ullif i. 1. Bill iCibrarg 
 
 ^'nrtti (Earalina ^tatr 
 
 SF199 
 J5L7 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 
 
 SOI 948773 
 
Jnd%^^nh!-Lf^^ °" l^^ date indicated below 
 day ther "aAer. '' ^ '"^ °* ~ ^^NTS a 
 
JERSEY CATTLE 
 
 AMERICA 
 
 JOHN S. LINSLEY, M.D. 
 
 ' And I, contented with a humble theme. 
 Have poured my stream of panegyric down 
 The vale of Nature, where it creeps and winds 
 Among her lovely works, with a secure 
 And unambitious course, reflecting clear, 
 If not the virtues, yet the worth of brutes." 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 Burr Printing House, 
 
 18 Jacob Street. 
 
 1S85. 
 
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1885, by 
 
 F. D. HARMON, 
 a the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C. 
 
TO 
 
 AMERICAN JERSEY CATTLE CLUB, 
 
 :hrough whose discernment and enterprise wise provision has been 
 
 MADE TO secure TO THE AGRICULTURISTS OF AMERICA THE PERPETUITY 
 
 AND PURITY OF THE UNRIVALLED BREED OF JERSEY CATTLE, 
 
 THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED. 
 
 JOHN S. LINSLEY. 
 
EEEATA. 
 
 Page 10, SALT UNDISSOLVED IN BUTTER 40S 
 
 Page 270, may. 
 
 1st line, 15 lbs. Best Mixed Hay. 
 Page 271, .june. 
 
 2d line, 2(;> lbs. Green Rye or Rye Grass. 
 Page 271, September. 
 
 3d line, 30 lbs. Green Barley. 
 
 ■1th line, 20 lbs. Millet. 
 
 5tb line, 20 lbs. Wheat. 
 Page 272. October. 
 
 3d line, .50 lbs. Green Barley. 
 
 •1th line, 10 lbs. Green Wheat. 
 
 DECEMBER. 
 
 1st line, 20 lbs. Best Early Hay. 
 
 JANUARY. 
 
 1st line, 10 lbs. Green Oat Hay. 
 Page 273, February. 
 
 2d line, 15 lbs. Green Millet Hay. 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 1st line, 10 lbs. Green Clover Ilaj'. 
 
 APRIL. 
 
 1st line, 15 ll.)s. Green Millet Hay or 50 lbs. Green Rye. 
 
 A CHEAP WINTER RATION. 
 
 1st line, 20 lbs. Green Corn Stover. 
 Page 274, standard winter ration. 
 
 2d line, 10 lbs. Rowen Hay. 
 Page 275, ration one month before calving. 
 
 1st line, 15 lbs. Best Timothy Hay. 
 
 OR this. 
 
 1st line, 15 ll)s. Rowen Hay. 
 
 BUTTER TESTS. 
 Page 653, Fillpail 2d 24,388 ■ 26 lbs. 2 oz. 
 
 JERSEY FOUNTAINS. 
 HOMER H. 3683 omitted from page 565, Page 742. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The object of this work is to set forth fully and cleaiij the special merits and 
 rare qualities of the beautiful breed of Jersey cattle ; to show how these qualities 
 have been developed, their mode of perpetuity, and their still further possible 
 improvement. 
 
 It is intended to lie thoroughly practical and progressive, as well as suggestive 
 of a higher standard in all that pertains to agriculture, cattle-bi-eeding, and the arts of 
 dairying. 
 
 In a work treating of such a wide variety of topics, it has been necessary to 
 consult many authors and make numerous studies and compilations. 
 
 The aixthor has drawn from the writings of many eminent authorities, includ- 
 ing the Encyclopaedia Britannica ; Morton's Encyclopmdia of Agriculture^ 
 Chamhers' Encyclopcedia ; Reports of Connecticiot Experiment Station ; Re2>orts 
 of New Yorh Experiment Station y Reports of Agricultural Bureau, Washington, 
 D.G.; The Marnage of Near Kin,\,j Mive^B.&n.rj Huth ; The Butter Tests of 
 Jersey Cows, by Campbell Brown j Feeding Animals, by E. "W". Stewart ; Gnenon 
 on Milch Cows, by Thomas J. Hand ; The Atmospheric System, by Thomas B. 
 Butler; The Country Oentleman ; The Jersey Bulletin ; The New Yorh Trihtine ; 
 the wi'itings of J. Le Couteur, John Thornton, and George E. Waring, Jr. ; also the 
 sale catalogues and herd catalogues of breeders. 
 
 Acknowledgment is made of the kindness of Major Henry E. Alvord, 
 manager of Mr. Yaleutiue's Houghton Farm at Mountainville, N". Y., for re- 
 ports and chemical tests. Special thanks are due to the hearty and substantial 
 support of all those who have contributed portraits of cattle to illustrate the text, 
 and butter records, and render the work attractive to lovers of the Jersey. 
 
 The medical and sanitary treatment herein suggested, the author hopes, may be 
 the means of saving the lives of many valuable animals. 
 
 John S. Linsley, M.D. 
 
 New Yoek, April, 1S86. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Our Domain— Influence of Cattle upon Literature — A Pastoral Anthology . . 11 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 History op Jersey Cattle — Principles op Breeding 39 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Dairy Farming and Management op Cattle : The Nine Points op Good Farming : 97 
 
 Feeding Cattle 237 
 
 Soiling Cattle : The Seven Points op Soiling 346 
 
 Soiling Crops 2.51 
 
 Meadows 2.56 
 
 Pasturage 363 
 
 The Ration 267 
 
 Management op Stock 277 
 
 Casualties 287 
 
 Health and its Conditions 293 
 
 Treatment of Accidents and Diseases 298 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 The Dairy. 
 
 Milk 338 
 
 Cream 366 
 
 Cheese 376 
 
 Jersey Butter 398 
 
 The Thermometer in the Dairy 417 
 
 Construction of IceHouses 423 
 
 Cleanliness and Filth 429 
 
 .Help — Helpers and Hirelings — Rest and Recreation 430 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Dairy Farming and the Weather 433 
 
 The Atmospheric System 434 
 
 Prognostication 459 
 
 Annual Rainfall in the United States — Wet- Weather Talk 476 
 
6 COXT£XTS. 
 
 PART FIFTH. 
 
 TAGE 
 
 The Jersey in Amekica 4S3 ■ 
 
 Jersey Fountains 491 
 
 Table of Standard Butter Tests 587 
 
 Officiai, Tests of American Jersey Cattle Club 5'JO 
 
 Rules for Testing Jersey Cows (JIO 
 
 Table op Tests for One Year or Less than a Tear 600 
 
 Table op All Tests jVbove 14 Lbs. in 7 Days 653 
 
 Tables of Tests Showing Ratio of JIilk to Butter 683 
 
 Table Showing Product of Inbreeding ... 687 
 
 Pedigrees op Noted Anlsials 687 
 
 Study of the Tables TOO 
 
 Future op American Jerseys 701*' 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 SILHOUETTES. 
 
 Jersej' Belle of Scituate 7828 
 
 Little Ruth Puller and her pet heifer, Easter Joy 
 
 Photogkapheb. 
 Schreiber. 
 ScJireiber. 
 
 DRAWrNO. 
 
 Linsley. . . . Cover. 
 Linsley. . . Title-page. 
 
 PORTRAITS OF JERSEY BULLS. 
 
 Photographer. Engraver. 
 
 Albert Rex 7734 Schreiber. Sehreiber. 
 
 Canada's John Bull 8388 Schreiber. Schreiber. 
 
 Dandy Boy 7334 ; drawing by Palmer Bierstadt. 
 
 Domino of Darlington 34.59 Schreiber. Schreiber. 
 
 Duke of Darlington 3460 Schreiber. Schreiber. 
 
 Eddington 3350 Schreiber. Cox. . . 
 
 Eurotas' Black Prince 14884 Schreiber. Schreiber. 
 
 Footstep 5163 Sehreiber. Schreiber. 
 
 Gilderoy 3170 Dr. Howe. Schreiber. 
 
 Gilderoy 3d 5043 Schreiber. Foster. . 
 
 Hipparchus 11673 Schreiber. Schreiber. 
 
 Island Valeur 5514 Schreiber. Schreiber. 
 
 King Rioter 6075 Schreiber. Schreiber. 
 
 Lille Bonne's Son 4418 Sehreiber. Schreiber. 
 
 Matin's Glory 9135 Schreiber. Schreiber. 
 
 Mercury 433 Schreiber. Cox. . . 
 
 Pogis Chief 3998 Schreiber. 
 
 Pride of Mountainside 7118 Schreiber. 
 
 Prince Pogis 10683 Schreiber. 
 
 Rioter's Combination 10363 Schreiber. Schreiber. 
 
 Romano 11806 Schreiber. Schreiber. 
 
 Sultan of St. Saviour's 5338 Mcsscherl. Schreiber. 
 
 Thalma 4288 Sehreiber. Schreiber. 
 
 PORTRAITS OF JERSEY COWS. 
 
 Photographer. Engraver. 
 
 Alphea 171 Schreiber. Troy. 
 
 Belmeda 6339 Schreiber. Schreiber. 
 
 Boraba 10380 Schreiber. Schreiber. 
 
 513 
 
 400 
 Frontispiece. 
 224 
 
8 ILL USTEA TIOXS. 
 
 PHOTOGRArHEB. 
 
 Bonsilene 9811 Schreiber. 
 
 Careta 19092 Schreiber. 
 
 Couch's Lily 3237 ; drawing by Kittredge 
 
 Dandelion 2521 ; drawing by Palmer 
 
 Dandelion 3d 21889 ; drawing by Palmer 
 
 Dandelion 4th 27000 ; drawing by Palmer 
 
 Eudora 1863 Schreiber. 
 
 Eurotas 2454 Schreiber. 
 
 Evelina of Verna 10971 Schreiber. 
 
 Fadette of Verna 3d 11123 Schreiber. 
 
 Farmer's 3Iaid 13219 ; drawing by Palmer 
 
 Favorite of the Elms 1656 Schreiber. 
 
 Fillpail 2d 24388 Schreiber. 
 
 Floralia 6230 Schreiber. 
 
 Harmony 2d 17118 Kuhns. 
 
 Hazen's Nora 4791 Schreiber. 
 
 Hilda D. 6683 Schreiber. 
 
 Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828 Schreiber. 
 
 Jersey Lassie 15495 ; drawing by Palmer 
 
 Jewell Beauty 2d 1701 ; drawing by Palmer 
 
 Lady Buckingham 11670 Schreiber. 
 
 Lady Madeline 10526 ; drawing by Palmer 
 
 La Financiere 11970 Schreiber. 
 
 Landseer's Fancy 2876 Schreiber. 
 
 3[arjoram3239 Schreiber. 
 
 Mary Anne of St. Laml>ert 9770 -. . Schreiber. 
 
 Matin 7768 Schreiber. 
 
 Mermaid of St. Lambert 9771 Schreiber. 
 
 Miss Cooper 5869 ; drawing by Palmer 
 
 Mi.ss Sharplcss 24353 Schreiber. 
 
 Oakland Girl 11103 Schreiber. 
 
 Oxford Kate 13646 Schreiber. 
 
 Pedro Alphea 13889 Schreiber. 
 
 Pet of Rose Lawn 11326 Schreiber. 
 
 Proctor's Regina 35665 Schreiber. 
 
 Pyrrha 3d 11850 ; drawing by Palmer Bierstadt. 
 
 Rosebell 2d 11722; drawing by Palmer 
 
 Rose of Eden 13437 Schreiber. 
 
 Sultaue 2d 11373 Schreiber. 
 
 Surprise of M. S. 10938 ; drawing by Palmer 
 
 Taoma7300 Schreiber. 
 
 Ultissima 34633 Schreiber 
 
 Westphalia 24384 Schreiber. 
 
 EsORAVEn. 
 
 To Face 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 368 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 384 
 
 Scfireibcr. 
 
 ... 513 
 
 Bierstadt. 
 Bierstadt. 
 Bierstadt. 
 Schreiber 
 
 Frontispiece. 
 
 Frontispiece. 
 
 Frontispiece. 
 
 320 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 . . . 32 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 . . . 128 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 416 
 
 Bierstadt. 
 Schreiber. 
 
 Frontispiece. 
 ... 432 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 64 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 496 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 416 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 272 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 144 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 16 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 544 
 
 Bierstadt. 
 Schreiber. 
 
 Frontispiece. 
 ... 48 
 
 Bierstadt. 
 Schreiber. 
 
 Frontispiece. 
 ... 804 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 560 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 •. . . 160 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 80 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 176 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 . . . 608 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 . . . 224 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 240 
 
 Sdireiber. 
 
 ... 576 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 240 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 . . . 208 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 640 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 256 
 
 Bierstadt. 
 Bierstadt. 
 Schreiber. 
 
 Frontispiece. 
 Frontispiece. 
 . . . 352 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 288 
 
 Bierstadt. 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 Frontispiece. 
 ... 113 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 16 
 
 Schreiber. 
 
 ... 336 
 
ILL UHTRA TIONS. 
 
 CHARTS. DRAWINGS, DIAGRAMS, PLANS AND IMPLEMENTS. To Face 
 
 Page 
 
 ■ Attic Floor Calf Stable 119 
 
 Blcorn Escutcheon '^'^ 
 
 Briarcliff Farm, James Stillman, Sing Sing, N. Y 91' 
 
 Brush HaiTow for Grass Seed 361 
 
 Carresine Escutcheon 68 
 
 Carrot Cleaner 276 
 
 Champion Drill 121 
 
 Chart of Annual Rainfall Over Part of U. S 454 
 
 Chart Showing Variations During a Fair Day .475 
 
 Chart of "Winter Rainfall Over Part of U. S 447 
 
 Clark's Root Cutter 122 
 
 Curveline Escutcheon 68 
 
 Curveline Escutcheon of Young Mercurj' 7485 68 
 
 Demijohn Escutcheon 68 
 
 Device for Changing Feed in Champion Drill 122 
 
 Double Selvedge Escutcheon 68 
 
 Escutcheon Feathers SS 
 
 Flandrine Escutcheon 68 
 
 Focal Path in February, 1854 448 
 
 Focal Path in March, 1854 449 
 
 Focal Path in April, 1854 450 
 
 Focal Path and Area of Drouth in May, 1854 451 
 
 Focal Path and Area of Drouth in June, 1854 452 
 
 Focal Path and Area of Drouth in July and August, 1854 453 
 
 Fore Escutcheon of Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770 67 
 
 Pore Veins of Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828 67 
 
 Fore Veins of Value 2d 6844 68 
 
 Front of Calf Stall 118 
 
 Funnel 125 
 
 Ground Plan of Ridge-and-Furrow Water-Meadow 230 
 
 Ground Plan of Stable 113 
 
 Left Flandrine Escutcheon 68 
 
 Limousine Escutcheon . . 68 
 
 Map of Annual Rainfall of United States 480 
 
 More's Pyramidal Strainer 124 
 
 Plan of Dairy for Fifty Cows 336 
 
 Plan of Octagon Barn 108 
 
 Plan of Square Barn HO 
 
 Points of Dandelion 2521 56 
 
 Points of Jersey Belle of Scituate 7838 54- 
 
 Points of Lady Vertumnus 13317 56 
 
 Points of Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770 55 
 
 Points of Princess 2d 8046 55 
 
 Rest for Strainer 125 
 
 Salt Dissolved in Butter 407 
 
10 ILL USTRA TIONS. 
 
 To Face 
 Page 
 
 Salt rndissolvcd in Butter 480 
 
 Selvedge Escutcheon 68 
 
 Sewage Irrigation 21(5 
 
 Spring Hoe (Champion Drill) 123 
 
 Square Escutcheon 68 
 
 Stable 113 
 
 Stoddard Churn 137 
 
 Stoddard Creamery and Refrigerator 126 
 
 System of Ventilation for Stables 114 
 
 The Southeaster 441 
 
 The Three Stories of the Atmosphere 439 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 OUR DOMAm. 
 
 The American people are now preparing a continent to be the chvelling-place, 
 before another centnry shall have passed, of more than five Inmdred millions of 
 people. 
 
 To ns the nations of the earth are looking for the sohition of many of the prob- 
 lems of poUtical and social economy and questions that relate to the welfare of the 
 human race. 
 
 One of the most important elements determining our material prosperity and 
 oiir permanent progress is an enlightened system of agriculture. 
 
 By the condition of a nation's agriculture we may judge of its advancement in 
 the path of civilization. 
 
 Not yet is the Golden Age of American Agriculture. 
 
 Looking backward to the austere and gloomy barbarism of our Anglo-Saxon 
 ancestry, beyond a thousand years ago, we exclaim, How great the transition ! Look- 
 ing at the progress of a centiiry, or a generation, we are filled with self-gratulation. 
 
 But when we consider how much we lack, in knowledge, in method, in pur- 
 pose — when we try to picture the possibilities of the future of American agricult- 
 ure, we are impressed with the idea that we are only at the threshold of the way of 
 enlightenment and progress. 
 
 In the contest of wresting from the soil an abundant supply of food, clothing, 
 and all the necessaries of physical existence, and at the same time means of leisure, 
 cultivation, refinement, and mental growth for the multitude, Ave are required to 
 deal with a problem which has not yet been solved. At the very beginning of study 
 we are forcibly convinced of the wastes that are continually draining the resources 
 of a nation — waste of vital force in a thousand ways, waste of material from neg- 
 hgence or from ignorance, waste through unprofitable labor and lack of system. 
 
 In our agriculture we need new ideas and new methods. We must apply the 
 lessons we have learned from history and from experience. We must also learn to 
 anticipate the wants of the near future. 
 
 There must be an economy of vital force, a profitable system of fertilizing, more 
 thorough tillage, improved sanitary buildings for the farmer and his cattle, and a 
 
12 IXTEOnUCTORY. 
 
 ])ractical system of education in all schools, from the primary to the imiversity. 
 But, at last, the basis of our agriculture consists in the races of cattle we cultivate. 
 AVithout cattle it would be impossible to have any civilization. The catfte must 
 fatten the ground and feed the race of men that live u]>on it. Agriculture is the 
 mother of all arts, and the cow is the mother of agriculture. Not only are cattle 
 the essential element upon which agriculture depends for existence, but a progres- 
 sive agriculture requires that the races of cattle adopted by a ]ieii])k' must be of the 
 highest excellence to insure prosperity. 
 
 In the promotion of this most im)K>rtant Imt luuft ii (.•>;■] cc ted of all human in- 
 dustries, it is the ])atrii)tic duty of every successful l)u.siness man to devote a portion 
 of his wealth. 
 
 The inventor, poet, physician, artist, merchant, miner, lawyer, statesman, sol- 
 dier, editor, banker, manufacturer- — each and all that have accumulated a competency, 
 shoiild hold a portion of the soil for a cidtivated farm, a home which should be 
 made as productive and as beautiful as possible, a veritable Paradise, With fruitful 
 fields, orchards, and groves, and herds of the choicest cattle. 
 
 As Americans we rejoice in the memory of our famous men, and that many of 
 the best of them were farinei-s. Washington, Jeifei-son, the inventor of the first 
 mould-board plow upon mathematical principles ; Clay, Webster, Greeley, the great 
 editor ; Bryant, the poet ; Gai-field, the beloved President, and many more whom we 
 love, revere, and honor, have left us a wholesome and worthy example of doing what 
 they could for agriculture. They loved the country home and its pure attractions. 
 They loved the art which, above all other arts, is designed to make home happy. 
 
 The American fanner is desirous to excel. He wants to have the best of every- 
 tiiing that pertains to his calling. When he shall ascertain what is best for his 
 present or prospective need, he will bend his energies to secure it, if practicable. 
 
 It is of the first necessity that he supply himself with the breed of cattle best 
 suited to his needs — cattle that shall help to make farming a source of material pros- 
 perity, joyous health, and perpetual pleasure. Let the cattle, then, be worthy 
 of our choice and have a large place in our esteem. What we think of our cattle, 
 how we shall use them and make them serve us and our national prosperity, 
 how we shall improve, transform, and perfect them for our purpose, how kindly we 
 shall treat them and care for them, how they shall influence our life, our comfort, 
 our health, our hajipiness, our usefulness, our sentiments, our philanthropy, will be 
 told to the ages that come after us. Let the historian, the painter, and the poet 
 have a share in this record, for they are to set forth in a new era of enlightenment 
 a consummation of excellence that shall far exceed in l)eneficence all the earlier ages 
 of the world's effete civilizations. The coming ages will not foster so much a pride 
 of war and barbaric splendor. The patriot's boast in the new era shall not be like 
 that of Henry V. of his soldiers, in battle, " whose blood is fet from fathers of 
 
INTR OD UCTOR Y. 1 3 
 
 war proof," but a proiider exclamation will be that of all Americans — " We are the 
 sons of fathers who made the name of their country glorious by the culture of the 
 arts of *peace !" 
 
 mFLUENCE OF CATTLE UPON LITEEATURE. 
 
 All the lovers of choice cattle are glad to read about them. If the songs and 
 sayings of those who have best expressed the sentiment of mankind in all that 
 relates to cattle, the dairy, and the charms of country life should be gathered, tliey 
 would make many delightful vohimes. 
 
 Beginning with the oldest literature, we have in tlie writings of Moses the 
 brief but sublime account of the creation of the world, with its plants, its cattle, and 
 man, who is given the donunion over all cattle and all the earth's productions, and a 
 lordly self-control. 
 
 There we have sketches of the patriarchs, of the religious sentiment of the 
 world's best men ; the history of sacrifice, confession of a moral stain that needed 
 forgiveness and a divine cleansing, by and through a Substitute who was typified in 
 the -sactim. 
 
 There we read of Abraham, who was " very rich in cattle, in silver and gold ;" 
 of the strife between his herdsmen and his nephew Lot, so amicably settled as ever 
 to show himself the typical peace-maker among neighbors ; his entertainment of the 
 three angels with a calf tender and good, dressed with milk and butter. 
 
 "We read of Isaac, his son, " who became very great, and had possession of flocks 
 and herds ;" of Jacob, the most famous cattle-breeder of the ancient world, who 
 made his father-in-law rich, and then enriched himself out of his wages of spotted 
 cattle. 
 
 What a perennial charm has the story of Joseph — his wonderful interpretation 
 of the strange dream of Pharaoh, his purchase of all the cattle of the Egyptians for 
 his brethren while he ruled in Egypt and furnished all the world with wheat ! Then 
 the deliverance, the laws of sacrifice, the promise to be led to •" a goodly land that 
 floweth with milk and honey." The songs of Moses, and his great poem, the Book 
 of Job, contain many allusions to cattle. 
 
 The record of the captm-e of the Ark of Jehovah in the Book of Samuel, the 
 miraculous disasters that befell its captors, and their device for returning the Ark to 
 the Israelites, by a new cart drawn by two milch cows, that left their calves and went 
 lowing all the way straight to the laud of the Jews, is one of the most wonderful of 
 the events in the history of that most wonderful of nations. 
 
 Asaph the Seer,* in his sacred psalms, sings of the majesty of Jehovah and 
 his dominions : 
 
 lible Uuiou Version, by T. .J. Couaiil, D.D. 
 
IXTR 01) UCTOR Y. 
 
 PSALM L. — THE CATTLE BELONG TO GOD. 
 
 'I am Goil, tliy God 
 Not for tliy sacrifices will I reprove thee : 
 And thy burnt-ofiferings are continually before me. 
 I will not take a bullock from thy house, 
 Nor he-goats from thy folds. 
 For mine is every beast of the forest. 
 The cattle on a thousand hills. 
 I know every bird of the mountains, 
 And the beasts of the tield are before me. 
 If I were hungry I would not say it to thee ; 
 For the world is mine, and the fuluess thereof. 
 Will I cat the flesh of bulls, 
 And drink the blood of goats ? 
 Sacrifice to God thanksgiving, 
 And pay to the Most High thy vows, 
 And call upon me in the day of fnnibic ; 
 I will deliver thee, :ind thou sbalt luinor me." 
 
 rSALM LXXIII. — OUT OF EGYPT. 
 
 ' And he removed as a flock his own people. 
 And guided them as a lierd in the wilderness : 
 And he led them on safely, and they feared not. 
 But their enemies the sea overwhelmed." 
 
 The sacred psalms of David the King arc full <if poetic hcaiity and the melody 
 of praise to Jehovah. 
 
 PSALM LXV. — GOI> THE GIVER OF PROSPERITY. 
 
 "Thou ha.st visited llie ciirlh, and mu<ie it overllow [with plenty] ; 
 Thou greatly euriche.sl il. 
 The river of God is full of water. 
 
 Thou preparest their grain, for so dost thou jirejiare tlie earth ; 
 Drenching its furrows, .settling its ridges ; 
 Thou makest it soft with showers. 
 Its springing up thou dost bless. 
 Thou hast crowned the year with thy goodness ; 
 And thy footsteps drip with fatness ; 
 The pa.stures of the wilderness they drip. 
 And the hills gird themselves with gladness. 
 The pastures are clothed with flocks. 
 And the valleys are robed with grain ; 
 They shout together, yea, they sing." 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 PSALM CIV. — GOD S BENEFICENCE IN CREATION. 
 
 " He sends out springs among the valleys ; 
 They run among the mountains. 
 They give drink to every beast of the field ; 
 The wild asses quench their thirst. 
 Above them dwell the fowls of heaven ; 
 From among the branches they utter a voice. 
 He waters the mountains from his chambers ; 
 The earth is sated with the fruit of thy working. 
 He causes grass to grow for the cattle, 
 And herbs for the service of man, 
 Bringing forth food out of the earth. 
 
 They all wait for thee, 
 
 To give their food in its season. 
 
 Thou givest to them ; they gather ; 
 
 Thou openest thy hand, they are sated with good ; 
 
 Thou hidest thy face, they are troubled ; 
 
 Thou withdrawest their breath, they expire. 
 
 And return to their du.st ; 
 
 Thou sendest forth thy breath, they are created ; 
 
 And thou renewest the face of the ground." 
 
 PSALM cvri. — god's care for his people. 
 
 ' ' He turns the wilderness into a pool of water. 
 And a dry land into water-.springs. 
 And there he makes the hungry dwell. 
 And they fotmd a city for a habitation. 
 And they sow fields, and plant vineyards. 
 And produce fruits of the yearly increase. 
 . And he blesses them, and they multiply greatly. 
 And their cattle he makes not few." 
 
 PSALM CXLIV. A PRAYER FOR DIVINE BLESSING OP PEACE .\NI 
 
 " So that our sons may be as plants. 
 Full grown in their youth ; 
 Our daughters as corner pillars, 
 Sculptured after the structure of a palace ; 
 Our garners full, supplying of every kind ; 
 Our flocks multiplying by thousands. 
 By tens of tliousands, in our fields ; 
 Our oxen laden ; 
 Ko breaking in, nor going forth. 
 And no outcry in our streets. 
 Happy the people to whom it is thus ; 
 Happy the people whose God is Jehovah 1" 
 
16 ixrn OT) rr toe v. 
 
 PSALM CXLVm.— SONG OF PRAISB. 
 
 " Praise Jehovah from the earth ; 
 Ye sea monsters and all deeps ; 
 Fire and hail, snow and vapor, 
 Stormj- wind fulfilling his word ; 
 Te mountains and all hills, 
 Fruit-trees and all cedars ; 
 Beasts, and all cattle. 
 Creeping things and winged birds ; 
 Kings of tlie earth, and all peoples. 
 Princes and all judges of the earth ; 
 Young men, and also maidens, 
 Old men, with children : 
 Let them praise the name of Jehovah." 
 Solomon says : 
 
 " I had great possessions of great and small cattle above all that were in Jerusjilem before me." 
 Among bis three thonsand proverbs we note : 
 
 " Be thou diligent to know the state of thy flocks, and look well to thy herds." 
 
 " A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast : but the tender mercies of the wicked are cruel." 
 
 " Where no oxen are, the crib is clean ; but much increase is by the strength of the o.\." 
 
 In the historic temple built by Solomon to the worship of Jehovah was a 
 great brazen laver, or sea, resting on twelve gigantic brazen statnes <>f oxen, in 
 groups of three, looking north, south, east, and west. In the dedication of the 
 temple twenty-two thousand oxen were offered among the sacriiices. 
 
 Isaiah, the most fervid and exalted in spirit of all the Hebrew poets, shows us 
 the coming of the Giver of grace and tnith, and a restoration of spiritual bless- 
 ings, graphically typified by milk and honeV, pleasant fields, and the feet of 
 cattle. Habakkuk, too, in a sublime poem upon the majesty of God and his prov- 
 idence, intersperses like figures to portray the blessings of the day of prosperity ; 
 while the prophet Joel, by the desolate garners, by broken-do\vn bams and ■withered 
 corn, by groaning beasts and perplexed herds, by dried-up rivers and fire-devoured 
 pastures, describes drouth and famine. 
 
 A PASTORAL ANTHOLOGY. 
 
 The Egyptians deified and worshipped the bull, and the cow was their symbol 
 of the goddess of Love. Homer,* the greatest of Greek poets, makes f retjuent allu- 
 sions to cattle, and many of the finest portions of the Iliad are thus illustrated. 
 
 Agamemnon, at the head of his armies on the plains before the city of Troy, is 
 described as 
 
 * Translation of Alexander Pope. 
 
JERSEY BELLE OF SCITUATE 7828. 
 
 AT 10 YEAKS OLD. 
 
 Victor Type. 
 The Thorougiibked Model. 
 
ROMANO 11,806. 
 
 AT 30 MONTHS OLD. 
 
 Couch's Lily— Jersey Belle— Eurotaa Type. 
 
 GREEN MOUNTAIN HEED. 
 
 MOULTON BUOTIIEHS, WeST KaNDOLPII, VERMONT. 
 
ULTISSIMA 24,633. 
 
 ./<■;•»// n,ll,^K,ii;,t,is Type. 
 GKE?:x MorXIAIX HEED. 
 
 Mori,TON Brothers, West Randolph, Vermont. 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 17 
 
 " majestically tall, 
 Towers o'er his armies and outshines them all ; 
 Like some proud bull that round the pasture leads 
 His subject herds, the monarch of the meads." 
 
 They sacrifice a steer to Jove in honor of the prowess of Ajax, and at the feast 
 which follows, in which they eat the roasted tlesh, 
 
 " Before great Ajax placed the mighty chine." 
 
 Agamemnon, in his desire to appease the wrath of Achilles, makes a list of the 
 rich presents and honors he will bestow, among them seven cities, and all the rich 
 
 lands appertaining : 
 
 " Along the verdant margin of the main, 
 There heifers graze and laboring oxen toil." 
 
 When Patroelus is killed by Hector, the Spartan king Menelans guards his 
 
 body from capture : 
 
 " Thus round her new-fallen young the heifer moves, 
 Fruit of her throes and first-born of her loves. 
 And anxious (helpless as he lies and bare) 
 Turns and re-turus her with a mother's care." 
 
 The terrible fighting of Ajax Telemon, the Great, and Ajax Oileus, the Swift, 
 side by side, in the fourth battle, is likened as follows : ■ 
 
 " So when two lordly bulls, with equal toil. 
 Force the bright plowshare through the fallow soil. 
 Joined to one yoke, the stubborn earth they tear, 
 And trace large furrows with the shining share. 
 O'er their huge limbs the foam descends in snow. 
 And streams of sweat down their sour foreheads flow. " 
 
 The shield of Achilles, as wrought by the god Vulcan, is of silver, brass, tin, and 
 
 solid gold — 
 
 " There shone the image of the master mind. 
 There earth, there heaven, there ocean he designed." 
 
 The sun, the moon, the stars, two cities, two armies, golden gods, two spies, 
 flocks, herds, battles, a field with plowmen, grain fields, vineyards with maids and 
 
 yoiiths. 
 
 " Here herds of oxen march erect and bold, 
 Rear high their heads, and seem to low in gold. 
 And speed to meadows, on whose sounding shores 
 A rapid torrent through the rushes roars ; 
 Four golden herdsmen as the guardians stand, 
 And nine sour dogs complete the rustic band. 
 Two lions rushing from the wood appeared 
 And seized a bull, the master of the herd ; 
 
1 8 INTR 01) UCTOR Y. 
 
 He roared ; in vain the tiogs, the men, -witlistood ; 
 
 They tore his flesli, and drank tlie sable blood. 
 
 The dogs, oft cheered in vain, desert the prey, 
 
 Dread the grim terrors, and at distance bay. 
 
 Next this, the eye the art of Vulcan leads 
 
 Deep through fair forests and a length of meads. 
 
 And stalls, and folds, and scattered cots between. 
 
 And fleecy flocks that whiten all the scene. 
 
 A figured dance succeeds. . . . 
 
 The gazing multitudes admire around. 
 
 Thus the broad shield complete, the artist crowned 
 
 With his last hand, and poured the ocean round ; 
 
 In living silver seemed the waves to roll. 
 
 And beat the buckler's verge, and bound the whole." 
 
 All expression favorite witli the great Homer, and sli(jwing liis appreciation of 
 the beauties of the bovine race of Greece, was, 
 
 " Ooddess of the cow's fair eyes." 
 Hesiod, another Greek poet, is described by Elizabetli Barrett Browning as 
 
 " lle.siod old. 
 Who, somewhat blind and deaf and cold, 
 Cared most for gods and bulls." 
 
 In the Norse mythology, as recorded in tlie songs and legends which form the 
 Icelandic Edda, " the giant Yinir and his shapeless progeny, Whirlwinds of the 
 North and Terrors of the Deep, the enemies of the Sun and of Life, are succeeded 
 by Aedhumla the Cow, who is fonned of melting snow, and she, licking the white 
 frost from the rocks, brings to light Burl, a Man ! The sons of Man kill the 
 giant Ymir, and from his flesh is formed the earth, from his bones the hills, from 
 his skull the sky, from his blood the sea, and from his brains the clouds." 
 
 In the twelfth century Bernard of Clugny wrote a Latin liymn suggested by 
 the ver.se of Moses, " a land flowing witli milk and honey." In 1851 the hymn was 
 translated into English by J. M. Neale. It is one of tlie most joyous and inspiring 
 
 lyrics ever written — 
 
 " Jerusalem the golden. 
 With milk and honey blest," 
 
 a view of that goodly land of everlasting peace and pleasure. 
 
 Among all the nations of antiquity, the Jews were the greatest lovers of cattle ; 
 but since their dispersion they seem to have lost that instinct, and now the Anglo- 
 Saxon has become the leading race of cattle fanciers, and English literature is rich 
 with its allusions to niral felicity. Shakespeare, in tlie tliinl part of King Henry 
 VI., Scene V., makes the king desire a fanner's life : 
 
iNTR on iTCTOJi r: lo 
 
 " O God ! methiuks it were a happy life 
 To be no better than a homely swain ; 
 To sit upon a hill, as I do now, 
 To carve out dials quaintly, point by point. 
 Thereby to see the minutes how they run, 
 How many make the hour full complete : 
 How many hours bring about the day ; 
 How many days will finish up the year ; 
 How many years a mortal man may live. 
 When this is known, then to divide the times : 
 So many hours nnist I tend my flock ; 
 
 So many hours nuist I take my rest ; * 
 
 So many hours must I contemplate ; 
 So many hours must I sport myself ; 
 So many days my ewes have been with yoiuig ; 
 So manj' weeks ere the poor fools will yean ; 
 So many years ere I shall shear the fleece : 
 So minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, and years. 
 Passed over to the end they were created. 
 Would bring white hairs into a quiet gi-ave. 
 Ah ! what a life were this ! how sweet ! how lovely !" 
 
 The prince of Christiau poets, John Milton, invoking Mirth, invites lier to 
 sliow him all pleasant sights and give him all joyons sounds of rural life : 
 
 " While the plowni:in near at hand 
 Whistles o'er the furrowed land, 
 And the milkmaid singeth blithe, 
 And the mower whets his scythe, 
 And every shepherd tells his tale 
 Under the hawthorn in the dale." 
 
 Again Milton pictures rural delights to the unaccustomed senses — " Paradise Lo,st," 
 
 Book IX. : 
 
 " As one who. long in populous city pent. 
 Where houses thick and sewers annoy the air. 
 Forth issuing on a summer's morn to breathe 
 Among the pleasant villages and farms 
 Adjoined, from each thing met conceives delight. 
 The smell of grain, or tedded grass, or kiue. 
 Or dairy, each rural sight, each rural sound." 
 
 A plaintive allusion in " Paradise l>ost " touches us with a strange pathos : 
 
 •• Thus with the year 
 Seasons return, but not to me returns 
 Day, or the sweet approach of even or moru. 
 
aO INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 Or sight of vernal bloom or summer's rose, 
 Or flocks or herds, or human face divine ; 
 But cloud instead, and ever-during dark 
 Surrounds me." 
 
 How beautiful is his description of tin; Angel Raphael and liis visit to Pani- 
 dise ! Radiant with the splendor of 
 
 " Downy gold and colors dipped in heaven," 
 
 he comes to the garden, and is entertained as a guest by Adam and Eve in their 
 bower. Eve prepares a feast — 
 
 ' ' fruit of all kinds, 
 
 Nect'rous draughts between from milky stream. 
 
 For drink the grape 
 
 She crushes, inoffensive must, and meaths 
 
 From many a licrr}- ; and from sweet kernels pressed 
 
 She tempers dulcet creams." 
 
 Robert Herrick in (juaint ver-se, thanking God for his little house and tlie 
 blessings of garden and field, says : 
 
 " The while the conduits of my kine 
 Eun cream for wiue. ' 
 
 Thomas Tickell pictures in fancy a country home, in which these lines occur : 
 
 " A rill shall warble 'cross the gloomy grove — 
 A little rill o'er pebbly beds conveyed 
 Gush down the steep, and glitter through the glade. 
 What cheering scents the.se bordering banks exhale ! 
 How loud that heifer lows from yonder vale ! 
 That thrush, how shrill !" 
 
 Alexander Pope, at twelve year.s, thus de.scril)es " The Quiet Life " : 
 
 ' ' Happy the man whose wisli and care 
 A few paternal acres found. 
 Content to breathe his native air 
 
 In his own grovuid. 
 Whose herds with milk, whose liekls with liri;id. 
 
 Whose flocks supply him with attire, 
 Whose trees in summer yield him shade. 
 In winter, fire." 
 
 •Tames Thomson, in his " Castle of Indolence," gives many plea.sing pictures. 
 
 I select one : 
 
 " In health the wiser brutes true gladness find. 
 See how the younglings frisk along the meads. 
 As May comes on, and wakes the balmy wind : 
 Rampant with life, their joy all joy exceeds ; 
 Yet what but highstrung health this dancing pleasaunce breeds ?" 
 
INTR 01) UCTOR Y. 
 
 In his " Spring " he loves to 
 
 " wander o'er the dewj' fields " 
 and 
 
 '* Through the verdant maze of sweet-brier hedges 
 Taste the smell of dairy." 
 
 He was tender-hearted to all animals — 
 
 • To merit death ? You who have given us milk in luscious s 
 He describes well the restlessness of a pastured liuU, and the contest when two of 
 
 them meet : 
 
 ■ ' And groaning deep the impetuous battle mix ; 
 While the fair heifer, balmy breathing near, 
 Stands kindling up their rage." 
 
 In his " Snmnier " (after a thunder storm) : 
 
 '"Tis beauty all, and grateful song around, 
 Joined to the low of kine and numerous bleat 
 Of flocks thick nibbling through the clovered vale." 
 
 Alexander Hume thus pictures the " Summer Day " : 
 '• The burning beams down from his face 
 So fervently can beat. 
 That man and beast now seek a place 
 To save them from the heat. 
 " The herds beneath some leafy tree. 
 Amid the flowers they lie ; 
 The stable ships upon the sea 
 Send up their sails to dry." 
 
 Thomas Gray, in his " Elegy," gives many a perfect verse : 
 ■' The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea. 
 
 And drowsy tiuklings lull the distant folds. 
 
 * * » * * 
 
 How jocund did they drive their team afield !" 
 
 Oliver Goldsmith, in the " Deserted Village," thus describes sights and sounds 
 
 at Auburn : 
 
 " Sweet was the sound when oft at evening's close 
 Up yonder hill the village murmur rose ; 
 There as I passed, with careless steps and slow. 
 The mingling notes came softened from below : 
 The swain responsive as the milkmaid sung ; 
 The sober herd that lowed to meet their young ; 
 The noisy geese that gabbled o'er the pool ; 
 The playful children just let loose from school ; 
 The watch-dog's voice that bayed the whispering wind, 
 And the loud laugh that spoke the vacant mind— 
 These all in sweet confusion sought the shade. 
 And filled each pause the nightingale had made." 
 
IXTRonrcTORY. 
 
 William Cowper, the jieiisivi- I'liritmi pui't, expressed a strong sympathy for 
 or beast sufferiiiiT from cruelty. He was a lover of animals. How fair is the 
 ; of Ouse— the river he so loved— and the tields ahmjj its hanks: 
 
 " Slow wiiidiiis; throufili a level plain 
 Of spacious meads, with eatlle sprinkled o'er. 
 
 A breath of unadulterate air. 
 
 The glimpse of a green pasture, how they cheer 
 
 The citizen and brace his languid frame ! 
 
 The heart is hard in nature, and unlit 
 
 For human fellowship, as being void 
 
 Of sympathy, and therefore dead alike 
 
 To love and friendship both, that is not pleased 
 
 With sight of animals enjoying life. 
 
 Nor feels their happiness augment his own. 
 
 The very kine that gambol at high noon. 
 The total herd receiving first from one. 
 Thai leads the dance, a summons to be gay. 
 Though wild their strange vagaries and uncouth 
 Their efforts, yet resolved with one con.sent 
 To give such act and utterance as they may 
 To ecstasy too big to be suppressed — 
 These and a thousand images of bliss 
 With which kind nature graces every scene. 
 Where cruel man defeats not her design. 
 Impart to the benevolent, who wish 
 All that are capable of pleasure, plea.sed, 
 A far superior happiness to theirs — 
 The comfort of a reasonable joy." 
 
 James I'eattie, in " The Minstrel," gives lis this pleasing line : 
 
 ■• Crowned with her pail, the Irippin- niilkiiiaid sings." 
 Eohert P.nrns, in his matchle.ss pieturi" of •• Tlic (fitter's Saturday Xight." 
 ; describes the simple meal, when Jennie's lover comes in to spend the evening : 
 
 " But now the supper crowns their simple board. 
 
 The halesome parrilch, chief o' Scotia's food ; 
 
 The soupe* their only hawkief does ivilord, 
 
 Thai 'yont the hallanj snugly chows her cood : 
 
 Tlie dame brings forth, in complimental mood, 
 
 To grace Ihc lad, her weel-haincd kebbuck,§ fell,] 
 
 An' aft he's prest an' aft he ca's it guid, 
 The frugal wife, garrulous, will tell 
 How 'twas a lowmond auld, .siu' lint was i' the bell." 
 
 ^ .Milk. f Cow. X Partition wall. g Cheese. | Sharp or biting. 
 
INTR OD UCTOR Y. 
 
 The foUowiTiii; gem is from " The Farmer's Boy," by Robert Bloomfield : 
 " A little farm his generous master tilled, 
 Who with peculiar grace his station filled, 
 By deeds of hospitality endeared. 
 Served from affection — for his worth revered ; 
 A happy offspring blest his plenteous board. 
 His fields were fruitful and his barns well-stored, 
 And four-score ewes he fed, a sturdy team, 
 And lowing kine, that grazed beside the stream. 
 Unceasing industry he kept in view, 
 And never lacked a job for Giles to do. 
 
 The clattering dairymaid immersed in steam. 
 Singing and scrubbing midst her milk and cream. 
 Bawls out, ' Go fetch the cows ! ' 
 
 Straight to the meadows then he whistling goes ; 
 With well-known halloo calls his lazy cows ; 
 Down the rich pastures heedlessly they graze. 
 Or hear the summons with an idle gaze ; 
 For well they know the cow-yard yields no more 
 Its tempting fragrance nor its wintry store. 
 Reluctance marks their steps, sedate and slow. 
 The right of conquest the only law they know ; 
 The strong press on, the weak by turns succeed. 
 And one superior always takes the lead. 
 Is foremost wheresoe'er they stray. 
 Allowed precedence, undisputed sway ; 
 With jealous pride her station is maintained. 
 For many a broil that post of honor gained. 
 
 Forth comes the maid, and like the morning smiles ; 
 
 The mistress, too, and followed close by Giles. 
 
 A friendly tripod forms their humble seat, 
 
 With pails bright scoured and delicately sweet. 
 
 Where shadowing elms obstruct the morning ray 
 
 Begins the work, begins the simple lay ; 
 
 The full-charged udder yields its willing stream, 
 
 While Mary sings some lover's amorous dream. 
 
 And crouching Giles, beneath a neighboring tree, 
 
 Tugs o'er his pail, and chants with equal glee ; 
 
 Whose hat, with battered brim, of nap so bare. 
 
 From the cow's side purloins a coat of hair — 
 
 A mottled ensign of his harmless trade, 
 
 An unambitious, peaceable cockade. 
 
 As unambitious, too, that cheerful maid ; 
 
 With joy she views her plenteous reeking store. 
 
 And bears a brimmer to the dairy-door, 
 
24 INTR O D I Y ' TOR Y. 
 
 Her cows dismissed, tlie luscious meuds to roam 
 Till eve again recall them loaded home." 
 
 Here is " Country Life," from the pen of William Wordsworth — " March '' : 
 
 " The cock is crowing. 
 
 The stream is flowing, 
 
 The small birds twitter, 
 
 The lake doth glitter. 
 The green field sleeps in the sun 
 
 The oldest and youngest 
 
 Are at work with the strongest ; 
 
 The cattle are grazing. 
 
 Their heads never raising, 
 There are forty feeding like one. 
 
 " Like an army defeated. 
 
 The snow hath retreated. 
 
 And now doth fare ill 
 
 On the top of the bare bill ; 
 The plowboy is whooping— anon — anon 1 
 
 There's joy on the mountain. 
 
 There's life in the fountain. 
 
 Small clouds are sailing, 
 
 Blue sky prevailing. 
 The rain is over and gone I" 
 
 A contrast to the sad experience of the homesick farmer m the city, by the 
 same author, " The Farmer of Tilsbury Vale " : 
 
 " To London— a sad emigration, I ween — 
 With his gray hairs, he went from the brook and tlie green, 
 And there with small wealth but his legs and his liiinds. 
 As lonely he stood as a crow on the sands. 
 
 In the throng of the town like a stranger is lie. 
 Like one whose own country's far over the sea 
 And nature, while through the city he hies, 
 Full ten times a day takes his heart by surprise. 
 
 'Mid coaches and chariots, a wagon of straw, 
 Like a magnet, the heart of old Adam will draw. 
 With a thousand soft pictures his memory will teem. 
 And his hearing is touched with the sound of a dream. 
 
 Up the Hay-market hill he oft whistles his way. 
 Thrusts his hands in a wagon and smells at the hay ; 
 He thinks of the fields he so often hath mown. 
 And is as happy as if the ricli freight were his own. 
 
IJSTTR OD UVTOR Y. 35 
 
 But chiefly to Smithfield he loves to repair ; 
 If you pass by at morning you'll meet with him there. 
 The breath of the cows you may see him inhale, 
 And his heart all the while is in Tilsbury Vale." 
 
 James Hogg gives us this pretty song : 
 
 " Come, all ye jolly shepherds 
 
 That whistle through the glen ; 
 I'll tell ye o' a secret 
 
 That courtiers dinna ken :' 
 What is the greatest bliss 
 
 That tongue of man can name ? 
 'Tis to woo a bonnie lassie 
 When the kye come hame. 
 
 When the kye come hame, 
 When the kye come hame, 
 'Tween the gloamin' an' the mirk, 
 When the kye come hame. 
 
 " When the blackbird bigs his nest 
 
 For the mate he lo'es to see. 
 And on the tapmost bough. 
 
 Oh, a happy bird is he ! 
 There he pours his melting ditty. 
 
 And love is a' the theme ; 
 And he'll woo his bonnie lassie 
 
 When the kye come hame. 
 
 " When the blewart bears a pearl. 
 
 And the daisy turns a pea. 
 And the bonnie lucken gowan 
 
 Has fauldit up his ee. 
 Then the lavrock, frae the blue lift, 
 
 Draps down and thinks nae shame 
 To woo his bonnie lassie 
 
 When the kye come hame. 
 
 " When the little wee bit heart 
 
 Rises high in the breast. 
 And the little wee bit starn 
 
 Rises red in the East, 
 Oh, there's a joy sae dear. 
 
 That the heart can hardly frame, 
 Wi' a bonnie, bonnie lassie, 
 
 When the kye come hame. " 
 
 Felicia Hemaus, in " The Switzer's Wife," has this melodious couplet : 
 
 ' ' And when the herd's returning bells are sweet 
 
 In the Swiss valleys, and the lakes grow still." 
 
IXTR oi) rcToii y. 
 
 Tlie f(>ll(i\viii<r lieaiitifnl stanza is taken from Jolin KeatsV " Ode on ;i (ireci 
 I "' : 
 
 •■ Who are these coming to the sacrifice ? 
 To what green altar, O mysterious priest. 
 Lead'st thou that heifer lowing at the skies. 
 And all her silken tlanks in garlands drest ? 
 What little town by river or seashore. 
 Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel. 
 Is emptied of its folk this iiious morn ? 
 And, little town, thy streets foreverraore 
 Will silent be. and not a soul to tell 
 Wliy thou art desolati^, c-iii cer rcluni." 
 
 Samuel Ferguson, in " The I'retty (iirl of Lodi Dan," lia.« this stanza : 
 
 " She brought us in a bwclien l)i)wl 
 
 Sweet milk that smacked of inouiitaiii lliyme, 
 Oat cake, and such a yellow mil 
 Of butter— it gilds iill my rhyme I" 
 
 From Alfred Tennyson's "In Memoriam" tiu' foll(.winjr is culled : 
 
 " And brushing anklc-dccii in tlowcrs, 
 We heard behind the woodbine veil 
 • The milk that bubbled in the pail. 
 And buzzings of the honeyed hours." 
 
 From " The (4ardeniT's Dauijlitcr " : 
 
 " The fields between 
 Are dewy fresh, l)row.sed by deep uddered kine. 
 And all about the large lime feathers, low. 
 The lime a summer home of murmurous wings. 
 
 All the land in fiowery sq\iares. 
 Beneath a broad and equal blowing wind. 
 Smelt of the coming summer. . . . 
 
 The steer forgot to graze. 
 And. where the hedgerow cuts the pathway, stood 
 Leaning his horns into the neighbor field, 
 And lowing to his fellows. From the woods 
 Came voices of the well-contented doves. 
 The lark could scarce get out his notes for joy, 
 But .shook his song together as he neared 
 His happy home, the ground. To left and right 
 The cuckoo told his name to all the hills ; 
 The mellow ouzel whistled in the elm ; 
 The redcap whistled ; and the nightingale 
 Sang loud, as though he were the bird of day. " 
 
IISTTR OB UCTOR Y. 27 
 
 From '- The Palace of Art " : 
 
 " Or sweet Europa's mantle blew unclasped 
 From off her shoulders backward borne ; 
 From one hand drooped a crocus ; one hand grasped 
 The mild bull's golden horn." 
 
 The pathetic ballad, by Charles Kingsley, " O Mary, go and call the Cattle 
 Home !" is very popular : 
 
 " O Mary, go and call the cattle home, 
 
 And call the cattle home, 
 
 And call the cattle home, 
 
 Across the banks o' Dee ! 
 The western wind was wild and dank wi' foam, 
 
 And all alone went she. 
 " The creeping tide came up along the sand, 
 
 And o'er and o'er the sand, 
 
 And round and round the sand. 
 
 As far as eye could see ; 
 The blinding mist came down and hid the land. 
 
 And never home came she. 
 " Oh, is it weed, or fish, or floating hair — 
 
 A tress o' golden hair, 
 
 O' drowned maiden's hair — 
 
 Above the nets at sea ? 
 Was never salmon yet that shone so fair. 
 
 Among the stakes on Dee. 
 " They towed her in across the rolling foam — 
 
 The cruel, crawling foam, 
 
 The cruel, hungry foam — 
 
 To her grave beside the sea ; 
 But still the boatmen hear her call the cattle home 
 
 Across the sands o' Dee." 
 
 The following is a part of " The Milkmaid's Song," by Sidney Dobell : 
 
 " Wheugh ! wheugh ! He's whistling through — 
 He's whistling ' The Farmer's Daughter.' 
 
 Give down, give down, 
 
 My crumpled brown ! 
 
 He shall not take the road to town, 
 For I'll meet him beyond the water. 
 
 Give down, give down. 
 
 My crumpled brown ! 
 And send me to my Harry I 
 
 The folks o' towns 
 
 May have silken gowns. 
 But I can milk and marry. 
 
28 TXTJi on rCTOR Y. 
 
 I'm too late for my Harry ! 
 And oh, if he goes a-soUliering, 
 The cows they may low, the bells they may ring. 
 
 But I'll neither milk nor marry. 
 Fill i>!iil. 
 
 Neither milk nor marry. 
 
 They may talk of glory over the sea, 
 But Harry's alive, and Harry's for me. 
 
 My love, my lad, my Harry ! 
 Come spring, come winter, come sun, come snow, 
 What cares Dolly whether or no. 
 
 While I can milk and marry '! 
 Right or wrong, and wrong or right. 
 Quarrel who quarrel, and light who fight, 
 But I'll bring my pail home every night 
 
 To love, and home, and Harry !" 
 
 No English poet lias better depicted the emotions of the human lieart or the 
 vicissitudes of rural life than Jean Ingelow. How sweetly is the " old storv" told 
 in these few verses selected from " The Maiden -with the Milking-Pail " : 
 
 " What change has made the pastures sweet. 
 And reached the daisies at my feet, 
 
 And cloud that wears a golden hem ? 
 This lovely world, the hills, the sward— 
 They all look fresh. :i.« if our Lord 
 
 But yesterday had tinislu-d them. 
 
 " I see the pool more clear by half 
 Than pools where other waters laugh 
 
 Up at the breasts of coot and rail. 
 There, as she pa.ssed it on her way, 
 I saw reflected, yesterday, 
 A maiden with a milking-pail. 
 
 " There, neither slowly nor in haste — 
 One hand upon her slender waist, 
 
 The other lifted to her pail — 
 She, rosy in the morning light. 
 Among the water-daisies white. 
 Like some fair sloop appeared to sail. 
 
 " Against her ankles as she trod 
 The lucky buttercups did nod ; 
 
 I leaned upon the gate to see. 
 The sweet thing looked, but did not speak ; 
 A dimple came in cither cheek, 
 
 And all my heart was cone from me. 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 29 
 
 " With happy youth and work content, 
 So sweet and stately on she went., 
 
 Riglit careless of the untold tale ; 
 Each step she took I loved her more, 
 And followed to her dairy door 
 The maiden with the milking-pail. 
 • * * « * 
 
 " And when the west began to glow 
 I went — I could not choose but go — 
 
 To that same dairy on the hill ; 
 And while sweet Mary moved about 
 Within, I came to her without. 
 And leaned upon the window-sill. 
 
 " The garden border where I stood 
 Was sweet with pinks and southern wood. 
 
 I spoke — her answer seemed to fail. 
 I smelt the pinks — I could not see ! 
 The dusk came down and sheltered me. 
 
 And in the dusk she heard my tale. 
 
 " O life, how dear thou hast become ! 
 She laughed at dawn, and I was dumb. 
 
 But evening counsels best prevail. 
 Fair shine the blue that o'er her spreads. 
 Green be the pastures where she treads, 
 
 The maiden with the milking-pail !" 
 
 In '■ The High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire" the poet makes an Englisli 
 matron who lived five miles from old Boston tell the tragic story, in the quaint 
 speech of the time (ISTl), a little more than a half century before jJeople of the 
 same neighborhood came to settle Massachusetts and Connecticiit. The poet 
 Spenser was then a youth of eighteen and Shakespeare was a boy of seven years. 
 
 " The old mayor climbed the belfry tower. 
 
 The ringers ran by two, by three. 
 ' Pull if ye never pulled before — 
 
 Good ringers, pull your best ! ' quoth he. 
 ' Play uppe, play uppe, O Boston bells ! 
 Ply all your changes, all your swells — 
 
 Play uppe the Brides of Entierhy.' 
 
 " Men say it was a stolen tyde — 
 
 The Lord that sent it, He knows all ; 
 But in myne ears doth still abide 
 
 The message that the bells let fall. 
 And there was nought of strange beside 
 The flight of mews and peewits pied 
 
 By millions crouched on the old sea wall. 
 
IXTRODrcTORY. 
 
 ' I sat and spun within the doore ; 
 
 My tliread brake off, I raised myne eyes ; 
 Tlic level sun, like ruddy ore, 
 
 Lay sinking in the barren skies ; 
 And dark against day's golden death 
 She moved where Lindis wandcreth. 
 My Sonne's fair wife, Elizabeth. 
 ' ' Cusha ! Cusha ! Cusha ! ' callinj; 
 Ere the early dews were falling. 
 
 Farre away I heard her song, 
 
 ' Cusha ! Cusha ! ' all along ; 
 Where the reedy Lindis floweth. 
 
 Plowelh, floweth, 
 From the meads where melick groweth 
 
 Faintly came her milking song. 
 
 ' Cusha ! Casha ! Cusha ! ' calling, 
 ' For the dews will soon be falling ; 
 Leave your meadow grasses mellow. 
 
 Mellow, mellow. 
 Quit your cowslips, cowslips yellow. 
 Come uppe, Whitefoot, come nppc, Lightfoot, 
 Quit the stalks of parsley liollow. 
 
 Hollow, hollow : 
 Come uppe. Jetty, rise and follow, 
 
 From the clovers lift your head ; 
 Come uppe, Whitefoot, come upi)e. Lightfoot, 
 Come uppe. Jetty, ri.se and follow. 
 
 Jetty, to the milking shed.' 
 If it be long — aye, long ago. 
 
 When I begin to think howe long. 
 Again I hear the Lindis flow. 
 
 Swift as an arrowe, sharpe and strong ; 
 And all the aire it seemeth me 
 Bin full of floating bells (sayth shee), 
 That ring the tune of Enderby. 
 
 ' All fresh the level pasture lay, 
 And not a shadow mote be scene. 
 
 Save where full fyve good miles away 
 • The steeple towered from out the greene ; 
 
 And lo ! the great bell, farre and wide. 
 
 Was heard in all the coiuitry side. 
 
 That Saturday at eventide. 
 
 The swannerds where their sedges are 
 Moved on in sunset's golden breath ; 
 
 The shepherde lads I heard afarre. 
 And my Sonne's wife, Elizabeth ; 
 
IJSFTR 01) UCTOR Y. 
 
 Till floating o'er the grassy sea 
 Came down that kyndly message free, 
 The ' Brides of Mavis Enderby.' 
 
 Then some looked uppe into the sky. 
 And all along where Lindis flows. 
 
 To where the goodly vessels lie, 
 And where the lordly steeple shows. 
 
 They sayde, ' And why should this thing be. 
 
 What danger lowers by land or sea '? 
 
 They ring the tune of Enderby ! 
 
 ' ' For evil news from Mablethorpe, 
 
 Of pyrate galleys warping down ; 
 For shippes ashore beyond the scorpe, 
 
 They have not spared to wake the towne ; 
 But while the west bin red to see, 
 And storms be none, and pyrates flee. 
 Why ring ' The Brides of Enderby ' ? 
 
 I looked without, and lo ! my sonne 
 
 Came riding downe with might and main ; 
 
 He raised a shout as lie drew on. 
 
 Till all the welkin rang again — 
 • Elizabeth ! Elizabeth ! ' 
 
 (A sweeter woman ne'er drew breath 
 
 Than my Sonne's wife, Elizabeth.) 
 
 ' ' The olde sea wall (he cried) is downe, 
 The rising tide comes on apace. 
 And boats adrift in yonder towne 
 
 Go sailing up the market-place ! ' 
 He shook as one that looks on death : 
 
 ■ God save you, mother ! ' straight he saith ; 
 ' Where is my wife. Elizabeth ? ' 
 
 ■ Good Sonne, where Lindis winds away 
 
 With her two bairns I marked her long ; 
 And ere yon bells beganne to play 
 
 Afar I heard her milking song. ' 
 He looked across the grassy sea, 
 To right, to left, ' Ho, Enderby ! ' 
 They rang ' The Brides of Enderby ! ' 
 
 With that he cried and beat his breast. 
 
 For lo ! along the river's bed 
 A mighty eygre reared his crest. 
 
 And uppe the Lindis raging sped. 
 It swept with thunderous noises loud. 
 Shaped like a curling, snow-white clo\id, 
 Or like a demon in a shroud. 
 
INTR 01) UCTOR Y. 
 
 ' And rearing Lindis backward pre&sed, 
 Shook all her trembling banks amainc ; 
 
 Then madly at the eygre's breast 
 
 Flung uppe her weltering walls again. 
 
 Then banks came down with ruin and rout ; 
 
 Then beaten foam flew round about ; 
 
 Then all the mighty floods were out. 
 
 ' So farre, so fast the eygre drave. 
 
 The heart had hardly time to beat. 
 Before a shallow, seething wave 
 
 Sobbed in the grasses at oure feet ; 
 The feet had hardly time to flee 
 Before it brake against the knee, 
 And all the world was in the sea. 
 
 ' Upon the roofe we sate that night, 
 The noise of bells went sweeping by ; 
 
 I marked the lofty beacon light 
 
 Stream from the church lower, red and higl 
 
 A lurid mark and dread to see ; 
 
 And awsome bells they were to me, 
 
 That in the dark rang ' Enderby.' 
 
 ' They rang the sailor lads to guide 
 
 From roofe to roofe who fearless rowed : 
 
 .And 1 — my .sonne was at my side, 
 And yet the ruddy beacon glowed : 
 
 And yet he moaned beneath his breath, 
 
 ' O come in life, or come in death, 
 
 O lost ! my love, Elizabeth.' 
 
 ' And didst thou visit him no more ? 
 
 Thou didst, thou didst, my daughter dearo ; 
 The waters laid thee at his doore. 
 
 Ere yet the early dawn was clear. 
 Thy pretty bairns in fast embrace, 
 The lifted sun shone on thy face, 
 Downe drifted to thy dwelling-place. 
 
 ' That flow strewed wrecks about the grass, 
 That ebbe swept out the flocks to sea ; 
 
 A fatal ebbe and flow, alas ! 
 To manye more than myne and me. 
 
 But each will mourn his own (she snytli). 
 
 And sweeter woman ne'er drew breath 
 
 Than my Sonne's wife, Elizabeth. 
 
 ' I shall never hear her more 
 By the reedy Lindis shore, 
 
EUROTAS 2454. 
 Rioter-Alphea Type. 
 DARLIXGTON HERD. 
 Darling, Ramsey's, New Jehsey. 
 
EUROTAS' BLACK PRINCE 14,384. 
 
 AT 17 MONTHS OLD. 
 
 Eurotas Type. 
 
 FAIEVIEW HEED. 
 
 G. AND H. B. Cromwell, New Dorp, P. O. Staten Island, N. Y. 
 
PRIDE OF MOUNTAINSIDE 7118. 
 
 AT 3 YEARS OLD. 
 
 Eu rotas— Belle Dame Type. 
 FAIEVIEW HERD. 
 
 G. AND H. B. Cromwell, New Dorp, P. O. Staten Island, N. Y. 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 33 
 
 ' Cuslia ! Cusha ! Cuslia ! ' calling. 
 Ere the early dews be falling ; 
 I shall never hear her song, 
 ' C'lisha ! Cusha ! ' all along 
 Where the sunny Lindis floweth, 
 
 Goeth, floweth ; 
 From the meads where melick groweth. 
 When the water windeth down. 
 Onward Howelli to the town, 
 
 " I shall never see her more 
 Where the reeds and rushes quiver. 
 
 Shiver, quiver. 
 Stand beside the sobbing river. 
 Sobbing, throbbing, in its falling. 
 To the sandy, lonesome shore ; 
 I shall never hear her calling, 
 ' Leave your meadow grasses mellow, 
 
 Mellow, mellow. 
 Quit your cowslips, cowslips yellow ; 
 Come uppe, Whitefoot, come uppe, Lightfoot ; 
 Quit your pipes of parsley hollow. 
 
 Hollow, hollow. 
 Come uppe, Lightfoot. rise and follow ; 
 
 Lightfoot, Whitefoot, 
 From your clovers lift the head. 
 Come uppe. Jetty, follow, follow, 
 Jetty, to the milking shed.' " 
 
 American poets, too, are appreciative of the beauties of rural life. William 
 Culleii Bryant, in his " Slimmer Ramlile," hills the sonl with that 
 
 ' ' deep quiet that awhile 
 Lingers the lovely landscape o'er." 
 
 " The quiet August noon has come, 
 A slumberous silence fills the sky ; 
 The fields are still, the woods are dumb. 
 In glassy sleep the waters lie. 
 
 ' And mark yon soft white clouds that rest 
 Above our vale, a moveless throng ; 
 The cattle on the mountain's breast 
 Enjoy the grateful shadow long. 
 
 " The village trees their summits rear 
 Still as its spire, and yonder flock. 
 At rest in those calm fields, appear 
 As chiselled from the lifeless rock." 
 
34 INTR on rC TOR y. 
 
 Henry Wadswortli Loiiirft-llow. in liis •• Rain in Siimincr," thus 
 " Rest in the Furrow " : 
 
 " In the furrowed land 
 Tile toilsome and patient oxen stand ; 
 Lifting the yoke-enciiinbereii head, 
 With their dilated nostrils spread. 
 They silently inhale 
 The clover-sccntt'd gale 
 
 And the vapors that arise 
 Prom the well-watered and smoking soil. 
 For this rest in the furrow after toil 
 
 Their large and lustrous eyes 
 Seem to thank the Lord, 
 More than man"s spoken word." 
 
 In his " Evangeline" he thus describes an " Evening in Acadia" : 
 
 " Now recommenced the reign of rest and affection and stillness ; 
 Day, with its burden and heat, had departed, and twilight descending. 
 Brought back the evening star to the sky, and the herds to the homestead. 
 Pawing the ground they came, and resting their necks on each other. 
 And with their nostrils distended inhaling the freshness of evening. 
 Foremost, bearing the bell, Evangeline's beautiful heifer, 
 Proud of her snow-white hide and the ribbon that waved from her collar. 
 Quietly paced and slow, as if conscious of human affection. 
 
 " Patiently stood the cows meanwhile, and yielded their udders 
 Unto the milkmaid's hand ; while loud and in regular cadence 
 Into the sounding pails the foaming streamlets descciidcil. 
 Lowing of cattle and peals of laughter were heard in the farniyiird. 
 Echoed back by the barns. " 
 
 The following is a description of John Aldcn's liuU, from rlic •• ('< 
 Miles Standish " : 
 
 '■ Close to the house was the stall, where, safe and secure from annoyance, 
 Riighorn, the snow-white bull, that had fallen to AUUn's allolnienl 
 In the division of cattle, might ruminate in the night-time 
 Over the pastures he cropped, made fragrant with sweet iiennyroyal." 
 
 After the wedding: 
 
 ■ Then from a stall near at hand, amid exclamations of wonder, 
 Alden, the thoughtful, the careful, so happy, so proud of Priscilla, 
 Brought out his snow-white bull, obeying the hand of its master, 
 Led by a cord that was tied to an iron ring in its nostrils. 
 Covered with crimson cloth, and a cushion placed for a saddle. 
 
 " Onward the bridal procession now moved to their new habitation, 
 Happy husband and wife, and friends conversing together. 
 
INTR 01) rCTOR Y. 
 
 Pleasantly murmured the brook, as they crossed the ford in the forest, 
 
 Pleased with the image that passed like a dream of love through its bosom. 
 
 Tremulous, floating in air, o'er the depth of the azure abyss, 
 
 Down through the golden leaves, the sun was pouring his splendors. 
 
 Gleaming on purple grapes, that from branches above them suspended, 
 
 Mingled their odorous breath with the balm of the pine and the lir tree, 
 
 Wild and sweet as the clusters that grew in the valley of Eschol. 
 
 Like a picture it seemed of the primitive, pastoral ages. 
 
 Fresh with the youth of the world, and recalling Rebecca and Isaac. 
 
 So through the Plymouth woods passed onward the bridal procession." 
 
 John (Ti-eenleaf Wliittier embodies a sentiment of " Peace " as fnllows ; 
 
 " The grain grew green on battle plains. 
 O'er swarded war-mounds grazed the cow ; 
 The slave stood forging from his chains 
 The spade and plow ; " 
 
 and " Prosperity '' in these lines from " The Preacher" : 
 
 " The land lies open and warm in tlie sun . 
 Anvils clamor and millwheels run ; 
 Flocks on the hillsides, herds on the plain. 
 The wilderness gladdened with fruit and grain !" 
 
 From " Mountain Pictures " : 
 
 " So twilight deepened round us. Still and black 
 The great woods climbed the mountain at our back ; 
 And on the skirts where yet the lingering day 
 On the shorn greenness of the clearing lay. 
 The brown old farmhouse like a bird's nest hung. 
 With home-life sounds the desert air was stirred : 
 The bleat of sheep along the hill we heard. 
 The bucket plashing in the cool, sweet well, 
 The pasture bars that clattered as they fell ; 
 Dogs barked, fowls fluttered, cattle lowed ; the gate 
 Of the barnyard creaked beneath the merry weight 
 Of sunbrown children, listening while they swung. 
 The welcome sound of supper call to hear ; 
 And down the shadowy lane, in tinklings clear. 
 The pastoral curfew of the cowbell rung." 
 
 " The Barefoot Boy " sighs as fond memory calls up the past : 
 
 " (J for festal dainties spread 
 Like my bowl of milk and bread — 
 Pewter spoon and bowl of wood 
 On the doorstone gray and rude !" 
 
36 IXTR 01) UCTOli Y. 
 
 How sweetly he sings of " The Merriiuiic River" ! 
 
 " Sing soft, sing low, our lowland river. 
 (Jnder thy banks of laurel bloom ; 
 Softly and sweet, as the liour beseeineth. 
 Sing us the songs of peace and lionie. 
 
 " Bring us the airs of hills and forests. 
 The sweet aroma of liirih and pine : 
 Give us a waft of llic norlli wind laden 
 
 With sweetbrier odors and breath of kine ! 
 
 " And well may we own thy hint and token 
 Of fairer valleys and streams than the.se, 
 Where the rivers of God are full of water. 
 And full of .sap are his healing trees." 
 
 From " The Voice of the Grass," hy Sarali Roberts, the.se happy lines are taken : 
 
 " Here I come creeping, creeping everywhere ; 
 In the noisy city street 
 My pleasant face you'll meet. 
 Cheering the .sick at heart , 
 Toiling his busy part — 
 Silently creeping, creeping everywhere. 
 
 " Here I come creeping, creeping everywhere, 
 More welcome tlian the flowers 
 In summer's pleasant hours. 
 The gentle cow is glad. 
 And the merry bird not sad. 
 To see me creeping, creeping everywhere. 
 
 " Here I come creeping, creei)ing everywhere ; 
 My humble song of praise 
 Most joyfully I raise 
 To Him at whose command 
 I beautify the land- 
 Creeping, silently creeping everywhere." 
 
 What child in the land does not love this pretty " Milkiiijr Smiir," hy Celia 
 
 Thaxter '. 
 
 " Little dun cow to the apple tree tied. 
 Chewing the cud of reflection, 
 I that am milking you sit by your side. 
 Lost in a sad retrospection. 
 
 " Far o'er the fields the tall daisies lilusli warm. 
 For rosy the stmset is dying ; 
 Across the still valley, o'er meadow and I'aiin. 
 The flusli of its beauty is lying. 
 
INTRO DUVTORY. 
 
 " White foams the milk in tlie pail at my feet, 
 Clearly the robins are calling ; 
 Soft blows the evening wind after the heat ; 
 Cool tlie long shadows are falling. 
 
 " Little dun cow, 'tis so tranquil and sweet ! 
 Are you light-hearted, I wonder ? 
 What do you think about — something to eat ? 
 Q\\ clover and grass do you ponder ?" 
 
 And the " Farm-Yard Song," by J. T. Trowbridge : 
 
 " Over the hill the farm-boy goes, 
 His shadow lengthens along the land, 
 A giant staff in a giant hand ; 
 In the poplar tree, above the spring, 
 The katydid begins to sing. 
 
 The early dews are falling. 
 Into the stone-heap darts the mink, 
 The swallows skim the river's brink. 
 And home to the woodland fly the crows. 
 When over the hill the farm-lioy goes, 
 Cheerily calling, 
 
 ' Co', boss ! co', boss ! co' ! co' ! co' ! ' 
 Farther, farther over the hill. 
 Faintly calling, calling still, 
 
 ' Co', boss ! co', boss ! co' ! co' ! co' ! ' 
 
 " Into the yard the farmer goes. 
 With grateful heart, at the clo.se of day •■ 
 Harness and chain are hung away ; 
 In the wagon-shed stand yoke and plow. 
 The straw's in the stack, the hay in the mow. 
 
 The cooling dews are falling. 
 The friendly sheep his welcome bleat. 
 The pigs come grunting to his feet, 
 The whinnying mare her master knows. 
 When into the yard the farmer goes. 
 His cattle calling — 
 
 ■ Co', boss ! co', bo.ss ! co' ! co' ! co'. ! ' 
 While still the cow-boy, far away. 
 Goes seeking those who have gone astray — 
 
 ' Co', boss ! co', boss ! co' ! co' ! co' ! ' 
 
 " Now to her task the milkmaid goes. 
 The cattle come crowding through the gate, 
 Lowing, pushing, little and great ; 
 About the trough, by the farmyard pump, 
 The frolicsome yearlings frisk and jump. 
 While the pleasant dews are falling. 
 
18 IXTR ODl'C TO A' ) '. 
 
 The new milch heifer is quick and shy. 
 But the old cow waits witli tranquil eye ; 
 And the white stream into the bright pail Hows, 
 WIkmi to her task the milkmaid goes, 
 Soothingly oalling, 
 
 ' So, boss I so, boss ! so ! so 1 so I ' 
 The cheerful milkmaid takes her stool, 
 And sits and milks in the twilight cool, 
 
 Saying, ' So ! so, boss ! .so ! so 1 ' 
 
 " To supper at last the farmer goes. 
 The apples are pared, the paper remi. 
 The stories are told, then all to bed. 
 Without, the cricket's ceaseless song 
 Makes shrill the silence all night long ; 
 
 The heavy dews are falling. 
 The housewife's hand has turned the lock ; 
 Drowsily ticks the kitchen clock ; 
 The household sinks to deep repose. 
 But .still in sleep the farm-boy goes. 
 Singing, calling, 
 
 ' Co', boss ! co', boss ' ! co' ! co' ! co ! ' 
 And oft the milkmaid in her dreams, 
 Drums in the pail with the flashing si reams. 
 
 Murmuring, ' So, boss ! so ! ' " 
 
 This eollt'ctioii Wdiild liardly be coiiiiilcto witliout iiitfodiicini; the following 
 Itentiuiscence " from thu Ilaroat'd Atlvocnt. : 
 
 " We stood at the bars as the sun uciil dnwii 
 Behind the hills, on a sunmier day ; 
 Her eyes were tender and big and l)rowii. 
 Her breath as sweet as the new-mown hay. 
 
 " Far from the west the faint sunshine 
 Glanced sparkling oil her golden hair : 
 Those calm deep eyes were turned toward mine, 
 And a look of contentment rested llun' 
 
 "I see her bathed in the sunlight flooil. 
 I see her standing peacefully now ; 
 Peacefully standing and chewing her cud. 
 As I rubbed her ears— that Jersey cow !" 
 
PART FIRST. 
 
 HISTORY OF JERSEY CATTLE — PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING. 
 
 The island of Jersey, the native lionie of the breed of Jersey cattle, is the 
 chief in size of the group called Channel Islands, lying near the coast of France in 
 the English Channel. 
 
 Jersey lies west of the province of Normandy about sixteen miles and about the 
 same distance south-west from the island of Guernsey, and is eleven miles in length 
 from east to west and seven and a half miles in breadth. 
 
 The surface of the land has a general slope south-eastwardly, being high and 
 precipitous on the north, with table-lands in the central portion intersected by brt)oks 
 and runnels which flow to the south and east. 
 
 The coast is pictiiresque in savage ruggedness, being high and precipitous on 
 the north, and indented by numerous bays on the east, south, and west. 
 
 The climate is mild and equable, and the air moist, and rains frequent. The 
 mean temperature is 50.8°, August being the warmest and February the coolest 
 month, while from mid October to mid December the weather resembles our Indian 
 siinnner, and is called St. Martin's Summer. 
 
 The soil is very i-ich, deep, and porous from centuries of tillage. Means of fer- 
 tility are afforded by the large number of cattle, green herbage, and large quantities 
 of sea- weeds collected under strict regulations of the local government. 
 
 The island contains 39,680 acres, 25,000 of which are cultivated. The popula- 
 tion is nearly 57,000, about 15,000 being English denizens and 2nOO Parisians and 
 others, who resort thither for health or the pleasant enjoyment of a very delightful 
 climate and picturesque scenery. Jersey is divided into twelve parishes, and the 
 lands are held in small farms of five to twenty acres. 
 
 The productions are the famous Jersey cattle, enormous crops of ])otatoes, 
 wheat, parsnips, mangolds, carrots, turnips, and a variety of cabbage which has a 
 long, woody stem surmounted by a tuft of broad leaves ; these last grow from six to 
 twelve feet high, and are used for cow fodder. There are numerous orchards and 
 graperies, which produce choice fruit. 
 
40 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 The flora and fniits of semi-tropical regions flourish equally well as those of the 
 temperate zone, and include oranges, lemons, and such trees as azalea, oleander, and 
 fuchsia, tlie last being used for hedges and decoration of buildings. 
 
 The grasses are short and luscious, and green all winter. 
 
 The Eomans occupied the island in the third and fourth centuries, and were 
 so charmed with its natural beauties and climate that they called it Caesarea, or 
 Caesar's Isle. Subsequently a mixed population of Gauls, Goths, Danes, and Saxons 
 occupied Jersey until tlie Nonnan con(iuest of England. Jersey was English under 
 William the Conqueror ; English under Henry I. ; Nonnan again under Stephen ; 
 Englisli again under Henry II., since which time it has been steadfastly loyal to 
 the English crown. 
 
 During the last century the people of Jersey have become very ])rosperous, and 
 now derive a good income by tlie exportation of their favorite cattle, which are sent 
 to all parts of the world, but chiefly to America, where they are best appreciated 
 and most successfully bred. 
 
 ORIGIN OF THK KACE OF .TEKSKV CATTLK. 
 
 " The cattle of this island are superior to the French cattle" (Philip Fallc, a.u. 
 1734). This is the first historical statement I have found regarding the quality of the 
 Jersey race of cattle. The history of their origin is more mythical and legendary than 
 that of the people of Jersey. The cattle are commonly supposed to be a composite 
 race derived from the cattle of Brittany and Normandy, but neither the Brittany nor 
 Cotentin breed equals the Jersey of to-day in productive capacity or beauty of fonn 
 or color. The Montafu breed of cattle in the mountainous district near Lake Con- 
 stance is said to resemble much the modern Jersey, as also the cattle of Lombardy ; 
 and in the Saguenay region of Canada there are specimens closely resembling the 
 Jersey, the descendants of cattle brought by French emigrants from Brittany. 
 
 "We know little of the races of cattle of Southern Europe at tliis day, and much 
 less of their history of one or two thousand years ago. The remote origin of the 
 Jersey is still more problematical. It is well to note the very striking resem- 
 blance between the modern Jersey and the Ze])u or sacred cattle of India. Tlie 
 beautifully blended silver gray and slate shadings, the delicacy of frame, the 
 fine bone, the yellow skin, the black niuzzle, black tongue, and black switch, the 
 almost identical facial expression, the shape and setting of the eve, the small car, 
 the slender horn, are wonderfully alike in Jersey and Zebu. 
 
 Is it too much to conjecture that the patriarch Jacob, in hisexperiment.s witli 
 the herds and flocks of Laban, whereby he produced and fixed fantastic and 
 grotesque markings of white, also combined the blood of the Zelni bull with that of 
 his historical race of spotted cattle ? 
 
JERSEY CATTLE JiV AMERICA. 41 
 
 Most writers on the origin of the Jersey attribute the yellow coats, buff points, 
 and white patches to the Normandy or Cotentin race, which is supposed to be the 
 source of the present breed of Guernsey Island, while the solid colors and black 
 points are attributed to the Brittany race, although some assume that there has been 
 an admixture of Norway cattle with the Jersey. 
 
 Mr. James P. Swain says : " I consider the cows on the island of Jersey Nor- 
 man, mixed -wath another distinct breed, the main characteristics of each being still 
 plainly visible, though growing less so yearly. The original, or highest type, I call 
 the wild Jersey ; the other type I consider Norman or Guernsey. 
 
 " The wild Jersey has a black nose, black tongue, and mealy muzzle ; the otlier, 
 a buff nose. The wild Jersey's horns are black, pointed, finn, witli single curve, 
 forming nearly a semicircle, deeply fluted inside when taken off. The other has 
 weak horns, shelly, yellow, waxy near the head, inclined downward, with double 
 cui've, compacted, smooth inside when taken off. The color of the female wild 
 Jersey is chocolate, or mink color, no white spots, and the males nearly black. The 
 others are yellowish, brown and white, star in forehead. The wild Jersey's skin is 
 olive brown ; the other, skin very yellow, even to the end of the tail. In the wild 
 Jersey the tail terminates in a small tuft of long hairs, the skin near the end scaly 
 with the accumulation of coloi-ing matter. The other, skin on tail very yellow, even 
 to tlie end, where there is an accumulation of coloring matter, which the Guernsey 
 men call ' a lump of butter ; ' the long hair on the tail starts higher up." 
 
 Professor Low and Charles W. Elliott support the statement that these " darker 
 colored or wild Jerseys clearly resemble the Norwegian cattle of to-day," and " that 
 these old sea-rovers have taken their cattle to these islands." 
 
 But it is the island of Jersey, with its bland climate and centuries of gentle 
 care and management by the women of Jersey, that has produced what is now 
 known as the best butter cow in the world. 
 
 One hundred and fifty years ago the Rev. Philip Falle wrote of the Jerseys 
 as above quoted, and it may have required centuries of selection to enable a faithful 
 historian to make this statement. 
 
 The Jersey cow is tethered to the ground, being changed five or six times a 
 day to a new station. AVhen she calves she is regaled with toast and with cider, 
 the nectar of the island, to which powdered ginger is added. 
 
 Thomas Quayle, who in 1812 wrote a work on the " Agriculture of the Channel 
 Islands," is quoted as saying that " on hearing praises bestowed on any particular 
 cows, they generally, but not always, were found to have a black tinge." 
 
 He also states that " the general purity of the breed is guarded by the rooted 
 opinions of the inhabitants rather than by the sanction of law ; but hitherto no 
 persevering, systematical experimenter has attempted, by a careful selection of indi- 
 viduals and attention to their crosses, to improve this breed. When a cow is famed 
 
i2 JERSIjy CATTLK IX AM ERICA. 
 
 as a good milker, her male progeny i.s pretserved ; but this is for a short period, and 
 it is not known whether any (ither measure whatever has been persevered in to keep 
 up the breed at its present standard." 
 
 IMriioVKJIKNl- <1K TEIK .IKKSKV. 
 
 Tile Iiuyal Jei-sey Agricultural Society originated in the year 1S83 from a 
 desire on the part of some intelligent and progressive men tu improve the island 
 cattle and advance their system of agriculture. 
 
 Previous to that time laws had been passed by the local legislature prohibiting 
 importation of any cattle from France, the first bearing date of July Irtth, 1763. 
 This continued in force until 1789, when the celebrated " Act of the States of Jer- 
 sey" was passed on the 8th of August of that year. The first article of the Act of 
 1789 provided that any person introducing any cattle from France should be subject 
 to a fine of £:2()0 sterling, besides the confiscation of the cattle and the boat, and 
 obliged every sailor to be an infonner against his nnister within twenty-four lioui-s, 
 under a penalty of £'50 sterling, such fines to go one third to the crown and two 
 thirds to the poor of tlie parish ; imd if tlii' master was insolvent, he was to be 
 imprisoned six months. Article II. ruciiiiriMl ;ill beef cattle imported to be landed 
 at St. Helier or St. Anbin, under the same penalties for violation. 
 
 Article III. required cattle from the adjacent islands to be liindcd at the same 
 ])orts, under the same penalties for violation. 
 
 Article IV. confiscated every French animal landed contrary to law, and 
 required its innuediate slaughter and distribution to the jioor of the j^arish where 
 seized. 
 
 Articles '\'., VI., A'lL, and A'lII. regulated the e.\i)ortation of Jei-sey cattle. 
 
 The law of March 18th, 1826, increased the fine to £1000 for importing 
 French animals, the fine imposed being repeated for each and every animal. 
 All accomplices were subjected to the same fine. All cattle found on ship or boat 
 within two leagues of the island were confiscated, as well as the boat, and the same 
 fines imposed as for lauding cattle. 
 
 Three ports were set apart for the introduction of beef cattle. 
 
 Still another act was passed in 1S(;4. in liarniony with the treaties between 
 France and England. Article III. permitted the importation of French cattle for 
 consumption or in transit. Article IV. prohibited the breeding of foreign cattle on 
 the island. Article VIII. required all French cattle to be branded with the letter F, 
 and to be slaughtered at the port of St. Ilelier, or re-embarked at the same port. 
 The fine was reduced to ,£10 sterling for each head of cattle, one third to be paid 
 to the informei-, or six mouths' imprisonment of the principal, if unable to pay the 
 fine. Several attempts have been made to cross the Jersey with the Shorthorn and 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 43 
 
 Ayrshire breeds, but tbey w^ere aliandoiifd, and the jirogeny shuightered because it 
 was inferior to the Jersey. 
 
 Guernsey cattle are not prohibited, and a very few may be found upon the 
 island. Crosses between the breeds produce buJi' nose and eyes, and the offspring 
 retains a coarseness, at once detected and rejected by the judges at examination for 
 Herd Book or for prizes at fairs. The natiiral pride that a Jerseyman has in his 
 ct>w, and his desire to mate lier with a ]n-ize bull, is an incentive to kee]) the breed 
 pure. 
 
 On the 18th of January, 1834, over fifty years ago, the society drew up their 
 first scale of points. The Jersey cow as she then existed and was described l)y Col- 
 onel Le Coiiteur and by the judges that oflBciated at the show was quite a different 
 animal from the Jersey cow of to-day. It was impossible then to find a cow on the 
 island that came near to the ideal by the standard of that time. Two of the best 
 cows were selected from which to make up a scale of points, one of them being 
 considered perfect in forequarters and barrel, the other in her hindquarters. The 
 scale consisted of seven articles and twenty-five counts for a bull and tlie same 
 number of articles and twenty-seven counts for a cow. 
 
 The Jersey cow was described by the judges in the year 183-4 as follows : 
 
 " 1. That the cattle were very much out of condition. 
 
 " 2. Too slightly fomied l)chind and cat-haniined. 
 
 " 3. Gait unsightly. 
 
 " 4. The udder ill-formed. 
 
 " 5. The tail coarse and thick. 
 
 " 6. The hoofs large. 
 
 " 7. The bead coai-se and ill-shaped. 
 
 " 8. Many were without that golden or yellow tinge within the ears which 
 denotes a property to produce yellow and rich biitter. 
 
 " 9. Some cows and heifers had short bull necks. 
 
 " 10. Some had too much flesh or dewlap under the throat. 
 
 " 11. Some were too heavy in the shoulders. 
 
 " The first show was held March 31st, 1834. The prizes amounted to £24. 
 Colonel Le Couteur won the general prize of £3 with a red and white yearling 
 bull. . . . The cultivation of parsnips was advocated. It was resolved to en- 
 courage fine bulls with points up to perfection by giving a premium of £10 for 
 ])erfect biills, and allowing the owners 2*. a head for each cow that shall have been 
 with calf by siich biiUs." 
 
 '* In 1835 the show furnished not only a larger supply, I)ut the animals were of 
 a mvich finer order as to breed and condition." 
 
 "Her Majesty became a patroness in 1837. 
 
 " Two shows were held — one in March for bnlls and the other in May for cows 
 
^•^ JEJiSKY CATTLE IX AM Kill (' A. 
 
 and heifei-R. This division of tlie shows has continued up to tlie present day. 
 The system of gi%nng points for pedigree conunenced in 1838." Tlie scale of 
 points was modiiied, increasing the number of counts to twenty-eight for bulls and 
 heifers, and thirty for cows. Two new rules recpiired that the owner of a prize bull, 
 by wnthholding his services from the ])ublic, should forfeit his prize-money, and 
 the second that prize heifei-s must remain upon the island until they liad dropped 
 their first calf. The annual reports indicate that improvement in the cattle exhil)ited 
 was very rapid. After seven yeare, attention to ])reeding had almost caused the 
 ancient characteristic defect, the drooping hindtjuarter, to disappear ; also several 
 minor defects; and it only remained to give squareness to the hindcjuarter and 
 roundness to the barrel to render the Jei-sey a mo.st beautiful animal." 
 
 At the annual dinner Colonel Le Couteur said in a speech : " Let me say to 
 those who are lukewarm to this society to look back ten yeai-s. The land foul with 
 weeds, crops infei'ior, ]i<jui(l manure wasted, the market ill su])i)iied. What had 
 been effected ? 
 
 "In cattle, beauty of form and fle.sh had been added to milking and creaming 
 qualities. More cattle had been decorated this year than on any previous occa- 
 sion, and the breed had so greatly improved that many of the animals rejected for 
 having less than nineteen points would have been prize cattle when the society was 
 formed, so well were their mei-its understood. The price of cattle had fully 
 doubled." 
 
 The scale of points was revised again in the years 184-9, 1851, and 18.58. 
 During these years the reputation of the Jei-sey had greatly increased in Eng- 
 land and America, and a fraudulent trade had sprung up by the French dealers 
 exporting the cattle of Brittany to England as Jerseys, or Alderneys, as they were then 
 misnamed. In 1850 and subsequent years several American gentlemen of wealth 
 and influence began to make importations of Jei-seys to the United States ; among 
 these were Daniel Buck, Jr., John A. Taintor, and John T. Norton, of Connecticut, 
 and Thomas Motley, of Massachusetts ; importations have been almost constant, 
 except during the civil war, since that time. It is believed that the average quality 
 of those early importations has not been excelled in later days, as the Ameiicans 
 tempted the Jerseymen to forfeit their prizes by offering them very liberal sums 
 for decorated bulls and cows. But the American importiitions gave a new stimulus 
 to Jersey breedere on the island, and the several parishes began to f(jrm farmers' 
 clubs, which resulted in a great increase of cattle shows and a larger exhibition for 
 the parent society. The report for 1858 M-as i-etrospective : " Thirty years ago the 
 cattle were ill-fed, ill-shaped beasts that knew not the taste of mangolds, carrots, or 
 swedes, scarcely that of hay ; whose stabling was wretched, and whose winter food 
 consisted chiefly of straw and a few watery turnips. 
 
 " Now they were well fed, improved in quality and synnnetry. and well housed. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 45 
 
 " The watery turnip, by careful husbandry, has become as rich as cheese. New 
 liuildings dotted the island, and general prosperity dawned on the farmer." 
 
 The Island Herd Book was started in the year 1866. " The Herd Book is en- 
 tirely due to the forethought and untiring efforts of Mr. Charles P. Le Cornu. . . . 
 lie foresaw, many years before the Herd Book was started, the necessity of some 
 fm-ther classification of the animals in a show where upward of two hundred were 
 exhibited, so he determined to work out a unique system of his own. His principle 
 was to sift, as it were, these large gatherings into three classes, by highly commend- 
 ing the best for their quality, symmetry, and constitution, and their butyraceous or 
 milk-flowing properties ; commending the second best and rejecting the i-emainder, 
 or third class ; and by examining the approved offspring he hoped in time to root 
 out the bad animals, so that with six or' seven registered crosses animals might be 
 l)red more to a certainty." 
 
 At the May show, 1874, Mr. Charles Nicolle offered a cup for the cow with the 
 best escutcheon according to the Guenon system. The prize is still continued by 
 voluntary contributions. Guenon prizes are also given for bulls. 
 
 The keeping of the modern Jersey upon the island from calf hood is as 
 follows :* . " When the cow has dropped her calf, there is sprinkled upon it a 
 liandful of powdered salt, and the cow licks it off. This bit of salt causes the cow 
 to drink. While she is licking her calf she is milked, and drinks the first milking. 
 The calf being dry, it is placed upon a bed of straw in a small stall. After some 
 hours the cow is again milked, and her milk, mixed with tepid water, is given to the 
 calf. The little animal is fed in this manner three times a day for the first three 
 days. Afterward, for the next three days, the evening milk is kept till morning, 
 the cream taken off, and the remainder, mixed with water quite warm, is served to 
 the calf. The sixth day the keeping of cream for butter-making begins ; the milk 
 is skimmed every twenty-four hours, which permits it to become thick and acid. 
 This milk is given to the calf twice every day, not forgetting to mix warm water 
 therewith, and not hesitating to add at the end cooked flour, or even a slice of 
 broken bread taken upon a plate held in the hand, in order to assist the calf in swal- 
 lowing it. From time to time salt is added to the beverage, and a little hay. At 
 the end of three months, if the weather is fine, the calf is able to go out ; it then 
 becomes stronger, and when the milk of the dam begins to diminish, the calf is 
 given twice a day a warm beverage composed of cornmeal and bran. 
 
 " When the animal, always submitted to this regimen, attains the age of ten to 
 thirteen months, and it is exceptionally fine, there is no hesitation in continuing this 
 alimentation until it is sold ; if the animal is of second quality, the beverages are 
 .stopped, in order to habituate it, little by little, to the food of the fields. A heifer 
 
 * Jersey Cattle, by Henri .Jolianet, translated by W. E. Simonds 
 
*6 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 can be taken to tlie bull at uine mouths, but good heifers ought to wait to fifteen 
 montlis. The cattle are iis much as iiossiblc left in the opeu air from the mouth of 
 May till the first of September. They are tethered in the open field, where the 
 anunal takes delight, making a void around itself. AVhen in the stable it receives 
 every day four or five pounds of dry food, and from twenty-five to thirty pounds of 
 roots, the feedings taking place seven or eight times a day. The principal forage 
 plants are, before all, Swedish turnijjs and ]3arsnips ; then come carrots, radishes, 
 field turnips, beets, etc. During a milking period of about three hundred days a 
 good Jei-sey cow gives daily, at the maxinmm, twenty-seven litres ; at the mininmm, 
 eighteen litres of milk. The result in butter is from eight to ten pounds a week ; 
 it may be three to five kilogrannnes of butter. The Jereey pound is four hundred 
 and eighty-eight grains."' 
 
 Insuflicient attention is paid to the butter (piality of island aiunuils. A bull 
 may take all the first prizes — that for best bull on the island, the prize for best Herd 
 Book bull, and the silver cup for best escutcheon, and liis dam and grand dam might 
 be very poor butter-makers ; so a cow may take the silver cup for best cow on the 
 island, the fii-st Herd Book prize, and the Guenon prize for best escutcheon without 
 having a record for butter-making herself, and not belonging to a line of noted 
 butter-makers ; she may have all the fine and fancy points, and produce a large 
 quantity of milk, and still be a very poor butter cow. 
 
 It is in America that the breed has begun to be riglitly appreciated, and that 
 only recently, because of the practice of testing cows to ascertain their butter-making 
 capacity. 
 
 THE AMEKICAN JERSEY CATTLE CLUB. 
 
 In the year 1868 Colonel George E. Waring, Jr., Samuel J. Sharpless, Charles M. 
 Beach, Thomas J. Hand, and a nimiber of Jersey cattle-breeders held a meeting in 
 Philadelphia, which resulted in the organization of the American Jersey Cattle 
 Club, with about forty members. The number has since increased to more than 
 three hundred, and it is believed to represent more wealth and intelligence than any 
 similar body of men in the world. 
 
 The object of the club from its incipiency was to foster al)solute purity of breed- 
 ing, and all the interests accruing from such breeding. 
 
 The adoption of a constitution and stringent by-laws and the formation of a 
 " Herd Register" prepared the way for the success which has followed. Up to that 
 time, by a sort of " Irish bull," the Jersey was called an " Alderney," and the 
 Guernsey cattle also went by the same appellation, although the two breeds are very 
 imlike, and neither of them was associated in any way whatever with the island of 
 Alderney, except that Aldeniey ha.s a mongrel mixture of the two breeds which are 
 not imported to this country. No animal can be registered as unported from Jersey 
 whicli is not identified by certificates from the agent of the club resident in the 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IK AMERICA. 47 
 
 island, and no American animal can be registered wliicli is nut ])r()voii to be tlie 
 oflfspring of animals already registered. 
 
 The Herd Register is now the standard of pedigree in the United States and 
 (vanada, and contains a record of all transfers of cattle, with the names of owners, 
 thus giving a complete history of every animal recorded. 
 
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JIODERN JERSEY. 
 
 The Jersey l)ull or cow of the year 1885 diifers widely in form and color from 
 the Jersey bull or Jersey cow of fifty years ago. By the skill of numerous breeders 
 on the Island, in England, and America, as well as by the influences of climate and 
 feed, and also by various hidden causes, very marked changes have been eiiected in 
 perpetuating features and peculiarities that were once very rare, or by fixing the 
 characteristics of sports and phenomenal animals so as to form distinct families and 
 diverse types. 
 
 The Jersey of to-day is the most beautiful of all the bovine races, mateliless for 
 symmetry, variety of beautiful colors and shadings, and for that delicacy of frame 
 and fineness of quality which makes the race attractive to the eye and taste of all 
 lovers of bovine beauty. At the same time, the Jersey cow excels all other races in 
 the amount and quality of butter. Since the practice of testing cows for butter has 
 become pojDular, which is only in recent years, upward of one thousand Jersey cows 
 have produced fourteen pounds of butter in a test of seven days, while the reports 
 show that ninety of these have tested twenty pounds, or upward, in a week ; and 
 twelve cows are classed in the list that have produced twenty -five pounds, or upward, 
 in seven days ; one cow has made, by official test, forty-six pounds, twelve and a half 
 ounces ; another, thirty-nine pounds, twelve ounces ; and another, thirty-six pounds, 
 twelve and a quarter ounces of butter in seven days. 
 
 The Jerseys have been bred for centuries for their choice quality of milk and 
 butter, and during the last half century, in their native island, in England, and 
 America, much attention has been given to perfection of form and beautiful tints of 
 color and fancy markings. 
 
 The breed is classed as medium to small in size ; but in America the tendency is 
 to select those of larger development, and to cultivate an increase of the size. The 
 Jersey is of that spare habit of flesh consistent with the best dairy qualities, and the 
 food she eats so assimilated and the secretory powers so highly developed as to till 
 the udder with all the fats and oils, instead of excreting them or accumulating them 
 about the vital organs or upon the body, as in beeves. 
 
 The Jersey is fine in bone, of rare symmetry, and has just enough muscxdar 
 development for healthful activity and full digestive force. Some individuals indicate 
 a marvellous capacity for changing a large quantity of grain and forage into the best 
 of dairy productions. 
 
*8 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMElilVA. 
 
 JERSEY COLORS. 
 
 The young Jersey is colored like tlie fawn. <>r young deer. This ground color 
 is, later on, so nioditied by the second growth of hair as to produce, in different 
 animals, an endless variety of soft, pleasing tints. In describing Jersey colors they 
 are classed as fawns, grays, or browns. The fawns are described with the tint and 
 shading as, for the 
 
 mktai.i.r; tints : 
 
 golden fawn, silver, copper, bntnze, steel, slate, brick-dust, granite, and peiirl fawns : 
 
 yellow, fawn, red, blue, gray, brown, liay, buff, cinerous, dral), dun, smoky, tan, 
 duskj' and blackish fawns, and ivory black ; 
 
 A^'IMAL TINTS : 
 
 buckskin, l)eaver, bison, dove, otter, oriole, fox, mink, moose, mouse, seal, salmon, 
 seashell, sable, and squirrel fawns ; 
 
 VEGETABLE TINTS : 
 
 orange, lemon, ])anana, apjile, strawberry, russet, inaize, Ijutternut. mulberry, cane, 
 mahogany, coffee-seed, cinnamon, and chocolate fawns; 
 
 DAIRY TINTS : 
 
 cream fawn, milky fawn, cheese and butter fawns ; 
 
 squirrel, silver, slate, orange, court, Frencli, blue, steel, iron, cinerous or ash. 
 russet, and lavender grays. 
 
 One animal may have several of these tints beautifully blended and shaded, as 
 the bull St. Helier 45, bright salmon fawn and silver gray, or the cow Mary Anne of 
 St. Lambert 9770, a light smoky bay fawn. Some bulls have dark markings resem- 
 bling the spots of a leopard. Many Jerseys have irregular patches of white, the 
 white being soft and sometimes margined with a half-inch border of deep indigo. 
 Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828 was a dark sti-awberry fawn, with white saddle on 
 withers, and white on hips, sides, belly, and legs. A rich golden waxy dandruff shone 
 under the white and a nankeen color on the udder and escutcheon. Some Jerseys 
 of dark color have a rich cadmium orange tint within the ears, and very conspicuous 
 also on the dewlap and the escutcheon. Many of the best cows have the broad 
 white saddle upon the ^vithers. A Jersey does not depend upon the color of the 
 coat for any degree of the richness of milk or creamy qualities. The great amount 
 

 iZum^^^!^4-i^ 
 
 BELMEDA 6229. 
 
 AT 9 YEARS OLD. 
 
 Superb Type. 
 FAIEVIEW HEED. 
 Cromwell, New Dorp, P. O. Staten Island, N. Y. 
 
LADY BUCKINGHAM 11,670. 
 
 Pien-ot Type. 
 HIGHLAND HERD. 
 
 James N. Smith, Litchfield, Connecticut. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE JN AMEJilCA. 49 
 
 of butter fat secreted in the milk is a special trait, highly developed in the whole 
 Jersey race and phenomenally shown in certain individuals and families. Some 
 animals have the special abihty to give a rich golden tint to their butter. This 
 desirable trait is generally thought to be positively indicated by a rich golden-orange 
 lining of the ears. 
 
 There need be no fashion in coloi-, but in the essential dairy qualities the highest 
 perfection should be sought. One can breed for color and fancy points if he so 
 desires. Wonderful results can be achieved by selection and inbreeding. An 
 ancient breeder was very successful in fixing spots, ringstreak, and specks not only 
 upon bulls and cows, but upon sheep, goats, camels, and asses ; and some of the 
 modern breeders of Jerseys have proved that they can breed out the spots without 
 any detriment to the race. 
 
 THE SCALE OF POINTS. 
 
 From the first organized effort to improve the Jersey a " scale of points" has 
 been deemed a necessity. The scale is supposed to embody in a schedule the 
 descriptions of the ideal Jersey bull and ideal cow. 
 
 The first scale of points adopted on the Island of Jersey, January IStli, lS3-i, is 
 as follows : 
 
 SCALE OF POINTS FOR BULLS. 
 Articles. Points. 
 
 1. Purity of breed on male and female sides reputed for having produced rich 
 
 and yellow butter 1 
 
 'i. Head fine and tapering ; cheek small ; muzzle fine, and encircled with 
 white ; nostrils high and open ; horns polished, cnunpled, not too thick 
 at the base, tapering, and tipped with black ; ears small, of an orange 
 color within ; eye full and lively « 
 
 3. Neck fine and highly placed on shoulders; chest broad; barrel hooped 
 
 and deep, well ribbed home to hips 3 
 
 4. Back straight from the withers to the setting on of tail, at right angles to 
 
 the tail ; tail fine, hanging two inches below the hock . 3 
 
 .5. Hide thin and movable, mellow, well covered with soft and fine hair of a 
 
 good color 3 
 
 t). Forearm large and powerful; legs short and straight, swelling and full 
 
 above the knee and fine below it - 
 
 7. llind-quarters from the buckle to the point of the rumj) long and well 
 
 filled up ; the legs not to cross in walking '2 
 
 Perfection -5 
 
 Ko prize to be awarded to a Ijull having less than twenty points. 
 
50 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 SCALE OF POINTS FOR COWS. 
 Articlbs. 
 
 1. Breed on male and female sides reputed for producing rich and yellow 
 
 buttei- i 
 
 2. Head small, line, and tapering ; eye full and lively ; jnuzzle tine and 
 
 encircled with white ; horns polislied and a httle crumpled, tipped 
 with black ; ears small, of an orange color within s 
 
 3. Back straight from the Arithers to the setting on of the tail ; chest deep and 
 
 nearly on a line ■nnth the belly -t 
 
 4. Hide thin, movable, but not too loose, well covered with tine soft hair of 
 
 good color 2 
 
 o. Barrel hooped and deeji, well ribbed home, having but little space between 
 
 the ribs and hips ; tail tine, hanging two inches below the hock 3 
 
 6. Fore-legs straight and tine ; thighs full and long, not too close together when 
 
 viewed from behind ; hind-legs short, and bones rather tine ; hoofs small ; 
 hind-legs not to cross in walking "2 
 
 7. Udder full, well up behind ; teats large and squarely placed, being wide 
 
 apart ; milk veins large and swelling \ 
 
 Perfection for cows 27 
 
 Two points shall be deducted for heifei-s. 
 
 A heifer \vill be considered perfect at twenty-tive points. 
 
 No prize shall be awarded to cows and heifers having less than twenty-four 
 
 points. 
 The scale of points had several clianges at various times. In 1858 bulls stood 
 at thirty-one and cows at thirty-three articles and thirty-three points, each article 
 counting but one in the scale. 
 
 In April, 1875, a new scale was adopted. 
 
 KATIO SCALE OF I'OINTS KOU BfLLS. 
 Articles. Points. 
 
 1. Registered pedigree 5 
 
 2. Head tine and tapering, foreiiead l)ri)ad 5 
 
 3. Cheek small 2 
 
 4. Throat clean 4 
 
 5. Muzzle dark, encircled by light color, with nostrils high and open 4 
 
 (J. Horns small, not thick at base, cnnni)led, yellow, tipi>ed with black 5 
 
 7. Ears Bmall and thin, and of a deej) orange color within 5 
 
 8. Eyes full and lively 4 
 
 i>. Neck arched, powerful, but not coarse and heavy .5 
 
 10. Withers fine, shoulders flat and sloping, chest broad and deep 4 
 
 11. Barrel hooped, broad, deep, and well rilibed up 5 
 
JERt<,EY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 51 
 
 Articles. Points. 
 
 12. Back straight from the withers to the setting on of tlie tail 5 
 
 13. Back broad across the loins 3 
 
 14. Hips wide apart and fine in the hone 3 
 
 15. Rump long, broad, and level 3 
 
 Ifi. Tail fine, reaching the hocks and hanging at right angles \\A\\\ the Ijack ... 3 
 
 17. Hide thin and mellow, covered with fine soft hair -i 
 
 18. Hide of a yellow color 4 
 
 19. Legs short, straight and fine, with small hoofs 4 
 
 20. Arms full and swelling above the knees 3 
 
 21. Hind-quarters from the hock to tlie point of riinip long, wide apart, and 
 
 well filled up 3 
 
 22. Hind-legs squarely placed wlien viewed from l)eliiu(l, and not to cross or 
 
 sweep in walking 3 
 
 23. Nipples to be squarely jilaced anil wide apart ."> 
 
 24. Growth 4 
 
 25. General appearance 5 
 
 Perfection lOi I 
 
 No prize to be awarded to bulls having less than eighty points. Bulls having 
 obtained seventy-five points shall be allowed to be branded. 
 
 RATIO SCALE OF POINTS FOR COWS AND HEIFERS. 
 Articles. Point*. 
 
 1. Registered pedigree 5 
 
 2. Head small, fine, and tapering :', 
 
 3. Cheek small, throat clean 4 
 
 4. Muzzle dark and encircled by a ligjit color, with nostrils lagli and open . . 4 
 
 5. Horns small, not thick at base, crumpled, yellow, tipjjed witli l)lack .> 
 
 6. Ears small and thin, and of a deep orange color within 5 
 
 7. Eye full and placid 3 
 
 8. Neck straight, fine, and lightly placed on tlie shoulders 3 
 
 H. Withers fine, shoulders flat and sloping, chest broad and deep 4 
 
 10. Barrel hooped, broad and deep, being well ribbed up 5 
 
 11. Back straight from withers to tlie setting on of the tail :> 
 
 12. Back broad across the loins 3 
 
 13. Hips wide apart, and fine in the lionc ; rump long, l)road and level ;> 
 
 14. Tail fine, reaching the hocks, and hanging at right angles with the back :! 
 
 15. Hide thin and mellow, covered with fine soft hair 4 
 
 16. Hide of a yellow color 4 
 
 17. Legs short, straight, and fine, with small hoofs 3 
 
52 .jj:rs /■: y <a ttle ix a merica. 
 
 Articles. Poikts. 
 
 IS. Arms full and swdliiijj; al.ovo the knees 3 
 
 19. Ilind-quarters from tlie hock U> point of I'unij) long, wide apart, and well 
 
 filled up 3 
 
 20. llind-legs S(piarel_y placed wiieii viewed fi-oni ])eliind, and not to cross or 
 
 sweep in walking 3 
 
 21. Udder large, not tlesliy. running well forward, in line with the belly and 
 
 well up behind 5 
 
 22. Teats moderately large, yellow, of eipial size, wide apart, and squarely 
 
 placed 5 
 
 23. Milk veins about the udder and abdomen prominent 4 
 
 24. Growth 4 
 
 25. General apjiearance 5 
 
 Perfection 100 
 
 No prize shall be awarded to cows having less than eighty poiuts. 
 
 No prize shall be awarded to heifers having less than seventy-one points. 
 
 Cows having obtained sevcnty-tive points and heifers sixty -five shall be allowed 
 to be branded. 
 
 The articles Nos. 21 and 23 shall be deducted from the number required for 
 perfection in heifers, as their udders and milk veins cannot be fully developed. 
 
 SOALK OF POINTS FOR COWS. ADoPrKl) UV THK AMERK^AN .lERSEV CATTLE CLUB, 
 
 Al'KlI, 21, IS 75. 
 Points. Counts. 
 
 1. Head small, lean, and ratiier long 2 
 
 2. Face dished, broad between the eyes and narrow between the horns 1 
 
 3. Miizzle dark, and encircled by light color 1 
 
 4. Eyes full and j.iacid 1 
 
 5. Horns small, crumpled, and amber-colored 3 
 
 »;. Ears small ami thin 1 
 
 7. Neck straight, thin, r;irlicr long, with <'lean throat, and not heavy at the 
 
 shoulders 4 
 
 8. Shoulders sIo])ing and lean; withers thin; breast neither deficient nor 
 
 l>eefy 3 
 
 9. Back level to the setting on of tail, and broad across the loin 4 
 
 10. Barrel hooped, broad, and deep at the tlank 8 
 
 1 1. Hips wide apart, and fine in the bone ; rump long and broad 4 
 
 12. Thighs long, thin, and wide apart, witli legs standing square, and not 
 
 to cross in walking 4 
 
 13. Legs short, small below the knee, with small hoofs. 3 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IK AMERICA. 53 
 
 Points. Counts. 
 
 14. Tail fine, reaching the hocks, with go<jd switcli 3 
 
 15. Hide thin and mellow, with fine soft hair 4 
 
 16. Color of hide where the hair is white, on udder and inside of ears, 
 
 yellow 5 
 
 17. Fore-ndder full in form and running well forward 8 
 
 18. Hind-udder full in form, and well up behind 8 
 
 19. Udder free from long hair and not fleshy 5 
 
 20. Teats rather large, wide apart, and squarely placed 6 
 
 21. Milk veins prominent 5 
 
 22. Escutcheon high and broad, and full on thighs S 
 
 23. Disposition quiet and good-natured 3 
 
 24. General appearance rather bony than fleshy 
 
 Perfection 1(10 
 
 In judging heifers, omit Nos. 17, 18, and 21. 
 
 The same scale of points shall be used in judging bulls, omitting Nos. 17, 18, 19, 
 and 21, and making moderate allowance for masculinity. 
 
 The American Jersey Cattle Club adopted, February 11th, 1885, a new scale of 
 points, as below : 
 
 FOR COWS. 
 Points. Counts. 
 
 1. Head small and lean, face dished, broad between the eyes and narrow 
 
 between the horns 2 
 
 2. Eyes full and placid ; horns small, crumpled, and amber-colored 1 
 
 3. Neck thin, rather long, with clean throat, and not heavy at the shoulders 8 
 
 4. Back level to the setting on of tail 1 
 
 5. Broad across the loin 6 
 
 6. Barrel long, hooped, broad and deep at the flank 10 
 
 7. Hips wide apart ; rump long and broad 10 
 
 8. Legs short 2 
 
 9. Tail fine, reaching the hocks with good switch 1 
 
 10. Color and mellowness of hide ; inside of ears yellow 5 
 
 11. Fore-udder full in form and not fleshy 13 
 
 12. Hind-udder full in form and well up behind 11 
 
 13. Teats rather large, wide apart, and s(piarely placed 10 
 
 14. Milk veins prominent 5 
 
 15. Disposition quiet 5 
 
 16. General appearance and apparent constitution 10 
 
 Perfection 100 
 
 In judging heifers, omit 11, 12, and 14. 
 
54 JJ-:i:sEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 KoK mi.i.s. 
 Tlie same snile. omitting Nos. 11, 12. and 14. and making Aw aliowance for 
 masculinity ; but when bulls are uxhibited with tln-ir ])rugen_v, in a separate class, 
 add thirty counts for progeny. 
 
 SCALE OF POINTS FOR COWS IN MILK.* 
 Poorrs. Counts. 
 
 1. Weight of milk in twenty-four hour.-;, one count for each pound of yield, 
 
 32 lbs 32.00 
 
 2. Total solids by cliemical analysis, one count for each percentum, 13.76 13.76 
 
 3. Butter fat, three per cent, being standard, add ten per cent, for every one 
 
 per cent, above, or deduct ten per cent, for every one per cent. l)elo\v 
 
 the standard, 5.25 22.50 
 
 4. Time since calving, add one count for every ten days — one hundred and 
 
 twenty -three days 12.30 
 
 Total 80.56 
 
 The above figures are tho.se of the first prize cow at the Edinburgh Show. 
 This scale, with an additional point for a butter test on specified rations, would 
 insure a fair test of merit at exhibitions in contests between all breeds of dairy cows. 
 
 DIAGRAMS ILLLSTKATINU SOMK OK TlIK MOKK IMI'oKTANT I'OINTS. 
 
 No. 1. — Outline of Uuuer, Barbel, Rump, and Thioh of Jerskv Bki.lk of 
 SOITUATK 782S. 
 
 Scale devised by .lames McQueen, judge of Edinburgh Dairy Show, 1885. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA. 
 
 JS'o. 2. — Outline of Uddee, Barrel, Eump, and Thigh of Princess 2d 8046. 
 
 No. 3. — OiTLiNE OF Udder, Barrel, Edmp, and Thigh of Mary Anne of 
 St. Lambert 9770. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE JN^ AMERICA. 
 
 No. 4. — Outline of Udder, Bakkkl, Rump, and Thigh of Dandelion 2521. 
 
 No. .5. — OiTLiNK OF TTddkr, Bakkkl, Rump, and TiuGU OF Lady Yertumnus 
 13,217. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE JW A3IERIGA. 57 
 
 THE ESCUTCHEON. 
 
 The escutcheon consists of that portion of the surface of an animal which is 
 covered by a reversed growtli of hair. It usually includes the udder, the inner 
 surface of the thighs, a portion of the space above the twist, and a part, of the 
 surface of the abdomen. 
 
 Francis Guenon, the discoverer of this feature in the animal kingdom, by which 
 lie rendered his name immortal, was a native of Libourne, France. He was the son 
 of a nurseryman, and had become expert in the art of propagating and grafting 
 fruits. While yet a boy, upon hearing his grandfather say he thought cows might 
 be judged as easily as fruit trees, if we only knew their points, he was ever on the 
 alert to make the saying good, and thereby made the discovery, which, after years of 
 observation, he ingeniously systematized and demonstrated to his own complete 
 satisfaction. This system he afterward disclosed by jjroving his skill as an expert 
 upon herds of cattle before agricultural societies, and received high recognition, many 
 honors, and medals, and was appointed lecturer on his system in the agricultural 
 schools of France, and also received a pension from the government during his 
 hfetime. 
 
 THE (JUENON SYSTEM. 
 
 The limits of the escutcheon as described by Guenon are from the centre of the 
 lower surface of the udder upward, the inner surface of the thighs and a portion of 
 the perineal region, from the udder to the setting on of the tail. The escutcheon 
 has several regular types, which Guenon classified according to their shape. There 
 are ten of these regular forms, which he described under ten different names, or 
 classes, besides which there are irregular and mixed forms. The ten classes of 
 escutcheon are : 1, flandrine ; 2, left flandrine ; 3, selvedge ; 4, curveline ; 5, bicorn ; 
 G, double selvedge ; 7, demijohn ; 8, square ; 9, limousine ; 10, carresine. The first 
 class he named because he saw many of them in the province of Flanders, and the 
 cows were great milkers. The second class was left-hand and one-sided ; the third 
 class had a narrow strip, like the border on a piece of cloth ; the fourth had a 
 curved arch ; the fifth had a doul)le top, or two horns ; the sixth was an oddity, with 
 two narrow strips ; the seventh resembled a wine-jug ; the eighth, a carpenter's 
 square; the ninth was common in the province of Liniugcs, and steeple-sliaped ; 
 the tenth was level at the tojj, or horizontal. 
 
 In each of these ten classes he made six orders, or sixty distinct forms ; also 
 a defective escutcheon, which he called hatard, or counterfeit. In tlic first class 
 there are twelve of these counterfeit escutcheons, and in each of the other classes 
 six counterfeits, thus making sixty-six counterfeit escutcheons. 
 
58 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEIiTCA. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE SYSTKM OF GUENON. 
 
 We will first make a brief analysis of the system according to Gnenon. In 
 describing liis system he used the tenn " escutcheon," from the shield-Hke form of 
 the upward growth covering the back part of the udder and thighs ; and " Epis" or 
 " feather" for certain peculiar marks on escutcheons by which he designated the 
 various orders. He describes seven different " feathers," five on the surface of the 
 escutcheon and two outside of the escutcheon. 
 
 By referring to the diagrams the terms " escutcheon" and " feather" will be 
 fully ex])lained and illustrated. 
 
 Stand behind the cow which produces the largest quantity of milk, and you will 
 notice a peculiarity of liair growth which is upward on the udder and above in a 
 broad band to the tail, and outward upon the thighs. Brusli the hair in the direc- 
 tion of its growth with your hand, and you will find it softer than satin to the touch. 
 You will notice another peculiar growth, a small oval mark of white hair over each 
 hind teat, whei-e the direction of the hair is downward. This " escutcheon" and this 
 oval, or '• oval feather," are shown in Fig. 1., p. 59. Fig. II. shows the location of the 
 " buttock featlier ;" Fig. III., the " babine feather ;" Fig. IV., the " vulvous feather ;" 
 Fig. v., the " batard feather ;" Fig. VI., the '• thigh feather ;" Fig. VII., the " dart 
 
 feather." 
 
 Fi(^. I. 
 
 THE OVAL FEATHER. 
 
 The oval feather is often found on the best escutcheons. If these feathers are 
 small, regular in form, and composed of very fine liair, they are usually an excellent 
 sign ; but if large, of irregular shape, and of long coarse hair, they are a mark of 
 inferior quahty. This feather should be about two inches long by one inch wide. 
 
 Fk;. II. 
 
 THE BUTTOCK FEATHER. 
 
 The buttock feather is on the right and left of the vulva, outside of the 
 escutcheon. Its hair is ascending, and it is usually two to three inches in length by 
 half an inch in width. If smaller than this and of fine hair they are not specially 
 indicative of inferiority ; but if larger, and the hair is coarse, they always indicate 
 an earlier cessation of the milk-How, according to size and coarseness. 
 
 Fui. in. 
 
 THE BABINE FEATHER. 
 
 The babine feather is a narrow streak of down-growing hair witliin the 
 escutcheon, starting from the side of the ■vailva — usually upon the left side, but may 
 be upon either or both sides. It is usually two inches long by a (|uarter inch in 
 width, but may be six inches in length. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 ^ 
 
 W 
 
 ? 
 
60 JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Fi.;. IV. 
 THK vri.VdlS FEATHEK. 
 
 The vulvuus feather eonsit^ts of down-growing hair enclosing the lower part 
 of tlie vulva in a \'-.-<liapu or forked like a "W. It is one inch deep and wide to six 
 inches in de])tli. 
 
 Ki.^ V. 
 
 THE HATAKI) FEATHER. 
 
 The batard feather, or counterfeit oval, is of doM-n-growing white hair in the 
 centre of the escutcheon midway between the udder and vulva, and, according to 
 size and degree of coarseness, it indicates a falling off in milk during pregnancy. 
 It may be six inches by two inches in size, or much smaller. 
 
 Fi,;. VI. 
 
 THE THKJII FEATHER. 
 
 The thigh feather is an encroaeluuent of ingrowing hair upon the escutcheon 
 of the thigh, and is in the form of a crescent or a triangle, and indicates inferiority, 
 according to size of feather and coarseness of hair. 
 
 Fk;. YII. 
 the dart feather. 
 
 The dart feathei-, also called epijondif^ is the result of crossing or compounding 
 a selvedge escutcheon with any of the short escutcheons. It resembles a dart 
 wnth the point downward, and consists of fine up-growing hair. It is situated 
 beneath the vulva, is an inch wide at the toji, and is considered an improvement to 
 the short escutcheons. 
 
 The oval feather and the dart feather are good feathers or decorations ; the 
 buttock feather, babine feather, vulvous feather, batard feather, and thigh feather 
 are bad feathers, or blots upon the escutcheon. 
 
 CLASSES AND ORDERS. 
 
 The first class, or fiandrine escutcheon, extends from the centre of the four 
 teats u])ward to the setting on of the tail. 
 
 The first order has an oval feather over each hind teat, is full out on the 
 thighs, and has a clean smooth upgrowth fully three inches wide to the root of the 
 tail. 
 
 Cow a perpetual milker. 
 
 The second order has one oval feather and a babine feather about two inches 
 long on the left or right of vulva. Goes dry two months. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A. 61 
 
 The third order has a viilvous feather mie inch to two inches deep, and goes 
 dry three montlis. 
 
 The fourth order has a vulvons feather about iive inches hing and crescent 
 thigh feather on right thigh. Goes dry four niontlis. 
 
 The fifth order has a vulvous feather six inches deep and a trianguhir thigh 
 feather on right thigh. Goes dry five months. 
 
 The sixth order has a vulvous feather eight inches deep and a very small 
 thigh escutcheon invaded by triangular thigh feathers. Goes dry six months. 
 
 The size of the escutcheon dwindles in all its parts in each descending order. 
 
 THE SECOND CLASS, OR LEFT FLANDKINE ESCUTCHEON. 
 
 The first order resembles that of the flandrine, exce^jt that it runs up on the 
 left fiank, and the right thigh wing is apparently wider than the left wing. There 
 are two oval feathers, and the cow seldom or never goes dry. 
 
 The second order has a babine feather on the left, and goes dry two months. 
 
 The third order has a babine feather six inches long and crescent thigh 
 feather right thigh. Goes dry three months. 
 
 The fourth order has a longer babine feather, a half-moon thigh feather right 
 side, and a triangular thigh feather left side. Goes dry four months. 
 
 The fifth order has a coarse flaring escutcheon, a large triangle thigh feather 
 right side. Goes dry five months. 
 
 The sixth order has a very small coarse escutcheon, and goes dry six months. 
 
 The batard, or counterfeit, has the same marks in all the orders, with the 
 exception of enormous coarse buttock feathers five inches long by three wide. The 
 milk is watery, and falls off rapidly when pregnant. 
 
 THIRD CLASS, OK SKI.VEDOE ESCUTCHEON. 
 
 The first order runs fully one incli wide up to the vulva, and is of full width 
 (eighteen inches) on the thighs, with the two oval feathers on tlie udder. Never 
 goes dry unless forced to do so. 
 
 The second order has a left oval feather and a left liuttock feather. Goes dry 
 two months. 
 
 The third order has two buttock feathers, the left about tliree inches long. 
 Goes dry three months. 
 
 The fourth order has two buttock feathers, tlie left four inches long, and goes 
 dry four months. 
 
 The fifth order has a broken list, the buttock feathers five inches long, and 
 goes dry five months. 
 
62 JERSEY CATTLE IX A3IERICA. 
 
 The sixtli order has a ragged escutcheon ; the buttock featliers are six inclies 
 long, and she is dry six months. 
 
 The batard orders are similarly marked to the six free orders, but have enor- 
 mous coarse buttock feathers five inches long by three wide, and produce thin 
 milk and are soon dry. 
 
 THE FOURTH CI.ASS, OR CURVELINE ESCUTCHEON. 
 
 The first order has the two oval feathers, the escutcheon is eighteen inches 
 wide on the thighs, and ascends in a round arch to within eight inches of the vulva. 
 Never dry unless forced or injured. 
 
 The second order has a left oval feather and one small left buttock feather. 
 Dry two months. 
 
 The third order has two buttock feathers, the left three inches long, and goes 
 dry three months. There is sometimes a triangular thigh feather right side. 
 
 The fourth order has buttock feathers six inclies long, right triangle and left 
 crescent thigh feathers, and goes dry four months. 
 
 The fifth order has buttock feathers seven inches long and thigh feathers eight 
 by four inches. Goes dry five months. 
 
 The sixth order has a very diminutive escutcheon, and goes dry six months. 
 
 The batard curveline cows have very large and coarse l)uttock feathers, and 
 give thin milk, going dry soon. 
 
 THK FIFTH CLASS, OK DIOORN ESCUTCHEON. 
 
 The first order has two oval featliers, a thigh escutcheon eighteen inches wide, 
 and the upper part of the escutcheon terminating 'u\ two points, the left higher tlian 
 the right and within four to eight inches of the vulva. There may be two very 
 small buttock feathers of equal .size. Dry one month. 
 
 The second order has one left oval feather, and the left buttock featlier is two 
 inches long. Goes dry two months. 
 
 The third order has buttock feathers three inches long, a triangular tliigh 
 feather right side, and goes dry three months. 
 
 The fourth order has buttock feathers four inches or lougei-. a large triangular 
 right-side thigh feather, and goes dry four months. 
 
 The fifth order has larger bristly buttock feathers, a larger triangle, and goes 
 dry five months. 
 
 The sixth order is a very little l.iconi, and there are bristling hairs all over tlie 
 buttocks. Dry six mouthg. 
 
 The bicorn counterfeit has the same marks in each order and two large coarse 
 buttock feathers. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 63 
 
 THE SIXTH CLASS, OK DOUBLE SELVEDGE ESCUTCHEON. 
 
 The first order lias two slender lists running from the bottom of the udder to the 
 tail, with a broad band of descending hair between, reaching to the base of the udder. 
 Thigh wings eighteen inches wide, as in all first-order escutcheons. Dry one month. 
 
 The second order has the descending band of hair terminating four inches above 
 hind teats and the thigh escutcheon narrower. Dry two months. 
 
 The third order has narrower fillets, descending band stops six inches above 
 teats ; thigh wings are still narrower. Dry three months. 
 
 The fourth order has coarser hair, descending band twelve inches below vulva, 
 a crescent thigh feather on right thigh. Dry four months. 
 
 The fifth order has still coarser hair, the two fillets are ragged, the central band 
 descends to the udder, a triangular thigh feather in both wings. Dry five mouths. 
 
 The sixth order has very small ragged fillets, the right reaching lialf way up, the 
 thigh wings not discernible. Dry six months. 
 
 Tlie batard has the fillets terminating in two large coarse buttock feathers. 
 
 THE SEVENTH CLASS, (IR DEMLTOHN ESCUTCHEOX. 
 
 The first order has two oval featliers, and may have two small buttock feathers. 
 The escutcheon is eighteen inches wide on thighs, and the iipper part ri.ses like a 
 flandrine, but terminates in a level top four to eight inches below the vulva. Dry 
 one month. 
 
 The second order has one left oval feather and buttock featliers two to three 
 inches long. Goes dry two months. 
 
 The third order has the left buttock feather about five inches long and a 
 right crescent thigh feather. Goes dry three months. 
 
 The fourth order has longer buttock feathers and a triangular rigl it thigh feather. 
 Dry four months. 
 
 The fifth order has larger buttock featliers and two large triangular thigli 
 feathers. Di'y five montlis. 
 
 The sixth order has a very small (lemij(jlni and very large buttock feathers. 
 Dry six mouths. 
 
 The batard has enormous liuttock feathers. 
 
 THE EIGHTH CLASS, OK SQUARE ESCUTCHEON. 
 
 The top of this escutcheon is a narrow Kst joined to the left corner of the top 
 of a demijohn escutcheon. The first order has two oval feathers. Goes dry one 
 month. 
 
 The second order is the only second order which Guenon gave the two oval 
 
04 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 featheiti. There is a Imttock feather on tlie riifht of the vulva. Goes dry one 
 month. 
 
 The third order has a right buttock feather three inches long, a right trian- 
 gular thigh feather, and left crescent thigh feather, and goes dry three months. 
 
 The fourtii order has the list ragged in the upper part, the right buttock 
 featJier four iiiciies long, the wings very siiiail. witli a triangular right side thigh 
 feather. Dry four months. 
 
 Tlie fifth order has the tillet still more ragged, the Vmttock feather five inches 
 long, a triangular thigh feather on each side. Dry five months. 
 
 The si.xth order is scarcely recognizable. Dry .six months. The batard is 
 distingui-shed by a very large coarse buttock feather on right of vulva, ami tlie tillet 
 on the left of the vulva has bristling hair. 
 
 TUK Nl.vrn CLASS. OK LIMOUSINE ESCUTCHEON. 
 
 The first oixler has the two oval feathers and wide thigh shield. The upper 
 part terminates four to eight inches below the vulva in a sharp point like a steeple. 
 There may be two small buttock feathers. Goes dry one mouth. 
 
 The second order has one left oval feather and two buttock feathers about 
 three inches in length, the left being the longer, as in all the escutcheons. Goes dry 
 one month. 
 
 The third order has the left buttock feather still more elongated; the tliigli 
 wings are more contracted. Goes dry three montiis. 
 
 The fourth order has larger buttock feathers ; the whole escutcheon is lower 
 and rounded. Goes dry four months. 
 
 The fifth order has very long buttock feathers. The wings are small, and each 
 has a triangular thigh feather. Goes dry five months. 
 
 The sixtli order is so small as to be scarcely distinguishable; the buttock 
 feathers are very long and ragged. (>oes dry six months. 
 
 The batard, or counterfeit orders, have the same marks in each order, except 
 that the buttock fcatliens, as in every class, are larger, coarser, and very ln-istling. 
 
 The first order lias an escutcheon of full width, but terminated at a line level 
 with the top of the udder. There are two oval feathers and two very small buttock 
 feathers. Goes dry one month. 
 
 The second order has one oval feather. The left buttock feather is elongatetl ; 
 the thigh wings are contracted. Goes dry two months. 
 
 The third order is still more contracted. The buttock feathers are longer, and 
 there is a triangular thigh feather in the right wing. Goes dry three months. 
 
m^^ 
 
 HIPPARCHUS 11,672. 
 
 AT 2 YEAIiS Ol.n. 
 
 Oraiif/e Pccl-ICiiif/ Ti/pe. 
 ISIUGIITSIDE HEKD. 
 K. M. IIoE. 504 Ghand Street, Ni 
 
FILLPAIL 2d 24,388. 
 
 AT 4 TEARS OLD. 
 
 Imported by T. S. Cooper. 
 
 Kliedwe—King—Mllpail Type. 
 
 A. N. Maktin, Sum MIT, New Jersey. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IK AMEBIC'yl. 
 
 65 
 
 The fourth order has a triangular gore in each wing. The l)uttoek feathers 
 are long and bristling. Goes dry four months. 
 
 The fifth order has vei'v large biittock feathers and very small escutcheon. 
 Goes dry five months. 
 
 The sixth order does not rise to the middle of the very small udder. The 
 buttock feathers reach almost down to the udder, and are bristling. Goes dry six 
 months. 
 
 The carresine counterfeits have all the marks of the .six orders and immense 
 broad buttock feathers in every order. 
 
 Batard, or counterfeit cows, in all the classes and orders, only differ from 
 free cows in losing their milk very soon after impregnation. 
 
 Guenon arranged cows, according to amount of milk, in three sizes — large, 
 medium, and small. As the Jersey may be properly called a medium-sized cow, 
 the synoptic tables here given are suitable for the Jersey breed. 
 
 CHART OF THE GUENON" SYSTEM, SHOWING THE DAILY MILK 
 YIELD FOR MEDIUM-SIZED COWS, IN QUARTS. 
 
 1. Flaudrine. 
 
 3. Selvedge. . 
 
 4. Ciirveline. 
 .5. Bicorn . . . 
 7. iDemijohn. 
 
 Left Flandrine . . 
 Double Selvedge. 
 Square 
 
 Limousine 
 Carresine . 
 
 20 qts. 
 
 20 " 
 
 20 " 
 
 20 " 
 
 20 " 
 
 18 " 
 
 IS " 
 
 15 " 
 
 16 " 
 16 " 
 
 16 qts. 
 16 " 
 16 " 
 16 " 
 16 " 
 
 15 " 
 15 « 
 15 " 
 
 12i" 
 V2i- 
 
 2iqts, 
 
 n " 
 
 2i " 
 
 2i " 
 
 
 9iqts 
 9i « 
 
 9i " 
 
 6 qts. 
 
 6 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 6 '• 
 
 6 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 i " 
 
 4 " 
 
 3 qts 
 3 " 
 3 " 
 3 '■ 
 
 It will be seen that the escutcheons are arraai^ed in this table in order of merit. 
 
66 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMElilCA. 
 
 CHAKT SHOWING DUKATION OF MILKING PERIOD FOE PREG- 
 NANT COWS BY NUMBER OF MONTHS EACH ORDER WILL 
 PRODUCE MILK. 
 
 
 Classes. 
 
 Orders. 
 
 
 1st. 
 
 2d. 
 
 3d. , 4tli. 
 
 5th. 
 
 6th. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 Flandrine 
 
 Left Flandrine 
 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 
 8 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 3. 
 
 
 3 
 
 4. 
 5. 
 6. 
 
 T. 
 
 Curveline 
 
 Bicorn 
 
 Double Selvedge 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 8. 
 
