : leaves unarmed, lance-ovate, 
 cuspidate, sub-5-uerved, becoming glaucous beneath : the general 
 peduncles longer than the petioles. 
 
 2. Stem ivoody ; branches terete. 
 
 rotundifolia, L. (2) (green brier. O. w-g. J. ^.) prickles scattered : 
 leaves (w hen in maturity) round-ovate, acuminate, sK ;:htly cordate, 
 5-nerved : berry spherical. This singular bramble sometimes climbs 
 to the height of an hundred feet, while the largest part of the stem 
 does not exceed the fourth of an inch in diameter. 
 
 caduca (P. C. Can. J. >>.) prickly ; leaves ovate, mucronate, 5-nerved : 
 general peduncles scarcely longer than the petiol-s. 
 
 pseudo-china (D. M. ^.) uiiarraed in all parts : cauline leaves cordate, 
 ramose ones obloug-ovate, j-:'.erved: peduiicles vevy ioug. 
 
 (1) glaaca, Mx. (2) qu.ui.angularis,W. 
 
 I'p 
 
458 SMILAX^ SOLANUM. 
 
 laurifolia {CD. Ji}. ^.) prickly: branches unarmed: leaves oval or 
 lance-oval, leathery, obtuse, recurve-prickly, 3-nerved : umbels 
 short-peduncled. 
 
 pandurala, Ph. (D. Ju. fp.) prickly: leaves ovate-guitar-form, acumi- 
 nate, 3-nerved : general peduncles twice as long as the petioles. 
 
 3. Stem herbaceous. 
 
 peduncularis, W. (Jacob's ladder. 0. w-g. M. 2^.) stem terete, climbing 
 or arching over : leaves round-ovate, cordate, acuminate, about 9- 
 nerved (sometimes but?) umbels long-peduncled. Damp. 
 
 herbacea (O. g. J. 2^.) stem angled, erect, simple : leaves long-petiol- 
 ed, oval, about 7-nerved : umbels with long compressed peduncles : 
 berries depressed-globose. Damp. 
 
 5—2. Smyrnium. 46. 60. 
 
 cordatum, Wr. (1) (Alexanders. 0. y. J. 2+.) radical leaves round-cor- 
 date, crenate ; cauline ones petioled, ternate ; uppermost ones 3- 
 parted : umbels with short petioles. 
 " integerrimum, W. (O. y. 21.) very glabrous : leaves sub-glaucous : lower 
 ones thrice ternate ; upper ones doubly ternate ; leafets oval, en- 
 tire : umbels with a few setaceous, elongated peduncles. 
 barbinode, M. (2) (P. p. y. Ju. 24!.) leaves all ternate ; leafets ovate, 
 acute, serrate. 
 
 Smyrnium, see Thaspium. 
 
 5—1. SoLANUM. 28, 41. 
 
 dulcamara (bittersweet. O. p-b. Ju. ^.) stem unarmed, w^oody, climb- 
 ing; lower leaves mostly cordate, glabrous; upper ones mostly 
 guitar-hastate : few-floAvered, corymbs opposite to leaves. This is 
 the true bittersweet ; but the Celastras scandens is wrongly called 
 so by some. Useful in asthma and rheumatism. Cutler. Damp. 
 nigrum (deadly nightshade. O. w. p. b. J. #.) stem unarmed, erectish 
 or erect ; branches angled, dentate : leaves ovate, repand, glabrous : 
 racemes two-ranked, nodding. 
 carolinense, W. (horse-nettle. P. b. J. #.) stem prickly : leaves angu- 
 lar-hastate, covered with prickles both sides ; racemes lax. 
 fit&erosuwi (potato. South America, b. w\ Ju. ^.) stem wing-angled, 
 
 0) trifoliatum, M. Tliaspia,L. (2) atropurpureum, Lk. 
 
SOLANUM^ SOLIDAGO. 459 
 
 unarmed ; leaves interruptedly pinnate ; leafcts entire -. (lowers sub- 
 corymbed ; roots knobbed-tuberous. Cultivated. 
 
 li/copersicum (love apple, tomatoes. E. y. S. 0.) stem unarmed : leaves 
 piunatifid, gashed : racemes 2-parted, leafless : fruit glabrous, toru- 
 lose. 
 
 melongena (egg-plant. E. J. @.) stem unarmed : leaves ovate, tomen- 
 tose : peduncles pendant, incrassate : calyx unarmed. 
 
 pseudo-capsicum (Jerusalem cherry. E. ^.) stem woody: leaves lan- 
 ceolate, repand : umbels sessile. 
 
 18—2. SoLiDAGO. 49. 55. 
 Remark. During the last summer month and autumn, the species of 
 this extensive genus will occupy much of the tl me of the student in bo- 
 tany. Perhaps there is more difficulty in distinguishing the species of 
 this genus than of any other ; not excepting the Aster, Carex and Salix. 
 I shall therefore give most of the extensive and accurate descriptions of 
 President J. E. Smith [vid. Rees' Cyclopoedia] He took a review of 
 Pursh and of all preceding writers, and then wrote, with specimens of 
 almost every species before him. I shall vary the expressions no more 
 than is necessary to make my language uniform. 
 
 1. Flowers one-sided. Leaves icilh three combined nerves. 
 
 canadensis (Canadian golden-rod. O. y. Ju. 2^.) stem downy : leaves 
 lanceolate, serrate, rough ; racemes copious panicled, recurved : 
 rays hardly longer than the disk. 18 inches to 5 feet high. Stem 
 angular; leaves sessile, 3 inches long, sometimes nearly entire. 
 
 procera, A. (great golden-rod. 0. y. Ju. 2^.) stem villose, erect : leaves 
 lanceolate, serrate, rough, villose beneath : racemes spike-form, 
 erect, drooping before flowering ; rays short. 4 to 7 feet high. 
 
 serotina, W. (smooth golden-rod. O. y. S. 2i.) stem erect, terete, 
 smooth : leaves lance-linear, glabrous, serrate, rough-edged : ra- 
 cemes panicled: peduncles downy. The young leaves are edged 
 with many little stiff white hairs. 
 
 giganlea (giant golden rod. O. y. Au. 2^.) stem erect, glabrous : leaves 
 lanceolate, smooth, serrate, rough-edged, obscurely 3-nerved : ra- 
 cemes panicled : peduncles rough-haired : rays short. 4 to 7 feet 
 high. 
 
 ciliaris, W. (fringed golden-rod. O. y. 24!.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves 
 lanceolate, somewhat 3-nerved, glabrous, rough-edged, ■^li^^iidy ser- 
 rate : racemes panicled 3 peduncle glabrous : bracts ciliate : ray. 
 
460 SOLTDAGO. 
 
 short. The stem is angul .r ; radical leaves petioled, oval, pointed, 
 veiny, serrate, rough, near a foot long : branches of the panicle 
 spreading ; bracts minute. 
 
 reJlexa,W. (bang-leaf golden-rod. D. P. y. Au. U-) stem erect, villose : 
 leaves lanceolate, sub-serrate, scabrous, reflexed : racemes panicled, 
 very little one-sided, reflexcd. 
 
 lateriflora, A. (side-flowered go!den-rod. P. Can. y. Au. U) stem erect, 
 a little hairy : leaves la.iceolate, slightly 3-nerved, glabrous, rough- 
 edged, lower ones sub-serrate, racemes panicled, a little recurved. 
 Flovrers large, the rays being much longer than the calyx, stem 2 to 
 3 feet liigh, striated, often purplish, pinnatifid, with numerous later- 
 al flowering branches. 
 
 2. Racemes orfloicers one-sided. Leaves veiny. 
 
 cspera, A. (rough golden-rod. C. P. y.Au. If.) stem erect, terete, hai- 
 ry ; leaves ovale, somewhat oval, very rough, rugose, serrate : ra- 
 cemes panicled. About 3 feet high; leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 
 acute ', racemes dense, somewhat conic : ray florets twice as long 
 as the calyx. 
 
 altissima,^'. (variable golden-rod. O. y. Au. If.) stem erect, rough- 
 haired : leaves lanceolate, lower ones deeply serrate, scabrous, ru- 
 gose. The panicled racemes are very numerous and spread every 
 way, so as to bring the one-sided flowers upwards ; rays half as 
 long again as the calyx. But this species is so variable, that students 
 generallv endeavor to make several species of it. It is 3 to 5 feet 
 high. The serratures of the leaves are equal and unequal ; it is hai- 
 ry or villose ; and sometimes the racemes diverge but little. 
 
 rugosa, W. (wrinkled golden-rod. 0. y. Au. It.) stem erect, rough- 
 haired : leaves lanceolate, scabrous, rugose, lower ones with close- 
 pressed serratures : racemes panicled, veiy spreading. Leaves short- 
 er and broader than the Xsi, asid the flowers a litt'e smaller. 
 
 scabra, W. (harsh golden-rod. O. y. Au. U-) stem erect, rough-haired, 
 furrowed : leaves oblong, tapering to both ends, acuminate, glab- 
 rous above, rugose and scabrous beneath, along the middle close- 
 pressed-serrate. 
 
 7iemoralis, A. (woolly golden-rod. T. Can. y. Au. U-) stem erect, dow- 
 ny : cauline leaves lanceolate, hispid, entire : radical ones some- 
 what wedge-form, serrate : racemes panicled. 1 to 2 feet high, of 
 a grey aspect. 
 jiahila, M. (sj^read golden-rod. 0. y. S. y.) stem erect, glabrous 
 
SOLIDAGO. 461 
 
 leaves oval, serrate, glabrous, radical ones oblong-spatulate : ra- 
 eemes panicled, spreading : peduncles pubescent. Stem about 2 feet 
 high, wand-like, angular and striate ; stem-leaves sessile, about an 
 inch long, pointed, the radical ones resemble those of the ox-eyed 
 daisy ; racemes about an inch long, flowers rather large. 
 ulmifolia, W. (elui^golden-rod. O. y. Au. U-) stem erect, glabrous, stri- 
 ate : leaves oval, deeply serrate, acuminate, villose beneath ; radi* 
 cal ones obovate : racemes panieled : peduncles villose : rays short 
 Radical leaves resemble those of the last species, and are hairy both 
 ?ides, some of the rest are oblong-ovate and only villose near the 
 veins beneath } the petioles are bracted. 
 f>rguta, \V. (sharp-notch golden-rod. O. y. S. 24!.) stem erect, glabrous : 
 leaves glabrous, sharply aud unequally senate, cauline ones oval, 
 radical ones oblong-ovate : racemes panieled : rays elongated. 
 juncea, W. (rush-stalk golden-rod. W ? P. y. Au. 11.) stem erect, glab- 
 rous: leaves lanceolate, glabrous, rough-edged, lower ones serrate : 
 racemes panieled. Stem brownish, somewiiat angular and striate, 
 leafy ; racemes a finger's length, dense, recurved-spreading, com- 
 pound, pedicels roughisb, bracted ; ray twice as long as the calyx. 
 elliptica, VV. (1) (oval-leaf golden-rod. P. C. y. Au. 11.) stem erect, 
 glabrous : leaves oval, smooth, serrate : racemes na.nicied : rays of 
 middling length. 
 recurvata, VV. (curved golden-rod. P. y. S. 2^.) stem erect, pubescent • 
 leaves lanceolate, seirate, rough-edged : racemes elongated, recurv- 
 ed-panicled. 
 sempercirens,^Y. (narrow-leaf golden-rod C. D. Can. y. S. 2^.) stem 
 erect, glabrous : leaves lanceolate, somewhat fleshy, smooth, entire, 
 rough-edged : racemes panieled ; peduncles hairy. Stem tall, pur- 
 plish, a little glaucous ; leaves many, narrow , long ; ray florets long, 
 narrow, rather numerous. 
 odora, W. (sweet-scented golden-rod. 0. y. Au. 2^.) stem erect, pubes- 
 cent : leaves lance-linear, entire, glabrous, rough-edged : racemes 
 panieled. The upper part of the stem is furrowed ; racemes 2 or 3 
 inches long, spreading horizontally, each generally accompanied by 
 a leaf; bracts oblong, smooth; stalk angular and rough. This is 
 the true golden-rod tea-plant. The flowers dried so as not to be 
 musty, make a pleasant tea,vvhich is moderately astringent and pro- 
 motes perspiration. 
 
 ;i) latissimifolia, Miller. 
 
 Pp 2 
 
462 SOLIDAGO. 
 
 3. Racemes erect. 
 
 hlcolor, W. (wliite golden-rod. O. w. Au. 2/.) stem hairy : leaves ovai,, 
 hairy, lower ones sen'ate ; those on the flower branches entire, nu- 
 merous, and small ; scales of the calyx obtuse. Racemes are short 
 and compact, rays white, somewhat numerous and shortish ; disk 
 florets rather numerous. 
 
 petiolaris, W. (late golden-rod, D. P. y. Oc. 2/.) stem erect, villose ' 
 leaves oval, roughish, petioled : rays twice as long as the calyx. 
 Stem branching, terete, hoary : leaves hoary about the ribs, over an 
 inch in length those covering the flower-branches sub-entire : ra- 
 cemes numerous, short, with few and rather large flowers. 
 
 stricta, W. (>\illow-leaf golden-rod. P. D. y. Au. 2^.) stem erect, gla- 
 brous : cauline leaves lanceolate, entire, glabrous, rough-edged } ra- 
 dical leaves serrate : racemes pauicled, erect ; peduncles glabrous. 
 The branches of the panicle are erect, simple, close. 
 
 squarrosa, ]S. (D. P.) robust : stem thick and hairy above : leaves 
 smooth ; lower ones very broad, spatuTate-oval, serrate, acute, mar- 
 gin scabrous ; the upper ones sessile, lance-oval, entire : racemes 
 glomerate, rigid, pubescent: calyx sc^uarrose, many-flowered: ray 
 floi-ets elongated, 10 or 12. Two or three feet high. 
 
 lanceolata, A. (1) (grass-leaf golden-rod. O. y. S. 2i.) stem furrowed, 
 smoothish, (rough-haired, VVilld.) very furrowed, smoothish : leaves 
 almost linear,^ (larcs-linear, Willd.) entire, roughish; nearly erect, 
 with 3 or 5 rough nerves : corymbs terminal, level-topped : flovvcrs 
 in heads : rays not longer than the disk. Stem 4 or 5 feet higb,> 
 leafy : leaves sessile, grass-green, about 2 inches long, and a quarter 
 of an inch wide : flovv-ers smallish : calyx ovate, smooth, shining, 
 with tumid green-tipped scales. 
 
 tenuifolia, Ph. (2) (pigmy golden-rod. P. D. y. S. 11.) stem rough, an- 
 gular, branched, coryrabed : leaves spreading, linear, very narrow, 
 slightly 3-nerved, scabrous, with axillary tufts of smaller ones : co- 
 rymbs terminal, level-top : flowers in heads : rays scarcely exceed- 
 ing the disk. About a foot high : leaves very small and narrow. 
 
 ccesia, W. (blue-stem golden-rod. O. y. Au.I^.) stem nearly erect, very 
 smooth and even : leaves lanceolate, glabrous, with the margins and 
 nerves roughish : rays rather longer than the disk. Stem upright, 
 somewhat zigzag, branched, leafy : leaves abo>ut 2 inches long, point- 
 
 <i) gramiTiifolia, N. C'hrysocoma graminifolia, h. 
 (2) lanceola a, Var. niinor, MX' 
 
SOLlDAtiO. 46S 
 
 eil, sub-entire, sub-glaucous, paler beneath : racemes numeroua, 
 short, rough-pedicelled ; bracts small, smooth, subulate. 
 
 Jivlda,\y. (purple-stem golden-rod. P. y S. 2^.) stem glabrous, pani- 
 cled : leaves lanceolate, senate, glabrous, rough-edged : branches 
 racemed at the extremity : rays elongated Stem branched, dark- 
 purple : leaves tapering to both ends, 
 
 hispida,W. (0. y.Oc. 2^.) stem erect, hispid, scabrous : leaves lanceo- 
 late, rough, entire; radical ones serrate : rays of middling length 
 Resembles the caesia. 
 
 puberula, 1^ . (D. y.) stem simple, terete, sub-pubescent: leaves lan- 
 ceolate, entire, slightly pubescent both sides, tapering to both ends ; 
 radical ones sub-serrate : racemes spiked, axillary, erect and con- 
 densed : peduncles pubescent : scales of the calyx lance-linear^ 
 acute : ray florets about 10, elongated. Stem brownish, 1 to 2 feet 
 high, simple, pubescent 
 
 lavigata, W. (flesh-b-af golden-rod. P. C. Boston, y. S. If.) stem erect; 
 smooth : leaves lanceolate, fleshy, entire, smooth in every part : ra- 
 cemes panicled : peduncles scaly, villose : rays twice as long as the 
 calyx. Tall, strong. Probably a variety of mexicana. Grows in 
 salt marshes. 
 
 viminea, W. (1) (twig golden-rod. F. Can. y. Au. U-) stem erect, sub- 
 pubescent : leaves lancejlinear, membranaceous, tapering to the 
 base, glabrous, rough-edged ; tlie lower ones sub-serrate : rays elon- 
 gated. Peduncles and branches angular, and very rough : bracts 
 lanceolate, recurved, smooth : flowers numerous. 
 
 macrophylla, Ph. (Can. T. 2^.) lower leaves ovate, acuminate, taper- 
 ing, unequally and sharply serrate, glabrous ; cauline leaves taper- 
 ing to both ends, lanceolate, sub-sessile, serrate : racemes axillary, 
 peduncled, leafy, of the length of the leaves : ealyx oblong, turgid, 
 many-flowered : rays some%vhat elongated. About 3 feet high. In- 
 termediate between this genus and the aster. 
 
 Jiexicaulis,Fh. (zigzag golden-rod. 0. y. Au. 2^.) stem zigzag, glabrous, 
 angled : leaves lanceolate-acuminate, serrate, glabrous : racemes 
 axillary : rays half as long again as the calyx. Stem slender, pur- 
 plish, partly terete, and partly angular : leaves numerous, on short 
 broad petioles, hardly 2 inches long, and half an inch wide, paler be- 
 neath ; the upper less serrate : racemes much shorter than the leave?y 
 the upper ones sub-capitate. 
 
 (1) integerrima, Miller. . . j 
 
464 SOLIDAGO^ SONCHCS. 
 
 latifolia, M. (1) (broad-leaf golden-rod. W. T. C. P. y. Au. U-) stern 
 somewhat zigzag, angular, smooth : leaves ovate-acuminate, strongly- 
 serrate, smooth, contracted into winged petioles : racemes axillary. 
 Leaves often 2 inches broad, and sometimes hairy on the under-side 
 of the midrib. 
 
 axillaris, Ph. (2) (axil golden-rod. O. Au. 24^.) stem glabrous, terete, 
 straight: leaves lanceolate, serrate, glabrous : racemes axillary, sub- 
 globose, erect : ligulate florets elongated. 
 
 rigida,A. (hand-leaf golden-rod. P. D. Hudson, y. Au. 2^.) stem co- 
 rymbed, hairy, scabrous : leaves ovate-oblong, rough, with minute 
 rigid hairs ; lower ones serrate, upper ones entire : racemes com- 
 pact : rays twice the length of the obtuse calyx. Stem 4 or 5 feet 
 high, terete, striate, leafy : leaves a little hoary ; radical ones petiol- 
 ed, 12 inches long, broad, acuminate, nerved j the rest 1 to 4 inches 
 long : scales of the calyx round-obtuse, nerved, membranous at the 
 edges. 
 
 noveboracensis, (star golden-rod. N. C. y. O*. 2^.) radical leaves oval- 
 oblong, long-petioled, rough : stem almost leafless, branched, fur- 
 rowed, level-top corymbed : rays twice as long as the tapering calyx 
 Stem 2 or 3 feet high, strong, rough, furrowed, having leaves only at 
 the origin of the flowering branches : radical leaves with shallow 
 serratures : flowers large, resembling in form some asters : calyx, 
 scales narrow, purplish. Grows plentifully along the banks of Con- 
 necticut river, at the Northampton meadov.s. 
 
 18—1. SoNCHUS. 49. 53. 
 
 ■eucophcsus, W. (3) (sow thistle. O. b-w. Ju. ^.) peduncles scaly :. 
 
 flowers racemed : leaves runcinate, acuminate : stem wand-panicled, 
 oUraceuSj (0. y. Ju. %.) peduncles sub-tomentose, umbelled : calyx 
 
 glabrous: leaves lance-oblong, clasping, denticulate, sub-sinuate. 
 
 Var. aspera, prickly. 
 pallidus, W. (4) (O. y. Ju. 2i-) flowers in a compound terminal raceme 
 
 or panicle : leaves lance-ensiform, clasping, toothed. 
 arvcnsis, (P.C. y. Au. 11.) calyx and peduncles hispid, sub-umbelled : 
 
 leaves runcinate, denticulate, cordate at the base : root creeping. 
 floridanus, VV. (P. C, b. Ju. ^ .) peduncles somewhat scaly : flowerg 
 
 panicled : leaves runcinate-lyrate, petioled, denticulate. Pursh says 
 
 (1 ) flexicaulis, Mx. 1st variety. Var. latifolia, P. (2) flexicaulis, Mx. 3(1 variety. 
 
 ^3) spicatus, Lk. (4) Lactuca canadensis, L- 
 
SOXCHUS, SPARC ANIUM. 465 
 
 this is called the gall of Ihe earth, and is used for curing the bite of 
 the rattlesnake. 
 
 ncumiriatus, W. (P. C. b. Au. <? .) peduncles somewhat scaly : flowers 
 panicled : radical leaves sub-runcinate ; cauline ones ovate, acumi- 
 nate, petioled, denticulate in the middle. 
 
 mlpinus, W. (1) (mountain sow-thistle. Can. b-w. Au. If.) peduncle^ 
 hirsute, naked : flowers racemed, bracted : leaves runcinate, sagit- 
 tate at the base, glabrous, glaucous beneath. 
 
 12—5. SoREus. 36. 92. 
 tiitiericanayW. (2) (mountain ash. H. w. M. fp.) leaves pinnate ; leaf- 
 ets acute, gash-serrate, glabrous ; general petiole glabrous : serra- 
 tures mucronate : flowers corymbed. This shrub or tree grows in 
 very great plenty on Saddle mountain, near Williams college ; par- 
 ticularly at the height of about two thousand feet above the level of 
 the college. It is usually from 10 to 20 feet high. The taste and 
 smell of the bark greatly resemble that of the wild cherry-tree. It 
 is an excellent tonic. The bark is said to contain a little prussic 
 acid. 
 
 3—2. Sorghum. 4. 10. 
 
 saccharatum, (broom corn. E. y-g. Au. 0.) panicle somewhat whorl- 
 ed, spreading : seeds oval ; glumes covered with permcinejit softish 
 bairs : leaves linear. 6 to 8 feet high. From the East Indies. 
 
 vulgare, (Indian millet, coffee corn. E. 2^.) panicle compact, oval, 
 nodding when mature : seed naked, sub-compressed. Var. bicolor^ 
 glumes glabrous, black : seed globose. 
 
 20—3. Sparganium. 3. 8. 
 
 ramosian, Sw. (3) (bur-reed. O. w. Ju. 0.) the 3-sided bases of the 
 leaves concave on the two outsides : the general fruit-siem branch- 
 ed : stigma linear. In water generally. Flowers in round heads; 
 the staminate heads above the pistillate ones, and considerably the 
 smallest. 
 
 americanum, N. (4) (lake bur-reed. T. C. P. w.) lower leaves about 
 equalling the length of the stem ; floral leaves concave at the base, 
 erect : stigma simple, ovate-oblong, oblique, about half as long as 
 the style. The stem is erect, nearly simple, about afoot higli^ 
 
 (1) montanus, Lk. coeruleus, S- canadensis, L (2; auciipdria; Ml. 
 
 {3) erect urn, L. (4) simplex, Ph. 
 
466 SPARGANIUM^ SPERMACOCE. 
 
 Grows plentifully in a small lake in Troy, half a mile east of the Old 
 Bank place. 
 mngustifolium, Mx. (1) (floating bur-reed. Catskill Mt. P. w. Au. If.) 
 leaves flat, long-linear, very narrow, much longer than the stem, 
 Weak ; the part above water floating on its surface. Grows in great 
 abundance in the Little lake on Catskill mountain, 12 miles west of 
 the village. 
 
 18 — 1. Sparganophorus. 49. 55. 
 verticiUatus, Mx. (water crown-cup. D. p. Au. 2X.) leaves setaceous- 
 linear, whorled : stem generally l-flowered : egret campanulate, 5- 
 toothed. Floating in water. 
 
 Spartina, see Limnetis. 
 
 17—10. Spartium. 32. 93. 
 
 junceum, (spanish broom. E. J. ^.) branches opposite, wand-like, 
 bearing flowers at the end : leaves lanceolate, glabrous. 
 
 scoparium, (scotch broom. E.J. ^.) leaves iernate and solitary, ob- 
 long : flowers axillary : legumes pilose at the margin : branches an- 
 gular. 
 
 22 — 6. Spathclaria. 58. 1. 
 
 fia vida, (spatula fungus. Catskill Mt. Au.) pileus vertical, adnate at 
 the base, tapering down into the stipe. Light-yellow ; 1 to 3 inches 
 high. Grows on the earth among the evergreens on Catskill moun- 
 tain, south of the lakes. 
 
 10—5. SprRGULA. 22. 82. 
 
 arvensis, (spurry. O. w. J. 0.) leaves filiform, whorled : panicle di- 
 chotomous : peduncles become reflexed as the fruit advances to ma- 
 turity : seed re ni form. 
 
 saginoides, S. (pearl spurry. New-Jersey, av. J. 11. or ^.) leaves op- 
 posite, subulate, naked : peduncles solitary, very long, glabrous. 
 Persoon asks whether this is not a variety of the Sagina procumbens. 
 
 4 — 1. Sp£rmacoce. 48. 57. 
 diodina, Mx. (button weed. D. w. Ju. ^.) stem diffused, terete, hir- 
 sute : leaves lance-linear, sub-glabrous; margin and keel serrulate^ 
 glabrous : stipule long, many-bristled : flowers axillary. 
 
 11} natans; 6^ L. 
 
SPH^RIA. 467 
 
 22—6. Sph^eria. 58. 1. 
 
 1. Caulescent, or the receptacle elongated, clavate, corky, furnished with 
 
 a trunk. 
 
 hulhosa, (globule fungus. S.) oh the earth, sub-ramose, glabrous, dark- 
 cinereous : root tuberous. On the earth in autumn in pine woods. 
 
 hypoxylon, gregarious, ramose, compressed, hirsute at the base. On 
 decaying trunks of trees. 
 
 digitata, cespitose, black : stipes glabrous, connate at the base, clavate, 
 terete : apex acuminate, sterile. In woods. 
 
 poiymorpha, gregarious, forms various : clavules (little clubs) ventri- 
 cose, surrounded every where with spherules. In beech woods, ou 
 trunks of trees. 
 
 2. Receptacle without a stem, roundish and opening; tuberculate, with 
 
 bordering spherules. 
 
 concentrica, obovate and somewhat roundish, large ; interrupted with 
 
 concentric layers within. On trunks of the ash and willow. 
 rubiformisj large, wholly black : spherules globose, a little prominent. 
 
 On dry trunks. 
 fragiformis, gregarious, sub-confluent, rust-coloured, dark-shining 
 
 within : spherules papillose. On beech trunks. 
 argillacea, scattered, sub-globose, clay-coloured or yellow-cint-reous : 
 spherules a little prominent, papillose ; substance softish, becoming 
 sooty-yellow. On trunks of a«h trees. 
 rubiginosa, opening widely, rugose, yellow, becoming rust-coloured : 
 
 spherules somewhat concealed. On branches in shady places. 
 cohccrens, gregarious, confluent, flattish ; at first dirty-yellow, smooth ; 
 at length dark-coloured, and somewhat blistered. Adhering to the 
 trunks of trees, particularly the beech. 
 melogrammn, somewhat in rows, bursting, obconic, dark-sooty : sphe- 
 rules somewhat prominent. Bursting from under the cuticle of 
 branches of trees, particularly the beech. 
 ribesia, bursting, soft, oval, sub-depressed : spherules dissected, grow- 
 ing white. Bursting from under the cuticle of the branches of the 
 Ribes rubrum in the winter. 
 3. Form various, opening, orbicular or round : spherules scattered, hori- 
 zontal, immersed in fleshy coverings : little mouths scattered, mostly 
 somewhat prominent, papillose or aculeate. Compound, 
 deusta, opening widely, thick, undulate-rugose, blistered ; at first fleshy, 
 
468 SPHJERIA. 
 
 white-cinereous, pulverulent ; at length black, rigid. On trunks in 
 woods, frequent. 
 
 lejita, aggregated, sub-orbicular, black : disk gibbose ; margin repand. 
 On the trunks and roots of fallen beech trees ; found in autumn. 
 
 insitiva, compound, cortical, flat, linear-acuminate, white, single-head- 
 ed ; a veil connate with the substance of the fungus : spherules pa- 
 pillose, black. In the fissures of the cuticle on decaying grape-vines. 
 
 macula, compound, of various forms, very flat, black, single-headed : 
 spherules globose-acuminate, covered with a fugaceous veil. Oa 
 dry oaken branches after long storms. 
 
 serpens, open, unequal, naked, becoming dark-coloured : spherules 
 somewhat prominent. On oak and beech wood, sometimes on wil- 
 low. 
 
 stigma, opening around, smooth, rimose : little mouths immersed, flat- 
 tish. In the fissures of thorn trees. 
 
 podoides, crowded together, hard, unequal : little mouths spinose, 
 mostly bursting at the sides. On trunks of oak. 
 
 eeratosperma, roundish, convex, scattered : little mouths spinose, burst- 
 ing from the middle. In the bark of the Rosa canina in July. 
 
 disciformis, scattered, orbicular, flaltish, smooth : little mouths im- 
 mersed, resembling punctures. In the dry cracks of beech, resem- 
 bling pimples of a dark-shining colour, white-cinereous within. 
 
 4. Opening : spherules horizontal, at first solitary ai the margin, after- 
 wards confiuent, not joined with a fleshy substance, or manifest layers ; 
 some are distant, but in some way connected by the crust. 
 
 nebulosa, grey : spherules very minute, scattered, forming unequally- 
 linear, interrupted, dark-grey spots : little mouths prominent, sub- 
 acute. On the stems of large herbaceous plants. 
 
 melata, covering very broad : spherules scattered, immersed, covered 
 with a sub-membranous crust: little mouths sub-prominent. Under 
 the cuticle of the Tilia. 
 
 spiculosa, somewhat opening, dark-stained : little mouths long-terete, 
 very slender. Immersed in dark-coloured branches. 
 
 5. Spherules heaped together on the receptacle, which is crust-like, conic, 
 in little cespitose bunches : little mouths converging toivardr. !he middle. 
 
 eiliata, roundish : spherules nested in the prominent substance of the 
 bark: little mouthd very long, divaricate, sub-flaccid. On the branch- 
 es of elms. 
 
SPH.l'RTA. 469 
 
 fimbriaia, upon leaves, suh-circinal : little months splnose, clavate, 
 surrounded at the base by a white fringe. Fre(]uent on the leaves 
 of tlie Carpinu?. 
 
 nivca, conic, with a white farinaceous disk : little mouths prominent, 
 papillose. On the dry branches of po{)lar3. 
 
 hucastoma, disk truncate, white, perforated with blackening pores. 
 On the stems and dry branches of plum trees and cherry trees of our 
 orchards. 
 
 pustulata, sub-lenticular, with short contracted necks : disk sooty, per- 
 forated with one pore. On willow branches. 
 
