®l{g J, ^, ^tli pkarg V^ Date Due 1 23*3011' 124*31 25Ap'4 3P nr- - .-.cc; tfiUHBCI Uttr" V IJ/ u MAKU i 1991 ^^ n ^lU^ ji-oJ iWj* s /" V FOR SALE AT ALL BOOKZAND SEED STORES AND BY LESLIE & SONS, TORONTO NURSERIES. Entered according to the Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, by H. A. Enqelhardt, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture. 53 V^^ INTEODUCTIOK The object of this little volume is to advance the art of rural improvement to a higher perfection. The Author has endeavoured to state clearly certain rules and principles by which to guide those who desire to improve and ornament their grounds or places of public interest. He has aimed to make the book as complete as possible in its arrange- ments, so that it may be a practical Handbook, even to such as have had little or no agricultural education. By means of this guide persons of ordinary intelligence will be enabled to direct the work of improving and ornamenting their own grounds in various and tasteful designs. To produce such results the Author has, to the best of his ability, endeavored to represent to the mind the charms of Nature in her native and artificially beautiful garments, to describe the sensations and effects aroused by the varied characteristics of rural scenery, and to enable the improver of grounds to make a proper selection of the various facilities offered by Nature and Art to give the landscape the particular character he desires. This book is, therefore, intended to meet a pressing necessity, and to inspire its readers with a love for the beautiful, and chaste pleasures which Nature combined with Art can furnish in connec- tion with this important subject ; so that all, however limited their 27007 IV INTRODUCTION. means, or small their grounds maybe, shall be enabled to improve them judiciously. If to such, the book shall prove a benefit and guide, the author will be gratified. He at the same time flatters himself that it will be hailed with joy and gratification by those who, more privileged, are imbued with the spirit of refinement and taste, have seen the grand, noble and romantic sceneries of Nature and Art at home and abroad. In concluding this introductory note the Author begs leave to state, that in its main points, the work is original ; that it is chiefly by the wish and request of many of his friends in Canada and the United States that he has been induced to give expres- sion to his thoughts and ideas, and also to publish the result of his professional experience and observations. He only hopes that his friends, and all that know him per- sonally in his professional capacity, will not expect too much at his hand, and that the hints, ideas and principles advanced may become a means of exciting a greater interest in Agriculture and Horticulture in general, and in raising the standard of the Land- scape G-ardener's ambition. With these remarks the book is submitted to the judgment of the kind and indulgent reader. H. A. ENGELHARDT, Prof, of Agriculture and Landscape Gardener. Belleville, Ontario, June, 1872. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. SECTION I. TAGE, ChaptePv. ... I. The Art of Landscape Gardening, as an educating or Fine Art f> II. Purpose of Landscape Gardening, or Eural Improvements.. 11 III. Places for Use and Pleasure 14 IV. Planting, trimming trees, and preparing the soil for Lawns. 17 V. Drains 19 VI. Asylums and Prisons 21 VII, Capitols, Court Houses and Fair Grounds 24 VIII. School Houses and Places orf" Learning 26 IX. Grave Yards and Cemeteries 23 X. Streets and Highways 31 XI. Ornamenting and Improving Railways 34 XII. Springs and Watering Places 36 SECTION II. Chapter — I. General Synopsis of the Means Nature offers for the forma- tion of Parks, Gardens, etc 39 II. The Surface ground 41 III. Trees and Shrubs 44 IV. Single Trees 48 V. Groups of Trees 50 VI. The Grove 52 VII. The TToods 54 VIII. The Flowers, with selections and Index of botanical and common names v 58 IX. The Lawn, with lists of grasses with botanical and common names 71 X. The TTater, Oceans, Lakes and Ponds 75 XI. Rivers, Brooks and Rivulets 81 XII. Cascades and Waterfalls 85 XIII. Hills, Mountains and Rocks 88 VI CONTENTS. SECTION III. TAGS. Chapter I. Synopsis of Artificial means for decorating Landscapes and Gardens 95 II. Walks and Drives 97 III. Castles, Villas and Country Ilouses 101 IV. Pavilions 104 V. Birdhouse or Aviary , 107 VI. Baths 109 VII. Mills and Fish Huts Ill VIII. Ruins and Temples 113 IX. Chapels and Meeting Houses 117 X. Hermitages and Seats 113 XI. Bridges and Grottoes 120 XII. Monuments, Statuary and Inscriptions. 123 XIII. Fences or Enclosures 127 XIV. Conclusions of the means given by Art 129 SECTION IV. I. Special Selectionsof Shrubs, Trees 133 II. Trees and Shrubs classified according to their height 140 III. List and Selection of Roses 167 IV. Woods and Forests 171 Ill m «ft... |%t^% THE Beauties of Nature SECTION I. Chapter i. the art of landscape gardening as an educating or FINE ART. In Esthetics the distinction is often made between Fine and Beautifying Art. In the beautifying art may be reckoned the architectural or constructive science with that of landscape gardening, the latter of which partakes more of the plastic and formative than almost any other art. It not only imitates living Nature but it idealizes Nature ; hence has just claims to be placed in a prominent posi- tion among the educational agencies of the land. In fact, no branch of education is more intimately connected with Nature. For what the landscape painter, however eminent, but partly achieves, is by a skilful gardener, produced in the highest per- fection. His work surpasses the most highly wrought produc- tions of the best poets; for, while they only appeal to the imagination by their descriptive power, the thing itself is brought to view in its natural beauty and perfection by his magic skill, ^ FnOPERTY LORARY N, C. State Collp9f 10 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. Hence it is claimed that gardening, because of its elevating tendency and educating power, should be ranked with poetry, music, painting, and sculpture, as a refiner of the tastes of man- kind at large. Again, the works of landscaping are of such a nature that they can be enjoyed and appreciated by the most illiterate and rustic mind, even by a child, whilst the most cultivated intellect will find ample room for earnest and intense study fully to estimate its worth — even as education and practical experience are neces- sary to appreciate the correctness and artistic perfections of a painting. Thus, landscape gardening and landscape painting are closely related, and conduce to one great object, the cultiva- tion of refined taste. The skilful landscape gardener should have, at the same time, some practical knowledge of landscape painting, for the more thoroughly he is educated the greater facility will he possess in giving expression to his feelings and views, and be the more capa- ble of producing a perfect and harmonious landscape scenery. Furthermore, he must be a good surveyor, agriculturist, horti- culturist and florist, of sound judgment, and a thoroughly practi- cal man. He must not only know how to place the various objects in their proper places to the best advantage, but be able to anticipate in regard to the future development of his trees, shrubs and flowers. In a business point of view he must know the nature, cost, and adaptation of the materials required in his art ; be equally qualified to lay out any place of whatever size, be it a large city park, or the pleasure grounds or garden of a private gentleman or farmer. And, above all, must he be able to analyze the difi'erent kinds of soil, so as to determine its qualities and properties, by which he has to be guided in the choice of trees, plants, flowers, and arrangements in general. THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 11 Chapter ii. purpose of landscape gardening or rural improvements. It is the object of tlie art of landscape gardening not merely to please the eye, but to improve the taste, and to excite the various affections and passions of the mind to a love of the beautiful. When the mind feels the need of re^xation from the labors, cares and turmoils of daily life, the retirement to some charming rural scene, richly adorned by Nature and Art, will effectually aid the return of that quiet and calmness of mind so essential to the restoration of mental and physical power. Those not indifferent 'to the enjoyment of the beauties of nature will take inexpressible delight in moving freely among the various and everchanging views of skilfully improved rural scenery, and, amid such scenes, would readily forget the difficulties and disappointments incidental to human affairs, both in business transactions and the various other relations of life. Even a short season spent in the enjoy- ment of such pure pleasures would conduce largely to a better preparation to meet the perplexities incident to practical life. Such a result must be attributed not merely to the inhalation of a purer atmosphere, but also to the enchanting and fascinating influences by which Art has made the beauties of Nature still more impressive, harmonious and romantic. Gardens and pleasure grounds are eminently calculated to foster such noble achievements, and, without extravagant utter- ances on this subject, it may be safely affirmed that not only our mental and physical constitutions are thereby strengthened and 12 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. invigorated, but that these beauties have a tendency to renew our faith in the continued lovingkindness, holiness, wisdom of an All-powerful Providence, the Divine Source from which so much grandeur and holy joy emanate. Druidism, in its purest sense, though false, might still be called a noble worship, inasmuch as the object of their veneration, the oak, was both noble and pure in its character, and calculated to inspire the people with love for natural purity and holiness. The ancient Greeks recognized the same principles, though they" worshiped a very multitude of gods and goddesses, and were exceedingly impure in their religious rites ; yet, knowing the influence of natural scenery, they, for the most part, built their temples and other public buildings in the midst of groves of olive trees. Their philosophers were wont to have their academies thus situated, to impress the minds of their students with the charms of Nature, and thus to draw their attention from the lower enjoyments of their fellow-men to the study of the beautiful in Nature. This was in accordance with their ideas of the law of their being, and by which they were enjoined to live according to Nature. Although this does not conform with our Christian principles, yet Christianity itself decidedly encourages higher education in the details of a purer and more cultivated rural life, rather than the enervating tendencies of very many of the modern frivolities of fashion. We now proceed to enumerate the various natural character- istic features of landscape scenery, and to show how these fea- tures may, by artificial means, be made more interesting. A landscape may be said to have characteristics that we will, for convenience call, hilarious, serious, melancholy, grand and romantic; because they produce such emotions in our mind. THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 13 