 
 3 
 
 9. 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 Oarresiiie . . . . 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Flandrine 
 
 Left Flandrine . . 
 
 Selvedge 
 
 Curveline 
 
 Bicorn 
 
 Double Selvedge, 
 
 Demijohn 
 
 Square 
 
 Limousine 
 
 Carresine 
 
 Number ok Months Dry. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 c 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 6 
 
 THE FORE-ESCUTCUEON AHI) Tlllon < IVALS. 
 
 Gnenon did not think it necessary to observe the fore-escutcheon, but many of 
 our best breeders of Jersey cattle regard the fore escutcheon of equal importance 
 with the posterior escutcheon, in judging of the jiroductive and breeding qualities. 
 
 The fore-escutcheon consists in the forward growth of hair on the bellj' of the 
 animal. It is sometimes very large, and extends nearly to the fore-legs, and on the 
 sides it often sweeps over the margin of the curtain, and forms large waves or curls 
 on the sides of the body. 
 
 Many great butter cows have a large fore-escutcheon, notably the wondurftd 
 cow Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770, and herewith is shown a diagram of her fore- 
 escutcheon, drawn by the author from memory. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 FoKE-EscuTuHEoN uF Makv Annk OK St. Lamukkt !»770. 
 
 Foee-Vkins of Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828, extending to the Shouldei 
 
JERt>EY CATTLK JX AMEi:i(A. 
 
 Foke-\'eins ok Value 2i) 6844. 
 
 Many writers upou Jersey cattle have mentioned a feature that seems to have 
 escaped the uotiee of Gueuon, and tliat is a feather of au oval shape at the juncture 
 of the thigli ^ving with the uprifflit ixirtiou of tlie escutcheon. In cows this feather 
 appears at the top of tlie udder on each side, dii)ping down from the thigh about 
 two inches. (See Fig. VIII., p. 59, and the escutcheon plates.) 
 
 The tliigh oval feather is formed of down-growing hair, and is exceedingly tine 
 and soft, and always indicates superior quality in a Jersey of either sex. In the 
 hull it is smaller, and dips down ujjon the thigh or upon the scrotum. A good thigh 
 oval feather should not be more tliau three inches in length, but sometimes they 
 extend so far as to coalesce with tlie lower oval feathers, thus fonning a long band 
 of down-growing hair on each hind-quarter of the luldi'r. 
 
 The ten plates which follow show an ideal escutcheon of each class. I have 
 added the thigh ovals, with the exception of the double selvedge, of which I have 
 only seen one specimen, and the escutcheon of the bull. The flandrine, selvedge, 
 curveline, bicoru, and demijohn escutcheons are the best classes, and for the Jersey 
 there is no better escutcheon than a perfect curveline. 
 
Fi.ANnKiNK Escutcheon. 
 
Left Flandrine Escutcheon. 
 
SkT.VEDGE EsfTTC'IIKON. 
 
CuKVKi.iNK Escutcheon. 
 
BiCOKN ESCUTCHEOX. 
 
Double Selvedge Escuitcueon. 
 
SquAKE EstTTC'irKON. 
 
Demijohn Escutcheun. 
 
Limousine Escutcheon. 
 
Carresixe or Level Escitcheon. 
 
ClRVELINK EsCrXCHEOX OF THE BlT.L YoUNG MeRCCRY 7-iSo. 
 
 Bred axd Owked by William Simi-sox. New York. 
 
 The fun' escutcheon (,f ihlx hull rorcv more than half the helhj. 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 THE ESCUTCHEON OF THE BUI.I„ 
 
 According to Cirueiion, the escutcheon of the bull starts from the fore-part of 
 the scrotum, extends within and above the hocks, spreads over the hinder surface of 
 the thighs, and in the higher orders of some classes ascends as liigh as the anus. 
 Those bulls whose escutcheons, in form and dimensions, resemble those of cows of 
 the higher orders, are well adapted to the procreation of offspring of good milking 
 qualities. A bull is well marked and a good breeder when there is no invasion of 
 descending hair into the ascending hair of his escutcheon ; and the escutcheon is 
 of large dimensions, in proportion to the size of the animal, and is covered with 
 very fine hair. 
 
 " Bulls, like cows, may be arranged in ten classes, of which each class comprises 
 several orders, and every order three sizes. I shall only distinguish three orders in 
 each class, which I shall designate as good, fair, and bad. The same distinctions 
 could be observed as in cows." 
 
 The defects in the escutcheon of the Imll are coarseness of hair, diminutive 
 size, angular invasions of hair on the thighs, or an oval feather of descending hair 
 an inch wide by two or three inches in length on the inside of the thigh about the 
 middle of the escutcheon and covered with long thick hair. 
 
 The fair escutcheon of the bull may 1)0 compared M'itli the tliinl and fonrtli 
 order in cows. 
 
 The good escutcheon is eipiivaleiit to tlie lirst oriler in cdws. 
 
 SIONIFICANC^E OF THE SCALE OF FOIXTS. 
 
 The scale of points, including the fore and liind escutcheon, is recommended as 
 a guide in the piirchase of animals and as an aid in breeding. 
 
 The milk and butter quality, when demonstrated by churn tests, shows what 
 the cow can do, and encourages the In-eeder to look for the same (piality in her 
 male and female progeny. 
 
 The escutcheon, according to Guenon, "is the only incontestable cliaracteristic 
 sign that Can enable one to discern, by simple inspection, the aptitude for milk pro- 
 duction of each animal." Those who decry the escutcheon always like to show a 
 herd of well-escutcheoned animals. The escutcheon when perfect is also one of the 
 chief elements of beauty in a Jersey. 
 
 The skin color is an indication that the cow, being richly colored within tlie 
 ears and on other parts, especially if she retains the color throughout the year (she 
 will show most color when fed on green food), will give a golden tint to lier l)Utter 
 in midwinter. 
 
 The ban-el, if large and capacious, shows that the animal has constitutional 
 vigor and room for the laboratory of digestion and assimilation of food. 
 
70 .JEllSKY CA TTLE JX AMERICA. 
 
 Tlie general appearance should be bony and lean, showing that the animal nses 
 the ndder and all the lacteal vessels fur the s])ecial pnqiose of ntilizing all the food 
 elements for the jjroiluctioii of milk and cream. 
 
 The fore-nd<lcr .-h.-uld l.c full but well n.iinded rather than square. The 
 angular udder must give i)laee to the spheroid — free from tle.sliiness, and a true 
 milk-secreting organ. 
 
 Tlie hind-u.ldcr sli.mld ].roject far out fmm the tliighs with a roiiml outline, 
 and M-ell tucked up in the twist. Tlie whole udder should liave a spheroidal form. 
 and its su2)porting ligaments must be so stnnig as to ])revciit it fn.m bectimiug 
 l)endent, even in advanced age. 
 
 The udder qualitv should be soft, sujjple, and elastics, .so as t<» milk empty. 
 There need be only sufficient vascularity to make healthful milk-glands. The udder 
 should liave a silken and unctuous tt^rnch ; the hair very short and tine — a butter 
 udd..r. 
 
 'i"he veins show a cai>:icity for free circulation accoixling to size. The bull 
 .should be credited with a " milk" vein, when marking for prizes. 
 
 The teats should be ju>f large eiiougli to till the grasp of a man's hand, and yield 
 tlie milk u|M,n slight pressure, but never leak. The teats nnist be kept free from 
 warts aii<l s.,res by j.roper treatment. The nii)]iles of the bull, if eipial in size an<l 
 of good length, an<l st>t wide apart, indicate tlie same .piality in liis lieifers. 
 
 The higli rumji is an im|iortant jioint to cultivate; it indicates vigor and less 
 lialiility to abortii.n. It also adds much to the symmetry and beauty of the animal. 
 
 The thin thigh belongs t.> the <-reamer, the round thigh to the beef anhnal 
 Acnrlon each ]i.K-k is a goo,l sign. 
 
 'I'he thin mellow liide is a ]iart of that general make-up which denotes tlie 
 creamer. 1'he very large pendent navel and loose .skin on the belly are ass(.)ciated 
 with a cai)acious and flexible udder. 
 
 Hair as unctuous as vaseline is a ])rediction of butter in the churn, .\void dry, 
 wiry hair in i-\i'vy animal, but cultivate the soft, tint' coat. 
 
 llil>s of great breadth indicate great abdominal capacity and ro.,m below for an 
 inniiense udder. FineiU'ss of bone is indicative of tine (piality in ev(ny ti.ssue of the 
 body. 
 
 A level back is an indication of strength, and gives synunetry to the form. 
 An old cow may sway a little bel..w the line. 
 
 The double chine is associated witli fully de\-elo])cd lacteal and generative 
 organs and first-order escutcheons. "When you can lay the fingers in the spaces 
 between the s])ines, you have a cow with broad liijis. lai'ge udder, and a very broad 
 escutcheon. 
 
 The long, thin neck of the cow is to be matched with the long, well-arched, 
 higli-set neck of the bull. A .short thick neck indicates fat on the ribs and kidneys. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE EY AMERICA. 71 
 
 Large eyes, which for gentleness of expression rival those of the gazelle, are the 
 special featnve of loveliness in a Jersey cow. The bull should have a kind but 
 lively eye. The one indicates docility, the other vigor and power. 
 
 The lively and playful Inill indicates a condition of vigorous health and potency. 
 The gentleness of the cow is manifested by an undisturbed equaniuiity, a condition 
 of perfect contentment, indifferent to all things except her cud, which she always 
 enjoys when not feeding or sleeping. It is the business of the butter cow to keep 
 the cud in motion. 
 
 The tail should be as long, as tapering, and as fine as possible. Such a tail, if 
 tipped with a switch like the tail of a horse, indicates a very well-bred animal. 
 
 The shoulders cannot be too oblique or too sloping, and the good butter cow 
 never lays up fat on her shoulder-blades while she is giving a full flow of milk. 
 
 The legs should be fine, having flat, hard bones, which with small feet are 
 indicative of good breeding and fine quality. 
 
 Thin withers also indicate fineness of breeding, and lielong to the wedge-form. 
 Thick withers indicate more lung power and usually a greater feeding capacity ; but 
 such animals are liable to become fat, while the thin withers indicate the milking 
 form. 
 
 A widening at the crops indicates constitutional stamina and strong vitality. 
 
 The deep chest without great breadth indicates a suificient power of respiration 
 for good health and a form that is compatible with production of milk and cream 
 rather than beef. 
 
 The small, lean head, long and tapering, indicates nuieli milk ; the short, square 
 head, beef. The arched crown is a beautiful characteristic of the finest Jerseys. 
 
 The dished face is attractive and not incompatible with the greatest jirodnc- 
 tiveness. 
 
 Breadth between the eyes indicates sagacity' and a high degree of Ijovine 
 intelligence, as well as beauty. 
 
 The ash-colored fillet is a striking feature in the Jersey race. If the muzzle is 
 slightly turned uj), nostrils wide, the mouth broad, and the masticatory muscles stand 
 out roimdly from the muzzle and cheek, it is a good combination of features for 
 business and beauty. A black nose is supposed to be characteristic of the Jersey 
 breed, though not any more essential to purity than a black tongue or a lilack 
 switch. 
 
 The small ear well fringed indicates not only fine l)reeding liut constitutional 
 vigor. The fringe is also a protection from flies. 
 
 Horns of translucent amber with black tips are very ornamental, especially if 
 small in size and slender, and if they have a natural crumple, or have been trained 
 to droop or curl about the face. They are as useless as they are ornamental, and 
 have less significance than any otliei- ]ioint. 
 
73 JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 
 
 Besides the scale of points, with which one cannot be too familiar, there are 
 several other considerations which need to be remembered in judging of cattle. 
 
 1. Tlie race peculiarities. 
 
 2. The family traits. 
 
 3. The degree of inl)reeding. 
 
 4. The age. 
 
 5. The size. 
 
 6. The system of management and care. 
 T. The health. 
 
 8. The variety, quality, and amount of food. 
 
 9. The special power to assimilate food. 
 
 10. The quality of the cow's milk, cream, and butter. 
 
 11. Tiie season of the year, and the weather. 
 
 12. The period of gestati(m. 
 
 By familiarity witli the animals and witli every technicality of these descrip- 
 tions and points, any one with an eye for a cow can become expert in the selection 
 of the best stock, and while they are yet young calves may apprehend their future 
 excellence. 
 
 THE PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING. 
 
 Of the ancient methods of cattle-breeding we have Httle knowledge. The oldest 
 recoi-d of skill in the art is found in the Book of Genesis, where Jacob, who was 
 the superintendent of the herd of his fatlier-in-law Laban, the Syrian, after fourteen 
 years of familiarity with Laban's cattle — he had bred cattle, however, all his life, and 
 was past fifty years of age — proposed to take, as his wages, only the spotted cattle. 
 From this it would appear that spotted cattle were then a great rarity, a strange 
 freak of nature not only among sheep, goats, camels, and asses, but bovines. Laban 
 readily assented to the proposition, and Jacob, by consummate skill and selection of 
 the strongest cattle, soon had an immense herd of spotted cattle, notable for their 
 strong constitutions, and, as a sequel, his wages were " changed ten times." This 
 record of breeding, brief as it is, has much that is suggestive to the modern cattle- 
 breeder. Jacob had a plan, adhered to it, and was successful in changing the colors 
 of cattle y in improving their constitiitional vigor, and in overcoming the habit of 
 abort/ion among his herds. Some might add that, according to the record, there 
 was divine interposition in his behaK. Well, the record also states that Jacob 
 sought for divine blessing. All modern breeders would also do well to follow Ids 
 example, and also make confession of the blessing. 
 
 The object of the breeder is to produce at will, not by luck or chance, perfect 
 specimens of the race, that shall combine all the quaUties desired. Most of the 
 modern breeds of cattle have been develojied by a slow, hap-liazard process. Some 
 of the breeds in England have been formed by men of genius after a well-considered 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA. 73 
 
 plan. The best families of Jerseys have been made by method. The results of the 
 methods practised in England for the last century and in America for a shorter 
 period show conclusively that breeds or races of domestic animals, to be successful 
 and profitable, must combine a few peculiar excellencies which are to be developed 
 to their fullest extent regardless of all other qualities that are incompatible with the 
 object sought. 
 
 The dairy breed must have the wedge form and lean general appearance, com- 
 patible \vith a long life devoted to formation of tons of cream in the udder, while 
 the beef animal must have the square form, and make a mountain of marbled meat, 
 rich in osraazome, at or before three years of age. The two types are wholly distinct, 
 and cannot be blended in one breed. As soon think of winning races with the 
 heavy muscles of the cart horse as to win at the churn or cheese vat with a beef 
 breed. 
 
 The possibihties of achievement in bringing the Jersey to a high average 
 standard of productiveness have been at least partially shown by the efforts of a 
 few skilful breeders — notably by E. M. Hoe, of New York, 0. S. Hubbell, of 
 Connecticut, and Philip Dauncey, in England. Mr. Daimcey began in 1826, and 
 for forty years worked with three distinct objects in view : first, a high average 
 butter yield ; second, constitutional vigor ; third, coats of uniform style of color, 
 entirely free from patches of white. All these objects were successfully achieved. 
 Mr. Hubbell has accomplished the foiindation of a family noted for great ;yields 
 of butter, beautiful color and symmetry, and remarkable uniformity of excellence. 
 Mr. William Simpson, of New York, is also pursuing a scientific method in 
 breeding. 
 
 The great problem that confronts every lireeder is tliat of dujjlicating at will 
 the animals he has selected as his models. 
 
 A thoroxigli knowledge of the history of breeding and the special methods of 
 successful breeders, a taste for the art, and a love for the animals, if combined with 
 a genius for the work, are auspices of great results. 
 
 I believe that the laws of breeding may be formulated in such a manner as to 
 insure success to the man of average skill and the requisite education. 
 
 "When the orchardist, by combining the qualities of two excellent fruits, 
 produces, out of many thousand seedKngs, one of delicious quality, he very well 
 knows that he cannot reproduce the same or an equally good fruit short of many 
 very tedious experiments, perhaps not in a lifetime, by the process of breeding. The 
 union of two animals produces always a new seedhng which varies from the parents 
 more or less widely. 
 
74 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Thi.s variation proceeds from tlie law of heredity, that a seedling represents the 
 sum of the combined qualities of all its ancestors operative at and subsequent to 
 the time of sexual imion. The most prepotent force in ])rocreation may revert to 
 some ancestor five, ten, or twenty generations distant, so as to reproduce in all their 
 force of individuality the features of one noted for great merit or marked inferiority. 
 This peculiarity of tracing to a remote ancestor is called atavism, and signifies 
 likeness to " an old grandfather." 
 
 To avoid tlie bad influences of atavism, and utilize the good, is tlic province of 
 the skilful breeder. The oi-chardist, to avoid the inconvenience and delay resulting 
 from atavism, continually resorts to budding and grafting, perpetuating the identical 
 variety by offshoots. The l)reeder must assimilate in dealing with animal life as 
 nearly as jjossible to the ])roccss of the orcliardist witii plant life. 
 
 A thorowjhh'cd or jjurehred animal is one of a race that can l)e traced back 
 to one common ancestry in both the male and female lines, with close in-and-in 
 breeding for seven or more generations. 
 
 \fi(in>r,i/ animal is the result of breeding a tlioronglibred male' to a female of 
 another breed, and successively to her 2;)rogeny for xix generations. Tims the 
 progeny of a thoroughbred bull and a native cow gives a female with 50 per cent, 
 of thoroughltred blood, which cow, mated with the same or anothei' thoroughbred 
 bull of tlie same breed, gives 75 per cent, of the pure blood. The next generation 
 gives 87i per cent, of pure blood. The fourth generation gives |^, or i)3J per 
 cent., of tlioronglibred. Tiie sixth generation gives ||, or 98^^ per cent., of pure 
 bl.Mxl, ora/VWvrV, very nearly. 
 
 A cr(>st<hn',l animal is tlic progeny of two thoronghl)red animals of ditferrnt 
 breeds. 
 
 A tjrail,' luiimal is one that ])osscsses any degree of thoroughbred blood 
 below a fulll.rcd. .\ low grade has less, and a high grade more than 50 \^vy cent, of 
 thoroughljred. 
 
 A scrub animal is one whose ])edigree has no quality of uniformity or (jf 
 thorough selection in either the male or female Wna, and alvHnjs y'rves the Jtiyliest 
 risk of atavism toward inferiority in the progeny. 
 
 That ])ecnliar jiower which is possessed in a very marked degree l)y a few 
 animals of either sex, of transmitting to their ])rogeny all tin' striking individual 
 characteristics of the parent, so that the descendants have a uniform resemblance 
 and quality, is c-aA-q^ prepotency. It is a faculty which implies a special aecmnula- 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 75 
 
 tioii of vital force in the generative system, in common with all the other depart- 
 ments of the organism, and is not to be confounded with the narrower term, 
 potency, which refers to the physical health of the male generative faculty, regardless 
 of powers of transmission of quality. This element of prepotency may consist 
 in the ability to transmit inferior or mediocre qualities, as well as those of the 
 superlative degree of excellence. The breeder wants animals that overcome atavism 
 by prepotency of the highest order. 
 
 Atavism is usually a result of crossing two varieties of the same species, or if 
 it occurs in a thoroughbred family, it is the result of an inharmonious union. 
 
 If the breeder could follow the example of the orchardist by budding, the 
 imcertainties of breeding would be neutralized. A seed is but a modified bud ; the 
 animal is analogous to the same process of development. The breeder cannot bud 
 from his model, but by a certain fonnula he can in time produce an animal that 
 shall be nearly identical in Ijlood elements \vith the selected mudel. 
 
 IX-AND-IN BEEEDING. 
 
 There is no subject upon which current notions are so wide from the facts as 
 the mating of near kin. A jirevalent notion exists that in some mysterious 
 manner the union of tlie blood of near relations is harmful. All sorts of disasters 
 in man and animals have been attributed to the union of kindred blood. The history 
 of man, and the records relating to the natural history of animals and the science of 
 breeding, show that this cni-rent notion is fallacious in the extreme. 
 
 According to the iiook of Genesis, Eve was identical with Adaiu. For the 
 first twenty-five hundred years of human history mamage between full brother and 
 sister or half brother and half sister was the recognized order of society. Moses, 
 the greatest man of antiq^uty — seer, lawgiver, poet, historian, judge, ruler, and 
 leader of a great people just freed from bondage, was the son of his aunt ; while liis 
 father was also his double inicle. His mother was a daughter of Levi, and his 
 father a double grandson of the same Levi. His ijrother Aaron and sister Miriam 
 were also highly distinguished for ability. These were the ages of longevity for the 
 human race. From Noah to Moses the average age, for sixteen generations, was 
 nearly three hundred years. To show how close was the consanguinity, I give a 
 chai-t of the pedigree of Moses. If the lines were all complete, the closeness would 
 probably be still more marked. 
 
 I have given this pedigree to illustrate the facts of history, and to show that the 
 closest consanguinity in the human family is not a hindrance to the highest physical 
 and mental perfection. On the contrary, was not this mingling of kindred blood a 
 cause for the great qualities which Moses illustrated ? "Was the law of mamage ■ 
 which lie afterward gave based upon physiological or sanitary necessity, or was it 
 simply relative to a system of social ethics? If the existence of organic diseases 
 
jj:j:shy cattlk ix amkrica. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Nabor. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Terah.. .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Abraham — 
 
 1 Sister. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sister. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Isaac - 
 
 Terah... 
 
 Sarah — 
 
 i Sister. 
 
 Nahor. 
 i Sister. 
 
 
 
 
 Jacob - 
 
 Rebekah.. - 
 
 Nahor, Jr 
 Bethuel....— 1 
 
 Milcah.... 
 
 Terah. 
 Sister. 
 Haran. 
 
 
 
 Levi - 
 
 
 Laban - 
 
 Relation. 
 
 , Nahor, Jr 
 BethueL...- 
 
 Milcah. . . . 
 
 Sister. 
 
 Terah. 
 
 ~: Sister. 
 
 Ilaran. 
 
 
 
 Levi's Wife. 
 
 Leah - 
 
 Relation (?i. 
 Isaac — 
 
 Relation (?) 
 
 Terah.... 
 Abraham.. - 
 
 Sister. 
 
 Terah 
 
 •sister. 
 
 Nahor. 
 '~ Sister. 
 
 1 Nahor. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sarah - 
 
 1 Sister. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Sister. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Terah. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nahor, Jr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bethuel... - 
 
 Haran. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rebekah.. - 
 
 ! Milcah. .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Relation (•). 
 
 Nahor, Jr 
 Bethuel.... - 
 
 , Sister. 
 1 Terah. 
 
 Sister. 
 
 Haran. 
 
 
 Daughterol 
 Levi - 
 
 Levi's Wife. 
 Jacob — 
 
 Leah - 
 
 Isaac - 
 
 Rebekah...— 
 
 Laban - 
 
 Relation e). 
 Abraham. - 
 
 Sarah - 
 
 Bethnel....- 
 Relatlon (?). 
 
 Milcah.... 
 
 Relation (?). 
 
 Nahor. . . . 
 
 Terah - 
 
 1 Sister (♦). 
 
 Nahor. .. 
 
 Terah - 
 
 Sister (?). 
 Relation. 
 
 1 Terah 
 
 Nahor, Jr..- 
 
 1 Sister. 
 
 1 Ilaran... 
 
 Milcah - 
 
 Sister. ... 
 
 { Sister. 
 
 1 Serng. 
 1 Sister. 
 
 Serug. 
 : Sister. 
 
 1 Nahor. 
 1 Sister. 
 
 J Terah. 
 1 Sister (f). 
 1 Terah. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Terah... 
 
 Nahor, Jr.. - 
 
 Sister (•). 
 
 _, Nahor. 
 i Sister (?). 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 Bethuel....- 
 
 
 1 Terah, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Haran 
 
 - 
 
 l~ 
 
 
 
 Laban - 
 
 
 Milcah — 
 
 1 Sister (?). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Terah. 
 
 
 Wife of I^vl. 
 
 
 Relation (?). 
 
 Kelatlon {?). 
 
 Sister 
 
 1 Sister (>). 
 
JERSEY CATTLE I^T AMERICA. 77 
 
 called for the law, the same organic diseases sliould liave called for a prohibition of 
 marriage without and beyond the prescribed degrees of consanguinity. It is certain 
 that there is no evidence to show that consanguineous union in man or the lower 
 animals ever did or ever can originate disease. On the contrary, we observe that 
 where races diverse in physique and character are bred together the crosses lead to 
 many imperfections. Huth has well said that if organisms are not nearly alUed 
 they can rarely be made to interbreed ; and that the result of such crosses is an 
 offspring of weedj' growth, ill-balanced intellect, often as susceptible to unfavorable 
 circumstances as an xmacclimatized animal, and generally sterile ; it is impossible that 
 crossing can be considered in any way beneficial except inasmuch as it may relieve a 
 possible hereditary tendency to disease. The Jews, since the Mosaic law, have fre- 
 quently married cousins, and are the best variety of the hiimau species to illustrate 
 the princii^le of thoroughbred quality. For ages they have been maligned and perse- 
 cuted in Eastern countries, and have suffered more hardships than any other people ; 
 yet they are possessed of greater viability than any other known race, and can thrive 
 in every variety of climate on the earth, while subject to all the vicissitudes of 
 commercial life. "Where other European races would perish, the Jew flourishes and 
 grows rich. Consanguinity is the law among most races of animals in a state of 
 nature, especially those that are polygamoiis, as cattle, sheep, deer, and antelopes. 
 In herds of wild horses, and also of the wild boar, it is usual to find but one adult 
 male. The elephant, the gorilla, the lion, the ostrich, and many sjiecies of birds 
 are polygamous, which always indicates the closest forms of in-and-in breeding 
 perpetuated from the beginning of creation. 
 
 IN-AND-IN BREEDINi; l)F ANIMALS SHEEI'. 
 
 Doctor Iluth, in his great work '' The Marriage of Near Kin," in the preparation 
 of which he consulted one hundred and seventy-one different authors, after showing 
 the fallacious character of the meagre statistics purporting to show ill effects attrib- 
 utable to consanguineous marriages, says : " No census could determine whether 
 consanguinity can be a primary cause of disease. For that we must interrogate 
 nature, as she has already been so successfully interrogated on other physiological 
 questions. We must experiment on the lower animals, since we may not experiment 
 on man. Generation varies so little in its essential characteristics from the lowest 
 organisms to the highest, that observations deduced from the breeding of domestic 
 animals may very safely be applied to man. An animal properly bred in-and-in, 
 and a wild animal, is each perfect according to its circumstances. Alter tlie circum- 
 stances, and the animal is at once unfit for its place. 
 
 " From the breeder's point of view, in-and-in breeding improves the breed, 
 because it suppresses those qualities which are useless, and develops those which are 
 
78 JERSEY CATTLE I X AMERICA. 
 
 useful, whether it be for racing, for wool, for the hutcher, or for any other purpose ; 
 and without in-and-in breeding he cannot alter an animal to suit his purpose. 
 
 " Naturally, persons with that preconceived notion which every one is bound to 
 have on this subject who has not studied it are apt to consider any evil result 
 observed in the course of in-and-in breeding as caused by that kind of breeding 
 in animals, without any prcNnous examination whether there may not be other causes 
 to account for it. 
 
 " In the study of these cases, therefore, as in others, we must remenil)er that 
 one fact showing the harmlessness of in-and-in breeding is worth a hundred tending 
 to show their harmfulness ; since in the former consanguinity is still a factor, but in 
 the latter we are ignorant what other factore may have come into play. Let tis now 
 proceed to facts. 
 
 " 'M. Allie,' says M. Boudiu, 'after a long experience, is of opinion that the 
 system of in-and-iu breeding is rain to sheep. A flock at Petit-Bourg,' he says, 
 ' has diminished greatly in value since it passed into other hands, and this system has 
 been practised.' The ob.servations of Stephens led him to the same conclusion : the 
 progeny, he says, though improved in iigure, tirmness of bone, etc., are nevertheless 
 delicate-skinned, and therefore liable to the attacks of insects and to inflammation ; 
 bait this evil is only the result of long-continued in-and-in breeding, and by no 
 means the immediate residt. 
 
 "M. Aube asserts that sheep will produce a dark kind if bred in-and-in, which he 
 explains as a step on the road to albinoishi. While Mr. Giblett, quoted by Walker, 
 asserted that sheep lired in-and-in on Bakewell's principle are fitter for the tallow- 
 chandler than for the kite-hen. 
 
 " On the other hand, M. Beaudouin gives the following account of a flock of 
 three hundred merinoes bred iu-and-in for a period of twenty-two years: the 
 animals originally came from Saxony, were renowned for the purity of their blood, 
 and had only been a few years in the Cote d'Or, when, in 18-iO, he commenced his 
 observations. At that time, though suffering from no particular disease, the sheep 
 were laboring under general debility, seemingly attributable more to a want of accli- 
 matization than anything else. lie began by a little judicious selection, eliminating 
 about 15 per cent, yearly, and the flock soon became remarkably strong and healthy. 
 There was no sign of sterility — altogether, perhaps, the cases of cryptorchis (non- 
 appearance of testicles) and monorchis (single testicle) were not more than 6 per cent., 
 while in the females there were even fewer cases of barrenness. Ciises of duplic-atc 
 organs were about 5 per cent. ; and in 1859, a year when these ciises were unusually 
 frequent in all the flocks about, there were as many as 7 ])er cent, in his. The sexes 
 were produced in nearly equal numbers, and cases of miscarriage were not more 
 numerous than among the neighboring flocks. Far from degenerating, they 
 became finer and far more to be depended upon to reproduce their jiro^ier ty])e than 
 
JER><EY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 79 
 
 is ordinary in flocks when crossed. He concludes with the declaration that, in his 
 belief, inbreeding, combined with a moderate amount of selection, has no evil effect. 
 Close interbreeding, says Mr. Darwin, has perhaps been continued longer with sheep 
 than with cattle ; but perhaps the nearest relations have not been so frequently 
 matched. Messrs. Brown, during fifty years, have not crossed their excellent flock 
 of Leicesters, nor since the year 1810 has Mr. Barfoi-d crossed the Foscote flock. 
 This gentleman asserts that when two nearly related individuals are perfectly sound 
 no degeneracy is produced in their offspring by their union ; or, in other words, 
 that there is no danger by in-and-in breeding unless through morbid inheritance. 
 But, on the other hand, he does not pride himself on breeding from the nearest 
 relatives ; and I may add that such is not a breeder's object : he does not choose a 
 relative for its relationship, but for its qualities. In France the Naz flock has been bred 
 in-and-in for sixty years, without the introduction of any strange blood. Ferdinand 
 and Louis Fischer started a flock of one hundred ewes of one family and four rams of 
 another ; and these families have since been interbred without the admixture of a 
 drop of fresh blood. Mr. Atwood's entire flock, which was so celebrated that it is now 
 scattered by colonization into all the States of the North American Union, originated 
 from a single impregnated ewe ; and neither she nor any of her progeny or descend- 
 ants while in his hands were interbred with any sheep not descended exclusively 
 from Colonel Humphrey's flock, from which she herself came. Mr. Hammond 
 bought a small number of Atwood's flock in 1844, and he has since interbred solely 
 between the descendants of these identical sheep. The Spaniards in their sheep- 
 breeding guard against any admixture between the different cabanas, and they have 
 been bred in-and-in for ages. Hallam says that the fineness of Spanish wool is consid- 
 ered to be owing to an importation of English sheep about the year 1.348, and again 
 about 1465, in return for which the Spaniards exported horses. McCulloch says that 
 the Spaniards themselves ascribe their superior breed of .sheep to the introduction of a 
 few from England by Catherine of Lancaster in 1394 ; while elsewhere he says the 
 merino breed is said to have been introduced from Barbary. These importations 
 could not have been very great, and, as it appears, the Spaniards have since bred them 
 in very closely, with the result that they became so valuable that up to the treaty of 
 Basle their exportation was forbidden. By that treaty the French were allowed to 
 buy five thousand merino ewes and as many rams ; and from this stock the English 
 sheep, which had also been carefully bred, were improved, while those of France and 
 Germany were almost replaced by them. These sheep, says Mr. Huzard, have been 
 ever since bred in-and-in at Kambouillet, and have never been crossed except by a 
 second importation under the First Consulate. The nearest relatives are generally 
 put together, for the rams are usually put to their own progeny for several genera- 
 tions, and this without any sign of degeneration. The flocks of Tessier, de Sylvestre, 
 Perrault, Girod, and others testify to the same fact. The merino, when introduced 
 
80 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 into Germany, was so immensely superior to all the native breeds, that it was every- 
 wliere accepted with enthusiasm. In Saxony tlie greatest attention was paid to 
 them, chiefly, however, as regards the quality of their wool, not as regards the 
 quantity and quality as well as quality of the meat, as in England. To this end they 
 were kept in stal)les and fed on heating food, such as grain ami ]i;iy, throughout 
 the winter. The result was an imexampled quality of wool ; hut the uuiiiial.s hecamu 
 a small and puny race. In England the breed of sheep was already so good that 
 men were prejudiced in favor of their own breeds. Many merinos, therefore, fell 
 into tliL' hands of men who had no experience in breeding, and they were misman- 
 aged ; but in tlie liauds of at least one practical breeder they were eminently 
 successful. Jle reports on them: 'Soon after the king's flocks were imported . . . 
 I purchased a consideraljle number of sheep from them, and selected from those of the 
 Negrette blood, as being the largest sheep and carrying the most and softest wool. 
 These I continued to keej) strictly pure, having no other sheep whatever, and I drew 
 rams from the royal flock, so long as that was kept up, since which I have depended 
 M-holly on my own. By due attention in breeding, the wool, far from degenerating, 
 has annually improved in softness and fineness, and these (qualities have become 
 much more uniformly even throughout the fleece; so that I now obtain for the 
 M'hole a price beyond what any foreign wool brings in bulk in an unsorted state, 
 wliile the flee<'es of our own flock are full double the weight of those of the Saxon 
 sheei). ^'^ ^^ I'ight, however, to state that the staple of my flocks having arrived at a 
 length beyond that of utlier merino sheep, has rendered it fit for combing, thus 
 enhancing the value. The form of the .sheep is also liighly improved, while the 
 disposition to fatten equals that of the Southdown. The mutton is of the first quality, 
 and I can readily have for fat wethers the highest ])rice which any mutton brings in 
 tlie London market.' The justly celebrated New Leicester breed of sheep was 
 entirely created as a distinct breed by this method. ' Taking the native sheep,' says 
 Macdonald, talking of Bakewell, ' he reduced his size, gave him small offals, induced 
 him to lay on flesh and fat all along the breech, sides, shoulders, flank, and neck. 
 He opened his wool, and also reduced it in weight, and a little in length. He 
 increased the tendency to lay on fat in proportion to the food consumed, and made 
 the animal take on fat at lesist a year or two earlier, thus enabling two or three 
 aninuds to be fed where one only was fed before. Nor was this change fitful or tem- 
 porary ; it was permanent and indelible ; and for nearly a century the same breed of 
 sheep has not only maintained its j)osition, but has been used with more or less of 
 su(;cess to improve nearly every breed in the LTnited Kingdom, and has, moreover, 
 more or less displaced almost every other breed.' A correspondent of Walker says : 
 ' I iiave l)red from rams from the same flock in Leicestershire for fourteen years, which 
 flock has not had a cross since the year 1799.' Some of the new Leicester breed 
 a|i))ear, however, to deserve the remark of the ' Bond Street Butcher ;' for Sir John 
 
MARr ANNE OF ST. LAMBERT 9770. 
 
 AT 5 YEARS OLD. 
 
 Stoke Pofjh — Marjoram — Yklor Hugo Type. 
 OAKLANDS HERD. 
 
 Valancey E. Fuller, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 
 
PRINCE POGIS 10,682. 
 
 AT 1 YEAR OLD. 
 
 Mary Anne of St. Lamberl^Rob Roy— Splendid Type. 
 
 OAKLANDS HERD. 
 
 Valancey E. Fuller, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEIilCA. 81 
 
 Sebright said that Bakewell's principles were followed up too far ; the propensity to 
 get fat has increased so much that their stock has become small in size, delicate, and 
 produces little wool. But another correspondent of Walker points out that a pro- 
 pensity for fat-getting and the production of the finest wool are incompatible ; and 
 it certainly appears from the fact that this breed has supplanted so many others that 
 it cannot have degenerated. Too much fat is always a danger to a breed, for fat is a 
 degeneration of tissue and a cause of sterility ; and although by in-and-in breeding 
 man is able to do a great deal in the way of alteration, he must still follow nature — 
 he cannot go contrary to physiological laws ; he can increase the qualities which he 
 wishes to get chiefly only at the expense of qualities which he is content to do 
 without ; and can no more obtain an animal all fat with every other good quahty than 
 he can teach his breed to live without food. We must remember that ill-directed 
 breeding is as bad when there are frequent crosses as when there are none ; that it 
 is selection which is the great improver, when properly directed, and that breeding- 
 in-and-in is only advantageous because it fixes the breed and obviates the necessity 
 of crossing from an unimproved breed. Indeed, a careless cross may diminish size, 
 just as careless in-and-in breeding may do so. The Eomney Marsh sheep were made 
 smaller in this way ; so were the Teeswater, and so are the mongrels of the merino 
 and Scotch, or the Southdown and Scotch breeds. The sheep of Scotland, says Dr. 
 Copland, are very small, their fleeces fine and soft, their meat delicate and finely 
 flavored. In many parts they have much deteriorated since the introduction of 
 Southdown breeds. Indeed, the sheep themselves seem sometimes to have an antip- 
 athy to crosses, for on one of the Faroe isles it was observed that the half wild 
 native black sheep would not readily unite with the imported white sheep. The 
 Shetlanders also tried to improve their native breed of sheep by crosses, and failed 
 signally. So bad are the effects of crossing an improved breed, which must neces- 
 sarily comprise no very great numbers at first, that some persons keep their animals 
 in different families, and thus while they retain consanguinity, any tendency to 
 disease peculiar to one family from the soil, habit, or what not, is obliterated. On 
 the other hand, so valuable is in-and-in breeding to perpetuate any peculiarity either 
 caused by selection or by what is known as a ' sport,' that nearly all ' created " 
 breeds have been produced in this way, and valuable breeds, such as the Ancon and 
 Mauchamp, would have been entirely lost without it." 
 
 IN-AND-IN BREEDING OF CATTLE. 
 
 " A majority of the most celebrated breeders and improvers of English cattle, 
 says Mr. Randall, have bred closely in-and-in ; and this was necessary, since an 
 improvement cannot comprise a large number at first. Bakewell was one of these 
 breeders, and his Longhoms were for a considerable time closely interbred, though 
 
82 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMKRIVA. 
 
 Mr. Youatt says that they became delicate, and the propagation of their kind 
 uncertain, a state which seems to have been due to bad management, for 
 Bakewell hin\self was, as a rule, extremely successful. Knight once in the same 
 season reared two young bulls of which the parents were nearly related ; and Ijoth 
 proved perfectly impotent, or at least failed to get a single calf ; yet the females 
 bred well enough while young. But another correspondent of Walker never found 
 the generative power fail in consequence of in-and-in breeding of cattle ; all that is 
 necessary', he says, is to select carefully. The half-wild cattle kept in British parks, 
 at Cadzow Castle, Chillingham, and Chertly are put forward as long-continued in- 
 and-in breeding without any evil results by Culley, Dr. Brown, and Mr. Macdonald. 
 These cattle were parked four or live hundred years ago, and are supposed to be 
 the only remains of the ancient British cattle. Mr. Darwin, liowever, asserts that, 
 compared to the wild cattle of South America, these are bad breeders; and 
 Dr. Smith says that the Cliillingham cattle now produce deviations from the orig- 
 inal Xy^Q of white, with black muzzles and red ears, which deviation he considers 
 a degeneration. It does not follow, however, that this is a degeneration in the 
 ordinary sense of the word ; while it must be allowed that selection has not been 
 practised witli regard to tlieir breeding, wliich would prevent any selection on 
 their own part sufficient to allow of the intensification of any particular color, since, 
 though the keepers may shoot these deviations from the original type, tliis will 
 not prevent it in tlie first instance. The various colors are there, and it would 
 be contrary to all the teachings of the evolution hypothesis if deviations did not 
 occasionally occur, whether by sports, which would be rare in so in-and-in bred a herd, 
 or by selection among themselves, as explained by Mr. Darwin in his ' Descent of 
 Man.' The fact still remains, however, that these animals have been bred in-and-in 
 for centuries, and still continue to breed without the help of crosses. Tlie South 
 American cattle are all descended from a few brought over from Spain and Portu- 
 gal ; the first by Garay, in 1580, and they have since increased to such astonishing 
 numbers that, even in 1587, there were sixty-four thousand three hundred and fifty 
 skins exported from New Spain. Vast herds of wild cattle are met with in all parts 
 of the country, particulai'ly in the plains of the southern proAances, where they exist 
 in troops of twenty tliousand to forty thousand ; so that hides, jerked beef, horns, 
 and bones have long formed leading articles of export from Brazil. On the Falk- 
 land Isles are herds of magnificent cattle, all descended from a few brouglit over 
 from La Plata about eighty years ago. They are now breaking up into separate 
 herds of different colors, the white, on the Higldands, breeding earher than the 
 others. I wish to draw particular attention to this natural segregation, wliich is 
 also common in liorses and sheep, and must be taken in connection with the tendency 
 all polygamous animals seem to ha\e to separate into families. Is this nature's 
 liorror of in-and-in breeding { Is this her deliglit in crosses ? Price, the most 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 83 
 
 siTCcessfiil breeder of Hereford cattle on record, until twenty years ago, was a staunch 
 advocate of in-and-in breeding ; so were the Collings, Mason, Maynard, Wetherill, 
 Bates, the Booths, Sir C. Knightly, BakeweU, Culley, Ellman, and others. The cow 
 Restless, almost an historical animal, was the result of in-and-in breeding to a degree 
 which woiild not have been possible to obtain in man, owing to his long childhood. 
 The bull Bohngbroke was put to his half-sister Phoenix, and produced the bull 
 Favorite. Favorite was matched with his dam, and produced the cow Phoenix, a 
 celebrated animal. Favorite was then matched with his daughter, and the produce 
 was the famous bull Comet ; then with his daughter's daughter ; then with his daugh- 
 ter's daughter's daughter, he being the father in each case. The produce of this 
 last imion, a cow, had 93.75 per cent, of Favorite's l)lood in her, and was bred to the 
 bull Wellington, himself deeply interbred on both sides in the blood of Favorite, of 
 which he had 62.5 per cent, in him. This union produced the cow Clarissa, an 
 admirable animal. Clarissa was bred to the bull Lancaster, who had fiS.75 per cent, of 
 Favorite's blood ; and this union produced the celebrated cow Restless, a lireeding 
 cow of Sir Charles Knightly's herd. The rule of Mr. Bates was always to put the 
 best animals together, regardless of consanguinity. His ' Duchess ' family, one of 
 many families thus bred, ceased to breed ; but he continued his former course of 
 in-and-in breeding with triimiphant success. Mr. Darwin, however, points oiit that 
 though Bates bred in-and-in for thirteen years, yet during the next seventeen years 
 he tlirice crossed his herd, not to improve them, but to increase their fertility ; while 
 Nathusius, after a careful study of pedigrees, finds that no breeder has continued 
 in-and-in breeding all his life. But, at all events, many have bred in-and-in far more 
 closely than would be possible in man, for a number of generations longer than the 
 average of human famihes exist. Mr. Price, whose Herefords were the best in the 
 world in his day, declared he had not gone beyond his own herd for a bull or a cow 
 during forty years. At Earl Ducie's sale, in 1853, a white heifer, only five months 
 old, sold for four hundred guineas ; she was the daughter of the bull Fourth Duke of 
 York, who was by Second Duke of York, and her dam was Duchess 59, also by 
 Second Duke of York ; consequently the sire and dam were half-brother and sister. 
 Many others which reach high prices are bred on this system. Mr. Gardner gives a 
 most successful case of breeding between son and dam. M. Sanson points out that 
 the Charolaise race of cattle has been greatly improved by in-and-in breeding. At 
 Rambouillet in-and-in breeding was practised among the celebrated cattle of that 
 place — a white hornless breed — with great success, until they were carried off by the 
 cattle epidemic of 1815. M. Huzard also saw at Hohenheim and the royal farm of 
 Holitzchen herds of superior animals, which were always bred in-and-in. In this 
 way, says Mr. Darwin, were in all probability bred the Niata cattle, from one 
 individual sport." 
 
.JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 " Breeders are more neai'ly luianiinous on the evils of in-and-in breeding npon 
 pigs, says Mr. Darwin, tliaii perhaps on any other large animal. Mr. Dnice says 
 their constitution cannot be preserved without a cro.ss. Lord Weston, the fii-st 
 importer of a Neapolitan boar and sow, bred in-and-in till the breed was in danger of 
 dying out. Mr. J. AV right bred with the same boar from its daughter, grand- 
 daughter, great-granddaughter, and so on for seven generations, with the result that 
 the offspring in many Ciises failed to breed ; in others they produced few that lived, 
 and <jf the latter many were without instinct to suck, and unable to walk straight. 
 The last two sows were put to other l)oars, and produced several litters of healthy 
 pigs. The best in external ap])earance produced during the whole seven genera- 
 tions was one of the last births, the sole one of the litter. She would not breed 
 with her sire, and yet bred from the first trial with a stranger in blood. Nathusius 
 imported a gravid sow from England, and l)red closely in-and-in from the progeny 
 for three generations, and witii bad results ; vet lie esteeuicd one of the latest sows 
 a good animal, and she lire<l well witli a hoar of different blood. On the whole, 
 Mr. Darwin tliinks, therefore, that in-and-in breeding does not affect the external 
 form, while it affects the general constitution, the mental powers, and especially the 
 reproductive ])owers. It must be remembered, however, that pigs are precisely 
 those animals wliich are cultivated most for their fat, and that fat is very injurious to 
 the health of any animal, and especially in the reproductive powers. Crossing, on the 
 other hand, gives a tendency to reversion, and therefore a relief from fat. Indeed, 
 as I have already explained, facts against the harmlessness of in-and-in breeding 
 have very little value compared with those in its favor, and this is too generally 
 overlooked. These pigs with but little hair on their bodies have by correlation also 
 very bad teeth, and tliis may be prevented by crossing with hairy breeds. If a 
 breeder, in beginning to breed in-and-in, chose an animal with rather less hair than 
 usual, the progeny would have a tendency to bad teeth, bad digestion, and heuce 
 weakness ; and he would natTU-ally conclude, on finding that this weakness was 
 <'ured by a cross, that it was the in-and-in breeding itself which caused it, and not 
 mere iidieritance. Mr. Ilobbs divided his st(jck into three families, and by this 
 device, though he kept the consanguinity, he avoided any chiince inheritance of a 
 morbid tendency, and obtained more latitude for selection. Mr. Coate, who won 
 the prize for the best pen of pigs at Smithfield Club Show five times, says : ' Crosses 
 answer well for ]>r()fit to the farmer, as you get more constitution and quicker 
 i:i-o\vtli ; but for me, who sell a greater nmnber of pigs for breeding purposes, I 
 liiid it will n(jt do, as it j-eipiires many years to get anj-thing like purity of blood 
 again.' So Mr. Youatt says : ' A useful pig in these days may easily be bred ; but 
 if you want fixity of type, or, as it is well called, ' character,' you must adopt 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 85 
 
 pure blood.' Red pigs are ' invaluable for giving vigor and constitution to black 
 breeds, when demoralized by over-coddling, over-feeding, and injudicious in-and-in 
 breeding.' " 
 
 IN-AND-IN BREEDING OF THE HOKSE. 
 
 " In Circassia there are six sub-breeds of horses, three of which are asserted, b}- a 
 native proprietor of rank, almost always to refuse to mingle and cross while living 
 a free life, and will even attack each other. It is a crime punishable by death to 
 forge the mark of pedigree on an animal. The Arabs are equally particular as to 
 their breeds, and their horses are better able to stand a change of climate tluui are 
 European horses. Mr. N. H. Smith, long a resident among the Arabs, is of 
 opinion that colts bred in-and-in show more blood in their heads, are of better fonn, 
 and are more fit to start with fewer sweats than are others ; Itut when the breed is 
 continued incestiiously for three or four generations, the animal degenerates. It is 
 difficult to know what is meant by ' breeding incestuously.' Mr. Meynell, it 
 appears, did not think breeding from sire and daughter or son and dam was close 
 in-and-in breeding ; and Mr. Bowly says the term in-and-in breeding ought to be 
 applied only to animals liavi;ig precisely the same blood, as own brother and sister. 
 Now, breeding from such relationship as this, seeing that the male has only half the 
 blood of the dam, and the female only half the blood of the sire, can scarcely be 
 called jrare in-and-in breeding, but may, on the contrary, if carried out with caution, 
 be done with advantage. Our race-horses are derived from a mixture of Persian, 
 Barbary, Arab, and native horses ; but from the first they ha\e lieen bred closely 
 in-and-in. Rachel, the dam of Highflyer, was the daughter of Blank and grand- 
 daughter of Regulus; yet both Blank and Regulus were sons of Godolphin. Fox 
 was born under similar conditions of relationship. The dam of Goldfinder was the 
 daughter of Blank and granddaughter of Regulus. The granddam of Brick- 
 Inmter was a daughter of Bald-Galloway, who was also the sire of Brick-hunter. 
 The great granddam of Flying-Childers, one of the most famous race-hor-ses, was a 
 daughter of Spanker, while his dam was also the dam of the last. The sire of 
 the Knight of St. George, a winner of the St. Leger, was also his grandsire and 
 great-grandsire. Smith, in his work on breeding for the turf, gives ' once in and 
 once out ' as the rule for breeding ; but ' twice in and once out,' says Mr. Walsh, 
 is more in accordance with the practice of our most successful breeders. The breeder 
 can have no hesitation, continues Mr. "Walsh, in coming to the conclusion that 
 in-and-in breeding carried out once or twice is not only not a bad practice, l)ut is 
 likely to be attended with good results. The evidence of repeated success in resort- 
 ing to the practice of in-and-in breeding is too strong to be gainsaid. ' For the 
 race-course,' says Dr. Elam, 'the pure south-eastern l)recd is adhered to; l>ut 
 different stocks of the same breed, and those brought up in different l(jcalities, are 
 
86 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 selected." However, by ' crosses ' breeders by no means undei-stand tlie introduc- 
 tion of fresli blood. There are scarcely two tlioronglibred liorses in the stud-book, 
 says Mr. Walsh, that cannot be traced back to the same stock in one or more lines. 
 An absolute freedom from relationship is not to be found, or, if so, very rarely. Yet 
 continued in-and-in breeding in the closest relationship he does not think advisable — 
 it is apt to develop weak points in the constitution. ' The cautious breeder, there- 
 fore, will do well to avoid mnning this risk, and will strive to obtain what he wants 
 without having recourse to the practice ; though, at the same time, he will make up 
 his mind that it is xmwise to sacriiice a single point with this view.' ]Mr. Darwin 
 says that statistics show that nearly one third of our race-horses have proved barren, 
 or have slipped their foals — a fact which he ascribes to their high nurture and close 
 interlu-eeding. This is very probably the case, since a racing-horse or mare, how- 
 ever delicate it may be, is too valuable not to breed from. Indeed, it is generally 
 a disiibled animal — tuie that has gone lame, and is therefore deprived of exercise 
 and, with this, much of its natural health — which is set apart for breeding. Nor are 
 they chosen for their fertility, but solely for their running powers. Tn-aiid-in 
 breeding in horses is carried on at any rate to a very great extent, and with 
 decidedly beneficial effects on the race. 
 
 "'Nimrod' concludes a comparisoa between the thoroughbred and half-bred 
 hunter in these words : ' As for his powers of endurance under equal sufferings, 
 they doubtless would exceed those of the " cocktail ;" and being by his nature what is 
 termed a better doer in the stable, he is sooner at his work again than the other. 
 Indeed, there is scarcely a limit to the work of full-bred hunters of good fonn, 
 constitution, and temper.' Najioleon's celebrated .state horses were directly derived, 
 says M. Huzard, from the Arab blood of Count Ilumiady, who had bred contin- 
 ually from the same two stallions. Indeed, it is the natural state of horses to breed 
 in-aud-in." 
 
 IX-AND-IX RKKEDINi; OK DKKK. 
 
 In many of tlie J^)ritisli deer-parks the deer have been allowed to breed 
 uncrossed for long periixls, without any degeneration showing it.self or k)ss of general 
 health. Tlie dark herds of deer in the Forest of Dean, in High !Meadow Woods, 
 and in the New Forest, supposed to have been brought by James I. from Norway, 
 have never been known to mingle with the pale-colored herds, although kept together 
 with them — another case showing the rarity of crosses when animals are left to 
 themselves. Dr. Davy mentions the case of a pair of red deer, who, about the year 
 1 850, were taken from the herd and put into a paddock of twenty or thirty acres 
 adjoining Stornoway Castle, Isle of Lewis ; these have multiplied yearly, and 
 numbered, ten yeai-s after, twenty-three, not including several which were killed, all 
 descendants of the original pair, and all very much imjiroved in comparison with the 
 deer of the forest. Nevertheless, it is the practice, says Mr. Darwin, to infuse new 
 
JERSEY CATTLE I.Y A3IERICA. 87 
 
 blood into the fallow deer of the British parks, and this, he says, proves of the 
 greatest benefit in removing the taint of rickhach and improving their size and 
 appearance. Kickbacked deer are too generally found in many parks, says Mr. 
 Shirley, supposed to be due to weakness, brought on both by breeding in-and-in too 
 much, and also by insufficient food. In other words, we may say that the cause is 
 unknown. The Scotch deer, however, breed naturally in-and-in, and the red deer 
 generally breed between brother and sister for generation after generation, and yet 
 tliey are, us a rule, perfectly healthy. 
 
 IN-AND-IN BREEDING OF FOWLS. 
 
 " Sir J. Sebright asserts that his fowls got long in the legs, small in body, and 
 bad breeders from too close in-and-in breeding. Mr. Clark continued to breed 
 in-and-in from his own kind of fighting cocks till they became under the weight 
 required for the best prizes, and lost their pluck. On one cross from Mr. Leighton's 
 they again resumed their former courage and weight. This breeder found that 
 breeding from father and daughter produced a greater loss of weight in the 
 ofEspring than breeding from the mother and son. Mr. Eyton, of that ilk, says his 
 Dorkings became smaller and less prolific if not occasionally crossed. Mr. Hewitt 
 says the same of Malays, as to size at least. But the fanciers with large stocks can 
 breed from their own stock withoiit this danger, because they keep various families 
 separate for crossing purposes. Mr. Ballanee, who breeds in this way, says that 
 breeding in-and-in does not necessarily cause deterioration, ' but all depends Tipon 
 how this is managed. My plan has been to keep five or six distinct runs, . . . 
 and select the best birds from each run for crossing. I thus secure sufficient 
 crossing to prevent deterioration.' " 
 
 Mr. J. S. Rogers, of Paterson, New Jersey, had some Dorking fowls that were 
 inbred for many generations, until they became very diminutive in size. He at 
 once concluded that if any animal could be diminished in size by in-and-in breeding, 
 the converse must l)e true — they could be bred up in size ; and selecting some eggs 
 from a single hen of the large white Brahma breed, he bred in-and-in, always 
 selecting the largest fowls from the descendants of the same hen, but taking care to 
 have several runs of them. He brought them to an exaggerated size, the hens 
 weighing twelve pounds and the cocks as high as fifteen pounds each. This is a 
 good illustration of inbreeding, contrasting neglect and haphazard work with that 
 of careful selection. The key-note of all successful breeding is intelligent selection. 
 This, combined with a knowledge of the best formulas for inbreeding, enables the 
 true breeder to accomplish great results in fixing the types of his own selection. 
 
 THE " DOWNY FOWLS." 
 
 The following instructive lesson was furnished for this work by Mr. J. Y. 
 Henry Nott, of Kingston, New York : " When I purchased my farm there were a 
 
88 JERSEY CATTLE IN^ AMEBICA. 
 
 number of coiniuon fowls upon it of no particular breed. We got a number uf 
 Plymouth Rock cocks to improve them. After the second year, or when the tiock 
 were two thirds Plymouth liock in blood, we noticed a chicken that looked like a liall 
 of down ; and while the rest changed to feathers, she remained downy, and so grew 
 up to lienhood, when she proved to be a remarkable mother and layer, raising three 
 broods of chickens in the season, and beginning to lay before the chickens were 
 weaned. So we concluded, as she was a curiosity in appearance, to save her sons 
 and breed them to lier, though none of them were downy. After three broods one 
 of the chicks turned out downy, and a cock, which we bred to his mother, and tlieii- 
 chickens were about half downy and shortwinged, while the rest were common, or 
 feathered. 
 
 "We then took the downys, and kept a pair in two separate yards, and when 
 they had chickens took a cock from one yard and pullet from the other, which was 
 breeding cousins [full brother and sister. — Ed.] together, and that is what we are still 
 doing, each generation being a degree of cousinship apart. We are now down to 
 the sixth generation, and the chickens come all downy, but not all shortwinged, or 
 without flight feathers, which is, of course, their great value, though their down is as 
 valuable as goose-down, as far as it goes. But the fact of not being able to fly ovei- a 
 common board fence three feet high makes them the fowl for village people, and to 
 fully establish that improvement we put each new generation in an enclosui-c with a 
 fence but three feet in height, and keep only those to breed from that cannot get 
 over, without regard to size or appearance. 
 
 " Their color is a dark smoky blue, and they are as large and hardy as the 
 Phnnouth Rock. Some have single and some double combs." 
 
 IN-ANI>-IN BREEDING OK .JKKSKY CATTLE. 
 
 The Island of Jersey, being but a small tract and isolated from tlie rest of the 
 world, while its cattle are protected from all foreign contamination, would naturally 
 become a field for the practice of inbreeding cattle. Such inbreeding as has been 
 practised, however, has been mostly accidental and liaphazard ; yet the pedigrees of 
 imported stock for the past five years show that nearly all meritorious animals trace 
 in several lines to one bull — " Old Noble." Roimdus bred to his granddam Miisique 
 ])r<)duced the bull Cetewayo, whose progeny are remarkable for strong constitutions. 
 
 Gilderoy, tracing by two or more lines to " Old Noble," was bred to Regina 2d, 
 a granddaughter and great-great-granddaughter of " Old Noble," producing Chrome 
 Skin, a cow that made twenty poimds, thirteen ounces of butter in seven days. 
 Gilderoy bred to Chrome Skin, his daughter, produced Gilderoy 3d, a bull noted for 
 beauty and vigor. Tliis is the breeding practised by Dr. Howe, of Bristol, R. I. 
 There have been many fine illustrations of inbreeding among American bred Jerseys, 
 some by the design of skilful breeders, others that were merely circumstantial. The 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 89 
 
 best model of a Jersey cow ever known — Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828 — was produced 
 by breeding Victor 3550 to bis own daughter. Victor 3550 was the result of mating 
 full brother and sister. Mr. Simpson's Alphea family has a number of very choice 
 animals, prodiiced by mating full brother and sister, and breeding the progeny to 
 his daughters, granddaughters, and great-granddaughters in double lines. 
 
 Young Merciiry, whose portrait is shown in this work, and whose escutcheon is 
 iised for the illustration on that subject, is the grandson of his sire Mercury and the 
 full brother in blood of his dam Phaedra, that made nineteen pounds, thirteen 
 ounces of butter in seven days. Through seven lines he traces to Saturn and Ehea, 
 the sire and dam of the famous cow Alphea. His formula is : Full lirother to full 
 sister and their son to his daughters and granddaughters of the same pure Alphea 
 blood. Another noted family, originated by Mr. O. S. Hubbell, of Connecticut, 
 is descended from the noted inbred bull St. Helier. The formula of this 
 family is : sire to daughter, also to granddaughter, and then combine brother and 
 sister ; or the grandson of his sire St. Helier is bred to his half sister by St. Helier, 
 and their male progeny is bred to a daughter or granddaughter of St. Helier 
 with most successful results in the production of a choice type of butter Jerseys, that 
 are also remarkable for their uniformity of style and quality. In England Philip 
 Dauncey bred for forty years by coupling half brother and sister and using an 
 occasional oiitcross from the Island of Jersey. " Pope," Mr. Dauncey's first hull, 
 was purchased in 1826 from Mr. Michael Fowler, by whom another Island bull, 
 "Fowler," was obtained thirty years later. From the combined blood of these two 
 bulls descended the famous bull Kioter 2d 469, imported to America by Col. E. M. 
 Hoe, and also " Stoke Pogis," a bull whose descendants in America have made a 
 great name, the most noted cow being " Mary Anne of St. Lambert," that in her 
 fifth year made eight hundred and sixty-seven pounds, eleven and three quarter 
 ounces of butter, and has an ofiicial seven-day test of thirty-six pounds, twelve and 
 one quarter ounces. All the best cows illustrate the success of inbreeding as an 
 essential metliDil of improvement. 
 
 IXBRKEDING AND FECUNDITY. 
 
 " Scraps for Breeders," in the Loudon Live Stack Jonrnnl, contains the 
 following : 
 
 " There is probably no opinion more generally accepted among breeders, and 
 taken for granted in every new discussion, than that in-and-in breeding must induce 
 barrenness. That there are grounds for this opinion is certain, for no conclusion 
 obtains wide assent unless it be at least plausible — i.e., consistent with ordinary obser- 
 vation. Yet the first thought, to one reader at least, on turning over the new volmne 
 of the ' Shorthorn Herd Book,' was, ' What a lot of twins there are by Booth bulls ! ' 
 There are not now existing in the kingdom any cattle reared from closer affinities 
 
90 JERSEY CATTLE TX AMERICA. 
 
 than those at Warlaby ; yet at Warlaby there was in 1883 one pair of twins and a 
 trii)le birth: at Killerby there was one pair of twins; at Mr. St. John Ackers' two 
 pairs; at Lord Pol warth's one pair ; anotlier pair at Mr. Talbot Crosbie's ; another 
 pair at Mr. K. "Welsted's; while at the Dnke of Northnniberland's, Mr. Willis's of 
 Carjierbv, and at Mr. T. Pear's — whose herds, although not of Booth origin, are very 
 closely allied, by recent sires, to that strain of blood^tliere were in each case no 
 less than three paii-s of twins in one season. 
 
 " The.se incidents go far to show that, under jimper superintendence. Shorthorns 
 may yet be very closely bred for concentration of bloud, and still remain fecund ; and 
 also that the ordinary allegation against Booth cattle, ' that they are slow breeders,' 
 is not one which is necessarily trae. For in the lot of cows and heifers of which 
 these herds are composed, and which probably altogether do not much exceed two 
 hundred and fifty animals, no less than seventeen, or nearly seven per cent., produced 
 more than one at a birtli in lss;3. Tliis rate of increase is above tliat of unpedigreed, 
 loosely-bred dairies." 
 
 It would seem very plausible that the quality of producing twins niiglit be made 
 a prepotent and permanent trait in any breed, by careful and persistent selection, 
 though perhaps it would not be so desirable in a dairy race as in beef breeds. The 
 lack of fecundity in Shorthorns, or any breed, may be induced by allowing indi- 
 viduals of either sex to be kept in a state of obesity that induces fatty degeneration. 
 It is stated upon good authority that the bull Hubback, from whom the Shorthorn race 
 was derived, early became impotent, because he was allowed to become very fat, 
 and consequently his own progeny were very few in nmnher. The quahty of the 
 Jersey breed is such that very little difficulty obtains from a lack of fecundity 
 through fat. 
 
 INFLUKNCKS DETERMINING SEX. 
 
 "In the January number of tlie Pojmho' Science 3fo7tt/tIy {1SS5) there is a 
 review, by Prof. AV. K. Brooks, uf an article on the laws which determine sex, 
 published l)y Carl Diiring in the Jenai^c/ie Zeiischrift. 
 
 "'Each species has acquired, through natural selection, the useful jiroperty in 
 virtue of which any deviation from the average ratio between the sexes is corrected 
 by an increased number of births of the deficient sex, or a decreased number of the 
 sex wliich is in excess.' 
 
 '• Notice the increased number of male colts as the number of mares ])ut tn a 
 stallion increases! 
 
 "Again, notice the iiutreased male ])irt]is following a war that takes many men 
 friim their homes. 
 
 " ' A favorable environment cau.ses an excess of female births ; an unfavoraltle 
 environment an excess of male births.' The female is supposed by Prof. Brooks 
 to be the conservative element in reproduction, and the male the element througli 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA. 91 
 
 which new varieties are introduced. Hence, when circumstances unfavorable to the 
 race occur, an inci'ease of males takes place, in order that the race, by altering its 
 habits or structure to some extent, may adapt itself more readily to its surroxmdings. 
 Assuming a large number of births to be an evidence of favorable surroundings, it 
 has been shown that, in prolific races, the number of females is in excess, and again, 
 in any case, as the number of births increases the ratio of females increases. The 
 birth rate of females is higher in cities than in the country. So much in regard to 
 the human race in general. As regards the individual. Prof. C. M. Hollingsworth 
 puts forth the hypothesis that ' it is a relative preponderance of the conditions on 
 which cell division depends which causes the formation of the female or male gen- 
 erative organs and determines the sex of the individual.' The higher plants, he 
 has shown, have female flowers situated in places most favorable for cell growth, 
 and male on places for cell division. The relatively larger plants are female. The 
 sex of a plant can be influenced by placing it in a position favorable or unfavorable 
 for cell growth. It is a fact, arrived at by experiment, that in the higher animals 
 an early impregnation of the oviim results in the birth of a female offspring. It is 
 supposed that in early impregnation an interval elapses before segmentation takes 
 place, and in that time the male element tends to become ' assimilated,' and so, ' by 
 hypothesis, to have its specific capacity or function of exciting cell division to some 
 extent weakened.' In a late impregnation the reverse would occur, and a male 
 offspring be the result." 
 
 Many Jersey breeders have made more or less persistent efforts to reduce to 
 practice the theories of biologists in regard to control of sex in offspring. Insuffi- 
 cient data are obtainable upon which to suggest any plan of action or experiment 
 with any reasonable assurance of success. 
 
 The Stuyvesant theory of alternating sex in successive j^eriods of heat secured 
 by observing the sex of the last birth, upon the hypothesis that the female gives for 
 each period an ovum of alternating sex, has received some practical attention. 
 Thus far the sexes have been about equally proportioned, the females but slightly 
 preponderating ; and this is doubtless a fixed law of the Creator for the preservation 
 of both sex and species. If the law has been discovered or is discoverable, the 
 knowledge of its application will be of immense advantage to all breeders of cattle. 
 
 THE EANKIN THEOEY.* 
 
 " If we take the proper advantage of the fact that the cow has two ovaries, one 
 of which throws off, in her normal condition, an ovum every twenty-one days, 
 which may be impregnated and produce another of her kind, male . or female, as is 
 the ovTun impregnated. Should a bull calf be the result of the last effort, then the 
 
 G. T. Rankin, Jerse}' Bulletin. Sept. 33, 1885. 
 
92 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 first ovum passed would be a female, if impregnated, which is the ' Stuyvesant 
 theory.' But what I wish to impress upon the breeder is that in from nine to twelve 
 days after the cow calves she will, through her ovarian system, deposit in 
 the uterus an ovum susceptible of impregnation, although she will show none of the 
 usual symptoms of being in a condition to be served ; but if the last calf should 
 have been a male, then a ser%'ice within twelve days, if impregnation takes place 
 we may expect a female as the product ; but should she not prove pregnant, as 
 the next oviun would be a male, we must pass the heat, if we want a heifer calf, and 
 breed at what would be called the second observable heat, as the fii-st will not be 
 recognized by any objective signs from the cow, except by her actual exposure to 
 the male. This is my improvement of the ' Stuyvesant theory ' of breeding for sex ; 
 and as I have never seen the suggestion of the ' nine-day theory,' I claim it as 
 original, and only ask breeders to report their experience if they think it worthy of 
 trial. No doubt many breeders have tried the ' alternate heat theory,' and been 
 disgusted as well as myself ; but I would like if they would try again, ohserving the 
 nine-day caution^ 
 
 The author of this work is not yet satisfied that we have any clew to the law 
 controlling sex, but believes the subject worthy of persistent investigation and 
 thorough systematic experimentation. Possibly physiological research by vivisection, 
 by spaying one ovary, and like experiments, may some time lead to decisive results, 
 which will give us the key of the great secret. 
 
 THKORV OF AOK OK TUE OVULE. 
 
 Still another theory relates to the age of the ovule in determining sex. It lias 
 been promulgated and partially investigated by practice, that vitalization of the 
 ovule by the male in the early stage of ovulation, or during the first symptoms of 
 desire on the part of the female, tliat the resulting offspring will be a female, and 
 conversely if several hours' delay before union of the sexes the ovule undergoes 
 such changes that vitalization by the male then results in a male offspring. It 
 would ]>e well to collect iis many observations as possible upon the above theories, 
 singly and in combination. To that end it is commendable in breeders to keep an 
 extended record of all cases in their herds from this time forward, so as to prove or 
 disprove theories. 
 
 INB-LUENCE OF SEX UPON OFFSPRING. 
 
 That the male transmits his peculiarities to the female progeny and tlie dam 
 yields her characteristics to the male progeny is continually confirmed in nature. 
 
 A fine illustration of this axiomatic proposition is given by a correspondent of 
 the h,n,h,u Fh'ld : 
 
 " I jnit a black-red game et)ckerel witli willow legs to two white game i)ullets 
 
JIJESEY CATTLE IN AMEIilCA. 93 
 
 with yellow legs and bills. I have thirty chickens of this parentage. Every cockerel 
 has the shape and yellow legs of the mother, every pullet the type and willow legs 
 of the father. Knowledge of this tendency is capable of rendering good service 
 in many departments thought more highly of than chicken-breeding. Indeed, there 
 is hardly any limit to its usefulness." 
 
 SUMMARY OF FACTS ON BREEDING. 
 
 1. That man was for twenty-iive hundred years under a social system of the 
 closest consanguinity in marriage, the era of the greatest longevity of the human 
 race. 
 
 2. That mongrels of the human races, as the Mestizo and the Mulatto, are 
 especially inharmonious mixtures in mind and body, notorious for their depravity 
 and savage-like atavism. 
 
 3. " That the effects of crosses in man, animals, and plants are, first, variahiUt/y, 
 which depends, according to Darwin, ' on the reproductive organs being injuriously 
 affected by changed conditions ; ' and, secondly, on reversion, which is generally a 
 change for the worse, as the organism thus reverts to its former unimproved state, 
 and the good effects of natural or artificial selection are thus lost." 
 
 4. That in a state of nature, horses, cattle, sheep, deer, elephants, bison, wild boar, 
 and many other animals habitually practise in-and-in breeding, and also selection, 
 the strongest male leading the herd by right of conquest. 
 
 5. That among our domesticated animals improvement is made by selection and 
 the closest in-and-in breeding. 
 
 6. That fixity of type can only be maintained by perpetual in-and-in breeding. 
 
 7. That the qualities of a " sport " or phenomenal animal can only be preserved 
 and perpetuated by close in-and-in breeding. 
 
 8. That perfect specimens of any species or breed can be perpetually inbred 
 without any detriment. 
 
 9. That no physiologist has ever shown that disease or deformity can be 
 attributable to in-and-in breeding as a cause. 
 
 10. That where disastrous results follow the practice of in-and-in breeding, the 
 animals are diseased, and those diseases, like other peculiarities, may be intensified 
 by inbreeding. 
 
 11. That a common difficulty is the condition of obesity, which results in 
 sterility and fatty degeneration to those bulls or cows thus kept and overfed. 
 
 12. That swine and fowls and all other animals kept for their fat are in an 
 abnormal condition, and consequently difficult to inbreed. Hubback, the bull 
 that founded the Shorthorn breed, early became impotent from fat. 
 
 13. That the Jersey race of cattle, being less liable to fatty degeneration than 
 most other races of domestic animals, bears in-and-in breeding well, and such 
 
94 JA'JISKV CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 in-and-in breeding lias been the means of developing the most wonderful specimens 
 of productive dairy cows ever known in tlie world's history. 
 
 PLUS INTO PLUS, OH THE TUUK AKT OF UUEEDINQ. 
 
 •• There is a history . . . 
 The which ohscrveil. ;i ni:in may prophesy, 
 With a near aim, of the main chance of things 
 As yet to come to life ; which in their seeds 
 And weak beginnings lie intreasured." — Shnkespea/re. 
 
 To all persons will > read this Ixiok and arc desirous of excelling as Jersey 
 breeders, wliether they are novices or liavc had many years' experience, the 
 following directions may be found feasible and practical)ic for tiie progressive 
 improvement of their herds. 
 
 1. As the bull is the breed, and contributes fully fifty per cent, of the bhtod 
 value to each of liis progeny, lie should be the best animal obtainable. 
 
 2. Tlie bull should be as largely of the strain, or family, as practicable, from 
 which (lue wishes to breed. 
 
 ;-*.. Select the family you wish ti) breed, and from that family the best bull you 
 can ol)tain. 
 
 4. Select your bull by the new scale of points, from a tested cow. 
 
 5. If you cannot find the bidl that meets your requirements, have one bred to 
 order, using in the interim of his development the best one that you can obtain. 
 
 Ci. A good bull is one of a thousand ; indeed, you might examine several 
 thousand, and not find a suitable model for your herd. 
 
 7. I would designate the ball which possesses all the requirements sought as a 
 plus animal ; for if he is properly bred he is likely to be very prepotent, and will 
 transmit to his progeny more than fifty per cent, of blood value ; and in estimating 
 his value he may be marked in the pedigree as (.50-}-) fifty per cant., plus. 
 
 8. Similars with similars is the great law for the breeder. St. Ilelier with 
 St. Heher ; Albert with Albert ; plus with plus ; yellow skin with yellow skin ; liutter 
 breeder with butter breeder; first order escutcheon with first order escutcheon, 
 leaving no element of perfection out of the plan. 
 
 9. The bull must not only have an imbroken line of good ancestry for at least 
 six generations without one inferior animal, no weak link in the long chain, but his 
 dam should be extraordinary in all i)oints ; the bull inherits his special (pialities from 
 his dam. 
 
 10. The cow that fulfils the requirements of the new scale of points may be 
 called s^plus cow, and is expected, if she be in-and-in bred, to transmit fifty per cent, 
 of her blood value to her progeny. The^^^w.y cow inherits her special qualities from 
 her sire. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE LV A3/EJiICA. ' 95 
 
 11. To breed nj^lus bull, he should be the product of a formula that would 
 make him the grandson or great-grandson of his dam, and she a twenty-five-pound 
 cow, that he may inherit and intensify her form and character. 
 
 12. The plus bull should be bred to plus cows of the same family as himself. 
 I think a good herd should be so uniform in blood ratios that all should be kept up 
 to a fifty per cent, standard of the family blood. In some cases it would be better 
 to make the animals one hundred per cent, by close in-and-in breeding, for it has been 
 demonstrated that a line of family quality cannot be maintained without purity of 
 blood. If the blood is let loose by crossing it ma}' take years to recover it, or it may 
 be irretrievably lost by such experiments. 
 
 13. All animals that fall below the breeder's own standard should be eliminated 
 from the herd. 
 
 14. A plus cow should be the product of a formula that would make her the 
 granddaughter or great-granddaughter of her sire, and he the son of a twenty -five- 
 pound cow. 
 
 15. A good formula for the breeder and worthy of adoption as a motto is the 
 algebraic rule of multiplication. 
 
 J'lus into plus produces j!;^(^-«. 
 
 I^lus into ininus produces minus. 
 
 Minus into plus produces minus. 
 
 Minus into minus produces ^^ws. 
 
 The \a.st plus is a bad kind for the Jersey breeder to propagate. 
 
 16. One cannot be too particular in the breeding of his Irall. He must be 
 equally particular as to the cows he breeds. 
 
 lY. Let the outcrosses, if you make any, not be absolute, but rather let them 
 have at least fifty per cent, of the best blood which characterizes your herd, and the 
 other element should be something that ]iromises to supply a deficiency. 
 
 NEGLECTED OPPOETUNITIES. 
 
 How many neglected opportunities for doing grand work the history of Jersey 
 breeding sets forth ! Look at the portrait of Jersey Belle of Seituate 7828, and 
 conjecture what such a cow would be worth to-day in the hands of a skilful breeder. 
 Study her by the scale of points, her history, and her wonderful record upon moderate 
 feeding. Where shall we see her like again ? Where, oh, where were our geniuses— 
 our Ceilings and Bakewells, our Prices or our Guenons — that they did not see to it 
 that such a wonder of perfection should have been so bred as to leave her form and 
 quality a rich legacy to the Jersey breeders of America, in at least one in-and-in lu-ed 
 jdus bull that shoiild more than replace her own individuality ? Suppose she had 
 l)een bred to Albert 44 or St. Helier 45, and inbred to her own progeny after the 
 following formula : 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 HYPOTHETICAL PEDIGREE. 
 
 Jersey Belle of Scituate 
 
 Jersey Belle's Sc 
 Great-£rrandson. . 
 A Plus Bull. 
 
 Jersey Belle of Scituate 
 
 '•'^. 
 
 a "nick" in 
 us St. Ilelic'i 
 
 .sneli a 
 and as 
 
 Does any one doubt whether there would iui\e Ijeen 
 formula '. Let him try the experiment ^\^th as good a Inil 
 good a cow as Jersey Belle of Scituate ! 
 
 Other Jersey bulls as worthy to have their names in sneh a formula were 
 Albert 44, Landseer 331, Mercury 432, Signal 1170, Top Sawyer 1404, Gilderoy 
 2107, and Stoke Pogis 3d 2238. Victor 3550, the sire and grandsire of Jci-sey 
 Belle of Scituate, was certainly worthy of filling such a formula; and if it could 
 have been accomplished, what Jerseys we would now ])ossess for founding herds 
 of t^uiH-rlative excellence! 
 
PART SECOND. 
 
 DAIRY FARMING AND MANAGEMENT OF STOCK. 
 
 • ' And he gave it for his opinion , ' That whoever could make two ears of corn or two blades of grass 
 to grow upon a spot of ground where only one grew before, would deserve better of mankind and do 
 more essential service to his country than the whole race of politicians put together.' " — Sinft. 
 
 TnK successful Jersey breeder must liave a theoretical and also tliorouglily 
 practical knowledge of all the jirinciples and refjiiisites of dairy fanning. 
 
 THE NINE POINTS OF GOOD FARMING. 
 
 1. The right selection of soil and location. 
 
 2. The right selection of animals, seeds, and plants. 
 
 3. The right construction of buildings, machinery, and tools. 
 
 4. The right underdrainage. 
 
 5. The right making and saving of manure. 
 
 6. The right modes of tillage. 
 
 7. The suitable rotation of crops. 
 
 8. The timely performance of work. 
 
 9. The requisite irrigation of all crops. 
 
 Volumes have been written upon each of the above-named subjects, and still they 
 prove to be inexhaustible in interest and their importance immeasurable. "When the 
 Jersey breeder shall have mastered them all he will have lived long enough to become 
 famous. All Jersey breeders who have good farms are very fortunate. In the 
 selection of a farm for dairy purposes, one must first seek for fertility ; buy a farm that 
 is of the richest soil, or soil that can be made rich ; secondly, it must be in a healthful 
 region ; tliirdly, near enough, but not too near, to the best of neighbors ; and 
 fourthly, contiguous to a good market. 
 
 The farm should be stocked with the best strain of Jersey cattle and have build- 
 ings constructed suitable to their use. The crops grown must be the best assortment 
 for the comfort and health of the occupants of the fann, and afford a sufficient 
 variety of economical and wholesome food for aU the stock. Every slough, swamp, 
 or unprofitable acre of wet land must be thoroughly underdrained in the best manner 
 
98 JERSEY CATTLE I.V AMERICA. 
 
 by the use of the best quality of glazed ])i])e and collar drain tilo, tlnis inii)ruving tho 
 fertility and healthfnlness of the farm. 
 
 The fann should continually grow richer by the saving and properly utilizing 
 all the uianurial elements, and by turning under green crops to make vegetable 
 mould. The tillage should be done with the most effective and labor-saving imple- 
 ments and always thoroughly and appropriately qualilied according to the needs of 
 each crop and the condition of the soil. Tillage enables plants to digest and as.sinii- 
 late manures, as a thorough mastication prepares food for the animal economy. The 
 crops must be so arranged in order of rotation as to utilize the various elements of 
 cumulative fertility and allow of a restoration of those that are deficient or exhausted. 
 If work is always done at the right day and hour much needless expenditure of 
 vital force and money will be saved, and the farm will 1)ecome like a well-regulated 
 workshop, where every employe knows his place and fulfils the expectations of his 
 employer. 
 
 It needs a good deal of careful planning to keep the machiuery in smooth 
 running order. To drain at the right time ; to manure at the right time, in the right 
 way ; to jjIow at the right time ; to pulverize thoroughly at the right time ; to cultivate 
 and harrow and till at the right time and all times ; to plant at the right time ; to 
 reap at the right time ; to turn on the water from the brook, fountain, or reservoir just 
 at the right time, and save a crop from the drouth or a pasture from scorching ; to 
 raise big crops and keep down weeds at the right time — to do everji;bing in the 
 easiest and most expeditious manner and make it pay in money returns, is tlie 
 province of good farming. 
 
 The Soil.* 
 by dr. august voelckek. 
 
 "On examining the various soils of this or any other country, they will be 
 found to consist generally : 
 
 " 1. Of larger or smaller stones, gravel or sand. 
 
 " 2. Of a more friable, lighter mass, crumbling to powder when squeezed 
 between the fingers, and rendering water muddy. 
 
 " 3. Of vegetable and animal remains (organic matter). 
 
 " On further examination of the several portions obtained by means of washings, 
 we find : 
 
 " 1. That the sand, gravel, and fragments of stones vary according to the nature 
 of the rocks from which they are derived. Quartz-sand, in one case, will be observed 
 as the predominating constituent; in another this portion of the soil consists 
 principally of a calcareous sand ; and, in a third, a simple inspection will enable ua 
 to recognize fragments of granite, feldspar, mica, and other minerals. 
 
 • Morton's Eneycloptedia of Agriculture. 
 
JIJESEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 99 
 
 " 2. In the impaliDable powder, the chemist will readily distinguish principally 
 fine clay, free silica, free alumina, more or less oxide of iron, lime, magnesia, potash, 
 soda, traces of manganese, and phosphoric, sulphuric, and carbonic acids, with more 
 or less organic matter. 
 
 " 3. The watery solution of the soil, evaporated to dryness, leaves behind an 
 inconsiderable residue, generally colored brown by organic matters, which may be 
 driven off by heat. In the combustible or organic portion of this residue the pres- 
 ence of ammonia, of humic, ulmic, crenic and apocrenic acids (substances known 
 under the more familiar names of soluble humus), and frequently traces of nitric 
 acid, will be readily detected. In the incombustible portion, potash, soda, lime, 
 magnesia, phosphoric, sulphuric and silicic acid, chlorine, and occasionally oxide of 
 iron and manganese, are present. 
 
 " All cultivated soils present a great similarity in composition : they all contain 
 the above chemical constituents. This similarity becomes still more apparent after 
 burning, when nearly all soils will assume a red color, which is due to the presence 
 of the oxide of iron. 
 
 " At first sight this might be regai-ded as opposed to the great diversity of soils ; 
 but if we examine the relative proportions in which the several constituents are 
 mixed together, the state of combination in M'hich they occur, and the manner in 
 which the different soils are formed, we shall find that diversity is compatible with a 
 certain similarity in elementary composition. 
 
 " In all fertile and arable soils organic matters, more or less decomposed, varying 
 in quantity from one half of one per cent, to twelve per cent., occur ; and as in good 
 garden mould the proportion of such organic matters frequently amoimts to twenty- 
 four per cent, of its own weight, and seldom is less than ten to twelve per 
 cent., it was believed that the amoimt of organic matters in soils determined their 
 relative degree of fertility. This, however, is a great mistake, for there are soils 
 containing only two per cent, of organic substances which are, notwithstanding, 
 greatly superior to others containing six or eight per cent. ; and, again, in peaty or 
 boggy soils, belonging to the worst description, sixty or seventy per cent, are by no 
 means uncommon. In soils celebrated as good wheat soils we have found not more 
 than three to three and one half per cent, of organic matter ; while in far less produc- 
 tive land we have found as much as ten to twelve per cent. That no reliance can be 
 placed on the amount of organic matter in soils, as indicating their productive 
 powers, is also clearly seen in the following determinations made by Dr. Anderson, 
 in some of the best wheat soils from different parts of Scotland. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IK AMEJilCA. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Organic Matter 
 in Soil. 
 
 Organic Matter 
 in Subsoil. 
 
 Mid Lothian Wlieat Soil 
 
 10.19 
 6.32 
 8.55 
 4.54 
 3.47 
 6. 67 
 
 4.83 
 
 E'i<t Lotliiiii Wheat Soil 
 
 5.85 
 
 Perthshire Wlieat Soil 
 
 6.82 
 
 Morayshire Wheat Soil 
 
 3.76 
 
 
 
 3erwickaliire Wheat Soil 
 
 
 
 
 " The organic matter in the soil is due, for the greater part, to tlie vegetable 
 remains of former cro])s, and partly to animal matters, derived from the decay of 
 insects or the excrenientitions substances contained in manure. The vegetable 
 and animal remains, nnder the influence of water, air, and heat, gradually decay, 
 producing a brownish or black powdery substance, or rather a mixture of substances, 
 which is known to practical men under the name of humns, or vegetable mould. 
 There are principally two kinds of humus — brown and black ; the former is 
 contained in large cjuantities in the brown variety of peat ; the latter, the result of 
 further decomposition of the brown, is found in black peat. 
 
 " Brown and black humus have a very complex composition, which is changing 
 every day as the decay of the vegetable remains in them proceeds. During this 
 decay a number of peculiar organic acids are formed, as, for instance, ulmic, humie, 
 crenic, apocrenic, and geic acids. These acids resemble each other very much in 
 their general aspect, as well as in their composition. Humus plays an important 
 part in the process of the nutrition of plants, but its functions cannot be explained 
 by one action only, for it is evidently subservient to the luxuriant growth of plants 
 in more than one way. 
 
 " Thus it exercises a beneficial action in condensing ammonia, as well as moisture, 
 from the atmosphere, and likewise by furnishing a continual source of carbonic acid, 
 arising from its decomposition. Again, the vegetable remains in humus always 
 contain a certain amount of inorganic matters, but the latter are not soluble in the 
 fresh roots, stems, and other parts of plants, and only become available to vegetation 
 during their gradual decay and conversion into humus. 
 
 " Notwithstanding a general similarity in the composition of arable soils, the 
 appearance and general character of many soils, in every country, present striking 
 differences, which cannot fail to strike the attention of every superflcial observer. 
 
 " The forms and proportions in wliich the chemical elements usually constituting 
 soils are mixed together, in different localities, explain, in some measure, though by 
 no means fully, the various appearances and agricultural capabilities which they 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 101 
 
 These forms and proportions themselves depend on the causes and circum- 
 stances under which they originated. 
 
 " The manner in which some soils are formed will not be long doubted by any 
 one who has observed the appearance of large rocky masses, the clefts and crevices 
 they present, the bare surface of their smoother and harder parts, the growth of 
 mosses and smaller plants on the more softened portions, the accumulations of 
 gravel, smaller fragments of minerals, and fine mud, with their luxuriant vegetation 
 at the foot of these rocks, and in the valleys of mountainous districts. 
 
 " These soils evidently have originated in the degradation and decomposition of 
 the solid rocks in their immediate neighborhood, especially of those which occupy 
 the surrounding eminences. But as rocks differ much in composition, the soils 
 which are formed on their decomposition must necessarily present, in many cases, 
 great differences equally with the rocks themselves ; and the study of the latter will 
 therefore be of considei-able interest to the cultivator of the soil. In other instances, 
 however, the nature of the soils, in a given locaUty, partakes nothing of the characters 
 of the rocks in the immediate neighborhood, nor even of those on which they 
 rest. The causes which are instrumental in the formation of soils fully exi^lain this 
 apparent anomaly; and we shall, for this reason, draw attention to the various 
 causes which give rise to the f onnation of arable soils. In some instances we can 
 trace the changes rocks undergo in the course of time, step by step, and refer them 
 to their true causes ; in others only the ultimate products of decomposition are well 
 described, and their primary causes less clearly understood. This much is sure, that 
 the causes which operate in the formation of soils ai-e various and often complicated. 
 Some of them may be referred to chemical forces and agencies ; others, which are 
 based on purely mechanical principles, we shall distinguish as mechanical causes ; and 
 a few partake of the nature of both — they act partly chemically, partly mechanically. 
 
 " I. Chemical causes of the degradation and disintegration of rocks. 
 
 "1. One of the principal agencies in effecting a gradual disintegration of sohd 
 rocks is the atmospheric oxygen. In the course of the formation of oxides the 
 compact texture of the rock is broken up, and the whole mass of the rock gradually 
 crumbles down. 
 
 " 2. A second and no less powerful chemical agency in the formation of soils 
 is the carbonic acid of the atmosphere, carried down by the rain. The affinity of 
 carbonic acid for different mineral compounds varies greatly. Limestones are easily 
 attacked by rain-water, while pure quartz and sandstones are scarcely acted upon by 
 rain-water. 
 
 " Under the influence of carbonic acid and water, feldspar, granite, and other 
 minerals consisting of sihcate of alumina and an alkaline sihcate are decomposed into 
 alkaline silicates, which in turn give rise to silica and carbonate of potash or soda, 
 and into silicate of alumina or pure clay. 
 
102 .UniSKY (WTTLE IX AMERTCA. 
 
 " 3. Ill the foniiatioii of soils from solid rocks the lower ordere of plants and 
 animals take an active share. The seeds of lichens and mosses floating in the air 
 attach themselves to the ronghened and partially decomposed surfaces of rocks, and 
 finding here sufticient food, germinate and throw ont roots, which penetrate the little 
 crevices in the rucks like wedges. These widening and multiplying crevices hasten 
 the final disintegration of the rock. Mosses and lichens likewise retain the atmos- 
 pheric water and keep the surface of the rock moist for a longer time, giving in 
 this manner rain-water a lietter c-liaiicf of exercising its dissolving powers on the 
 constituents of the rocks. Insects and other animals of the lower orders collect and 
 feed on the lichens and mosses, and both insects and plants in due time die, decay, 
 and leave all the mineral matter which they liave originally obtained from the rock 
 beliiud, mixed with vegetable and animal remains or humus. A thin layer of a more 
 fertile soil is thus formed, on which plants of a higher order may sjiring up ; in the 
 coui-se of time these die, and enrich and increase the soil. 
 
 " II. Mechanical causes acting on the formation of soils. 
 
 " Generally the first stage in the disintegration of rocks can be referred to a 
 chemical force. The described chemical agencies, however, are often associated with 
 mechanical t>nes, or followed by purely mechanical causes, which produce great 
 changes in the appearance of rocks, and contril)ute much to the rapid fonnation and 
 the pecidiarity of some soils. 
 
 " 1. One purely mechanical agency is the force of gravitation. When the force 
 of gravity preponderates over cohesion, the rock so influenced contributes to fill up 
 the valley below with disintegrated fragments. According to the nature of the 
 rock, vegetaticju springs up t)n these debris more or less luxuriantly, often very 
 rapidly. 
 
 " 2. The finer portions of broken rocks are easily moved by the winds. 
 
 " 3. Water exercises a powerfid influence in changing rocks in a mechanical 
 way. 
 
 " By frei'zing it e.\ii;ui(ls and Inirsts tlie rock. The rains continually wash olf 
 particles and carry tlieiu to lower levels. 
 
 '• The tiller deposits t'onii the alluvial soils of our river-banks. The vast mass of 
 materials deposited at the nioutlisof large rivers alters the condition of the soils along 
 the banks of the deltius from a iiatiually sterile into a most rich and fertile one. 
 
 " 4. The sea likewise ])lays an active part in chaTiging the character of the land 
 near the shore and in giving rise to new soils. 
 
 "5. A^'egetalde remains, and especially animal remain.^ contribute much to the 
 formatioTi of some soils. Vast numbei\s of infusorise, near the mouths of rivei-s 
 whei'c salt aiul fresh waters mingle, die daily, mix with the mud, and are deposited 
 along the banks, and thus alluvial soils of the utmost degree of fertility are 
 formed. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 103 
 
 CLASSES OF SOILS. 
 
 "Soils in general consist of a mechanical mixtm-e of the following four 
 ingredients : 
 
 " 1. SiUca, silicious sand, and gravel. 
 
 "2. Clay. 
 
 "3. Lime. 
 
 " 4. Animal and vegetable remains (humus). 
 
 " There are few soils which consist of only one oi- two of these four substances ; 
 most contain them all, but the relative proportion of each in different soils varies 
 considerably. 
 
 " A simple classification of soils, accordingly, may be founded on the prepon- 
 derance of one of these four chief constituents : 
 
 " Soils may be conveniently classified as follows : 
 
 " 1. Swndy soils, containing above eighty per cent, of silicious sand. 
 
 " 2. Calcareous soils, containing above twenty per cent, of lime. 
 
 " 3. Olay soils, containing above fifty per cent, of clay. 
 
 " 4. Vegetable moulds (humus soils), containing more than six per cent, of 
 organic matters or humus. 
 
 " 5. Marly soils, or soils in which the projjortiou of lime is more than five, 
 but does not exceed twenty per cent, of the whole weight of the dry soil, and that of 
 clay is more than twenty, but less than fifty per cent. 
 
 " 6. Loamy soils, or soils in which the proportion of clay hkewise varies from 
 twenty to fifty per cent., but which at the same time contain less than five per cent, 
 of lime. 
 
 CHAEACTEEISTICS OF SOILS. 
 
 " 1. Sandy Soils. — They are generally of a loose, friable, open, dry character, 
 and for that reason are more easily and less expensively cultivated than any other 
 description of soils. 
 
 " Many consist almost entirely of silicious sand and gravel, with but little alumina 
 and calcareous matters. Such soils are almost absolutely barren, and in general 
 termed hungry soils, from their tendency to absorb manures without any correspond- 
 ing benefit to the land. Others contain a large proportion of alumina and hme, 
 which render them more compact and always more fertile. 
 
 " On these richer kinds of sandy soils, beans, peas, and spring wheat succeed 
 well ; and as turnips are frequently grown with advantage on them, they are called 
 also turnip soils. 
 
 " Sandy soils are capable of improvement. 
 • " Clay, marl, chalk, and many other substances counteract the loose texture and 
 porosity, and may with advantage be applied to them. 
 
104 JSItSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 " 2. Calcareous Soils. — As the physical characters of calcareous soils depend 
 cliiefly on the relative proportions of lime and the other constituents which enter 
 into the composition of this class of soils, it is impossible to give a short general 
 cliaracteristic. While some are deep, dry, loose, and friable in their natiire, and 
 as productive as some soils resting on the lower chalk formation, others are stony, 
 poor thin soils, producing but a scanty vegetation. Beans, peas, and clover are 
 grown witli advantage on tliis class of soils. 
 
 " They are subdivided into calcareous clays, loams, and sands, according to tlie 
 proportion of clay and silica. 
 
 " 3. Clay Soils. — The properties of clay soils are diametrically ()]>posed to those 
 of sandy soils. Stiffness, impenetrability, great power of absorbing and retaining 
 moisture, and great adhesiveness characterize this class of soils. They are 
 consequently cold, stiff soils, which are expensive and difficult to cultivate. "When 
 properly cultivated some are turned into highly fertile soils. Their mechanical 
 stnicture may be corrected T)y drainage, burning, bulky manures, and the addition of 
 lime, ashes, and sand. 
 
 " 4. Vfifjetahle Moulds. — Any soil containing more than six per cent, of organic 
 matter, whatever else its composition may be, is called a vegetable mould. Soils of 
 the most opposite physical characters may be thus grouped in this class. They are 
 clayey, loamy, or sandy. Many are highly fertile ; others are more or less unproduc- 
 tive, but capable of improvement ; and others again contain so large a preponderance 
 of organic matter that they are called 2>eaty or hoggy. 
 
 " 5. Marly Soils. — Marly soils resemble more or less in their characters calca- 
 reous and clay soils. 
 
 " They are always less retentive, less impervious than clay soils, but generally 
 not so open and porous as many calcareous soils. On the whole, marly soils belong to 
 the better, more productive, and generous soils. 
 
 " A sandy marl is a marly soil in which a large proportion of clay is replaced 
 by silicious sand. Clay marl, on the contrary, is a marly soil in which clay 
 preponderates. 
 
 " 6. Loamy Soils. — The term loam is reserved to all soils which contain the four 
 chief constituents — silicious sand, clay, lime, and vegetable and animal remains — in a 
 tine sbite of subdivision, intimate mixture, and in such relative proportions that 
 the quantity of lime does not exceed five per cent, nor that of clay fifty per 
 cent. 
 
 " Loamy soils, next to the richer garden moulds, belong to the very best soils. 
 They are ea.sily cultivated, and yield abundant crops of almost any kind, ilany 
 alluvial deposits tliat are celebrated for fertility belong to this class. 
 
 " Sandy loam, clay loam, marly loam, are tenns applied to soils wherein sand, 
 clay, or marl appear more prominently than in others." 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Analysis of Loamy Soils. 
 by dr. anderson. 
 
 Constituents. 
 
 Silica 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Organic Matter 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 
 
 Potash 
 
 Water 
 
 Soda 
 
 Lime 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 Sulphuric Acid 
 
 Carbonic Acid 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 63.19+ 
 
 61.63+ 
 
 14.04+ 
 
 14.24+ 
 
 8.55+ 
 
 6.82+ 
 
 4.87+ 
 
 6.23+ 
 
 2.80+ 
 
 2.17+ 
 
 2.70 
 
 4.57 
 
 1.43 
 
 1.04 
 
 0.83 
 
 1.27 
 
 0.24 
 
 . 26 
 
 0.09 
 
 0.03 
 
 0.05 
 
 
 . 009 
 
 0.02 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 " It is a natural inference to expect in unproductive or barren soils a deliciency 
 or total absence of one or more of those constituents which are highly conducive to 
 the luxuriant growth of plants. A chemical examination in such cases must prove 
 of utility to the practical man, inasmuch as it not only is calculated to point out the 
 cause of infertility, but also to suggest an efficient means to raise its productive 
 powers. In many other cases, in the majority of instances, the barrenness cannot be 
 traced to the deficiency or total absence of an important soil-constituent nor to the 
 existence in the soil of a substance injurious to vegetation. The fault may be one, 
 not of the existence, but of the accessibility of the requisite ingredients for tlie crop. 
 All the substances needed by the plant may be present, and in sufficient quantity ; 
 the soil, considered as a storehouse, may be full ; and the infertility comj^lained of 
 may simply be the want of the ke^'. 
 
 " This is the case of a soil locked up in stagnant water, which only needs drainage 
 to prove the fertility which one would expect from its analysis. But independently 
 of this, as a general rule, even a minute chemical analysis, in which only the propor- 
 tions of the several constituents are indicated, is of comparatively little, and often of 
 no practical utility to the individual who has had a reproductive soil analyzed, 
 with the view to have a remedy suggested by the analytical data for bringing it into 
 a better state of cultivation. . . . 
 
 " A point of great practical importance is the state of division in which the 
 constituent parts of soils are mixed together ; and as a chemical analysis gives no 
 
106 JERSEY CATTLE IN^ A3IERICA. 
 
 inforuiatioii in this respect, the necessity for sulmiitting the soil to a uu'chanical 
 exaniinatiou becomes apparent. 
 
 '' Such an examination enables ns to ascertain whether its mechanical condition 
 is such as to render its cultivation economical or expensive, and at the same time 
 Hows us to recognize the nature of the stones which are found in the soil. An 
 acfjuaintance with the composition of the stones affords a good criterion as to its 
 prol)able state of ])roductiveness, and in many cases suggests the i>ropriety of 
 lea%-ing the stones on the laud or of removhig them. 
 
 " The pro]wrty of absorbing water, either in the form of vajjor or in the state of 
 dew from the atmosphere, has a material influence upon the productive charactei-s of 
 soils, and contributes to explain the superiority of one soil over another. Intimately 
 connected with the jjreccdiug pi'0])erty is the power of soils absorl)ing fertilizing 
 ga.ses from the atmosphere. Generally speaking, those soils which absorb a larger 
 amount of moistm-e from the air than others are als(j the Ijetter absorbers for 
 carbonic acid and annnonia. 
 
 " This property, though dependent in a great measure on the porosity or the 
 state of division of the various constituent parts of the soil, is still more intimately 
 connected with its chemical constitution." 
 
 EIGHT SEEDS, PLANTS, AND ANIMALS. 
 
 Under tliis second point of good farming might be arranged the discussion of 
 tlie raising and imjirovement in quality of all kinds of seeds and all the grasses and 
 clovers and the root crops used upon dairy farms. But the scope of this work will 
 hardly admit of such an extended discussion. It is well, however, to advise that, as 
 far as practicable, farmers raise their own, and patronize those dealers only who 
 have a reputation for careful selection as to purity and quality of all kinds of seed. 
 
 In regard to the selection of stock for the dairy farm, no one who has taken 
 pains to inform himself in regard to the merits of the various races could hesitate 
 to give his choice to the Jersey as pre-eminently the best of all breeds of dairy 
 cattle. 
 
 l^l AXTrrV OF SEKI) KKtiUIKED TO I'l.ANT AN AOUK. 
 
 Barley, in drills 1 bushel. 
 
 Barley, broadcast 2^ bushels. 
 
 Beet, in drills 2i feet it pounds. 
 
 Cabbage, sown in frames -i ounces. 
 
 Carrot, in drills 2^ feet 4 pounds. 
 
 (Jlover, Lucerne (Alfalfa) 10 « 
 
 Clover, Alsike G " 
 
 Clover, Large Red 16 " 
 
 Clover, Large Red, with Timothy 10 " 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IE1UCA. 107 
 
 Corn, Sweet 10 quarts. 
 
 Coru, Field • 8 " 
 
 Grass, Timothy, with Large Ked Clover 8 " 
 
 Grass, Orchard 64 " 
 
 Grass, Italian Eye 20 " 
 
 Grass, Mixed (twenty \-arieties with Clover) 40 " 
 
 Mangold, in drills 2^ feet 9 pounds. 
 
 Millet, broadcast 50 " 
 
 Oats, in drills f bushel. 
 
 Oats, broadcast 1^ bushels. 
 
 Parsnip, in drills 2| feet 5 pounds. 
 
 Peas, in drills 2 busjiels. 
 
 Rye, in drills 1 bushel. 
 
 Rye, broadcast 1^ bushels. 
 
 Turnips, in drills 2 feet 3 pounds. 
 
 "Wheat, in drills (best conditions) f bushel. 
 
 "Wheat, broadcast 1^ bushels. 
 
 THE BAEN. 
 
 The barn is a storehouse for fodder, and should never be used for a stable. The 
 contamination of sweet hay, grain, and roots by the putrescible exhalations and 
 vapors of a stable is neither conducive to the health of the animals nor compatible 
 with the highest excellence of quality for the butter and cream. 
 
 In a barn that costs $1000 a man can keep $50,000 worth of Jerseys ; but if 
 from any cause the building takes fire, he is sure to lose his herd. The risk is too 
 great. 
 
 The most economical form of barn is the octagon. A fifty-foot octagon, suit- 
 able for a fifty-acre farm and a storage of fodder sufficient for fifty head of Jerseys, 
 can be built at a cost of about $700. The barn may be of lumber, but jireferably a 
 concrete wall, with a lumber framed roof covered with slate. The walls may be 
 twelve to eighteen inches thick and twenty-four to twenty-eight feet high ; the 
 rafters thirty-four feet long ; the roof lighted by a cupola. If the bam can be located 
 in a side-hill of sufficient height, a bridge or an earth driveway can be constructed 
 so as to drive in at a gable door and dump all loads from a floor resting on the top 
 of the walls, thus saving a vast amount of labor in unloading hay, grain, and roots. 
 "Where this plan is impracticable, the next best thing for hay is the horse-fork, which 
 has a free swing in such a barn, there lieing no cross-ties or beams to obstruct its 
 working. 
 
 The walls should be made of water-Ume cement, sand, gravel, and small 
 fragments of broken stone. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Elkvation for Octagon Barn, with Sidk-IIill Driveway and Gable Entrance. 
 
 Ground Plan of Octagon Barn. 
 
 A, Driveway. 7?, Root Cellar. C, C, C. Compartments for Hay and Com Stover. 
 
 Upper story may be used for storing grain crops. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IERIGA. 109 
 
 FORMULA FOR CONCRETE. 
 
 Shmy sand, 4 parts ; water-lime, 1 part. Mix thorotcghly he/ore %oetting. Mix 
 VERY WET ; add gravel, 4 parts ; mix very wet, and work over thoroughly four 
 times. Add small broken stone, 4 parts. 
 
 Put into the box or form a layer of an inch of the mortar and then a layer of 
 stone, always taking care to have the stone in the centre and a layer of mortar making 
 fully two inches of the outer portion of the wall. The mortar should be tamped 
 in, so as to make it solid. Let it dry forty-eight hours for each tier of one foot in 
 height. If care is observed the building will be better in quality than stone or brick, 
 as it makes a very dry wall. Sills jjlaced on the top of such a concrete wall are 
 liable to rot from being coated with lime. This can be prevented by spreading a 
 layer of gas-tar or asphalt on the top of the wall. No moisture should be allowed to 
 come in contact with a concrete wall until it has become hard ; then it will be water- 
 tight. There should be a drain cut lower than the foundation wall to caiTy off any 
 water that might come against it from the Iiill-side. Fill in the space above the 
 drain, which should be of good ])ipe, with small stone as high as the bank in which 
 the excavation is made. 
 
 The boxes or fonns for a wall one foot thick should be made of plank fourteen 
 inches wide, one and a half inches thick, and of the right length. The standards or 
 posts may be three by four scantling a little exceeding the height of the wall. These 
 posts are set fifteen inches apart, with the planks on the inside. The standards are 
 held in place by nailing thin pieces of board across. These remain in the wall. The 
 planks on the outer side of the octagon must of course be longer than the inner by 
 the thickness of the wall. The boxes need a clamp to prevent their springing 
 between the standards, and it is well to have the plank lined with tin or zinc to prevent 
 their becoming flexible from the excess of moisture while the wall is drying. The 
 clamps may be made of hard wood two feet long, with a two-inch hole at each end, 
 and fifteen inches apart. A strong pin two feet long is set in each hole so as to 
 protrude ten inches, and these pins will just fit over the outside of the plank box, and 
 a brace driven between the upper ends will make them clasp the box. Two or more 
 of these are needed for each form. Door and window frames have jambs the width 
 of the wall's thickness, and must be put in place at the proper time and plumbed the 
 same as the standards. The usual cost of the concrete wall is about ten cents a cubic 
 foot. It will be a little more when tiie walls are high. "Walls twenty-four feet high 
 give a capacity of hay storage eighty per cent, greater than when but sixteen feet, 
 because of the closer packing of the deeper mow. The floor of such a barn may be 
 of concrete and laid directly upon the earth. The root bins should be walled in with 
 concrete partitions on the hill-side of the basement. The grain bins are to be placed 
 in the attic. From these the grain is drawn down through a clutli spout into bags 
 or barrels, as needed. 
 
JER&EY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Elevation foe Side-Hill Barn, with Driveway Entering at Gable. 
 
 Ground Plan of Barn. 
 
 A, Driveway. 
 
 B, Root Cellar. C, C, C, Compartments for Hay and Corn Stover. 
 
 Upper story used for grain crops. 
 
JER^iEY CATTLE IN AIIERICA. Ill 
 
 The corn crib, for storing maize in the ear, is best made of slats witli spreading 
 top, and set upon posts capped with flaring tin pans as a guard against rats. 
 
 THE STABLE. 
 
 The STABLE is the most important of farm buildings, and needs as much care and 
 forethought in planning as the dwelling-house of the owner. The stable is the home 
 of the Jerseys, and should be devoted solely to their comfort and health. Neither 
 horses, sheep, swine, fowls, nor dogs should be allowed to occupy the same building 
 with Jerseys. The reasons for such exclusiveness should be obvious to every butter- 
 maker, as the object of the true breeder is not only to develop the Jerseys to the 
 highest perfection, but to produce the best quality of dairy products. 
 
 The requisites for a Jersey stable are : (1) a fire-proof building of the parallel 
 form, built of material that shall render it cool in summer and warm in winter, and 
 free from dampness or frost on the floor and wall ; (2) to afford a full . supply of 
 sunlight ; (3) perfect ventilation ; (4) convenient facilities for feeding and watering ; 
 (5) comfortable stalls and fastenings; (6) the best means of cleanHness; (7) the 
 manure storage to be conducted in a separate structure. 
 
 THE BUILDING. 
 
 As far as walls are needed for a stable, water-lime concrete, made according to the 
 formula for the barn, is the best material. Such a wall has a pecuHar porosity of an 
 infinite number of very minute air cells, which render it almost the equivalent of a 
 double wall of brick or stone as a non-conductor of heat and moisture. The wall 
 must be so built as to have a stratmn of the concrete mortar on the external and 
 internal surfaces of about two inches thickness, and the centre of the wall a stratum 
 of broken stone mixed with the water-lime cement and mortar, the whole to be 
 thoroughly tamped and well dried in each successive tier of building. The roof 
 should be of slate. The stable needs a dry floor. This should be made of concrete. 
 First, a film of coal-tar upon the levelled hard earth ; second, a layer of soft mortar and 
 gravel, which, after drying forty-eight hours, may be topped with a layer of several 
 inches (four to six) of small fragments of broken stone ; third, a layer of gravel or 
 sand which must be thoroughly rolled and worked into the stones ; fom-th, a layer 
 of concrete mortar three inches deep, weU tamped and left forty-eight hours to dry. 
 The groimd must first be marked out according to the plan of the stable, making 
 excavations for the water troughs in front of the cattle and the manure gutters 
 behind the platforms. 
 
 As the cattle may be allowed to drink frequently, the gutter beneath the manger 
 need be but shallow — five or six inches deep — with f aU suflacient to empty when plug 
 is removed at the lower end. The manure gutters are to be cleaned three times 
 
112 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 daily, and may be thirty inches wide by six inches deep, with sutScieiit f; 
 discharge the urhie. This will be treated of under " Cleanliness." 
 
 SLN LIGHT. 
 
 The direction of the building, if from iioi-th to south, is best, as the windows 
 then receive the early rays of the sun ; those who ])refer the noonday sun can have an 
 east and west plan ; but any arrangement whereby a large amount of sunshine may 
 fall upon the cattle is desirable, and that which pro\ades most is best. One large 
 window for each animal, or at the least for every two animals, is a plan to be com- 
 mended — %vindows that come within a foot of the floor and the same distance from 
 the top of a ten-foot wall. The windows should also be double, with an air-space of 
 six to eiglit inches between, thus saving warmth in winter and rendering the stable 
 cool in summer. But the smilight is as needful to the thrift of animals as it is to 
 plant life, and the breeder who gives his cattle sun baths in winter will soon learn its 
 vitalizing effects. 
 
 VENTILATION. 
 
 As in the human dwelling, so the stable should have a perfect system of venti- 
 lation ; for cattle have the same lung diseases or a similar loss of vitality when 
 deprived of oxygen as the human race. The air should not only be kept as near a state 
 of purity as jjossible, but as far as practicable at a healthful temperature. Cattle 
 thrive well and make their best growth at a temperature of about 60° Fahrenheit. " A 
 fight with flies and poverty" at 90° or with foul air and poverty at 10° below zero 
 may suit the fancy of some theorists who hold that " roughing it " is the correct 
 system of disciplining cattle into enduraiicf ; Imt humane treatment only will be 
 found profitable with Jerseys or any other breed of cattle. 
 
 ^ \Z\V\V\\Z\V\^V\V\V\^ 
 
 Stahle. 
 
 b, Vfiitilator. 
 
THALMA 4288. 
 
 St. Helier Type. 
 
 OAKLANDS HEED. 
 
 Valancey E. Fuller, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 
 
TAOMA 7200. 
 
 St. Ilelkr Type. 
 
 briarcliff herd. 
 
 James Stillman, Sing Sing, N. Y. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 w 
 
 ■2 
 
 n^. 
 
 hi 
 
 A. 
 
 V- 
 
 A 
 
 J) 
 
 A. 
 
 
 Ground Plan of Stable. 
 r, Tempering Room. W, Wasli Room. 0, Office. 
 
 D, Bull Stalls. 8, Cow Stalls. k. Grating over Gutters. 
 
 A, Feeding-way between cattle which ma)' have railway-track for feeding-car. 
 in. Mangers. r. Ventilating Flues. r, "Windows. 
 
lU 
 
 JEIi;SEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 ffcr^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Wc('/('^^ 
 
 k//y/y^yy/yyyyy/y. 
 
 .9- 
 
 System ok Ventilation. 
 
 7777V71---V///y/A 
 
 s- 
 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 a. Supply Funnel facing the wind. 
 
 c. Supply Pipe for Summer. 
 
 rf, Air Box perforated at the bottom. 
 
 e, Winter Supply Pipe to Tempering Koom. 
 
 g. Warm Air from Tempering Room. 
 
 «, Foul-air Exhaust Flues. 
 
 6>, Dampers. 
 
 .V, Channel for Drinking- Water. 
 
 k, Cliannel for JIanure Gutter. 
 
 Buildings need niean.s of ventilation other tlian windows or doors. Least of all 
 can we count upon the natural ventilation resulting from the porosity of building 
 materials. There should be ample pro\'ision made to furnish a supply of fresh cool 
 air sufficient for comfort in the heat of August, or to keep up a constant and pure 
 flow at 55° to ()(>° when the outside temperature is far belctwthe freezing-point. AVe 
 must provide for the removal of the exhalations of lungs and skin and the evaporated 
 ]iarticles from dung and urine ; for all putrescible matters that are dangerous sources 
 of tubercular lung disease, or that in any way tend to lower animal vitality. 
 
 The fresh air is best introduced from above and in the faces of the animals. 
 The exhaust or outward flow should always be from the base of the wall behind the 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 115 
 
 cattle. One large flue, with an opening a foot square, between each pair of windows 
 will conduct the foul air into a ventilating loft in the attic. Large ventilators on the 
 ridge disperse the current outwardly. The outflow may be enforced by heat or regu- 
 lated by an air-tight blower. The thermometer is essential to show the temperature 
 of the stable, and the plan should be to pass a river of pure air perpetually through 
 the stable as near the temperature of 65° as it is practicable to produce. The pure 
 air must not be sliut out because of pinching cold, but some artiflcial means of heat 
 must temper the air before it is introduced. During the severe winter weather the 
 most convenient method of tempering would be the "ventilating stove," which 
 combines all the elements of stove, furnace, and open fireplace. Where a steam- 
 engine is used the heat may be utilized. The subterranean system of the deep 
 earth duct may be found of great advantage in some large herds. By referring to 
 plate the elements of ventilation are illustrated. The air is best introduced by a 
 long duct at the top of the stable between the two rows of cattle. This duct may 
 be of pine smoothly planed within or of galvanized iron, the bottom of the duct to 
 be closely perforated with half-inch holes. Such a system will not only prevent 
 tubercular disease, but insure normal health and full constitutional vigor. 
 
 THE WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 Very fortunate is the farmer who can turn the water of a pure spring from the 
 hillside into his dwelling and stable. Cows require more water than any other stock. 
 They drink enormous quantities when in a full flow of milk. The experiments of 
 Prof. Horsfall and of M. Cancel illustrate the necessity of an abundant supply. The 
 former " found that cows, when giving only twenty pounds of milk per day, drank 
 forty pounds of water more than fattening cattle of the same weight." The latter 
 says that " by inducing cows to drink more water, the quantity of milk yielded by them 
 can be increased many quarts, without injuring the quality." By moistening their 
 fodder and adding a little salt the milk was increased from nine and twelve quarts 
 on dry fodder to twelve and fourteen quarts daily. The amount a cow drinks is a 
 criterion of her milking powers, a cow that drinks fifty quarts of water daily giving 
 eighteen to twenty-three quarts of milk. The water should be pure and about 6.5° 
 in winter and summer. It should run through a gutter in front of the stalls. Tlie 
 gutter is to be covered by a hinged lid, which forms the floor of the manger, when 
 closed. Some breeders prefer a trough which is raised or lowered like a dumb- 
 waiter. Water should Always be piire and perpetually supplied in the manger 
 gutter, winter and summer. 
 
 CAPACITY OF TANKS AND CISTERNS. 
 
 Two feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 19 gallons. 
 
 Three feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 44 " 
 
116 ji:i!sj:y vatti.e iN^ America. 
 
 Four feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 78 gallons. 
 
 Five feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 122 
 
 Six feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds ITti 
 
 Seven feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 239 
 
 Eight feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 813 " 
 
 Kine feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 396 " 
 
 Ten feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 489 " 
 
 Eleven feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 592 " 
 
 Twelve feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 705 " 
 
 Thirteen feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 827 " 
 
 Fourteen feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 959 " 
 
 Fifteen feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 11 01 " 
 
 Twenty feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 1958 " 
 
 Repeat the (quantity for each ten inches in depth. 
 
 A good cow reqiiires from twelve to fifteen gallons of water daily. 
 
 A herd of fifty good Jerseys require seven hundred and fifty gallons daily. 
 
 A tank six feet in diameter and five feet deep holds ten hundred and fifty-si.x 
 gallons — an ample supply for fifty cows, if it is kept filled or replenished each day. 
 
 THE STALLS. 
 
 It is desirable to have as little wood in the stable fittings as possible, and no 
 faint on any ■part of the interior of the stable. The cattle stand in two rows, facing 
 inward. The concrete floor, covered with suitable bedding, makes a good arrangement 
 for a stable bottom. This floor nmst be level, from front to rear, and have the same 
 slope and incline as the gutter. The gutter ought to be covered with an iron grating 
 (Stewart's). The part of the stalls between the manger and gutter may be three 
 feet six inches wide. The gutter may be from thirty to thirty-six inches wide. The 
 grating consists of flat wrought-iron bars three eighths by one and one half inches, 
 riveted to an iron frame, and hinged so as to be turned up when cleaning the stable. 
 The cattle stand with the fore-feet on the bedding, and the hind-feet reach the first 
 and second or third and fourth bars, so that all the dung and urine fall into the 
 gutter. The space allowed for each cow should be about three feet six inches in 
 width. A pavement of brick saturated with boiling asphalt is an excellent stable 
 tlooring. , 
 
 CLEANLINESS IN THE STAHLE. 
 
 A first-class breeding establishment should always be in a condition for -v-isitors 
 to .see, especially in regard to cleanliness, which is essential to the health of the 
 animals, the purity of dairy products, and the morality of the workmen. The stable 
 should be cleaned regularly three or more times a day. The attempts to store 
 
JElif>EY (WTTLE IX AMERICA. 117 
 
 manure in a cellar beneath the stable or to deodorize it in a deep gutter are not 
 commendable. The receptacle for the manure should be a separate building devoted 
 to the collection of all the excrement from all the stables, cattle, horses, sheep, swine, 
 and fowl houses ; to the drainage of the dwelling, including the contents of the water- 
 closets, washtubs, sinks, and the kitchen garbage. This manure factory may be a 
 large concrete water-tight reservoir, roofed over to keep out rain and flies. This 
 vat will require a great quantity of water from the roofs of buildings or a reservoir, 
 and in winter if there is not rain enough snow must be apj^lied, so that the contents 
 may be kept in a condition of moderate fermentation, and it can be applied as 
 needed to fields and crops by the manure-spreader. Some might make a step in 
 advance and liquefy the whole mass, to be applied to the soil by a sprinkling cart or 
 by irrigating pipes. 
 
 All bedding should be short. Marsli grass, salt hay, straw, the refuse hay aiid 
 com stover from the mangers should be run through the cutter to a length of one 
 or two inches. This may be used alone or mixed with " peat moss," and being kept 
 clean by the Stewart grating, will last a long time, and make a comfortable bed. 
 Cocoa matting has been used for bedding cows. The peat moss of commerce is 
 excellent bedding. 
 
 THE FASTENINGS. 
 
 Some form of stanchion may be used if one wishes the advantage of cleanliness 
 to be secured. There is a rotary stanchion, which promises to be just what is needed. 
 Whether the best contrivance for fastening has yet been devised remains to be 
 proven. 
 
 The hinged lid over the water gutter forms, when closed, the floor of the 
 manger. All the mangers require side partitions to keep each cow's mess isolated, 
 but the front may be open. This renders feeding from a car convenient as it is 
 moved through the stable, and the manger is conveniently kept clean by being brushed 
 out daily. 
 
 CHEAP STABLING FOB COWS. 
 
 " Lay out, for twenty-five' cows, a space one hundred feet long by fourteen feet 
 wide. Set cedar or chestnut posts, six feet apart, nine feet high for the front, and 
 seven feet high for the rear. Set a row of posts four feet high, four feet apart, and 
 four feet from the rear row. Board up with twelve-foot hemlock boards laid 
 horizontally all these three rows. Close in the ends. Put on rafters spiked to the 
 posts, so that the roof boards will fit (juite close to the plates. A 2x-t scantling 
 
118 .JER.SKY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 nailed to the top boai-d and sjjiked to the posts will make a sufficient plate. Lay the 
 roof boards of sixteen-foot hemlock from front to rear ; the roof will have two feet 
 sloijc. Cover the roof joints with three-inch strips well nailed. 
 
 •' The roof boards rest upon three boards nailed to the rafters three and one lialf 
 feet apart. If strong boards are selected the roof will be firm. 
 
 " Make a feed trough along the inside of the inner partition two and one half 
 feet from the ground ; leave out one board — the third ; hinge this to the lower boaixl 
 and witli cords, so as to make a falling door at an angle of forty-five degrees for a 
 ' shoot ' to the feed trough. Fasten the cow to the post by a strap, or use a 
 stanchion. Give each cow five feet of space, and make a plank gutter fourteen 
 inches wide, leaving three feet space behind. Make a concrete floor at a cost of 
 fifty cents per cow. Cost of stable, $125." — N. J. //., New York TnJntne. 
 
 THE CAI.F STALLS. 
 
 In the plan for stable shown herewith the attic or second story is appro- 
 priated as the most suitable place for the keeping and rearing of calves. 
 
 A convenient arrangement is to have two rows of bo.x stalls or pens, each stall 
 four by eight feet, to be occupied by a single calf, as this prevents annoyance of 
 sucking each other. 
 
 A passage-way between the rows of stalls serves for a cart to carry the milk for 
 feeding. The stalls must be well lighted ; indeed, a glass house would be the l)est 
 for calves in this respect. 
 
 Upon tlie front of each stall, beneath a feeding door, fix a band of hoop iron 
 of size and sliape to hold the pail securely while the calf is drinking, or, better still, 
 place the sucking feeder within the stall. "When the milk has been warmed to the 
 temperature of 102° by the thermometer, add the requisite quantity of prepared 
 rennet, and set the pails into the receptacles in front of the stalls, and open the 
 feeding doors. These doors may be nine by thirteen inches in size, and should 
 swing so as to clear the top of the feeding pail. The calves readily learn to drink 
 from a feeding pail thus placed, but one can use tlie sucking :ip})aratus instead of 
 the pail if he prefers that method. 
 
 
 Front of Calk Stall. 
 
 (/, Foc-ilinij Door. i. Uinjj f..r PmII. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 TTrrrrrrrrrrrrrr 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 Attic-Flour Calf Stable. 
 A, Passiige-wiiy. .r. Stiills. z, Elevator. 
 
 SELECTION OF IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 An important element in the education of every farmer is the cultivation of the 
 faculty for judging and selecting labor-saving tools and machines. Probably there 
 is no department of agriculture upon which so much of the final success depends as 
 the right selection and use of implements. When one instrument will do double 
 the work of another of the same cost it is a matter of economy to know it and make 
 it available. The farmer needs the best of everything, and always the peculiar 
 implement suited to his own special circmnstances. 
 
 The plow should have all the qualities of the best invention, the lightest draught, 
 the best material, and also be specially suited to the quality of soil and the situation 
 of the land. 
 
 The harrow should combine the quaUties of pulverizer, smoother, and cultivator. 
 
 The drill should be adapted to all kinds of seed, and perfect in its mechanism. 
 
 Cultivators should be adjustable for smooth, shallow, surface pulverization, or 
 for the needs of special crops. 
 
 LIST OF APPARATUS FOR A DAIRY FARM OF ONE HUNDRED 
 
 One sulky plow. 
 
 One swivel plow. 
 
 One iron frame steel-tooth harrow ; pulverizer, smoother, and cultivator. 
 
 One two-horse drill, with force-feed grass seeder. 
 
 One two-wheel cultivator, for root crops. 
 
 Six steel-prong hoes. 
 
 One twelve-foot poly-section roller. 
 
 One mowing machine. 
 
 One wheel horse rake. 
 
 One reaper and binder. 
 
120 J£JiSEy CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 One hay tedder. 
 One thresher. 
 One fan mill. 
 One corn sheller. 
 One improved grinding mill. 
 One hay cutter. 
 
 One cutter and crusher for corn stover. 
 One root cutter (Clark's). 
 One bone mill. 
 
 One motor — two to four horse-power, with attachments suitable for all machines 
 to be used. 
 
 One hay loader. 
 
 One power hay fork. 
 
 One dumping hay cart. 
 
 One hundred hay caps. 
 
 One root cart. 
 
 Three steel hay forks. 
 
 Three manure forks. 
 
 Three shovels. 
 
 One post-hole digger. 
 
 One power maimre lifter. 
 
 One manure cart or spreader. 
 
 ( )ne sprinkling cart for liquid mainire. 
 
 LIST OF APPARATUS FOE BUTTER DAIRY USING THE CREAM OF FIFTY COWS. 
 
 One three-can Stoddard creamery for testing cows. 
 
 One largest size dairy creamery, Stoddard. 
 
 Six Perfect Milk Pails. 
 
 One No. 1 Stoddard churn for testing cows. 
 
 One No. 6 Stoddard chum. 
 
 One centrifugal butter worker. 
 
 One lever butter worker. 
 
 Two fifty-gallon cream tempering vats. 
 
 One weighing scale. 
 
 One butter salting scale. 
 
 Two dairy pails. 
 
 One half-gallon dipper. 
 
 Two butter ladles. 
 
 Two dairy thennometers — eight-inch nickel. 
 
 One cream strainer. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEJilCA. 
 
 One buttermilk strainer. 
 
 One self-gauging butter printer. 
 
 One butter tray 
 
 IST OF APPARATUS FOB CHEESE BAIRY USINft THE WHOLE MILK OF FIFTY COWS. 
 
 Six Perfect Milk Pails. 
 
 One two-hundred-gallon self-heating vat. 
 
 One eight-blade metallic-head curd knife, perpendicular. 
 
 One six-inch by twenty-inch curd knife, horizontal. 
 
 One curd scoop. 
 
 One curd pail. 
 
 One weighing scale. 
 
 One dairy thermometer. 
 
 One whey strainer. 
 
 One syphon. 
 
 One gallon dipper. 
 
 One curd mill, rotary disk with cuttinj^ blades. 
 
 Two moulding presses for ten three-])ouiid cheeses. 
 
 Tin-foil for cheese wrappers. 
 
 FARM IMPLEMENTS OF SPEfUAL MEEIT. 
 
 As an illustration of the points of excellence in farm implements, the author lias 
 deemed it expedient to show several inventions of special merit by the folk>^\■ing 
 series of cuts and a mention of tlieir saHent points of superiority and utility. 
 
 ZEi; Drill.* 
 
 * Gere, Truman, PliUt & Co., Owego, N. Y. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE JX AMERICA. 
 
 Dkvick loK OiiAXoiNG F?;kd. 
 
 Spring Hoe. 
 
 Pobifs (if E.cvelU'uee. 
 
 l. It lias forci'-feed grain distributtTs. 
 
 •1. Tt has force-feed grass-seed distributers. 
 
 ?,. It has force-feed fertilizer distributers. 
 
 4. You can sow grass seed equally "well in fmut or behind the hoes. 
 
 5. It has a special device for dropping and fertilizing corn. 
 
 t>. It has a cold-rolled steel axle, which has three times the strength of the iron axle. 
 
 7. It is well balanced and of light draught. 
 
 8. Its frame is braced with heavy castings at tlie four corners. 
 
 !*. By a very simple device, change of feed is made by changing .speed of 
 distributers, but no loose or detached pinions are used. 
 
 Clark's Root Cuttkk. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 10. It is easily handled by the team and operator. 
 
 11. It can easily be set to sow accurately any desired ({iiantitv tif grain, grass 
 and fertilizei-s. 
 
 12. It is made of the best materials and the liest workmanship. 
 
 clakk s root cutter.'' 
 (three sizes.) 
 
 Descriptum. 
 
 This cutter is built with a heavy oak frame, well bolted together ; is stanch 
 and strong, neatly finished and handsomely ornamented. 
 
 The cutting apparatus consists of a cylinder of steel knives, shaped like a 
 chisel gouge, so arranged on a wrought-iron shaft that they are perfectly secure ; no 
 chance of becoming loose or breaking. 
 
 Operation. 
 
 It works with rapidity and ease, cutting the roots into thin, narrow pieces, which 
 are thoroughly crushed and fitted for easy mastication by the animal. Nos. 1 and 
 2 are for hand use ; No. 3 for power. 
 
 Points of Excellence. 
 
 It is compact and portable. 
 
 It is strong and durable. 
 
 It is effective and uniform in its work. 
 
 It is worked with ease, a boy cutting forty liushels, and the power cutter one 
 hundred bushels an hour. 
 
 It facilitates mastication and digestion, and promotes health. 
 
 It precludes all danger from choking. 
 
 It will reduce apples, beets, carrots, mangolds, pumpkins, parsnips, and turnips 
 to the proper condition for use. 
 
 It is an indispensable apparatus in every stable for economy of labor and the 
 safety and health of the animals. 
 
 * Manufactured for R. H. Allen Company. 189 and 191 Water Street, New York. 
 
.7/:i:sj:y cattlj-: ix amihika. 
 
 DAIRY IMPLEMEXTS OF SI'ECIAI. MKltlT. 
 
 The Pekfkct Mii.k rAii,.* 
 
 The pail is made of the best tin phite, and will bear a weight of three luiiulred 
 pounds; holds fourteen quarts; has a (■(Uicave lid; a bruad fiinuel upon tlie s])()iit; 
 a rubber tube renders the sjiout Hexible, and there is a strainer at the lower end of 
 the spout. 
 
 J'ou.ts nf Kxn'lhn,;: 
 
 It prevents the entrance of dirt or dandniff, and excludes foul air. 
 
 It forms an easy seat for the milker. 
 
 It enables the milker to do rajiid work. 
 
 It strains the milk. 
 
 Its funnel is adjustal)le to low or higli cows. 
 
 It can be used witliout tln' rubber tube. 
 
 It is very durable. 
 
 It secures clean milk, sweet cream, and better butter and cheese than can be 
 obtained without it. 
 
 . It is indispensable for < ifort, cleanliness, and consummate (pialitv of ]>roduct 
 
 in every dairy. 
 
 Mom's l^l\MI|i\l SiKAINKR. 
 
 • R. H. Allen Company, 1H9 ami lill Wiilcr Sired. N.w York, Oencial Afre 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 
 
 Eest. 
 
 Funnel. 
 
 MORE'S PYEAMIDAL 8TEAINEE.'' 
 
 Points of Excellence. 
 
 It is durable, being stamped from heavy tin and retinned. 
 
 It cleans milk rapidly, and will not clog when regularly cleaned at using. 
 
 It gives a large straining surface. 
 
 It uses finer cloth than a flat strainer. 
 
 Its form allows the milk to fall on its apex, and the sediment settles at the 
 base. 
 
 It is a perfect milk strainer, and can be used with the rest and funnel upon any 
 sized pan or can. 
 
 THE STODDARD CREAMERY AND REFRIGERATOR, f WITH PATENT SKIMMING ATTACHMENT. 
 
 (eleven SIZES.) 
 
 Poin,t» of Excellence. 
 
 The cream is drawn oil the milk through an adjustable tube passing down 
 through the milk and bottom of the can through the faucet. The milk is afterward 
 drawn through the faucet. 
 
 No watching for cream line or cream flakes. No cream wasted. 
 
 There is no sediment drawn with the cream, as is the case when the milk is 
 drawn from under the cream and the .cream afterward drawn out or poured from 
 the can. When the milk is drawn from under the cream the sediment is not drawn 
 out with the milk, or but a small part of it, but runs out when the last of the contents 
 of the can is discharged, which is the cream. 
 
 The skimming is done quicker than by any other method, which is a great 
 advantage in the cream-gathering system. 
 
 Milk or cream can be drawn out at any time. 
 
 * Moseley & Stoddard Manufacturing Co., Poultney, Vt. 
 
 f Moseley & Stoddard Manufacturing Co., Poultney, Vt., or their agents. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 TnK Stoddaki) f 'rkamerv Axn Hefrkjkrator, winr Patent Skimminc Aitachment. 
 
 Ventilation of milk, removing aniirial odors, and saving nf ice. 
 
 All faucets are brass, nickel-plated, with gronnd joints. 
 
 Cans are easily n^niDVcd if ncccssarv for any ])iirp(i.se, ;ind are intercliange- 
 
 ible 
 
 The construction of tank affords s])ace for large ])ieces of ice. 
 
 It has a perfect refrigerator. 
 
 The walls of the creamery are thick and built refrigerator style ; lias lining of 
 two thicknesses of heavy pajier and (Irnihle air space, tlms effecting a great saving 
 of ice. 
 
 No other creamery si» tlioroughly constructed in this respect. 
 
 It is made in two styles, with and without the separate refrigerator coni2)art- 
 inent. The refrigerator is built in one end of the creamery, is lined witli /inc. and 
 has slate shelves. It has no connection witli the milk rece])tacle. The door to 
 refrigerator is in the end of crcamerv. It is ilnj and I'l'nj cotil when ice is used for 
 coolintr the milk. 
 
JERl^iEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 137 
 
 Can be used with running water at a temperature of 55° F. 
 It is an indispensable convenience for the purpose of testing butter cows. 
 It is the most economical in price, considering material, workmanshij), con- 
 venience, and utility. 
 
 It is fully protected by letters patent. 
 
 TuE IStoduaui) (.'iukn. 
 
 Points (if Excellence. 
 
 Its form gives thorough mixture of cream, with degree of concussion desired. 
 There are no dashers or floats to injure grain of butter. 
 Simple in construction and very durable. 
 