 6. Sphe7-ules arranged in a circle, dtcumbail, naked, nesting under the 
 
 epidermis : little mouiJis approximate, mosUy bursting. 
 
 pulchelln, compassed about, naked : little mouths vory long, flexuose. 
 Under the cuticle of the branches of the common garden cherry tree. 
 
 coronata, compassed about: little mouths thick, obtuse, smooth. Oa 
 the branches of the thorn tree, rare/ ' 
 
 faginea, compassed about : little mouths hooked and rugged. On the 
 branches of the beech. 
 
 convergens, compassed about, concealed, naked : spherules ovate, erect- 
 ish : little mouths strai;;ht, somewl-iat bursting. Nesting in the sub- 
 stance of the bark of some branches. 
 
 lessella, compassed about, bound with a black line : little mouths dis- 
 tant, or with 4 or 5 black punctures. On willow branches. 
 
 7. Bursting, in a roundish-cespilost bunch .- spherules free among them- 
 
 selves, papilla-like, setting on the receptacle, 
 decolorans, cespitose, reddish-cinnabar colour, becoming pale: sphe- 
 rules globose, rui^ose-tubercled. On the branches of maple and elder. 
 coccinea, cespitose, pale-red : spherules ovate, smooth, la the dry 
 bark of beech and elder. 
 
 8. Spherules solitary, free, destitute of receptacles. 
 
 (Little mouths very larre, mostly compressed, nearly equalling the 
 
 breadth of the s[)herule.) 
 
 £pisph(tria, simple, gregarious, parasitic, red : spherules very mmute, 
 sub-compressed, crested, flaccid. On the Sphagfia stigma. 
 
 (Little mouths terete, spinose, equal to the lengtn,of the spherules, or 
 
 exceeding them.) 
 rostrata, simple, naked : spherules granulated : little mouths very long? 
 spinose. On decaying branches in July. 
 
470 SPH^RIA, SPHiEROCOCCUS. 
 
 acuta, jsregarious, naked : spherules black, shining, sub-globose : little 
 mouths spinose, thickish, cyliadric. On the stem of the common 
 nettle in the spring. 
 
 (Little mouths shorter than the spherules, conic or cylindric, mostly 
 papillose.) 
 
 porphyrooojin, simple, aga:regated, black, phial-form, imbedded in a 
 thiii violet-colonred crust. Persooii considers this species of Tode 
 as a variety of rubella. On the Atropa belladonna. 
 
 araneosa, simple, opake, black : spherules papillose, smooth, covered 
 with a thin white veil. On dry branches. 
 
 hysistdtty largish : spherules globe-papillose, surrounded with thick 
 sooty yellow down. On dry branches and bark. 
 
 spennoides, heaped together, opake, rigid : spherules globose, sub-te- 
 rete downwards : little mouths papillose, obsolete. On dry trunks 
 of trees. 
 
 bombarda, simple, fascicled, becoming sooty-yellow : spherules elon- 
 gated, sub-ver:tricose : little mouths are acute papillae. Grow in 
 heaps on decaying trunks of trees 
 
 limrani, simple, scattered, sub-oval, depressed-concave, rugose with 
 folds : little mouths irregular, decumbent, or almost wantmg. Grow 
 densely on the dry stems of red cabbage. 
 
 herbarum, simple: spherules scattered, smooth, mostly sub-depressed : 
 little mouths papillose. On the dry stems of herbaceous plants. 
 
 jperiusa, scattered : spherules Immersed, ovate, hardish, sub-rugose ; 
 perforated at length with little caducous obsolete mouths. In hard 
 dry wood. 
 
 inquinans, simple, scattered, dark-stained : spherules somewhat pro- 
 minent with wood, perforated. On the Acer, Lonicera, and Xy- 
 losteum. 
 
 (Spherules not furnished with visible mouths.) 
 
 pulvis-pyrius, simple, heaped together : spherules ovate and roundish, 
 
 tubercled, rugose, furrowed in the middle. On trunks and dry wood. 
 moriformis, gregarious, simple : spherules tuberculate, obovate. On 
 
 drv trunks, particularly of pines. 
 ma'ulij'crmis, on leaves, simple : spherules sub-immersed, minute, 
 
 roundish, conglomerate in unequal black spots. On the diy leaves 
 
 of beech, hazle, maple, and elm. 
 
 22 — 4. SpH^Rococcus. 57. 2. 
 mtnibranif alius ysitm. filiform j ramose, spreading into a flat dichotOMOHS 
 
SPH^ROCOCCUS, SPIR^A. 471 
 
 fi'ond : divisions wedge-form : capsules pedicolled from the stem, 
 ovate. Sea-shore. 
 ionfercoides, frond filiform, very brandling : branches elongated, some- 
 what simple, sending off scattered setaceous branchlets, tapering to 
 both ends : capsules hemispheric, attached to all parts of the frond. 
 
 In the sea, 
 
 22 — 2. Sphagnum. 56. 4. 
 
 'atifoHum, (peat moss. O,) leaves ovate, sub-obtuse, concave, imbri- 
 cate, converging at the apex : capsules spherical. 
 
 acutifolium, stem sub-ramose, branches filiform : leaves lance-ovatCj 
 revolute, erose at the truncate apex ; imbricated 5-ways. 
 
 cuspidatjm, stem flaccid : branchlets lax, bristle-form : leaves lanceo- 
 late, involute, truncate-erose, lax. 
 
 5—1. Spigklia. 47. 46. 
 
 ...larylaadica, W. (pink-root. P. p. J. 2^.) stem 4-sided : leaves all op- 
 posite. The most celebrated vermifuge. 
 
 22—5. Spiloma. 57. 2. 
 nulaUuca, (efflorescent lichen.) crust thin, sub-membranaceous, une- 
 qual, sub-pulverulent, white : receptacles deformed, a little convex, 
 • scabrous, dark. On bark of trees. 
 
 21—5. Spinacia. 12. 2S. 
 Atracea, (spinach. E. J. fi).) fruit sessile, prickly or unarmed : leaves 
 hastate-sagittate : stem branched. In habit resembles the Chenopo- 
 dium album. 
 
 12—3. Spir;ea. 36. 92. 
 
 1. Stem more or less icoody. 
 
 salicifolia, A. (1) (meadow-sweet, willow hard-hack. 0. r. w. J. ^?.) 
 leaves lance-ovate or obovate, serrate, glabrous : flowers in panicled 
 spreading racemes. Var. alba, has white petals, and generally the 
 twigs are reddish. The small branches are generally killed by 
 frost in the winter, as also of the next species. 
 
 iomentosa, (steeple bush, purple hard-hack, meadow-sweet. O. r. Ju. 
 Tp.) leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, downy beneath : racemes 
 in a crowded, sub-panicled spike. Prof. Ives considers a decoction 
 of the leaves and branches of this plant as one of the best tonics in 
 use. Damp. 
 Vi) alba, M. 
 
472 SPIR.^A, STAPHYLEA. 
 
 opuUfolia, (nine-bark, snowball hard-hack. T. C. P. w. J. "^O leaves- 
 sub-ovate, lobed, doubly toothed or crenate, glabrous : corymbs ter- 
 minal, crowded : capsules inflated : flowers trigynious. Wet. 
 
 hypcricifolia, W, (john's-wort hard-hack. P. Can. w. M. ^.) leaves 
 obovate, entire or toothed at the apex : umbels sessile. Cultivated. 
 
 crennta, W. (C. ^.) leaves obovate, acute, tooth-crenate at the apex : 
 corymbs peJuncied, crowded. 
 
 2. Stem herbaceous. 
 
 nhnaria, (queen of the meadow. E.w. Au. Zj!.) leaves pinnate, downy 
 beneath ; the terminal leafet larger, 3-lobed j the lateral ones undi- 
 vided : flowers in a proliferous corymb. 
 
 Hruncus,\N. (steeple-weed. P. Catskill. vv. J. 2^.) leaves pinnate, with 
 2 or 3 pair of leafets : flowers in a panicled spike : styles 3 to 5. 
 Var. americana, has very long slender spikes. Grows from 4 to 6 
 feet high, north of Judge Benton's on the Cat«ikill. 
 
 lohata, (P. r. Ju. H.) leaves pinnate, glabrous ; the odd leafet large, 
 7-lobefll ; lateral ones 3-lobad : corymbs proliferous. 
 
 22—2. Splachkuji. 56. 4. 
 
 fimpullaceum, (umbrella moss.) leaves lance-ovate, acute : apophysis 
 purplish-green, broad, inversely bladder-form. 
 
 seiaceum, stems cohering : leaves lanceolate, gradually becoming seta- 
 ceous-acuminate : apophysis clavate-turbinate. Marshes, &ic. 
 
 14—1. Stachvs. 42. 39. 
 
 (ispera, M\. (hedge-netlle, clownheal. O. w-p. Ju. 2^.) stem erect, his- 
 pid backwards : leaves sub-petioled, lanceolate, acutely serrate, ve- 
 ry glabrous : whorls about 6-flowered : calyx with spreading spines. 
 Var. ienuifolia, leaves very thin and slender. 
 
 5_3. Staphylea. 23. 95. 
 
 //•(/o/('a (bladder-nut. O. y-w. M. ^.) leaves in threes: racemes pen- 
 dant : petals ciliate below. A handsome shrub, about 10 or 12 feet 
 high. When in flovver, if the gernabe cut transversely and examined, 
 it will appear 2 or 3-celled, and will contain the rudiments of 15 to 20 
 seeds. But when the fruit is ripe, it consists of 2 or 3 inflated, ad- 
 nate, sub-membranous capsules, each containing 1 to 3 hard smaU 
 nuts. 
 
STATICE^ STEREOCAULON. 473 
 
 6—5. Statice. 48. 33. 
 limoniu7n, L. (1) (marsh rosemary, sea lavender. L. b. Au. 11.) scape 
 terete : panicle much branched : leaves lance-obovate, obtuse, rau- 
 cronate, glabrous. Very efficacious in dysenteries. See Molt's dis- 
 sertation. A decoction of the root is an excellent f;argle in cankers 
 and ulcerated sore throat. See Cutler's Botanical Arrangement, p. 
 432. Mem. Soc. Arts. 
 
 10—3. Stellaria. 22. 82. 
 
 mediay S. (2) (chickweed. 0. w. M. U-) leaves ovate and heart-ovate, 
 glabrous : stem mostly procumbent, having alternate lines of hairs 
 on opposite sides. Number of stamens variable. 
 
 longifolia, M. (}i) (long-leaf stai- wort. O. w. J.) stem decumbent, (or 
 sub-decumbent) leaves lance-linear, opposite, entire, smooth : pani- 
 cle terminal : calyx 3-nerved, about equalling tiie petals. Dr. Bige- 
 low informed me, that the plant which he called S. graminea in the 
 Boston Florula, is the S. longifolia. 
 
 palustris, Retz. (4) (stitchwort, meadow starwort. W, w. J.) leaves 
 lance-linear, entire, glaucous : flowers pauicled : petals 2-parted, 
 larger than the 3-nerved calyx. 
 
 uliginosa, Sr. (5) (bog starwort. P. W. w. J.) stem diffuse, procumbent, 
 much-branched : leaves lanceolate, ciliate and narrow at tne base : 
 peduncles somewhat in pairs, single, or many-flowered : petals short- 
 er than the calyx. 
 
 pubtra, Mx. (P. w. xVI. 2^.) pubescent : leaves sessile, ovate, ciliate . 
 pedicels erect : petals longer tuan the calyx. Flowers large. 
 
 22 — 6. Stemonitis. 58. 1. 
 
 fascicularisy (brittle bark buff-ball.) fascicled, steel-blue : head sub- 
 turbinate : stem vei7 short : hairs or fibres attenuated : baik wholly 
 evanescent. On trunks in beech wood in autumn. 
 
 iyphinn, scattered, small ; fibres cylindric, obtuse, sub-incurved ; part- 
 ly evanescent. On trunks. 
 
 Itucoslyla, gregarious, creeping ; fruit ovate, violet-colour; stipe white. 
 Springs up white and shining in autumn on bra.jches and deciduous 
 leaves. 
 
 22 — 5. SxEREOCAur.oN. 57. 2. 
 
 ramulosum, becoming pale white, ramose, scabrous, fibrous ; branchei: 
 
 (l) ciirolinia. a, i h. (2) Ahine medin, L. 
 
 (3) gracilis, R. Siiergulastrum gramineuin i" Blx. (4) glauc8,S. (5) alsijiejfia- 
 
 Qq2 
 
474 STEREOCAULON, STREPTOPUS. 
 
 scattered, elongaterl, sub-simple ; receptacles terminal, at lengtb 
 sub-globose, dark-fuscous. On mountains. 
 paschale, frond cinereous-grey, branching, granulated, fibrous ; branch- 
 es crowded, very branching, short : recej)tacle:H scattered and termi- 
 nal ; at length convex, conglomerate, dark-fuscous. On rocks and 
 
 sunny hills. 
 
 22—5. Sticta. 57. 2. 
 
 rrocutdy frond reddish-fuscous, sub-lacunose, broad, woolly beneath : 
 fruit-dots minute, citron-yellow ; divisions torn-lobed, margined, 
 pulverulent, yellow : receptacles scattered ; disk dark-fuscous, mar- 
 gin frond-like, entire. On rocks and trunks of trees. 
 
 Hiithraspis, frond pale-cinereous-fuscous, lacunose-reticulate, very 
 broad, sub-crenale in the round-lobed periphery': rugose, sub-villose 
 beneath : fruit-dots minute, white : receptacles scattered ; disk 
 black, at length convex, and excluding the entire frond-like margin. 
 
 imlmonacea, frond light-yellowish olive, lacunose-reticulate, villose be- 
 neath, having pale naked papillae : divisions sinuate-lobed, retuse- 
 truncate : receptacles sub-marginal ; disk flattish, rugose ; margin 
 frond-like, sub-rugose. On trunks of trees in woods. 
 
 ■\ylvutica, frond ample, brick-fuscous, nakedish, sub-orbiculate; fuscous. 
 viilose beneath ; pits excavated, pale white ; divisions gashed, lob- 
 ed, deformed, repand-crenate : receptacles marginal, disk fuscous. — 
 On mountains among mosses, and on the roots of trees. 
 22 — 6. Stilbospora. 58. 1. 
 
 aslerosperma, capsules stellate. 
 
 macrosperma, capsules elongated, cylindric. On beech limbs, or white 
 
 birch bark. 
 
 3—2. Stipa. 4. 10. 
 
 avenacea, L. (1) (feather grass. D. P. J. 2^.) leaves striate, glabrous ; 
 panicle spreading, sub-unilateral : branches whorled with branch- 
 lets ; calyx acute, membranaceous, equalling the glabrous seed : 
 awn naked, twisting. 
 
 6—1. Streptopus, Mx. (2) 11. 14. 
 
 roseus, Mx. (rose bellvvort. H. r-vv. M. 11-) glabrous, shining : leaves 
 clasping, serrate-ciliate ; anthers short, 2-horned. Woods. 
 
 distorius, Mx. (3) (P. S-y. M. U-) glabrous ; leaves clasping : pedicels 
 solitary, twsted-geaiculate in the middle Woods. 
 
 0) barbata, Mx. tirginica, P. (2) Uvularia, l> (3) Uyularia amplexifolia, W. 
 
STREPTOPUS^ TAGETES. 475 
 
 lanugiiiosus, Mx. (P. g-y. J. 2^.) whitish-uoolly : leaves sessile, sub- 
 cordate at the base, acuminate : pedicels in pairs on a short stipe. 
 
 Flowers large. Berries red. 
 
 n — 10. Stylosa-Nthes. 39. 93. 
 
 hlspidn, Mx. (1) (pencil flower. D. P. y. Au. If.) stem pubescent on 
 
 one side : leaves lanceolate, glabrous : bracts lanceolate, ciliate : 
 
 heads 2 or 3-aowered. Var. procumbens, stem procumbent. 
 5 — 2. SwERTiA. 47. 46. 
 pusilla, Ph. (false gentian. Whitehills. b. J. -^.) corol \Yheel-form, 
 
 twice as long as the calyx : stem simple, 1-flowered : leaves oblong. 
 
 About an inch high. 
 rornkulata, W. (Can. Western states, g-y. Ju. $ .) corol bell-form; 
 
 with a deflected horn : leaves oviate : branches short. In swamps. 
 
 5 1. SVMPHITLM. 41. 42. 
 
 officinale (comfrey. E. y-w. J. If.) leaves ovate-sub-lanceolate, decur- 
 rent, rugose. Naturalized. Dr. Cutler says, the leaves give a grate- 
 ful flavor to cakes. 
 
 5 — 1. SvMPHORiA. 48. 58. 
 mcewjosn (Western Lakes. Au. ^.) raceme terminal: corol bearded 
 Avithin. Resembles the Mitchellain some measure. 
 
 Symplocarpus, see Ictodes. 
 22—2. SvKTRiCHiA. (2) 56. 4. 
 
 ruralis, stem ramose : leaves obtuse, recurved, bearing hairs at the 
 apes : capsule cylindric ; lid conic. On walls, fields, k.c. 
 2—1. Syringa. 48. 37. 
 
 vulgaris (lilac. E. b-p. w. M. ^.) leaves cordate : flowers in a thyrsc. 
 persica (persian lilac. E. b. M. ^.) leaves lanceolate, entire andpiona- 
 tifid. 
 
 18—2. Tagetes. 49. 55. 
 ercda (african raarygold. E. y. Ju. 0.) leaves pinnate; leafets lance- 
 olate, ciliate-serrate : peduncles l-flowered, incrassate, sub-inflated 
 calyx angled, 
 
 (1) elatior, Sw. Trifolium bif oruin, L. (2) TortuU orBarbnla. 
 
476 TAGETES, THALICTRUM. 
 
 palula (french marygold. E. y. Ju. 0.) leaves pinnate ; leafets lanceo- 
 late, ciliale-serrate : peduncles 1-flovvered, sub-incrassate : calyx 
 snaooth : stem spreading. 
 
 11 — 1. Talinum. 
 teretifolium, Ph. (taliny. P. p. Ju. If.) leaves cylindric, fleshy : co- 
 rymbs terminal, peduncled. 
 
 18 — 2. Tanacetum. 49. 55. 
 i:ulgare (tansey. E. y. Ju. 11.) leaves doubly pinnate, gash-serrate. — 
 Naturalized. Var. crispum, (double tansey) leaves crisped and 
 dense. 
 
 21—16. Taxus. 51. 100. 
 canadensis, W. (I) (dwarf yew, shin-wood. O. Ap. 1^.) leaves linear, 
 2-ranked, margin revolute : receptacles of the staminate flowers 
 globose. 2 to 6 feet high, with creeping roots. Appears like a 
 small spreading hemlock bush. 
 
 Tephrosia, see Galega. 
 22 — 2. Tetraphis. 56. 4. 
 pellucida (four-tooth moss. P.) capsule cylindric : leaves which grow 
 on the fruit bearing stem, ovate, acute, 1-nerved. Stem simple, 1 
 inch high ; lid conic, reddish, thin, half as long as the capsule : teeth 
 rigid, polished, brown : leaves oval, except those on the fructiferous 
 stem. 
 
 14_1. Teucrium. 42. 89. 
 
 canadense (wood-sage, germander. O. r. Ju. 24.) whitish-hirsute : leaves 
 lance-ovate, serrate, all petioled : stem erect : spikes whorled, crowd- 
 ed : bracts twice as long as the calyx. 
 
 i>irginicum (C. T. r. J. If.) pubescent) leaves ovate-oblong, serrate ; 
 upper ones sub-sessile : stem erect : spikes whorled, crowded : 
 bracts of the length of the calyx. 
 
 13—13. Thalictrum. 26. 61. 
 
 Remark. Our species are mostly dioecious or polygamous. 
 dioicum, L. (2) (meadow rue. O. w-r. M. If ) leaves thrice ternate, leaf- 
 ets cordate, many lobed, very smooth : panicles axillary, filiform : 
 flowers dioecious : petals not longer than the filaments or germs : 
 
 0) baccata minor, lAx. (2) Isevigatam, A(x. 
 
THALICTRUM, THELEPIIORA. 47? 
 
 stigmas almost capillary. Leaves often 5 to 7-lobed : panicles soli- 
 tary or in pairs, sub-umbelled, often tlie panicle is accompanied by 
 along-peduncled solitary flower : seed ovate-oblong, striate. Whole 
 plant smooth, little umbels few-flowered. 
 
 polygamumy M. (1) (O. W. Ju. or Au. If .) pubescent with slender down : 
 leafets ovate, sub-cordate and wedge-form, 3-lobed at the apex, snb- 
 rugose above, sub-tomentose beneath : panicles terminal ; pedicels 
 terminal : pedicels sub-umbelled, divaricate : flowers polygamous. 
 Late in autumn some individuals still remain in flower, and make a 
 fine show with the numerous long white stamens. 
 
 rugosum, Ph. (2) (C. P. T. w. J. U-) stem striate : leafets ovate and 
 lanceolate, rugose, veiny, obtuse-lobed : panicle large, terminal, co- 
 rymbose ; flowers erect. Tall. Paniclesalmost leafless. 
 jmrpurascens, W. (P. Can. p. J. U-) stem twice as tall as the leaves ; 
 leaves compound ; leafets roundish, 3-cleft, gashed : panicles naked- 
 ish ; flowers nodding ; stems purple. Small. 
 
 5—2. Thaspium, N. (3) 46. 60. 
 aureum (meadow parsnip, false alexauders. O. y. J. 14.) leaves biter- 
 nate ; leafets lance-oval, serrulate ; umbels with short peduncles. 
 Some of the leaves are often quinate. Grows in Hry meadows and 
 pastures. 
 
 13—1. Thea. 54. 71. 
 
 bohea, (bohea tea. E. M. ^.) flowers 6-petalled : leaves oblong-oval, 
 
 rugose. From China and Japan. 
 viridis, (green tea. E. ^.) flowers 9-petalled : leaves very long-oval. 
 
 J. C. Lettson says this is only a variety of the bohea. 
 
 22—6. Thelephora. 68. 1. 
 
 1. Pileus entire, funnel-form. 
 
 iaryophyJlea, various: pileus funnel-form, thin, becoming fuscous- 
 purple, strigose-hirsute : margin mostly gashed, or somewhat crisp- 
 ed. Among pines, 6ic. on the earth. 
 
 2. Pileus halved, at length horizontal, 
 rnbiginosa, imb.ncate, ri^id, reddish-chesnut-brown, glabrous both 
 sides : papillse large, scattered. On trunks of oaks, mossy beeche*^ 
 
 (1) f»uhpscpn<!,Ph. revolutum,D'. cornmi ? TV. 
 
 (2) oaroliaianum, Pc. (3) Smymiuw aureu0), L. 
 
478 THELEPHORA^ THLASPI. 
 
 apadiceay imbricate, sub-rigid, zoned, sub-tomentose, fuscous ; glabrous 
 
 beneath, pal -fuscous. 
 ferritginea, eifiise-reilcxed, ferruginous : pileus thin, sub-tomentose, 
 
 smoothish, pilose beneath. On fallen limbs of trees, &c. 
 kirsuta, cespitose, coriaceous, yellowish, strigose-hirsute ; glabrous 
 
 beneath. On trunks, rails, 6i.c. 
 Klacina, sub-imbricate, soft, not zoned, tomentose,pale ; at the margin 
 
 and on the under-side pale-purple. On trunks of evergreens. 
 
 3. Resupinate, effuse, papillose ; subslance various. 
 
 (Pale or flesh-coloured.) 
 
 quereina, resupinate, longitudinal, coriaceous, rugose, somewhat fleshy, 
 
 almost destitute of a margin, and brown underneath. On oak 
 
 branches, &.c. 
 
 folygoniaf fleshy : papillae largish, many-sided. On dry branches of 
 
 poplar. 
 IcBvis, white-fleshy, broadly effuse, very smooth ; margin byssus-like. 
 
 On branches of poplar, &,c. 
 rosea, somewhat wrinkled, rose-red : margin tomentose. On poplars, 
 one or two inches long. 
 
 (Colour yellow or tan-colour.) 
 
 ■ruslulata, very hard, smooth, rimose-parted, pale. 
 5—1. Thesium. 31. 24. 
 
 timbellatmn, (false toad-flax. O. w-g. J. If.) erect : leaves lance-oval : 
 fascicles of flowers corymbed. 6 to 12 inches high. 
 15—1. Thlaspi. 39. 63. 
 
 hursa-pastoris, (shepherd's-purse. O. w. M. |p.) hirsute : silicles del- 
 toid-obcordate : radical leaves pinnatifid. 
 
 campeslris, (yellow-seed, false-flax, mithridate mustard. O. J. i^ ) si- 
 licle obcordate, inflated, glandular-punctate: cauline leaves sagit- 
 tate, toothed. Very troublesome in flax-fields, and was probably 
 introduced with flax-seed. 
 
 arvcnse, (penny-cress. C. P. Detroit. J. 0.) silicles sub-orbicular, 
 compressed, smooth : leaves oblong, toothed, glabrous. 
 
 tuberosum, (P. r. M.) silicle sub-orbicular, short, compressed : leaves 
 rhomb-ovate, obsoletely toothed, smooth, sessile ; radical ones long- 
 petioled : stem pubescent; very short and simple : root tuberous and 
 iibroui. 
 
THUJA, TIMMIA. 479 
 
 20—16. Thuja. 51. 100. 
 ^ccidentalis, (arbor vitae, false white cedar. O. M. ^.) brancblets 2- 
 edged : leaves imbricated 4-ways, rhomb-ovate, close-pressed, na- 
 ked, tubercled : strobiles obovate ; inner scales truncate, gibbous 
 below the apex. Vast quantities on Otter creek, Rutland county, 
 Vt. ; in Sharon, N. Y. ; and along the Erie canal from Rome f 
 Montezuma. 
 
 14—1. Thymus. 42. 39. 
 
 serpyllum, (mother of thyme. E. b-p. J. ^.) flowers in heads: stem 
 creeping : leaves flat, obtuse, ciliate at the base. 
 
 vulgaris, (thyme. E. b-p. J. 24.. Tp.) erect: leaves ovate and linear, 
 revolute : flowers in a whorled spike. 
 
 lannginosus, (lemon thyme. E. 2^. ^.) flowers in heads : stem creep- 
 ing, hirsute : leaves obtuse, villose. 
 
 10—2. TiARELLA. 13. 84. 
 
 cordifolia, (raitre-wort, gem-fruit. O. w. M. 2/.) leaves cordate, acute- 
 lobed, toothed : teeth mucronate : scape racemed. Resembles the 
 Miteila diphylla. 
 
 13—1, TiLiA. 37. 79. 
 
 glabra, V. (1) (bass-wood, lime-tree. O. y-w. Ju. ^?.) leaves round- 
 cordate, abruptly acuminate, sharply serrate, sub-coriaceous, gla- 
 brous ; petals truncate at the apex, ere n ate : style about equalling 
 the petals: nut ovaJe, sub-cordate. Large tree ; wood soft and 
 white. Leaves often truncate at the base. 
 
 pubesceiiSjV. (crop-ear bass-wood. P. y-w. Ju. Tp.) leaves truncate at 
 the base, (one lobe cropped.) oblique, acuminate, tooth-serrate, pu- 
 bescent beneath : panicle dense-flowered : petals emargiuate, about 
 equal to the style : nut globose, smooth. 
 
 4—4. TiLL^A. 13. 83. 
 
 ascendens. Eaton, (pigmy-weed. Y. w.) stem a-scendins:, rooting at the 
 lower joints : leaves connate, somewhat sheathing. Very minute. 
 A new species. Discovered on the Housatonic by Prof. Ives, in tne 
 summer of 1816. 
 
 22—2. TiMMiA. 56. 4. 
 
 cucuflafa, leaves linear, narrow-acute, serrulate : peduncles shortish, 
 capsule nodding, arched, obconic-turbinaie, bursting from the side 
 (]) Americana, W. canadensis, AIx. 
 
480 TIPULARIA, TREMELLA. 
 
 of the permaflent calypt)'e ; teetli of the outer peristome articulated. 
 In damp and mudfiy places. 
 
 19—1. TiPULARiA, N. 7. 21. 
 
 discolor, N. (1) (D. w.) leaf solitary, plaited and longitudinally nerved : 
 flowers racemed, nodding, bractless. Resembles the Corallorhiza. 
 
 6—3. TOFIBLDIA. 10. 13. 
 
 "pusilta, Mx. (scotch asphodel. Can. g-w. J. 24..) glabrous ; leaves short : 
 scape filiform : spike few-flowered, globuiar : little calyxes adnata 
 to the rachis : capsule globose. Mountain swamps. 
 
 glutinosa, Mx. (Can. 2^.) scape and pedicels glulinous-scabrous : spike 
 with a few alternate fascicles : capsule egj^-forra, twice as long as 
 the calyx. 
 
 18—1. ToLPis. 49. 55. 
 
 barbata, (hawk's-beard. E. S. ^.) leaves oblong, toothed : peduncles 
 
 1-flowered. 
 
 6 — 1. Tradescantia. 6. 13. 
 virginica,M. (spider-wort. P. b. p. M. 2^.) erect: leaves lanceolate, 
 
 elongated, glabrous : flowers sessile ; umbel compact, pubescent. 
 
 Cultivated in gardens. 
 
 18—1. Tragcpogon. 49. 53. 
 porrifoliinyi, (vegetable oyster, goat-beard, salsify. E. p. Ju. ^ .) calyx 
 
 longer than the rays of the corol ; the corollets very narrow, trun- 
 cate : peduncles incrassate. 
 
 22 — 2. Trematodon. 56. 4. 
 longicoUis, stem short, simple : leaves subulate-setaceous : peduncles 
 
 very long, twisted : capsule oblong, stiped, elongated ; lid conic 
 
 from the base, slenderly beaked. 
 
 22—6. Tremeela. 58. 1. 
 menenterim, roundish : sub-compact, undulate-plicate, orange-colour. 
 
 Oii fallen limbs, &c, 
 fragiformis, roundish ; sub-compact, round, red, plicate, thick-set, sub- 
 
 lobate. On pine bark, he. 
 spiculosa, flattened, effuse, thickish, black, having conic papillae. 2 or 
 
 3 inches, on trunks. 
 foliacea, large, cespitose, glabrous both sides, thin, undulate-plicate, 
 
 (1) LimoUorum unifulima,M. Orchis discolor, Ph. 
 
TREMELLA, TRICHODIUM. 481 
 
 concave, crisped at the base, flesh-cinnamon colour. On decaying- 
 trunks in autumn. 
 
 undulata, ascending, membranaceouSj lobed, sinuate-undulate, purple. 
 On putrid wood. 
 
 ubietina, in groups, roundish, orange-colour, sub-plicate. On wood. 
 
 dubia, cespitose, viscous, fastigiate, soft, fleshy. On decaying trunks 
 late in autumn. 
 