Thus, when we approach a dark, gloomy and rocky mountain scenery, down whose rugged steeps, with irresistible violence, mighty cataracts pour their voluminous waters with thunder-like roarings, a feeling of terror instantly possesses us. If we enter a grove of lofty pines or other evergreens, whose sombre tops are swayed by the gentle breeze, the sad and mournful murmurings will naturally lead our feelings and affections in a channel of solemn melancholy, On leaving the busy town and the dusty, barren highway we wend our steps to some beautifully improved country-seat, sur- rounded by groves, lawns and flowers, let our mind be ever so depressed, we shall at once become cheered and more happy. Hence the importance of landscape gardening, inasmuch as, in its influences, it educates the feelings, affections and tastes of men, even as other fine arts. The artist, however, must not only imitate Nature, but he must inspire and clothe her with the garment of his own ideal. Among the mauy rules of landscape gardening, one of the chief is to observe purity in style and simplicity in form, avoid- ing, as far as possible, all eccentricities that would mar the har- mony of the work. It follows then, indisputably, that the art of landscaping is not intended merely to occupy our minds in an agreeable manner, but is also destined to arouse the nobler feelings of our nature, bring- ing us into closer communion with Him who is the Author of all these ennobling studies. He, then, who can read and understand this open book of Nature, will not fail to recognize the superior and primary pur- poses that Divine Wisdom had in laying the foundations of thQ earth, clothing it with so many beauties and charms, 14 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. Chapter hi. places for use and pleasure. However small tlie place may be, its real value depends on its situation and tasteful and pleasant arrangements. Near almost every town or village we find some beautiful natu- ral elevations, suitable sites for residences, which, with compara- tively little labor, can be brought into a state of high perfection. Nature often favors us in our work, and trees, water, and many special qualities of the ground make the work of gardening doubly interesting — such localities should be selected as sites for suburban villas. If we proceed further into the rural districts we find more work to do in reference to needed improvements, etc., though Nature invites the artist to exercise his skill in modifying some of her rugged features, and in increasing the loveliness of other and more attractive scenes. Occasionally we find neatly arranged rural residences and grounds, but more generally gullies and other deformities disfigure the landscape and annoy the residents. Some go so far as to fence the orchard which, with a small kitchen garden, form the only portion of the premises where the smallest taste is exhibited, for the ideas of some men do not extend beyond a cabbage and potato garden. If others were to be less profuse in many needless expenditures, and more calculating in reference to the infiucnce that neatly-kept premises would have upon themselves and neighbours, they would THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 15 soon succeed in giving their places a more comfortable and cheer- ful appearance, by combining the garden, orchard and grass-plots as fiir as possible in one enclosure by a tasteful picket or wire fence. Standard as well as dwarf trees, rose as well as berry bushes, judiciously planted, gracefully laid-out walks and even the orderly arrangement of vegetable plants, with grape vines in their various forms, suitably placed, would conduce largely to the general improvement in appearance and comfort. The springs near by might be greatly improved and their ines- timable blessings multiplied by constructing conduits by which to carry the cooling water to the house either for domestic use or fountains. Stables and other outside buildings, if properly constructed, might serve as ornaments, instead of being, as is often the case, a disgrace to the premises. Often these would be less expensive to the owner, and give more comfort and convenience if properly located and constructed. In this class are included, botanical gardens, model farms of agricultural institutions, established to foster the study of natu- ral science and agriculture : such institutions need for reference a collection of plants of all climates and classes. To raise these varieties of plants the peculiarities of climate and soil needed will in many cases only be met by artificial means, such as hot-houses and conservatories, which should always be neat in form and conve- nient in arrangement. As depositories for flowers, rock-work, instead of wooden shelves, might often be used. Other plants by their nature and constitution would be more healthy placed in flower beds. Hot-houses should be heated in all cases by the hot-water system. In the general arrangement of the grounds particular attention should be paid to the soil, light and shade, and to the exposed o?* 1 6 THE BE A UTIES OF NA TURE. sheltered situation of the locality. Rock-work will be needed for Alpine plants, water for water plants, and for others, moist bordered meadows, dryer elevations for others, according to the nature of the plants. These diflferent qualities of the ground should change with each other in a natural and graceful manner. Grain fields, experimental fields, vegetable gardens, pastures and flowers should all mingle, combining to make a lovely aspect. Curved roads will be found generally most convenient, and where there are hills it would be better to plough around than across them, thus preventing frequent damagq by heavy rains. Roads should be constructed only for convenience, and located so far as possible to avoid large cuttings or embankments ; if these are unavoidable, let the sides both of cuttings and embankments be rounded to present a natural appearance. THE BE A UTIES OF NA TURE. 1 7 Chapter iv. planting trees and preparing the soil for lawns. In planting a tree, tlie hole should be at least 2 feet deep and 3 feet wide, well filled with rich alluvial soil. Care should be taken not to plant the tree too deep ; divide and spread the roots well out as in their former and natural position, cut back the limbs and branches in proportion to the loss sustained by the root in remov- insr it. o A tree may be transplanted at any time and season of the year, if you have due regard for the natural tendency of the roots, though the most suitable time for planting deciduous trees is from October to May, if the condition of the soil is adapted ; but fall planting is at all events preferable. Evergreens should be planted just before the buds begin to open, i. G., in the months of April and May, as well as in August and September. The roots of evergreens do not start to grow until the tree does, and that is the proper time for planting them. They should be planted shallow with some stones beneath if con- venient, and be well manured. Trees after planting should be well mulched with some kind of short manure, sawdust, moss, decayed hay, etc., so as to retain moisture and prevent hardening of the soil. Trees may be obtained from the native woods, and specially of the soft wood kinds, such as willows, soft maples, etc., but nursery trees of any species are at all times preferable. Trees procured 18 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE, from a distance should have the whole body and roots well buried in the ground for several days, to prevent a too strong reaction. For grass in its various species, the ground should be well manured and prepared, i. e., it should after manuring be ploughed from 8 to 12 inches deep, and the grass should not be sown too thin, say three or four bushels to the acre for lawns, and after sowing should be rolled and slightly covered with artificial manure. The success of a lawn will greatly depend on the condition of the ground, frequent cutting and rolling. Sowing is preferable to sodding, except in smaller places. N.B. — In trimming, trees should never be limbed up too high, their limbs should protect the body; even a fruit tree should have its branches hanging almost to the ground in an open space. It is far better to have one tree with a great many limbs, than to have many trees with a few limbs. The custom of trimming trees too high should be abandoned, of course the inside of a tree and its branches should be free, without crossings or dead wood. Trees or shrubs, if they grow too tall in proportion, should be topped : nothing is more awkward than to see insignificant flowers or shrubs supported by high unsightly sticksj Tall shrubs, ever blooming roses especially, should be in the spring cut down to the ground : they will thus grow more compact and bloom more perfectly. TEE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 19 Chapter v. DRAINS. Drainage is a most essential part in rural improvements. Drains are of tlie utmost importance to our buildings, walks and grounds, as well in tlic country as tlie towns and cities, for increasing the fertility of the soil and the promotion of health, and cannot be too strongly pressed upon the attention of those who would succeed in any department of agriculture. By thorough draining, swamps and marshes may be reclaimed for agricultural purposes. All drains should be constructed of substantial materials, and located to secure, as far as possible, the shortest and most convenient route. The two modes of drainage, surface and underground, now come under consideration. The latter mode is chiefly applied to smaller places ; in larger grounds, where both are used, it will be necessary to have, at certain dis- tances, intervening sinks to connect the upper or surface drain with the underground. For agricultural drainage, tile draining is preferable. Every extensive farmer, or at least every Township or County, should have the machinery requisite for manufacturing them ; so that all proprietors may be able to adopt this mode. But some may say, do you not carry this matter of drainage a little too far ? And does not the enthusiastic ditcher gather single drops of water into rills ; these rills grow into brooks, and these brooks swell into rivers, carrying away the most valuable part of the land, the rich alluvial soil ? Wo reply, our streams of former 20 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE, times were clear as crystal, they had committed no theft from our fields ; the rain drop went twenty miles to travel ten — meandering through the meadows, thus increasing their luxuriant growth. But the woodman's axe has cleared the forest, the farmer's ploughshare has done its work, and from all parts of the Town- ship, open ditches lead to the river bank. At one time this water enriched the earth, now streams are formed, and the surplus water rushes through and floods our meadows, carrying with it, in its rapid course, crops and fences, to the incalculable damage of fields and meadows. Thus the very strength of the farm through the open ditches is carried away, and that which should have been the means of improving the estate proves its ruin. Take Egypt as an example : that country of olden time, notwith- standing the boasted progress of the present age, will put us to shame in their thoroughness in this respect. By means of ditches from and to the Nile, the Egyptians