 It is especially adapted to the granular system of making butter; gli 
 indicator shows when to stop the churn. 
 Being air-tight, it never leaks. 
 It is readily ventilated, allowing gas to escape. 
 Butter can be rinsed in the churn and thoroughly drained. 
 It can be used with any regulated motor. 
 It makes the best quality of butter. 
 
 It is an indispensable convenience in making butter tests of cows. 
 It is fully protected by letters patent. 
 
 Moseley & Stoddard Manufacturing Co., Poultney, Vt., or their agents. 
 
128 JERSEY CA TTLK IX AMERICA. 
 
 DKAINAGE OF LAND.* 
 
 '' There is no subject wliich of late years has attracted more attention or excited 
 more discussion among those interested in the cultivation of the soil than the drainage 
 of land. It requires no great research to discover the reasons for the interest which 
 this subject has attracted to itself. Whether we look at the vast amount of capital 
 annually exjjended on it or at the great improvement in the agriculture of the 
 country which it is gradually effecting, we cannot fail to perceive it to be a subject of 
 the greatest importance. Were any extraneous evidence of its importance required, 
 it might be found in the recent vote of Parliament, by which the enormous sum 
 of two millions sterling was set apart to be loaned out for its encouragement and 
 extension ; \\w\ in thi' avidity witii which the whole of that large sum was applied for 
 and absorbed in the (•..ursc of a few months. 
 
 " Notwithstanding that the benefits to be derived from draining are now so well 
 known and ap])reciated — so much so, indeed, that most agriculturists, if asked what 
 they considered the first requisite toward good farming, would, without hesitation, 
 answer, thorougli drainage of the laud — still, the careful observer, casting his eye 
 over the surface of the United Kingdom, cannot fail to be struck with surprise at 
 the vast extent of available surface which is rendered partially or absolutely valueless 
 tt) the comnninity by the presence of an excess of water. 
 
 " The great extent of land which is still undrained excites the more surprise 
 when we reflect that experience has shown that even very unpromising portions 
 yield large and remunerating returns for the outlay. 
 
 " The beneficial effects which result from complete drainage of land may be 
 classed under two heads — mechanical and chemical. The mechanical division 
 includes the improved etticiency of all those laborious operations carried on for 
 the purpose of pulverizing and cleaning the soil, such as plowing, harrowing, and 
 weeding. It also includes the saving in time and labor in carrying out the general 
 business of the agriculturist, as well as the saving of that portion of seed which is 
 destroyed in wet soil from mechanical causes. 
 
 " The chemical division is a copious one, and embraces more than our philosophy 
 even dreamed of twenty years ago. It includes all that great class of phenomena 
 relating to the improved fertilizing powers of manures and alteratives, as we may, 
 in certain Ciises, denominate lime, marl, clay, etc.; the improvement of climate ; the 
 raising of the temperature of the soil ; the acceleration of the period of the harvest ; 
 the decomposition of substances in the soil injurious to vegetation ; the improve- 
 ment in the nutritive value of herbage, and other crops; and, inconsequence of all 
 these, improved races of animals, including even num himself. 
 
 * Encyclopa'diii of Airriciillurc, by J. C. Morton. EdiubiiiKli. Kxlnict from article by Jolin 
 Girdwood. 
 
^'> 
 
 FOOTSTEP 5163. 
 
 VKKN-A IIKUI). 
 Frederic Bronson, Southpoht, C( 
 
EVELINA OF VERNA 10,971. 
 
 AT 6 YEARS OLD. 
 
 Signal Type. 
 VERNA HERD. 
 
 Fkederic Bronson, Southport, Connecticut. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 139 
 
 MECHANICAL ADVANTAGES. 
 
 " Let US first, then, consider the mechanical advantages. Every one at all 
 acquainted with the conduct of agricultural operations must be aware of the great 
 difficulties which a wet state of the soil throws in the way of performing these 
 operations with propriety, despatch, or economy of labor. The great object of all 
 the operations of tillage is, along with the removal of weeds, to reduce the soil to a 
 finely divided state, through every part of which the fine filamentary roots of plants 
 may spread themselves, in order to obtain supplies not only of moisture and air, but 
 of those substances of which they are partly composed, and the due preparation of 
 which is one of the most important functions of all mechanical operations of the 
 soil. 
 
 "■ The tempering of mortar or clay affords a very apt simile for any operations 
 undertaken on land in a wet state, and furnishes a very true analogy as to the results. 
 It will, therefore, be evident that, so far from furthering the object in view, 
 plowing, or other working of laud when wet, will have the directly contrary effect 
 of rendering it more stiff and close ; and instead of producing a finely divided and 
 porous state of the soil, so indispensable to the healthy and vigorous growth of 
 crops, will leave it, when dry, a hardened mass, in which \iseful plants will find it 
 difficult to obtain even the most scanty subsistence. 
 
 " In such a climate as that of Britain, where there is generally a great deal of 
 rain and very little evaporation during the greater portion of the period in which 
 the preparation of the soil must go on, and where wet, undrained land, once thor- 
 oughly moistened, hardly dries until the searching breezes of spring begin to act 
 upon it, it is a matter of no small difficulty to find a season when operations may 
 be carried on with propriety iipon the land. 
 
 " In order to meet this difficulty, it is the custom on wet land farms to maintain 
 an extra force, both of men and horses, in order to seize such favorable opportunities 
 for working the land as may present themselves ; to take advantage of a good 
 ' tid,' as such an opportunity is sometimes called ; and to complete, within a few 
 weeks of early autumn and late spring, those operations which the cultivator of dry 
 or' drained land may carry on at his convenience during the greater part of winter. 
 The latter is enabled to effect the tillage of his land in a careful manner at absolutel}' 
 less cost than that for which it can be slurred over in the most imperfect way by 
 his less fortunate or less improving neighbor, who, notwithstanding all the haste he 
 can make, is frequently ' caught out,' and compelled to leave unsown, fields which 
 have been prepared and manured, and to substitute, at a more propitious season, some 
 less valuable crop for that which he intended. 
 
 " It is not in the operations of tillage alone that extra labor is demanded from 
 men and horses on wet land ; the carting on of manure, the carting off of produce — 
 in fact, all operations whatever carried on upon its surface are alike impeded. 
 
130 JEliSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 " The saving effected by drainage in the number of horses required on a farm 
 has been variously computed by different authorities ; but it seems to be a very 
 reasonable calculation to estimate at one in four, or twenty-five per cent. ; while even 
 with the smaller number the preparation of the soil is effected in a more complete 
 manner. 
 
 " The power of layiui,' land flat with safety is one of the important advantages 
 which draining confers. 
 
 "The narrow, high-backed ridge, wiiich wet, undrained land requires, is but too 
 often accompanied by a bare and sterile furrow, hardly replacing the seed bestowed 
 upon it ; whereas, after thorough drainage, by gradually levelling down the ridges, 
 every part may be made to peld alike, and to ])resent the appearance of a garden 
 clothed with equal and miiform luxuriance. 
 
 " There are, perhaps, few occasions on which the value of efficient drainage 
 addresses itself more powerfully to the mind of the farmer than at the season of the 
 year when the preparation for the root crops goes on. Upon farms where large 
 breadths of potatoes or turnips are grown, with what anxiety does the cultivator of 
 undrained land watch every cloud ! well knowing that a few days of rain may 
 destroy the resiilts of weeks of laborious exertion ; and that on the very eve of 
 commencing to ridge his fields the effects of the various plowings, harrowings, and 
 rollings, which have cost him so much care and expense, may be anniliilated. The 
 turnip has Mdtli truth been called ' the root of good husbandry.' It may be likened 
 to a miner ; for it explores the soil, and brings up from it nmch valuable material, in 
 a state fit to be converted into beef and mutton, while the refuse of that conversion 
 forms food for new tribes of plants. Like a miner, however, it cannot work unless 
 the mine be kept ' water-free.' It cannot be called ' the root of good husbandry ' 
 when it barely replaces the manure which may have been supplied to it. It is only 
 when it yields fair crops that it is so ; and in order to obtain these, the first requisite 
 is to have the land freed from stagnant water. 
 
 " It is found that, coincident with drainage, an important alteration takes place 
 in the texture of tenacious soils, by which their nature is so modified as to permit of 
 the most perfect pulverization, without any very great expenditure of labor. 
 
 " If tlie extension and improvement of the cultivation of the manure-making 
 crops were the only advantages of thorough draining, it might with truth be asserted 
 that these would amply repay the country and individuals for the outlay ; for 
 without an abundance of root-crops there can be no very large manure heaps ; and 
 without the latter well-filled barnyards caimot be obtained. 
 
 " It is found, however, that all the cultivated crops are benefited by the drainage 
 of the soil, in some cases to such an extent as to repay the outlay in a single crop. 
 
 " The advantages resulting to the grain crops are not confined to increased 
 luxuriance and bulk. The ear is found to be better filled, and that with a weightier 
 
JEKSIJY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 131 
 
 and more valuable grain ; the harvest, too, is generally found to be hastened, which 
 is no unimportant consideration, especially in the later districts of the country. 
 
 " There are few cases in which the value of drainage is more strikingly illustrated 
 than in the case of wet grass lands. The first effect of a judicious and thorough 
 system of drainage on such lands is the speedy disappearance of rushes and the 
 coarse subaquatic grasses, and the siibstitution of a rich sward of sweeter and more 
 nutritious herbage, which not only maintains a larger number of animals, but 
 maintains them in superior health and condition. There are no more effectual 
 means for the extirpation of that most destructive disease, the rot in sheep, than 
 removing the superfluous water in the soil. So efficient, indeed, has this been found, 
 that on farms where rot anniially destroyed large numbers of them not a single 
 instance of the disease has occuiTcd since the land has been drained. 
 
 " Paradoxical as it may appear to the inexperienced, the drainage of watered 
 meadows, where the soil is retentive, is a most valuable and profitable improvement, 
 and has, in many cases, at once doubled the crop both of hay and aftermath. 
 
 " Drainage has a most important effect in preventing land from burning in dry 
 seasons and in preserving a certain degree of moisture in the soil. This arises wholly 
 from the more perfect division of the soil which takes place after land is drained, 
 and not from drains forming reservoirs of moisture, as some have asserted. Soil has 
 the power of absorbing much moisture from the air ; and this power, as might be 
 expected, is increased in proportion to the surface exposed. This peculiar property 
 of soils did not escape the notice of the illustrious Davy, who, in speaking of this 
 subject, says : ' The power of the soil to absorb water, by cohesive attraction, depends 
 in a great measure upon the state of division of its parts ; the more divided they are 
 the greater is their absorbing power.' And again : ' The power of the soils to absorl) 
 water from the air is much connected with fertility. When this power is great, the 
 plant is supplied with moisture in dry seasons ; and the effect of evaporation in the 
 day is counteracted by the absorption of aqueous vapor from the atmosphere by the 
 interior parts of the soil during the day, and by both the exterior and interior during 
 the night. The stiff clays, approaching to pipe clays in their nature, which take up 
 the greatest quantity of water, when it is poured upon tliem in a fluid form, are not 
 the soils which absorb most moisture from the atmosphere in dry weather. They 
 cake, and present only a small surface to the air ; and the vegetation upon them is 
 generally bm-nt up as readily as upon sands.' * 
 
 " There needs no apology for transcribing this passage from the great pioneer 
 of scientific agriculture. It explains, in a clear and forcible manner, one of the 
 most important advantages of the thorough comminution of the soil, which draining 
 so greatly tends to promote. It will, no doubt, be eminently suggestive to the 
 
 * Elements of Agricultural Chemistry, by Sir Humphry Davy. 
 
132 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 tliouglitful agriculturist, and it will explain some apparent anomalies ; among othere. 
 the reason that horse-hoe work among turnips, in a dry season, has very nmch the 
 same effect as successive showers of rain. 
 
 "Liebig and others liave shown that rain and snow generally contain sulistances 
 in the highest degree useful to plants, and that soils have tlie power of abstracting 
 these substances from the rain which passes through them. It has been further 
 shown by chemists that various injurious substances are wiushed out of the soil where 
 a perfect system of drainage is in operation, or are so changed in their nature as to 
 become innocuous. 
 
 " Various experinients have sliown tluit rain, when percolating through the soil, 
 has a strong influence in raising the temperature of the latter. The causes of this 
 will be readily understood when we reflect that rain, at those periods of the year 
 when vegetation is in progress, generally possesses a temperature consideral)ly above 
 that of the soil. In passing through the soil each successive portion of the rain gives 
 ofi^ part of its excess of heat, mitil a mean temperature is established. This may be 
 termed a positive cause of inerea.sed temperature; but there is also a negative cause, 
 tending to the same end, in the great decrease of evaporation from drained soils. A 
 great amount of evaporation is constantly taking place from the surface of soil 
 saturated with water, and tlie temperature of the soil is con8e(iuently lowered ; 
 whereas, when the amount of moisture does not greatly exceed that for which the 
 soil has a natural affinity, but little evaporation takes place, and that portion of the 
 solar heat which would be dissipated in evaporating this water is a])j)lied to raising 
 the temperature of the soil itself. 
 
 " Mr. Parkes has detailed a set of very valuable experiments in this important 
 branch of the philosophy of drainage, in which he compared the temperatures of 
 drained and undrained portions of bog. He found the temperature of the 
 undrained portion to remain steadily at 40°, at all depths, from one to thirty feet ; 
 and at seven inches from the surface the temperature remained at 47° during the 
 experiments. During the same period the temperature of the drained portion was 
 4SJ° at two feet seven inches below the surface ; and at seven inches reached as liigh 
 as 00° during a thunder-storm ; while on a mean of thirty-flve observations the 
 temperature at the latter depth was 1(»° higher than at the same depth in the 
 undrained portion of bog.* 
 
 " The sources from which excessive moisture in the soil is derived may be 
 classified under two general heads : (1) Springs rising to the surface, and pouring 
 out their waters over the adjacent land, or saturating the soil and subsoil at those 
 points which they ajiproach, without directly discharging on the surface. (2) Rain 
 stagnating in the soil and subsoil. To these might be added such occasional and 
 
 Parkes' Philosophy and Art of Land Drainage. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 133 
 
 accidental sources as the overflowing of rivers and streams presents ; but, as in sucli 
 cases the water is generally earned off on the subsiding of the flood by open ditches 
 and water-courses, that portion remaining in the soil may be considered in the same 
 light as if derived from a heavy fall of rain. 
 
 These owe their formation to certain peculiarities in the crust of the earth, by 
 of which rain falling on more elevated ground is collected and poured forth 
 in a perennial discharge at a lower level, and frequently at very distant places. 
 
 " The crust of the earth is composed of numerous strata, or layers, lying one 
 over the other, sometimes in a nearly horizontal position, but more frequently in one 
 more or less inclined, or dipping, as it is termed, to the horizon. Some of these 
 strata, such as gravel and sand, are highly porous and absorbent, and readily permit 
 the passage of water ; while others, such as clay and some rocks, are nearly or 
 altogether impervious. 
 
 " When rain falls upon a tract of country part of it flows over the surface, and 
 makes its escape by the nimaerous natural and artiticial courses which may exist, 
 while another portion is absorbed by the soil and the porous strata which lie imder it. 
 Again, rocks lying imder the surface are sometimes so full of fissures that although 
 they themselves are impervious to water, yet so completely do these fissures carry off 
 the rain, that in some parts of the county of Durham they render the sinking of 
 wells iiseless, and make it necessary for the farmers to drive their cattle many miles 
 to water. 
 
 " It sometimes happens that these fissures penetrate to enormous depths, and are 
 of great width, and filled with sand or clay. 
 
 " These are termed /awZfe by miners, and some which we examined, at a distance 
 of four hundred yards from the surface, were from five to fifteen yards in width. 
 
 " These faults, when of clay, are generally the cause of springs appearing at the 
 surface ; they arrest the progress of the water in some porous strata, and compel it to 
 find an exit by passing to the surface between the clay and the faces of the ruptured 
 strata. When the fault is of sand or gravel the opposite effect takes place, if it 
 commimicates with any porous stratum ; and water which may have been flowing 
 over the siu^ace on reaching it is at once absorbed. 
 
 " This, as it is the most universal, so it is the most important source of an injurious 
 excess of moisture in land. Before the introduction of thorough draining rain-water 
 in excess was hardly looked upon as an evil with which the drainer could deal. Land 
 was divided into two classes — wet and dry. No one contemplated the possibility of 
 
134 JKRsi:)' CATTLK IX AMKliKA. 
 
 converting all the wet lands into dry lands by artiticial means ; the attention of 
 drainers was, therefore, attracted merely to the removal of springs. These rendered 
 certain parts of most districts of counti-y useless for agricultural purposes. They 
 arrested the course of the plow, and thus demanded attention and remedy. We 
 accordingly iind that the early metliodical applications of draining were mainly 
 directed to the removal of 8])ring water, to rendering the ' springy ' and boggy ground 
 equal to that among which it lay, and not to the aiiu'lioration of the whole body of 
 the soil, as is now the case. 
 
 " The quantity of rain which falls varies most materially in the different latitudes 
 of the world ; thus, according to Humboldt, one hundred and forty-one inches 
 annually fall in Cuba, while only twenty inches fall in ParLs. The (luautity of rain 
 varies, too, very much in different localities of the same country. 
 
 " But in estimating the quantity of rain which re<[uires to l)e provided for in 
 draining operations, it is not merely necessary to take the average annual fall into 
 account ; provision must be made to meet the greatest fall which is likely to take 
 place in a limited period. To carry the system which was required to accommodate a 
 fall of fifty inches of rain annually to a part of the country where the fall was only 
 twenty inches might fairly lay the drainer open to a charge of wastefulness. 
 
 " Pipes of an inch bore, and laid at wide intervals, have been highly recommended 
 by several drainers of great experience, without any caution as to their application in 
 wet localities ; and yet our own experience convinces us that larger pipes, laid at 
 little more than one half the distance recommended, are barely adequate to perform 
 the work required of them in some districts of country. 
 
 " The whole of the rain which falls is not carried off by drainage, but a large 
 proportion of it is carried into the atmosphere by evajioration. The experiments of 
 Mr. Dickinson show that of the rain wliicli fell rather more than one half was 
 evaporated, leaving rather less than one half to be carried off by drainage. 
 
 " The drains used may l)e divided into two classes — open, and covered. These 
 again may eacli l)e subdivided into drains intended merely to act as water-courses, 
 and drains which, in addition to acting as water-courses, are also intended to carry off 
 the surplus water from the land through which they pass. 
 
 " The rudest forms of ojien drains are tlie deep furrows, lying between narrow, 
 high-backed ridges, which are still to be found in some parts of the country, with 
 their accompanying water-furrows for discharging their streams. 
 
 " These are oidy meant to carry off the surplus water after the soil is completely 
 
JEESEY CATTLE IJV AlIEHICA. 135 
 
 saturated ; and this they effect by carrying along with it all the best portions of the 
 soil and of the manure which may have been spread ui^on its surface, as the turbid 
 waters discharged from fields so treated abimdantly testify. These require no other 
 remark here than a recommendation to substitute for them some of the more perfect 
 forms of drain to which we shall have to advert. 
 
 OPEN DRAIN WATER-COUESES. 
 
 " The ordinary ditch is the common form of this kind of drain, and though rude, 
 it is one which cannot altogether be dispensed with, although where a perfect and 
 complete system of drainage has been effected few indeed of them ought to be 
 found. They are constant sources of annoyance, from their sides crmnbling in ; 
 and they are constant sources of expense, not only by occupying much valuable 
 space, but also by requiring a thorough annual scouring, wherever any pretensions 
 to good farming are made. They are also fruitful nurseries of weeds. Open ditches 
 occupy an important place in the early stages of draining bogs ; but after the bog 
 has become consolidated, the greater portion of them may be dispensed with, and 
 their places supplied by large covered drains. 
 
 " In forming open drains in loose soil the sides should generally slope at an 
 angle of 45°, which is the smallest angle at which earth, if it be at all crumbly, will 
 retain its position ; indeed, in deep cuttings, such as railways present, a fall of one 
 in two, or a slope of 27|-°, is that which is generally preferred. Where the soil is 
 excessively stiff, as strong clay, or where the sides of the drain are to be lined 
 with masonry, or where the channel is cut in rock or marl, the slope Ta&y be less 
 than 4.5°. 
 
 " The depth, dimensions, and direction of open water-courses nnist be determined 
 by the purposes they are to serve. Sharp turns are to be avoided, more especially 
 where the fall is rapid or the quantity of water is great ; for the banks are generally 
 hollowed out by the force of the current where such turns occur ; and thus it may 
 happen that at the very time when a free channel is of the utmost consequence in 
 discharging some flood of rain, a stoppage or impediment may be created by the 
 fall of a portion of the undermined bank. Where sudden and steep descents are 
 required in the course of open drains, it is a good practice to line the sides with 
 rough masonry, and to pave the bottom, so as to prevent that hollowing out which 
 sometimes converts a moderate-sized ditch in a few years into a gully or ravine of 
 formidable dimensions. 
 
 " Sometimes in large drainage works, where outfalls require to be formed for 
 extensive districts, calculations of a complicated nature have to be made, to show the 
 size of main drains which will be required to void the waters which may be expected 
 to flow into them. Sir John Leslie has given the following rule for ascertaining 
 
136 JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 the velocity due to declivity and depth of current in streams : ' Multiply the 
 mean hydraulic depth* of the river by the declivity per mile, both in feet, and 
 extract the square root of the product ; the result, diminished by one-sixteenth part, 
 will be the mean velocity of the river in miles per hour.' 
 
 " Having thus found the velocity due to any proposed channel, the quantity of 
 water which it can discharge will be found, in cubic feet, per minute, by multiply- 
 ing the area of the transvei-se section of the stream by its mean velocity in feet per 
 minute. 
 
 " Thus, a channel or water-course six feet wide and two feet deep, and having a 
 fall of only five feet per mile, will discharge 2-i64 cubic feet, or 15,400 gallons per 
 minute ; and would, therefore, be capable of discharging a fall of two inches of 
 rain in twenty-four hours from 488 acres of land, supposing the whole quantity to 
 be carried off by it. 
 
 COVEKED DRAINS. 
 
 " We now come to the consideration of the more im]iortant description of 
 drainage — the removal of water by means of covered drains. 
 
 " For hand-made drains the tools consist of a set of spades — generally three of 
 different sizes — gradually diminishing in width to suit the different parts of the 
 drain. 
 
 " For soils free from stones these si)ades work better when curved ; but for 
 stony lands the flat fonn is preferable. For taking out the last narrow spit, to fonn 
 the seat for the draining pipe, long narrow spades are used, called bottoming tools. 
 There are also scoops of various widths, furnished with long handles, and rounded 
 or flattened in the soles, according as they are required to finish the bottom of tlie 
 drain, for the reception of stones, a horse-shoe tile and sole, or a draining pipe. In 
 the formation of large and deep drains a shovel, very much bent at the neck, or 
 having a great ' lift,' as it is termed, is very useful for finishing the bottom. 
 "Where the subsoil is stony or hard, a haiul jiick or foot ])ick is i-equired to loosen 
 it before it can be shovelled out. 
 
 " For the purpose of laying pipes in narrow deep drains, an instrument called a 
 pipe-layer has been invented, and is indispensable ; for the narrowness of the drains 
 prevents a man from standing in them, nor is he able to reach the bottom \vith his 
 hand, without much trouble ; while, with the assistance of the pipe-layer, he does 
 not require to go into the drain at all, and can proceed with great expedition. 
 
 " In addition to the tools named, a drain-gauge is a necessary instrument. 
 
 * The mean hytliaulic (kpth is the deptli which would obtain if a stream were made to tiow 
 in a new channel, the breadth of which was equal to the stim of its present mean breadth and twice 
 its mean depth. Thus a stream having a mean breadth of six feet and a mean depth of two feet 
 would give a mean hydraulic depth of \\ feet. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IK AMERICA. 137 
 
 Different sizes of these are required for the different widths and depths of drains. 
 AVhere the fall of the ground to be drained is very slight, the workmen should be 
 provided with a level. The best form of this instrument, because that which they 
 most readily understand, is the ordinary mason's level, but made of large dimensions, 
 and having a stem of such height as to show the ' bob ' above the drain, when 
 the level is applied at the bottom. 
 
 TILE DRAINS. 
 
 " Of all the materials which have yet been brought forward for forming the 
 conduits of drains, none are so well fitted for the purpose as tiles or pipes of burnt 
 clay. Draining tiles, especially those in the form of pipes, possess all the qualities 
 which are required in the formation of drains. They are cheap, durable, and portable. 
 They afford a free ingress to water, while they effectually exclude vermin, or earth, 
 and other materials, which often destr6y the less perfect forms of drains. They 
 afford a ready passage to the water which enters them, and a moderate amount of 
 superintendence will insure their being properly laid in the drains, while the expedition 
 with which a great extent of draining operations can be executed where they are used 
 permits an extension of this improvement, which could not be even thought of if 
 stones or other weighty materials had to be employed. 
 
 DtJEABILIXy. 
 
 " There seems to be hardly any limit to the durability of a well-burned pipe in 
 itself ; and if they are carefully laid the drains formed of them should be equally 
 durable with themselves. 
 
 " Their structure prevents the entrance of gross matters, by which they might 
 become choked, while no amount of violence to which they are likely to be subjected 
 can injure them. Cases have, no doubt, been discovered in which tile drains have 
 become choked by a ferruginous deposit of peroxide of iron, which, having entered 
 in the form of a solution of the protoxide, becomes deposited on contact with the 
 air in the drain. It is of very rare occurrence, and is equally or even more injurious 
 to stone drains. 
 
 " The entrance of roots into pipes is almost the only other accident they are liable 
 to ; but it is believed that a complete remedy for this, so far as cultivated plants are 
 concerned, can be pointed out, and will be considered imder the ' Depth of Drains.' 
 No drain should pass near to water-loving trees, as no crevice, however small, is proof 
 against the entrance of their roots. An instance of stoppage came under our notice 
 where the roots of the common willow had so completely filled the pipe of a drain 
 for thirty feet that not the smallest quantity of water could pass through it. The 
 ash tree is also very destructive to drains. 
 
138 JERHJ-jy rATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 " A ton of two-inch pipes will furnish forty-eight mils of ilrain, while a ton of 
 broken stone will only form two roils. 
 
 " Pipe Tiles have been made of a great variety of shapes, but experience has 
 convinced us that there is no form so good as the cylinder. The cylinder can 
 hardly be placed imjiroperly. if the trench be finished with a semi-cylindrical scooj), 
 ius it at once finds its ])la<!e in the centre of the cavity. 
 
 " In clay soils the trench should be cut of a convenient width for the operations 
 of the workman, to within nine inches or a foot of the total depth ; the bottoming 
 tool is then employed to take out the remaining portion, in the form of a narrow 
 spit, of just sufficient size to admit the pipe. By this means no more work is done 
 in cutting than is required, while the fitting of the pipes to each other is secured. 
 
 " Where a sudden or steep descent occurs in the course of a drain, or where there 
 is a running sand or boggy place, pipes of one size should eitlier be entirely sheathed 
 in lai'ger ones, breaking bond with them, or they should be furnished with collars. 
 These collars ai-e short sections of pipe of such size as to fit upon smaller ones. 
 
 " The ijuestioii of tlie size of pipes proper for drains is not entirely depoidciit 
 upon the (piuntity of rain to be discharged. An important consideration is the 
 probable effect of a slight displacement iipon the drain. Some liave advocated the 
 use of one-inch pipes ; but in some situations these woidd ])rove (juite insufficient to 
 discharge the quantity required of them, lint, apart from the question of capacity, 
 it must be obvious that a very slight sinking of an inch pipe or a slight inaccuracy 
 in placing it would entirely destroy the drain. It is true tliat this objection is 
 of no force wliere collars are used ; but the cost of collars and trouble and loss of 
 time in fitting them are so great that a larger size of pipe is a cheaper alternative. 
 The smallest size of pipe that can be employed with safety seems to be that of one 
 and a half inch diameter in the bore. In wet districts the two-inch size is to be 
 preferred, although the one ami a half inch size may, with propriety and economy, 
 be used in the first one hundred yards of each drain, or throughout, when the drains 
 are under that length, as in such cases the accumulated cpiantity of water is not 
 great. 
 
 " The same rule which governs the ffow of water in streams also governs the 
 flow in covered drains, theoretically speaking ; ])ut the great inecpialities and asperi- 
 ties in ])ipes occasioned by imperfect joinings and otherwise reduce the results in 
 practice in some cases nearly fifty ])er cent. 
 
 DKAINING OF SPRINGS. 
 
 " The drawing off of the pent-up waters, which are the sources of springs, is a 
 department of draining which i-equires, for its successful practice, a considerable 
 knowledge of the difli'erent varieties of stratification which occur, and is, probably, 
 for that reason too little practised. When the theory of springs is understood, and 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 139 
 
 a knowledge of the strata obtained, the judicious application of a few simple drains, 
 made to communicate with the watery layers, will often dry swamps of great extent, 
 where large smns of money, expended in forming furrow drains in the swamp 
 itself, would leave it hut little improved. It is to the application of both kinds of 
 drainage where required that we are to look for the best results ; and the judicious 
 drainer will well consider and avail himself of those means which are capable of 
 producing the maximum effect required, without staying to consider whose or what 
 system it is which he employs. 
 
 " In endeavoring to drain springs, the point to be sought for is to furnish outlets 
 sufficiently niunerous to discharge all the water from the ]5orous bed, at the lowest 
 point to which it reaches in the land to be drained. 
 
 " Elkington had the merit of reducing the draining of springs to a system, and 
 the mles which he laid down were so simple and complete that their authority 
 has remained undiminished. Johnstone thus describes the method : ' Draining, 
 according to his (Elkington) principles, depends upon three points : (1) Upon finding 
 out the madn sjn'ing, or cause of the mischief, without which nothing effectual 
 can be done. (2) Upon taking the level of that spring, and ascertaining its suhter- 
 ranea/ri hearings, a measure never practised by any till Elkington discovered the 
 advantage to be derived from it ; for if the drain is cut a yard below the line of the 
 spring, you can never reach the water which issues from it, and by ascertaining that 
 line by means of levelling, you can cut off springs effectually, and, consequently, 
 drain the land in the cheapest and most eligible manner. (3) By making use of the 
 auger to reach or tap the spring where the depth of the drain is iK)t sulficient for the 
 purpose.' 
 
 " The term ' main spring ' in the passage just quoted refers to what is sometimes 
 called the true spring, in contradistinction to those termed false springs. The time 
 springs seldom cease to flow, whereas, in dry seasons, the false springs sometimes 
 intermit for considerable periods of time. The true spring is the natural outlet of 
 the enclosed water which gives rise to it, whereas the false springs are occasioned 
 by the backing up of a large quantity of water from the insufficiency of the outlet, 
 till it flows forth at some higher level, in which case they appear above the true 
 springs ; or they owe their existence to water which, after having issued from the 
 true spring, has soaked into the soil, and has again appeared where some obstruction 
 forces it to the surface. In the latter case the false are below the true springs. 
 
 " Having ascertained the line of the true springs, the next step is to cut a drain 
 sufficiently deep to reach the watery stratum at a short distance below the line of the 
 springs. 
 
 " If, upon experiment, it turns out that the superincumbent impervious layer is 
 considerably more than five or six feet in thickness, it will be proper, instead of 
 incurring the great exjiense of foi-ming an enormously deep drain, to cut a drain four 
 
140 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 feet in depth only, and then to sink small wells down to the watery Ijed at intervals 
 along the course and a little to one side. 
 
 " These wells are to be filled with small stones, so as to afford a ready passage for 
 the water to rise up through them to the drain. The conduit may be formed of 
 draining pipes or bricks or stones, as may be most convenient, taking care, however, 
 that the culvert is securely formed, and that the floor of the drain is protected by 
 tile soles or slate or some other material, to prevent the hollowing action of the great 
 flow of water which may be expected to proceed along it. The small stones should 
 be continued to the height of ten or twelve inches above the culvert, so as to furnish 
 a free passage for the water into the chinks and joinings of the culvert. When the 
 watery stratum hes at a depth exceeding eight feet, it is usual, instead of sinking the 
 small wells just described, to make use of an auger, or boring rod, in order to reach 
 the reservoir of water. The auger-hole, like the well, ought also to be sunk a little 
 to one side of the drain, so that the discharge from them may not interrupt the 
 course of the drain, by rising at riglit angles ^nth the flow of water in it, and so as to 
 guard as much as possible against the choking of the culvert by any bodies which 
 may ascend through the well or auger-holes, such as sand, which is sometimes 
 discharged in large quantity on the first tapping of the spring. 
 
 " In the plan the feeder is carried liorizontally along the line of springs, so as to 
 communicate -with the tail of the watery stratum along the whole of its course^ 
 From the horizontal drain or feeder there must be carried a main drain, to convey 
 the water to the nearest brook or water-course ; or where there is a large extent of 
 horizontal drain or a great quantity of water, it may be necessary to make several 
 mains. These shoidd always be laid out in the line of the fall of the land, so as to 
 discharge the water as quickly as possible ; for it must always be borne in mind that 
 a drain, with a depth of water constantly flowing therein, in a direction transverse to 
 the slope, cannot fail to supply spongy soils with more water than is consistent with 
 a healthy state. 
 
 " It often happens that instead of a line of springs there is but one, arising 
 from some chink or fissure communicating with a watery stratiun at a considerable 
 depth. Such are the ' well eyes,' ' piping springs,' and ' quags,' as they are 
 called, which one meets witli so often in moorland tracts. The proper co^irse to 
 pursue with these is to cut a drain of three or four feet in depth from the point 
 of discharge toward them in a direct line up the ascent, deepening the drain 
 considerably as it approaches the spring. In such cases it is always necessary to 
 reach the orifice of the spring, if the watery stratum itself is out of reach ; for the 
 constant flow of water keeps up a rank growth of peat and subaquatic plants, which 
 act like saturated sponges, and retain the water even although the drains be within 
 a few feet of them. 
 
 " When the main oriflce of the spring has been reached, and its waters are 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 141 
 
 confined to tlie channel of the drain, any subsidiaiy outlets will be more readily 
 discovered, if such exist. 
 
 •' These must be reached by short drains, l:)ranching off the main one described. 
 
 " Valleys between rising grounds or hollows in. an undulating country are some- 
 times kept in a marshy state by springs, which are fed from the higher ground in 
 the vicinity. In this case a deep drain, carried along the lowest ground, and either 
 reaching the watery stratum directly, or by means of wells or auger-holes, will 
 generally dry a very large extent, if not the whole, of the swamp. 
 
 " It frequently happens that although the surface of a district is wet there exists 
 below it, at some distance, a layer so dry and porous as to be capable of absorbing 
 any quantity of water which may gain access to it. Well-sinkers sometimes meet 
 with such strata, which at once absorb all the water they may have met with in the 
 upper strata. This peculiarity has been taken advantage of in draining, and copious 
 springs may be made to disappear by simply boring an auger-hole into such a 
 stratum, where it is known to exist, and turning the water of the spring into it. 
 
 ABSORPTION AND EETENTION IN SOILS. 
 
 " All porous bodies have the power of attracting or absorbing liquids in a greater 
 or less degree, by virtue of a particular property which they possess, which has been 
 denominated capillary attraction, from the minute tubes in which its influence is 
 exhibited. Capillary attraction acts more rapidly in some soils than in others ; thus 
 we find that in pure clays it exhibits its influence but slowly ; in agricultural clays, 
 into the composition of which some of the more porous earths enter, its action is 
 more rapid ; while gravel, sand, or peat — which latter may be likened to a vegetable 
 sponge — speedily absorb as much water as they can hold on being brought in contact 
 with it. This power of attraction also manifests itself on the surface of bodies, and 
 may then be called the attraction of adhesion. Soils, in common with all other 
 bodies, possess this property, and in a greater or less degree, according to the aggregate 
 surface which the particles of a given bulk present. 
 
 " Thus clay may, by means of kneading, be made to contain so large a quantity 
 of water as that at last it may almost be supposed to be divided into infinitesimally 
 thin layers, having each a film of water adhering to it on either side. 
 
 " Such soils, again, as sand or chalk, the particles of which are coarser, exert a 
 less degree of adhesive attraction for water. Professor Schiibler, of Tubingen, found 
 that sand was capable of holding twenty-five per cent., loamy soil forty per cent., clay 
 loam fifty per cent., and pure clay seventy per cent, of their own weights of water, 
 when the water was merely poured upon them in a dry state, till it began to drop. 
 Sir Hmnphry Davy found that the power of attraction for water generally proved 
 an index to the agricultural value of soils. This sort of attraction, however, depends 
 upon other causes besides the adhesion to which we have been alluding. The power 
 
142 JERSEY CA TTLE IX AJfEEICA. 
 
 of attraction which certain substances exhibit for the vapo?' of water is more akin to 
 the force which enables certain porous bodies to absorb and retain many times their 
 volume of the different gases, as charcoal or ammonia, of which it is said to absorb 
 ninety times its own bulk. And as finely-divided mineral matter, as well as vege- 
 table matter in a state of decay, at the same time that they possess this power in a 
 high degree, are also indications of fertility, according to tlie proportion in which a 
 soil contains them, so the relationship observed by Davy between fertility in soils 
 and their affinity for aqueous vapor admits of easy and satisfactory explanation. 
 Clay soils are called impervious soils, because in their natural state they resist the 
 passage of water through them. They are also called retentive soils, because if 
 water does gain access to them their power of adhesion enal)les them to retain a large 
 quantity of it for a great length of time. These are properties which have a very 
 injurious effect on all agricultural operations, and their removal is one of the results 
 which the scientific drainer seeks to effect. 
 
 " "We have it in our power to increase for a time the ]ieniieal)ility of clay soil.* 
 by mechanical means. 
 
 "By pulverizing theiu when dry. we so separate their jiarts a.s U< afford a ready 
 passage to water. 
 
 " Natural causes also have a like tendency. The summer drouth causes nmnerous 
 cracks and fissures, which admit the rains to all parts of the soil. This temporary 
 permeability on undrained clay lands is, however, found to be an evil ; for by means 
 of it the rain is enabled to penetrate and saturate the soil, in autiuun, to a consider- 
 able depth ; while their great adhesive power retains it to an extent which reduces 
 the soil to a state of quagmire during the winter months. Accordingly, we find that 
 the clay-land farmer is by no means ambitious to pulverize his soil very finely when 
 it is undrained. He prefers a rough clod on his wheat land, which has to contend 
 with the watery influences of the winter months ; and he very properly eschews 
 all attempts at subsoiling in the wet months of the year, or anything which may 
 bring into play the water-retaining powers of his soil. When clay is properly 
 and thoroughly drained, however, a new element is brought into operation by the 
 constant supply of air to the soil. By its means the permeability is increased, while 
 the adhesiveness, if not removed, is at least prevented from exercising any other tliati 
 a beneficial influence. 
 
 " The water-resi.sting power of soil which has become slightly dry is familiar 
 to every farmer, althougli many may not be aware of the cause. 
 
 " "When a piece of damp land is plowed it is very apt to get ' soured ' if rain 
 falls immediately after it is turned over ; whereas, if it gets somewhat dry befoiv 
 the rain falls it is but little injured. Tiiis effect is entirely owing to the air, which 
 takes the place of the evaporated moisture, and acts like a waterproof gannent in 
 warding off the rain. 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE I.V A31ERICA. 143 
 
 " "When rain falls upon the surface of soils which rest upon an impervious or 
 very slightly pervious substratum it is gradually diffused through all the porous 
 and absorbent portions by capillary attraction, assisted in clays by the cracks and 
 fissures they may contain. 
 
 " If the fall continues the soil liecomes saturated, and the excess then forms 
 pools, or makes its escajie by flowing over the surface to any neighboring water- 
 course which may exist. 
 
 " When the rain ceases to fall those parts of the surface which are higher than 
 the rest gradually become drier, because the water being no longer poured upon 
 them, the law of gravitation produces its natural results. Now, we cannot raise the 
 soil, but we can lower the impervious or saturated bed on which it rests, and so 
 increase the depth of poroiis soil. 
 
 "If we cut a trench or drain into the subsoil, we immediately disarrange the 
 hydrostatic relations which exist iu its neighborhood in a greater or less degree, 
 according to its depth. The capillary force which retained the water in the soil to a 
 height of a few inches is no longer able to sustain it when the height is increased to 
 feet, and a portion descends into the drain, leaving the upper part of the surface 
 comparatively dry. Now, the unequal pressure of different heights of water in the 
 land immediately compels the portion of soil next to that from which the water has 
 been drawn to yield up a portion of its excess to it, obtaining, in its turn, a portion 
 from that farther off, and so on through the whole mass of the surface soil ; but 
 as fast as it is supplied the drain draws it off, so that in a short time the level of 
 the water in the whole mass is lowered. This is the action which is indicated by 
 the term drawing, which is so often applied to drains, probably iu many cases 
 without any very definite idea of its meaning. 
 
 " All soils, too, but especially those containing clay, possess the property of 
 expanding when wetted, and contracting when dried ; so that after the drain has 
 removed a portion of the water a considerable contraction takes place, especially in 
 a dry season ; but as the ends of the field cannot approach each other to suit the 
 contraction, both soil and subsoil are torn asimder, and divided into small portions 
 by a network of cracks and fissures, the sum of which represents the amount of 
 lateral contraction throughout the field. This circumstance is familiar to every one, 
 and most persons who are conversant with strung land are aware that in some 
 seasons the fissures extend to a great depth. 
 
 " These phenomena are of the utmost consequence in draining land ; indeed, it 
 may well be doubted whether without such properties ia the soil or subsoil we 
 could drain our clay lands at all. It is woi'thy of remark here that as on stiff soils 
 the cracking action is strongest, nature seems to second the efforts of man, and 
 compensates the want of porosity in clays by the more powerful development of a 
 property which, under skilfid treatment, renders them almost as easy to drain as the 
 
lU JEItHEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 more porous soils. The teudency of draining is to increase and guide the course of 
 this cracking action. 
 
 " The main fissures all commence at tlie drain, and spread from it in almost 
 straight lines into the subsoil, forming so manj' minor drains or feeders, all leading 
 to the conduit. 
 
 " These main fissures have numerous small ones diverging from tliem, .'io that 
 the whole mass of earth is divided and subdivided into the most minute portions. 
 The main fissures are at first small, but gradually enlarge as the dryness increases, 
 and at the same time lengthen out, so that when a very dry season happens they 
 may be traced the whole way between the drains. 
 
 " When the fissures are once formed the falling of loose earth into them and the 
 growing action of the water which passes through them prevent them from ever 
 closing so ])erfectly as to hinder the passage of water, while each successive summer 
 produces new fissures, till the whole body of the subsoil is pervaded by a perfect 
 network of them, which gradually alters the very nature of both soil and subsoil, 
 and in connection with judicious and liberal manuring has the effect of converting 
 poor cold clays into something not very different from a good clay loam. 
 
 DEPTH OF COVERED DRAINS. 
 
 " Sucli drains have a twofold office to perform. They have to collect the super- 
 fluous water from the soil, and then to carry it oflf in a certain fixed course. They 
 must, therefore, afford free access to water at all points, and, at the same time, 
 prevent that which they have collected from leaving them by any other way but by 
 their own channels. They must also be covered to such a depth as not to interfere 
 with the working of the land. Let us fix the mininmm depth of this covering of 
 soil. 
 
 " Modern agriculture, practical as well as theoretical, has shown that ' to have 
 large crops we must have a deep soil.' The soil is a great storehouse of materials of 
 which plants are composed ; but these require a certain amount of preparation before 
 they become fitting food for our crops. That preparation is effected by exposing 
 them to the action of the elements, through the operation of tillage. Plants have 
 the peculiar property of being able to adapt themselves to almost any amount of 
 food which may be presented to them. Take turnips, for example ; these will be 
 found varying from the size of a pigeon's egg to that of a man's head, or larger 
 according to the amount of food with which they have been supplied. It is, there- 
 fore, an object of first imjjortance that a large quantity of what chemists call the 
 inorgmiic constituents of plants be constantly in course of preparation in a soil deeply 
 stirred by the subsoiler or trench plow. If, then, it is considered probable, or even 
 possible, that subsoiling and trench plowing may become general, it is imperative 
 that drains be so put in as not to interfere with or be injured b}' such operations. 
 
HILDA D. 6683. 
 
 AT 9 YEARS OLD. 
 A'EKNA HERD. 
 
 FuEnERic Bronsox. Soi'tiiport, Connecticut. 
 
JERSEY ('A TTLE IN AMERICA. 145 
 
 " Subsoiling as hitherto practised has reached a depth of eighteen inches, but 
 it is highly probable that future experience may demand a still greater depth. If, 
 however, we take the depth at eighteen inches, we cannot with safety place the 
 upper part of the drain nearer to the surface than this depth at least. 
 
 " But, further, if such an instrument as a subsoiler was to pass close to the top of 
 a drain, it could not fail to injure or destroy it ; and even although an inch or two of 
 soil were to intervene between the instrument and the top of the drain, still the shaking 
 and crushing which take place would, in all probability, materially injure it. It 
 must, therefore, be concluded tluit from four to si.x inches of soil must be left 
 undisturbed between the top of the drain and the subsoiler, so as to insure the 
 safety of the former. If to this we add the depth of the siibsoiling operations, we 
 obtain data showing that the top of a drain should never be nearer the surface than 
 twenty-two to twenty-four inches. 
 
 " "Where a precise rule cannot be laid down, it is best to keep on the safe side ; 
 we must therefore assume that there should be at least twenty-four inches of soil 
 above every drain. 
 
 RESULTS EEQUIRED BY DEPTH OF DRAINS. 
 
 " There is hardly any subject connected with agriculture which has excited such 
 an amount of controversy as the proper depth for drains. 
 
 "A careful consideration of the very numerous recorded opinions published 
 during the last few years only leaves the conviction that there is no settled rule as 
 to the depth of drains hest adapted to all soils and all circumstances. 
 
 " We say hest adapted, for we believe that there is a depth and distance of drain 
 which will effectually remove the surface water from all soils ; but whether that 
 might be the most economical and most judicious mode of proceeding in particular 
 cases can only be settled by a thorough investigation of the particular case to which 
 it is to be applied. 
 
 " Cases are sometimes adduced as successful examples of deep thoroiigh draining 
 where the drains are placed at great intervals, and in some cases ten feet in depth. 
 These have no claim to be considered as examples of thorough draining at all. 
 They are merely successful examples of Elkington's principles to the removal of 
 springs, by furnishing outlets to the water in the stratum from which they arise. 
 The proper function of thorough draining is the removal of rain-water, which would 
 otherwise lodge and stagnate in retentive soils. 
 
 " Gravitation is not the only agent to be considered in thorough draining. 
 
 " The first consideration to which we must address ourselves, in fixing the depth 
 of drains, is the depth of soil which is required to be laid dry. There is a limit to 
 the depth of drained soil required for the purposes of cultivation ; and any extra 
 exjjenditure in drying soil at greater depths than will yield a retui-n must be 
 regarded as waste. 
 
140 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 " It is probable tliat, as a general rule, the roots of our cultivated plants do not 
 penetrate to a greater depth than two feet, or two feet six inches, even in soil fitted 
 for their reception. That they descend to the former, at least, of these depths, has 
 been put beyond dispute, by the roots of mangold having been found in a drain, the 
 t()]i of which was two feet from the surface ; but there is no case recorded in whicrh 
 tlie roots of cultivated plants have been found in three-feet drains. This is, no 
 doubt, only negative testimony ; still, the spirit of inquiry in regard to draining 
 would probably have discovered such a case if it had (jccurred. It will not be a 
 verj^ forced conclusion if we take it for granted that thirty inches represents the 
 ordinary depth to which the plants of agriculture are likely to penetrate. 
 
 " It is further necessary that water should not ])e allowed so near the surface as 
 to create any chilling effect on the vegetation. It is also desirable that it should 
 not be so near as to be capable of injuring the surface, by ascending in too great 
 quantities, by means of capillary attraction. A depth of from three to four feet 
 seems to be as great a dejith of drained soil as can be required. 
 
 " But there are still other considerations which must influence us in ii.xing the 
 proper depth for drains in particuhir cases. In the case of a porous soil and subsoil 
 saturated with water, in consequence of resting upon an impervious stratum, it will 
 be proper, if practicable, to sink entirely through the porous stratmn, and to form 
 the conduit of the drain in the impervious layer. By this plan of proceeding a very 
 limited number of drains may be made to dry a great extent of surface ; for it niay 
 be laid down as a general rule in regard to very porous soils, that the deeper the 
 drain the further it will draw. 
 
 " It sometimes happens in clayey soil that at no great distance from the surface 
 there is a watery stratum composed of porous materials. 
 
 " If this stratum is not more than six or seven feet from the surface, it may be 
 turned to excellent account in draining ; for by cutting a smaller number of drains 
 down to it than would have been required in ordinary cases, it will not only be 
 emptied of its own water, but will be converted into one extensive natural drain 
 imder the whole surface, of which the drains which are cut will form the outlets. 
 In the drainage of shallow peat bogs it is always desirable to cut through the peat 
 to the solid stratmn on which it rests, for the very unstable nature of the ]jeat 
 renders it a very bad foundation on which to form a drain. 
 
 " It appears, then, that drains ought to vary in depth according to each 
 particular case to which they are to be applied. 
 
 " Drains in porotis soils maybe deep and widc^ ajjurt, because the water will 
 readily flow to them from all parts, and the greater the depth, thi^ more jxiwerfully 
 will the capillary attraction of the soil be neutralized. 
 
 " In clay soils, again, the drain has not only to carry away the water, but to aid 
 in maintaining the artificial porosity of the soil, by means of which the water is to 
 
JEliSEY CATTLE IN A3fEJ{ICA. 147 
 
 gain admission to it. This it cannot eiiect if placed at a deptli to which the 
 shrinkage of the soil does not extend ; and it must not be forgotten that this 
 shrinking action is much greater in certain parts of the country than in others, and 
 in some seasons than in others. 
 
 " The comparatively slight benefit derived in many cases from drains in clay 
 during the first season after their formation, more especially if that has been a wet 
 one, is suiiieient confirmation of this view of the matter. 
 
 " Our own experience and observation, combined with the experience of others, 
 have convinced us that no drain should be put in at a less depth than three feet, where 
 this is practicable. 
 
 " That clay-land farmers will be found to advocate the use of nuich shallower 
 drains, and will point to the water standing above such deejj drains (as they style 
 them) as a conclusive proof of their inefficiency, is no doubt true ; but an examina- 
 tion of the shallowest drains, where the land has been stirred or trod upon when wet, 
 wUl exhibit the same appearance. One inch of wet and worked clay will prevent 
 water from passing through, so long as it is kept wet, as effectually as a y;ird 
 will do. 
 
 "The true remedy is to refram from working siu-li land wlieu it is too moist; 
 any stirring of it in that state is only undoing all that the summer drouth has 
 effected in rendering it porous. 
 
 " Taking three feet as a minimum (k'j)tli for drains, three and a half and four 
 feet will be found safe and efficient depths at which to place them, where there are 
 no peculiar circumstances demanding special depths to suit them. What the 
 nature of these circumstances is has been stated in a general way ; the limits to 
 which we are necessarily circumscribed in such a work as this prevent our referring 
 to them more in detail. Neither our nomenclature of soils nor our knowledge of 
 the laws which govern the flow of water through them is at this time sufficiently 
 exact to permit us to frame rules to be implicitly followed. 
 
 FREQUENCY OF DKAIXS. 
 
 " The distances apart at which drains ought to be placed is a subject of great 
 importance, and one on which much difference of opinion exists. 
 
 " Smith contends that drains should be placed at very short intervals. He 
 says : ' In laying off the drains, the first object for consideration is the nature of the 
 subsoil. If it consists of a strong stiffy ' till ' or a dead sandy clay, then the distance 
 from drain to drain should not exceed from ten to fifteen feet ; if a lighter and 
 more porous subsoil, a distance of from eighteen to twenty-four feet will be close 
 enough ; and in very open subsoils forty feet distance niay l)e sufficient.' 
 
 •' On the other hand, Parkes, who represents the deep and distant di-ain system, 
 says : ' It consists with my own ]iractice, at the present time, that drains are being 
 
148 JEIISEY (ArrLE IX AMEllIVA. 
 
 executed at deptlis of from four to six feet, according to soil and outfall, and at 
 distances varying from twenty -four to sixty-six feet, complete efficiency being the 
 end studied, and the proof of such efficiency being that, after a due period given for 
 bringing about drainage action in soils unused to it, the Avater should not stand 
 higher, or nnu-h higher, in a hole dug in tlie middle l)et\veen a pair of drains than 
 rht,' level of those draint;.' 
 
 " The distance, like the depth of drains, must be governed by a variety of cir- 
 cumstances, all of which demand strict and carefid investigation before proceeding 
 to set oif any system of drainage. The most important of these considerations is 
 the nature of the subsoil, and the effects which the removal of stagnant wat«r will 
 produce upon it. If the subsoil be very porous, or, although not porous in itself, if 
 it rests upon a porous substratum, from which the drains are calculated to remove 
 the water, tlio parallel drains maybe deep and placed at considerable intervals. On 
 the other liand, wlicre tlie subsoil is impervious tlie drains iniist be ]>lacc(l at uiucli 
 .shorter intervals. * 
 
 " In estimating the im])erviousnes8 of subsoils, it is not only necessary to have a 
 due consideration of their nature before drainage ; the effects which drainage will 
 produce upon them must also be taken into account. In some soils, as we have seen, 
 a great degree of artificial porosity -will be produced by draining ; on these the 
 drains may, with propriety, be at wader intervals than on soils in which this cracking 
 action is less powerfully developed. 
 
 " The subsoils ujion M-hich draining acts to a shorter distance perhaps than any 
 others arc those clay sub.soils, containing a large quantity of imbedded stones, which 
 characterize a large portion of the surface of the carboniferous and Cambrian f onna- 
 tions. They are often so completely indurated as to be almost impervious to water, 
 and wlu'ii cut into are almost dry, even although the surface soil which rests upon 
 them may be at the same time of the consistence of soft soaj^. The great portion of 
 their ma.ss, which consists of inexpansible materials, prevents the production of that 
 artificial porosity which plays such an important part in the draining of the jniri'r 
 clays. Subsoiliiig as an adjunct to drainage on such soils proves of the greatest 
 value. 
 
 " III planning tlie draining of elay soils, climate must also be allowed its due 
 effect. 
 
 " We have seen that a drain may ])ass very near a spring without drawing off its 
 waters, because the ])erennial su])ply of water i)revents the formation of fissures by 
 shrinkage. 
 
 " Our own experience over a considerable range of soils and climate, collated 
 with the experience of a very large number of careful and unprejudiced observers, 
 has convinced us that the extreme distances named both by Smith and Parkes arc 
 to be avoidcil. 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 149 
 
 " There can hardly occur any instance in which drains require to be placed at 
 such close intervals as ten feet. There may be isolated spots in a field into M'hich 
 it may be necessary to extend a branch, to draw off some minor spring; but, as a 
 general rale, it may be held that draining at ten feet apart is a waste of lal)ur and 
 materials. On the other hand, we think sixty-six feet au extreme and unsafe 
 distance for thorough draining. 
 
 " A scale of distances ranging from eighteen to forty feet will l)e found to suit 
 almost any case which may occur, while it will not incur the charge of waste of 
 means on the one hand, or inefficiency on the other. We have found a distance of 
 twenty-four feet, with a depth of from three and a half to four feet, produce very 
 perfect results on soils of considerable tenacity, in districts subject to more than the 
 average fall of rain in the British Islands. These will l)e found safe examples to 
 follow under similar circumstances ; and where there is nothing in the formation of 
 the subsoil calling for a particular arrangement to meet it, these intervals and depths 
 will generally be fouiui perfectly successful. 
 
 DIRECTION AND DK^LIVITV OF DRAINS. 
 
 " As the law of gravitation, when permitted to act by either natural or artificial 
 porosity, is that which governs the descent of water into drains, the chief object to 
 be considered in laying out drains is the placing of them in such a position as will 
 bring this principle to bear most fully upon them, in reference to the land on whicli 
 they are intended to act. 
 
 ""Where land is altogether level, all i)arts of tlie surface will l>e in tlie same 
 relative position as to height above any drain whicli may l)e cut into it. In such a 
 case, therefore, as in the fiat alluvial tracts which border some rivers, and are to lie 
 met with in various districts, the choice of direction for the drains ought to depend, 
 in a great measure, on the convenience of outfall. It is a matter of no consequence 
 whether the drains run in the line of the ridges, at right angles Avith or diagonally 
 to them. The main consideration necessary to be attended to is how they may be 
 most conveniently disposed in reference to the main drain or place of discharge. 
 
 " Where, however, the land is ])ossessed of any degree of slope, other consitl- 
 erations must guide the drainer. 
 
 " Where the slope is very slight, the necessity for selecting the line in which it 
 is greatest for the direction of the drains, in order to obtain a fiow in them, will be 
 admitted by all. This rule ought also to obtain in all casen of slojiing land, thougli 
 for different reasons. 
 
 " There are reasons for selecting the line of the greatest fall for the direction 
 of the drains, which are applicable to all lands alike. 
 
 " The most important of these is, that the line of the greatest fall is the unh/ 
 Une in which a drain is relatively lower than the la/nd on either side of it. 
 
JERSEY (ATTLK IX AMi:niC 
 
 I.AVINCJ Of 
 
 " Before proceeding to lay out drains, the dei)tli, frequency, and kind of drain 
 to be used must be fixed ujion. In deciding ujwm these jjoints an exjjeriniental 
 examination of the subsoil should take place, where its luiture is not already known. 
 
 '' Pits of three, foin\ five, or six feet should be dug, and these questions decided 
 upon the principles already explained, according to the indications which the ■|>its 
 uH'onl. In deciding on the frequency of tlie drains, it is worthy of reiteration tliat 
 extreme distances ought in every case to be avoided. A due regard should lie ])aid 
 to economy of lal)()r and materials, but tlie olijoct of the drainer ought rather to be 
 to effect a perfect drainage than to convert extensive works into an experimental 
 trial of the effect produced by drains at wide intervals. 
 
 "The same remarks apply to the size of pijies to be used. One-incli j)ipes 
 ought /(./•-/■ to be used without collars, and the locality must dctcniiinc wlictliei' 
 they n\\\\ lie used at ;ill. In some districts, if placed at twenty-four feet apart, 
 tliev would not void one-third i)art of tlie watc-r reiiuired of them. 
 
 ••This should always art'onl a free and clear outlet to the drains, and must of 
 necessity be at the lowest jioint of the land to be <lrained. It will often be found 
 necessary to cut across otluT land, in order to obtain a pi-oper outfall ; but this is an 
 expense which should readily be gone to, where drains recpiireit; for draining 
 without a proper and clear outfall is only a waste of money. Tlie position of the 
 ])roper ])oints of outfall should be determined by means of levelling instrunu^nts ; 
 and wherevei- there is a considerable extent of work to be done a conijietent 
 surveyor should bi' employed to fix these, as well as some otlier points which we 
 shall have to advert to, if not to lay ont the wh..le works; f.,r it cannot be too 
 sti-ongly enforced that there is no more worthless economy tiian that which entrusts 
 t!ie ])lanning of operations involving an outlay of hundreds or thousands to the rule 
 <if tlnnnb proceedings of some laborei' whose sole qualification is derived from the 
 fa<-t of his having helped to r^i som.' hundre.ls of rods .,f drains. 
 
 posrrioNS of thk minoh drains. 
 "There is a very simple mode of laying out the minor drains, which will apply 
 to most cases, or, indeed, to all, although in some its api)lication may be more diffi- 
 cult. The surface of each field must be regarded as being made up of one or more 
 ))lanes, as the case may be, for each of which the drains should l)e laid out separately. 
 Level lines are to be set out a little below the upper edge of each of these planes ; 
 and the drains nnist then be made to cross these lines at right angles. By this means 
 the drains M'ill run in the line of the greatest slope, no matter how distorted the 
 surface of the fieM mav be. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 151 
 
 " When the furrows happen to coincide with the line of drains, it may some- 
 times be proper to take advantage of them, in order to lessen the cost of cutting ; 
 bnt where either their distances or direction do not coincide with those which are 
 ascertained to be the proper ones, they should without hesitation be disregarded. 
 
 THE POSITION AND SIZE OF THE MAIN DRAINS. 
 
 " All the minor drains should be made to discharge into mains or submains, and 
 not directly into an open ditch or water-course. There are many reasons for this. 
 
 " Grass and weeds, and debris of various kinds, collect in open ditches, and are 
 apt to choke up the mouths of drains, and thus greatly injure them, especially if 
 the fall is slight ; but when many drains are collected into one main, the mn of 
 water at its mouth becomes so strong as to clear away and overcome these obstacles, 
 if through negligence they are allowed to accumulate. It is also much more easy 
 for the farmer to look after the working of a few main drain mouths than to have 
 a large number of small drains requiring examination from time to time. 
 
 " There is also the further advantage of there being less risk of damage from 
 roots in the fences entering the drains, and the entrance of vermin can more 
 readily be guarded against. 
 
 " The mains should intercept all the minor drains, at eighteen or twenty feet 
 distance from the fences to which they tend, and conduct the accumulated waters 
 toward the place of outfall. There must also be submains in all the hollows. As 
 a general rule, there should be a main to receive the waters from every live acres, 
 as a great current is apt to injure them. 
 
 " The rule of Leslie which has been given will serve to determine the necessary 
 sizes of mains required, by deducting in round numbers twenty-iive per cent, of the 
 gross discharging power, on account of friction, and some other phenomena 
 connected with the discharge of water from pipes. Main drains may be conveniently 
 formed of one or more large pij^e tiles. Main drains should be three inches deejier 
 than the minor drains, so as to give the latter a drip, and prevent any damming up 
 from sand. The minor drains should enter the mains with a curve, in the direction 
 of the current of the mains ; and when they enter on both sides of the mains they 
 should not be exactly opposite to each other, as such an arrangement is apt to 
 produce stoppage of the full flow in the mains. 
 
 EXCAVATIONS. 
 
 " In excavating the trenches for drains, the first operation should be to cut the 
 main, beginning at the place of outlet. The width must be carefully and neatly set 
 out with a line, as indeed that of the whole of the drains should be. The earth 
 should be tiirown on the lower side of the main. The minor drains are next to be 
 
152 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 cut, commencing with those farthest from tlie outlet. Tlie object of this is that as 
 fast as each drain is cut it may be laid with pipes, or other material, and covered in, 
 as well as the pieces of main between it and the next mouth or joining ; for nothing 
 is more improper than having a great extent of drains open at one time, as a 
 moderate degree of frost will cause much expense and trouble from the crumbling 
 in of the sides. Two workmen generally work together in each trench, commencing 
 at the lower end, that they may not Ije incommoded with water. As soon as they 
 have completed it, it should be carefully inspected by the overseer of the work, 
 after which the laying of materials should be immediately proceeded \vith. Where 
 pipes or tiles are used, these should previously be laid ready along the sides of the 
 trenches, taking care, however, iu laying horseshoe tiles down from the carts, to 
 place them on their backs ; for if their edges are placed in contact with the earth, a 
 very slight degree of frost causes it to adhere to them with such tenacity that they 
 cannot be used until a thaw sets in. 
 
 " The laying of materials should commence at the upper end of the drains, so 
 that all mud nuiy be cleared away without the risk of its entering the conduits. 
 
 '■ As a general rule, the laying of materials should be performed by a trustworthy 
 person paid by the day, for on the perfection of this operation the value of the 
 drain in a great measure depends. The joinings at the mains should be made either 
 by means of tiles made for the purpose, by having a hole cut in the side before 
 being burned, or by neatly chipping out a small piece by a smart blow in the projjcr 
 direction. All faulty tiles should be rejected, as holes in drains are fniitful sources 
 of injury. 
 
 "When the materials for the conduit have been placed in the trench, tlie CMrth 
 may either be returned upon them by manual labor or by the ])low. 
 
 "Where the plow is to be used, the earth must be placed on the right and left 
 of eacli alternate trench, so that the plow may make a full bout Ijy passing up one 
 drain and down another. The horses walk on either side of the trench, and a wide 
 swingle-tree must be used. Each drain will retpiire from four to six furrows to 
 complete the turning in. Where labor is not too high, the spade or drag hoe will 
 generally be found nearly as cheap methods of filling in as the ])low ; and with the 
 latter there is a great risk of accident to the horses." 
 
 The Theory of Drainaoe.* 
 
 " The theory of drainage, an operation in agriculture of almost equal importance 
 to that of plowing, is, in reality, very simple, although it depends upon several 
 physical and chemical conditions in themselves very distinct. The mechanical 
 
 Morton's EncjTlopwdia of Agriculture. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 153 
 
 conditions effected in thoroxigh drainage require : (1) That all the rain which falls 
 on the siu-face should quickly sink to the level of the drain, and be carried off ; 
 (2) that, iu thus sinking, the finely dixdded ^^ortions of the soil should not be carried 
 away, but that the water should be filtered before entering the drain ; (3) that the 
 depth of the drain should be sufiicieut to carry off underground water, and produce 
 amelioration in the soil to sufficient depth. Keeping these mechanical conditions in 
 view, the two principal effects produced, and which require explanation, are the 
 following : (1) The increased temperature of the soil, by which crops mature 
 upon it with greater rapidity ; (2) its increased fertility and better adaptation for 
 all kinds of cultivated crops. 
 
 " These two main improvements require separate consideration. 
 
 " When water stagnates in a soil, air is at the same time excluded, and the 
 necessary amelioration of the organic and inorganic ingredients cannot be effected. 
 In all cultivated soils decaying matter has a positively injurious action, even on its 
 mineral ingredients, by reducing the higher state of the oxidation of the iron gener- 
 ally present into the lower and injurious condition. In soils permeable to air, this 
 evil is at once counteracted by a fresh absorption of oxygen from the atmosphere ; 
 but in soils in which water stagnates this remedial process does not exist. 
 
 " The heat of the sun falling upon wet land does not exercise its genial influence 
 in promoting the growth of plants, but expends it in evaporation of the stagnant 
 water. In doing this much of the sensible heat is rendered latent, or, in other 
 words, is deprived of its warming properties. Water, in being converted into steam, 
 absorbs or renders latent an enormous amount of heat, which is of course robbed 
 from the soil ; for it otherwise would be used in the more profitable manner of 
 maturing the crops growing upon it. Some idea may be entertained of the amount 
 of heat absorbed and rendered useless to the plants growing on the soil, if a special 
 case be taken for illustration. It is found that porous chalk soils evaporate only 
 one half the fall of rain, the rest infiltrating and running off as springs and streams, 
 or being afterward found as wells. 
 
 " This, therefore, is a case very favoral)le to a wet soil, which would iu reality 
 allow a very much smaller quantity of rain to pass it ; nevertheless, the porous land 
 would require an expenditure of nearly twelve hundred weight of coal per day to 
 evaporate artificially one half the rain which falls on an acre during the year. In 
 other words, more than two hundred and nineteen tons of coal annually would be 
 required for every acre of undrained land, so as to allow the free use of the sun's 
 rays for the legitimate purpose of growing and maturing the crops cultivated upon it. 
 
 " It will not, therefore, be surprising that undrained soils are, in the language 
 of the fanner, ' cold.'' 
 
 " But in addition to the heat abstracted by the evaporation of water in imdrained 
 soils, other physical properties combine in reducing their temperature. 
 
154 JFliSEY (ATTl.F. IX AMERICA. 
 
 ■' Oni> of tliesp is tlie 1(jw conducting power of water. When the sun's raj's 
 infringe upon tiie surface of a watery soil, it raises the temperature of the water; 
 l»ut tlie lieated water, being lighter than the cold water beneath, remains on tlie 
 surface, and the heat cannot penetrate into the interior of the soil. But at night the 
 verv reverse action i-nsucs ; for the water, rendered cold at the top, descends, by an 
 interchange witli the hottei- water beneath, which, in its turn, being cooled again, 
 sinks; and tlms tiic whole soil becomes quickly reduced to the same temperature as 
 the external air. and the roots of the plant frequently suffer from being thus chilled. 
 Water radiates its own heat freely into space, and hence a watery soil is quickly 
 cooled ill a cold night by the heat which the water distributes into the colder 
 
 " All tlu'se evils teiiil to reduce the temperature of undrained soils, and to render 
 them less fitted for the growth of cultivated crops, which, in general, reipiire a 
 genial warmth. 
 
 " When soils are drained to a sufficient dejith, the condition of the soil, with 
 regard to temperature, is entirely altered. The redundant water does not now 
 stagnate on it, but is immediately carried off. The aqueous moisture of the atmos- 
 |)Iiere. coiKlensed into raindrops, is of a higher temperature than the air itself. This 
 arises from the circumstance that when Vapor becomes liquid it renders sensible 
 that latent heat which it had absorbed to keep it in the gaseous state. The rain, 
 therefore, in its passage communicates its own natural heat in addition to the higher 
 heat of the soil's surface, and (quickly percolating through it, and being removed by 
 drainage, it does not require an additional amount for the purpose of evaporation. 
 The similar warming action of rain on a drained soil is also exerted by dew in the 
 coldness of the night. 
 
 " Soils and the plants iq>on them radiate heat into the atmosphere, from which 
 is deposited water in the form of dew, as soon as their temi)urature is lower than 
 that of the surrounding air. But the dew deposited upon the cold surface still 
 preserves the latent heat, rendered sensible by its condensation, and this heat 
 prevents the extreme chilling which would otherwise take place. The texture and 
 porosity of drained soil soon change by chemical actions, so that they Ijecome more 
 abscjrptive for moisture during dry weather. In fact, such soils do attract a large 
 (pnintity of the a(jueons vapor always present in the air, even in the driest weatliei", 
 and thus prevent the parching of j)lants from the heat of the sun in the absence of 
 moisture. 
 
 "These very obvious im|)rovenients in tiie condition of soils, (lei>ending njum 
 their relation to heat and moisture, have i)ractically the effect of an amelioration in 
 the clinuite of a district. 
 
 " The sun's rays now produce their full effect on the soil and on the crops, 
 without being robbed of their heat by the stagnant water of the soil, unable to effect 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST A3IERICA. 155 
 
 its escape except by evaporation. The chemical effects of drainage, in promoting 
 increased fertility, are not less striking. Eain-water always contains in solution air, 
 carbonic acid, and ammonia. The first two ingredients are among the most powerful 
 disintegrators of a soil. The oxygen of the air and the carbonic acid being both 
 in a highly condensed form, by being dissolved exert very powerful affinities on the 
 ingredients of the soil. The oxygen attacks and oxidizes the iron ; the carbonic acid, 
 seizing tlie lime and potash and other alkaline ingredients of the soil, produces 
 further • disintegration, and renders available the locked-up ingredients of this 
 magazine of nutriment. Before these can be used by plants they must be rendered 
 soluble ; and this is only effected by the free and renewed access of rain and air. The 
 ready passage of both of these, therefore, enables the soil to yield up its concealed 
 nutriment. The soil thus acted upon becomes soon changed to a certain extent in 
 its mechanical as weU as its chemical character. The particles of the soil being 
 comuiinuted, are rendered more absorptive of the gaseous foods of plants — carbonic 
 acid and ammonia. The porous soil thus becomes richer in organic food at the same 
 time that it is made to yield its nutritive mineral riches to the plants growing upon 
 it. The pecuhar chemical action exerted by the surface of soils for fixing ammonia 
 and other soluble ingredients in water becomes more powerfully exerted. 
 
 " The water being i-emoved from beneath the roots of plants by an adequately 
 deep drainage, prevents the depression of temperature in the manner described. 
 But, at the same time, it opens a new magazine of nutriment, by enabling the air 
 and carbonic acid to reach the lower parts of the soil, and to ameliorate its injurious 
 ingredients, while it liberates those which are useful. 
 
 " The plant has, therefore, a wider range in which it may seek its food, and is thus 
 enabled to extend its roots in search of nutritive matter, which it formerly refused 
 to do in a cold wet soil, in which the constituents were unfit for its healthy growth. 
 
 " Hence it is apparent that drainage is a most powerful agent in agriculture. By 
 it tlie temperature and therefore the climate of soils is elevated ; their porosity for 
 moisture, though not for wet, is increased; their disintegration is effected, and 
 nutritive, soluble materials are liberated; the organic gaseous food of plants 
 is furnished by absorptive action in greater quantity than before ; and the injurious 
 organic and mineral ingredients of the soil are so far altered as to be positively 
 beneficial to vegetation. With such advantages it is not surprising that drainage 
 has become an essential operation in agriculture." 
 
 DRAINAGE IN AMERICA. 
 
 As compared with Great Britain, the climate of America presents a greater 
 variety, but with a lower average rainfall, a less humid atmosphere, and greater 
 rapidity of evaporation, because of the very much larger prevalence of simshine at all 
 
15C .IKIISKY CATTLK IX AMERICA. 
 
 seasons of the year. Nevertlieless. all that has bet'ii saiil in favor of drainage and 
 its results applies with equal force to the ijreater ]);\rt of the United States and 
 Canada, while many portions of the country require in connection with tliorouirli 
 underdrainage an ecjually elaborate system of irrigation either with river water or 
 the sewage of towns, in order to derive the full l)enefit of the system of drainage. 
 The testimony of those wlio liave had long experience in drainage, where the work 
 was thoroughly well done (and all else is absolute waste of money and labor), assert 
 that with drainage alone the crops are so largely increased in quantity and improved 
 in quality that the expense of the original cost is repaid in from two to three years. 
 It is believed by many who have given the subject careful study that in America 
 great advantages will accrue if the systems of drainage and irrigation shall Ite 
 combined for all soils where practicable. 
 
 Great improvement has been made in recent years in tlie (luality of ]>ipc tile. 
 The best arc those that are hard-baked and glazed. 
 
 The plows and machines for use in soils which are free from stone i)romise to 
 greatly lessen the cost. Vast areas of the best land are at present saturated a large 
 part of the year, or entirely and perennially drowned. These are also a ])rolific 
 source of fevers, ill-health, and poverty, to the majority of tlie inhabitants of 
 neighboring districts. 
 
 Drainage is the only remedy. 
 
 Among the various ditching machines, there are several that jiroinise to give 
 aid in reducing the cost of excavation, and also greatly facilitating the si)ee<l of 
 the work. 
 
 VALUE OF MANURE. 
 
 " No civUk', IK) ilimg; no (liiiifr, no crop." — Flemish Adage. 
 
 Most fanners keep themselves in a stati' bonlering on impoverishment by a 
 neglect to save manures. To allow the li(iui(ls to jiercolate through a porous soil 
 beneath the barn and stable yards is to lose the greater i>art of manurial value. 
 According to the best authorities, the urine is of more value than the solid excre- 
 ment, being ordinarily of double value, and under high feed is quadruple the value 
 of the dung of equal weight. According to experiments of German chemists, fully 
 ninety-five per cent, of all the valuable fertilizing elements digested were recovered 
 in the liquid excrement. The undigested elenkents are passed as solid excrement. 
 Tlie feed was barlev meal. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A. 157 
 
 NITROGEN STORED VP AND VOIDED FOK 100 CONSUMED. 
 
 Stored up as 
 Increase. 
 
 Sheep 4.3 
 
 Oxen 3.9 
 
 Pigs 14.7 
 
 Voided as 
 
 Solid 
 Excrement. 
 
 16.7 
 22.6 
 21.0 
 
 Voided as 
 
 Liquid 
 Excrement. 
 
 79.0 
 73.5 
 64.3 
 
 In Total 
 Excrement. 
 
 95.7 
 96.1 
 
 85.3 
 
 ASH CONSTITUENTS STORED UP AND VOIDED FOK 100 CONSUMED. 
 
 
 Animals. 
 
 Stored up as 
 
 Voided in Total 
 Excrement. 
 
 Sheep 
 
 3.8 
 2.3 
 4.5 
 
 96.2 
 
 Oxen 
 
 97.7 
 
 Pigs . 
 
 95.5 
 
 
 
 
 The combined excrements are rich in both nitrogen and mineral constituents. 
 Two thousand pounds of the solid would contain fourteen pounds, and of the liquid 
 twenty-eight pounds, on light feed ; but a rich food would give nearly double for 
 the liquid, or more than fifty pounds. The great essential to an improved agri- 
 culture is the saving of all manure, and then properly applying it to the soil when 
 and where needed. It is simply a question of prosperity with manure, or poverty 
 without manure. 
 
 TABLE OF MANURE VALUES. 
 
 Estimated Value 
 of Manure 
 Article. fi'om 8000 lbs. 
 
 1. Linseed Cake $19.54 
 
 2. Peas 13.65 
 
 3. Clover Hay 9.65 
 
 4. Oats 7.40 
 
 5. Wheat 7.08 
 
 6. Maize 6.76 
 
 7. Meadow Hay 6.43 
 
 8. Barley 6.27 
 
 9. Oat Straw 2.90 
 
 10. Wheat Straw 2.68 
 
158 JEliSKY (ATTI.K IX AMFAIICA. 
 
 Estimated Value 
 of Manure 
 Article. 'roni 2000 lbs. 
 
 11. Barley Straw ^2.20 
 
 12. Potatoes 1-51 
 
 13. Mangolds 1.0^ 
 
 14. Carrots 86 
 
 The above is a part of the table from Stewart's work, " Feeding Animals," 
 which is made up from the estimates of Sir J. B. Lawes. 
 
 Tables showing Amount of Niteooen, Potash, and Phosphorio Acid ix 10(i 
 Pounds, and their Value per Ton at a Low Estimate. 
 
 SlIBBTANCES. 
 
 1. Beans . . 
 
 2. Vetches. 
 
 3. Flaxseed 
 
 4. Peas . . . . 
 
 5. Oats.... 
 fi. Wheat.. 
 
 7. Eye.... 
 
 8. Barley.. 
 
 Dry 
 
 Matter. 
 
 Nitrogeu. 
 
 Potash. 
 
 Phosphoric 
 Acid. 
 
 18 cts. 
 
 6 cts. 
 
 10 cts. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 S5.5 
 
 •il.O 
 
 12.0 
 
 11.6 
 
 Sfi-t 
 
 •M.o 
 
 6.3 
 
 7.9 
 
 lt(l.5 
 
 36.0 
 
 12.3 
 
 15.4 
 
 S57 
 
 36.0 
 
 9.8 
 
 8.8 
 
 870 
 
 20.6 
 
 4.5 
 
 6.2 
 
 8.5<i 
 
 18.8 
 
 5.4 
 
 8.0 
 
 851 
 
 17.6 
 
 5.4 
 
 8.2 
 
 860 
 
 17.0 
 
 4.9 
 
 7.3 
 
 Manure, 
 
 Value per 
 
 Ton. 
 
 $18.52 
 18.17 
 17.51 
 15.S7 
 10.27 
 9.(11 
 8.62 
 8.16 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 1. Green Vetches. 
 
 2. Green Peas. . . . 
 
 ! 833 
 
 White Clover ! 840 
 
 Jr. Lueem 
 
 5. Ked Clover, in blossoni . 
 
 6. Green Oats 
 
 7. Timothy 
 
 S. Meadow Hay 
 
 9. Red Clover, ripe 
 
 10. Dead Eipe Hay 
 
 84(.) 
 840 
 85.5 
 85t) 
 857 
 840 
 856 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 Potash. 
 
 Phosphoric 
 Acid. 
 
 18 cts. 
 
 6 cts. 
 
 10 cts. 
 
 Lb.s. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 22.7 
 
 30.9 
 
 9.4 
 
 22.8 
 
 29.6 
 
 9.7 
 
 23.8 
 
 10.6 
 
 8.5 
 
 23.0 
 
 15.2 
 
 .5.1 
 
 19.7 
 
 19.5 
 
 5.6 
 
 14.7 
 
 24.1 
 
 5.1 
 
 15.5 
 
 17.2 
 
 6.8 
 
 15.5 
 
 16.8 
 
 3.8 
 
 . 15.0 
 
 12.2 
 
 3.5 
 
 12.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 2.9 
 
 $13.75 
 13,69 
 11.53 
 11.00 
 10.55 
 9.20 
 9.00 
 8.35 
 7.56 
 5.56 
 
 GKEEN FODDEK. 
 
 1. Lucern 
 
 2. Hungarian Millet 
 
 3. Eye, in blossom 
 
 4. Green Vetches 
 
 5. Green Peas 
 
 6. Red Clover 
 
 7. Meadow Grass 
 
 8. Swedish Clover 
 
 9. "White Clover 
 
 10. Oats, coming into bloom 
 
 11. Timothy 
 
 12. Oats, in blossom 
 
 Dry 
 
 Matter 
 
 Lbs. 
 247 
 320 
 300 
 ISO 
 185 
 200 
 300 
 185 
 190 
 180 
 300 
 230 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 Potash. 
 
 Phosphoric 
 Acid. 
 
 18 cts. 
 
 6 cts. 
 
 10 cts. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 7.0 
 
 4.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 5.3 
 
 8.6 
 
 1.3 
 
 5.3 
 
 6.3 
 
 2.4 
 
 4.9 
 
 6.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 5.1 
 
 5.6 
 
 1.8 
 
 5.2 
 
 4.6 
 
 1.3 
 
 4.8 
 
 6.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 5.2 
 
 3.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 2.4 
 
 2.0 
 
 3.6 
 
 7.1 
 
 1.7 
 
 5.4 
 
 6.1 
 
 2.3 
 
 3.0 
 
 6.5 
 
 1.4 
 
 Manure, 
 
 Value per 
 
 Ton. 
 
 $2.94 
 2.54 
 2.51 
 2.35 
 2.34 
 2.27 
 2.24 
 2.18 
 2.15 
 1.94 
 1.94 
 1.61 
 
JEli.SEY CATTLE IX AMElilOA. 
 
 Substances. 
 
 STRAW AND ROOTS. 
 
 1 . ( ):it Straw . . 
 
 2. Barley Straw 
 
 3. Wheat Straw 
 
 4. Potatoes 
 
 .5. Mangolds. . . 
 
 6. Carrots 
 
 Dry 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 
 
 
 IScts. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 830 
 
 5.0 
 
 850 
 
 5.0 
 
 857 
 
 4.8 
 
 250 
 
 3.4 
 
 115 
 
 1.9 
 
 142 
 
 1.6 
 
 Phosphoric! 
 Acid. 
 
 Sets. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 10.4 
 
 9.7 
 
 5.8 
 5.6 I 
 3.9 , 
 3.2 i 
 
 Manure. 
 
 Value per 
 
 Ton. 
 
 Lbs. 
 2.5 
 2.0 
 2.6 
 1.8 
 0.7 
 1.0 
 
 $3.54 
 3.36 
 2.94 
 2.55 
 1.29 
 1.16 
 
 " The above tables are compiled from Professor Stewart's ' Feeding Animals.' 
 The estimates are made for the elements of nitrogen at eighteen cents, phosphoric 
 acid ten cents, and potash six cents a ponnd. This estimate is a low one, and holds 
 good for the value when both the liquid and solid excrements are saved, and will 
 help to give an approximate estimate of the values of manure from various fodders." 
 
 TABLE OF MANUEK TAI.rES FROS[ JOSEPH HAEEIS S " TAXKS ON MANURES. 
 
 Hen 
 
 Guano 
 
 These figures are given for ordinary care of animals, where the horse gets the 
 best all the year, and the hog rich food a part of the year. If the cow was fed as 
 well as she ought for a full yield of milk and butter, her manure would be as rich 
 as that of the horse. 
 
M^ls^^^ 
 
 MARJORAM 3239. 
 
 AT 13 YEARS OLD. 
 BKYN MA WE HEED. 
 
 F. 0. Sayles, Pawtucket, Rhode Island. 
 
^s^^^*- 
 
 POGIS CHIEF 3998. 
 
 Stoke Porjis— Marjoram Type. 
 BEYN MAWR HERD. 
 C. Sayles, Pawtucket, Rhode Island. 
 
JEESEY CATTLE IJV A3f ERICA. 
 
 RELATIVE VALUES OF UEINE. 
 
 Man 
 
 Cow (not in milk) 
 
 Sheep 
 
 Horse 
 
 Pig 
 
 .^ Solid Organic 
 
 Water, per cent. ki^jtg^_p^^^^.^j 
 
 93.0 
 96.0 
 94.0 
 92.6 
 
 2.34 
 5.00 
 
 2.70 
 5.60 
 
 Solid Inorganic 
 Matter, per cent. 
 
 0.76 
 2.00 
 1.20 
 3.30 
 1.80 
 
 METHODS OF SAVING MANUEE. 
 
 That there must be a radical reform in methods of treating and saving manure 
 ought to be apparent to every man that owns an acre of ground, or is interested in 
 the material prosperity of his country. 
 
 SOUECES OF MANURES.'' 
 
 " Manure includes every substance, whether of animal, vegetable, or mineral 
 origin, which, when applied to the soil, has the effect of increasing its fertility. 
 
 "In practical agriculture manures are divided into two classes — natural and 
 artificial ; the former being originally derived from the soil itself, in the different 
 forms of forage, roots, plants, corn, and purchased food — all of which being consumed 
 by cattle, yield that much-prized substance familiarly known as farmyard manure. 
 Artificial, or, as they are sometimes termed, special or light manures, are, on the 
 contrary, all derived from sources extraneous to the usual products of the farm — that 
 is, they are neither directly the product of vegetable growth nor indirectly the 
 residuum of the consumption of vegetable substances by animals. Thus guano is 
 primarily derived from the ocean, in the fish consiimed by the sea fowl, whose excre- 
 ments, having accumulated on islands and rocks, furnish an almost inexhaustible 
 supply of a manure so powerful and concentrated as to baffle all artificial attempts 
 at imitation. 
 
 " Seaweed is another gift of tlie great deep, and is cast upon our shores in immense 
 quantities by the storms and tides. The earth presents us with another class of 
 manures, not the result of vegetable growth, but the product of great geological 
 events : take, for instance, the limestone rocks, chalk beds, marl beds, and gypseous 
 deposits ; the coprolitic and other collections of phosphate of lime ; the nitrates of 
 soda and potash, which appear on its surface in efflorescent incrustations in some 
 
 John Haxton, Morton's Encyclopaedia. 
 
1C2 JERHEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 districts of India and upper Peru ; and the sulphur from which that powerful ac!id, 
 oil of vitriol, is obtained, which so greatly facilitates and economizes the effect of 
 bones and coprolites. The commercial industries are continually, adding to our 
 suppUes of manure, in the refuse substances of various manufactured articles ; thus 
 the refuse substances of gas-works, consisting of ammoniacal water and the lime iised 
 in purifying the gas from sulphurous acid, are now lai-gely employed as fertilizers — 
 the former in a liquid state or the more portable form of sulphate of ammonia, and 
 the latter, after exposure to the air, as sulphate and carbonate of lime. Our salt 
 mines also furnish us with muriatic acid and sulphate of soda, both of which are 
 obtained from salt by various processes in the chemical arts. The manufacture of 
 prussiate of potash yields large quantities of animal carbon derived from the hoofs 
 and liorns employed in the process. Bone charcoal is also another refuse product of 
 commerce, and is obtained in the form of a grayish gritty powder from sugar 
 refiner-s, who employ large quantities of charred bones in clarifying the liquor of 
 dissolved raw sugar before converting it into the whiter and purer sorts. 
 
 " Besides these sources of manure there -is one of far higher importance, in a 
 national, sanitary, and economical point of view, than all others, not even excepting 
 guano ; we mean the sewers of all the towns. 
 
 " This source of fertilizing wealth has been strangely overlooked hitherto, a fact 
 which is remarkable when contrasted with .the saving and economy displayed in 
 every department of the mechanical arts. Not a rag or shred of clothes is permitted 
 to be lost, but is turned to some use in the making of paper; not a scrap of rusty, 
 malleable, or cast-iron but is carefully collected, and the one welded together into 
 bars by the ponderous strokes of the steam-hammer, while the other is put into the 
 furnace, whence it issues ready to be formed into any shape which the founder may 
 desire. The gathering and collecting of the odds and ends which constitute the 
 refuse of the useful arts are so important and profitable that they form a large trade 
 in the country ; yet, notwithstanding the examples of success set before our capitalists 
 and speculators by these humble departments of industry, it is only lately that 
 the subject of applying the valuable contents of our city sewers to the ])urposes of 
 agriculture has attracted anything more than cursory attention. Now, however, 
 there appears something like a systematic attempt to turn to a useful and important 
 purpose that which has so long run to worse than waste, and which, if economized, 
 would not only increase the fowl nf the country, but also render our towns more 
 cleanly and healthful. 
 
 " In addition to the natural and artificial sources already specified, there is 
 another class of manures to which the term artificial may be exclusively aiiplieil. 
 They consist individually of different substances, mixed in various proportions, 
 according to the special purposes to which they are to be applied, and according to 
 the theoretical opinions of those who compound them. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 16;5 
 
 FARMYARD MANURE. 
 
 " According to Dr. Thomson's experiments, 
 
 100 lbs. of grass consumed by a cow daily give 71 lbs. of dung. 
 
 80 lbs. of grass and \\ lbs. of barley, water ad lihitum 78 "■ " - 
 
 85 lbs. of grass, 5f lbs. of malt, with water as before 82 " " " 
 
 25^ lbs. of hay, lOi lbs. crushed malt 77 '• " '• 
 
 Average 77 lbs. of dung. 
 
 " From these figures it appears that one hundred pounds of grass, consumed in- 
 doors by a cow, produce seventy-one pounds of solid and liquid manure. But a cow 
 also produces from twenty to twenty-five pounds of milk from one hundred pounds 
 of grass ; so that were the grass consumed by an o.x instead of a cow, we would infer, 
 from the fact of his only increasing a few pounds of live weight daily, that he would 
 void a greater weight of dung than a cow. The quantity and composition of dung, 
 however, are greatly dependent upon the amount of water drank along with the food ; 
 but all things being alike, it seems logical, as well as a correct physical deduction, to 
 consider that in the case of a cow and an ox of equal size and capacity, consuming 
 the same amount of food, the one giving a full supply of milk, and the other increasing 
 at a maximum weight, the latter will yield the greatest quantity of manure. 
 
 " In stall-feeding the amount of manure will stand thus (for iTiedium-sized 
 cows) : 
 
 Tons. Cwts. Qis. Lbs. 
 
 SoUd dung for 210 days, 55 lbs. daily 5 :'. it 24 
 
 Solid dung for 155 days, 41^ lbs. daily 2 17 1 20 
 
 Litter for 365 days, 14 lbs. daily -1 r> 2 14 
 
 Urine absorbed by litter, 22^ lbs. daily ■'> V^ 1 8| 
 
 Total solid dung 13 19 2 lOi 
 
 Urine which flows into tank 7 18 5^ 
 
 Total manure and litter 21 17 2 l»i 
 
 " Estimating the gallon of urine to weigh ten ])^)unds, the whole quantity 
 collected in the tank will amount to seventeen hundred and seventy gallons yearly. 
 According to Sprengel's analysis of cow's urine, this quantity would contain three 
 hundred and thirteen pounds of ammonia, besides other substances of a valuable 
 nature also. 
 
 "Under the ordinary system of managing (hti ry cows the foregoing statements 
 will not harmonize with general experience. 
 
1IJ4 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEIilCA. 
 
 " Wo scarcely require any chemistry to teach us that the quality of dung voided 
 t)y any description of fattening stock or milch cows is the difference between the 
 food consumed and that portion of it retained in their bodies, as flesh, fat, etc., or 
 withdrawn in the milk, perspiration, respiration ; or, in other words, the dung is the 
 food, minus the flesh, fat, milk, and insensible waste through the lungs and skin. 
 The dung is, therefore, inferior to the food in a fertilizing point of view, just in 
 jiroportion to the substances extracted from the latter by animals. 
 
 MANAGEMENT OF MANURE. 
 
 " Tliis may be said without exaggeration to be the most important department of 
 farm practice, and unfortunately one in which there is greater need of improvement 
 than any other. Notwithstanding the fact that the proper management of the 
 manure heap has been explained and enforced by the teachings of agricultural 
 chemistry year after year, the practical application of the lesson remains in a great 
 measure to be made. 
 
 " Farmyard manure, as heretofore, continues to be carted out from rain-soaked 
 straw-yards to the distant fields, and there deposited in large, ill-formed heaps, 
 exposed to rain, wind, and sun for weeks and months. 
 
 " Many farmers whose practice otherwise is unassailable are yet strangely blinded 
 to the great loss sustained by exposed manure heaps. On the great majority of 
 farms, even in the best-farmed districts, there is a fearful waste of food-producing 
 material. 
 
 " Badly constructed homesteads have, no doubt, greatly contributed to this state 
 of things, and it is very seldom that any provision is made, in the constniction of 
 new ones, for the preservation of liquid manure or for protecting the straw-yard 
 from being deluged by rain poured into it from the surrounding roofs. 
 
 " A loss of manure is equivalent to a diminution of produce, and this again, by 
 lowering the profits of farming, necessarily depreciates the value of land. All 
 manure should be made under cover, either in stalls, boxes, or sheds ; if in the 
 former, it must be removed daily, so that a covered shed will be necessary for its 
 protection ; if in" the second, it may be allowed to accumulate for two or three 
 months ; and by the latter mode it may remain until required for laying on the land, 
 provided height of the roof will admit of its being accumulated. How is it 
 that we invariably find box-feeding or house-feeding of some kind or other always 
 accompanied by bulky crops of corn, roots, and clover ? Just 1)ccause the manure 
 ,«o made is richer and more abundant than on those farms where the horse-pond 
 receives the drainage of the courts and byres. 
 
 " "We need only point to what has been already said in regard to the quantity of 
 urine voided l)y animals to prove that if there be no tank to receive the drainings of 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 165 
 
 stall-fed animals, the loss sustained will amount to one third the weight of the whole 
 dung, or twice that of the liquid part. Few who have not studied this subject are 
 aware of the enormous quantity of fertilizing materials that accompanies the little 
 black stream that oozes from a straw-yard where there is no tank to drain off the 
 surplus liquid. 
 
 MANURE HEAPS. 
 
 " There being few steadings where the accommodation is sufficient to hold all 
 the manure until wanted for application to the land, it is necessary and particularly 
 convenient to cart it out to the more distant fields, and to make it up in large heaps. 
 
 " Wherever this is necessary, the cart should be driven upon the heap before 
 being emptied. 
 
 "By so doing, manure is consolidated, air is excluded, and fermentation 
 prevented. 
 
 " In finishing the heap, the ends should be raised nearly on a level with the 
 centre, which is easily done by a little attention on the part of the carter. These 
 portions unavoidably left low at both ends for the cart to get on and off the heap 
 can be raised on a level with the rest by backing several cartloads, tilting them up, 
 and throwing up the manure with forks. 
 
 " After this the whole heap should be covered with earth from the sides, three 
 or four inches thick, which should be well beaten down with a spade. Eoad 
 scrapings are even better than common soil, as they are in a very minute state of 
 subdivision, besides always containing a considerable quantity of manure dropped 
 on the roads. 
 
 " If these are sufficiently wet to beat into a plaster on the heap, so much the 
 better, as the surface will thereby be more hermetically sealed, both within and 
 without. In addition to all this the whole surface may very profitably be sprinkled 
 with sulphuric acid, so that any ammoniacal gas escaping may be at once arrested 
 by this useful agricultural detective, whose affinity for fugitive alkalies is altogether 
 insatiable. Dissolved bones, having a free acid, may also be employed for fixing 
 ammonia ; and if the manure be intended for turnips or mangolds, it is an excellent 
 plan to mix a few himdred weight through the whole heap. 
 
 " An excavated site, built on three sides, with a wall four feet high, is the 
 best mode of preserving manure in a field ; there would be no risk of loss from 
 evaporation or fermentation, provided the top and open side were covered with earth. 
 
 APPLICATION OF MANURE TO THE SOIL. 
 
 " The quicker farmyard manure is buried, the better. This is a maxim that holds 
 good everywhere, and under every circumstance ; because, when once covered up by 
 
166 JEllSEY rATTLK fX AMlJIilCA. 
 
 three or four inches of eartli, it is safe from all risk of being lost, as the soil has 
 both a ph^ysical and chemical power of retaining aniiiiouia, while, at the same time, 
 it yields it up readily to the growing plants. The wasteful practice of spreading 
 manure on the surface of the soil, and allowing it to lie bleaching for weeks, and 
 even months, before being jilowed in. is still carried on and stoutly defended by 
 hosts of clay-land farmers. 
 
 •' If the perpetrators of such an enormity be right, science is at fault, analysis is 
 a delusion, and ammonia and all its kindred a family of impostors. 
 
 " The practice in Syria of making the dung into cakes and sticking these upon 
 the walls of their houses to dry in the sun, preparatory to their ultimate destination 
 of being burnt as fuel, is not imicli more wa.steful than spreading out farm-yard 
 manure to the \\ands, rains, and sun for moiitlis together. 
 
 " A farmer who imiwrts ammonia from the Chincha Islands and dissipates to the 
 winds that furnished by his own farm, is nearly as wasteful as he would be were he 
 to give away his straw fur nothing, and to purchase from others what he required 
 for his own use." 
 
 Asn Ukai-.* 
 
 •• There is a source of valuable and extremely useful manure on every fann, of 
 which very few farmei-s avail themselves — the gathering together in one spot of all 
 combustible waste and rubbish, the clippings of hedges, scouring of ditches, grassy 
 accumulation on the sides of roads and fences, combined with a good deal of earth. 
 If these are (-arted at leisure times into a large circle, or in two rows, to supply the 
 fire kindled in the centre, in a spot frequented by the farm laborers, with a three- 
 ])ronged fork and shovel attendant, and each pa.sser-by is encouraged to add to 
 tlie pile whenever he sees the smoke passing away so freely as to indicate rapid 
 combustion, a very large quantity of ashes are collected between March and October. 
 In the latter month the fire may go out ; the ashes are then thrown into a long 
 ridge, as high as they will stand, and thatched while dry. This will be found an 
 invaluable store in April, May, and June, capable of supplying from twenty to 
 forty bushels of ashes jier acre, according to the care and industry of the collector, 
 to drill with the seeds of the nmt ci-op. It is a good practice to dissolve bones 
 with acid in the beginning uf l-'eliruary. and when reduced to a pulp to mix 
 them up with the ashes in a large heap, which should be turned over two or three 
 times at intervals, and the bone paste well reduced with the shovel, and thoroughly 
 mixed at each turning ; by the month of May a homogeneous compound will be 
 fonued that will run freely and evenly through the drill, and foi-m an in\ating 
 })ed for the seed." 
 
 ' C Lawrence, Morion's Encyflop;wiia. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 
 
 Restoration of Soils. 
 
 " The two principal means of restoring the fertility of a soil which has been 
 diminished by the continued cropping, are : (1) The mechanical improvement of 
 the soil. (2) The application of manure. 
 
 " All plants take away from the soil a certain quantity of mineral matters which 
 are essential to their existence. Some plants require more phosphoric acid than 
 others, which want a greater supply of potash for a healthy growth ; some again 
 require for their perfection much lime, others silica ; but all take up a number of 
 inorganic chemical substances, which the plant can have derived only from the 
 soil on which it was grown. If it is true that these mineral elements are essential 
 to the very constitution of all plants — and there can be no doubt in reference to the 
 function of the inorganic matters of the soil — it follows that sooner or later the most 
 fertile soil must become exhausted to such an extent that it will no longer produce 
 remunerative crops. Experience has long ago proved this, and at the same time 
 pointed out two ways which are pre-eminently calculated to restore the native 
 fertility of a soil deteriorated by long-continued cropping. 
 
 " The first includes all those practical operations, such as digging, plowing, 
 rolling, whereby the physical structure of a soil is improved, or its latent fertilizing 
 properties developed by strictly mechanical means. 
 
 " The second consists in the application of manures. In all countries where 
 agriculture is practised as an advancing art, the application of manures, together 
 with their preparation and economy, are justly regarded as the most valuable and 
 indispensable means of an improved system of farming. Hence, the great impor- 
 tance which attaches to the subject of manures in general ; to the theory of their action 
 and their rational application ; to the best modes of preserving and increasing the 
 fertilizing value of farm-yard manure, and to the methods which are pointed out from 
 time to time of saving many natural products, which are still in so many instances 
 allowed to run to waste ; or to the means of converting comparatively valueless 
 articles into fertilizers. It is for these and similar reasons that the subject of 
 manures has been treated in this work at great length. 
 
 " Whatever acts as a fertilizer, which is brought to the land, may be termed a 
 manure. 
 
 " Clay, lime, marl, water, air, and even sand, accordingly come under the denom- 
 ination of manures, just as well as dung, urine, and guano. It is quite true the 
 beneficial effects resulting from the application of clay, marl, lime, sand, and many 
 other compounds are realized chiefly in the altered physical condition of soils to 
 which the above substances have been applied. In many cases they do not act so 
 
 Prof. Voelcker, Morton's Encyclopaedia 
 
168 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 much by supplying direct nourishment to the plants as by indirectly facilitating the 
 absorj)tiou of the hidden treasures, which, being present in a dormant state in a soil, 
 are thereby rendered available for the use of jjlants. 
 
 " We shall include all materials -which are added to the soil for the purpose of 
 increasing its productive power under the name of manure. A normal manure will 
 be such only as shall furnish to the growing plant all the elements of food which 
 the plant requires for the formation of its roots, stem, leaves, and fi-uit. 
 
 " A rational application of manures to the land is dependent on several circum- 
 stances ; and we can entertain the hope of manuring our fields in the most successful 
 and economical manner only when the following four points shall have been 
 detennined accurately : 
 
 " 1. The wants of the plants intended to be cultivated in reference to the 
 elements of nutrition. 
 
 " 2. The wants of plants in reference to the physical condition of the soil. 
 
 " 3. The composition of the soil. 
 
 " 4. The composition of the manure. 
 
 " The organic portion of which the great mass of all cultivated plants is made up 
 is derived jjrincipally from the atmosphere ; whereas the inorganic part of plants, 
 remaining behind in the form of ashes when a plant is burnt, can be supphed only 
 by the soil or the manure. 
 
 CONSTITUENTS OF JLA.NCRES. 
 
 " 1. Nitrogen, in the fwrn of Ammonia or Nitric Acid. — Nitrogen is one of 
 the most important of all fertilizing substances ; it must be considered as the most 
 valuable, in so far as its commercial price is taken as the test in estimating its value. 
 It is, however, useful to the luxuriant growth of our cultivated plants only in one of 
 the above fonns ; for in a free state it is not assimilated by plants to any extent, nor 
 does the nitrogen of organic bodies become available to plants before the nitroge- 
 nized matters have undergone a change by fennentation or putrefaction, the result 
 of which change, among other products, is the formation of ammonia or nitric 
 acid. Nitrogen in either of these two forms exercises a most powerful action in 
 manure, particularly when applied to plants at an early stage of their growth ; at a 
 later period of development the application of ammonia or nitric acid appears much 
 less effective, and sometimes even useless. The rapid forcing effects of ammonia, 
 of the ammoniacal liquor of gas-works, of sal-ammoniac, and ammoniacal salts in 
 general, are too well known generally to require reference to the direct niunerous 
 practical field experiments which have been made in order to ascertain the efficacy 
 of ammonia as a fertilizer. It will scarcely be necessary to allude to the presence of 
 ammonia in guano, soot, etc., as being one of the causes of the forcing properties 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AlfEBICA. 1G9 
 
 whicli characterize these and other fertilizers. The beneficial effects of ammonia 
 and its salts have been occasionally denied, because the materials containing these 
 fertilizing agents have been improperly used. 
 
 " As a general rule, ammonia or its salts should never be used on the farm in a 
 concentrated form. Their caustic properties necessitate their application in a 
 diluted state. 
 
 " Every practical man is acquainted with the l)urning effect of strong liquid 
 manure or the ammoniacal water of gas-works, and therefore never applies the first to 
 his land in dry weather, or the latter, except diluted with much water, or mixed with 
 other substances. 
 
 " It has been observed that the nitrogen of matters, such as flesh, bones, hair, and 
 horn-shavings, benefits vegetation only in so far as it becomes changed into ammonia. 
 "When these substances putrefy, ammonia is generated in large quantities, and it is 
 principally for these reasons that they act as fertilizers. In a fresh state they are 
 almost entirely useless, biit they are rendered the more powerful in their action the 
 further their decomposition has proceeded. Fresh bones, hair-refuse, wool-refuse, 
 unfermented urine, long dung, are much slower in their action than the same mate- 
 rials after having undergone fermentation or putrefaction. In the latter state they 
 contain ammonia ready formed, which the plant can assimilate at once ; but in the 
 first case the decomposition of the nitrogenized matter proceeds slowly in the 
 ground, particularly when plowed in deep ; and the plants are thus made to wait 
 a long time before they can absorb the ammonia, which is generated during the 
 decomposition of the nitrogenized organic matters. In stiff soils, and in dry 
 seasons, the formation of ammonia proceeds so slowly that the beneficial action 
 of manuring substances is frequently lost in the first year, because if plants have 
 passed the period of their most vigorous growth they derive very little advantage 
 from the ammonia. 
 
 " Therefore wool-refuse, bones, and other fertilizers, the action of which depends 
 on the ammonia which is gradually formed on their decomposition, ought never to 
 be applied in spring, when it is intended to benefit the first crop by such applica- 
 tion, but at least three or four months, and in many cases even longer, before the 
 crop is sown. On the other hand, manuring substances, such as guano, soot, refuse- 
 water of gas-works, sal-ammoniac, sulphate of ammonia, putrefied liquid manure, 
 which all contain large quantities of ready-f onned ammonia, exercise a surprisingly 
 quickening power on grass land, wheat, and all plants at an early stage of their 
 growth. 
 
 " The vahie of ammonia and its salts in manuring substances has been greatly 
 underestimated by Liebig and his followers, who beheve with him that there is no 
 necessity for siipplying plants with manures containing ammonia, because plenty of 
 it is afforded to them for assimilation by the air. Now, although it cannot be denied 
 
170 JJ'jnsKY (ArTLE IX AMJ-nUCA. 
 
 that plants absorb tlic aiinnoiiia of the air, and that the air presents to them an almost 
 inexhaustible source, from which they may derive ammonia, it is nevertheless tnie that 
 this property of absorbing and claltorating the atmospheric ammonia in sufficiently 
 large quantities is shared by conii)aratively few i)lants. To most vegetable produc- 
 tions the supply of ammonia from that source proves insufficient ; and as we know 
 ])ractically tliatidmost all our cultivated plants are dependent on other sources, from 
 which they can derive nitrogen, and as ammonia and its salts decidedly improve their 
 contlition, it would be unreasonable not to attach any value to the presence of these 
 fertilizing materials in the different articles used as nuinures. In the fonn of nitric 
 acid, niti'ogen becomes also a ]nost valual)le manure, and in this state it closely 
 resembles ammonia in its action. The effects of nitrate of soda, for instance, on 
 grass land are strikingly exhibited by the succulent, luxuriant appearance and the 
 deep green color M-liich the grass assumes shortly after its application. Even small 
 <]uantit.ies of the alkaline nitrates exercise a most surprisingly quick forcing action 
 t)n grass lands ; and it is undoubtedly the case that cattle prefer grass to which to]> 
 <lressingof nitrate of soda has ])een apjilied to grass grown without the intervention 
 of that fertilizer. 
 
 •• -2. Ortjaiiic Suhstances, Ilmnus. — Organic matters, consisting of carbon, 
 liydrogen.and oxygen only, are present in farm-yard manure and many other fertilizers 
 in large quantities; but their importance as fertilizing agents is not to be compared 
 with that of the nitrogenized organic matters, ammoniacal salts, or nitrates. 
 
 " Formerly the value of a manure was estimated according to the proportion of 
 (jrganie matters it contained ; the chief fertilizing effects were thus referred to the 
 presence of orgiinic substances, which, on decomposition, furnished hmnus, the 
 substance which for a long time was regarded as the only material from which plants 
 derived any direct food. The value of the organic or humus-forming matters in 
 manures, accordingly, was overestimated by former physiologists and agriculturists, 
 until the researches of Liebig have placed it in a clear light that the effects produced 
 liy tlic organic portion of manures in comparison with those of their inorganic 
 matters are so trifling that he disregards the organic substances in manures entirely. 
 Although we do not agree with this view of the subject entirely — a view, it may here 
 be observed, iMtely modified by Lie])ig himself — we still hold the opinion of those to 
 be con-ect whu regard the iiiori/iiiiic imttii-i-x of inaninvs ;is tlic cliicf frrtilizing 
 agents. 
 
 " In one imi)ortant point, however. \\ e must differ from the strict adherents of 
 the mineral theory — namely, in attaching a much greater value to the nitrogenized 
 organic matters than is done by Liebig and his followers. A little consideration will 
 show the comparative insignificance of the humus-forming substances in relation to 
 the nutrition of ])lants. In the fii-st phice, tlie insufficiency of humus to supply 
 plants with organic food can Ik' demonstrated l)y an easy calculation ; for if we 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX A3IERICA. 171 
 
 estimate the weight of the organic matters removed in a crop from the soil, and the 
 amount of humus supphed by the manure, we shall find that a small proportion of 
 the first can have been derived from the humus of the manure, even if we estimate 
 the whole of the latter as having passed into the substance of the crop. We know, 
 secondly, by direct experiments, that the great bulk of all plants is derived from the 
 carbonic acid of the atmosphere, which presents plants with an inexhaustible source 
 from which they may draw organic nourishment. 
 
 "A practical confirmation of this fact we find, thirdly, in the abundant crops of 
 Indian corn which are raised in Mexico and Peru on soils destitute of all humus, 
 without the application of any organic manure, as well as in the fertility of irrigated 
 meadows, which like^vise do not receive any organic manures. It is for these 
 reasons that we do not attach to the non-nitrogenized organic matters the same 
 importance as to the inorganic, which the jilants can derive only from the soil 
 or the manures. 
 
 " So far as the direct supply of food to plants is concerned, we are thus inclined 
 to consider the importance of the organic matters of manures as insignificant in 
 comparison with that of their inorganic substances. Indirectly, however, organic 
 manures play an important part in relation to the growth of plants, inasmuch as, by 
 their application, the physical condition of soils is materially improved. This function 
 of the humus-forming substances in manures must not be overlooked. They are 
 further useful to vegetation, because they absorb both moisture and ammonia from 
 the atmosphere with great avidity, thus becoming indirectly suppliers of food ; and 
 because, on decomposition, they themselves furnish carbonic acid. 
 
 " While we ascribe the chief value of the non-nitrogenized organic matters to the 
 alteration in the physical condition of the soil which they effect, and to the indirect 
 food which they furnish to plants, their use as direct suppliers of food cannot be 
 altogether denied, if dependence can be placed on Soubeiran's experiments, made in 
 reference to the absorption of soluble salts of ulmic acid by plants. From these 
 experiments Soubeiran concluded that ulmate of ammonia was taken \ip by plants ; 
 and Mr. Malaguti has confirmed and extended this observation by quantitative 
 analysis. 
 
 " 3. By far the most valuable inorganic constituent of manures is, jjhosplioriG acid, 
 as it is a substance without which the grain of our cereals cannot come to perfection. 
 Its deficiency in the soil is generally indicated by the poor, thin appearance of the 
 ears of wheat, barley, or oats. Phosphoric acid rarely occurs in soils in sufficient 
 quantities to equal the demands of the crops, and has therefore to be supplied in the 
 form of manures. The beneficial action of bone-dust, superphosphate, coprolites, 
 must be referred chiefly to the phosphoric acid which these fertilizers contain. 
 
 " In the same combination in which phosphoric acid is found in bones — that is, 
 in the form of bone-earth or phosphate of lime — it occui-s in the solid excrements of 
 
i:-i ./KJiSKY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 all domestic animals ; it consequently constitutes an important ingredient of farm- 
 yard manure, and of all artilicial manures which are applied with advantage to the 
 growth of grain and root crops. It is worthy of observation that phosphate of lime, 
 although insoluble by itself in water, is rendered soluble by the addition of a small 
 quantity of ammonia to the water. 
 
 '• This property of phosphate of lime agrees well with practical cxjiericnce, which 
 tells us that phosphate of lime, or phosphates in general, exhibit the most energetic 
 effects on vegetation when they are mixed witli ammoniacal salts or nitrogenized 
 organic matters, which furnish ammonia on decomposition. 
 
 "For the same reason, the most powerful manures will bt- found those which 
 contain nmch phosphoric acid and annnoniacal salts, or nitrogenized organic 
 matter. 
 
 " 4. Alkalies, Potash, and Soda. — Potash and soda, particularly the former, are 
 valuable component parts of fami-yanl manure, and of all the better artificial 
 fertilizers. 
 
 "Although potash and soda belong to the more widely diffused inorganic 
 substances on the earth, their quantity in most soils is too small to justify us in 
 neglecting the direct supply of salts of potash in some way or other. The solid 
 excrements of horses, cows, sheep, and pigs contain but small quantities of salts of 
 potash, wliich, being very soluble in water, are chiefly separated with the liquid 
 excrements, or the urine of our domestic animals. The presei'vation of their urine 
 thus becmnes a duty imperative on all farmers, because they will otherwise lose all 
 the advantages of the highly fertihzing salts of potash. In its chemical relation 
 potash resembles ammonia closelj', and the same is the case with the salts of potash 
 and ammonia. In their effects on vegetation this similarity is observed ; for potash 
 and its salts exercise the same stimulating or forcing action which we have seen 
 is characteristic of ammonia. 
 
 " In manures potash occurs partly in combination with chlorine, as chloride of 
 ])otash, jKU-tly in combination with sulphuric and silicic acid, as sulphate and silicate 
 of potash. 
 
 " In the urine of carnivorous animals pho.sphate of potash also is found. 
 
 " All cultivated plants, particularly root crops and herbaceous plants, require 
 potash as a necessary article of food, for their ashes contain large (quantities of it. 
 The chief reason of the beneficial effects produced by the application of wood ashes, 
 liquid manure, and many natural siUcates is, undoubtedly, the greater or smaller 
 quantity of salts of potash which these kinds of manures contain. The principal 
 cause of tlie fertilizing effects of burnt clay is to be referred also to the soluble 
 potash, which in burnt clay exists in a larger proportion than in the same clay in its 
 natural state. On burning the insoluble alkaline silicates occurring in clay are in a 
 great measure decomposed, and potash is thus rendered soluble. The beneficial 
 effects produced by the application of quicklime on some lands is also due to the 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AJlEJilCA. 173 
 
 liberation of potash in the soil, which previously existed in an insoluble state. 
 Silicate of potash, which is found in farm-yard manure and other fertilizing mixtures, 
 is a very valuable compound, which appears to exercise a beneficial action, particularly 
 on grain crops. Much less effective than potash salts are the salts of soda, of which 
 the more frequently recurring are chloride of sodium and the sulphate and silicate 
 of soda. Generally speaking, the proportion of salts of soda in manures is larger 
 than that of the salts of potash. There are few soils which do not contain naturally 
 so much soda in one form or the other as to satisfy the wants of the crops which are 
 raised upon them. It is for this reason that the value of soda salts as fertilizers is 
 very much less than that of potash salts. It is so inconsiderable, that we need not 
 care to supply the salts of soda by artificial means to the land. The localities where 
 common salt proves most effective are inland places, far removed from the sea ; and 
 in such places beneficial effects following its application are intelligible. In the 
 ashes of plants potash occurs almost always in larger quantities than soda, and this 
 affords another proof of the greater vahie of the former. 
 
 " Nitrate of soda, which exercises a most decided and surprisingly quick forcing 
 action on grass land, owes its efficacy principally, we believe, to nitric acid, and not 
 to soda. 
 
 " 5. Zime and Magnesia. — Almost all manures contain lime and magnesia, 
 which are indispensable for the healthy growth of plants. Farm-yard manure 
 contains Hme partly in the state of carbonate, partly as sulphate of lime. The latter 
 compound, or gypsum, is a fertilizer, which frequently constitutes the chief compo- 
 nent part of several artificial fertilizers, which have been mentioned ; the better sorts 
 of manures do not, or ought not, to contain too large an amount of gypsum. 
 
 " Lime and magnesia are among the most widely distributed mineral substances, 
 and can be very economically added to soils in which a deficiency may have been 
 found, in the form of gypsum, marl, quicklime, gaslime, limestone, chalk. As 
 constituents of manures, lime and magnesia are not very important. 
 
 " 6. Silica. — All ashes of plants contain silica ; some, as the ashes of straw, of 
 wheat, barley, a very considerable proportion. Silica, for this reason, is an essential 
 article of food to plants, without which many could not come to perfection. How- 
 ever, it is in but few cases that the farmer need care to apply silica to the soil, 
 because most soils contain a large excess of it already. The only state in which silica 
 can be taken up is in the soluble form, and it is in this soluble state that silica occurs 
 in the solid excrements of animals. These are rich in soluble silica, and tlierefore 
 particularly well adapted to soils deficient in this element. 
 
 " Sihca, even in a soluble form, is far less important than any of tlie sultstances 
 previously mentioned. 
 
 " 7. Sulphuric acid, chlorine, fluorine, oxides of iron and manganese, and some- 
 times alumina, are also constituents of many manures ; but as these compounds are 
 so generally distributed throughout nature, we find few soils which do not contain as 
 
174 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEllIL'A. 
 
 mudi of tlit'iii :is is n'(|uiir(l to tlic lic;iltli_v gruwrli of plants. Their value as 
 constituents of luamire.s can, tliurL't'oru, with pro})riety he altogether overlooked. 
 
 " These, then, are tlie constituents which ought all to be present in a uiiivei'sal 
 manure, and wJiich are present in farm-yard maniu-e. 
 
 " In order to avoid misunderstanding, we would observe that when speaking of 
 the different values of manures, we refer to their commercial value. In one sense 
 all substances which are found in tlie ushes of plants are valuable, as they are 
 essential to the perfection of plants, and in this sense lime or silica is just as valuable 
 as potash or phosphoric acid, because the largest supply of the latter substances would 
 not prevent the plants languishing for want of the former. 
 
 " Referring, then, to the commercial value of the fertilizing constituents of 
 manure, it will appear from the aliove observations that they i-ange in the following 
 order : 
 
 " 1. Nitrogen or, rather, anmionia and nitric, atdd. 
 " 2. Phosphoric acid. 
 "3. Potash. 
 
 " 4. Lime and magnesia. 
 " 5. Soluble silica. 
 
 " 6. Humus-fonning oi-ganic matters. 
 " 7. Siilphuric acid, chlorine, oxide of iron. 
 
 "Nitrogen, in the form of ammonia, aminoniacul salts, nitric acid, nitrates, or 
 nitrogenized organic matters, is the most valual)le ingredient of manures, because the 
 mineral matters of manure show their full fertilizing eflfects only when decaying 
 nitrogenized matters or salts of ammonia are present at the same time. 
 
 "Next in value follow phosjjhoric acid and potash, as both belong to the rarest 
 of the mineral matters which serve as food for plants, and as both are required for 
 their healthy growth in larger quantities than any of the other constituents which 
 are usually found in the ashes of plants. 
 
 "The high value of nitrogen in manures has Iteen fully recognized liy IJou.ssiu- 
 gault and Payen, who determined the quantity of nitrogen in a great many 
 substances used as manures. These nitrogen determinations were used by them as the 
 basis for calculating the princijjal relative fertilizing effects of different manures. 
 In the second edition of Boussingault's ' Economic Rurale ' he enlarges the genei'al 
 utility of the former table by adding to it another cohuun, in which the equivalent 
 weights are determined in relation to the quantity of phosphoric acid which they 
 contain. In the subjoined table farm-yard mamye is taken as the standard <>t' 
 comparison, and its e(juivalent is assumed to be 100. 
 
 "Thus, 250.0 pounds of wheat straw are equal iu fertilizing effects to IdO.o 
 pounds of comuion farm-yard manure, as far as the n'drogi'n is concerned ; but with 
 respect to the fertilizing effects of \hv jihoxjifiorlc acid 2*'>().7 pounds of wheat .straw 
 are equal to 100.0 pounds of coniinon farm-yard inaniiri>." 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN^ A MEEK LI. 
 
 EXTRACT FKOM TAliLE REPRESENTING THE COMPARATIVE VALl' 
 MANURING SUBSTANCES. 
 
 )K DIFFEREN'I 
 
 Substance. 
 
 1 
 
 § 
 B 
 
 "A 
 
 Nat- 
 ural 
 State. 
 
 < 
 1 
 
 h 
 It 
 
 Natural 
 State. 
 
 If 
 1? 
 
 OliSEU\ATIONS. 
 
 
 Dry. 
 
 Natural 
 State. 
 
 
 Farm-yard Manure 
 
 «5.0 
 
 0.63 
 
 2.25 
 
 
 
 England. 
 
 Mixed Manure 
 
 66.7 
 
 0.60 
 
 1.45 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 Farm-yard manure. 
 
 Wheat Straw 
 
 19.3 
 
 0.24 
 
 0.22 
 
 250.0 
 
 266.7 
 
 Alsace. 
 
 Oat Straw 
 
 21.0 
 
 0.28 
 
 0.21 
 
 214.2 
 
 300.0 
 
 Alsace. 
 
 Eye Straw 
 
 12.2 
 
 0.17 
 
 0.15 
 
 352.9 
 
 369.2 
 
 Alsace. 
 
 Carrot Leaves 
 
 70 
 
 85 
 
 
 70 6 
 
 
 Green in autumn. 
 
 Clover Koots 
 
 97 
 
 1 61 
 
 
 37 3 
 
 
 Air-di-ied. 
 
 Seaweed 
 
 39.2 
 
 0.86 
 
 
 69.8 
 
 160.0 
 
 Air-dried. 
 
 Fir Sawdust 
 
 ■^4 
 
 93 
 
 
 260 9 
 
 9,400 
 
 
 Oak Sawdust 
 
 9,6 
 
 54 
 
 
 111 1 
 
 1600.0 
 
 
 Cow Dung 
 
 85.9 
 
 0.32 
 
 
 187.5 
 
 480.0 
 
 Solid excrements. 
 
 
 88 3 
 
 4^ 
 
 
 136 4 
 
 
 
 Excrements of Cow 
 
 84.3 
 
 0.41 
 
 0.55 
 
 146.3 
 
 533.3 
 
 Solid and liquid excrements. 
 
 Horse Urine 
 
 79.1 
 
 2.61 
 
 
 22.9 
 
 
 Concentrated urine. 
 
 Horse Excrements 
 
 75.4 
 
 0.74 
 
 1.12 
 
 81.1 
 
 178.9 
 
 Solid and liquid excrements. 
 
 Pig's Excrements 
 
 93.8 
 
 0.37 
 
 3.44 
 
 162.2 
 
 228.6 
 
 Solid and liquid excrements. 
 
 Sheep's Excrements 
 
 67.1 
 
 0.91 
 
 1.32 
 
 65.9 
 
 111.6 
 
 Solid and liquid excrements. 
 
 Human Urine 
 
 93.3 
 
 1.45 
 
 3.88 
 
 41.4 
 
 184.6 
 
 Berzelius. 
 
 Human Excrements 
 
 91.0 
 
 1.33 
 
 2.85 
 
 45.1 
 
 189.6 
 
 Solid and liquid excrements. 
 
 Unboiled Bones 
 
 8.0 
 
 6.22 
 
 22.20 
 
 9.6 
 
 2.3 
 
 Containing ten jjer cent, of fat. 
 
 Peruvian Guano 
 
 25.6 
 
 5.52 
 
 20.00 
 
 10.9 
 
 3.2 
 
 Denham Smith. 
 
 African Guano 
 
 25.0 
 
 6.19 
 
 17.00 
 
 9.7 
 
 8.8 
 
 Kasten. 
 
 Wood Soot 
 
 5.6 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.00 
 
 52.2 
 
 51.1 
 
 
 Oyster Shells 
 
 17.9 
 
 0.32 
 
 0.65 
 
 187.5 
 
 90.6 
 
 
 Marl 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.51 
 
 
 117.6 
 
 
 
 Seashore Sand 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.13 
 
 
 461.5 
 
 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 NATURAL SIANUEES. 
 
 "The atniosplieric; air may be regarded as the great storehouse which provides 
 plants witli organic food. It presents an inexhaustible soiu-ce of carbonic acid, 
 which is principally assimilated by the leaves of plants, and elaborated by them into 
 starch, sugar, cellular tissue, etc. The great bulk of all plants, whether entering 
 them by the leaves or the roots, owes its origin to this natural manure. 
 
 "Besides carbon, the air supplies plants with ammonia and with moisture. 
 Though small in (quantity, the ammonia is a very important constituent of tlie air. 
 in reference to tlie nutrition of plants. 
 
 " During thunder-storms nitric acid, which unites with the ammonia, is also 
 formed, and as nitrate of ammonia is a very soluble and highly forcing manuring 
 substance, we can ex]5lain in some measure the fresh appearance of our fields after 
 a thunder-stonii. The moisture contained in the air in an invisible state provides 
 plants witli more water than the rain which falls upon the land. 
 
 " Rain-water, the purest natural water, is perhaps the most important of all 
 natural manures, as without it vegetable as well as animal life would become 
 impossible. 
 
 " Spring waters owe the additional effects which many exhibit, in comparison 
 with pure or distilled water, to the presence of mineral or inorganic raattei-s. Salts 
 of lime, potasli and soda, whicli occur in some waters, render them well adapted for 
 irrigation. 
 
 " Some natural waters contain phosphoric acid, which are used with gi-eat 
 advantage for irrigating meadows. 
 
 " The muddy deposits near the mouths of some rivers may also be called natui-al 
 manures ; the deposits belong to the most valuable fertilizers, and have converted 
 a great part of the very sterile sands of Holland and Belgium into rich garden land. 
 
 QUALrrV OF FARM- YARD MANURES. 
 
 " The quality and quantity of fann-yard manures are affected, 
 
 " 1. By the quantity of food upon wliich the animal is fed. 
 
 " 2. By the quality of the food. 
 
 " 3. By the amount of water in ration and water drank. 
 
 " 4. By the age of the animal. Eicher in mature animals. 
 
 " 5. By the purpose for which the animal is used, being increased by fattening 
 and diminished by milk or work. 
 
 " 0. By the treatment of animals, comfort increasing and hardship diminishing 
 manure. 
 
 " 7. By the (|uantity and (juaiity of tlic litter. 
 
^"^5^^^} 
 
 MATIN 7768. 
 
 AT 8 YEARS OLD. 
 
 Brown Prince Type. 
 
 BILLINGS irEED. 
 
 Frederick Billings, Woodstock, Vermont. 
 
MATIN'S GLORY 9135. 
 
 AT 2 YEARS OLD. 
 
 Matin— Lille Bonne — FavonU Type. 
 Average Tests of Dam and Grandams, 17 lbs. 13f oz. 
 
 BILLINGS HERD. 
 
 Fredehick Billings, Woodstock, Vermont. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST A3IERICA. 17 
 
 " 8. By the length of time tlie manure is kept, and the method l)y which it 
 preserved. 
 
 QUANTITY OF EXCREMENT VOIDED BY ANIMALS. 
 
 Animal. 
 
 Solid Excrements. 
 
 Urine, 
 
 
 20,000 lbs. 
 12,000 " 
 1,800 " 
 760 " 
 
 8,000 lbs. 
 3,000 " 
 
 
 A piff furnishes annuallv 
 
 1 200 " 
 
 A .'^lieep furnishes annually 
 
 380 « 
 
 LIQUID MANURE. 
 
 " Neither the solid nor the liquid excrements, applied separately, constitute a 
 universal manure, or a manure which can be used for the raising of all kinds of 
 crops ; lic^uid manure can never supersede the use of the solid, well-prepared farm- 
 yard manure, if care is not taken to dissolve in it those substances which enter into 
 the composition of the solid excrements of animals. In Flanders and some parts of 
 Holland a most powerful liquid fertilizer is obtained by dissolving and distributing 
 the excrements of animals in the liquid. 
 
 " During the fermentation of the liquid the solid matters are for the greater 
 part dissolved, or at all events reduced to a, tine mud, which remains easily 
 suspended in the water. 
 
 " For the cultivation of flax, beets, and green crops in general such a liquid 
 manure is preferred in Flanders to any other, as it has been found, by long expe- 
 rience, that in the liquid state the excrements of animals are best employed for the 
 growth of these crops. The Flemish farmers accordingly bestow great care upon its 
 preparation, and carefully collect the urine of the stables, which is conducted through 
 drains into separate liquid manure tanks, into which all the drainings of the dung- 
 heap are allowed to flow. In Belgium the urine and solid human excrements are 
 not wasted, as with us. Before its application to the land this liquid manure 
 must first be diluted with much water, as it is so strong that it would burn up and 
 completely destroy the young plants, if the precaution were not taken to dilute the 
 liquid, according to its strength, with three to six times its bulk of water. 
 
 " Even so diluted, it is advisable to apply it to the laud in wet weather or when 
 the soil is soaked with moisture, because in dry weather the manure is likely to 
 exercise a burning action on vegetation. It appears incredible to continental 
 farmers that our farmers should prefer willingly to pay heavy sums for the imported 
 
178 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 guano and other artificial manures, while neglecting to reap the benetit from tho.se 
 fertilizers which present themselves at our own doors. 
 
 " The urine of aninuils possesses greater value than the solid dung, and is subject 
 to great loss if not properly treated. The loss of this valuable fertilizer, by 
 evaporation of ammonia, will be greater in hot than in cold weather, in open than in 
 covered places. Hence, the use of covered liquid-manure tanks and the disadvantage 
 of shallow pits exposed to wind and sun. Next to the collection of the liquid 
 excrements of animals, the preservation of its volatile constituents ought to be 
 attended to by every good farmer. 
 
 TO PREVENT LOSS OF AMMONIA. 
 
 " Sulphuric acid and sulphate of iron, when they can be had at a cheap rate, are 
 by far the most efficient materials for j)reventing the evaporation of ammonia. On 
 the average, one pound of oil of vitriol will be sufficient for one hundred and fifty 
 pounds of liquid manure. The acid should tii-st be diluted \dth water before it is 
 poured into tlie liquid manure tank." 
 
 Sewage Manure.* 
 
 " 1T7(«< is. sewage? In it the chemist recognizes rounds of beef and basins 
 of turtle ; cargoes of sugar, coffee, and port wine ; millions of loaves of bread and 
 thousands of tons of cheese and butter. Therein are not only all the alimentary 
 productions of our own country, but also our enormous alimentary imports, altered 
 in form, but scarcel}' in utility or value. It is truly a well-known but imworked 
 mine of gold. 
 
 " We might call it a stream of liquid guano. It exists in a form of peculiar 
 availability and almost self -portability ; its fertilizing powers are enormous. We 
 may estimate its value by the sums expended to compensate for its loss. We pay 
 for guano, oil-cake, and corn many millions, and vast sums are annually abstracted 
 from the agricultural pocket for phosphates and other artificial manures. 
 
 " Nationally, this neglect of sewage is a great calamity, but one that, it is to be 
 hoped, may receive a gradual and wholesome correction. 
 
 " If it is considered ruinous by the fanner to waste the excrementitious deposits 
 of his animals, with still greater force does the objection ajiply to the waste of our 
 sewage. 
 
 '' Experience has taught the writer of this article that there is no material prac- 
 tical difficulty to overcome in its economy and appliance to the soil as a fertilizing 
 agent. 
 
 Extracts from article of .1. ,J. Morlii. Morton's Encyrlop.Tdia of Afrriciilturp. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE I.Y A^FEEICA. 179 
 
 "It is not more difficult to convey tliaii tlie water which intersects onr streets, 
 and finds its way into every house. It may, in fact, he considered the venous return 
 of an arterial circulation ; and the more abundant its liquefaction, the more valuable 
 it becomes, seeing that water alone contains all the organic elements of our food. 
 It is hardly possible to treat this subject excejit as a joint question of sewage and 
 irrigation with drainage, artificial or natural. 
 
 "We said there was no practical difficulty in economizing this most valuable 
 commodity, excepting the all-important one that pulilic opinion has not yet 
 appreciated its value. 
 
 "The force of public opinion must be brought to bear on this great ipiestion. 
 
 " Teach the farmer that it is liquid guano, brought to his door in its only 
 available form ; let him understand that the water of solution is, independently, a 
 means of fructification ; point out to him that every valued meadow whose rich 
 crop of hay he covets owes its powers of production principally to the abundant 
 supply of moisture. 
 
 " It is a question for our legislators and the country at large. 
 
 " When once convinced of its value, recorded registers of supply- will be attached 
 to each farm, like our gasometers. Quarterly demands foi- its use will be cheerfully 
 paid ; our towns will be cleansed and our country fertilized. The evidence on this 
 subject is too abundant and distinct to l)e doubted or denied. It is collated in a 
 document issued by the General Board of Health, Whitehall, London, entitled, 
 ' Minutes of Information Collected on the Practical A])plicatiou of Sewage Water 
 and Town Manures to Agricultural Production.' The copious instances of cost 
 and return there exemplified induced the writer of this to carry out the system on 
 • a farm of one hundred and seventy acres ; and an experience of one year has 
 sufficed to convince hiui of its easy practicability and great pecuniary advantages ; 
 he finds it, in fact, the key to profital)le farming. 
 
 "The evidences are all sufficiently clear that the mere water irrigation of laud 
 on this principle of subterranean pipeage is remunerative. How much more so, 
 then, when saturated with the elements of our food ! 
 
 " The necessity for irrigation is becoming annually more apparent. The exten- 
 sive removal of woods, fences, and the general clearing and improved cultivation of 
 our country, added to the daily increasing drainage, render our soil and our climate 
 warmer and drier, and consequently less favorable to succulent productions. By the 
 proposed system of irrigation we shall have a warm moisture for our roots and 
 green crops and dryness for our cereals ; in fact, a desirable combination of food in 
 abmidance for man and for beast. 
 
 " Sewage, or liquefied manuring, renders the root and green crops self-supjioit- 
 ing, by furnishing a great increase at a diminished cost. It may be compared to 
 growing the ordinary produce of one hundred acres on fifty acres, thus diminishing 
 
180 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A. 
 
 by liftv \m- cent, taxes, horse and manual lahor, wear and tear of implements, roads, 
 gates, ete. Jn many instances, as in those of ]>oor irrass lands, the writer has no 
 hesitation in sayiiiir that the produce would ho douhled and greatly improved in 
 feeding (jiiality. 
 
 "The facility and ])roniptitude with which a barren soil maybe fertilized is 
 surprising. In lands di'ained luiturally or artificially, the writer has seen cabbages and 
 roots lu.xuriate in a miserable plastic clay brought from the subsoil immediately after 
 its saturation with sewage or liquefied manure. Its effects are alike beneficial to 
 every croj) — cereal, bulbous, or leguminous ; although, in the case of cereals, a due 
 regard is required as to the necessity for its application and a judicious regulation of 
 the quantity of seed. 
 
 " With regard to the form of ajiplication, the writer's experience confirms the 
 evidence collated, that the hose and jet present very great ailvantages in every 
 respect. 
 