 22—6. Trichia. 58. 1. 
 1. Fruit turbinate or pear-form. 
 
 holrytis, stiped, fascicled, Opake, becoming dark-red : spikes elono-ated 
 
 connate, sub-racemed. On decayino; trunks in autumn. 
 ubiformis, stiped, fascicled, steel-colour, shining : stipes connate, sub- 
 pedate, short. On trunks in woods at the close of summer. 
 
 fallax, simple, stiped, at first red, then slate-colour ; fruit plicate be- 
 neath, with a stipe. On trunks and soft decaying wood in autumn. 
 
 vulgaris^ scattered ; fruit from terete becoming sub -turbinate : hardly 
 any stipe, becoming black. On beech trunks after a summer storm. 
 A variety of nigripes. See Persoon's Fungi, p. 179 ; and Muhlen- 
 berg's Catalogue. 
 
 2. Fruit 7-ound or rcniform. 
 
 nitens, crowded together, sessile, round, suining-yellow or cinnamon- 
 colour. Among decaying beech and pine trunks in autumn. 
 
 varia, scattered, becomitig yellow : fruit decumbent and reniforra, 
 sometimes round. On trunks. 
 
 3. Fruit filiform mrH net-veined, 
 reticulata, dlfl'ased, reticulate, ramose, yellow. On trunks and mossy 
 bark in autumn. 
 
 22 — 6. Trichoderma. 58. 1. 
 nigrescens, somewhat opening, flattish : seminal dust becoming black 
 and sooty. On cut trunks, mostly maple, in winter and early spring. 
 
 3 — 2. Trichodium. 4. 10. 
 
 laxijlorum, Mx. (thin grass. O. M. 14..) culm erect, striate, purplish : 
 leaves involute-subulate ; upper ones flat, nerved, margin scabrous j 
 sheaths roughisn : panicle capillary, lax, spreading: branches whorl- 
 ed, about in threes : glumes lanceolate. 12 to 18 inches hi^h ; the 
 panicle is very thin and delicate. Usually grows in dry fields. 
 
 seabrum, M. (1) (C. W. T. P. .lu. U-) culm glabrous, geniculate at (he 
 base, with erect branches : leaves lance-liaear, striate, flat, margin 
 (1) AgToslis scabra, W. 
 
 Rr 
 
482 TRICHODIUM^ TRIFOLIUM. 
 
 scabrous; stipule 2-cleft, acute; sheaths striate, glabrous: panicle 
 very branching, spread, with whorled zigzag branchlcts. 
 3 — 1. Trichophorum. 3, 9. 
 cyperinum, P. (1) (light-hair, clump-head grass. 0. Ju. U-) culm 3- 
 sided, leafy, hollow : panicle terminal, more than decompound, pro- 
 liferous : peduncles and pedicels scabrous : spikes glomerate, 3 or 4 
 in a head or more, ovate, obtuse. 3 to 5 feet high. Very common 
 in Avet meadows and swampy ground. 
 
 14—1. Trichostema. 42. 39. 
 dicholo7na, (blue curls. T. V. C. Y. N. P. b. Au. 0.) leaves rhomb- 
 lanceolate : branches flower-bearing, 2-forked : stamens very long, 
 blue, curved. 6 to 8 inches high. Gives out a scent pi-ecisely fe- 
 scmbliug that of the spikenard. Var. linearis, has linear leaves. 
 22 — 2. Trichostomcm. 56. 4. 
 jmliidum, (hair-mouth moss. P) stem simple, very short : leaves ca- 
 pillaiy, sheathing : capsule ovate, with a slight apophysis, cylindric : 
 lid conic ; eaij^tre halved. 
 
 7—1. Trientalis. 20. 34. 
 
 europcca, L. (2) (chick wintergreen. O. w. Ju. 2|) leaves oval: stem 
 
 naked below, with a tult of oval leaves at the top. V^ar. amtricamt^ 
 
 has lanceolate leaves, tapering to both ends. About 3 to 5 inches 
 
 high. 
 
 17—10. Trifolium. 32. 93. 
 
 pratense, (common red clover. 0. r. M. U-) ascending, smoothish 
 leafets ovate, sub-entire : stipules awned : spikes dense, ovate : low- 
 er tooth of the calyx shorter than tlie tube of the coiol, aud longer 
 than the other teeth. 
 rtptns (white clover. 0. w. M. 2^.) creeping : leafets ovate-oblong, 
 emargiuate, serrulate : liow?rs in umhelled heads : teeth of the ca- 
 lyx sub-equal : legumes 4-seeded. Foreign botanists often call these 
 two species introduced plants ; but I know not on what authority. — 
 I have never seen a place of a few miles extent where they do not 
 grow, however wild the country. 
 nrctust (^rabbit-foot, field clover. O w. Ju. 0.) erect, branching, vil- 
 lose ; leaves lance-linear, serrulate at the apex : stipules connate, 
 subulate at the apex : spikes villose, oval-cylindric : teeth of the 
 calyx setaceous, longer than the corol. Grows in djy pastures or 
 barren fields. 
 (1) Erioiihorumcyperinuui, L. Scirpus criophoruni,Mx. (2) aniericana, Ph. 
 
TRIFOLIUM;, TRIGLOCHIX. 483 
 
 ^olonlferum, M. (buffalo clover. Western part of the state of New-York. 
 w. J. 11.) sending otf suckers from the base of the stem ; leaves ob- 
 ovate, unequally serrate on the sides, and toothed at the end -. teeth 
 of the calyx narrow-lanceolate or subulate, longer than the tube ; 
 florets large, in ahead-form spike. This description 1 drew from a 
 dried specimen in the herbarium of Dr. T. R. Beck ; being unable to 
 procure any other. 
 
 pennsylvanlcum, W. (P. r. J. 2^) ascending: stem very branching;, 
 zigzag ; leafets oval-ovate, obtuse, entire : stipules awned : spikes 
 ovate-cylindric, dense, solitary : lower tooth of the calyx shorter 
 than the tube of the corol. 
 
 reflcxum,\V. (P. r. J. 2J^.) procumbent, pubescent: leaves obovate : 
 stipules oblique, cordate : heads many-flowered : flowers pedicelled, 
 at length all reflexed : legumes about 3-seeded. Near ihe great 
 lakes. 
 
 procumbens, W. (hop clover. P. y. J. ^.) procumbent : stem hairy : 
 leafets obovate, sub-marginate, glabrous : stipules short, lanceolate, 
 acute : spikes oval, imbricate : banner deflexed, furrowed, perma- 
 nent. 
 
 <:ampestre, Sr. (1) (P. y. 0.) spike ovate, imbricate : banner deflected, 
 permanent ; leafets lance-ovate, middle one petioleck: stem sub-dif- 
 fuse ; branches decumberit. 
 
 agrarium, W. (2) (P. y. J. 0.) erect, sub-pubescent ; leafets lance* 
 wedge-form, obtuse, middle one sessile : stipules lanceolate, acute : 
 spikes oval, imbricate : banner deflexed, permanent : teeth of the 
 calyx, subulate, glabrous, unequal. 
 
 Trifolium, see Melilotis. 
 6 — 3. Triglochin. 5. 13. 
 
 tnaritimum (arrow-grass. L. g. Ju. 2^.) capsules short, ovate, furrowed, 
 6-celled, rounded at the base : leaves semi-cylindric : root tuberous. 
 Grows plentifully about 12 or 14 inches high, in the salt meadows 
 about New-Haven. 
 
 ^alustre (Onondaga salt springs, g. Ju. If.) triandrous : capsules linear, 
 tapering to the base, 3-celled, smooth ; stigmas erect : leaves radi- 
 cal, 2-ranked, sheathing, linear, channelled, smooth : roots fibrous. 
 About 6 inches high. 
 
 iriandrum, Mx. (Can. P.) triandrous : flowers 3-cleft, sbort-pedicelled: 
 capsules roundish-triangular : leaves sub-setLCoous, almost as ia!l as 
 the spike or scape. 
 y(i) procumbenSjS. 8grariuin,C. (2) anreum, PoU:ch. 
 
484 TRIGLOCHIN, TRILLIUM. 
 
 elatum., N. (New- York.) styles and capsules 6, '^tyles permanent, cap- 
 sules linear, angular, depressed on the backs, having acute margins : 
 scape much longer than the leaves. In marshes. 
 
 17—10. Trigonella. 32. 93. 
 
 foimini-grceram (funegreek. E. 0.) legumes sessile, solitary, straight, 
 ereccish, sab-ialcate, acuminate : stem erect : leaves wtdge-oblong. 
 6—3. Trillum. 11. 12. 
 
 er2ctum, W. (1) (false wake-robin. O. p-w. M. 11.) peduncles erect or 
 ertclish, with the flowers a little nodding : petals ovate, acuminate, 
 , spreading, equalling tise calyx : leaves rhomboid, acuminate, sessile: 
 peduiicle about 3 inches long. Var. atropurpurevm, petals large, 
 dark purpie. Var. album, petals smaller, white : germ red. 12 to 
 18 inches high. Leaves often 3 or 4 inches broad. 
 
 csrnuum, W. (nodding wake-robin. Y. C. P. Boston, g. &, w. M. 2^.) 
 peduncles recurved, shortish : petals lanceolate, reflexed, the size 
 and form of the calyx leaves : leaves rhomboid, abruptly acuminate, 
 very short petioled. About half the size of the last species. Petals 
 dull brownish white, sfriped with green. 
 
 pictiun, Ph. (2) (smiling wake-robin. H. w. k. r. M. 2/.) peduncles 
 erectish : petals lance-ovate, acuminate, recurved, almost twice as 
 long as the narrow-leaf calyx : leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at 
 the basP} abruptly petioled. Very abundant in moderately dry 
 woods north of Williams college. An elegant species. 
 
 'pendulum, W. (P. w. M. Z^.) peduncles erect, with the flower a little 
 nodding : petals ovate, acuminate, spreading, longer than the calyx j 
 leaves rhomboid-acuminate, sessile. Smaller than the erectum, 
 germ reddish, anthers and styles yellow, flower dull white. I took 
 this description from Smith. He says Pursh has given the charac- 
 ters of the erectum for this species ; but I never saw the pendulum. 
 
 grandifiorum, C (3) (P. V. Lake Erie. w. M. If.) pe-luncles a little 
 curved, and the flowers a little nodding : petals lance-spatulate, 
 erect at the base,limb spreading, much larger than the calyx : leaves 
 broad, rhomb-ovate. Berries dark purple. This plant was found 
 in great abundance by Mr. W. Cooper, on the Norman's kill, about 
 8 miles west of Albany. 
 
 stssiU, W. (P.p. M. 2^.) flowers sessile, erect : petals lanceolate, erect, 
 twice as long as the calyx : leaves sessile, broad-ovate, acute. 
 
 .jumiZwm, Mx. (dwarf wake-robin. P. r. M. U-) peduncles erect; pe^ 
 
 (1) rhnmb'ideum Mx. (2; erytlirccai-pui") Mx. umUilatum, W 
 
 r".^ vliumboiueum, Var. grar.diflorum, Mx. 
 
TRIOSTEUM, TROP.I-OLUM, 485 
 
 tals scarcely longer than the calyx : leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, ses- 
 sile. 
 
 5 — 1. Triosteum. 48. 53. 
 
 perfoliatum, L. (1) (fever root, horse-ginseng. O. p. J. 11.) leaves oval, 
 acuininate, connate : flowers sessile, whorled. 2 to 4 feet high ; 
 berries purple or yellow. Very valuable as a mild cathartic and 
 emetic. B. ^ Bw. 
 
 19—1. Tripfiora, N. (2) 7. 21. 
 pendula, M. (3) (three-bird orchis. V. C. P. Westfield, Mass. w-p. Au. 
 11-) i-oot tuberous : stem leafy, about 3-flowered at the top : leaves 
 ovate, alternate : lip entire. 3 to 5 inches high. I found it growing 
 plentifully on the Serpentine Hill, four miles west of Westfield aca- 
 demy. 
 
 20—3. Tripsacum. 4. 10. 
 dactaloides, W. (sesame grass. C. Au. 2^.) staminate flowers above, 
 pistillate below ; spike somewhat in threes. Var. monoslachyon^ has 
 a solitary spike. A large strong grass. 
 
 3—2. Triticum. 4. 10. 
 
 /tyheniian (winter wheat. E. J. ^ .) calyx-glume 4-flowered, tumid, 
 even, imbricate, abrupt, with a short compressed point : ati])ule jag- 
 ged : corols of the upper florets somewhat bearded. There are sev- 
 eral varieiies of this species which are induced by culture. 
 
 <C4-<ifM/rt (summer wheat. E. J. ^.) calyx 4-flow^ered, tumid, smooth, 
 imbricated, awned. Smith says this maybe a variety of the last. 
 
 eompositum (egyjUian wheat. E.) spike compound ; spikelets crowded, 
 awned. 
 
 repens (wheat-grass, couch-grass, quack-grass. 0. J. 11-) calyx acumin- 
 ate, many-nerved, 5-flowered ; flo\^ers pointed: leaves flat: root 
 creeping. Very troublesome in fertile soil, and useful in barren sand • 
 
 13—13. Trollius. 26. 61. 
 laxus,Sy. (4) (globe-flower. P. y. M. Z^.) petals 5, obtuse, spreading ; 
 nectaries shorter than the stamens. Petals always, perhaps, 5, obo- 
 vate : capsules short, abrupt, crowned with the elongated style. 
 
 8—1. Trop.eolum. 2.3. 73. 
 majiis (nasturtion, Indian cress. E. y. &. r. Ju. Q. S>i 11.) leaves peltate, 
 sub-repand: petals obtuse, some of them fringed. 
 
 '1) raajns, Mx. (3) trianfhophorus, Sw. parvitlora, Ms. nutans, Le Conte. 
 
 ;2j Arethusa, i. (-1) araericanu-, Donn. 
 
 Rr2 
 
486 TROXIMOX; TUSSILAGO. 
 
 13—1. Troximok, 49. 53. 
 virginirum, P. (1) (false goal's beard. P. y. Ju. 2/.) radical leaves iy 
 rate, roundish ; cauline ones clasping, undivided : whole plant glab- 
 rous. 
 
 22—6. Tuber. 58 1. 
 
 cibarium, becoming black, roughened with warts. Globose, solid, des- 
 titute of root. On the earth. Often collected for food in Europe 
 and Asia. 
 
 22 6. TuBERCCi,ARIA. 68. 1. 
 
 vulgaris (tubercle fungus.) gregarious, bright red, ridgy or wrinkled; 
 
 with a thick pale stipe-form receptacle. Mostly on dead branches 
 
 of the common red currant. 
 rosea (P.) scattered, loose, irregularly globose, rose-coloured. Bright 
 
 pink little masses, which dissolve in rainy weather. This Smith 
 
 gives as its best distinction from some lichens. Adhering to lichens 
 
 ©n trees. 
 
 22—6. TuBULiNA. 58. 1. 
 
 fragiformis, sub-orbicular ; at first red, then rust-colour ; tubular fruit 
 
 thick, distinct at the apex. On trunks in the summer after a storm. 
 
 6—1. TuLiPA. 10. 14. 
 suaveolens (sweet tulip. E. M. It-) small : stem l-flowered, pubescent ^ 
 
 flower erect: petals obtuse, glabrous : leaves lance-ovate. 
 gcsneriana (common tulip. E. M. 2i.) stem 1-flowered, glabrous . 
 
 flower various-coloured, erect : petals obtuse, glabrous : leaves 
 
 lance-ovate. 
 
 22 — 6. TuLosTOMA. 58. 1. 
 
 h-umale, stipe smoothish ; fruit globose, with aflat mouth. On walls,, 
 sometimes in meadows. 
 
 15—2. TcRRiTis. 39. 63. 
 
 hirsuta, S. (tower mustard. O. w. M. #. or It.) leaves all hispid ; cau- 
 liae ones clasping : silique 4-angled. Robert Brown says this is an 
 Arabis. If so, this genus may be struck off" from the list of Ameri- 
 can genera, since laevigata has been removed to Arabis by Torrey. 
 
 «>yafa, Ph. (P. w. M. i .) pubescent: radical leaves petioled, ovate^, 
 toothed, obtuse ; cauline leaves clasping, oblong, serrate, acute. — 
 Resembles the hirsuta ; perhaps a variety of it, which ought to fol- 
 low it to the genus Arabis. 
 
 18—2. TussiLAGO. 49. 55. 
 
 farfara, W. (colt's foot. W.T. P. N. y. Ap. 2^.) scape single-flowered, 
 
 r') Tragopogon virginicwm, L. Hy«serJsprenantfaoWes,W. ainp!exJcaule,Mx. 
 
TUSSILAGO, ULVA. 487 
 
 scaly : leaves cordate, angular, toothed, downy beneath. The flow- 
 er appears long before the leaves. River alluvion. 
 
 frigida (mountain colt's foot. New- Hampshire, Vt. y. M. 2^.) scape 
 many-flowered, corymbed, bracted : leaves triangular, cordate, with 
 deep triangular teeth, downy beneath. 
 
 20—3. Typha. 3. 8. 
 
 htifolia (cat -tail, reed-mace. O. Ju. If.) leaves linear, flat, slightly con- 
 vex beneath : staminateand pistillate aments close together. Wet. 
 
 an^uslifolia (P. Ju.y.) leaves linear, channelled, semi-cylindric be- 
 low and flattish above : staminate and pistillate aments a little sepa- 
 rated. Not so large as the last species. Wet. 
 
 U. 
 
 17—10. Ulex. 32. 93. 
 fiuropeus (furze. E. M. ^.) leaves lance-linear, villose : bra§ts ovatej 
 lax ; branchlets erect. 
 
 5—2. Ulmus. 53. 99. 
 americana, Mx. (elm, w^hite-elm. O. g-p. Ap. Tp.) branches smooth t 
 leaves oblique at the base, having acuminate serraturesa little hook- 
 ing : flowers pedicelled : fruit fringed with dense down. A very 
 large durable tree, with the branches gradually spreading, when it 
 grows in open fields, so as to form a fan-form top. Var. jpenrfu/o^ 
 has hanging branches and smoothish leaves. Rafinesque says this is 
 a distinct species. See Florula Ludoviciana, page 115. 
 fulva, Mx. (1) (slippery-elm, red-elm. O. Ap. T?.) branches scabrous, 
 whitish : leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, nearly equal at the base, 
 unequally serrate, pubescent both sides, very scabrous : buds tomen- 
 tose, with very dense yellowish wool ; flowers sessile. May al- 
 ways be known by chewing the bark, which is very mucilaginous. 
 nemoralis (riVcr-elm, grove-elm. New-England. Ap. ^.) leaves oblong, 
 smoothish, equally serrate, nearly equal at the base : flowers sessile. 
 22—2. Ulota. 56. 4. 
 crispa^ stem ramose ; leaves lance-linear, recurve d-undulate when dry : 
 pedicels elongated. On trunks of trees. 
 
 22—4. Ulva. 57. 2. 
 
 1. Spread. 
 
 lacluca, fronds aggregate, oblong, flat; undulate-bullate, attenuate be 
 
 <i } aspera, &I. rubra, Mx • younger. 
 
488 ULVA, URALEPSIS. 
 
 low, gradually dilated, laciniate-crisped. Pale-green, thin, Aveak 
 and flaccid. Seas and bays. 
 latissimay frond solitary, oldong, very broad, flat, margin undulated. 
 Root contracted. Frond attached in a peltate-form, yellowish-green, 
 coriaceous-membranaceous. Abundant along within the margin of 
 the sea. 
 
 purpurea^ fronds oblong, purple, undulate-crisped. Root contracted. 
 Frond attached in a peltate-form, aggregated, sub-sessile, 1 to 3 inch- 
 es broad, very thin, with dense, oblong-angled, or nearly trapezoidal 
 granulations. On rocks in seas and bays. 
 
 llnzay frond lance-linear; margin undulate-crisped. About an inch 
 broad, tapering to the base, green. Sea-shore. 
 
 crispaj frond bullate, plicate-crisped, rugose, aggregated into an ex- 
 panded layer. JNot adhering to paper on drying. On the earth in 
 shades. 
 
 2. Tubular. 
 
 luhrica, frond sub-ramose, compressed, undulate-sinuate, gelatinous. 
 Very narrow, about the twelfth of an inch, variously inflexed and 
 curved, pellucid, green. Seed deposited in a quadrangular position. 
 Adheres closely to paper on drying. In ditches. 
 
 iutestinalis, frond tubulose, simple. Variable in size ; very narrow. 
 Obscurely green. 
 
 compressa, frond tubulose, simple or branched, filiform-compressed. 
 Varying in size. Sometimes compressed and sometimes terete, ob- 
 scurely green. In seas and bays. 
 
 3—2. Uniola. 4. 10. 
 
 grncilis, Mx. (spike-grass. D. Au. U-) sheaths and culm compressed : 
 leaves flattish: panicle sub-spiked, long and slender, with short close- 
 pressed branches ; spikelets small, sub-sessile ; glume-calyx 3-valv- 
 ed : flowers monandrous. In shady woods. 
 
 latifoli'i, Mx. (P. J. 2|.) panicle lax ; sj ikelets all long-pedicelled : 
 calyx 3-valved : flowers monandrous, sub-falcate, hairy on the keel : 
 leaves broad, flat. 
 
 spicata, L. (1) (C. Ju. 2^.) flowers in a thyrse : spikelets approximate, 
 close-pressed, about 6-flo\vered, awnless : leaves convolute-subulate, 
 rigid, alternate, pointing 2-ways : culm erect, glabrous. 
 3 — 2 Uralepsis, N. 4. 10. 
 
 purpurea, Wr. (2) (purple hair-grass. C. P. A.) culm terete, erect : pa- 
 
 (1) disticophylla, Rs. Festuca OisVicophylla, Mx. (2) Aira purpurea, Wr- 
 
URASPERMUMj URTICA. 489 
 
 iiicle diffuse, purple ; the racemes shorter than the internodes, with 
 few sub-sessil J florets : Laves flat, narrow, sub-filiform above. 
 
 5—2. Uraspermum, N. 45. 60. 
 claytoiii, (\) (sweet cicely. O. J. 2^.) leaves confipound, hairy ; Icafets 
 pirinatifid-lobed ; terminal one rhomboidal, acute: umbels axillary 
 and terminal, about 5-rayed : style as long as the villose germ. 
 22—5. Ukceolaria. 57. 2. 
 fanyrga, (pitcher-shield lichen. P.) effuse, granular-warty, pure white : 
 warts clust^^red, bearing shields which are glaucous-mealy, with 
 ' GOtives, entire, frond-like margins. 
 
 22—6. Uredo. 58. 1. 
 
 1. Seminal dust rusty-yellow. 
 
 roscc-centifolia, (rose rust.) crowded, yellow, flat, opening ; little 
 
 heaps orbicular. On the leaves of the centfoil rose. 
 linearis, (yellow grain-rust. J.0.) linear, very long ; stained-yellow, 
 at length but obscurely coloured. On the culms and leaves of bar- 
 ley, oats, rye, wheat, ^c. 
 
 2. Seminal dust white. 
 Candida, (white rust.) white, opening. On shepherd's-purse, &c. 
 
 3. Seminal dust black or sooty-yellow ; on the fructification of plants, 
 segetum, (smut. J.) dust black very copious ; growing in the spikes 
 
 or glumes of grain. Is smut a plant .'' 
 caricis, dust black, naked, surrounding the capsules. On carexes. 
 
 20 — 4. Urtica. 63. P8, 
 
 dioica, (common nettle. O. J. If.) leaves opposite, cordate, lance- 
 ovate, coarsely serrate : flowers difficious : spikes panicled, glome- 
 rate, in pairs, longer than the petioles. 
 
 frocern, W. (2) (O. Ju. 2/.) leaves opposite, cordate, lance-ovate, ser- 
 rate ; petioles ciliate : flowers dioecious : spikes somewhat branched, 
 
 ^^lomerate in pairs, equalling the petiole. Not so common as the 
 last ; which, if examined before full maturity, may be mistaken for 
 this. 
 
 gracilis, (N. Can. An. 2^.) leaves opposite, lance-ovate, nakedish ; 
 leaves and petioles hispid : racemes in pairs. Pursh says this and 
 the last species are the same : perhaps they are ; but if so, the gra- 
 cilis at Northampton is a very slender and delicate variety. 
 
 •pumila, W. (3) (stingless nettle, rich-weed. O. Ju. 0.) leaves opposite, 
 
 (1) Mvrrhis dukis. 2<1 ed. Scandix dulcis. M. Scandix rlaytoni.Mx. (see N) Cha- 
 cvophylium clajtoni. Ph. (2) gracilis f A. (3) Adciia lriRt;rva,R, 
 
490 URTICA. 
 
 ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, serrate ; lower petioles as long as tlie 
 leaves : flowers monoecious, triandrous ; in corymbed heads, shorter 
 than the petioles. Stem smooth and shining ; when in deep shades, 
 the stem is pellucid. 
 urens, (dwarf stinger. N. P. T. Y. Boston. J. 0.) leaves opposite, 
 
 oval, about 5-nerved, sharply serrate : spikes glomerate, in pairs. 
 Capitata, W. (P. Can. J. 11.) leaves alternate, heart-ovate, acuminate, 
 serrate, 3-nerved, twice as long as the petiole : glomerules spiked ; 
 the spikes are solitary, shorter than the leaves, leafy above : stem 
 naked. 
 danadensiSf (canada nettle. O. Ju. 2^.) leaves alternate, heart-ovate, 
 acuminate, serrate, hispid both sides : panicles axillary, mostly in 
 pairs, spread-branched ; the lower staminate ones longer than the 
 petioles ; upper pistillate one elongated : stem covered with stings. 
 5 to 6 feet high. Var. divaricala, has smoothish leaves, and some* 
 times very spreading, solitary panicles. 
 Xohitlowi, M. (1) (albany hemp. T. Au. TJ..) stem simple, terete, and 
 sub-glabrous at the base ; towards the top it is 5 to 8-grooved, and 
 covered with reversed stings : leaves serrate, punctate, (with deep 
 green specks or spots,) acuminate, long-petioled, alternate ; lower 
 ones broad-oval, with the base wedge-form ; uppermost ones nearly 
 opposite, heart-ovate : " panicles peduncled ; staminate ones axil- 
 lary, dichotomous, longer than the petioles ; pistillate ones terminal : 
 capsules orbicular-compressed, mucronate :" root tuberous-fusiform, 
 often with tuberous branches nearly at right angles. Stem 5 or 6 
 feet high. See Prof. Green's Catalogue. 
 
 Dr. Muhlenberg examined this plant, and named it in honour of its 
 discoverer, Mr. Charles Whitlow ; whose opinion, that it may be ad- 
 vantageously cultivated as a substitute for hemp, seems to be confirm- 
 ed by the observations of M'Kinzie. Dr. Withering also observed, 
 long ago, that he had no doubt some species of the nettle might be 
 used as a substitute for flax. 
 
 Several botanists consider the whitlowi as a variety of the canaden- 
 sis. I have therefore been particular to give a full description ; which 
 I took from several living specimens on an island near Albany, and 
 compared it with those cultivated in Mr. G. Webster's garden. That 
 part of the description relating to the fructification, I translated from 
 Dr. Muhlenberg's description. 
 Whether it is a distinct species or only a variety, will not affect tke 
 
 Q) caaa(leB$is, Ph. in a letter to IrofesBor Ives. 
 
USNEA, UTRICULARIA. 491 
 
 question of its usefulness ; a.id it is to be hoped that agriculturalists 
 will make more extensive experiments. 
 
 22—5. UsNEA. 57. 2. 
 
 Jlorida, frond erectish, scabrous, pale-cinereous : fibres thick, horizon- 
 tal : branches spreading, expanded, sub-simple : receptacles flat, 
 very broad, becoming white, ciliate : ciliae long, radiating. On trees. 
 This and the following species of lichen are usually called tree-raoss« 
 
 strigosa, frond effuse, ramose, dirty-cinereous, scabrous : branches 
 longish, flexuose, dichotomous, lax, every where bearing strigosc 
 fibres : receptacles fleshy, broad, sub-lobate, tooth-radiate. Perhaps 
 a variety of the florida. 
 
 plicata, frond pendulous, smooth, pale : branches lax, very branching, 
 sub-fibrous, the extreme ones capillary : receptacles flat, broad, ci- 
 liate ; the cilias very slender and long. On trunks and branches of 
 trees ; most common on the dry dead limbs of evergreens, from 
 which it often hangs in long cinereous-green locks. 
 
 barbatn, frond pendulous, smooth, terete, thickish, pale-green and sub- 
 cinereous : branches diverging with scattered fibres, capillary at the 
 apex, jointed beneath. On branches of old trees. 
 
 (mgulata, frond pendulous, flexuose, sub-simple, angled, pale-cine- 
 reous ; angles acute, scabrous : fibres horizontal, approximate, sim- 
 ple, short, slenderly terete. On trees, 
 
 trichodea, frond prostrate, smooth, pale-white, filiform, tender, sub-ra- 
 mose : fibres horizontal, somewhat 1-sidecJ, scattered : receptacles 
 uniform-coloured ; the periphery elevated, thin, naked, entire. 
 2 — 1. Utricularia. 24. 40. 
 
 rulgaris, Ph (1) (bladder-wort. 0. y. J. If.) spur-nectary conic ; uppec- 
 lip of the length of the p -late, reflexed to the sides : scape straight, 
 few flowered. Scape generally proceeding from the junction of se- 
 veral horizontal branches, which lie in the mud, or float on the sur- 
 face of water. The leaves are capillary, generally bearing small 
 bladders. 
 
 cornufa, Mx. (leafless bladder-wort. H. L T. y. Ju. U) spur-nectary 
 subulate,lengthened out longer than the corol, nearly vertical, acute : 
 lower lip of the corol broad, .3-lobed : scape with two nearly sessile 
 flowers at the top ; no leaves at the base, but having den.se alternate 
 tufts of radical leaves. In the marsh on Crooked lake, PInMifield, 
 (iMass.) it grows so plentifully as to give the lake the appearance oi 
 
 (I) macrorbUa, Le Conte. Torrey sajs tbis is not the vul^trw of L 
 
4^2 UTRICULARIA, UVULARIA. 
 
 being bordered with yellow. I saw thousands there still in flower ia 
 September. 
 
 saccata, Le Conte. (C. P. p. Au. 0.) scape 1 to 3-flowered : lower lip 
 of the corol 3-lobed, lateral lobes cowled on the under-side ; palate 
 large and prominent : spur-nectary compressed, keeled, sub-acumi- 
 nate, close-pressed to the corol, which is upside-down, and covers 
 the spur with its reflexed mareiiis ; upper lip almost round. JNuttall 
 says it is the purpurea of Walter. 
 
 gibba, W. (T. D. Pittsfield. y. Ju.) spur-nectary gibbous : divisions 
 of the corol rounded : scape generally 1-flowered. Very small. 
 Grows in great plenty in the ponds near the Cantonment at Green- 
 bush. 
 
 subulata, Ph. (1) (Can. P D. y. Ju. #.) spurnectary obtuse, shorter 
 than the under lip : scape about 2-flowered. Flowers small. 
 
 setacea, Le Conte. (C. D. P. y. J.) leafless : scape minute, terete, slen- 
 derly setaceous, 2 or 3-flowered, rooting: flowers on longish pe- 
 duncles : spur-nectary longish. It appears that Mr. Le Conte some- 
 times found 6 or 7 flowers on a scape ; and Mr. Elliott says the low- 
 er lip of the calyx is sub-emarginate. Pursh says this is the subulata ; 
 but Nuttall says it cannot possibly be that. ^ 
 
 minor, (D. y. Au. 2^.) spur-nectary gibbous, keeled : throat of the corol 
 open. Flowers small. 
 
 ceratophylla, Mx. (2) (C. D. P. y. Ju ) leaves at the base of the scape 
 cylindric, capillary, divided, branched at the extremities : scape pro- 
 ducing 6 to lo-flowered racemes : lower lip of the corol with 3 re- 
 tuse lobes : spur compressed. The largest of the species. 
 
 striata, Le Conte. (C. y. J. 2^ ) scape 2 or 3 flowered : nectary (or spur) 
 straight, obtuse ; upper lip r<u id-ovate, sub-emarginate ; margin un- 
 dulated ; palate 2-lobed ; under lip 3-lobed ; lateral lobes reflexed, 
 longer than the spur: corol red-striate. About a foot high. Bladders few. 
 