contrived to change barren and unprofitable wastes into the most fertile fields and luxuriant gardens. It is true, we have no Nile, but we have streams that may be utilized and that could be made tenfold more valuable. So far, ditches have been constructed principally for drainage, but irri- gation has received little or no attention — sooner or later, it must form an important branch of rural economy. THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. ^1 Chapter vi. ASYLUMS AND PRISONS. It has elsewhere been shown that Nature has a powerful influ- ence on mind. Take, as an example, a person born and educated in a moun- tainous region, let him remove to the dead level of the prairicj and he will even dread the monotony of the plain, and desire again to see his native hills, and to revel again among the romantic scenery of mountains, glens and torrents. But some may object that, if such places as asylums and prisons were thus beautified, those there lodged or confined would have no desire to leave them. This objection is more plausible than real, and every man of sound judgment will admit that, as a means of reformation or cure, these institutions in their sur- roundings, should be made more attractive, the gloominess of the internal peculiarities of reformatory or penal institutions being more than sufficient to make them a terror to evil doers. In reference to asylums, there should be introduced variety in the scenes, so as to suit the various constitutions of the patients, either to appease, cheer, or to arouse them, as their several states may require. Beautifying the grounds with these ends in view will make them an efficient auxiliary towards permanent cure. The site of such institutions is another point of much impor- tance, moderately elevated localities should be selected, so that pleasant views may be secured ; for our sympathies expand as 22 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. We enjoy a wider range of vision, and the instinctive selfishness of human nature gives place, in some measure, to more calm and generous impulses. Such locations will afford greater facility for drainage and be more conducive to health. Moreover the surroundings of these institutions should, in character and style, harmonize with the buildings ; and from the artificial gradually pass into the natural forms. Connected with these should be sufficient ground for farming and gardening purposes, affording healthy employment, exercise and recreation for the various inmates. A zoological garden could be attached to advantage. A fish pond would be a source of pleasure and profit, provided that it were so constructed as not to endanger life, in cases of suicidal tendency. Even prisons ought to have such provisions as we now refer to ; for it should be the primary object to bring within the reach of the unfortunate criminals every means by which they may be reformed, and by which to recall to their minds the avocations of honorable life. But these institutions have, for the most part, greatly deviated from their original and humane object. They look always gloomy, the grounds about them are cut up into small patches, enclosed with high walls, some of which, we think, might be dispensed with, to give room for a freer and better system of remedial training. That such places should have an enclosure of some kind we admit ; but in many cases we submit that such occupations as we have described, under such improved circumstances, would be likely to elevate the prisoner and help him back to a right life. If a criminal's heart is once more open to the sweet and holy influences of Nature's beauties he has taken an important step on the road to ultimate reform. Let the dark and gloomy aspect which now surrounds our prison premises be, as far as possible, tBE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 23 removed, and let them be decorated and beautified with trees and flowers, as far as practicable by his own hand, — such an occu- pation could not fail of having an elevating tendency, and, under the control of prison discipline, would prove immeasurably supe- rior to the present mode of hiring the convicts to some specula- ting contractor, whose aim in too many cases is to increase his gains, irrespective of the moral improvement of the convict. 24 TEE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. Chapter vii. capitols, court houses and fair grounds. The Capitol is generally the pride of- a State or of a Nation, wlnle the Court House is always the centre of interest in its relation to the peace and well-being of the community at large. In an architectural point of view, different as such buildings are from each other, they should also be distinguishable, in their general outlines and features, from other public or private edifices, and should be made further conspicuous by the spaciousness of their adjoining grounds. An elevated and commanding site will add greatly to their appearance, while the grounds should be improved by terraces, adorned, where practicable, with foun- tains, statuary and other ornaments. As a general thing, however, a gentle, graceful slope and curved drives to the main portal are preferable to terraces, being less formal and stiff as well as being- less expensive. The trees used for ornamenting the grounds should be of native growth, representing the different varieties of the country, though foreign trees, if they are of particular interest or value, might also be planted in some conspicuous places. As these buildings and grounds are frequented so largely by citizens and strangers, care should be taken to have them attractive. Closely connected in a public point of view with such places as we have noticed, are the grounds and buildings for our agri- cultural fairs, upon which have not been bestowed that care fBOnKTY IIBKARY THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 25 and attention they deserve. Tliey should not only afford sufl&cient space and the needful accommodatioiis for their different pur- poses, but they should also be neat and tasteful in their design. Their grounds, too, should, as a rule, be of greater extent than is at present allotted to their use, sa as to afford more room for ornamental purposes, and the greater convenience of visitors and their vehicles. The grounds should be laid out with spacious drives, and broad paths, adorned with single and groups of shade trees, interspersed with flowers and grass-plots, artificial ponds and fountains. These might easily be constructed if such loca- lities were selected as contained creeks or springs. If possible, fair grounds should be located convenient to railroads. 26 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE, Chapter viii. schools and plages of learning. Br surrounding schools, colleges, etc., with lawns, trees and shrubs, we not only show them to greater advantage, but make them attractive to strangers and the public in general. These grounds should be brought to tt^e highest point of natural beauty by the helping hand of the landscape artist, so as to encourage a general improvement of the country at large. As regards the position of such buildings they should be placed on sufficiently elevated ground easily to secure thorough drainage, with sufficient land attached for pleasure and play grounds. A botanic garden should be attached to every school, where the youth might receive practical lessons in this interesting and im- portant branch of natural science. Such lessons would be at once delightful and instructive for the children, and would thus early instil their minds with a love for Nature and her beauties. Desirable as such gardens are for common schools, they are indispensable for colleges and universities, but it is lamentable that Boards of Education, as a general thing, have paid little or no attention to the subject. Latterly, within a few years, a commencement has been made, but nothing adequate to the necessity of our scholars and students. In fact it is to be feared that in many of our schools, instead of fostering love for agricultural pursuits, they turn the mind of the student against them. It is said that we took for our pattern the institutions of THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 27 Germany, and adopted so miicli of their regulations as were adapted to this country, but in many respects grave errors have been committed, as all will testify who have had the privile^-e of visiting the agricultural colleges of Prussia, It is not, however, our object to enter into particulars, but simply to hint at some deficiencies in our system, so that gentle- men at the head of such institutions may be led to further reflec- tions, and to make agricultural education more generally acces- sible. One important step would be the establishment of agricultural high schools in rural districts, where the young farmer could have, after his ordinary school education, a two years' course iu the study of the science of his future calling — a calling of incal- culable importance, both to the welfare and support of millions. No doubt the farmers themselves would do their part, and, if a portion of educational grants from the Grovernment could be applied, or special grants made, to this particular branch of educa- tion, every county might soon have its agricultural high school. Connected with such schools should also be a model farm, where theory and practice could be efficiently combined, and where the young student farmer might have ample opportunity of aj^plyiag the principles theoretically learned. In some cases, in reference to this class of schools, private enterprise might with advantage take the initiative, and, when brought into successful operation by submitting to Government regulations, demand a portion of Government aid. In other cases, schools and college boards should see that such schools were established, and secure at the first the necessary aid to supplement private contributions or local assessment. 