 " As to the period of growth, or season for application, the writer has applied it 
 at almost every stage : in sunshine and wet ; in winter and summer ; on fallows in 
 wet weather very strong, in dry weather more amply diluted. During the heats 
 of summer its frequent application to bulbous, leguminous, and green crops is 
 attended with the most profitable results, illustrating, in degree, the rapid vegetation 
 produced by great heat and moisture in trojjical climates. With an increasing 
 po])ulation, the time is fast approaching when the concentration of capital on land 
 for a greatly increased ])roduction will become a necessity. In lieu of two acres 
 jn'oducing barely enough for one cow, six sheep, or one bullock, by these means from 
 three to five cattle, or twenty sheep, may be maintained on one acre. In extreme 
 cases enormous results have been produced. The meadows near Edinbiirgh, some 
 of them onct! ai'id and worthless, have, by being flooded with the sewage of that 
 city, risen to an enormous value, and are annually let by public auction at prices 
 varying from £15 to £32 per acre. It is estimated that the quantity of green food 
 cut annually from each acre is from fifty to eighty tons. 
 
 "• The sn})ply of milk to our great cities woidd, by similar irrigati(jns, become 
 greatly improved in (juuntity, (jiiality, and price. 
 
 " One of the most important results is the destruction, or driving away, of 
 injurious grubs or insects. Wire-worm, slug, and beetle either jjerish under the 
 jet, or quickly leave the fiehl. Clovers do not fail, and roots are freed from knobs 
 and fingers and toes." 
 
 There is no subject connected with agriculture so generally attracting attention 
 as that of fertilizers, especially the avoidance of waste, so common upon farms, and the 
 utilizing of the sewage of cities. Much attention has been given to the practical 
 investigation of the saving of liquid manure in Gi-eat Britain, but the problem is still 
 considered a matter of experiment, because of the great cost of receptacles and 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. ISl 
 
 apparatus for application to tlie soil. There is no question of its great ^'alue and 
 the advantageous form for promoting rapid plant growth. 
 
 I quote from the EncyclopEedia Britannica a part of an article that appeared 
 originally in " Minutes of Information," issued liy the General Board of Health, 
 detailing the Scotch method : 
 
 " The next place visited was the farm of Myremill, near Maybole, in Ayrshire, 
 the property of Mr. Kennedy, who adopted and improved on the method of 
 distribution just described. On this farm, aliout four hundred imperial acres 
 of which are laid down with pipes, some of the solid as well as the liquid manure 
 has been applied by these means, guano and superphosphate of lime having been 
 tlms transmitted in solution, whereby their value is considerably enhanced. This is 
 especially the case with guano, the iise of which is thus rendered in great measure 
 independent of tlie uncertainties of climate, and it is made capable of beiug applied 
 with equal advantage in dry and wet weather. In some respects the farm labors under 
 pecviliar disadvantages, as water for the purpose of diluting the liquid has to be raised 
 from a depth of seventy feet and from a distance of more than four liundred yards 
 from the tanks where it is mixed with the drainage from the l)yres. 
 
 " These tanks are four in number, of the following dimensions respectively : 
 48 X 14X12; 48X14X15; 72x14x12; 72x17x12. They have each a separate 
 communication with the well from which their contents are pumped up, which are 
 used in different degrees of ' ripeness,' a certain amount of fermentation induced by 
 the addition of rapedust being considered desirable. The liquid is diluted, according 
 to circmnstances, with three or four times its bulk of water, and delivered at the rate 
 of about four thousand gallons an hour, that being the usual proportion to an acre. 
 The quantity to be applied is determined by a float-gauge in the tank, which warns 
 the engineer — whose business it is to watch it — when to cut off the supply, and this is 
 a signal to the man distributing it in the field to add another length of hose, and to 
 commence mamiring a fresh piece of land. The pumps are worked by a twelve-horse- 
 power steam-engine, which performs all the usual work on the farm, thrashing, cutting 
 chaff and turnips, crushing oil-cake, grinding, etc., and pumping. 
 
 " The pipes are of iron ; mains, submains, and service pipes, Ave, three and two 
 inches in diameter respectively, laid eighteen inches or two feet below the surface. 
 At certain points are hydrants, to which gutta-percha hose is attached in lengths of 
 twenty yards, at the end of M'hich is a sharp nozzle, with an orifice i-anging from one 
 to one and a half inch, according to the pressure laid on, from which the liquid makes 
 its exit with a jet of from twelve to fifteen yards. All tlie laljor recpured is that of 
 a man and a boy to adjust the hose and direct the distribution of the manure, and 
 eight or ten acres may thus be watered in a day. There are now seventy acres of 
 Italian rye grass and one hundred and tliirty of root crops upon the farm. Tlie 
 quantity they would deliver by a jet from a pump worked by a twelve-horse-power 
 steam-engine would be foi-ty thousand gallons, or one hundred and seventy-eight tons 
 
18-^ JKRSEY VATTI.K IX AMKIIKA. 
 
 per diem, and tlie expense jht tmi Mlnmt twoju'iict', hut a duulile wt nf men would 
 reduce the cost. The extreme Icnj^tli nf pipe is three (juarters of a mile, and ■with 
 the hose the total extent of deliverv is ahoiit one mil!i..u nine hundred tliousand 
 yards, or four hundred acres. 
 
 "To deliver the same quantity j>er diem hy water-carts to the same extreme 
 distance would be impractical )le. One field of rye grass, sown in April, had been 
 cut once, fed ofT twice with sheep, and was ready (August 20th) to be fed off again. 
 
 " In auotiier, after yielding four cuttings within the year, each estimated at nine 
 or ten tons per acre, the \alue of the aftermath for tlie keep of sheep was stated at 
 twenty-five shillings an aeie. < )f the turuii)s, one lot of swedes, dressed with ten tons 
 of solid farm manure, and about two thousand gallons of the liquid, having six bushels 
 of dissolved bones along with it, was ready for holing ten or twelve days earlier than 
 another lot dressed with double the amount of solid manure without the litjuid appli- 
 cation, and were fully equal to those in a neighbor's field which had received thirty 
 loads of farm-yard dung, together with three hundredweight guano and sixteen bushels 
 bones ])er acre ; the yield was estimated at forty tons the Scotch acre, and their great 
 luxuriance seemed to me to justify the expectation. From one field of white globe 
 turnips sown latei-, (uid mmnu-ed solely with liquid iiKuiure, from forty to fifty tons 
 to the Scotch acre were exj)eeted. A field of carrots treated in the same manner as the 
 swedes, to which a second application of liquid was given just before thiiming, 
 jiromise from twenty to twenty -five tons the acre. Similarly favorable results have 
 been obtained with cabbages, and that the limit of fertility by these means has not 
 yet been reached was clearly sliowii in one part of the Italian rye grass which had 
 accidentally received more than its allowance of liquid, and which showed a marked 
 increase of luxuriance over that around it. The exact increase of produce has not 
 been accurately determined, but the nmnber of cattle on the farm has increased very 
 largely, and by means of the Italian rye grass at least four times as many beasts as 
 before can be kept now on the same extent of land, the fertilitij of the land being at 
 the name time increased. This plant, of all others, appears to receive its nourishment 
 in this form with most gratittule, and to make most am])le returns for it ; and great as 
 are the results hitherto obtained, I believe that the nuiximum of productiveness is not 
 yet reached, and that the jiresi-nt cv\|)erimeiit must he carried yet further before we 
 know the lull capahililies of this maiiuri'. Of one important fact connected with this 
 croji, T am asMiivij that, not withstanding the I'ank hixuriance of its growth, animals 
 fed upon it not only aiv not scoured, hut thrive more than on any other kind of grass 
 in eultivatioii. 
 
 " Taking int.. the iiTigath.n are..untthe whole cost of the engine and tlu^ whole 
 of the fuel and wages- altiiongh lialf of these nnght have been deducted— the 
 following appears to be the ea]>ital ae<-onnt and working exi)en.ses for fertilizing 
 ^Ivrendll farm : 
 
.TERHEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 18:5 
 
 Tanks complete £300 
 
 Steam-engine 150 
 
 Pumps 80 
 
 Iron pipes, laying, and hydrants 1,000 
 
 Gutta-percha distributing pipes, etc 5(3 
 
 £1,586 
 Actual interest on £1,586, and wear and tear at 7-| per cent. . £118 19.s. 
 
 Annual wages 101 
 
 Fuel 58 10 
 
 £281 9.y. 
 
 "This amount, divided In- the numlier of acres, is equal to the annual sum of 
 fourteen shillings per acre. 
 
 " I now come to the practical results of so cheap a mode of fei-tilizing land. 
 
 " Mr. Young informed me that in one of the fields he had himself measured 
 the growth of Italian rye grass, and had found it to be two inches in twenty-four 
 hours; and that within seven months Mr. Kennedy had cut from a field we were 
 l)assing at the time seventy tons of grass per acre. 
 
 " Wliere the whole is cut, four or five heavy crops are thus taken ; but Tipon some 
 of the land during the past two years twenty sheep to the acre have been penned in 
 hurdles, and moved about the same field from time to time ; after each remove the 
 fluid has been applied, and immediately followed by an abundant growth of food. 
 There is not the slightest appearance of exhaustion in the land — its fertility ap])ears 
 to increase. I was informed that before the liquid manure was used the land would 
 not keep more than a bullock or five sheep to the acre, nor will it maintain, if the crops 
 are cut and carried in, five bullocks or twenty sheep to the acre. Some beans, bran 
 and oil-cake are bought for the stock ; but, on the other hand, one third or more of 
 the farm is kept in grain, notwithstanding the great number of live stock. 
 
 " Canning Park — Mr. Telfer's Farm., near Ayr. — This is a small dairy farm of 
 forty acres, near the level of the sea, and about a mile and a half west of the town of 
 Ayr. The subsoil is beach gravel with a slight admixture of clay. Water is too 
 abundant. It lies dead within about twenty inches of the surface, and in winter 
 nearer than that. 
 
 " No bedding or litter is used here. The cows lie on cocoanut mats. The 
 ventilation is perfect, and the air sweeter than in the majority of the dwelling- 
 houses of human beings. 
 
 " The following appears to l)e the cost of carrying out the system of Mr. Telfer's 
 farm : 
 
184 JERHEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Tank £30 
 
 Engine 60 
 
 Iron pipes and livdrants 100 
 
 Distributing hose-pipe, etc 20 
 
 £210 
 Annual interest on £2 Id, and wear and tear at 7^ per cent. . . £15 ir).s-. 
 "Wages and fuel 11 i » 
 
 £2t; 15.V. 
 
 " In summer tlic cows have a quantity of oil-cake as well as grass ; and in winter 
 they have turnips or mangel-wurzel, bean or barley meal, and cut liay or grass, 
 the whole mess l)eing steamed together. Miss Bell, the cousin of .Mr. Tclfcr, 
 manages the dairy, and said that last year the hay bought would amount to from 
 £80 to £-K), and she .shouhl think the grain to n,,t less than £200. In general 
 terms, the other food is j)roduced upon the farm. As to the produce of grass, 
 which is the chief article, the first cutting during the jiresent year was in the latter 
 end of Mardi, about eighteen inches thick. The second was from eighteen inches 
 to two feet thick. The third was from three feet to four feet six inches thick. 
 The fourth nearly the same. The fifth was two feet thick ; and the sixth, in 
 process of cutting at the time I was there, we measured at eighteei'i inches thick. 
 Taking the mean, where two dimensions are given for the same crop, 1 find the 
 aggregate depth of grass grown and cut off this fann within seven months to be 
 not less than fcnirteen feet three inches. All this is, however, eaten upon the 
 premises, and the whole marketable produce of the farm is represented by the milk 
 and butter. 
 
 " As to the quantity ;md value of these. Miss Bell stated that the ])revious week 
 the butter was one hundred and fourteen pounds and one luindred and twenty 
 pounds — together two Imndred and thirty-four ])()unds sold at one shilling jhm- 
 ])ound. This, she stated, was about the average (pumtity and price. The amount 
 for butter would therefore be £11 U.v. i)er week, or per amnnn £tios s.v. She 
 informed me, further, that during about eight months in the year the cold milk 
 realizes about the same aim unit as the butter. In the summer months, during hot 
 weather, the market value of the milk is ,,uly about half that of the butter. From 
 these data, tlie amount of milk sold \wv annum is £.->o7. The total receipts for the 
 two articles of milk and butter amount to £1115 S«. per annum. 
 
 "I only need to add that, previous to the adoption of the present .system of 
 farming, these forty acres of land were barely sufficient to support eight or nine 
 cows, and would liave been well let at a rental of thirty shillings an acre."' 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 ill 
 
 i § 
 
 ii If t 
 
 •o S =• i a 
 
 ■5- I 15 « 
 
 
 ?f 
 
 ! ^ 
 
 I Eo 
 
 i I 
 
 § i i 
 
 las 
 
 ■s .-^ q 
 
 
 f » 1 I ;: 
 
 9 M. .• • 
 
 ll 
 
 
180 .IKllSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 The agricultural editor of the Kncijdopwd'nt Britannica cautions tliose who 
 \oiituri' UJ10U such experiments not to bie rash or too sanguine, and is inclined to 
 do>il)t tilt' feasibility of such expensive apparatus. 
 
 It would seem, however, that the experiment is well worth trying in our dryer 
 eliiuate, as promising great advantages, especially in seasons of long drouth, imt only 
 for grass fields, but for maize, sorghum, and other important soiling cro])s, ami in 
 the Southern States, where the pastures are parched by the scorching sun, to raise 
 immense crops of Johnson grass {SorghiDii lialapetise) and Millo maize. Satisfactory 
 results have attended the use of the sprinkling-cart on small farms, Imt a permanent 
 system of irrigating apparatus ought to return a large dividend when well nuuuiged 
 upon good land and with first-rate Jersey stock. 
 
 Theory of Cn.TivATiox.* 
 
 •• Tlie main conditions required in the cultivation of the soil are : 
 
 •• 1. A thorough pulverization and drainage of the soil. 
 
 " ti. A progressive chemical disintegration or liberation of insoluble ingredients. 
 
 " ;'. A I'cnewid, by means of manure, of those substances wliicli liave been 
 rcniuved fnmi thi' soil by successive crojis. 
 
 "The art of cultivation consists in aiding nature to accomplish tiiese conditions 
 with greater celerity than, unaided, would be ifccomplished. 
 
 " By means of tlie ]ilow and harrow the soil is mechanically pulverized, and fresh 
 surfaces exposed to the disintegrating action of the air. Many soils, especially 
 clayey varieties, contain a very large amount of alkalies, which, by the action of 
 carlionic acid, are liberated and lieconie soluble. In such cases it is more econom- 
 ical to depend u]>i>ii tliis \ast magazine of supply for the necessary alkalies than to 
 import them in the foi-in of manures. But, as the disintegration of the soil and 
 liberation t>f tin' ingredients jiroceed with slowness, it is necessary not only to offer 
 every fa<*ility l)y increasing the surfaces, but also to admit the air and fresh supplies 
 of rain-water, so as to render the treasures available within the ])rescril)cd period ; 
 this is effected by drainage. It is to sucli rich soils only that the ruiman methods 
 of culture apjily. 
 
 " Cato gave good advice ; for plowing is both the first and second operation of 
 good farming, and manuring is the more advantageous the more thoroughly prepared 
 and pulverized the soil is; for manure, like land, requires disintegration to render 
 its constituents thoroughly available. The plow and the harrow are, therefore, 
 both mechanically and chemically advantageous. They are mechanically useful in 
 fitting the soil for the reception and growth of jjlants, and chemically by increasing 
 
 Lyon Playfair, Morton's Eucyilopa'dia of Ajriieultiiic. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 187 
 
 the absorptive powers of the soil for aerial food, and also by admitting those 
 atmospheric influences which disintegrate the soil and liberate the mineral food. 
 
 " If the subsoil do not contain an excess of iron, and be not sufficiently tenacious 
 to alter the character of the upper soil, trench- plowing is useful, by presenting to 
 atmospheric influences a new and unexhausted magazine of mineral food. The 
 oxygen, carbonic acid, and rain-water acting on this freshly upturned soil render 
 soluble the alkalies and other ingredients formerly present in an insoluble form ; 
 but when the subsoil is either too slowly acted upon by the air or too tenacious, it 
 may act injuriously hy preventing that very disintegration which it is intended to 
 promote. 
 
 " The lower oxide of iron, if it be present, absorbs the oxygen, which ought to 
 find its way to the roots of the plants ; or the tenacity of the soil acts mechanically, 
 by preventing that access of air which the iron refuses to allow to pass by its chemi- 
 cal properties. In all such cases subsoiling is preferable to trench-plowing, because 
 the subsoil, being loosened, is progressively acted upon by disintegrating influences, 
 and, in a few years, changes its character sufficiently to enable it to be mixed with 
 the surface soil without danger. This subsoiling cannot, however, be advantageously 
 done without a previous natural or artiflcial drainage ; for unless the soil be suffi- 
 ciently free from moisture it cannot be acted upon by the atmospheric causes of 
 change. The moi-e accessible tlie soil is to air and to the free passage of rain-water 
 tlie quicker will it become fitted fo»the wants of vegetation. 
 
 " Tlie term cultivation properly inchides the abnonnal growth or increase of 
 particular ingredients in plants, such as the gluten in the cereals and the starch in 
 the potato." 
 
 Plowing.* 
 
 " Wherever farming is conducted on an extensive scale, plowing constitutes the 
 priuci])al operation, as being the preliminary process necessary to prepare the soil 
 for the subsequent series of processes by which systematic cultivation is effected. 
 For this purpose oxen, asses, mules, and horses have been variously employed by 
 different nations to draw the plow, ever since the cultivation of the soil became the 
 necessary consequence of a settled state of society. Up to very recent times oxen 
 appear to have been principally emjiloyed for this purpose ; and their docility, 
 strength, and endurance, combined with the simplicity of the apparatus required to 
 yoke them, were properties which, in the estimation of the unscientific and unin- 
 ventive tiUer of the soil, gave them a superiority in field labor over all other animals 
 of draught. 
 
 "The employment of horses in ])lowiiig and titlier agricultural operations, 
 
 Jolin Haxton, Morton's EncyclopiPdia of AgTiculturc. 
 
188 .n:i:si:y catti.e i\ ameiuia. 
 
 and tlie introduction of the irnii jilmr, aw. uiidoulitedly. ainoiii;- tlio jri't'atest 
 improvements effected in afrriculture. 
 
 " AVhen land lias been well plowed, and cultivated to a ])roper depth in preparin<^ 
 for green croj^s, deep plowing for the subseciuent grain eroj) is not only unnecessary, 
 but oftentimes injurious. This is particularly to be observed in tlic cultivation of 
 wheat, in which experience has taught us that the firmer the s(jil is in which tlic roots 
 of the young plants are embedded, the better are they able to withstand the clianges 
 and shif tings produced in the immediate surface soil by the effects of alternate frosts 
 and thaws. Thus it is that the peculiar habit of growth of plants must be 
 studied, and a cultivation adopted wliich accords, as nearly as itossibk-. with the 
 requirements of nature; and this knowledge is necessarily tlie result of observation." 
 
 AMERICAN cri-TIVATIOX. 
 
 The greatest inipi'ovenients (with the exception of the steam plow) in recent 
 years have been made by American inventoi's. For tho.se who are interested in the 
 subject of the history of plows I refer them to the Annual Report of the New York 
 State Agricidtural Society for ISfiT. The more recent liLstory of plows and plowing 
 must be studied in the ])ro(luctions of the past few yeai-s that are offered for sale by 
 the best dealers. 
 
 Among the modern improvements ai-e tlie jilows for turning_7!'r//_7''(//'/v///'.v ; the 
 better adjustment for power, especially in the sulky plows; the use of better 
 material, as in the best steel plows ; the greater pulverizing power, as exhibited in 
 the Sackett plow ; non-liability to choke in stubble ; lightness of draught ; ease of 
 holding ; durability ; cheapness ; excellence of workmanship ; even distribution of 
 wear ; effective service in burial of weeds and stubble ; regularity of turning Hat 
 furrows. Whatever force is usi'd for ])roi)elling the plow, the wheel plows 
 undoubtedly have the advantage of easier tb-aught, better quality of work, effective 
 work in drouth-baked land. The efficiency of the wheel plow is independent of the 
 skill of the plowman, and when once properly adjusted will cut every furrow of an 
 equal width and depth, and lay them all over nnifonnly levi'l. The Sackett j^low is 
 the best of its kind, as it serA^es the jnn-pose of both ])low and harrow, doing nnich 
 better work than can be done with both of those implements; but it can only be 
 used in fine land that is free from stones and rocks. 
 
 Great improvement has been made in harrows. The best imj>lcment has an 
 iron frame with steel spring seat, and slanting, reversible steel teeth, which have 
 a cutting edge for pulverization and a round edge for smoothing and cidtivating all 
 kinds of crops, and the frame also, in sections, to wliich plow-handles can be 
 attached, and each section used as a cultivator between rows or drills. This imple- 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 189 
 
 nient is the most effective and useful of its class, and absolutely indispensable to every 
 farnier. It is the best pulverizer, the best cultivator, the best for the purpose of 
 scarifying old pastures and meadows that need renovation. 
 
 "With this harrow wheat may have three harrowings in early spring ; oats and 
 barley two or more, or until three inches high ; corn can be harrowed every week, 
 until twelve inches high. The round edge is also used for covering clover seed. 
 Among the harrows for grass seed that require covering only one eighth of an inch, 
 is the chain-harrow, an implement which consists of a draught-bar to which are 
 attached pairs of square-linked chains, each seven and a half feet long, connected 
 by cross-links, and kept expanded by two movable stretchers. 
 
 These are iisually hollow cylinders of cast iron, of diverse weights, for one 
 or two horses. They may have a smooth surface or may be formed of a series 
 of corrugated rings or discs having serrated edges and side-way projecting teeth. 
 Some require three horses abreast to work them. They are very effective for 
 breaking clods, consolidating loose soils, checking the ravages of the wire worm, and 
 covering in clover and grass seeds. For grass seeds the smooth roller is best, with 
 the brush-harrow or chain-harrow attached. Another fonn of roller is made of a 
 series of eccentric fluted discs, which is said to uossess many advantages over any 
 other implement of its class. 
 
 CULTIVATORS. 
 
 An implement is needed for the effective cultivation of maize that shall finely 
 pulverise the surface to a depth of one inch, and work smoothly without j^lunging or 
 destroying the rootlets of the growing plants. Maize needs, especially in a drouth, 
 a mulch of soil like fine flour, of a depth not to exceed two inches, and the culture 
 should always be level and smooth. 
 
 DRILLS. 
 
 These implements secure straight rows, and thereby assist in clean culture for 
 all kinds of grain and root ci'ops. Drills are of various patterns, some of them con- 
 structed for planting several rows at once, and dropping manure at the same time ; 
 while others have added an irrigating apparatus for moistening manure and seed in 
 dry ground, and are more effective in promoting germination, even upon damp 
 groimd, and also intensifying the effects of the superphosphates. 
 
 OTHER IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 Among the many useful machines and implements for tillage, harvesting and 
 feeding, a completely equipped dairy farmer needs trencli plows ; subsoil plow ; a 
 manure-spreader ; a horse-hoe ; carrot-thinner ; reaper and binder ; mowing- 
 machine ; hay-tedder ; horse-rake ; hay-loader ; thresher ; fanning-mill ; grinding-mill ; 
 
190 JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 root-cutter ; liay-cutter ; corn-stalk crusher ; staiulard weifihei-s, scales and measures ; 
 also improved wagons and fann-carts. 
 
 As a general rule, no tillage operations can be perfonned when the soil is wet. 
 Clay soils especially are liable to great injury in this way. Plowing or harrowing 
 land when wet is destructive to crops. 
 
 ItoTATiox OF Crops.* 
 
 " The arrangement of a certain succession of crops, by which each shall folluw in 
 such a rotation as shall best economize the resources of the farm, has long been an 
 object of primary consideration among agriculturists. The fact that certain crops 
 impoverish the soil in a greater degree than others is very much dc]iendent on the 
 use that is made of them. 
 
 "If a crop is entirely removed from the farm on which it is produced the laud 
 will obviously be deprived of some of those elements which would be restoi-ed to it 
 by the consumption of the whole or a portion of the same crop on the ground. 
 The manner in which a crop is cultivated will also influence the condition of the 
 soil. A succession of grain crops, grown in such a manner as would not admit of 
 the soil being kept free from weeds, even though they did not of themselves draw 
 from the soil a greater supply of the elements of fertility, would be more injuriou.s 
 to it than a succession of well-hoed crops, the intervals between the rows of the 
 latter and the comparatively late period of the season at which they are sown 
 admitting of the complete eradication of weeds. 
 
 "The inorganic matter abstracted from the soil by any one crop is .so small in 
 amount as to render the choice of a particular crop, in reference to that ]ioint, of 
 little moment. A deficiency is generally rectified by the manaire applied in the 
 ordinary routine of cultivation. Without entering, in this place, on the scientific 
 investigation of this subject, it will be found that, for practical purposes, the prin- 
 ciple to be kept in view, in fixing on a rotation of cropa, is, what succession is hkst 
 
 SUITED IN A GIVEN LOCALITY TO DRAW FROM THE SOIL THE LARGEST NET RETURN, WHILE 
 THE CAPABILITIES OF THE LAND ARE, AT THE SAME TIXIE, MAINTAINED AND INCREASED. 
 
 " There are three conditions, namely, climate, nature of soil, and local iM)sition, 
 which must first be observed in dealing with this subject. Some jilants are best 
 adapted to a dry, some to a moist climate ; one is suitable to a stiff clay soil, another 
 to a loam, and a third to a sand. The local demand for a particular croji may render 
 its culture on a particular soil remunerative; while the absence of .such a demand 
 may make the same crop on a similar and suitable soil of little value. 
 
 * James Caird Morton, Encyclopedia of Agriculture. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE EV AMEEKJA. 
 
 THE ENGLISH SYSTEM. 
 
 '■'■Norfolk. — Here tlie four-course system had its origin, and liere it is still prac- 
 tised in the best style. But this county, ■which was the first to l^reak through the 
 old system of cropping as long as the land would yield grain, is now beginning to 
 amend its own improvements. The ease with which artificial and other manures 
 can now be procured, and the readiness with which they may be applied to the land 
 at any period of the rotation, have taught the enterprising farmers of this county 
 that the matter for their consideration, in fixing on a coiirse of crops, is simply 
 which, with a given outlay, will produce the largest return, and, at the same time, 
 most enrich the land. Instead of the four-course, the following is adopted Ijy some 
 first-rate farmers, namely : 1, clover, trefoil or peas ; 2, wheat ; 3, oats ; 4, turnips ; 
 5, wheat or barley. Every crop is manured for, either by direct application or by 
 sheep-feeding. 
 
 " And on a large farm, where this system lias supjilanted tlie four-course, the 
 average produce of all the grain crops has increased, in ten years, between thirty 
 and forty per cent. ; the extent of land on this farm in wheat having, during that 
 period, annually increased, till it has now become one-third greater than it was then. 
 The four-course is conducted thus : the clover lay, after being mown, is dunged. 
 A rapid growth of aftermath is prodiiced, which is plowed in to enrich the ground 
 for the wheat crop. In spring the young wheat receives a dressing of one hundi-ed 
 weight of nitrate of soda and two hundredweight common salt mixed, and sown l)y 
 hand in two applications, at an intei-val of three weeks, beginning in Mai-c-li Mud 
 ending in April. When the wheat is removed the ground is plowed and sown with 
 rye, which is eaten off in spring, and followed by the turnip crop. Dung, super- 
 phosphate, and guano are applied to the turnijjs, the greater proportion of which 
 are consumed on the ground by sheep which are also cake-fed. The land is thus 
 prepared for barley, which is sown out with red clover, and with trefoil and white 
 clover alternately. No rye grass is sown with the clovers, as it is reckoned injurious 
 to the following wheat crop. Many of the best Norfolk farmers do not hoe their 
 wheat crops in spring, as hoeing has been found to increase the proportion <if 
 inferior grain. The wheat fields are rolled in spring with advantage to the crop." 
 
 AMERICAN ROT 
 
 A system of rotation for Jersey dairy farms in America must depend upon 
 greatly varying conditions of soil, climate, and jjroximity to market. Soiling or 
 pasturing of stock also necessitates a variation of crops. Where soiling is practised, 
 especially in a case where the land is both imderdrained and irrigated with liqiud 
 manure, the rotation may often include two grain ci'ops and one root crop in a single 
 season from the same piece of groimd. For the ordinary method of dairy practice 
 
I'M JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 the following rotation may prove useful : 1, clover; 2, carrots or mangolds; 3, rye 
 or barley ; 4, sweet com ; 5, oats ; 6, barley. ( )r this : 1, oats ; 2, sweet corn ; 3, rj'e 
 forage ; 4, llutigai-iaii grass ; 5, clover and grasses ; (J, carrots or parsnips. 
 
 KOT.VnOX l)K SUII,IN(i CKOI'S. 
 
 1. Winter Ijarley, winter wheat, and winter rye sown in September and 
 October for the May and June feeding, may follow (in land that has fed a crop of 
 corn fodder. 
 
 2. Barley, oats, oats and peas, oats and vetches for early spring sowing, for June 
 and July feeding. Lucern, red clover, large clover, alsike, alsike and timothy, are also 
 included in this list for second growth for June and July feeding. 
 
 3. Millet, Hungarian grass, dent corn, flint corn and sweet corn for July 
 feeding. 
 
 4. Sweet corn, flint or dent corn grown on the ground that was occupied by 
 barley and rye, for August feeding. 
 
 5. Sweet corn grown on the ground that was occupied by the barley, oats and 
 peas, for September feeding. 
 
 6. Barley and rye, grown on the ground that furnished the millet, Hungarian 
 grass, and early corn fodder, for October and November feeding. 
 
 7. Carrots, jjarsnijis and mangolds to follow clover and lucern every second or 
 third year. 
 
 It would be impossible to specify any course of crops which can be recom- 
 mended as the best under all circumstances. The agriculturist may select without 
 much difliculty the course of crops most suitable to his soil and locality, and those 
 best adapted to his needs, which are elsewhere mentioned under the list of soiling 
 crops in another section of this work. He may therefore, by saving his manures in 
 tight vats and continually enriching his soil, grow any crop suitable to his climate and 
 soil, in such a succession as he pleases, the conditions needful to success being that 
 the land must be kept dry, clean, and rich. 
 
 PI,ANNIi\(; FOK ROTATION. 
 
 In order to plan for a rotation of .soiling croj)s it is necessary to know how much 
 a full-sized cow requires for the season. 
 
 If your soil is of average good quality the daily allowance for one cow will be 
 one square rod of grass, clover, or lucern ; three fourths of a rod of barley, oats, oats 
 and peas, rye or millet ; and about one half a rod of maize or sweet corn. Rich 
 land will require less. 
 
 Estimate the amount of ground you will need for the season according to the 
 number of cows and the variety of crops to be cultivated. 
 
 For all the annuals there must be a regular planting in periods, of every seventh 
 
ALPHEA 171. 
 
 .4 Fountain Ikail. 
 
-^1 IMM 
 
 MERCURY 432. 
 
 snrpsoN iiEKi) 
 iM Simpson, 51 Chatham S'l 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 193 
 
 day, so that there shall be provided a succession of young, tender, juicy herbage, 
 ready to be cut while in bloom, that the waste from toughness may be reduced to 
 the lowest degree. It would be preferable to doulile the frequency of seed-sowing 
 rather than to lengthen the above-named period. 
 
 PUNCTUAL PERFORMANCE OF ALL FARM-WORK. 
 
 " A stitch in time saves nine." — Old Prorerb. 
 
 The farmer who excels the average achievements of agriculturists must needs 
 be free from the fetters of prejudice and a merely routine agricultural ediication. 
 lie must bring to bear upon his calling all the tact and business ability with whicli 
 lie is gifted and experience enables him to develop in himself. 
 
 Energetic industry and sound common sense, comliined with systematic and 
 thorough methods and extreme punctuality in all operations, are the elements upon 
 which depends tlie success of the farmer. 
 
 It is well for every farmer to have a calendar of oi3eration8 for the year made to 
 suit his locality and the sj^ecial work upon his farm. 
 
 JANUARY. 
 
 Take account of stock and balance the books. 
 
 This is generally tlie coldest month of the year. Those wlio have access to beds 
 of marl or other natural fertiUzers, as well as factory waste, may cart them upon lands 
 which are suitable, during the whole winter, but the earlier the bettei", so as to get the 
 beneficial action of the frost upon them. Thrashing of grain, composting manures, 
 preparation of bone manures. Tools and implements should be looked over to see 
 that they are in good condition. 
 
 Cattle should be made very comfortable in good stables that are both warm and 
 well ventilated. 
 
 Harness should be kept well oiled, bright and clean, and not allowed to freeze or 
 crack from getting wet. 
 
 Water-meadows must be closely watched, where the English method is adopted ; 
 obstructions from dead leaves removed ; let the water flow until a scum appears 
 upon the grass, an indication that the soil is surfeited with water. 
 
 Prune trees. 
 
 Breed cows for winter butter. 
 
 Cows should be kept in good condition and full flow of milk for winter butter. 
 
 FEBBUAEY. 
 
 The weather is generally very irregular during this month. "Wliere the climate 
 admits, oats, barley, peas and spring wheat are to be sown. 
 
194 JERSEY CATTLE I.Y AMERICA. 
 
 Parsnips may be sown in our Middle and Southern States the last uf tliis month. 
 
 Seeds of all kinds must be procured this month, if they are not grown upon tlio 
 farm— grass, clover, maize, carrot, mangold, parsnip, rutabaga, rye, barley, oats, 
 peas, millet, vetch, sweet com — everything needed for forage crops, pastures and 
 meadows. Grass land intended for oats or barley should be plowed as soon as they are 
 dry enough. Oil the wood and metal of tools and machines with petroleum. Guaiio 
 and superphosphate or other artificial manures should be purchased and stored this 
 month. Finish pruning apple-trees. Allow no cattle to go upon wet grass lands, as 
 they will seriously injure the sod by trampling it. 
 
 The water-meadows, if they have been successfully irrigattMl, will l)ec;iii to show 
 green in the South and central States. 
 
 Look well after the young calves. The ealt'-eril)s sliould have one occupant only, 
 with plenty of bedding. Keep them warm and dry, and with a constant •supply of 
 ])ure air, always putting a little rennet in the warm mixed milk to prevent any trouble 
 from indigestion. Breed cows for winter dairy. 
 
 This is the first month of agricultural spring over the greater portion of Ainei-ii-a. 
 The soil dries rapidly. Toward the end of the month young wheat and i-ye will 
 require hoeing, or the slanting-tooth smoothing-harrow may be used, followed by 
 the roller, if the land is sufficiently dry. 
 
 Oats may be sown this month as soon as the ground can be made ready, barley 
 a few days after oats, one to two bushels of seed per acre. Pickle four bushels of 
 oats or barley in a gallon of water containing tw<i ounces of sulphate of copper, as a 
 safeguard against bunt and smut. 
 
 Grass and clover seeds may be sown near the end of the month, best on ground 
 especially prepared for them, and not with grain crops. After sowing the clover and 
 grass seeds, go over the ground with tlie roller and brush-harrow attached, or use the 
 chain or web-harrow. 
 
 C'arrot ground should now be prepared by deep plowing and thorough manur- 
 ing. Rich ground thoroughly pulverized, and mixed with manure to the depth of 
 twelve inches, will give good returns for the butter dairy. Subsoiling, going twice iu 
 tlie furrow, is a good preparation for carrots. 
 
 Spring vetch may begin the first sowing this month, with peas. 
 
 Sow mixtures for sailing crops. 
 
 Plant a])ple-trees this month as early as possible. Also attend to grafting and 
 budding. 
 
 Plant hedge fences of prim as an accompaniment to barbed wire. 
 
 Dig around and clean young iiedges. 
 
 Where water-meadows have been regularly irrigated tiirough the winter a go<jd 
 
JERf^EY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 195 
 
 crop of grass may be now expected ; the rye fields also afforil gnod pn^ture. I^se 
 dry hay with this green food to prevent violent scouring. 
 
 If cows are properly kept they will not be in much danger of- colostrum fever 
 or apoplexy, a disease induced by a high condition, plethora, fat, and a constipated 
 condition of the bowels, probably often complicated by a cold from sudden draught of 
 air. These conditions are made worse by neglect of cxei'cise and insufficient or 
 improper stable ventilation. 
 
 The month of March is an important montli to look after the destructitm of all 
 kinds of field and barn vermin, such as nbice, rats, and atray days. 
 
 The rats and mice destroy a vast amount of farm produce. Soak a box of 
 matches in a half pint of water, and mix the water with flour enougli to make a stiff 
 dough ; place this where rats or mice or only small creatures can liave access to it. 
 They are very fond of this phosphorated poison, and eat it with avidity to their 
 destruction. 
 
 Any mongrel cur or thoroughbred huund straying without his owner on any field 
 thereby forfeits his life. lie is easily tempted to injure live stock, and may, by 
 causing fright in a herd, be an agency of producing abortions. One dog will destroy 
 a large flock of choicely bred sheep in a few minutes. Dog-skins make the best 
 gloves, and their carcasses and bones the best manure for meadows and orchards. 
 
 Begin to set dog-traps in the moutli <if March. Make a pyramidal frame of 
 slats, leaving a space at the top for them to jump \n as they ascend the ladder to get at 
 the bait, which may be a large piece of meat tliat has been perforated with skewers and 
 the holes filled with powdered strychnine. A large number of dogs may be captured 
 in this way, and thus may be secured a great quantity of the most valuable manure 
 at a little expense, and thereby may be prevented the danger of frightened herds, 
 abortion, or the mangling and destruction of thousands of dollars' M'orth of sheep 
 throughout the country. 
 
 The dairy work is beginning to increase. Provision should be made for prompt 
 performance of every kind of work. The cows should be milked regularly Ijy the 
 minute, two or three times daily, as they require, and all dairy operations, as well as 
 the milking and feeding, should be begun and finished according to a fixed schedule 
 and time-table. Neither good butter nor clieese will be made in this month without 
 oatmeal, parsnips, clover hay, and a little green rye, or water-meadow pasture, 
 combined. 
 
 Al'RII,. 
 
 The weather is capricious, with showers, hot sun, cold winds, and nipping 
 frosts, especially in the central and northern States and Canada. 
 
 Wheat will require harrowing, after which it may have the roller. 
 
 Pull all thistles, docks, daisies and dandelions in grain crops and meadows. 
 These can only be rooted up when the ground is moist after a rain. 
 
196 JERSEY CATTLE ly AMERICA. 
 
 Barley sowing may be completed this month. Carrots may be entirely planted 
 this month. The laud, deeply tilled and rolled as hard as possible, is to be sown in 
 rows eighteen inches apart by the drill, which is to be followed by a light roller to 
 complete the operation. Five pounds of seed are rubbed, soaked in diluted urine and 
 warm water, mixed with two l)ushels of ashes or sau<l, witli tlio drill set to sow two 
 bushels. A few oats added will earlier show the line of the row, so that weeding 
 may begin before the carrots appear above ground. iLmgold-wurzel may be planted 
 thi,s month. Tliese are dibbled half an inch deep in richly manured soil, two feet 
 apart by one foot in the drill. A light roller follows. Kolil-rabi may be sown fur 
 transplantation in May. Successive beds may be sown for transplanting all 
 through the summer to cultivate like turnips. Use the wlieel-hoe cultivator. 
 Lucern may be sown by the end of April, ten poimds per acre, in rows one foot 
 apart, on deeply tilled, rich, calcareous soil. Spring vetches or peas, alone or with 
 oats, may be sown during April for soiling in July and August. 
 
 Turnip land may have its first plowing in April, after whicli it should be 
 harrowed and kept clean from weeds. 
 
 Paring and burning is the most efficient nietli()d of breaking up old grass lands. 
 Spread the ashes, plow, harrow and roll. 
 
 April is a good month for laying down grass lands, either by sowing grass seed 
 or by planting bits of turf six by si.\ inches on a well-tilled field. Follow both grass 
 seed and turf with the roller, and give a coat of fine manure broadcast or saturate 
 with liquid manure. In the early part of April, in moist or showery weather, sow 
 guano and superphosphates upon grain crops. More easily soluble manures, as nitrate 
 of potash, may l)e sown later and in dryer weather. Hedges and trees may still be 
 planted. Puddle the roots well. Keep orchards, hedges, and all crops free from 
 weeds by freipient stirring of the surface or mulching the ground. 
 
 Cattle will continue to receive parsnips and mangolds, a ])ortion of green lye 
 and Italian rye grass. Cheese-making is on the increase. The cows are turned to 
 grass at the latter jjart of this month in most of the country, but they need hay until 
 accustomed to the change, or they may receive part soiling of rye and rye grass with 
 roots. 
 
 Peas require llnic, hotic-powdcr, or marl, to insure a good cro]). 
 
 Cattle need one eighth of an ounce of salt every day. 
 
 Rennet is now j)repared by the following method: One gallon of tliin whey is 
 boiled with a handful of salt and a spoonful of saltpetre ; the solution is then strained, 
 and when it is cooled to the temperature of 98° Fahr. four large maws or rennets 
 are put into it; the whole is placed in a covered jar, and may lie used after standing 
 fourteen days. To this may be added one fourtli jiart alcohol for keeping. A 
 very small quantity of this preparation should be mi.\ed with the food of all 
 young calves, as a preventive against indigestion and consequent diarrhoea. Four 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IK AMEHICA. 197 
 
 ounces of this solution without the alcohol will he sufficient for a cheese of thirty 
 pounds. 
 
 Two jars of rennet should he kept to be used alternately. The rennet-skins may 
 be resalted, dried, and used again the following year if desired. Use no so-called 
 " rennet " manufactured from mineral acids ; only a pure article. 
 
 Wheat, if too heavy, may be topped again, as in April. Weeds must be pulled 
 out of grain crops. Plant maize as soon as the ground is warm enough. Carrots 
 may be cultivated and hoed, and singled out by the end of May, as also parsnips. 
 
 Mangolds need tilling and cleaning with hand-hoe work. Use the prong-hoe 
 and single out the plants. Seize the best plant by the left hand, and tear the rest 
 away with the right hand very abruptly. 
 
 Blanks may be filled by plants thus taken out. 
 
 Eye, barley, vetches, clover, and Italian rye grass will have been the soiling 
 supply for Jersey cattle. The land that is clearerl of these crops is to I)e immediately 
 plowed again. 
 
 Rye grass and lucern will make a succession of cuttings till autumn. 
 
 Irrigate the late-planted trees. Destroy caterpillars and moths upon trees and 
 crops before they scatter from their webs. 
 
 Water the newly-set hedges. Plant maize fields. 
 
 Sow buckwheat for green manure, one bushel to the acre, in drills one foot 
 apart, and cultivate once. 
 
 Ply the cultivator and hoe against all weeds in all crops. 
 
 Early cleanliness and thorough cleanliness are indispensable to success. 
 
 Rich spots in pastures should be mown gradually, and cattle will eat the hay 
 which they would not eat as rank grass. 
 
 Cattle will receive full allowance of green food by the end of the month or 
 before, and will have finished the mangolds. 
 
 There is economy in letting pasture be very forward in growth before stocking it. 
 
 If soiling is adopted calculate the quantity of the different crops according to 
 the number of stock on the farm. 
 
 If cows are pastured it is economy to use the tether. They should always be 
 housed at night and also during the hottest part of the day, \vith at least one feed in 
 the stable and great abundance of pure clean water. 
 
 If cheese is made, pigs are needed to consume the whey and biittermilk. 
 
 Mangolds require the wheel-hoe cultivator, and the second cleaning by the 
 six-tined hand-hoe. 
 
198 .lEllSE ) ■ < A TTFJ-: IX A MERK A . 
 
 Carrots and parsnips must be singled out as early as practicable, at intervals of 
 eight to twelve inches, and kept clean of weeds. 8o\v millet for a crop of hay 
 from the first to the tenth of the month. The maize will require the smoothing-harrow 
 until six to twelve inches higli, two, tliree or more harrowings. Orchard grass ready 
 for soiling. 
 
 Clovers for soiling, vetches and oats also. Clover.s for hay may be mown and 
 early grasses for hay. Look sharp to keep all weeds down this month. Allow no 
 weed to flower and seed. Cut clover and grass for hay oh noon as they hegin to flower, 
 then they are rnost nutritious. 
 
 Thumb-and-finger pruning for apple-trees cannot be neglected this month. 
 
 Let every superfluous growth be pinched off while it is tender and small. 
 
 Keep the pastures well fed, aiid mow the grass that is too rank to be eaten by 
 stock. Allow one or two fields for a reserve in case of drouth. Never allow thistles, 
 weeds and briers to encumber grass lands. Thistles may be spudded in dry seasons, 
 or pulled with tweezers in wet weather. Spread all droppings of cattle within three 
 days. Mow the early meadows. Be careful to guard against hoven upon change of 
 feed. Give the working horses and oxen a plentiful feed of oats. This is the month 
 of most abundant pasture and good soiling crops. Cattle need salt every day. 
 
 Dairy produce is at its height. Change of pasture as often as practicable increases 
 the flow of milk, (rive as great a variety of soiling crops as can be growni. 
 
 Ill the hot days pastured cattle should have one or two feeds of soiling crops in 
 the stalls. The (|iiality of tlic milk will often vary so much for cheese-making as to 
 require a change in the rciiiict. Cheeses inust be very regidarly turned. The 
 temperature of the cheese-room should be kept at tltt° Fahr. Hang wet cloths near 
 the windows and doors or ventilators, to aid in cooling. If there is a current of air 
 in the cheese-room the cheeses must be well covered to prevent hea\'ing and cracking. 
 
 Sow rutabagas from middle of June onward. Sow soiling crops every week. 
 
 Wheat is in full ear. The ])ulk of the hay crop is cured before the middle of 
 this month. The last sowing of millet must be made before the middle of the 
 month. All turnips must be sowed before the first of August. 
 
 Plantings of maize may be made every two weeks until the middle of July. 
 
 Alsike and timothy are now ready for soiling. Green oats should be combined 
 with them in feeding while they last. 
 
 Vetches also, c()ml)ined with oats and ]ieas. The liorse-hoe, or wheel hand culti- 
 vator, is to be kejit moving in all root croiw. The thinning process must be 
 fini.shed for carrots, parsnips and mangolds. Turnips hand-hoed. Weeds kejit down 
 in all fields. Maize ground cultivated, shallow, fine, and level. 
 
 Apples must be thinned on the trees. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3fEIiICA. 199 
 
 Mow all pastures before seeding to prevent smut. 
 
 Pastures must be thinned and soiling increased this month. Thistles destroyed. 
 Keep the dog-trap baited. Make a compost of dogs. Cover the heap with fine 
 earth, and pour on daily diluted sulphuric acid until the bones are all dissolved, or 
 use the bone-mill when the bones are cleaned. 
 
 This is a busy month in meadow, field, stable and the dairy. 
 
 Do not pasture meadows. Keep the stables and the dairy very, very clean 
 and sweet. Milk should be kept by controlling the temperature to the right point. 
 
 Sow barley for autumn soiling, every week. 
 
 Oil wood-work of all tools and machines with petroleum. 
 
 Sow sweet corn every week. 
 
 AUGUST. 
 
 A good time to renovate old pastures and lay down grass lands. 
 
 Wheat, rye and barley grains are generally all harvested before the middle of 
 August in the most northern districts. 
 
 Fodder corn is the great soiling crop, and vetches, millet, timothy and rye grass, 
 with second cut of clover and lucern. Plow in buckwheat while in full bloom for 
 green manure. Sweet corn is the best green crop of this month. Keep up the 
 full flow of milk and the routine of butter or cheese-making. Sow late barley and 
 rye for soiling. 
 
 Grub up and cut bushes and trees in August to destroy them, as they will not 
 sprout. 
 
 SEPTEMBER. 
 
 Apply lime, marl, and natural manures of all sorts and clay to sands. Burn all 
 rubbish. Cut seed clover. Sow the winter vetches, wheat and rye, before the last 
 week in September. Sow winter barley. Sweet corn, vetches, and barley are good 
 soiling feed. 
 
 Harvest and shock the maize ; cure corn stover. The pastures have a fresh 
 growth if there are late rains. The full flow of milk must be kept up in the butter 
 dairy. 
 
 The stock of cheese is large. 
 
 Keep the dog-trap in operation. Dogs make most excellent manure. 
 
 Gather apples. Feed them to cows lightly at first, beginning with two quarts 
 a day ; increase gradually to a half bushel. Run them through a root-ciitter. Never 
 allow the chance of choking animals at any time with apples, roots, or tubers, then 
 you will not need to be on the watch to save the best cow in a dire emergency. 
 
 This is the great month for wheat-sowing, as well as the planting of winter 
 barlej' and rye, with winter vetches, though rye generally does better sown in 
 
200 .JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Sejitember. A half bushel of seed per acre for each grain. In Southern States 
 grains may be planted later. Root-crops are all ready for harvesting. 
 
 Drains may be opened. Ditches cleaned. 
 
 Hedges have last clipping. 
 
 Rats, mice and moles, as well as the dogs, are to be trapped or poisoned this month. 
 
 October is a busy month with the irrigator of water-meadows. The rowen 
 hay is cured. 
 
 Sweet corn and barley are the best green crops of this month. 
 
 Take good care of the stock tliat they do not suffer from the chilly weather and 
 cold rains. Get all the cattle up early to the stables, so as to be prepared for winter 
 in the northern districts by the month of November. Oil wood-work and metal 
 again when tools and machines are stored for the winter. Always have a place for 
 each implement, and wlien not in use the implement should be iu its place in the 
 tool-house. 
 
 NOVEMBER. 
 
 Keep up the full flow of milk with green barley and corn stover. 
 
 Finish harvesting turnips, carrots and mangolds. Parsnips may remain in the 
 ground. Plant prim hedges. Continue ditching and draining. 
 
 Put the water-meadows and irrigating works in perfect order, or build them, if 
 land is suited for irrigation. Carrots pull easily after a soaking rain. 
 
 Use a heavy roller for the land during irrigation. Turn off the water on the 
 mild Indian summer mornings, and there will be a beautiful green growth of grass. 
 
 Cheese-factory work has generally suspended, but the butter dairy must be 
 made perjjetual. Sow wheat in Gulf States. Breed cows for winter dairy. 
 
 DECEMliKK. 
 
 The month is varial>le. The Indian summer is generally cut short a week 
 before Christmas, sometimes nmcli earlier, by very cold ice-making weather. 
 
 This will necessitate the stopping of draining and all field operations, which 
 should be well finished before winter sets in. 
 
 Commence ice-harvesting as soon as a sufficient dejjth is frozen, which is from 
 eight to twelve inches. 
 
 If you have water-meadows they need as much care as during any month of the 
 year. Let the water flow unchanged during the severest frost, and change the water 
 upon mild mornings. 
 
 Cattle must be kept warm, dry and clean, the butter dairy in full operation, 
 with corn stover, oatmeal and carrots fed in the stalls. 
 
 The drinking-water should always be tempered to about 65°, and esjjecially not 
 neglected in autumn and 8j>ring months. Keep the stables well ventilated and 
 comfortable for all Jerseys, old and yoiuig. Breed cows for winter butter dairy. 
 
JERiiEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 BREEDER'S CALENDAR. 
 Average Table of Gestatiox fok Jersey 
 
 Datk of Service. 
 
 Due to Calve. 
 
 Dateo 
 
 ' Service. 
 
 Due TO 
 
 :ai,ve. 
 
 Date of Service. 
 
 Due to Calve. 
 
 Jail. 1 . . . . 
 
 . . . . Oct. 8. 
 
 Feb 
 
 4.... 
 
 ...Nfn 
 
 . 11. 
 
 Marc 
 
 1 10. ... 
 
 .... Dec 
 
 . 15. 
 
 " 2 . . . . 
 
 9 
 
 u 
 
 .5 
 
 
 T* 
 
 
 
 ,j 
 
 16. 
 17. 
 
 " 3.... 
 
 . ... •' 10. 
 
 « 
 
 6 
 
 
 13. 
 
 " 
 
 12.... 
 
 " 
 
 « 4.... 
 
 . . . . " 11. 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 « 
 
 13 ... . 
 
 « 
 
 18 
 
 " 5.... 
 
 . ... '• 12. 
 
 u 
 
 s 
 
 
 15 
 
 u 
 
 14.... 
 
 
 19 
 
 " 6.... 
 
 . . . . " 13. 
 
 u 
 
 9 
 
 
 16 
 
 u 
 
 15.. . . 
 
 u 
 
 9fl 
 
 " 7. . . . 
 
 . ... " 14. 
 
 - 
 
 10.... 
 
 
 17. 
 
 
 16.. .. 
 
 " 
 
 21. 
 
 " 8 . . . . 
 
 . . . . " 15. 
 
 " 
 
 11. ... 
 
 
 18. 
 
 " 
 
 17.... 
 
 " 
 
 22. 
 
 " 9 
 
 . " 16. 
 
 i> 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 (I 
 
 18.... 
 19 
 
 (( 
 
 
 " 10 
 
 ... " 17. 
 
 a 
 
 13.... 
 
 
 %\ 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 ^\ 
 
 " 11 ... . 
 
 . ... " 18. 
 ... " 19. 
 
 n 
 
 14.... 
 
 15 ... . 
 
 
 21. 
 
 22. 
 
 " 
 
 20 . . . 
 
 „ 
 
 9,5 
 
 " 12.... 
 
 21.... 
 
 " 
 
 26. 
 
 " 13 
 
 . " 20. 
 
 " 
 
 16.... 
 17.... 
 
 
 23. 
 24. 
 
 
 22.... 
 23 ... . 
 
 ,, 
 
 ^"i 
 
 " l-l.... 
 
 . ... " 21. 
 
 28. 
 
 " 15.... 
 
 . ... " 22. 
 
 " 
 
 18.... 
 
 
 25. 
 
 " 
 
 24.... 
 
 ... " 
 
 29. 
 
 " 16 
 
 . ... " 23. 
 ... " 24. 
 
 ... " 25. 
 ... " 26. 
 
 u 
 
 19 
 
 
 26. 
 
 27. 
 28. 
 29. 
 
 " 
 
 25.... 
 26.... 
 
 ■■■ I 
 
 SO 
 
 " 17.... 
 
 20.... 
 21. ... 
 
 22.... 
 
 
 31 
 
 " 18 ... 
 
 27 
 
 Jail 
 
 1 
 
 " 19.... 
 
 28 ... . 
 
 
 2. 
 
 " 20 
 
 ... - 27. 
 ... " 28. 
 
 i. 
 
 23 
 
 
 30. 
 1. 
 
 " 
 
 29 ... . 
 30.... 
 
 u 
 
 ?, 
 
 " 21.... 
 
 24.... 
 
 ...Dec 
 
 4. 
 
 " 22 ... . 
 
 ... " 29. 
 
 
 25 ... . 
 
 
 2. 
 
 
 31 ... . 
 
 ... " 
 
 5. 
 
 " 23 ... . 
 
 . . " 30. 
 
 
 26 ... . 
 
 
 3 
 
 Apri 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 6 
 
 " 24.... 
 
 ... " 31. 
 
 >' 
 
 27.... 
 
 
 4. 
 
 2.... 
 
 " 
 
 7. 
 
 " 25 ... . 
 
 ...Nov. 1. 
 
 
 28.... 
 
 
 5. 
 
 
 3 . . . . 
 
 ... " 
 
 8. 
 
 " 26.... 
 
 . . . '• 2. 
 
 Marcl 
 
 1.... 
 
 
 6. 
 
 
 4.... 
 
 ... " 
 
 9. 
 
 " 27.... 
 
 ..." 3. 
 ... " 4. 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 7. 
 8. 
 
 » 
 
 5.... 
 6.... 
 
 « 
 
 10 
 
 « 28.... 
 
 3.... 
 
 
 11. 
 
 " 29.... 
 
 ... " 5. 
 
 " 
 
 4.... 
 
 
 9. 
 
 " 
 
 7.... 
 
 ... " 
 
 12. 
 
 " 30.... 
 
 ... " 6. 
 
 " 
 
 5.... 
 
 
 10. 
 
 " 
 
 8.... 
 
 ... " 
 
 13. 
 
 " 31 ... . 
 
 ... " 7. 
 
 ... " 8. 
 
 " 
 
 6 . . . 
 
 
 11. 
 
 12. 
 
 " 
 
 9.... 
 10. ... 
 
 ... " 
 
 14 
 
 Feb. 1.... 
 
 7.... 
 
 
 15. 
 
 " 2 . . . . 
 
 ..." 9. 
 
 - 
 
 8 
 
 
 13. 
 
 " 
 
 11... . 
 
 
 16. 
 
 " 3.... 
 
 ... " 10. 
 
 u 
 
 9.... 
 
 
 14. 
 
 « 
 
 12.... 
 
 " 
 
 17. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 I)aT« op SiRVlCE. 
 
 > Calve, j Date op Service. Due to Calve, i Date op Service. 
 
 Mav 
 
 ril 13 Jail. IS. I May 2-1 Feb. 20. 
 
 , Fel). 
 
 June 
 July 
 
 20. 
 
 " 24.... 
 
 . . . . " 28. 
 
 21. 
 
 '• 25.... 
 
 . ...Marclil. 
 
 22. 
 
 " 2G.... 
 
 . ... " 2. 
 
 23. 
 
 " 27.... 
 
 .... " 3. 
 
 2+. 
 
 " 28.... 
 
 .... " 4. 
 
 25. 
 
 " 29 . . . 
 
 .... •' 5. 
 
 2G. 
 
 " 30 .... 
 
 . . . . " 6. 
 
 27. 
 
 " 31.... 
 
 . . . . '■ 7. 
 
 28. 
 
 June 1 . . . . 
 
 . . . . " 8. 
 
 29. 
 
 '• 2.... 
 
 . . . . " 9. 
 
 30. 
 
 " 3 . . . . 
 
 . ... " 1(1. 
 
 31.. 
 
 " 4.... 
 
 . ... •• 11. 
 
 1. 
 
 " 5 . . . . 
 
 .... '• 12. 
 
 2. 
 
 " 
 
 .... '• 13. 
 
 3. 
 
 " 7.... 
 
 . . . . '• 14. 
 
 4. 
 
 '• 8.... 
 
 . . . . •• 15. 
 
 fi 
 
 '• 9 
 
 '• IG 
 
 0. 
 
 '• 10.... 
 
 .... •• 17. 
 
 7. 
 
 " 11.... 
 
 ... •• 18. 
 
 8. 
 
 " 12.... 
 
 . . . . '• 19. 
 
 9. 
 
 " 13.... 
 
 .... " 20. 
 
 10. 
 
 '• 14.... 
 
 .... " 21. 
 
 11. 
 
 " 15.... 
 
 .... " 22. 
 
 12. 
 
 " 16.... 
 
 .... " 23. 
 
 13. 
 
 " 17.... 
 
 . . . . " 24. 
 
 14. 
 
 " 18.... 
 
 . . . . " 25. 
 
 15. 
 
 " 19.... 
 
 .... " 26. 
 
 16. 
 
 '> 20.... 
 
 . . . . '* 27. 
 
 17. 
 
 " 21.... 
 
 . ... " 28. 
 
 18. 
 
 '• 22 ... . 
 
 . ... '• 29. 
 
 19. 
 
 " 23.... 
 
 . . . . " 30. 
 
 20. 
 
 " 24.... 
 
 . ... " 31. 
 
 21. 
 
 '• 25.... 
 
 ....April 1. 
 
 22. 
 
 " 26.... 
 
 . . . . '• 2. 
 
 23. 
 
 '• 27.... 
 
 . . . . " 3. 
 
 24. 
 
 " 28.... 
 
 . . . . " 4. 
 
 25. 
 
 " 29.... 
 
 . . . . " 5. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 LETo Calve 
 . April 6, 
 
 30. 
 .May 1. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA 
 
 Datb of 
 
 Sertios. 
 
 Doi TO Calve. | 
 
 Date of 
 
 Service. 
 
 Doe to Calve. 1 
 
 Date of Service. 
 
 Doe to Calve. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 8.... 
 
 ...May 
 
 15. 
 
 Sept 
 
 16.... 
 
 . . . . June 23. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 25 ... . 
 
 ....Aug. 1. 
 
 " 
 
 9.... 
 
 . . . . " 
 
 16. 
 
 " 
 
 17.. .. 
 
 . ... "24. 
 
 " 
 
 26.... 
 
 .... " 2. 
 
 a 
 
 10.... 
 
 11.... 
 
 12.... 
 
 :::: : 
 
 I'i'. 
 
 18. 
 19. 
 
 ;; 
 
 18. ... 
 19 
 
 . . . . "25. 
 " 26 
 
 " 
 
 27 
 
 . . " 3. 
 
 ,( 
 
 28.... 
 29.... 
 
 " 4 
 
 " 
 
 20.... 
 
 . ... " 27. 
 
 .... " 5. 
 
 " 
 
 13.... 
 
 .... " 
 
 20. 
 
 " 
 
 21.... 
 
 . . . . "28. 
 
 « 
 
 30.... 
 
 " 6. 
 
 " 
 
 14.... 
 
 . . . . " 
 
 21. 
 
 " 
 
 22 . . . 
 
 . . . . " 29. 
 
 « 
 
 31.... 
 
 .... " 7. 
 
 u 
 
 15.... 
 
 « 
 
 9,9, 
 
 " 
 
 23 ... . 
 
 . ... " 30. 
 
 ^ov 
 
 1.... 
 
 .... " 8. 
 
 11 
 
 16.... 
 17.... 
 18.... 
 19.... 
 20.... 
 21.... 
 22.. .. 
 
 . . . . " 
 
 23. 
 24. 
 
 25. 
 26. 
 27. 
 28. 
 29. 
 30. 
 
 Ocl 
 
 24.... 
 25 ... . 
 
 26 
 
 ....July 1. 
 
 ..." 2. 
 " 3. 
 
 
 2 . . 
 
 .... " 9. 
 
 ,1 
 
 3... 
 
 .... "10. 
 
 41 
 
 4... 
 5... 
 6 
 
 " 11. 
 
 ,, 
 
 27 
 
 " 4. 
 
 " 12. 
 
 u 
 
 28.... 
 
 . . . . " 5. 
 
 ... " 13. 
 
 ,1 
 
 29 
 
 " 6. 
 
 7.... 
 8. . . 
 
 " 14 
 
 u 
 
 30.... 
 . 1.... 
 
 .... " 7. 
 .... " 8. 
 
 .... "15. 
 
 '. 
 
 23.... 
 
 " 
 
 9... 
 
 .... "16. 
 
 " 
 
 24.... 
 
 .... " 
 
 31. 
 
 " 
 
 2.... 
 
 .... " 9. 
 
 « 
 
 10... 
 
 .... "17. 
 
 a 
 
 25 ... . 
 26 ... . 
 
 June 1. 
 
 " 2 
 
 " 
 
 3.... 
 
 .... " 10. 
 
 " 
 
 11... 
 12 
 
 " 18. 
 
 <, 
 
 4... 
 
 .... " 11. 
 
 . " 19. 
 
 u 
 
 27 ... . 
 
 
 3. 
 
 44 
 
 5... 
 
 .... " 12. 
 
 44 
 
 13. . . 
 
 .... " 20. 
 
 J. 
 
 28 . . . 
 
 44 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 ,4 
 
 6 
 
 . " 13. 
 
 " 
 
 14... 
 15... 
 
 " 21. 
 
 " 
 
 29.... 
 
 " 
 
 7. .. 
 
 .... " 14. 
 
 .... "22. 
 
 " 
 
 30... 
 
 .... " 
 
 6. 
 
 " 
 
 8... 
 
 .... " 15. 
 
 " 
 
 16. .. 
 
 .... " 23. 
 
 " 
 
 31... 
 
 .... " 
 
 7. 
 
 " 
 
 9... 
 
 .... " 16. 
 
 " 
 
 17... 
 
 .... "24. 
 
 Sept 
 
 . 1... 
 
 .... " 
 
 8. 
 
 " 
 
 10 . . . 
 
 .... " 17. 
 
 " 
 
 19... 
 
 " 25. 
 
 i> 
 
 2. . . 
 
 U 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 
 " 
 
 11... 
 12... 
 13... 
 14... 
 
 .... " 18. 
 .... " 19. 
 .... " 20. 
 .... " 21. 
 
 " 
 
 20 . . . 
 21... 
 
 "26. 
 
 11 
 
 3... 
 4... 
 
 5... 
 
 :;:: [ 
 
 "27. 
 
 „ 
 
 2^ 
 
 " 28. 
 
 " 
 
 23 . . . 
 
 "29. 
 
 u 
 
 6 . 
 
 
 . 13. 
 14. 
 
 " 
 
 15... 
 16... 
 
 " 22. 
 .... " 23. 
 
 44 
 
 24.. . 
 25... 
 
 "30. 
 
 " 
 
 7. . . 
 
 " 
 
 "31. 
 
 " 
 
 8... 
 
 .... « 
 
 15. 
 
 " 
 
 17... 
 
 .... " 24. 
 
 « 
 
 26... 
 
 Sept. 1. 
 
 44 
 
 9 . 
 
 4, 
 
 16. 
 17. 
 
 18 
 
 " 
 
 18... 
 19 
 
 .... " 25. 
 .... " 26. 
 
 " 
 
 27... 
 28... 
 29... 
 
 " 2. 
 
 44 
 
 10... 
 11. . . 
 
 .... " 
 
 " 3. 
 
 44 
 
 2(» 
 
 .... " 27. 
 
 " 4. 
 
 44 
 
 12... 
 13... 
 
 44 
 
 19. 
 20. 
 
 44 
 
 21... 
 22... 
 
 .... " 28. 
 .... " 29. 
 
 Dec 
 
 30 . 
 
 " 5. 
 
 " 
 
 .. 1 . . . 
 
 " 6. 
 
 (4 
 
 14. .. 
 15... 
 
 " 
 
 21. 
 
 99. 
 
 " 
 
 23... 
 24... 
 
 .... " 31. 
 .... " 31. 
 
 " 
 
 2 
 
 " 7 
 
 44 
 
 3... 
 
 " 8. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 4TB OF SbBVIOB. 
 
 Dob to Caltb. 
 
 Datb of Skbvice. 
 
 DdbtoCalvb. 
 
 Datb of Sbbtiob. 
 
 Dub to Caltb. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 4.... 
 
 ...Sept 
 
 . W. 
 
 Dec 
 
 14.... 
 
 . . . Sept 
 
 .19. 
 
 Dec 
 
 23... 
 
 . . . Sept. 28. 
 
 u 
 
 5.... 
 
 
 u 
 
 10. 
 
 11. 
 
 ., 
 
 15 
 
 
 20. 
 21. 
 
 u 
 
 24 ... . 
 
 25..., 
 
 . . " 29. 
 
 " 
 
 1(1. ... 
 
 " 
 
 .... " 30. 
 
 " 
 
 7.... 
 
 . . . . " 
 
 12. 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 22. 
 
 " 
 
 26 ... . 
 
 ....Oct. 1. 
 
 u 
 
 8 
 
 a 
 
 13. 
 U 
 
 " 
 
 18.... 
 19.... 
 
 
 23. 
 9,4 
 
 .. 
 
 27 
 
 2 
 
 u 
 
 9.... 
 
 u 
 
 28 ... . 
 
 .... " 3. 
 
 u 
 
 10.... 
 11.... 
 
 . . . . " 
 
 15. 
 16. 
 
 :: 
 
 21) 
 
 
 25. 
 26. 
 
 
 29... 
 30 .... 
 
 " 4. 
 
 " 
 
 21.... 
 
 
 .... " 0. 
 
 " 
 
 12.... 
 
 . . . . " 
 
 17. 
 
 " 
 
 22.... 
 
 
 27. 
 
 «' 
 
 31.... 
 
 .... " 6. 
 
 " 
 
 13.... 
 
 . . . . " 
 
 IS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AVERAGE PERIOD OF GESTATION IN RACES OF ANIMALS. 
 
 Elephant 2 years. 
 
 Camel 1 year. 
 
 Buffalo 1 '• 
 
 Mare 340 days. 
 
 281 " 
 
 240 " 
 
 144 " 
 
 144 " 
 
 120 " 
 
 63 " 
 
 Cow .... 
 Reindeer 
 Sheep . . . 
 Goat .... 
 Sow . . . , 
 
 Cat 56 
 
 Eab])it 28 
 
 Swan sit8 42 
 
 Gocjse " 30 
 
 Duck " 30 
 
 Pea Hen " 28 
 
 Turkey " 28 
 
 Guinea Fowl " 28 
 
 Hen " ; 21 
 
 Canary " 14 
 
 Pigeon " 14 
 
 The longest recorded period of gestation in the cow is 313 days. 
 
 The shortest period in which the calf survived was a Jersey born at the sev 
 month. 
 
 MEASUREMENTS OF HAY, CORN, ICE AND ROOTS. 
 
 enth 
 
 One cubic foot of bale hay weighs 9 pounds. 
 One cubic foot of pressed hay weighs 25 pounds. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 305 
 
 Five hundred and twelve cubic feet of hay weigh one ton in mow. 
 
 Two cubic feet of sound corn in ear will make one bushel of shelled corn. 
 
 One cubic foot of ice weighs 57^ pounds, and sustains a weight of more than 
 1500 pounds in its natural position. 
 
 In building ice-houses allow one ton of ice to thirty-four cubic feet of space. 
 An acre of ice one foot in thickness wiU yield about 1300 tons. 
 
 To find the number of bushels of carrots or mangolds in a bin multiply the 
 length, breadth, and thickness together, and this product by 8, and point off one figure 
 in the product for decimal. 
 
 One cubic foot of water measures 8 gallons and weighs 12 pounds. 
 
 One (juart of milk weighs 2.15 pounds. 
 
 NUMBER OF PLANTS i''Ol4 AN ACRK. 
 
 1 foot by 1 foot 43,560 
 
 1^ feet by 1^ feet 19,630 
 
 2 feet by 1 foot 21,780 
 
 2 feet by 2 feet 10,890 
 
 2i feet by 2i feet 6,960 
 
 3 feet by \ foot 29,040 
 
 3 feet by 1 foot 14,520 
 
 3 feet by 2 feet 7,260 
 
 3 feet by 3 feet 4,840 
 
 3i feet by 3^ feet 3,555 
 
 4 feet by ^ foot 21,780 
 
 4 feet by 1 foot 10,890 
 
 4 feet by 2 feet 5,445 
 
 4 feet by 3 feet 3,630 
 
 4 feet by 4 feet 2,722 
 
 30 feet by 30 feet 48 
 
 33 feet by 33 feet 40 
 
 40 feet by 40 feet 27 
 
 IRKIGATION. 
 
 In a country like our own, containing every variety of soil and climate, and 
 subject to the most variable degrees of rainfall in its different parts — a country of 
 abundant sunshine, a land of streams and great lakes, and yet subject to the 
 severest drouths, extending over large areas — a land, too, where there is a greater 
 waste of fertilizing material than in any other part of the civilized world — in such 
 a country the need of irrigation is great and continually growing. 
 
206 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Drouths occur anuually, of more or less severity, in almost every section, while 
 severer drouths occur periodically every third year, and still greater drouths about 
 every decade. Again, large portions of our western domain are under a state of 
 perpetual drouth, but only require that the mountain streams and the mighty rivers 
 of the great valleys be made to flow over them to induce the highest state of fertility. 
 
 It is a grievous thing to hear a wail of complaint from every quarter of the land 
 during a time of drouth, while every portion of the country is intersected with 
 brooks, rivulets and mighty floods of water running unheeded and unused to the 
 unfilled sea. 
 
 An incident will illustrate how a small stream may sometimes be utilized. On 
 my native liomestead, in Connecticut, there flows a small trout-brook, and on one 
 occasion, during a time of the severest drouth ever known in that part of tlie country, 
 we had a field of corn bordered by the brook. At the time when the maize should 
 have been making its most rapid growth, instead of waving its broad fresh leaves 
 in every breeze, it began to wilt and lose its color, rolling up its leaves, and 
 not receiving moisture enough from the air to allow them to unroll at night. In 
 such a case the maize crop becomes worthless in a few days, unless it can be saved 
 by irrigation. There was an abundant flow of water in the brook, and it was but 
 the work of a few minutes with a shovel and pieces of boards to constrnct a suitable 
 dam. In a few hours the whole field was saturated to the depth of about six 
 or more inches, when the dam was taken up and the stream allowed to go its way. 
 The result was a crop of one hundred bushels of ears to the acre when other fields 
 unirrigated had a yield so small as to be scarcely worth harvesting. 
 
 Water.* 
 
 " This most important of all liquids occurs in nature in all the three states of 
 aggregation which substances are capable of assuming. 
 
 " In its solid state, as ice, and in its liquid form, it covers at least three fourths of 
 tlie entire surface of the earth. It constitutes about three fourths of the weight of 
 living plants and animals, and enters largely into the composition of many mineral 
 matters. In a gaseous form it continually evaporates from the surface of the eartli, 
 rises as watery vapors, which, in the colder regions of the atmosphere, become 
 condensed into clouds, and is, without doubt, the most abundant substance we meet 
 with on the face of the earth. It is never found in nature in a state of perfect 
 purity ; but pure water can easily be obtained from almost any kind of natural water, 
 by the simple process of distillation. Distilled or pure water, on evaporation, does 
 not leave the slightest residue, and none of the ordinary chemical tests produce any 
 change in its appearance. Pure or distilled water, from whatsoever natural source 
 
 * Morton's Encyclopedia, Professor .Vugust Voclckcr. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IR AMEBIC A. 307 
 
 it may have been obtained, invariably is a chemical compound of two simple or 
 elementary gases, hydrogen and oxygen. Every nine jjounds of water always contain 
 eight pounds of oxygen and one pound of hydrogen ; or in one hundred pounds of 
 water there are 88.88 pounds of oxygen and 11.11 pounds of hydrogen. 
 
 " Water freezes at 32° Fahr., or at 0° Celcius, and 0° Eeaumur, and boils, and 
 becomes converted into watery vapor or steam, at 212° Fahr., or 100° Celcius, 
 or 80° Eeaumur. The evaporation of water, however, not only proceeds at an 
 elevated temperature, but takes j^lace, under favorable circumstances, at all degrees 
 of heat ; and even in the form of ice, water slowly, it is true, but steadily, evaporates 
 on exposure to a dry atmosphere. The rapidity M'ith which water is changed into 
 vapor depends mainly on the temperature of the surrounding air, its degree of 
 dryness (its hygroscopic condition), its amount of pressure, and the speed with which 
 the air, charged with watery vapors, is replaced by a dry current. Thence tlie 
 drying effect of a hot sunshine and of a strong and dry wind. 
 
 " During the evaporation of water a considerable amount of cold is produced, 
 arising from the circumstance that water, in a gaseous state, contains a much larger 
 amount of latent or imperceptible heat, i.e., heat which is not indicated by our 
 thermometers. The heat necessary to change liquid water into vapor is abstracted 
 from surrounding warmer bodies, and consequently we feel the sensation of cold. 
 
 "Thus we are liable to catch culd when ^\i' sit down in wet clothes, but seldom 
 feel any inconvenience from a shower uf rain which may have surprised us, if we 
 take strong bodily exercise, and thereby supply the heat which is removed fmm our 
 bodies by the evaporation of the moisture from our wet garments. 
 
 " The atmosphere always contains water in an invisible form, and i.s capable of 
 keeping in perfect solution a larger quantity of moisture at a more elevated 
 temperature than at a lower. 
 
 "Water is not merely indispensable to animal and vegetable life, but also to the 
 very existence of many purely inorganic compounds. 
 
 " The principal varieties of natural waters are : rain water, well-spring water, 
 river water, sea water, and mineral waters. 
 
 " Rain water, having undergone a kind of natural distillation, especially when 
 collected in remote country districts, is the purest of all natural waters. On evapora- 
 tion it scarcely leaves a trace of fixed matters, and is contaminated only Math minute 
 traces of impurities, which the rain washes out of the air. The rain water collected 
 in towns is less pure. Besides the usual atmospheric impurities, such rain water 
 contains organic and inorganic matters which the rain washes out of the frequently 
 dense, smoky town atmosphere, or dissolves from the roofs of houses. The organic 
 
208 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 iinpuritu's impart iiiitu it a yellowisli culor, more ol>serva])k' in water kept some 
 time. 
 
 "The same impurities are likewise tlie cause of tlie ]>utriil smell which such 
 rain water assumes on keepiiig. 
 
 " The more important of the gaseous impurities collected in rain water are carbonic 
 acid and ammonia, and, especially during thunder-storms, nitric acid. They are 
 washed out of the air by the falling rain, and, as might be expected, the first shower 
 contains a larger amoimt of carbonic acid and ammonia than the rain which descends 
 after a succession of rainy days. 
 
 "The amount of ammonia in the air is ever variable, and for that reason rain 
 
 water cannot contain always the same quantity of this valuable fertilizing substance. 
 
 At any rate, the amount of ammonia and nitric acid in rain water is so small that at 
 
 least twenty gallons are requisite for ascertaining their relative proportions. From 
 
 the average results of M. Barral's analyses of the rain water collected at Paris, it has 
 
 been calculated that in the course of a year the following quantities of nitric acid 
 
 and ammonia are brought down from the air, by the rain falling, on every English 
 
 acre : 
 
 Lbs. Xitrogen, lbs. 
 
 Ammonia 12.29 = 10.69 
 
 Kitrie Acid 41.2-1: = 10.12 
 
 " Supposing our annual rainfall to lie twenty-eight inches, according to Professor 
 "Way's analyses, the following amount of ammonia and nitric acid would be poured 
 down yearly on every English acre : 
 
 Lbs. Xitrogcn, lbs. 
 
 Ammonia 28.59 = 23. 5i 
 
 Nitric Acid CS.Ol = 17.88 
 
 "It thus appears that the rain which falls in a j-ear conveys to the soil a 
 considerable quantity of two of the most beneficial fertilizers. 
 
 WEIX-SPEING AND RIVER WATERS. 
 
 " Water being a solvent for many mineral and organic matters, necessarily must 
 become contaminated with some of the materials of which the strata are composed 
 through which it flows ; and as different strata are composed of a variety of mineral 
 matters, differing greatly in solubility, spring water, according to the nature of the 
 rocks and soils through which it passes, must always contain a smaller or larger 
 quantity of various mineral substances. 
 
 " Sometimes spring waters contain so large a quantity of mineral substances in 
 solution that they acquire a saline taste — they are then called mineral waters. 
 
 "The ])ure.st kinds of spring waters are those which i-isc in granite districts, or in 
 
DUKE OF DARLINGTON 2460. 
 
 Mphui^llwUr T,„,.^ 
 DAULIXGTOX HHIU). 
 B. I)AltI,IN(i. RaMSKYS, Nkw jKliSKY. 
 
PEDRO ALPHEA 13,889. 
 
 AT 4 YEARS OLD. 
 
 Test, One Day, 3 lbs. 11 oz. 
 
 Eurotas Type. 
 
 FAIEVIEW HERD. 
 
 6. AND H. B. Cromwell, New Dorp, P. O. Staten Island, N. Y. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 209 
 
 localities abounding in sands and rocks, which are principally composed of silicious 
 elements. One of the purest natural waters is that of the Laka, in the north of 
 Sweden. It contains only one twenty-sixth of a grain of solid mineral matter in the 
 imperial gallon, and is admirably well adapted for the making of filtering paper. 
 
 " On the other hand, water which rises in calcareous districts, or which flows over 
 soils and rocks abounding in lime, is very impure, as it contains invariably a large 
 quantity of mineral matters, more especially lime. 
 
 " The drinking-water of Cirencester contains about forty-four grains of 
 soUd mineral matters to tlie imperial gallon, and some other waters a miich larger 
 quantity. 
 
 " Good drinking-water ought to be perfectly clear, colorless, odorless, tasteless, 
 and uniformly cold at all seasons. The presence of much oi-ganic matters renders 
 water disagreeable to the taste, and unwholesome. Inattention to this circunistance 
 has often been productive of serious and fatal disease. Well water is liable to 
 become contaminated with these injurious impurities. 
 
 "• In sinking a well, the neighborhood of farm-yards, grave-yards, and all places 
 where refuse matters accumulate ought to be avoided, particularly if the soil in the 
 locality is silicious, or of a porous nature, which favors percolation of the surface 
 water. This also shows how desirable it is to prevent the accumulation of the 
 droppings of animals in open yards ; for not only will the rains that fall upon them 
 wash out their most valuable constituents, and thus deteriorate the value of tlie 
 manure, but the well water in the neighborhood is liable to become adulterated with 
 unwholesome impurities. 
 
 " In all M^ell-manured and porous soils the organic substances of the manure give 
 rise to the production of nitrates, a class of compounds remarkable for their high 
 fertilizing powers. 
 
 " The use of leaden pipes for conducting drinking-water ought to be avoided. 
 Should the water assume a decidedly brownish or black color on the addition of 
 sulphuretted hydrogen water, it may be inferred that it contains in solution a quantity 
 of lead which cannot be introduced in the human organism without causing the 
 most serious consequences. 
 
 BIVEE WATER. 
 
 " Like spring and well waters, river waters contain a variable quantity of soUd 
 matters ; but, generally speaking, river water in most instances is softer than the 
 well or spring waters in its neighborhood, and for this reason it is better adapted for 
 general purposes than spring or well waters. 
 
 " Carbonate and sulphate of lime, or gypsum, constitute the chief portion of the 
 solid matters which are left on evaporation ; besides these compounds, ordinary 
 spring, well and river waters usually contain variable quantities of common salt, 
 
210 JERSEY CATTLE JX AMEIUCA. 
 
 sulpliate of soda, sulphate of potasli, carbonate of mafiiiesia, silica, inm, alumina, 
 phosphoric acid, and organic matters. 
 
 " River waters generally hold variable quantities of suspended matters, dependent 
 upon locality and state of weather ; and thereby are rendered more or less turbid 
 or muddy. 
 
 " The particles of suspended matters do not always readily sul)side, and river 
 water, for that reason, must usually be filtered, or otherwise purified, before it can 
 be employed for domestic purposes. Thus even unwholesome and turbid water, 
 by the use of the water-filter, can be rendered wholesome and clear. 
 
 " Simple filtration, however, does not remove to any extent the several consti- 
 tuents contained in natural waters, and cannot, for tliis reason, be restarted to for the 
 jnirpose of rendering a hard water soft. 
 
 IKKKJATKlX WATER. 
 
 " Prejudicial as arc the organic impurities in water to animal life, they nuiterially 
 benefit the growth of plants ; consequently a water intended to l)e used for irrigation 
 will be all the better for containing a good proportion of organic substances. Hence 
 no water is so useful for irrigation as sewage water, or a natural water into which the 
 sewage of towns finds its way ; for water of that description invariably contains a 
 considerable amount of putrefying animal and vegetable remain.s, partly in a state of 
 perfect solution, partly in suspension. But as many natural waters are employed 
 for irrigation with much benefit, although they contain mere traces of orgaTiic 
 substances, the beneficial results attending irrigation cannot be due entirely to 
 the organic matters deposited on the soil in the passage of the water over it. The 
 inorganic substances contained in all natural waters ccrtaiidy must contribute 
 to their general beneficial effects ; for several of tiie mineral constituents of spring 
 and river waters are known to l)e excellent fertilizers. 
 
 "There are few natural waters whicli do not contain an appreciable quantity of 
 salts of potash and soda, sulphate of lime, and solulde silica; and as all tiiese com- 
 pounds are calculated to promote the healthy and luxuriant growth of plants, most 
 natural waters must exercise a beneficial action on vegetation, partly on account of 
 their mineral constituents. In niany waters known to be well adapted for irrigation 
 we have also detected a small amount of phosphoric acid, or, more correctly speaking, 
 of phosphate of lime or bone-earth ; and though the i)ercentage of phosphoric acid 
 in water is but trifling, yet, considering the large quantities which run over irrigated 
 land, an absolute amount of phosphate of lime is conveyed on it, which is equivalent 
 to a good dressing of bones. 
 
 "Some natural waters are much riclier in alkaline salts than others, and perliajis, 
 partly for that reason, some kinds pn)duce a more marked effect on vegetation than 
 others. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 311 
 
 " However, we believe tl le beneficial effects attending irrigation cannot be referred 
 entirely to the organic and inorganic fertilizing substances wliieli all waters contain. 
 But as we are not inquiring into the full causes of these effects, and are only speaking 
 of the qualities of irrigation water, we sliall content ourselves by observing that there 
 is scarcely any natural water, however poor in solid nmtters, which cannot be employed 
 with advantage for irrigation purposes. 
 
 " While experience teaches that all ordinary spring and river waters are capable 
 of being employed with advantage by the irrigator, it also inf onus us that some 
 kinds of natural waters produce much more striking effects on vegetation in 
 irrigation than others. 
 
 " As a general rule, it may be stated that the value of a water, for the purpose of 
 the irrigator, depends first and chiefly on the quality, and second, upon the quantity 
 of the solid matter it contains. 
 
 " The streams or sjjrings which flow from or over limestone districts, and especially 
 those which have their origin in the lower strata of limestone rt)cks, are particularly 
 characterized by fertilizing properties. In the opinion of many practical men it is 
 the lime in these waters which causes the green, fresh, and luxuriant appearance of 
 the hei'bage ; and lime, consequently, is regarded by them as the most valuable 
 ingredient of the water. Lime, no doubt, is a useful fertihzing agent ; and water 
 containing a considerable proportion of this substance necessarily must exercise a 
 highly beneficial action when allowed to flow over land naturally deficient in lime. 
 
 " Most soils, however, contain proportions of lime amply sufficient to supply all 
 the wants of the growing plant ; and almost all natural waters, likewise, contain this 
 substance in considerable quantities. 
 
 " In the majority of cases we are not warranted to ascribe to lime alone the -whole 
 or even the principal share of the chemical influence which water may exercise when 
 employed for irrigation. Now the springs which rise in the lower strata in limestone 
 rocks we have ascertained invariably contain proportions of alkaline salts and phos- 
 phoric acid which are larger than those usually found in natural waters ; and as 
 alkaline salts and phosphoric acid belong to the most valuable fertilizing substances, 
 we are inclined to ascribe the superior fertilizing action of these waters, as far a# is 
 dependent on chemical substances, not to the presence of lime, but to that of a 
 considerable proportion of alkaline salts and phosphoric acid." 
 
 Watek-Meadows.* 
 "Watering meadows, or the system of applying liquid to further the growth of 
 the permanent grasses, is a custom very peculiarly localized, botli in England and on 
 the Continent. 
 
 Morton's Encyclopiedia, Hugh Raynbird. 
 
212 jehsky cattle IX amerkw. 
 
 "While in the latter we see irrigation practised largely in hot climates, as in the 
 south of Spain, in Persia (whence the Persian wheel), in China, where the mechan- 
 ical contrivances for this purpose are ingenious, though simple ; and in Egypt, 
 where the natural and annual irrigation of the Nile leads to productive harvests ; yet, 
 with the exception of the rich meadows of Lombardy, and in the mountain slopes 
 of Switzerland, we find that this irrigation is confiued principally to the growth of 
 vegetables and tliu cultivation of grain crops, and docs not come under the view of 
 water-meadows. 
 
 " In England we find the custom of watering confined to a few of the southern 
 counties ; for although successful instances (some of them on a large scale) may be 
 found in other districts, they are only the introductions of large landholders, and 
 come under the head of experiment rather than practice. 
 
 " I shall briefly mention the English counties that excel in irrigation. These 
 are: Wiltshire, with its water-meadows on the Avon, and its celebrated Orchiston 
 meads, which are known under the title of the Long Grass Meadows, the crop of 
 hay on which is enormous ; Hampshire, with its meadows upon the Avon, the Test 
 and the Itchen, so useful to flock-masters from their vicinity to the Downs and 
 their early produce of herbage for ewes and lambs ; Gloucestershire, on the 
 banks of the Severn, Avon and Ledden. Worcestershire has water-meadows on its 
 numerous rivers and small streams, and in many instances the water is brought from 
 a considerable distance by canals, which supply several farms on one estate. 
 
 " Dorsetshire possesses six thousand acres of irrigated meadows, including some 
 of the very richest in the vale of Blackmore, watered by the river Stour. 
 
 " Devonshire has its hillside or catch meadows, as also many water-meadows, on 
 the alluvial borders of the principal rivers. 
 
 " Berkshire has valuable meadows along the river Keniiet. 
 
 ''It is probable that the total quantity of land under this cultivatiiiu in England 
 is under one hundred thousand acres, a very small proportion of those tracts that 
 might be improved in this way. 
 
 " The most celebrated Wiltshire meadows are on a loose bed of broken flints, 
 wifh scarcely any earth ; the water above feeds the grass. The Hampshire rivers 
 have a hard bottom subsoil of chalk, and the water runs over a gravelly or peaty 
 surface. It seems only necessary tliat the snl)soil should lie porous, and the surface 
 soil may be what it will on thoroughly well-drained land ; pro])ably it is not of 
 primary importance what the constituents of the soil may be, although the best 
 and healthiest meadows certaiidy occur where the soil is porous and dry. 
 
 yUAIJTY OF WATKR. 
 
 "Water which is productive of fish, particularly trout, is generally supposed to 
 be good for water-meadows. Experience seems to declare that, for grass land, the 
 
JERSEY a A TTLE IW AllEIlICA. 213 
 
 clearer the water the better ; that calcareous matter taken up in a form not to render 
 the water turbid is almost the only beneficial admixture. 
 
 " When the rivers are turbid from quantities of silt, or of finely divided clay and 
 peat, they injiire the grass, especially the former ; but streams flowing clear and 
 pure from the hills are of benefit, and esiJecially from hiUs abounding in lime. But 
 admixture with other soils injures them ; as, for instance, in Staffordshire, where the 
 river Dove, flowing from calcareous hills, so enriches its neighboring mead that it is 
 proverbially said : ' In April Dove's flood is worth a king's good ; ' but when admixed 
 with streams from other sources its benefit ceases. 
 
 " On arable land the more thick and turbid the water the better. Tlie Nile 
 water is thick, and the water used in warping land even more so. The Humber, in 
 Lincolnshire, is famous. The basis of the warp soil of this river is fine clay and 
 sand, the latter in the greater proportion, and minutely divided and intimately 
 mixed with the former, with a considerable portion of fine calcareous earth. 
 
 " Though not suited for water-meadows, it is probal)le that warp land, if laid 
 down to grass, would form very fertile natural ones ; in fact, it is the mode in wliich 
 all our rich alluvial meads were originally produced. 
 
 " But though an admixture of natural earth with the water is not beneficial, yet 
 that of dissolved animal excrement is. All water is weak liquid manure, and 
 although it might not be economically practicable for every farmer to lay down a 
 water-mead, on the system of Mr. Mechi, of underground iron pipes and steam 
 piimping power, or even advisable, except in particular instances, to imitate the 
 cheaper mode common in Switzerland, and sometimes practised in Cheshire, and 
 also in Devonshire, of turning a rivulet so as to flow through a farm-yard, and thus 
 irrigate meadows situated lower down ; yet the example of the Edinburgh meadows 
 shows with what great success liquid manure may be applied to grass, as does the 
 experience of Mr. Dickenson and others with Italian lye grass. 
 
 HERBAGE PLANTS SUITABLE FOR IRRIGATION. 
 
 " This is a subject which deserves more attention than has yet been applied to it. 
 The nature of the grasses for water-meadows has not been studied, but it has been 
 left to accident to produce and circumstance to alter. 
 
 " In Lombardy greater care is taken. 
 
 " The Italian rye grass is the principal kind cultivated under this system. It is a 
 native of this district of Italy, and perhaps its larger size originated from its being 
 thus peculiarly cultivated, just as the timothy grass is only an enlarged American 
 variety of the common cat's-tail grass, improved by cultivation and the influence of 
 change of soil and climate. No grass produces earlier or more abundantly under 
 irrigation, and Mr. Rham, in his Dictionary of the Farm, mentions having seen an 
 
214 JKIiSJjy (ATTLK I.\ AMERICA. 
 
 instance of Imy iiiadu in .Fiilv fi-om u newly-inadi' watL-r-iiK-adow sown witli Italian 
 rye grass in Maivh. 
 
 "A Mr. Dickenson, in a letter addressed to tiie Dnke of Richmond in July, 1847, 
 after mentioning that his land was strong clay, thorongiily drained and well pulver- 
 ized, and sown with Italian rye grass at the rate of four bushels to the acre, mentions 
 that in 1S44 he cut a crop ' the tirst week in March, with about ten inches of grass ; 
 April i;;tli cut the second time; May 4th the third time; May ii4tli the fourth 
 time; dune lath the tiftii time; July 22d the sixth time, with ripe seed, and 
 three loads of hay straw to the acre. Immediately after each of these crops the 
 land was watered at once, from a London street water-cart, with two parts of 
 pure urine from the stables and one part of i)ure water, the produce of each crop 
 increasing with the temperature of the atmosphere, from three fourths of a load per 
 acre, as hay, to three loads per acre.' The land was not watered any more, yet 
 produced four light crops afterward, making ten cuttings in the course of a year. 
 
 " In this experiment we may notice the strength of the manure, and also that the 
 crop increased with the temperature of the air. This last is a fact that shows why 
 watering is only useful in hot climates, and acc^umts for its being almost entirely 
 contined to the southern counties of England, and not practised in Scotland. 
 
 yUAJJTV OF TUE (;k.\ss. 
 
 " This is a subject not unworthj^ of notice ; for its increased produce is little gain 
 if, from its laxative and too succulent nature, it produces diarrlioja in young animals 
 feeding on it, though this may be corrected by giving good hay. 
 
 " Although the introduction of water-meadows into a district where before 
 unknown is desirable, yet the introducer nuist not overlook the dithculties or reasons 
 that prevent siirji iiaving lieen previously attempted. 
 
 " Climate must be considered, nature, and pientifulness of water — and even 
 where plentiful not obtaiiuible, being nuinopolized by mills; nature of soil in wliicli 
 to be api)lie(l ; and, if all these are suitaljle, nature of the country; for one must 
 consider how to take water off as well as how to get it on, and a Hat colintry may have 
 greater ditticnlries in the latter p.iint than a hilly one to ovtTconie tlie obstacle of its 
 declivities. We must recollect that all English counties where water-meadows are 
 in vogue are hilly, and all these have a rocky, and at least a fissured subsoil, which 
 collects the water in sjjrings, so as often merely to require easy direction. 
 
 "Where land is favorable for water-meadows it cannot better be described than 
 in the words of Mr. Pusey : ' A slight film of water trickling over the surface — for 
 it must not stagnate — rouses the sleei)ing grass, tinges it with living gi-i'cn amidst 
 snows and frosts, and brings forth a luxui-iaiit crop in early s])ring, just when it is 
 most wanted, while the other meadows are still bare and brown. It is a cheerful 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IiY AMERICA. 315 
 
 sight to see the wild birds haunting these green spots among the hoar-frost at 
 Cliristmas ; or the lambs, with their mothers, folded on them in March. A water- 
 meadow is the triumph of agricultural art, changing, as it does, the very 
 seasons." 
 
 EIDOE-AND-FUBKOW IRRIGATION. 
 
 "The streams arc diverted by means of hatch-work, and the water runs in small 
 gutters or carriers along the tops of the ridges into which the land is shaped, and is 
 made to flow over the entire surface, and falls into another series of gutters, which 
 convey it away, either to the river from whence it came, or to serve the purpose of 
 irrigating meadows that are lower down the stream. The best meadows are those 
 upon a gravelly soil, with a good drainage ; the latter is a matter of great importance, 
 although seldom sufficiently attended to in the formation of meadows. 
 
 " In extreme cases, where other methods cannot be adopted, the main body of 
 water need not be diverted from its proper channel when it passes from the meadow ; 
 but a small drain, with an outlet at a sufficient distance down the stream, generally 
 below a mill, may be opened to convey away the soakage water, the mouth of this 
 drain being, of course, closed when the meadow is watered. 
 
 " The process of floating the meadows is intrusted to the care of a man who 
 makes this kind of work his regular employment, and who is usually paid at a 
 certain rate per acre per year for taking charge of the meadows upon one or more 
 farms. He commences in the autumn, by clearing out the gutters, and as soon as the 
 water is turned on he regulates the stops and edges of the gutters, so as to insure an 
 even and regular flow of water over the surface of the meadow. Injury results if 
 the water is allowed to stagnate in any part, or if it remains on too great a length of 
 time ; it is therefore turned off and on at short intervals. 
 
 " A succession of feed is secured by commencing watering a portion of the 
 meadows upon a farm earlier than the remainder. Some even do not turn the 
 water on till after Christmas, but then the early feed is lost altogether. Ujjon the 
 best meadows grass is ready to be folded about the middle or end of March, the 
 water being turned oif a few days previously. The grass is fed with ewes and 
 lambs, the latter having a run forward ; they are not, however, allowed to remain 
 entirely on the meadow, but are removed to a piece of Swedes, or other feed growing 
 upon arable land, at night. When the grass is all fed the watering is again 
 renewed, as before, and is continued until a short time before the grass is in readi- 
 ness for the scythe, usually at the end of June or beginning of July. The great 
 bulk of the succulent herbage, and the natural dampness of the situation upon wliich 
 it grows, occasion the process of hay-making to be one that requires much care and 
 attention. The meadow is again watered, and the aftermath fed off with horses and 
 cows, few meadows being safe to feed sheej) upon in the autumn. 
 
216 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEJIICA. 
 
 SEWAGE IRRIGATION. 
 
 "The nieadow-s watered with the sewage of Edinburgh afford tlie liest, tliough 
 in many respects imperfect, examples of the advantage to be ol)taiuud l)_y the use of 
 the otiscouriug of our towns for agricultural purposes. 
 
 " The method of application is simple, but it has proved successful, when 
 compared with the elaborate and expensive methods tried in other quarters at present, 
 imfortunately, however, without proportionate results. Although the irrigation 
 is carried on only upon a small scale, and the means used are imperfect— a great 
 quantity of manure running to waste — yet the results appear truly extraordinary. 
 The following sketch will roughly illustrate the method adopted upon a meadow 
 at Loehend farm : 
 
 rz 
 
 ^ 
 
 a. The open sewer from the town. 
 
 b, Shiice for turning the sewage into the carrier cc, wliicli lias stops at intervals to turn the liquid 
 into the small carriers dd, which are about ten inches by ten inches, having stops to throw Ihe manure 
 water regularly over the grass, to facilitate which small cuts are also made with a spade at the edge of 
 the carriers. 
 
 / is a settling-tank into which the liquid runs, having a dam and grating at one end, which 
 prevents the solid portion escaping ; as it accumulates it is removed. 
 
 ee is a drain which carries otf the waste water. Iiotli fmin tlie -iiirfaee and \iiiileri;nniiid drains. 
 
 "Of course it will be understood that tiie wonderful rcstdts of tliis licpiid 
 manuring are dependent on other causes than those to which the fertility of the ordinary 
 water-meadow are due. The gross and rapid growth of Loehend meadows is owing 
 simply to excessive manuring; that of English water-meadows may \w in a measure 
 attril)Ut;ible to the efficient and rapid supply of food to the grasses by ninning water ; 
 but also, no doubt, in part to an improved temperature — and even if this were not 
 one of tiie operating causes, feeding by a rapid flow of clear water is very different 
 from the mere drowning of land in thick and sluggish liquid maimrc 
 
 " At Quarry Hole Farm a meadow of six or seven acres is soniewliat differently 
 arranged, with very similar results : 
 
 "The licpiid, very strongly iiiqifegiiated with sewage matters, is turned on these 
 meadows for tiiree or four days at a time, at intervals. After mowing, the water is 
 not turned on for six or seven days, or it will rot the roots of the grass. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST A3IERICA. 217 
 
 " The enormous prices given by tlie Edinburgh cow-keepers for the produce of 
 these meadows is the best evidence of their value. 
 
 " The grass is sold in half-acre lots by pubUc auction, and reahzes from £30 to 
 £50 per acre : the grass is cut four or five times by the purchaser, and left clear by 
 the 20th of October. 
 
 " If such results as these are obtained l)y the simple means in tliis case employed 
 to distribute the town sewage, we have reason to anticipate far greater advantages, 
 both in an agricultural and sanitarial point of view, from the more modern means of 
 distribution by the hose and force pump, the practicability of which, for the appKca- 
 tion of sewage as a fertilizing agent to our fields, is so well and clearly illustrated by 
 Mr. Mechi at Tiptree Farm, and by other spirited agriculturists, and recommended 
 by them as a system far more in character with the improvements of the advancing 
 age than the one just described ; and, we do not doubt, for the application of town 
 manure experience will prove it to be such. 
 
 CATCH MEADOWS. 
 
 " Catch meadows have the great advantage over ridge-and-furrow meadows of 
 cheapness of formation : the same quantity of water will suffice to irrigate a larger 
 surface, falling as it does from tier to tier of gutters. The hillside affords a more 
 natural surface for the water to fiow over than that which is given by the artificial 
 and expensive ridge-and-furrow. 
 
 " Philip Pusey gives a very good account of catch meadows in the Journal of the 
 Royal Agricultural Society : ' It is to the southwest we must turn, to Somerset 
 and to Devonshire, for patterns of future irrigation. In these two lovely counties, 
 which have the valleys without the Alps of Switzerland, abundant streams roll 
 cheerfully in a rapid descent over stones, or among mossy rocks, and the sheltered 
 sides, shelving rapidly upward, have long since tempted the farmers to lead water 
 along their sloping face in tiers of channels, each of which, receiving the overflow 
 from above as it begins to gather irregularly, receives it in a level trough, to brim 
 over anew, until it reaches the lowest channel, which delivers it back to the river's 
 bed. 
 
 " ' The horseman, as he rides along, sees meadows of a few acres rising above his 
 head, bright as emerald, glistening against the sun with their thin film of water, alter- 
 nating with orchards in which cottages are nestled that seem to cling to the hill, 
 with a canopy of oak copse above, whose russet leaves, a remnant of the last summer, 
 look the ruddier against the narrow space of blue sky that roofs in the glen. These 
 are called catch meadows because each trench thus catches the water from its 
 neighbor above it.' 
 
 "Mr. Pusey also quotes examples of catch-work upon level meadows Ijeing 
 carried out successfully at a small cost. 
 
218 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEIilVA. 
 
 " An improved system of irrigation is also described in the Journal by Jolm 
 Bickford, of Crediton, Devon, which is also well worthy of perusal by those 
 requiring infonnation on the subject. 
 
 "The following monthly directions for tlie iiiaiuigeinent of water-meadows are 
 given from Boswell Wright, and from original observation. 
 
 " But such directions for this and all other agricultural operations depend on the 
 natural, not on the nominal season. Those here given are for an average year, and 
 must be altered to suit one more forward or backward, an extraordinarily mild 
 winter, or other peculiarity of time or climate. 
 
 " The land should be floated in frosty weather to protect the grass ; but about 
 once a fortnight air must be given, and the land laid as diy as possible for a tew 
 days. 
 
 " If the frost has given a complete coat of ice to tlie meadow, do not tloat over 
 this, as the attachment of the ice to the surface often draws the soil into heaps and 
 injures the evenness. 
 
 FEBRUAKV. 
 
 "In tills moiitli the meadows require much attention. If the water is allowed 
 to flow over the grass several days without intermission a white and very injurious 
 scum is formed ; and if the water is then drawn off, and a severe night-frost attacks 
 the wet grass, it cuts off the herbage. To prevent this scum take the water off by 
 day and lay it on at night, to avoid frost. A less troublesome but inferior plan is 
 to take the water off early in the morning, if a dry day, and let it remain off several 
 days and nights ; for one day's drying is suflicient to enable the grass to resist frost. 
 From the middle of this month water is apjilied more sparingly tlian in winter, and 
 more to encourage vegetation than to protect from frost ; and in tlie last week of the 
 month there probably will l)e a good bite for ewes and lamlis. 
 
 " At the beginning of tliis montii old Hoateil meadows will supply abundant food 
 to all kinds of stock. If heavy cattle are turned in the water must be taken off for 
 a week jireviously, to allow the land to become firm and dry. If the season be cold 
 in the first week give a little hay in the evening, to correct the effects of too moist 
 food. But the grass is best applied for ewes and lambs, and should Ije hurdled off 
 for them in portions. Peat soils would l)e damaged if heavier stock than sheep or 
 calves be turned on thus early. 
 
 APKIL. 
 
 " In this month the use of meadows for ewes and lambs is still greater than in 
 March, and the farmer who possesses a good breed of them will require little else 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 219 
 
 for their keep ; but it must be recollected that they must not be on longer than this 
 month, or the hay crop will be much injured. 
 
 MAY* 
 
 " Remove ewes and lambs and calves the last day of April : the meadows will 
 be fed bare, and most farmers consider that the barer the ground is left, so much 
 more is the meadow improved, and the quality of the hay superior. 
 
 " After clearing water for a week, carefully examine every trench and drain, 
 and so shift the water into other meadows that the land is alternately watered and 
 drained, and the time of the water remaining on the land shortened as the weather 
 gets warmer. 
 
 " In five, six, or seven weeks the meadows will be fit to mow for hay. 
 
 " This is also a good montli for forming new water-meadows, though any time 
 of the year, unless during severe frosts, will answer for the work. 
 
 " Mow and make hay. The grass, being of a more succulent nature, requires 
 more careful making, and is more subject to heat if not got up in good order. 
 
 " As soon as the grass is oil turn in cattle (not sheep) to eat the grass left by the 
 mowers and what grows in the trenches. Then let the water dribble on them as 
 slowly as possible, this being the hottest season of the year; and after two or 
 three days shift this first watering to another meadow. The effect will be very 
 great, and the verdure, comjiared with unwatered meadows, exceedingly rich ; but 
 recollect not to keep water on too long in warm weather, or a white substance like 
 cream is produced ; and if this is neglected a scum as thick as glue, and nearly as 
 tough as leather, settles on the grass, and (pxite destroys it. 
 
 JULY TO OCTOBER. 
 
 " Where the meadows are fed late the beginning of July is the season for naaking 
 hay on the water-meadows, which, we have before remarked, is an operation requiring 
 much care and attention ; after which the watering is renewed for a short time, and 
 
 the aftermath fed off with cattle. 
 
 NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER. 
 
 " Begin to water the meadows ; frequently water can be collected in the higher 
 parts of the farm sufficient to water some of the low meadows, and, by attention to 
 the ditches and water-courses, a free passage can be given from that portion of the 
 farm where injurious to that where it would be highly beneficial and more produc- 
 tive than a coat of manure. It is best to keep the water running over the grass, and 
 not to allow it to stagnate. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 ElDGE-AXD-FuRROW GROrND Pl.AN OF A WaTEK-MeADoW. 
 
 Scale of 40 yards to -f^ths of an inch. 
 Light lines, Barriers ; black lines, Drains, a. Hatch across river ; hb. Hatches to water lower stem ; 
 cc. Small hatches to draw off the water when the meadow is laid dry. Dotted lines. Barriers from 
 the main drain of the meadow above, by which the irrigation may be continued lower down the 
 stream, the water being penned up by the two small hatches dd. Small stops of turf are placed 
 in the small carriers at intervals of about fifteen yards, or as required, to make the water flow 
 regularly over the surface of the meadow. 
 
 MILANESE IRRIG.ATIOX LOMBARDY MEADOWS. 
 
 " In Lomliardv neither sheep nor cattle are fed tipon the 
 meadows, but the entire produce, whetlier of permanent grasses or 
 clovers, is mown and used for soiling cattle in stalls. Manure is 
 applied to tlif incadnws, and, as they are not trodden by cattle, 
 tlieir surface is kept smooth with mathematical correctness. 
 
 " "We ])elieve this example might be followed with advantage, 
 particularly near the towns, where the produce of grass would be 
 of so great value. Signor J. Devincenzi, an Italian gentleman, 
 has favored me with the following details on the Milanese system 
 of irrigation. He considers that irrigation is neglected in England ; 
 and that many of our canals, now rendered almost useless by the 
 introduction of railroads, might be employed, at little expense, both 
 to fertilize tracts now cultivated, and to bring land altogether waste 
 into profitable cultivation. He also considers that the common idea, 
 that the Milanese system is unsuited to England, from the difference of climate of 
 the two countries, is erroneous ; for, taking as an instance the work of Professor 
 Dove, of Berlin, and referring to his maps of the isothermal line of the globe 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IEEICA. 221 
 
 for each month, we shall lind that Milan and England possess the same temper- 
 ature during the months of January, February, November and December ; and 
 during these months the Lombards mow their meadows, called marcite, twice or 
 thrice, while in England no such result is obtained. 
 
 " No doubt the summer temperature of England is far lower than that of 
 Lombardy, but it may be questioned whether this is not an advantage in the production 
 of grass ; and yet in Lombardy they cut eight or nine crops yearly from a meadow. 
 
 " Signer Devincenzi's opinion ought to possess some weight, as he has written 
 on the subject, is secretary to the Italian committee on irrigation, appointed by the 
 Milanese Scientilic Association, and was reporter to a committee on Milanese 
 agriculture, consisting of first-rate Italian agriculturists, from whose report, so far as 
 relates to irrigation, the following is an abridged extract :* 
 
 " ' In the province of Milan, as well as the rest of Lombardy, there exist two 
 widely different systems of agriculture, both exceedingly well calculated to suit the 
 varying circumstances of their localities. 
 
 " ' In Upper Lombardy we find small occupations of arable land, tilled by an 
 industrious population of peasantry ; in Lower Lombardy extensive water-meadows, 
 held by wealthy tenant-farmers. If we draw a line from west to east, dividing the 
 province of Milan into two parts, and passing through the capital, we shall very nearly 
 show the correct division of the upper and lower part. In general the cultivation of 
 the land surroimding great cities must be considered by itself, as being quite different 
 and inapplicable to the rest of the country or district ; yet that surrounding Milan is 
 but a type of Lombardese valley agriciilture, and consists almost entirely of meadows, 
 the tilled land being so small in quantity that it is scarcely worth mentioning. 
 
 " ' These meadows, though very ancient, are in a most thriving and flourishing 
 condition, and the labor employed in them is merely that of regulating the supply of 
 water and levelling the ground, the grass being that naturally produced by the soil. 
 The meadows lying on the south are irrigated by the sewage water from the city, 
 receive no other manure, and are cut seven, eight, and in many instances nine times a 
 year. Those on the north, partly from copious manuring and partly from spring 
 water, there called /ojito^mt, are but little inferior to the former. 
 
 " ' "Winter water-meadows, in the country language, are called marcite. They are 
 watered every sixth or eighth day in the summer, and are continually covered by 
 a sheet of flowing water in the winter. By this means vegetation is so encoui-aged 
 that from November to March two or tliree abundant crops are cut, so that the 
 cattle fed from and upon them are not deprived of fresh fodder more than thirty 
 or forty days in the year. The rate at wliich these water-meadows are commonly 
 let in the neighborhood of Milan is from twenty to twenty-five francs a pertica, or 
 
 ^ Report on Milanese Agriculture. 
 
232 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 from £5 to £6 sterling per English acre. The water is applied in summer on 
 meads and all kinds of cultivated plants, as required in winter on the marcite 
 only, of which tlicre is sufficient to employ all the water, so that it never runs to 
 waste. 
 
 " ' The Lombardese irrigation is worthy of praise, as it has converted what would 
 have been barren sands and unhealthy marshes into fertile meadows, and as combining 
 irrigation, drainage, navigable canals, and motive power for mills and machinery in 
 such a manner that one object does not, or only in a slight degree, interfere injuriously 
 with the other. The Lombardese customs and legislation on irrigation are also 
 deserving of notice and imitation. 
 
 " ' Still it must be remembered that Lower Lombardy jiossesses a peculiar 
 adaptabihty to irrigating purposes in its immense valley, in the vast reservoirs 
 above, the lakes resting on the heights of the mountains, and in a river to carry off 
 the superfluous water. 
 
 " ' The farms in the Lower Milanese are generally from two thousand to three 
 tho-a&axxd pertiche in extent (three hundred and thirty-three to live hundred English 
 acres), and they are commonly let on leases of from nine to twelve years. Some of these 
 farms are, from the tenacious nature of the soil, suited for the cultivation of rice. 
 Nearly one tenth is laid down as permanent meadow, and of this very nearly one half 
 is cultivated as winter meadow or marcite. The ordinary meadow is manured once 
 every year, the mardte often twice ; and although water from springs is, from its 
 warmth, the fittest for winter irrigation, marcite are nevertheless made with any other 
 kind of water. Li the other part of the territory, if the soil be proper for the growth 
 of rice, a nine years' rotation is employed. In the first year wheat is sown with 
 Trifolium pratense, which supplies abundant j)asturage in the autumn. Manure is 
 applied in the second year ; and the Trifolium repens and other useful plants 
 spontaneously succeed the Trifolium, pratense during the third and fourth year, 
 in both which years manure is applied. 
 
 " ' In the fifth year the soil is sown partly with flax and partly witli maize. The 
 part sown with flax is followed the same year either with miik't or with maize 
 (ptarantine, so called from requiring, from its germination, only forty days to grow 
 and ripen in. 
 
 " ' In the sixth year maize is cultivated with manure. In the seventh, eighth and 
 ninth years rice is sown, in the last two years with manure. On the fields where rice 
 is not grown the same rotation is practised as for the first six years. Thus in the 
 first rotation the soil is manured six times in nine years, and in the latter four times 
 in six years. 
 
 " ' It would be interesting to compare the relation that different kinds of 
 cultivation have to one another, and that which the meadow bears to them all. The 
 Lombard cultivators well understand that the latter system augments, instead of 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 223 
 
 diminishes, the produce of grain. An acre of land produces on an average from 
 twenty to twenty-four bushels of wheat and fifty to seventy bushels of maize. 
 
 " ' Among the minor products, though still a valuable one of these meadows, is 
 the mulberry, common both in the permanent and other meadows, which, so far from 
 being injured by irrigation, tlirives under it. However, this tree is more largely 
 cultivated in Upper than in Lower Lombardy. The hay of all these meadows is used 
 to feed working cattle and cows. The annual rent of each cow is calctdated to 
 average from two hundred and eighty to three hundred francs (£11 to £12). This 
 large sum is not obtained solely near large cities, but is common over the district, the 
 milk being employed entirely in the manufacture of Parmesan cheese and butter, 
 that may be carried to any distance. The general rent of farms in the Lower 
 Milanese is from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and eighty francs per 
 hectare (£2 to £3 per acre). To prove the value of this water, let us examine the 
 estimate that the inhabitants themselves put upon it. 
 
 " ' They reduce all measures of flowing water to a common unit, which they call 
 onica. The Milanese onica is a quantity of water flowing from a hole nearly one 
 hundred and forty-nine millimetres wide and one hundred and ninety-eight high 
 (0.488 by 0.649 of the English foot), and comprising a little less than one third of the 
 English square foot, under a pressure of ninety-nine millimetres (0.324 of an EngUsh 
 foot). Kow this water onica is genei-ally sold at the enormous price of from twenty- 
 five thousand to thirty thousand francs (£1000 to £1200), and often even more. If, 
 however, we should state often double or triple the rent of the farm, we should 
 still be under the mark. 
 
 " ' The fertilizing power of water is immense. It changes wild heaths into 
 luxuriant meadows, or, to employ figures, raises the rent of land from a bare thirty 
 or fort}'^ francs to three hundred or four hundred. 
 
 " ' The Lombardy farmer on these meadows is generally a man wealthy and 
 possessed of considerable capital, which he employs with much profit. As a general 
 rule, forty thousand francs are employed on every one hundred hectares of land 
 (nearly £6 8s. per acre), which would be nearly three years' rent of the land. 
 
 " ' In cultivating the soil the farmer employs not only daily laborers, but families 
 of cultivators, who share in the produce ; and cultivation on the large scale does not 
 therefore injuriously affect tlie inoral and economical condition of the lower orders, 
 as it unhappily does in other parts of Europe.' " 
 
 SAVINt; OF WASTE MANURES. 
 
 The waste fertilizers of the farm (•(insist of the licjuid or drainage from the 
 manure heaps, cattle sheds, stables, and the li(|ui(l refuse of the dwelling, the 
 gaseous evaporations from fermeiitiiiir manure heaj)s and yards, and all animal and 
 vegetable refuse. 
 
224 JKJUSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Upon large farms, where steam power is used with a system of iron irrigating 
 pipes, so that all the manure of the farm can be distributed in a licjuid form, the 
 method is capable of preventing nearly all waste, where it can be adopted. J^nt 
 ujjon small farms this method cannot generally be adopted. 
 
 Perhaps the most economical of all methods is to remove the manure directly' 
 from the stable each day to the field when and where it is to be used. This is 
 certainly advantsigeous if it can be at once i)lowed in at a depth of from three to 
 five inches. As far as it is practicable this method may be adopted. 
 
 As a general plan for the average farm the following method promises to be 
 economical : Select a shaded place on the north side of a wall or l)uilding. It would 
 be well to roof it in. Make the space sufficiently large to hold all the manui-e made 
 during six or eight months, allowing twelve tons for eacli animal, so as to form a 
 compost couch, and allowing for a depth of from two to five feet. Make the floor 
 of cement or clay, and inclining so that the liijuid may run to the front side. Divide 
 this compost couch into two or three compartments by a partition of concrete. 
 
 Make a capacious tank, allowing about thirty hogsheads of space for each 
 animal kept, on any convenient side of the compost couch, and connect the tank by 
 drains with the couch, so that the tank may receive all the liquid manure from the 
 compost lieaps. Also connect the tank with the liquid manure gutter of the stables 
 and with the house drainage and water-closets. Also coimect the tank with the 
 system of spouts that collect the water from the roofs of stidiles and bams, so that 
 the rain-water may be conducted at will, either to the compost heap or to the tank. 
 
 Fix a pump over the tank, so as to provide for pumping its liquid contents upon 
 any and all parts of the compost couch. 
 
 These arrangements may be made at moderate expense, and worked with little 
 trouble by the farmer, so as to give him perfect command over his manure, and to 
 concentrate all the manurial elements of the farm in compost or otherwise, at pleasure. 
 
 To prevent waste the manure of the stables and yards is daily removed to the 
 compost couch. One section of the couch forms a place of deposit for all the 
 vegetalde refuse whicli can be gathered together. 
 
 The gaseous waste arising from too active fermentation may be prevented in the 
 manure heap by compaction and tramping of animals, and also by a liberal wetting 
 daily from the liquid tank. The li(iuid in a section of the couch can be retained by 
 closing the pipe or sluice which leads to the tank from that section. By covering a 
 section with ashes, peat, or dry earth to the depth of ten inches, and saturating the 
 surface of this covering with sulphuric acid diluted with twenty parts of water, very 
 little ammonia will escape. Thus the couch and liquid-manure tank, both of which 
 must be preserved water-tight, furnish the means of using compost in any condition 
 desired, and also the tank provides a large amount of licjuid manure, to be applied by 
 the sprinkling-cart. 
 
DOMINO OF DARLINGTON 2459. 
 
 Alphn, Tijpc. 
 llKIAUcr.II'l'' HEItl). 
 
MISS COOPER 5869. 
 
 Alphen Type. 
 HOLLY GKOVE HERD. 
 John I. Holly, Plainkield, New 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 335 
 
 It only remains, for those who desire to be successful cultivators of land, to 
 avail themselves of the means now in their power of remedying a great evil, and 
 of securing and saving a great waste. 
 
 Irrigation in California.* 
 "■ The Padres who established the missions here over a century ago are generally 
 credited with having introduced the practice of irrigation, and many of the ditches 
 constructed by them are still in use by the white settlers. In one instance at least, 
 however, in California, a large section of country derives its supply of water for this 
 purpose from a ditch, or zanja, wliich antedates history and presents every appear- 
 ance of extreme antiquity. In Arizona, too, are found evidences of vast irrigation 
 systems upon lands long since given over to the desert, and which even the traditions 
 of the Indians fail to supply us with anything approaching a history. Several efforts 
 on a large scale have been made to divert the waters of the Salt and Gila rivers upon 
 the plains through which they flow, and, singularly enough, it has been found that the 
 ancient remains of irrigating canals afforded the exact grade and the requisite fall 
 per mile that the best appliances of modern engineering could suggest or construct. 
 
 " The common method of irrigation in California may be described as follows : 
 Having settled on a site, which must of necessity be in the vicinity of a running 
 stream, a large triangle is made, having a plumb-line hanging from the apex. With 
 the aid of tliis primitive apphance a ditch is laid out from the field up-hill at a proper 
 grade, until the stream is reached. When the ditch has been built a rude dam of 
 Ijrush or logs is put across the stream, so as to divert a portion of the water into the 
 mouth of the canal, which is just above the dam. The main ditch is carried across 
 the highest part of the field to be irrigated, so as to have a constant fall from the 
 source of supply to the lower end of the field. Sometimes boxes with a wooden slide 
 are put into the lower bank of the ditch opposite each row of trees, vines or 
 plants. Sometimes one man can attend to twenty or thirty such openings at once, 
 and it is necessary to go up and down through the field and see that the little streams 
 are not lost in squirrel holes, but find their way to the foot of the slope. As may 
 be imagined, this is a very wet and disagreeable job. With grapes, corn, etc., a 
 shallow furrow is plowed each side of the rows, at a distance of a foot or eighteen 
 inches, and through this the water is run as long as needed. 
 
 " When alfalfa or grain is to be irrigated the system adopted in the case of large 
 fields is to mark off ' checks ' of five, ten, or twenty acres, with a slight levee, or 
 l^ank, across the lower end and sides, to keep the water from running off. The ditch 
 at the upper end is then tapped, and the check flooded until the water has reached 
 every part of it. 
 
 • G. F. W., in Country Ocntleman. 
 
22G JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 " The next check is then operated, and so on until all are supplied. 
 
 "The method described is only practicable where the water supply is abundant. 
 It is estimated that where opeia ditches, with no protection to bottom or sides, are 
 Tised, from half to two thirds of the water is lost by evaporation and seepage. Many 
 ditches have been lined with stone and cemented, so as to prevent loss by seepage, 
 and it will not be long before they will be also protected from loss by evaporation. 
 
 " A very successful method of underground irrigation has been devised, far 
 superior in the end, though more costly in the beginning. Pipes, made of cement 
 and sand, are laid throughout the field or orchard at just sufficient depth to escape 
 the plow and cultivator, with taps or plugs at regular intervals. When desired, 
 these plugs are withdrawn, and the water soaks through the ground beneath the 
 surface, and proves far more beneficial than when apphed upon the surface. With 
 the growing scarcity of water other sources of supply have been sought, and these 
 are found in surface and artesian wells. With surface wells windmills are used, and 
 the water is often conveyed by iron pipes laid in sliallow trenches to all parts of 
 the ranch. From artesian wells the water is either collected in a reservoir, or it is 
 allowed to run continually, being diverted, as occasion requires, in small open ditches, 
 or little V-shaped flumes. By this means one well, if not more than an inch and a half 
 in diameter, can be made to irrigate a very large tract of land. 
 
 " As t(j the result of irrigating, a few actual experiences may be given. An 
 alfalfa field has been cut by the writer eight times in as many successive months, 
 yielding from two to three tons to the acre at each cutting. After the crop was 
 removed one thorough soaking with water was all that was needed to insure an 
 abundant growth at once. Vineyards yield six, eight, or ten tons to the acre, pota- 
 toes eight to ten tons. Barley and wheat at the rate of from forty to sixty bushels, 
 and corn at one hundred bushels or more, are harvested ; watermelons of one hundred 
 and seventy jiounds on ground that would not produce a spear of grass without artificial 
 moisture, and vegetables of all kinds in like proportion. Although the water may 
 be clear as crystal, and apparently free from any organic substance, its use 
 in irrigation seems to render manuring almost unnecessary. The same soil will 
 produce al)undant crops year after year, with no apparent diminution, when not a 
 particle of fertilizer of any kind is sujjplicd to it. Irrigation seems to be all 
 that is needed. 
 
 " Wliile the use of undergromul pipes at the East, or where frosts prevail, 
 might not be practicable, still there is hardly a farm where some source of water 
 supply might not be made available, and by a little expenditure in the construction 
 of open ditches a large portion of the loss from drouths might easily be avoided, as 
 well as largely increased yields secured." 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 FEEDING OATTLE. 
 
 Feeding is not alone the means of simply sustaining animal life by nourishment, 
 but the basis of a science which has power to transform and reform races of animals. 
 Breeds are made by feed and selection. For a special breed, like Jerseys, that is to be 
 kept up to a certain standard of milk and butter production, a peculiar systeni of 
 feeding is required. The food nmst not only contain all the elements of animal 
 bodies, but it must be given in such form and proportions as to develop the milk 
 and butter qualities in the highest degree. 
 
 Plants elaborate the elementary principles into complex structures ; cattle ajjpro- 
 priate them in a form especially suited to their needs. The organic elements, oxygen, 
 hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen, which form the combustible parts of plants and 
 animals, with potash, soda, magnesia, lime, sulphur, phosphorus, chlorine, silica, iron, 
 and a few other elements which form the incombustible portions, are all to be adapted to 
 the wants of animal sustenance by vegetable growths. These elements are all incor- 
 porated into the blood, which always remains the same in composition, and its quantity 
 from six to eight per cent, of the bulk of the body. From the blood all the organs 
 are replenished and built up — the nerves, the nmscles, the fat, the bones, the skin, 
 the hair, the horns. The amount and quality of the fat, muscle and bone vary greatly 
 in the dairy and the beef type. The fat ox is said to have about three times as much 
 fat as lean flesh, consisting of forty-nine per cent, water, thirty-three per cent, dry fat, 
 thirteen jier cent, of dry nitrogenous matter, muscles separated from fat, hide, etc., and 
 three per cent, of mineral matter ; the lean animal fifty-four per cent, water, twenty- 
 five and one half per cent, of dry fat, seventeen per cent, of dry nitrogenous matter, 
 and three and one half per cent, of mineral matters. 
 
 The nutritive chemical compounds are divided into two classes, nitrogenous and 
 non-nitrogenous. The term protein includes the first class, which consists of albumen, 
 gluten, casein, legumin, fibrin, mucedin and gliadin, which resemble each other closely 
 in composition, containing very nearly the same proportions of carbon, hydrogen, 
 nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur. With these are classed certain nitrogenous bodies found 
 in grasses and other plants, called amides, which resemble ammonia. Protein, the 
 material of which flesh and blood largely consists, exists ready-formed in the cereals 
 and leguminous and other plants which cattle eat. All these jjlants contain l)ut a 
 small proportion of iwoteiu, their bulk being made up of cellular fibre, sugar, gum 
 starch and oil, called carbo-hydrates. The first class, nitrogenous nutrients, are called 
 proteids, or albuminoids, and sustain animal life. The second class, non-nitrogenous 
 nutrients, consist of carbon and water. Cellulose is the material which, with ligniii, 
 forms the framework of plants, an important part of all fodder, the cellulose being 
 
228 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 digcntible in yi>uiig and loader plants in proportion of from tiiirty to seventy percent., 
 wliilu ligniu ifi not digestible in its crude state. Starch is, next to cellulose, the most 
 abundant carbo-hydrate, and is deposited rapidly near the ripening period ; maize 
 contains from sixty to sixty-eight per cent., and wheat from sixty-two to seventy-two 
 perceJit. Dextrine is produced from starch by heat. Sugars are of three kinds, 
 cane, grape and fruit sugar. They are all easily digested. Cellulose and starch are 
 supposed to be changed to sugar in the digestive jjrocess. Pectin is the jelly of 
 fruits, turnips, beets and carrots, and is believed to aid digestion by gelatinizing the 
 contents of the stomach. 
 
 The oils of plants are very important, especially in the rations of dairy cattle. 
 They are estimated to liave two and one half times the nutritive value of sugar and 
 starch. Maize contains from four to seven per cent., oats six, the best hay three per 
 cent, of oils. Animals appropriate oil for creanx and fat, and also transmute the other 
 carbo-hydrates into fat when needed. 
 
 The mineral nutrients are appropriated in the same combination as found in 
 plants. 
 
 Tahle 
 
 shod'imj the Pi'opoi't'tons of Mineral ConstHuentx of soma Plants and 
 Grains in One Hundred Pounds of Dry Siihstance. 
 
 Onk Hundred Pounds of 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 3 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 Substance. 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Meadow Hay 
 
 6.66 
 
 1.71 
 
 0.47 
 
 0.33 
 
 0.77 
 
 0.41 
 
 0.34 
 
 1.97 
 
 0.53 
 
 0.17 
 
 Dead-ripe Hay 
 
 6.62 
 
 0.50 
 
 0.19 
 
 0.23 
 
 0.85 
 
 0.29 
 
 0.05 
 
 4.18 
 
 0.38 
 
 0.27 
 
 Red Clover 
 
 5.65 
 
 1.95 
 
 0.09 
 
 0.69 
 
 1.92 
 
 0.56 0.17 
 
 0.15 
 
 0.21 
 
 0.21 
 
 Swedish (Hover 
 
 4.65 
 
 1.57 
 
 0.07 
 
 0.71 
 
 1.48 
 
 0.47j 0.19 
 
 0.06 
 
 0.13 
 
 
 (irreen Vetches 
 
 7.34 
 
 3.09! 0.21 
 
 0.50 
 
 1.93 
 
 0.94 0.27 
 
 0.13 
 
 0.23 
 
 0.15 
 
 
 
 
 2.05 
 
 0.25 
 
 0.15 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 ' 
 
JURSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A. 
 
 GREEN FODDER. 
 
 Onb Hundred Pounds op 
 Substance. 
 
 Meadow Grass in Ijlossom . . 
 
 Young Grass 
 
 Timothy 
 
 Oats beginning to blossom. . . 
 Barley beginning to blossom . 
 
 Rye Fodder 
 
 Hungarian Millet 
 
 Eed Clover 
 
 "White Clover 
 
 Swedish Clover 
 
 Lucern 
 
 Green Peas 
 
 lbs. 
 2.33 
 2.07 
 2.10 
 1.70 
 2.23 
 1.63 
 2.31 
 1.34 
 1.36 
 1.02 
 1.76 
 1.37 
 
 lbs. 
 0.60 
 1.16 
 0.61 
 0.71 
 0.86 
 0.63 
 0.86 
 0.46 
 0.24 
 0.35 
 0.45 
 0.56 
 
 0.16 
 0.04 
 0.06 
 0.08 
 0.04 
 0.01 
 
 0.02 
 0.11 
 0.02 
 0.02 
 
 lbs. 
 0.11 
 0.06 
 0.08 
 0.06 
 0.07 
 0.05 
 0.19 
 0.16 
 0.14 
 0.16 
 0.10 
 0.11 
 
 lbs. 
 
 0.27 
 
 0.22 
 
 0.20 
 
 0.12 
 
 0.16 
 
 0.12 
 
 0. 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.32 
 
 0.85 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.12 
 0.08 
 0.08 
 0.06 
 0.07 
 0.02 
 0.08 
 0.04 
 0.12 
 0.04 
 0.11 
 0.05 
 
 lbs. 
 0.69 
 0.21 
 0.75 
 0.47 
 0.70 
 0.52 
 0.67 
 0.04 
 0.06 
 0.01 
 0.04 
 0.04 
 
 lbs. 
 O.li 
 0.04 
 0.11 
 0.08 
 0.12 
 
 0.06 
 0.04 
 0.08 
 0.03 
 0.05 
 
 0.15 
 0.05 
 0.04 
 0.03 
 0.03 
 0.02 
 
 0.05 
 0.06 
 
 ROOT CROPS. 
 
 One Hundred Pounds of 
 Substance. 
 
 Potato 
 
 Beet 
 
 Turnip 
 
 "White Turnip 
 Carrot 
 
 0.94 
 0.80 
 0.75 
 0.61 
 0.88 
 1.24 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 0.56 
 
 0.01 
 
 0.04 
 
 0.02 
 
 0.18 
 
 0.06 
 
 0.02 
 
 0.43 
 
 0.12 
 
 0.04 
 
 0.04 
 
 0.08 
 
 0.03 
 
 0.02 
 
 0.30 
 
 0.08 
 
 0.03 
 
 0.08 
 
 0.10 
 
 0.11 
 
 0.02 
 
 0.31 
 
 0.02 
 
 0.01 
 
 0.08 
 
 0.11 
 
 0.04 
 
 0.01 
 
 0.32 
 
 0.19 
 
 0.05 
 
 0.09 
 
 0.11 
 
 0.06 
 
 0.02 
 
 0.60 
 
 0.05 
 
 0.04 
 
 0.19 
 
 0.20 
 
 0.11 
 
 0.01 
 
 lbs. lbs. 
 0.03i 0.02 
 0.05j 0.01 
 0.031 0.04 
 0.04' .... 
 0.03j 0.01 
 0.03i 0.05 
 
JERSEY VA TTLE IX AMEIHV 
 
 One Hundred Pounds ok 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 SUBSTANCK. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 02 
 
 1 
 S 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 
 lbs. 1 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 1 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Wheat :.. 
 
 4.26' 0.49 
 
 0.12 
 
 0.11 
 
 0.26 
 
 0.23 
 
 0.12 
 
 2.82 
 
 
 0.16 
 
 Rye 
 
 4.07 
 
 0.76 
 
 0.13 
 
 0.13 
 
 0.31 
 
 0.19 
 
 0.08| 2.37 . . . . 
 
 0.09 
 
 Barley 
 
 4.39 
 
 0.92 
 
 0.20 0.11 
 
 0.33 
 
 0.19 
 
 0.16 2.36. ... 
 
 0.13 
 
 Oats 
 
 4.40 
 
 0.97 
 
 0.23 0.18 
 
 0.36 0.18 
 
 0.15 2.12 .... 
 
 0.17 
 
 Maize Fodder 
 
 4.72 
 4.92 
 
 1.66 
 1.07 
 
 0.05 0.26 
 0.26 0.38 
 
 0.50 0.38 
 1.86 0.38 
 
 0.25 1.79. ... 
 0.281 0.28 0.30 
 
 39 
 
 Pea Straw 
 
 0.07 
 
 GRAIN, SEKDS, KTC. 
 
 One Hundred Poinds ok 
 Substance. 
 
 4. 
 < 
 
 1 
 
 . 
 