 6 — 1. UVULARI A. 11. 14. 
 1. Capsules Z-corn-red ; stigmas r' flexed. 
 perfoUata (beUwovi. O.y. M. If.) leaves perfoliate, oval, obtuse (lance- 
 linear or oval-oblong, in the young state) corol bell-liliaceous, sca- 
 brous or granular wi-hin: anthers cuspidate. 
 sbssitifulia (O. y. M. 11.) leaves sessile, lance-oval, becoming glaucous 
 beneath; petals flat, smooth within: capsule stiped (raised above 
 the receptacle on a little stem :) stem glabrous. 
 lanceolata, W. (3) (H. y. J. If.) leaves perfoliate, oblong, acute ; pet- 
 (1) Setacea ? Mx. (2) inflata, Wr. (3) graaUiflora, S. perfyliaia major, Mx. 
 
VACcixiuM. 49B 
 
 als smoolh within : anthers obtnsish : nectaries roundish. Flowers 
 large. Found by Dr. L. C. Bick, in rocky situations, near Albany. 
 flava, S. (1) (D. y. M. 2^.) leaves perfoliate, oval-oblong, obtuse, un- 
 dulate at the base : corol tapering to the base, scabrous within : an- 
 thers cuspidate. 
 
 2. Capsules sub-globose ; sligtnas very short. 
 
 [These species are removed to Strcptopus.] 
 
 V. 
 
 10 — 1. Vaccinium. 18. 51. 
 Remark. President Smith remarks upon the removing of this genus 
 to the 10th class, in a way which strongly implies his disapprobation. 
 He says Fursh removed it ; not recollecting at the moment that Persoon 
 removed it about ten years before Pursh wrote. There are about 25 
 species in North America, not one of them octandrous ; and barely 3 
 octandrous species in Europe. Ought we therefore to make our 25 
 species into anomalies, on account of the European species ? 1 pre- 
 sume Dr. Smith would not object to taking off the Oxycoccus genus, 
 should he become acquainted with all our species of the old genus 
 Vaccinium, growing in their native wilds. See Rees' Cyclopcedia. 
 stamineum (squaw whortleberry. 0. w. M. ^.) leayes oval, acute, en- 
 tire, glaucous beneath : pedicels solitary, axillary, filiform : corol 
 spreading, bell-form ; divisions oblong, acute : anthers exsert, awn- 
 ed on the back : berry pear-form. About 2 or 3 feet high. Var. al- 
 bunif has the nerves and veins of the leaves hairy, and the berry glo- 
 bose. Pursh makes this variety a distinct species j but Smith says 
 it can hardly be called a variety. Berries of this species are large 
 and light green, when ripe ; very soft and juicy within, with a tough 
 .stem. 
 dumosum, C. (2) (bush whortleberry. O. w. J. Tp.) branchlets, leaves 
 and racemes a little hispid, bedewed with resinous specks; the leaves 
 oblong-obovate, acute at the base, mucronate, entire, both sides col- 
 oured alike : racemes bracted, pedicels short, axillary, sub-solitary, 
 2-bracted near the middle : corol bell-form, divisions roundish, in- 
 cluding the anthers. 
 frondosum, L. (3) (blue whortleberry. O. w. M. ^p.) leaves oblong- 
 ovate, obtusish, entire, glabrous, glaucous beneath, bedewed with 
 many resinous dots : racemes lax, bracted ; pedicels long, filiform, 
 bracted } bracts liuear : corol ovate-bcll-form, with acute divisions, 
 (1; Anonymos pudiea, Wr. (2; frondosum, Alx< birtelluui, A (3) glaucuiD,Mx. 
 
494 VACCINIUM, 
 
 and enclosing the anthers. Var. lanceolatum, having lanceolate 
 leaves acute at both ends. About 3 feet high, berries large and blue . 
 remiosum, L. (1) (black whortleberry. O. p. M. ^.) leaves slender, pe- 
 tioled, oblong-oval, mostly obtuse, entire, bedewed with resinou? 
 specks beneath : racemes lateral, one-sided : pedicels short, some- 
 what bracted : corol ovate-couic, 5-cornered. 1 to 4 feet high : 
 berries black. Much taller in woods than in open fields. 
 coryiyibomm, h. (2) (giant whortleberry. O. w. M. ^.) flower-bearing 
 branchlets almost leafless : leaves oblong-oval, acute at both ends, 
 mucronate, sub-entire > sub-tomentose beneath and hairy both sides 
 ■when young, but glabrous above and a little hairj' at the veins be- 
 neath when mature ; racemes short, sessile, with scaly bracts : co- 
 rols cylirdric-ovate : calyx erect ; style somewhat exsert. In wet 
 ground it grows very large ; near Albany it grows 12 feet high, and 
 2 or 3 inches in diameter. Berries black Var. amcenutn, has the 
 style not exsert, and the racemes are crowded, corol cylindric, and 
 the calyx reflexed. The twigs are reddish, flowers large, with a red- 
 dish tinge. \'a.r.fuscatum, has the leaves a little serrulate, glabrous, 
 corymbed racemes terminal, pedicels long and nodding, corol cy- 
 lindric, with short direct divisions, style hardly exsert. Flowers 
 striped with red, calyx brown. 
 jiennsyhanicum, Mx. (3) (black-blue whortleberry. O. r-g. M. Tp.) 
 branches angled, bark green : leaves sessile, lance-oval, mucronate, 
 serrulate, both sides shining : fascicles of flowers crowded, sub-ter- 
 minal : corol ovate, S-toothed. Very branching, leaves flat, mem- 
 branaceous, calyx green. 
 fenellum, W. (4) (dwarf whortleberry. W. P. Whitehills. r-w. M. ^.) 
 branches angled, green : leaves sessile, lance-ovate, mucronate, ser- 
 rulate, shimn2; both sides ; flowers in crowded, mostly sessile fasci- 
 cles : corols ovate. 
 ^aultherioides, Bw. (winlergreen whortleberry. "VVhitehills.Ju.'^.) pros- 
 trate j leaves obovate, entire : flowers sub-solitary : berries oblong, 
 crowned with the style. Very small. A new species by Bigelow 
 and Boot. 
 ritis-idcca (bilberry. Can. New-England, w-r. M. ^.) low ; stem creep- 
 ing, branchlets erect : leaves obovate, emarginate, revolute, sub- 
 serrulate, shining above, punctate beneath : racemes terminal, nod- 
 ding : corol bell-cylindric. Sometimes tetrandrous. 
 Vaccinium, see Oxycoccus. 
 
 (1) Andromeda baccata,Wm. (2) disomorphum, Mx. Album, Lk- Amocnum; W. 
 (H) virgatUiW, W. Tenellum ? Ttu (4) peonsylvanicura .' Lk. 
 
VALERIANA, VEUIJASGUM. 495 
 
 3 — 1. Valeriana. 48. 56. 
 '}'U (valerian. E. 1^.) cauliiielea;^es pinnate, radical ones undiviiied : 
 stem smooth. 
 
 Valeriana, see Fedia. 
 
 21—2. Vallisneiua. 1. 22. 
 
 5;)j>a?is(tape grass. Y. T. P. w. Au. If.) leaves floating, linear, obtuse, 
 serrulate at the summit, tapering at the base : peduncle of the pistil- 
 late flower long and spiral ; of the staminate short and erect. In 
 the river Hudson from Waterford to the Highlands. 
 
 22 — 5. Variolaria. 57. 2. 
 
 communis, crust cartilaginous, smooth, becoming white, at length une- 
 qual, cinereous, sprinkled over with white finiit-dots destitute of 
 margins; warts of the receptacles spheroid, pulverulent; with a 
 sub-membranaceous flattish pale nucleus, which is at length naked. — 
 On trunks of trees in the wood when stripped of bark, is^c. 
 
 nmarn, crust rugose-rimose, un-equai, sub-pulverulent, white, becoming 
 sub-cinereous: warts of the receptacles close-pressed, plano-concave, 
 bearing the fruit, uniform-coloured. On bark of tree£. 
 
 22—4. Vaucheria. 57. 2. 
 
 bursata, threads laxly ramose : vesicles solitary, globose ; peduncles 
 perpendicular. In stagnant water. Very abundant in Rutland pond, 
 Vermont, ^ 
 
 dillwynii, threads flexuose : vesicles sessile, lateral, globose. Grows 
 on naked earth in shadt;^, eiihci \i\ spring or autumn. 
 
 6 — 3. Veratrum. 10. 13. 
 stride, W. (1) (itchweed, indian poke, white hellebore. 0. g. J. 2/.) 
 flowers in terminal racemed panicles ; bracts of the branches lance- 
 oblong, the bract of the flowers longer than the sub-pubescent pedun- 
 cles : leaves broad-ovate, plaited, many-nerved. Useful in rheuma- 
 tisms and many cutaneous eruptions. Dr. Cutler says, crows may 
 be destroyed by boiling indian corn in a decoction of this plant, and 
 strewing it in cornfields. Damp. 
 
 Veratrum, see Helonias. 
 
 5—1. Verbascum. 28. 41. 
 /hapsus (mullein. O. y. J. ^ ) leaves decurrent, downy both sides : 
 stem generally simple, though sometimes branched above: floA^ers 
 in a cylindric spike. When botanists are so infatuated with wild 
 
 (1) album, Ms:, 
 
496 VERBASCUM, VERNONIA. 
 
 speculation, as to tell us the mullein Avas introduced, they give ou/ 
 youngest pupils occasion to sneer at their teachers. 
 
 blattaria, (iiioth mullein, sleek mullein. T. jN. C. P. w-y. J. 1?.) leaves 
 glabrous, tooth-serrate ; lower ones oblong-obovate ; upper ones 
 heart-ovate, clasping : pedicels 1-flowered, in a terminal panicle- 
 raceme. This plaiii^, which growls about Albany and Troy in such 
 abuudaiice,dint:rs so widely from the descriptions given of this spe- 
 cies by Smith and '\Viildenow, that I am inclined to believe it a dif- 
 ferent speci^iijor a vt-ry distinct variety. 
 
 lychnilis, (P-r. w.J. $ .) leaves ovate, acute, crenatej white-downy be- 
 neath ; spikes lax, lateral and terminal. 
 
 14—1. Verbena. 42. 38. 
 
 hastaia, (vervain, pimpler's-joy. 0. p-w. Ju. !(..) erect, tall : leaves 
 laf ceolau , acuniiiiate, gash-serrate ; lower ones sometimes gash-has- 
 tate : spikes lir.tar, panicled, sub-imbricate. Var. pbinatijida, has 
 the leaves gash-pinnatilid, coarsely toothed. 
 
 urticijolia, (nettle-leaf vervain. O. av. Ju. 2^.) erect, sub-pubescent 
 leaves ovate, acute, serrate, pctioled : spikes filiform, with flowers a 
 little separate, axillary and tenriinal. Both of these species grow 
 from 3 to 5 feet high. Generally about garden-fences and old fields. 
 
 angusCjolia, Mx. (I) (pigmy vervain. Y. C. P. Hudson, b. J. 2^.) low, 
 erect : leaves lance-liiiear, tapering to the base, thinly serrate, Avith 
 channelled veins : spikes filiform, solitary, terminal or axillary. 
 About a foot High, in the dry fields about New-Haven. 
 
 Spuria, (C. Y. P. h. Ju. It- <^.) stem decumbent, with spreading branch. 
 es : leaves in many-cleft divisions : spikes filiform : bracts exceeding 
 the calyx. Very abundant 7 or 8 miles about New-Haven. 
 IS — 2. Verbesina. 49. 53. 
 
 sigesbeckia, W . (2) (crown-beavd- P. y- Ju. If.) stem winged: leaves 
 opposite, lance-ovate, acuminate at both ends, sharply serrate : pa- 
 nicle brachiate : flowers in fascicles on the ends of the branches. 
 
 ^•lrginica,^^'. (P. \v. Jn. U-) stem narrow-winged : leaves alternate, 
 broad-lanceolate, sub-serrate : corymb compound : calyx oblong, 
 pubescent, ray florets 3 or 4. 
 
 18—1. Vernokia. 49. 55. 
 
 noveboracensis, L. (3) (flat-top. 0. p. Au. U-) tall : leaves thick-set, 
 lanceolate, serrate, rough : corymb fastigiate : scales of the calyx 
 filiform at the apex. 4 or 5 feet high. 
 "~(i)~rugosa, W. (2) Si^esbeckia occidemalis, L. (3) Chrysocoma giganteBj Wr, 
 
VERRUCAKIA. 497 
 
 pr<zalta, W. (I) (New-England. P. r. Au. U-) stem tall, angled, thickly 
 pubescent: leaves thick-set, lanceolate, acutely serrao, ;-u , cent 
 beneath : corymb fastigiate : scales of the calyx ovate, acute, awiiless. 
 2—1. Veronica. 40. 35. 
 officinalis, (speedwell. T. Y. C. P. Highlands, b. M. If.) spikes lateral, 
 peduucled: leaves opposite, obovate, hairy : stem procuaibent, rough- 
 haired. 
 zerpyllifolia, (Paul's betony, smooth speedwell. O. b, M. If.) racemes 
 terminal, sub-spiked : leaves ovate, glabrous, crenate. Stem 4 to 6 
 inches long. 
 beccaOunga (brook-lime. O. b. J. If.) racemes latcr.il : leaves ovale, 
 flat : stem creeping. Stem 8 to 15 inches long. Flowers large. — 
 Wet. 
 anngallis (brook pimpernel. C. T. Can. P. b. J. 24^.) raccraos lateral : 
 leaves lanceolate, serrate : stem erect. 
 'utellata (scull-cap speedwell. O. b. J. If.) racemes lateral, alternate ; 
 
 pedicels pendant : leaves lance-linear. 
 rrvensis (wall speedwell. 0. w-b. M. 0.) flowers solitary, nearly ses- 
 sile : leaves ovate, serrate ; floral ones lanceolate, entire : slt-m eiect, 
 seeds flat. 4 to 6 inches high. 
 peregrina, S. (2) (purslane-speedwell. O. w. M. 0.) flowers sessile, 
 leaves glabrous, lance-linear, tooihed and entire, obtuse, lo^^ crones 
 opposite : stem erect. 
 ngrestis (field speedwell. C. P. b. M. 0.) flowers solitary : leaves ovate, 
 serrate, shorler than the petioles : stem procumbent: segments of 
 the calyx ovale. The stem is terete, hairy. 5 to lO inches long. 
 hzihrifoUa (ivy speedwell. C. w-b. M. ^.) flowers solitary: leaves 
 cordate, flat, 5-lobed : segments of the calyx cordate, acute : seed? 
 
 wrinkled. 
 
 Veronica, see Leptandra. 
 
 25 — 5. Vekrucaria. 57. 2, 
 ^liradtri, (mite lichen. P.) crust tartarous, hard, whitish, smooth : re- 
 ceptacles minute, crowded, nearly globular, navelled, sunk, semi- 
 transparent within. Often on lime-stone, or other wrought stones 
 in burying-grouijds, 6cc. scarcely visible. 
 
 stigmatella, (P ) very thin, membranous, smooth, rather polished, 
 greyish: tubercles minute, convex, warty, crowded, sul)-conllii"nt : 
 nucleus globose, becoming cinereous. On the smooth bark ol (rees 
 and fruit. 
 
 "*0 Serratula, L. Ciinsocoma tomentosa, Wr. (2) marjlandica, Mx. caroUniana, Wr. 
 
498 YERRUCARIA, VIBURNUM. 
 
 'pv.lla, crust thin, contiguous, membranaceous, smooth, dark-fuscous • 
 receptacles minute, hemispheric, glabrous, sub-papillate, black with- 
 in. On the bark of leather-wood, kc. 
 
 17—10. Vexillaria. 32. 93. 
 
 virginiana, (butterfly weed. P. b. Ju. 2^.) leaves ternate, ovate : calyx 
 5-parted, longer than the bracts ; its divisions subulate, incurved, di- 
 verging : legumes sub-ensilorm, 
 
 inariana, (P. w-b. Ju. 24) leaves ternate : calyx much larger than the 
 lance-linear bracts, oblong-tubular, 5-cleft : legume torulose on the 
 convex sides : seeds glutinous. 
 
 5—3. VIBURNU3I. 43. 58. 
 
 opulus, (guelder rose, snow-ball. E. w. J. ^.) leaves 3-1 obed, sharp- 
 toothed ; petioles glandular, smooth : flowers in compact cymes, 
 surrounded with radiating florets. Var. roseMm^has the whole cyme 
 made up of radiating florets. 
 
 f.inus, (laurestine. E. r-w. ^.) leaves ovate, entire, with tufts of hair 
 in the axils of the veins beneath : flowers in smooth cymes. 
 
 oocycoccus, Ph. (1) (high cranberry. W. Y. T. V. P. r-w. J. ^.) leaves 
 3-1 obed, acute at the base ; axils of the veins hairy beneath, 3-nerv- 
 ed ; lobes long-acuminate, with a few scattering teeth ; petioles 
 glandular, grooved above : cymes rayed. 5 to 8 feet high. Fruit 
 resembles the low cranberry, red and very acid. Grows plentifully 
 in various parts of Columbia county, N. Y. Wet. 
 
 hntago, (sheep-berry. 0. w. J. ^.) glabrous : leaves broad-ovate, acu- 
 minate, hook-serrate ; petioles margined, undulate : cymes sessile. 
 8 to 15 feet high. The branches when full grown often form a lasti- 
 giate top. Berries black, oval and sweetish, pleasant-tasted ; some- 
 what mucilaginous. 
 
 lantanoidtSj Mx. (hobble-bush, tangle-legs. O. w. M. ^ ) leaves broad, 
 round-cordate, abruptly acuminate, unequally serrate ; petioles and 
 nerves furnished with powdery lUily down : cymes sessile : fruit 
 ovate. Stem very flexible and crooked, about 5 to 7 feet long, some- 
 times much longer. 
 
 ficerifolium, W. (maple guelder-rose, dockmackie. O. w. J. fp.) leaves 
 heart-ovate or 3-lobed, acuminate, sharp-serrate, pubescent beneath : 
 cyines long-peduncled. Stem very flexible : leaves broad and sub- 
 membranous. The oldest Dutch settlers in Columbia county, N. Y. 
 inform us, that the Indians in that vicinity considered the exteriial 
 application of tht leaves of the dockmackie as a sovereign remedy 
 <l) OpuloiUes, M. O^juIus pimina, Mx. americanum, A. 
 
499 
 
 in every kind of inilaminatory tumour, and that they have ever since 
 
 adopted this practice with success. 
 dentalum, W. (arrow-wood. T. V.N. C. w. M. Tp.) smoothish : leaves 
 
 roundish and ovate, acute, tooth-serrate, furrow-plaited, glabrous 
 
 botli sides : cvme peduncled : fruit sub-globular. Berries blue. 
 
 About 4 to 6 feet high. 
 pyrlfoliuniy (W. T. N. P. West-Point, w. M. ^.) glabrous: leave.«? 
 
 ovate, acutish, sub-serrate ; petioles smooth : fruit oblong-ovate : 
 
 cymes sub-pedunclcd. Berries dark-coloured. 
 prunifolium, Lk. (N. C. P. w. J. ^.) glabrous: branches spreading: 
 
 leaves roundish, crenate-serrate j petioles smooth : cymes sessile : 
 
 fruit round. 
 nudum, W. (C. P. W. Litchfield. Can. w. M. ^.) very glabrous : leaves 
 
 oval, sub-entire, margin revolute ; petioles smooth : cymes pedun- 
 cled, and without bracts. Berries black. 
 pubescens, Ph. (1) (C. T. V. w. J. T?.) pubescent: haves round-oval, 
 
 acuminate, tooth-serrate, furrow-plaited, downy-villose beneath : 
 
 cymes pedunded : fruit oblong. Small bush. 
 edule, Ph. (2) (Can. P. w. Ju. ^.) leaves 3-lobed, obtusish at the base, 
 
 3-nerved : lobes very short, tooth-serrate, with acuminate serratures : 
 
 petioles glandular : cymes radiate. Small and upright. Resembles 
 
 oxycoccus. 
 
 n_10. ViciA. 32. 93. 
 
 faha, (garden bean, Windsor bean. E. w. k, black. J. 1^.) stem many- 
 flowered, erect, strong : legumes ascending, tumid, coriaceous: leaf- 
 etsoval, acute, entire : stipules sagittate, toothed at the base. From 
 Persia. This is very different from the beans most commonly culti- 
 vated in our gardens, under the names of pole-bean and bush-bean. 
 They belong to the genus Phaseolus. 
 
 pusilla, M. (creeping vetch. Y. C. Hudson, b-w. J.) peduncles soli- 
 tary, 1-flowered, capillary : stipules semi-sagittate, (that is, arrow- 
 form on one side.) entire : leafets somewhat in sixes, lance-linear, 
 obtusish : legumes small, oblong, glabrous. 
 
 americana, W. (C. P. p. M. U ) peduncles somewhat many-flowered, 
 shorter than the leaves : stipules semi-sagittate, toothed : leafets 8 
 to 12, lance-oval, obtuse, glabrous. 
 
 sativa, Wr. (tare. O. b-p. Ju. 0.) flowers in pairs, sub-sessile : stipules 
 toothed, marked witli dots : leafets oblong-ovate, retuse, mucronate : 
 legumes erect, linear-terete, glabrous. Perhaps it maj have been 
 (1) deiuatum pubescens, A. deutatuai tomenivsuin,:tt.x (2) opulns eUulc, Mx- 
 
500 VICIAj VIOLA. 
 
 introduced ; but it is now veiy common in all parts of Berkshire 
 county, Mass. 
 
 cracca, (Can. P. N. b. S. I|.) spikes many-flowered, imbricate back- 
 wards, larger than the leaves : stipules semi-sagittate, linear-subu- 
 late, entire ; leafets numerous, lance-oblong, pubescent. 
 
 earoliniana, Wr. (1) (P. C. w. M. 24!.) peduncles many-flowered ; flow- 
 ers distant : stipules lance-ovate, entire : leafets 8 to 10, lance-oval, 
 smoothish : stem glabrous. The banner of the flower is tipped with 
 black. 
 
 5—1. ViLLARSIA. 47. 46. 
 iacunosa, V. (2) (spur-stem, floating-heart. T. Plainfield, Mass. D. P. 
 w. Ju. If.) leaves heart-reniform, (or shortish heart-form,) sub-pel- 
 tate, lacunose beneath, floating : petioles bearing the flowers : corol 
 glabrous. Grows in Crooked lake in Plainfield, which is about three 
 thousand feet higher than the tide-waters at Albany. It is very 
 plenty also in Sand lake, 10 miles from Troy 
 
 5—1. ViNCA. 30. 47. 
 
 minor J (periwinkle. P.? E .^ b. Ap. >>.) stem procumbent : leaves 
 lance-oval, smooth at the edges : flowers peduncled : teeth of the 
 calyx lanceolate. 
 
 5—1. Viola. 29. 80. 
 1. Slemless : leaves all radical, and the flowers on scapes. 
 
 adorata, (sweet violet. E. b. M. 2X.) scions creeping: leaves cordate, 
 crenate, smoothish : calyx obtuse : two lateral petals with a bearded 
 or hairy line. Cultivated in gardens. 
 
 pedala, (bird-foot violet. T. Y. C. P. b. M. 2^.) leaves many-parted, 
 pedate : divisions lance-linear, sub-entire : divisions of the calyx 
 linear, acute. 
 
 palmata, (hand violet. Y. C. P. W. T. V. b. M. If.) pubescent : leaves 
 cordate, hastate-lobed or palmate ; divisions tootiied : divisions of 
 the calyx lanceolate, glabrous: two opposite petals bearded at the 
 base. Var. asarifolia, leaves sub-reniform. Muhlenberg makes this 
 a distinct species ; but Nuttall calls it a variety. 
 
 aagittata, A. (arrow violet. P. C. Boston, Hudson, b. Ap. 2^.) pubes- 
 cent ; leaves oblong, acute, heart-sagittate, sub-serrate, gashed at the 
 base: scapes longer than the leaves : divisions of the calyx linear, 
 glabrous : three lower petals bearded at the base. Lower petal 
 wliite towards the bottom, with purple veins } the rest longer, nar- 
 rower, and whiter towards the base. 
 (1) parviflora, Mx. (2) tracbysperma, E. Mepyanthes tracbysperma, ^z- 
 
VIOLA. 501 
 
 dciUata, Ph. (toothed violet. P. b. M. If.) glabrous : leaves oblong, 
 acute, truncate at the base, serrate, coarsely toothed or hastate be- 
 low : scapes shorter than the leaves : divisions of the calyx linear : 
 three lower petals bearded at the base. 
 
 Innceolata, (spear violet. W. Y. C. P. w. Ap. If.) glabrous : leaves 
 lanceolate, sub-serrate, attenuate at the base : scape scarcely lono^er 
 than the leaves : petals beardless ; two upper ones roundish, and 
 painted with purple veins. Grows in wet places, as on the margin 
 of Beaver pond, New-Haven ; also in a wet pasture on the side 
 of Taghcounuk mountain. In the latter place I found it 6 inches 
 high ; which is more than twice as high as it grows at New- Haven. 
 
 blanda, W. (smooth violet. O. y-w. M. If.) glabrous : leaves cordate, 
 acutish, flattish, remotely serrate : scapes of the length of the leaves : 
 petals beardless, the two lateral ones shorter ; the lower one lanceo- 
 late, and longer than the rest. Lower petal marked with blue stripes. 
 
 obliqua, W. (twisted-wing violet. P. w-p. M. 2^.) glabrous: leaves 
 cordate, acute, crenate-serrate, flattish : flower erect ; scapes of the 
 length of the leaves : petals twisted a little into an oblique position ; 
 lateral ones narrower and longer, bearded below the middle. Flow- 
 ers with purple and yellow veins. 
 ^vata, N. (1) (T. C. b. M. U-) leaves ovate, sub-cordate, acutish, often 
 torn-toothed at the base, more or less pubescent both sides ; petioles 
 margined : scape shorter than the leaves : segments of the calyx 
 sub-ciiiate ; petals obovate, lateral ones bearded. On dry hills., 
 
 .>rimulifolia, L. not Ph. (jVimrose violet. 0. vv. M. It) leaves oblong, 
 sub-cordat^ crenate, obtuse ; base abruptly decurrent into the pe- 
 tiole : veins pinnate ; midrib thinly pubescent above ; petiole and 
 veins hairy beneath : scape hairy : segments of the calyx oBtuse ; 
 lateral petals a little bearded. 
 
 iucullata, (common blue violet. O. b. M. If) glabrous: leaves cor- 
 date, glabrous, serrate, cowled (or rolled in at the base :) scapes of 
 the length of the petioles . petals bent obliquely, lateral ones beard- 
 ed. Petals all whitish at the base. \Ar.papilionacea, leaves smooth' 
 ish, heart-triangular : scape as long as the leaves : three lower petals 
 bearded. 
 
 sororia, W. (bearded violet. W. T. P. b. M. If.) leaves cordate, cre- 
 nate-serrate, obtuse, pubescent : scapes shorter than the leaves . 
 petals oblong, the lower one bearded at the base, and veined. 
 
 rotundifolia, M%. (2) (ground violet. H. y. Ap. If .) smoothish : leaTCS 
 
 (1) prjmulifolia, Ph. (2) clamlestina, fb. 
 
502 VIOLA. 
 
 round-cordate, (when mature,) obtusish, crenate-serrate ; the sinus 
 at the base closed, and serraiures glandular : [scions flower-bearing, 
 Pursh :] [setals linear, scarcely longer than the calyx. The leaves 
 lie veiy ck-se to the ground. 
 
 2. HaiiniT a stem .- more or less of the haves cauline. 
 
 tricolor, (garden violet, heart's-ease, pansy. E. p. y. b-p. M. 11-) stem 
 angular, ditfuse, divided : leaves oblong, deeply crenate : stipules 
 lyrate-pinnatifid. 
 
 canadensis, (woods violet. O. b. &s w. J. li.) sraoothish : leaves sub- 
 cordate, acuminate, serrate : peduncles of the length of the leaves : 
 stipules short, entire. Sometimes 6 to 8 inches high, in damp woods. 
 
 striata, W. (1) (striped violet. W. P. Catskill Mt. w-p M. I^.) glabrous : 
 leaves cordate, acuminate, serrate, flattish : peduncles very long: 
 stipules lanceolate, serrate-ciliate. 
 
 debiiis, Mx. (2) (weak-stem violet. T. P. b. M. 2^.) glabrous: leaves 
 heart-reniform, short-acuminate, crenate, cowled at the base : pe- 
 duncles twice as long as the leaves : stipules serrate-ciliate. Flowers 
 small. 
 
 rostrata,'Ph. (beaked violet. H. b. M. If.) glabrous : leaves cordate, 
 acute, serrate : peduncles tv^ice as long as the leaves : stipules lan- 
 ceolate, serrate-ciiiate : spur longer than the corol, extending into a 
 beak. Is this the striata.^ 
 
 pubescens, A. (3) (yellow woods violet. O.y. M. 2^.) villose-pubescent : 
 stem erect, leafy towards and at tiie top : leaves broad-cordate : sti- 
 jmles oblong, serrate at the apex. Varies much in its height ; usually 
 6 or 8 inches high ; but I have seen it 20 inches hi^. Dr. Solon 
 Smith showed me a specimen about 4 feet high, which he found in 
 New-Hampshire. 
 
 hastata, Mx. (halbert violet. P. y. M. TJ..) glabrous : stem simple, leafy 
 above : leaves hastate, short-petloled : stipules minute, denticulate. 
 
 concolor, (green violet. P. w-g. J. 11.) straight, erect : leaves broad- 
 lanceolate, entire : stipules lance-linear, entire : peduncles axillary, 
 in pairs, short. About 20 inches hieh : flowers small. 
 
 hicolor, Ph. (4) (two-coloured violet. P. C. av. p. M. 0.) sub-pubescent \ 
 stem angled, simple : lower leaves round-spatulate ; sub-dentate ; 
 upper ones lanceolate, entire; stipules comb-tooth pinnatifid : ca- 
 lyx acute, about half as long as the corol. 
 
 rtrvensis (field violet. P. w. Ap. 0.) stem angled, grooved : leaves 
 lance-ovate, serrate ; stipules gashed at the base : calyx hairy, a lit- 
 (1) uliginosa ?M. (2) canina, Wr. (3)pennsylva»ica,Mx. (4)teneUa,M. arvensis,E, 
 
Viola, weissia. 503 
 
 tie longer than the corol. Petals white, the lower ones spotted with 
 yellow. Smith sets this down under V. tricolor, as one of its varie- 
 ties. 
 