28 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. Chapter ix. graveyards and cemeteries. It has been said, '' Show me the resting-place of the dead and I will judge of the living" — which, if true, is not very compli- mentary to many living. For in many of our villages and towns the graveyards are in such a condition as would disgrace even a semi-barbarous people. Can it be a mark of civilization and refinement to disrespect and neglect the last resting-place of our departed friends ? Shall not these spots, sacred to their memory, be improved and laid out in a becoming manner ? Or shall we, as a Christian people, con- tinue to pay no attention whatever to those neglected silent homes of the dead ? Grod forbid ! We hope to see* the time when these downtrodden shapeless grave-hills will be raised to their proper dignity, embellished with flowers and shrubs, so as to be ornamental for the living and respectful to the dead. Certainly no spot on earth is more calculated to bring us into closer communion with God than the resting-place of our departed ones. Hence they are kept in high veneration by all civilized, not to say Christian, nations. Why should we not follow their example ? In some localities, the pent-up graveyard has given way to spacious cemeteries, many of which are admirably arranged and cared for. Such cemeteries are indeed an ornament to the locality where they are situated. Well may that city or town be proud, that can boast such a " city of the dead" Strangers THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 29 visit such places with interest, while relatives and friends are led to higher and nobler aspirations, as they meditate amidst such places of solemn and yet graceful attractions. It is most earnestly to be desired that every city, town, and village, may have, at no distant day, one cemetery, where all, of whatever creed or denomination, may rest side by side. The narrow limits around our churches and chapels must no longer be used as burial grounds, and should at once be made pleasant for the worshiping assembly, and suitable places for burial be secured beyond the limits of town or city. The site for a cemetery should be well chosen, at some distance from the turmoil and bustle of active life. Yet should be always easy of access. If the site chosen possesses natural advantages, such as hills and dales, groves and creeks, so much the better, but the improvements should agree and conform to the natural features of the place. The main roads should be laid out with due regard to turning, and not too many of them. The smaller paths should be from North to South, and the graves from East to West. The custom of enclosing the graves is very awkward, and should not be encouraged, but monuments of notable character should have an enclosure. Too many fences and enclosures will cause a general confusion, and greatly mar the harmonious appearance of a cemetery, the character of which should be unique ; cemeteries should also be well provided with seats and shade trees, characteristic and emblematic. The buildings, such as chapels and vaults, should be of appro- priate design, not gloomy, but tasteful and modest. The vaults may be either below or above the ground, but in either case they must be built in a proper and peculiar style, according to the entire arrangement of the cemetery. 80 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. If, for instance, the cemetery be surrounded by a wall, then ornamental monuments and vaults, erected, either of brick or stone, and facing inside will produce an agreeable effect. Slabs of marble or stone may be inserted in them as well as other emblems, so also should the gates or the whole entrance be of such a structure as to be ornamental to the place. The soil should be of a dry nature, such as clay, and not rocky. The graves ought to be set neatly in short turf, or flowers of white or blue, and in every respect be chaste and plain. For the decoration of graves, the following among flowers are suggested as peculiarly appropriate. The Lily of the Valley, Violet and Forget-me-not ; of trees, the Weeping Ash, Weeping Willow, Weeping Birch, Cherry, and the Blood Beech ; and of evergreen s,'i^ Cedar Deodara,^ Criptomeria Japonica,* Magnolias, ^Cedar Lebanon, Juniper, Arbor-vitoe, are generally the most suitable varieties. White Roses also are in their proper place. * Southern situation. THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 31 Chapter x. STREETS AND HIGHWAYSi In discussing this subject, we do not deviate from the object aimed at in this work. It is not merely the country places and public institutions that alone claim our attention, or alone need to be beautified or adorned ; but the cities and towns of every land with the highways leading to them, should have no small share of attention to bring them to a higher state of improvement. Though this subject has been often agitated by our philanthro- pists, the streets of our cities and towns are for the most part without the vestige of any gi-een thing, they are utterly destitute of trees and grass-plots. This ought not so to be. The trees in the streets of cities and towns may be said to re- semble in their effects on the vitality of the population the work of the lungs in our bodies. It is a great mistake to consider them as merely ornamental. Nay, they impart life and vigour and give joy to all, specially to those children of toil and want who have not the means ever to travel beyond the limits of their dense and crowded city abodes — to them, the grateful shade proves an inesti- mable blessing. But we wish by no means to convey the idea that by planting the streets with trees the poorer classes only are benefited, on the contrary, the ornamentations of our cities would be a public benefaction. The lively green of trees would bring refreshing shade and protection over our sidewalks, and in the hot summer days produce a grove-like coolness to our streets, shielding 32 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. tlie residences from the scorcliinpj rays of a summer's sun, while their branches would be enlivened by the choruses of the feathered songsters. How pleasant and attractive our streets would be if they were thus lined on either side with wide spreading shade trees. Our highways leading to towns and cities stand also greatly in need of such improvements. At present they have a most desolate appear- ance, whether among the snow-drifts of winter or when they are burned up by the scorching rays of a cloudless summer's sun, without a tree or a bush to give the least protection and shade, or to break the monotony of the sandy or gravel roads. How easy to remedy all this, and to make these roads that now disfigure the country an ornament as well as a source of comfort to the weary and toilsome wayfarer, simply by planting along the whole line, as in some countries of Europe where they plant shade and fruit trees alternately. Trees thus planted would not only remove the dreariness of the road, adorn it, and bring comfort to all, but would be a source of revenue to companies or municipa- lities, as the case might be, from the trimmings and fruit. Besides this another improvement, and an inexpensive one, would be the more complete utilization of springs at the roadside, keeping them in better order, protecting them from stray cattle, which transform them so often into muddy pools. Thus cared for and improved by suitable appliances, the springs would then be a double blessing — often a rustic seat close by would prove a source of great comfort to which the trifling outlay could not for a moment compare. To return to the subject of trees, the most suitable for street ornamentation may be divided into two classes, according to their adaptation and intrinsic value. In the first class are included the Linden, the Horse Chestnut, Sugar Maple, silver leaved and THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 33 scarlet or soft Maples, the Elm, the Birch, the Ash, as well as the Sycamore — and Willow Oak. "We also could add the Bigar- reau Cherry, which has a quick growth and forms a beautiful tree. The second class includes Poplar and Maples in its various kinds. Locust, Mountain Ash, Willow, Walnut as well as Sweet Gum and Cherry. For the Southern States we could also class the Paulonia Im- perialis, the Tulpdree, Liriodendron Tulipifera, the Catalpa, as well as the Live Oak. No doubt every locality will confine itself principally to trees of native growth, but it is generally acknowledged that nursery trees will succeed better as they have more numerous roots. The objection has been falsely raised, that the planting of trees in streets and roads, was impracticable, because they would not grow or last. But observations and experience prove that where judicious selections have been made according to the peculiarity of the soil and other circumstances, trees succeed as well in streets as in the open country, as the roots have greater protection, more mois- ture and richer nourishment. As a matter of course, trees should be protected from stray cattle and mischievous boys, by having their bodies encased with neat boxes, as well as by a stringent municipal act. Every county should have its Agricultural Association, and every town or corporation its Beautifying Society, which by private contributions as by grants from the corporation could undertake improvements in this line, and cooperate with the con- stituted authorities. If men of taste and energy were selected, much could be done in improving the appearance and health of towns. He who plants a tree or a vine is a benefactor to mankind. In fact the unemployed in our Houses of Industry and Refuge might be employed with advantage to themselves and profit to the municipalities chargeable with their support. 3-i THE BEAtlTIES OF NATURE. Chapter xi. ornamenting and improving railways. Railways are to a country what walks and drives are to parks and public gardens. They are really thoroughfares both for business and pleasure, hence should have more inviting sur- roundings than often belong tP them. Travellers will, often at the sacrifice of both time and money, take one road in preference to another, for the sole purpose of enjoying the more beautiful scenery it affords. This fact should induce railway companies to have more regard for, and to pay more attention to, the improvement of the grounds lying along their lines of railway, thereby obtaining a larger patronage on the part of the pleasure-seeking and travel- ling community. They would also derive other benefits from such improvements, in curtailed expenses for labor, now expended in repairing and filling up embankments, which, by the planting of shrubs and sodding, would be preserved and made more sightly. This country, during the past few years has, in many respects, gone far a-head of the older countries ; but those who have enjoyed a railway trip through England, France, Belgium or Ger- many will readily admit that, irrespective of the natural beauties of these countries, care and art have done their part in beautifying the slopes and grounds on either side of their railways. Beautiful, indeed, are their slopes and embankments with shrubs and grass, and the little hills covered with vines and fruit trees 1 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 35 Approaching the stations you find a garden of flowers also inter- spersed with shrubs and fruit trees, all arranged with a view to the comfort of the travelling community, and which does not fail to make a lasting impression upon the mind of the passing stranger. The depots and other station buildings are not sombre and dark dungeons, but are always substantial and often elegant, combining usefulness, comfort and attractiveness. How difi"erent is all this with us ? Our railway embankments need constant repairing, railway bridges are often too fragile, and sometimes a moderate spring or fall freshet will sweep them away. Depots and stations, with a few laudable exceptions, are more famous for mud and filth than architectural style, comfort or elegance. Railway companies would do well to pay more attention to all such improvements, as they would undoubtedly pay in the end. They have already done much for the improvement of the country, in increasing the facilities for travelling and the transit of mer- chandise and the products of the country; but, after all, from a landscape artist's point of view, railways are, for the most part, monotonous, all of which could be wonderfully modified and improved. It has been remarked, and very truly, that corporations have no souls, — that they care little for appearances and comfort, so long as they can increase their gains. But we trust that the day is not far distant when public opinion and taste will so influence railway corporations to improve their lines, that they may become, by their graceful surroundings, powerful auxiliaries towards the higher cultivation of our country. 