 ■1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 < 
 j 
 
 < 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Wheat 
 
 1.77 
 
 0.55 
 
 0.06 
 
 0.22 
 
 0.06 
 
 0.82 
 
 0.04 
 
 0.03 
 
 
 0.15 
 
 Rye 
 
 1.73 
 
 0.54 
 
 0.03 
 
 0.19 
 
 0.05 
 
 0.82 
 
 0.04 
 
 0.03 
 
 
 0.17 
 
 liarlev 
 
 2.18 
 
 0.48 
 
 0.06 
 
 0.18 
 
 0.05 
 
 0.72 
 
 0.05 
 
 0.59 
 
 
 .0.14 
 
 Oat.-* 
 
 2.64 
 1.23 
 
 0.42 
 0.33 
 
 0.10 
 0.02 
 
 0.18 
 0.18 
 
 0.10 
 0.03 
 
 0.55 
 0.55 
 
 0.04 
 0.01 
 
 1.23 
 0.03 
 
 
 017 
 
 Maize 
 
 0.12 
 
 Millet 
 
 1.23 
 
 0.92 
 
 0.23 
 0.21 
 
 0.07 
 0.06 
 
 0.23 
 0.12 
 
 0.03 
 
 0.66 
 0.44 
 
 0.02 
 0.02 
 
 
 
 
 IJllckwlieat 
 
 . ... 
 
 0.02 
 
 
 Flaxseed 
 
 3.22 
 
 0.04 
 
 0.06 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.27 
 
 1.30 
 
 0.04 
 
 0.04 
 
 .... 
 
 0.17 
 
 Peas 
 
 2.42 
 
 2.07 
 2.96 
 
 0.98 
 0.63 
 1.20 
 
 0.09 
 0.22 
 0.04 
 
 0.19 
 0.18 
 0.20 
 
 0.12 
 0.06 
 0.15 
 
 0.88 
 0.79 
 1.16 
 
 0.08 
 0.09 
 0.15 
 
 0.02 
 0.04 
 0.04 
 
 0.06 
 0.02 
 0.08 
 
 0'?l4 
 
 Vetches 
 
 
 Reaus 
 
 0.23 
 
 Wheat Bran 
 
 5 56 
 
 1.33 
 1 93 
 
 0.03 
 09 
 
 0.94 
 1 13 
 
 0.26 
 0^5 
 
 2.88 
 3 4? 
 
 
 0.06 
 
 
 
 Rye Bran 
 
 Linseed Cake 
 
 714 
 
 
 5.52 
 
 1.29 
 
 0.08 
 
 0.88 
 
 0.47 
 
 1.94 
 
 0.19 
 
 0.36 
 
 0.03 
 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 
 
 231 
 
 Tahle showing average Composition, Nutritive and Money Value of different 
 hinds of Fodder, compiled from Tables of Dr. Wolff for Oermany, Dr. 
 Collier for United States, various Analyses of Connecticut Experiment 
 Station, and other American Analyses. 
 
 ARTICLES SUITABLE FOR DAIRY CATTLE-FEEDING. 
 
 Kinds of Fodder. 
 
 Meadow Hay, medium 
 
 Meadow Hay, very good . . . 
 
 Meadow Hay, extra 
 
 Red Clover, medium 
 
 Eed Clover, very good 
 
 Red Clover, extra 
 
 Red Clover, aftermath .... 
 White Clover, medium .... 
 Hay of pure Red Clover. . . . 
 
 Lucern, medium 
 
 Lucern, very good 
 
 Swedish Clover, Alsike .... 
 Fodder Yetch, medium .... 
 Fodder Vetch, very good. . . 
 
 Peas, in bloom 
 
 Lupine, very good 
 
 Fodder Rye 
 
 Timothy 
 
 Early Meadow Grass {Poa 
 
 annua), in blossom 
 
 Orchard Grass, in blossom. 
 June Grass {Poa pratensis), 
 
 in blossom 
 
 Sheep Fescue 
 
 Red-top, in blossom 
 
 % 
 
 U.3 
 15.0 
 16.0 
 16.0 
 16.5 
 16.5 
 16. 
 16.5 
 16.0 
 16.0 
 16.5 
 16.0 
 16.7 
 16.7 
 16.7 
 16.7 
 14.3 
 14.3 
 
 14.3 
 14.3 
 
 14.3 
 2.5 
 6.4 
 
 1 
 
 Organic Substances. 
 
 Nutrients. 
 
 1 
 
 .S 
 1 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 E 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 si 
 
 II 
 
 il 
 
 i 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 Asl : 
 
 6.2 
 
 9.7 
 
 26.3 
 
 41.4 
 
 2.5 
 
 5.4 
 
 41.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 11.7 
 
 21.9 
 
 41.6 
 
 2.8 
 
 7.4 
 
 41.7 
 
 1.3 
 
 6.1 
 
 7.7 
 
 13.5 
 
 19.3 
 
 40.4 
 
 3.0 
 
 9.2 
 
 42.8 
 
 1.5 
 
 5.1 
 
 5.3 
 
 12.3 
 
 26.0 
 
 38.2 
 
 2.2 
 
 7.0 
 
 38.1 
 
 1.2 
 
 5.9 
 
 6.0 
 
 13.5 
 
 24.0 
 
 37.1 
 
 2.9 
 
 8.5 
 
 38.2 
 
 1.7 
 
 5.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 15.3 
 
 22.2 
 
 35.8 
 
 3.2 
 
 10.7 
 
 37.6 
 
 2.1 
 
 4.0 
 
 10.5 
 
 13.0 
 
 25.1 
 
 
 
 24.8 
 
 41.8 
 
 3.7 
 
 1.8 
 
 6.0 
 
 14.5 
 
 25.6 
 
 33.9 
 
 3.5 
 
 8.1 
 
 35.9 
 
 2.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 5 6 
 
 18 4 
 
 95 4 
 
 36 4 
 
 8 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.2 
 
 14.4 
 
 33.0 
 
 27.9 
 
 2.5 
 
 9.4 
 
 28.3 
 
 1.0 
 
 3.3 
 
 6.8 
 
 16.0 
 
 26.6 
 
 31.6 
 
 2.5 
 
 12.3 
 
 31.4 
 
 1.0 
 
 2.8 
 
 6.0 
 
 15.0 
 
 27.0 
 
 32.7 
 
 3.3 
 
 8.6 
 
 34.8 
 
 1.8 
 
 4.6 
 
 8.-3 
 
 14.2 
 
 25.5 
 
 32.8 
 
 2.5 
 
 9.4 
 
 32.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 3.9 
 
 9.3 
 
 19.8 
 
 23.4 
 
 28.5 
 
 2.3 
 
 15.1 
 
 31.1 
 
 1.4 
 
 2.3 
 
 7.0 
 
 14.3 
 
 25.2 
 
 34.2 
 
 2.6 
 
 9.4 
 
 33.1 
 
 1.6 
 
 4.0 
 
 4.1 
 
 23.2 
 
 25.2 
 
 28.6 
 
 2.2 
 
 17.2 
 
 36.0 
 
 0.7 
 
 2.2 
 
 5.1 
 
 0.4 
 
 23.1 
 
 44.5 
 
 2.8 
 
 6.6 
 
 44.3 
 
 1.3 
 
 7.2 
 
 4.5 
 
 9.7 
 
 22.7 
 
 45.8 
 
 3.0 
 
 5.8 
 
 43.4 
 
 1.4 
 
 8.1 
 
 2.4 
 
 10.1 
 
 25.9 
 
 47.2 
 
 2.9 
 
 6.0 
 
 42.5 
 
 2.1 
 
 7.9 
 
 4.6 
 
 11.6 
 
 28.9 
 
 40.7 
 
 2.7 
 
 6.9 
 
 40.3 
 
 1.9 
 
 6.5 
 
 5.1 
 
 8.9 
 
 32.6 
 
 39.1 
 
 2.3 
 
 5.9 
 
 40.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 7.5 
 
 3.6 
 
 8.8 
 
 25.1 
 
 57.1 
 
 3.6 
 
 8.8 
 
 67.1 
 
 3.6 
 
 6.9 
 
 6.8 
 
 10.3 
 
 20.6 
 
 53.1 
 
 2.6 
 
 10.3 
 
 53.1 
 
 2.6 
 
 5.4 
 
 J 
 
 > 
 % 
 
 0.64 
 0.75 
 0.85 
 0.70 
 0.79 
 0.89 
 
 0.76 
 
 0.71 
 0.86 
 0.76 
 0.77 
 0.99 
 0.77 
 1.10 
 0.72 
 0.70 
 
 0.74 
 0.74 
 
 0.68 
 0.85 
 0.82 
 
232 JER&EY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 AVERAGE COMPOSITION, ETC., OF FEEDING STUFFS (cOntinUcd ). 
 
 Kinds ok Foddkr. 
 
 UAY {continued ). 
 Meadow Foxtail, after 1) 
 
 soin 
 
 Meadow Soft (iruss, v 
 
 young 
 
 Fowl Meadow Grass (/%/ 
 
 serotimi) 
 
 Blue Grass {Poa coiapresm) 
 Blue Grass, early bloom . . . 
 Foxtail Pigeon Grass, early 
 
 l)l..<)in 
 
 Johnson Grass 
 
 Beriiuula Grass 
 
 Quack Grass 
 
 Gaina Grass 
 
 Timothy 
 
 Timothy and Ked-top 
 
 Timothy and June Grass. . . 
 
 Mixed Grasses 
 
 Containing Clover 
 
 Low Meadow Hay 
 
 Salt Marsh Ilay 
 
 Japan Clover 
 
 Italian Rye Grass 
 
 English Rye Grass 
 
 Upland Gi-asses 
 
 Mexican Clover 
 
 Hungarian Grass 
 
 Desmodium 
 
 Brown Hay of ( "lover 
 
 9.0 
 
 Org;! 
 
 NIC Substances. 
 
 Digestible 
 
 nuthients. 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 .^s 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 1 
 
 °l 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■i 
 p 
 
 p 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 Ph 
 
 f^ 
 
 
 £ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 £ 
 
 "A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.2 
 12.7 
 
 8.6 
 10.7 
 
 11.4 
 
 8.6 
 
 6.2 
 
 7.6 
 
 7.0 
 
 7.3 
 
 10.9 
 
 7.4 
 
 6.1 
 
 12.9 
 
 11.2 
 
 10.2 
 
 9.5 
 
 10.8 
 
 16.7 
 
 23.1 
 
 49.6 
 
 21.7 
 17.8 
 19.1 
 
 21.4 
 16.6 
 22.7 
 
 28.9 
 
 24.1 
 30.8 
 31.9 
 20.3 
 22.9 
 30.2 
 28.7 
 25.6 
 29.4 
 21.7 
 25.4 
 
 49.0 
 56.4 
 
 52.7 
 
 52.4 
 
 46.0 
 
 44.7 
 
 48, 
 
 48.2 
 
 45.8 
 
 44.1 
 
 45.4 
 
 44.9 
 
 43.0 
 
 43.8 
 
 41.3 
 
 44.8 
 
 40.6 
 
 36.1 
 
 39.1 
 
 45.1 
 
 38.5 
 
 3.2 
 
 16.8 49.3 4.1 
 
 .8149.6! 3.2 
 
 11.2,49.3, 4.1 
 
 5.3 
 10.2 
 
 8.5 
 
 9.16 
 
 10.1 
 
 9.8 
 
 7.4 
 
 ).0 2.9 
 3.4 2.4 
 2.7 4.0 
 
 52.4 
 46.0 
 44.7 
 48.2 
 48.2 
 
 4.8, 0.85 
 
 6.9' 0.69 
 10.9 0.66 
 4.5 0..S3 
 
 5.2 0.76 
 
 44.8 
 41.5 
 35.3 
 40.9 
 45.2 
 41.0 
 
 16.2 38.2 
 
 0.74 
 0.57 
 0.64 
 
JEESJEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 AVERAGE COMPOSITION, ETC., OF FEEDING STUFFS {continued ). 
 
 Kinds ok Fodder. 
 
 HAY (continued ). 
 
 Brown Hay of Grasses 
 
 Brown Hay of Maize 
 
 GKEEN FODDEE. 
 
 Grass, before bloom. . , 
 
 Pasture Grass 
 
 Rich Pasture Grass 
 
 Italian Rye Grass 
 
 Timothy Grass 
 
 Upland Grasses 
 
 Maize Fodder 
 
 Green Maize, German 
 
 Fodder Rye 
 
 Fodder Oats 
 
 Hungarian Grass, in blos- 
 som 
 
 Pasture Clover, young 
 
 Red Clover, before bloom. . 
 
 Red Clover, full bloom .... 
 
 White Clover, in blossom . . 
 
 Swedish Clover, beginning 
 of bloom 
 
 Fodder Vetch, beginning of 
 bloom 
 
 Fodder Peas, in bloom. . 
 
 Fodder Cabbage 
 
 White Cabbage 
 
 STRAW. 
 
 Winter Wheat Straw. . . 
 Winter Barley Straw. . . 
 
 „ Q DiGESTIBLB 
 
 Organic Sdbstances. nutkients. 
 
 % 
 22.4 
 
 7.0 
 
 6.0 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 7.1 
 8.0 
 10.1 
 4.7 
 4.4 
 7.9 
 6.5 
 
 8.5 
 2.8 
 4.5 
 5.8 
 6.0 
 
 5.5 
 5.6 
 2.4 
 2.0 
 
 40.0 
 43.0 
 
 45.5 
 10.1 
 
 13.1 
 
 9.7 
 10.1 
 12.1 
 16.3 
 13.4 
 
 8.4 
 
 9.3 
 10.4 
 
 8.3 
 
 10.9 
 
 7.2 
 7.0 
 
 5.1 
 
 6.0 
 
 35.6 
 31.4 
 
 a i S 
 
 8.1 
 
 0.4| 45.8 
 0.4' 40.5 
 
 0.22 
 0.21 
 0.27 
 0.23 
 0.28 
 0.23 
 
 0.13 
 0.20 
 0.15 
 
 0.20 
 0.25 
 0.19 
 0.17 
 0.19 
 
 0.17 
 
 0.18 
 0.18 
 0.17 
 0.11 
 
 0.37 
 0.33 
 
234 
 
 JERSEY VATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 AVERAGK COMPOSITION, 
 
 ETC., OF FEEDING STUFFS 
 
 {con 
 
 tinned). 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 Orgakic Substances. 
 
 DlOESTIBI.E 
 
 Nutrients. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 Kinds of Foddek. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 1^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 S 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 STRAW (continued ). 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 i 
 
 % 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 Asl : 
 
 * 
 
 Summer Barley Straw. . . 
 
 14.3 
 
 4.1 
 
 3.5 
 
 40.0 
 
 36.7 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.3 
 
 40.6 
 
 0.5 
 
 32.2 
 
 0.44 
 
 Barley Straw, witli Clo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ver 
 
 14.3 
 
 6.7 
 
 6.5 
 
 38.0 
 
 32.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 3.3 
 
 38.8 
 
 0.9 
 
 12.4 
 
 0.53 
 
 Oat Straw 
 
 14.3 
 
 4.0 
 
 4.0 
 
 39.5 
 
 36.2 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.4 
 
 40.1 
 
 0.6 
 
 29.9 
 
 0.45 
 
 Summer Grain Straws, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 medium 
 
 14.3 
 
 4.1 
 
 3.8 
 
 39.7 
 
 36.4 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.4 
 
 40.4 
 
 0.7 
 
 31.0 
 
 0.45 
 
 Summer Grain Straws, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 very good 
 
 14.3 
 
 6.7 6.9 
 
 36.7 
 
 32.9 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.5 
 
 36.9 
 
 0.8 
 
 15.5 
 
 0.47 
 
 Fodder Vetcli 
 
 16.0 
 
 4.5 
 
 7.5 
 
 42.0 
 
 29.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 3.4 
 
 31.9 
 
 0.5 
 
 9.8 
 
 0.46 
 
 Tea 
 
 16.0 
 
 4.5 
 
 6.5 
 
 38.0 
 
 34.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 2.9 
 
 33.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 12.0 
 
 0.44 
 
 Seed Clover 
 
 16.0 
 
 5.6 
 
 9.4 
 
 42.0 
 
 25.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 4.2 
 
 28.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 7.4 
 
 0.49 
 
 Corn Stalks 
 
 15.0 
 
 4.2 
 
 3.0 
 
 40.0 
 
 36.7 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.1 
 
 37.0 
 
 0.3 
 
 34.4 
 
 0.39 
 
 Wheat 
 
 14.3 
 
 9.2 
 
 4.3 
 
 36.0 '34.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.4 
 
 32.8 
 
 0.4 
 
 24.1 
 
 0.37 
 
 CHAFF AND IHLI.S. 
 
 
 Bye 
 
 14.3 
 
 7.5 
 
 3.6 
 
 43.5 
 
 29.9 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.1 
 
 34.9 
 
 0.4 
 
 32.6 
 
 0.37 
 
 Oats 
 
 14.3 
 14.3 
 
 10.1 
 13.0 
 
 4.0 
 3.0 
 
 34.0 
 30.0 
 
 36.2 
 
 38.2 
 
 1.5 
 1.5 
 
 1.6 
 1.2 
 
 36.6 
 35.0 
 
 0.6 
 0.6 
 
 23.8 
 30.4 
 
 0.39 
 
 Barley 
 
 0.38 
 
 Vetch 
 
 15.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 8.5 
 
 33.0 
 
 33.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 4.2 
 
 34.3 
 
 1.2 
 
 8.9 
 
 0.54 
 
 Pea 
 
 15.0 
 
 6.0 
 
 8.1 
 
 32.0 
 
 36.9 
 
 2.0 
 
 4.0 
 
 36.2 
 
 1.2 
 
 9.8 
 
 0.55 
 
 Flax 
 
 11.2 
 
 7.2 
 
 2.7 
 
 45.2 
 
 32.6 
 
 1.1 
 
 0.7 
 
 36.8 
 
 0.4 
 
 53.8 
 
 0.38 
 
 Wiiite Clover 
 
 11.5 
 
 7.9 
 
 18.3 
 
 22.4 
 
 36.8 
 
 3.1 
 
 10.7 
 
 34.8 
 
 1.5 
 
 3.6 
 
 0.84 
 
 KOOTS AND TUBERS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 75.0 
 88.0 
 
 0.9 
 0.8 
 
 2.1 
 1.1 
 
 1.1 
 0.9 
 
 20.7 
 9.1 
 
 0.2 
 0.1 
 
 2.1 
 1.1 
 
 21.8 
 10.0 
 
 0.2 
 0.1 
 
 10.6 
 9.3 
 
 0.29 
 
 Mangolds 
 
 0.14 
 
 American Mangolds. . . . 
 Sugar Beets 
 
 92.1 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.77 
 
 0.78 
 
 4.23 
 
 0.45 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81.5 
 
 0.7 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.3 
 
 15.4 
 
 0.1 
 
 1.0 
 
 16.7 
 
 'o.! 
 
 17.0 
 
 0.19 
 
 Kutahagas 
 
 87.0 
 
 1.0 1.3 
 
 1.1 
 
 9.5 
 
 0.1 
 
 1.3 
 
 10.6 
 
 0.1 
 
 8.3 
 
 0.15 
 
 Carrots 
 
 85.0 
 
 0.9 1.4 
 
 1.7 
 
 10.8 
 
 0.2 
 
 1.4 
 
 12.5 
 
 0.2 
 
 9.3 
 
 0.18 
 
 Turnips 
 
 92.0 
 
 0.7 1.1 
 
 0.8 
 
 5.3 
 
 0.1 
 
 1.1 
 
 6.1 
 
 0.1 
 
 5.8 
 
 0.16 
 
 
 
 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IW A3IER1CA. 
 
 AVERAGE COMPOSITION, ETC., OF FEEDING STVFFS {continued). 
 
 Kinds ok Fodder. 
 
 BOOTS AND TUBERS 
 
 {continued). 
 
 Parsnips 
 
 Sweet Potato 
 
 American Yam 
 
 GRAINS AND FRUITS. 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Rye 
 
 American Winter Rye. . 
 
 Barley 
 
 Oats 
 
 Maize 
 
 Mammoth Sweet Corn. . 
 Sweet Corn, average . . . 
 Stowell's Evergreen 
 
 Sweet Corn 
 
 Millet 
 
 Golden Millet 
 
 Rice, hulled 
 
 Peas 
 
 Vetch 
 
 Cow Peas, American. . .120.0 
 
 69.7 
 71.2 
 
 jl4.4 
 14.3 
 8.7 
 14.3 
 14.3 
 14.4 
 6.47 
 8.59 
 
 5.98 
 14.0 
 13.4 
 14.0 
 14.3 
 14.3 
 
 Flax Seed 
 
 Apples and Pears . . . 
 Roxbury Russet. . . . 
 
 Pumpkins 
 
 Squash, American . . 
 
 BY-PRODUCTS. 
 
 Coarse Wheat Bran . 
 Wheat Middlings . . . 
 
 Ii2.; 
 
 11.4 
 11.8 
 
 Organic Substances. 
 
 0.7 
 1.1 
 0.6 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.8 
 
 2.2 
 
 2.7 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.92 
 
 1. 
 
 1.92 
 3.0 
 
 2.8 
 0.5 
 2.4 
 2.7 
 3.1 
 3.4 
 0.4 
 0.2( 
 1.0 
 0.7 
 
 5.1 
 2.3 
 
 1.6 
 1.9 
 2.1 
 
 13.0 
 
 11.0 
 
 12.1 
 
 10.0 
 
 12.0 
 
 10.0 
 
 12.78 
 
 12.08 
 
 11.9 
 12.7 
 9.6 
 
 7.7 
 32.4 
 27.5 
 21.6 
 10.5 
 0.4 
 0.27 
 0.6 
 0.9 
 
 12.9 
 11.4 
 
 1.0 
 1.7 
 
 0.7 
 
 3.0 
 3.5 
 1.4 
 
 7.1 
 9.3 
 
 5.5 
 
 1.8S 
 2.04 
 
 2.66 
 9.5 
 11.6 
 
 2.2 
 6.4 
 
 4.3 
 0.95 
 
 2.7 
 1.0 
 
 8.1 
 4.8 
 
 10.2 
 26.3 
 25.2 
 
 66.4 
 67.4 
 73.9 
 63.9 
 55.7 
 .1 
 67.95 
 67.3 
 
 69.53 
 57.5 
 
 58.6 
 75.2 
 52.5 
 45.8 
 49.3 
 19.6 
 11.8 
 15.71 
 
 .5 
 
 .1 
 
 59.1 
 66.8 
 
 0.2 
 0.3 
 0.2 
 
 1.5 
 2.0 
 2.1 
 2.5 
 6.0 
 6.6 
 9.0 
 8.04 
 
 8.00 
 3.3 
 4.0 
 0.4 
 2.0 
 3.0 
 1.3 
 37.0 
 
 0.53 
 0.1 
 
 0.2 
 
 Digestible 
 Kdtribnts. 
 
 9.5 
 
 7. 
 
 6.9 
 20.2 
 24.8 
 19.4 
 17.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 11.2 
 
 28.0 
 
 64.3 
 65.4 
 70.3 
 58.9 
 43.3 
 
 45.0 
 47.0 
 72.7 
 54.4 
 48.2 
 49.6 
 18.9 
 12.9 
 
 0.2 
 0.3 
 0.2 
 
 1.2 
 1.6 
 1.6 
 1.7 
 
 4.7 
 
 4.1 
 
 7.3 
 31.9 
 12.5 
 
 5.8 
 7.0 
 
 0.18 
 0.30 
 0.33 
 
 1.13 
 1.08 
 1.16 
 0.95 
 0.98 
 1.11 
 
 2.6 
 3.1 
 0.3 
 1. 
 2.5 
 1.1 
 35.2 
 
 0.93 
 0.87 
 0.96 
 1.44 
 1.63 
 1.33 
 2.47 
 0.13 
 
 0.08 
 0.11 
 
 1.01 
 1.00 
 
JEli^iEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 AYEEAGE COMPOSITION, KTC, OF FEEDING STUFFS {cOntinUHl). 
 
 Kinds op Fodder. 
 
 BY-PKODUCTS {continued ). 
 
 Eye Bran 
 
 Buckwheat Bran 
 
 Pea Meal Bran 
 
 Pea Meal 
 
 Millet Bran 
 
 Barley Bran 
 
 Wheat Meal 
 
 Rice Meal 
 
 Barley Middlings 
 
 Oat Bran 
 
 DAIRY PROD0CTS. 
 
 Cow's Milk 
 
 Jersey Milk 
 
 Skimmed Milk 
 
 Skimmpd Milk, by sep- 
 arator 
 
 Buttermilk 
 
 "Whey 
 
 Cream 
 
 Jersey Cream 
 
 
 Organic Substances. 
 
 Digestible 
 
 Nutrients. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i'i 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 l!l 
 
 
 ^; 
 
 
 
 
 •s 
 
 ? 
 
 OR 
 
 
 •s 
 
 ^■^ 
 
 
 '< 
 
 I 
 
 E 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 3| 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 12.9 
 14.0 
 12.3 
 11.4 
 
 9.5 
 12.0 
 11.5 
 
 9.9 
 12.3 
 
 9.7 
 
 87.5 
 85.2 
 90.0 
 
 91.7 
 90.1 
 92.6 
 62.0 
 36.4 
 
 3.4 
 4.2 
 3.5 
 
 7.5 
 4.1 
 3.0 
 10.6 
 
 % 
 
 12.6 
 17.1 
 13.1 
 23.7 
 
 6.5 
 14.8 
 13.9 
 10.9 
 11.6 
 
 7.1 
 
 3.2 
 3.6 
 3.5 
 
 3.1 
 3.0 
 1.0 
 
 2.7 
 
 % j % 
 
 2.5 67.0 
 
 14.7j 46.4 
 
 31.ll 37.8| 
 
 4.5' 54.5 
 
 57.6 14.4| 
 
 19.4 45.6 
 
 4.8 63.5: 
 
 1.1 47.6' 
 
 14.3i 52.9I 
 
 19.3' 57.9' 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 2.2 
 
 10.6 
 
 4.4 
 
 13.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 9.2 
 
 3.5 
 
 20.9 
 
 4.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 4.1 
 
 11.5 
 
 3.3 
 
 10.8 
 
 9.9 
 
 8.6 
 
 3.6 
 
 9.6 
 
 2.3 
 
 5.6 
 
 3.6 
 
 3.2 
 
 5.2 
 
 3.6 
 
 0.7 
 
 3.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 3.1 
 
 1.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.6 
 
 1.0 
 
 31.8 
 
 2.7 
 
 56.8 
 
 3.8 
 
 % 
 
 50.0 
 
 44.0 
 
 45.8 
 
 55.4 
 
 38.8 
 
 43. 
 
 54.8 
 
 47.2 
 
 47.0 
 
 49, 
 
 5.0 
 4, 
 
 5.0 
 
 4.1 
 5.4 
 5.1 
 2.9 
 
 2.8 
 
 % Asl: 
 2.o| 5.3 
 3.9; 4.1 
 1.2! 5.3 
 2.8| 3.0 
 2.7 10.1 
 3.6 4.5 
 2.9 5.7 
 8.8^ 8.0 
 3.2' 6.0 
 2.0' 9.7 
 
 1.00 
 1.15 
 0.86 
 1.53 
 0.66 
 1.04 
 1.08 
 1.16 
 0.93 
 0.77 
 
 3.6 
 
 5.2 
 0.7 
 
 0.3 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.6 
 
 31.8 
 
 56.8 
 
 4.4! 0.34 
 
 1.9: 0.S 
 
 2.6 
 
 6.6 
 
 30.5 
 
 0.22 
 0.11 
 1.54 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 AVERAGE COMPOSITION, ETC., OF FEEDING STUFFS {continued). 
 
 Articles of Questionable Utility i?i Feeding Jersey Cattle. 
 
 Kinds of Fodder. 
 
 Organic Substances. 
 
 Digestible 
 Nutrients. 
 
 7.2 
 
 Meadow Hay, jjoor 
 
 Fermented Maize Hay. . 
 
 Cotton Seed 
 
 Cotton-seed Meal, de- 
 corticated 
 
 Cotton-seed Meal, un- 
 decorticated 
 
 Palm Seed 
 
 Palm-nut Cake i 10.5 
 
 Palm-nut Cake, Ameri- 
 can 7, 
 
 Palm-nut Cake, extract-j 
 ed ! 10.5 
 
 Linseed Cake i 9.1 
 
 Linseed Meal, extract- 
 ed 
 
 Sunflower Seed 
 
 Sunflower Cake 10.3 
 
 Distillery Slump 90.6 
 
 Brewers' Grains 75.2 
 
 Malt Sprouts 11.6 
 
 Rye Refuse, starch fac- 
 tory 70.0 
 
 Wheat Refuse, starch 
 factory 74.0 
 
 Potato Refuse, starch 
 factory 86.0 
 
 % 
 
 7.5 
 
 1.2 
 
 22.8 
 
 23.6 
 
 8.4 
 
 16.9 
 
 13.5 
 
 18.5 
 32.4 
 
 33.2 
 13.0 
 37.3 
 1.8 
 5.9 
 25.9 
 
 6.1 
 
 4.4 
 
 0.8 
 
 33.5 
 5.3 
 
 16.0 
 
 22.0 
 
 6.0 
 
 17.4 
 
 18.8 
 
 20.2 
 
 15.4 
 
 24.4 
 
 30.5 
 26.8 
 41.0 
 
 41.0 
 
 43.5 
 31.5 
 
 38.7 
 23.9 
 26.0 
 5.2 
 13.2 
 45.5 
 
 18, 
 
 15.4 
 
 n.7 
 
 18.0 
 
 6.1 
 49. 
 10.0 
 
 3.3 
 11.6 
 
 3.4 
 
 0.8 
 17.1 
 
 17.5 
 
 8.0 
 
 16.1 
 
 12.8 
 
 17 
 27.6 
 
 27.8 
 
 10.4 
 
 31.3 
 
 1.6 
 
 4.8 
 
 3.7 
 
 % 
 34.! 
 
 8.( 
 18.' 
 
 17.6 
 
 14.9 
 
 31 
 
 55.4 
 
 56.2 
 
 60.4 
 27.0 
 
 33.9 
 
 24.6 
 24.7 
 5.4 
 11.3 
 43.7 
 
 18.1 
 
 15.1 
 
 13.7 
 
 % 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.4 
 
 27.3 
 
 16.2 
 
 5.5 
 
 48.: 
 9.5 
 
 14.0 
 
 3.1 
 10.4 
 
 2.1 
 21.2 
 
 7.6 
 0.8 
 1.2 
 0.9 
 
 1 
 
 1.8 
 
 0.1 
 
 I 
 
 As] 
 10. 
 12.0 
 4. 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.7 
 18.3 
 4. 
 
 7.0 
 
 % 
 0.48 
 0.13 
 
 2.08 
 
 1.14 
 2.75 
 1.61 
 
 1.4 
 
 7, 
 1 
 4 
 3.0 
 
 2.2 
 
 4.1 
 5.3 
 
 17.4' 
 
 1.44 
 
 1.89 
 
 1.61 
 1.59 
 1.93 
 0.15 
 0.36 
 1.33 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.37 
 
 0.16 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 AVERAGE COMPOSITION, ETC., OF FEEDING STVFV8 {oontintud). 
 
 Articles of Questionable Utility in Feedim^ Jersey Cattle (continued). 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 Organic Substances. 
 
 Digestible 
 
 Nutrients. 
 
 1 
 1 
 •c 
 
 
 Kinds ok Foddek. 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 if 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 fl 
 
 ".2 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 Rape Cake 
 
 Rape Meal, extracted. . . 
 
 Apple Pomace 
 
 Ensilage of Maize 
 
 Ensilage of Rye 
 
 Ensilage of Red Clover. 
 Ensilage of Sorghum. . . 
 
 Rye Straw, ripe 
 
 Timothy Ensilage 
 
 Cow Peas Ensilage 
 
 Orcliard Grass Ensi- 
 lage 
 
 % 
 11.3 
 
 8.5 
 77.2 
 82.0 
 7fi.2 
 79.2 
 77.3 
 14.3 
 70.0 
 76.0 
 
 74.0 
 74.2 
 
 82.2 
 84.9 
 77.6 
 
 % 
 
 7.1 
 7.9 
 0.5 
 
 4.1 
 
 31.6 
 33.1 
 
 0.9 
 
 .... 
 3.0 
 
 % 
 
 11.0 
 
 13.4 
 
 3.9 
 
 44.0 
 
 % 
 
 29.9 
 34.1 
 15.7 
 
 33.3 
 
 % 
 
 9.6 
 3.0 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.3 
 
 25.3 
 26.5 
 
 23.8 
 27.2 
 
 7.7 
 2.4 
 
 Asl : 
 1.7 
 1.3 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 1.66 
 1.51 
 
 1.0 
 1.9 
 3.0 
 1.6 
 0.8 
 2.1 
 3.0 
 
 2.6 
 
 10.1 
 12.0 
 
 8.1 
 11.9 
 36.5 
 16.0 
 
 9.4 
 
 12.4 
 
 0.5 
 0.4 
 1.7 
 0.3 
 0.4 
 0.5 
 0.2 
 
 0.4 
 
 11.4 
 6.8 
 4.0 
 7.4 
 
 46.9 
 8.2 
 3.2 
 
 5.1 
 
 0.16 
 0.21 
 0.28 
 0.19 
 0.35 
 0*^8 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 0.24 
 
 0^4 
 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.9 
 
 4.7 
 
 7.0 
 
 0.3 
 
 
 Carrot Leaves Ensi- 
 lase. 
 
 2.2 
 
 7.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 3.8 
 
 0.1 H 
 
 Extra Maize Ensilage. . . 
 Best Maize Ensilage*. . . 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.9 
 
 2.0 
 
 7.9 
 6.0 
 
 13.0 
 12.0 
 
 0.9 
 0.54 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * This was a sample analyzed at the Connecticut Station, made from corn well advanced in ear. 
 It contained acetic acid iWa. "equivalent to one quart of strong vinegar per hundred pounds," and 
 iWr alcohol, equivalent to one pint of rum per lumdred pounds of ensilage. 
 
JEliSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 VALUE OF THE TABLES. 
 
 These valuations are only approximate. The standard is average meadow 
 hay figured at sixty-four cents for one hundred pounds. Tlie German estimates 
 by Dr. "Wolff on the basis of four and one third cents for one pound of digestible 
 proteids, four and one third cents for one pound of digestible fat, and nine tenths of 
 a cent a pound for the digestible carbo-hydrates. 
 
 The feeder will learn to make practical use of the tables by frequent reference 
 to them, and comparing the estimates with the results of his own practice. By 
 the exercise of his own skill he can combine such elements as are best to form 
 rations for his own stock. 
 
 REQUISITES TO SUSTAIN LIFE AND HEALTH. 
 
 The animal heat must be sustained by the carbo-hydrates and the carbon of the 
 proteids. This is believed to be accomplished by oxidation in the cells and capillary 
 vessels of the body, and consumes the starch, gum, sugar and cellulose, and furnishes 
 the carbon given off in breathing. 
 
 The fat which is stored up in the body, as well as the great quantity secreted 
 in milk, must be supplied by vegetable oils. The natural wear and waste of muscle 
 and cartilage and the growth of these in young animals must be sufficiently provided 
 for in proteids, as albumen, gluten, casein, legumen, fibrin, mucedin and gliadin. 
 The bones and teeth must be built u]) and nourished by earthy phosjjhates, and 
 the processes of digestion, asshnilation and excretion aided by saline substances, 
 chlorides, sulphates, and other elements that appear in the various excretions after 
 fulfilling their purpose. Food that furnishes all these essential elements in right 
 proportions and sufficient quantity in the most palatable and digestible forms must be 
 provided by the care and skill which meets all the purposes of the dairyman and the 
 breeder of butter cattle. These objects cannot be accomplished without a great 
 variety of grasses, grains, leguminous plants and roots. 
 
JEliSJ-JY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 AMERICAN FEEDING STUFFS. 
 AvKRAOE Selections from Table ok American AxALYSt:s. 
 
 COMPILED BY E. H. JENKINS, PH.D., CONN. 
 
 Agrieiiltural Experiment Station Report, 1884. 
 
 (JREEN KODDKRS. 
 
 Maize 
 
 Maize Ensilage 
 
 (\)W Pea Vine and Pods 
 
 llyi^ 
 
 HAY. 
 
 (h.ovER Hay 
 
 Timothy 
 
 Sorghum Leaves 
 
 Hungarian Grass 
 
 Oat Straw 
 
 MaIZK, FlEI.IK'lKED. . . . 
 
 ('ow Pea Vines 
 
 ROOTS. 
 
 Beets (red) 
 
 Carrots 
 
 Mangolds 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Sweet Potatoe.*. 
 
 Turnips 
 
 Kntabagas 
 
 FRUITS 
 
 Apples 
 
 Squash 
 
 i 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 , 
 
 18.86 
 
 1.30 
 
 19.29 
 
 1.47 
 
 15.94 
 
 3.12 
 
 25.30 
 
 2.60 
 
 84.98 
 
 11.38 
 
 87.42 
 
 6.36 
 
 27.00 
 
 3.10 
 
 83.30 
 
 6.59 
 
 89.89 
 
 3.35 
 
 67.95 
 
 4.29 
 
 88.95 
 
 15.68 
 
 11.43 
 
 1.60 
 
 12.68 
 
 1.38 
 
 7.96 
 
 1.70 
 
 21.35 
 
 1.23 
 
 29.72 
 
 0.97 
 
 11.11 
 
 1.34 
 
 12.92 
 
 1.15 
 
 15.89 
 
 0.21 
 
 5.12 
 
 0.66 
 
 §1 
 
 .60 
 .65 
 
 1.98 
 2.03 
 
 1.81 
 2.07 
 1.24 
 
 2.87 
 
 0.18 
 0.67 
 0.20 
 0.13 
 0.31 
 0.09 
 0.09 
 
 0.28 
 0.28 
 
 10.65 
 9.88 
 6.91 
 5.90 
 
 5.37 
 
 5.88 
 3.48 
 14.30 1 
 
 40.11 
 
 26.35 
 
 44.89 
 
 29.93 
 
 45.10 
 
 5.20 
 
 42.49 
 
 27.16 
 
 36.97 
 
 42.78 
 
 35.96 
 
 22.14 
 
 42.17 
 
 19.82 
 
 7.40 
 
 1.16 
 
 7.28 
 
 1.93 
 
 4.19 
 
 0.82 
 
 18.72 
 
 0.38 
 
 26.13 
 
 1.36 
 
 8.11 
 
 0.86 
 
 9.11 
 
 1.16 
 
 14.26 
 
 0.91 
 
 3.24 
 
 0.54 
 
 1.22 
 1.34 
 
 1.83 
 1.90 
 
 5.15 
 4.23 
 3.50 
 5.24 
 4.72 
 4.32 
 8.41 
 
 1.08 
 1.34 
 1.05 
 0.89 
 0.93 
 0.71 
 1.41 
 
 0.23 
 0.40 
 
$-- 
 
 m^ 
 
 OXFORD KATE 13,646. 
 
 AT 5 YEARS OLD. 
 
 Kliedite Type. 
 R. S. Andrews, Baltimore, Maryland. 
 
MISS SHARPLESS 24,352. 
 
 Kliedire Type. 
 HIGHLAND HERD. 
 
 James N. Smith, Litchfield, Connecticut. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN' AMERICA. 
 
 AMERICAN FEEDING STUFFS (cOntinUed). 
 
 Average of American Analyses {continued). 
 
 
 (iKAIN8. 
 
 Peas 
 
 Barley 
 
 Cow Pea 
 
 Soja Bean 
 
 Maize Kernel (Dent) 
 
 Maize Kernel (Flint) 
 
 Maize Kernel (Sweet) 
 
 Maize Kernel (Western) . . 
 
 Oats 
 
 Rice 
 
 Rye 
 
 Wheat (Winter) 
 
 Wheat (Spring) 
 
 Sorghum Seed 
 
 meal and bran. 
 
 Barley Meal 
 
 Hominy 
 
 Maize Meal 
 
 Oat Meal 
 
 Cotton -seed Meal 
 
 Linseed Meal, old process . 
 Linseed Meal, new process. 
 
 Rye Bran 
 
 Wheat Middlings 
 
 Wheat Bran 
 
 Wheat Shorts 
 
 21.94 
 
 4.37 
 
 88.90 
 
 12.40 
 
 85.21 
 
 20.77 
 
 91.41 
 
 36.22 
 
 89.93 
 
 10.36 
 
 88.93 
 
 10.67 
 
 91.42 
 
 11.71 
 
 80.90 
 
 8.30 
 
 89.30 
 
 11.30 
 
 87.60 
 
 7.40 
 
 88.40 
 
 10.60 
 
 89.63 
 
 11.82 
 
 89.63 
 
 12.51 
 
 87.48 
 
 8.88 
 
 84.90 
 
 11.80 
 
 86.51 
 
 8.25 
 
 85.14 
 
 9.26 
 
 92.15 
 
 14.66 
 
 92.17 
 
 42.45 
 
 91.28 
 
 31.23 
 
 89.49 
 
 33.45 
 
 87.70 
 
 15.26 
 
 88.03 
 
 12.27 
 
 87.98 
 
 14.54 
 
 88.15 
 
 13.14 
 
 0.55 
 L80 
 1.43 
 17.92 
 5.15 
 5.00 
 8.31 
 3.70 
 5.00 
 0.40 
 1.70 
 2.14 
 2.20 
 3.65 
 
 1.70 
 .44 
 3.82 
 7.06 
 13.36 
 8.72 
 
 14.48 
 
 1.66 
 
 69.30 
 
 2.90 
 
 55.75 
 
 4.06 
 
 28.66 
 
 4.24 
 
 70.60 
 
 2.29 
 
 70.08 
 
 1.71 
 
 66.54 
 
 2.82 
 
 66.00 
 
 1.75 
 
 61.00 
 
 9.00 
 
 79.20 
 
 0.20 
 
 72.60 
 
 1.60 
 
 72.04 
 
 1.77 
 
 71.19 
 
 1.82 
 
 71.27 
 
 1.88 
 
 70.90 
 
 0.10 
 
 77.12 
 
 0.32 
 
 68.58 
 
 2.29 
 
 67.57 
 
 0.86 
 
 23.49 
 
 5.67 
 
 37.75 
 
 7.34 
 
 38.78 
 
 8.37 
 
 63.12 
 
 3.51 
 
 65.48 
 
 4.58 
 
 55.16 
 
 8.79 
 
 51.22 
 
 6.12 
 
242 JEItSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 RELATIVE VALUE OF FEEDING STUFFS. 
 
 100 lbs. Good Hay ^ lbs. 
 
 Beets 070 
 
 Turnips 470 
 
 Clover, Green 375 
 
 Carrots 371 
 
 Manjrokls 368 
 
 Lucern Hay 89 
 
 Clover Hay 88 
 
 Corn 62 
 
 Oats 59 
 
 Barley 58 
 
 Rye 53 
 
 Wheat 44 
 
 Linseed Oil-cake 43 
 
 SUMIIAKY OF FOOD ELEMENTS.* 
 
 "1. The earthy substances contained in food, consisting chiefly of lime and 
 magnesia, present the animal with the materials of which the long skeleton of its body 
 principally consists. 
 
 " They may be called, therefore, bone materials. 
 
 " 2. The saline substances — chloride of sodium (common salt) and potassium, 
 sulphate and phosphate of potash and soda and some other mineral matters occurring 
 in food — sujiply the blood, juice of flesh, and various animal juices, witli tlie 
 necessary mineral constituents. 
 
 " 3. Albumen, gluten, legumen and nitrogen, containing jjrinciples of food, 
 furnish the animal with the materials required for the formation of blood and flesh. 
 They are therefore called flesh-forming substances. 
 
 " 4. Fat and oily matters of the food are employed to lay on fat, <>r to support 
 respiration and annual heat. 
 
 "5. Starch, sugar, gum, and a few other non-nitrogenized substances, consisting 
 of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, are used to support respiration (hence they are 
 called elements of respiration), as they produce fat when given in excess. 
 
 " <i. Starch, sugar, and other elements of respiration alone cannot sustain tlie 
 animal body. 
 
 " 7. Albumen, gluten, or any other albuminous matter alone does not support 
 the life of herbivorous animals. 
 
 " 8. Animals fed upon food deflcient in earthy phosphates or bone-producing 
 principles grow sickly and remain weak in the bone. 
 
 * Chemistry of Food. Dr. August Voelcker. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 'ZU 
 
 " 9. The healthy state of an animal can only be preserved by a mixed food, 
 which contains flesh-forming constituents as well as heat-giving principles, and earthy 
 and saline mineral substances in proportion, determined by experience, and adapted to 
 the diflEerent kinds of animals, or to the purposes for which they are kept." 
 
 DIGESTION IN CATTLE. 
 
 The digestive organs of cattle are very complex. Digestion begins in the mouth 
 and is completed in the large intestine. The mouth is the mill for grinding and 
 salivating food. It contains the tongue, teeth, salivary glands, and also the organs 
 of taste, which latter, aided by the sense of smell, inform the animal in selecting what 
 is good and rejecting what is unsuited to its use. There are five sets of salivary 
 glands — the j)(^rotid glands, the largest, one on each cheek in front of the ear ; the 
 submaxillary, under the lower jaw ; the suhllngual, under the tongue ; the molar 
 glands, parallel to the molar arches ; the Uj> ami palate glands. These all discharge 
 a thin fluid into the mouth. This fluid, or saliva, contains an element called jjtyalhi, 
 which changes starch to sugar. A lurge vow k liclieved to discharge more than a 
 gallon of saliva while chewing the cud one lionr. If the cow is in good health and a 
 large milker she must feed largely and secrete an enonnous quantity of saliva, and 
 that food is best which is given in a form requiring remastication. Ground feed 
 should be mixed with cut hay to make the whole mass bulky, so as to be raised for 
 cud-chewing. 
 
 Bovine animals have a compound stomach with fom- C(jmpartments : the flrst, or 
 rumen, holds about eight bushels in a full-sized ox, and makes up about nine tenths 
 of the bulk of the quadruple stomach; It tills the left side of the belly from tlie 
 short ribs to the hips, and is lobulate in form, having three compartments. 
 
 The second stomach, reticulum, is a prolongation forward of the left sac of tlie 
 rumen, the communicating connection allowing the soft contents to pass freely from 
 the rumen. Its lining membrane has cells like a honeycomb. 
 
 These organs are connected with the gullet, and also the third stomach, by a 
 curious structure called the (lettvi-canaJ. This structure forms a common way for 
 the first three stomachs, and has also the power of contracting its walls so as to 
 communicate only with the third stomach. 
 
 The third stomach, omasum, or manifold, is larger than the second, lies over tlic 
 reticulum to the right, and above the right fore-sac of the rumen, beneath tlic short 
 ribs on the right side. 
 
 On its convex side a dozen or more leaf -like folds extend nearly across the organ. 
 These are interspersed with shorter folds in alternation, the smallest becoming mere 
 ridges. These present a lai-ge amount of apposite surface, and the partitions being 
 endowed with invohintary muscles, for the moving of adjacent surfaces against each 
 other, the tliird stomach is thus made a triturating apparatus. 
 
244 JERSEY CATTLE IN^ AMElilCA. 
 
 The fourtli stomacli, rennet, is of an elongated oval fonn, tapering backward in 
 the right flank at tlie lower border of the rumen, to its termination, where it joins the 
 small intestine. Although second in size, it is very snuill coiuiJured with the rumen. 
 This organ corresponds to the one stomach in other aiiiiii;ils. This is the organ for 
 secreting and mixing the gastric juice with the softened aliment. 
 
 The coarser foods pass as soon as taken into the rumen or to tlic (reticulum) 
 reticule; flner and softer foods may ])ass at once to tlie tliird iind tlie fourth 
 stomachs. 
 
 Liquids with finely divided food may be distributed througii the four stomachs, 
 liquids being propelled through the demi-canal into the manifold and rennet by a 
 series of contractions of the reticulum while the animal is drinking. Thus some foods 
 may reach the manifold and rennet and not be returned for rumination. The rumen 
 often holds two hundred pounds of food when an ox is slaughtered. This is one 
 fourth food mixed with three times its weight of saliva and some water. The 
 reticule usually contains liquid. The strong involuntary muscles of these organs 
 give a continuous clmming movement to all their contents, rendering all soluble 
 elements into a condition for mixing with the gastric juice of the rennet. 
 
 The great bulk of the food in the rumen and a small portion from the reticule 
 are floated back in small quantities to the mouth for mastication. This is done by a 
 muscular compression of the runien. ;i contraction of the demi-canal and gullet from 
 below upward, thus forcing a mouthful of liquid mixed with fibi'ous matter to the 
 tongue and palate, which seize the solid portion in a mass, separating and swallowing 
 the li(juid. The solid is then leisurely chewed and remixed with saliva, when 
 it is passed on to the several receptacles, according to its degree of preparation, 
 some of it probably being masticated and remasticated many times before it is fit 
 for the rennet. 
 
 The good cow is content to spend a large portion of her time chewing the cud. 
 She has a very capacious rumen, needs from twelve to fifteen gallons of water daily, and 
 perfect qiiietude. Any worriment or disturbance of the general health interferes with 
 the process of rumination. The manifold jiresses out the fluid ])ortions of the food, 
 and triturates the residue, still further pulverizing it. In the rennet it is mixed with 
 the gastric juice, which transforms the protein elements into milky peptones, ready 
 for absorption by the lymphatic vessels of the rennet, and the carbo-hydrates already 
 converted into sugar by the saliva are also absorbed by the giustric blood-vessels, while 
 a large portion of the food needs something more than the compound acid and pepsin 
 of the stomacli, and must be passed onward to the intestiiial canal to complete the 
 process of digestion. At tiie proper time the pylorus, a sjihincter or circular gate, 
 involuntarily oj^ens, allowing the contents of the rennet to flow into the next vessel, 
 a long, thin tube, convoluted and doubled upon itself in many folds and festoons. 
 The first part is the duodenum. This organ has its involuntary muscular structure 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 i45 
 
 for propulsion, and a mucus lining filled with little follicles wliicli secrete a digestive 
 fluid. Here also through two oritices is received the bile from the liver, and the 
 pancreatic jiiice from the pancreas, to digest and emulsify the fats and prepare them 
 for the subsequent production of butter. Here also any undissolved starch is, by the 
 combined action of the bile and the diastase of the pancreas, rendered into sugar, 
 and any protein elements needing further preparation are served with the proper 
 solvents, and the nutritive fluids are absorbed and pass into the general circulation. 
 The small intestine is about one hundred and twenty feet in length, and leads into 
 the large intestine, which has a length of about thirty feet. Here what is left of 
 assimilative elements in the digested food is absorbed, and the excretory refuse is 
 thrown out upon the surface of the lower or small (olon, and becomes fecal matter, 
 which is formed into round masses by the propulsive contractions of the tube, and 
 progressively expelled from the rectum. 
 
 The following interesting table is taken from Roberts, and gives a general view 
 of the process of digestion : 
 
 TABLE OF THE DIGESTIVE JUICES AND THEIE FEEMENTS. 
 
 DiGESTivB Juices. 
 
 Ferments Contained in 
 Tliem. 
 
 Action on Foods. 
 
 Saliva 
 
 Salivary Diastase or 
 Ptyalin 
 
 Changes starch into su- 
 gar and dextrin. 
 
 Changes proteids into 
 peptones in acid me- 
 dium. 
 
 Curdles casein of milk. 
 
 Changes proteids into 
 peptones in alkaline 
 and neutral media. 
 
 Curdles casein of milk. 
 
 Changes starch into su- 
 gar and dexti'in. 
 
 Emulsifles and partially 
 saponifies fats. 
 
 Assists in emulsifying 
 fats. 
 
 Changes cane-sugar into 
 invert-sugar. 
 
 
 
 Gastric Juice \ 
 
 [ 
 
 Pancreatic Juice \ 
 
 Bile 
 
 h. Curdling Ferment. . 
 
 \a. Trypsin - 
 
 h. Curdling Ferment.. . 
 6'. Pancreatic Diastase ] 
 
 d. Emulsive Ferment - 
 
 
 a. Invertin } 
 
 h. Curdling Ferment . . 
 
 
 Curdles casein of milk. 
 
246 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Starcli is attackcnl aloiii; tlic M-liolo line of tliu aliiiientarv track. Alliuiiiinous 
 elements in the renni't and small intestines. The ferments wliieli curdle milk are 
 found in tiie rennet and pancreas, and jxissiblv in the small intestine. The bile is 
 alkalescent in its reaction, and helps absorption of fatty matters by its emulsifying 
 projierties. Healthy Iwvine digestion depends largely upon ajjpropriate food to suit 
 the complicated series of fcrment-acticnis here illustrated. 
 
 The kidneys, the skin and the lungs all assist in excreting the waste materials 
 that have served tlicir jjurpose. The hitrogen of the food, with the exception of 
 what is ajjpropriated in building n|) t!ie liody or the formation of milk, is believed to 
 be all recovered in the dung an<i urine. When animals are fed upon rich food the 
 iirine will sometimes yield forty jut cent, of phosphoric acid, but upon coarse fodder 
 little or none M'ill be found in tlie urine, while ninety-five per cent, of the soda and 
 ])otash of the fund are excreted in the urine, and also about tliirty ])ei- cent, of the 
 magne.sia, most of tiie sulphuric acid and chlorine; the silica, witli the rest of the 
 ash constituents not utilized in the production of milk or .structure of tissues, is 
 excreted in the dung. These facts show the importance of an intelligent selection 
 of all fodders, and also the value and importance of saving all manure, esjjccially the 
 liquid portions. 
 
 soiLiNu cattlp:. 
 
 " Turning pusture into lillugc makes the ni:in." — Knr/lixfi Prorerh. 
 
 The cutting of green forage plants and feeding to cattle in the stable is com- 
 monly termed " soiling," a i)ractice which must become general on all land that is 
 suitable. 
 
 ■rilK SEVKN POINTS OK SOILING. 
 
 1. It saves land. 
 
 2. It saves food. 
 
 3. It saves fences. 
 
 4. It saves manure. 
 
 5. It saves health and condition. 
 
 6. It saves the losses of ordinary unproductiveness. 
 
 7. It .saves the jirofits of well-eniployed labor. 
 
 The contrast betwec^n feeding luxuriant cultivated crops and ordinary pasturing 
 is as wide as the distinction between civilization and barbarism. Indeed, the one is 
 the result of civilization and progress, while the other is essentially barbaric in its 
 methods. 
 
 Soiling utilizes the land for all it can produce of the best crops. Pasturing 
 usually takes what chances to grow, whether good or l)ad ; and, as the animal occupies 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 247 
 
 its own dish and tramples its own food ; scatters its dung and nrine upon it ; lies 
 upon it and breathes lapon it, to the disgust of other animals— it naturally results that 
 a wide space of groimd is rendered unprofitable. Besides, the soil that is thus 
 rendered useless ought to be producing crops which in a cold climate must be 
 relied iipon for winter support from six to eight months of the year. 
 
 It is estimated that imder skilful management of pasturing it requires three acres 
 to furnish an equivalent for one acre of forage crops. Under poor pasturing there 
 is a much wider variation, so that fifty acres imder the forage system are equal to one 
 hundred and twenty-five acres under the barbaric system of pasturage. 
 
 THE SAVING OF FOOD. 
 
 The saving of food is tlie result of having the food under complete control as 
 to growth, selection of kind and quantity, which is or ought to be such that it is 
 wholly eaten, and all the waste caused by the animal from trampling, fouling, lying 
 upon, breathing upon and overgrazing are precluded. Cattle will also eat many 
 weeds, such as daisies and thistles, when cut, in a tender and succulent condition or 
 mixed with other food. The forage system saves everything that is aromatic and 
 edible, and this leads to the extermination of weeds by cutting them before bloom. 
 
 The cattle cannot be fed with profit from food used in pasturing, because they 
 are obliged to expend its value in many hours of unprofitable foraging for themselves 
 in the vain effort to utilize dry grass and the branches of trees, so that, whereas the 
 cow should speedily fill the rumen and chew her cud, she must spend sixteen hours to 
 get the amount of a square meal, and then fail in filling her udder. 
 
 THE SAVINIJ OF FENCES. 
 
 Many a man spends more for fences to keep cattle within the bounds of a poor 
 pasture than the land itself is worth. But on good land the expense is a profitless 
 outlay, as it costs a tax of one dollar per acre as the annual expense of maintaining 
 pasture fences. Where the land admits of it, it were far better to employ one 
 hundred dollars' annual outlay for the fences of a hundred-acre farm in maintaining 
 three times the number of cattle and steadily improving the richness of the farm. 
 
 THE SAVING OF MANURE. 
 
 The estimates of the value of manure by various authorities warrant the placing 
 it at twenty dollars per cow or upward, pi-ovided all the excrement is saved. 
 
 The soiling system is the only means of saving this amount, and under this 
 system the manure that is daily dropped in the exercise lot should be gathered in a 
 cart and dumped upon the heap in the manure house. It is wasted if allowed to 
 remain where it is, and would be more than half wasted in the pasture by evaporation 
 or washing into brooks and slouglis. 
 
248 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Those who have had many years' experience in soiling declare that the saving 
 of the manure is more than a full compensation for all the labor in soiling. 
 
 THE SAVING OF HEALTH AND CONDITION. 
 
 The exercise of the animal, like its food, is all under the control of the owner, 
 and may be so managed as to render the animal healthful and profitable, while the 
 pasturing system may compel the animal to take too much exercise, and that often of 
 a very unprofitable kind. 
 
 The health of the animal is benefited by a proper selection of food of 
 abundant quantity. The pasture gives an unequal and often scanty supply of food 
 of an indifEerent or bad quahty, at a waste of energy in searching for it. 
 
 The animal is protected, in the cool stable, from the scorching heat, from the 
 tonnenting flies and mosquitoes, and from chilling storms and wet. Surely this 
 protection, combined with good feeding and careful exercise in a convenient 
 yard, cannot but be conducive to the fullest health and comfort. 
 
 SAVIN(( liV INCREASKD I'RODLCTITENESS. 
 
 The dairy cow needs but a very moderate amount of exercise, and both exercise 
 and food must be so controlled as to develop the liighest capacity for the production 
 of milk, butter and cheese. 
 
 The forage system is adapted to prnducc such results because it enables the 
 animal to be fed a full ration at all times, so that all her powers are devoted to the 
 one objective point of transforming the greatest possible amount of wholesome 
 fodder into the greatest possible amount of wholesome human food, and this is accom- 
 plished by soiling ; for actual tests have demonstrated that the productiveness of 
 lierds has been more than doubled year by year for long periods. An experiment 
 by Dr. Rhode, of the Eldena Royal Academy of Agriculture of Prussia, conducted 
 through seven years of pasturing and seven years of soiling, gave an average for 
 each cow at ])asture for seven years of one thousand five hundred and eighty-three 
 (juarts annually, while for soiling the average for each cow was three thousand four 
 hundred and forty-two quarts, giving much more than double productiveness. 
 
 And now the saving of land, of food, of fences, of manure, of health, of 
 productiveness, all conduce to the 
 
 SAVIN(1 OF PROFIT UPON I>AB0R EMPLOYED. 
 
 There is a profit from labor employed because it is expended judiciously in 
 bringing immediate returns and also permanently enriching the farm. Professor 
 Stewart in his excellent work, "Feeding Animals," shows how one man can with 
 proper tools and appliances perform all the hand labor for soiling one hundred 
 head of cattle. The annual expense for fences for pasturing one hundred head 
 
JERHEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 249 
 
 of cattle wonld be not less than three hundred dollars, at a loss of one half their 
 productiveness. The feeder needs a team, mowing-machine, horse-rake, wagon and 
 hay-loader, and a good growth of soiling crops. 
 
 SOILING CROPS. 
 
 Large crops of the following list of plants are to be recommended for cultiva- 
 tion, to be fed in the order produced, but taking care to combine several of them, 
 when practicable, in one ration. 
 
 1. Winter Rye {Secale oereale). 
 
 2. Winter Barley {Hordeum). 
 
 3. Red Clover {TrifoUum praten>ie). 
 
 4. Orchard Grass {Dactylis glomerata). 
 
 5. Italian Rye Grass {Lolium Italicuin). 
 
 6. Timothy {Phleum pratense). 
 1. Timothy and Large Clover. 
 
 8. Timothy and Alsike {Trifolium hyhrldum). 
 
 9. Green OatS {Avena sativa). 
 
 10. Winter Wheat {Triticuin vulgare). 
 
 11. Cow Peas and Oats. 
 
 12. Common Millet (Panieiim milUaciuni). 
 
 13. Hungarian Grass {Setaria Oerma/nica). 
 
 14. Italian Millet {Setaria Italica). 
 
 15. Vetch ( Vicia sativa). 
 
 16. Spring Wheat {Triticum vulgare var.). 
 
 17. Sweet Corn {Zea mays var.). 
 
 18. Dent Corn {Zea mays var.). 
 
 19. Fhnt Corn {Zea mays var.). 
 
 20. Spring Barley {Hordeum vulgare mir.). 
 
 21. Spring Barley and Rye. 
 
 22. Savoy Cabbage (Improved American). 
 
 23. Schweinfurt Quintal Cabbage. 
 
 24. Sugar Beets. 
 
 25. Mangolds. 
 
 26. Butman Squash. 
 
 27. Pumpkin. 
 
 28. Carrots. 
 
 29. Rutabagas. 
 
 30. Parsnips. 
 
250 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 For the SoutluTii and some of the Wostcrn States may l>o added : 
 
 ;^1. Lucerii. 
 
 32. Gania Grass. 
 
 83. Altilaria {Krodluni cirutafi aiii), an aromatic ijeranium jrruwii as a forage 
 
 plant in California. 
 
 34. Tall Oat Grass. 
 
 35. Texas Millet. 
 
 36. Johnson Grass {Soryhuiih /uUitpensc), a very important perennial ; use one 
 Imsliel eleau .seed per acre. 
 
 37. MiLLo Maizk. 
 
 38. Cow Peas. 
 
 39. Satin Grass. 
 
 40. Sweet Potato. 
 
 41. Yam. 
 
 And many other plants. 
 
 SOUTHEEN SOILING.* 
 
 " With green oats for feed in March, April and May ; corn in May, June and 
 July ; (-Jerman millet and cow peas in July, August and Septeihber, aided by millo 
 maize in times of long dry spells, like the recent one for September, down to and 
 into Deceud)er, surely one great problem in the possibility of the South becoming a 
 dairying and fine stock section is solved. 
 
 " Millo maize is a uew ])lant introduced only two years ago in our vicinity 
 (Mobile), the seed coming from South Carolina, and introduced into this country from 
 Brazil. It evidently belongs to the Sorghum family, closely resembling amber cane. 
 For two years I have watched it on the farms of two of my neighbors, and 
 particularly this year — a year of a most ])roloiigcd and disastrous drouth — where the 
 ordinary growth of our pastures, scanty enough at the best, was di-y enough to burn. 
 
 " At the home farm of State Senabn- Smith a field was planted in July. From 
 this field tivo immense crops of rich, juicy food have been taken, and now (November 
 14tli) the f/iird crop stands ready for gathering, while from the stubble of some 
 recently cut a lu.xuriant growth is springing, and this in spite of the fact that within 
 the past'fortnight we have had heavy white frosts. Beginning in July, the rainfall 
 till the last of October amounted to almost nothing, yet through all this long drouth 
 this wonderful ])lant was rank, green, and as dense as a canebrake. It seemed tg 
 utterly ignore the dry, liot days that i)arched and burnt every other living thing, 
 and stood a living oasis in a desert of arid fields. 
 
 "It seems essentially a sun plant — those who introduced it here claim this for it 
 — and no better test could have been jriven than what it underwent this year 
 
 George G. Duffee, in " Country Gcntlcmau," Deceinbcr, 18a4. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 251 
 
 Planted in rich and well-prepared land, in rows eight feet apart, after the ground is 
 thoroughly warm, it grows rapidly to a height of ten feet, and' can be cut from two 
 to four times in the season. Mr. Smith's foreman tells me that the mules and cattle 
 eat it with avidity." 
 
 Good reports are given by various writers of the excellent results of cultivating 
 Johnson grass {Sorghum halajpense) in the Southern States. It is a perennial, 
 producing under irrigation four or five enormous crops annually of green fodder. It 
 is regarded as drouth-proof, and well adapted to hot and arid regions. 
 
 For green manui-ing the cow pea is one of the best crops for the Southern States. 
 
 General Soiling Ceops. 
 WINTER RYE {Secale cereale). 
 
 This is a hardy, succulent plant, growing from four to six feet high, and flourish- 
 ing best on sandy or gravelly loam that is moderately rich. If the crop is put in by 
 the first of September in the North, and by the first of November in the Southern 
 States, it will be well rooted before cold weather, and may be fed oflE or cut with a 
 machine, leaving it from two to three inches high. Rye is ready to cut very early in 
 spring, when it should be mixed with clover hay for feeding. Oatmeal and wheat 
 bran are good accompaniments, as protein is needed to make a good ration. Rye 
 should be sown with a drill at the rate of one bushel to the acre. In the early spring 
 it is greatly benefited by cultivating the ground with a smoothing-harrow. If cut 
 frequently and kept from heading it becomes a perennial, but it is most profitable 
 as a single crop, cut when in blossom and the ground planted again to a late crop. 
 Rye is ready to cut from about May 1st to 15th in latitude 38° to 40°. One square 
 rod is sufficient for one day for each animal, but it is better to mix other food, as the 
 rye alone is not a perfect food. Turn under heavy crops of rye early in spring 
 as green manure. 
 
 WINTER BARLEY. 
 
 Winter barley is suited to clay or clay loam. Barley grows best in the cool 
 weather of spring and fall, and helps to give variety to the fodder. It is one of 
 the best of forage plants, also a good grain for butter cows. 
 
 RED CLOVER. 
 
 This plant is ready for cutting in latitude 38° to 40° from about May lOtli to 
 June 1st, and is very succulent. It furnishes green about twenty thousand pounds to 
 the acre, which would feed twenty cows from ten to twelve days. The second and third 
 cuttings will furnish from twelve thousand to fifteen thousand pounds more, some- 
 times yielding as high as twenty tons in a season. It is one of the most important 
 soiling crops. Its long roots draw fertility from the subsoil and its leaves from the 
 air. Use ten poimds of seed per acre. Also one of the best crops for green manure. 
 
252 ./J'JRSEY lATTLK IX AMKllKA. 
 
 OKC'HAKI) (iKASS. 
 
 This grass is ready for cutting with clover. It is of great merit, ami may be cut 
 three times a season on rich soil. It should be sown thickly, thrw husheh of seed to 
 the acre. It is good alone or mixed witli clover, and is well worthy of universal 
 favor as a forage plant. 
 
 IIMOTIIY. 
 
 Timothy will cut as high as ten tons of green fodder before blot^soining. and is a 
 very nutritious forage plant. It should be cut when in full bloom nr when the 
 bulb is ripe enough to survive. 
 
 The large pea-vine clover makes a good combination with timothy and adds 
 more protein to the ration. This may be cut twice a year ; the first cutting may 
 reach as high as sixteen tons to the acre, and will feed thirty cows ten days ; the 
 second cutting will feed thirtv cows three davs. 
 
 The Swedish hybrid clover is very hardy, and will yield good crops for ten 
 years. It branches much, and the roots penetrate deeply into the soil. It lasts long 
 in bloom, and may be cut for a month. This combination will feed thirty cows per 
 acre twelve days. 
 
 Alsike should be thinly seeded, and may be sowni with timothy either in the 
 spring or fall. Ten pounds of timothy seed per acre and six of alsike. 
 
 GRKKN OATS. 
 
 Oats require a cool climate and rich, deei)ly tilled soil for their ]>erfection. 
 They are ready for forage from last of Jmie to middle of July. If cut before 
 heading in June they make a quick second growth. For a soiling crop it must be 
 put in with a drill as early as ,the ground will admit, with two bushels of seed to 
 the acre. For culture use one or two harrowings with the smoothing-harrow, until 
 they are two or three inches high. Make the first cutting when about a foot high. 
 They are most profitable, however, when cut in the milk, using but one crop. 
 
 A better method of cultivation for seed crop, if some of the large varieties of 
 oats are used, is to plant in drills sixteen inches apart, dropping single seeds one 
 foot apart in the drill and tilling with cultivator. Mr. liurpee reports crops of the 
 " Welcome Oat" raised by Mr. Alfred Rose, of Penn Yan, New York, where one 
 ounce of seed produced three thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight ounces of 
 very heavj' oats, aiul two ounces of seed produced ten bushels and three pecks of 
 oats, weighing four hundred and seventy-three and a half pounds. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 253 
 
 Roswell Parkhurst, in Montana, raised three hundred and thirty-two pounds, and 
 August Mongin, of Illinois, three hundred and fifteen pounds from two ounces of 
 seed, while six other competitors raised from two hiindred to two Inmdred and 
 seventy-six pounds from two ounces of oats. Specimens were grown six feet four 
 inches high, and as many as seventy-six stalks from one seed. Most of them report 
 hoeing twice and keeping free from weeds. This is doubtless the best way to 
 cultivate wheat, rye and oats where the grain is to be ripened, and it might be well 
 to try the experiment for forage crops. Oat seed needs to be large and heavy to 
 produce good plants. The oat is sure to degenerate in a dry and hot climate, but 
 good seed will produce a good crop the first year. The oat makes most excellent 
 hay if cut green or when in the milk. 
 
 PEAS AND OATS. 
 
 The pea when combined with the oat makes an excellent milk ration. They 
 grow well together. Plant with drill four bushels per acre of a mixture of forty 
 quarts of oats with two bushels of peas. Cut when the oat is in the miUc. If the 
 peas are allowed to get too ripe the butter will not be of so good a flavor. Plant as 
 soon as the ground will admit in spring. Steep seed one night in diluted urine, 
 drain, and roll in mixture of ashes and plaster. This combination has produced as 
 high as fourteen tons to the acre. Peas need lime and bone-powder to insure good 
 crops. 
 
 WINTER WHEAT. 
 
 Plant in September same as recommended for rye and oats ; requires but three 
 pecks of seed per acre if cultivated like maize. 
 
 Millet requires a very mellow, rich soil. Claj' loam, if thoroughly underdrained 
 and well tilled, will produce the largest crops. Millet grows -five feet high, and 
 produces as much as eighteen tons of green fodder, and is a little richer in nutritive 
 value than timothy. Plant with drill sixteen quarts or broadcast twenty-four quarts 
 of seed to the acre, one fourth inch deep, from first of May to July. Cut just before 
 blossoming. 
 
 HUNGAEIAN GRASS. 
 
 This is a millet which grows three feet high and has an abundant foliage and 
 a large quantity of fine seed. It is the most nutritious of green forage grasses. 
 Objection is made to the stifE bristles which surround the seed spikelets, which are 
 said to have caused the death of cattle by jjenetrating the stomach. Early cutting- 
 would avoid this objection. Sow in early June twenty-four quarts of seed per acre 
 for forage or green hay. Cut in early bloom. The richest, by analysis, of green 
 manure crops. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMElilVA. 
 
 ITALIAN MILLET 
 
 This grows four feet high, has ahiindaiit foliage, and yields the greatest quantity 
 of seed; has been reported to produce tivc times as much grain as wheat. Pure 
 Italian should be yellow when ripe. 
 
 VETCH. 
 
 The winter vetfh iiiay he sown with rye or the s})ring vetch with oats. Its 
 food value is similar to the pea. It may l)e cultivated alone, and bears several 
 cuttings of heavy growth. Spring wheat may be cultivated in drills, .same as 
 reconimended for oats. 
 
 SWEET COKN. 
 
 This is the best of all forage ])lants, and pays several ])er cent. j)rotit with less 
 la])or than any other crop. 
 
 Good varieties are known as Early Minnesota, Potter's Excelsior, Stowell's 
 Evergreen, ]\Iannnoth Late and Egyptian, which form a succession in the order 
 mentioned. Sweet corn is more nutritious than the dent or flint varieties of maize. 
 Plant in drills thirty-two inches apart and one plant every si.\ inches in the rows, so 
 that ears may be formed. It should be combined with clover, oats and peas, in 
 feeding, or wheat bran and middlings can be fed with corn. Cut the corn when the 
 ears are in the milk. The corn should always be run through a feed cutter, reducing 
 it to lengths of from two to four inches. 
 
 The large varieties of dent jn-oduce lu^avier crops than sweet corn, but the 
 ([uality is not as good. 
 
 There is no plant that produces such a weight of green food, unle.ss it be 
 sorghum cane. Crops have been reported a.s weighing iifty tons upon an acre. 
 Twenty tons may be easily grown, and with fair tillage thirty tons. 
 
 The ground should be plowed about five inches deep and well manured; the 
 entire manure, licjuid and solid, is the best for corn. The land may be pulverized 
 with a slanting-tooth harrow, followed by the roller and a second harrowing. The 
 seed ought to be good and about three pecks to the acre ; it may be drilled in or 
 planted two and one lialf inches deep with the hand planter, the drills three feet six 
 inches ai)art for tiie largest varieties, and the single plants six inches apart in the 
 row. This gives the largest crop of fodder per acre. No crop pays better returns 
 for good cultivation. After planting use the heavy two-horse roller. 
 
 Before the corn breaks the surface go over the field with the smoothing-harrow, 
 using the round side of teeth to break the crust and aerate the ground. As soon as 
 the corn begins to appear above ground repeat the harrowing eacli week until the 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IK AMERICA. 255 
 
 plants are one foot in height. Drive the smoothing-harrow over the rows without 
 any trepidation, for it will save much hand labor and greatly increase the crop. 
 After the maize is a foot higli cultivate between the rows with a section of the same 
 smoothing-harrow, so as to finely pulverize the surface to the depth of about one 
 inch, or not more than two inches, making a fine powder for a mulch, and always 
 level culture. 
 
 FLINT CORN. 
 
 In the Northern States and Canada the hardier varieties of flint corn are grown 
 in order to mature a crop of seed before danger from frost. One of the heaviest 
 yields ever reported is by Mr. Davis, of Scituate, Massachusetts. One acre produced 
 two hundred and seventy-five baskets of ears, which weighed eleven thousand and 
 three pounds. The corn was planted in drills three feet apart, four kernels every 
 twenty-two inches. For tillage use the smoothing-harrow xintil six inches of growth, 
 afterward a fine steel-tooth cultivator and six-prong hoe, giving clean level culture, 
 and making a middling surface of finely pulverized earth one to two inches iii 
 depth. 
 
 BARLEY. 
 
 Barley is a very importaiit ci-op, lioth for green forage and barley meal, in tlie 
 dairy ration. The Kinver Chevalier may be sowed every two weeks from July 
 to October, the Manshury in March and April. It produces succulent crops 
 in cool weather, and yields a heavy crop of grain in July, as high as ninety bushels 
 per acre on rich clay loam with good tillage. 
 
 AMERICAN SAVOY CABBAGE. 
 
 Cal)bages make an excellent food for dry cows and young stock, but are not 
 desirable in rations for butter, as the flavor can be detected after every precaution. 
 The Savoy variety is very palatable to cattle. The Schweinfurt Quintal yields 
 immense crops, and is the best in quality of the wliite varieties. Plant eight ounces 
 of seed to the acre, or two omices for transplanting. 
 
 SUGAR BEETS. 
 
 The Imperial Sugar Beet is also a good food for dry cows and young stock, but 
 does not give the best flavor to milk and butter. Under high culture thirty tons 
 per acre may be grown, using about flve pounds of seed in drills two feet apart and 
 eight inches in the row. 
 
 MANG<1LOS. 
 
 To be used for y<ning stock and dry cows. Mangolds produce the largest of all 
 root-crop yields, as high as seventy-five tons to the acre being reported in England 
 with rich soil and high cultivation, with abundant moisture. Use six pounds of 
 
256 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 seed to the acre. Keep the surface of the <:trouiid tine ami nu'llnw and free from 
 weeds. The rows may bo two feet a])art and plants ten inches in the row. 
 
 The carrot is the dairy root for cows in milk. The Danvers is a stumjvrooted 
 variety and easily harvested, but the Long Orange produces larger crops and is said 
 to give a considerable degree of color to butter. In the cultivation of this root 
 adopt those methods which reduce the cost to the lowest degree. The land must 
 be rich, mellow, and free from stones. Saturate with liquid manure, plow twelve 
 inches deep, pulverize with the Acme harrow, smooth with the roller, use the drill 
 planter, making the rows straight and twelve inches apart ; jilant thickly, using two 
 pounds of seed to the acre. Run the cidtivator between the rows as soon as the plants 
 appear, and cross-harrow the field at right angles to the rows M-ith a slanting-tooth 
 harrow once or twice ; give clean culture. In harvesting use a swivel plow to turn 
 a deep furrow away from each row. The si.\-i)rong hoe may be found useful both 
 in cultivation and in gathering the crop, also wooden forks instead of steel shovels in 
 handling the crop. Some farmers prefer to cut the tops with sharp hoes while in 
 the row, l)ut it is doubtful if that is an advantage, especially with the Long Orange 
 variety. From twenty to thirty tons may 1)0 raised upon an acre. Steep the seed 
 in warm water to hasten germination. They are easily harvested by pulling after a 
 heavy rain. In dry weather they may be pulled after irrigating the ground. 
 
 The parsnip (Long Smooth) will be found a valuable ci-o]> for butter cows, and 
 can be allowed to remain in the ground until early spring. (Jultivate and treat as 
 carrots. Steep the seed in tepid water twelve hours before planting. 
 
 KUTABAO.\S. 
 
 The rutabagas are only valuable for young stock and dry cows, because of the 
 tlavor they give to milk. Oultivate in drills. One pound of .seed to the acre. 
 
 MKADOW SOILING UKOI'S. 
 
 It is well to have as great a variety as possible in soiling and also in wintei- 
 feeding. 
 
 MKADoWS. 
 
 " The murmur that .springs 
 From tlie growing of grass." — Ptx. 
 
 For the jiroduction of hay crops, fields and meadows containing mixed gras.ses 
 ai-e desirable. 
 
PROCTOR'S REGINA 35,665. 
 
 AT 3 YEARS OLD. 
 
 Bex—Celewayo Type. 
 
 BAGGS HOTEL HERD. 
 
 T. R. Proctor, Utica, New York. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 SEEDING FOE AN EARLY MEADOW. 
 
 1. Meadow Foxtail Grass {Alopecmms pratensis) 8 lbs. 
 
 2. Green Meadow Grass {Poa pratensis) 8 " 
 
 3. Meadow Oat Grass {Arrhenatherum amenaceuiit.) 8 " 
 
 4. Red Clover [Trifolium pratense perenne) 8 " 
 
 32 lbs. 
 
 OU THIS. 
 
 1 . Orchard Grass {Dactylis glomcrata) 3 bushels or 40 lbs. 
 
 2. Eed Clover 10 " 
 
 3. Luceru 4 " 
 
 54 lbs. 
 
 SEEDING FOE A LATE MEADOW. 
 
 1. Timothy Grass {Phleum prate7is<>) 10 lbs. 
 
 2. Eed-top Grass {Agrostis vulgaris) 6 " 
 
 3. White Bent Grass {Agrostis alba) 6 " 
 
 4. Alsike Clover {Trifolixbm hyhridum) 6 " 
 
 5. Meadow Oat Grass {Arrhenatherimn avenaceuni) 6 " 
 
 34 11)8. 
 
 SEED FOE lEEIGATED MEADOWS. 
 
 Italian Rye Grass {Lolium Italicuvi) 10 lbs. 
 
 Perennial Rye Grass {Lolium perenne) 10 " 
 
 Timothy Grass {Phleuvi pratense) 4 " 
 
 Rough Meadow Grass {Poa trivialis) 3 " 
 
 Fowl Meadow Grass {Poa serotina) 3 " 
 
 White Bent Grass {Agrostis alba) 2 " 
 
 Red-top Grass {Agrostis vulgaris) 2 " 
 
 Meadow Foxtail Grass {Alopecurus pratensin) 2 " 
 
 Meadow Fescue Grass {Festuca elatior) 2 " 
 
 Alsike Clover {Trifoluim hybridum) 3 " 
 
 40 lbs. 
 
 THE CULTIVATION OF MEADOWS. 
 
 The importance of thorough tillage as a preparation for laying down grass lands 
 cannot be too strongly presented. 
 
 The fanner who kee^js himself abreast with the most progressive agriculturists 
 will appreciate the advantages of using only the best machines and implements 
 obtainable in order to keep his land in such a condition as to return him profit and 
 pleasure. 
 
258 JER.SEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 The plowing should he so done as to leave the field in a level sUte, with no ridges 
 or dead furrows to interfere with the mower and loader. The'pulverization is effected 
 by the slanting-tooth harrow, after which the roller prepares the land for the grass 
 seed. 
 
 EXTRACT FKUM MK. STIRLING S TABLE SHOWING THE RESULTS OF COVERING SEEDS 
 VARYING DEPTHS. 
 
 Agrostis stolonif era 
 
 Agrostis vulgaris 
 
 Alopecurus pratensis 
 
 AiThenatherum avenaceuii 
 
 Dactylis gloinerata 
 
 Festuca elatior 
 
 Loliuin Italicum 
 
 Loliuin pereime 
 
 Milium eflf usum 
 
 Phleum pratense 
 
 Poa nemoralis 
 
 Poa pratensis 
 
 Medicago lupulina 
 
 Medicago sativa 
 
 Trifolium hybridum 
 
 Trifolium pratense 
 
 Trifolium p. perenne 
 
 Trifolium repens 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 13 
 
 500,000 
 
 Otoi 
 
 i to i 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 425,000 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 5 
 
 76,000 
 
 to-J- 
 
 1 toli 
 
 2i 
 
 7 
 
 21,000 
 
 itof 
 
 H to li 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 40,000 
 
 to i 
 
 1 to 1 
 
 2i 
 
 14 
 
 20,500 
 
 otoi 
 
 1 toli 
 
 2i 
 
 15 
 
 27,000 
 
 to i 
 
 1 toli 
 
 3i 
 
 -30 
 
 15,000 
 
 itoi 
 
 H to If 
 
 3* 
 
 25 
 
 80,000 
 
 itoi 
 
 1 to i 
 
 n 
 
 44 
 
 74,000 
 
 to \ 
 
 |tol 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 173,000 
 
 to i 
 
 * 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 243,000 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 16,000 
 
 Otoi 
 
 f tol 
 
 H 
 
 CO 
 
 12,600 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 45,000 
 
 Otoi 
 
 ito i 
 
 li 
 
 64 
 
 16,000 
 
 to^ 
 
 li to H 
 
 2 
 
 64 
 
 16,000 
 
 to 1 
 
 li to li 
 
 2 
 
 05 
 
 32,000 
 
 Otoi 
 
 ito 1 
 
 1 
 
 lA 
 
 Column 1. Names of grasses and clovers. 
 Column 2. Average weight of seeds per bushel. 
 Column 3. Average number of seeds in one ounce. 
 CJolumn 4. Depth by inches at which greatest number s])r(iuto(l. 
 Column 5. Depth at which only one half sprouted. 
 Column 6. Least depth at which none germinated. 
 
 The seeds were sown in finely sifted loam, which w^as kept moist throughout the 
 process of germination and under full exposure to light. 
 
 By the use of a proper harrow for covering the grass seed a greatei- i)roi)ortion 
 will germinate, and consequently a great saving may be made by lessening the amount 
 of seed sown. The table given above showing the experiment of Mr. Stirling would 
 
JERfiKY CATTLE IN A3IERIVA. 25'J 
 
 indicate that grass seeds need only a covering of from one eighth to one quarter of an incli 
 in depth. James Smith, of Deanston, the inventor of the modern system of tile-draining 
 on account of these experiments of Stirling's invented a harrow for the covering of 
 small seeds at a shallow and uniform depth. The implement, which may be called 
 the Serrated Disc Web Harrow, combines the operation of roller and haiTow. "It 
 consists of an iron chain web, connected together by discs of iron, which, lying 
 obliquely upon their sides when in operation, roll around, thus tearing and abrading 
 the surface of the ground, so as to expose and disturb the surface to depth enough 
 to cover the small seeds strewn upon it. 
 
 " Any one who considers how many clover ])laiits, for instance, will sutHce to stock 
 an acre, and what a vast number of seeds are contained in tlie twelve pounds or even 
 twenty pounds which are now sown per acre, will admit the great room there is for 
 the use of some contrivance for avoiding the common waste now permitted. It is 
 only fair to add that the bush harrow forms a good substitute for the more expensive 
 implement. It nierelj' scratches the surface, but it wants to l)e weighted to make 
 it as effective as the web harrow to compress as well as abrade the surface. The l)ush 
 harrow is the cheaper, less effective — the web harrow the dearer, but mure efficient 
 implement for the purpose of covering small seeds." 
 
 " When the seeds are to be sown among winter wlieat it is expedient to begin 
 by using the horse-hoe (supposing the wlieat to liavelieen (Iriiied), as well to loosen 
 the surface and produce a kindly l)e(l for tlie seeds as to destroy weeds. In tlie case 
 of broadcasted wheat a turn of the harrows .secures the same end. In tiie case of 
 the more recently sown barley all that is needed is to smooth tlie surface witli the 
 one-horse roller. Over the groimd tlnis ])repai'e(l the small seeds are distrilnited by 
 a broadcast sowing-machine, which sows at once a space of tifteen or eighteen feet 
 in width. The covering is then effected by simply rolling with the smooth roller, 
 or by dragging over the siu'face the chain-harrow, which may eitliei' be attached to 
 the sowing-machine or to a .separate frame; or by using a roller, witli a very light 
 chain-harrow attached to it. On clay soils the chain-web is to be preferred ; but on 
 loose soils the roller (Crosskill) imparts a beneficial firmness, and, with its tail-i)iece of 
 chain-web to fill up the indentations, gives an accuracy of finish \\'hich rivals the 
 neatness of a newly raked garden-]ilot. We have long regarded this covering in of 
 grass seeds as the most important use to \\\w\\ (h-os'skill's valual)le implement is put. 
 The only drawback to it is tliat it makes a heavy demand on the horse-power of the 
 farm at a pressing season. As it can only be worked in dry weather it is advisable, 
 when the land is in trim, to work it double tides, by means of a relay of horses. 
 
 • Encyclopedia Biitannka. 
 
20(1 JlCnsEY (ATT LI-: IX AMERICA. 
 
 Tliis mode of procedure is alike applicable to the sowing of mixed clovers and 
 grasses, and to that of the clovers alone, and is the course usually pursued in sowing 
 for one or two years' ' seeds.' 
 
 " When it is intended to lay down araliU" land for sevi-ral yciirs, or to restore it 
 to jiernianent pasture or meadow, it is always advisalilc to sow the seeds without a 
 grain croj). 
 
 " This doubtless involves an additional cost at the outset, but it is usuall}- more 
 than repaid by the eidianced value of the pasture thus obtained. To grow the 
 grasses well the soil should be pulverized to the depth of three or four inches only, 
 and be full of manure near the surface. There is no better way of securing these 
 conditions than ])y first consuming a crop of turnips on the ground by sheei>folding, 
 :ind thtii pulvciizing the surface by means of the grubber, harrow and roller, 
 irit/iiiut jiliiirlnij It. 'Never sow grass seed in time of drouth. The ground 
 sliould be moist enough foi* rapid germination. Sow clover in early spring. Grasses 
 do l)est sown in early autunni. C'hoose the morning calm as the best time to make 
 an even seeding.' " 
 
 PERMANENT MEADOWS. 
 
 It is of the utmost importance that our farmers should give the requisite .attention 
 to all their grass lands, and especially to the establishment of pennanent meadows. 
 
 The time for this woi-k is the month of August. There is greater probability 
 of tliffrough germination, <i i/r<tr <if tliae is sa/ved, and a good stand of grass is made 
 to endure the winter. 
 
 Tliis niontli gi\-cs tlic necessary time also to prepare the land in tlie best possible 
 manner. 
 
 Take a field of oat, rye or wheat stubble or a second growth of clover, having 
 manured the stubble heavily ; the clover is e(piivalent to a liberal supply of barn- 
 yard manure ; turn clean furrows not more than five inches deep, and work imme- 
 diately with the slanting-tooth harrow, ihaking the land fine, mellow and smooth. 
 Go Over it again with the poly-section roller, so as to make it firm and obliterate 
 every ineipiality of surface. A force-feed grass-seeder may be attached to the roller 
 for a second rolling, and a brush or chain-harrow follow, drawn by the same t«ani. 
 Select the seed according to the tables given above or the lists given for pastures. 
 If the plowing has been smooth and of even depth and three or more harrowings 
 gi\en with the cutting edge of the teeth, and the seed covered j)retty uniformly to 
 the depth of one eighth of an inch, and the finish given with the fine brush or chain- 
 harrow, you will have ]>rovided a mellow seed-bed well firmed, and having a slightly 
 scarified surface ready to receive the first shower of rain that shall promote rapid 
 germination and growth. If the surface has been well fined and levelled by the 
 harrow the rolling may be omitted. In every case the finish must be made by the 
 grass-seed harrow to prevent the crusting, which would be destructive to grass growth. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IK 
 
 Bkush IIakijow fob Grass Seed. 
 
 In a month from sowing, if the nsuiil August rains liave fallen, tlio field will l)e 
 a sheet of vivid green. Do not pasture the ground. The following seasdn will 
 yield one or two crops of hay. Four hundred pounds per acre of bone meal may l)e 
 harrowed in with the seed with lasting benefit. Subsequent manui-ings with wood 
 ashes and diluted stable manure from the sprinkling-cart, combined with irrigation, 
 where practicable, will make a permanent meadow yielding a large annual profit. 
 
 In the Southern States lucern and cow peas, best planted in narrow drills and 
 kept clean of weeds, make very nutritious hay when cured in shade. 
 
 The miUets and Johnson Grass are important hay grasses. 
 
 In some localities other grasses may l)e added for permanent meadows. The 
 Italian rye grass (Lolium Italicum) is rich in protein, very succulent, and will 
 prove a valuable addition to irrigated meadows. 
 
 Barley and rye may be sown together from the middle of July to the first of 
 October, and the barley cut until severe frosts harden the ground. The rye will 
 then furnish an early spring forage. In the culture of meadow grasses the land 
 needs deep and thorough tillage ; the seed should be rolled and :ifterwai'd dragged in 
 by a fine brush harrow, covering the seed lightly. Grasses do not thrive as well 
 when sowed with grain crops, but should have the ground Avitliout such shading 
 and choking, while grains yield better crops thinly seeded in drills with liglit surface 
 cultivation. 
 
 In a permanent meadcnv a nuxture of grasses is more jirofitalile, as their roots 
 occupy diiierent areas, and many varieties need company to prevent their dying out. 
 It is believed that timothy, red top and oat grass mutuaUy protect each other. 
 
 Another very important j5oint in the preservation of meadows is that they should 
 never be pastured. Deterioration by dejjasturing and l>y too late mowing are very 
 speedily ruinous to the best meadows. 
 
263 JERSJ-: Y r.l TTLE IX . I MEnrCA . 
 
 For winter j^rotectiou meadows need a growth of about from four to six inches of 
 aftermatli. Tliis aiituninai growth corresponds to the depth of root growth and also 
 acts as a winter mulch td prevent killing by the freezing and thawing alternations 
 that destroy grasses JKiving a short top and shallow root. The natural mulch also 
 becomes of great value as a fertilizer in early sjiring. ^feadows preserved by 
 this method and saturated fall and sjiriiig with li<piid manure will yield large cmps 
 lierpetually. 
 
 l!l .N r AM) SMfl. 
 
 •• Dombasle's iiii'tliod for treating the bunt fungus in wheat might l)e applied to 
 the seeds nf all grains and grasses to desti-oy smut of all species with favorable results. 
 
 •'Thoroughly wet the grain with a solution of sulphate of soda; the wheat or 
 other grain is then mixed with (juicklime, which ronibiiies with the sulphur to make 
 sulphate of lime (gypsum), which acts as u mainue. while the caustic soda destroys 
 the spores of the fungus." 
 
 Professor Ilenslow experimented with sulphate of copi)er. using two ounces 
 or more to the bushel, which should be used alone. It is not invariably .successful 
 in destroying the spore.s. 
 
 Professor Ilenslow says : " It has always appeared strange to me that practical 
 agriculturists are accustomed to pay so little attention to the raising of pure seed crops. 
 There may be reasons which I do not jiroperly appreciate that would render it 
 inexpedient to cultivate a seed crop ; l)ut I should have thought that it was always 
 worth while for every farmer to set aside .some portion of ground to be more 
 carefully tended than the i-est, for the purpose of securing good and clean seed. 
 Among othei- reasons for such a practice, he would then be alile to weed his crop 
 from ev^ery plant infected with bunt or smut befoiv the fmigi i-ijiened." 
 
 i'As-i'ru.\(;K. 
 " The waves arc a joy to tlic spn-mcw, tlic meads to llic licrd." — Sirintn/nn-. 
 
 Where land is cheaj), or not specially adapted to soiling, pa.sturing will be the 
 ])ractice. Some can carry on j)artial soiling and i)asturage with profit. 
 
 The es.sentials of a good jjasture are : a soil of moi-e than average richness aiul 
 sufHciently pervious to rain and flowing water; a |)ersisteiit growth of sweet, luscious 
 grasses and clo\ers in great variety; a never-failing supply of ])ure running water; 
 and fences that will turn not oidy cattle, but pigs, ducks and turkeys. There should 
 be no fiuagmires or slough.s, nor streams or ponds where cows can wade deep enough 
 to chill the udder, nor thickets of briers to scratch and wound the teats. 
 
 The greatest variety of grasses and aromatic plants edible for cattle is desirable 
 in a pasture. Some of our wild pastures contain more than forty species of grass, 
 besides other plants relished by cows. If tlie land is arable select the following 
 grasses and clovci"s for a northern jiermanent pasture : 
 
JEE8EY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 363 
 
 For Permanent Pasture. (1.) 
 
 1. Meadow Foxtail {Alopecurus j^ratensli) 5 lbs. 
 
 2. Tall Fescue {Festucu elatior) 5 " 
 
 3. Devon Eaver {Lolium perenne Devonit) 5 " 
 
 ■1. Green Grass {Poa pratensis) 2 " 
 
 5. Pacy Grass {Lolitim, jperenne Pacyii) 2 " 
 
 6. Eed-top {Agrostis imlgaris) , 2 " 
 
 7. White Bent Grass {Agrostis alha) 3 " 
 
 8. Blue Grass {Poa compj^essa) 2 " 
 
 9. Orchard Grass {Dactylis glomerata) 2 " 
 
 10. Fowl Meadow Grass {Poa serotina) 2 " 
 
 11. Rough Meadow Grass {Poa trivialis) 2 " 
 
 12. Meadow Fescue {Festuca pratensis) 2 " 
 
 13. Oat Grass {Arrhenatherum a/venaceum) 2 " 
 
 Irt. Perennial Bed Clover {Trifoliujn p. perenne) 2 " 
 
 1.5. Alsike Clover {Trifolium hylridmn) 2 " 
 
 16. White Clover {Trifolium repens) 1 " 
 
 4:0 lbs. 
 Seed for Permanent Coxo Pasture. (2) 
 
 Perennial Rye Grass {Devon Earner) -l lbs. 
 
 Italian Rye Grass 4 " 
 
 Orchard Grass 4 " 
 
 Green Meadow Grass {Poa pratensis) 4 " 
 
 Chicory {Cichorium Intyius) 4r " 
 
 Burnet {Poterium sanguisorha) 4 " 
 
 Alsike Clover 2 " 
 
 Perennial Red Clover 2 " 
 
 AVhite Clover 2 " 
 
 Meadow Foxtail Grass 2 " 
 
 Timothy Grass 2 " 
 
 Meadow Fescue Grass 2 " 
 
 Red-top Grass 2 " 
 
 Fowl Meadow Grass 2 " 
 
 White Bent Grass 2 " 
 
 Pacy Grass {Zolium i^erenne Pacyii) 2 " 
 
 Blue Grass {Poa compressa) 2 " 
 
 Oat Grass {Arrhenatherum a/venaceum) 2 " 
 
 Lucern {Medieago sativa) 2 " 
 
 60 lbs. 
 
264 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 The perennial red clover is a variety that should be used in all mixtures. 
 
 The green grass sometimes called " Blue Grass" and " June Gniss" is in certain 
 localities liable to " smut." Seed should be selected where there is no danger of 
 such disease. Mow all pastures before seedhuj of grasses to jyrevent smut. 
 
 The true blue grass {Poa compressa) is especially valuable upon dry soils, as it 
 resists long droutli. Combined with white clover it makes the richest pasturage. 
 Under trees and woods it is best to sow the orchard gniss, also drop-seed grass 
 {Muhlenhergia diffusa). The latter is a late grass flowering in August and 
 September, and grows to a height of one and a half feet. It is believed to be a good 
 butter grass, and many think it gives a fine flavor to butter. It deserves investi- 
 gation. It grows only in woods. The sweet-scented vernal grass and vanilla grass, 
 wliich are sometimes recommended because of their pleasant odors, are probably 
 of little or no value, as cattle do not relish them and they occupy the land as weeds. 
 
 SOITHKKX I'ASTURK. 
 
 In the extreme South good pasture grasses are grown with difliculty or not at all. 
 There are some grasses that are very hardy and make terrible pests in cultivated 
 fields, wliich, however, yield rich pasture. Such are the Johnson gra.ss {Sorghum, 
 halapense), which is of great value, the Bermuda grass and the crab grass 
 {Pa7i!cum sanguinale), also the juicy grass (Paspaliwi laeve). The perennial grass 
 {Paa^yalum ovatum) promises to be of great value in the Gulf States, as it is said 
 to thrive on very dry land in the longest drouth. 
 
 Texas meadow grass (^Poa arachnifera), a grass native to the region of the 
 Red River, Louisiana, and elsewhere in the Southwest, is claimed to be more valuable 
 than the green meadow grass [Poa jn^atensis), and is of larger growth. It makes 
 excellent winter pasture, as it has a rapid growth, sometimes making ten inches in as 
 many days in Texas during the winter months. 
 
 It is very leafy, makes a dense, permaneiit sod, and is therefoi-e a tine lawn grass. 
 
 It is worthy to be widely introduced and extensively cultivated in all parts of 
 the country where it will jirove hardy. 
 
 For Southern winter pasture the following list of grasses is recomiiiended : 
 
 1 . Texas meadow grass {I*oa arachnifera). 
 
 2. Orchard grass {Dactylis glamei'ata). 
 
 3. Tall oat grass {Arrhenatlierum, amenacewn). 
 
 4. Italian rye grass {Lolium, Italieuni). 
 
 The Johnson grass {Sorghum, halapense) may be pastiu-ed uv used for a soiling 
 crop. Swine are very fond of its creeping root-stocks. 
 
 Lucern requires very rich, warm land. It must be sown in drills eighteen 
 inches apart, using about twenty pounds of seed to the acre, and a dressing of two 
 Inmdred pounds of bone-powder planted with the seed by the drill. (-Jive thorough 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 205 
 
 cultivation every fall and a rich dressing of cow-nianure. Kee]) down all weeds. 
 It will give four cuttings a year in the Southern States. 
 
 PASTURE AND FARM FENCES. 
 
 The coming fence is a combination of wire and hedge. Prim is easily grown 
 from cuttings, has a foliage of soft, l)eautiful green, which remains bright from eight 
 to ten months of the year. A barbed wire fence, of six wires, covered by a prim 
 hedge about eighteen inches wide at the base and five or six inches wide at the top, 
 with a height of five feet, is the ideal fence. The hedge forms a covering or screen 
 from injury by the wire, and the barbs eiiectually turn all intruders, whether man, 
 beast or fowl. The posts may be set thirty feet apart, and the prim plants nine to 
 twelve inches apart, alternating on either side of the lowest %vire, or, if the wires 
 are set on alternate sides of the posts, the ])lants may be set on a line with the centi-e 
 of the posts. Five wires may be set, four inches apart at the bottom and widening 
 to sixteen at top. Such a fence would be ornamental to the farm and a very 
 pleasing attraction to the landscape. The wire fence should have an occasional rod 
 of iron set with the posts and soldered to the wires, at least one at each corner of the 
 field, as a protection to cattle from lightning during storms. Other hedge plants 
 worthy of trial are hemlock, spruce, sweetbrier, buckthorn, clethra and althea. 
 
 TETHERING. 
 
 An economical method of pastui-ing on small farms is by the use of the tether. 
 It is the practice in the Island of Jersey, and to some extent in America. 
 
 This confines the animal to a small area and necessitates a closer and more 
 thorough use of the grass. The removal of the tethering iron or stake a few inches 
 four or five times each day allows the cropping of another space. Water should be 
 supplied every three hours. The tethering iron should have a ring and swivel at 
 the top, and the animal may be secured by a .chain of fine links attached to the 
 headstall. The chain should have several link swivels to prevent kinking. A bull 
 may have the chain pass through his muzzle-ring and fasten to a strong leather 
 strap buckled around the base of the horns. 
 
 WATER SUI'l'IA' IN PASTURES. 
 
 An abundant supply of pure water in every pasture is essential to successful 
 dairying. 
 
 One or more troughs or tanks in every field, raised so that animals cannot stej) 
 or plunge into them, maybe filled by pipes conducting from hillside springs of pure 
 water, or from a reservoir filled by a windmill or other power pump. These troughs 
 should be in the open field and most accessible, never in a corner, where they endanger 
 the timid or invite to hooking and goring. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AJUEIilCA. 
 
 KENdVATION OK FASTI' KES. 
 
 Go ovei- the jiastures every year, in August, and rout out or c-ut down every 
 plant, shrub or tree that is nnprolitable to you. 
 
 The hquid-manure cart will prove of great advantage in seasons of drouth wliere 
 irrigation is impracticable in any other way. Irrigation and fertilization will do 
 much to keep up a fresh growth in parching weather, provided the ground be well 
 saturated with very dilute manure. AVhere certain varieties or species of plants and 
 grasses are deficient it is well to g(j over the pastures in the latter part of August with 
 a steel-toothed harrow, breaking and scarifying the surface sufficiently, when the 
 desired mixture of seeds may be scattered broadcast and rolled or brushed into the 
 scarified ground. If rains do not soon follow, irrigation, by some method, M'ill hasten 
 germination of the seed. All plants having bitter or acrid juices should be cut before 
 seeding in all fields and pastures, so as to exterminate them. Many weeds or stout 
 plaTits may be destroyed in the early stages of growth by touching the cro^vns with a 
 wand dipped in a vessel of sulphuric acid. Finely pulverized bones and wood 
 ashes produce sweet grasses, and are the most lasting of manures for pastures. 
 
 Clover pastures require a lihcral dressing of lime and hone-poioder. 
 
 kui.es for 1-asturino. 
 
 1. Allow no sheep upon new pasture within two years, as they will destroy it. 
 
 2. Mow the first growth in early flowering to prevent smut and woodiness. 
 
 3. Roll frequently and stock with young cattle only until the second season is 
 over. 
 
 4. Never stock i)astures in spring until genial weatlier is fairly estaliiished. 
 
 5. Never allow the grasses to run to seed or parts of the field to be eaten bare 
 and others to get rank and coarse. , 
 
 6. Duly spread about all dung, remove all stagnant water, and extirpate all 
 weeds. 
 
 7. At midsummer have the pasture grazed or cut so close that there AvaW be no 
 dead or dry herbage on any part of it. 
 
 8. Always adapt the stock, as regards breed, size, condition and niunbers, to the 
 actual capabilities of the pasturage. 
 
 9. Secure to the stock at all times a full l)ite of clean, fresh-grown, succulent 
 herbage. 
 
 10. In moving stock from field to field take care tliat it always be to better fare. 
 
 11. Have pasture sheds built and furnished with bedding and absorbents, that 
 the manure may be saved while the cattle are sheltered from scorching heat or cold 
 storms. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IK AMERICA. 
 
 THE RATION. 
 
 At all times the dairy cow, if she be the best type of Jersey, will exhibit a good 
 appetite, the largest digestive power, and great capability for transforming meadow 
 and farm products, in the shape of grass, hay and meal, into milk and cream. What- 
 soever is produced in milk, cream, butter and cheese must come from the food which 
 the animal eats. How important, then, that the art of feeding should be thoroughly 
 mastered by all who have charge of dairy cattle. 
 
 The cow must be suppoi'ted by food. It requires two thirds of a full ration to 
 sustain a cow in good condition. This is called the food of support, and is simply 
 appropriated to keep the animal alive. If the animal takes more exercise than is 
 required, or is subjected to very low temperature, or to violent changes of weather 
 and cold storms, or is misused in any way, as by being kicked or beaten by harsh 
 attendants, or worried by dogs, or irritated by being placed with strange cattle, or put 
 under any unusual nervous excitement, there must be a compensation for the loss, 
 for the wear and tear of the system, as far as the law of equivalents can be made to 
 operate, before there is any production of milk whatever. 
 
 All the profit must come from the other third of a full ration or from what 
 is used above the two thirds necessary for maintenance. If the cow is not made 
 profitable by right feeding there will be a loss. 
 
 The cow must be under the best conditions as to exercise, the maintenance of 
 animal heat and protection from the weather, and then fed so that she will produce 
 the greatest amount of rich milk, and a calf, year by year, to a full age. The cow is 
 the largest producer of food among animals, and consequently the most profitable for 
 economical feeding. 
 
 The ration for cows must support animal heat and contribute to maintain all 
 the tissues of the body, and in addition give the largest possible yield of milk of the 
 best quality. If the average temperature is 70° it requires only food enough to 
 raise this temperature to 101°, or to overcome a variation of about 31° between 
 the air and blood-heat. If the stables are kept at an average temperature of 60°, then 
 10° are added, tlius requiring additional food. If the stables are cold and the average 
 winter temperature is 40°, then the temperature must be raised 61° to maintain 
 normal temperature. 
 
 Growing cattle require a larger projjortion of the elements for maintaining 
 animal heat than milch cows. 
 
 In order to save a waste of rations the stable should be made comfortable and 
 of the right temperature in summer and winter, and the animals should be protected 
 from all sources of worriment and annoyance. 
 
 The milch cow, the growing animal and the mature bull must each be fed a 
 ration suited to the special requirements of each. The cow must have that proportion 
 
268 JERSKY (WTTLI-: IX A M Kill C A. 
 
 of protein, carbo-li3'drates ;iiul tat suited to the liigliest productiveness of the best 
 quality of niili< and butter and the development of the foetal calf. The growing 
 heifer inuBt have a ration suited to ])rei)are her to become a perfect cdw. Tlie 
 growing bull and the mature bull must each have an approj)riate ration, whicli 
 differs in comi)ositi()n accitrding to age and service. 
 
 A PART OF PKOFESSOII TANNEirS TABLE OF FODDER A^AU'FX 
 
 WKK.III- UKyllKKI) TO I'KODlrK o.\K I-olXI> OK MKAT. 
 
 Linseed ('akc and IVas, c(pial parts \), lbs. 
 
 Linseed Cake ."> or tS 
 
 Barley 6 
 
 Rape Cake 6 •• 
 
 Cotton Cake 
 
 Oats 7 " 
 
 Beans 8 " 
 
 Peas S ■• 
 
 Clover Hay 12 " 
 
 Swedes 150 " 
 
 Mangolds 150 " 
 
 Carrots 1 60 
 
 Professor Johnson, of the C!onnecticut Ex])erimcnt Station, lias translated the 
 feeding standard tables of the German experimenter. Dr. "Wolff, which show what 
 has been found to work well on a small scale and may be useful to the Jersey breeder 
 in aiding him to form a better standard suited to his own herd for sj)ecial pur))oses. 
 Great variations may be made from these standards, and farther on in the history of 
 individual Jerseys will be given the rations for tests from which the great butter 
 records have been made. 
 
 According to Wolff, thirty pounds of young clover liay will keep a cow in fair 
 milk: this contains of dry organic substance twenty-three poimds, of whieli the 
 digestible substance is: protein, 3.21; carbo-hydrates, 11.28; and fat, 0.63. This 
 varies from the standard \\\ the table by .71 jiouiids more of protein, .22 pounds 
 less of carbo-hydrates, and .23 pounds more of fat. 
 
 The ration m\ist not only contain the correct proportion of nutrient substance, 
 but it must always be combined in such a way as to be most palatable and in 
 the most convenient form for mastication. 
 
 Special rations must be fed to cows that are ju-oducing a very large amount of 
 butter, and also to service bulls and choice calves. Special feeding that keeps a 
 cow up to the limit of her full capacity has been proven a source of iJernianent 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMEBIC A. 269 
 
 improvement in individual cows, and also a governing factor in the production of 
 better calves, the cow producing her best heifers, according to Stewart, at the 
 period of her highest feeding and greatest productiveness. The best cows of the 
 Jersey breed may be greatly improved in both quantity and quality of their milk by 
 high feeding of well-selected rations. 
 
 Feeding Standards, 
 per day and per thousand pounds, live weight. 
 
 2 to 
 
 3 to 6 
 
 6 to 12 
 12 to 18 
 18 to 24 
 
 Oxen moderately worked. . . 
 Cows in milk 
 
 GROWING CATTLE. 
 Average Live Weight per Head, 
 
 150 pounds 
 
 300 " 
 
 500 " 
 
 700 " 
 
 850 '• 
 
 OS 
 
 — 3 
 
 22.0 
 23.4 
 24.0 
 24.0 
 24.0 
 
 Nutritive Digestible 
 
 
 Substances. 
 
 g; . 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 ■g g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SI 
 
 ■53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 tl 
 
 z^ 
 
 Ph 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1.6 
 
 11.3 
 
 0.30 
 
 13.20 
 
 2.5 
 
 12.5 
 
 0.40 
 
 15.40 
 
 4.0 
 
 13.8 
 
 2.0 
 
 19.8 
 
 3.2 
 
 13.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 17.7 
 
 2.5 
 
 13.5 
 
 0.6 
 
 16.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 13.0 
 
 0.4 
 
 15.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 12.0 
 
 0.3 
 
 13.9 
 
 lbs. 
 1 :7.5 
 1 : 5.4 
 
 1 :4.7 
 1 :5.0 
 1 :6.0 
 1 :7.0 
 1 :8.0 
 
 PER DAY AND PER HEAD. 
 
 2 to 3 
 
 150 pounds. 
 
 3.3 
 
 7.0 
 12.0 
 16.8 
 20.4 
 
 0.0 
 
 1.0 
 1.3 
 1.4 
 1.4 
 
 2.1 
 4.1 
 6.8 
 9.1 
 19.3 
 
 0.30 
 0.30 
 0.30 
 0,28 
 0.26 
 
 3.00 
 
 5.40 
 
 8.40 
 
 10.78 
 
 11.96 
 
 
 47 
 
 3 to 6 
 
 300 " 
 
 5 
 
 6 to 12 
 
 500 " 
 
 6(1 
 
 12 to 18 
 
 700 " 
 
 70 
 
 18 to 24 
 
 850 " . ... 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 Professor Horsfall says it requires twenty pounds of good meadow hay, besides 
 tlie food of support, to produce eighteen quarts (forty pounds) of milk a day. The 
 cow cannot consume this amount of hay above the ration for her maintenance, and 
 the extra food must be sought in more concentrated forms, such as are rich in 
 
270 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 protein, pliosphoric acid and oils, and these be selected with reference to economy. 
 His stables in winter were kept at 0(1° temperature. His ration for milk consisted of 
 rape cake, five ])ounds, liran, two pounds, mixed with bean straw, oat straw, and 
 oat shells in eijual parts, fed three times a day, all they would eat. These materials 
 were moistened, mi.xed thoroughly, then steamed and fed warm. Each cow had, in 
 addition, from oTie to two jwunds of l)ean meal, according to her (juantity of milk, 
 and when eaten, green food, consisting of cabbages from Octolier to Decembei-, 
 kohl-rabi until February, and mangolds till grass-time. To preserve a good flavor 
 the green food was limited to thirty or thirty-five pounds daily, and after each feed 
 four pounds of meadow hay or twelve pounds daily to each cow, with all tiie water 
 they would drink twice a day. 
 
 This ration was given to produce quantity of milk and prepare cows for the 
 second stage of fattening for the butcher. His cost of feed was twenty-seven cents 
 a day for each cow, and the nnlk from six cows averaged $46.83 for one hundred 
 and ninety -one days, and the manure was equal to $2!».49 per cow for the same 
 length of time. 
 
 The English, German and American experiments demonstrate that two partK 
 of all food are required to h'cp the row alive, and one part for production and 
 profit. They also show that the oil contained in the food is insufficient to supply 
 the needs of the animal, and that the fat must in part lie derived from the 
 carbo-hydrates in the food. 
 
 Rations for Jersey Cows in Milk when vieldino from Two to Three Pounds 
 OF BrrrER Daily. 
 In the month of May green rye and barley may be cut and mixed with clo\ei- 
 hay i)r extra meadow hay of mixed grasses and clover, twenty-five to fifty pounds of 
 rye, and twelve to sixteen pounds of hay, given in four feeds, at 6 and 9 a.m. 
 and 3 and 6 p.m., allowing the time from 10 a.m to 3 p.m. for exercise in the 
 oj)en air. Until the cows are accustomed to the green food it is best to graduate 
 the ])roportions for a few days, giving a ration as follows, for cows of nine hundred 
 pounds live weight : 
 
 MAY. 
 
 10 lbs. Best Mixed Hay, 
 
 25 lbs. Green Rye and Barley, 
 
 4 lbs. Wheat Bran, 
 
 2 lbs. Corn Meal. 
 10 lbs. Parsnips, 
 
 4 lbs. Barley Meal. 
 
 •J oz. Salt at each feed. 
 
 C/Ut and mixed 
 for two feeds. 
 
 Noon feed. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEItlGA. 
 
 2 lbs. Best Hay, 
 
 10 lbs. Green Rye or Rye Grass, 
 
 20 lbs. Green Clover, 
 
 25 lbs. Orchard Grass, 
 
 25 lbs. Green Barley. 
 
 1 quart of AVheat Bran at each 
 ^ oz. Salt at each feed. 
 
 Mixed for two 
 feeds. 
 
 ilkinK. 
 
 2 lbs. Best Hay, 
 25 lbs. Green Clover or Clover and Timothy, 
 25 lbs. Green Oats or Oats and Peas, [ Two feeds. 
 
 20 lbs. Green Wheat or Alsike, 
 20 lbs. Green Hungarian Grass, in early blossom. 
 
 1 quart of Wheat Bran at each milking 
 ^ oz. Salt at each feed. 
 
 2 lbs. Best Hay, 
 20 lbs. Italian Rye Grass, 
 20 lbs. Italian Millet and Hungarian Grass, 
 30 lbs. Green Sweet Corn Fodder, 
 20 lbs. Alsike or Green Wheat. 
 
 1 quart of Bran at each milking-time 
 
 J oz. Salt at each feed. 
 
 Two feeds. 
 
 SEPTEMBER. 
 
 2 lbs. Best Hay, 
 25 lbs. Sweet Corn (with ears in milk), 
 10 lbs. Green Barley and Hungarian Grass, 
 10 lbs. Millet, or ^ bushel Crushed Ripe Apples, 
 10 lbs. Wheat in early bloom. 
 
 1 quart of Bran at milking. 
 
 ^ oz. Salt at each feed. 
 
 Two feeds. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 OCTOBER. 
 
 2 lbs. Best Ha.v. 
 25 lbs. Sweet Corn (with ears in milk), 
 20 lbs. Green Barley, 
 10 lbs. Green Wheat. 
 
 1 quart of Rye Bran at milking. 
 
 Given upon 1 peck of Crushed Ripe Apples, 
 
 I oz. Salt at each feed. 
 
 Two feeds. 
 
 NOVEMBEK. 
 
 2(1 11 )s. Green Corn Fodder, 
 10 lbs. Best Hay, 
 10 lbs. Green Barley, 
 
 2 lbs. Oatmeal, 
 
 2 lbs. Barley Meal. 
 
 4 lbs. Bran, 
 10 lbs. Pumpkins. 
 
 J^ oz. Salt at eacl 
 
 - Two feeds. 
 
 Middav feed. 
 
 feed. 
 
 DErEMHEli. 
 
 15 lbs. Best Early Hay of Orchard Grass and 
 Clover. 
 (5 lbs. "Wheat Bran, 
 4 lbs. Maize Meal, 
 2 lbs. Barley Meal, 
 4 lbs. Oatmeal. 
 i lb. Linseed Meal, 
 10 lbs. Pumpkins. 
 
 ^ijf oz. Salt at each feed. 
 
 - Two feeds. 
 
 feed. 
 
 5 lbs. Green Oat Hay. 
 15 lbs. Com Stover, 
 
 6 lbs. Rye Bran, 
 
 2 lbs. Barley Meal, 
 4 li)s. Maize Meal, 
 4 II IS. Oatmeal, 
 i lb. Linseed Meal, 
 10 ll)s. (^arrots. 
 
 •jiff oz. Salt at each feed. 
 
 Daily ration f« 
 two feeds. 
 
 }x 
 
 oon feed. 
 
HAZEN'S NORA 4791. 
 
 AT 8 TEARS OLD. 
 
 Rajah — Bismarck— Splendid Type. 
 
 GEEEN MOUNTAIN HERD. 
 
 MOULTON BnOTHER9, WeST RANDOLPH, VERMONT. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IiV AMERICA. 
 
 FEBRUARY. 
 
 8 lbs. Best Green Clover Hay, 
 8 lbs. Green Millet Hay, 
 6 lbs. Eye Bran, or Wheat Shorts, 
 4 lbs. Maize Meal, 
 2 lbs. Barley Meal, 
 4 lbs. Oatmeal. 
 i lb. Linseed Cake Meal, 
 10 lbs. Carrots. 
 
 ■^ oz. Salt at each feed. 
 
 Two feeds. 
 
 Noon feed. 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 4 lbs. Green Clover Hay, 
 15 lbs. Green Corn Stover, 
 
 6 lbs. Eye Bran or Wheat Shorts, 
 
 4 lbs. Maize Meal, 
 
 6 lbs. Oatmeal. 
 10 lbs. Mangolds or Parsnips, 
 
 1 lb. Linseed Meal. 
 
 y'^ oz. Salt at each feed. 
 
 Two feeds. 
 
 Midday feed. 
 
 8 lbs. Green Millet Hay, or 25 lbs. Green Eye 
 8 lbs. Cow Pea Hay or Clover Hay, 
 6 lbs. Eye Bran, 
 6 lbs. Oatmeal, 
 2 lbs. Maize Meal. 
 10 lbs. Parsnips, 
 i lb. Linseed Meal. 
 
 -rV OZ. Salt at each feed. 
 
 Two feeds. 
 
 Midday feed. 
 
 A CHEAP WINTER RATION. 
 
 10 lbs. Green Corn Stover, 
 8 lbs. Green Millet Hay, 
 4 lbs. Oatmeal, 
 fi lbs. Eye Bran, 
 3 lbs. Maize Meal, 
 2 lbs. Linseed Meal. 
 
 -jig- oz. Salt at each feed. 
 
 - Two feeds 
 
274 JERSEY CATTLE JX A3IERICA. 
 
 Use the " Crusher" machine for cutting, connninuting and pulverizing all the 
 corn fodder, and the Hay Cutter for all other grasses, then moisten and mix with 
 the ground feed. 
 
 RATION KOK WINTER MILK. 
 
 3 lbs. Clover Hay. 
 
 15 lbs. Corn Stover, well (nired. 
 
 4 lbs. Oatmeal. 
 
 2 lbs. Corn Meal. 
 8 lbs. Wheat Bran. 
 2 lbs. Linseed Meal. 
 ^ oz. Salt at each feed. 
 
 OR lillS, FOR WINTER AlILK. 
 
 Cost. 
 
 18 lbs. Corn Fodder, well cured 4.5 cents. 
 
 5 lbs. Best Clover Hay 2.0 " 
 
 8 lbs. Wheat Bran 6.0 " 
 
 i lbs. Corn Meal 3.0 " 
 
 2 lbs. Linseed Meal 3.0 " 
 
 -^ oz. Salt at each feed. 18.5 cents. 
 
 STANDARD WINTER RATION FOR A BREEDING HERD. 
 
 10 lbs. Com Fodder, cured green. 
 
 5 lbs. Rowen Hay. 
 1^ qts. Oatmeal. 
 
 1 qt. Maize Meal. 
 1 qt. Wheat Bran. 
 1 pt. Linseed Meal. 
 
 6 qts. Parsnips. 
 
 -^ oz. Salt at each feed. 
 
 The corn fodder to be cut in foui'-incli lengtlis, or crushed in the '' Crusher," 
 then well moistened and mi.xed with the grain, one lialf at G a.m., one half at •> p.m. 
 (Bundles of corn-stalks may be cut in four-inch lengths with the bucksaw.) 
 
 The rowen hay at 12 m. 
 
 The parsnips at 3 p.m. 
 
 Full watering at 10:30 a.m. and 5:30 p.m.. with water at (!5° temperature. 
 
 WINTER ration for YELLOW BUTfER. 
 
 Same as above, provided the corn fodder and hay are cured so as to retain their 
 green color. The parsnips also aid in giving butter color in winter. 
 
 Give double the quantity of salt with green succulent cro])s, and always mix 
 dry hay or oat straw with green clover. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 RATION AT ECHO FAKM, LITCHFIELD, CONN., AS KKPOUTKU liY CONNECTICUT 
 AGKICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 1881. 
 
 Daily Ration per Head. 
 
 11)8. 
 
 Hay 23.5a 
 
 Provender* , -l.tJlt 
 
 Bran 2.50 
 
 Mangolds , 7.50 
 
 Total 
 
 Total per 1000 lbs. live weight 
 Standard 
 
 Digestible. 
 
 lbs. 
 15.72 
 8.88 
 2.15 
 O.W 
 
 lbs. 
 0.66 
 0.34 
 0.33 
 0.12 
 
 Carbo- 
 hydrates. 
 
 lbs. [ lbs. 
 
 8.37 j 0.1-4 
 
 2.54 I 0.13 
 
 1.16 I 0.05 
 
 0.43 i .... 
 
 22.39 \ 1.45 ! 12.50 j 0.32 
 25.16 j 1.63 I 14.04 , 0.36 
 24.00 I 2.50 12.50 \ 0.40 
 
 Total digestible matter, 16.03. 
 
 Nutritive ratio, 1 : 1.9. 
 
 Order of feeding : Morning, Hay, Pro 
 
 Noon, Hay. 
 
 3 P.M., Mangolds. 
 
 Night, Hay, Provei 
 
 RATION RECOMMENDED KOK .IKRSKV C( 
 
 In Winter: 10 lbs. Best Meadow Hay. 
 10 lbs. Corn Stover. 
 10 lbs. Kntabagas. 
 
 2 lbs. Oatmeal. 
 
 i lb. Oil Cake Meal. 
 
 -jig- oz. Salt at each feed. 
 
 15ran 
 
 iEEOKE CALVINO 
 
 10 lbs. Eowen Hay. 
 
 6 lbs. Oat Straw. 
 15 lbs. Entabagas or (Cabbage. 
 
 2 lbs. Oatmeal. 
 
 i OZ. Salt. 
 
 ■ Equal parts j;rnund oats 
 
27(! JERSEY CATTLE IX AM Ell [c A. 
 
 DAKLINGTOX KATIOX. 
 
 At tlie •• Darliiiirton'" dairy of grade cows the following ration is fed in order 
 tu give a good flavor to the imtter, which has a reputation in the market for (quality, 
 Havor and nnifonnity of a))pearance throughout the year: 
 
 Best Clover Hay 8* lbs. 
 
 (Jorn iMeal 8i " 
 
 Wlieat Shorts 8^ - 
 
 No cornnieal or shorts are used if in the least degree fermented, but sliould such 
 fermented meal or bran be sent from any dealer, it is immediately returned, as the 
 feeding of fermented food would destroy the quality of the butter. 
 
 I)RYIN(; OFF cows. 
 If it is desired that a persistent milker shall be thoroughly dry before calving 
 turn her into a box-stall and feed her with a ration of thirty ])ounds of oat straw. 
 Straw is a good ration to make cows dry off at any time, and therefore not a 
 desirable food except for the sole ])urpose of drying. 
 
 In sunin 
 pasture alom 
 especially sweet 
 
 All -r 
 
 ('AI;|(o|- Cl.KANKK 
 
 
 
 
 
 SIMMIOU KKKDINC 
 
 
 
 
 
 •hat she will eat 
 
 of mixe 
 
 1 forage p 
 
 lant 
 
 or 
 
 are better after a 
 
 few ho 
 
 irs of wilti 
 
 ig i 
 
 1 tl 
 
 ir,,od 
 
JERi^EY CATTLE IJSr AMERICA. 277 
 
 No forage crop can be fed when wet by rain or clew without injury, because uf 
 the added excess of moisture, which causes indigestion and a diminished yield of 
 milk. 
 
 Roots like all the greens and apples nuist be fed in small <juantities at first, 
 gradually increasing to the full proportiun in the mixed ration. 
 
 RATION FOR THE JERSEY BFLL. 
 
 SUMMER. 
 
 Let him be tethered in good pasture, or give from seventy-five to one hundred 
 pounds of green forage with from one to three pounds of oatmeal, according to size 
 and service. Give salt at each feed. 
 
 12 lbs. best Clover m- Cow Pea Hay. 
 
 3 lbs. Oatmeal. 
 
 2 lbs. Linseed Meal ; grain mi.xed with the cut hay. 
 4 to 6 lbs. Carrots, Mangolds, Rutabagas or Parsnijis. 
 ^ oz. Salt. 
 Feed three times daily, and give water as often. 
 
 RATION FOR THE CALF. 
 
 The calf is best fed with the utmost regard to punctuality, three times daily, 
 from birth, upon the fidl milk of its own dam, when practicable. Let the calf suck 
 the dam one day, then remove it to its own softly-bedded stall. The second and 
 third days it may be taught to drink from a pail or bucket by firmly holding the 
 muzzle in the warm milk while two fingers of the right hand are inserted in its 
 mouth. The calf will take from a quart to three pints of the colostrum three times 
 daily, and a gradually increasing quantity of his dam's milk. This should be given 
 as soon as a sufficient quantity is drawm, that it ma}' not lose its normal temjierature 
 of 101-|-°. After one month, if it is desired to use the cream for buttei-, the calf can 
 have one third of the dam's milk mixed with two thirds warm skim-milk from 
 the Separator ; or, if some other mode of cream-raising is practised, the sweet 
 skim-milk should be warmed to 1(»2° or 103° by careful test. It is better 
 to give six quarts a day in three than the same in two feeds. At the third 
 month the calf can have entire skim-milk, to which should be added a gruel 
 made from flaxseed. It is well to begin the addition of the gruel the second month, 
 
278 JERSEY CATTLE IX AM Ell I (A. 
 
 to su))ply the diange from wliole milk with cream to a partial ration. A j)iiit of 
 flaxseed and a pint of '* oilmeal" hoiled in ten quarts of water, or flaxseed alone in six 
 times its bulk of water, will make a gruel nearly rieli enough to sui)pl_v the lack of 
 cream in the skim-milk. Mix this, one to two parts, in the skim-milk, and feed at a 
 temiierature of lo'^-. Always )ise the thermometer, and a good one. From the 
 l)egiiining adil a little rennet or laeto-rennetine to the milk before feeding, and a 
 gradually increasinir allowance of salt at each feed, beginning with a few grains 
 only. 
 
 If the Sucking Feeder is used it may be fastened to the inside of the stall and 
 tlie milk poured in through the door or a port-hole. 
 
 The rennet renders digestion and a-ssimilation easy. 
 
 Let the calf be satistied three times a day until six months old. During the 
 tiftli month or earlier teach it to eat a small handfid of oats. If the food has a 
 tendency to produce diarrhoea diminish the quantity at once by three fourths, or 
 substitute for a few meals, in the milk, a (piart of coaree wheat flour or pure wheat 
 meal instead of the linseed. But always diminish the food at once upon the first 
 symptoms of indigestion. Pea meal may be combined with the flax meal or flaxseed 
 if desired, or when the calf is two months old one pound of oatmeal or wheat 
 middlings may be added to its i-ation. Twenty pounds of skim-milk may be 
 suflScient in the daily ration until the fourth mouth. If the milk is diiuiuished the 
 oatmeal must be increased. 
 
 OTllKK U.VTIOXS I'OK CAl.VKS. 
 
 WIIKV RATION. 
 
 There is miich valuable nutriment in the whey after cheese-making, but the fat 
 and casein extracted must be supplemented by a sufficient amount of grain food 
 to supply the nitrogencms elements, and thereby reudei- the mixture an equivalent 
 to normal milk. Add a little salt to each feed. 
 
 FoKMl I..\ KOI; Yor.VO CALK. 
 
 Whey 1 gal. 
 
 Oil Cake \ lb. 
 
 .Mix when hot. and feed at I(»L>^ 
 
 I'oRMri.A KoK CAl.l- AT ONK MONTU or,I>. 
 
 AVhey 1 gal. 
 
 Oil Cake i lb. 
 
 Oatmeal \ lb. 
 
 Mix hot, and feed at 1(»2°. 
 
JERSEY VATTLE IN AMERICA. 279 
 
 HAY TEA RATION FOE CALVES ONE MONTH OLD. 
 
 Skim-Milk 1 gal. 
 
 Hay Tea (decoction of early cut hay) 1 gal. 
 
 Flaxseed (decoction) \ lb. 
 
 Wheat Middlings \ lb. 
 
 Mix the milk after boiling the other ingredients well and straining, and feed 
 at 102°. 
 
 Gradually increase with age the grain elements. Add a little Salt. 
 
 RATION FOR CALF FROM FOURTH TO SEVENTH MONTH. 
 
 10 lbs. Skim-Milk. 
 
 2 lbs. Oatmeal. 
 
 1 lb. Linseed Oil Meal. 
 Add \ teaspoonful of Prepared Rennet ; and Whole Oats to eat midway 
 between feeds. Give a little Salt. 
 
 (>K THIS. 
 
 20 lbs. Skim-Milk, | 
 
 1 lb. Oatmeal, 
 
 1 lu -PI , - Two Feeds. 
 
 I lb. Flaxseed, 
 
 20 drops Prepared Rennet. ) 
 
 A haH pint Whole Oats, dry, at noon. Add a small quantity of Salt. 
 
 This is a ration for a very large Jersey calf ; a small calf may thrive on much 
 less than this. During the first year or from six months onward the young heifer 
 should be fed chiefly on hay, so as to expand and develop the digestive organs to a 
 capacious size. Many breeders prefer to keep calves from grass until a year old. 
 Some jirefer to keep them upon whole milk for three months, gradually intro- 
 ducing skim-milk until the calf is six months old, returning to whole milk if the 
 calf scours, always reducing the quantity, and giving it at a higher temperature, from 
 125° to 130° Fahrenheit. Bran has an irritant effect on the bowels of a calf 
 and should not be used. The greatest care in raising calves is necessary, that they 
 may always have just enough, and never too much. Hundreds of valuable calves are 
 killed by overfeeding ; especially by persisting in the overfeeding after serious 
 disorder of the bowels threatens to destroy the animal. It is the most important 
 de]3ai"tment of feeding. Some breeders rarely or never lose a calf, others have 
 continual disasters from their own niismanagement. 
 
 ENSILAGE. 
 
 The storing of green forage crops in water-tight vats under eiKjrmons pressure 
 is the invention of M. Goffart, of France. 
 
280 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 For centuries green crops had been buried in ditches and caverns and subject to 
 great loss by fermentation and decay. The method of Goffart, although a great 
 improvement upon the old, by largely excluding the air and arresting the fermenta- 
 tion at a certain point, still has many serious objections. Its inventor and some of 
 its advocates have undoubtedly claimed too much for the system. For if all their 
 clai:ns are just and tenable, then all fodder should be put into the silo, and every 
 available crop, including apples, squashes, roots, and every grain and grass, would 
 be improved by this process of jiartial decomposition. 
 
 Some claim that it is analogous to the art of canning fruit and vegetables for 
 human consumption and as successful, and tliat in ensilage they are providing a 
 canned fodder for their cattle. 
 
 If this comparison were true the silo and its products would be all and nioi'e 
 than any one has claimed for them. But from the chemical analysis of ensilage and 
 the strenuous opposition which many breeders offer against adopting it because of 
 that analysis, and also because of ill effects observed from its use, it is considered to 
 be a very defective fodder for the butter or milk dairy when fed in any consider- 
 able quantity. 
 
 According to analyses made at the Connecticut Experiment Station, 188:i, the 
 best sample ever offered contained acetic acid and alcohol equivalent to " a quart of 
 strong vinegar" and a pint of rum for each hundred pounds of ensilage. In the 
 United States Agricultural Report for 1882 it is stated that " the aciditj- and alcoholic 
 nature of the ensilage has been of universal remark, and, to a certain extent, of 
 exaggeration.'' In the sample from C. H. Roberts, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., the 
 conditions had been such as to make the alcoholic fermentation most prominent, 
 but even under these circumstances alcohol was only recognized in the distillate from 
 the juice by the iodoform test. The juice expressed from the specimen amounted 
 tij forty and a half per cent, of the substance taken. The following determinations 
 were made : 
 
 Specific gravity, 15° C 1.0335 
 
 Total solids 8. U 
 
 Glucose l>4 
 
 Sucrose 13 
 
 Total acid as acetic 2.71 
 
 Total acid as lactic 3.08 
 
 This sample may be regarded as an extreme of acidity, owing to its having been 
 out of the silo two days before examination. As it requires one tenth of a pound 
 of acetic acid to make one quart of the strongest vinegar, one hundred poimds of 
 this ensilage would contain twenty-seven quarts of the very harshest vinegar, beside 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX A3fERICA. 281 
 
 the three pounds of lactic acid. A specimen from Alexandi-ia, Va., contained 
 acid equivalent to twenty-one quarts of sharjj vinegar to the hundred pounds. 
 
 It is the vinegar and alcohol, and other products of fermentation, that render 
 ensilage unacceptable as a food for winter soiling. If these products could be 
 avoided or prevented, then winter soiling would be as successful as the summer 
 soiling for dairy cattle. If acetic acid, lactic acid, butyric acid and alcohol in great 
 or small anaounts improve the fodder, as some claim, why, then the whole world will 
 have the benefit of it as soon as it can become generally adopted. It is a matter of 
 great consequence to breeders of thoroughbred Jerseys that they adopt nothing that 
 shall hinder the progress of successful breeding and dairying. 
 
 Some have boldly risked and lost much in testing the ensilage experiment 
 during recent years, while many of the best breeders and feeders in the Jersey world 
 cannot be induced to try the experiment. 
 
 When the silo shall have become as successful in its purpose as the canning of 
 
 pears or peaches in culinary art all Jersey breeders will adopt ensilage. The 
 
 feeding is just as important as the breeding. Proi^e and holdfast that alone ivh/'ch 
 
 Is best. 
 
 TRAINING HORNS. 
 
 One Jersey breeder is very successful in producing cattle of fine form and 
 beautiful colors ; another cares little for form, much less for color, but gives his 
 whole attention to filling the churn, while a third is a dabster at training horns. 
 
 The horns of a Jersey are ornamental and give a certain character to the 
 animal, varying according to their size, color, shape and texture. 
 