 Remark. Nuttall says, that all the North American species of vio- 
 let (excepting V. concolor) attertheir blooming season is over, still con- 
 tinue to produce flowers without petals, through the rest of the 
 summer. 
 
 21—4. ViscuM. 43. 58. 
 
 album, Wr. (I) (misseltoe. P. g-w. J. Tp,.) leaves lanceolate, obtuse: 
 stem dichotomous : flowers 5 together, in terminal sessile heads. — 
 On the branches of old trees. Leaves an inch long, thick and leath- 
 ery. This, Smith says, is the golden bough of Virgil, and the sacred 
 plant of the Druids. 
 
 5— L ViTis. 46. 72. 
 
 rinifera (wine grape. E. J. 1?.) leaves sinuate-lobed, naked or downy. 
 Remark. All the North American species of grape are polygamous 
 
 or dioecious. 
 
 labrusca (plum grape. Y. C. P. T. Catskill. w-g. J. ^.) leaves broad- 
 cordate, lohe angled, white downy beneath ; fertile racemes small : 
 berries (blue, flesh-colour and green) large. Var. labruscoides (fox 
 grape) has smaller fruit, approaching a tart taste. 
 
 aslivalis, Mx. (2) (summer grape. C. P. Catskill. w-g. J. Tp.) leaves 
 broad-cordate, 3 to 6-lobed ; in the young state rust downy beneath; 
 fertile racemes oblong : berry small, intermediate between the frost 
 grape and plum grape. 
 
 cordifolia, Mx. (S) (frost grape. O. w-g. J. ^.) leaves cordate, acumi- 
 nate, gash-toothed, glabrous both sides : racemes lax, many-flower- 
 ed : berries small. Var. vidpina, leaves very variable ; but the up- 
 permost mature leaves will agree with the description. 
 
 riparia, Mx. (4) (odoriferous grape. C. P. w-g. M. >>.) leaves unequal- 
 ly gash-toothed, shortly 3-cleft, pubescent on the petioles, nerves 
 
 and margins. 
 
 Vitis, see Ampelopsis. 
 
 22—2. Weissia. 56. 4. 
 
 jnicrodonta, small : leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate, crisped and 
 twisted when dry, having a fascicle of ducts or tubes ; peduncle pale ; 
 capsule oblong-ovate : lid beaked ; teeth of the peristome narrow. 
 (1) flavescens,W. (2) intermedia, M. (3) vujpina, L. (4) odoiatissima,Donn. 
 
504 WEISSTA^ XANTHIUM. 
 
 curviroslra, leaves lanceolate, twisted, imbricate, spreading : capsules 
 
 slender, ovate-cylindric ; lid beaked, recurved. 
 capillactay leaves lance-subulate, serrulate, somewhat rigid, nerves 
 
 thick : stem simple, slender : germs oblong-ovate, erect, smooth ; 
 
 lid subulate-beaked, obtusishat the apex. 
 
 3—2. WlKDSORIA, 4. 10. 
 
 pocEformis, N. (1) (giant meadow-grass. O. J. If.) panicle erect ; low- 
 er branches naked beneath : spikelets oblong, alternate, sub-sessile, 
 6-flowered : outer valve of the florets villose at the margin and 5- 
 cleft at the apex : neck of the sheath and axils of the panicle pilose j 
 leaves and the erect culm glabrous. Three or four feet high, in wet 
 meadows. 
 ^aJlida, Torrey. (C. Ju. 2^.) very glabrous : culm erect: leaves lance- 
 linear, flat : panicle lax, somewhat spreading ; branches wand-like, 
 capillary; spikes lanceolate, pedicelled : calyx unequal, 5-floweredj 
 flow^ers glabrous : corol with equal valves ; outer valve 5-toothed at 
 the apex, inner valve bifid. In swamj^s. 
 
 22—1. *"V\%0DsiA, Br. (2) 55. 5. 
 hyperborea (flower-cup fern. Can. P. Ju. 11.) frond pinnate ; leafets 3- 
 parted. or gash-pinnatifid, wedge-form, obtuse, toothed, rough-hair- 
 ed beneath ;. fruit-dots solitaiy, at length confluent. Small, in 
 tufts. 
 ilvensis (N ? Can. Ju. 2|.) frond bipinnatifid ; divisions oblong, obtuse, 
 lower ones repand, upper ones entire, rough-haired beneath : fruit- 
 dots sub-marginal, at length confluent : stipe villose above. Small. 
 
 22 — 1. WoODWABDIA. 55. 5. 
 
 nngusiifolia, S. (3) (kidney-fern. 0. Au. 2X-) barren frond pinnatifid ; 
 divisions lanceolate, repand slenderly serrulate : fruit-bearing frond 
 pinnate •, leafets entire, acute, linear. About a foot high. W. ono- 
 cleoides. 
 
 virginica, W. (4) (C. Ju. It-) frond very glabrous, pinnate ; leafets 
 sessile, lanceolate, pinnatifid ; divisions oblong, obtuse, crenulate, 
 fertile ones elongated : stipe glabrous, 4;erete. About a foot high. 
 
 X. 
 
 20—5. Xantkium. 54. 98. 
 mrumarium (clott-burr. K. Y. C. T. V. Boston. Au. #.) stem unarmed; 
 
 (1) Poa quinqneCda, rh. sesleroides, Ms. flava, L. Triaens, Ks. 
 
 (2) Polyvutiiuin, W. Acrosti huiu, Bolton. (3) onocleoides, W. 
 (4) bannisieiiana, Ms. Cleclinuni, L. 
 
XANTHIUM, 2AXICHELL1A. 505 
 
 branching : leaves cordate, lobetl, serrate, scabrous, 3-nerved at the 
 base : fruit oval, pubescent, with stitF hooked bristles. Has a little 
 the habit of a burdock. 
 
 oritnlale, M. (1) (C. 0.) stem unarmed : leaves wedge-ovate : fruit in 
 strobiles. 
 
 spinosum (prickly clott-burr. Newburgh. Ju. ^.) having spines in 
 threes: leaves 3-lobed. Lower leaves sinuate-lobed. About 3 feet 
 high. Grows plentifully along road-sides and dry banks. Perhaps 
 it was introduced. 
 
 6—3. Xerophyllum. 10. 13. 
 
 asphodeloidet (2) (D. w. J. It-) filaments dilated towards the base and 
 equalling the corol : racemes oblong, crowded : bracts setaceous : 
 scape leafy : leaves setkceous-subulate. 
 
 22—6. Xyloma. 58. 1. 
 
 acerinum, resembling spots, slender, contiguous, sub-rugose, many cap- 
 sules connate in one body. 
 
 5—1. XvLOSTEUM. 48. 58. 
 
 ciliatuniy Ph. (3) (fly-honey-suckle, twin-berry. O. w-y. M. ^.) berries 
 distinct : leaves ovate and sub-cordate, margin ciliate, in the young 
 state villose beneath : corol a little gibbous or calcarate at the base, 
 tube ventricose above, divisions short, acute : style exsert. 
 
 solonis^ Eaton. (4) (swamp twin-berry. W. New-Hampshire, Pittsfield. 
 y. M. ^.) berries united in one, not distinct ; two flowers situated 
 ©n one germ : leaves oblong-ovate, villose. Berries dark purple.— 
 Found first by Dr. Solon Smith (1815) at the foot of Whitehills. It 
 is a small shrub, not exceeding 2 feet high. 
 
 Xylostroma, see Racodium. 
 
 3—1. Xyris. 6. 13. 
 caroHniana, W. (5) (yellow-eyed grass. Y. T. D. P. Boston, y. Au. 2^.) 
 leaves linear, grass-like : stem or scape 2-edged : head-ovate-acute ; 
 scales obtuse. 
 hreilfolia, Mx. (C. P. y. Au. If.) leaves sword-subulate : scape teretish : 
 head globose. 
 
 Z. 
 
 20 — 1. Zanichellta. 2. 13. 
 inUrmedia, Tovvey. (false pond weed. C. D.) anther 2-celled : sti^rmas 
 de -ta^e-crenate : see'^ smooth, entire on the back. In salt marshes. 
 
 "(1) iHruUtum, R. (2) soti folium, Mx. Helonias,L. (3) tartaricuBi,Mx. 
 
 (4) viilosum .' Mk- (^ jupicai, Mx. 
 
 Tt 
 
506 ZANTHORHTZA, ZIZANIA. 
 
 5—13. Zanthorhiza. 26. 61. 
 
 opu/oZia (parsley yellowroot. P.p. Ap. ^.) flowers panicled : leaves 
 compound, sub-pinnate, a little sheathing at the base. Pure tonic 
 bitter. B. 
 
 21 — 5. Zanthoxylum. 46. 94. 
 
 fraxineum, W. (1) (prickly ash, tooth-ache bush. O, g-vv. M. 1^.) prick- 
 ly : leaves pinnate ; leafets lance-oval, sub-entire, sessile, equal at 
 the base ; common petiole unarmed : umbels axillary. Taste very 
 pungent. 
 
 14—2. Zapania. 40. 40. 
 
 nodiflora, Lk. (2) (fog-fruit. P. w. Ju. 2^.) leaves wedge-obovate, ser- 
 rate above : spikes head-conic, solitary, long-peduncled : stem 
 creeping. 
 
 ianceolata, (P. w. Ju. 11.) leaves lance-linear, sharply serrate : spikes 
 head-conic, solitary, long-peduncled : stem creeping. 
 20—3. Zea. 4. 10. 
 
 mays, (Indian corn. O. y-g. Ju. 0.) leaves lance-linear, entire, keeled. 
 Var. precox, (dwarf corn) stem low : seeds mostly 8-rowed. 
 
 6 3. ZiGADENUS. 
 
 glaberrimus, Mx. (zigadene. P. w. J. If.) scape leafy : bracts ovate, 
 acuminate : petals acuminate : leaves long, recurved, channelled. 
 
 18—2. Zinnia. 49. 55. 
 
 multijlora, j(P. r. S. ^.) leaves opposite, lance-ovate, sub-petioled : 
 flowers peduncled. Perhaps not a native of North America. NuttalL 
 
 violacea, (blood marygold. E. r. Ju.) leaves ovate-acute, sessile, sub- 
 crenate : apex of the chaff or scales fimbriate-serrate. 
 
 20—6. ZizANiA. 4. 10. 
 
 tlavulosa, Mx. (3) (water oats, wild rice. C. P. Hudson, Schenectady. 
 
 Au. ^.) panicle pyramid-form : starainate flowers below, spreading ; 
 
 pistillate flowers above, spiked : appendages to the flowers clavate, 
 
 awned, long ; seed long, cylindric, becoming black. Very abundant 
 
 in the great western lakes. Schoolcraft. 
 Jlwtans, Mx. (Lake Champlain. Pursh. Ju. ll) small : culm slender, 
 
 branching : leaves linear, flat : spikes solitary, axillary, setaceous, 
 
 about 4-flowered : glumes awnless. 
 
 H) raiaiflorum, Mx. Glava berculis, L. (3) aquatica, Pb. 
 
 (.^ V«i'be«a, W. Lippia, Mx* Slairia, Gaertncr. 
 
ZIZANIA, ZYGNEMA. 50? 
 
 miliaceft, Mx. (1) (P. Au.) panicle effuse : glumes sliort-awned : stami- 
 nate and pistillate flowers intermixed : seed ovate, smooth. 
 
 20—1. ZOSTERA. 2. 7. 
 
 mariana,V&h\. (grass-wrack, sea eel-grass. Y. C. Au. 2/.) leaves entire, 
 somewhat 3-nerved : stem teretish. Leaves long: flowers minute 
 In bays and salt-marshes. 
 
 22—4. Zygnema. 57. 2. 
 nitidum, joints about equalling the diameter: the spiral lines crossed, 
 slender, arched : seeds oval. Frequent in ditches. Hardly adheres 
 to paper on drying. 
 <l) aquatieajW. notofPh. 
 
 K>'D OF Species. 
 
 D. H. HiLL LIBRARY 
 
 Nnrili CpiraUna Stata Colleae 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Aaron's beard 42S 
 Acacia 4^3" 
 
 Adam and Eve 272 
 Adder-mouth 362 
 
 Adder's tongue 295 
 Adder-tongue fern 374 
 Agave 194 
 
 Agrimony 194 
 
 Albany bemp 49( 
 
 Alder 198, 264, 30<». 
 [412, 426 
 Alexanders 458, 4 
 All urn root 320 
 
 Allspice 241 
 
 Almond 202 
 
 Aloe 197 
 
 Amaranth 200, 311 
 Anemone 203,204 
 
 Angelica 204 
 
 Angelica tree 207 
 
 Apple 277, 418 
 
 Apricot 210 
 
 Arbor vitae 479 
 
 Arethusa 209, 401 
 
 Arbutus 291 
 
 Archangel 204 
 
 Arrow-grass 483 
 
 Arrow-head 437 
 
 Arrow- wood 499 
 
 Artemisia 21 1 
 
 Artichoke 279, 317 
 Ash 301 
 
 Ash wort 261 
 
 Asparagus 215 
 
 A.«^pen 4i»7 
 
 Asphodel 215, 369,48<' 
 Aster 220, 235 
 
 Avens 307, 308 
 
 Bachelor's bntton 31 1 
 Balm 267, 36 
 
 BalmofGilead 407* 
 BaImofGileadherb289 
 Balsam apple 364 
 
 Balaam poplar 4<»7 
 
 Bal^sam tree 396 
 
 Balsam weed 
 Blueberry 
 Barberry 
 Barley 
 Barn -grass 
 
 Page . 
 331 
 187 
 230 
 322 
 378 
 
 Basil 372, 417 
 
 Basket of gold 199 
 
 Bass wood 479 
 
 Bayberry 367 
 
 Beach 298 
 
 Bead tree 360 
 
 Bean 309, 369, 392, 499 
 Bearberry 208 
 
 Beard- grass 203, 205, 
 
 [209 
 Beard-tongue 389 
 
 Beaver tree 357 
 
 Bed -straw 303, 304 
 Beef-steak 446 
 
 Beech drops 292, 330, 
 
 [416 
 Beehive 359 
 
 Beet 230 
 
 Begsarticks 231 
 
 Bell-flower 241, 242 
 Bell wort 474, 49-2 
 
 Bent-grass 194 
 
 Bilberry 494 
 
 Bindweed 271, 332 
 Birch 230, 231 
 
 Birdsnest 279, 366 
 
 Birth wort 210 
 
 Bishcpweed 201 
 
 Biting knotweed 403 1 
 Bitter apple 277! 
 
 Bitternut 25(»! 
 
 Bittersweet 252, 458; 
 Blackberry 434 
 
 Blackberry lily 334 
 3lack-flower 359 
 
 Slack jack 420 
 
 Black rust 416 
 
 Blacksnake root 356 
 Bladder-nut 472 
 
 Bladder senna 24">7 
 
 Bladderwort 491, 
 
 Tt2 
 
 Page. 
 
 Blazing star 318 
 
 Blessed thistle 255 
 
 Blight 416 
 
 Blite 233 
 
 Blood marygold 506 
 
 Blood-root 444 
 
 Blue beech 249 
 
 Blue bottle 255 
 
 Blue curls 482 
 
 Blue-eyed grass 456 
 
 Blue-grass 399 
 
 Blue hearts 239 
 Bog rush 338,428.447 
 
 Bohea 477 
 
 Boneset 297 338 
 
 Bonnet-grass 195 
 
 Borage 235 
 
 Bouncing Bet 444 
 
 Bowman's root 308 
 Box 239, 353 
 
 Box elder 186 
 
 Brake 415 
 
 Brier herb 434 
 
 Brompton queens 258 
 
 Brompton stock 258 
 
 Brooklime 497 
 
 Brook liverwort , 358 
 
 Brookweed 444 
 
 Broom 466 
 
 Broom corn 465 
 
 Broom-grass 203, 238 
 
 Buckbean 361 
 
 Buckthorn 322, 426 
 
 Buckwheat 405 
 
 Buffalo clover 483 
 
 Bugbane 356 
 
 Bugle-weed 355 
 
 Bugloss 202, 229 
 
 Bulrush 448 
 
 Bunch-flower 359 
 
 Burdock 208 
 
 Burnet 411 
 
 Burning bush 295 
 
 Burr-flower 325 
 
 Burrier's oak 419 
 
 Burr marygold 231 
 
5ia 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Burr reed 465, 466 
 Bush clover 346 
 
 Butter cup 42o 
 
 Butterfly weed 214, 498 
 Butternut 336 
 
 Button bush 255 
 
 Button weed 466 
 
 Button wood 398 
 
 Cabbage 237, 331 
 
 Calabash 278 
 
 Calamint 360 
 
 Calamus 187 
 
 Calathian violet 305 
 
 Caoaphor tree 340 
 
 Campion 194, 277 
 
 Canada thistle 265 
 
 Canary grass 391, 392 
 
 Cancer root 292, 3 
 
 Candy tuft 330 
 
 Cane 437 
 
 Canterbury bells 242 
 
 Caper 298 
 
 Caraway 239, 249 
 
 Cardinal flower 350 
 
 Cardoon 279 
 
 Carnation 284 
 
 Carolina allspice 241 
 
 Carpet weed 364 
 
 Carrot 283 
 
 Cassia 250 
 
 Castor-oil plant 430 
 
 Catalpa tree 251 
 
 Catchfly 455 
 
 Caterpillar fern 451 
 
 Catmint 370 
 
 Catnep 370 
 
 Cat's eye 446 
 
 Cat-tail 487 
 
 Cedar 337 
 
 Celandine 258 
 
 Celery 206 
 
 Centaury 255, 436 
 
 Cereus 240 
 
 ChafF-seed 447 
 
 Chamomile 205, 235 
 
 Charlock 426 
 
 Checker-berry 364 
 
 Cheny 273, 413, 414 
 [459 
 
 Cherville 257 
 
 Chesnut 251 
 
 Chess 238 
 
 -Chick pea 260 
 
 Chickweed 202, 240, 
 [256, 422, 450, 473 
 Chick wintergreen 482 
 China aster 220 
 
 Chinquapin 251, 421 
 Choak-berry 210, 413 
 Choak-dog 311 
 
 Chrysanthemum 260 
 Cinquefoil 409, 410,411 
 Gives 198 
 
 Clarry 443 
 
 Climbing fern 355 
 
 Clott-burr 504, 505 
 Cloud-berry 434 
 
 Clover 346, 482, 483 
 Clown-heal 472 
 
 Club moss 354 
 
 Club rush 358, 447 
 Clump head 482 
 
 Cockle 194 
 
 Coffee corn 465 
 
 Cohosh 251, 356 
 
 Cole 237 
 
 Colic-weed 274 
 
 Collinsia 267 
 
 Coltsfoot 213,486,487 
 Columbine 206, 207 
 Columbo root 301 
 
 Comfrey 475 
 
 Cone-flower 435 
 
 Coral root 272 
 
 Coriander 273 
 
 Corn 506 
 
 Cornel 273 
 
 Cornelian cherry 273 
 Coronilla 274 
 
 Costmary 228 
 
 Cotton 31 1 
 
 Cotton grass 294 
 
 Cotton thistle 37-v 
 
 Cotton tree 407 
 
 CottoH wood 407 
 
 Couch-grass 485 
 
 Cowage 288 
 
 Cowitch 288 
 
 Cowslip 241, 288 
 
 Cow-wheat 359 
 
 Coxcomb 199, 427 
 Crab-apple 419 
 
 Cranberry 378, 498 
 Creeper 201 
 
 Creeping cucumber360 
 Cress 207 
 
 Crowberiy 290 
 
 Crowfoot 423,424,425 
 
 Crownbeard 496 
 
 Crowncup 466 
 
 Crown imperial 301 
 
 Cuckow-flower 242 
 Cucumber 278, 360,454 
 
 Cucumber tree 357 
 
 Culver's physic 345 
 
 Currant 429 
 
 Currant leaf 364 
 
 Custard apple 408 
 
 Cut-grass 344 
 
 Cypress 259 
 
 Daff'odil 368 
 
 Daisy 230 
 
 Dame violet 319 
 
 Dandelion 338, 345 
 
 Darnel grass 351 
 
 Day-flower 267 
 
 Day lily 319 
 
 Dead nettle 339 
 
 Deer-grass 427 
 
 Dewberry 434 
 
 Dill 204 
 
 Ditch moss 454 
 
 Dittany 278 
 
 Dock 435, 436 
 
 Dockmackie 498 
 
 Dodder 279 
 
 Dog-bane 206 
 
 Dogweed 273 
 Dogwood 186,273,274 
 
 Dogtail grass 290 
 
 Dogtooth violet 295 
 
 Dragon 212 
 
 Dragoness plant 288 
 
 Dragon-head 289 
 Dropseed grass 366,367 
 
 Dropwort 372 
 
 Duck-meat 344 
 
 Dv\arf stinger 490 
 
 Dyer's broom 305 
 
 Dyer's cleavers 303 
 
 Dyer's weed 426 
 
 Eardrpp 301 
 
 Eel -grass 507 
 Efflorescent lichen 471 
 
 Eiig plant 459 
 
 Elder 428, 443, 444 
 
 Elecampane 331 
 
 Elephant-foot 290 
 
 Elm 487 
 
INDEX. 
 
 511 
 
 Endive 
 
 260 
 
 Frost plant 
 
 261 
 
 Hair-bcll 241 
 
 Enchahter'snightsliade 
 
 Fumitory 
 
 302 
 
 Hair-cap moss 406 
 
 
 [261 
 
 Funcgreek 
 
 484 
 
 Hair-grass 196, 468 
 
 Eyebright 
 
 298 
 
 Fungus 
 
 279 
 
 Hair-month moss 482 
 
 
 
 Fungus lichen 
 
 240 
 
 Hardback 471, 472 
 
 False box 
 
 273 Furze 
 
 487 
 
 Hautboy 300 
 
 False flax 
 
 478 i 
 
 
 Hawksbeard 480 
 
 False sensitive plantl88Galingale 
 
 289 
 
 Hhwkweed 206, 321 
 
 Feather beds 
 
 257 
 
 ; Garlic 19'3 
 
 , 198 
 
 Hazel-nut 275 
 
 Feather grass 
 
 474 
 
 Gay-feather 
 
 347 
 
 Heal all 386, 413 
 
 Fennel 
 
 204 
 
 Gem-fruit 
 
 479 
 
 Heath 292, 323, 361 
 
 Fennel-flower 
 
 370 
 
 Gentian 305, 306 
 
 , 333 
 
 Hedgehog 359 
 
 Fescue grass 
 
 299 
 
 
 [475 
 
 Hedgehog-grass 252 
 
 Festoon pine 
 
 354 
 
 Geranium 294, 306,'387 
 
 Hedge hyssop 312, 349 
 
 Fern 232, 236 
 
 , 355 
 
 Germander 
 
 476 
 
 Hedge nettle 472 
 
 Fever-bush 
 
 340 
 
 Gill-overground 
 
 309 
 
 Hellebore 318, 331 
 
 Feverfew 
 
 260 
 
 Ginger 
 
 213 
 
 Helonias 31g 
 
 Fever-root 
 
 485 
 
 Gins6ng 
 
 378 
 
 Hemlock 260,269,396 
 
 Fig 
 
 299 
 
 Glasswort 
 
 438 
 
 Hemp 186, 206, 242, 
 
 Fig-tree 
 
 299 
 
 Globe amaranth 
 
 311 
 
 [283, 490 
 
 Figwort 
 
 451 
 
 Globe-flower 
 
 485 
 
 Hempweed 296 
 
 Filbert 
 
 275 
 
 Globe thistle 
 
 289 
 
 Henbane 326, 394 
 
 Fine-haired fern 
 
 284 
 
 Globule fungus 
 
 467 
 
 Henbif 339 
 
 Finger-grass 280 
 
 , 286 
 
 Goat's beard 480 
 
 , 486 
 
 Herb robert 306 
 
 Fir tree 
 
 396 
 
 Goat's rue 
 
 503 
 
 Hibiscus 320 
 
 Fire-weed 
 
 453 
 
 Golden club 
 
 376 
 
 Hickory 250 
 
 Fivefinger 267 
 
 , 410 
 
 Golden-rod 459 to 464 
 
 High-water shrub 334 
 
 Flag 
 
 333 
 
 Goldy-locks 
 
 260 
 
 Hobble-bush 498 
 
 Flat-top 
 
 496 
 
 Gold-thread 272 
 
 , 279 
 
 Hogweed 201 
 
 Flax 349 
 
 , 350 
 
 Goosebeny 
 
 429 
 
 Holly 295, 331 
 
 Flax seed 
 
 344 
 
 Gourd 
 
 278 
 
 Hollyhock 198 
 
 Flea-bane 271 
 
 293 
 
 Grain rust 
 
 489 
 
 Honesty 352 
 
 Floating- heart 
 
 500 
 
 Grape 201 
 
 , 503 
 
 Honey locust 309 
 
 Flower-cup fern 
 
 504 
 
 Grass pink 
 
 279 
 
 Honeysuckle 226,227, 
 
 Flower de luce 
 
 332 
 
 Grass poley 
 
 366 
 
 [286, 351, ^127, 505 
 
 Flov/ering fern 
 
 377 
 
 Grass wrack 
 
 507 
 
 Hone wort 368 
 
 Flowering nettle 
 
 303 
 
 Gravel chickweed 450 
 
 Hoodwort 462 
 
 Flowering rush 
 
 446 
 
 Greek valerian 
 
 401 
 
 Hoop-ash 252 
 
 Flowering wintergreen 
 
 Green briar 
 
 457 
 
 Hop 323 
 
 
 r402 
 
 Green-head 
 
 315 
 
 Horehound 358 
 
 Flower of-an-hour 
 
 "-321 
 
 Gromwell 
 
 373 
 
 Hornbeam 249, 377 
 
 Fly honeysuckle 
 
 5(15 
 
 Ground-flower 
 
 402 
 
 Horned lichen 273 
 
 Fog-fruit 
 
 606 
 
 Ground ivy 
 
 309 
 
 Horn wort 256 
 
 For2:et-me-not 
 
 367 
 
 Ground-nut 207, 
 
 309, 
 
 Horse-balm 267 
 
 Fork fern 
 
 187 
 
 
 [378 
 
 Horse chesnut l88 
 
 Forked spike^ 
 
 203 
 
 Ground pine 
 
 354 
 
 Horse ginseng 485 
 
 Forkslems 
 
 430 
 
 Groundsel 453, 
 
 454 
 
 Horse nettle 458 
 
 Four-o'clock 
 
 363 
 
 Groundsel tree 
 
 227 
 
 Horse radish 26^ 
 
 Four-tooth moss 
 
 476 
 
 Guelder rose 
 
 498 
 
 Horsetail 292 
 
 Foxglove 286, 
 
 307 
 
 Guinea-hen flower 
 
 301 
 
 Hound-tongue 279 
 
 Foxtail 
 
 198 
 
 
 
 Houseleek 453 
 
 Foxtail panic 
 
 388 
 
 Hackmatack 
 
 397 
 
 Jvacinlh 324 
 
 Fringe-tree 259, 
 
 428 
 
 Hagberry 
 
 25:; 
 
 Hydrangea 323, 324 
 
 Fritillary 
 
 301 
 
 Hair-beard 
 
 224 
 
 Hygrometer moss 303 
 
512 
 
 INSBX, 
 
 Hyssop Slfi, 830 
 
 Hyssop thorough wort 
 [295 
 
 Iceland lichen 257 
 Iceland moss 257 
 
 Ice plant 362, 453 
 
 Indian corn 
 Indian cress 
 Indian cucumber 
 Indian grass 
 Indian mallows 
 Indian millet 
 Indian physic 
 Indian pipe 
 Indian poke 
 Indian reed 
 
 506 
 485 
 313 
 203 
 454 
 465 
 308 
 366 
 495 
 261 
 
 Indigo 201, 228, 331 
 
 Indigo weed 
 
 Ink-berry 
 
 Iris 
 
 Iron-wood 
 
 Itch-weed 
 
 Itea 
 
 228 
 412 
 332, 33;ij 
 377 
 495 
 334 
 
 Labrador tea 844 
 
 Ladies' slipper 281, 282 
 Ladies' thumb 404 
 
 Ladies' tresses 370 
 Lamb lettuce 298, 299 
 Larch 397 
 
 Larkspur 283 
 
 Laurel 338, 357 
 
 Laurestine 498 
 
 Lavender 
 Leaf-cup 
 Leaf-flower 
 Lertfless moss 
 Lealher-flower 
 Leather-leaf 
 Leather- wood 
 Leek 197 
 
 340, 473 
 405 
 394 
 239 
 264 
 203 
 288 
 198 
 
 Ivy 
 
 307, 315, 428 
 
 Jacobea 
 
 Jacob's ladder 
 
 Jalap 
 
 Japan shrub 
 
 Jasmine 
 
 Jerusalem cheriy 
 
 Jewels 
 
 Jew el -weed 
 
 Job's tears 
 
 Joe-pye 
 
 Joint-weed 
 
 John's wort 
 
 Jonquil 
 
 Judas tree 
 
 July-flower 
 
 Juneberry 
 
 Juniper 
 
 Kale 
 
 Ketmia 
 
 Kidney fern 
 
 Kinnikinnick 
 
 Kingspear 
 
 Knapweed 
 
 Knawel 
 
 Knot-srass 
 
 200 
 458 
 271 
 226 
 334 
 459 
 331 
 ail 
 266 
 297 
 405 
 326, 445 
 369 
 
 Lftmon 262, 387 
 
 Leopard's bane 288 
 Leprous lichen 345, 
 Lettice 298, 339, 411 
 
 Mad del' 
 
 Madeira-nut 
 
 Madwort 
 
 Magnolia 
 
 Maidenhair 
 
 Malabar^nut 
 
 433 
 834 
 199 
 
 353^ 
 18* 
 335- 
 
 Lichen 
 Lichnidia 
 Lichfiis 
 Life-everlasting 
 
 251, 
 
 257 
 25F 
 21. 
 337 
 
 237 
 321 
 
 504 
 20b 
 215 
 255 
 450 
 403 
 
 Knot-weed403,404,405 
 
 333, 373 
 393 
 353 
 309 
 [310 
 482 
 475 
 
 Light hair 
 Lilac 
 
 Lily 200, 270, 288, 334, 
 [348, 371 
 Lily of the valley 270, 
 [288 
 Lime-grass 290 
 
 Lime tree 479 
 
 Lip fern 258 
 
 Liquorice 304, 309, 310 
 Live'forever 45ii 
 
 Liver-leaf 319 
 
 Liverwort 205, 430 
 i/izard's (ail 445 
 
 ocust 309, 430, 431 
 Lombardy poplar 407 
 i.i.lly bay 311 
 
 Loosestrife 305, 355 
 Lopseed 394 
 
 i.ousewort 307, 386 
 Lovage 348 
 
 Love apple 45:' 
 
 Love-lies-bleeding 20 
 Low centaury 40. 
 