36 TUE BEAUTIES OF NAfURE. Chapter xii. springs and watering places. Springs and watering places are cliiefly the resorts of the wealthier and pleasure-seeking classes. Some visit them simply for pleasure and enjoyment. Others for the purpose of restoring strength to broken-down constitu- tions, but all expect that such places will be attractive either by the superior scenery, or by works of art, or by the combination of both. Man's mind is so constituted as occasionally to require change of scene, though it be from the enjoyment of the most romantic to some more quiet scenery. Art is needed to produce these changes, inasmuch as all cannot travel to distant lands. There- fore it is important that those resorts, within reach of our people, should, by those who have them in charge, be made as diversified and attractive as possible. It has been in former chapters observed that Nature in most cases has given many and charming advantages either in their healing springs or the grand scenery that surrounds them ; yet in these very places Nature is despoiled of her beauties. Trees are ruth- lessly cut down, and, in course of a few years, when a tract of land is levelled and cleared, it is disfigured by long rows of ugly fences. Hedges and shrubs might often take the place of such fences, specially at such resorts as we are now speaking of. Southern people in general spend the summer season in the mountainous districts of Virgina, so rich in mineral waters, often THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 37 visiting Cape May, and Saratoga for tlie sole purpose of seeing these far-famed resorts of fashion. The propriety of having such places tastefully arranged is at once evident. Many of the Northern people, to escape the dreariness of their ice-bound homes, during the long and severe winters, visit the sunny South, some go to Florida, others to the springs of North Carolina, where they can enjoy a healthful and genial clime. Others still, having an enthusiastic love of scenery, take a trip to the White Mountains, thence passing over into Canada to admire the grand natural beauties of the majestic St Lawrence with its exciting rapids and Thousand Isles ; or, entering by some more western avenue, they visit Niagara so long considered the climax of natural grandeur. In fact, Canada is a favored country in point of water-scenery, and unsurpassed for many points of view and many healing springs which will sooner or later become resorts of visitors from all parts of the great continent. As principal and interesting localities, St Catherines, London and Brantford may be men- tioned in the "West. And in the East the Eastern Townships, specially the valley of the St Francis will, when they have become improved, and more extensively known to the travelling public and pleasure-seeking community, be visited by many who have a taste for the romantic and the beautiful. The first-named places have already provided ample accommodation for a large number of visitors, as is also the case in some localities in Quebec. There is a grand future in store for all such places in our great country, as it shall increase in population and wealth. But im- provement must be the watchword, which if also judiciously and energetically carried out will make these places of resort truly grand and attractive, and will ensure success to those who are enterpri- sing enough to make them. 38 TEE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. The time is even now upon us wlien our people who have time and money will not be satisfied with the dullness and monotony of American resorts, but will go to Europe, to hear, see and admire. May they return with new and more refined notions and ideas, and animated with a desire of enjoying at home what they have seen abroad, become instrumental in advancing and promoting the development of the resources, and improvement of the magnificent scenery of our own country. THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 39 SECTION II. Chapter i. the means nature offers for the formation of parks, GARDENS, ETC. Art is the kingdom of forms, a fact wliich is generally acknow- ledged. It is the object of the art of landscaping always to seek after the most beautiful, graceful and lovely forms, in order to arrive at the greatest possible degree of perfection in its various designs. The value of forms will best be estimated by the effect they produce on our mental and physical organization. Form in its- self, however, without any adorning objects, is a mere emptiness ; it must be filled and completed by the various means of Nature and Art. First, the natural means are : space or surface, trees, shrubs, flowers, etc.^ lawn, water, rocks, hills and mountains. Second, the artificial means of Art are : the proper and tasteful arrangement and combination of the natural means with houses, cottages, temples, pavilions, hermitages, arbours, seats, huts, monuments and statues, walks and paths, etc. 40 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. The improvement of a ground consists, therefore, in the proper arrangement and tasteful combination of the various natural and artificial means, either for use or pleasure. We shall first speak of the natural means, in successive order, and then come to those of Art in its various designs. THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 4l Chapter ii* THE SURFACE GROUND. The ground is the space where you will spread out your picture, — * here you are to create your different scenes and characters, — here you will give your colors shade and light, by placing the trees and shrubs in their proper places. Everything depends on the condition of the surface, and, according to this, you must select and arrange the most useful means. Fortunate will be the improver, if the ground is in a well cultivated rich condition and if the necessary water is near. Ungrateful, however, is the enterprise, if he has to contend with poor and barren soil ; but, under no circumstances, can he maintain in such places, trees, shrubs, and flowers, unless there is plenty of water to foster their growth. All know that, in the end, rich land will be cheaper than poor, hence it would be at all events better to commence improvements upon good land, if it can be had. The ground will more easily afford pleasant changes, if it has a natur- ally undulating surface, and if these undulations imperceptibly mingle with each other; also if the ground presents hills and dale, and, in larger places, even a mountain. The observer of scenery will notice that, where the landscape is remarkable for beauty, it is rich in changes of views in every direction. If the surface is particularly level and flat, the chief aim of our attention ought to be to call forth a greater variety, which may be done in different ways. D 42 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. If you wish to raise in a small place an elevation to produce tlie desired effect, you need only scrape the ground deeper where it should be lower, and carry this to the point you wish to raise. But even in this case you must know what you are aiming at, and try to imitate Nature. Farther, you may use the soil taken out of walks and drives after they have been laid out according to plan ; but, if the ground is then needed for levelling them, you will have to procure sufficient earth from other places. You must take into consideration all possible advantages and use them to screen natural disadvantages, so that they may never be noticed from the main point. You must always select, if possible, a surface, varying in gentle curves and undulations. If the place is of such a char- acter, it may, at little expense, be brought to greater perfection, and if you can find a place with a charming view beyond its boundary it will help much to improve it. If, farther, your ground has already trees of picturesque beauty, you must know how to use the hatchet and the saw, so as not to spoil their appear- ance ; and if the ground has other natural beauties you will have to examine and to adapt your improvements according to them, be they the work of Nature or of Art, instead of producing an entirely new character. Even unsightly surfaces may be rendered highly interesting and beautiful by changing their character, by planting such trees and shrubs as may be sustained by a shallow soil, meeting as far as possible the natural disadvantages by artificial means. Some of the picturesque ravines and hill sides, if they be stripped entirely of their foliage, would appear as ugly as they are now beautiful, which proves that there is no condition in Nature which might not be improved and made beautiful, as long as you can procure the soil necessary for the growth of trees, etc. THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 43 Farther, we must carefully consider tlie advantages and disad- vantages of our improvements on the ground and their success. There are many men whose chief object and ambition is to embellish their grounds by levelling alone, and, once gone so far, there is an end of their notion of further improvements, and thereby they may have spoiled the beauty of their place. Whilst a level place in a mountainous country might be even charming, by the very contrast it would present, whatever natural advan- tages may be found in a particular place, should be carefully turned to account. In some places it will be best to bring the main view fully out, in others only partially, whilst in others it may be best to be entirely hidden. These expedients are often necessary to raise expectations and break up monotony* "With such thought and perseverance, pleasant homes would prevail in town and country. 