 It is best to have Jerseys that breed the true Jersey horn, or at least it is 
 desirable to have something like imiformity in the herd. Some horns crumple, 
 others are tossing, and a few are angular. It is supposed that about one fourth of 
 the Jerseys have horns that either turn inward and downward, or inward and 
 slightly upward, while about three fourths have horns that either flare or assume a 
 nearly vertical direction. It is desirable that they occupy as little space as possible, 
 and also that they be rendered, as far as practicable, harmless from goring. The 
 crumpled form is the best, turning inward and downward. 
 
 The process of training should begin at an age before the horn is too hard, 
 usually about one year old. 
 
 Bore through the horn half an inch from the tip with a small gimlet. Tie a 
 piece of catgut or a copper wire securely through these holes. With some heifers 
 the weight of the string and its slight pressure may be sufficient ; if not, hang a 
 little bag from the centre, having a few birdshot for weight, allowing it to rest upon 
 the forehead of the animal. The weight of the shot must be adjiisted to the stiffness 
 of the horn. A young bull might require from half a pound to two pounds, and in 
 rare cases three and four pounds. The process must be watched and the weight 
 
282 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 adjusted according to the conditions, [f out' Imrii is stiffer tiian its mate it may be 
 nicived with a file or rubbed witii saud-piipL^r on tlie inner surface ; at the same time 
 a daily oiling will hasten somewhat the operation. Too iiuu-h weight or too violent 
 a strain on the wire or catgut will cause a tiiickening nf the liorn at the base. The 
 trainer simply needs to exercise judgment and will soon acquire skill in his work. 
 While the training of horns is progressing the animals should be kept in their 
 stanchions, as that secures them from any damage by cntanglenieiit or hooking or 
 colliding M-itli fences. 
 
 When the horns have the desii'ed turn remove the apparatus and tile off and 
 ])olis]i the tips of the horns, so iis to obliterate the gimlet-holes. 
 
 The work will well repay the care and skill expended by a more attnactive 
 appearance. Recent improvements in horn-training apparatus obviate the necessity 
 of boring the horn, a button being adjusted to the tip of the horn as a support to 
 the tension and weights. 
 
 CARE OF THE RFLL. 
 
 The bull is ••half the herd." and if in himself he is worthy of the place he 
 occupies, must command the most skilful care and attention to preserve his potency 
 and keep him in condition for the transmission of his best qualities to all 
 his progeny. The bull is the l)reed, and transmits his race characteristics and 
 individual (jualities in a greater degree than the female. It is important that he 
 should be kei)t in a uniforndy healthful condition by proper exercise and feeding, 
 and in no case allowed to impair his potency by any excess or too fre(|uent use. 
 
 The best bull must ]>ossess a vast amount of latent energy and neural force, and 
 consequently should lie of a very lively dispufition. lie therefore needs much 
 exercise in the; open air and suidiglit and kind treatment, or he may become surly 
 and fierce. He should be nind)le in his movements and never lazy, high-spirited 
 and never dull, always ivady to respond when properly called u])on for service, and 
 unfailing in every effort, pnividecl that the cow is in gond healtli. 
 
 He must be kept in a lean and active condition, and yet he well nourished. \i 
 he becomes fat impotency will follow. His first service may be at about the age of 
 fifteen months, and may be repeated monthly until he is two years of age. From two 
 to tliree years old he may give a service bi-monthly, and after three years of age one 
 weekly ser\ ice is enough to require, if offspring possessing the requisite neural energy 
 is to be seemed. The service might be less frequent to the advantage of the progeny, 
 male or female ; and in service the bull should never be allowed to repeat his efforts 
 after one suc-cessful copulation, but always removed immediately to his own stiill. 
 Nothing is worse than repeated copulations at one interview, or on the same daj', for 
 destroying the potency of the male or for tending to produce degenerate offspring. 
 The best progeny must always be procreated when the male is in perfect vigor. One 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 383 
 
 service supplies a superabundance of the sperm cells ; a second is less likely ti> hold, 
 and may be of inferior vital quality. 
 
 The question is not how much, but how good service. 
 
 BULL e.xeecise;. 
 The bull should have a variety of exercise. The running of an empty tread 
 jjower at a low rate of speed for one hour or even a half hour each day is of great 
 benefit. He should not be compelled to follow too long. In pleasant weather he may 
 be turned into an open field that is guarded by a barbed wire fence. The bull pays 
 a profound respect to barbed wire. It is a good plan to tether him in a pasture a few 
 hours each day, as advised in chapter on Pasturing, using a strong iron post, which 
 may be driven into the ground to the depth of two feet or more. On the top of this 
 post a sliding ring and swivel admit of the requisite freedom of movement. To 
 this ring is attached a chain, which may be about twenty -five feet long, and composed 
 of steel in fine links, of which a sufficient part are swivelled to prevent kinking while 
 the bull walks. Such a tether gives a circuit of one hundred and fifty feet. The 
 fastenings must be secured by a steel spring or clasp, which may be passed upward 
 through the nose-ring, and secured to the steel ring in his head-stall, that is firmly 
 buckled about the base of the horns. 
 
 KINGING THE BULL. 
 
 The ring ought to be of the best quality of steel, or of pure copper, and of a size 
 having an outside diameter of two and one half inches. 
 
 It is well to apply it when the animal is about one year old, or during the time 
 of his horn-training. 
 
 To perform the operation, be provided with the trocar and canule and a ring of 
 the right quality. Secure the bull in the stanchion of his stall, or turn his head and 
 secure him firmly to the post by a strong halter. Grasp the cartilage of the nose and 
 carefully select the point for insertion, which must be as high as possible, so that the 
 ring shall be out of the way of liability to catch upon snags or nails, and also to guard 
 against its tearing out, as may occur in powerful bulls when set too low. Take a 
 good hold upon the nasal cartilage, pass the canule, with the trocar point slightly 
 projecting through the cartilage, let the open ring follow the canule through the 
 incision, clasp it, and insert the screw, turning it down firmly in its place. 
 
 For leading, a short steel chain may be attached to the staff hook, always well 
 secured to both hook and ring by a strong lock snap. 
 
 The staff needs to be of the finest quality of straight-grained, thoroughly seasoned, 
 well-tested timber. 
 
 Care must be observed in the operation of ringing that the trocar and canule are 
 of the best pattern and quality and the trocar always kept sharp and smooth, as a 
 
284 .//■:j!s/:)- cattli-: i\ ameiika. 
 
 rough or dirty iiistniiiu'iit may cause hlood-poisoiiintr ,ir other iiiiscliief by a rairsrol 
 incision. 
 
 KIND TK'KATMKXT llF TIIK lU'r.I,. 
 
 Tiie hull isassusceptiMf to kind trcatiiicnt and ])ettinjr as any otiicr animal, and 
 he resents cruel treatnieut, oftentimes with the traditional persistency of a bear or the 
 iwengefulness of a savage. Instances ai'e recorded where a bull, having been beaten 
 or abu.sed in his stall by a stranger, always entertained a hatred for the person, anil 
 knew his step so well that whenever he came within hearing, although he could not 
 see him, he would manifest his displeasure in the most unmistakable manner. 
 
 Always treat a bull kindly and manage liim with iirmness and caution. Never 
 ])resume upon liis friendship, for he sometimes takes a sudden freak of j^layfulness oi- 
 a passion for combativeness, and in either case wishes to try the force of his neck, 
 head and horns. Treat him as a pet. and at the same time let him very early be 
 taught to recognize you as his master ami to yield iini)lieit ol)e(lience to your will 
 and your commands. The bull is in<'Hned to resent a elnl) — at least he cannot he 
 beaten back with a clnh if he is determined — hut he ])aysresi)ect to the tingling of a 
 tough switch orwhi[) when ap])hed to his muzzle. If early trained he dreads the 
 whip, and pays it as much respect as he does a barbed wire fence that is properly con- 
 .sti-ucted, for that is a barrier he doesn't care to light against, even under the extremest 
 provocation of the charms of a matable heifer on the opposite side of the fence. 
 
 Treat the bull kindly and compel kindness from all his attendants, but allow no 
 man to have charge of him who is a poltroon or a coward. 
 
 If a valnal)le l)u]l becomes excitable and hard to manage ho may be controlled l)y 
 the Bull Helmet. This may be made of strong leather and formed to cover the fore- 
 head and eyes, and secured firmly around the horns, and l)y a strong throat-latch made 
 to buckle under the cheeks. The eyes are protected from contact by conical-shaped 
 leather goggles, which are firmly fastened in the helmet. This helmet is a complete 
 blinder, and the bull wearing it is subject to his ma-ster's hand, and maybe led quietly 
 wherever desired. The helmet ouglit to be used on all bulls above two years old with 
 absolute safety, and might have saved many a valuable bull from slaughter, as it is the 
 lively fellows that get good stock and transmit neural force to their progeny, and 
 such a buU may remain potent for fifteen years or more if rightly used. 
 
 UABE OF HKEKUrNO nKIKKKS AND COWS. 
 
 The Jersey breeds at an early age. 
 
 The lieifer should be bred when fifteen months old, as nearly as ])ractical)le. Mr. 
 J. W. Vance, Cantrall, 111., reports heifer dropping calf when eleven months and 
 eighteen days old. It is desirable to havi- uniformity of size in a herd and to have 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 285 
 
 Jersey cows of about nine hundred pounds weight, but it is also desirable that they 
 have the characteristic Jersey traits of early development, persistent milking, and 
 cream-prodiicing richness. It seems necessary to breed at the age named to secure 
 and perpetuate these qualities. If bred later they are inclined to lose the Jersey 
 quality and take on fat. If thought desirable, the time of the second calf may be 
 delayed so as to give time for a larger growth of the young cow, but the cow 
 character is to be established as early as the growth and constitution of the animal 
 admit of it. The aptitude for milk production early established, the after-growth 
 and management depend somewhat on the time of the second calf, which it may be 
 well to have timed to the age of three and a quarter or three and a half years, so 
 that the second breeding should be from six to nine months, or even a year from 
 the time of dropping the first calf. The cow should be treated with the utmost 
 gentleness, and the Jersey heifer makes the most attractive pet in the world. Every 
 farm attendant should have the characteristics of a gentleman, and in his mind 
 anything like cnielty or even rudeness to a Jersey cow should be abhorrent, and any 
 person practising such cruelty by a kick or a blow should be banished from the farm 
 at once. 
 
 THE PAETUKIENT COW. 
 
 Two weeks or more before calving the cow should be put in a box-stall where 
 she may have quiet and especial care as to her diet and bedding. The food should 
 be palatable, cooling, and sufficiently laxative to preclude any danger from constipa- 
 tion. The bedding should be sufficient to give her comfort and rest. If the cow is 
 in perfect health she will pass through the ordeal in safety, and afterward, under the 
 right management, give her owner the full benefit of her productive powers in milk 
 and butter. 
 
 It may not always be easy to say that a cow is in perfect health, but if she has 
 been properly cared for and had proper feed she will not need any assistance in 
 parturition. Any mechanical interference, unless very skilfully managed, is hazardous, 
 and may destroy the calf and permanently injixre the cow. There should always be 
 present a man of experience, who is properly informed in regard to the necessary 
 treatment in case of emergencies, and he should have the good sense to refrain from 
 all unnecessary interference, and yet know how to afford proper aid, either mechanical 
 or medicinal, when such is needful. 
 
 The approach of parturition is indicated by the soft and swollen vulva, the fully 
 distended udder, and the day previous a sinking in about the pelvic bones. The cow 
 should now have a quiet stall and no one allowed to come near, except the persons 
 who liave charge of her feed and her safety. Her drink must be warm ; no cold 
 drinks should be within reach, but pure water 65° or upward, or warm gruels of 
 flaxseed and bran mashes, and cooling, laxative food. 
 
 As labor approaches the first stage is ushered in by uneasiness, which gradually 
 
286 JERSEY (LITTLE nY AMERICA. 
 
 increases. The animal must be screened from view by a curtain, and kept from all 
 annoyance. After a few hours the dilatation of the uterine ring is complete, the 
 contractions become violent, the cow gets up and lies down frequently, the belly 
 becomes lank, the cow utters a slow, fretjuent mcjan, the expulsive efforts becoming 
 gradually more forcible, and the breathing is (piicker. 
 
 The bursting of the sac and the discharge of watery tluid imlicatc tliat the labur 
 should terminate reasonably within two or three hours. The efforts now proceed in 
 progressive rapidity, till at length a protrusion of the vulva indicates a near termina- 
 tion of labor. The parts gradually dilate with each expulsive pain, the calf presents 
 at the opening vulva in its natural position, the head stretclied forward and resting 
 upon and between the knees ; the labor is progressing naturally ; let the cow alone and 
 keep away any intr.iders, but be ready to attend to the calf, which in a little while is 
 safely expelled and becomes at once a breathing, independent existence. See that 
 the cow is protected from currents of air. 
 
 THE CAKE OF THE YOUXtt CALF. 
 
 Examine the navel-cord to see that it does not bleed. If it bleeds tie it with a 
 ligature of soft thread. Place the calf in front of the dam, that she may lick it- 
 When this natural and beneficial process is completed the calf will after a few 
 attempts rise upon its feet and instinctively search for the udder. Allow it for the 
 first day to suck the dam three or more times, and after each sucking milk the 
 udder empty. 
 
 Afterward milk the cow i-egularly three times a day, and tea(!h the calf to drink 
 as directed in the chapter on Feeding Calves. It is very important that the pails 
 buckets and feeding-troughs of calves should be kept scrupulously clean by daily 
 rinsing in cold water and scalding in hot water, and a subsequent airing and sun- 
 drying. The calves should be kept in separate pens or stalls, as they annoy each other 
 by sucking. Bull calves should not pasture with heifers at any time, as after three 
 months old they are liable to breed. After ten months old bulls annoy each other 
 and should be kept apart. 
 
 Difficulties of parturition will be treated of in another chapter on Casualties. 
 
 The afterbirth should be conveyed to the manure-house as soon as it is exjjelled. 
 Never allow the animal to go tlirough the revolting ])roeess of trying to hide it by 
 swallowing. 
 
 CARE OP THE CALF AT BIKTH. 
 
 In cold, wet, or chilly weather many a young calf is lost, or stunted, for want 
 of the requisite attention during the few hours subsequent to its birth. Have several 
 boxes provided of a size large enough to hold the calf, so that it can lie comfortably 
 at rest. When the birth of a calf is expected have a dozen bricks heating in an oven 
 or furnace. As soon as tlie calf is born place the bricks evenly over the floor of the 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 287 
 
 box, cover them with three or fmir iiiclies of tinely-cut sti'aw, placinii; a hhmket over 
 the straw. 
 
 Lay the calf upon the blanket and cover with another. Rub the calf dry with 
 a coarse towel. Such care insures against much loss that would otherwise accrue 
 during cold or inclement weather. Calves that were so feeble as to require feeding 
 wifcli a spoon and constant artificial heat to keep them alive have become wonder- 
 fully robust animals. 
 
 In one case a birth at the seventli month of a choicely-bred calf required such 
 treatment, and the owner was well repaid tVtr liis care in the saving of the life of a 
 valuable Jersey bull. 
 
 Calves need as much of sunshine as adult animals. The sun must always be 
 admitted freely to their stalls by very large windows, and their exercise should be 
 sufficient to keep them in good health and prevent the accumulation of fat, a 
 condition iinallowable in a Jersey of any age, whether bull, cow or calf. 
 
 Never allow any animal to be imprisoned in a dark stall. 
 
 Teach every animal to lead by halter, from calfhood. 
 
 CASUALTIES. 
 
 There is no calling without its casualties. 
 
 As in all other human occupations, so in the breeding and management of 
 cattle there are accidents, unforeseen, improbable and strange ; accidents from 
 negligence or from carelessness ; from ignorance or from improvidence ; from 
 mistaken kindness ; from overfeeding and from medical malpractice or neglect 
 of correct medical practice. 
 
 STRANGE CASUALTIES. 
 
 A choice Jersey bull died from swallowing a piece of Ijale wire in cut feed. 
 
 A farmer having a herd of clioice Jerseys pastui-ed them in a river meadow. 
 On a day when one of the herd stood quietly chewing her cud upon the river bank 
 a passing steamer blew its whistle, at which sound the cow was so suddenly startled 
 that her one impulse from fear caused the bank to cave in, and she was drowned in 
 a depth of two feet of water. 
 
 A farmer turned a heifer (not a Jei'sey) alone into a pastm'e, and a few days 
 afterward found her with a broken horn which had bled excessively, and for which 
 no treatment that was used caused any check, the animal at last dying from loss of 
 blood. The injury was probably caused while rubbing herself against a rough rail 
 fence or while attempting to get out from loneliness. 
 
 The same farmer left a calf (not a Jersey) tied to a stanchion by a rope around 
 its neck, and turned the dam into the adjoining stanchion to give the calf suck. 
 Returning after a little while, what was his astonishment to find the cow quietly 
 
288 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEIiKJA. 
 
 standing in her stall, while lier calf, with his ro])u nooso acros-s liei- hack, was hanged 
 hv the neck, dead I 
 
 How many s])ecific errors can you discover in the management of each of the 
 above cases '. 
 
 "When the cow lay down and tlie frisky calf jumped over her back he might 
 not liave been strangled if he had worn a head-stall instead of a noose ; hut who 
 would think of allowing a calf to suck when hampered by any kind of a halter '{ 
 
 A famous prize cow in a noted herd was one day missing. Search was made in 
 every field and building. She was a gentle and sagacious creature, and could opeu 
 any gate or door, and at last in a little colt barn the searchers, peering down a 
 hatchway into the deep, dark cellar, saw tlie favorite cow, all in a heap, and grieved 
 to think her dead. 
 
 They got her out and found her yet ])reatliiug, and with good care she soon 
 began to mend, but her fine, sliapely rumj) was broken, and it took nearly a year to 
 heal. Although she was within three months of calving, she carried her calf to full 
 term, and has since had several choice calves, and at sixteen years of age is jjroducing 
 a large quota of butter, with a prospect of several more valuable calves. 
 
 A wealthy gentleman, who might be characterized as more wise than pnident, 
 having a large estate and rich farm which he wished to stock with choice cattle, 
 procured at a large expense two young bulls and several heifers. 
 
 He desired that the bulls should be kept in vigor by abundant exercise, and 
 concluded to break them at once to the yoke. To make them speedily familiar ^vith 
 this ancient implement of service he turned them, yoked, into a river pasture, to 
 enjoy close companionship in eating and drinking. 
 
 The heifers were also turned into a river pasture. It re(piired but l)rief Hfec 
 to l)ring disaster ui)on disaster, which almost wi]ied out of existence the new young 
 herd. The hulls waded the stream to drink anil ])lay, when one of them fioundered 
 and was drowned, and his yoke-fellow was but just able to keep his head above water. 
 
 The heifers discovered upon the river's brink some freshly painted boats and 
 paint-pots partly filled with paint, and, having a great relish for linseed oil and the 
 aromatic turpentine with the eondjination of white lead, were soon eagerly engaged 
 in licking off or lapping up the fresh paint. 
 
 Result : all that got access to the paint were speedily attacked with intestinal 
 spasms, colic, general convulsions, and paralysis, which soon put an end to life. 
 
 Foresiglit is better than hindsight. Those who attempt to breed and nuuiage 
 herds of cattle should be able as far as possible to foresee and forefend all such 
 accidents, and also manv violent diseases. 
 
SULTAN OF ST. SAVIOUR'S 5328. 
 
 SuWin Type. 
 M II. Messciiekt, Douoi.Assvii.i.E, Pa. 
 
SULTANE 2d 11,373. 
 
 S„ll,u, Tiii'i. 
 TESTED IX 3 DAYS, 10 I.IiS. 1 OZ. 
 
 M. H. Messciikut, Doici.assvii.i.e, Pa. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 289 
 
 LEAD COLIC FKOM PAINT. 
 
 Several very choice animals have died from colic by licking fresh paint in their 
 stables, or from barns and fences. A very choice bull, son of tiie best Jersey cow 
 ever known, was thus destroyed. He could not have been purchased from his 
 owner for any amount of money, and was of more value to the Jersey interest in 
 America than the cost of all the paint on all the barns of the whole country for a 
 century. 
 
 THE DEADLY AESENITES. 
 
 The practice of using Paris green to destroy insects is a reprehensible one, in 
 that it not only endangers the lives of valuable animals, but also human lives. The 
 system cannot be too strongly condemned. It should be abated, and other means as 
 effective, but without hazard to life, substituted therefor. 
 
 OVEEFEEDING. 
 
 Indigestion from overfeeding is very common and fatal among calves, while 
 bulls and cows not infrequently die from the evil effects of the same system of 
 injudicious cramming with ill-assorted rations of rich or indigestible foods. 
 
 FATTY DEGENERATION. 
 
 Many breeds of cattle have suffered much deterioration from habitual over- 
 feeding, perhajjs none more than the Short-horn. 
 
 It has frequently been noted that a Short-horn bull kept in full flesh or fat enough 
 for the butcher failed to get any calves, but with gradual decrease of ration and 
 gradual increase of exercise, health was restored and potency returned. Barren cows 
 by being worked in the yoke were freed from surplus fat, and became prohfic again. 
 Nothing has been so ruinous as overfeeding for fairs. It destroys the milking 
 properties of a breed and induces a disease, Fatty Degeneration of all the Muscular 
 Tissues. Many choice Jerseys have been killed by overfeeding for shows and for 
 tests, and much damage has been done by presenting stock at public sales in a 
 pampered and extremely deHcate condition. Such cattle suffer deterioration in 
 quality and may require a year in the new owner's hands to recover ; some are never 
 restored to a normal condition of health. The coat becomes dull, the appetite 
 capricious, the milk falls off in quantity and quality, or fails entirely, and the 
 purchaser suffers great loss. 
 
 Skilful feeding is needful for health and success. 
 
 HOOVE METEOEISM — TYMPANITIS. 
 
 The overfeeding of cattle upon succulent food like green clover or the exces- 
 sively heating maize meal or cottonseed meal, causes very dangerous attacks of 
 
290 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 indigestion. The filling up with green foods produces a gastric irritation and a 
 rapid fermentation in the rumen, with enormous distention from food gases, a severe 
 and dangerous affection. 
 
 GARGET. 
 
 Inflammation of the udder may be caused from improper food, as ensilage, cotton- 
 seed meal, or excess of corn meal, or by incomplete milking or too seldom reheving 
 of the udder ; from taking cold in a blast of cold air ; from dampness and cold ; 
 from wading in cold brooks or ponds ; by injury to the udder from briers in the 
 pasture ; from bites of animals or stings of insects ; from attempting to force dry ; 
 from acclimation fever or other illness ; and, worst of all, from kicks or blows given 
 by brutal attendants. It often renders one or more quarters of the udder useless. 
 Feed wilted grass, warm bran mash, and linseed gruel. 
 
 LIGHTNING. 
 
 A spark of electricity passing down a tree in a storm is often sufficient to 
 destroy a herd gathered there for shelter from the rain. 
 
 So in a barn unprotected by a rod, a bolt may take in its course the bodies 
 of several cattle, or burn the barn and its stored crops, with the cattle ; or a rod 
 unskilfully set may conduct the bolt to the cattle instead of the earth. 
 
 Any man is culpably negligent who does not see that his buildings and cattle 
 are properly protected from any stray thunderbolt that chances to come witliin liis 
 dominions. 
 
 In a city most buildings are well protected by the great amount of metal in 
 them, especially of waste-pipes, water-pipes, and gas-pipes, but in the country barns 
 and stables are very prone to be struck by lightning, with great loss to farmers. Wii'c 
 fences also conduct the lightning to cattle lying near them. The greatest losses from 
 lightning occur in the tornado region of the United States. 
 
 Rules for Ad-justing Ligiitnjng-Rods. 
 by professok j. k. macomhek, iowa aokicultural college. 
 
 " 1. The l)est material for the rod is injiL Copper is a better conductor, but 
 more costly. 
 
 " 2. The size of the rod should not be less than three quarters of an incli for solid 
 roimd iron. A hollow pipe would do equally well if it contained as much metal. 
 Rods usually sold are too light. 
 
 " 3. Insulators of glass or otlier material are worse than useless. They increase 
 the expense, weaken the support of the rod, and actually do liai-m by preventing tlie 
 induced electricity from being drawn from the building by means of the rod. 
 
 " 4. The rod should be fastened to the building by staples, and be laid up 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 291 
 
 against it as closely as possible. No sharp turns should be made by the rod. All 
 turns should be made by smooth, long cm-ves. 
 
 " 5. The rod should he continuous throughout. If too long to be welded into 
 one rod let it be made in four or five sections, with screws cut so that the parts can 
 be piit together strongly. The end should be pointed. 
 
 " 6. Each prominent chimney or gable should have a rod running to it and a 
 point i-unning up from six to eight feet above the building. 
 
 " 7. Thfi rod should he well grounded and also be metallically connected with 
 all masses of metal within or on the building at their highest points. Eave spouts 
 and metallic roofs should be connected by soldering copper straps thereto. The 
 point most important and generally neglected is the ground connection. It is the 
 universal custom for those who put up rods to simply drive a bar of iron into the 
 dry earth a few feet, and shove the rod into it, and call that a sufiicient ground 
 connection. 
 
 " A rod put ?«/) in such a manner is of no value. A hole should be dug until 
 permanently moist earth is reached ; the rod should run down into this and then 
 bend away from the house. 
 
 " Several square feet of metal should l)e placed in this hole and the rod 
 terminate in this metal. An old copper wash-boiler is a good terminal. One 
 hundred feet of three-quarter-incli iron costs $7.50 ; painting, ft ; couplings, $2 ; labor 
 for one day in erecting, $2. Total, $12.50. 
 
 " A fancy tip, or gilded vane or ball, can be added at a small cost." 
 
 Large trees in pastures where cattle remain during storms are sources of danger. 
 A single tree of great size in a pasture should have a rod passing well down beneath 
 its roots. 
 
 The barbed wire fence should be made safe by a rod at each corner of the field 
 and at each gateway. These rods should also be set deep enough to reach moist 
 earth. The wires should be wound around or soldered to the rods and all stapled to 
 the fence-posts. 
 
 LICE UPON CATTLE. 
 
 That farmer cannot be called civilized who would allow cattle to become 
 infested with such a pest as Hce while in his own stable. If cattle are kept in clean 
 stables, fed upon suitable rations, and have a good brushing once a day, they will not 
 be so afilicted. But if cattle have in any way been subjected to such a nuisance, it 
 should be remedied as quickly as possible. A decoction of Y&r^s^wc {Delphinium 
 staphisagrid) applied daily imtil all signs of annoyance disappear is a very effective 
 remedy. The tincture of larkspur can be procured at the pharmacies. If of full 
 strength it can be used by mixing one part to nine parts of hot water, and applying 
 at a temperature of about 130°, 
 
292 JERSEY CATTLE JX AMERICA. 
 
 Pyrcthnim powder, a teaspoonful to a gallon of hot water, is also effective for 
 the same use. 
 
 The cattle should be brushed in a room set a])art for that purpose, daily. The 
 Universal Joint Brush is very expeditious l)y the use of steam power oi- an ordinary 
 tread power. Such brushing and cleanliness are of great benefit to the cattle. 
 
 HEALTH AND rrS CONDITIONS. 
 
 In perfect health all bovine animals are sprightly in disposition, good feeders, 
 regularly chew the cud with enjoyment, have a normal pulse and respiration, 
 uniform temperature, soft, mellow skin, and glossy hair, void urine at regular 
 intervals, and also moderately soft fecal excretions. 
 
 The bovine pulse is naturally full, soft and rolling to the finger-touch. In 
 disease it may become more frequent or slower ; it may have a sharper stroke or a 
 lagging impulse ; it may be full and strong, or weak, small and thread-like : hard or 
 soft, oppressed, jerking, intermittent, unequal and thrilling. 
 
 The pulse may be felt on the border of the lower jaw ; beneath the bony ridge 
 which extends upward from the eye ; over the middle of the first rib or under the 
 tail. 
 
 In adult animals, while lying at rest, the nuniber of beats jxn- minute vary from 
 thirty-eight to forty-two. But after a full feed and in a high temperature the pulse 
 may be excited to sixty or seventy. In young animals it is much more rapid, wliile 
 in old age it may lessen by five or more beats. Small animals have a faster pulse than 
 larger of the same breed. 
 
 The pulse is increased l)y fear, exertion, nervous exaltation, by jiregnancy, in 
 hot, foul air, and by overfeeding. Aside from these conditions, a rapid ])ulse indicates 
 either fever, debility or some inflammatory action. 
 
 The unequal and irregular pulse may indicate a fatty degeneration of the heart 
 and otlier organs, or dilatation of the heart, or some disease of the lieart- valves of the 
 left side of that organ. 
 
 The intermittent pulse may indicate merely a disturbance of the heart's action 
 throtigh some disoi-der of the system ; it sometimes accompanies organic disease of 
 the heart. 
 
 The jerking pulse indicates disease of the valves at the left side of the heart, and 
 is usually accompanied by a hissing or sighing murmur with the second heart-sound, 
 heard by placing the ear as near to the region of the great vessels as possible. 
 
 The action of the heart may be detected by applying the palm of the hand 
 lichind the left elbow. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 
 
 By frequent practice one may learn to detect the slightest variation from 
 healthy standard, and apply the sanitary and medicinal remedies as needed. 
 
 RESPIRATION. 
 
 There should l^e nine or ten full respirations each minute. The nostrils, dilating 
 easily and regularly, admit the air to the larynx, trachea and bronchi, a complex, 
 flexible, and elastic apparatus, retaining a tubular form, and conveying an ample 
 supply of air to the two large, spongy, elastic bodies called lungs, which occupy the 
 right and left portions of the thorax. The lungs are about one-thirtieth of the weight 
 of the body, and are for the absorption of oxygen and expulsion of carbonic acid and 
 other impurities, or the transformation of vitiated or venous blood into bright red 
 arterial blood. 
 
 The process of maintaining animal heat is carried on in the minute vessels called 
 capillaries, where the waste of the tissue cells is oxygenated or burned in the 
 processes of repair, and it is in the cells and capillaries of the body that animal heat 
 is produced. The normal bovine temperature does not vary much from 101^°. 
 
 ACCLIMATION OF .JERSEYS. 
 
 If Jerseys are taken into the Southern or (iulf States from the Northern States 
 and Canada, they must necessarily suffer, according to the change of conditions of 
 climate and soil, for some months, during the process of acclimation, a degree of 
 disturbance sometimes rising to quite a high febrile reaction. 
 
 It is best to bring animals into the South in the autumn and always locate them, 
 if possible, during the first year iijion high lands. The higher and drier the land, 
 the nearer will their condition approximate to that from which they came. Those 
 breeders living upon high and elevated districts are best situated for the importation 
 of Jerseys either from the Island of Jersey or the Northern States and Canada. 
 
 It is also advisable to select young animals, from six to twenty months old, as 
 they endure the change better than adult animals or very young calves. 
 
 ACCLIMATION FEVER. 
 
 Acclimation fever is a term applied to the very marked disturbance of the 
 system caused by a change of climate. Jersey cattle are as easily acclimated, 
 perhaps, as any bovine race. 
 
 They thrive with wonderful vigor in Canada and are fast becoming favorites in 
 our Southern States and California. Acclimation fever is most violent at low 
 altitudes in hot weather. Cattle improve when taken from low hot districts to 
 moimtain altitudes. 
 
J^:/l,sh'V CATTLE IX AMERK'A. 
 
 ABOKl'In.N (sLIXKIXCi). 
 
 Abortion is tlie woi-st of all the fusualtics that affect the Jersey breeder, because, 
 if not properly understood and guarded against, lie is liable to suffer the greatest loss 
 and disapijointnient from this dire disaster. 
 
 Abortion is the separation and expulsion of the immature ovum from the womb. 
 It may occur at any time between fecundation and the time of normal fultilment of 
 utero-gestation. 
 
 During the fii-st month it is called ovular abortion ; from the fii'st to the third 
 month it is called embryonic abortion ; from tlie third to the sixth month it is called 
 fcBtal abortion; from the sixth to the ninth month premature birth. 
 
 This casualty is mentioned in the oldest literature of the world which we 
 possess. Moses in the book of Genesis makes Jacob allude to the subject in his last 
 interview with Laban. Speaking of the prosperity of the flocks and herds under his 
 care, he mentions that they had been exempt fi-ona this scourge during his long 
 sojourn of twenty years, and attributes tliis secui-ity to the favor of Almighty God. 
 Moses in the book of Job, where he utters his complaint in his terrible affliction and 
 makes allusion to the unaccountable prosperity of the wicked, says, " Their bull 
 gendereth and faileth not, their cow calveth and casteth not her calf." From this it 
 would appear that abortion is not a new thing, but was an old-time calamity among 
 the bovine races. 
 
 Abortion is very frequent in all breeds of cows, and not more common among 
 Jerseys than among scrubs. It is an evil the more to be dreaded by the Jersey 
 breeder as, besides the loss of a valuable calf, it sometimes occasions also the loss of 
 the dam, or renders her barren by some uterine injury, or subject to repeated 
 abortions. 
 
 Thecau.sesof abortion are very various, such as : l)odily injury by shar]) goring ; 
 kicks or blows from cruel attendants ; fast driving, or running to and from ])asture ; 
 plunging or jumping down embankments ; injury by transportation in carts and rail- 
 cai's ; from violent efforts at riding with rutting animals ; from fright by thunder 
 and lightning, barking dogs and wild animals or any startling sight ; from the 
 nervous excitement caused by company of al)orti!ig cows; from pasturing with 
 horses ; from electric shock by proximity of lightning-stroke ; from foul air of 
 non-ventilated stables ; from " malaria" or swamp air ; from pungent or offensive 
 odors, such as carbolic acid or chlorine gas ; from sour, fermented food, as brewers' 
 grains, apple pomace, distillery slumj) and ensilage ; from excess of laxative food ; 
 from insulflcient or poor quality of food ; from excessively rich or stimulating 
 food, as cottonseed meal ; from impure water ; from mineral waters ; from insuf- 
 ficient exercise ; from standing on sloping iloor ; from confinement in dark 
 stables ; from lonesomeness ; from " acclimation fever ": from many acute diseases ; 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 295 
 
 from poisoning by "smut" of Poa grass, corn smut {Ustilago maydis), rye spur 
 {Secale cornutum), and other fungous growths ; from other poisonous plants ; from 
 the malpractice of using cathartics, salts and various nostrums ; by contagion from 
 impure vaginal discharges ; from being forced dry ; and from a specific infection which 
 may be communicated from herd to herd by the transjiortation of animals out of 
 infected herds to healthy herds. This contagion is so virulent that every member of 
 the largest herd may become infected from one animal. 
 
 SYMPTOMS OF THREATENED ABORTION. 
 
 Sometimes the symptoms are so slight as to be unobserved previous to the 
 culmination of the disaster, especially before the third month ; but in general it is 
 announced by great disturbance of the system, anxious look, depression, sudden 
 diminution of the milk, and by offensive muco\is vaginal discharge. It may occur at 
 any period of pregnancy, but especially about the twentieth week, and from that to 
 the thirty-second week. The approach of abortion will be noticeable in the languid 
 gait of the animal, the less active movements of the fetal calf, the diminished 
 appetite, the loss of the cud, the lank, drooping belly, irregular breathing, a 
 yellowish or bloody discharge from the vulva, an irregular or feeble pulse, a 
 springing of the bag and increase of milk. 
 
 Always isolate a cow at the first symjrtoms and give her a separate attendant. 
 
 COLOSTRUM AI'OPLEXY. MILK FEVER. 
 
 These are names applied to one of the most fatal of maladies affecting the cow. 
 The best cows are liable to be destroyed by it within three days from calving. Cows 
 seldom have it with the first calf. Yery poor milkers never have it. The danger 
 increases in great milkers as they attain the period of their greatest productiveness, 
 usually from seven to ten years of age. 
 
 An excess of fat upon the internal organs aiid the habit of constipation are 
 conditions which strongly predispose the cow to a fatal attack. 
 
 "Within twenty-four hours after calving the cow may suddenly fall without any 
 premonitory symptoms having attracted the attention, and, remaining unconscious 
 and unable to swallow, dies in a few hours. 
 
 The cases vary much in the severity of the onset, but very few recover sponta- 
 
 Many show a condition of languor or great depression, cease to chew the cud, 
 and lose all relish for food, and hang the head with a dull expression of countenance ; 
 the muzzle is dry and hot, the horns also hot, the bowels constipated, the urine 
 scanty or suppressed, the pulse fast, and the breathing rapid, with heaving flanks, the 
 milk diminished or checked altogether, the temperature high. If these symptoms 
 
296 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 are not soon remedied the cow gets rapidly worse. The eyes glisten and become 
 congested, and the white is of a leaden color streaked with the red blood-vessels. 
 The eyes protrude from their sockets, the cow is uneasy, the legs are weak, she 
 continually changes her position, the liind legs become tremulous and can scarcely 
 support her. The discharge (lochia) from the vulva ceases, the pulse becomes slower 
 and the breathing more and more labored ; the udder is hard and swollen ; the weak- 
 ness in the hind legs increases, the feet are spread wide apart ; she staggers and falls 
 heavily upon the floor, then, struggling to recover herself, is unable to rise. In this 
 condition she tosses and writhes, with lashing of the tail and frequent moaning or 
 bellowing, seems in the greatest distress, the breathing becomes a labored panting, the 
 body is covered with a cold sweat, and the rumen is enormously distended with gas, 
 which more and more increases the difficulty of breathing. The pulse flags, the 
 legs become cold, the cow belches a fetid gas, and life is extinguislied. 
 
 In other cases the cow may lie stretched upon her side, with the head turiicd 
 looking backward and resting upon the floor, or the head is thrown upward and 
 backward in a rigid position with the horns pointing over the shoulders, the eyes are 
 glassy and sightless, the pupil widely dilated, the ears limp, the jaw drooping, and 
 the cow scarcely able to swallow and fast losing all sense of touch ; the pulse is 
 scarcely perceptible or intermits, the horns, legs and skin become cold, the breath 
 rattles, the belly distends, the udder is swollen and sometiiiK's red, tlie (iiiiii;- and 
 urine suppressed. The cow dies within two days, often in a few lioiirs. Tlic 
 pathology of this disease is not yet fully understood. It is not yet docided wlK'thtT 
 it is a disease of debility or of congestion of the brain, ur wlietlier it may nut 1)0 
 complicated with meningitis. It seems to be the result of the profound disturbance 
 caiised by the sudden effort of the system to transform a large part of its tissues into 
 nulk. It is remarkable also that the disease occurs only during the colostniiu stage, 
 wliile the milk is yet incomjilete, and while the disruption of membrane from tlie 
 follicles of the udder glands is one of the results of the intense and mighty change, 
 prior to the normal shedding of milk globules and the well-established flow of perfect 
 milk. 
 
 Pi'oI)ahly in all c-ases of colostrum apoplexy there is a cliock of juTspiration 
 following labor — in other words, ''taking cold." 
 
 I3y a reference to the analysis of colostrum* given below, and comjjarison of 
 its elements with those of milk analysis in aiiother part of this volume, it does not 
 require very profound reasoning to determine that the organism of the cow, during 
 the week of the colostrum, ntfuje, endures a great physiological change, wliicii 
 requires but a slight disturbance to become a serious one, bordering on fatally 
 diseased conditions. 
 
 * First Annual Report N. Y. State E.xperimeut Stiition, 1883. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEIilC'A. 297 
 
 According to the amount and ricliness of the colostnmi is the degree of nervous 
 vital expenditure and the danger of a violent irregular circulation of the blood. 
 Consequently the feed and all the sanitary conditions should be regulated for one 
 month before and after parturition with a view to the preservation of a normal 
 action of the whole system. 
 
 COLOSTRUM ANALYSIS.* 
 
 " Meg, a Jersey cow, calved December 4th. The colostnmi was orange yellow, 
 of acid reaction. Specific gravity by weight, 1063. It coagiilated into a solid mass 
 by boiling. 
 
 Fat 5.22 
 
 Casein 7.87 
 
 Albumen 7.81 
 
 Milk sugar 2.94 
 
 Ash 1.23 
 
 Loss, etc 21 
 
 Total solids 25.28 
 
 Water 74.72 
 
 Per cent, nitrogen by combustion, 2.35 100.00" 
 
 GENEEAL SUMMARY OF CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 
 
 1. Diseases of the bowels and kidneys ordinai-ily jjroceed from improper feeding 
 and watering or bad forage. 
 
 2. Diseases of the chest from insufficient or improper ventilation, overcrowding, 
 neglect and exposure. 
 
 3. Abortion from carelessness of attendants, blows, alnise, or eating smut of 
 grass or maize. 
 
 4. Diseases of the skin from want of cleanliness, and sometimes from using 
 barley straw for bedding. Some skin diseases are contagious. 
 
 5. "Wounds and broken horns usually arise from carelessness of management. 
 If horns are broken in fighting it is often by the introduction of a stranger into the 
 herd. The Jersey horn is fragile, so that special care is needed to guard against an 
 accident that mars the beauty so greatly and gives the animal the appearance of a 
 cripple. 
 
 6. Garget and foul foot are often caused by wet yards, muddy pastures, or 
 wading in brooks. 
 
 It is best to forefend all such accidents, even including " milk fever," by being 
 
 * Report N. Y. State Experiment Station, 1883. 
 
298 JERSEY CATTLE IX A. UE It TV A. 
 
 well guarded at all times against any form of neglect or carelessness in the rontine 
 of management. 
 
 TliEATilEXT OF DISEASES AND SERIOUS CASUALTIES. 
 
 "By medicine life may be prolonged, 
 Yet death will seiz.e the doctor, too." — S/mk-exprinr. 
 
 An ounce of prev^cntion is worth va.stly more than a jjonnd of cm-e, but when 
 all the precautions of wise forethought and good judgment and well-trained sanitary 
 skill have failed to ward off a much-dreaded malady, then is the opportunity to test 
 the potency of scientific medical skill. The readiness to practice is almost universal, 
 but the skill is miich more of a rarity. 
 
 Let any man or animal fall a victim to any disease, and every casual visitor of 
 the multitude has a prescription to offer to thrust upon the jjatient. Everybody 
 likes to doctor except the skilful physician ; he holds back until called upon and 
 urged to give advice, which with true modesty and many misgivings he humbly 
 proffers. The world is advancing in civilization, and of all the discoveries of 
 modern times the most beneficent has been that of the great German physician 
 Hahnemann, whose law of ciire with its small dose has revolutionized the practice of 
 medicine. But all people have not yet availed themselves of the mild beneficence of 
 scientific medicine. Hahnemann's discoveiy consisted : First, in finding a universal 
 law for the selection of cures ; second, in noting the wonderful susceptibility of the 
 diseased organism to the effects of minute doses ; third, a system of preparing 
 medicines so that they may be taken in doses of any degree of division or attenuation 
 desired. 
 
 The law for the selection of cures always takes the drug that has the greatest 
 affinity for the organ or organs diseased, and is capable of producing a similar 
 disturbance in the healthy organi.sm. Similars to cure similars. This law will 
 doubtless be demonstrated in the future as an electrical affinity. The small dose 
 avoids aggravation or poisonous effects, but induces a 6})eedy and wonderful reaction. 
 Neither Hahnemann nor any of his followers have been able to ascertain a limit to the 
 curative powers of a drug by any degree of attenuation, and no man is able to say 
 of any drug properly selected that a dose of any degree of limitation ceases to have 
 curative jjower by reason of its smallness, nor, on the other hand, that any dose has 
 curative power because of its comparative largeness. In other words, the curative 
 power of a drug lies in its quality rather than in its quantity. It is not the purpose 
 of this work to su]j])ly a text-book on the practice of Veterinary Medicine, but to 
 offer a few suggestions by which breeders will be enabled to combat, with some 
 degree of success atid satisfaction, diseases that have hitherto baffled the skill of the 
 old barbaric system that is hajjpily soon to be among the things of the historic past, 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 299 
 
 while a happier day awaits those who shall enjoy the advantages of a higher 
 civilization and a better system of medicine. 
 
 Those who would have all the necessary equipments for treating the diseases 
 cf)mmon to all domestic animals must provide their sanitarium with the best 
 text-book extant, Boericke & Tafel's " Homoeopathic Veterinary Practice," and a 
 full list of medicines to meet the requirements of all common diseases. There 
 should be the necessary sanitary apparatus, means for heating water, rubber bags 
 for immersing the udder, rubber sheets or blankets to be used in (milk fever) 
 colostrum apoplexy, sponges of various sizes, air thermometers (accurate) to note the 
 temperature of the stalile, hot-water thermometers to test the temperature of 
 external applications and drinks, a fever thermometer to note the animal tempera- 
 ture in each case, an elastic syringe for hot-water injections. Hot-water bags may 
 be useful in various diseases ; a rubber probang in case of choking ; trocar and 
 cauida for dropsy and hoven ; and a medicator for placing doses upon the tongue. 
 
 All breeders who adopt the medical practice herein set forth will be glad that 
 they live in the nineteenth century rather than the ninth. After a faithful 
 following of the principles and doses as given by the great Hahnemann, both for 
 their animals and themselves, they will never desire to return to the barl)aric 
 methods which we have inherited as a legacy from the Dark Ages. 
 
 PREVENTIVE TREATMENT FOE ABORTION. 
 
 Preventive treatment requires one to guard against all the causes which produce 
 this terrible scourge. . Strange cows always have to meet the attacks of the fighting 
 or boss cows. Keep them apart, especially if either the stranger or the boss cow is 
 pregnant. A timid cow is sure to be gored ; keep her apart from the others. 
 
 Transport cattle by steamers when it can be done. Never allow pregnant cows 
 or heifers to be in the company of non-pregnant cows or in the company of aborted 
 cows. Protect animals from lightning as far as possible by good rods on buildings. 
 Never allow any man or boy to make a cow move faster than a moderate walk. A mau 
 that rims the cows for fear of getting his shirt wet in a shower may destroy a 
 thousand-dollar calf and permanently injure a valuable cow. Such a man should 
 be discharged from your service at once for any disobedience of orders. 
 
 The stables should always be sweet with a perpetual ventilation and perpetual 
 cleanliness. Offensive odors by all means are to be avoided. Fermented foods are 
 a curse in any dairy. The breeding cow should be kept in good health and given 
 wholesome food at all times. All smut plants must be collected if practicable and 
 burned. A field of green meadow grass or other soil infected with this fungus should 
 be plowed and the groiind planted to root crops for two years. To prevent fungous 
 growths all pastures ought to be mowed before the grasses mature their seed. 
 Cathartics or drugs for producing artificial diarrhoea and dysentery and other 
 
300 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 inflammatory diseases of tlie digestive organs should not be tolerated in any 
 form ; it is mischievous malpractice. All breeders should be cautious about 
 spreading contagion. Those who have abortion in their herds and continue to buy 
 and sell are contributing to spread the disease by every animal that leaves the herd. 
 The period of incubation after exposure is from three to six months. All 
 cows that abort should be quarantined for from nine to twelve months before 
 being bred again. It is safest to withhold from breeding more than one year 
 rather than less. All strange animals should be quarantined before introducing 
 them to the herd stable at least three months, if there is any uncertainty in 
 regard to their freedom from exposure. 
 
 TKKATMENT OF Til KKATKNKI) AlfOKTION. 
 
 Aconite. If the animal has ItecTi frightened and tlic fear remain.-;, or slie .shows 
 serious after-effects, give a dose or two of the sixth dilution of aconite. 
 
 Aletl'is fariiiosa. For habitual abortion. Give five drops of the first 
 dilution twice a day during gestation. 
 
 Apis mel. Scanty urine with frequent urging to urinate. Constipation. 
 Give sixth or thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Arnica. From any mechanical injury, such as goring or any hurt, give ten 
 drops of the first, third or sixth dilution every two hours. Bathe the bruised 
 parts with a lotion of arnica tincture, one part to ten parts of liut watei'. 
 
 Asafoetida. If the cow is very nervously excitable at any time during 
 pregnancy give this remedy daily in the sixth dilution. 
 
 Cinchona. Give after abortion to check hemorrhage aiul to enal)le tlie animal 
 to recover from the debility caused by abortion. Ten-drop doses of the first or 
 third dilution. 
 
 Helonias. Very important in ca.ses of threatened abortion and for enlarged 
 uterus after abortion or parturition. 
 
 Opium. From great disturbance by fright give fre(pient doses of the thirtieth 
 dilution. 
 
 Pulsatilla. If the vulva is swollen and there is an intermittent red fiow give 
 the thirtieth dilution every two hours. 
 
 Rhus toxicodendron. If the animal is subject to rheumatism or has taken 
 cold in wet weather, subsequent to an injury, give the sixth or thirtieth dilution every 
 four houi-s. 
 
 Ruta. Give to habitual sHnkers, in alternation witii Saliina. 
 
 Sabina. For abortion at the third montli. For ivi)eateil early abortions, with 
 profuse discharges, use the thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Secale corniituni. For thin, scrawny, sickly-looking cows, both before and 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 301 
 
 after abortion, especially if there is violent straining, profuse flow and feeble pulse. 
 Frequent doses of the thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Sepia. This may prove useful in restoring where there is a tendency to 
 frequent abortion, especially with disorders of the mucous membranes. Give doses 
 once a day of the thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Sulphur. Give a dose of this remedy in the sixth or thirtieth dilution when 
 the system does not respond to any of the above remedies. 
 
 Vibiirniim opiiliis is also of great value for abortion and hemorrhage. 
 
 Viburuiini prunifolium. This is a very useful remedy, and may be given 
 as a preventive of abortion. Give once a day ten drops of the first or third dilution 
 at any stage of pregnancy. Many are in the habit of giving enormous doses of this 
 drug, a dram or more of the fluid extract daily, through the whole period of gestation, 
 but this is inexpedient. Do not make your animals dmg-sick with even a mild 
 remedy. Try the eflicacy of this remedy if you will in ten-drop doses of the tincture 
 or one-drop doses of the fluid extract, and also the first, third, sixth and thirtieth 
 dilutions. This will prove useful in hemorrhages after abortion. 
 
 FORMULA FOR TREATMENT OF ABORTION. 
 
 If your cow has aborted prepare one gallon of the Hyposulphite of Mercury 
 solution as directed under Germicides, then scrub the floor with the disinfectant, or 
 saturate the surface of the ground with the sohition. If the cow does not clean 
 readily give her ten drops, three times daily, of Pulsatilla, third dilution, mixed 
 with four times its bulk of water. 
 
 ITse the medicator and inject it upon the tongue if the cow does not drink it 
 in water. The placenta will probably come away early enough without mechanical 
 interference. If the medicine does not bring it away within three days it may be 
 carefully removed by the placenta forceps. When she comes in heat give her a 
 vaginal injection of hot water 130° Fahr. and follow with another of Hydrastis 
 Can., |- ounce ; Listerine, ^ ounce ; Water, 8 ounces. Mix. Keep the hind feet 
 elevated, and fill the vagina with the injection from an elastic syringe. When her 
 full time of heat is passed give her another vaginal injection. 
 
 Then give her three times daily until her next period, Sabina, third dilution, ten 
 drops of a mixture containing four times its bulk of water. If she comes in heat 
 regularly every twenty-one days you need not delay service with this treatment 
 more than three months, but let it be given as soon as the first symptom is observed. 
 The bull used should not be allowed to serve other than " sUnkers." 
 
 SPECIAL RULES RELATING TO ABORTION. 
 
 1. Remove from the herd at once a cow that shows any symptom of impending 
 abortion. 
 
302 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 2. Quarantine all aborted cows and all threatening abortion (the t\vt> classes in 
 separate buildings) for one year or until ])roducing a healthy calf. 
 
 3. Employ special hands to attend each class of cows, and quarantine these 
 worlimen froin the rest of tJi£ herd. 
 
 4. Use no quack nostninis in treating such cows, but f(illt)W carefully the 
 directions given in this work. 
 
 5. If the afterbirth does not come away within three days let a skilful veterinary 
 carefully remove it. If a veterinary cannot be had, the herdsman, if he be intelligent, 
 may be able to do it. The arm and hand being well oiled with vaseline or almond 
 oil, introduce the liand and pass it gently forward to the womb. If the hand, or 
 even two fingers can be introduced within the M'omb, the adhering substance can 
 be gently separated by pressing the edge of the fingers along the inner wall and by 
 rotating the cord and membranes, remove it without any tearing or wounding of 
 the parts. 
 
 BARREN NKSS IN COWS. 
 
 Barrenness is doubtless most frequent as a sequel of abortion. 
 
 Inflammatory action within the litems or the small tubes which receive and 
 convey the ovides from the ovaries to the uterine cavity may result in producing 
 adhesions of the surfaces of the lining membrane, thereby making obstructions or 
 strictures which prevent either the semen or ovules from entering the organ, so that 
 a union of the male and female germs is impossible. 
 
 The only cure for such a condition is effectual dilatation of all the strictures. 
 
 Dr. A. D. Newell, of New Brunswick, N. J., has devoted much attention to the 
 study and surgical treatment of barrenness, and has treated several cases successfully. 
 
 I (piote from an article published by him in the Jerseij Bnllelin of February loth, 
 1885 : 
 
 " In almost every herd there are one or more cows that tlicir owners fail to get 
 with calf, even after the cow has calved once, and often using various bulls, large 
 and small, usually throwing the blame on the bull. I am of the opinion that it is 
 seldom the fault of the bull, but almost always the relative location of the male germ 
 and ovum in the cow. The male germ must meet the ovum beyond the osniteniuin 
 or conception will not take place. I will mention only two of the main causes and 
 opposite conditions of the cervic ■uteri, os tincte and os inter?! a in that I find prevent 
 conception. There are other minor causes. Conception cannot take place if either 
 of these two conditions e.xist. One is where the cei'vix uteri is patulous or relaxed 
 and lets out tlu; male germ and ovum before it makes vital connection with the 
 internal mucous membrane of the womb. The other is where the os tinea or the 
 OS internum is closed, or so small as not to admit the male germ to the womb easily, 
 and thus cannot reach the ovmn to impregnate it in the womb. The usual length 
 of the cervix of a cow is about one and a half inches. In a post-mortem examina- 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 303 
 
 tion of a cow killed for beef I found the cervix uteri full five inches long from os 
 tinccB to OS internum, a very unusual length. I have found quite a number that 
 measure three and four inches, and with the os intermim completely closed, some 
 with OS internum open and os tinccB closed. This great distance of ee7'vix uteri to os 
 i7iternu7n, and its firm closure, with open os ti7icce, has deceived me, and no doubt 
 others, the os tinooe often being easily opened with the finger, and the extra depth 
 of the cervix causing the operator to think he was through both sphincters and into 
 the womb. 
 
 TREATMENT OF CLOSUSE OF THE OS TINC.E AND OS INTERNUM. 
 
 " Extract of belladonna will relax the cervix ute7'i when the tube is pervious, 
 but no medicine will open the internal os when closed by a cicatrix caused by 
 abortion or the rupture and tear of the mucous membrane near the os internum at 
 natural calving. 
 
 " The whole mucous membrane that lines the womb is thrown off every time a 
 cow aborts or calves, except just at the internal neck. I believe this torn condition 
 of the membrane and its heahng causes this cicatrix and closure. 
 
 " The canal to the womb must be opened by mechanical means. The parts are 
 of a very delicate structure, and this must be done by very gradual easy dilators and 
 a day or two before the cow comes into heat. 
 
 " I have not been able to find any dilators or sponge tents that will answer the 
 purpose fully. The sponge tents were too soft, and gave before they could be got 
 inside. 
 
 " The instrument had to be used with one hand, and that in the vagina, and so 
 could not handle the instrument and at the same time keep the finger at the os tincce, 
 and thus prevent the instrument from catching into the folds and fossse, and could 
 not use gradual continuous pressure, and was uncertain when the canal was tortuous. 
 
 " To overcome these defects I made a metallic bougie two feet long, the end 
 of flexible metal that could be bent to any sweep by the end of the right forefinger 
 acting as a hve guide to the os tinccE. With an arrangement at the end out of the 
 v.agina I can make the flexible point sweep to any course, and at the same time keep 
 up a steady, continuous pressure at the obstractions. 
 
 " Some points are made of soft material, strengthened by internal broken joints 
 that adjust themselves to any course by a simple rotation, so that there is no danger 
 of wounding the canal. As soon as the canal is pervious I introduce sponge tents 
 to make the canal larger and remain open. • 
 
 " These tents should be made of tough sponge well saturated with gum-arabic 
 and bound tight over a steel knitting-needle, to be removed when dry. 
 
 " Many of the worst cases of barren cows can be made to breed." 
 
 The above-mentioned instruments, consisting of a soft metal stylet, and a hollow 
 
304 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 flexible bougie, the doctor kindly sent to me for inspection. In the hands of a 
 skilful operator and with the use of properly prepared sponge tents, doubtless many 
 barren cows could be made to breed. But not until we have colleges which will 
 develop the genius for surgical skill that lies dormant in possible ve^rinary surgeons, 
 and a new order of surgical instrument-makers has been trained, can we look for many 
 cures of these internal deformities. Under the best conditions, with trained surgeons, 
 ingenious devices, rare instruments, and consummate skill in applying them, it may 
 be possible that bovine uterine surgery will yet become a popular art. 
 
 In all cases of barrenness arising from fimctional derangement the cure must be 
 sought by either sanitary or medicinal treatment, or both. 
 
 If all the conditions of healthful air, feed, exercise, warmtli, dryness and 
 sunlight are secured, and it is found that there is no stricture in the uterus or 
 Fallopian ducts, the breeder must resort to medicines. 
 
 We have much to learn in this department of medication, but will offer to 
 suggest a few remedies for investigation. 
 
 Aleteis faeinosa ; Damiana ; Lachesis ; Pulsatilla ; Ruta geaveolens ; 
 Sabina ; Secale coenutum ; Sepia ; Ustilago maydis ; Vibuenum opulus ; Vibue- 
 NUM PEUNiFOLiuM, and Xanthoxylum. 
 
 Use only oneremedij at a time. Give Aletris, Damiana and the Viburnums in 
 the mother tincture, from one to three droj)s daily, as uterine stimulants. 
 
 Give Xanthoxylum where the animal does not come into heat, using live drops 
 of \\\&fivst or third dilution. 
 
 Give Sabina, 30, where you suspect abortion in the first to the thinl month. 
 
 Give Secale, 30, and Ustilago, 30, in lean, scrawny, sickly animals. 
 
 Give Ruta, 30, in all cases where you suspect a tendency to a persistent habit of 
 abortion. 
 
 Give Lachesis, 30, and Sepia, 30, for fetid vaginal discharges or suspected 
 diseases of the mucous membranes. Always mix the medicine in a little water, and 
 insert it in the mouth of the cow by the injector, if she will not drink water. 
 
 A cow that is barren from an enormous accumulation of fat may perchance 
 become fruitful by reducing her to the condition of flesh requisite in a milking 
 animal. This may be accomplished by abundant exercise and suitable feeding with 
 hay and straw. 
 
 PEOLAPSUS rXEEI — EXTEUSION OK THE WOMB. 
 
 This is a displacement wliich is sometimes very troublesome, and unices properly 
 treated may cause the death of the animal or become a chronic ailment. 
 
 It most frequently occurs in an aggravated form in those cows having a badly 
 formed rump. The ligaments of the utenis, from various causes, become relaxed or 
 stretched, the vagina loses its elasticity, and the uterus during gestation almost 
 
^4 
 
 «ei 
 
 m^] 
 
 LA FINANCIERE 11 970. 
 
 AT 8 YEAHS OLD. 
 
 Orey King Type. 
 FAIRVIEW HEED. 
 
 G. AND H. B. Cromwell, New Dorp, P. O. Staten Island, N. Y. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IiY AMERICA. 305 
 
 protrudes from the vulva. Parturition may be passed safely and the uterus completely 
 extruded within a few hours afterward. 
 
 The uterus should always be immediately returned liy a hand and arm Avell 
 anointed with vaseline and pressed forward to its place. 
 
 The cow should stand with the hips elevated. Hot-water injections at 130° 
 should be given once a day, cleaning out the vagina, while the discharge lasts. 
 Several quarts may be used each time. 
 
 The cow should receive internal medical treatment for several months, and 
 ought not to be admitted to service again within nine months. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 Calc. carb. For general ilabbiness and relaxed condition. One dose daily of 
 the thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Coiiiuiu iiiaculatiim. Chronic enlargement and hardening of the womb. 
 
 Helonias dioica. A very important remedy for chronic jyrolapsus uteri, 
 with enlarged uterus. Give the thirtieth dilution, a dose of ten drops once a day. 
 
 Nux vomica. Constipation, or alternate diarrhoea and constipation accom- 
 panying the conditions. Use, as above, the thirtieth dilution, to give tone to the 
 uterus. 
 
 Tabaciim. Excessive relaxation of the whole system ; it seems impossible 
 to keej) the organs in place. Use one dose daily of the thirtieth dilution, and apply 
 a bandage or truss if necessary. 
 
 Viburnum prun. Chronic hemorrhage from womb. 
 
 H.EMATURIA REDWATER BLACKWATEE. 
 
 Bloody urine is coinmon among cattle in certain localities where the land is wet 
 and the pasture poor, and is especially prevalent in rainy seasons with animals that 
 are badly nourished. It is characterized by an impoverished condition of the 
 system. 
 
 The disease may also be caused by eating many plants that have an inflammatory 
 action upon the kidneys and bladder. 
 
 Oftentimes inflammatory action with this condition of urine may result from a 
 mechanical injury, by sprain or by blows, or various other causes. 
 
 Acute Redwater is always an inflammatory condition of the kidneys resulting 
 from one of the above-named causes. 
 
 Chi'onic Redwater, a still more common disease, is characterized by inflam- 
 mation of the kidneys, and is more difiicult to remedy. 
 
 Acute Redwater may result from injury or neglect during calving, or bad results 
 following delivery. 
 
 It occurs rarely on well-drained lands with well-fed cattle., 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERKJA. 
 
 SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE KEDWATEK. 
 
 Fever ; rapid breathing ; cold ears, feet and legs ; dry, hot n)uzzle ; tenderness 
 over loins ; loss of appetite and end ; bent back : straining to discharge urine, which 
 is very scanty or bloody. 
 
 There is at lirst a bloody diarrhoea or dysentery, afterward obstinate constipation 
 of the bowels and pure bloody discharge from the bladder, which gradually becomes 
 darker or c^uite black, and may become fetid because of gangrene of the i)arts. 
 
 SYMPTOMS OF CHRONIC EEDWATER. 
 
 Jaundice; languor; collapsed belly; animals want to be alone; the ears are 
 cold and drooping ; eye turgid and yellow ; quick pulse ; diarrhosa, followed by 
 constipation ; emaciation ; urine at first yellow-brown, then red, dark brown, and 
 finally black ; the discharge is by a fine stream, but copious, with or without 
 straining; milk brown-yellow and lessened, with bad flavor. Sudden remissions and 
 recurrences may continue for months. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Remove the animal to dry, comfortable qiiai-ters, and give gnod rations, 
 accompanied with linseed gruel, three times daily. 
 
 Arsenicvim. In advanced stages with fetid diarrlnea. 
 
 Camphor. For chilliness and prostration give drop doses of the third dilution 
 every hour. 
 
 Cannabis sativa. For bright, bloody discharges of urine use drop doses of 
 the third dilution every hour. 
 
 Cantharis. Terrible straining, with bloody urine. 
 
 Terebinth. Bloody urine. Third dilution, one drop every two hours. 
 
 TREATMENT OF DIFFICULT I'ARTUKITION. 
 
 The too-long-continued pains, the convulsive violence of the efforts, the 
 straining after delivery, excessive hemorrhage, and any otlier irregularities call for 
 medical treatment. 
 
 Pulsatilla. When the pains are slow in developing, or there is fear of a 
 mal-preseutation in the first stage of parturition, give ten-drop doses of the third, 
 sixth or thirtieth dilution every hour to facilitate delivery. It is always safe and 
 often greatly aids delivery. 
 
 Chanioniilla. If the animal is irritable because of the pains and the labor is 
 very slow, give, after Pulsatilla, a dose of the thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Opium. If the jJains are very sluggish or cease for very long intervals 
 give the sixth dilution. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A. 3U7 
 
 Vibvirnum prviiiifoliuin. For lack of tone in the ntenis, or for 
 hemorrhage resulting tlierefroni, give five-drop doses of the tinctnre every 
 three hours. 
 
 Vibiirmiin opulus. Tliis may be preferred by many to the above. 
 
 Secale coriiut. Tlie paius are accompanied with excessive straining. Or 
 the pains are intense with straining after the placenta has been several honi-s 
 delivered (after-pains). Give doses of the thirtieth dilution after each pain. 
 
 Pulsatilla and Secale in the thirtieth dilution promote delivery of the 
 afterljirth. Any serious delay in the delivery of the calf nr of the placenta requires 
 manual interference, which should be given with the utmost care and gentleness. 
 If the womb is inverted or extruded from the vulva it should be very gently 
 returned with a well-oiled hand. The cow sliould be kept standing for many 
 hours or a supporting bandage applied. Doses of arnica should be always 
 administered after parturition, ten drops of the third dilution every three hours, 
 and if the vulva has been bruised or lacerated lotions of arnica should he applied 
 to the parts. Sixteen parts of hot water to one part arnica tincture. 
 
 Helonias. This remedy should follow arnica for extrusion or falling of the 
 womb. Use the third or sixth dilution. 
 
 COLOSTRUM Al>0rlj;XV '• MILK FEVKK. 
 
 If the COW has beeu properly fed and not too fat, and the digestive organs are 
 in full health and free from constipation and flatulence, and care is given to protect 
 from taking cold, she is not liable to colostrum fever or apoplexy. 
 
 "Watch the pulse by placing the finger on the temporal artery near the outer 
 angle of the eye, or by applying the hand to the left side of the chest beneath and 
 behind the elbow. The normal pulse of the cow may vary from thirty-five to forty- 
 two beats a minute. If the pulse rises rapidly to fifty or sixty beats there is much 
 constitutional disturbance; if it rises to ninety or one hundred beats the case 
 indicates peril. Apply the fever themiometer to the rectum ; if the temperatiire is 
 101|° or 102° there is no danger, but if it suddenly rises, and the rise is progressive, 
 tlie danger increases with each degree and fraction of a degree. The udder should 
 be relieved of its colostrum after the calf has sucked, by a thorough stripping. 
 
 noT-WATKR TKEAT>[ENT. 
 
 If the udder is hard and swollen it should be immersed in a bag containing 
 hot water at a temperature of 125°. Hot water should be applied to the crown and 
 najie of the neck and the spine by saturated sponges or cloths at a tenqierature 
 (jf 140° or as hot as can be used. 
 
308 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 I>KV t'ALoUK' TKKAniKNT. 
 
 The following is coiiiiminicated for this work l>v ]\Ir. F. Looser, New York, 
 who translated it from the German : 
 
 "The W&noycY Agriculhiral Gazette contains tlie followinf^ article rc<rar(ling 
 the treatment of milk fever from Mr. von Rhedn : 
 
 " 'A few days ago, in one of my stables one of my hest cows was taken with 
 Tuilk fever, a violent and apjjarently hopeless case. I called veterinarj' Meinberg 
 (Tr()nau. He ordered treatment used by a veterinary with success in Baden, and 
 pulilished in the Veterinary Journal. 
 
 " ' The cow was covered with a woollen blanket, and a common smoothing-iron 
 lieated very hot was passed along tiie s])ine, and repeated continuously at the 
 highest degree of heat, from lo a.m. until s p.m.. when the cow arose and com- 
 menced to eat. 
 
 " ' During the niglit, in spite of the constant use of the iron, a relapse occurred, 
 but the persistent use of the treatment was successful in the recovery of the cow. 
 
 " ' The success is explained by the supposition that there is a collection of fluid 
 along the spine, and that this excess of fluid is dissipated by the heat. The woollen 
 blanket is essential to protect the cow from injury. Veterinary Gronau treated four 
 cases successfully. The Baden veterinary claims a recovery of three fourths of all 
 cases thus treated.' " 
 
 MKDICAL TREATMENT. 
 
 Aconite. If the cow is an extraordinary milker watch her closely ; if she 
 refuses food, the horns become hot, the muzzle dry and hot, and the pulse increases, 
 continue to apply the hot water to the head and the udder, and give Aconite 
 every fifteen minutes, five dro]>s of the sixth dilution. 
 
 Aininoiiiuiii causticuin. If the rumen becomes distended and the 
 breathing diflicult, the pulse weakens, and the cow seems in pain, give this remedy, 
 ten drops every fifteen minutes until the swelling subsides. Use the first watery 
 dilution. 
 
 Belladoiiua. If the cow seems wild or furious and tlie j)ii])i]s (iiiate give 
 ten drops of the sixth dilution every fifteen minutes. 
 
 Gelseniiuui. If the pupils are widely dilated, so tliat the animal cannot see, 
 and the eyes are bloodshot, give every ten minutes a dose of the third dilution. Tiie 
 medicine is to lie administered in a spoonful of water without elevating the cow's 
 head too high, for fear of strangling. 
 
 Arsenicum. In the drowsy stage ; insensible to pain ; glassy eyes ; 
 open mouth ; inability to hold up the head. Give a dose of the thirtieth dilution 
 everj' fifteen minutes. In all cases if decided imi)rovement follows a dose lengthen 
 the time of administering medicines. 
 
JERt<EY CATTLE IN AMERICA. :509 
 
 Khus toxicocleiidroii. For a total suppression of the lochia, or discharge 
 from vulva, or for signs of paralysis of back and legs, give frequent doses of the 
 sixth or thirtieth of this valuable remedy. It should restore the discharge in a little 
 while. If the discharge afterward lasts too long, and becomes offensive and 
 ichorous, or bloody, give the Rhus again. 
 
 Nux vomica. If the fever has subsided, and the cow lies comparatively at 
 ease, but with loss of muscular power, give a dose of the sixth dilution in water every 
 four hours. 
 
 SPECIAL DIRECTIONS. 
 
 The cow should be treated in a well-bedded box-stall, with abundance of fresh 
 air of the right temperature. If in the iirst stages the fever and temperature 
 threaten to reach a high figure the cow should be enveloped in a rubber lilanket 
 and wet with water at 102°, or the normal temperature, while water at liO° is 
 applied to the head and also to the udder. 
 
 All excretions should be removed at once. 
 
 The temperature of the stable should be kept at about (')5°. 
 
 The udder should be milked out every four hours. 
 
 If the cow cannot pass urine the catheter must be used every six hoiirs. 
 
 Her head should be supported with bundles of clean straw. 
 
 In no case should she be allowed to get cast or to lie extended with the legs 
 stretched out ; but she should be placed in such position as to favor easy respiration. 
 
 The water if used as directed at the right temperature will greatly assist in 
 allaying congestion, restoring a normal circulation, and abating the fever. Especially 
 excellent is the apphcation of hot water to the head and neck in conjunction with 
 such remedies as Aconite^ Gelsemium and Rhus. Hot injections will sometimes 
 prove useful. 
 
 MILK DISEASES — KED MILK. 
 
 Galactohfemia is an imperfect secretion wherein milk or colostrum and a red 
 secretion are commingled. From some defect in the udder, or from a diseased 
 condition resulting from over-stimulation by improper food, the secretion becomes 
 imperfect and the organs are unable to secrete milk liy \\\q proper transformation 
 of the blood. 
 
 It is the theory of some physiologists that food which is radically deficient in 
 potash may be a cause of the disorder. The cow should always be well fed on the 
 most wholesome food in order to avoid the development of this disease. When the 
 disease occurs put her on a diet of good clover or cow-pea hay, cut and moistened, 
 and give with it twice a day one quart of rye bran and one pint of linseed-cake meal, 
 or pea or bean meal. 
 
.IKRSK y (A TTL K J\ . 1 J//.' A' / < ' 
 
 MEUICAI, TKKA-IMKNT. 
 
 Argeiltuiu ilitricuiii. The calf does nut thrive or refuses tlie milk. 
 • Asafoetida. Dt-ticieiicv uf milk with over-seusitiveness. 
 
 Borax veiieta. ililk curdles soon after being drawn, tastes badly or has an 
 offensive odt)r. Give tliird to sixth dilution three times a day. 
 
 Calcarea carbonica. Deficient or very scanty milk, with a distended 
 udder. 
 
 Calcarea pliosphorica. ililk tastes saltish ; milk acid, thin, watery, 
 neutral ; udder sore to the touch ; teats sore on pressure. 
 
 Causticuiu. Milk almost disappears from fatigue after long driving. Sixth 
 dilution. 
 
 Cheliduuium. Milk diminished. 
 
 Cinchona. Debility from excessive flow of milk. Third dilution. 
 
 Dulcamara. Sui)pres8ed milk from taking cold. 
 
 Ferri phosplioricum. Debility ; want of appetite ; cough. 
 
 Ignatia. Milk sujipressed ; homesickness; lowing for loss of calf. Third 
 dilution. 
 
 Kali hydriodiciini. Bloody milk, witli wasting or diminishing of the 
 udder. Third dilution. 
 
 Kali carboiiicum. Give ten dn>])s three times daily of the first dilution 
 in the water drank, as long as the milk is bloody in appearance. 
 
 Lachesis. Milk thin and blue. Thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Millefolinni. Total suppression of milk. Drop doses of the mother 
 tincture. 
 
 Phosphoric acid. Scanty milk, with apathy and great duluess ; debility 
 from excessive milking. Give drop doses thrice daily in the water drank. 
 
 Phytolacca. Stringy milk ; offensive odor in milk. Always give in garget 
 or threatened garget. Give first or thii-d dilution three times a day, ten drops. 
 
 Pulsatilla. Sudden sup|>ressi(iii of milk. Sixth dilution. 
 
 Urtica urens. Entire want of secretion of milk after j)arturition. 
 
 Constijjation is a term applied to a loss of ])ower in the intestines by which the 
 stools are difficult, or altogether obstructed. 
 
 The dung may become dry, hardened or impacted, or it may lie soft and 
 adhesive. 
 
 Among the sources of constipation in cattle is a diseased condition of the 
 intestine caused by poisoning or frequent irritation by the use of "' cathartic" drugs. 
 One dose is sometimes a sufficient cause to induce the habit. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN jUfERICA. 311 
 
 Constipation may be habitual in an animal of feeble constitution. It may occur 
 as a result of many acute diseases. It is frequently caused by improper feeding, as 
 giving dry rations of woody bay, or in the reaction after an excess of laxative food. 
 It may be induced from imjjure air in a close, dark stable, from insufficient exercise, 
 or from any cause that impairs tlie nervous force of the animal. Cows are especially 
 prone to constipation in the last month of gestation. This should be avoided, as it 
 is one of the conditions tending to produce apoplexy in the colostmm period, or the 
 three days after calving. Give a sufficient amount of laxative food, such as sweet 
 grass or green forage plants or cabbages, carrots and sugar beets, and linseed meal. 
 
 MEDICINES FOE CONSTIPATION. 
 
 Aconite. Dryness of the nose ; much thirst ; constant restlessness, especially 
 if the animal has had a fright. Dose, ten drops of thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Alumina. Great straining, with soft adhesive stool ; torpor of the rectum. 
 
 Belladonna. Congestion to the head ; injected eyes ; intolerance of noise 
 and light. In acute diseases. Dose, ten drops of thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Bryonia. Stools dark, dry and hard ; much thirst. Especially if the animal 
 is lame or dreads to move because of soreness of any part, or in rheumatism or simple 
 fever. Dose, ten drops of the sixth or thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Lycopocliuin. Great gurgling of wind in the bowels. The thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Nux vomica. After use of cathartics ; alternate constipation and diarrhoea. 
 
 Opium. Stools very small, hard and black ; general torpor of the system. 
 Use the thirtieth or two hundredth dilution. 
 
 Plumbum acet. Stools compacted like sheep's dung, accompanied with 
 violent colic pains. Use the two hundredth dilution. 
 
 Pulsatilla. Obstinate constipation after a severe attack of diarrhcea, 
 especially in calves. 
 
 Ratanhia. Most obstinate and k>ng-continued constipation. Use the sixth 
 dilution. 
 
 Selenium. Stool so large and hard that it has to be removed by mechanical 
 aid ; shreds of mucus that look like hair in stool. 
 
 Sepia. Terrible straining ; stool covered with mucus. Especially in calves 
 or for cows in last month of gestation. Thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Silicea. The stool is lumpy and requires a number of severe efforts before it 
 can be expelled. Thirtieth dilution once a day. 
 
 Suljjliur. In all cases where other remedies fail to act give once a day a 
 dose of the thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Zinc. Stools remarkably dry, hard and insufficient. 
 
 It may sometimes be found necessary to remove fecal matter by a small scoop 
 or by the introduction of the hand, well oiled. Or an injection of warm water and 
 
312 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEIifrA. 
 
 may be thrown well into the rectum by a. long flexible tube attached to the 
 syringe. But it is best to so care for the health of all animals that such severe cases 
 of constipation shall never occur. "With a sufficient knowledge of feeding and by 
 avoiding the old-fashioned cruel dosing it will be rare to meet with a severe case of 
 constipation. Nothing more laxative than a little boiled flaxseed should ever be 
 allowed in the treatment of cattle, and that with caution. Use carrots and other 
 roots when they are in season. 
 
 The drugs for constipation are given in minute doses and ;it long intervals. 
 They induce reaction by gently stimulating those portions of the nervous and 
 muscular sj-stemsthat are impaired or hulking in tone. 
 
 Extreme care, guided by knowledge and experience, with good judgment and 
 ])rompt decision, are necessary factors in a good stock feeder. If. added to this, he 
 can gain a fair knowledge of drugs and their use as cures he becomes well fitted to 
 be the friend of good animals. 
 
 KHEUMATISXI. 
 
 Ulienraatism is a disease wliicli attacks cattle more frecpieiitly tlian other 
 domestic animals. The malady arises from malarial blood-poisoning in conjunction 
 with a cold, moist atmosphere, or cold basement stables. The conditions are 
 identical with those of the same disease in the human subject. A pei-son who 
 perspii'es easily and lives in a damp dwelling will scarcely escape rheumatism in 
 some form. To prevent the disease is better than to try its cure. To guard against 
 rheumatism in choice Jerseys, have only dry stables above groiind. A barn with a 
 basement will do more annual damage to a good herd, liy causing rheumatism and 
 other maladies, than it would cost to l)uild an cxjx'nsive sanitary stal)le. 
 
 Cn.\KA(TKK AND SVMI'TOMS. 
 
 Rheumatism irritates and inflames the joints, muscles, tendons, sheaths of 
 nerves, and particularly the heart and heart-sac and pleura. It is ])aiiitul in tlie 
 highest degree, and may attack the healthiest animals, and become clironic. It 
 is commoTdy of the chronic form in cattle, owing chiefly to lack of proper care and 
 right treatment. In the acute form it may prove speedily fatal, especially if it 
 attacks the heart. In acute rheumatism the animal is very restless, loses apjietite, 
 has dry skin, constipation, and apparent stiff'ness of joints and muscles. 
 
 The force of tlie disease may be cxjicndcd chiefly upon one joint, with more or 
 less painful swelling. The disease may move to other joints and muscles or 
 suddenly change from part to part. This sudden transition from one part to another 
 is characteristic of acute rheumatism. 
 
 Chronic rheumatism causes extensive structural changes in one or more joints, 
 and sometimes causes abscesses, espe(;ially in the knee, wlu'n the joint may become 
 enormously enlarged. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Aconite. Very useful in the acute form when there is much fever and 
 soreness, especially if the disease is ushered in by shivering with great disturbance of 
 the pulse. Give five drops of the third dilution every two hours until improvement 
 begins. 
 
 Amnion, plios. Pain in the joints and spine, with great nervous irri- 
 tability. 
 
 Give drop doses in water every four hours. 
 
 Arsenicum. Where there is great debility, with anxiety and restlessness, 
 especially at night, and -when hot applications relieve ; ^/y>/We ^fz-s/^-iVa^^OT*, and 
 change to the heart. Use the third, thirtieth or two hundredth dilution. 
 
 Belladonna. High fever, hot, dry skin, and extreme soreness to the touch. 
 Use the third to thirtieth dilutions. 
 
 Bryonia. Pain that is continually worse from the slightest motion ; pains 
 affect the legs, shoiilders and ribs ; thirst ; stools very dry ; breathing short ; 
 urine very red ; great dread of tnomng. Use the third or thirtieth dilution in 
 frequent doses. A very valuable remedy. 
 
 Coniocladia. Great languor ; painful swellings. Sixth dilution. 
 
 Cimicifnga. Very important for pains in the side and chest, as well as in all 
 the joints. Use the first, third or thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Calcarea carb. Useful, and is needed in chronic rheumatism of the joints. 
 
 Calcarea phosph. Needful to complete a cure after other remedies 
 have failed. 
 
 Chamomilla. Muscular pains, with great irritability of disposition, and 
 especially to restore tlie milk which is usually suppressed in cows. Give the thirtieth 
 dilution. 
 
 Gelsemiiim. Often a great relief for the severe i}ains at night, for partial 
 paralysis, or great loss of muscular power ; rheumatism of the legs, with great 
 weakness, and little fever. 
 
 Give the first, third or thirtieth dilution, ten drops three times daily. 
 
 Phytolacca. C!hronic rheumatism in damp weather; swollen glands, 
 bone pains worse at night. Give the first or third dilution, three times daily, in 
 ten-drop doses. 
 
 Rhus tox. Pains caused by wet weather or damp stables or from 
 straining or injuries ; the pains are worse during rest or when first beginning to 
 move ; better from exercise, warmth, external applications. There is always great 
 la/tiguor and excessive restlessness. 
 
 Give the sixth or thirtieth dilution, in ten-drop doses. 
 
 Rhododendron. Bone pains in stormy weather. 
 
314 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 liiita. Pains in spine and legs. 
 
 Silieetl. Chronic swelling of the joints and for abscesses or diseases of the 
 bones in old cases. Give the thirtieth dilution once a day. 
 
 Spigelia. Inflannuation of the heart and heart-sac. 
 
 In all cases the animal should be put into a dry, warm stable and have extraor- 
 dinary care. The food should be very light until recovery is complete. 
 
 HOOVE — TVMl'ANITIS. 
 
 Ainmoniuin causticuiu. Violent spasms of the stomach ; difficult 
 swallowing; panting breatliing; violent trembling; rapid pulse; sudden starting. 
 Give from five to ten drops of the watery solution in half a ])int of water every 
 fifteen minutes until reUef is produced. 
 
 Ill all cases use JmI injections at 140° Fahr. 
 
 From two to eight quarts of hot water may be gently injected, using an elastic 
 syringe with a long flexible tube, to be passed into the rectum. This will speedily 
 allay the pain and inflammation. 
 
 Colcliicuin. Swelling and puffiness of the belly ; alternate heat and coldness ; 
 scanty, red urine ; stool very hard and dry or loose, with mucus and blood, preceded 
 by severe colic pains. Uneasy, constantly changing position ; pawing the ground ; 
 stamping the hind feet ; lies down and gets up, turns from side to side ; the hair 
 stands on end ; great distress when the animal attempts to iirinate ; tender to the 
 touch ; full of wind ; great distention. Give ten drops of the first or third dilution 
 every fifteen minutes. 
 
 Colocynth. Paroxysms of violent colic every half liour or at sliorter 
 intervals. Loose, thin stools. 
 
 Give the sixth dilution, ten drops at each paroxysm. 
 
 Hyposulphite of Soda. Give first trituration for fermentation of food 
 in stomach. 
 
 Lycopodiuni. Weak stomacli ; animal has fre(pient attacks of indigestion; 
 great rumbling and rolling of wind in the bowels. Give a dose of ten drops of the 
 thirtieth dilution every half hour in acute cases, and once a day for chronic 
 indigestion. This remedy should cause fiatulence to be discharged freely. 
 
 Niix vomica. Give during last stages or for chronic indigestion, especially 
 if the animal has had cruel treatment by excessive dosing with violent medicines. 
 One dose a day at night of the third, sixth or thirtieth dilution. 
 
 When remedies fail to relieve the lioove, and the rumen remains inflated or the 
 tympanitis increases, a trocar and canula must be inserted, after making a small cut 
 through the skin, and penetrate to the interior of the rumen and allow the gas to 
 escape. The opening slioidd be made midway between the last rib and the hi]), 
 and about nine inches below the transverse lumbar bones. 
 
JERStJY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 315 
 
 ACCLIMATION FEVKK. 
 
 Aconite. Simple fever ; restlessness ; thirst ; timidity. A dose of the thirtieth 
 dilution daily. 
 
 Nux vomica. Depraved, fastidions or capricions appetite, with constipation. 
 
 SUN-STROKE. 
 
 Glonoine. If a cow seems dizzy or falls off in her milk, or stops her cud after 
 being a few hours exposed to the sun in very sultry weather, there is danger of 
 great injury. She should be treated precisely as for sun-stroke in the human subject, 
 by applying, every five or ten minutes, to the crown and neck sponges saturated 
 with water at from 130° to 140° temperature, and a dose of Glonoine, thirtieth dilution, 
 every fifteen minutes until all signs of danger are passed. 
 
 Pliytolacca. Udder distended, hard and hot. Give every two or three 
 houivs ten drojjs of the first, thii-d, or sixth dilution in a little water. Wash the bag 
 with a lotion of hot water and Phytolacca, using one teaspoonful of the tincture to a 
 pint of water. After bathing the udder for ten or fifteen minutes with gentle 
 friction and manipulation of the milk -glands, immerse the whole udder in hot water 
 (125°) by means of a rubber bag. The process of bathing and immersing should 
 be repeated several times a day until the udder recovers a normal condition. 
 Milk -tubes may be used to advantage in some cases. 
 
 SORE TEATS. 
 
 Arnica. The teats have been scratched or bruised. Give the first dilution 
 internally and a weak lotion externally. Milking tubes may be necessary. 
 
 Cliauioniilla. The teats are inflamed and very tender ; hard, knotty tumors 
 in the udder. Give a dose of the sixth dilution three or more times a day. 
 
 Hydrastis. Ulcers on the teats which will not heal. Use the sixth dilution 
 internalh', and for a lotion one part of Hydrastis tincture to a hundred parts warm 
 (102°) water. Apply three or more times daily, and follow with Vaseline. 
 
 WARTS ON TEATS. 
 
 Thviya. Give a dose of the sixth or thirtieth dilution daily. Apply a lotion 
 of one part Thuya tincture to sixteen parts warm (102°)water daily. Always give 
 Thuya internally for warts, and continue the remedy for six weeks, one dose daily. 
 If the warts do not disappear they may be carefully touched with chromic acid or 
 with nitric acid, using the point of a small wooden toothpick, always taking care 
 that the teat is covered by slipping a piece of kid leather over the wart. The warts 
 
316 JEliSJ-JY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 may also be destroyed by applying a concentrated solution of wood jifili lye in tli 
 same way. Always nse the Thuya internally, however. 
 
 Ol. Kiciui. Castor Oil a])plie(l externally twice a day is often I'tlVctivc. 
 
 Owing to the artiticial inetliod.s wliicli ol)tain in tlie rearing of (mIvcs it will 
 readily be seen that there arc many causes for indigestion. From tlie use of 
 artiticially prepared food and the too rapid swallowing, and the numerous incidental 
 changes that accrue, disordered assimilation and indigestion may de])end uj)on, 
 1. Insufficient or altered saliva ; 2. Belident action of the gastric juice ; 3. De- 
 ficient action of ths pancreatic juice ; 4. Dixonlered liver; 5. Dejieient art ion of 
 the intestinal juice ; 6. JVervoiis irrittifioii ; 7. Altered Mood supply. 
 
 I'KKVKNlIoN Ol- IXDKJESTIOX IN CAI.VKS. 
 
 It is of the highest importance tliat the digestive organs of the young Jersey 
 should always remain in the normal state of perfect healtli. 
 
 The breeder, to be successful in the management of his young stock, cannot 
 neglect tliis j)oint without suffering disastrous conseipiences, in the loss of his most 
 valuable animals and the deterioration in <piality and vigor of his whole herd. 
 
 The powers of digestion and assimilation must have their fidl development in 
 the young calf through good management. Serious diseases, accruing from 
 carelessness and ignorance, will surely follow even slight neglect. 
 
 Milk, according to the eminent cliemist, E. Duclaux, is oidy assimilati'd by 
 animals after it has received treatment by two ferments — rennet and cukiu-^i . 
 
 This noted chemist has not only di-monstrated this proposition by numerous 
 experiments, but practical breeders and others have shown that calves may l)e kept 
 from indigestion, and the violent diseases resulting therefrom, by the punctual 
 addition of a small (puuitity of prepared rennet after the milk has been warmed for 
 feeding. It is well to liave some arrangements by wliicli the calf will be compelled 
 to drink the milk slowly, so as to mix it with the secretions of the mouth. 
 
 For this purpose an artificial teat, made of rubber, and attached to a Moodi'U 
 float, is placed upon the surface of the milk, and tlie calf sucks tlie fluid at leisure. 
 
 It is necessary, however, to pay strict attentii )n to the cleansing of this instrument, 
 by washing and scalding, after each feeding. 
 
 The calf must also be placed in a very dry, well-ventilated stall, ])rovi(]ed 
 with plenty of soft bedding and an abundant adudssion of sunliglit. If all tliese 
 retpiirements are met and steadfastly followed by all Jersey breeders the results 
 will be of immense beneflt to every one of them, and the Jersey interest in America 
 will be greatly promoted and rendered highly remunerative. 
 
 With tlie above treatment of the milk, calves will require full rations, according 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 317 
 
 to size and rapidity of growth. But if from climatic or other unknown causes 
 gastric disorders appear, diminish the ration from one half to two thirds, and give, 
 in addition to the rennet, the medicines prescribed for indigestion, constipation or 
 diarrhoea, according to the indications given in those sections of this work relating 
 thereto. In addition to the foregoing, let it be remembered that calves require the 
 free use of soft, pure water to quench thirst, and this must be amply provided for 
 them, and always at a temperature of about from 65° to 70° Fahr. 
 
 In addition to the former simple preparation of rennet I would suggest that a 
 preparation be made which can be used in the form of a powder, making a permanent, 
 long-keeping article, which may be styled Lacto-Rennetine. 
 
 FOEMTJLA.. 
 
 Pui-e milk sugar 40 ounces. 
 
 Pure rennet 10 ounces. 
 
 Pancreatine 5 ounces. 
 
 Ptyalin 4 drachms. 
 
 Lactic acid 5 iluid drachms. 
 
 Hydrochloric acid 6 iluid drachms. 
 
 I believe that such a preparation, if made of pure articles, would excel, in 
 beneficial effects, the rennet alone, and produce always uniform resiilts. 
 
 DIAEEHCEA IN CALVES. 
 
 Aconite. Stool bloody, slimy, mucus, small, frequent ; worse after exposure 
 to cold, dry winds ; after fright ; after being overheated ; after getting wet in rain ; 
 in simimer after cool nights ; restlessness ; great thirst ; dry heat ; quick pulse. Dose 
 of sixth dilution after each stool. 
 
 Aloe. Involuntary stools after feeding ; pain in stomach ; loud gurgling in 
 the belly, like water running out of a bottle. Sixth dilution. 
 
 Arsenicvim. Stool thin, watery, frequent, scanty ; worse after feeding with 
 cold milk; great restlessness ; great thirst ; weakness; emaciation ; raj^id exhaustion. 
 Thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Baptisia. Stool of pure blood ; low states ; fevers. Tincture, five drops. 
 
 Benzoic acid. Stool watery and white ; copious ; very offensive and pungent 
 odor ; urine dark colored, and very strong smelling. 
 
 Bryonia. Undigested stools; aggravated by warm water and by moving 
 about. Desire to be quiet. 
 
 CamiJhor. Stools involuntary ; attack very sudden ; worse from hot sun ; 
 sudden collapse,^ with coldness of the whole body. Use first or third dilution. 
 
318 .HJIiSHV (ATTIJ-: IS AMFJIKA. 
 
 Capsicum. Stool of U-nacions miiciis. friMjiioiit, sin;i!l : worsu after 
 feeding, with cutting colic- ; difficult uriiiatiou ; .-shivering after drinking. 
 
 Carbo vegetabilis. Stools thin, frequent, putrid; worse from cold milk 
 or cold water ; flatulent distention of the belly ; coldness ; collapse. 
 
 Chamoiiiilla. Stools hot, small, frequent, with smell like rotten egg.s ; 
 worse from taking cold ; colic. 
 
 Ciiiclioiia. Undigested stools; fre(juent, involuntary, painless ; worse after 
 feeding ; colic from gas in belly ; distention of the belly ; great weakness ; sweating. 
 
 Cilia. Diarrluea, with pin-worms. 
 
 Cistiis. Thin, hot, squirting .stools. 
 
 Colcliicuni. Stools watery or mixed with white mucus ; ))rofuse : worse in 
 hot, moist weather; straining; colic; <listenti(in of the belly with gas ; weakness; 
 prostration. 
 
 Cotoill. Where Arsenicum temporarily rt'lieves ; persistent chronic diarrluea. 
 
 Colocyiith. Frothy, liquid stools; sour, putrid, musty; worse from cold 
 milk. CitttltKj, violvtif n,r,i\ irlurl, nial-en the anirrMl helloio loith pain. Give 
 frequent do.ses of the third or si.xth dilution until colic is relieved. Use injections 
 of hot water at 13(1°. 
 
 Crotoii tigliuin. Watery stool, coniiiii/ nuf lil:e a, xhot ; womc qftfr 
 drinking cohl in'tU-. Better from a moderate (piantity of hot milk at from 120° to 
 130°. Colic, with writhing pains ; sorene.-^s of the intestines. Add rennet to milk 
 at time of feeding. 
 
 Dioscorea. Watery stools ; profuse ; violent, twisting colic, occurring in 
 regular paro.wsms with remissions; colic relieved by pressure on the l)elly, by 
 walking, and by rubbing. Use injections per rectum at 130°. 
 
 Ilainainelis. Stool of pure blood. Tincture, five drops. 
 
 Ilepar sulpli. Whitish, .sour-smelling stools ; painless; indigestion ; chronic 
 diarrhea. Use the si.xth or thirtieth dilutit)n. A grand remedy. Add a little 
 rennet before feeding the milk. 
 
 Lycopodium. Stools thin, fetid, j^ainless ; worse after a feed of milk ; the 
 l)elly fills with gas from very little food ; rimibling of wind in the belly ; weakness, 
 emaciation, prostration. 
 
 Nux vomica. Stools thin or bloody, alternating with constipation ; woi-se 
 from too much drugs ; urging and straining constant ; colic and gri])ing; much gas 
 in belly ; emaciation. 
 
 Opium. Offensive, involuntary stools; worse from fright or any excitement. 
 Use third or sixth dilution. 
 
 Phosphoric acid. AVhite, watery diarrheea, painless. Dilute acid, one 
 tenth in water. Add a little rennet to the warm milk. 
 
 Podophyllum. Profuse, frequent, gushing stools. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN' A3IERICA. 319 
 
 Pulsatilla. Stools ii^jtcr;/, ijrriiiisJi, yelhw or venj rhaiojiiilil,' ; vertj 
 frequent; loss of appetite ; emaciation ; c/u'//i/)esN ; worse at night ; worse from, 
 poor milk y jjaiiiful, I'uinbling flatulence. 
 
 Sepia. Worse from boiled milk ; rapid exliaTistion ; clironic diarrliosa. 
 
 Silicea. Li(^nid, slimy, frothy stools ; worse from exposure to cold air ; 
 better from warmth ; milk not digested ; hard, hot, distended helly ; emaciation. 
 
 Sotlse hyposiilph. For fermented stools give the first trituration. 
 
 Sulphur. Watery, undigested stools ; changeable, frothy, sour, fetid. 
 Expulsion sudden or involuntary ; worse in tlie early morning ; worse after a feed 
 of milk ; colic ; straining ; should be givini when other remedies fail to produce 
 their usual effects. Give doses of the thirtieth dilution in a little water. 
 
 Thuya. Stool forcibly expelled ; copious ; gurgling, like water from a 
 bunghole ; worse after feeding ; rapid exhaustion ; rapid emaciation. 
 
 Veratruni album. Stools frequent, profuse, thin ; worse at night in hot 
 weather ; preceded hy pinching colic ; great sinking and weakness ; skin cold ; 
 prostration ; collapse. 
 
 Calves should be put upon a smaller allowance of milk as soon as indigestion 
 or diarrhoea is indicated. The milk slwuld always he sweet, the feeding vessels 
 scoured, rinsed, scalded, rinsed again, and dried in the sun. If colic occurs the 
 animal should be fed but very lightly twice a day. Every effort should be made to 
 bring the calf back to good health as soon as possible. As soon as the first signs of 
 diarrhoea occur a dose of sulphur (sixth dilution) may be given, unless the symptoms 
 indicate some other remedy, and a raw egg may be beaten and mixed with the milk. 
 If the case of any calf seems desperate do not give it up till every effort fails. If 
 there is violent colic and collapse apply hot-water bottles to the belly, legs and back. 
 Rub the belly with a roller and give the remedies as described above as long as the 
 calf will swallow. You will probably save the calf by such persistent effort and 
 careful nursing, with the medicines given as directed. Keep the calf blanketed in 
 cold weather. 
 
 SELF-ABUSE IX THE BULL- — SPEEMATOREHtEA. 
 
 This bad habit of self -abuse in bulls is very common, and the results are disastrous 
 to the breeder. The conditions are owing to an excessive irritability of the seminal 
 vesicles, or to a general disorder of the sexual system. 
 
 Among the causes of this form of spermatori'luEa are too early service ; excessive 
 service ; solitude in dark stable ; insufficient daily exercise in the open air ; worms 
 in the intestines or rectum. The animal becomes so excitable that the sight of 
 another animal or the presence of a human being causes a siidden effort and an 
 ejaculation. Such a frequent drain from the system of this important vital secretion 
 soon produces a change of character in the animal. If he does not become speedily 
 
JERSEY CATTLE JX AMEliK 
 
 impotent he is an uncertain sender and slow, his disposition heeonies eitlier very 
 sluggish or very des])erately ugly and tierce, and his j)rogeny are necessarily 
 inferior. He becomes susceptible to acute and fatal diseases, and sooner or later 
 becomes permanently impotent. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Avoid all causes of self-alnise, and stop the cause that induces it as soon as it can 
 be ascertained. As soon as the lirst indications of such a habit present themselves 
 prepare and adjust a broad leather girth around the loins, with a piece of fine steel 
 cliain about a foot long set in the girth so as to cro.ss the spine in front of the hips. 
 This must have a bxickle and be so arranged as to fit just tight enough to bring a 
 strong pressure of the chain upon the back at the first effort. 
 
 T would recommend trial of the following remedies to assist in curing the bad 
 habit at its very beginning : 
 
 Camphora. Great depression inid lark of ])o\vcr. (iivc first, third and 
 thirtieth dilutions in rotation daily. 
 
 Cciiitharides. Great irritability of tlie sexual organs. Give ten drops 
 tiiird dilution three times a day. 
 
 Cilia. Irritability from wonns in rectum. Give first, third or thirtieth 
 dilution daily. Also inject into the rectum a pint of warm milk in which has been 
 mixed a drachm of tincture of aloe ; once a week it may be repeated. 
 
 Dainiana. (Treat seminal excitability. Use the sixth dilution. 
 
 Gelseiiiiiiiii. "Want of irritability; rela.xation ;. lack of tone. Give ten 
 drops of first or third dilution three times a day. 
 
 Nlix voiuiea. Indigestion ; constipation ; lack of vital force. Give first 
 third and thirtieth dilutions in rotation daily. 
 
 Phosphoric Acid. Very fre(iuent emissions on the .slightest excitement. 
 Use the jjure acid, one part to one hundred parts of pure water, ten drojis of mixture 
 twice a day. 
 
 Picrate of Zinc. When the lack of energy and true vigor threaten 
 impotency. Give the sixth or thirtieth dilution in ten-drop doses twice a day. 
 
 Sulphur. When irritability increases in spite of the use of any remedy, or 
 when the system does not respond at once to the remedy selected. Give the first 
 and third or thirtieth triturations in rotation once a day. 
 
 The Butcher is the last remedy and a sure cure. 
 
EUDORA 1863. 
 
 AT 18 YBARS OLD. 
 
 BILLINGS HERD. 
 
 Frederick Billings, Woodstock, Vermont. 
 
JERSEY (J A TTLE IN A3IEMIGA. 321 
 
 COUGHS. 
 
 BEONCHITIS. 
 
 Lung diseases are too common among dairy cattle. A proper attention to the 
 ventilation and temperature of stables, and the protection of cattle from rain and cold 
 winds, would prevent the majority of cases of bronchitis, pneumonia and tuberculosis, 
 and also render cattle less susceptible to contagious pleuro-pneumonia. 
 
 Ample provision must be made for a pei-petual supply of pure, unadulterated, 
 ozonized air in the stable for every hour of every day of the year, and also for 
 rendering such air of the proper temjierature, so that the animals may never be 
 chilled by cold currents or oppressed by too high a temperature. 
 
 Bronchitis is acquired from chilling air impinging upon animals while standing 
 in their stalls, or from exposure to cold rains or to dry cold winds in autumn and 
 winter. The cough is at first short, hard and dry, but soon becomes moist and more 
 prolonged, with a varying degree of mucous secretion. This may become, if not 
 properly treated, a chronic cough and last for months or years. Oftentimes a chronic 
 dry cough is the result of nervous irritation, sympathetic or otherwise, and may be 
 the result of worms or other parasites that excite a reflex action in various nerves. 
 
 TEEATMENT. 
 
 Aconite. Fever ; dry nose ; restlessness ; use in the first stages, especially 
 if caused by exposure to cold, dry winds. Use the third, sixth or thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Apis inellifica. The cough is suffocative, painfiil, with much difficulty of 
 breathing. 
 
 Arsenicum albvim. Cough remaining after influenza or catarrh ; dry 
 cough, with watery discharge from the nostrils. Give the sixth or thirtieth 
 dilution. 
 
 Belladonna. Cough in the larjnix or in the windpipe ; painful cough 
 from inflammation of the bronchial membranes, with fever and depression ; dry 
 cough. 
 
 Bryonia. Cough in larynx, windpipe and the large bronchial tubes ; dry 
 cough from irritabihty of the upper air passages, especially in morning ; cough from 
 pressure on windpipe ; from exposure to cold wind or from the least exercise ; 
 cough that causes pain ; breathing quick ; phlegm frothy. Thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Causticuni. Persistent hacking cough. Thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Hydrastis. Debility; mucus thick and ropy. Use the third or sixth 
 dilution. 
 
 Ipecac. Rattling, convulsive cough, with difficult breathing. 
 
 Drosera. Deep, hollow, groaning cough. 
 
322 JEJisar CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Kali carb. Chronic cough. 
 
 Cilia. Cough arising from woriiK;. Animal presses its nose against the wall. 
 
 Iodide of Ar.seiiic. AVindpipe cough, with thin discharge from nostrils. 
 Sixth or thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Merciiriiis sol. Catarrh of all the respiratory mucous membranes, but 
 especially the larynx and nasal region. Third, sixth or thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Nux vomica. Nervous, spasmodic cough; a chronic cough, arising from 
 irritability of the digestive organs ; discharge of flatulence from the rectum wliile 
 coughing. Third or sixth dilution. 
 
 Opium. Convulsive, dry cough in paroxysms at night. 
 
 Pinus. Chronic, short, feeble, hacking or grunting cough. Use drop doses 
 of the mother tincture, or a decoction of white pine needles and the tree bark. 
 
 Phosphorus. Cough arising from inflammation of the snudl bronchial tubes 
 or lung substance. Chronic cough ; dry, short, frequent, racking cough ; distress 
 from difficult breathing, with discharge of reddish or yellowish mucus. Third, 
 sixth or thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Populus balsamifera. Chronic catarrhal cough. Use drop doses of the 
 saturated tincture. 
 
 Rumex crispus. Cough in throat and windpipe; frequent cough from the 
 slightest exertion. 
 
 Sulphur. When otlier remedies do not produce the expected result. Third, 
 sixth or thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Spoil^^ia. Sharp, shrill, ringing cough, or dry, hollow, barking and hooping 
 cough. 
 
 Tartar emetic. Chronic cough, where the whole respiratory organs seem 
 loaded with a loose, rattling mucus. 
 
 PNEUMONIA. 
 
 Bulls seem to be especially prone to attacks of pneumonia. Alternate heat and 
 coldness of the ears and horns ; costiveness or diarrlioea ; short, oppressed breathing ; 
 dry muzzle ; dry, harsh, frequent cough ; loss of cud ; intense thirst ; lassitude ; 
 discharge of water and mucus from the nostrils, and later on bloody or rusty discharges ; 
 brilliancy of the eyes; sensitive tenderness of the spine; continual change of heat, 
 with or without shivering ; partial or general sweating. In severe cases the jianting 
 becomes laborious ; the flanks heave ; the nostrils expand, emitting discolored, fetid 
 mucus ; the strength fails ; the legs are drawn under the belly, which is contracted 
 and puckered ; the evacuations become putrid ; the eyes have an offensive discharge ; 
 the pupils are dilated ; the breath becomes cold, and the animal sinks. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 323 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Aconite. In the first stage, especially if the auinial has been exposed to cold, 
 dry wind, and is very restless. 
 
 Arseiiicviiu. Great thirst ; prostration. 
 
 Belladonna. Congestion of brain ; dilated pupils ; drowsiness, with frecjiient 
 starting, as fi-om fear. 
 
 Bromine. "When the lungs become solid like livei-. Give the second, third 
 or sixth watery dilution, ten drops every hour. 
 
 Bryonia. Pain and dread u]ion the slightest motion ; great thirst for large 
 draughts. 
 
 Carbo vegetabilis. Rattling in hings ; great prostration ; fetid discharges, 
 especially in last stage. Use third or sixth trituration. 
 
 Cnpriim nitrate. Suffocative spells ; diarrhoea. 
 
 Ferri plios. In first stage. A very important remedy. Use third or sixth 
 trituration. 
 
 Lycopodiiini. Sweat without relief; fan-like movement of the nostrils; 
 rumbling of wind in the bowels. Use sixth or thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Phosphorus. In catarrhal pneumonia. Give the sixth or thirtieth dilution, 
 ten drops every two or four hovirs. 
 
 Sangninaria. Extreme difficulty of breathing ; tough, rust-colored mucus ; 
 pulse weak ; extremities cold. Use the third, sixth or thirtieth dilution, with 
 frequent doses. 
 
 Tartar emetic. Great rattling of mucus ; much coughing ; great suffoca- 
 tion. Sixth or thirtieth dilution, ten drops every hour. 
 
 Veratrum viride. When the pulse is hard and renj slow. Sixth dilution. 
 
 Sulphur. "When there is heard, by applying tha ear to the chest, ajine 
 crackling or crepitcmt rattle. 
 
 Give the sixth tritui-ation, a teaspoonful of the powder every two or three 
 hours. 
 
 TUBERCULOSIS CONSUMPTION. 
 
 Limg tubercle, abortion and apoi^lexy are the three scourges (jf the dairy 
 cattle-breeder. 
 
 "When the diagnosis of consumption is clear the animal should be slaughtered 
 and buried deep in dry soil. Such animals must not be used for breeding, as the 
 defect would thereby be propagated, wliile the milk and flesh will be hable to 
 communicate the disease to the human subject. This disease is most frequently 
 generated by close, dark, non-ventilated stables, especially in malarial regions. 
 
 To prevent lung tubercle supply the stables with proper ventilation ; every 
 animal requires twelve hundred cubic feet of fresh air each horn-. The disease is 
 
324 JERSEY (ATrLE IX AMEllKA. 
 
 contjigiou.* to a (rrtain degree. Quarantine doubtful cases, hut do nut fail to use 
 the knife in every instance uf tubercular development. 
 
 Among the remedies to be used upon doubtful cases are the following : 
 
 Calcarea oarbonica. Loose, rattling cough : dulness of lung upon 
 percussion. Thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Ferri plios. Congestion of the lungs, with dulness ami frequent cough. 
 
 Hepar siilpliuris. (!ough, excited by cold air. Thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Iodine. Emaciation : cough. Thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Iodide of Pota.sh. Dulness of lung ; cough, with thin discharge from 
 no.'strils. Thir.l dilution. 
 
 Jaboraiidi. Very profuse sweating. Third dilution. 
 
 Lycopodium. Fandike motion of nostrils ; rattling of flatulence in bowels ; 
 dulness of lung. Thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Pinus. (Chronic hacking, or racking, dry cough. 
 
 Phosphorus. Dry, tight, tonnenting cough ; loose stools ; sweat. 
 
 Sambucus. Profuae sweat. 
 
 CONTAC.IOIS I-I.KUKO-rNK.rMONIA. 
 
 This is not a common disease, and under our efficient quarantine regulations it is 
 not probable that the (tountry will ever suffer very seriously from this much- 
 dreaded malady. 
 
 Gamgee gives the following description of the symptoms of this disease : " From 
 the time that an animal is exposed to the contagion to the first manifestation of the 
 symjjtoms a certain period elapses : this is the period of incubation. It varies from 
 a fortnight to forty days, or longer. The firet signs pro^-ing that the animal has been 
 seized can scarcely be detected by any but a professional man ; though, if a proprietor 
 were extremely careful, and had painstaking individuals about Lis stock, he would 
 invariably notice a slight shiver usher in the disorder, which for several days, even 
 after the shivering fit, would limit itself to slight interference with the breathing, 
 detected readily on auscultation (by the ear). 
 
 " Perhaps a cough might be noticed, and tlie appetite and milk secretion diminisji. 
 Tlie animal becomes costive and the shivering fits recur. The cough becomes more 
 constant and oppressive, the pulse full and frequent, usually uundjeriug about 80 
 per minute at first, and rising to upward of 100. The temperature of the body 
 rises, and all the symptoms of acute fever set in. A moan or a grunt, in the early 
 l)art of the disease, indicates a dangerous attack, and the alfe nasi, or nasal cartilages, 
 rise spasmodically at each inspiration ; the air nishes through the inflamed windpipe 
 and bronchial tubes, so as to produce a loud, coarse, respiratory murmur; and the 
 spasmodic action of the abdominal muscles indicates the difficulty the animal 
 experiences in the act of expiration. Pressure over the intercostal spaces and 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AlfERTVA. 325 
 
 pressing on the sjaine induce the pain so characteristic of plenrisy, and a deep moan 
 not infrequently follows such an experiment. 
 
 " The eyes are bloodshot, the mouth clammy, skin dry and tightly hound to the 
 sub-cutaneous textures, and the urine is scanty and high-colored. 
 
 " On auscultation the characteristic, dry, sonorous rale of ordinary Itronchitis 
 may be detected along the windpipe and in the bronchial tubes. A loud sound of 
 this description is not unfreqiiently detected at the anterior part of either side of the 
 chest, while the respiratory murmur is entirely lost posteriorly, from consolidation 
 of the lung. A decided leathery friction-sound is detected over a considerable 
 portion of the thoracic surface. As the disease advances, and gangi'ene, with 
 the production of cavities in the lungs, ensues, loud, cavei-nous rales are heard, 
 which are more or less circumscribed, occasionally attended by a decided metallic 
 noise. When one lung alone is affected the morbid sounds are confined to one 
 side, and on the healthy side the respiratory murmur is unifonuly loitder all 
 over. 
 
 " By carefully auscultating diseased cows from day to day interesting changes 
 can be discovered during the animal's Ufe-time. Frequently the abnormal sounds 
 indicate progressive destruction ; but at other times portions of lung that have been 
 totally impervious to air become the seat of sibilant rales, and gradually a healthy 
 respiratory murmur proves that, by absorjjtion of the materials that have Ijeen 
 plugging the hing-tissue, resolution is fast advancing. 
 
 " Unfortunately we often find a rapid destruction of lung tissue and speedy 
 dissolution. In other instances the general symjjtoms of hectic or consumption 
 attend lingering cases, in which the temperature of the body becomes low ; the 
 animal has a dainty appetite, or refuses all nourishment. It has a discharge from 
 the eyes and a fetid, sanious discharge from the nose, but imfrequently it eoiighs up 
 disorganized lung tissiie and putrid j^us. Grreat prostration, and, indeed, t^q^hus 
 symptoms set in. There is a fetid diarrluea, and the animal sinks in the most 
 emaciated state, often dying from suffocation, in c(jnsequence of the comjjlete 
 destruction of the respiratory structures." 
 
 Dr. James Moore thus describes the disease : 
 
 " First stage. It begins in one of three ways : Firstly, it may attack the cow 
 suddenly, and run a rapid coui-se in spite of all treatment ; secondly, it may come on 
 slowly and insidiously, the cow appearing not to be very ill, while the lungs are 
 becoming diseased beyond the hope of restoration ; and, thirdly, it sometimes begins 
 with violent purging, followed by great weakness and loss of flesh. The majority 
 of cases, however, present the following symptoms : a short, dry, husky cough, 
 which is heard only occasionally ; it is highly characteristic of this disease, and when 
 once heard cannot be mistaken again. The owner says, perhaps, that he has heard 
 this ' hoose ' for two or three days, but thought no more about it. On inquiiy it will 
 
326 JhnsKV CATTLE IX AMKIUCA. 
 
 be found tliat tlie beast docs not jrivu as inucli milk as usual, and that lias a slightly 
 ytdlowish tinge ; tiie ajj^etite is not much worse, yet still she is careless about her 
 food, and tloes not lick iter disii clean ; when at rest the breathing may uot show 
 any departure from its healthy play, but when the animal is moved and walked some 
 distance it becomes more frequent, labored and difficult ; the pulse is often healthy 
 in cliaracter, although sometimes it is weak and slightly increased in frequency ; 
 the bowels may either be confined or [)urged, or quite regular; the body is sometimes 
 hot, sometimes cold. 
 
 " The cow appears dull and listless ; when at grass she separates herself from the 
 others, and lies on the ground while they are browsing, 
 
 " Second stage. The cough is now more frequent, and thick, frothy phlegm 
 dribbles from the mouth ; the breathing is short when the air is taken into the 
 hmgs, and long when it is pressed out of thena ; the inward breathing is attended 
 with mucli pain, which causes the animal to grunt and to grate her teeth ; the gmnt 
 is heard when the animal is pressing the air out from tlie lungs ; the pain is much 
 increased l)y coughing and diange of position, and to lessen it the cough is now 
 suppressed, or held back and short, and the cow stands fixed in one place. The pain 
 is owing to the pleura being inflamed, and the position of the diseased place may be 
 ascertained by pressing the side, between the ribs, with the jioint of the thumb ; 
 when pressed on the animal will flinch and grunt. 
 
 " The pulse is quickened and oppressed ; the skin is hard, tight, and bound to the 
 ribs ; the horns are hotter and the muzzle dryer than usual ; the head is lowered and 
 thrust forward, with the nose poked out ; the back is raised up ; little or no food is 
 eaten; the cud is seldom or never chewed; the milk is stopped; the bowels are 
 bound, and, when moved, the dung is in hard, dry lumps. 
 
 "Third stage. The breathing is much quickened, very difficult, labored and 
 even gasping ; the breathing is carried on partly through the mouth, partly through 
 the nostrils ; the breath lias a bad smell ; a stringy, frothy fluid constantly dribbles 
 from the mouth ; the cow groans loudly and frequently, while the grunt is either 
 gone or subdued ; the jmlse is (|uick, weak, and in some cases imperceptible or 
 intermittent ; the horns, eai-s and legs are cold, the skin covered with cold sweat, 
 the head and neck stretched out, with the nose poked into the corner of the manger ; 
 the fore legs are separated from one another and fixed in one ])lace, unless the cow 
 is restless and uneasy ; sometimes the hind legs are crossed over each other, or the 
 hind fetlock joints are knuckled forward; the stoppage of milk is complete; the 
 animal is reduced to a skeleton ; the strength is also of course greatly impaired, and 
 the beast can scarcely cough ; insensibility sometimes steals over her ; the urine is 
 very highly colored ; toward the last violent purging comes on, the discharged matter 
 being quite watery, blackish, highly offensive, and sometimes mixed -with blood ; 
 eventually the cavity of the chest becomes so full of fluid, or so much of the lung is 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 327 
 
 condensed, that the breathing, from being more difficult and frequent, at last 
 ceases, and tlie animal is dead." 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Aconite. Pulse hard and quickened ; shivering or trembling, attended with 
 coldness of the legs or the horns, and dry heat of the skin ; breathing short, painful, 
 anxious, attended with open mouth and groans. Give the third or sixth dilution, ten 
 drops every hour. 
 
 Aininoiiiuin causticuiu. Quick, difficult breathing, with rattle ; inhala- 
 tion of air very short, from pain ; fi-equent cough, with discharge of mucus ; great 
 languor and listlessness ; pulse feeble and quick ; frequent shivering ; skin at first 
 hot and dry, afterward moist. 
 
 Give five drops of the watei-y solution in a little water every two (^r tln-ee hours 
 till improvement begins. 
 
 Arsenicuiii. Wheezing ; hurried breathing ; small, quick pulse ; great 
 weakness ; cold, clammy sweats ; frequent short cough ; purging in every stage. 
 
 Give ten drops of the sixth or thirtieth dilution every two hours. 
 
 Baptisia. Stupor ; listlessness ; restless, but too lifeless to move ; eyes 
 congested, look red and inflamed ; thick mucus from nose ; fetid odor from mouth ; 
 can only swallow water ; distended abdomen ; mushy stools or dark, very offensive 
 stools ; great prostration ; urine scanty and dark ; oppressed breathing, with cough ; 
 pulse at first accelerated, afterward slow and faint ; pain along the back ; restless, 
 .uneasy, or drowsy and stupid ; chilly ; great prostration, with tendency of the fluids 
 to decompose. Discharges and exhalations fetid ; ulceration of mucous membranes, 
 especially of mouth, with tendency to putrescence ; intolerance of pressure ; constant 
 change of position. 
 
 Give drop doses of the saturated tincture, or of the first and third dilution, every 
 two hours, in a little water. 
 
 Bryonia. Frequent, short, suppressed cougli, which seems to cause sharp 
 pain in the chest ; breathing short, with characteristic grunt ; when the ribs are 
 pressed by a hand or a finger the cow flinches and utters the short gnmt, as if the 
 pain were very acute ; the animal di-eads to move from pain. 
 
 Give ten drops of the third, sixth or thirtieth dilution every two to four hours. 
 
 Lycopocliiiin. Fan-like motion of the nostrils ; loose stools ; rumbling of 
 flatulence in tlie bowels. Give ten droj)* of the thirtieth dilution every two to four 
 hours. 
 
 Phosphorus. Difficult, obstructed breathing ; pains in chest ; pain between 
 ribs ; frequent short cough, with slimy phlegm, sometimes mixed with blood ; violent 
 purging, like gushes of water ; wasting, weakness and prostration. Give ten di'ops 
 of the sixth or thirtieth dilution every two, three, or four hours. 
 
328 JKUSEY VATTLK IX AMERICA. 
 
 Sulphur. Diiriii-; c.nivalesceiice, ur when the (jther remedies do not act 
 promptly. 
 
 Give ten drops of the sixth or tliirtieth dihition in a little water three times a day. 
 
 The diet should be oat-meal gruel and boiled carrots. All animals should be 
 quarantined most securely for ninety days. Xo healthy animals that have been in 
 the same stable should be allowed to mingle with healthy cattle within a period 
 of ninety days. A cow, whether in sickness or health, needs one thousand two hundred 
 cubic feet of air per hour, and the system of ventilation should admit of a constant 
 change of air to that amount without subjecting the animal to chilly currents. 
 
 LOCK.IAW TKTANIS. 
 
 This disease is usually tlie result of a slight wound, and in some localities is very 
 common to man and beast, especially if the wound is caused by some blunt instrument 
 and does not bleed nmcli. Exposure to wet and cold increases the liability of attack. 
 There is also some uninvestigated source of aggravation, as evidenced Ijy the varying 
 prevalence of the disease or its aptitude for certain localities. 
 
 Among cattle the pulse may be at first apparently normal, presenting Imt 
 little disturbance until the disease has become perilous ; the muzzle, horns and ears 
 are also normal ; the animal stands rigidly fixed, or appears afraid to move ; the 
 head is extended horizontally forward ; the nostrils dilated ; the eyes bulging 
 outward, or sunken and reti-acted, the membrane at the corners partly covering the 
 eyeball ; the tail elevated and tremulous ; the legs splayed out ; the quarters depressed ; 
 all the muscles rigidly fixed, so that the animal cannot bend; the muscles of the belly 
 and neck tense, stiff, and in hard ridges ; the teeth convulsively clinched or slightly 
 I)arted. The Country Gentleman of July 31st, 1884, gives this case, which conveys 
 a moral : " Beware of Pitchforks. — Died, of lockjaw, July lltli, 188-1:, Signalda 2d 
 6748. Signal 1170 is close on both sides of his pedigree, and he was no mean 
 representative of that long line of fine breeding. About a month before his deatli 
 he was pricked with a pitchfork for breaking up his water-tub. He was kind and 
 gentle." 
 
 TKKATMKNT. 
 
 Arnica. After all wounds, however slight, give this remedy, eitlicr in drop 
 doses of the tincture or the third, sixth or thirtieth dilution. 
 
 Arsenicum. Great thirst; restlessness; rigidity remaining after the use 
 of other remedies. 
 
 Give drop doses of the tliirtietii dilutinn on the tongue three or more times 
 a day. 
 
 Bellailonua. AVhere wimiids are greatly inflamed, with great beat and inucli 
 fever. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 329 
 
 Bryonia. The animal dreads to move or be touched. 
 
 Caiuplior. Great prostration ; languor. Give the tincture or first dilution, 
 one drop every hour iipon the tongue or by olfaction. 
 
 Gelsemium. Great debility ; convulsive spasm ; congestion to head. 
 Give the tincture or first dilution, one drop every half hour upon the tongue. 
 
 Nitrate of Amyl. This remedy may be used as a palliative where the 
 spasms are desperately rigid. It is given by inhalation, ten to twenty drops upon a 
 small sponge enclosed in a napkin folded in conical form. 
 
 Nux voiuica. This is the most important and distinctively homoeopathic 
 remedy. Give the sixth or thirtieth dilution, ten drops upon the tongue every tliree 
 or four hours. Some cases may require the saturated tincture in doses of from one 
 to five drops, while others may do better when given the two hundredth or one 
 thousandth dilution. 
 
 Passiflora incarnata. A very important remedy in the first stage. Give 
 one drop of tincture every hour, or as Nux vomica. 
 
 In all cases where practicable immerse an inflamed limb in hot water (130° to 
 l-t()°), or apply saturated cloths or sponges of the same temperature. There is 
 nothing like hot water to relieve inflammation, congestion, and the agonizing pain 
 resulting from wounds. 
 
 BROKEN HOEN. 
 
 The Jersey hoi-n is fine and fragile, rendering it liable to fracture and casting of 
 the shell upon slight provocation. When fighting, or even rubbing against a fence 
 or tree, a shell may be broken or knocked off, and followed by a severe hemorrhage 
 from the vessels at or near the liase of the horn, and sometimes a very slow 
 recovery. 
 
 TKEATMENT. 
 
 To check hemoi-rhage apply the solution of subsulphate of iron [Liq. Ferri 
 suhsulph.) to the bleeding parts until a clot is formed. When the clot falls off and 
 there is no more bleeding apply bandages saturated with a dilution of tincture 
 Calendula officinalis in water, one part tincture to sixteen parts of water. The 
 Calendula is the best lotion for all forms of lacerated wounds in any part of the 
 body. Continue the application imtil the healing of the parts, which will be 
 rapid if the cow is otherwise in good health. 
 
 " Styptic cotton," or cotton saturated with the subsulphate of iron, is convenient 
 for application to most conditions of heniorrhage. 
 
 LOTIONS AND UNGUENTS. 
 
 Calendula. For lacerated wounds this is a rapidly heahng wash. 
 Dilute with twenty parts water and keep the parts wet. 
 
330 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Haniamelis, or Witch Hazel. For iiiriamed surfaces and inflamed veins 
 the bust application. Also valualilc in liemorrliages. Apply diluted, one to ten, 
 with hot water. 
 
 Arnica. For all l)ruises and si)niins without laceration. Dilute with hot 
 water, one part tincture to ten parts water. 
 
 Pliytolacca. For garget. Dilute witli hot water, one to sixteen. 
 
 Hydrastis. For old ulcers, for eruptions by poisoning, like poison sumach, 
 or rhus-poisoning. Dilute with hot water, one part tincture to one hundred pai-ts 
 water. 
 
 Thuja. Use for warts at any time the pure tincture. 
 
 Castor Oil. For warts apply pure when the cows are dry. 
 
 Listeriiio. Use for vaginal injections and for deodorizer. 
 
 Calendula Vaseline. Apply to all wounds or burns. 
 
 Mutton Tallow. Apply melted to sore teats and ulcers. 
 
 Vaseline. \\:y\ useful for many eruptions and sores. 
 
 Crude Petroleum. I'seful in alternation with Phytolacca for garget. 
 
 DISINFECTANTS. 
 
 Tlie best disinfectant is absolute cleanliness. 
 Remove all discharges and wash the stalls each day. 
 
 If there is any evidence of contagious disease tlie cattle that are infected should 
 be (juarantined at a distance from all others. 
 
 DISINKI'X'TION WITir PIKK mi.OKINE GAS. 
 
 For the destruction of the germs of disease in buildings where contagious pleuro- 
 pneumonia and other dreaded destructive maladies have existed, the most effective 
 method of disinfection is probably with pure chlorine gas. This method is recom- 
 mended by Professor Doremus for old hospitals where the walls are permeated with 
 tilth, and for the destruction of the cholera germ, and other disease elements. 
 
 Dr. Dorennis says : " The gas must be used in large quantities. We spread out 
 large sheets of lead and turned up the edges so that they would hold the chemicals 
 for generating the gas. I woiikl have three or four assistants, and wlien ready the 
 word was given to ' pour.' Then all would run out and the door would be fastened, 
 ajid the gas jienetrated everything. To have entered the room during the time 
 would have been certain death." Chlorine gas may be made in large quantities, by 
 pouring slightly diluted sulphuric acid upon a mixture composed of common salt and 
 oxide of manganese in large leaden vessels. Its development requires care. It is 
 safer to have the pouring done automatically than to risk human life in the 
 experiment. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE iTV^ A3IERJVA. 331 
 
 GERMICIDES. 
 
 The method of Dr. Doremus is expensive and only advisable in special cases. 
 
 Mr. John C. Pennington, chemist, of Paterson, N. J., who has made thorough 
 and persistent experiments in the propagation of various forms of bacteria, in his 
 studies of the germ-theory of disease, has found that the salts of mercury are the 
 most effective germicides or disinfectants. He uses the bichloride of mercury in a 
 solution of one part to a thousand of water, sprinkhng it in the air and upon walls 
 with a brush or whisk-broom. He also uses the hyjjosulphite of mercury in the 
 same manner, with similar results, in annihilating the bacteria which float in the air or 
 contaminate almost every substance. It must ever be borne in mind that these 
 powerful mineral salts are very violent agents, and must be used in very dilute form, 
 and with great caution. Never venture to apply any of the mineral salts where they 
 will fall upon the bedding or feed of animals. Mr. Pennington finds that the 
 burning of sulphur will not destroy bacteria, and therefore condemns the use of any 
 such means, as well as all the so-called germicides which by experiment have proved 
 to be less effective than the hyposulphite of mercury and the corrosive subHinate. 
 
 These mineral salts must not be used for injections in the treatment of any 
 disease unless further diluted. 
 
 If your walls are tinted with " alabastine " once in two or three years, a mild 
 blue color, they will be very pleasant for the eyes of animals, a cheap and tasty 
 finish for a brown wall. If not, apply lime whitewash semi-annually. 
 
 The agents that destroy every form of disease germs in the air, in all discharges, 
 and in the walls of buildings, are the only true disinfectants. The number of these 
 is very limited. For ordinary use the hyposulphite of meecuky is probably the 
 best. Prepare a solution in the proportion of TFrnrtl^ ™ water, or sixty (60) grains 
 of the hyposulphite to one gallon of the latter, and sprinkle it in the air and upon 
 the walls of the building, and apply to all the fetid excretions of diseased organs. 
 
 The chlorine gas method of Professor Doremus may be adopted wherever 
 there has been infection oi pleuro^ieu7nonia and the Texas fever. The authorities 
 should see that this method of disinfection is employed, and a competent chemist 
 given charge of the work. 
 
 Caution : These germicides are fatal poisons to every living organism, and 
 should he used intelligently in every instance, knoioing that chlorine gas is deadly if 
 inhaled, a/nd the m,ercurial salts unsafe to he taken into the stomach of any animal 
 except in a smaller quantity than used above. Use no vessel, containing them 
 
 FOE ANY other PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. 
 
 hypochlorite OF SODA.* 
 
 Hypochlorite of soda may be used as a germicide, and can be safely applied to 
 ulcers and putrid eruptions, in dilution of 1 to 60 of water, or used as an injection 
 * Reed & Carnrick. 
 
332 JERSEY CATTLE J X AMERICA. 
 
 for diseased raucous meinbrdues, 1 to 10(J of water. As a germicide apply to all 
 infectious matter 1 to 16. 
 
 DKODOKIZEES. 
 
 For every offensive odor in the stable seek out and remove the cause. Keep 
 the air as sweet as a pasture-tield. There is no better deodorizer than a hot roasting 
 pan of cofe^-beans carried through the building so as to freely give the fumes of 
 parched coffee, while the grains also act iis an absorbent. Among the commercial 
 compounds Listerine will prove useful and pleasant as a deodorizer for the hands 
 after operations. 
 
 GENERAI, SIMMAKY F(iK DISINFECTION. 
 
 A radical discriniiiiatiuii must be made between deodorizers, disinfectants, and 
 germicides. 
 
 Use each of these for special jnirposes in the stable, just as in the human 
 dwelling and hospital. 
 
 Listerine, a fragrant antiseptic mixture, may be found useful in deodorizing 
 the foul discharges that follow abortion, parturition, and those excretions accom- 
 panying various diseases. It is a mixture of oils and extracts from Thyme, Eucalyptus, 
 Baptisia, Gaultlieria and Mentha arvensis. Each drachm contains two grains of 
 retined benzo-boracic acid. 
 
 The Listerine when well diluted is useful as an injection where the vaginal 
 discharges are very fetid. It is useful for deodorizing when a thorough washing with 
 hot water and soap fails to remove offensive odors. 
 
 SUMMARY OF PRACTICAL USE OF DISINFECTANTS. 
 
 FOK EXCKETIONS. 
 
 1. Chloride of Mercury in solution, 1 to 500. 
 
 2. Hyposulphite of Mercury in solution, 1 to 500. 
 
 FOR INFECTED CLOTHS OR SPONGES. 
 
 1. Destniction by tire if of little value. The combustion must be total and 
 complete. 
 
 2. Boiling one hour. 
 
 3. Immersion in a solution of Chloride of Mercury of the strength of 1 to 1000 
 four hours. 
 
 FOR CLOTniNG OF ATTENDANTS. 
 
 1. Exposure to dry heat at a tem])erature of 23ii° F. for two hours. 
 
 2. Destruction by lire if of little value and badly infected with contagion 
 spores. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 333 
 
 3. Immersion in boiling water for one hour. 
 
 4. Immersion in solution of Chloride of Mercury of 1 to 2000 for four hours. 
 
 FOE THE PEESON. 
 
 1. Wash the hands and surface of the body in a ten per cent, solution of 
 Chlorinated Soda. 
 
 2. Wash the hands in a solution of Chloride of Mercury or Hyposulphite of 
 Mercury 1 to 1000. 
 
 FOE THE WALLS OF THE STABLE. 
 
 1. Wash all surfaces, while occupied, with a solution of Chloride of Mercury 
 of 1 to 1000. 
 
 2. When vacated use Prof. Doremus's method with Chlorine Gas. 
 
 3. For instruments and all metallic surfaces a solution of the Hyposulphite of 
 Mercury of 1 to 1000. 
 
PART THIRD. 
 
 THE DAIRY 
 
 THE DAIRY BUILDING. 
 
 The plan of a dairy will vary according to its iiurp(jses, wlietlier it is for canniui!; 
 or bottling inilk for market, for butter-making, for canning or bottling sweat cream, 
 or for a fancy cheese dairy. The essentials of a good dairy building are the means 
 for controlling the temperature of the milk and cream to any desired degree in 
 winter and summer, ample ventilation, sufficient north light, abundant supply of hot 
 and cold water, an ice-house, means of cleanliness, absolute exclusion and prevention 
 of all offensive odors, exclusion of flies and other insects, exclusion of dust, together 
 with all the best-improved machinery used in every process. 
 
 The building should be conveniently arranged for work and as compact as 
 possible, and all the attendants held responsible for a certain share in the i-outine, 
 which must always be perfectly performed, and the quahty of product of the highest 
 excellence. 
 
 There is an ever-increasing class of discriminating customers who are willing to 
 pay an increased price for articles of rare quality, purity and absolute cleanliness, 
 especially when furnished in attractive form, and of such unvarying sameness that 
 the brand of the dairy shall always justify confidence. 
 
 The system in every dairj^, large or small, shoiild be thoroughly organized and 
 complete. Whether it be the little spring-house with its primitive methods or the 
 large establishment equipped with steam-engine, separator, ice- water tanks, elevators, 
 rotary churns, and all the apparatus for making fancy butter pats, or bottling sweet 
 cream, or making fancy cheeses, every person employed should be thoroughly 
 familiar with liis work and all its requirements, and held responsible for all the duties 
 of his department or share in the work. Each milker must be an expert and held 
 strictly accountable for the healthy condition of the cows' udders and the cleanliness 
 of the milk. The feeder shoiild be held responsible for the condition and appetite 
 and productive power of the cows. The man who has charge of the milk-room 
 should be held responsible for the cleanliness of all the utensils, the temperature of the 
 
330 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 air, milk aiul cream ; tlie engineer respousible for all the machinery and the heating 
 of the building and sfcible ; the man in charge of the separator responsible for the 
 churn, shafting and other utensils ; the dairy woinau responsible for the washing, 
 working and salting, moulding and printing of the butter. The men employed 
 should all wear clean white overalls, frocks ;iii(l aprons, and spotless cleanliness and 
 purity must be the rule in every department. Xn loud talking, no profanity, no 
 smoking or drinking ; but everywhere sweetness, which must be encouraged by an 
 abimdant supply of steam, hot and cold water, for all purposes of cleanliness. 
 Vessels are to be scalded with steam, rinsed in hot and cold water, the floors to be 
 kept polished, and all metal-work bright and shining, the stables and the dairy as 
 clean as a parlor at all times. 
 
 1'lan oi- Daihv i-ok Fifty Cows. 
 