 Lucerne 3'i9 
 
 Lungwort 416 
 
 Mallows 198,820,340, 
 [341, 357, 368, 454 
 Mandrake 401 
 
 Maple 185, 186 
 
 Mare's tail 322 
 
 Marjoram 376 
 
 Marsh flvefinger 267 
 Marsh mallows 198,320 
 Marsh rosemary 473 
 Marsh tea 344 
 
 Mary go Id 232, 240, 
 [475, 476, 506 
 Masterwort 331 
 
 Matrimony 353 
 
 May apple 401 
 
 Mayweed 204 
 
 xMeadow beauty 427 
 Meadow grass 198,398, 
 [399, 504 
 Meadow rue 476 
 
 Meadow sweet 471 
 Mechoacan 271 
 
 -.ledick 359 
 
 Medlar 210, 362 
 
 Medick grass 360 
 
 Lupine 
 
 Melilot 
 Melon 
 Mercury 
 Mermaid 
 fviezereon 
 Mignonette 
 Milfoil 
 • iilk parsley 
 Milk- way plant 303 
 Milkwee'd 213, 214 
 viilk- willow herb 356 
 Milkwort 308 
 Milk vine 
 Millet 
 vijllet grass 
 Mint 
 
 Vlisseltoe 
 lite lichen 
 .iiterwort 
 viithridate mustard 478 
 lUock orange 393 
 
 " 368 
 
 360, 465 
 278 
 
 185, 258 
 300, 413 
 283, 288 
 
 426 
 
 186, 367 
 453 
 
 402 
 389 
 363 
 363 
 361 
 503 
 497 
 479 
 
 352; 353 Mock sajiicle 
 
INDEX. 
 
 513 
 
 i^lolucca balm 
 
 364 
 
 One-sided fern 
 
 446 
 
 Pigmy-weed 479 
 
 Monkey-flower 
 
 363 
 
 Onion 197 
 
 , 198 
 
 Pig-nut 250 
 
 Monk's hood 
 
 186 
 
 Orach 
 
 225 
 
 Pig rhubarb 426 
 
 Moon-fruit pine 
 
 365 
 
 Orange root 
 
 325 
 
 Pig-weed 263, 269 
 
 Moonseed 
 
 361 
 
 Orange tree 
 
 262 
 
 Pimpernel 202, 497 
 
 Moose-wood 186 
 
 , 288 
 
 Orchard grass 
 
 282 
 
 Pine 354, 396, 397 
 
 Morel 
 
 392 
 
 Orchis 350, 374, 
 
 376, 
 
 Pink 27©, 284 
 
 Morning-glory 271, 332 
 
 
 [485 
 
 Pink-root 471 
 
 Moss 
 
 337 
 
 Orpine 389 
 
 , 452 
 
 Pin-weed 341 
 
 Moss-bush 
 
 202 
 
 Osier 
 
 274 
 
 Pin iter 227 
 
 Mother of thyme 
 
 479 
 
 Oswego tea 
 
 365 
 
 Pinxter bloraachee 227 
 
 Motherwort 228 
 
 , 345 
 
 Ox-eye 239 
 
 , 318 
 
 Pipewort 293, 294 
 
 Mould 
 
 366 
 
 Ox-eyed daisy 
 
 260 
 
 Pitcher's shield lichen 
 
 Mountain ash 
 
 465 
 
 Oyster 
 
 480 
 
 [489 
 
 Mountain flax 
 
 402 
 
 
 
 Plaited moss 337 
 
 Mountain mint 365,417 
 
 Painted-cup 
 
 229 
 
 Plane tree 398 
 
 Mountain pink 
 
 394 
 
 Palraa christi 
 
 430 
 
 Plantain 385, 398 
 
 Mountain rice 
 
 377 
 
 Panic 
 
 388 
 
 Plowman's wort 271 
 
 Mousear 
 
 310 
 
 Paper-punk 
 
 324 
 
 Plum 287, 414, 416 
 
 Mud plantain 
 
 320 
 
 Parnassus grass 
 
 385 
 
 Poison arum 212 
 
 Mudwort 
 
 349 
 
 Parsley 206 
 
 506 
 
 Poison hemlock 269 
 
 Mugwort 
 
 211 
 
 Parsni'p 386, 457 
 
 ,477 
 
 Poison vine 428 
 
 Mutberry 
 
 366 
 
 Partridge-berry 
 
 364 
 
 Poke-weed 395 
 
 Mullein 495 
 
 496 
 
 Partridge pea 
 
 250 
 
 Polyanthus 369 
 
 Mushroom 
 
 192 
 
 Paspalon grass 
 
 386 
 
 Polypod 406 
 
 Muskmelon 
 
 278 
 
 Passion-flower 
 
 386 
 
 Pomegranate 417 
 
 Mustard 264, 295, 456, 
 
 Patience 
 
 436 
 
 Pond-lily 371 
 
 [478, 
 
 486 
 
 Paul's betony 
 
 497 
 
 Pond-weed 408, 409, 
 
 Myrtle 344, 
 
 368 
 
 Pea 340 
 
 397 
 
 [505 
 
 
 
 Pea-nut 
 
 207 
 
 Poplar 407 
 
 Narcissus 197, 
 
 369 
 
 Peach 
 
 202 
 
 Poppoose-root 251 
 
 IVasturtion 
 
 485 
 
 Pear 240, 
 
 418 
 
 Poppy 281 
 
 Navel wort 275,293,3251 
 
 Pear! wort 
 
 437 
 
 Potatoe 271, 454 
 
 Necklace-weed 
 
 187 
 
 Pearleaf thorn 
 
 275 
 
 Prickly ash 606 
 
 Negro-hair 
 
 196 
 
 Peat-moss 
 
 471 
 
 Prickly fungus 324 
 
 Nettle 232, 303, 
 
 339, 
 
 Pellitory 
 
 381 
 
 Prickly pear 240 
 
 [489, 
 
 490 
 
 Pencil-flower 
 
 475 
 
 Pride-weed 293 
 
 Nettle tree 
 
 252 
 
 Pennycress 
 
 478 
 
 Prim 348 
 
 New-Jersey tea 
 
 251 
 
 Pennyroyal 314, 
 
 as3 
 
 Primrose 412 
 
 Nightshade 225, 
 
 261. 
 
 Pennywort 
 
 371 
 
 Prince's feather 404 
 
 
 [458 
 
 Peony 
 
 378 
 
 Prince's pine 259 
 
 Nine-bark 
 
 472 
 
 Pepper 
 
 242 
 
 Puccoon 229 
 
 Nit- weed 
 
 445 
 
 Pepper-bush 
 
 264 
 
 Puff-bail 353, 451,473 
 
 Nondo 
 
 205 
 
 Peppergrass 
 
 345 
 
 Pumpkin 278 
 
 Northern mint 
 
 361 
 
 Pepperidge 
 
 3711 
 
 Purslane 277, 333, 408 
 
 Norway pine 
 
 396 
 
 Peppermint 
 
 361 
 
 Putty root 272 
 
 
 
 Pepper-root 
 
 284 
 
 Pyramid-flower 301 
 
 Oak 419, 420, 
 
 421, 
 
 Periwinkle 
 
 5(Mt 
 
 
 [422, 
 
 428 
 
 Persimon 
 
 287 
 
 Quack-grass 237, 485 
 
 Oak of Jerusalem 
 
 259 
 
 Peter's wort 
 
 214 
 
 Queen of the meadow 
 
 Oats 226, 
 
 282 
 
 Phacelia 
 
 391 
 
 [472 
 
 Oil-nut 
 
 314 
 
 Pheasant's eye 
 
 187 
 
 Quickset 27G 
 
 Okra 
 
 321 
 
 Phenicjan mallows 
 
 320 
 
 Quill wort 334 
 
 Oleander 
 
 370 
 
 Pickerel-weed 
 
 407 
 
 Qaince 41f 
 
514 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Rabbit-foot 482 
 
 Radish 228, 265, 426, 
 [45f 
 Ragged cup 45'") 
 
 Ragged robin 353 
 
 Ragwort 433 
 
 Rape 237 
 
 Raspberry 433, 434 
 Rattlesnake fern 236 
 R-i'riesnake grass 237 
 Rattlesnake leaf 311 
 Rattle-box 277 
 
 Red-bud 257 
 
 Red-root 287 
 
 Red-top 195 
 
 Reed 26 i 
 
 Reed-grass 212 
 
 Reed mace 487 
 
 Rhodora 427 
 
 Rhubarb 426 
 
 Ribbon-grass 391 
 
 Ribwort 398 
 
 Rice 377 
 
 Rich-weed 267 
 
 Rocket 228, 319, 32., 
 Rock-rose 261 
 
 Roman fern 2'i2 
 
 Rose 431, 432, 433 
 Rose-bay 370, 427 
 
 Rosemary 433, 473 
 Rose-rust 489 
 
 Rue 436, 476 
 
 Ruel 435 
 
 Rush 292 
 
 Rush-grass 335 
 
 Rye 290, 452 
 
 Sacred bean 369 
 
 Saffron 249, 276 
 
 Safflovver 249 
 
 Sage 44.- 
 St. John's wort 326 
 
 Salsify 480 
 
 Salt-grass 349 
 
 Sal vvort 443 
 
 Samphire 438 
 
 Sanicle 368, 444 
 
 Sand myrtle 344 
 
 Sandwort 208 
 
 SarsapariUa 207, 208 
 
 Sassafras 340 
 
 Satin-flower 352 
 
 ■fsatyr 374 
 
 Savin 337 
 
 Savory 445 
 
 Saxifrage 260,444,446 
 Scabious 446 
 
 Scabish 372, 373 
 
 Scarcity 230 
 
 Scarlet runner 392 
 Scorpion weed 367 
 Scouring rush 292 
 
 Screwstera 229 
 
 Scrophula-weed 311 
 
 [367 
 Scullcap 452 
 
 Scurvy-grass 265 
 
 Sea holly 295 
 
 Sea rocket 239 
 
 Seed-box 352 
 
 Seeded plum 287 
 
 Sedge 243 to 249 
 
 Self-heal 413 
 
 Seneca-grass 322 
 
 Seneca snakeroot 402 
 Senna 250, 261 
 
 Sensitive fern Sny 
 
 Sensitive plant 188,363 
 Sesame grass 485 
 
 «;hpH.hii«ih 210 
 
 Shag walnut 25< 
 
 Shallot 198 
 
 Sheli-flower 364 
 
 Sheep-berry 498 
 
 Shepherd's purse 47H 
 Shield lichen 381 
 
 Shin-leaf 417, 418 
 Shin- wood 41 < 
 
 Shot-bush 2(': 
 
 Sidesaddle 44-* 
 
 Sampler's joy 49< 
 
 Single-seed cucumber 
 
 [454 
 Skunk cabbage 331 
 Slippery elm 487 
 
 Sloe 413, 414 
 
 S ellage 348 
 
 Smut 489 
 
 Snail-shell 359 
 
 Snake-head 258 
 
 Snake-root 210, 213, 
 [347, 356, 402 
 Snapdragon 205, 206 
 Sneezewort 186 
 
 Snow-ball 498 
 
 Snow-drop 197, 303 
 Snuff-box fern 224 
 
 Soapwort 444 
 
 ^oft-grass saa 
 
 Solomon's seal 269,270 
 Soot fungus 302 
 
 Sorrel 377, 436 
 
 Sorrel tree 202 
 
 Sour gum 371 
 
 Southern-wood 211 
 Sow thistle 464, 465 
 Spatula fungus 466 
 Spear-grass 398 
 
 Spearmint 361 
 
 Spearwort 424, 425 
 Speedwell 497 
 
 Spice-bush 340 
 
 Spiderwort 480 
 
 Spike-grass 48S 
 
 Spikenard 208 
 
 Spinach 471 
 
 Spindle tree 295 
 
 Spleenwort 216 
 
 Spring beauty 263 
 
 Spruce 396 
 
 Spurge 297 
 
 Spurry 466 
 
 Spurstem 500 
 
 Squash 278 
 
 Squaw-root 376 
 
 Staff-tree 252 
 
 Star-flower 217 
 
 Star-grass 197, 330 
 Star of Bethlehem 376 
 Star-root 197 
 
 Starwort 240,362,473 
 Steen-crout 350 
 
 3teep1e-bu3h 471, 472 
 Steeple-weed 472 
 
 Stitchwort 473 
 
 Stone-crop 453 
 
 Stone-seed 350 
 
 Strawberry 282, 300 
 Succory 260 
 
 Sugar cane 437 
 
 Sultana 255 
 
 Sumach 427, 428 
 
 Summer grass 322 
 
 Summer savory 445 
 Sundew 289 
 
 Sundrops 372 
 
 Sunflower 272,317,435 
 Swamp willow-herb 
 
 [356 
 Sweat-weed 321 
 
 Sweet briar 431 
 
 Sweet cicely 489. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 515 
 
 Sweet fern 
 
 Sweet Aag 
 
 Sweet gale 
 
 Sweet gum 
 
 Sweet pea 
 
 Sweet potatoe 
 
 Sweet tree 
 
 Sweet vernal-grass 205 
 284 
 398 
 39.^ 
 
 268 
 187 
 367 
 350 
 340 
 271 
 186 
 
 Sweet-william 
 
 Sycamore 
 
 Syringa 
 
 Taliny 476 
 
 Tamarack 397 
 
 Tangle-legs 498 
 
 Tansey 228, 476 
 
 Tape-grass 495 
 
 Tare 499 
 
 Target lichen 388 
 
 Tassel-grass 436 
 
 Tea 477 
 
 Teasel 287 
 
 Thin-grass 481 
 
 Thistle 243, 264, 265, 
 [289, 373, 451 
 Thorn 275, 276 
 
 Thorn-apple 283 
 
 Thorough wort 295, 
 [297, 362 
 Thread-foot 401 
 
 Three-birds 206, 485 
 Three-coloured daisy 
 
 [260 
 Thyme 264, 417, 479 
 Timothy-grass 393 
 Toad-flax 478 
 
 Tobacco 351, 370 
 
 Tupelo 371 
 Turnip 212, 2 w 
 
 Turnsole 318 
 
 Twin -berry 505 
 
 Twin-flower 349 
 
 Twin-leaf 3;M 
 
 Twayblade 357 
 
 Umhrella-grass 302 
 Umbrella moss 472 
 Umb'-ella tree 357 
 
 Unicorn plant 35^ 
 
 Unicorn root 197, 318 
 
 Valerian 401, 495 
 
 Venus' fly-trap 287 
 Venus' looking-glass 
 
 [242 
 Venus' pride 323 
 
 Vernal grass 205 
 
 Vervain 
 Vetch 224, 294, 340, 
 
 [499 
 Violet 305, 319, 323, 
 [500, 501, 502 
 Viper's bugloss 289 
 Virgin-bower 225 
 
 Virgin's bower 225, 
 [263, 264 
 
 Wake-robin 212, 494 
 Walking-leaf 216 
 
 Wall-flower 258 
 
 Walnut 250, 334 
 
 Water arum 240 
 
 Water carpet 260 
 
 Water cress 342, 456 
 
 Tomatoes 
 
 Toothache bush 
 
 Tooth-cup 
 
 Tooth-root 
 
 Tower mustard 
 
 Touch-me-not 
 
 Touch-wood 
 
 Tree-moss 
 
 Tree primrose 
 
 Tree-weed 
 
 Trefoil 
 
 Trickle 
 
 Trumpet-flower 
 
 Tubercle fungus 
 
 Tuberose 
 
 Tulip 
 
 JoJip tree 
 
 Weed-grass 259 
 
 Wheat 485 
 
 Wheat-grass 485 
 
 Wheat-thief 350 
 
 Whip-grass 451 
 
 White-beads 18Y 
 
 White bush 202 
 
 White cedar 279, 479 
 White rust 489 
 
 White hellebore 495 
 White-top 195 
 
 White-wood 350 
 
 NVhitlow-grass 288 
 
 Whortleberry 493,494 
 Wild basil 417 
 
 Wild-bean vine 201 
 Wild rice 506 
 
 Wild rye 290 
 
 Willow 439, 440, 441, 
 [442 
 
 496 'Willow-herb 
 
 459 
 606 
 201 
 284 
 486 
 331 
 235 
 264 
 372 
 354 
 315 
 284 
 232 
 486 
 401 
 486 
 350 
 
 Water fescue 
 Water grass 
 Water hemlock 
 Water horehound 
 Water leaf 
 Water lily 
 Watermelon 
 Water moss 
 Water nymph 
 W^ater oats 
 Water parsnip 
 Water pepper 
 Water plantain 
 Water poplar 
 Water purslane 
 Water shield 
 Wax-busk 
 
 299 
 
 346 
 
 261' 
 
 355 
 
 325 
 
 371 
 
 278 
 
 300 
 
 368 
 
 506 
 
 457 
 
 403 
 
 197 
 
 40 
 
 333 
 
 325 
 
 are* 
 
 Wind-flower 
 Windsor bean 
 Winter-berry 
 Winter cherry 
 Wintergreen 259, 304, 
 [402, 417, 482 
 
 291 
 203 
 499 
 412 
 395 
 
 Wire-grass 
 Witch alder 
 Witch hazel 
 Woad 
 
 Wolf's bane 
 Woodbine 
 Wood-sage 
 Wood sorrel 
 Worm-seed 
 Wormwood 
 
 290 
 300 
 314 
 333 
 18* 
 351, 352 
 476 
 37¥ 
 259 
 211 
 
 Yam-root 287 
 
 Yarrow 185 
 
 Yellow coxcomb 42V 
 Vellow-eyed grass 505 
 
 Yellow rattle 
 
 42» 
 
 Yellow-root 
 
 5(J6 
 
 Yellow-seed 
 
 47« 
 
 Yew 
 
 476 
 
 Zigadene 
 
 506 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Since this edition of the Manual has passed through the press, Dl-, 
 -ToHN ToRREY of Njw-York has commenced the puhlicatioa of his 
 Flora of tne Northern and Middle Slates. The fir^t liuraher of thi? 
 "ivork has appeared, and it contains descriptions of many plants which 
 are either new, or not contained in the Manual. The reputalK/ti of 
 Or. Torrey as a hotanist is so deservedly eminent, that there is no 
 floubt his Flora will become a standard work. The publishers of the 
 Manual, having a desire t) render it as complete as possible, requested 
 Hie to prepare an appendix, conlainiua; descrijitions of those plants 
 noticed by Dr. Torrey, not contained in this work. This I have 
 accordingly done, i have also added several new species of Lichen? 
 from a paper by Mr. A. Halsey, in the first number of the Annals of 
 the New- York Lyceum. Severe! other additions have been made, 
 consisting of new localities of interesting plants, synonyms, &.c. he. 
 
 LEWIS C. BECK. 
 
 Albany, Feb. 1, 1824. v 
 
 Agropyrok. 
 
 c-aninum, R. 8,- S. Spikelets about 5-flowered, compressed ; glumes o 
 nerved, and, as well as the florets, armed wi<h a bristle at the tip ; 
 root iibious. Roan. 4' -SV/i //. Torre.y Fi. \. p. 136. Tbiticum ca- 
 
 nijium, Sp pi. Ki.\>iV^ rn7iinus, Wiild. >^ptc. 
 Hub. In Delaware. Muhitnberg. Probably introduced. 
 
 Agkostis. 
 
 (aterifiora, Mich : ^filiformis, Tvrrey : panicles very slender ; eorolla 
 nearly equalliui: the calvx. Torrt.y Fl I,/) 86. k.jHiformis, Muhh 
 Gram, p 66. iVilld. Enum A. foliota, Roem. 8^ Schult. II. p 373. 
 Whole plant more slender than. A. Inl tri flora ; leaves narrower. 
 
 Acrocding to Muhlenburg, it varies with a procumbent culm, and the 
 
 gill nes of the calyx utieqiial and somewhat awned. Torrey. 
 
 Hab. In swamps and wet shady places. New-Jersey and Pennsyl- 
 
 vaiia. September. 
 
 diffusa, Mulil Gram. p. 64. Eat. Man. p. 194. A. sylvatica, Torrey 
 Ft I. p. 87 
 
 Sero'ina, Torrey. Culm filiform, much compressed ; leaves very nar- 
 row, carioate, erect ; I'n.iiirle at(«Miuafe, capillary, erect ; branches 
 abert^ate : calyx u:ieq;ial,hall'as long as theawnlesscorol'a. Torrey 
 Fl 1. p. 88. 
 
 Root per^!nniat, fihroi'.s. Culm a foot or 18 inches, very slender, 
 smooth, simple. « • with one or two short branches at the base. 
 Ltaves 2 — 3 inches long and a half a hue broad, finely attenuated at 
 
 Ua 
 
518 APPENDIX, 
 
 the extremity. Sheaths compressed, shorter than the joints, smooth. 
 Stipule ovate. Panicle \'ery slender, 4 — 10 inches lon^ : branches 
 alternate, solitary, flexuous. Flowers eliptical, on long pedicels, 
 which are thickened below the calyx. Glumes of the calyx unequal, 
 ovate, obtuse or acute, l-nerved ; the inferior shorter than the co- 
 rolla. Corolla twice the length of the shorter valve of the calyx ; 
 valves equal, oblong, obtuse, smooth. Stamens 3. Stigmas plu- 
 mose. Seed ovate, smooth, dark brown. Torrey. 
 
 Hab. In sandy swamps in the pine barrens of New-Jersey. Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Allied to A.juncea, but diifers in the compressed culm, ovate sti- 
 pule, and the panicle with alternate, not verticillate branches. It 
 differs from A. compressa, in its shorter leaves, more capillary pa- 
 nicle, and calyx half the length of the corolla. Perhaps Pursh con- 
 founded it with his A.jancea. Torrey 
 
 pungens, Eat. Man. p. l9o. A virginica,L. Torrey Fl.l. p 89. 
 
 involata, Muhl. Gram. Eat. Man. p. 195. A. longifolia, Torrey Fl. 1, 
 p. 90. 
 
 selosa, Muhl. Gram. Eat. Man. p. 195. Polypogon racemosus, JVutt. 
 Torrey Fl.\, p. 92. 
 
 sericea, Muhl. Gram. Eat. Man. p. 194. Trjchochloa capillaris, De 
 Cand. Torrey FL l,p. 93. 
 
 glauca, Muhl. Gram. Eat. Man. p. 195. Arundo coardafa, Torrey Fl. 
 
 l,p.94. 
 
 AlRA. 
 
 aristulata, Torrey. Panicle capillary, spreading ; branches verticillate 
 andflexuous; calyx 2-tlowered, shorter than the florets ; superior 
 floret pedicillate ; inferior valve of the corolla truncate, laciniate, 
 with an awn a little below the middle, scarcely exserted. Torrey Fl. 
 I. p. 133. 
 
 Root perennial. Culm 2 feet high, erect, with few leaves. Leaves 
 erect, fiat, striate, scabrous on the margin. Sheaths smooth Stipule 
 elongated, membranaceous. Panicle oblong or pyramidal ; lower 
 branches about 5 ; the upper ones in threes. Cnly.v unequal, some- 
 what membranaceous ; the inferior glume lonirer, ovate, acute, 1- 
 nerved, scabrous on th« keel ; saperior valve linear. Florets hairy 
 at the base ; the superior one on a hairy pedicel. Inferior valve of 
 the corolla obtuse and lacerate at the tip ; superior valve shorter, 
 bifid. Stamens 3; anthers Wnear, yellow. Styles very short ; stig- 
 mas plumose, white. Torrey. 
 
 Hab. On the shores of Lakes Owasco and Onondaga, New-York. 
 Aus:ust. Cooper. 
 
 molli", Muhl. Gram. Eat. Man.p.\96. K(ELEmA. pennsylvanica, De 
 anrf. Torrey Fl.\. p. UQ. 
 
 m^'ir.iides Mich Eat .Man. p. }9Q. K(EL^mk truncata, Torrey Fl. I. 
 p. 116. j3 major. Panicle large, a little spreading ; leaves broad- 
 linear, very long. Torrey Fl. I. p 117. 
 
 Culm 3 feet high. Leares nearly a foot long, 3—4 lines broad. 
 Panicle 8 — 10 inches lone:. Torrey. 
 
 Hnh Near Deerfield, .Massachusetts. Cooley. Thisvariety has the 
 habit of CiNNA arundinacea in a vour)g state. 
 
 pallenfi, Muhl. Eat. Man. p, 196.' Trisetum palustrCf Torrey Fl. I 
 p. 126. 
 
APPENDIX. 519 
 
 Alopf.ccrus. 
 
 geniculatits, L. /3 aristulatus, Torrey. Awn scarcely exserted. Tor. 
 Fl. I, p. 97. A. arislulnlus, Mich Fl. I, p. 43. A. subarislalus, Pers 
 Si/n. 1, p. 80. Pursk Fl. I, p. 66. JVutt. Gui. 1, p. 52. Roem. (^ 
 Schult. II p. 273. 
 
 Hab. Near Boston. Bigeloiv. 
 
 Anthopogox. 
 
 lepturoidts, Nutt. Ua/. .Vfln, p. 295. Gvmnopogo.v raccmo5U?n; P. dc 
 5eawy. Torrey Fl. I. p- 99. 
 
 Arenaria. 
 
 laterijiora, (West-Canada creek. Prof. Hadley.) 
 
 Aristida. 
 
 tactinosa, Muhl. Gram. Eat. Man. p. 209. A. purpurascens, Poii . 
 Torrey Fl. I. p 81. 
 
 Arthonia. 
 
 sicartziana, Acharius Syn. p. 5. Crust white ; apotliecia broad and 
 confluent. On old trunks of trees. Halsey in Annals of the JS'cw- 
 York Lyceum, I. p. 5. 
 
 astroidea, Id. p. 6. On smooth bark. Crust ashy and glaucous ; apo- 
 thecia flat, stellate and shapeless. Halsey. 
 
 Arundo. 
 
 epigeios, Muhl. Gram. Eat. Man. p. 212. A. hretipilis, Torrey Fl. J, 
 
 p. 95. 
 arenaria, Smith Eat. Man. p. 212. P sxmm a are7iaria, P. de Beauv. 
 
 Torrey Fl. I, p. 95. 
 phragmites, Willd. Pvrsh Fl. Muhl. Gram. Eat. Man. p. 212. 
 
 Pheagmites communis, Trinius. Torrey Fl. I. p. 1U3. 
 
 Atragene. 
 
 americana. This plant is by no means so common as is stated in the 
 Manual. It is found on slate rocks in a ravine about 1 mile south of 
 Albany — I have never observed it elsewhere. I have, however, 
 seen specimens from West Point. 
 
 Avena. 
 
 elalior, L. Eal. Man. p. 226. Arrhf.nathervm avenaceum, P. dc 
 
 Br.nnr. Torrey Fl. I. p 130. Holcus avenaceus, Smith, 
 penmylvanicn, L. Eat. Man. p. 226. AnmiEH. ^t hkrv u pennsylvanicum, 
 
 Torrey Fl. I. p. 130. TRjsetdm pennsylvanicum, P. de Btauv. 
 precox, P. de Beauv. Panicle in a dense raceme ; florets as long as 
 
 the calyx; awn exserted; leaves setaceous. Torrey Fl.]. p. 131. 
 Hab. In saady fields. New-Jersey, near Philadelphia, and 
 
 throughout the pin« barrens. Torrey. June. 
 
520 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 B-a:oMiCES* 
 
 rufus, Ach. p. 280. On rocks. Crust rough, ashy greenish ; apotliecia 
 chesnut, pedicels shori. Halny m An. N. Y.Lyc. 
 
 Bat so HI A. 
 
 cmeseens. (Waterloo, Seneca county. Prof. Hadhy.) 
 
 22. 3, Blafia, 57. 3. 
 
 (To follow the genus Riccia, p. 170.) 
 
 Gevo-ie characiers. Capsule one-valved, with no elevations of the 
 seeds upon the columella, as in the Antboceros, crowned with a tube 
 opening outwardly at the apex. Schioeinitz's Hepatic Mosses, 
 jfvsilla, capsule mariced, immersed in the frond, ovate-oblique, termi- 
 nating in an opening tube, permanent j frond orbicular or heaped 
 together in abundance, very beautifully green, reticular-veined, di- 
 or tri-chotomous, bearing the capsules on the apex. 
 On dried spots on mill-dams, Lc. Schicdnitz. 
 
 BoRKrRA. 
 
 tenella, Ach. p. 221. Bark, and on the earth. Like a Parmelia'. 
 Frond white ; segments narrow, pinnatifid, convex and ciliated at 
 the apex. Halsty in An. N. Y. Lye. I. p. 15. 
 
 furfuracea, Id. p. 222. Bark. Much like 'EyBB.tii a prunasiri. Seg- 
 ments of the frond channelled beneath., and bluish black. JIalscy. 
 
 Briza. 
 
 canadensis, Mich. Eal. Man. p. 237. Poa canademis, Torrey Fl. I. 
 
 p. 112. 
 eragrostis, Sr. Eat. Man. p. 237. Poa eragrostis. L. Torrey Fl. I. 
 
 p. 115. 
 
 Calicium. 
 "* Apothccia sessile. 
 
 tigillarc, Ach. Syn. p, 55. Common on fences and old poses. Thh 
 beautiful Lichen in habit nearly resembles a Lecidea, and is remark- 
 able from the frond's first appearing in small yellow spots, upon 
 which the black apothecia are seated. The intervals between these 
 afterwards fill up, and the whole crust becomes continuous. Hal- 
 sey in Annals of the JVew-York Lyceum, I. p. 7. 
 
 ** Apothecia stipitafe. 
 
 claviculare, Ach. Syn. p. 57. Old fences and posts. Apothecia sub- 
 globose ; pedicles cylindric, thick. Halsry. 
 
 Tuchelinum, ^ quercinum, Id.p 58. Old fenres and posts. Crust ashy 
 or none; apothecia turbinate ; pedicles filiform, short. Halsey. 
 
 Cenchrls. 
 
 tribuloidts. Eat. Man. p. 252. This Dr. Torrey considers as a variety 
 of C. echinaius, L. He observes, "After a careful examiuation c£ 
 
APPENDIX. 521 
 
 the Cenchrus of our sea-coast (which is doubtless Ihe C. trihvloides) 
 with our common species of the pine-barrens of New-Jernev, and 
 which all our botanists call C. echinatus, I can find no spe^ tc dif- 
 ference between them, the only discrepancy being the white pu- 
 bescence on the spikes and margins of the sheaths." Torrey Fl. I. 
 p. 69. 
 
 Cenomyce. 
 
 1. Frond foliaceous ; iwdetia fistulous, attenuated, or dilated above. 
 
 a. Apothecia pale. 
 
 ccexpiticia, Mi. p. 249. On earth. Frond minutely cleft; podetia 
 
 very short, marginal. Halsey in An. N. Y Lye. I. p. 17. 
 endivi<rfolia, Id. p. 250. On earth, in dry rocky situations. Frond 
 
 large, leafy, yellowish green, white beneath, segments multifid; 
 
 podetia also veiy minute. Halsey. 
 verticillata, Id. p. 251. On earth among moss. Podetia cylindric, 
 
 glabrous, livid greenish, the margin dilating horizontally, proliferouft 
 
 from the centre. Halsey. 
 
 ■2. Frond leafy; podetia snb-fistuloiis, eylindric, rayed at the apex; 
 radii all fertile. 
 
 botrytes, Ach. p. 274. Rotten wood and earth. Podetia slender, fas- 
 tigiately branching, rough ; apothecia peltate, pale crowded. — 
 Halsey. 
 
 Ceratochloa, Beauv. 
 
 Spikelets lanceolate, sub-ancipital, many-flowered. Calyx shorter 
 than the imbricated florets. Inferior valve of the corolla compressed, 
 mucronate below the tip ; superior valve somewhat con-duplicate. 
 Style 2—3 parted. P. de Beauv. 
 