44 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. Chapter hi. TREES AND SHRUBS. Trees and shrubs are the most important means which enable the landscape artist to produce the diflferent characters and sceneries on the space allotted to him. They are, as it were, the shades of his pictures. The most beautiful forms are mere outlines, unless the trees, which are as the shades of the picture be added. The study of the most beautiful forms of trees, and the effect produced by them, is, therefore, the first preparation for the young artist in landscape gardening. The infinite variation of forms, color and growth, of trees instituted by Nature, in the produc- tion of the Inore perfect plants, trees and shrubs, admit of an extended and varied application in the formation of landscape pictures. Here, however, also, distinct laws form the necessary rules to which Nature has given expression in her most beautiful forms, and which she has even impressed upon the human mind. Foliage, in itself, affords chances of variation in length, width, shape, light and shade, varying from the lightest to the darkest green, inclusive of other colors — white, yellow, red and brown- as also in its durability and mobility. A small number of dif- ferent trees will easily produce a striking variety ; the real beauty, however, is only obtained by a well-contrived combination. Even the color and form of the blossoms and their fragrancy must be well considered. The forms and colors of leaves and fruit, such as mespilus pyracantha, sorbus, etc., also require attention. The color of their limbs even deserves attention, specially in autumn TEE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 45 and winter, that they produce picturesque effects, and chiefly is this the case with cornus alba and the willow species — single or in groups. The artist should therefore have in his mind the whok ar- rangement and combination as to the effect he intends to produce. The color of the bark is of equal importance, as with some trees it is of a very striking color, such as sycamore, beech, birch, etc. Moss and lichen, which, spreading from the roots upwards, will also greatly beautify the appearance. Before you begin planting, you must know what colors you wish to combine, by bringing the scenery before you and having it well impressed upon the mind, then draw a plan, color the same as you wish to have it, and from this you can judge the effect in nature. In the selection of bushes you should pay particular attention that they are tastefully arranged, in point of size, color and form. To achieve this the improver has at his disposal the greatest variety of trees, bushes, shrubs, blossoms, color, bark, fruits, berries, as well as the shape of limbs and branches. By the use of the different tints of color produced by the variety of foliage, we should make it our aim to plant the light green in the foreground and the dark green in the back ground ; by this means you will obtain a pleasing optical illusion with regard to distance. This same principle applies in determining the outlines of the front group with regard to the back group, thus preventing confusion among the groups. If the improver has fixed on a face ground, and planted the fore ground with a white and yellow tincture of green, he might then put first the lightest, after that the darker, and last the darkest green. Bed harmonises better with light than dark green. In making combinations of colors he should also pay attention 46 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. to size and position of the groups : in a larger place the group may have different colors, but of such shades as the laws of light and shadow require. To produce a contrast you may use the silver-colored bushes, as, for example, elaeagnus, willows, dark evergreens, or the prunus laurocerasus, etc. In larger places and at greater distances a better effect may be produced by the force of colors by way of contrast, for exam- ple, if behind a group of light-colored bushes dark evergreen be planted. But the whole must be kept so that the shades and colors of one group changes with another, and form a harmonious con- nection. The greatest effect, on which we can hardly calculate with any certainty, will be produced by the light and rays of the sun, which differ in the morning and evening and also in different seasons ; they will bring new beauties of the most agreeable and striking forms to our view. The variety of the leaves in point of shape will indicate the character of the group ; and in a larger place, leaves of one kind in the same group should not differ either in shape or color. In order to connect the single group, as well as the different parts of a group, we must use, first, the pointed form, and next, the oval and fingered, and last the ant-shaped leaves. In the same way you may proceed with the edges of a group ; first take the dental form, next the pointed, and then the oval ; here also you may effect a contrast by placing among trees of one leaf form some kind of trees of other leaf shapes. In smaller places we are often compelled to make use of more than one kind of leaf to produce variety, without sacrificing the beauty and harmony of the whole. In representing the character of one group, it is of great importance to consider the forms of TEE BEAUTIES OF NATURE, 47 limbs and branches, wbetlier they are erect or pendant, rectan- gular or pyramidical ; in paying attention to all this, as well as to the height of trees and bushes, we give a distinct character and beauty to the group. Who would not be impressed by the sight of a weeping willow on some knoll near a lake, its branches reflecting in the water, and agitated by a soft evening breeze ! But here the peculiar impression is not brought on by shape and colour alone but also by the branches. If several groups are to give a picturesque representation, the central one should on both sides decline ; one of the side group may form a horizontal line and the opposite one may stand forth in bold outlines. Those groups which stand some distance apart, may gradually rise in point of height ; but may be interrupted by single trees of noble growth. They might be interrupted again by a few pyramidical poplars by way of contrast. Contrast in forms, which produce a greater variety, is especially produced by the use of the poplar, which by their tallness appear conspicuous among a group. But the cypress, the birch, the larch, and the white pine, though of different growth, will have the same effect. The whole secret lies in the tasteful arrangement of trees and shrubs according to their varied forms, color, growth and size. 48 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. Chapter iv. single trees. All admire those old single trees, standing in our fields or some corner, spreading their branches far and wide, and thus are a special object of beauty. Partly on this account we plant single trees to show their beauty to greater advantage. A single tree is gener- ally planted to break the bareness of the lawn, and give the eye an object upon which to rest. For this purpose only such trees should be selected for planting as possess picturesque beauty ; but if there are already trees scattered over the ground, the aim should be to introduce greater variety of shape and foliage, and they should never be allowed to stand in straight lines in a tastefully laid out place. If a single tree stands in the neighbourhood of other objects, for example near a hermitage, a house or monument, the character of the tree should indicate the purpose of the object. For example, a monument erected in memory of a departed friend on an island would be made more impressive by a weeping willow ; near a hut a wide spreading oak or elm would render the place more attractive ; a partly decayed oak near a hermitage would remind us of the unsteadiness and vanity of all sublunary things. Through single trees also a contrast may be effected ; if, for example, on a lawn bordered by deciduous trees, some evergreens, a birchjOr a blood beech were planted. But you must consider the proper distance which the single trees should be placed from each other, as well as from the groups or other objects. The size of THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 49 groups and buildings will give you the leading idea to the trees used for this particular purpose. A single tree might also be planted in the foreground to screen disfigured points or objects ; it may also break the view, or effect a connection with other varieties of shades and introduce a new view. For single trees, we should select only those with noble, imposing or remarkable growth and foliage, — their branches should hang gracefully on all sides and, according to their nature, be it decid- ous or evergreen, be a special object of admiration ; the same we may say of single shrubs and flowers, placed in the lawn. 50 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. Chapter v. groups of trees. Where we find from two to thirty trees standing close together, tliey will form a group ; but you may also form a group of a hundred trees, if they are connected with shrubs and other trees. If more than thirty trees, standing at irregular distances in a certain limited space, they assume the character of a grove. Smaller groups should contain trees in odd numbers as, three, five, seven, etc. The character of groups depends on their form, color, leaves, and branches in conjunction with their particular situation — whether they stand near a water, on a hill, or near buildings. Groups may be independent or dependent on the whole, yet should harmonize in themselves as well as with each other. With the independent every natural advantage can be perfected ; with the dependent some natural features must be sacrificed to har- monize with the surroundings. Groups of trees on the same place should differ in their formation, so that they seem to be more the work of Nature than of Art, but still they must har- monize with each other. The outlines of a group should be free from stiffness ; bends and curves on the ambulating line should be freely made. The lower growth of shrubs must not be allowed, in some places, to cover the bodies of the trees ; they should appear free to the edge of the groups. The highest trees, having sonietimes a central or rear position, THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 51 may, in other places, be planted near the edge, so as to bring on a change in the whole arrangement. Groups sometimes present a contrast in themselves by a single tree of different growth standing among them, the effect of which must be well considered. Groups are really neat and beautiful if they stand near a water where they will reflect in the same, or, on a lawn or near a build- ing. The connection with these objects gives them importance, and thus forms a beautiful portion of the picture. 52 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. Chapter vi. THE OROVE. A CLUSTER of trees larger tlian a group is called a grove, A grove may consist of from fifty to a hundred trees: a larger place may contain several groves. Their situation should be between the group and the woods, and only such trees should be used therein which, through their graceful and noble growth, the brightness and lively greenness of their foliage, are conspicuous. The trees should not stand too closely together ; the space between should be greater than in a group, and in a certain irregularity without observing any strict rule, sometimes closer and at others farther apart. You might even sometimes form a cluster of three or four trees, giving them the appearance of one. We some- times find in groves formed by Nature bare grass-plots, opening the place to the influence of the sun, connecting as it were two parts of a grove. This might be imitated, but with some caution, without stiffness, and with special regard to changes, distance and selection of the forms of trees. If all this be observed, you will realize the most charming effect, in shade, light, colour and scenery, increased still by the freshness and greenness of the grass beneath. Groves may be planted almost in any part of the ground, yet there are particular spots better calculated and more suitable than others, for example on an elevation, or a hill or near the bank of a river. Small groves ought to be unique in character, and this charac- teristic feature may be expressive of sorrow, melancholy, cheer- fHE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 53 fulness or grandeur. The character you wish to give a grove, will be regulated by the buildings which they are intended to surround or decorate, such as monuments, chapels, burial places, etc. The beauty of groves will be greatly improved by placing here and there statues, or groups of them, representing heroes, gods and goddesses or scenes from ancient Mythology ; they are a most powerful means to appeal to our feelings, and present a pleasant spectacle to the beholder. 