 General plan of Dairy. Main dairy Iniildintr, 16 x 32 feet. Ice-house, 16x20 feet. Ensine-room 
 12x14 feet. 
 
WESTPHALIA 24,384. 
 
 AT 4 YEARS OLD. 
 
 Welcome Type. 
 CREAM C0TTAC4E HERD. 
 S. RooEUs, Patekson. New .Th 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IERICA. 
 
 Main part divided into five rooms. Receiving-room, 7x16 feet, with slanting 
 floor and drain. Can be used for receiving milk, a cabinet creamery or centrifuge, 
 and for washing-pails, cans and utensils. The floor elevated four feet above sills, 
 or built upon terraced ground and jjaved with concrete. 
 
 Cream-room, 10x16 feet, with slanting floor draining on to churn-room 
 floor ; used as a cream tempering-room ; floor elevated two feet above sills or 
 terraced groimd. Two fifty-gallon cream vats. 
 
 Churn-room, 8x16 feet, has floors on a level with sills, or terraced ground, 
 slanting toward cream-room, with drain at the junction of the elevated floor of 
 the cream-room. 
 
 Butter-room, 7x16 feet ; slanting floor drain connects with main drain in 
 chum-room. 
 
 Cold-room, 7x8 feet, is built in ice-house and is covered with galvanized 
 iron and surrounded with ice ; this is for butter storage. 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OF DAIRY. 
 
 The dairy is built in the following manner : 
 
 Sills, 6x8, on stone, brick or concrete foundation ; joist for elevated floor, 2x8, 
 spiked to studs supported in centre with 4x6 timbers, shored up on pillars. Ends 
 shored up with 2x4 studs ; outside walls 2x4 studding, twelve feet long. Upon 
 outside of studs nail rough inch boards ; cover them with building paper ; fur on it 
 with inch strips ; side with drop-siding, or stock boards stripped ; on inside of studs 
 rough-board, paper ; fur out with inch strips, and ceil vidth fence flooring ; ceiling 
 overhead with fence flooring ; floor laid with clear flooring or terraced with 
 concrete ; partitions ceiled on studs set flatwise, on both sides, leaving a two-inch 
 air-space. Cream and churn-rooms can be in one, or partitioned, as desired. 
 
 To enlarge the capacity of the dairy add to the width of the main building. 
 The raised or terraced floors are constructed for convenience in handling cream ; cream 
 strained and carried into vats, through conductor pipes ; also from vats to churns, 
 through conductor pipe, saving all the lifting of cream in cans, and rendering it 
 possible for one man to do one half more work than in a dairy without terraced floors. 
 
 DAIRY DRAINAGE — PLAN OF DAIRY. 
 
 To avoid dampness and mould the first requisite in the structure of the dairy is 
 thorough drainage, combined with provision for thorough ventilation and abundance 
 of light. 
 
 The key to good drainage is a good foundation. Select a site where the soil is 
 sandy and having a good fall. 
 
 Build the foundations of good cement wall laid below the frost line, and allow a 
 
338 JERSEY CATTLE I.Y AMEBIC A. 
 
 basement fotir feet deep. Lav drains two feet heluw tlie funndation, even in the 
 dryest soil. 
 
 Tlie basement floor is tlien built in terraces, according to following jjlan : laid of 
 broken stone and concrete three inches thick, and coated with cement one inch thick, 
 made of one part hydraulic cement and three parts of sand. The foundation walls 
 need coating without as high as the ground surface with hot asphalt, and a space 
 twelve inches wde upon the outside, filled in with broken stone and topped with 
 flagging, to keep out the rain. The windows of the milk, cream, and butter 
 apartments should all l.)e double and face northward. The system of ventilation 
 should l)e independent of the windows, as the latter ought always to be closed. 
 Admit air at night or by subterranean tunnel. Always use a hygrometer. Three 
 pounds of fresh lime will absorb one pound of water, and the hygrometer will 
 measure the efficiency of this extractor. 
 
 MILK. 
 
 Milk, the special secretion of all female animals for the sustenance of their young, 
 has l)een wonderfully increased in quantity and improved in quality in the cow by 
 the skill of man, so as to become one of the most important articles of human 
 subsistence. It has the appearance of an opaque, creamy Avhite fluid, l)ut is in 
 reality a turbid, almost transparent senim, with numerous fat globules floating therein 
 which create an optical illusion of oijacity. 
 
 TUE UDDKR. 
 
 The udder of the cow often attains an immense size, rendering the cow the 
 greatest food- producer in the world. 
 
 The udder is divided into four, rarely six, distinct compartments or quarters. 
 The milk is secreted from glandular organs whose structure is very simple. Each 
 gland is composed of several separate glandules, which are connected by certain fibrous 
 or binding structures in such a way as to admit of quite a degree of mobility of its 
 parts, one upon another ; and the glandules are also connected l)y the branching of 
 the milk-tubes, wliieli intermingle. The tubes are abundantly supplied with valves. 
 The terminal ducts contained in the teat are straight but of variable size, aiid their 
 orifices are narrower than the tubes. At the base of the teat these tubes dilate into 
 reservoirs, which extend some distance into the gland. From each of these reservoirs 
 commence several branches of the milk-bearing tubes, each of which speedily sub- 
 divides into smaller ones ; and these again branch until their size is very minute and 
 their extent vastly increa.sed. These, like the reservoirs and terminal ducts, are 
 composed of a fibrous coat lined with a mucous niembrane ; the latter is very 
 vascular, and forms a secretion of itself when the milk ceases to be secreted. 
 
 The smaller divisions of the milk-tubes proceed to distinct minute lobules in each 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IERICA. 339 
 
 glandule. These milk-tubes terminate in follicles or minute cups, wliicli are lined Ijy 
 the same membrane as the ducts. 
 
 The arteries which supply the glandules with blood become very large during 
 lactation, and their divisions are very minutely spread upon the follicles. From the 
 blood which they convey the milk is secreted in some way not yet understood, and 
 poured into the follicles, and thence into the tubes, ducts and reservoirs, distending the 
 udder, when fully active, in about eight hours to its full capacity. The resei-voir at the 
 base of the teat is about the size of a large egg, and is separated from a smaller reservoir 
 in the teat by a membranous valve. The lower orifice of the teat is closed by a circular 
 elastic muscle, the elasticity of which varies greatly in easy or hard milkers. The 
 udder is siipported by a very large and strong tendon leading down from the muscles 
 of the belly, between the four great lobular divisions of the udder. This tendon is 
 subdivided into a multitude of branches, which enable the vessel to sustain an 
 enormous weight. In some cows these ligaments are deficient in strength and by 
 stretcliing allow the udder to sag. (See portrait of Eiirotas 2454.) 
 
 ELEMENTS OF MILK. 
 
 The milk secretion is shown to be an emulsion of fat globules suspended in water, 
 with a mixture of fixed salts, sugar of milk, and a peculiar substance, casein. 
 
 The fat globules are formed in the follicles of the milk glands, and vary in size 
 from the most minute, 4-oVo^^^ ^f an inch, to medium, about 2-7*0^*'^^ of an inch, and 
 largest, Yso^o't'i of ^^ iweh. in diameter. Their size and quality, according to Dr. 
 Sturtevant, vary greatly in different breeds and according to feed and the health of 
 the animal. The Jersey cow has a very large cream globule ; the Dutch, or Holstein- 
 Friesian, has exceedingly minute cream globules, and small in amount ; the Ayrshire a 
 mixture of medium and small, also in moderate amount. Bran is said to minify 
 them and maize meal to increase their size. 
 
 The large globules rise first in the form of cream, the smallest globules last, the 
 former churning easily, and yielding butter of the finest grain and quality. 
 
 Milk is the only secretion of the body and the only article supplied by nature 
 for the young combining the three elements required for human food — j^rotein, fat 
 and sugar. 
 
 Of all secreted fluids milk is most nearly allied to blood in its composition. 
 
 The chemical composition of milk considered in its relation to human food, 
 especially the nutrition of children, is a most important study, not alone for the 
 physician, but for the practical dairyman and farmer. 
 
 The first question, in the study of the quality of milk pertaining to different 
 races or breeds, is the amount and proportion of the solid constituents. "Water, the 
 most abundant element in milk, is simply a vehicle for the suspension and diluti(jn of 
 the solids, and constitutes an average of seven eighths of the total milk. 
 
340 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Butter is the milk fat mixed with about ten to lifteen per cent, of water and 
 one lialf per cent, of the fixed salts and casein with what chloride of sodium or 
 common salt is used in the making. 
 
 Cheese is the casein and albumen of tiie milk in combination with a portion or 
 all of the fat, the fixed salts and a variable ciuantity of water. 
 
 Buttermilk consists of the water of milk with a large part of the casein and a 
 remnant of the fat. 
 
 Wliey is the water of milk with tJio chief part of the milk-sugar, and small 
 portions of the other solids. 
 
 The value of milk depends on the amount of solids it contains. 
 
 In estimating the excellence of a breed of cattle we must consider the quantity 
 of milk, the proportion of water and solids, the relative amount of the different solids, 
 the period of lactation and gestation, the kind and amount of food, the weather, the 
 climate, the health, the age, and any other conditions that may affect the proportion 
 of the ingredients. The eye is unable to judge by the color of the milk or the bulk 
 of cream of its richness in composition. The test by chemical analysis is the 
 al)solutely conclusive means of ascertaining the quality of miUc. 
 
 The specific gravity test is an aid in judging of the purity of milk, and is made 
 by an instrument called the lactodensimeter, which consists of a glass spindle having 
 a slender stem marked with a scale of degrees and a bulb containing mercury ; this 
 sinks in the milk and can be read with accuracy at once. Milk is a little heavier than 
 water. A vessel holding one thousand grains of water will hold from one thousand 
 and twenty-nine to one thousand and thirty -six grains of milk. 
 
 Milk is made heavier than water by its casein, sugar and salts, and lighter than 
 water by its cream, so that its specific gravity is diminished by adding water and 
 increased by taking away cream. 
 
 If milk be both watered and skimmed it may show a nearly normal specific 
 gravity, but the chemical test will ascertain the exact composition of the lifpiid. 
 
 Analysis of Milk kv IIaidlku, France. 
 
 cow S MILK. 
 
 Water 87.300 
 
 Fat 3.000 
 
 Casein 4.820 
 
 Milk-Sugar 4.390 
 
 Phosphate of Lime 231 
 
 ^ I Phosphate of Magnesia 042 
 
 Phosphate of Iron 007 
 
 Chloride of Potash 144 
 
 tZ; / Chloride of Soda 024 
 
 Soda combined with Casein 042 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 The forty-two-tliousandths of one per cent of soda combined witli casein is 
 sufBcient to render new milk slightly alkaline. On standing it very soon develops 
 lactic acid, an acid that never exists in the fresh condition. The soda holds the casein 
 in solution, vi^hich gives casein power to take up and retain a quantity of phosphate of 
 lime. 
 
 The average weight of milk is 2.15 pounds per wine quart. 
 
 Milk Analysis by D. W. Voyles, M.D. 
 
 
 
 Margarine . . 
 
 j Glycerine. 
 
 1 Margario Acid. 
 
 
 Solid Fats.... 
 
 
 
 Butter 
 
 
 . Stearine .... 
 
 j Glycerine. 
 1 Stearic Acid. 
 
 
 Liquid Fats.. 
 
 Oleine 
 
 Butyrine. 
 
 J Glycerine. 
 1 Oleic Acid. 
 
 
 f Caseum 
 
 (Jlycerine. 
 
 Butyric, Capric and Caprylio Acids. 
 
 . Buttermilk.. 
 
 
 Milk Sugar. 
 
 
 
 Whey 
 
 Osmozene. 
 
 f Alkaline and Earthy Lactates and Phosphates. 
 
 
 
 Salts 
 
 •I Alkaline Sulphates and Phosphates. 
 1, Ferruginous Phosphates. 
 
 f Caseum, coagulable by Rennet, as above. 
 Skim Milk. -I Zeiger, coagulable by Acetic Acid. 
 L Serum, or Whey, as above. 
 
 VARIATIONS IN MILK OF BREEDS OF CATTLE. 
 
 Milk varies so greatly in its composition in diiferent breeds of cattle that it will 
 fiu'nish many useful lessons, if breeders will make systematic chemical tests of rich 
 cows. Numerous chemical tests have l>een reported which are suggestive and 
 instructive, although incomplete in a majority of cases. In a chemical test the 
 breed should always be stated and the date, with the following heads : Specific 
 Gravity, "Water, Total Solids ; Fat, Casein, Albumen, Sugar, Fixed Salts ; Age and 
 Weight of Cow, Daily Eation, Weight of Daily Yield of Milk ; Time from Calving ; 
 How Long Pregnant ; Weather, and Other Incidents ; also state whether there are 
 two or three daily milkings. 
 
 The elements of milk vary widely not only in breeds, but in the individuals 
 of the same breed, in one cow at various times, and in the four separate quarters of 
 the udder of the same cow. Each breed has its general peculiarities of quality in milk 
 
342 .JER!<EY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 secretion. Jersey milk differs from that of all other breeds, as one variety of peach, 
 apple or pear differs from all others in having a tixed individual character. There 
 is a wide difference in quality between the Ansault, the Bosc, and the Sheldon 
 pears, but they are all e.xcellent ; there is a wider difference between all these and 
 the " Choke " pear. There is as wide a difference between the milk of the Jersey 
 and some of the coarse breeds of cattle, a difference that is much wider than the 
 art of the chemist can show, because there are qualities too delicate to be appre- 
 hended by the chemist's crucible. 
 
 There is not alone a great variation in the combinations of elements, and the 
 proportions of fat, casein, sugar and mineral matter, but the inherent quality of all 
 these parts is more or less varied. For the milk is affected by the character of the 
 animal, its odor and taste being varied much ; also the kind of food used makes 
 differences so great as to produce results affecting the health and life of a child, or even 
 a young animal fed thereon. The study of milk is deserving of more attention in 
 minute details because of its importance in relation to the artiiicial feeding of 
 children. The mineral substances of the milk also vary greatly in proportion and 
 possibly in the quality of their combinations. Here are combinations formed from 
 phosphoric acid, chlorine, the oxides of potassium, calcium, iron, soda, magnesia and 
 sulphur. These mostly exist in the form of phosphates, of which the most important 
 is the phosphate of lime, the latter constituting about half the ash of milk. Milk 
 contains several gases in small amount, including a small amount of carbonic acid, 
 oxygen and nitrogen, which make up about .002 of the bulk of new milk, but escape by 
 exposure. Cow's milk also contains a small amount of pepsin, which aids in its digestion 
 and in cheese-making. A temperature of 145° destroys the pejisin and greatly injures 
 the milk. Coloring matter and various volatile oils give character to the milk. 
 
 Jersey cows produce a milk which differs greatly from almost all other breeds. 
 By the reports of chemical analysis and by the actual tests of milk as food, and in 
 the production of butter and cheese, the Jersey milk is unrivalled in quality and 
 richness by that of any otiier breed of cattle in the world. 
 
 The following comjianitive analyses show the chemical variations between the 
 milk of Jerseys and other breeds : 
 
 Analyxes of Milk made in 188-1: hy Profemor II. W. Smith, Cliemist for Iloughton 
 Farm, Mountalnville, iV. Y., and contributed for this toork by Major Henry E 
 Alvord, Manager : 
 
 MILK OK .IKKSKVS nolUJHToN FA.KM UKKI). 
 
 Mixed milk of lierd of twenty -eight cows, morning and evening, in July, 1884: 
 Water. Total Solids. Fat. Casein. Sugar. 
 
 Morning S.5..3 14.7 5..5 3.9 4.3 
 
 Evening s.'i.t; 1 4.4 4.s ,3.9 4.8 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 343 
 
 Milk from fourteen selected cows : 
 
 Water. Total Solids. Fat. Casein. Sugar. 
 
 Extreme 84.1 15.9 &.Q 3.9 6.2 
 
 Extreme 86.3 13.7 4.3 2.7 4.3 
 
 Average 85.6 14.4 4.93 3.3 5.1 
 
 Jersey Tests. 
 
 MILK OF cow Maid of Five Oaks 7178, eight yeaes old. 
 
 Water. Total Solids. Fat. Casein. Sugar. 
 
 85.7 14.30 5.20 3.S0 5.0 
 
 Date, July, 1884. Last calf, April, 1884. In calf thirty days. Milk yield 
 
 day of sampling, 25 lbs. 12 oz. 
 
 MILK OF JERSEY HEIFER VaLLEY LasS 20,050. BORN NOVEMBER 10, 1882. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Total Solids. 
 
 Fat. 
 
 Casein. 
 
 Sugar. 
 
 83.18 
 
 16.82 
 
 7.12 
 
 4.20 
 
 4.1 
 
 MILK OF RajIETTE 20,051. BORN DECEMBER 18, 1882. 
 Water. Total Solids. Fat. Casein. Sugar. 
 
 87.80 12.20 4.57 3.90 4.3 
 
 These two heifers, daughters of the Jersey bull Ramapo 4679, came into milk 
 while in pasture, July, 1884, neither having had service by a bull. 
 
 MILK OF HOLSTEINS, MEADOWBROOK HERD. 
 JOHN MITCHELL, PKOPKIETOR, ORANGE CO. 
 
 Mixed milk of herd July, 1884, noon milking, milked thrice daily : 
 
 Water. Total Solids. Fat. Casein. Sugar. 
 
 88.0 12.0 4.3 2.6 4.1 
 
 Milk of eight selected cows : 
 
 Water. Total Solids. Fat. Casein. Sugar. 
 
 Extreme 87.20 12.8 4.0 3.8 5.8 
 
 Extreme 88.50 11.5 3.3 1.5 4.7 
 
 Average 87.70 12.3 3.6 2.8 4.3 
 
 HOLSTEIN COW JAMAICA 1336 II. H. B. BORN 1881. 
 Total Solids. Fat. Casein. Sugar. 
 
 12.6 3.5 3.8 4.7. 
 
 July, 1884 ; had calf early in spring ; in calf ; milk yield day of sampling, 
 noon milking, 41 lbs. 
 
344 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Correct. October, 1884. From Records of E.xperiineutal Departiiieiit of 
 Houghton Farm ; Henry E. Alvord, Manager. 
 
 Milk analyses from Jersey cows at the Xew York State Agrictiltural Experiment 
 Station, hy S. Monlten Bahcock, A.M., Ph.D., Chemist {Report for year 1882) : 
 
 " Four Jersey cows arrived at the station November 30tb, after a two days' trip. 
 Three of these were giving milk, and these were milked in the morning, and were 
 not again milked imtil the evening, and the mixed milk was at once carefully 
 sampled for purposes of analysis. "We had, hence, the milk of fatigued and 
 harassed cows. It would scarcely answer to generalize from one case, yet we 
 would call attention to the general belief that harassing of cows diminishes the fat 
 of the milk. The results of the analysis are phenomenal in their character." 
 
 MIXED EVENINO MILK FKOM THREE FATIOUED JERSEY COWS. 
 
 1. Specific Gravity 1.0226 
 
 2. Per cent. Cream after iifteen lioiirs 80.30 
 
 3. Fat 10.50 
 
 4. Casein 3.09 
 
 5. Albumen 70 
 
 6. Sugar 3.23 
 
 7. Ash 59 
 
 8. Loss 62 
 
 Total Solids 18.73 
 
 Water 81.27 
 
 100.00 
 Per cent, nitrogen by combustion 0.60 
 
 TOTAL SOLIDS. 
 
 " In the milk from fatigued cows the solids were largely increased, the increase 
 being wholly due to increased amount of fat, the other solids being lessened. More 
 influence must be attributed to insufficient food and deprivation of water than to 
 any mechanical effect of the journey." (Report of 1883.) 
 
 " Commencing January 2d, 1 883, and extending over a period of forty-seven 
 days, daily examinations of the milk of four Jersey cows were made, for the purpose 
 of ascertaining the influence of different rations on the quantity and quality of the 
 milk. The composition of the milk from the herd of four Jersey cows kept at the 
 station ae determined by analyses made during the feeding experiments is given 
 below." 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 SUMMARY OF JERSEY ANALYSES. 
 
 Elements. 
 
 Highest. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 Cream 
 
 Solids 
 
 1.0336 
 
 ! 17.5 
 
 ' 15.90 
 
 1.0296 
 10. 
 13.26 
 
 4.47 
 
 .3.25 
 
 4.64 
 .56 
 
 1.0315 
 13.80 
 14.47 
 
 Fat 
 
 Casein 
 
 Sugar 
 
 Ash 
 
 6.02 
 
 3.93 
 
 5.56 
 
 74 
 
 5.09 
 
 3.57 
 
 5.15 
 
 .67 
 
 
 
 
 Two analyses of Milk from Holstein cows helongmg to the herd of G. S. Miller 
 Peterhoro, JV. T. : 
 
 Elements. 
 
 Milk from 
 
 Holstein Cow 
 
 "Nannie Smith." 
 
 Milk from 
 
 Holstein Cow 
 
 "Gem." 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 1.0319 
 12.11 
 3.40 
 2.47 
 5.69 
 .55 
 
 1.0305 
 
 Solids 
 
 13.61 
 
 Fat 
 
 4.41 
 
 
 3.10 
 
 
 5.34 
 
 Ash 
 
 .76 
 
 
 
 ABSTRACT FROM REPORT. 
 
 In the experiments with the four Jerseys they were fed, preceding the 
 analysis, four pounds each of wheat bran and four pounds corn meal, with hay 
 ad lihitum, and the four cows averaged in weight, from December 10th to January 1st, 
 seven hundred and nine pounds. 
 
 From January 2d to 7th each cow received twenty pounds hay, eight 
 pounds corn meal, and eight pounds of shorts, and averaged in weight seven 
 hundred and five pounds, and the average solids in the milk was 14.52 percent. 
 
 January 8th to 14th each cow had twenty pounds hay, and, with the exception 
 of three days, sixteen pounds of shorts, the three days fourteen pounds of shorts and 
 fifteen pounds hay ; the cows averaged seven hundred and twenty-two pounds in 
 weight, and gave their highest yield in solids and in butter. Highest solids, 15.90 
 per cent. ; average, 15.05. 
 
340 JERSEY CA TTLE IJV AMERICA. 
 
 January 15tli to 19th each cow had fifteen pounds hay and twelve pounds 
 gluten meal, and averaged seven hundred and thirteen pounds. The yield of milk 
 was greatest, but the solids were 14.05 per cent. 
 
 January 20th to 25th each cow had fifteen pounds of hay and ten pounds corn 
 meal, and weighed six hundred and ninety-seven pounds. The solids averaged 
 14.27 per cent. 
 
 January 26th to 2Sth each cow had five jxninds hay and four pounds corn 
 meal, four pounds shorts and ten pounds ensilage. The average weight of the 
 cows was six hundred and ninety-seven pounds. The solids averaged 14.61 ])er 
 cent. 
 
 January 29tli to 31st the feed was five pounds hay, four pounds corn ineal, and 
 twenty pounds ensilage to each cow. Their weight fell to six hundred and ninety- 
 one pounds, the milk greatly lessened in quality, and the solids averaged 14.83 
 per cent. 
 
 February Ist to 3d each cow was fed four pounds corn meal and thirty pounds 
 ensilage, with a falling to six hundred and eighty pounds in average weight, a 
 lessening of milk, and an average of 14.25 per cent of solids. 
 
 From February 4th to 11th each cow had an average feed of fifty-five pounds 
 of ensilage. They gave the lowest yield of milk during the experiment, 9.41 pounds 
 daily ; the cows averaged six hundred and ninety-three pounds in weight, and the 
 percentage of milk soHds was 14.23. 
 
 From February 12th to ISth each cow had fifteen pounds hay, four pounds 
 corn meal, and four pounds shorts. The average weight was six hundred and 
 eighty-five pounds, and the percentage of solids 14.27, with an increase to 10.59 
 pounds of milk daily. 
 
 ANALYSES MADE AT THE NEW .lERSEY STATION, 1880. 
 
 Elements. 
 
 Jersey. 
 
 Native. 
 
 Ayrshire. 
 
 Water 
 
 6 Cows. 
 
 85.28 
 
 14.72 
 
 3.67 
 
 6.21 
 
 4.93 
 
 .91 
 
 21 lbs. 3 oz 
 
 6 Cows. 
 86.43 
 13.57 
 3.34 
 4.49 
 4.82 
 .92 
 22 lbs. 9 oz. 
 
 5 Cows. 
 8715 
 
 Solids 
 
 12.85 
 
 
 3.20 
 
 Fat 
 
 4 33 
 
 Sugar 
 
 4.60 
 
 Ash 
 
 .72 
 
 
 21 lbs. 4 oz. 
 
 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 ANALYSES AT THE CONNECTICUT STATION.* 
 
 347 
 
 Elements. 
 
 Guernseys. 
 
 Guernsey Cow 
 Ceres. 
 
 Ayrshire. 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 3 Cows 7 mos. from 
 Calf. 
 
 1.0337 
 
 85.49 
 14.84 
 4.12 
 
 4.68 
 4.44 
 
 1.08 
 
 8i mos. from Calf. 
 
 1.0368 
 82.94 
 17.06 
 
 4.60 
 
 6.74 
 
 4.52 
 
 1.20 
 
 3 Cows. 
 
 Water 
 
 87.87 
 12 16 
 
 Solids 
 
 Casein 
 
 3 12 
 
 Fat 
 
 3 59 
 
 
 4 69 
 
 Ash. . 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 MILK OF DUTCH COWS.f 
 
 Dr. Schmoeger (Milch-Zeitung, 1881) gives the results of extended obser- 
 vations on the yield and quality of milk from a herd of forty-five Dutch cattle 
 in Proskau, from October 15th, 1878, to March 31st, 1881. The average yield 
 per head from October, 1878, to October, 1879, was two thousand eight hundred and 
 sixty-four quarts ; from October, 1879, to April, 1880, was one thousand four 
 hundred and eighteen quarts ; and from April, 1880, to April, 1881, was two thousand 
 nine hundred and seventy-three quarts. 
 
 The cows were milked three times daily : at 4 and 11 a.m. and 6 p.m. The 
 observations on the quality of the milk are as follows : 
 
 Morning. Noon. Evening. 
 
 ( Minimum 1.0292 1.0291 1.0299 
 
 Specific Gra^^ty. J Maximum 1.0340 1.0340 1.0345 
 
 ( Average 1.0320 1.0312 1.0319 
 
 Average. Average. Average. 
 
 Solids 11.31 11.85 11.77 
 
 Fat 2.79 3.41 3.26 
 
 AYRSHIRE MILK.:]: 
 
 Analysis of milk from Ayrshire cow. Evening milk, August 6th, 1876 : 
 
 1. Right forward teat, yield 2 lbs. 
 
 2. Left forward teat, yield li " 
 
 3. Eight rear teat, yield \\ " 
 
 4. Left rear teat, yield li " 
 
 * From Connecticut Annual Report, 1883. \ Report of Connecticut Experiment Station, 1882. 
 X Dr. Sturtevant, in U. S. Agricultural Report, 1880. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Elements. 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 1.025 
 
 1.024 
 
 1.026 
 
 1.028 
 
 Fat .... 
 
 5.59 
 
 4.09 
 
 4.48 
 
 .68 
 
 4.43 
 
 2.18 
 
 6.58 
 
 .61 
 
 4.39 
 
 3;44 
 
 5.00 
 .66 
 
 3 84 
 
 Sugar 
 
 4 20 
 
 Casein and Alhuincn 
 
 Asli 
 
 5.59 
 .67 
 
 
 
 Total Solids 
 
 14.84 
 85.16 
 
 13.80 
 86.20 
 
 13.49 
 86.51 
 
 14.30 
 
 Water 
 
 85.70 
 
 Cow eleven years old ; seven months from calf. Feed, pasture, fodder-corn, 
 and six quarts of shorts. 
 
 Milk of Ayrshire heifer two and one half years old ; six months from calving ; 
 stabled and fed on com fodder, hay and oatmeal. 
 
 1. Right forward teat, yield If lbs. 
 
 2. Left forward teat, yield If " 
 
 3. Right hind teat, j-ield 1^ " 
 
 4. Left rear teat, yield If " 
 
 Elements. 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 1.032 
 14 
 
 1.0316 
 11 
 
 1.030 
 13 
 
 1.0315 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Sugar 
 
 Casein and Albumen 
 
 Ash 
 
 4.90 
 
 3.53 
 
 .59 
 
 3.32 
 
 5.00 
 3.42 
 
 .57 
 3.00 
 
 4.72 
 
 3.61 
 
 .61 
 
 2.73 
 
 4.88 
 
 3.48 
 
 64 
 
 Fat 
 
 2.13 
 
 
 
 Total Solids 
 
 12.34 
 
 87.66 
 
 11.99 
 
 88.01 
 
 11.67 
 
 88.33 
 
 11 13 
 
 Water 
 
 88 87 
 
 
 
 S. p. Sharples, Chemist. 
 
 The average for the two Ayrshires is as follows: 
 
 Specific Gravity. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Solids. 
 
 Ciisein. 
 
 Fal. 
 
 Sugar. 
 
 Ash 
 
 1.028 
 
 87.05 
 
 12.94 
 
 4.41 
 
 3.67 
 
 4.17 
 
 .62 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 349 
 
 EFFECT OF WORRY UPON QUALITY OF MILK.* 
 
 A pet COW, breed not stated, was purchased, and turned in with the herd of the 
 new owner, and, although represented to be a good milker, the quality was poor and 
 almost creamless. On May 14th, 1883, a sample of her milk was analyzed at the 
 Connecticut Station, with the following results : 
 
 TESTS OF MILK. 
 
 Specific Gravity 1.031 
 
 Solids 11.28 
 
 Fat 2.16 
 
 At later dates : 
 
 Aug. 1st, 1883. Jan. 15th, 1884. 
 
 Water 87.50 84.92 
 
 Sohds 12.50 15.08 
 
 Casein and Albumen 2.81 3.34 
 
 Fat 3.94 5.54 
 
 MILK ANALYSIS IN PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 
 
 From United States Agricultural Keport for 1878 is derived this analysis of milk 
 from a grade Shorthorn cow suffering with pleuro-pneumonia : 
 
 Specific Gravity at 59° Fahr 1.033 
 
 Water 86.42 
 
 Fat 2.28 
 
 Sohds not fat 11.30 
 
 Casein 4.60 
 
 Albumen 1.23 
 
 Sugar 4.63 
 
 Ash (insoluble) .626 "i 
 
 Ash (soluble) .213 / 
 
 TESTS OF MILK. 
 
 Jersey Cow Honey. Holstein Cow Itzehoe. 
 
 (Both owned by W. 8. Tilton, Mass.) 
 
 Water 83.55 85.80 
 
 Total Solids 16.45 14.20 
 
 Fat 5.24 3.94 
 
 Casein and Sugar 10.44 9.60 
 
 Mineral Salts .77 .66 
 
 Per cent. Cream by vohune 25.75 15.00 
 
 * Annual Report Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 1883. Abstract. 
 
350 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Analysis of six samples of Dutcli (or IIolsteiu-Friesian) milk by Professor 
 Voelcker, of London, England : 
 Water, 88.20. 
 Total Solids, 11.80. 
 Fat, 2.90. 
 
 COMPAKATIVE CHEMICAL TKSTS OF MILK OF DIFFERENT BREEDS. 
 
 Name of Breed. Total Solids. 
 
 Jersey, one cow *21.43 
 
 Jersey, three cows *18.73 
 
 Guernsey, one cow 17.15 
 
 Jersey, one cow 16.23 
 
 Jersey, one heifer (virjiin) 16.82 
 
 Jersey, one cow 16.59 
 
 Jersey, one cow 16.33 
 
 Ayrshire, one cow 14.76 
 
 Devon, one cow 14.75 
 
 Native, si.\ cows 13.57 
 
 Ayrshire, seven cows 12.85 
 
 Short-horn, one cow 12.96 
 
 Dutch (Ilolstein), one cow 12.60 
 
 Dutch, forty-five cows for two and a half years' test 11.77 
 
 Breed. Per cent, of Fat. 
 
 Jersey, one cow 12.53 
 
 Jersey, three cows 10.50 
 
 Jersey, one cow 8.58 
 
 Jersey, one virgin heifer 7.12 
 
 Guernsey, one cow 6.74 
 
 Jersey, one cow 6.59 
 
 Devon, one cow 5.28 
 
 Ayrsliire, one cow 4.96 
 
 Swiss (liighest) 4.50 
 
 Native, six cows 4.49 
 
 Shorthorn, one cow 3.85 
 
 Dutch (Ilolstein), one cow 3.50 
 
 Dutch or Holstein, forty-five cows, two and a half years' test 3.26 
 
 * New York State Expcrimrnt Station. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 351 
 
 Breed. Casein. 
 
 Jersey, one cow 4-9" 
 
 Jersey, one virgin heifer -i-^O 
 
 Guernsey, one cow -i-tiO 
 
 Guernsey, three cows ■t.12 
 
 Jersey, four cows <^-93 
 
 Jersey, three cows 3.61 
 
 Jersey, six cows 3.67 
 
 Ayrshire, one very extra cow 3.26 
 
 Ayrshire, five cows 3.20 
 
 Dutch (Holstein), one very extra cow 2.78 
 
 RELATIVE RICHNESS OF MILK IN BREEDS. 
 
 As far as I am able to determine by the limited number and incomplete 
 character of milk analyses yet made, the various breeds of cows deserve to rank for 
 richness in solids and utility for the dairy, whether as butter, cheese, cream, or 
 milch cows, as follows : 
 
 1. Jersey (always First). 
 
 2. Guernsey. 
 
 3. Angler. 
 
 4. Ked Poll. 
 
 5. Devon. 
 
 6. American Eed (Native). 
 
 7. Swiss. 
 
 8. Ayrshire. 
 
 9. Shorthorn. 
 
 10. Dutch (or Holstein Friesian). 
 
 " An experiment with two Jersey and two Holstein cows required forty-eight 
 pounds of food for Holsteins and twenty-four pounds for Jerseys to produce a 
 pound of butter." 
 
 As corroborative evidence that tlie above tabulation is approximately correct in 
 all its parts and as a whole essentially so, I quote from an article written by Mr. 
 Yalancey E. Fuller, in the Cotmtnj Gentlemmi, November 26th, 1885, in which he 
 says : " I now desire to call attention to a series of public tests at the Dominion 
 Exhibition in London, Ontario, in September last. It was the boast of the Holstein 
 breeders that they had, in point of numbers (about two hundred, including heifers 
 and young bulls) a grand representative display ; and, as compared to Jerseys, they 
 were three to one. 
 
 " Tests were made by Professors Brown and Barre for milk, butter and cheese 
 
353 
 
 JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 combined, according to the plan and connt of points adopted in Eiiirhind and 
 Scotland at the dairy fairs, as follow : 
 
 " ' 1. MTeiff/d of milk. One point (count) is allowed for every pound given in 
 twenty-four hours. 2. Quantitij of butter. In England the standard is three pounds 
 to every one hundred pounds of milk. In Canada the standard is 3.5 pounds to 
 every one hundred pounds of milk. Add or deduct ten points (counts) for every one 
 above or below. 3. Cheese curd per one hundred pounds of milk. Allow one point 
 (count) for every pound. 4. Time since calving. Add one point (count) for every 
 ten days.' 
 
 " All the cows were judged by the same count of points, and under similar 
 circumstances, but in different classes ; eight Holsteins entered in their class, three 
 Ayrshires in theirs ; two grade Shorthorns in theirs, and two Jerseys in their class. 
 
 " The Jersey cow Rose of Eden led them all, making the largest score ever 
 made by any cow of any breed in the world for a similar contest — namely, one 
 hundred and nine points [counts] for butter, milk and cheese combined. 
 
 " An Ayrshire was second (83.85) ; a grade Shorthorn third (81.52) ; the other 
 Jersey fourth (78.10) ; Ayrshire iifth (68.27) ; Ilolstein sixth (64.29) ; Holstein 
 seventh (59.07) ; grade Shorthorn eighth (55.07) ; Holstein ninth, tenth, eleventh, 
 twelfth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth, and Ayrsliire thirteenth (49.42). 
 
 " The Jersey excelled the highest combined score of the Ayrshire twenty- one 
 points [counts] and the highest of the Holsteins by forty-five points [counts]. 
 
 "The lowest Jersey excelled the highest Holstein by over thirteen points 
 [counts]. 
 
 " The averages of each breed were as follow : 
 
 Milk in 34 hours 
 
 Jersey 
 
 Ayrsliire 
 
 Holstein 
 
 Grade Shorthorn 
 
 25.56 
 24.51 
 32.19 
 35.52 
 
 Butter per 
 100 lbs. of Milk, 
 
 4.24 
 2.9S 
 
 Wet Cheese 
 
 Curd per 100 lbs. 
 
 of Milk. 
 
 20.30 
 22.70 
 16.59 
 20.62 
 
 " The highest milk record is that of a grade Shorthorn, 46.80 jwiinds. The 
 best milk record of Holstein is 37.60 pounds, and the lowest 23.60 pounds. Highest 
 and lowest Ayrshire, 29.50 pounds, and 18.12 pounds. 
 
 " Highest and lowest Jersey, twenty-seven pounds, and 24.12 pounds. Quantity 
 of milk required to make one pound of Imtter: Jersey, less than fourteen pounds; 
 
^^^^ 
 
 ROSE OF EDEN 13,437. 
 
 AT G YEARS OLD. 
 
 A Champion Prize Winner. 
 
 oaklands herd. 
 
 Valancey E. Puller, Hajiilton, Ontario, Canada. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST A3IEEICA. 353 
 
 Ayrshire, over twenty -three pounds ; grade Shorthorn, over twenty -nine pounds ; 
 Holstein, over thirty-three pounds. 
 
 " Unfortunately the Holstein breeders did not enter into direct competition 
 with other dairy breeds in a similar test under like rules at the Toronto Exhibition 
 in the following week, and thus here no comparison can be made, but I may say 
 that those competing ranked as follow : Jerseys first, second, third, fifth, sixth and 
 seventh places (there were six Jerseys entered) ; Ayrshire fourth, ninth, and tenth ; 
 Devon eighth." 
 
 This evidence is cumulative. The Jersey is always the l)est, the Ayrshire 
 uneven in quality, the Holstein always the poorest. 
 
 The Holstein approaches nearest to a hydrant, in the quality of her jJroductions, 
 of any living creature. The best thing for the Netherlanders and the American 
 importers of this breed to do is to forthwith inaugurate an improvement by 
 introducing to all their herds the best-bred American Jersey bulls, so that in six 
 generations, when their cattle shall have become fullbred, ||th Jersey and -g^th 
 Holstein, they will be possessed of a breed of cattle from which to make selections 
 that will astonish the world for productiveness and rich quality. 
 
 HUMAN MILK. 
 
 A comparative study of human milk and cuw's milk is of great importance in 
 the artificial feeding of young children. Some accounts state that " the casein of 
 human milk is much less precipitable by acids than is that of the cow, very 
 commonly resisting the action of the mineral acids and that of the acetic, but being 
 always coagulated by rennet, though the curd is long in collecting." Others state that 
 " rennet does not seem to act upon human milk unless an acid be also present." It 
 obtains that one of the chief difficulties in the feeding of children with cow's milk is 
 the character of the casein and its formation of a curd much denser than that of 
 woman's milk. Of the many devices for correcting or overcoming the peculiar 
 effects of the amount and the density of the bovine curd, the best is a proportional 
 dilution with a solution of gelatine and milk sugar, adding a small quantity of 
 rennet or lacto-rennetine. 
 
 The milk of women differs as much in different individuals of the same race as 
 that of cows of the same breed. 
 
 The dilution for -children should be made proportional according to the 
 following analyses, regard being exercised to select milk according to era of calving 
 and age of infant, and always from non-pregnant cows. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN^ AMEBIC A. 
 
 Analyses of Human Milk, 
 bt simon. — fourteen analyses from the same woman. 
 
 Elements. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Extreme. 
 
 Extreme. 
 
 Water 
 
 88.99 
 11.01 
 2.53 
 3.43 
 4.82 
 0.23 
 
 83.57 
 16.43 
 5.40 
 4.52 
 6.24 
 0.27 
 
 93.16 
 
 
 6.84 
 
 Fat 
 
 80 
 
 Casein 
 
 1.96 
 
 Sugar 
 
 3.92 
 
 Fixed Salts 
 
 016 
 
 
 
 The quantity of casein is least at the beginning of lactation, and gradually 
 increases to a standard proportion. 
 
 Milk sugar is in greatest amount at the commencement of lactation, and gradually 
 decreases. The amount of butter fat is the most variable constituent. The 
 proportion of casein is increased by exercise, as in animals. 
 
 HUMAN MILK. 
 
 Elements. 
 
 QOOTID BT TaNNBB. 
 
 WObtz'8 
 Amaltsis. 
 
 LiBDS' AUALYSIS OF 
 
 EioHTT Samples. 
 
 Blonde. 
 
 2. 
 Brunette. 
 
 3. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Extreme. 
 
 Extreme. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Water 
 
 89.20 
 10.80 
 
 5.85 
 3.55 
 1.00 
 0.40 
 
 85.33 
 14.67 
 7.12 
 5.48 
 1.62 
 0.45 
 
 88.90 
 11.10 
 4.36 
 2.69 
 3.92 
 0.13 
 
 87.81 
 12.19 
 5.78 
 3.90 
 2.18 
 0.33 
 
 87.02 
 12.98 
 7.05 
 4.06 
 1.67 
 0.20 
 
 91.51 
 
 8.49 
 5.40 
 2.11 
 0.85 
 0.13 
 
 79.96 
 20.02 
 7.92 
 6.89 
 4.86 
 0.37 
 
 86.73 
 
 Solids 
 
 13.26 
 
 Suirar 
 
 6.94 
 
 Fat 
 
 4.13 
 
 Casein 
 
 Salts . . 
 
 2.00 
 0.20 
 
 
 
 JERSEY COWS AS MILKERS. 
 
 From a record by Dr. Sturtevant, published in United States Agricultural 
 Eeport for 1880, the Jersey herd of Mr. Edward Burnett, Southborough, Mass., 
 shows the following averages, which included all the cows in milk, with the young 
 heifers, some of which calved toward the close of the year in which their first yield 
 appears. 
 
JERSJEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 355 
 
 Deerfoot Herd. 
 Tears. Qts. per Cow. 
 
 1873 2050 
 
 1874 2377 
 
 1875 2215 
 
 1876 2712 
 
 1877 2475 
 
 1878 2404 
 
 1879 2726 
 
 Average for seven years 2423 
 
 '' DEEEFOOT" herd — INDIVIDUAL YIELDS. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Pink 3d. 
 
 Pink 4th. 
 
 Susie. 
 
 Mab. 
 
 1873 
 
 Quarts. 
 2594 
 3118 
 3348 
 3922 
 3827 
 3660 
 3130 
 
 Quarts. 
 2076 
 2566 
 3143 
 3879 
 3895 
 2820 
 2210 
 
 Quarts. 
 1988 
 2298 
 2922 
 3476 
 3576 
 3495 
 4524 
 
 Quarts. 
 1950 
 
 1874 
 
 2463 
 
 1875 
 
 3028 
 
 1876 
 
 3384 
 
 1877 
 
 2991 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 2978 
 3935 
 
 
 
 Average for seven years. . 
 
 3371 
 
 2941 
 
 3182 
 
 2933 
 
 The cow Siisie gave in her seventh year an average of 12.39 quarts for three 
 hundred and sixty-five days. 
 
 Deerfoot Maid gave 3592 quarts in 1879. 
 
 Julia 3510 gave 3593 quarts in 1876. 
 
 Patty 2d of Deerfoot gave 3083 quarts in 1879. 
 
 Princess of Southborough gave 3043 quarts in 1879. 
 
 ECHO FAEM HERD. 
 
 Records of " Echo Fann " Herd, Litchfield, Conn. 
 
 Filbert 3630 at five years old gave in eight months 8466^ pounds of milk, 
 or more than eight times her weight. 
 
 Locust 3631 at six years old gave during August 1274 pounds of milk, and for 
 
356 JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 eleven months after calf gave 9528 pounds, and in the latter part of the twelfth 
 month, on hay ration, while being forced dry, gave 8 pounds daily. 
 
 Nellie 131 at sixteen years old had not been dry in nine years, and gave in lier 
 fifteenth year 7412J pounds of milk, equivalent to 3447 quarts. 
 
 Mel 3d 127 when eleven years old gave 7354^ ])(ninds of milk. (Cherry 18S7, 
 her daughter, gave for Mr. Durand 44 pounds a day. i 
 
 Clemmy 450 when fourteen years of age gave 055 pounds of milk in one month. 
 
 Dash 3060 when eight years old gave 8453 pounds of milk ; at nine years old 
 7848 pounds, and at ten years of age 8937^ pounds, or 4156 quarts. 
 
 Norton's Peggy 2811 when seven years old gave 8550 pounds of milk, and at 
 nine years old 7782 pounds. 
 
 Viviane 6866 at ten years old gave 7271 pounds of milk. 
 
 Arawana Belle 3277 at eight years old gave 8060 pounds of milk in ten months. 
 
 Quakeress 1861 gave at nine years old 8414 pounds, or 3913 quarts. 
 
 Myrtilla 2898 at nine years old gave in less than five months 3556 pounds of 
 milk. 
 
 lUid i)f Glastonbury 4652 at seven years old gave in five months twenty -two 
 days 4081^ pounds of milk. 
 
 MILK OF FAMOUS BUTTER COWS. 
 
 Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828 when making her test of 705 pounds of 
 butter in a year had ordinary pasture and two quarts of bran daily in summer, 
 rowen hay and two quarts of bran in winter. She made a pound of buttei- from 
 five and one half quarts of milk at the flush and from four quarts later in her 
 seasoTi, thus giving from 20 to 21 quarts a day at the flush, and was never dry, 
 yielding 25 pounds of milk ten hours before calving. 
 
 Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770 when five years old produced, between 
 calves, 8470 pounds 12f ounces of milk, which made 867 pounds 14| ounces of salted 
 butter, and in her oflicial test of seven days, when six yeai-s old, produced 36 pounds 
 12J ounces of salted butter from 245 pounds of milk, or a pound of butter from si.\ 
 and two thirds pounds of milk (three and one seventh quarts), an average daily )-ield 
 of 35 pounds, or 16^ quarts of milk. Her daily feed was withered clover pasture, 
 from thirty-five to fifty quarts of grain, a small quantity of roots, cabbages, and a 
 few apples, divided into from five to seven feeds. 
 
 Eprotas 2454, between two calves dropped within one year, yielded in 340 days 
 7525 pounds of Tnilk, which made 778 pounds 1 ounce of butter ready for market. 
 
 Masena 25,732, between calves dropped a year and fifteen days apart, yielded 
 in 376 days 9101 jwunds of milk, which made 9t)2 pounds 3 ounces of l)utter ready 
 for market. 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 357 
 
 Average Milk Yield of Houyhton Farm Herd for One Year — Fifteen Goios, 
 
 including Two Aged Cows and Three Undeveloped Heifers* 
 
 Herd Book 
 Number. Lbs. Oz. 
 
 7.177 ti,077 1-i 
 
 7.178 6,505 4 
 
 7.280 6,081 5 
 
 7.281 5,131 11 
 
 7,283 5,64-7 13 
 
 9,127 6,151 8 
 
 12,560 4,901 1 
 
 12.574 4,611 . . 
 
 12.575 5,062 9 
 
 12,578 6,176 15 
 
 14,432 5,600 02 
 
 14.992 5,048 14 
 
 14.993 6,899 8 
 
 6,560 3 
 
 7,207 8 
 
 Fifteen cows 87,663 3 
 
 Average 5844 pounds 3 ounces = 2,718^ (juarts. 
 
 Hon. Thomas Allen's " Maplehurst Herd," reported by D. G. Roberts in 
 Scientific Farmer, 1878, Panthea, a heifer very remarkable for productiveness, 
 richness and persistent milking, dropped her first caK when twenty-one months and 
 twenty-seven days old, in the year 1875, October 10th, and has given milk as 
 follows : From that date up to January 1st, 1876, gave 1205 pounds. During the 
 year ending December 31st, 1876, she gave a total of 4136 pounds, and during the 
 year 1877 she gave as follows : January, 373 ; February, 337 ; March, 367 ; April, 
 207 ; May, 178 ; June, 176 ; July, 526 ; August, 732 ; September, 609 ; October, 
 876; November, 771; December, 548 — making a total of 11,041 pounds of milk 
 given before she was forty-nine months old. She was tested at butter-making when 
 twenty-three months old (one month from first calf), the first seven days of Novem- 
 ber, 1875. Gave 114 pounds of milk, and made 8i pounds of butter, a poimd of 
 butter from 13.41 pounds of milk. The first seven days of November, 1877, gave 
 161 pounds of milk, and made 12^ pounds of butter, a pound from 12.9 pounds of 
 milk. Taking these averages, she must have made over 850 pounds of butter before 
 the first of January, 1878. Previous to this date she has given milk eight hundred 
 and eleven days ; consequently she has made an average of more than a pound of 
 
 * Reported for this work by Henry E. Alvord. 
 
358 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEJilCA. 
 
 butter a day. Panthea lias steadily given milk siuce she caine in, and has dropiK'd 
 three calves. 
 
 Mr. 11. Saltonstall reported in Scientijic Fai-mei' : Yield of imported Jei-seycow 
 Snowdrop 569 for one year, 9085 pomids of milk, and succeeding year 9(>'23 pounds. 
 
 Buttercup 2d 5G32, with second calf, 1877. ^nelded 9080 pounds of milk ; Mr. 
 F. Davis's cow. Belle of Newton 1747, gave in three hundred and fifty-three days, 
 1874, 10,085 pomids of milk. 
 
 PROSPECT HILL FAKM HKKD.* 
 
 The largest yield ever i-ejjorted from a heifer with first calf, Fawx <>f 
 St. Lambert 27,942, making 10,101^ pounds with ordinary feed. 
 
 La Petite More 2d 12,810 yielded 10,329 pounds of milk in one year on 
 ordinary feed of pasture and hay. 
 
 Matilda 4rH 12,816 yielded from April 1st to December 1st, 18S5, 11,167^ 
 pounds of milk, and is still yielding about 40 pounds daily, with a prospect of 
 reaching over 15,000 in a year. 
 
 T<sf.'< i)f Three Cowx — Feed: Hay, Corn-stalks, a7id not more than 27 Pounds 
 
 Mixed Ground Feed. 
 
 Matilda 4th 12,816. La Petite M6re 2d 12,810. Ida of St. Lambert 24.990. 
 
 Last calf, April 1, 1885. Last calf, October 30, 1885. Last calf, November 16, 1885. 
 
 Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 
 
 38 December 11 56 December 11 63^ 
 
 40 " 12 53 '• 12 67 
 
 39 " 13 53 " 13 67 
 
 39 " 14 50J " 14 63 
 
 40 " 15 52i " 15 65 
 
 38 " 16 54 '• 16 6.3i 
 
 38 " 17 52 " 17 65 
 
 272 1m 454 
 
 LOESER FARM HERD, SOMERVILLE, N. J. 
 
 Jenny Pogis 22,984 yielded at two years old 5877^ pounds of milk and a 
 calf in less than one year, 11|^ pounds of milk making a pound of butter; or at the 
 rate of 505 pounds of butter in the year. 
 
 Daisy Pogis 23,015, at two years old, yielded 6S77 pounds of milk in twelve 
 months. 
 
 PERSISTENCY OK JERSEYS IN MILK. 
 
 The Jersey breed is the most remarkable for persistency in milking, many 
 cows being perpetual milkei-s. The Jerseys, as far as I have observed, illustrate the 
 
 * Miller & Sibk-y, Fruukliu, Veuaiigo Co., Pa. 
 
 December 
 
 11 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 13 
 
 " 
 
 14 
 
 ■ " 
 
 15 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 17 
 
 Total 
 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 
 
 theory of Guenon in respect to tliis quality with ahnost absohite accuracy, cows 
 escutcheons of the first order being perpetual milkers when they are not 
 by bad milking ; those of the second order going dry one month, and those 
 of the third order from two and one half to three months. The cow that never 
 goes dry is oftener a Jersey than of any other breed. 
 
 Major Henry E. Alvord reports in Jersey Bulletin, October, 1884, two 
 illustrations of persistency in Houghton Farm herd. " As good examples of this 
 excellent habit, I give the records of two heifers. The first is Amalgam 15,360, bred 
 by T. J. Hand, bom September, 1881, a granddaughter of Eioter 2d 469. The other 
 is Mrs. Laugtry 14,994, born at Houghton Farm, December, 1881. Mrs. Langtry 
 took first prize in her class (seventeen entries) at the last New York State Fair. 
 Amalgam dropped her first calf August 18th, 1883, and her second August 29th, 1884. 
 
 " The following is the record of her milking between these dates. She was 
 milked every day, but the milk was not weighed in August, 1884, nor for five days 
 after her first calf. 
 
 " Mrs. Langtry dropped her first calf December 19th, 1883, and is due again 
 December 20th, 1884. 
 
 " Her product from October 1st is estimated : 
 
 xlMAMAM 15,360. 
 
 August 124 lbs. 
 
 September 498 " 
 
 October 480 " 
 
 November 452 " 
 
 December 483 " 
 
 January 473 " 
 
 February 447 " 
 
 March 477 " 
 
 AjDril 441 " 
 
 May 451 " 
 
 June 422 " 
 
 July 402 " 
 
 Total 5,155 lbs. 
 
 1 oz. 
 
 Mrs. Lakgtry 14,994. 
 
 December 152 lbs. 1 oz. 
 
 January 608 " 6 " 
 
 Feljruary 544 " 4 " 
 
 March 548 " 13 " 
 
 April 504 " 4 " 
 
 May 546 " .. " 
 
 Jime 544 " 15 " 
 
 July 525 " 10 " 
 
 August 503 " . . " 
 
 September 487 " 11 " 
 
 October 400 " .. " 
 
 November, dry. 
 
 Total 
 
 .5,635 lbs. 2 oz. 
 
 " With small allowances for the milk nut used, the product for the year after 
 the first calf is, for one, over 2400 quarts, and for the other 2500 quarts. This is a 
 good record, and the quality is equal to the quantity. But the point especially to be 
 noted is the very even and persistent product, which I deem of the greatest value. 
 
 " Both heifers were brought to calf first at a suitable time to develop this 
 important habit. Amalgam in particular. She had the fine nutritious pasturage of 
 
360 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERFCA. 
 
 September and October to give her a start, and then, just as she would be tending to 
 diminished yield, when five or six niontlis in calf, fresh spring pasture started her up 
 again and kept her in milk right along to second calf. This calf is strong and 
 hearty, and the dam in Septeml)er gave more inilk than in any month of her first 
 year. . . . Give me the little Jersey, yielding a good mess of rich milk nearly every 
 day I have to feed her, and, pro])erly handled, most jirofitable, while many other 
 cows are dry. 
 
 "When a robust cow keej)s up lier How and shows no signs of entire drying 
 before she 'springs' f(jr a new calf, I lia\e never gained anything by struggling 
 to make her dry off, and never experienced any l)ad result to cow or calf by a 
 continuous yield." 
 
 UNRIVALLED RICHNKSS OF JKKSETS. 
 
 j'y reference to the tallies of butter tests in another part of this work it will 
 be seen that nearly eleven hundred cows have made 14 pounds of butter or u]>ward 
 in seven days. Of these, ninety-eight cows have made 20 pounds or upward, and the 
 highest record is an oflicial test of 46 pounds 12i- ounces in seven days. Of tlie 
 one thousand and eighty tests, as far as has been ascertained, more than two liundivd 
 cows have made a pound of butter from less than 14 poinids or (U cjuarts of milk ; and 
 of this number, one hundred and forty cows have made a })ound of l)utter from less 
 than 13 pounds or OgV quarts of milk; one Inmdred cows have made a pound of 
 butter from less than 12 pounds or of quarts of milk ; si.xty cows have made a pound 
 of butter from less than 11 jiounds or 5^'^ quarts of milk ; thirty cows have made a 
 pound of butter from less than 10 poimds or 4f quarts of milk ; nineteen cows have 
 made a poiiiid of butter from less than 9 pounds or 4^ quarts of milk ; ten cows 
 have made a pound of butter from less than 7 pounds or SJ quarts of milk ; four 
 cows have yielded a pound of butter from less than 6 pounds or 2f quarts of milk : 
 and one cow, Ethleel 2d 32,291, by ofiicial test with first calf, yielded a pound of 
 butter from 5^^;^ pounds or 2f quarts of milk. 
 
 THE AKT OF Mir.KINO. 
 
 Milking is an art wholly to be learned by practice, and cxjHM-t skill is developed 
 only in the one who has natural adaptation. 
 
 The secretion of the udder glands fills the tubes and reservoirs to distention in 
 from eight to twelve hours, when the cow desires natural relief by the sucking of 
 her calf or the artificial gratification furnished by the hand of the milker. The 
 calf's mouth fits the teat, so that the palate forms a ])oint of resistance in one 
 direction, while the mol)ile tongue gives an undulatory pressure along the teat 
 channel, forcing the fluid contents against the lower elastic ring, which opens to give 
 vent to a flowing jet, and closes again while the upper elastic ring opens to allow the 
 enq)ty teat to be filled l)y the j)ressure from the reservoir above. Tlie hand 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 361 
 
 assimilates the action of the calf's mouth, the palm taking the place of the palate, 
 and the pliant fingers being substituted for the tongue. Only by much practice can 
 the delicate manipulation requisite be attained, which shall rapidly drive the 
 alternate jets into the foaming pail with the utmost celerity. When the hand is at 
 first applied to the teats the cow involuntarily tightens the upper elastic ring, which 
 seems to make the udder fuller and harder, and the milker gets only the fluid lying 
 in the channel of the teats. 
 
 But in two or three seconds, if the cow is in good health and on friendly terms 
 with the milker, she gives a free relaxation of the upper sphincter, and the teats are 
 quickly swollen with the milk that is pressed from the distended reservoirs, and the 
 cow yields herself and the whole contents of the udder unreservedly to the milker's 
 hands. Now is the milker's opportunity to obtain all the milk secreted, provided 
 his movements are dexterous and speedy, for the milk must all be drawn during 
 this mood of yielding relaxation of the cow. Any interruption of the steady flow 
 or any slacking of the speed of the jets induces a contraction to shut off the flow, 
 and tends to lessen the amount secreted, so that the moderate or lazy milker never 
 gets the whole mess, because he never allows the cow to yield her full amount, and 
 the habit confirmed makes a great difference in the annual yield of a cow. 
 
 The milker should know that the cow yields her milk readily and continuously 
 as long as she feels a sense of relief at his hands, and that the more expeditious he is 
 in gratifying the cow the greater will be the yield. But if the cow is offended or 
 her quietude and comfort disturbed she may refuse to yield her milk altogether 
 until her mind is diverted by feeding, and even then a stranger or offensive person 
 will fail to ol)tain all the milk. 
 
 It should also be borne in mind tliat tlie udder and teats are of a delicate 
 structure, and consequently may be permanently injured by casual violence or any 
 harsh usage. No other method of drawing the milk except by well-trained hands is 
 to be tolerated, unless it be in a case of disease where the ordinary hand pressure 
 cannot be endured or fails to draw the milk. In such instances a milking-tube may 
 be used until the disease is remedied. The tube must Ije of a good pattern, perfectly 
 smooth, and always well oiled at the time of its introduction, when it may be passed 
 slowly and gently through the sphincters to allow a steady flow from the reservoir. 
 
 In any case the milking-tube is a necessary evil, and must only be used in an 
 emergency, and immediately discarded when the emergency is passed. 
 
 Good milkers are hard to find. The skill and thoroughness with which the 
 milking is done is one of the most important factors in successful dairying and 
 breeding. Milking must be done gently, quickly, thoroughly, and with all cleanliness. 
 The structure of the lacteal organs is so delicate that without the requisite gentleness 
 the teats and udder are liable to serious injury. 
 
 The milk cannot be drawn too quickly or the udder stripped too thoroughly, and 
 
362 JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 unless done verv quickly and very thoroughly loss and injury are sure to follo-n-, for 
 the cow that is milked properly gives her full quantity with due persistency, while 
 the cow that falls to the hands of an indolent and careless milker will fall off in 
 quantity and persistency, often to her permanent injury. Many cows are utterly 
 ruined by ignorant, lazy and vicious milkers. Cleanliness of character and cleanliness 
 of person shine forth in t^je stable and the dairj- as cardinal virtues, while filthiness 
 of person, filthy character, filthy language and slovenly work are intolerable soiirces 
 of moral, pliysical and financial degradation. The milker must have a love for all 
 the cattle under his care, a love that would shield them from all injury and every 
 hurt ; he must treat a Jersey cow as gently as he would a lady, and her calf as 
 tenderly as a child. He must be cleanly in dress, with clean linen, clean jacket, clean 
 overalls and clean shoes, and never a dirty hat. He must not chew or smoke tobacco, 
 or drink whiskey. No pipe or cigar should ever be allowed inside the stable or the 
 dairv. The man who drops a pipe into the milk is quite as dangerous as the one 
 wiio allows (lung and dirt to accumulate in the pail. 
 
 The milker should have soft hands and quick, strong muscles. The cow should 
 be bruslied, the udder and teats carefully wiped with a clean, moist cloth previous to 
 each milking, and a little vaseline applied if the teats are sore or chapped. The 
 " Perfect Miikpail " or its equivalent is essential to avoid all dust and dandruff, and 
 to strain tlie milk as it is drawn. In this pail the lid is used for a seat, while the 
 milk falls upon a strainer in the spout of the pail. A narrow-mouthed can with two 
 or more thicknesses of fine cloth tied across for a strainer may be used, laying a small 
 plate or saucer in the centre to receive the stream and prevent the wear of the cloth, 
 as well as to insure clean straining. 
 
 KICKING cows. 
 
 Kicking cows should be treated with great gentleness, as their tendency to kick 
 is usually the effect of sore teats or a peculiar nervous excitability. Cruelty and 
 punishment only confirm the habit. Any arrangement which compels the cow to 
 stand upon three legs will ensure safety to the milker. Bending up a foreleg and 
 slipping on a link of rope or a rubber elastic, or drawing up one hind leg by a fi.xed 
 pulley, are convenient means for controlling any valuable cow that lias tliis unfortunate 
 habit. The hocks may also be firmly bound together by buckling a pair of leather 
 stockings upon the legs, like the manner of handcuffs. 
 
 MILKING MACHINES. 
 
 In milking, no machine will ever be able to compete M'itli the human hand. All 
 attempts to use mechanical appliances are sure to result in serious injury to the cow 
 and financial loss to the owner. Good milking should be cultivated as a fine art in 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 363 
 
 every dairy, and those cows should be bred which yield the greatest returns for so 
 laborious an occupation. 
 
 Between the rich milk secretion of the best strains of Jerseys and the excessively 
 watery secretion of the Dutch or liolstein breed, there is the widest possible diii'erence. 
 It is much easier to draw water from a hydrant by the force of gravity than to 
 laboriously pull it from the teats of a Dutch cow. 
 
 CLEANLINESS IN MILKING. 
 
 The stable should have a dressing-room where the milkers can wash their hands, 
 black their shoes, and tidy themselves. Every operation in the dairy should be 
 absolutely cleanly, and the milker always tidy enough to enter a parlor or to sit at 
 the dinner-table whenever he presents himself to the task of milking. Whether 
 this branch of work can best be done by men or women is a question unsettled. 
 Women have softer hands, but men have more of the necessary muscular power. 
 Perhaps the singing dairy-maid will yet reappear in the American Jersey dairy as a 
 necessary element of success. 
 
 PERPETUAL MILKEES. 
 
 The Jersey cow's habit of persistent milking should be cultivated. Perpetual 
 milkers cannot be forced dry without injury. 
 
 Some cows yield as high as from ten to twenty pounds of milk daily at calving 
 time without any interruption to the habitual flow. Such cows sometimes have small 
 calves needing special care, that grow, however, to full size and vigor, and inherit 
 the family propensity of perpetual milking. It is worse than useless to attempt to 
 force such animals into the habits of other breeds that go dry from three to six 
 months. Good Jerseys will not adopt the habit. Heifers of persistent families may 
 require milking for one month before the first calf, when the udder is early in its 
 distention, in order to .prevent garget. 
 
 SELF-SDCKING COWS. 
 
 By the customary performance of licking and dressing herself a cow may 
 acqiiire the habit of relieving her own udder of its contents, nmeh to her enjoyment 
 and the dissatisfaction of her owner. Many cruel devices have been invented to 
 cure the habit, but most of them injure the cow without attaining the desired 
 result. 
 
 The sim]3lest way to treat such a cow is to keep her in the stall and milk her three 
 times a day. Whenever she is let out for exercise give the teats a coating of the 
 following mixture : fluid extract of wormwood one fluid ounce, and gum arable 
 mucilage two fluid ounces. Apply with a mucilage brush, covering the teats. This 
 is exceedingly bitter, and the cow ought to be fully satisfied with one attempt, but it 
 may be well to repeat it until the habit is thoroughly disrelished and forgotten. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEKTC. 
 
 For an involuntary liowiiig of milk the e^;sontial remedy is frenueut milking. 
 If the udder is relieved three or four times daily at regular intervals it is indeed a 
 bad case that cannot be thus remedied. An extra good cow that has this fault may 
 be milked five times a day, and that would prove profitable not alone l)y saving the 
 milk, but also largely increasing the yield of cream. 
 
 THE ESCUTOHEOX AX INDEX OF PERSISTENCY. 
 
 Instead of trying to force cows dry, if one desires to have his herd rest for one, 
 two, or three months, upon the supposition that the calves will develop more vigor 
 of constitution, let him rather follow the Guenon schedule and make his pick of 
 cows that will go dry spontaneously when wanted to do so. If one wishes his cows 
 to go dry three months let him select and save all the cows and heifer calves haNdng 
 hind escutcheons of the third order. There will be some exceptions of course to 
 this law, but even among a race of persistent milkers like the Jerseys the Guenon 
 index is a fair guide as to the time a cow will go dry. 
 
 If you wish cows, however, that will do their utmost in the production of milk 
 and butter, it would be well to cultivate the ideal escutcheons as illustrated in another 
 part of this work. Those cows that have a perfect hind escutcheon and a broad 
 belly escutcheon extending to or beyond the navel will not only do the utmost 
 consistent with their race, family and breeding, in quantity and quality, but will be 
 almost certain to never go dry unless forced dry at tlie risk of oi-gauic injury. 
 
 FREQUENCY OF MILKING. 
 
 Large producers ought to have the udder completely emptied and thoroughly 
 stripped thrice daily, at equal intervals of eight hours. The punctuahty of the 
 milking hour is also of great importance, for punctuality cannot be violated without 
 affecting unfavorably the habits of secretion in the cow. For this reason it is a 
 great injury to the udder to allow it to become distended and painful far beyond 
 the usual milking time, " stocked," as we often see at public sales, where an udder 
 is sometimes allowed to become so strained as to l)e deformed and unsightly in 
 carrying more than nature designed it should hold. Three milkings daily increase 
 the secretion of milk and cream so as to add a large percentage of profit above two 
 milkings. 
 
 NIMBER OF cows TO A MII.KEK. 
 
 In large herds it becomes an inqiortant consideration to limit the number of 
 cows to be apportioned to each milker, and to confine each milker to the cows 
 selected for him. Milking being the most important work in the dairy, in that it 
 
JJSRSEY CATTLE IJV A3IEIiICA. 365 
 
 requires a special skill in delivery, great s^jeed, and uufoinjiroinisiiig punctuality in 
 its performance every day in the year, the milker should nut he overtaxed, and, as 
 far as practicable, he should always milk the same coivs and in the same order and 
 by t/ie dock, on time. 
 
 In every dairy there is the continual variation from flush yields to the minimum 
 or dry state. It is possible for an expert to milk twenty cows, but with extra good 
 milkers better results will be obtained by allowing not more than ten cows to each 
 milker. Much depends upon the men and the cows. If a milker is given too many 
 cows he will be apt to acquire habits of slackness, to the loss of tJie owner in many 
 ways, by reducing their productive capacity, or preventing their complete 
 development as dairy cows. The better the cows the greater the numljer of milkers 
 required, in projjortion to the herd number. As a matter of economy Jerseys are 
 the cheapest milkei's, because thej' give a much greater value in cream, butter, 
 cheese, and all the nutritive elements of milk, for a given amount of labor of all 
 kinds, than any other breed of dairy cattle. 
 
 It is very expensive labor when men are hired to di'aw watej-ed milk from cows' 
 udders, and the manipulation of the dilution is also very expensive after it is drawn. 
 The best breed is that which gives condensed milk in large quantities, rather than 
 an immense quantity of watered milk. 
 
 Every dairy should have a tabulated set of rules posted in the milking-room, 
 requiring cleanliness, punctuality, alertness and thoroughness in every milker. The 
 cows ought to be inspected by the owner or his herdsman after each milking, to see 
 that they are thoroughly stripped. 
 
 TREATMENT OF MILK FOR HOME USE OK TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 Milk, to be in good condition for use at the farm, or to bear transportation, 
 needs, at all seasons of the year, a special preparation. As soon as it is drawn it 
 Tuust be quickly reduced to a temperature below 60°. This is readily done by placing 
 it in tin cans, which are set into cold spring water. The water-line must always rise 
 higher than the milk, and the mouth of the can protected by a cover of muslin. If 
 desired, the milk may be gently stirred for a half hour before putting on the muslin 
 cover, as the stirring facilitates the cooling. In no case must the milk be as high as 
 the water in the tank or spring, for it must be e(£ually cooled throughout. Never 
 mix milk of different temperatures. The large cans may be transported in coolers 
 that keep the temperature below 62°, or the milk maybe transferred to glass bottles, 
 which can be sent to market in refrigerator cars or wagons suitably provided with 
 cooUng boxes. Milk may be cooled by running it through a spiral pipe immersed 
 in a tank of spring-water fed from a pipe passing beneath tlie ice-house. Otherwise 
 cover the cans with wet blankets. 
 
 It is essential that the first cooHng be done promptly, to insure keeping quality. 
 
3G6 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Tlie flavor of the milk is also greatly improved. The stirring prevents the cream 
 from rising, and is essential where the milk is to be used by young children. 
 The stirring is important with Jersey milk. 
 
 CREAM. 
 
 Sweet Cream, soft, smooth, palatable and of delicate flavor, is tlie clioicest 
 element in every sumptuous repast and the most delicious luxury of the civilized world. 
 It gives a most agreeable flnish to the best productions of the culinary art, so that 
 many of the most wholesome dishes are incomplete without its crowning excellence. 
 
 Stewed celer}', sweet com, lima beans, cauliflower, sweet peas, asparagus, 
 artichokes, baked potatoes and spinach are all enhanced in richness by the addition 
 of this barmonizer. 
 
 The Garden Royal, the Pippin, the Mother Apple, and all the rich aromatic 
 apples when roasted or baked mate well with sweet cream. 
 
 The melting flesh and rich, racy flavor of the Nectarine Peach, and the superb, 
 meaty Melocoton, are never so well appreciated as when mingled in a bath of cream. 
 
 The strawberry amateur will readily admit that the spicy flavor of Belle 
 Bordelaise or Triumph, and the mild flavor of the Downing are enhanced by the 
 same means, while the Brinkle raspberry or the Carohne, the Turner, or the wild 
 " black cap" temper most deliciously dulcet creams. 
 
 The Jersey cow is the most noted producer of cream, and that, too, of a very 
 fine quality. 
 
 The best cream has the peculiarity of being developed in large globules, and this 
 is one of the characteristics of Jersey cream. 
 
 PHYSICAL QUAUTIES OF CREAM. 
 
 Cream, like milk, varies greatly in character with different breeds of cows, and 
 almost as widely with individual cows of the same breed, and responds, in its 
 elements, to various vital and food changes influencing its secretion. Its chemical 
 composition consists of fat, casein, albumen, sugar, fixed salts, and about fifty per 
 cent, of water. 
 
 Pen-y gives analyses of cream as follows : 
 
 Water. Fat. Casein, etc. Sugar. Ash. 
 
 Jersey Cream 36.40 56.80 3.80 2.80 0.20 
 
 Country Cream 49.00 42.00 4.20 3.80 60 
 
 Sharpie's analysis of centrifugal cream from Shorthorn and Ayrshire grades 
 gives : 
 Specific Gravity. Water. Fat. Casein. Sugar. Ash. 
 
 956.4 49.45 43.14 3.31 3.70 ().4n 
 
 The cream of the Jersey breed has large globules of remarkable unit'oriiiity in size. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 
 
 367 
 
 The cream of all breeds varies greatly in density, as also in different individuals 
 of the same breed, so that the so-called creamometer is exceedingly misleading hi 
 regard to determining the amount or quality of cream and butter to be obtained 
 from diilerent specimens of milk. Some cows produce cream that is very Light and 
 fluffy, while that of others may be very dense, giving as much or more butter from 
 half the bulk of the former. This variation of density is very clearly set forth in the 
 report of the Maine Experiment Station, 1883, showing a test of twenty cows as 
 follows (I have rearranged the table in order to give the column of cubic density in 
 the order of arithmetical progression) : 
 
 TWENTY SAMPLES OF CREAM. 
 
 Number op Cows. 
 
 Pounds of 
 
 Milk per 
 
 Day. 
 
 Cream 
 per cent. 
 
 Pounds of 
 
 Butter per 
 
 Day. 
 
 Pounds of 
 Milk for 
 one pound 
 of Butter. 
 
 Cubic 
 Inches of 
 Cream for 
 one pound 
 of Butter. 
 
 14.93 
 
 18 
 
 1.00 
 
 14.93 
 
 74 
 
 20.06 
 
 21 
 
 1.50 
 
 13.40 
 
 79 
 
 12.00 
 
 18 
 
 .75 
 
 16.00 
 
 84 
 
 32.68 
 
 18 
 
 1.56 
 
 17.65 
 
 89 
 
 20.62 
 
 20 
 
 1.43 
 
 16.35 
 
 92 
 
 13.87 
 
 27 
 
 1.00 
 
 13.14 
 
 99 
 
 20.56 
 
 27 
 
 1.50 
 
 13.70 
 
 104 
 
 14.75 
 
 25 
 
 1.00 
 
 14.75 
 
 104 
 
 22.00 
 
 21 
 
 1.25 
 
 17.60 
 
 104 
 
 15.62 
 
 22 
 
 .87 
 
 17.74 
 
 108 
 
 17.56 
 
 30 
 
 1.37 
 
 12.77 
 
 108 
 
 30.25 
 
 21 
 
 1.62 
 
 19.23 
 
 113 
 
 20.62 
 
 20 
 
 1.00 
 
 20.62 
 
 116 
 
 18.93 
 
 19 
 
 .87 
 
 21.64 
 
 116 
 
 30.75 
 
 32 
 
 2.31 
 
 13.29 
 
 120 
 
 37.43 
 
 25 
 
 2.12 
 
 17.61 
 
 124 
 
 16.31 
 
 28 
 
 1.00 
 
 16.30 
 
 128 
 
 21.75 
 
 16 
 
 .75 
 
 29.00 
 
 130 
 
 16.93 
 
 21 
 
 .75 
 
 22.58 
 
 133 
 
 11.43 
 
 37 
 
 .87 
 
 13.70 
 
 136 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 Number 1 shows eighteen per cent, cream, of which seventy-four cubic inches 
 make a pound of butter, while number 20, giving thirty-seven per cent, cream, or 
 
368 .TERSE V VATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 more than twice as much as number 1. iv(juirc.s one hundred and thirty-six cubic 
 inches to make a pound of butter. 
 
 Again, number 18 shows sixteen ])i'r cent, of cream, which is exceedingly light, 
 requiring one hundred and thirty cul)ic inchesfor a pound of butter and twenty-nine 
 pounds of milk for the same. 
 
 Number 11 is the richest, where thirty pei' cent, of cream reciiiircs one hundred 
 and eight cubic inches for a pound of butter from 12.77 pounds of milk. 
 
 The breeds of cows are not stated in the i-epoi-t. 
 
 These figures are suiKcient to show tluit meclianical tests for cream are 
 entirely misleading. 
 
 Chemical analysis alone can determine the essential riclmoss of milk and give 
 the relative proportions of constituents. 
 
 The chum rightly used is the test for the amount of l)uttcr obtainable 
 from milk or cream. 
 
 At the De Kalb creamei-y, Illinois, each test of milk from separate farms is made 
 by a sample measuring one hundred and thirteen cubic inches. 
 
 The milk is rated for each farm according to the amount of butter in tliesamjile 
 tested. 
 
 Taking one hundred as the standard, the variation intliat creamery ranges from 
 sixty-two to one hundred and seventy-two, thus sluiwing that some samples of cream 
 produce, bulk for bulk, three times as much butter as others. 
 
 METHODS OF SEPARATION. 
 
 The Centrifuge. 
 
 The globules of cream, which are simply suspended in the watery solution 
 containing the other milk elements, and having a specific gravity of 956 to 1(»20 as 
 compared with 1035 of skim-milk, at once the fluid is at rest after removal from the 
 cow, begin to float to the surface, the largest globules moving to the top and the 
 snuillest rising last. The speed with which the globules separate from tlie milk 
 depends upon a number of causes. 
 
 One of the great discoveries of modern times is the a]>]>iication of centrifugal 
 motion to produce a rapid separation of cream from milk. \]\ machines of this 
 character have been invented within the i)ast twenty-flve years. 
 
 Among the machines that have been successfully employed are the Danish, the 
 Swedish, by De Laval, and the Nakskov, of Denmark. In these three the cream and 
 skim-milk are separated by their velocity while in rotation. The Pape machine 
 accomplishes the separation by hydrostatic pressure. It is claimed for the Pape 
 machine that the milk and cream leave the drum in (luiet currents, without anv 
 
|4aA^ 
 
 BONSILENE 9811. 
 
 Black Bess— Pilot Type. 
 
 HIGHLAND HEED, 
 
 James N. Smith, Litchfield, Connecticut. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 369 
 
 foaming or squirting, and tliat it performs a greater amount of work tlmn any other 
 separator. 
 
 The Nakskoy is the clieapest, and it is claimed that one horse will run two 
 macliines, each capable of five hundred pounds an hour. The Danish -Weston is 
 used in many large creameries. The De Laval centrifuge has l:)een introduced into 
 several American dairies. 
 
 The leading points of a good centrifuge are : 
 
 1. It must be of first-class workmanship, running snH>othly, safe from explosion, 
 and resting upon a firm and solid foundation. 
 
 2. It must be accessible for complete cleanliness in all its parts. 
 
 3. Simplicity of construction, so as to be easily understood by farm helj). 
 
 4. The milk must be under control at all stages of separation. 
 
 5. It should be of a size suited to one or two hours of work daily. 
 
 6. The separated cream and skim-milk should be discharged in sound condition, 
 with no foaming nor any rise of temperature. 
 
 7. The machine should be cheap and easily set iip. 
 
 THE POWER. 
 
 The power required is a steam-engine for the larger sizes ; the smaller centrifiige 
 may be run ])y from one to four-horse-power low-pressure engine. 
 
 The De Laval makes seven thousand revolutions a minute, with seven hundred 
 pounds of milk an hour, at an indicated 1.03 horse-power. 
 
 The small machines are safer and more desirable, and in a large dairy it is better 
 to have several small than one or two large machines. 
 
 The milk must be passed through the De Laval centrifuge as soon as it is 
 drawn and while it has the animal heat, because great loss results from cooling. Or 
 if the milk has been cooled it must by artificial heat be restored to its natural 
 temperature of aboiit 102° Fahr. The cream must be cooled as quickly as possible 
 after separation, to fit it for keeping, or carrying, or making good butter. 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF CENTRIFUGE CREAMER. 
 
 1. The cream can be separated as soon as it is drawn from the cow. 
 
 2. It saves the cooling of the milk. 
 
 3. It saves much time. 
 
 4. It obtains from ten to fifteen per cent, more cream. 
 
 5. It insures regular and thorough separation. 
 
 6. It gives the use of both cream and skim-milk, with an advantage of freshness, 
 from twelve to twenty-four hours in advance of natural separation. 
 
 Y. It removes a large percentage of the inevitable impurities in milk as well as 
 foul odors. 
 
370 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEIilVA. 
 
 8. It saves much room. 
 
 9. It gives eleauer butter and cheese, as well as clean cream. 
 
 10. It .saves expense. 
 
 11. It increases profits. 
 
 12. The machine can be set so as to give a light ur a heavy cream. 
 
 18. The cream is of uniform quality, and Huid. 
 
 1-1. The centrifuge can leave any desired proportion of cream in the milk foi- 
 the purjjose of cheese-making. 
 
 I.'). The first, or light cream, is of extra (juality for many purposes, and makes 
 a finer (juality of butter. 
 
 lt>. The warm skim-milk can be fed at i>nce to calves, which is a great 
 advantage. 
 
 17. The quality of cream is of the highest excellence for table use. 
 
 IS. Odors from feed and animal flavors are removed, either wholly or in part, 
 by the rapid aeration of the cream. 
 
 19. Ripening of cream is initiated by rajjid aeration during separation. 
 
 CREAM SEPARATORS AT THE LONDON DAIRY FAIR. 
 Below we give the report of the judges on Cream Separators at the late London 
 Dairy Fair, published in the English Agricultural Gazette. It will prove of great 
 interest to every butter-maker in America, as it answers every question with regard 
 to this new system. Following is the report : 
 
 CIJKAM SEPARATORS. 
 
 " In reporting upon the separators first, they do so feeling that that class 
 possesses more interest to dairy farmers than any other classes of dairy utensils, and 
 being undoubtedly the dairy implement of the future. 
 
 " In considering the points that were neces.sary to be taken into account in testing 
 the machines the judges had to look at what was possible to be done in the time at 
 their disposal, which was necessarily limited to the days of the show ; and they 
 thought — rightly or wrongly — that the council did not require them to enter into a 
 full scientific test, so nmch as the more practical one of saying which machine they 
 considered best adapted for use by farmers for the production of cream of good 
 quality ; and to this end the judges drew up a list of points, which they considered 
 the most important to test the machines ; and, moreover, they took the somewhat 
 unusual course of giving a copy oi the requirements to each exhibitor, eo that they 
 might be able to work their machines to the best advantage in exhibiting these points. 
 
 " The points were as follows : 
 
 "1. Con.struction (endjraciug simplicity of design, facility of cleaning, emptying 
 and oiling). 
 
JERSEY (JATTLE IN AMERIiJA. 371 
 
 " 2. Analysis of skiin-inilk. 
 " 3. Analysis of cream. 
 "4. Quality of cream. 
 
 " 5. Temperature at which the milk was separated. 
 " 6. The time taken in separating a given quantity. 
 " 7. The quantity of milk required to work the separator. 
 " 8. The cost of the separator, including the intermediate motion. 
 " 9. The cost of fixing. 
 " 10. The revolutions. 
 "11. The safety. 
 
 "12. The convenience of delivery of the skim-milk and cream to a higher or 
 lower level. 
 
 " 13. The adaptability for horse-jjower. 
 
 " 14. The intermediate motion, embracing simplicity of construction, readiness of 
 throwing in and out of gear, and any arrangement for neutralizing the effect on the 
 speed by the stojipage of the horse. 
 
 " 15. The power required to work each machine. 
 
 " As regards the last point, the judges were informed the council did not desire 
 the machines to be tested on this point. They further wished to test the weight of 
 skim-milk and cream, but were prevented by the aljsence of the steward. 
 
 MACHINES COMPETING. 
 
 " There M-ere four machines competing, three of them being Danish, exhibited by 
 the Aylesbury Dairy Company — these were exactly similar in design, and, in fact, 
 were three different sizes of the same machine — and De Laval's, exhibited by 
 D. Hald & Co. 
 
 " For convenience it will l)e better to distinguish the three Danish machines as a, 
 B and c ; a being the largest machine, b the medium-sized, and c the smallest. 
 
 " (1) Taking the points deemed most essential by the judges in rotation, we have, 
 first, construction. It is not deemed necessary to give any illustration of the two 
 separators, as they are most probably familiar to all those interested. It certainly 
 seemed that in the detail of points indicated, \'iz., simplicity of design, facility of 
 cleaning, emptying and oiling, the advantages were all on the side of the De Laval. 
 On the judges requiring this machine to be emptied, the drum was simply lifted out 
 of its bearings and turned upside down by one man, the contents being emptied into 
 a bucket, this occupying a very few minutes. In the b Danish the milk had first to 
 be removed by a siphon, and then it seemed to require two or three men to undo the 
 several screws and adjustments, and to lift the drum from its place. A hole was 
 
372 
 
 ji:nsi:Y cattle rx amertca. 
 
 provided in the base of the drum, into whieli a conical plug was driven; this plug 
 had to be knocked out ^vit]l a hammer before the milk left in the drum, after the 
 siphon had extracted all it could do, could be run out. Tiiere seemed to be great 
 difficulty in getting at this plug to knock it out, when the drum was in its place, and 
 it seemed to be at best a clumsy contrivance. These remarks apply to all the four 
 Danish machines, whicli were of similar coiistnictiun. 
 
 " 2, etc. Before considering the next point of analysis it will be ctmvenicut to state 
 the course of proceeding. Four hundred pounds of whole-milk were ordered to be 
 weighed out to each machine, the milk being first mixed in a large tauk provided for 
 the purpose to insure equality of sample. The judges wished tu try tlicm all 
 simultaneously, but, uufortimately, only the quantity was weighed out for two of the 
 machines — the De Laval and the is Danish — on the first day. The a Danish and 
 the c Danish not having their milk weighed out till the next day was unfortunate, 
 as it somewhat altered tlie conditions of tiie contest ; but in the absence of the 
 steward it was impossible to rectify the eri'or. Tlie temperature of the wliole-milk 
 in the large tank showed 56°. The following table will bring concisely together 
 the different jjoints in connection with each nuichine which were considered 
 important. It is not thought necessary to give the different totals of the complete 
 analysis, as only the item ' butter fat ' is important. The effect of the action of 
 the separator on the ' solids not fat,' or cheese-making matters in milk, is a ])oint 
 that has not yet been tested, tliough it is undoubtedly an important one, as certain 
 curious facts in connection with them have been observed : 
 
 Name and Maciiinb. 
 
 2 . 
 H 
 
 i| 
 
 1 
 "S 
 S . 
 
 II 
 
 .11 
 
 ■a 2 
 
 P 
 
 1 
 
 .a 
 
 L 
 
 a 
 
 'I 
 
 1 
 
 is 
 
 
 I 
 ■B 
 .s 
 
 Is 
 1'^ 
 
 1 
 
 If 
 
 c 9 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 ^ 
 
 » 
 
 P 
 
 ^ 
 
 - 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Min. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 De Laval's 
 
 4.32 
 
 .67 
 
 47.36 
 
 62 
 
 40 
 
 12.25 
 
 V 
 
 6,234 
 2,800 
 1,600 
 3,400 
 
 6,000 
 3,000 
 2,000 
 
 
 4 39 
 
 .18 
 
 l.fi fi.*! 
 
 88 
 
 A^, 
 
 30.75 
 
 41 
 
 
 3.60 
 3.60 
 
 .32 26.42 
 
 62 
 
 74 
 
 *32 
 
 68 
 
 128.75 
 5.25 
 
 73 
 26 
 
 c Danish 
 
 1.62 
 
 33.12 
 
 3,600 
 
 By an error of the steward six hundred pounds were weighed out to this niiiehine. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX A3IERICA. 373 
 
 " It Avill be observed that the bTitter-fats in the whole-milk supplied showed au 
 excellent quality of milk, and as the most important point of a separator is to separate 
 the cream from the skim-milk, the analysis of the skim-milk and of the cream must 
 be compared to see what quantity of fat is left in the skim-milk, and what quantity of 
 skim-milk is left in the cream ; and it will be noticed that, though the De Laval left 
 a somewhat lai'ge percentage of fat in the skim-milk, it left little or no skim-milk in 
 the cream, the cream from this machine Ijeing far above the standard of ordinary 
 cream. 
 
 " The B Danish, though showing only an average percentage of fat in the 
 skim-milk, showed a remarkable result in the cream, being considerably below the 
 standard of ordinary cream ; and the explanation of this is that a large percentage of 
 skim-milk passed into the cream, probably about fifty per cent, of the whole-milk 
 supplied to it. In plain language, this machine absolutely failed to carry out the 
 very first element in a separator, viz., to separate the skim-milk from the cream ; and, 
 for the purposes of butter-making, it would have been cheaper to have churned the 
 whole-milk instead of having the expense of separating. 
 
 " The A Danish, showing rather above the standard of fat left in the skim-milk 
 — though not so high as the De Laval in the cream — there is still a large percentage 
 of skim-inilk, leaving the cream of poor quality. 
 
 " The c Danish, being the smallest of the Danish machines, and looking like a toy 
 beside the leviathan a machine, shows a very large percentage of fat in the skim-milk 
 (about two and one half times as much as the De Laval) ; and, though the cream is 
 better in this than in either of the other Danish machines, it must still be declared 
 poor, considering the quality of the whole-milk separated, and, like the a and b 
 machine, shows skim-milk mixed with the cream. From what has been said about 
 the mixture of skim-milk with the cream in the Danish machines, it will be apparent 
 that the quality of the cream, as it ran from these separators, M^as decidedly inferior. 
 This point had the special attention of the judges, as it is an important one where the 
 sale of cream is an object. The machines were tried as to their capability of 
 producing thick or thin cream at pleasure ; and, whilst the De Laval proved itself 
 capable of doing this, the Danish proved themselves incapable of doing it ; in fact, 
 the operator tried to produce thick cream at the request of the judges, but failed. 
 
 TEMPERATURE. 
 
 " 5. The next point was the temperature at which the milk was separated. This is 
 a very important one, as upon the lowness of the temperature at which the milk is 
 separated depends the keeping quality of the skim-milk and of the ci'eam ; and where 
 the sale of the skim-milk and cream is an important item the lowness of temperature 
 in separating is a sine qua noii, as where the milk is separated at a high temperature 
 
374 .lEllSKY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 (as was done in the » and c Danisln tin- skiin-milk and civani will he lialtle to go 
 sour very ijuiekly. 
 
 '• The De Laval and the a Danish separated the milk at the low temperature of 
 62°, but the b and c Danish separated at the liigh temperatures of 88° and 74° 
 respectively. It is claimed that these Danish machines can separate at 40°. If so, 
 then why was it necessary to separate at the high temperature thej' did ? and how 
 was it that at these temperatures they turned out such inferior work, as it is a 
 well-known fact that separators do their work more completely under a high than 
 under a low temperature ? 
 
 TIME. 
 
 " 6. As regards the next point — the time taken in separating — the judges 
 prefeiTed, under the circumstances, to have a given quantity passed through the 
 sejjarators instead of separating by time. The objection urged against this is, that 
 whilst it is the specialite of one macliine to show the best results in a short working, 
 the other only does it in a long working. But surely this reasoning is false. The 
 machine that gets quickest into its working is the best for farmers. 
 
 " 7. The seventh point — the quality of milk required to work each separator — is 
 practically not of so mucli importance, because each separator, whatever its size, works 
 out the last contents by using skim-milk to finish with. But the judges thought it 
 necessary to weigh the last contents for information, and to see huw easily the drum 
 could be emptied if it was found necessary to do so. 
 
 " S. As regards the uiulitli point — tlie cost — having regard to the quality of the 
 work done, the De Laval was the c-hcapest, or rather the most worth the money; 
 and as regards the cost of fixing them, there seemed little to choose between them. 
 All machines travelling at a high rate of speed require a firm foundation, and it is 
 very false economy to pinch the cxjicnsc in this particular. 
 
 " 9. The ninth point — revolution — there seems, so far as experience has gone, no 
 practical evil resulting from the high speed at M-hich the De Laval machine rotates, 
 and we are rather inclined to regard the difference in speed between De Laval and 
 the Danish as more apparent than real, depending upon the size of the drum. But 
 this is a question more for mechanical engineers to solve. But with this high speed 
 comes the question of safety, and all the machines were made strong enough for the 
 work they liad to perform. 
 
 "In the A Danish was exliil)ited a contrivance for raising the skim-niilk to a 
 higher level, and succeeded in lifting it nine feet two inches, and it probably would 
 have been able to have lifted it higher had pipes been prei)ared for that puqiose. It 
 is simply the elongation of the pi])e that conveys the skim-milk from the separator 
 drum. This power of raising the milk would be very useful in factories where large 
 bodies of milk arc in daily passage, but what effect the weight of such a column of 
 milk -would have upon the separating power of the machine there was no time or 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMEBIC A. 375 
 
 opportunity for testing. This raising the millv seemed to be applicable to all the 
 Danisli machines, and was a point in their favor. 
 
 POWER. 
 
 " 10, etc. On the question of the adaptability for working by horse-power, it 
 was not thought necessary to test the machines, as the council did not desire that the 
 power required to work each machine should be noticed ; and there is no doubt that 
 all the machines are suitable for working l^y horse-power, as at the Royal 
 Agricultural Show at Shrewsbury this year both the De Laval and the Danish were 
 worked by horse-power satisfactorily, and the judges therefore confined their attention 
 to examining the intermediate motion, with a view to seeing what arrangement was 
 made for counteracting the effect of the uneven paces of the horse. In the De Laval 
 this was met by the arrangement of two friction pulleys, which worked together 
 or independently, according to circumstances, and seemed to answer the purpose. In 
 the Danish there was a simple clutch action on the shafting, which also answered 
 perfectly the object desired. 
 
 THE DE LAVAL BEST. 
 
 " In summing up the results of these remarks, it will be noticed that, though the 
 De Laval and the Danish machines are on an equality as regards some of the minor 
 points, in regard to the essential points of construction, separation, temperature and 
 quality of cream, and analysis of cream, the De Laval was far ahead of its opponents, 
 and quite deserved the gold medal given by the council. The j^ower of raising the 
 skim-milk after separation to a higher level seemed to entitle the large a Danish to 
 a second prize, but the failure to separate the milk satisfactorily debarred the other 
 Danish machines from any further recognition." 
 
 THE pan system. 
 
 The setting of milk in shallow pans, wooden tubs, or delf crocks is the oldest 
 method of all. In this method the cream varies greatly, according to the weather 
 and other conditions. This is the poorest method for the production of marketable 
 cream, as the cream becomes quite sour if left until wholly separated from the milk. 
 If exposed to currents of air the surface of the cream becomes dry and leathery, 
 requiring a system of ventilation that prevents the possibility of such a result. The 
 temperature, if controlled, should be at about 62° to 64° Fahr. 
 
 the ice-cooling system. 
 By submerging deep cans in ice-water a quicker separation is obtained than by 
 the open pan method. The submerging is generally conducted at a lower 
 temperature than the open pan system admits, being about 40° to 50° Fahr. for 
 
376 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 about twelve hdiirs. Tlie pan and the deep setting produce about the same amount 
 of cream. 
 
 According to Professor Fjord, who made extensive experiments with the three 
 systems in Denmark, the centrifuge produced a more complete separation of cream 
 than the other methods, wliile the deep ice-water setting was for a part of the year a 
 failure. "With his experiments the skim-milk of the ice system contained an average 
 of 0.53 per cent, fat against 0.11 ]K'r cent, for the centrifuge. 
 
 Several analyses of skim-milk from tiie centrifuge in Mr. Burnett's dairy at 
 Soutldaorough, Mass., gave, by analysis of Lawrie and Terry, after milk had been in 
 machine fifteen minutes, 0.90 per cent, of fat. Tiiree analyses by Mr. Shaqjles gave 
 0.07 per cent., 0.05 \)gv cent, and O.lO per cent, of fat. 
 
 By the later improved separators a still more thorougli removal oi the cream 
 is secured, specimens of skim-milk showing, by analysis of Professor Fjord, (1.2 
 per cent, of fat. 
 
 Some of the I'esults have been computed and comparisons made to show that an 
 average gain of fifteen per cent, is the net gain of the centrifuge over other methods 
 of gathering cream, a great saving for the creamery or the butter dairy. 
 
 Average good skimming by the centrifugal separator is to leave from 0.15 to 
 0.25 of one per cent, of fat in the skimmed milk. 
 
 The centrifuge or separator may eventually become of vast importance in our 
 dairy system, by immensely improving the methods for marketing a superior quality 
 of sweet cream, by the increase of facilities for making a finer quality of butter, 
 and by giving an impetus to every department of dairy business and the raising of 
 the l)est dairy cattle. 
 
 OriEESE. 
 
 In our own country a vast quantity of cheese is made for the export trade. 
 For our domestic use cheese is considered a condiment or a relish, rather tiian a 
 staple article of food. Consequently a taste is cultivated for choice quality and 
 rare flavors, which requires a corresponding improvement in methods of cheese- 
 making. There are of necessity various orders of taste and many oddities, \niX 
 the popular taste is for cheese of the very best quality in any class or style of 
 manufacture. 
 
 Good cheese may vary greatly in density and flavor, but for a general 
 description we may say that it should have a substantial body, not too dense, of a 
 plastic and satiny feel, and readily melting upon mastication. The flavor should be 
 clean, clear and cheesy, and its odor rich and aromatic, with sufticient cream in its 
 texture to be perceptible to the touch and taste and give it a decidedly buttery 
 quality. 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 37'? 
 
 Such a cheese is very palatable, digestible and wholesome, but the ordinary 
 article of commerce is the reverse in every particular, and a source of indigestion 
 and many gastric disorders. That a great advance will soon be made among our 
 American dairies in the production of cheese of extra quality I lirmly believe. The 
 Jersey cow of necessity will be a leading factor in the improvement, for 1 think it 
 will soon be demonstrated that she is the best cheese cow in the world. 
 
 Not only miist the methods adopted be radical improvements in relation to the 
 prevailing customs, but they must be in advance of the best foreign processes from 
 which we receive the popular imported cheeses. 
 
 There are doiibtless defects both in the methods of treating the milk previous 
 to and in the various stages during the progress of the manufacture. 
 
 IMPROVED CHEESE-MAKING. 
 
 The Galloway Advertiser (1884) reports a meeting at Dumfries, Scotland, of 
 the Scottish Dairy Association to listen to the method of cheese-making of Mr. J. B. 
 Harris, of Antwerp, N. Y., as practised and taught by him in America and the 
 dairy-schools of Great Britain. 
 
 By answering questions of various members the following facts and statements 
 were elicited : " He had always opposed using any foreign acids. There was acid 
 enough in the milk. If you would only give it time and ripen your milk properly 
 before you commenced to make the cheese, there would be no trouble in making it 
 good. At Baldoon last week — where they had no steam — he kept one cooler full of 
 Saturday night's milk and two of Sunday's, and worked the milk together on 
 Monday. It was very ripe then. He got through the work about two o'clock 
 without any sour whey. He heated the milk very gradually up to 90°, then to 100°; 
 then he added cold milk and brought it down to 84°, and when it was at that 
 temperature he put the rennet in and set it. They got through the operation about 
 three o'clock. Next day he had the same quantity of milk, Sunday night's and 
 Monday morning's ; but the air was so changed, being much colder, that he did not 
 get through till half-past four. So it would not do to make cheese by the clock. 
 You must work as the milk will. When you put in the sour whey the milk will 
 coagulate quicker, and you think it is working faster ; and so it is, but it will 
 spoil your cheese. 
 
 " That was the reason, probably, why their cheese-making had gone backward 
 since the}^ adoj^ted the sour-whey system. 
 
 " By the ripening of milk he meant a ripening as a pear or apple ripens that is 
 unlit to eat when pulled, but will become ripe by lying. 
 
 " It is impossible to make cheese with milk as it comes from the cow. It must 
 be of a certain age. You may call it acidity, but it is just ripening. 
 
 " If cheese is colored I put the coloring in a good while before the rennet. 
 
378 JKllSEY CATTLE IX AMEUK'A. 
 
 Spotti'd clicese ucciirs hecaiise the C()li)riiig is not j)ni])iTly iiiixi-d. Tim imicli acid 
 
 " If I was inannt'actiirini,'' cliocso i\\\ a farm I would ])rL'fiT my own rennet. 
 Then I would know wliat I liad. 1 would not buy any nostrums or patent rennet. 
 But I would, in tlie first place, get the calves' stomachs right. Many people in 
 Scotland kill calves which have never had a mouthful of milk. That is not fit for 
 human food. 
 
 "There is nothing in the stomach excej)t what was in the cow during gestation. 
 It is ju.st poison. The calf ought to l)e three days old — better more. Feed the calf 
 in the morning and kill it at night, or at night and kill in the morning. Kill it 
 just wlien it is ready for feeding. Don't let it wait twenty-four hours, or the calf 
 will lie hungry and its stomach intlamed. You want the stomach liealthy and in 
 good condition. Turn tlie stomach inside out, and shake out all the curd. Some 
 people save the curd, l)ut that is good for nothing. 
 
 "Rub the stomach inside and outside witlisalt. Then hang it up in some place 
 where the temperature is not too high, as i;!it' will spoil any rennet. 
 
 "Ilias'e made cheese in a ten-t^uart pail, and good cheese too. It does not 
 matter what vessel you use if you only make cheese with common sense. I would 
 certainly prefer steam in making cheese, because it lessens the labor ; but a small farm 
 can turn out quite as good cheese as a big one. 
 
 " To know when milk lias reached the ])roper maturity you must ascertain just 
 tlie amount of maturity you need to make good cheese. You canarrive at it by two 
 or three trial makes, and that will last you the whole season. 
 
 "You find out that the milk is of propei- maturity, then take a teacup and 
 teaspoon, fill the cup with nulk, put in a teaspoouful of rennet, and mark how long 
 it takes till the milk is coagulated. 'J'hat will be your guidi' for the future. You 
 will know how long it takes for the milk to ripen. The other morning a teacupful 
 coagulated in ten seconds, yestenlay it took twenty-five seconds. The milk was so 
 much sweeter, consecpiently it had to wait till it matured. The more mature the 
 milk the quicker it will thicken. Milk just come from the cow at 98° will take some 
 time to coagulate. 
 
 " Let it stand for twenty-four houi-s, and then get it up to !)S^ again, and it will 
 coagulate more quickly. 
 
 " There is acid in the milk, but not sour whey acid. I might just as well put in 
 a jug of vinegar as sour whey — it would give a better flavor. 
 
 " You may know the ripeness of the milk by tasting ; but itrecpiires a very acute 
 taste. 
 
 " When the cows are on grass I heat to 98°, then I sto]) lieating ; and as soon 
 as I get the heat assimilated all througli I stop stirring till it gets ready to draw off 
 the whey. I stir about an hour, or just the time I'm heating. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEHICA. 379 
 
 " Turnips give cheese a bad flavor. The best feeding in the world is green cut 
 hay. Put it up green, cure it properly, and covs^s will do better on that and a little 
 bean meal or cotton cake than anything else. 
 
 " In America we give theni Indian corn meal and shipping stuff, what they call 
 shorts, from the mill, with short cut hay. 
 
 " Ensilage is not fit to make hutter or cheese. Your cheese would he all whitish 
 trash. Cheese will come to the proper stiffness by putting in tlie cream the 
 last thing before putting in the rennet ; then stir that around, and it catches all the 
 cream." 
 
 EUROPEAN METHODS. 
 
 Summary of a paper read hy Mr. Harris hefore the Scottish Dairy Association, as 
 reported f 01' " Country Gentleman^'' hy Mr. Stephen Bcale. 
 
 " The Cheddar system has been of great service to the country, but a feeling 
 prevails that it is not at present meeting the requirements of the market. This is 
 chiefly attributable to the way in which the system is practised in most of the dairies 
 in Scotland. A want of knowledge of much of its working has much to do with the 
 inferior quality of the goods produced. Many beliefs and suggestions have been 
 written on the siibject of cheese-making, but I doubt if there can ever be a code of 
 rules laid down that the maker can follow under all conditions of weather and other 
 influences. The cheese-maker must use his own judgment, and vary his processes 
 as often as the atmosphere changes. Good, well-ripened cheese is a help to digestion, 
 while bad cheese is a cause of indigestion. Among the causes of bad cheese are : 
 cows out of health, or having access to bad water ; want of cleanliness ; setting the 
 milk at night too thick or too thin ; heating the milk too high or too low ; too much or 
 too little rennet ; not cutting at the proper time ; scalding too fast ; drawing off the 
 whey too soon or not soon enough ; not getting the whey properly out ; allowing too 
 much or too little acid to develop before salting ; putting to press too soon ; putting on 
 too much pressure, and having too much or too little heat in the curing-room. It is 
 of the utmost importance to have the milk in the right condition before adding the 
 rennet, as when that is right the cheese is half made. These are matters which the 
 cheese-maker has to discover for himself, as the milk works differently on. every change 
 of soil. There are a hundred pitfalls before the cheese-maker, and it requires the 
 greatest care and attention, with experience, common sense and skill, to accomplish the 
 desired end. It is possible to do everything right and at the proper time except 
 one, and because of that exception to have a faulty cheese. 
 
 " The active agents that affect the character of cheese in its making and curing 
 are heat, rennet, salt, moisture, lactic acid, and the alcoholic acid developed by 
 the action of the air. Heat up to 98° appears to hasten and stimulate the action of 
 all the other active agents ; above 98° and up to 1-40° it has a killing effect. 
 
380 JKi:sj:y cattleixamkukw. 
 
 " I use one third more rennet and less salt in spring tlian snmmer. The heating 
 of the curd should be slow at first, gradually increasing as the whey forms on the 
 outside of the curd ; 98° is the usual heat in summer, but as the season advances the 
 milk becomes richer, and I have found it necessary to heat to 102° in Scotland. 
 
 " The great secret of good c1iee«e-mahing is, that means must he used to expel 
 the whey before acid is developed. This is best done by stirring. Lactic acid must 
 l)e allowed to develop in a very small degree only, .s( > as t< > overcome the putrefactive 
 ferment, and prevent the formation of gas in the cheese during the time of 
 curing. 
 
 ••The alcoliolic ncid, or tlio form of acid wliicli develops by tlie exposure of 
 the dry curd to the air at a temperature of 95° to 98°, takes from two to four hours' 
 exposure of the curd to the fnse action of the air. This exposure is done by 
 -grinding the curd and stirring until it has the proper consistency, when it will feel 
 soft and velvet}-. Curd should contain tliirty-tive i)cr cent, of moisture when pressed, 
 and thirty-three per cent, when cured. 
 
 " To determine and retain this proper proportion of moisture requires good 
 judgment in the ojjerator, the only guide being observation antl common sense. 
 
 " Coarse salt is preferable to the fine kind, as the latter dissolves too rapidly, 
 but it must be the best quality of salt that can he gt)t." 
 
 HINTS ON CHEESE-MAKING. 
 
 From ajuqyer read hefore the JS\no York State Agricidtiind Society, January 21.v^ 
 1885, hy Oeorge A. Bonfoy, of Herkimer County. 
 
 " To establish one set of rules for making cheese from all conditions of milk 
 would be like recommending one remedy for all diseases of the human system. The 
 quality of milk is very easily influenced by surrounding circumstances, both natural 
 and unnatural; therefore tlie rule that would be beneficial to one kind of milk would 
 be detrimental to another. 
 
 '• I have adopted a few i-ules that I use in nearly all cases for making full cream 
 cheese. 
 
 " First, ^yarm the milk gradually to 83° in warm weather, and 85° or 8G° in cold, 
 using enough of sweet water-soaked rennet to coagulate in thirty -five or forty minutes, 
 then cutting lengthwise and crosswise, letting it settle until the curd has entirely 
 disappeared, after which stir and cut carefully to the desired fineness, stirring and 
 warming to 98° or 100°, being governed by the keeping qiiality of the milk as to the 
 length of time for heating. If the milk is sweet and the curd cooks slowly, then heat 
 slowly, but if it cooks fiist, then heat fast. 
 
 " The one-year-old cheese that took the prize at the New York State Fair last 
 fall was made from fa\\ cream milk, and in the usual way, with the exception that it 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 381 
 
 was salted three and three quarter pounds of salt to one thousand pounds of milk, 
 instead of two and one half ; the curd was very fine-flavored, well cooked, and about 
 liaK inch acid, and was not cheddared. 
 
 " Where the curds are well cooked, are free and not inclined to settle together, 
 and sweet-flavored, I do not always consider it necessary to cheddar. 
 
 " It is sometimes difiicult to know just when to salt and press the curd. We 
 have to be governed by the condition of the curd, and whether it is intended for 
 home trade or shipping. 
 
 "A great deal depends on having good milk to make good cheese. Too much 
 pains cannot be taken in the care of milk. 
 
 " I find from personal e.xperience and observation that there is a great difference 
 in localities as to the quality of the milk. 
 
 " Where cows feed on wet, swampy lands that produce wild grasses, and have 
 poor water to drink, the milk when made into cheese will be spongy and difiicult to 
 cook, of an offensive fiavor, and when aggravated by tainted milk the curd will float 
 on the surface of the whey. 
 
 " I know of no better way to manage such curds than to heat them in the 
 usual way, and as soon as the acid begins to develop draw the whey, pack the curd, 
 keep it warm, and if it turns spongy and full of pin-holes, then let it lie until 
 a sufiicient amount of acid has develoj^ed, so that when ground and jn-essed the 
 pin-holes will have entirely disappeared. 
 
 " I have let such curds string from the hot iron five inches without any injury 
 to the cheese. 
 
 " Such cheese when cured will be firm, meaty, and fine-flavored. 
 
 " Where cows fed on uplands have tame grasses to eat and running water to 
 drink, the milk will be of better quality, and when heated will cook easier and be 
 better flavored. Such curds do not require as much acid as the lowland milk. 
 
 " I am very much in favor of cheddaring cheese, especially in warm weather, for 
 in our factory system, where we get a mixture of all kinds of milk, I consider it 
 safer to draw the whey and let the acid develop on the dry curd. It takes the cheese 
 a little longer to cure, but when cured the flavor is more durable. 
 
 " One mistake some of our factory-men are making is to make their cheese too 
 quickly. The object is to get the cheese upon the market as soon as possible, so as 
 to save care and shrinkage, and that the patrons may get the proceeds sooner. 
 
 " These are good arguments in favor of quick curing. 
 
 " Such cheese soon gets sharj) and off flavor, and depreciates in value, bringing a 
 loss to the dealers, dissatisfaction to the consumer, and a loss of our reputation abroad for 
 the production of good cheese. Cheese-buyers are discriminating more closely now 
 between good and poor cheese. 
 
 " Good cheese always finds ready sales at good prices." 
 
JKRSEY CATTLE IX AMEIUCA. 
 
 MAKING WHOLE-MILK CHEESE." 
 
 " After making all your apparatus clean and sweet strain tlie milk into y()ur 
 vat ; it will be about the right temperature as it comes from the cow ; add one ounce 
 of annatto fluid coloring to three hundred pounds of milk, and one pint fluid extract 
 of rennet, more or less, according to strength. Stir well, then let stand thirty minutes, 
 only slightly agitating the surface of the milk to pre%'ent the cream from rising ; 
 when a stiff curd is formed cut botli Mays with a curd knife ; in ten minutes the whey 
 will start; then gently and gradniilly liuat to l(iO°, gently stirring and cutting with a 
 curd knife until about as fine as wheat grains; draw off the whey, except enough to 
 cover well the curd ; when the curd has taken enough acid to ' hair' when applied 
 to a hot iron it is ready to draw off the remainder of the whey ; stir lively to prevent 
 the curd from running together, add one pound of fine salt to forty -two pounds of 
 curd, bandage and press forty-two hours, grease and remove to the curing-room, 
 which should be kept at a temperature of about 55°." 
 
 COOLINc; MII.K lOK CMKKSK.f 
 
 " Last week Wednesday and a part of the night was fearfully hot. the storm 
 howled, the lightnings blazed pretty continuously, and the rains poured. 
 
 "We got a little nervous in expectation that such a condition of the atmosphere 
 would caiLse the milk to sour, and that Thursday we might expect trouble in tlie 
 cheese vat. Not so. The patrons, taking note of scorching heat and flashing skies, 
 did, no doubt, double duty in cooling their milk, and, to the surprise of all our 
 cheese-makers, the contents of every vat were an hour longer in souring than is usual 
 for moderate weather. 
 
 " This shows in an uninistiikal)le manner what we have often tried to impress 
 upon patrons, that it is themselves wlio are the prime factors in the making of a high 
 quality of cheese'; and it also shows that if milk can be safely kept on such a night 
 as that, no night will probably come when it cannot be so kept. 
 
 " Another lesson it teaches, that more cooling, even in moderate weather, adds 
 to the quality and quantity of the cheese made. Nothing wastes and devours milk 
 like acid, and every added degree of coldness — in hot weather— the milk gets through 
 care and attention, means added cash to the farmer." 
 
 ULUUUESTER CHEESE. 
 
 The " Encyclopaedia of Agriculture," edited by Jolm Chalmers Morton, gives 
 
 the following description of the manufacture of cheese in Gloucestershire, England : 
 
 "The operation of inilking the cows commences in summer at five o'clock in 
 
 •F. M. Sexton, First Prize Cheese. Iowa State Fair, 1883. 
 t J. A. Smith, in Cedarbury (Wis.) News. 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IW AMERICA. 383 
 
 the morning, again at three in the afternoon, and is completed in about one hour each 
 time, nine cows being allotted to each milker, the dairymaid usually assisting. 
 
 " As soon as the milk is drawn it is carried to the dairy-house, strained into the 
 cheese tub, and the rennet and annatto mixed witli it. The rennet is prepared in 
 several different ways. 
 
 "In Gloucestershire the cleaned strtiiiach of a calf is salted, and pickled, and 
 dried ; and when at least a year old it is well sodden in salt water, half a pint of 
 which becomes enough to coagulate fifty gallons of milk. 
 
 " In autumn and winter, when the weather is cold, a small portion of the milk 
 is warmed in a tin pan or pitcher, in order to bring the whole to the proper 
 temperatui-e (85°) before adding the rennet. The milk is then allowed to remain 
 perfectly still for an hour, and during all this time it is kept carefully covered with 
 a woollen cloth, to exclude currents of cold air. If all has gone well the curd will 
 then be completely formed, and ready for being broken up. 
 
 " The breaking is effected by passing a three-bladed knife or a coarse wire sieve 
 gently downward to the bottom of the tub. After the curd has been cut through 
 and subdivided as equally and minutely as its suspension in the whey will admit of 
 the whole is allowed to remain undistui'bed for ten minutes or so, in order that the 
 broken curd may sink sufficiently to allow the whey to be bailed off the top. As 
 soon as all the elear whey has been removed, the curd, now much more condensed, 
 is broken a second time, but nnicli moi-e slowly than before, to avoid pressing out 
 any of the butter — which would undoubtedly occur were the cutting of the curd to 
 be done roughly or rapidly. "When the curd has been properly broken and reduced 
 to an equal degree of fineness, it is allowed to settle for a short time, after which 
 more of the whey is removed and poured through a sieve, to retain any small 
 particles of curd that may still be suspended in it. When the most of the whey has 
 been removed in this way the curd is divided into lumps, and laid aside one upon 
 the other, in the bottom of the tub, which, being placed a little atilt, allows the whey 
 to escape to the lower side, and be removed. 
 
 " When the whey has ceased to drain oft', the curd is ready for I)eing jjlaced in 
 the vat. 
 
 " A cheese cloth, made of fine canvas, is spread across the mouth of the vat ; the 
 curd is then lifted from the tub by the hands, and laid upon the cloth, and pressed 
 equally down. When all the curd has been placed in the vat the ends of the cheese 
 cloth are tucked up and folded inward, with as few creases as possible on the top, 
 and covered with a circular board, made exactly to fit the inside of the vat. It is 
 then put in the press for half an hour and lightly pressed, after which the partially 
 consoHdated curd is taken out, cut in slices, and passed through the curd-breaker, 
 which reduces it to small crumbs, without squeezing out the fatty matter. 
 
 " The comminuted curd is again returned to the vat, and firmly pressed into it 
 
384 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 by tlie liands wliile filling. A dry cheese cloth is then spread over the mouth of the 
 vat, whicli is then turned upside down, and the curd turned out upon the cloth. 
 The vat is now rinsed with wliev, and dried, and the curd, still in the cloth, placed 
 in it. The ends of tiie cloth are tlieii folded neatly and evenly over the top, as before, 
 and covered with the cheese board, or another cheese vat, if more than one cheese is 
 to be placed in the same ])ress. The vat is allowed this time to remain two hours 
 under the press, when it is again taken out, and the cheese, now in a fine, solid state, 
 is pared at the upper edges if necessary, thereafter inverted, and ])ut in a clean dry 
 cloth, and again pressed. There are usually two or three presses employed, each 
 heavier than the other, and ordinarily it takes about four or five days for a cheese to 
 go through these presses, beginning with the lightest and ending with the heaviest. 
 
 .SAI.Tl.NO. 
 
 " After the cheese has been twenty-four hours in the press it is ready for 
 recei\nng the salt ; but some apply the salt in twelve hours. As a general rule, the 
 salt sliould not be applied until the skin of the cheese is firm and free from openings, 
 as these openings never close completely after salting, however great a pressure may 
 be applied. Tlie salting is effected by the hand, the salt being rubbed o^^?r the 
 whole surface of the cheese us long as it continues to take it in, after which it is again 
 wrapped in a dry cloth, and put under the press. 
 
 " In another twenty-f<jur hours it is again salted as Ijefore ; l)ut this time it is 
 put in the vat, without a cloth, and pressed, in order that a smooth and even surface 
 may be obtained. 
 
 " A third and final rubbing with salt is given at the same interval, and the cheese 
 being pressed as before, it is then ready for being removed to the drying-room. When 
 cheeses are salted in this way it takes one pound of salt to thirty-two pounds of 
 cheese. 
 
 nRYING. 
 
 " A dry-room or loft is, or should be, specially appropriated to the drying of 
 cheeses. The cheeses, as they are removed from the press, are laid either upon shelves, 
 racks, or the floor, and are well wiped with dry cloths, and turned every twelve hours 
 for two or three days. After this they are only wiped and turned every twenty-four 
 hours, and in a montli after leaving the press they are ready for being scraped and 
 painted, the latter operation being performed only when the cheeses are intended for 
 the London market. 
 
 "The paint employed is either Indian red <.rS])anish l)rnwn, or a mixture of both 
 with small beer, which is rubbed on with a woollen cloth. 
 
 MARKS OF GOOD GLOUCESTER CHEKSE. 
 
 " ' The blue coat which rises through the paint on their sides, and, what is a sure 
 sign of their richness and sweetness, the yellow, golden hue of their edges, a smooth. 
 
.i-'S^ 
 
 RIOTER'S COMBINATION 10,363. 
 
 AT 5 YEARS OLD. 
 
 Stoke Porjis— Marjoram— Pride of Windsor Type. 
 HIGHLAND HERD. 
 
 James N. Smith, Litchfield, Connecticut. 
 
CARETA 19,092. 
 
 AT 2 YEARS OLD. 
 
 Stoke Pogis — Marjoram Type. 
 
 highland heed. 
 
 James N. Smith, Litchfield, Connecticut. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 385 
 
 close and waxlike texture, a very mild and rich flavor, not crumbling when cut into 
 thin slices, nor parting, when toasted, with the oily matter they contain, but softening 
 without burning.' If cheese has been soured in the making, either from being too 
 long in hand or from want of attention in scalding the utensils, nothing will cause it 
 to assume the blue coat. ' If the curd is salted when ground down, before being put 
 in the vats, the salt has the effect of giving a skin to each of the particles of the curd 
 it comes in contact with, which prevents them from intimately uniting ; and although 
 the curd may be pressed together and become good cheese, yet it never becomes a 
 close, smooth, solid mass, like that which is salted after it is made, but is of a loose 
 texture, and crumbles when cut ; and although it may be equally fat, yet in toasting 
 the fat melts out of it, and the cheesy part burns.' 
 
 BUTTER-MAKING. 
 
 " The quantity of cream butter in dairies where cheese of the best quality is 
 made is very small. About one fifteenth part of the milk is allowed to remain one 
 meal, or twelve hours, when it is skimmed immediately before the making of the 
 cheese commences, and of which it forms a part, along with that newly brought in 
 from the cows. The cream taken from this small portion of milk is shifted once a 
 day from one vessel to another (to prevent a skin forming on its surface, which is 
 considered to injure the quality of the butter), and churned twice a week. The whey 
 cream is also churned twice a week, but it is allowed thirty-six hours to rise before 
 l)eing skimmed off. The quantity of whey butter averages weekly about one pound 
 per cow during the summer months. 
 
 " Mr. Morton gives sixteen pounds of cream butter and twenty-five pounds of 
 whey butter as the average annual produce per cow on a large dairy farm in the 
 vale of Berkeley. 
 
 . DAIEY UTENSILS. 
 
 " The dairy utensils employed in Gloucestershire vary little from those used in 
 other counties. 
 
 " They consist of the milk-pail., the cheese tub, the sieve, the cheese vat and circular 
 hoard, locally called ' suity boards,' shimming dish and howl. The milk-pail is 
 made of maple, and will hold aboiit six gallons. The cheese tub is of a size suflicient 
 to hold the milk from which a cheese is to be made. The cheese vats are made of 
 elm, turned out of the solid, and are of various sizes. For ' double Gloucester ' (five 
 cheeses to the hundredweight), the vats are fifteen and one half inches in diameter by 
 four and one half inches deep ; and for ' single Gloucester ' (eight cheeses to the 
 hundredweight), fifteen and one half inches diameter by two and one half inches deep. 
 
 " The only difference in the manufacture of the two kinds is that arising from the 
 size of the article ; and the only difference of quality is owing to the longer period 
 during which the thicker cheese must be kept in order to ripen. 
 
386 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 I.KANLINKSS. 
 
 " The greatest attention is paid to cleanliness in the Gloucestershire dairies. The 
 floor is kept as dry as possible, and the temperature as uniform as circumstances will 
 admit of. The proper temperature is considered to be about 60°, but this is seldom 
 attained in winter and spring." 
 
 GRUYKKE." 
 
 " Of all foreign kinds of cheese the Gruyere is iirohably the best knt)wn. The 
 familiarity of the consumer with the produce is not, liowever, accompanied by an 
 exact knowledge of the process of its manufacture; and I liave heard the most 
 amusing descriptions given ])y people who assume the air of being well-informed on 
 such subjects. 
 
 " As an illustration of the prevailing ignorance I may cpiote the following 
 description of Giniyere from one of the favorite text-books still used in the elementary 
 private schools : ' Gruyere — made in a small town in Switzerland, in the Canton of 
 Fribourg. It is a mixture of goats' and ewes' milk, and has a very strong flavor.' 
 
 " Although the Gniyere is of Swiss origin, is in many places known as ' Swiss 
 cheese,' and is manufactured extensively in Switzerland, in France alone the value 
 of Gruyere cheese, made annually, is estimated at more than $3,000,000. 
 
 " Owing to differences in the physical and economical conditions of the districts 
 in which it is manufactured, there are many variations in the size and quality of the 
 cheese, as well as in the arrangements under which it is made, cured and marketed. 
 It would require a lengthy treatise to enter into all these details, and I therefore 
 propose to confine myself to a brief description of the making of the cheese as I 
 saw it done at M. Le Comte's factory, near Montereau, about fifty miles south 
 of Paris. 
 
 "Gniyere cheeses have a sort of cart-wheel shape ; thin cylinders of large 
 diameter. In weight they vary from under half a hundredweight to three times 
 as much. 
 
 " M. Le Comte has four cheese-tubs placed round a central pillar in the middle 
 of his cheese-room. Each tub holds nearly seventy gallons of milk, and is heated 
 by means of steam injected into a coil of pipes An the space in the false bottom. 
 The whey is drawn oif by means of a syphon, and rims through pipes into one of 
 three whey tanks, which have a total capacity of nearly nine thousand gallons. One 
 man has charge of each tub, and if the supply of milk is suflicient he can make five 
 cheeses per day. 
 
 " Each cheese is imnibered, and also branded witli the distinguishiuir mark of 
 
 * Extract from a lecture on Dairy IiiU'resIs Abroad, liy F. B. Tliurlier, at Internalional Dairy Fair, 
 New York, 1879. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN' AMERICA. 387 
 
 the dairyman, who receives a bonus for each really good cheese that he makes, iu 
 addition to his daily wages. 
 
 " The milk, measui'ing as nearly as possible sixty-six gallons, having been -pwt 
 in the tub, the temperature is raised to 95° Fahr., when about twenty-one ounces of 
 rennet are added and carefully mixed with it, and the tub is covered. 
 
 " The curd comes in about forty minutes, and the whey is then raised to a 
 temperature of from 138° to 140°, at which it is kept for another forty minutes to 
 cook the curd. Toward the end of this period a large flat wooden shovel is placed 
 carefully upon the tojD of the curd, the progress of which is now and then tested by 
 the attendant gently moving the shovel over its surface. If the shovel sticks or 
 hangs to the curd, the cooking process is still incomplete ; but when it glides 
 smoothly along, the attendant commences cutting the curd gently into horizontal 
 slices, which he removes toward the rim of the tub. After this has been done 
 sufficiently, in his judgment, he uses one of various forms of curd-breakers. 
 Amongst others, I noticed a wooden pole armed with a number of projecting 
 slanting spikes, which cross one another along aboiit two feet of its length. Great 
 practice appears to be necessary in order to acquire skill in this part of the operation, 
 and the object in view appears to be to break up the curd as evenly but as ruggedly 
 as possible. Toward the end of the breaking the dairyman, by varying the 
 movement of the breaker, collects all the curd into the centre of the vat, and then 
 allows a few moments for the rotatory movements of the whey to subside. 
 
 " He then takes a cloth, puts one corner between his teeth, holds the lateral 
 corners in each hand, holding at the same time a curved iron wire over which the 
 remaining comer of the cloth is folded. He then bends over the cheese-tub, 
 and by deftly passing the wire completely under the heap of curd collects it all 
 in the cloth. The clothful of curd is then taken out and placed in a frame the 
 size and shape of the cheese, the ends are carefully folded over the top of the mass 
 of curd, a board is put on, and the cheese submitted to pressure for twenty-four 
 hours, in the course of which it is turned seven or eight times. After pressure it is 
 rubbed with salt and transferred to a cellar, where it is turned and rubbed every 
 other day for about three months, when it is fit for market." 
 
 " Stilton cheese, manufactured chiefly in Leicestershire, is made from full milk, 
 sometimes enriched by the addition of cream, and the curd hardens into cheese 
 without pressure. The cream of the night's milk is added to the new milk of the 
 morning, and the rennet is mixed with it when the whole is at a temperature of 
 
 * Extract from a lecture on Dairy Interests Abroad, b}' F. B. Thurber, at International Dairy 
 Fair, New York, 1879. 
 
388 .//■:nsj:Y cattle ix America. 
 
 84° Fahr., enough being used to make it coagulate in an hour and a lialf. If it 
 comes sooner it will be too tough. 
 
 " The curd is not drained of its whey in tlie ordinary manner, but is removed 
 ill slices with a skimming-dish, and placed upon a canvas strainer, the ends of which, 
 when it is full, are tied up and the whey gently pressed out. 
 
 " It is then allowed to drain until the ne.xt morning, when it is removed and 
 placed in a cool dish, whence, cut in thin slices, it is put in a hoop made of tin, 
 about ten inches high and eight inches across, and pierced with holes. A clean 
 cloth is placed within the hoop, and as the slices are laid in a small quantity of salt 
 is sprinkled between the alternate layers. It remains in the hoop covered up but 
 without pressure. Next day the cheese is taken out of the hoop and clean cloths are 
 applied, after which it is inverted and replaced, and pricked with skewers through 
 the holes of the tin hoop, to facilitate the extraction of the whey. In four or five 
 days the curd becomes firm. During tliis consolidating process the cheeses are kept 
 in a i)lace wliere the temperature can be maintained at about 100° Fahr. When the 
 cheese has become firm enough it is firmly bound up in a strong fillet of canvas, 
 wrapping it around several times. The binders and cloths are removed every 
 morning ; cracks are tilled up with curd, and ultimately the coat becomes hardened, 
 and the cheese is removed to the curing-room. 
 
 " Here they remain for several iiKjnths, during which time they are turned 
 fre(|ueiitly, and acquire a rough, firm rind, diffei-ent from any other variety. 
 
 " A Stilton cheese when ripe and in condition for use is rich, soft, creamy, and 
 generally becomes slightly mouldy, the moulding evenly being facilitated by pricking 
 it in several places with a sharp-pointed bodkin, a little larger than a knitting- 
 needle, about twice a week ; this is to admit the air a little, and in these places it 
 soon begins to mould. The curing-room or cellar should have an equable and 
 uniform temperature, and the cheese should be kept carefully brushed to keep out 
 the mites which are apt to infest the rough coat or rind. Stilton cheese sells readily 
 at high prices in England, wholesale quotations ranging from twenty to twenty-five 
 cents a pound, and it would probably pay some of our enterprising American 
 dairymen to experiment in making Stiltons until they succeed in turning out an 
 article as closely resembling the original as they liave in the Cheshire and Cheddar 
 styles." 
 
 Soft Ckeam Cueesk. 
 
 camkmbeut.* 
 "Of all the .soft kinds of cheese made in France, the Camembert, when 
 properly manufactured, is no doubt the king. Its rivals are the Bi"ie and the 
 Coulommiers, but the more unwieldy shape and shorter season of the former, and 
 
 * E.xtract from a lecture on Dairy Interests Abroad, by F. B. Thurber, at IiiternatioBal Dairy 
 Fair, New York, 1879. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 389 
 
 the restricted manufacture of the hitter, deprive their competition of any serious 
 importance. 
 
 " On the other hand, the popuharity of the Camembert has so increased the 
 demand that many of tlie smaller and especially of the newer makers take too much 
 toll in the shape of cream before they commence the process of cheese-making, and 
 thus tend to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs. When j^roperly made the 
 Camembert quite deserves the eulogium passed upon it by the Reporter of the Jury 
 at the Paris Dairy Show, in 1874: 'It surpasses in delicacy everything tliat the 
 ingenuity of the cheese manufacturer has been able to invent to flatter the most 
 fastidious palate.' 
 
 " This result cannot, ho-n^ever, be obtained without great care, some experience, 
 and a most watchful attention to the details of the process of curing. 
 
 " Many of the successful makers of this kind of cheese believe that they possess 
 a valuable secret in their method of procedure, and not imnaturally are averse from 
 giving technical information to a possible competitor, or ever to an outsider. I 
 visited several Camembert dairies, which are generally situated in the Pays d'Auge, 
 although there are some also in Le Bessin ; but I have found it necessary to discard 
 my notes on all but three dairies — namely, one in La Bessin, near Isigny (that of 
 the Marquis de Cussey de Jucoville), and two in the Pays d'Auge, that of M. Paynel, 
 at Mesnil Mauger, near Lisieux (whose grandmother first made this kind of cheese 
 in 1791, at Camembert, in Orne), and one near Livarot, where I was taken by that 
 disinterested and enthusiastic pioneer of agricultural progi-ess, the Viscount de 
 Neuville, President of the Soeiete d'Encouragement de Lisieux. 
 
 " Even in these dairies there are differences in the details of the various 
 processes of making and curing, and it must frankly be admitted that Camembert 
 cheese-making is still a ' i-ule-of-thunib ' procedure, and has not yet been reduced to 
 scientific principles. 
 
 " The cows are generally milked three times a day — at 4.30 a.m., 11.30 a.ji. and 
 6 P.M. In most dairies the evening's milk is lightly skimmed in the morning, 
 after having stood twelve hours, and butter is made with ci'eam. The skimmed milk 
 is divided into two portions, one of which is added to the morning's and the other 
 to the midday's milking. The mixture of two thirds whole and one third skim-milk 
 is immediately put into earthenware vessels, holding from about twelve to fifteen 
 gallons each, and sufficient rennet is added to make the curd fit to be transferred to 
 the cheese-moulds in about three or four hours, or perhaps after a longer interval 
 in winter. 
 
 " It should be mentioned that, before adding the rennet, the milk is brought to 
 about the temperature it is supposed to have had after being drawn from the cow, or 
 about 86° Fahr. After adding the rennet its mixture with the milk is insured 
 by a gentle stirring, and the pots are then covered with a square board. 
 
390 JERSEY CATTLE TX AME/ilCA. 
 
 " The curd is known to be ready for removal when it does not adhere to tlie 
 back of the finger phiced gently upon it, and when the li(^uid which runs off from 
 the finger is as nearly as possible colorless. 
 
 "When ready the curd is carefully transferred, without breaking it ninre than 
 is possible, to perforated moulds, of the same diameter as a Camenibert cheese (say 
 four inches), and about three times the height; or others use a mould about three 
 inches high, and ]>refer to add new curd from time to time, as the first shrinks from 
 drainage of the whey. The moulds are placed on reed mats, resting on slightly inclined 
 slabs made of slate, cement, or other hard material, and having a gutter near the outer 
 edge. The curd remains in the moulds from about twenty-four to forty-eight hours, 
 according to the season, being turned upside down after an interval of from twelve 
 to twenty-four hours — that is to say, when sufficiently drained at the bottom. After 
 the turning the face of the cheese that is then inside the moulds is sprinkled with 
 salt, and about twelve hours afterward the opposite face and the rim of the cheese 
 are also salted. The cheeses are then placed on movable shelves round the walls of 
 the dairy for a day or two, according to the season and to tlic caiiacity of the room, 
 in relation to the number of the cheeses made daily ; and thus cuds the first stage in 
 the manufacture of this renowned dairy product. It must be understood, however, 
 that the above description is merely general, and that each maker knows by 
 experience how much rennet of an ascertained strength he should add to the milk ; 
 how long the curd takes, under different circumstances of weather, to become fit for 
 putting into the moidds ; how large the perforations in the moulds should be ; how 
 long the cheeses should be left to drain in the moulds ; how often they should be 
 turned ; how much salt should be used, and so on through the whole processes 
 which constitute the manufacture and the curing of the cheese. 
 
 " The curing of Camend)ert cheese consists of two distinct stages. In the first 
 stage the cheeses are placed in a thoroughly well-ventilated room (^'drying-room'), 
 on shelves made of narrow strips of wood, having narrow intervals between them, or 
 of ordinary planks, covered with reed mats or clean rye straw. The great point is to 
 secure as dry an atmosphere and as equable a temperature as possible, and the greatest 
 ingenuity is exercised in efforts to attain these objects. Generally the windows are 
 numerous and small, placed at different heights, and furnished withtiiree fittings: viz.. 
 glass to exclude air, but not light when the glass is shut ; with a wnudcu shutter, to 
 exclude both light and air; and with a wire-gauze fitting, wliich will admit botii 
 light and air, liut will exclude tiles and all kinds of winged insects, which are the 
 great banc of the soft cheese ciirer. 
 