 C. unioloides, P. de B. Panicle nodding, spreading ; spikelets oblong- 
 lanceolate, compressed, 6 — 8 flowered ; florets acuminate, unarm- 
 ed ; sheaths bearded at the throat, the lower ones hairy ; root 
 fibrous. Roem. 4' Schult. Torrey Fl. I. p. 124. 
 
 Hab. In rich bottom lands. Pennsylvania to Carolina. July, 
 August. Pursh. 
 
 Cetraria. 
 
 glaitca, Ach. p. 227. Stones and fences. Frond glaucous, tawny, 
 brown underneath. Halsey in An. »Y. Y. Lye. I. p. 16. 
 
 viridis, Schweinitz MSS. Small limbs in cedar swamps, New-Jersey. 
 Frond glaucous green, lacunose reticulated, underneath pale yellow, 
 margin complicately waved and beset with black soredia ; apothecia 
 cbesnut brown, margin inflected, lobed and dentated. Halsey. 
 
 Cynodon Richard. 
 
 Spikes digitate or fascicled. Flowers unilateral, in a simple series. 
 Calyx 2-valved ; glumes nearly equ:.I. -preading, acute. Corolla 2- 
 valved ; superior valve very narrow, st.nouuded by the inferior one. 
 Riu'^mmts minute, pedicillale. J^eeiarlcs collateral. I>ich. in Pers. 
 Sj,' T p. 85. Ault. G^n.l. p. 58. Dk^ifaria, Juss. Pamcum, L. Ber- 
 muda grass. 
 
 Uu2 
 
622 APPENDIX. 
 
 dactylon, Pen. Cjilm crc'^ping, spikes digitate, (4—5) spreading ; keel 
 
 , of the calyx scabrous; leaves liaicy on the mar^ii) and towards the 
 
 base; sheaths hairy. Torrei/ Fl.i. p. 99. Purs/i FL \. p 7o. Di- 
 
 GiTARiA dactylon, Elliott Sk. I. p. laS Mnhl. Gram. Panicum 
 
 dadylon, Lin. 
 
 Rool perennial, extensively creeping. Cv.lm a foot or more long, 
 stoloniferoiss at the base. Leaves somewhat distichous, narrow. 
 Spikes about 2 inches lonp;, appearing serrated on their edges by- 
 projecting calyces of the flowers. Glumes lanceolate, acute ; the 
 superior one a little longer. Inferior v-aUe of the corullaoyiiie, mu- 
 cronate at the tip. scabrous on the keel ; superior valve the len^cth 
 of the other, acute, with a deep groove on the back, in which i.s 
 Iod.j:ad the miiiute rudiments of an abortive flower with its footstalk. 
 JS'e< lories 2, ohovHie. Torrey. 
 
 Hab. In Pennsylvania. August. Muhlenberg. 
 
 CVPERUS. 
 
 nuttalii, Torrey Ff. \. p. 61. C. cuspiiosus, Eat. Man. p. 28i. 
 
 deniatus, Torrey Fl. I. p 61 C. pnrrijlorus, Eat. Man. p. 281. 
 
 i:07npressus, L. Spikes digitate, someuhat in fours, lanceolate ; glumes 
 raucronate, broad membranaceous. Torrey Fl. I. p. 63. Vahl. 
 Enum. II. p. 234. Pursh Fl'. I. p. 51. Ellioit Sk. \. p. 65. 
 
 Culm 3 — 8 inches high, obtusely trian.y:nlar. Leaves shorter than 
 the culm, linear lanceolate. Spiktlds nearlv sessile, somewhai ca- 
 pitate, oblong-lanceolate, many- ilowered, (16 — 27) Glumes not 
 raucronate, the carina green ; sides membranaceous, nearly white. 
 Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Elliott. 
 
 Hab. In low meadows. Pennsylvania to Carolina. Pvrsh. 
 
 vlfcns, Mich. Culm acutely triangular ; umbels decompound ; spike- 
 Jets ovate-lanceolate, in compact h^ads , involucrum very long. 
 Torrey Fl. I. p. 63. Mich. Fl. I. p 23. Pursh Fl. I. p. 52. 
 
 Culm 1 — 2 feet high most acutely triangular ; the angles scabrous 
 near the summit ; sides concave. Leaves linear-lanceolate, some- 
 what compressed, the margins and midrib serrulate, 2—3 feet long, 
 4 — 6 lines wide. Spikilets commonly 16-flower.;d, laterally appress- 
 ed into compact heads. Glumes laiiceolate, acute. Slamtn 1 ? 
 Style 3-c\e{t . Seer/ oblong, triangular. Elliott. 
 
 Hab. In wet meadows and woods. Pennsylvania to Carolina. 
 Pursh. 
 
 odoratus, L. Spikelets corymbed, subulate, remote, distichous ; glumes 
 somewhat distant; smaller umbels spr<-ad!ng widely, and about the 
 leitgth of their involucra. Torrey Fl. I. y). 64. Vahl. Enum. U. p. 
 356. Pursh Fl. I. p. 52. 
 
 Ha&. On t"ie banks of rivers. Pennsylvania to Florida. Pursh. 
 
 flavicomis, Mich. Culm triquetrous ; umbel compound ; spikes linear- 
 lanceolate, 7-flowered,(l" — 12-flowered, L\'/. ;; glumes obtuse ; in- 
 volucrum very long, reflexed. Torrey Fl. I. p. t)4. AVch. Fl. 1. p. 
 27. Pursh FL I. p. 53. 
 
 Culm erect, smooth. Involucrum 5-leaved, very long, smooth. 
 Raysoi the umbel unequal ; ochrece retuse, purple. Spikes dislichous, 
 oblong, yellow, compressed, 11-flowered. Glumes cbtuse, white 
 and scarious on the margin. 573//e 2-cleft. Seed obovate, puncti- 
 culate, black. Muhl. 
 Hah. In boggy woods. Pennsylvania to Carolina. Pursh. 
 
APPENDIX. 5:23 
 
 Elymcs. 
 
 canadends, /3. ghucifolius, Torrty Fl. I. p. 137. K. glaucifolius, Willd. 
 Eal. ,Man p. 290. 
 
 Endocarpon. 
 
 compHcatum, Ach. Syn. p. 102. Like E. minlalum, but of a dark colour 
 
 undenieafh. Hnlsey in Annals JVew- York Lyceum, I. p. 9. 
 smarngdnlum, Id. p. 98. On rocks. Frond compo>ed of very small, 
 
 detached, scale-like lobes, of a light greenish or olive colour '/i«/Mj/. 
 tephroides, fi polytfiecium, Id. p. 99. On rocks. Frond adnate like a 
 
 V'errucakia, cracked, of a blight liver-colour. Halsey. 
 iceheri. Id. p. 102. On rocks near walerfalls. Like E tovijdicnlnm, 
 
 but the frond is of a thicker consistence, and changes to agreenisk 
 
 colour when moistened. Halsey. 
 
 Eriophorum. 
 
 alpinum, L. Culm triquetrous, somewhat scabrou.s, naked ; leaves 
 very short, subulate ; spike oblong ; woolly hairs, crisfied, few. 
 Torrey Fl. \. p. to. Vahl. Enum. II. p. 388. E. hudsovinnurn, JMicI). 
 Fl. I. p. 34. Trichophorum alpinum, Fursh Fl I. p 57. Jtuhl. Cal. 
 p. 7. T. alpinum, /3. lindxoiiianum, Pers. Syn I.p 70. 
 
 Culm 8 — 1(1 inches high, slender, with very acute angles; sides 
 
 ^ concave and striate. Leaves about an inch long, jiungent, triangu- 
 lar, channelled above. Shealhs 3 — 4 radical, purplish; the lowest 
 ones mucronatewith the rudiments of leaves. Spike about 2 lines 
 long, a little compressed. Glumes oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, cari- 
 nate, pale yellowish brown ; the exterior bracteiform, 3-nerved, 
 somewhat mucronate. Stamens (1 — 2 in t!ie European plai.t.) 
 Style 3-cleft. Seed ovate, acuminate, much compressed, with an 
 elevated ridge on one side, brown. Hairs 6, white, tliiee times as 
 long as the spike, flattened, more or less cris[)ed. Torrey. 
 
 Hah. In bog meadows, Stockbridge, JMas?acliU'^etts, t)r. Emmons. 
 In bogs on the mountains of Pennsylvania, Vermont, Lc. Pursh. 
 In New-York. JMuhUnberg. 
 
 raginalum, L. Torrey Fl. I.p. 6o. E. cespitosum. Host. Eat. Man. 
 
 virginicum, L. /3. gracile, Torrey. Culm verj' slender; leaves al- 
 most filiform. Torrty Fl. I. p. 66. 
 Hab In the cedar swamp near New-Durham, N. Jersey. August. 
 
 Erythronium. 
 
 albidum, .\utt. Leaf impunctate ; petals linear-lanceolate, point.- ob- 
 tuse, inner ones without dentures, sub-unguiculate ; .siyle filifoimly 
 attenuated downwards; stigma trifid, lobes reflected, internally pa- 
 pillo.«e. A'ult. Gen. Pi I p. 223. 
 
 This plant, which has not hitherto been observed in the northern 
 or middle states, was found by Mr. James Eights in the neighbor- 
 hood of Albany, in company with E. deu.f-canis. Ms. The s|t<-(ini. ns 
 agree in every respect with those which 1 collected on the banks ^f 
 the Illinois river. 
 
 Euphorbia. 
 torollata. (Black Rock. Prof. Hadley.) 
 
524 APPENDIX. 
 
 EVERNIA. 
 
 prunastri, Ach. p. 245. Branches of trees. Rare. Frond granulated 
 glaucous above, underneath whitish, reticulated. Halsey in An. JV. 
 Y. Lye. I. p. 17. 
 
 vulpina? /c/. p. 245. Massachusetts. Frond yellowish green, branch- 
 ing ; segments attenuated, lacunose, compressed. In appearance 
 like Cenomyce uyicialis, but easily distinguished by its central cot- 
 ton-like medulla. Perhaps a new species. Halsey. 
 
 Festuca. 
 
 myurus, L. 9 Panicle slender, crowded, equal ; spikelets about 4- 
 flowered ; florets subulate, awned hairy, monandrous. Willd. Spec. 
 Torrey Fl I. p. 119. F. quadrifolia, Walt. Fl. Car. p. 81. 
 
 Root annual, (biennial, J'/ii^/j Culm 6 — 12 inches long, erect, 
 geniculate near the root, smooth. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, subu- 
 late, concave not carinate, scabrous above. Stipule (bifid or retuse, 
 J\'luhl.) Spikelets 4 — 7-flowered, nearly sessile. Glumes equal, 
 ■very small, linear-lanceolate. Inferior valve of the corolla concave, 
 hairy, particularly towards the summit, terminating in an awn 
 (bristle) twice as long as the valve ; superior valve membranaceous, 
 lanceolaie. Styles very short; stigmas plumose, white. Seed ob- 
 long, acute. Elliott. 
 
 Hab. In sandy soils of New-Jersey ; growing with Aira preecox. 
 Barton. June. 
 
 pratensis, Huds. Panicle spreading, branched ; spikelets linear, many- 
 flowered, acute; leaves linear; root fibrous. Schrad. Fl. Germ. 
 Torrey Fl. I. p. 121. ScHEN0D0Rus^raie?j5ts, P. de Beauv 
 
 Root perennial. Culm 1 — 2 feet high, erect, terete, smooth. Leaves 
 and sheaths very smooth. Stipule obsolete. Panicle 2 — 6 inches 
 long, subsecund ; branches short, nearly simple ; spikelets 7 — 8- 
 flowered, terete. Calyx very unequal ; the superior glume much 
 larger, scarious on the margin, obscurely nerved. Inferior valve of 
 the corolla more or less acute, (never mucronate,) scarious on the 
 margin, obscurely o-nei-ved ; superior valve as long as the inferior, 
 slightly bifid at the apex, scabrous on the margin. Stamens 3 ; an-* 
 ihers yellow ; stigmas white. Torrey. 
 
 Hah. In meadows and fields. June — July. Introduced. 
 
 fascicularis, Lam. Culm procumbent, geniculate ; panicle subsecund ; 
 branches straight, spike-like ; spikelets appressed 8 — 10-flowered ; 
 florets armed; leaves very long. Torrey Fl. I. p. 122. F. poly- 
 stachia, Mich F. procumhens, Muhl. Gram. F. mult i flora, Walt. 
 BivLAcnyfB fascicularis, P. de Beauv. Bkouvs pocsf or mh. Spreng. 
 
 Hab. In brackish meadows, and in sandy soils near the salt water. 
 Hackensack meadows, New-Jersey. At Kingsbridge on the island 
 of New-York, and along the sea-coast of Long Island. Torrey. 
 August. 
 
 fluitans, L. Willd. Spec. Mich. Fl. Pursh Fl. Muhl. Gram. Eat. 
 ^Man.P p. 299. PoAfluitans,Scof!oU. Smith. Deyavxix fluitans, P, 
 de Beauv. Gi^YCEKiAfluitans, R. B-Jwn. Torrey Fl. I. p. 103. 
 
 Frasera. 
 
 c'arolinknsis. (Geneseo, Livingston county. Prof. Hadley.^ 
 
AprENDix. 525 
 
 FUIBENA. 
 
 ^•2uarrosa, JMich. /3. ? pumila, Torrcy. Culm pubescent above ; 
 leaves smootb ; throat of the slieaths hairy ; spikes 1 — 3 teriTiinal. 
 
 Culm 3^ — 6 inches h.\^h. angular, smootli, except a little below the 
 spikes. Leaves linear-lanceoiate, 2 — 3, flat, {quailinj; the culm, 
 striate, naked. Margins and throat of the shealhs iiaii^. Spikes 
 generally 3, often solitary, with 2 unequal leaf-like bracts at the 
 base. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, terminated by short squarrose 
 awns ; the lower ones hairy. Petals ova(e-lai:ceolatR, emljracing 
 the seed by their bases. Utamens 3. ieerf triquetrous, pedicillate, 
 surrounded at the base with 3 or 4 retrorsely scabrous bristles. — 
 Torrey Fl. 1. p. 68. 
 
 Jfab. On the overflowed sandy margin of a creek near Babylon on 
 Long-Island, in company with Gratiola aurea, Xvris carolinianay 
 Ike. 
 
 This may be a variety of F. squarrosa ; but if the characters above 
 given are constant, it certainly must be a distinct species. Torrey. 
 
 Glyceria. 
 
 acutiflorn, Torrey. Panicle simple, elongated, appressed ; spikelets 
 linear-terete, 4 — 6-flow-ered ; florets attenuated, acute, indistinctly 
 nerved ; leaves short, erect. Torrey Fl. I. p. 104. Fkstuca brevi- 
 folia, Muhl. Gram. p. 167. 
 
 Root perennial, creeping. Culm about a foot and a half high, a 
 little compressed. Leaves 3 — 6 inches long, 1 — 2 lines broad, atte- 
 nuated, and sometimes involute at the point, nearly smooth. Stipule 
 elongated, very thin, finely lacerate. Panicle long and slender, a 
 little nodding ; lower part concealed in tlie sheaths. .S/;?^c/e/5 acute ; 
 florets distinct. Calyx very unequal, without nerves. Corolla linear- 
 lanceolate, scabrous, attenuated to a sharp point ; superior valve 
 much longer than the other, bifid at the tip. .Slar)iens 3; anthers 
 yellow. Stigmas white. Seed oblong, sulcate. JVectaries connate, 
 obcordate, very minute. Torrey. 
 
 Hub. In overflowed meadows ; Bloomingdale, Fishkill, kc. New- 
 York. Near Hoboken, New-Jersey. Torrey. Deerfield, Massachu- 
 setts. Cooley. June. 
 
 Gkaphi?. 
 bdulignn, Ach. Syn. p. 83. On Betula. Scarcely more than a variety 
 of G.scripta. Halsey in An. J\\ Y. Lye. I. p. 9. 
 
 HiPPURIS. 
 
 vvh^aris. (Cayuga lake, at Spring Mills. Eaion.) 
 
 HOTTOMA. 
 
 iiiflata, Elliott. The internodes of the scape inflated ; flowers fool- 
 stalked ; corollashorter than the calyx ; leaves crowded, pectinate, 
 submersed, with the segments linear. £//jo/ 6'A;. I. p. 231. H. pa- 
 lust r is ? Pursli, I. p. 138. 
 
 6^/e/n thick, spongy, generally submersed. Leaves long, irregular- 
 ly crowded, beautifully pectinate. From the sunamit of the stem 
 arise several (6 — 10) naked flower-sta!k& or scapes. Scapes jointed 
 
526 APPE?sDIX. 
 
 towards the summit ; the space between the joints, but particularly 
 the space below the flowers, inflated. Floivers verticillate, general- 
 ly 4 in each whorl. Peduncle nearly half an inch long. Calyx 5- 
 parted. Corolla white, apparently shorter than the calyx. Capsult 
 globose. Elliot. 
 
 ffab. Rhode-Island. Hitchcock. 
 
 HOUSTONIA. 
 
 iongifolin. (Goat Island, Niagara Falls. Prof. Iladley.) 
 
 Hydrastis. 
 ctinadtnsis. (Vernon, Oneida county. Prof. Hadley.) 
 
 ISIDIUM. 
 
 phymatodesy Ach.\i. 282. Rotten wood in moist places. Crust greea. 
 Halstyin An. JV. Y. Lye. I. p. 19. 
 
 22. 3. JUNGERMANIA. 67. 3. 
 
 (Species added from Schweinitz's Hepatic Mosses.) 
 
 platyphylla, stem procumbent, bipinnate ; leaves two-rai)ked, imbri- 
 cate, roundish, obtuse ; stipules entire, in threes. On bark of living 
 frees. 
 
 platyphylloides, stem procumbent, bi- ortri-pinnate ; leaves imbricate, 
 vaulted, roundish-4-sided : stipules ternate, subequal, entire. On 
 rocks. 
 
 porella, stem floating, irrcc^ularly branched, pinnate : leaves sub-im- 
 bricate, lar2;ish, oval, obtuse : stipules entire. In brooks. 
 
 trilobata, leaves oblique, ovate, retuse, unequally 3-ti)othed at the 
 apex, and entire in the other parts : stipules bi-quadrifid : runners 
 from the axils of the stipules. 
 
 tridcjiiiculata, stem procumbent, creeping, much aggregated : leaves 
 flat, two-ranked, largish, 3-toothed at the apex, sub-oval : stipules 
 broad, roundish^ cut transversely, denticulate : runners from the 
 axils. In boi!:s. 
 
 sertularoides, creeping, capillary; leaves parted-bristleform, jointed: 
 teeth of the calyx bristle-bearing. 
 
 Jaciniosn, creeping, very branching: leaves bifid, with fringed divi- 
 sions: calyxes lateral, obi )ng, naked. 
 
 ciliaris, stem sub-pinnate, decumbent: branches slender: stipules and 
 leaves split, having long ciliae. 
 
 tomenlilla, stem spreading, bipinnate, tomentose above : leaves and 
 stipules 4-parted, having long ciliae, becoming white. 
 
 sph-ti^iii, stem creeping, with radicles on the back : leaves imbricate, 
 sub-vertical, concave, roundish, converging forward. 
 
 orbicularis, small, with a creeping stem : leaves orbicular, entire, rising 
 vertically in a double series, mostly reddish. In woods among 
 mosses. 
 
 furcata, frond linear, decumbent, ramose, forked at the extremity, 
 nerved, the margin at the bottom and on the back of the nerve pu- 
 bescent, yellowish green. On rocks and .stones. 
 
APPENDIX. 527 
 
 Lecanora. 
 • From Halsey^s paper in the Annals N. York Lyceum, I. p. 11 &: seq.) 
 
 § Crust adnatc, uniform. 
 * Jpothecia with a black and naked disk. 
 
 atra, Jch.y. 146. On trunks and rotten wood. Cru«;t very white ; 
 
 apothecia crowded, angular, margin flexuous. Vui y. caUigmusa. 
 
 Ibid. Crnst dark. 
 commutata, Id. p. 149, Fences and rotten wood. Crust thin, with 
 
 greenish white dust ; apothecia concave. 
 periclea, ^ ejjgwa, Id. p. 151. Ibid. Crust diriy white, and blackish ; 
 
 apothecia small and crowded. 
 sophodes, Id. p. 158. Ibid. Crust rerrucose, sub-determined, ashy 
 
 greenish ; apothecia crowded, black, brownish when moistened; 
 
 margin tumid, very entire. 
 
 ** Apothecia with a brown coloured disk. 
 
 subfusca, Id. p. 157. Bark. Crust srao th, cartila.t:;inous, granulated ;. 
 apothecia dark, margin thick. 
 
 veniosa, Id. p. 159. Bark and rocks Crust tesselated with tumid 
 warts, yellowish or grev ; apothecia reddish brown, convt-x. 
 
 varia, Id. p. 161. Common on old posts and fences. Crust light yel- 
 low } apothecia generally dirty green, yellowish and brown. 
 
 ■*** Apothecia with a black or coloured disk, always prvinose. 
 
 viUnrsii? Id. p. 163. On rocks. Crust fartareous, gyrose, granulated, 
 whitish ; apothecia black, sessile. H"sk concave. 
 
 glcuroma, Id. p. 1*15 Ibid. Cr • t grevish ; apothecia black, immers- 
 ed, disk at len<rth convex, mareit. (ibliterated. 
 
 angulosa. Id. p. 166 On «mooth bark. Crust smooth and subrimose ; 
 apothec-a crowded and angular. 
 
 C(Esio-rubella. Id. p. 167 Trunks. Crust membranaceous and white; 
 apothecia larire. lij'bt red. 
 
 albfUa, (d. p. 168 Bark. Crust cartilaginous, smooth, milk white; 
 apothecia light flesh-coloured. 
 
 ^^t*K ^qpothecia with disks of various colours. 
 
 perella, Td. p. 169. On trunks. Crust thin, warty, white ; apothecia 
 
 light flesh-coloured 
 /ar/areo. Id. p. 172. Rocks. Common. Crust white tartarpf)us, w>'U 
 
 clustered coral-like granules ; apothecia lithi flesh-coloured Tl.is 
 
 is the cudbear of the English, ami used in dyins' purple on wool'< n 
 salicina, Id. p. 175. Trunks. Crust granulated, dirty yellowish. han;!y 
 
 distinguishable ; apothecia orange. 
 fulva, Sehwz. M33. Common on roup;h bark. Crust papillated, ver- 
 
 rucose, of a pale sulphur yellow ; apothecia with an orance d^k„ 
 
 when young immersed in the verrucse of the crust., at length enlarg 
 
 Ing with a thin inflected margin. 
 
528 APPENDIX. 
 
 §§ Crust adnate^ radiating, and lobed at the circumference. 
 
 tlemm, Ach. p. 182. On rocks. (Massachusetts.) Crust orange, *a- 
 djating, lobes linear and convex. 
 
 galaclina.. Id. p 187. Rotten trunks and rocks. Crust sub-imbricated, 
 dirty white ; apothecia crowded, angular, disk livid flesh-coloured, 
 sub-pruinose. 
 
 juglandina, Sclmz MSS. Common on smooth bark. Crust flat, or- 
 bicular, sub lucid, olivaceous, towards the circumference light -rlau- 
 cous grecii, minutely laciniated through its whole surface, central 
 segments scaly imbricated, marginal ones flat and broader towards 
 the apex ; apothecia central, small, disk fuscous, concave, margin 
 very thick. 
 
 §§§ Crust foliaceous, scaly, imbricated. 
 
 smiihii, Ach. p. 189. Common on trunks Crust scaly, lobes thick, 
 roundish, waved, yellow orange, deepening in colour towards the 
 apex ; apothecia oraiige, like Farjielia rutilans. 
 
 irregularis, Scfiwz. MSS. Common on trunks. Crust scaly, lobes as- 
 cending, very minutely friuged, whitish grey, greenish when mois- 
 tened ; auothecia grey pruinose, dark brown when moistened, mar- 
 gin thick and entire. 
 
 canddaria, Ach. p. 192. On smooth bark. Crust scaly, bright yellow, 
 margin of lobos granular ; apothecia bright yellow. 
 
 hrunnea. Id. p. 193. Trunks. Crust imbricated, ashy liver-colour .; 
 apothecia reddish brown, margin crenulated. 
 
 Lecidea. 
 § Frond crustaceous, uniform. 
 * Apothecia constantly bla^^k. 
 
 fianosa, Ach. Syn.p. 12. Common on rocks. Crust dull smoky co. 
 lour ; apothecia sunk into the crust, greyish within. Halsey in An. 
 JV. Y. Lie. J. p. 6. 
 
 jtanfo.^ticia. II. p. 13. Common on rocks. Apothecia minute, im- 
 m^irsed in the crust upon the areolae. Halsey. 
 
 ^etrcea, II. p. 15. Common on rocks. Distinguishable by the con- 
 centric tendency of the apothecia. Halsey. 
 
 conjlucns, Ach. Syn. V 16. Common on rocks. Crust dirty white; 
 apothecia irregsdar and aggregated Halsey. 
 
 prtmrif-.n. Id. p. 17. Trees and fences. Apothecia with a whitish stra- 
 tum uniier the disk. Halsey. 
 
 dolosii. Id. p. 19. Trunks and fences. Crust pulverulent, rusty grey : 
 apothecia convex, Halsey. 
 
 citri?iell.a ? Id p. 25. Old stone fences. Rare. Crust green ; apo- 
 thecia small, black. Halsey. 
 
 ** Apothecia with a fuscous or brownish colour. 
 
 iersicolor, Schioeinitz MSS. Verv common on smooth bark. Crust 
 grefn sh, and bounded by a broad wavina; black line ; apothecia 
 small, greenish and other dark colours, clustered and stellate to the 
 naked eye. Halsey. 
 
APPENDIX. 529 
 
 iiileola, Ach. Syn. p. 41. Trunks and rocks. Crust thin, £;reyish, with 
 
 globular pale granules ; aps^lliecia dirty yellow. Halsey. 
 carneola, Id. p. 42. Trunks. Crust thin, grey ; apothecia sessile, 
 thick, fleshy brown. Hnlsey. 
 
 *** Apothecia of various colours, 
 coccinea, SehiceinHs. MSS. Common on trunks. Crust cinereous, 
 
 and bordered by a black line ; apothecia shining, convex, beautiful 
 
 scarlet, whitish within Halsey. 
 ehrhartiana, Ach. Si^n. p. 47- Common on rocks. Crust cartilaginous, 
 
 greenish yellow, rouj^h, granulated ; apothecia pale yellowijh. Hal. 
 aurantiaca, Ach. Syn. 50. Common on trunks and rotten wood. Crust 
 
 smooth, whitish ; apothecia orange, convex, margin lighter. Halsey. 
 
 §§ Cnist foliaceous. 
 
 detnissa, Id. p. 50. On earth on rocks. Crust warty, sub-imbricated, 
 lobed at the margin ; apothecia reddish, depressed. Halsey. 
 
 Lepraria. 
 
 latehrarunif Ach. p. 331. On the earth and stones in shady moist 
 places. Crust greenish grey, pulverulent. Halsey in An. N. Y. Lye 
 I. p. 21. 
 
 Linn j: A, 
 barealis. (Cherry Hill, Albany.) 
 
 LONICERA. 
 
 hirsute,. (West-Canada creek. Prof. Hadley.) 
 
 22. 3. Marchantii. 57. 3. 
 
 •Unella, small: frond dichotomous, narrow: fertile receptacle sub- 
 conic, membranaceous, many-cleft beneath, with ligulate-liuear 
 fringes : peduncle longish and delicate. Schweinitz's Hep. Mos. 
 
 Mariscus. 
 
 ■ocularis, Vahl. jS. tenellus, Torrey. Culm acutely triangular, slender; 
 involucrum 3 — 5-leaved ; three of the leaves many times longer 
 than (he umbel. Torrey Fl. I. p. 58. 
 
 Heads consistine of 10 or 12 spikelets. Culm about a foot high. 
 
 Hab. On the sea-coast of Long Island. August. 
 
 Milium. 
 
 pun^tns, Torrey. Culm erect ; leaves lanceolate, very short, pungent, 
 at length involute ; panicle contracted ; branches generally in pairs, 
 2-flo-.vered ; flowers awnless, ovate ; corolla hairy. Torrey Fl. \. 
 
 /Zoof perennial soboliferous. Calm afoot or ISinches high, simple, 
 rigid. Radical leaves 6 — 8 inches long and about a line wide, er«ct, 
 acute and pungent, a little concave, strongly nerved and scabrous 
 above, smooth beneath ; culm-leaves va ving from an inch to 
 scarcely aline in length, lanceolate, rigid. Sheaths swelling, striate, 
 scabrous, membranaceous on the margin. Stipule orate, lacerate 
 Vtr 
 
530 APPENDIX. 
 
 and bearded. Panicle oblong, seldom with more than a dozen 
 flowers ; branches a little flexuous, bearing 1 or 2 flowers on the ex- 
 tremities. Glumes of the calyx ovate, concave, obtuse or abruptly 
 acuminate, loose, sometimes obliquely truncate, without nerves; 
 inferior valve a little longer. Corolla as long as the calyx; valves 
 equal, acute, nerveless, densely covered with white appressed hairs; 
 the inferior emarginate ; superior entire at the tip. Stamens 3 ; 
 anthers forked, yellow, included ? Style 1, deeply 2-parted ; stigmas 
 2, plumose, exsert, white. Seed oblong, acute. JVectaries lanceo- 
 late, shorter than the germen, ciliate. Torrey. 
 
 Hab. On rocky hills. Deerfield, Massachusetts. Cooley S/- Hitch- 
 cock. In woods near Boston. Bigelow. Near Schenectady, New- 
 York. Beck. May 
 racemosum, Smith. Eat. Man. p. 363. Piptatherum nigrum,, Torrey 
 Fl. I. p. 79 Oryzopsis melanocarpa, Muhl. Gram. p. 79. 
 
 Hab. Near Deerfield. Cooley S/- Hitchcock. Kingston, New-York. 
 Halsey. On the Fishkill mountains, New-York. Torrey. 
 
 MONARDA. 
 
 clinopodia. (German Flatts, and every where west of Cayuga. Eaton.) 
 
 MUHLENBERGIA. 
 
 erecta, Roth. Pursh Fl. Muhl Gram. Eat. Man. p. 366. Brachy- 
 ELYTRUM aristatum, F. de Beaw. Torrey Fl. I. p. 102. Muhleni- 
 BERGiA aristata, Fers. Syn. Dilepyrum aristosum, Mich. Fl. 
 
 Myriophyllum. 
 
 verticillatum. (White creek, Washington county, and Genesee rivei 
 Dr. fV hippo.) 
 
 Nelumbium, 
 luteum. (Sodus Bay. Eaton.) 
 
 Nyssa. 
 bijiora. (Margins of ponds. Greenbush.) 
 
 Opegrapha. 
 
 herpetica, /3. disparata. Ach. Syn p. 73. On smooth bark. Apothecia 
 
 short, broMd ; crust of a reddish olive hue. Halsey in Annals jVeto- 
 
 York Lyrtam, p. S. 
 vulgata, Ach. p. 7S Trunks Apothecia turgid, cylindric. Halsey. 
 mtha. Id p. 76. Trunks Disk of the apothecia without the cleft. 
 
 HaUey. 
 
 Var. ^ uregaria. Ibid. Apothecia crowded ; disk flexuous and 
 
 plicate. Halsey. ^ ,. . o- , 
 
 y caesia. Ibid. Apothecia w*ith a greyish prumose disk. Halsey. 
 vulrella, Id. p. 77. Trunks. Apothecia elliptic, gaping in the middle. 
 