54 TEE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. Cha:^ter VII. THE WOODS. Woods wliich we use in large places to advantage for orna- mentation differ from the grove in its larger extension, say from two to six acres, or it may even be a forest. The wood may be laid out in a park of great extent. It differs further from the grove not only in size, but also in its native growth, which consists in the different kinds of oak, birch, hickory, beech, maple, ash, etc., etc. The undergrowth, as well as the trees, must have no marks of cultivation. It differs farther from the grove, considering its extension ; it is capable of representing different characters, which Nature may offer in her prettiest scenery. It is also different from the grove, since the latter will only form one part of a park ; but the former, because so much larger, may, especially in a romantic country, be changed into an independent large park, because the wood con- tains all the means that Nature can bestow for the construction of a fine large park. A large park may have several groves, but only one wood, and the former acquires, through the wood, its perfection and grandeur. Considering the surface and the scenery, it may have all the condition of the grove, only on a larger scale. The scenery is particularly an advantageous one, if it possesses all the imposing forms that Nature can bring forth. If the ground is hilly, and the highest point covered with trees, these trees will naturally overreach the top of others and TBE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. SS appear so mucli higher and grander. In case of a high mountain, the summit should be also covered, but not too closely, with trees and intervening grass plots,— the trees must be carelessly scattered, but the spaces between them must be in proportion to the size of the mountain, and such an arrangement should not be repeated too often on the same mountain. Hill and mountain serve also to bring on an ambulating surface, which is so pleasant to the eye ; nothing is more tiresome than a level surface without any interruption or undulation ; a happy choice of trees will redeem a country from this monotony and, produce a variety of changes. The shape of the edges and outlines of a wood should not be stiff or monotonous, they should have the form of an amphi- theatre coming down to the level gradually. If woods are planted on hills or elevations near a water, the appearance of the same will be much improved by their reflection on the water, and by the eff'ects which the rising and setting sun will produce over the scenery ; a grass-covered hill in front of a .dark wooded grove would, likewise, produce a most charming effect. If Nature has favoured the ground intended for a wood with rocks, ravines, water, etc., it possesses then all the essential requisites to establish a wood of a most romantic character. If therein is a spring, a waterfall, a cascade, or a lake could be formed ; but the latter should be in proportion with the wood, and its banks should have a variety, on some places rocky and hilly, and on others with gentle grassy slopes. In a larger wood the grass should have its natural growth mingled with little brilliant native flowers. The trees also should constitute no regular formation ; they may be irregularly scattered or form groups with native bushes below. They may also stand in dense clusters, so that they, by their darkest green hue, produce the effects of melan- 56 fHE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. choly, or cause, by some intervening spaces, the sun to throw his rays among the foliage to effect light, in contrast to the predo- minant darkness. Meadows of different size have also a good effect, but single trees or groups must connect the different links of the whole scenery. Fields under cultivation around or inside the wood are very apt to increase the beauty of the wood and change the scenery. But particular care should be bestowed on objects outside the wood : you may either open or close a certain view by cutting down or planting trees. For this purpose rural seats or benches should be placed in the woods, where you can rest and be entertained with some object outside, such as a village with its church steeple, or a lake, or anything else worth noticing. In the selection of trees we would prefer the oak, hickory, beech and maple ; the evergreen kinds will never have the same effect, but, on account of their pyramidal growth, they will form a good contrast in the back ground ; a specially pleasant effect has the birch with its light green foliage, pendant branches and whitish grey bark ; the strongest contrast, however, will be reached by planting a group of birch in front of evergreens. And if you would form a pleasant combination you may plant any kind of decidous trees between evergreens and birch. Every one of our native trees has a certain distinct character ; this must be well studied, for on their choice and use depends the character of the designed wood. Foreign trees or shrubs may also be introduced, where they are particularly noticed, as near a building or a monument. In such places also flowers, native or foreign, may be planted, but so that they appear natives of the wood. The different characters represented by the wood will be dictated by the surrounding of buildings, etc., and objects of the same nature inside. In the formation of woods we should pay par- TUE BEAUTIES OF NATURE, 57 ticular attention to the space allotted for the representation of each character; they must be tastef«lly connected and arranged, for it is by this only that the contrast will show itself in its boldest features to the eye and mind of the visitor. One and the same building or object must not be too often represented by the same character of the particular part in the wood. 58 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. ChAPTEE VIII. THE FLOWERS. The Creator has been so lavish in the diversity of flowers, and in their different parts and properties, that the floral kingdom in itself is indeed a rich source for our enjoyment and happiness. As they are countless in variety, it requires indeed a great study to make a proper and tasteful collection, in embellishing our dij0Fer- ent places. In the season of blooming they will plainly tell and show the degree of qualification and knowledge of flowers of him who made the selection and decorated the place. Many of our rural places, though properly laid out, are very often spoiled and disfigured by being entrusted for farther embellishment to unskil- ful hands. A person of good taste will never make use of the same flower on the same bed two years in succession, since he can pro- duce better effect by changes, for which he has such ample means. We would here observe that it would be most desirable, that every country should have connected with its agricultural insti- tutions, as a particular branch, the study of floriculture ; so that from among the students some might become skilful [florists, capable of taking charge of our public and private pleasure grounds in this particular point. Science and Art are progressing in every direction, and it would be but proper that equal attention should be paid to this branch for the improvement of such places as well as for the greater enjoyment they would afford to the public. The edging of the shrub groups, the decoration of flower beds, the single location of flower over the lawn, carried on with skill and taste are indeed the finishing strokes of this rural picture, THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 59 In the use of flowers the habits of their growth must be first considered, next their color, and last their fragrancy. As to the first point, we must consider the flower stem inflorescentia, and the shape or form of their blossoms. The height of the flower demands that the higher should be in the back-ground, the next in size before them and the lowest in the front, the last will also do for edging. The height of the flower must also correspond with the size of the bed as well as with the plot whereon the bed is and the point from which you desire to view them. If the flower-bed is only a few steps from the path on the lawn, the flowers should not be over two feet high ; but if in the foreground of the main view 1 J ft. will be enough. If in a shaded walk a side view opens, taller flowers may be used, a lively contrast may be brought on thereby and the sameness of the place will be broken, but it should be only done in minor parts of the ground and at great distance. If groups of isolated flowers are placed on a lawn, or even only one, the height should depend on the size of the place which you will beautify and on the distance from your standpoint. If you wish to place more than one single standing flower on a lawn they ought to be of different heights. A flower-bed of various designs, yet forming a whole, should be so laid out that its centre be planted with flowers 1 to 2 feet high, so that their top should make an oval form ; the other parts may or must be of shorter growths, or color. Flowers on beds or lawns should be in harmony with their surroundings. The flower-stem in florescentia has several classifications ; as, the head spica, the bunch-racemus, the umbella, the panicula, the thyrsus, &c. The coral, (corolla,) either is one-leafed, (corolla monopetala) or of many leaves, (corolla polypetala). The one-leafed coral may be tubulosa, clavata, glabosa, campanulata, cypoerateniformis, bypoorataniformisj infunthiformis, &c. 60 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. The kinds of the many-leafed coral are roaeca, malvaeca, crueiata, coryophyllaeca, &c. We see from the above that there is a large difference in form and shape of flowers, deserving all attention ; for we are not at liberty to use flowers indiscriminately without regard to form. If a bed is near a building or on a sandy out-of-the-way place, and where it stands independent, but still intended to draw our attention, the flowers require the same principle in their arrange- ments as is the case with a bouquet. If the flower-bed consists of more than one part, the centre should form the bouquet and the other part should have one kind of flowers. In this case a manifold use of flowers is justifiable. To make the intended impression of the scenery very striking, and to bring harmony in the connection or to produce contrast, a flower-bed should be planted with only one kind of flowers, but the edging should be greatly distinguished and marked. Several forms in blossom and foliage are admissible in borders, encircling a group of trees or shrub. Here the rear row must have the highest and most brilliant flowers, then come the smaller kinds, thus decreasing to the first row. The edge must have the least showy flowers, so as to represent a ring, which binds the flowers. As to the form of flowers and beds, the distance must be the rule for their size. If you, for example, would plant a bed of peonias, a distant point off a road would be very suitable, and, a bed of fuchsia and pelargoniums, may be near to the road. The colors of flowers consist not only in the main or radical, but also in their shades, which mingle with each other. Through this variety, the place appears cheerful, and fascinates our eyes and mind, and produces the different effects. The use of flowers in regard to colors is again an important item in their selection i By these colors we can