 Halsey. 
 
 Panicum. 
 clcindestinim, L, Culm with short axillary branches ; leaves broa4« 
 
APPENDIX. 531 
 
 lanceolate, cordate at the base ; sheaths hispid, enclosing the short 
 panicles ; abortive floret neutral, 2-val\ ed ; superior valve obtuse. 
 Sp. PL 86. Torrey Fl. I. p. 141. P. Intifulium, Q. dandestinum, 
 Purs/i Fl. I. p. 68. 
 
 ffab In shady moist thickets and woods. Torrey. July — August. 
 peduncidntutn, Torrey. '"ulni dichotomous : leaves broad-lanceolate, 
 slightly hairy above, attenuate ; sheaths hispid and papillose ; pa- 
 nicle long-pedunculate, compound, smooth ; spikelets ovate, smooth ; 
 abortive floret 2-valved ; superior valve half the length of the in- 
 ferior. Torrey Fl. I. p. 142. 
 
 Root perennial. Culm 3 — 4 feet high, erect, terete, much branch- 
 ed above. Leaves 6 inches long, and about three fourths of an inch 
 broad, tapering to a sharp point, very scabrous on the margin. 
 Sheaths hispid, as in P. clayideslimari. Stipule 0. Panicle terminal, 
 on a peduncle 4 — 6 inches long, spreading; branches geminate, vir- 
 gate ; brancblets l-flowered. Spikelets ovate, obtuse. Inferior 
 valve of the ca/^o; obtuse or emarginate, appressed ; superior valve 
 ■with 7 prominent nerves. JVeutral floret with the superior valve ob- 
 tuse and entire. Valves of the perfect floret shining. Stainens 3. 
 Styles 2. Stigmas purple. Torrey. 
 
 Hab. In moist shady places, borders of woods, &,c. On the island 
 of New-York. July. 
 macrocarpon, Torrey. Culm erect, simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 erect, a little hairy beneath; joints naked ; sheaths hispid ; panicle 
 rather compound, smooth ; spikelets ovate-globose; abortive floret 
 neutral. Torrey Fl. I. p. 143. 
 
 Root perennial. Culm about 3 feet high, straight. Leaves 4 inches 
 long, generally erect, hairy above ; the lower ones ciliate on the 
 margin. Sheaths hispid, villous on the margin. Stipule 0. Panicle 
 with few, spreading, flexuous branches, not much divided. S/.'i/celets 
 almost globose, strongly nerved. Inferior glume very broad, cari- 
 nate. Abortive floret with the superior valve not half the length of 
 the inferior. Torrey. 
 
 Han. On the banks of the Connecticut river near Deerfield, Massa- 
 chusetts. Dr. Cooley. 
 involutum, Torrey. Culm cespitose, simple, or a little branched at the 
 base ; leaves erect, somewhat rigid, verj' narrow, at length involute ; 
 panicle simple, few-flowered ; florets acuminate ; superior valve of 
 the neutral flore very small. Torrey Fl.\. p. 144. 
 
 Root perennial. Culm about a foot high. Leaves shorter than the 
 culm, a little hairy. Panicle terminal, (rarely also lateral at the 
 base of the culm,) consisting of a few fle\uous branches, bearing 
 from 10 to 20 spikelets as large as those of P. latifolium. Inferior 
 glume spreading, rather large, acuminate. Superior valve of the 
 abortive floret membranaceous, entire, half the length of the inferior 
 valve. Torrey. 
 
 Hab. Near Deerfield, Massachusetts. Coolty. 
 
 Parmelia. 
 1. Frond with segments of equal thickness at the apex. 
 
 borreri, Ach. p. 197. Bark, and on mosses. Frond grey, with whitish 
 soredia ; apothecia with a crenate, sub-lobed margin, llnlsty in 
 An. A'. Y. Lye. p. 14. 
 
 perlatn, Ach. p. 197. Orv trunks and stones. Frond greyish green, 
 viUose underneath. Halsey. 
 
^32 APPENDIX. 
 
 lilumhea, Id. p. 202. Earth on mosses. Frond dark lead, and black- 
 ish u hen old, Halsey. 
 
 fdeurites, Id. p. 208. Bark. Frond generally covered with granular 
 dust, much laciniated at the margin ; apothecia light, margin crenu- 
 lated. Halsey. 
 
 mtilans, Id. p. 210. Bark. Frond deep yellow, whitish underneath ; 
 apothecia orange. Halsey. 
 
 lenusta, Id. p. 214. Bark, and among mosses. Frond deeply laciniat- 
 ed, segments narrow ; margin of the apothecia leafy. Halsey. 
 
 cycloselis, Id. p. 216. Trunks. Frond stellate ; segments short, broad; 
 sub-connate,; apothecia blackish. Halsey. 
 
 PiNGUICULA. 
 
 (To follow Justicia, p. 98.) 
 
 Gorol ringent, spurred : capsule 1-celIed : calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft. 
 elatior, (Genesee Falls, Dr. Fenn. P. M. U.) nectary subulate, obtuse, 
 shorter than the corol : tube ventricose above : scape villose be- 
 neath, 
 
 P0A = 
 
 '•ompressa, j3. sylvestris, Torrey. Panicle loose, spreading ; spikelets 
 2 — 3-flowered ; culm slender, nearly erect. Torre?/ F/. I. p. 110. 
 
 Bab. In dry woods near IVew-York. Torrey. July. 
 paluslris. Muhl. Gram. Eat. Man. p. 399. P. serotina, Ehrh. Torrey 
 Fl. I. p. 111. Schrad. Fl. Germ. P. serotina, ^. jjalustris, Roem. ^ 
 Schult. II. p. 553. P. hydrophylla, Pers. Syn. I. p. 89. P. crocataj 
 Mich.Fl.l.p.68. 
 nemoralis, L. Panicle attenuated, weak ; branches flexuous ; spikelets 
 ovate, about 3-flowered ; florets loose, slightly webbed, acute, ob- 
 soletely nerved ; stipule almost wanting. Schrad. Fl. Germ. I. p. 
 301. Torrey Fl. I. p. 111. P. nernoralis, et. vulgan'.^, R. ^ S. 
 
 Root perennial, creeping. Cubyi 2 feet high or more, slender. 
 Leaves narrow, pale green, and with the sheaths smooth. Panicle 
 5 — S inches long, nodding ? branches capillary, in pairs or ternate. 
 Spikelets not numerous, all pedicillate, and situated towards the ex-" 
 tremities of the branches ; jftorels much spread, and at length distant 
 on the raclils. Glumes linear-lanceolate, very acute, without nerves : 
 one of them longer. Coro//rt lanceolate ; inferior valve very indis- 
 tinctly 5-nerved, smooth on the sides ; superior valve one third 
 shorter than the other, entire on the margin. Stamens 3 ; anthers 
 yellow. Stigmas white. Torrey. 
 
 Hab. Near Williamstown, Massachusetts. Dewey. Deerfield. 
 Cooley. Cambridge, New-York. Stevenson. New-Haven, Con- 
 necticut. Monso7i. 
 elongata, Torrey. Panicle elongated, racemose ; branches solitary, 
 appressed : spikelets ovate, obtuse, tumid, 3-flowered ; florets free ; 
 stipule almost wanting. Torrey Fl. I. p. 112. 
 
 Root perennial. Culm 3 leet high, leafy, terete. Leaves about a 
 foot long, dark green, 2 lines broad, smooth. Sheaths prominently 
 striate. Stipule exceedingly short. Panicle 8 — 10 inches long, nod- 
 ding. Spikelets disposed in crowded racemes. Calyx nearly equal, 
 two thirds the length of the lower floret, acute, 1-nerved. Inferior 
 valve of the corolla distinctly 5-nerved : superior valve shorter. 
 
APPENDIX. 533 
 
 rounded at the tip; margin ibickened, entire. Stnmcns2? Stia^mas 
 \vhit»^ Tor re I/. 
 
 Hau. ISitAv Deerfield, Massachusetts. Coolcy. Plaiiifithi. Porter. 
 
 Williaruslcwii Dewey. 
 
 fasck.ifita, Torrry. Panicle expanding; branches sf.aishl, fasc cidate, 
 
 crovsded; spikelets ol)l()iig, ;i-flo\vered ; floret? tirp; calyx ini'iiite, 
 
 unequal ; culm obli(|ue, terete ; root lascicula(f Torrey Fl.l pA07. 
 
 Root [icrtnnial, consisting of numerous tliick fibre*--. Culm \ — 2 
 feet high, firm, lealy, branched at the l)ase Leaves 6 — iO inches 
 long, flat, and with sheatiis very smooth. Sttpulc ovate, obtuse. 
 Panicle at first appressed, S — 6 inches long; branches a little rigid, 
 with short cro\\ dec! ones in the axils, ■'^jiikclets soni«^what racemose, 
 sessile, crowded, oblong or lanceolate, generally :^flo\vered. t alyx 
 smooth; one of the gluii;es larger, 3-nerved. niiniitely truncated at 
 the tip Inferior valve of the corona ovate, abruptly acuminate, in- 
 distinctly 5-nerved, very smooth : superior valve ciliate on the mar- 
 gin. SVet/ oblong, acute. 
 
 Hah. In salt marshes around the eity of New- York. August. 
 hirsidn, Mich. j8. spcctabilis, Torrty. P. spectabilis, Ph. Eat. Man. 
 
 p. 400. 
 reptans, Mich. /3 cccspiiosa, Torrey. Culm very short, cespitose ; 
 spikelets much crowded, oblong. Torrey Fl. I. p. 115. 
 
 Nab. On the banks of the Passaic river, ISew-Jersey. Torrey. 
 
 POKINA. 
 
 leucostoma, Ach. Syn. p. 109. On trunks. Apothecia with white ori.- 
 fices ; crust dark. Resembles a V'ariol.\rja. Halsey. 
 Ptkrospora, JVutt. Man. p. 126. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla monopetalous, ovate ; margin 5-toothed, 
 reflected. Anthers excentrically peltate, 2-celled, adnate to the fila- 
 ments by the margin, bisetose. Capsule 5-celled, im;)erfectly 5-valv- 
 ed ; dissepiments medial ; septa and valves united towards the base, 
 and coalescing with the receptacular axis. Receptacle 5-lobed. Seeds 
 very numerous and minute, each furnished with a terminal wing.— 
 Suit. Gen. PL I. p. -269. 
 
 An evanescent annual, destitute of verdure, with the habit of Mo- 
 notropa, to which it is allied. Leaves none, neither radical nor cau- 
 line ; stem simple, racemose ; flowers numerous, scattered, reddish, 
 resembling those of Andromeda; peduncles rather long, 1-flowered, 
 cernuous. 
 P. andromeda, Null. Eat. Man. p. 416. 
 
 E*ery part of the plant, except the corolla, covered with short 
 brown viscid hairs. Leaves none. Stem about a f«)ot hi^h, per- 
 fectly simple, brown-red or purple, somewhat cylindric, sensibly 
 attenuated upwards. Flowers numerous, (at least 60 or more.) ir- 
 regularly dispersed in an elegant raceme ; peduncles spreading 
 equally around the stem, sometimes collected in fascicles of 4 or 5 
 each, cylindric, nutant, 3-4 of an inch long, each subtended at (he 
 base by a longish linear |)aleaceous bract Calyx 5-parted ; seg- 
 ments ovate, nearly half the length of the corolla, somewhat pubes- 
 cently ciliate, turnished with obscure longitudinal nerves Corolla 
 monopetalous, marescent, ovate, open ; margin 5-loothed, nflect- 
 ed ; dentures short, oval, obtuse, rosaceous ; the rest of the corolla 
 TihMe. Stamina 10; included within the corolla ; filameots subulatf. 
 Vv2 
 
534 APPENDIX. 
 
 flat and membranaceous, arising from the base of the germ ; anthers 
 small, 2-celled, traversed by and inseparably connected with the 
 lilaments, of an oboval form, attached by the margin, opening in- 
 wards from the base or junction with the filament in an horizontal 
 manner, or in other words, in a coiilrary direction to that of the 
 filament which supports it; at the base of this singular anther there 
 is situated 2 small filiform processes nearly its length, which have 
 probably been applied to the 2 sutures of the anthers before open- 
 ing ? but this I have not boen able to verify ; they may be merely 
 iUch processes as we lind in similar situations in Andromeda, Vavci- 
 iiiujn, kc. Style 1, short and columnar; stigma capitate, obscurely 
 5-lobed. Capsule 5-celled, sub-globose : valves 5, coalescing to- 
 wards the base by their dissipiments v/ilh the axis of the rece{)tacle ; 
 receptacle 5-lobed ; lobes laige, alternating with the dissepiments; 
 septa medial, (or arising from the centre of the valves.) Seeds ex- 
 iremely numerous and minute, globular ovoid, acute at the base, so 
 as to appear almost fusiform, terminated upuards by a dilated round- 
 ish reticulated membranaceous wing. From an external inspection 
 of the minutest of seeds, we perceive that the embryon, as the um- 
 bilicus, must be concentric, and probably surrounded by a peri- 
 sperm ; but it may be fairly doubted whether this plant and Mono- 
 tropa/itB co-ordinate, are fiot deprived of cotyledons. JViittall. 
 
 Jfab. In a ravine about a mile south of AU)any, where it grows in 
 great profusion. It often attains the height of two and two and a 
 half feet. 
 This plant has recently excited so tnnch interest among American 
 
 and European botanists, that I have thought proper to add the detailed 
 
 and minute description of Mr. Nuttall. 
 
 Pyrenula. 
 
 •tnleroleuca, Sprengei MSB, Thelotrema cinereum, Sehiveinits. Very 
 common on trunks. Crust membranaceous, very white, sub-lucid, 
 and to the microscope cracked and rugged. Apothecia above the 
 crust, tliough surrounded by it at the base, cupullform, open at the 
 top l^ke a Lr.ciDEA ; margin black, wi'h a grey bloom ; nucleus 
 hemispheric, whitish, v.ith a black pruinose disk. Halsey An.K. Y. 
 Lyceum, I. p. 10. 
 
 Specimens of this common Lichen were sent by Dr. Torrey to 
 Professor Spren; el of Halle, and by him determined to be a new 
 species of Pyrenula, under the name adopted. It has much the 
 habit of a Lecidea, and possibly may be the Lecidea urceolaia of 
 Acharius. Halsey. 
 
 Mgrescens, Ach. p. 126. Common on rocks. Crust tesselated, black- 
 ish ; apothecia on the areolae, black, shining, scarcely distinguish- 
 able to the naked eye. Halsey. 
 
 marQacea, Id. p. 127. Common on rocks. Crust ashy, rugged and 
 warty ; apothecia globose, in appearance like a Porina with se- 
 veral orifices. Halsey. 
 
 RhynchosporAj Vahl. 
 
 fusca, R. V S. P Culm triquetrous ; leaves linear, carinate ; fascicles 
 of spikes alternate, pedunculate ; spikes ovate ; glumes ovate, 
 irowTi ; seed ovate ;, v?ith an acute black tubercle. Taney Fl. p. 55 
 
APPENDIX. 585 
 
 ScH(ENUs/uscw5, Muhl. Gram. p. 6. RHVN./wacfl, Roem.^-Schult.ll. 
 p. 88 ? R. a/6a. ^.fusca, Pursh Fl. 1. p. 49 ? 
 
 C't</»j 2 feet high. Leavts smootii. i^pikes bracteate ; bracts se- 
 taceous, longer than the spikes. Glumes mucronatc. Style 2-cleft 
 Seed brown, rugose, as long as the hispid bristles. 
 Hub. In New- York. Muhlenberg, 
 apillacea, Torrty. Spikes 3 — 5, niy^rly terminal ; culm triquetrous, 
 somewhat leafy; leaves setaceous; seed stipitatc, a little rugose 
 Torrey Fl. 1. p. 55. Sch(enus setaceus., MuUl. Gram. p. 6. IVtlld 
 iSpec. I p. 268 ? 
 
 Culm about a span high, slender. Leaves setaceous. Spikes with 
 a setaceous bract at the base. 67u»/ie5 brown, lanceolate, mucro- 
 nate, carinate.. ^Stamens S. i/^e 2-cleft, persistent. .Sfet/ crown- 
 ed with the romains of the style, surrounded with 6 scabrous bristUs 
 at the base ; bristles longer than the seed. Torrey. 
 
 Hab. In sandy swamps in the pine-barrens of New-Jersey .'* la 
 swamps, Pennsylvania. July. Muhlenberg, 
 cymos/i, Ell. ? Culm triquetrous, leafy ; cymes terminal and axillary, 
 the terminal one much larger ; seed round-ovate, compressed, 
 transversely rguose ; tubercle conical. Torrey Fl. I. p 56. Elliot 
 Sk. I. p. 58 ? ScHCENus cymosus, Willd. 6pec. 1. p. 265. Muhl. Gram. 
 p. 8. SciRPVs polyphyllus, Pursh Fl. I. p 57. 
 
 Culm a foot or 18 ii.ches high, smooth atid slender, acutely trian- 
 gular. Leaves linear, flat, carinate ; the upper ones overtopping tiie 
 culm. F/oii;er5 in fascicled cymes , peduncles unequal, with seta- 
 ceous bracts at the divisions. Involucrjim 2 — 3-leaved, setaceous, 
 longer than the cymes. Spikes in little heads of about 5, ovate. 
 G/ume.s broad-ovate, the lower ones mucronate Stariiens 3. Style 
 2 — 3-clet't. Seed pale brown, rugose transversely, finely strinted 
 longitudinally. Tubercle (or persistent base of the style) one third 
 the length of the seed, white. Bristles shorter than the seed. Torrey. 
 Hub. In swamps. Pennsylvania. July. Muhlenberg, 
 laxa, Vahl. Culm triquetrous ; corymbs leafy, decompound, loose; 
 spikes subulate ; seed obovate, pointed with the long persistent style. 
 Torrey FL I. p. 57. Vahl. Enmn. U. p. 231. Pvrsfi Fl. I. p 48. 
 Roem. 4' ScliuU. II. p. 85. R. longirostris, Elliot 8k. I. p. 59. Sch(e- 
 SDs longirostris, Mich. Fl. I. p. :55 S. cornicul^tus, Lam. III. I. p 132. 
 Culm 3 — 6 feet high, a little glaucous. Leaves a foot and a half 
 long, half au inch or more wide, flat, smooth except on the margin. 
 Flowers in very large corymbs or umbels, axillary and terminal. 
 Spikes loosely fascicled in about fours on the extn-mities of long 
 triangular peduncles. G/uH(t^ about Sin each spike, the bnverones 
 shorter. Base of the style persistent, terminating in a long rigid 
 point three times the length of the seed. Seed compressed, margin- 
 ed, ruirose. Bristles 6, shorter than the seed. Torrey 
 
 Hab. in swamps on the borders of rivers. Delaware. Muhlenberg. 
 
 RjCClA. 
 
 liitescene, grows on the earth, largish, orbicular and confluent : frond 
 di- or tri-ci).>tomous, thick at the apex, inflexed and bifid at the 
 margin -. lobes at the marj^in free, the middle nerve with radicals 
 impressed above, convex beneath, substance porous, standing out 
 from tubercles filled within with minute granulations. In dried 
 swamps, forming yellow patcbe? two inches ia diameter. Schvciji- 
 -i'l^'s Hepat. Mus' 
 
586 APPENDIX. 
 
 Sa¥RURUS. 
 
 cernuus. (Every where west of Cayuga lake. Eaton.) 
 
 SCIRPUS. 
 
 qlmicus, Torrey. Culm raany-a^Jled, glaucous ; spikes ovate, acute; 
 flumes ovate, obtuse or euidrginate. Stamens 3; style 2-cieft. 
 Torrey Fl. I. p. 44. Scirpus JNo. 7, (anonymous) Mulil. Gram 
 p. 29. S. glaucescens, IVilid. Enum. Uort. Berol. 1. p. 76 ? Roem. 4- 
 Schult.lI.pA'26? 
 
 Root perennial. Culm very slender, about a foot high Spike 
 brownish. Glumes very obtuse, and genei ally emarginate. Bristles 
 4, longer tha-; the seed, but siioricr tJian the iubf^rcte. Torrey. 
 
 Hab. Borders of salt-marshes near iNew-York. July. 
 
 This species differs from the S. tuUtrcAdosus of Michnux, whick 
 Muhlenberg remarks it sliould be coiopared with, in having an an- 
 gular, inst eAil o f a ro u n d r n } m ^c . 
 i'ubterminalis, Torrey. Cuiin lioatisig, sulcate, inflated, leafy below ; 
 spin.e solitary, somewhat terminal, lanceolate; style 2-cleft ; seed 
 triquetrous. Torrey Fi. I. p. 47. 
 
 Root hbrous. Culm 3 feet or more long, of a spongy texture ; 
 when dried, much roughened by the irregularly contiacting medulla. 
 Leaves very narrow, concave. Spike about as large as in b. palus- 
 iris, shorter than the large bract (or rather continuation of the culm) 
 at its base. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, mucronate. Stamens 3. 
 Style a little cleft. Seed large, acutely triangular, surrounded by 6 
 bristles, whicli it nearly equals in length. Torrey. 
 
 Hab. In ponds and streams of fresh water near Deerfield, Massa- 
 chusetts. Dr. Cooiey. August. The whole plant, except the spikes, 
 is underwater. 
 pusillus, VuhL? Culm compressed, and a little angular ; spike ovate, 
 compressed; seed obovate ; stamens 3; style 2 — 3-cleft Torrey 
 Ft. I. p. 46 Elliot Sk. 1. p. 75. I'ahl. Enum II. p. 246 f 
 
 Culm erect, aijout an inch high, slightly furrowed on one side, 
 rigid. Tubercle crowning the *etrf conic. Bristles about 6. Torrey. 
 
 Hab. In salt-marshes; growing in large patches like moss. July 
 — Aui^ust. 
 C(Bspilusus, L. Culm cespitose, terete; spikes ovate, few-flowered; 
 lower jjlumes bracteiform, as long as the spike ; sheaths with rudi- 
 ments .if leaves. Torrey Fl. I. p. 47. Sp. pi. 71. IVilld. Spec. I. p. 
 292 Vufil. Enum. II. p^ 241 Roe7n 4' Schult. J I. p. 122. 
 
 ;3. callosus, Big. M. S. Glumes thickened and cartilaginous at the 
 tips 
 
 Root fibrous, faseiculose. Culm about a span hi.!2:h, slender, finely 
 striate ; low er part densely covered with imbricated sheaths. Inferior 
 sheaths maresceiit, obtuse ; the upper ones green, producing a very 
 short, obtu.se leaf. Spike 4— 5-flowered, compressed. G/wmes yellow- 
 ish brown, -btuse ; the 2 lower ones resembline; bracts ; the exterior 
 a little longer, and the other a little shorter, than the s|)ike. Stamens 
 3. Style 3-cleft. Bristles 6, smooth, bjui^er tlian the germen. Torrey. 
 
 Hab. On the White hills of New-Hampshire. Bigclow <^ BqoH 
 .I-aly. 
 
APPENDIX. 537 
 
 SPILOMA. 
 
 roseutn, Hahey in An. .V. Y. Lye. I. p. 4. Crust thin, rough, light lake 
 or rose-coloured ; apothecia oval, minute, scattered, and of a deeper 
 colour than the crust. 
 
 Sticta. 
 
 .lylvalica, Ach. p. 236. On the earth with mosses. Frond with large 
 segments, concave, lialscy in An. JN"*. Y. Lye. p. 10. 
 
 SWERTIA, 
 
 corniculata. (West-Caaada creek. Prof. Hadhy.)] 
 
 Thelotrema. 
 
 JepadinumP Ach. Syn. p. 115. On bark. Very common. Probably 
 new species. Crust yellowish-greeu. Hahey in An. -V. Y. Lye. I. 
 
 p. 10. 
 
 Tkiciiodium. 
 
 datum, Pursh.Cnhn erect, firm ; leaves narrow-linear, flat, scabrous, 
 sheaths smooth ; panicle verticillate, a little spreading ; glumes 
 nearly equal. Pursh FL I. p. ftl. Torrey Fl. I. p. 83. Trichodium 
 IMo. 4, (anonymous.) Mulil. Gram. p. 62- Cornucopi.*: allissima, 
 Walt. Car. p. 74. 
 
 Root perennial. Culm 3 feet high, simple, slender but firm, leafy. 
 Z-eaies often growing in tufts about the root, and then very narrow 
 and involute ; those on the culm 6 — 8 inches long, flat. Panicle 
 purple, exsert ; branches in fours or sixes, a little contracted. Glumes 
 of the ca/^a: lanceolate, acute. Corolla one third shorter than the 
 calyx, 5-nerved. Stamens S. S/ig-m as plumose. Seerf linear-oblong, 
 acnminate. Torrey. 
 
 Hah. In sandy swam{)s, New-Jersey, particularly at a place called 
 Quaker-bridge, about 31 miles N. E. from Philadelphia. August. 
 
 montanum, Torrty. Culm cespitose, erect ; leaves involute-filiform, 
 and, as well as the sheaths, scabrous ; panicle capilla/y, lax, a little 
 spreading ; glumes equal. Torrey Fl. I. p. 84. 
 
 Root a tuft of fibres, perennial. Culm 8 inches to a foot in height, 
 growing in small tufts, simple, filiform. Radical leaves 2 — 3 inches 
 long, almost setaceous j those on the culm a little longer. Sheath.^ 
 closed. Stipule ovate, bifid, serrate. Panicle elongated : branches 
 in about fours, semi-verticillate ; divisions tricho:omous, capillary, 
 flexuous, hispid. Floicers in fascicles at the extremities of the 
 branches. Glumes of the caly.v remarkably equal, lanceolate, ser- 
 rulate on the margin and keel, nerveless. Corolla nearly a third 
 shorter than the calyx, awnless, ovate, 3-nerved. Stamens 3. Stci/ 
 oblons:, acute. Torrey. 
 
 Hab. Ou the summit of the Fishkill mountains, New-York. Tor 
 rey. July. 
 
 Trillium. 
 Srandifloriim f Johnstown. Montgomery county.) 
 
538 APPENDIX. 
 
 Trisetum. 
 
 purpurascens, Torrty. Panicle very simple, somewhat racemose, few- 
 flowered ; calyx 3-flowered; glumes very unequal, entire; culra 
 and leaves smooth ; stipule very short, truncate. Torrty Fl I. p. 127. 
 
 Root perennial Culm about 2 feet high, leafy. Leaves narrow- 
 linear, 4 — 6 inches long, carinate. Sheaths smooth. Panicle 4 — 6 
 inches long, almost a simple raceme of pedunculate spikelets ; lower 
 branches elonjjated. Spikelets lanceolate, terete. Calyx of a red- 
 dish purpl»» colour, smooth : glumes lanceolate ; the inferior one 
 indistinctly 3 nerved ; the other 5-nerved, sometimes lacerate at the 
 tip when old. Inferior valve of the corolla scabrous, 7-nerved, atte- 
 nuated and 2-cleft at the extremity ; awn bent obliquely ; superior 
 valve slightly cleft, scabrous on the margin. Torrty. 
 
 Hah. Near mountain meadows. Williamstown, Massachusetts. 
 Dewey Near Boston. Bigelow. On the Catskill mountains. £«- 
 toji. Near Montreal, Canada. Paine. 
 
 Triticum. 
 
 repens, L. Willd. Spec. Eat. Man. p. 485. Agropyron reptnSj P. 
 de Beauv. Torrey Fl. I, p. 135. 
 
 Uralepsis, 
 
 Hristulata, J\'utt. Lateral panicles concealed in the sheaths of the 
 leaves, terminal ones partly exsert; calyx 3-flowered; bristle of the 
 corolla as long as the lateral cusps. Nutt. Gen. I, p. 63, and II. Supp. 
 Torrey Fl. I. p.m. 
 
 Root annual. Culms numerous, cespitose, procumbent at the base, 
 about a foot high, with numerous bearded joints. Leaves subulate j 
 the upper ones shorter than the sheaths, pungent, hairy on the upper 
 surface, fringed towards the base with a few long hairs. Stipule a 
 bearded ring. Flowtrs in racemes, or a very simple panicle. Spike- 
 ht.<i terete, many times shorter than the calyx ; generally 3-flowered, 
 sometimes with a fourth, abortive floret. Glumes lacerate at the tip. 
 Valves of the corolla clothed on the margin with a very conspicuous 
 villus ; inferior valve truncate and 3-cleft, the intermediate segment 
 mucronate, or terminated with a very short bristle ; superior valve 
 ovate, half the length of the Inferior. Stamens 3; anthers purple. 
 Stfl oblong, brown, acuminate at each extremity. Nectaries ': 
 Torrey. 
 
 Hah. Along the sea-coast in the sand-drifts ; common in the har- 
 bour of New-York above high-water mark. In sandy fields of New- 
 York and New-Jersey. Near Philadelphia JVutt. August. Whole 
 plant covered with a viscid acid secretion, of a powerful and pecu- 
 liar taste. This acid is probably the malic. Torrey. 
 
 Urceolaria. 
 
 clntrta, j3 notata, Ach. p. 40. On hard rocks. Crust ashy, smooth 
 and cracked; apothecia black, pruinose, immersed in the areolae. 
 Hahf.u in An. JV'. Y Lye T. p. 11. 
 
 calcarea, Id. p. 143. On calcareous rocks. Crust very white ; apO- 
 thecia smaller than in the preceding. Jialsey. 
 
APPENDIX. 539 
 
 Vabiolaria. 
 
 velatat Ach. p. 129. On bark. Crust white ; disk of the apothecia 
 covered with a white lamina. Halsey in An JV. Y. Lye. I. p. 11. 
 
 corallhia, Ach p. 133. Encrusting decayed mosses. Crust with co- 
 ralline papillae. Halsty. 
 
 Verrucaria. 
 
 punctiformis, Ach. Syn. p.SK. Old bark. Apothecia small, hemispheric, 
 seldom papillated; nucleus sub-globose. Halsey in An. JV. Y. Lye. 
 I. p. 9. 
 
 anaJepta, Id. p. 87. Old bark. Apothecia connoid, papillated ; na- 
 cbius compressed. Larger than the preceding. Hnhey. 
 
 tpidennidis, Id. p. 89. Smooth bark of limbs. Apothecia very minute, 
 flattened, roughish. Halsey. 
 
 Var. /3 cerasi. On Betula. Crust shining, of a silvery hue. 
 
 gemtnata, Id. p. 90. On bark. Apothecia shining, papillated. Halsey. 
 
 composita, Schweinits MSS. On Carpinus and Betula. Cru-'t yellow- 
 ish brown, very smooth, shining, and bordered by a black line ; apo- 
 thecia small, immersed, and clustering in long irregular dark spots. 
 Halsey in An. JV. Y. Lye. I. p. 9. 
 
 Viola. 
 
 lanceolata. (Swamps and marshy grounds on the pine-barrens 2 miles 
 west of Albany.) 
 
 WiNDSORIA. 
 
 pallida, Tor. Cat. pi. New-York. Eat. Man. p, 604. Poa denlata^ 
 
 Torre.y Fl. I. p. 107. Triodia pallida, Spreng. 
 poccformis, JSutt. Eat. Man. p. 504. Tricuspis seshrioides, Torrey Fl 
 
 I. p. 118. 
 
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