bring out certain characters and maintain THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 61 them, as, for example, beauty, gracefulness, cheerfulness, melan- choly, &c; But a too great variety of colours in one place should be avoided ; except in certain locations, as on a terrace near a house, we may introduce the greatest variety of colors to effect a suitable connexion. By the means of colours, we can also effect a contrast, so by blue and yellow we produce a strong contrast, and a soft changing contrast will be produced by rose red and white. The strong contrast should be used carefully, so as to bring on sur- prise or to part two objects of the same appearance ; the soft contrast is especially used in edging, to make the edge more showy. In producing the strong and soft contrast we should proceed gradually on account of the richness of colours. By only two colors, which stand close together, a contrast can be effected ; but the artijficial use of colors depends less on the color itself, than on the connection they form among themselves. This con- nection and the representation of different relating colors must be natural, i. e., that they appear true in their full light and char- acter, and the tincture of their colors should spread gradually from one to another. The colors may be classified as radical, or main colour, and mixed ; the main colours, notwithstanding the optic theory, are those of the rainbow, and will only appear as white, red, blue, yellow and black. From these we may produce by combination the green, violet and brown. Besides every color is capable of various shades or gradations. The colours of the rainbow run from in to outside, in the same order as in the prismatic sun picture, and appear as violet, purple, blue, green, yellow, orange and red, besides various other shades, which we cannot plainly discern. In most cases we only use one color with its nearer relations or 62 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. shades, and near a house or other prominant places the lovely fine colors must be near the eye, and the briliant ones stand at a distance. To illustrate the effect, I will give an example, pale yellow, chrome yellow, and orange, will, if connected with scarlet, pur- ple, brown and dark brown form a good combination ; further white, pale red, rose red, carmine and violet ; pale blue, dark blue and violet will produce pleasant effects also. Yellow is a colour to be carefully used ; it serves to produce strong contrast. A flower-bed planted with everblooming roses will have, planted with Linaria alpina as edging, a soft contrast, while the contrast with Iberis umbellata alba flore pleno, comes out stronger, but still stronger will be the contrast if Eschscholtzia californica or crocea surround the flower-bed. The most shades of colors have the following flowers : Hyacinth, Crocus, Tulips, Phloxs, Dahlias, Pinks, Campanulas, Roses, Ranunculus, Primulas, Asters, Hollyhocks, Aquilegias, Iris, Verbenas, Viola tricolor. Zinnia, Anemones, Rhododendrons, Calceolarias, Pelargoniums, Elychrysum, Balsams, Lathyrus, Lobelia, Lupins, Salpiglossis, Aconitum, Antirrhinum, Lilium, Mimulus, Pentastemon, Potentilla, Sedum, &c. Sweet-scented flowers should be placed near houses and resting- places, &c. What can be more pleasant after a stroll over your ground than to retire to some quiet spot, sitting under some shade tree or in an arbor, surrounded by flowers, and to inhale their fragrancy. The time of blooming must be considered, so that, from the beginning of the floral season to the first snow falls, the place will be enlivened with the beauty and glory of their colors, in a constant succession. An irregular decay of the flowers would destroy the harmony. TME BEAUTIES OF NATURE. G3 We might here introduce a few remarks on tlie different kinds of running plants, such as morning glories and other vines. They can be arranged in so many various ways and forms that they will answer in almost any place, and are indeed a great ornament. They suit chiefly places that are laid out in the Italian style ; if they are permitted to creep up on wires they look especially graceful. Other vines, again, are more adapted for creeping and running on the ground and there form a pretty contrast by the different shade of green, as well as by their blossoms and fruit. The worth and aspect of a place depends on the proper ar- rangements and positions of the flowers, by way of change. A plant or stalk of Indian corn, a native fern, or a water melon vine, running over a grassy slope, would in some instances have the same effect as rarer plants. Flower-gardens must be kept neat and clean, or it would be better to have the spot in grass — ornamented with trees and shrubs, which gives less labor. Flower-beds should be graceful in form ; those near the house should be symmetrical — further off freer forms may be adopted ; too many cuts and corners, as well as straight lines, should be avoided. As above observed, all kinds of flowers should be planted according to their color, growth, etc., in groups and only the best and finest and most showy ones should be planted single in the lawn. We speak now of the use of flowers in different places and for different purposes. Flowers which may he planted single in a lawn. * Indicates greenhouse flowers. *Caladiumg, VerschafiFeltii and others. *Gannas, discolor and all other varieties. 64 THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. ♦Erythrina crista galli, &c. A Dahlia, m its various colors. Arundo Donax, variegata, discolor, (water red.) *Lilium lancifoliura, in all varieties. A Poeonia arborea, and all the various kinds. Roses either standard or dwarf. Rheum australicum, (Rhubarb). *Solanum jasminoides. Flowers ivhich may he scattered in the grass. Gentiana, Yiola, Muscarea batryoides, Scilla sibirica, Orchids, Trollius, Adonis, Forget-me-not. Flowers placed in groups on a lawn. Dahlias, *Pelargonium9, Roses, *Fuch8ias, *Azalias,' *Peonia3, *Rhodo- dendrons, *Hortensias, *Cannas, *Plumbago, and all those flowers which have a pretty growth, foliage and blossom. Flowers for Vasea. *Aloes different species, *Falm8, *Hortensia, ^Dracaenas, *Maranta as well *Petunias, *Yerbenas, and all flowers either with imposing or hanging branches and foliage. Flowers for Hanging Baskets. ♦Achimenis, *Aschynanthu3, *^emophilla insignis, *Sedum Sibboldii, ♦Lobelia grandiflora, *Tropceolum Hockeri, *Saxifraga sormentosa, and all hanging plants. Flowers for Flower-heds. *Ageratum, ^Scarlet and Blue Sage, Bourbon Dahlias, *Monthly Carnation ♦White Feverfew, ^Tuberoses, Phlox, *silver striped leaved Geraniums, ♦double Geraniums, *Gladiolus, Monthly Roses, *Verbenas, *Heliotropes7 ♦Fuchsia, ♦ Coleus, ♦Lemon Verbenas, * Chrysanthemums, ♦Lantanas, ♦Lobelias, *Lilium lancifolium, ♦Cuphea, *Petunias, ♦Calceolarias, &c., for spring blooming, Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Ranunculus, &c. For groups of Foliage Plants. ♦Acorus variegatus, ♦Achynanthus ♦Verschaflfelti,*Zebrinus, *Agaa3 Amer-, cana ; ♦Agapanthus variegatus, ♦Alocasia metallica, ♦Alternanthera, ♦epathulata, amona, versicolor, ♦Bromelia sativa, ♦variegata, Beaumontia A Production in Winter. TBB BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 65 *baiimgartii, *Begonias amabilis, *humboldtii, *Queen of England, &c. * Caladiums wightii, *Centaurea cantissima, Carinas *chantini *discolor' *Mullere, &c., * Campy lobotry3 ^regalis, *Coleus Blummii, Verschaffelti picta, &c., *Calla oethiopica, &c. These foliage plants will be on their places near fountains, ponds, and near water in general, as a moist soil suits them. Clinihing Jlowers for walls, loire, summer houses, &c. *Ipomea, *Tropoeolum pentaphyllum, *tricolor, *Kennedii, *Harten- bergia, *Passifloras, *Cobaea scandens, *Celastru8 scandens, Madeira vine *Maurandias, *Lophospermura, *Thunbergiag, &c., of annuals, Cardiosper- mura, Convolvulus, Dolichos, Gourds, Ipomeas, Lathyrus, Phaseolus, Tropoeolum, Cypress vine, &c. Edging for Flower-heds. For edging flower-beds in a lawn or grass plot we may use rocks, brick tiles in shape of leaves, wire baskets or dwarf box, but a sharp kept grass border will always look far better, especially if the flower-bed is well arranged and the border around forms a contrast. This surrounding border depends on the kind of flowers we use, if small ones we may plant Pinks Primulas, Convallaria, Bellisperrenis, Violets, Hepatica rubra, Myosotis, Oxalis, &c. ; if the flower-bed is of larger size — Hemerocalis, Iris, Funkias, or even *Coleus, silver leaved *Geraniums, and other striking greenhouse flowers. Annuals for Rochworh. Arctotis anthem oides, tristis, Claytonia perfoliata, Diauthus prolifer. Geranium gruinum, Lychnis laeta, quadridentata, Silene acteon, rubella, Viola tricolor. Bellis annua, Ballium, minutum, Biscutella coronopifolia, Campanula erinus, lorei, hybrida Cheiranthus maritimus, Cistus guttatis, Hardy Biennials for Rockworh. Campanula sibirica, cervicaria, thyr- soidea, virgata, Carduus marianus, Digitalis lutea, purpurea, Echiura vulgare, Gnaphalium luteo album, sylvati- cum, Gypsophila muralis, Hedysarum coronarium, Linum striatum, Monarda rosea, Phyteuma comosa. Ranunculus pennsylvanicug, Scabiosa columbaria, Thlaspihirtum, saxatile, Thymus apinus, grandiflorus, Tragopogon crucifolius, Trigonella platycarpos, Trichostema brachiata. 66 THE BEAUTIES OF MATURE. Hardy Perennials for Rocltworh. Achillea alpina, Aconitum pyrenaicum, Adoxa moshatellina, Ajuga alpina, Alysaum alpestre, Anemone alpina, Arnica montana, Anthyllis montana, Aquilegia alpina, caucasica, Aubrietia deltoidea, Aster alpinus. Astragalus alpinus, Antirrhinum triornithophorum, Arabis alpina^ lucida, Aretia helvetica, alpina, Bartsia alpina, Bellium bellidioides, Braya alpina, Cacalia alpina. Campanula alpina, &c., Cerastium alpinum, Cheiranthus alpinus, helveticus, Centaurea dealbata, montana. Chrysanthemum montanum, Cistus tuberaria, Convolvulus soldanella, Cotyledon lutea, umbilicus, Crepis rigida, sibirica, Cypripedium acaula, album, Dianthus alpinus, plumarius, Dielytra spectabilis, Draba ciliaris, stellata, Dryas octopetala, Epimedium alpinum. Erigeron alpinum, Erinus alpinus, Geranium nodosum, pyrenaicum, Gentiana adscendens, and most all other kinds, Gundelia perpensa, Hedysarum saxatile, Hypoxis erecta, Linaria alpina, purpurea. Lychnis vespertina, Moerhingia muscosa, Orobus albus, vernus, Orontium japonicum, Parnassia palustris, Phloxs-pilosa, subulata, Potentilla crocea, rupestris. Primula farinosa, helvetica, &c., Pulsatilla vulgaris, Rubus saxatilis, Saxifraga autumnalis, &c., Geum granulata, moschata, &c., Sedum album, rupestre, &c., Telephium villosum, virens, Sempervivum hirtum, globeferum, Sibboldia procumbens, Thlaspi alpestre, Thymus serphyllum, Torraentilla reptans, Trifolium montanum, repens, Valeriana montana, Veronica alpina, pinnanta, Viola pedata, lutea, tricolor, Vinca major aurea reticulata. Bulbous Flowers for Rochworh, Allium, carinatum, Bulbocodium vernum, Cyclamen europaeum, Fritillaria pyrenaica, Lilium spec labile, tigrinum, Ophris apifera ovata. Orchis bifolia, maculata, Scilla amoena, bifolia, italica. For rockwork in shady places we may use with advantage greenhouse Ferns, Licopodiums, Orchids, &c., and for sunny places. Cactus Mesembri- anthemum and Aloes kinds. TBE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 67 Selection of Annuals for flower borders^ beds,