 ■■ The cheeses, as a rule, are turned every day at the commencement of their 
 curing, and every other day aftei'ward while they are in the drying-room, except 
 in damp weather, when daijy turning is necessary. During the sojourn in the drying- 
 room the cheeses show the following succession of appearances: after an interval of 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 391 
 
 three or four days they become speckled ; in another week they are covered with a 
 thick crop of white mould ; by degrees the color of this mould deepens to a dark yellow, 
 while the outside of the cheese becomes less and less sticky. At the end of about a 
 month, when the cheese no longer sticks to the fingers, it is taken to the finishing- 
 room, where light is nearly excluded, and where the atmosphere is kept very still and 
 slightly damp. Here they remain for three or four weeks, being turned every day 
 or every two daj's, according to the season, and carefully examined periodically. 
 "When ready for market — that is to say, in winter when they are rijje, and in summer 
 when they are about half ripe — they are made up into pockets of six, by means of 
 straw and paper, with a skill and tidiness worthy of the reputation of the cheese. 
 
 " The prices of Camembert cheese vary very much according to quality and 
 season. A really good cheese should have a mottled external appearance, the colors 
 being a reddish brown and a dirty yellow, the fonner predominating. If the color 
 is too bright it betokens a skim cheese, as also does an elasticity or toughness when 
 the cheese is pressed on the face with the finger. The quantity of milk required to 
 make a Camembert cheese varies a little, according to its richness in cream when 
 used for cheese-making. Thus the Marquis de Cussey de Jucoville, who has a dairy 
 of thirty cows near Isigny, makes eight cheeses from twenty-four and one half pints 
 of milk, or about three pints of milk to a cheese, but he takes off no cream. He 
 sells them at from $1.50 to $1.60 the dozen ; and, assuming that his cows (which are 
 remarkably good ones and graze on some of the best pastures of Normandy, having 
 a rent value there of nearly $25 per acre) give an average of five hundred and fifty 
 gallons, their gross return in cheese alone would be $180 per head per annum, if it 
 were all made into Camembert." 
 
 JERSEY CHEESE. 
 
 In the progress of time the thoroughbred Jersey and Jersey grades will push 
 all other breeds of dairy cows out of sight in this country. The chemical and the 
 practical analysis of Jersey milk, as well as the practical use of the milk for human 
 food by children or adults ; the production of sweet cream, superior butter and rich 
 cheese — all demonstrate beyond any question that the Jersey is the best breed in 
 existence. It is better to have a breed, I repeat, like the Jersey, which produces a 
 large quantity of milk rich in solids, condensed milk, than the Dutch (Holstein) that 
 yields a larger secretion of highly watered milk. 
 
 The Jersey, not yet having supplied the demand of the breeders for seed stock 
 for butter dairies, has been but seldom tested for cheese. But the time is coming 
 when a choice, luxurious cheese made from Jersey milk will bring the highest price 
 in the market, rivalling the French Camembert and other fancy cheeses in quality. 
 
 Yery little cheese has been made upon the Island of Jersey because of the 
 
392 JJC/iSEV CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 demand for butter. Mr. Quayle says : " It was anciently thought that cream from the 
 Jersey cow was too rich for making cheese. Mr. Le Feuvre, of La Ilogue, tried the 
 experiment and succeeded to admiration. It wa.s made from the pure milk, cream 
 and all, as it comes from the cow. It was found that the quantity of milk that would 
 have produced a i)oiiiul of hiittiT afforded one and one half pounds of cheese. From 
 the quantity of milk whiili produced a cheese of about twenty pounds weight, the 
 drainings of the cniids and « ln'V, on being churned, yielded four pounds of butter. 
 This butter was of an intVrior quality when eaten with bread, but was superior to 
 any other for the making of pastry ; it was peculiarly hard, and of excellent texture 
 for such use in hot weather. The writer has tasted cheeses from Mr. Le Feuvre'e 
 farm quite equal in quality to the richest ' Double Glo'ster.' " 
 
 A correspondent of the Country GenUeman for March 27th, 1884, in writing of 
 the " Beauty and Quality in Jerseys," says : " When the temporary economies of the 
 dairy demand tlie cessation of butter-making the Jersey's milk furnishes cheese the 
 rival of the finest Stilton or Roquefort. 
 
 " Dr. Grant's ' whole Jersey milk' makes a cheese in July and August, while 
 many of his special butter customers are at the seaside, which is snapi)ed u]> in the 
 market at thirty-five and forty cents a pound so rapidly as to render it impossible to 
 buy it ri])e enough for fair appreciation." 
 
 The richness of Jersey milk renders it peculiarly applicable to the making of 
 cheeses of such types as the Stilton and the Camembert, while by removing from one 
 third to one half of the cream by the centrifuge the remainder of the inilk will l)e 
 rich enough to make the first quality of Cheddar or Double Glos'ter. 
 
 Again, let it be enforced vl\wii the memory to use none but pure, uiell-prepared 
 rennet. Good rennet rightly used produces good, stable, rich curd ; it prepares the 
 way for a good "cure," and finally for good quality, fine flavor, ready sales and fair 
 profits. It is easy to him who understandeth to make good cheese with good 
 rennet, having, of course, good milk. Bad rennet and artificial rennet make bad 
 cheese. Bad cheese cannot be mended. 
 
 QrAi.rrv ok jkrsey chkese." 
 
 "The Itusiness of the Jersey cow is einpbatically that of butter-making. Her 
 milk, however, is rich in cheesy mutter, and, contrary to the general belief, if I may 
 judge from samples of cheese from Jersey milk which have been sent me from 
 Maine, is capable of nuiking as fine cheese as it does butter. It requires less 
 milk to make a pound of cheese than it does of the milk of natives — about eight of 
 milk to one of cheese. It is a new feature worthy of note in the uses of this breed 
 
 * L. B. Arnold, " ,\merifiiii Ouiryiiig.' 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 393 
 
 of cattle that their milk can, without the waste of buttery matter, be converted into 
 a strictly fancy cheese, and as rich in fat as Stilton. Analyses of cheese from pure 
 Jersey milk recently made at Cornell Uliiversity have sho^vn over forty per cent, 
 fat." 
 
 JEESEYS AS CHEESE-MAKERS.^ 
 
 " That the Jersey cow is ' queen of the churn ' is generally admitted, but little 
 has been said in the public press as to her qualities as a cheese-maker in comparison 
 with other breeds that assume to have a special ' corner ' on the cheese industry. 
 
 " That the facts warrant the very strongest claims being made on behalf of the 
 Jersey in this respect has been most completely demonstrated by a series of very 
 exhaustive and comprehensive dairy tests conducted at the Ontario Experimental 
 Farm, by Professor "William Brown and Professor Barre, the latter in charge of the 
 practical butter-making department of the Ontario Experimental Farm. Tlie tests 
 began in the month of December, 1884, and were continued into July, 1885. The 
 tests were made weekly. The number of breeds embraced therein was twelve. 
 Below is set out the result : 
 
 THE ONTARIO EXPERIMENTAL FARM DAIRY TESTS. SEASONS 1884—1885. 
 
 Holstein 
 
 Ayrshire 
 
 Ontario Grade . . . 
 Shorthorn Grade 
 
 Guernsey 
 
 Quebec Grade . . . 
 
 Jersey 
 
 Shorthorn 
 
 Devon 
 
 Galloway 
 
 Aberdeen Poll. . . 
 Hereford 
 
 Averasres 
 
 Milk per 
 Season. 
 Estimate. 
 
 7,000 
 6,000 
 5,000 
 4,500 
 4,000 
 3,600 
 3,500 
 3,000 
 2,800 
 2,500 
 2,300 
 2,000 
 
 3,800 
 
 11.9 
 16.9 
 9.5 
 16.8 
 16.1 
 14.0 
 19.9 
 17.2 
 11.6 
 11.8 
 12.8 
 
 14.3 
 
 Butter per 100 lbs. 
 
 2.4 
 4.5 
 4.4 
 3.7 
 2.5 
 3.4 
 5.1 
 4.3 
 3.7 
 
 3.6 
 
 34.5 
 43.5 
 41.6 
 46.3 
 44.5 
 52.9 
 55.0 
 48.5 
 51.2 
 34.0 
 28.0 
 
 43.4 
 
 Cheese 
 Curd per 
 
 100 lbs. 
 of Milk. 
 
 10.9 
 12.9 
 12.2 
 14.9 
 12.7 
 13.9 
 15.6 
 14.0 
 11.9 
 11.7 
 10.1 
 
 * Valancey E. Fuller, in Jersey Bulletin. 
 
Jf:RSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MILK. 
 
 Sources. 
 
 Fat. 
 
 S,)li(ls othlT 
 
 than Fat. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Total 
 Solids. 
 
 Jersey 
 
 6.62 
 5.72 
 4.99 
 4.65 
 4.68 
 4.13 
 4.08 
 4.03 
 3.73 
 3.60 
 2.87 
 
 8.03 
 
 7.81 
 9.00 
 8.60 
 9.90 
 
 8.02 
 8.77 
 8.55 
 8.15 
 8.20 
 8.70 
 
 85.35 
 
 86.47 
 86.01 
 86.75 
 85.72 
 87.35 
 87.15 
 87.42 
 88.12 
 88.20 
 88.43 
 
 14.65 
 
 Ayrshire 
 
 13.53 
 
 Shorthorn 
 
 Ontario Grade 
 
 Galloway 
 
 Devon 
 
 Quebec Grade 
 
 13.99 
 13.25 
 14.28 
 12.15 
 12.85 
 
 Shortliorn Grade 
 
 Holstein 
 
 Guernsey 
 
 Aberdeen Poll 
 
 12.58 
 11.88 
 11.80 
 11.57 
 
 
 
 Averaces 
 
 4.44 
 
 8.54 
 
 87.02 
 
 12.98 
 
 
 
 " It will be noticed the quantity of inilk is estimated, and I :ini satisfied, according 
 to my experience and that of other Jersey breeders to whom I have spoken on the 
 subject, that Professor Brown credits the Jerseys with at least one thousand pounds 
 too little milk. At Oaklands we sold and bought a good many cows last year (1884). 
 Most of those sold were amongst our heaviest milkers. Those that remained 
 a whole year on Oaklands, including heifers, by actual daily weight of night and 
 morning, averaged 6382 pounds per head. That this is more than an ordinary 
 average for a Jersey herd I admit, but in placing it at 4500 pounds per head I feel 
 that, if anything, I am giving them credit for too little, as the Jersey cow is known 
 to be most jjersistent in her milking. 
 
 " In the ' dairy tests ' it will be noticed that the respective positions occupied by 
 the three breeds — Jer.seys, Ayrshires and Holsteins — are as follows : Jerseys first, 
 19.9 ; Ayrshires third, 10.9, and Holsteins eightli (out of 12), 11.9, or a difference of 
 eight per cent, in favor of the Jersey. In butter per one hundred jiounds of milk : 
 Jersey first, making 5.1 pounds of butter out of one hundred pounds of milk; 
 Ayrshire second, 4.5 pounds to one hundred pounds of milk ; and Holstein tenth, 2.4 
 pounds of butter to one hundred pounds of milk, it taking over forty-four pounds 
 of Holstein milk to one pound of butter. When we come to consider the cheese curd 
 per one hundred pounds of milk, it is natural to expect that the Holsteins and 
 Ayrshires, for whom special claims iii-e made in tliis respect, would 'beat the 
 Jersey clean off her feet,' but we tind that when we come down to actual 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IK AMERICA. 395 
 
 competitive tests the Jersey leads all other breeds, and distances the Holstein, the 
 Jersey standing first, 15.6, the Ayrshire fifth, 12.9, and the Holstein tenth (out of 
 12), at 10.9. 
 
 " By chemical analysis of milk the Jersey leads in fat, followed close up by the 
 Ayrshire, with the Holstein tenth, 3.73. In ' solids other than fat ' the Holstein 
 leads the other two breeds, the Jersey and Ayrshire, the Galloway standing first, but 
 the two last-named being at the bottom of the lists. In ' total solids' the Jersey 
 leads, 14.65, the Ayrshire fourth, 13.53, and the Holstein ninth, 11.88. Judging on 
 the basis of these tests, the Jersey must be admitted as being the best butter and 
 cheese cow per one hundred pounds of milk of all the various breeds, and if for the 
 production of that milk she requires less food, she is the most economic and the best 
 cow for the average dairyman, and it must be a source of congratulation to Ayrshire 
 men to see how well tlieir favorite breed has stood these searching comparative 
 tests. 
 
 " It might be claimed that the Jerseys, Holsteins and Ayrshires employed at the 
 Experimental Farm were not fair representatives of the breeds. I know the Jerseys 
 at the farm, and know them to be below, not above the average. Unfortunately for 
 this contention, so far as it might be iised against the Jersey, a series of prizes were 
 offered for milk, cheese and butter combined at the Provincial and Dominion 
 Exhibition held at London, and the Industrial Exhil)ition held at Toronto, both in 
 this month of Se^jtember. 
 
 " At London no competition was entered into directly between the breeds, but 
 the same rules and score of points were applied to each. The rules are those adopted 
 in England and Scotland in adjudicating upon the best milkers. Each cow was 
 milked out in presence of Professors Brown and Barre, or their assistants, the night 
 before the test began ; twenty-four hours' milk was taken. The scale of one hundred 
 points, according to which the samples were to be adjudicated, was as follows : 
 (1.) "Weight of milk ; one jjoint was allowed for every pound's weight given in 
 twenty-four hours. (2.) Butter per one hundred pounds, three pounds, decimal five 
 being the standard in Canada (in England it is but three pounds) ; to every one 
 hundred jJounds milk ten points were added or deducted for every one per cent, 
 above or below. (3.) Cheese curd ; one point was allowed for every pound. 
 (4.) Time since calving ; add one point for every ten days. 
 
 " But two Jerseys were entered at London, Ijoth from my herd. Eight 
 Holsteins competed, three Ayrshire and two Shorthorn grades, and with the 
 following results, arranged according to their order : 
 
396 
 
 JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Jersey 6 yrs. 1 114 days. 
 
 Ayrshire i 5 
 
 Shorthorn Grade I 7 
 
 Jersey 
 
 Ayrshire 8 
 
 Holstein (! 
 
 Sliorthorn Grade.. . 
 Holstein 
 
 Ayrshire 
 Holstein 
 
 Time after 
 Calving. 
 
 Milk {ur 
 Day. 
 
 Butter 
 I)er 
 
 100 Ib-s. 
 Milk. 
 
 Wet 
 
 Cheese 
 
 Curd 
 
 per 100 
 
 lbs. .Alilk. 
 
 114 days. 
 
 24.12 
 
 8.81 
 
 20.60 
 
 138 « 
 
 29.50 
 
 5.43 
 
 21.25 
 
 129 " 
 
 46.80 
 
 3.62 
 
 20.62 
 
 86 " 
 
 27.00 
 
 5.75 
 
 20.00 
 
 161 " 
 
 18.12 
 
 4.53 
 
 23.75 
 
 207 " 
 
 25.37 
 
 3.36 
 
 19.62 
 
 153 " 
 
 28.80 
 
 3.31 
 
 16.87 
 
 145 « 
 
 24.25 
 
 3.12 
 
 20.62 
 
 116 « 
 
 35.00 
 
 2.81 
 
 15.60 
 
 113 " 
 
 37.60 
 
 2.75 
 
 11.25 
 
 83 « 
 
 26.25 
 
 3.62 
 
 16.05 
 
 133 " 
 
 30.90 
 
 2.37 
 
 19.37 
 
 70 " 
 
 25.90 
 
 2.75 
 
 23.12 
 
 109 " 
 
 23.60 
 
 2.65 
 
 20.00 
 
 Order 
 
 of 
 Merit. 
 
 109.22 
 83.85 
 81.52 
 70.10 
 68.27 
 64.29 
 59.07 
 55.57 
 55.30 
 52.65 
 52.62 
 52.27 
 49.42 
 46.00 
 
 1st 
 2d 
 3d 
 4th 
 5th 
 6th 
 7th 
 8th 
 9th 
 10th 
 11th 
 12th 
 13th 
 14th 
 
 " By this the Jersey cow Rose of Eden made the greatest count that I am aware 
 has ever been made at a public competition of this nature, beating the second by 
 over twenty-five points. Tlie weather was extremely cold, and there had been 
 considerable rain, sheds Icid, witlimit any flooring, and our cows had decreased 
 very materially in their flow of milk, as I presume others had. The riclniess in 
 butter fat of the milk of Rose of Eden, it taking less than twelve pounds of milk to 
 one pound of butter, is in striking contrast to that of the other breeds, the average 
 of the Holsteins requiring over thirty-three pounds of milk to every pound of butter, 
 and the average of the Jerseys less than fourteen pounds of milk to every pound of 
 butter. The Jerseys at the London Exhibition were about one to every three 
 Holsteins, and some of the Holsteins had very large reported tests for milk. Rose 
 of Eden is not by any means one of our liest cows for butter, and the other Jersey 
 has never been tested for butter. 
 
 '• The average net curd to one hundred pounds of milk was as follows : Ayrshire, 
 22.7 ; Jersey, 20.30; Holstein, 16.46 ; Shorthorn grade, 20.02 ; but it luust be borne 
 in mind that two Holsteins were two years old only. It will 1)0 noticed that the 
 Shorthorn grade excelled all in milk, and excelled the llol.-itein in butter and 
 cheese. 
 
 " At the Industrial Exhibition at Toronto, under the same judges and same mode 
 of judging, the breeds were brought into direct competition with each other. After 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A. 397 
 
 their experience at London, the Holstein breeders, though making a large show of 
 cattle at Toronto, failed to ' toe the mark ' in another public competition, though I 
 am not aware that they were averse to the mode of judging prior to the London 
 competition. The result was as follows, arranged according to merit : first, Jersey ; 
 second, Jersey ; third, Jersey ; fourth, Ayrsliire ; fifth, Jersey ; sixth, Jersey ; 
 seventh, Jersey; eighth, Devon ; ninth, Ayrshire ; tenth, Ayrshire. The average of 
 cheese curd was in favor of the Jerseys, and the butter per one hundred ])ounds was 
 largely in favor of the Jersey. 
 
 " It has for a considerable length of time been contended by the enemies of the 
 Jersey that they could not stand public competition in the hands of parties outside 
 of the Jersey interest. To meet that objection, one of the committee of testers in 
 Mary Anne of St. Lambert's great test was a Shorthorn man, and no greater 
 refxitation of this charge can possibly be given than has been administered by these 
 competitive tests, and by the series of carefully conducted tests of Professor Brown 
 and Professor Barre, set out in the earlier part of this letter. On the contrary, 
 they are the strongest corroboration of the claim made by the Jersey as to their 
 butter-giving powers, and show that the only trouble with Jersey breeders has been 
 that they have been too modest in not claiming her as the greatest cheese cow to a 
 given quantity of milk, as she has amply, in the most public manner and in the 
 hands of thoroughly disinterested experts, shown herself." 
 
 ANALYSIS OF CHEESE. 
 
 From ArnolcPs "Atnerican Dairyin(/." 
 Cheese made from pure milk of Jersey cows : 
 
 Water. Fat. Ash. Protein. 
 
 28.11 41.03 2.68 28.18 
 
 Cheese made from Jersey milk mixed with equal quantity of common milk : 
 
 Water. Fat. A.sh. Protein. 
 
 30.49 39.25 3.00 27.06 
 
 Tlie Jersey makes the most cheese, oi the best quality, her only competitor 
 being the Guernsey breed of cows. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF CHEESE. 
 
 From Fliiifs Treatise on '^Milch Cows' 
 Water. Fat. 
 
 Full-Milk Cheese 38.46 31.86 
 
 Skim-Milk Cheese 43.82 5.98 
 
 Margerine Cheese 40.56 20.53 
 
 Ash. 
 
 Casein. 
 
 8.81 
 
 25.87 
 
 5.18 
 
 45.04- 
 
 7.05 
 
 34.86 
 
398 JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH CHEESE. 
 
 By Mi: Jones, in Lahoratorij of Professor Johnston. 
 
 Water. Casein. Fat. Ash. 
 
 Double Gloucester, one year old 35.81 37.96 21.97 4.25 
 
 Clieddar, two years old 36.04 28.98 30.40 4.58 
 
 North Wilts, one year old 36.34 31.12 28.09 4.41 
 
 Dunlop, one year old 38.46 25.87 31.86 8.81 
 
 Skim-Milk, one year old 43.82 45.04 5.98 5.18 
 
 Cheese, according to Lyon Playfair, is (•onsideral>ly higher in its nutritions 
 elements than the ilesli of animals, and is composed as follows : 
 
 Water 38.78 
 
 Flesh-forming substances 31.02 
 
 Heat-giving substances 25.30 
 
 Mineral matter 4.90 
 
 JEIISEY BUTTEE. 
 
 " Didst thou never see a Titan kiss a dish of butter?" — Shakespeare. 
 
 Next to sweet cream of the richest (juality and perfect purity, golden .Ti-rsi'v 
 butter, when made according to the perfect art, is the crowning luxury of the table, 
 and no bill of fare is quite complete witliout such butter. 
 
 A perfect specimen of Jersey butter, e\'eii if it is sold as high as one dollar a 
 pound, is hard to find, and very few people know how t<j make butter worthy of the 
 name of Golden Jersey. 
 
 Good butter has qualities that ouglit to be made familinr to the sight, touch, 
 smell and taste of every worker in the dairy. 
 
 The texture of butter, when made from a well-fed model Jersey, is aciiaractcristic 
 that every exj)ert soon learns. There is a fine, waxy, almost crystalline grain, 
 without any appearance of water following the cut of the knife ; the color is like 
 the glistening yellow of tlie blossom of tlie buttercup; the aroma delicate and 
 refreshing, giving the true "smell of dairy," and suggestive of fields of white clover 
 and poa ; and the taste gives a suggestion of chestnuts and almonds. The butter 
 has a soft, satiny touch, and melts upon the tongue with a delicacy like that of sweet 
 cream or clover honey. It has no suggestion of buttermilk, no touch of oil or 
 grease, gives no hint of salt ; and, all-in-all, when once learned the excellencies of 
 golden, waxy, aromatic, delicious, nutty-flavored Jersey butter are so superlatively 
 satisfactory to the educated senses that it is a great deprivation to the lover of good 
 and wholesome fare to fail of a regular sup])h' of this luxury. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 399 
 
 The best butter caa be drawn out in shape, like wax, a " plastic, fragrant gold," 
 and is made from non-pregnant cows when, at the fliish of milk, they are fed on a 
 select, high-flavored ration of mixed grasses, clover, shorts and maize meal. 
 
 The very pinnacle of good butter-making is reached on that day when the 
 cow does her level best in productiveness, provided the cow is in that state of 
 perfect health wherein she can assimilate the food she eats, that food being the 
 richest in quality and flavor. It matters not if her product be one pound or five 
 pounds a day, as long as she is a healthy Jersey of typical quality. 
 
 Formerly good butter was made accidentally once or twice a year, when the 
 cii'cumstances of pasture, temperature and weather were favorable; but now the 
 best butter ought to be produced every day in the year. Much butter is rained, in 
 the process of milking, by the filthiness of the milker. The manipulation of 
 materials in any dairy cannot be over-cleanly. Sweet-flavored butter cannot be 
 made from a solution of cow-dung and the odor of horse-urine, or the dust and 
 dandruff of the cow, or the tobacco-pipe of the smoker, or the saliva of the cliewer, 
 or the dirty tricks of the milker who dips his hand in the pail to moisten the udder 
 and teats. 
 
 Butter is either good or bad ; when it is good it is very good, but when it is 
 bad it is horrid — it is too generally very bad in the dairies of our country. Good 
 butter cannot be produced from cows that are not in normal health. A cow that is 
 kept in a stalile where the floor is dry and clean ; where the sunlight floods all the 
 place several hours ; where there is a perpetiial flow of sweet, pure air, the gutters 
 cleansed and washed before each milking, and her feed the best, will make her best 
 butter from one week after calving until her next gestation begins. The quality 
 will fall off a little during the rest of her season. 
 
 The factors that militate against the production of good butter are too 
 common — low, damp basements ; non-ventilated hovels ; close, dark sheds ; filth ; 
 an air full of exhalations from skin and lungs, and vapors from dung and urine of 
 hogs, horses and fowls ; the dust of currying, brushing and sweeping, and endless 
 combinations of disgusting filth. 
 
 If the milk of cows of all periods of gestation is mixed indiscriminately, and 
 the cows drink impure water, and, in addition, are worried and chased by boys and 
 dogs ; if they are kicked and clubbed or pitchforked by savage and boorish men ; if 
 tormented by mosquitoes and flies — all the conditions are against the production of 
 cream or butter, and the feed is worse than wasted. 
 
 To make good butter every factor heretofore mentioned must be well 
 considered by the owner. He must have the best Jersey cows which he can procure, 
 
400 JEimEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 and keep thciii with a caro and alTcctinii that rivals tlie Arab's fondness for his 
 horse. 
 
 With tlie best cows, best stable, best care, best food, pure water, cleajjliness 
 IN THE STABLE AND IN THE DAIRY, the lujlk classified from ft'esh cows, bred eows, 
 and from cows near calming, everything will be fa\-(ii-al)le for the display of skill 
 in the art of butter-making. 
 
 METHODS IN UUITEK-MAKINO. 
 
 There are not less than four distinct systems of treating milk in the manufacture 
 of butter : 1. The centrifuge method. 2. The whole-milk churning. 3. The 
 shallow-pan system. 4. The duep-caii sotting. 
 
 1. T/,r Centrifuge. 
 
 The centrifuge method consists in treating the cream as drawn from tlie 
 separator. It is the latest method in the preparation of cream for the butter dairy. 
 
 A saving of fifteen per cent, as the average net gain in the butter product for 
 tlie centrifuge is a very large profit. AVhen both butter and cheese are made in the 
 same dairy the machine can be set so as to remove only a part of the cream, and 
 that consisting of the largest globules from which the best butter is made. 
 
 When the cream is skimmed by the centrifuge it is of a high temperature, 
 having the animal heat or a little less, and, whether used for sweet cream or for 
 butter, needs to be speedily cooled to about 65° Falu*. According to numerous 
 reports of trials at butter-making with centrifuge cream, the chief drawback has 
 been the neglect of rapid cooling. Again, the after-treatment of the cream has not 
 been perfectly understood, for it is very evident that the cream is of a different 
 character to that by any other mode of setting, and must therefore require a special 
 preparation for butter. The proper degree of ripening in cream, and the best method 
 of securing it, has as yet no fixed rules. The ripening can be hastened by proper 
 ventilation and aeration of the cream ; by stirring at frequent intervals, and pouring 
 from vessel to vessel slowly, to give contact with the air. 
 
 If all the directions for cleanliness under Milking are fully observed there will 
 not be much more than 0.15 per cent, of dirt in the milk, the chief part of w'hich 
 will be effectually removed by the centrifuge, thus furiiisliing a cream sweeter, 
 cleaner and purer than by any other system. 
 
 2. Churning mwle-Milk. 
 
 Next to the centrifuge, churning the whole-milk produces the greatest amount 
 
 of butter from a given (quantity ; the butter is, however, of an inferior, caseous quality. 
 
 By any system of setting, in order to make good butter requires a practical knowledge 
 
 and skill in all that pertains to quality of breed and the particular qualities of 
 
CANADA'S JOHN BULL 8388. 
 
 AT 2 YEARS OLD. 
 
 Stoke Pogis- Marjoram Type. 
 
 OAKLANDS HERD. 
 
 Valancey E. Fullek, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE UST A3IEEICA. 401 
 
 individual cows in the lierd and to methods of feeding and management ; the natm-e 
 and quality of milk and cream ; sources of contaminatiou ; the absorption of odors and 
 impurities ; the special advantages of any and all systems of setting milk ; proper 
 temperature of milk, cream and butter at each and every stage of progress ; the 
 right churn and process of churning ; the method of washing ; the degree of working ; 
 the true philosophy of salting ; the proper handling, printing and fitting for special 
 customers. 
 
 The whole-milk needs to be quickly cooled. The ripening of cream is hastened 
 through aeration. The temperature of the milk at churning needs to be about 62° 
 Fahr. 
 
 Defects of the whole-milk system are very patent. There is a loss of the sweet 
 skim-milk for calves, and a great amount of unnecessary labor is occasioned by the 
 cooling and churning of an immense bulk of milk. 
 
 There is more waste in this method than any other, and the butter, containing 
 more casein, does not keep so well. 
 
 3. 77,e ran Method. 
 
 The setting of milk in shallow pans is necessarily subject to greatly varying 
 conditions, but when well conducted the results are very favorable toward the 
 production of the best quality of butter. 
 
 The process of ripening cream is perhaps as favorable to siiccess under 
 well-conducted shallow setting as by any other method. Eipening of cream for 
 butter-making, like the ripening of whole-milk in cheese-making, is something 
 entirely different and apart from mere souring. The main factors in the ripening of 
 cream are oxygen and light, with a proper temperature. Oxygenation is a process 
 absolutely essential to ripen cream for the first quahty of butter. So that cream 
 spread out upon the surface of milk in strong light but not the direct sunlight, and 
 in a pure, sweet atmosphere, at a temperature of 62° Fahr., needs only good churning, 
 washing, salting and shaping to make perfect butter. 
 
 The pan system entails much work, and it needs more space than any other, and 
 also good ventilation. There is a great loss of sweet skim-milk by the long time 
 required for rising and ripening. 
 
 THE SPRING HOUSE. 
 
 There are those who think the spring house the most desirable form of 
 dairy-house, whether the shallow-pan setting or some other be used. 
 
 The milk and cream rooms must be kept at 55° Fahr., well lighted, from 
 the north or northwest side only, so as to avoid the direct rays as well as the heating 
 power of the sim ; clean and well ventilated, with a good concrete or marble floor, 
 and suitable tanks or compartments, with ever-fiowing spring water under perfect 
 
402 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 control as to quantity and speed of flow. This abundant spring water helps to 
 preserve the right temperature, and also aids greatly in removing the disagreeable 
 animal odors of the milk, as the cool, moist air acts in the douljle capacity of 
 absorbent and vehicle of removal in its outward flow. 
 
 This dispelling of odors greatly improves the flavor and keeping quality of the 
 butter. 
 
 The cream also ripens well in the moist air, and does not become tougli and 
 leathery as in dry air or contact with a strong current of air. 
 
 4-. Tl,>' Deep-Can Setthuj. 
 The deep-can setting calls for a great and sudden reduction in the temijcrature 
 of the milk in order to separate the cream in twelve liours. In this process the cans 
 are deep and either entirely submerged or cooled at the top. This method produces 
 about the same amount of butter as the pan system. The essentials in butter-making 
 are rapid cooling of the cream to 50° or 55° ; gradual return of the temperature of 
 cream to 75° until ripe ; a ripening of the cream by giving a broad surface to air and 
 light ; ventilation, with pure, sweet air ; churning at tlie desired period of ripening, 
 which may require twenty-four or more houi-s, the chum and tiie cream at from 62° 
 to 64° during the churning. 
 
 VENTILATION. 
 
 The subterranean system of ventilation has proved advantageous in maintaining 
 a uniformity of temperature, and is consequently well adapted to the butter and 
 cheese dairy. The air is conducted through an underground shaft so far below the 
 surface that the temperature of the earth at a given depth is maintained with 
 remarkable uniformity. Care is needed that the introduction of the air current shall 
 be so directed and diffused that it will not blow ujion tlie milk or cream, as the 
 effect of such a blast of air iipon pan-set milk is to make the cream dry and 
 leathery. 
 
 With such a system of ventilation and a setting of the cream in broad vessels 
 with much light, but never direct simlight, and frequent stirring, the conditions are 
 as complete as possible for rapid ripening and flue flavor of butter. The flavor 
 desired must be determined by the length of time of ripening and the amount of 
 stirring and aeration required. Mild milk-flavored butter is made from sweet cream 
 without ripening. 
 
 HKAVY MILK.* 
 
 " In some of Mr. Fjord's experiments he met witli milk which would partly 
 refuse discharging the cream by intense cooling. 
 
 " It would generally appear every fall when most of the cows were old milkers. 
 
 * " Creaming Milk by Centrifugal Force," J. D. Frederiksen. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 403 
 
 " Mr. Fjord called it ' heavy ' milk, and made the phenomenon the object of 
 thorough investigation. When the milk is heavy the cream will rise slowly, it will 
 appear thin, and there will be no sharply marked line between the cream and the 
 skim-milk, while the latter is less blue than usual. From such milk the cream can 
 never be fully separated by cooling. 
 
 " Shallow tubs will do it better, yet not satisfactorily, and only the separator will 
 do the work perfectly well. In tlie series of experiments previously mentioned the 
 milk was heavy during October, November and December, when the ice system 
 proved perfectly worthless, leaving as much as 2.75 per cent, of fat in the skim-milk, 
 and giving a yield as low as 1.25 pounds of butter from one hundred pounds of 
 milk — the same milk producing 4.27 per cent, of Iratter by the centrifugal creaming. 
 By transportation and premature cooling, milk which is not originally heavy may 
 become so, and many creameries have been troubled on account of that. The 
 centrifuge removes the trouble." 
 
 In a paper hy Major Henry E. Alvord occurs an account of the peculiar 
 churning quality of milk as witnessed at Houghton Farm : 
 
 " It has long been our practice at Houghton Farm to make frequent churn tests 
 of the milk of every cow in the herd, as well as of the mixed milk of the dairy. We 
 had one cow, ' Clover,' good for sixteen or seventeen pounds of butter a week when 
 at her best, and usually fresh in the spring. Two years ago she failed to calve in the 
 spring, and became fresh on dry feed. Testing her at the usual time of calving, when 
 she gave as much milk as formerly when fresh, I was surprised to get only twelve 
 ounces of butter where I had expected to get thirty ounces. We at once examined 
 her milk, and found it to be as rich in butter fat as ever. So I tried again, got 
 twelve and a half ounces of butter from the first churning of thirty-seven pounds of 
 milk, and then churned the same milk (buttermilk) a second time, and got twelve 
 ounces more of butter. A third churning of the same milk gave five and one half 
 ounces, and a fourth one and a quarter ounces — a total of thirty:one and a quarter 
 ounces of butter from thirty-seven pounds of milk. 
 
 " Churning a fifth time, the milk failed to yield any Ijutter." 
 
 When the cream has readied the proper standard of ripening it is poured into 
 the churn, filling to about one third its capacity, through a fine wire strainer, to give 
 a soft and even texture. It must be accurately tested at 62° in summer and at 
 64° Fahr. in winter. The churn may be of the barrel pattern (Stoddard), working 
 end over end. The power may be applied from the engine, by animal power, or any 
 convenient apparatus, according to size of churn. As soon as the sound within 
 indicates that the point of separation is reached, it is also shown by the glass 
 indicator in the lid becoming clear ; a small quantity of cold, weak brine, at about 55°, 
 
404 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 is to be poured into the churn to facilitate granulation, when a few more revolutions 
 cause the butter to form granules about the size of barley grains. The churn is then 
 stopped and the buttermilk strained off and set aside. The time required for 
 churning will vary from twenty to thirty minutes under a moderate speed of 
 revolutions. 
 
 EINSING THE GEANULES. 
 
 The butter grains are then to be rinsed in cold, clear spring water, weak brine, or 
 pure filtered water, at a temperature of 62°, using three or more washings until the 
 water falling into the vessel beneath the churn runs clear, free from any tinge of 
 buttermilk or caseous particles. 
 
 CLEANING AND WORKING BUTTER BY CENTRIFUGE. 
 
 " A new method of washing butter has been patented in Germany. As soon as 
 gathered in the churn, in particles of about one tenth of an inch in size, it is transferred 
 to a centrifugal machine, whose drum is pierced with holes, and lined with a linen 
 sack that is finally taken out with the butter. As soon as the machine is set in 
 rapid motion the buttermilk begins to escape : a spray of water thrown into the 
 revolving drum washes out all the foreign matters adhering to the butter. This 
 washing is kept up till the wash-water comes away clean, and the revolution is then 
 continued till the last drop of water is removed, as clothes are dried in the centrifugal 
 wringer. The dry butter is then taken out, moulded and packed. It is claimed that 
 the product thus so fully and quickly freed from all impurities, without any working 
 or kneading, has a finer flavor, aroma and grain, and far better keeping qualities 
 than when prepared for market in the ordinary way." 
 
 Salting is one of the most important essentials to successful dairying. Its 
 purposes are threefold — to increase the density and dryness ; to augment the flavor 
 by contrast and increase of piquancy ; and to give antiseptic qualities that will prevent 
 fermentation and rancidity. In regard to the properties of dairy salt, I quote from 
 the Annual Report of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station for 1882: 
 " The putrefaction, or spoiling of meat, and probably also the rancidity of butter, are 
 caused by microscopic organisms, probably vegetable in their nature, which are latterly 
 known in science as bacteria. If the growth or multiplication of these organisms is 
 hindered or prevented, putrefaction and rancidity are corresjjoudingly checked or 
 altogether stopped. 
 
 "In the preservation of food, salt is most applical)lc, because it is the cheapest 
 and least injurious to the health of man, small (quantities being beneficial to health 
 and agreeable to taste." 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 405 
 
 From a partial analysis given, the composition of Higgin and Ashton salts is 
 calculated as follows : 
 
 Higgin. Ashton. 
 
 Water at 100° 0.48 0.71 
 
 Sulphate of Lime 1.41 1.40 
 
 Chloride of Calcium ". 0.08 0.14 
 
 Chloride of Magnesium 0.26 0.21 
 
 Chloeide of Sodidm — Salt 97.77 97.54 
 
 " The sulphate of lime is tasteless ; the chlorides of calcium and magnesium are 
 highly soluble, with a bitter taste, and greedily attract moistiire from the air, but a few 
 thousandths of one per cent, have no appreciable effect on the taste or on the articles 
 it is used to preserve. Salt generally used rarely contains less and often more 
 impurities, and these are not recognizable by the taste. 
 
 " Salt may be too fine or too coarse for salting butter. Fresh-churned butter 
 contains a quantity of the milk-serum or buttermilk, which it is one object of salting 
 to remove. When salt is worked into butter each grain of salt gradually dissolves 
 in the buttermilk and withdraws it from the butter, probably shrinking the bulky, 
 jelly-like casein, just as salt mixed with a jelly of soap shrinks the soaj^ into a small, 
 firm cake, and unites with the water to make a brine. If the salt be very fine the 
 result is to fill the mass of butter with a multitude of very small drops of brine, which 
 are diflicult to work out of the butter. On the other hand, if the salt be very coarse 
 the buttermilk will gather in large drops, easy to work out, but the salt grains will 
 not be entirely dissolved, and will make the butter too salt and gritty to the taste. The 
 proper fineness, therefore, is that which comes just short of occasioning the last-named 
 difliculty, so that by its use we remove the buttermilk thoroughly, without leaving 
 any unpleasant surplus of salt in the butter. 
 
 " The Ashton butter-salt and the Syracuse factory-filled dairy salt are commonly 
 reputed to have the degree of fineness suitable for dairy use. According to Alexander 
 Miiller, the grains of a good dairy salt should have dimensions lying, for the most 
 part, between one twenty-fifth and one fiftieth of an inch in diameter (one half and 
 one millimetre). 
 
 " The mechanical analysis of these two salts is as follows : 
 
 Higgin, fine. Ashton, coarse. 
 
 Between 2 and 1.5 millimetres 0.0 4.4 
 
 Between 1.5 and 1.0 millimetres 1.0 10.9 
 
 Between 1.0 and 0.5 millimetres 13.0 20.8 
 
 Less than 0.5 millimetres 86.0 63.9 
 
 100.00 100.00 
 
40C JERSEY CATTLE lY AMEIUCA. 
 
 " While a moderately coarse salt may answer Ijest for the first object of salting, 
 viz., to withdraw the buttermilk, a finer yradc may be l)ctter suited to the other 
 object, the preservation and seasoning of the butter. 
 
 " Good salt for dairy use should dissolve in water, making a clear or very 
 nearly clear brine. Tlie coai-se Turk's Island salt is often very dirty, and makes a 
 brine that might be said to look like sdhp-suds." 
 
 MIXING SALT IN liUTTKK. 
 
 If the flmrnini^ is pn)]H'rly dniio, liriiii^Miig the hutter to the barley-grain form 
 and getting all the l>utter fnnn the cream, which may be better eilected by mixing a 
 quantity of water or thin sweet milk with the cream when it goes into the churn, 
 and regulating the temperature to 04°, and thoroughly rinsing the butter granules 
 so as to remove every trace of buttennilk, using first clear water, then weak brine, 
 the process of salting is best done by mixing thoroughly the finer salt at the rate of 
 one half ounce — some may prefer one ounce — of salt to the pound of butter. The 
 salt can very easily be incorporated with the l)utter. Spread and press the butter 
 upon the mixer, pressing or rolling it into a thin sheet, about a half inch in 
 thickness, and sprinkle the salt from a sifter evenly over tlie surface. Fold the 
 sheet of butter double and press or roll it out thin again, liepeat this three or more 
 times, and the salting is completed. 
 
 All the salt applied will remain, and the Imtter will require no more mixing ; 
 many prefer a lever worker to the roller. 
 
 " Working," as the term is usually applied, is an injury to butter. Unless the 
 salting is evenly done it is one of the causes of streaks in butter. 
 
 MOULDS OK I'KINTS. 
 
 After the butter has been salted it is best to put it in the form in which it is to 
 be marketed with as little delay as possible. The temperature of the butter-room 
 should ])e kept at 62°, and the butter moulded without .allowing the hand of the 
 operator to touch a particle of it. This rule ought to be strictly enforced. 
 
 There need be no second mixing or " working," and the butter should be 
 handled with wooden scoops and spatules without bruising or spatting, but simply 
 laid in the moulds and i)ressed into the desired form and size. These may be 
 square, and half-pound, pound, three, and five-pound prints, to suit the wishes of 
 ])atrons, the larger sizes l)eing more economically marketed, but many customers 
 preferring the half-pound prints. 
 
 The use of a monogram and decoration to designate the dairy is desirable. 
 Each print should l)e wrajiped in moist, snowy muslin, and placed in a clean, square 
 wooden box, and these packed in a cooler at such temperature as desired, fi2° being 
 
 « 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 407 
 
 well suited to good keeping. Freezing and thawing speedily destroys the quality 
 of biitter. 
 
 SDGAK IN BUTTEB. 
 
 Sugar is sometimes mixed with salt to give a desired flavor to butter, and is 
 very agreeable to many palates. When the butter is thoroughly rinsed in granular 
 form, the sugar may be triturated (using the pure white finely pidverized) in a 
 mortar with the salt for a half hour, one part sugar to three parts of salt, and 
 thoroughly incorporating the mixture in the butter. A difference of taste is 
 allowable for the quantity of salt in butter, whether with or without sugar. The 
 quantity varies from one fourth or one half ounce to one ounce in the pound. One 
 half or three fourths of an ounce of salt and one fourth ounce of sugar to the pound 
 give a good flavor if thoroughly mixed and incorporated. 
 
 INCORPORATION OF SALT. 
 
 Mr. Henry Stewart commends the above practice of using fine sugar in an 
 article published in the Country Gentleman, November, 1884. The same article 
 also illustrates the effects of good and bad salting in two specimens of butter. The 
 salt and sugar need to be perfectly dissolved in the butter, and in order to do this 
 it must be pulverized very finely and passed through a fine sieve to remove scales. 
 It is hardly practicable to do the triturating except when the material is to be used, 
 
 Sample I. 
 
 Salt Dissolved in Butter. 
 
 After H. Stewart. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 
 f''jll\m\fv, , 
 
 
 
 lkm0 
 
 S.VMPhK II. 
 
 Salt Undissolvku ix Bi'ttkk. 
 After II. Stewart. 
 
 because of deliquescence. I reproduce here the iiiicrosc<jj)ic slides as given by Mr. 
 Stewart, showing the texture of well-salted Ijuttcr in No. 1 and badly salted 
 butter in No. 2. 
 
 "In sample No. 1 not a single salt crystal was found. The texture is 
 seen to ])e much closer and the dryness is conspicuous. The very small globules of 
 brine are few in number, and the moisture is diffused invisibly through the mass, so 
 that every particle is enveloped in a film of brine, which is an antiseptic fluid, and 
 preserves the butter from all contact with air. This is the true preserving effect of 
 the salt in tlie butter. lu regard to the flavor of perfectly salted butter, it is 
 evident that the saline taste is so evenly diffused that it is quite subordinate to the 
 flavor of the butter, and that consequently the real butter flavor is paramount, and 
 is really aided by the piquancy of the salt. 
 
 " In sample No. 2 the texture is more open, from the greater quantity of 
 moisture contiiined in it. The large drops of water, some of which had not reached 
 the salt, and some were already saturated, and could dissolve no more, gave an 
 excess of softness and a want of firmness to tlie butter ; while the undissolved 
 crystals of salt quite overpowered the flavor of the butter, leaving, however, some 
 of the butter not influenced at all by the salt. This evidently nmst injure the 
 butter in both texture and flavor, because there is too much salt in part and not 
 enough in part. All this shows that a microscope may be made a valuable aid in 
 dairv work." 
 
JjEHSUY cattle in AMBJilCA. 
 
 BUTTER FLAVOR. 
 
 Butter is chiefly composed of a solid crystallizable fat, a fluid oily substance 
 consisting of a mixture containing olein and a fragrant fatty principle hutyrin, a 
 yellow coloring matter, and a small quantity of the casein of milk. Chemists make 
 a still further analysis of butter, giving no less than nine fatty acids, combined with 
 glycerine — four of the acids solid and Ave fluid. The solid are stearine, palmitine, 
 myristine and butine, chiefly of the two former. 
 
 The fluid fats are olein, butyrin, caproin, caprylin and caprinin. About one 
 third of the fat is olein, but the relative proportions of hard and soft fats in butter 
 are very variable, running as high as sixty per cent, of fluid fats when cows are fed 
 upon green succulent food. Various etheric oils of both vegetable and animal 
 origin, together with the coloring matter and numerous unknown elements, combine 
 to give flavor and aroma to butter. Any substance capable of being taken up by 
 the circulation, whether wholesome or poisonous, pleasantly fragrant or offensive, 
 may appear in the milk and cream, and consequently affect more or less the flavor 
 of the butter, which therefore varies according to the varying conditions of breed 
 and feed, as well as many other circumstances. The method of making, whether 
 centrifuge, whole-milk, pan or deep-can system, has much to do with flavor. The 
 quality of making, the cleanliness, the kind of vessel in which cream is ripened, the 
 surroundings, the atmosphere, the weather, the quality and fineness of the salt, the 
 thoroughness of incorporation, and the quantity used — all affect the quality and flavor 
 of the butter. 
 
 The temperature at which each operation is conducted and at which the butter 
 is subsequently kept has much to do with quality and preservation of original flavor. 
 
 The flavor of butter is also greatly affected by the manner of the keeping of 
 the cream as to its thorough ripening. Cream that is not suificiently aerated will 
 make an insipid quahty of butter. The souring of cream will not give flavor, but 
 thorough aeration and abundant north-light will give a higher flavor and better color 
 to the butter. When ripe the cream has a pleasant acid taste, and will then make a 
 good-flavored butter. 
 
 Butter, Uke milk and cream, has remarkable absorptive quaUties, and is liable to 
 contamination and injury from any odor, even during the process of manufacture. 
 Delicate odors, like the strawberry and peach, will spoil the flavor of butter by 
 inciting fermentation. The flavor of the metal or wooden vessel in which cream is 
 ripened may be communicated to butter. The flavor of tin, however clean, is very 
 offensive and nauseating when communicated to drinking-water at any temperature. 
 Tin is not the best material in which to ripen cream ; zinc and galvanized ware 
 form dangerous poisons ; glass or delf insures a cleaner flavor to butter and to 
 with safety from poisoning by lactates of zinc and tin. 
 
410 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 FEEDING FOR FLAVOR. 
 
 The flavor of the milk, cream, cheese and butter is widely variable, according 
 to the aromatic qualities and richness of the ration. Marsli grasses, bog hay, and 
 l)uckwlieat bran will give very little Ijutter, and that flavorless. Cotton-seed meal, 
 tiiough rich in fat, gives a bad-flavored butter, and linseed meal and oil-cake are but 
 little better. To have rich flavor in butter, the food must contain certain aromatic 
 oils and flavoi-s that, passing through the alembic of the cow's udder, shall retain 
 their delicacy embodied in the cream globules. 
 
 A rich aroma and high flavor perbiin to butter where cows have wild highlaml 
 pasture of sweet grasses uncontaminated with any coarse or bitter weeds. If to 
 butter made from such sweet juices is added the sugar and salt as previously 
 directed, you have the very acme of flavoring in butter, especiall}' in June, or later 
 in the season, if the grasses are not allowed to get hard and seedy. All grasses 
 give the richest juice for flavor when in the tenderest growth and abounding in 
 succulency. All the soiling crops, with the exception of sweet corn, are best in their 
 very young growth. 
 
 Rye, when of rank gmwtli and iiuar to ripeness, will often give a very 
 unpalatable flavor to milk and butter. Su may wheat, barley, oats, maize and clover, 
 when too mature and fed excessively, especially if given singly. A mixture of 
 two or more of these, not too matm*e, is better for flavoring. Sweet corn, with ears 
 in the milk, is good l)Utter fodder. Professor Brewer speaks of Alfilaria, a species 
 of geranium, as being grown for forage in California, where it is considered highly 
 aromatic for making fine-flavored butter. Fermented foods, including ensilage, 
 cannot possibly produce the finest flavors. In winter feeding, maize meal, when 
 combined with wheat shorts and oatmeal, gives a rich, nutty flavor to the butter, 
 jirovided the meal is always of good quality. 
 
 If there is the slightest degree of fermentation, the result of feeding will be a 
 very marked deterioration in the quality and a falling ofE in the quantity of butter. 
 Tlay made from quickly cured green oats, just in the milk, or gra.ss cut before 
 flowering, or clover cut early, and well-cured stover of sweet corn, with maize meal 
 and a small quantity of carrots, make a fine combination fur winter flavoring. 
 When apples are very abundant, and do not find a ready market, they make a 
 choice addition to the ration, especially if of a rich and spicy quality. Special care 
 must be had in feeding them, to begin moderately and gradually increase the 
 quantity. Two quarts at first and afterward a half bushel may be given daily. 
 These should always be passed through the root-cutter and mixed with meal and 
 bran. Feeding them whole endangers choking the cow. The feed of butter cows 
 can never be too good in quality, and without the best quality it is imoossible to 
 have good butter. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 EFFECTS OF SEWAGE GRASS AND SEWEB GAS UPON MILK AND BUTTER. 
 
 " Dr. Smee, F.R.S., in the (Dublin) Farmer's Gazette states that he has found, 
 by a comparison of the milk from cows fed on ordinary meadow grass and on grass 
 from a sewage farm, that in the latter case the milk went putrid before twenty-six 
 hours, and the butter became rancid very rapidly, compared with that made from the 
 milk of cows fed on ordinary meadow grass. These effects were more apparent in 
 the spring than in the latter part of the summer. On three or four occasions he also 
 noticed that when the milk of cows fed on sewage grass was placed on a dializer the 
 casein passed through the membrane, from which it would appear that the casein 
 existed in these milkers in a modified form. Milk which had been exposed to sewer 
 gas from an imtrapped drain, although, on analysis, it appeared to be unaltered in 
 composition, yet when distilled at a low temperature (100° Fahr.) it yielded a 
 distillate that had a very offensive smell. It also caused intense headache, which was 
 followed by diarrhcea. The milk of cows suffering from foot-and-mouth disease has 
 been examined and found bad. Dr. Smee expresses his opinion that the methods 
 employed by public analysis are not sufficiently dehcate to detect the slight 
 physiological change which may take place in a fluid so complex as milk." 
 
 KEEPIN(; QUALITY OF JERSEY BUTTER. 
 
 Jersey butter, when made according to modern scientific methods, has the best 
 keeping quality. As the casein is the chief element of destructive fermentation 
 in milk, it becomes necessary, in the manufacture of butter, to remove this element 
 as completely as practipable, and consequently the best made and best keeping 
 quality of Jersey butter is that which has the smallest portion of casein. It is true 
 that butter, however well made, is a quickly perishable commodity, and under 
 ordinary circumstances rapidly degenerates, having in itself many of the elements 
 that facilitate decomposition. 
 
 Butter is best on the day of its manufacture, and is subject to many accidents 
 that hasten its destruction. It is very absorptive, and is quickly contaminated with 
 any impurity or any foreign odor. If it is frozen the decomposition becomes rapid 
 in any temperature above 40°. Freezing is ruinous to butter. Artificial coloring 
 introduces elements that excite decomposition and destroy the quality and flavor. 
 The sooner it is eaten, when rightly made, the better for both maker and consumer. 
 The experiment has been tried of preserving butter in the granular form, by 
 submerging it in vessels filled with clear, strong brine, and reported as a success. 
 Jersey butter should be kept as near a temperature of 62° as practicable. In 
 transportation it must be well guarded against changes of temperature, and in the 
 consumer's care be wholly excluded from the air until used. Jersey butter bears 
 
412 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 transportation well, and reaches the consumer in better condition than it is possible 
 for that of any other make under the same conditions of weather. 
 
 CIIKMICAL ANALYSIS OF Bf 
 
 Samples analyzed for Dr. Sturtevant, November, 1876, by Mr. Sharpies: Xos. 
 1 and 6 from the dairy of Mr. Edward Burnett, Southborough, Mass. : 
 
 Class. 
 
 Retail Price 
 per Pound. 
 
 Water. 
 Per cent. 
 
 Fat. Casein. Ash. 
 Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 1. Jersey 
 
 $0.90 
 0.80 
 0.75 
 0.40 
 0.25 
 
 11.15 
 9.44 
 9.94 
 9.52 
 
 9.8S 
 14.27 
 
 86.01 
 
 87.78 
 85.89 
 86.95 
 87.14 
 84.53 
 
 1.77 
 2.02 
 2.68 
 1.65 
 1.90 
 
 1.07 
 0.76 
 
 
 1.49 
 
 4. Grade Jersey 
 
 5. Poor Tub 
 
 1.88 
 1.08 
 
 6. Centrifuge, 188U... 
 
 1.11 
 
 0.09 
 
 The following is the Houghton Fann report on butter contributed for this 
 work by Mr. Alvonl ; analysis made by Professor II. W. Smith, chemist : 
 
 Elements. 
 
 Jerseys. Houghton 
 
 Farm, Mountain- 
 
 ville, Orange 
 
 County, N.^. 
 
 Ayrshires. Smith 
 Farm, Tompkins 
 County, l^y. 
 
 Holsteins. Mead- 
 owbrook Farm, 
 Orange County, 
 
 Water 
 
 7.8 
 
 87.30 
 1.3 
 3.9 
 9.88 
 
 77.42 
 
 9.1 
 
 86.75 
 
 1.4 
 
 2.8 
 
 10.85 
 
 75.90 
 
 121 
 
 Fat. 
 
 82 60 
 
 Casein . . 
 
 26 
 
 Salt and Ash 
 
 40 
 
 Volatile Fat- Acids 
 
 8 84 
 
 Non-Volatile Fat-Acids 
 
 73.76 
 
 
 
 Correct. 
 
 HououTON Farm, October, 1884. 
 
 Henry E. Alvord, Mana<j>'r. 
 
 The variations in the composition of genuine well-worked unsalted butter ; 
 according to Fleischmami : 
 
 AVater, from 8 to 18 ; average, 14 per cent. 
 
 Fat, from 80 to 90 ; average, 84 per cent. 
 
 Other solids, from 0.8 to 2.4 ; average, 1.5 per cent. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 ENGLISH BUTTEK.* 
 
 413 
 
 
 In 100 Parts. 
 
 In 1 Pound. 
 
 
 Ounces. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Water 
 
 10.0 
 1.0 
 
 87.7 
 0.3 
 1.0 
 
 1 
 1-i 
 
 262 
 
 Caseiii . . 
 
 70 
 
 Milk Fat 
 
 14 
 
 Milk Sugar 
 
 21 
 
 ComiTioii Salt. 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 A. H. Chuech, M.A., 
 Professor of Chemistry, Royal Academy. 
 
 SALT BUTTERS FORTY-EIGHT SAMPLES. 
 
 • Water, from 8.48 to 28.60 per cent. 
 
 FEESH BUTTEES. 
 
 Water 4.18 to 15.43 per cent. 
 
 Salt 0.30 to 2.91 " 
 
 Fat 67.72 to 96.93 " 
 
 Water and Salt even 20, 30 to 35. " 
 
 Curd l.lSto 5.13 " 
 
 Aethue Hill Hassall, M.D., London. 
 
 Curd. 
 
 1.61 to 7.83 per cent. 
 
 SALTED BUTTEES. 
 
 
 Elements. 
 
 Jersey. 
 
 Hassall. 
 
 Ventner. 
 
 Butterine. 
 
 
 Water 
 
 10.44 
 
 78.49 
 2.53 
 8.32 
 
 6.50 
 
 85.38 
 2.84 
 5.28 
 
 3.88 
 
 86.28 
 
 3.28 
 
 6.60 
 
 5.83 
 
 • 
 
 Fat 
 
 92.77 
 
 
 Curd 
 
 0.53 
 
 
 Salt 
 
 0.83 
 
 
 
 
 From Jersey Bulletin, ; 
 
 Angell & Hehnee. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 ADULTERATED BUITEKS. DEVON. 
 
 Blytlie's Analysis. 
 
 Water 17.10 13.36 
 
 Fat 78.50 76.34 
 
 Casein 1.72 6.64 
 
 Salt 2.68 3.70 
 
 Angell >fc Ilehner's Analysis. 
 
 23.98 42.35 
 
 67.58 47.01 
 
 6.88 7.85 
 
 1.55 2.68 
 
 JENUINE BUTTERS. 
 
 Elements. 
 
 ^(F^esh? ' M« of Wight. 
 
 Guilford. 
 
 Winchester. 
 
 Water 
 
 9.30 12.98 
 
 82.64 ; 83.87 
 5.13 2.72 
 2.19 0.40 
 
 9.10 
 84.74 
 3.47 
 
 2.08 
 
 8.58 
 
 Fat . . . 
 
 85.48 
 
 Curd 
 
 Salt (Ash) 
 
 2.78 
 3.15 
 
 Milk Sugar 
 
 .... 1 .... 
 
 Konig : Average of eighty-nine analyses : 
 
 Water. 
 Fat... 
 Curd . . 
 Salt 
 
 Angell & Hehner. 
 
 (Ash). 
 
 14.14 
 
 83.11 
 
 0.86 
 
 1.19 
 
 Milk Sugar 0.74 
 
 [For nnineroiis analyses of Jersey butter, see Tables of Official Butter Tests.] 
 
 BAD FLAVORS IN BUTfER. 
 
 It is not necessary to resort to oleomargarine and butterine for disgusting odors 
 and flavors. The fetor and flavor of the filthiest slaughter-houses are obtainable 
 in those productions of a fraudulent art ; but all l)adly made butters have a 
 multitude of defects. The best Jersey cows, the best buildings, best feeding and 
 keeping, best utensils, best facilities, and best advantages of every kind %vill not 
 insure good butter. The article that is botched in the making always tells its ovn\ 
 story. Such butter is sloppy and slushy, full of water, gritty with undissolved Sidt, 
 sour with buttermilk and curd, bitter from bad salting and uncleanliness, and in a 
 very short time this badly made butter will so offend the sense of smell that you will 
 be glad to cast it into the manure vat, where it belongs. 
 
 Rancidity quickly follows the botching of butter, and you have MityHc acid, 
 which gives a pungent, rancid odor and sour taste ; caproic add, with an odor which 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IjV AMERICA. 415 
 
 is rather slight, but resembling that of vinegar ; eaprylio acid, which exhales the 
 powerful and disgusting smell of a he-goat or fetid armpit sweat ; and capric acid, 
 that has a mixed odor of he-gout and vinegar, also valeric acid, anotlicr indescribable 
 stench. 
 
 Oleomargarine gives all of these odors and flavors, with the peculiar ulaiightr)-- 
 house perfume of decomposing tallow thrown in gratis. 
 
 Butter made from cotton-seed meal has a bad flavor. The flavor of ensilage is 
 not the best that may be had, neither that of turnips, cabbage or ragweed. Many 
 a stray plant growing in the pastures gives an ofiensive taste to both milk and 
 butter. "Wheat shorts and poor hay give a butter that is almost flavorless, while 
 buckwheat bran deprives the milk of both butter and flavor. The meadows and 
 pastures must have thorough inspection and be kept at a high standard of purity in 
 regard to the quality of plant growth for cow-feed. 
 
 The flavor of the best butter is transitory, " fleeting as a summer cloud." 
 " Give it neither time nor associates, for there is always danger from the moment it 
 leaves the cow's udder until it passes down the throat of 'the consumer." 
 
 The flavor of cabbage may be in great part avoided if the feeding is made 
 immediately after milking. . Turnips, beets and parsnips should be fed in the same 
 way, taking care to remove the tap-root of turnips, as being rank-flavored, and there 
 is then little probability of the flavor appearing in the milk or cream, but it is best to 
 feed only carrots and parstiips to milch cows. If the flavor should appear in ever 
 so shght a degree it may be overcome by the use of a small quantity of nitrate of 
 potash (saltpetre) put into the churn with the cream. Use a half teaspoonful of 
 saltpetre dissolved in a teacup of water for four gallons of cream. 
 
 CHEMICAL TEST FOR BDTTEE. 
 
 " Thomas Taylor, M.D., microscopist of the Department of Agriculture, gives 
 the following test for butter : ' If a few drops of sulphuric acid be combined with a 
 small quantity of pure butter, the butter will assmne flrst an opaque whitish yeUow 
 color, and after the lapse of about ten minutes it will change to a brick red. 
 
 " Oleomargarine made of beef tallow, when treated in the same manner, 
 changes at first to a clear amber, and after a lapse of about twenty minutes to a deep 
 crimson.' " 
 
 HEKU YIELDS OF BUTTEE. 
 
 Col. Waring gave as a yearly average (1872) for a herd of nineteen Jersey cows, 
 two hundred and twelve pounds each-of bvitter. Mr. Roberts reports the butter yield 
 of Mr. Allen's herd at Pittsfield, Mass., at an average of two hundred and thirty-nine 
 poimds in 1875, two hundred and forty-five pounds in 1876, and in 1877 two 
 hundred and seventy-eight pounds. 
 
416 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 In 1874 Mr. Mackie's herd of fifteen cuws gave an average of two Inindred and 
 eighty-one pounds. 
 
 Mr. Moses Y. Tilden's herd in Lebanon, N. Y., produced in IcSTH an average 
 of three hundred and thirty-three pounds. 
 
 The herd of Mr. Thomas J. Hand, at Sing Sing, N. Y., j>ro(iufed in lsT4 an 
 average of four hundred and six pounds of butter. 
 
 HOUGHTON FARM .lEESEY HEK!) 1883. 
 Henry E. .Vlvoni. Manager. 
 
 " Special test churnings were made j)eriodically to get the ratio of butter to milk, 
 in the product of the herd. The average of these records for the year is six pounds 
 seven and a half ounces of merchantable butter for every one hundred pounds of 
 milk, or one pound of butter for every fifteen and a half pounds of milk. Applying 
 the average ratio for the year, we find the average butter product to be for ten selected 
 cows, three hundred and ninety-eight pounds, ten ounces, per year ; for the herd of 
 fifteen animals, including the two aged cows and three heifers, three hundred and 
 seventy-seven j)ounds a year." 
 
 Jersey Herd yield of " Mapleton Farm," A. Baker, West Dryden, New York, 
 for four months, beginning April 1st, 1884. Twelve cows, including one, two 
 years old ; two, three years ; four, four years ; one, five years ; two, six years ; one, 
 eight, and one, ten years old. Nine were giving milk at beginning of test. Of the 
 others, one calved May 18th, another May 22d, and the third, June 8th. The nine 
 had been in milk two and a half months 
 
 9 Cows, April Butter, 2t>9i ])ounds. 
 
 10 " May (11 cows from May 22d) " 389^ " 
 
 12 " June (12 cows from June 8th) '. .' " 508f " 
 
 11 " July " 460i « 
 
 .JERSEY HERD OF V. B. STKArr, SVI.VANIA, I'A. 
 
 Six cows — two, three years old ; two, four years old, and two past ten years — test 
 on grass alone, from June 14th to June 20th, 1884, seven days. The total amount 
 of butter made when salted and ready for market was ninety -eight and a half pounds, 
 an average of sixteen pounds six and a half oimces per cow. Four of the cows were 
 sired by Aberdeen of Clermont 2.531. ()nly one of the six is registered, but all are 
 thoroughbred. The registered cow made seventeen pi)unds and ten ounces of butter 
 in seven davs. 
 
FADETTE OF VERNA 3d 11,122. 
 
 AT 8 YEAH!. .Jl.l). 
 
 HigiKil Type. 
 
 ELLASLEIGII IIEUD. 
 
 G. W. Faiu.kk. Tkkxton, New Jersey. 
 
HARMONY 2d 17,118. 
 
 AT 5 YEAliS OLD. 
 
 Signal Type. 
 
 BELMONT HEKD. 
 
 Richard Peters, Atlanta, Georgia. 
 
JEliSEY CATTLE IN' AMERICA. 
 
 THE THEEMOMETEE IK THE DAIEY. 
 
 Any one who is at all familiar with first-class dairy work knows that in the 
 making of dehcious butter and superior cheese, it is absolutely necessary to keep 
 everything at the right degree of temperature in every stage of every process. 
 
 In order to do this, thermometers are required that are very nearly correct. The 
 best thermometers are imperfect, because of the impossibility of making a vacuum 
 chamber of uniform calibre throughout in such a substance as glass. No cheap 
 thermometer can be trusted in the dairy, as such an instrument may vary two to 
 five degrees from the standard, and while it may agree with the standard at one point, 
 will be far away at another. Every butter and cheese maker shiiiild have one tested 
 and ofiicially certified thermometer from which he can gauge the less expensive ones 
 by marking upon them all variations from the standard. 
 
 FEEDING FOE BUTTER. 
 
 The series of tests made at the New York Experiment Station and published in 
 the report for 1883 are very instructive. 
 
 DAILY AVERAGE FOE EACH WHOLE PERIOD. 
 
 Date, 
 
 Milk. 
 
 Pat. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Actual Fat. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 
 1883. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Oz. 
 
 Oz. 
 
 First Period, 
 
 Jan. 2d-7th 
 
 55.14 
 
 5.19 
 
 4.91 
 
 45.58 
 
 43.46 
 
 Second " 
 
 " 8th-lith 
 
 53.35 
 
 5.66 
 
 5.50 
 
 48.38 
 
 46.94 
 
 Third " 
 
 " 15th-19th 
 
 61.84 
 
 4.87 
 
 3.72 
 
 49.25 
 
 36.70 
 
 Fourth " 
 
 " 20th-25th 
 
 58.33 
 
 4.76 
 
 3.97 
 
 44.36 
 
 36.83 
 
 Fifth " 
 
 " 26th to Feb. 3d. 
 
 50. 
 
 5.14 
 
 4.18 
 
 41.07 
 
 33.50 
 
 Sixth " 
 
 Feb. 4th-llth 
 
 37.63 
 
 4.99 
 
 4.74 
 
 30.17 
 
 29.56 
 
 Seventh " 
 
 « 12th-lSth 
 
 42.37 
 
 4.93 
 
 4.73 
 
 33.46 
 
 32.13 
 
 The above table gives the product of four Jersey cows whose average normal 
 weight was seven hundred and nine pounds each. 
 
 During the First Period, six days, they were fed twenty poimds of hay, four 
 pounds of corn meal, four pounds of shorts, to each cow. 
 
 The Second Period, seven days ; three days, twenty pounds of hay and twelve 
 pounds of shorts ; two days, fifteen pounds of hay, ten and a half pounds of shorts ; 
 and two aays, fifteen pounds of hay and twelve pounds of shorts. 
 
 The Third Period, five days, fifteen pounds of hay, twelve pomuls of gluten 
 meal. 
 
418 JERSEY VATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 The Fourth l\"ri()(h six (hiys, tiftecu pounds of liiiy, ten pounds of com meal. 
 
 The Fifth Teriod, nine days, three of which they had live pounds of hay, 
 four pounds of coru nieah four pounds of shorts, ten pounds of ensilage ; the 
 second three days, live pounds of liay, four pounds of corn meal, twenty pounds of 
 ensilage ; the third three days, four pounds of corn meal, thirty pounds of ensilage. 
 
 The Sl.xth Period, eight days, from one hundred and sixty pounds to two 
 hundred and fifty-five pounds of ensilage. 
 
 The Seventh Period, fifteen pounds of hay, four pounds of corn meal, four 
 pounds of shorts. 
 
 In studying the above table some allowance must be made for the iutiuence of 
 food extending from two to four days or longer into each subsequent period. There 
 isan increase in quantity of milk under gluten meal and corn meal, and a great falling 
 off under ensilage. 
 
 " The hay and gluten feeding. Third Period, shows a great waste inlnitter and 
 other solids ; next to that, in Fifth Period, when the ration was insutKcient, a large 
 waste ; Fourth Period, hay and meal feeding, also shows waste to a large extent ; 
 Second Period, hay and bran feeding, far less waste ; Sixth Period, ensilage feeding, 
 still less waste ; and First, Fourth and Seventh Period, hay, bran and meal feeding, 
 scarcely any waste of butter. We can see that when meal is added to the ration. 
 First, Fourth and Seventh Period, the waste averaged 2.16 ounces; where liran was 
 added to the ration, First, Second and Seventh Period, the waste averaged but 1.22 
 ounces. In the case of hay and meal, Fourth Period, i.97 ounces; in the case of hay 
 and bran, Second Period, 2.17 ounces. We must thus believe that the adding of bran 
 to the meal feeding was advantageous to butter recovery from the milk, and that 
 bran is more economical for butter recovery than meal." " The whole table gives 
 evidence as to the value of wheat bran as a butter fat yielding food for cows." " The 
 butter which may be obtained from the milk seems more dependent upon the 
 character of than upon the composition of the food." 
 
 The food must not only have all the elements in suitable projiortions, in order to 
 produce the best milk, but that food must have a certain quality which shall fit it 
 for bovine digestion and assimilation. The lacteal organs have the power of select- 
 ing and secreting the elements from certain foods of peculiar quality, and those alone 
 are profitable in the dairy. 
 
 FOOD AND QUALITY OF MII.K.* 
 
 " As there is a very close analogy, if not an actual connection or alternation, 
 between the fat of the tissues of a cow and the fat of the milk, it certainly A^uld seem 
 that as the quality of the food has a great deal to do with increasing the quantity of fat 
 
 'Henry Stewart, in Country Qentlemnn, 1W84. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 419 
 
 deposited in the tissues, so it must luiveagood deal to do with increasing the quantity 
 of fat deposited in the niillv glands and conveyed from them into the milk. I have 
 a record of a pure Jersey from the first week's churning, when at twenty and one 
 half months old, she produced eight and one half pounds of butter. The standard 
 feed of all my cows has always been, for morning and night's feeding, five pounds of 
 cut hay or corn fodder wetted and mixed with five pounds of meal made of three 
 hundred pounds of corn and two hundred pounds of fine wheat or rye bran, 
 preferably the latter, groiind together as fine as possible ; and five pounds of long 
 hay at noon ; any extra meal is given dry at this time. As a normal food, I have 
 found none better, more easily and cheaply procured, and more safe and satisfactory 
 in all respects. But I have at times varied this standard ration with every kind of 
 feed that has been on the market, and have carefully noted the results. Some of 
 these for this particular cow I will give. The feeding was the same as the standard 
 above given from January 4th, 1880, when the calf was a week old, and the milk 
 was set for cream. 
 
 " In January the butter yield was 1.3-4 pounds per day ; February, 1.25, and 
 March, 1.145. On April Ist the feed was changed to six pounds of wheat middlings, 
 with the hay as usual, twice a day. The butter yield for April and May in this 
 feeding was 0.95 and 0.84 pounds per day, the butter being very white and 
 crumbly. 
 
 " In June and July the ration was changed to two pounds of wheat bran (fine 
 bran, with considerable middlings, sometimes called ' sharps ') and three pounds of 
 palm-nut meal. The butter yield was 1.29 and 1.18 pounds respectively. In August 
 the food was changed to two pounds of the bran with two pounds of fine bolted 
 corn meal and two pounds of cotton-seed meal. The yield for August was 1.22 
 pounds daily ; September, 1.45, and October, 1.28. The milk now began to fall off 
 in quantity. Through 1881 the same difference in regard to cotton-seed meal was 
 shown, and the butter yield came up to 1.83 pounds a day. I was expecting to get 
 up to two pounds a day, when the cow had an attack of garget, and did not fully 
 recover until October, when on two pounds of the bran and three pounds of fine 
 yellow meal she gave 1.66 pounds of butter daily. The next season I kept a more 
 particular account, and weighed the milk carefiilly. This season lasted from May 9th. 
 1882, to December 6th, 1883. 
 
 "The very large difference caused by l)uckwheat bran — the cow fell off in flesh 
 very much in those two months, and took two months more to fill up again — is 
 almost exactly paralleled by glucose meal, which increased the milk of some other cows, 
 but considerably reduced the quantity of butter ; and also, but not to so great an 
 extent, by the new process linseed meal and by brewers' grains ; all of these make more 
 milk but less cream. I must say I have little confidence in the conclusions of the 
 (rerman scientific peojile, and in the mass of food tables and various rations they give. 
 
420 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 and still less in this idea, that the quality of the food has no eifeet upon the quantity 
 of the butter, and should be very glad to have it shown that they are mistaken." 
 
 2 lbs. Bran 
 
 3 lbs. Com Meal \ 
 
 1 lb. Cotton-seed Meal. . 
 
 5 lbs. Mixed Meal 
 
 I Bran j 
 
 I Corn I 
 
 5 lbs. Buckwheat Mid- ( 
 dlings and Bran ( 
 
 5 lbs. of the Standard 
 
 Meal 
 
 f Bran 
 
 I Com 
 
 May 14tli to 30th. 
 June 
 
 J^iiy 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 1883. 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 J"iy 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 Oc£ober 
 
 November 
 
 December (6 days) , 
 
 Pounds of 
 Milk. 
 
 592 
 926 
 918 
 930 
 902 
 840 
 897 
 912 
 
 1,009 
 912 
 690 
 793 
 807 
 671 
 464 
 482 
 430 
 281 
 241 
 38 
 
 Pounds of 
 Milk to 1 
 Pound of 
 Butter. 
 
 18.5 
 18.0 
 17.1 
 15.2 
 18.5 
 21.0 
 21.1 
 20.25 
 
 42.0 
 41.5 
 30.0 
 20.6 
 19.7 
 19.7 
 18.0 
 17.2 
 18.0 
 13.7 
 11.0 
 12.7 
 
 FKKD AND UKEEl) OF DAIRY COWS. 
 
 The following summary of concliLsions ])y Dr. E. L. Sturtevant are the result of 
 many years of study and experiment : 
 
 " 1. The production of butter is largely dependent on breed. 
 
 " 2. There is a structural limit to the production of butter to each cow. 
 
 " 3. When a cow is fed to tliis limit, increase of food cannot increase the 
 product. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 421 
 
 " 4. That the superior cow has this structural limit at a greater distance from 
 ordinary food, and is more ready to respond to stunuli than the inferior cow. 
 
 " 5. That consequently the superior cow is seldom fed to her limit, and as a 
 practical conclusion, increased feed with a superior lot of cows will increase the 
 butter product, hut if fed to an inferior lot of cows, waste can but be the 
 result. 
 
 ■ " 6. That the character of the food has some influence on tlie cliaracter of the 
 butter, but even the breed influences more than the food. 
 
 " 7. There is no constant relation between the butter product and the cheese 
 product. 
 
 " 8. That the casein contains a constant percentage, and that this ])ercentage 
 does not appear to respond to increase of food. 
 
 "9. That the casein appears to remain constant without regard to the 
 
 " 10. That increase in the (quantity of milk is followed by an increase in the total 
 amount of casein. 
 
 " 11. That insufficient feed acts directly to check joroportion of hntter and- has 
 a tendency to decrease the casein of the milk a/nd substitute aUjumen. 
 
 " 12. The best practice of feeding is to regulate the character of the food by 
 the character of the animal fed ; feeding superior cows nea/rer to the limit of their 
 production than inferior cows ; feeding, if for butter, more concentrated and 
 nutritious foods than for cheese ; feeding for cheese product, succulent material 
 which will increase the quantity of the milk yield." 
 
 CONTRAST OF BREEDS. 
 
 A Jersey cow weighing 800 to 1000 pounds will give 35 to 50 pounds of 
 butter to 100 pounds of live weight, or 700 to 800 pounds of milk to 100 pounds of 
 live weight ; while a Diitch (Holstein) cow weighing 1300 to 1700 pounds will give 
 20 to 26 pounds of butter to 100 pounds live weight, and 675 pounds of milk to 100 
 pounds of live weight. 
 
 One pound of Jersey milk is equivalent in value to two and one half pounds of 
 Dutch or Holsteiu-Friesian milk. 
 
 BUTTER IN DIFFERENT BEEEDS. 
 
 The butter production of the Jersey race is very exceptional, exceeding in that 
 respect all other breeds of cattle. It is interesting to com2)are the Jersey 
 production with that obtained from other known milking races. The following 
 figures are established by the works of eminent agriculturists : 
 
422 
 
 JJ-JltSEY CArriJ-J IX A.V/:/!/(A. 
 
 COMl'AliAlIVK ■ 
 
 Race. Milk 
 
 Jersey 
 
 Cotentine 
 
 Breton 
 
 Sclnvitz 
 
 Ayr 
 
 Maine 
 
 Flemish 
 
 Holland 
 
 Alil.E OF liUKKDS.'^ 
 
 uT Kilo^'niiiiine of IJuttcr.t 
 
 1«) to 18 Litres.J 
 
 25 to 28 " 
 
 25 to 3(1 '• 
 
 20 to 30 " 
 
 2S to 35 " 
 
 28 to 40 " 
 
 30 to 4-0 " 
 
 35 to 40 " 
 
 Milk per Year. 
 3,000 to 4,000 Litres. 
 3,000 to 3,500 " 
 1,400 to 1,(500 " 
 3,000 to 3,200 " 
 2,500 to 4,000 " 
 2,000 to 2,500 " 
 3,000 to 3,500 " 
 3,000 to 4,000 " 
 
 CRYSTAL SI'RINO FARM .lERSEYS. 
 
 Mr. J. H. Walker, of Worcester, Mass., says : '• I find my ' Victor Cows' 
 13.57 lbs. of milk to a pound of butter, when fed two quarts of corn meal and two 
 quarts of shorts per day. My whole herd average a pound of butter to 14.82 pounds 
 of milk. The least milk to a pound of butter was from Pavon 12,485, who made 14 
 pounds 8 ounces of butter in seven days at twenty-five months old, from 134 pounds 
 8 ounces of milk, or 9.28 jtounds of milk to a pound of butter." 
 
 BREEDS IN AMERICA. 
 
 The American Jerseys, compared witli other breeds, sIk i\v a bettor record than that 
 •jivon in the above table. Ilundreds of our tested Jersey cows show as follows : 
 
 Uucf, Pounds of Milk to 1 pound of limttT. 
 
 Jersey 5 to IS. Averaiic 1 4 
 
 Guernsey 10 to 24. " 1 !• 
 
 Angler 14 to 26. " 22 
 
 Red Poll 15 to 28. " 25 
 
 Devon 18 to 30. " 26 
 
 American Red (Native) 18 to 30. " 20 
 
 Ayrshire 20 to 35. " 28 
 
 Shorthorn 22 to 38. " 29 
 
 Dutch or Molstein-Friesiaii 28 to 50. " 35 
 
 It can readily be seen that a great disadvantage accriies to all wlio select the 
 breeds that produce a secretion abounding in water ; for it follows without 
 argument that the most expensive metluxl of securing a supply of water is by the 
 laborious operation called milking. 
 
 * Jerse}' Cuttle. By Henri .Johanet. Trnnslnlcd by \V. E. Simoiuls. 
 
 + A kilogramme is equivalent to 2^ lbs. 
 
 i A litre is equivalent to l.O.ICT qts. or If's <lt<- 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMEBIC A. 423 
 
 The increased labor in the dairy, the larger space required, the increase of 
 utensils, all add to the expense without any recompense. 
 
 The milk of Jersey cows should sell in the market for its proportional value 
 according to chemical analysis. 
 
 C( )NSTECCTION OF ICE-HOUSES. 
 
 One writer announces that " ice in the dairy must go !" It will go when the 
 dairy interest finds it expedient that it should go. Ice has its uses in all well- 
 regulated dairies. It was never designed to be used as a destructive agent, as hj the 
 freezing of cream and milk, butter and cheese, but it has its place. The discerning 
 dairyman will always appropriate ice to its place and service. 
 
 The ice-house must be as large as necessary to meet your purposes, for ice keeps 
 best in a large house and in large bulk. Allow about thirty-four cubic feet for a ton. 
 Dig the cellar below frost, lay drain pipe at the base of the foundation walls, with 
 a free outlet, which must also be safe from frost. Build the walls of concrete, 
 according to directions for barns, either octagon or square ; fill the cellar with gravel 
 and small stones for a sure drainage base. A single wall will suftice. 
 
 In filling the house, build up the blocks so as to have a layer of sawdust one 
 foot thick beneath and around, and also fill all the interstices with the same. The 
 blocks of ice may be laid up three feet at a time, leaving a space by the wall, which 
 may then be filled and well packed by tramping it hard. Fill the chinks and cover 
 each layer as it is placed. Finish by packing the top very firmly with two feet or 
 more of sawdust. 
 
 A ventilator in the roof is essential to the keeping quality of the house. 
 
 A CHEAP ICE-HOUSE. 
 
 For a small, cheap ice-house, cover a square frame with hemlock boards and 
 batten the seams. Fill the building in the same way as described above. A house 
 ten feet square and ten feet high, well packed, will hold about thirty tons of ice. 
 Paint the boards annually with crude petroleum. 
 
 HARVESTING THIN ICE. 
 
 Where the climate is mild, and ice cannot be safely left when it has acquired a 
 thickness of five or six inches, the ice is best broken into cakes and thrown into the 
 house, where a man with an axe breaks and fits the pieces by knocking ofl: or 
 battering down all the projecting points, throwing small pieces into the larger 
 cavities, and covering the top with two feet of sawdust. Every day as it settles 
 tramp down the sawdust by the walls and in the cavities on the surface. This must 
 be repeated once or twice a week until the month of May. This will secure a 
 perpetual supply. 
 
Ji:RSEY CA TTLE IX AMEIilCA. 
 
 ICE MACHINE. 
 
 In the South, where ice does not form, the question of supply lies between 
 receiving the Nortiiern crop when abundant, or home manufacture when the market 
 is high. The Twining machine will enable those who require it the requisite 
 facility of supply. 
 
 bcttp;k-colok — yelk. 
 
 A bright, glistening, golden color is a distinctive characteristic of the best quality 
 of butter. Such a color is natural, and is not only pleasing to the eye, but suggestive 
 of health and sweetness in the cow, with wholesome food from pasture, field and 
 meadow, indicative of fragrant aroma, delicate texture, and pure, delicious flavor, a 
 satisfaction to the sight, which is not disappointed in well-made butter by the smell 
 or taste. Butter color is derived from the cow's lacteal organs, through her special 
 power of secretion of a yellow oil, the coloring matter contained in the elements of 
 her food. Some cows have the ability to store up coloring matter in large 
 quantities, in their fat and in various tissues of the body. It also exudes from the 
 skin in little shining particles, and can be seen on many Jerseys in great abundance, 
 especially within the ears ; also beneath the lower lip, behind the elbow, within the 
 thighs, upon the ndder, teats, vulva and escutcheon, and beneath the hair on all 
 white patches. If it appeai-s within the ear, the cow may be considered pretty 
 sure to color her butter well. Many individuals have this faculty so strong, that 
 change of food and the severest hardship from cold cannot change it or diminish 
 its force, for their butter is nearly as golden in February frosts with hay fodder 
 as when pastured in June meadows. The original source of this butter color is the 
 juice, which contains the true coloring matter in green plants — that which gives 
 to j'Oung verdure its softest and most refreshing tints, and in luscious, full-grown 
 plants the rich, deep green, an element so marked in its abundance in the months 
 of May and June, where fine meadows and woods abound, that it deserves the 
 name of greenth. 
 
 GKEEXTH. 
 
 This greenth is called chlorophyl by the chemist, and the cow that can store up 
 the most of it and tincture her butter with it every day in the year is considered a 
 prize, if she be otherwise good. The greenth is a compound color and yields only its 
 yellow and orange to milk and butter. Many vegetables, like mangolds, yellow maize 
 and squashes, do not jdeld much of their color to butter, or at least in so small a degree 
 as to be practically of no value in that respect, so that if one desires to increase the 
 natural sources of butter-color it must be through those materials alone which furnish 
 greenth. To have high-colored butter, then, one must have the best yellow-skinned 
 Jerseys, and that yellow should be rather a rich cadmium orange ; and these Jerseys 
 should have succulent food of the richest green color, as many months in the 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN^ AMERICA. 425 
 
 year as can be supplied with rye, barley, sweet corn and orchard grass, and in winter, 
 green, unbleached hay made from the richest colored grasses, sweet com and clovers, 
 cut early or before their fullest blossoming growth, and in their richest color. Put 
 the liquid manure, bone meal, ashes and plaster on all the meadows and pastures, and 
 with abundance of plant food you will have luxurious growth and very deep color, 
 and consequently will seldom need to resort to annattoine for a tint. 
 
 GEEKN HAY. 
 
 Let all hay and fodder be cui-ed in such a manner as to retain as much as possible 
 of its green color. It is well to " make hay while the sun shines," but nevertheless 
 the best hay may be made while the sun shines, imihoid the sun shining wpon it. 
 
 OECHAED GEASS HAY. 
 
 If the land has been well prepared and the orchard grass seed sown at the rate 
 of three bushels to the acre, it will grow thick and fine, avoiding the buuchiness, 
 harshness and coarseness of tliiu seeding. When the grass is just blossoming and in 
 its richest green, set the wide-swath mower at work, but always be careful to mow 
 at those hours of the day when the grass is free from any wet of rain or dew. 
 The double-swath mower has extra size driving wheels, large geared, and of superior 
 power, and will cut with one pair of horses twenty acres in a day. A good time to 
 cut is from four to seven o'clock p.m. If the grass is heavy it will take nearly two 
 days to cure it. It should be put into cocks the middle of the following day while it 
 has the heat of the sun, and will cure much faster in heaps than if allowed to remain 
 flat until cool. The next day turn over the whole heaps at eleven a.m. and divide 
 into two or three flakes. In two hours it will be ready for the bam, and should be 
 housed while it has the heat of the sun. even if looking quite green and feeling a little 
 heavy. There will be no sourness or smokiness when you come to feed. Get in all 
 hay by four o'clock p.m. 
 
 THE MOW. 
 
 The deeper the mow the better for all kinds of hay. Let it be air-tight upon the 
 bottom and the four sides. 
 
 If the hay is thoroughly trampled and impacted in the mow, and salted, it may 
 be put in quite green, having the heat of the sun upon it, care being taken to make 
 it so firm and close as to exclude the air as thoroughly as possible. 
 
 The top may be finished by two or three feet of oat straw or very dry hay, also 
 well-trodden and impacted. 
 
 ANOTHER METHOD. 
 
 Cut in good weather as soon as the dew is ofl:, and follow with the hay tedder 
 once an hour until it is thoroughly wilted, but yet gree7i. Drive the improved hay- 
 cart with loader attached over the field in the hottest hours of the day, so as to secure 
 
426 JERSEY CATTLE IX AJ/EIilCA. 
 
 it in the mow with the highest degree of absorbed heat. Pack in the bam as 
 densely as it can be trodden down, using a peck of salt to the ton. The old way was 
 to dry it to tinder and let it get wet with rain or dew. The new way is vastly better. 
 
 GKEEN CI.OVEK IIAV. 
 
 Cut the clover in early bloom in good weather, free from dew, run the tedder 
 over it twice and put it into tall, slender cocks a.s soon as it isfulhj \oilted. Cover 
 with hay-caps and let theiu stand two days if the weather is fair, three or four if rain 
 intervenes. Open the heaps without any shaking, by laying them apart in a fexo 
 fat flakes, at eleven to twelve o'clock. Between two and three o'clock put into 
 cocks of double size and let them stand two days with the hay-caps on, then pack in 
 mow l)y treading each load thoroughly and firmly. 
 
 ANOTHEE METHOD. 
 
 Put into heaps hefore it is thoroughhj icilted, say two hours from cutting ; let 
 these tall, thin cocks stand covered with hay-caps three days, during which time it 
 will sweat, heat, and cure. By this method it will not become harsh and brushy, 
 but will retain its leaves and green color. The fourth day, at noon, simply turn over 
 the whole heap without spreading, and put into the mow, packing it evenly, after one 
 hour of exposure to the air and sun. Clover must be cured as much as possible 
 without exposure to the direct rays of the sun ; and, like all good hay, it must be 
 made on time and in its own time, and gathered in at the hottest hour of the day. 
 
 A TUIKD METHOD. 
 
 Dry the clover upon frames hung in tiere two feet deep, under a slied that hiis 
 open sides, thus giving it practically no sunshine at all. Pack in the mow as soon 
 as practicable, fourth or fifth day. 
 
 CUBING cr.ovEK wrrH grasses. 
 
 Clover will cure better if the ground is seeded with a mixture of grasses, so as 
 to give from one fourth to one third in bulk of orchard grass and tunothy, and the 
 hay is cleaner from being kept off the ground. To cure a crop of two or three tons 
 per acre, always cut in good weather, selecting the time when the clover is iu 
 early bloom, just after a rain-storm, in clearing weather. 
 
 Use a mower that will leave the swath loo.se and airy, and cut from three to seven 
 o'clock in the evening. The next day at ten o'clock use the tedder, and at two 
 o'clock the same day put up into high cocks and let them stand one or . two days, 
 getting them into the barn on a bright, clear day witliout opening, if there has 
 been no rain. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST A3IERICA. 427 
 
 If during any stage of this process there is threat of an approaching storm or 
 shower, get the hay into cocks as quickly as possible, and put on caps. 
 
 In a wet season, clover and grass need more curing than in dry times. Irrigated 
 crops also need more drying. Always cock when the thermometer is highest, and 
 get in hay at the same hour of the day. 
 
 Never get in hay after four o'clock. 
 
 Select those varieties of oats that do not breed smut. Cut with the reaper just 
 before coming into milk or in first stage of bloom and quite green. Let the swaths 
 lie imtil thoroughly wilted. Rake and bind in small sheaves, and set in small shocks 
 with hay-caps for four days. Break open the shocks and expose the bound sheaves 
 to the heat of the sun four hours, turning them once, then pack in mow, laying 
 evenly. 
 
 ANOTHER METHOD. 
 
 Cut with the mower and treat like orchard grass. Many who have tested 
 green oat hay declare it to be excellent for the production of golden butter. The 
 hay-caps may have a short stake to drive into the ground instead of being weighted. 
 
 COW-PEA HAY. 
 
 The so-called speckled or whippoorwill pea (a bean) is much used in the 
 Southern States, and it would be well to extend its culture Northward. We could 
 not get two cuttings, as in the Gulf States and Mississippi, but one cutting would 
 doubtless prove profitable wherever it will grow. Sow in drills three feet apart, 
 one bushel to the acre, about the first of May ; cultivate to a slight depth several 
 times with a fine-tooth cultivator. Cut when the plant is in the young pod with 
 peas half to two thirds grown. As soon as slightly wilted cure upon frames made of 
 rails, beneath a shed, where they may be placed in layers two feet deep, leaving 
 a foot of space between the several layers for ventilation and thorough curing. This 
 is said by those who use it to be superior to clover for feeding purposes. Pack in 
 the mow as soon as the water is sufliciently evaporated. It may also be treated like 
 clover. 
 
 GREEN MILLET HAY. 
 
 The soil must be warm, rich, and very finely pulverized for millet. Sow early in 
 June fifty pounds of seed to the acre, to get a thick, fine stand. If the soil and 
 weather are in their best harmony, with abundant rain, it will produce a very dense 
 growth from five to six feet high. Cut with the mower just as the seed is coming 
 into milk or before the heads are fully out, which will probably be early in 
 September, Cure it in the cock, like clover, but the cocks may be miich larger, and 
 you will have a bright green, very heavy hay, that will be excellent for the 
 
438 JERSEY CATTLK IN AMERICA. 
 
 production of irokleii winter l>ntter. If cnt ton late it will he coarse, and very hard 
 to cure. 
 
 OREEN MAIZE HAY. 
 
 Tlic saving and cnriiii; of green corn is a sn1)jeet wortiiy of mncli tlioii^lit. 
 "Professor J.W.Sanborn entertains the 'emphatic belief, founded on years of 
 practical experience as a farmer,' that Missouri alone wastes each year not less than 
 $20,000,000 net in neglect of her crop of com fodder. It sliould be fed in 
 connection with the grain instead of ' selling the latter to be worked up abroad, and 
 throw away its base.' " With the new machines for the crusliing and finely comminut- 
 ing of well-cured cornstalks, the economy of the maize cn^p becomes of much greater 
 importance than hitherto. 
 
 Where the Southern or Dent corn is grown it is the practice with some farmers, 
 as soon as the corn is well filled m the kernel, and the leaves begin to lose their How 
 of sap, to strip off all the leaves l)elow the ears, to be made into maize hay, while the 
 upper half of the stalk is cut just above the ear, or topped. These are cured in shade 
 and make sweet hay. The Northern or Flint varieties it is customary to cut close 
 to the ground as soon as the kernels are glazed. This gives, if properly cured, a full 
 crop of maize grain and a large amount of excellent fodder, which by the aid of the 
 new machine is converted into a crushed and semi-pulverized condition, whereby it is 
 wholly utilized in feeding. 
 
 CUKINU COKN FODDER. 
 
 The curing of corn fodder is of as much importance as the curing of any other 
 grass for hay or the curing of clover. Ordinarily in a dry climate there should be 
 no difficulty in curing the stalks well in the field so that they will keep in the mow. 
 The only item necessary for consideration .after cutting is, that the stalks should be 
 well set up in the field, so that they cannot fall down, for if they fall, or lean from 
 the upright, both the grain and the stalks become mouldy and full of decay. 
 
 But in a vertical position, curing of both grain and fodder go on to perfection. 
 It is the custom of some farmers to set a stake firmly in the ground, around which 
 are fixed the stalks in liundles, forming ki/'(/i', circular shochs. 
 
 A machine is needed for cutting the corn rapidly. 
 
 A short-handled hoe well sharjjened, with which at one stroke a liill of four or 
 five stalks is clipped, is the common method, but a stout cradle will double the speed 
 of cutting. The shocks are best l)ound very tightly at the top with a cord. The 
 bottom of the shocks is left sufficiently open ft)r ventilation and ripening. If the 
 weather is fine these shocks may be left in the field for many weeks. Corn grown 
 in drills may be cut with a reajjcr. Give the weather-beaten stalks to di'v cows, the 
 bright green to butter cows. 
 
 The advantages in this system over the silo are : 
 
 1. The work is done at a convenient season after the hurry of hay harvest. 
 
JERSEY CATTAE IN A3IERICA. 429 
 
 2. The avoidance of the cost of the silo. 
 
 3. The sweetness and purity of the fodder as contrasted with the vinegar and 
 offensive odor of ensilage. 
 
 4. The better quality of the milk, butter and cheese. 
 
 5. The avoidance of the dangers of ensilage in causing debility and abortion. 
 
 6. The saving of a full crop of grain. 
 
 7. The coinminuter or " crusher " prevents all waste and greatly increases the 
 economy of feeding. 
 
 . The silo may perhaps be tolerated by and be a source of profit to beef butchers ; 
 but I very much doubt that beef rich in osmazome can be produced by ensilage feed. 
 I believe it the part of wisdom for all Jersey breeders who are feeding silo fodder 
 to turn their silos into root-cellars or hay-barns for the storing of sweet, pure, 
 wholesome fodder for their cattle that are too choice to put to any rash experiment. 
 The silo is an adventure that is full of hazard to all dairy breeders, and inexpedient 
 for the perfection of the arts of breeding and of dairying. Good maize fodder 
 may be cut as for the silo and packed in the air-tight mow, after being cured green. 
 
 CLEANLINESS AND FILTH. 
 
 The progressive dairy farmer should have both a native and a cultivated 
 abhorrence of all filth. Unless the ordinary processes of fermentation of manure- 
 heaps and privies are put under perfect sanitary regulations, disaster will come to the 
 home. There will be a poisonous atmosphere, poisoned wells, poisoned ground, and 
 the dreadful calamities of typhoid fever, scarlatina, diphtheria, untimely deaths, and 
 much terrible suffering and life-long regrets. And also all these dire calamities may 
 be spread to neighboring homes, and to the city marts, and even to distant parts of 
 the world, by poison milk, poison cream, poison cheese, and poison butter. 
 
 The necessity of a radical reform in all the matters pertaining to cleanliness at 
 the farm is paramount. 
 
 Of all the occupations on this earth, from ruling nations to peddUng peanuts, 
 there is not one that is carried on in such a slovenly and slipshod manner as farming. 
 Every sink-spout is a breeder of typhoid fever. The milk-slops and housewash that 
 are poured down in the nearest and most convenient place breed scarlet fever, the 
 privy breeds diphtheria, and the whole vicinity is tormented with myriads of flies 
 bred in the manure-heaps, while rats revel in all this filth, and destroy more hay and 
 grain than the value of all the profits of the farm. Change it all. Make it all 
 clean and sweet. Protect your neighbors and yourselves from all these manuf ac. 
 tured diseases. Never allow a rat, mmise, or fly, to enter one of youriuildings. 
 
 Well-made concrete walls and floors keep out rats. Terriers, ferrets, cats, owls, 
 
430 JERSEY CATTLK IX AMERICA. 
 
 traps, and skilfully used phosphorus or strychnine will destroy all the rats and mice 
 that dare intnule or that are brought in by hay and grain from the fields. 
 Fine window-screens and wire-doors keep out all flies. Ee clean ! 
 
 HELP— HELPERS— HIRELINGS. 
 
 Most of all, the fanner needs, in his hired help, men and women that are 
 skilful and wholly trustworthy. Wheu the fanner attempts to conduct his business 
 with untrained and careless hirelings, he soon finds his farm-work in disorder and 
 everything in the way of destniction. He says, " This choice Jersey calf is tobe 
 well fed, and I won't trust the boy or the hired man, I'll do it myseK." " This field 
 is to be thoroughly tilled and carefully seeded with grass ; I can't trust my hired man, 
 I'U do it myself." The consequence is that the attempt to do everything requiring 
 care or consummate skill becomes too great a l)urdon, and he must also shirk it, for 
 he cannot do everythin<j. 
 
 The true helper is a rarity. The hireling is to be found everywhere, and no 
 greater opprobrium can attach to any man than to give him the stigma of '' an 
 hireling." " He fleeth because he is an hireling." He cares for nothing but his 
 wages, and is indifferent to the fact that his employer's prosperity depends upon his 
 faithfulness. Helpers and not hirelings are needed — trained, skiKul helpers. The 
 interests of the employer and the helper are mutual. Let the wise employer keej) 
 and train his own help, and care for all their interests. Let him encourage them by 
 rewards for well-doing, or punish by penalties, and rebuke for shortcomings. Let 
 him give rewards for care of stock and fine productions, either by testimonials or 
 by a share in the profits of the business — and, above aU, Jy Mndhj words of 
 commendation for all well-doing. How encouraging to the tme and faithful are 
 the words, " Well done " ! Let the helper respond by still striving to excel. 
 
 REST AND RECREATION. 
 
 The farmer and his helpers must each day have the work planned so as to give 
 the requisite number of hours to labor, to rest, and to sleep. There must be eight 
 to twelve /wurs of good hard work over and beyond all the interrupt io?i^ and 
 hindrances / there must be eight hmirs of good, refreshing sleep / the other four 
 to eight hours are given to food, to contemplation, and to planning, to self- 
 improvement, to reading, and also include all the voluntary interruptions and 
 irregularities. 
 
 In all Christian countries the first day of the week is officially recognized as a 
 day of release from all work e.xcept that which is indispensable. The day is regarded 
 by Christians- as the Lord's day, in which are to be made special observances of 
 commemoration and divine worship and the declaration of the gospel or good news 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 431 
 
 of salvation to all men wlio will bear. The farm-work should be so arranged as to 
 give a part of the Lord's day to each man to attend upon divine worship and 
 preaching, if he wiU, and the employer himself should set the example in so doing. 
 The day is one of high and gracious privileges, of which no man has a right to 
 deprive another, but which all men everywhere are enjoined to regard with pleasure, 
 and avail themselves thereof with moral and religious benefits ever accruing. 
 
 The employer whose helpers delight in regularly attending Christian worship 
 shall find that his interests will be well regarded. 
 
 The man that smokes will be lazy and shiftless, and unless very stringent rules 
 are adopted to prevent it, may some day ignite the hay-mow. 
 
 The whiskey-drinkers and swearers are not fit to be tnisted with the care of 
 Jerseys, for they will always maltreat them when angry. 
 
''"^^y^-.A 
 
 jy.^ 
 
 FAVORITE OF THE ELMS 1656. 
 
 IIOLLV (iKIIVIC JIHIill. 
 John 1. IIoi.ly, Pi.ainkiki.I), New Jek^^ey. 
 
PART I^OURTH. 
 
 DAIRY FARMING AND THE WEATHER. 
 
 The ^veatlier, in its relations to the growth and the liarvesting of billions of 
 dollars' worth of hay and grain in good condition, also to the care and health of 
 animals, its effect on their breeding and stamina, as well as upon all the productions 
 of the dairy, offers a vast field for observation, profound study, and availability 
 of practical knowledge. By the forecast of the weather an individual may save 
 in perfect condition a large crop which otherwise might be either a partial or a 
 total loss. In the aggregate, when a system of observation and weather signals shall 
 have been adopted throughout the ci:>untry, the saving of these amounts will insure 
 great prosperity. 
 
 In the United States Agricultural Report for 1881 and 1SS2 an estimate of the 
 value of crops for the country in 1881 is given as follows : 
 
 Hay $415,131,366 
 
 Indian Corn ' 759,1:82,170 
 
 Wheat 456,880,427 
 
 Oats 193,198,970 
 
 Barley 33,862,513 
 
 Rye 19,327,415 
 
 And yet the statistician says : " While a crop failure, or such scarcity as to limit 
 necessary consmnption of food, is practically unknown in this country, the nearest 
 approach to it for many years occurred in 1881. It affected all the cereals except 
 oats, the potato crop to a very serious extent, and reduced the production of cotton 
 more than a million bales. Five consecutive seasons, from 1876 to 1880 inclusive, 
 produced crops of moi-e than average yield, while the same period in Western 
 Europe was attended with medium or low productions in nearly all branches of farm 
 industry, but especially in wheat. 
 
434 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 "In 1875 our wheat proihict was reduced, wliile tlic cdrii croj) wa.s aliove an 
 average. 
 
 " In 1874 the reverse was trne, .wheat making an average eroj), and corn nearly 
 as bad a faihire as in 1881. In 1869, corn wa.s a comparative failure, while wheat 
 produced more than an average yield. In no season since tlie inauguration of 
 crop reporting lias there been so general disaster, involving corn, wheat, barley, 
 buckwheat, and rye, oats alone being exempt from loss, as 1881." 
 
 The corn yield was twenty-seven jjer cent, less than 1880 ; the wheat twenty-two 
 per cent, less, and the lowest ever reported ; rye twenty-seven per cent, less ; barley 
 nine per cent. ; the aggregate product of all cereals twenty-four per cent, less than 
 that of 1880, the result of a cold, backward spring. Oonsequeiitly, a very late 
 spring would seem to necessitate the planting of a much greater area, from one 
 fourth to one third in extent, with still more careful culture, in order to meet the 
 demands of the country in food supply. 
 
 The value of the green pasture grass is probal)ly greater than tliat of the hay 
 crop. 
 
 AVith tlie rapid increase of population it becomes necessary to ado])t imjjroved 
 methods of agriculture, not only to increase the growth and yield, but to insure a 
 safe harvest of what is grown. A general knowledge of the atmospheric changes 
 will aid much, while a Government system of daily weather reports for all parts of 
 the continent will result in the saving of a vast amount of material that is now 
 wasted. The subjects of Drouth, Irrigation, Drainage, Backward Seasons, Diver- 
 sity of Crops, will receive the attention they desei"ve, and aid farmers in determin- 
 ing plans of operation in all that relates to Agricultural Economy. In order to 
 give a correct knowledge of the subject as far as yet understood, I have deemed it 
 best to present to my readers " The Atmospheric System" of Thomas B. Butler, 
 which I have found it necessary to do in a condensed and slightly modified abstract. 
 
 THE ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEM. 
 
 " Tlie weather is the existing state of the atmos])here in any specitied locality, 
 and tlie changes there occurring from one state to another in regard to — 
 " 1. The weight of the atmosphere. 
 " 2. The temperature. 
 " 3. The direction and force of winds. 
 " 4. Clearness or clouds. 
 " 5. The degree of moistiu'e. 
 
 " 6. The state of precipitation, mist, rain, snow or hail. 
 " 7. The electrical state. 
 
J1£RSEY VATTLE IN A3£ERICA. 435 
 
 PROPOSITION FIRST. 
 
 " The iionnal state, in the temperate zones, is clear, still, dry weather. 
 
 PRf)P()SITI0N SECOND. 
 
 " Changes of tlie weather and all the ]>henoniena connected with them result 
 from one of several distinct, organized atmospheric conditions, formed in the 
 atmosphere of the tropical zone, and passing from thence over our zone, or formed in 
 our zone of materials and by influences emanating from the base of the system in the 
 tropical zone. 
 
 PROPOSITION THIRD. 
 
 " All the conditions referred to result from the operation of tixed and intelligible 
 laws, pertaining to a general organization of the atmosphere, or an atmospheric 
 system, which has its base in the tropical zone. 
 
 " The various states which are a departure from fair weather result from a series 
 of organized, varied, successive, passing, atmospheric conditions. 
 
 THE STORIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE. 
 
 " The atmosphere has three distinct stories in regard to clouds and winds. 
 
 " They are constituted by the interposition of a current of warm, rain-bearing air 
 from the tropics. It enters over the United States from the southward in large 
 volume, at different points, in different seasons of the year. It moves to the northwest 
 in the tropics, and curves between 25° and 3.5° latitude, according to season of year, 
 moving afterward to the northeastward. It varies in quantity. Sometimes it is 
 not more than a thousand feet deep ; again it may form ' a river in the air,' ten 
 thousand feet in depth. 
 
 " Where it enters upon the continent its lower surface may be half a mile to a 
 mile above the earth. Gradually descending it will come nearer at 40° north 
 latitude and in the "Western States. It seems to be elevated in passing over the 
 Alleghanies, and the easterly wind blows in under it in greater volume after it has 
 passed elsewhere. 
 
 " The tropical current constitutes the middle story of the air. All below it is 
 the surface story, all above it the upper story. 
 
 " The middle or ' trade ' story may be seen in a large proportion of the days of 
 the year, and known by its elevation, direction, and the character of the clouds which 
 form and float there. 
 
 " At the latitude of 4( i°, when unexcited, it moves at the rate of about twelve 
 miles an hour, but its motion is sometimes less, often much more ; during intense 
 storms, twenty-four miles an hour, or more. 
 
430 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 SUKFACE-STORY CLOUDS. 
 
 " Tliere are throe kinds of cloud and vapor in the surface story : Fog, Scud and 
 Mist. 
 
 " Liini Fo(j forms at tlie surface from one to two hunch-ed feet. TZ/y// Fog 
 forms in the niglitfroni tifteen hundred to two thousand feet high, and is generally 
 dissipated by ten o'clock in the moraing. Scud clouds form and float in all the winds 
 of tiie surface story which blow with notable force. Scud form in all the winds 
 wliich are parts of Conditions. Such winds usually blow from northeast, southeast, 
 northwest and southwest. This results from the fact that the Cmulitions, after 
 they curve in a low latitude, move in a northeast direction, and the lateral winds 
 necessarily are northwesterly and southeasterly. 
 
 "The northeasterly wind moves in under the storm, iu opposition to its line of 
 progression. The southwesterly follows after the same line. The northeasterly wind 
 is very common east of the Alleghanies, and less common west of them. 
 
 " The Northwest Scud are seen, according to season of year, in every conceivable 
 form. 
 
 '• In the summer they assume rounded heaps, and are white, unless very dense, 
 when the under surface is dark. In autumn they are less rounded and more elongated 
 and horizontal, and float in larger, darker, irregular masses. In the early spring and 
 late fall they are often very dark and gloomy, coalescing and covering the sky, and 
 dropping, for a brief period, flurries of snow, but they may always be known by the 
 direction and character of the wind they float in, and their relation to some stormy 
 Condition which lias passed by and cleared off. You ^vill have fifty opportunities 
 in the year to observe them. 
 
 " The Northeast Scud may be seen running under the outlying, advance 
 condensation, toward the southwest, and the l)ody of the storm approaching from 
 that quarter. They are ahnost always in irregular patches, and always of an ashy- 
 gray color. 
 
 " As the storm approaches tiearer, tliose masses of scud become larger and denser, 
 and before rain sets in they wliolly fill tlie upper part of the surface story, and 
 obscure the storm clouds from view. The northeast wind and scud continue to move 
 southwest, until after the body of the storm has passed to the eastward, the rain 
 ceased, and the layers of other kinds of clouds are visible in the ti-ade and u])per 
 stories through the dissolving scud. Tho.se who live east of the Alleghanies will 
 have at least twenty opportunities for observing the Northeast Scud in the course of 
 a year. 
 
 " The Southeast Scud closely resemble the Northeast, but are not so uniformly 
 ashy-gray. These float in the southeast wind, toward, under, and frequeiitly quite 
 across the long, stormy conditions to which they are incident. Tlie opportunities for 
 observing the Southeast Scud are less frequent than the Northeast. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 4:57 
 
 " The Southwesterly Scud are less distinct than the others. "When they blow 
 from the southwest, toward and under a belt of showers, in the summer, they very 
 much resemble in form and color the scud of the easterly winds. But when, after a 
 storm or belt of showers has passed by, and the wind is hauling or veering through 
 the west toward the northwest, the sciid become whiter and more regular in form. 
 
 TEADE-STOEY CLOUDS. 
 
 " With the exception of mist, trade-story clouds are all of the stratus form, or 
 more or less dense horizontal layers of a dark, sombre hue. They are all rain-bearing 
 clouds, and precipitate the moisture which they bring from the tropics. There 
 are three forms. The Cirro-Stratus, ' mackerel sky,' is seen in the incomplete 
 condensation which appears in front and at the sides of the body of a storm. As 
 tliese bands of Cirro-Stratus coalesce before the rain reaches us, they form a dense 
 unbroken Stratus which is often \asible in sjjots between the flying masses of scud. 
 It is from the stratus that we obtain most of our rain, in the northeast and southeast 
 storms of the autumn, winter and spring. In the summer most of the rains come 
 in the belts of showers, which fall from the other form of trade-story cloud, the 
 CuimdoStratus, witli a dark, wide, flat base, surmounted by swelling heaps of fleecy 
 whiteness. 
 
 " It is among the masses of Cumulo-Stratus, in such a belt of showers, that 
 the lightning plays and the thunder is heard ; and it is from the base of some 
 Cumulo-Stratus which settles down into the surface story, that the lightning descends 
 and strikes upon the earth ; and it is from the roimded thunderhead of the same 
 cloud that the lightning flashes up, to the layer of upper-story clouds above ; and in 
 the cliamber between these two stories, that the thunder reverberates and rolls, till it 
 dies away in the distance. 
 
 CLOUDS OF THE UPPER STORY. 
 
 " The clouds of the upper story of the air, with tlie exception of mist, are Cirrus 
 or woolly clouds. They are variable in form, always white and thin, and generally 
 fibrous or thready, with slender filaments, contrasting with the azure of the sky, 
 though sometimes misty and without observable form, and at others in thin sheets 
 or parallel bands, and always the highest clouds to be seen. 
 
 " The Fibro-CirrihS consists of curled wisps, or 'mares' tails.' 
 
 " The Linear-Cirrus consists of long layers of horizontal threads, often seen as 
 the outlying advance condensation of a northeasterly storm, approaching from the 
 west and extending in the same general direction. 
 
 " A third form is the Misty-Cirrus^ consisting of thin, misty, nebulous clouds. 
 A rarer form of cloud, seen, perhaps, half a dozen times a year, is the Cumulo-Cirrus, 
 
438 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 that consists of small, isolated heaps, like fleet-es of siiowv wool. This a])pears in 
 long drouth or set fair weather. 
 
 TAlil.K SI10WIN(i XATIHAI. (IKDKK 
 
 Misty or Nehulo-Cirriis. 1 
 
 Fibro-Cimis. 
 
 Linear-Cirrus. 
 
 Cuniulo-Cirrus. 
 
 Mist. 
 
 Cirro-Stratus. 
 
 Cuniulo-Stratus. 
 
 Stonn-Stratus. 
 
 Mist. 
 
 Scud. 
 
 High Fog. 
 
 Low Fog. 
 
 Mist. 
 
 I'jjper Storv — ("iinus. 
 8 t,. C. miles in (lei)th 
 
 Ti-ade Storj' — Stratus. 
 i to 3 miles in depth. 
 
 Surface Story — Scud. 
 1 mile in depth. 
 
 " The Scud clouds are driven in all winds, from a fresh breeze to a hurricane, at 
 a height from half a mile to a mile. Tiie (Jirro-Stratus are from one to two miles 
 high; the Storm-Stratus is aljout a mile iiigli. The Cirrus clouds are from three to 
 ten miles high. Fogs form at night in still air, or in winter storms, in thaws liy day 
 or night, and in storms at all seasons. 
 
 -roRM c'oxnrrioN. 
 
 "The l)()dy of ;i stiinii is composed of tiiree strata of clouds: a layer of rirruti 
 in the upper story ; a layer of .stratus in the trade story ; and in the lower story a 
 layer of surface wind, blowing in under the other strata, humid and moist, and filled 
 with patches or dense masses of send ; and all these work and act together, and 
 move together, as relative parts, to produce and deposit the rain. 
 
 '•The diagram on page 441 exhibits the jjosition of a Southeaster, which, 
 entering upon the continent over Texas, and curving to the northeastward, has 
 crossed the upper jiart and arrived at the lower part of the Mississi]ipi River, and is 
 drifting to the eastward to cover the entire territory of the United States and 
 Canada, east of that river, and jiass off on to the Atlantic. 
 
 " It will 1)6 seen, by the direction of the arrows, that it has lateral southeast and 
 northwest winds, the arrows in the body of condensation or central portion of the 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IEEICA. 
 
 The Three Stories of the Atmosphere. 
 Upper, Cirrus ; Middle, Stratus; Lower, Scud. 
 
 stonn, indicating that tliat jwrtioii is moving to the nortliea.st, whit-li is true of all 
 tlie various conditions, as a rule. There are some exceptions. 
 
 " The dotted lines on the northwest portion of the storm indicate that portions 
 of it have moved up to the northeast and left the surface uncovered, showing the 
 manner in which such storms generally ' clear off ' from the northwest. The 
 shading down at the Gulf indicates the accession of additional portions upon its 
 eastern side. In such a condition the southeast lateral wind often blows a gale, and 
 its direction is nearly at right angles with the axis of the storm, and under and across 
 the belt of condensation. Sometimes, in autumn or winter, the northwest wind may 
 blow in under the southeast wind, a part of the way, and turn the rain to snow. 
 
 " Anterior to the approach of such a storm, within influencing distance there is 
 
440 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 a fair, pleasant, still and normal day, sometimes called a ' weather-breeder,' with high 
 barometer. As soon as the influeuee of the storm reaches the place and is fult, the 
 barometer begins to fall, the air moves toward the storm, and the wind freshens 
 from the southeast and fills with scud, the thermometer rises, the air grows damp, 
 approaching cloud condensation (cirrus) is seen in the west and n(»rthwest, and men 
 and animals feel sensibly the approach of the storm. 
 
 '•In the hrlt of shotoers, the commencement of the fall of rain is nearly 
 coincident witli the arrival of the eastern abrupt edge of the cloudy portion of the 
 condition over the place. In the condition we are now describing, tlie cloudiness 
 may e.\tend from one to two hundred miles to the eastward of the rain, gradually 
 thickening from the eastern edge to the ])art where rain is falling, and the western 
 edge may terminate abruptly. In all other respects, and indeed in all their essential 
 features, the two conditions are alike, and belong to the same general cla.ss. The 
 sunnner condition is narrower and less extensive than those of antunni. 
 
 '•The number of this cla.ss of conditions (taking a period of ton yearsi wliicli 
 occur in each year, at any i;ivcu point cast of the ninety -fifth meridian, will not 
 vary, on an average, inncli from tiiirty, and, if anything, exceed it. All, or nearly 
 all of our thunder showers, so called, are contained in and are a jiart of them. 
 
 '• In the course of nearly fifty years of habitual and close observation in different 
 parts of the country, 1 have Tiot seen a dozen xingU, isolated thunder showers. 
 
 "Slight showci-s sonietiines occur on the eastern or western edge of the belt 
 before the main body has arrived or after it has [)assed, which seems to be isolated, 
 biit they are a ])art of the condition. 
 
 "Of the thirty or moir. at least one fifth do not precipitate at all over the 
 eastern part of the continent. "Whether because their energy is spent before they 
 reach us, or l)ecau8e they never were sufficiently intense in their character, it is not 
 always easy to detennine. Probably sometimes from one cause and sometimes the 
 other. These feeble conditions are most common during summer drouths. They 
 are perfectly distinct — have all the elementx and go through idl the motions of the 
 most intense conditions of their class, hut feebly and decejitively. They e.xcite and 
 disappoint hopes, and are the cause and foundation of the proverb that '■All signs 
 fail in a drij time.'' Hundreds of thousands of dollars are lost by farmers, l)y a 
 single rain, in the value of their hay and the cost of redrying it, which might he 
 saved if they understood the thirty-si.\ houre' perfectly int<'lli(iihle loaniing which 
 precedes it. 
 
 " Belts of showers present the following succession of piicnoniena in sumnu'r : 
 
 " 1. Still, warm weather, one or more days. 
 
 " 2. Fresh southerly wind, one or more days; if more tlian one, dying away at 
 tlie S. "W. at nightfall, but continuing into the evening of the day before the belt 
 of condensation arrives. 
 
JEBSEY CATTLE IN AIIERICA. 
 
 The Southeaster. 
 (Left-hand side of cut h north.) 
 
 " 3. Belt of coiideiisatioii, witli or witliout rain or showers, witli the easterly 
 wind blowing axially, if the condensation is heavy and the belt wide ; westerly, if 
 the condensation is feeble or the belt narrow, the clouds moving about E. N. E. 
 
 " 4. Cooler aii', light N. W. in snmnier, heavy N. W. in autumn, winter, and 
 spring. 
 
442 .fj:iisi:y cattle ix amerka. 
 
 " And the next period : 
 
 '• 5. Still warm weatlier m- iiglit airs. 
 
 " t;. Southerly wind, fresh. 
 
 '* 7. Belt of condensation. 
 
 " .s. Cool northerly wind. 
 
 " And so on, successively, nnle-ss l>niki'ii in upoii In- some other class. 
 
 " Sometimes these periods are exceedin>;ly rei^nlar, at otiier times other classes 
 prevail. 
 
 " I have much reason to believe that this is tiie normal, iHrioiJ'ic provision for 
 conden-sation of our portion of the northern hemisphere, and probably of every other 
 where rain falls rejrularly in the summer season, and that the other classes are 
 exceptions, as the hurricanes are exceptions to the iioi-mal condition of the weather 
 everywhere. 
 
 '* Perhaps in some seasons, during the uortiiern transit, the exceptions may equal 
 the rule, but I do not remember such a season. In other years neai-ly all the storms 
 are of this character. Thus. Dr. Ilildrcth. in Silliman's Journal for 1827, speaking 
 of the year 182<'>, in a note to liis register of tliat year, says : 'There have been, 
 this year, an unusual luniilxT of winds from N'.or >;. "\V. Nearly every rain the 
 past summer has been followed with winds from the northward, when in many 
 previous summers tlie wind sliifted to the southward after rain." 
 
 " The belts of siiowers are sometimes com])osed of imperfectly (ronnected masses 
 of cumulo-stratus, and wlien the l)reak l)etween them passes over any given point, a 
 shower will pa.ss to the north and another to the south of it, and people say, 'The 
 showers go round us.' In such cases the observer must look in the southwest, and 
 not at the west or northwest, for the particular portion of cloud which is to precipitate 
 rain upon his locality. 
 
 •'There is one otluT |ieculiarity : the hitinil n-'nul is always the strongest which 
 blows from the surface tliat is m,.xf wolst. 
 
 " This class of rniKlilions, belts of shower.-, is the most common evervwhere. 
 
 " This condition is a distinctly nuirked mie on the ea.st side of the Alleghanies, 
 but not as prevalent or distinctly markid on the west side. The distinguishing 
 feature is a thin stratiun of northeast wiinl, which sometimes blows a day or two, _ 
 toward the storm which is approaching from the southwest, Ijefore the storm reaches 
 us. In such ca.ses, the .storm is very wide and presents a wide front to the eastward. 
 I am inclined to think that tlie wind is always northeast, where the belts have a 
 width of live hundred miles or more on the ea.st of the Alleghanies. This wind is 
 very frequent in the si)ring, when the focus of the storm is south of us, and its 
 northern edge extended up over us, and the conden-satiou is not sufficiently dense to 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMEUICA. 443 
 
 precipitate. In such cases, we may get no rain in Xew England, but liave what is 
 termed ' a dry northeaster.' 
 
 IKKEGULAK CONDITIONS. 
 
 " There are certain irregular conditions which occasionally occur. Thus the 
 whole eastern part of the continent is sometimes covered for days by cloudiness, with 
 liere and there irregular patches of snow or rain in winter and spring, or showers and 
 perhaps tornadoes in summer. These long spells of extensive condensation and 
 dampness, or irregular rain and irregular winds, are occasional and exceptional, and of 
 course defy distinct description or classification. But it will be observed that they 
 generally begin with southerly or easterly wind and clear off from the northwest. 
 
 TIIK nURRICANE CONDITION. 
 
 " This term is applied to violent gales at sea, and particularly those that originate 
 in the tropics. They are most common in the warm season. The Atlantic hurricanes 
 begin to the east of the Caribbean Sea, sweep across the eastern portion of the West 
 Indies and along near the coast of our South Atlantic States, gradually widening out, 
 maintaining their action many days, until they pass into the North Atlantic, beyond 
 the track of commerce and observation. 
 
 " The most violent hurricanes occur upon the land, and vary in width from one 
 mile to fifty, and under the whole width the lateral winds are masked by a most violent 
 and destructive wind which follows the body of cloud and its line of progress from 
 westward to eastward. 
 
 THE TORNADO CONDITION. 
 
 " Tornado is applied to the condition upon land, but it is called water-spout 
 upon the sea. 
 
 " 1. It occurs during a peculiarly sultry electric state of the trade and surface 
 atmosphere, and at a time when thunder showers are prevailing in and near the 
 locality, as an incident of the showery condition, and at any period of the year when 
 such a state of the atmosphere exists. 
 
 '' 2. There is always a cloud above, but very near the earth, between which and 
 the earth the tornado forms and rages. It is usually described as a black cloud, 
 ranging about one thousand feet or less above the earth, often with a whitish shaped 
 cone projecting from it, and forming a connection with the earth ; at intervals rising 
 and breaking the connection, and again descending and renewing it with devastating 
 energy. Its width at the surface varies from forty to one himdred and eighty rods — 
 the most usual width being from sixty to ninety rods. Sometimes when wider, they 
 have more the character of thunder-gusts, and are brightly luminous. 
 
 " 3. Two motions are usually visible, both ascending, one near the earth and in 
 the middle, and a gjTatory one around the other. 
 
444 JEUSF.Y CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 " The latter is rarely felt, or its effects observed near the earth. Occasionally, and 
 at intervals, objects are thniwn obliquely backward by it. 
 
 "4. It is composed, at the surface of the earth, «/" tiro lateral currents,^ 
 northerly and a southerly, var>-ing in direction, btit at right angles in most cases, 
 although not always, with its course of progression, extending from the extreme 
 limits of its track to the axis ; which currents are most distinctly deiined toward the 
 centre and upward. These currents prostrate trees, or elevate and remove every- 
 thing in their way which is movable. The south current is always the strongest, and 
 often crosses the axis and curves backward as it rises from the surface, and ascends a 
 little in advance of the other, and covers the greatest area. The two lateral currents 
 appear always to be the principal actors, except when it widens out and assumes more 
 the character of a straightforward gust. 
 
 " 5. This cloud and its spout move generally with tin- c-oiuve of tlie counter-trade 
 in the locality — L c, from some point between S. AV. and W.. to tiie eastward, but 
 occasionally a little south of east. 
 
 " 6. Several instructive particulars have been observed and recorded. 
 
 "a. No wind is felt outside <if tin- track, as those assert who have stood very 
 near it, and as its effects show. 
 
 " Ik The track is often as distinctly marked, where it passed through a wood, 
 as if the grubbers had been there, to open a ])atli for a railroad. Branches are 
 liroken or twisted off, while not a leaf is disturbed on the side of the tree out of the 
 track. 
 
 " r. As the sj)out pas.ses over water, the latter seems to boil u]) and rise to meet 
 it, and flow up its trunk in a continued stream. 
 
 " (l. As it passes over land, things appear to .s/mot up instaiitaneousiy into the air, 
 and into fragments. Doors, gables, and roofs may be snatciied oil' on the leeward 
 side and unaffected on the windward side of buildings. 
 
 "e. Articles of clothing have been carried through o])en doors and chimneys, to 
 a great distance. 
 
 "_/". If there be a discharge of electricity uj) the sjxnit from tlie earth, like that 
 of lightning, the intense action ceases for a time or entirely. 
 
 "r/- Vegetation within the track is often scorched and killed. 
 
 "/'. The active agent luis been known to xeizehoM of a chain attached to a plow 
 and di'Kic the plow ahoaf, ttiriiinij the stiff' nod for xome dlxtance. 
 
 " /. In passing over ]>onds, all the water and tish have been scattered to a great 
 distance. 
 
 "_/. The barometer falls but little in its track. 
 
 "^:. Persons have been carried far and set down uninjured. 
 
 " /. Buildings on posts escaped imdisturbed. 
 
 " m. A chisel was taken from a chest of tools and stuck f <ist in the house-wall. 
 
JEBSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 445 
 
 " n. Fowls -were completely stripped of feathers and unlianned. 
 
 " 0. Articles of furniture have been found torn in pieces. 
 
 " 'p. Frames taken from mirrors without breaking the glass and nails drawn from 
 roofs without disturbing shingles. 
 
 " q. Hinges taken from doors ; mud from the bed of a stream, and let down 
 upon a house, covering it completely ; a fanner taken up from his wagon and carried 
 thirty rods, his horses carried as far in the opposite direction, the /larness stripped 
 from them, the wagon also carried away and one wheel lost / timber and boards 
 driven deeply into a hillside, as no force of powder could have done. 
 
 " From Mr. Stoddard's description of the Brandon tornado, where an oak 
 three feet in diameter was shivered to fragments, and more than fifty thousand trees 
 prostrated or broken by it in less than half an hour, the estimated speed was one 
 hundred and seventy-three miles an hour ; and a section of it one half mile wide 
 and one hundred feet high exerted a force eqiial to half the steam power on the 
 globe. Among a long list of incidents illustrating its peculiar force, ' a hoard 
 was driveii three feet into a charred oak stump. ^ 
 
 "The Harrison tornado had an estimated speed of three hundred and forty 
 miles an hour; the Mayfield tornado a velocity of six hundred and eiglity-two miles 
 an hour. 
 
 " Tornadoes, although occurring occasionally over all the Eastern States, in the 
 Atlantic system of conditions, nearly all have occurred at or south of the then 
 location of the focal path. In the few cases where they have occurred north of the 
 focal path, it has been dui-ing very warm, intense southeast thaws. 
 
 " It is impossible to estimate satisfactorily the average number which have 
 occurred each year. The forests of the Mississippi valley are scarred with them. 
 An average of ten a year would be a low estimate. Some of them have been very 
 destructive to human life, and they constitute one of the dangers of the east, as 
 earthquakes do in California ; but the tornadoes are the greater of the two dangers. 
 
 " They do not occur in the Pacific system. 
 
 THE THREE NORTH AMERICAN SYSTEMS OF CONDITIONS. 
 
 " There are three distinct and diverse systems of atmospheric conditions passing 
 over this continent in distinct and different paths. 
 
 " The Atlantic System, which consists of conditions that originate upon the 
 Atlantic Ocean within the tropics, the Caribbean Sea, the "West Indies, and the 
 Gulf of Mexico, or form in the equatorial current, which comes from that part of 
 the tropics, and, moving north and northwest, enter upon the Southern and 
 Southwestern States of the Union, curving and moving to the northeast, supplying 
 the Eastern and Central States with rain. 
 
446 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEllTCA. 
 
 " Tlie Pacific System with its londitlom originating uj)on the Pacific Ocean 
 and moving in npon the western coast, snpplying California and the Northwestern 
 States and tlie Uritisli Territories and Alaska and the country northeastward of tlieni 
 with rain. 
 
 " The Cextrai. System is a part of tlie tropical central belt of rain which 
 siUTOunds the earth, and wliich moves up in summer far enough nt)rth to cover some 
 portion of Florida and the Gulf Coast, the West India Islands. Snuthern ilexico 
 and Central Amerit-a. 
 
 "The path of the <^v)«//yV/o?!.? in this central tropical belt is from ea.stward to 
 westward, across Southern Mexico and Central Anierica and out into tiie Pacitic 
 Ocean. 
 
 "The path of tlie Atlantic riwt/JfJnn.^' is northward fn.ni the Gulf States, 
 curving to the northeast and j)assing off on the -North Atlantic. 
 
 "The path of the Pacific system of conditions is northeastward from the 
 Pacific, across the northwestern part of the continent, into tlie Arctic Circle. 
 
 " To these different systems of cmiditioris and their diverse paths we owe, 
 fundamentally, the diverse character of the climates of America. 
 
 " Thus, the eastern portion of the United States is largely supplied with 
 moisture by the Atlantic conditions. The western coast from San Diego to tlie 
 Arctic Circle is sui)plicd — California moderately, and Oi'egon, Alaska and the 
 country east of them abundantly — by the Pacific system. Southern Mexico and 
 Central America are abundantly supplied during their rainy season by the central 
 belt which moves up over them in summer. Intermediate l)etween these three 
 systems. Lower California and Northern Mexico, the Valley of tlie Gila, Western 
 New Mexico, the Staky Plain, the Valley of the Colorado, Utah, and the territory 
 east of the Rocky Mountains, and west of the one hundredth meridian, are in some 
 places nearly, and in all, comparatively dry or desert, iioth the Atlantic and 
 Pacific systems reach them by an extension of the paths of their conditions at 
 particular seasons of the year, but those extensions are for brief periods, temporary 
 and exceptional — the Atlantic extending up upon a part of them in suninior. and 
 the Pacific system reaching down on a part in winter. 
 
 " In this diversity of conditions and in their paths, we shall tiiid law. order 
 and organization, and we shall find also an explanation of all the phenomena and 
 peculiarities in the climatology of our country. 
 
 FOCAL PATHS OF CONDITIONS. 
 
 " The focal paths of the conditions are the paths in which the greatest number 
 of conditions, or the most intense conditions, or the focus of precipitation in the 
 conditions, pass, for the time being, over the country. Thus, to speak generally, 
 the path of the Atlantic conditions is upon the southeastern portion of the United 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJSF AMERICA. 
 
 447 
 
 States, and there the greater number of those conditions, or the most intense of 
 tliem, or the focal precipitating parts of those which spread all over the Eastern 
 States, are found. 
 
 Chart of Winter IIainfall ok a Part of the United States, 1.S;">4. 
 
 • and January the for-al ]iath is 
 not until after the 1st of l^Vliru; 
 HKiuth, that the eonditiims lic-n-ii 
 
 lesceuunig 
 y, and not 
 to extend 
 
 " During tlie months of Deceiiihe 
 rapidly to the southeast and east. It is 
 always so early as tlie middle <if that 
 their paths to the west, over the (iulf Coast and States, and to the noi-tliwest and 
 north, as they curve to the northeast. This chart does nut sIkiw tlie lines and 
 rainfall when the focal path is at its greatest descent in February. 
 
 "From its position on the 1st of February the focal path moved U> flu' west 
 and north, month by month, until it attained its highest elevation about the first of 
 August, followed from May 1st by a gradually extended droutli. 
 
 " It is generally cool or cold west or north of the focal path, lohen concentrated, 
 and always cool or cold when the focus of a storm passes to the sfxith or southeast of 
 a place, and warm when it passes to the 7iorth or northwest. In the tirst case the 
 
448 JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Siiomx dears off cold — the wind hauling tlirouf/h the north to the northwest, as the 
 focus of the storm passes by to the soutli. 
 
 " In the second case the wind hauls round by the south, iis the focus of the 
 storm passes by to the north of the place, and it clears off from the southwest 
 warm. 
 
 " AVheii tlie latter becomes the /v//^, x-itmmer sets in. 
 
 Focal Path i.v Fkhklaky, 1854, also Path ok thk Pacikiu Conditions. 
 (.IrrojM indicate the direction of the Conditions.) 
 
 "In the I'acitic .system, the conditions all enter upon the coa.st from the 
 southwest and move northea.-iterly, while the attendant winds lilow from the south- 
 east and south with a strong, steady force, but all the coMditions are less intense 
 than in the Eastern States. 
 
 " Gales are unconmion ; thunder-storms rare — not more than two or three times 
 a year in California. 
 
 " The conditions partake of the Pacific character of the ocean. 
 
 " The third system of conditions is not directly connected with the other two 
 
GILDEROY 2170. 
 
 AT !t VKAliS OI.I). 
 
 XahU Type. 
 FERRYCLII'-FE HKKI). 
 Dn. II. M. IIowK. BuisToi,, UiKiT)!.: Isl: 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJSf AMERICA. 449 
 
 systems. They consist almost wholly of limited and isolated thunder-showers, 
 passing frequently and rapidly over the track, giving dashes of rain in large drops 
 and pouring masses for a brief period, and are gone, but the aggregate amount of 
 rain which they deposit during the rainy season, even during the brief period they 
 are over the Gulf Coast, is very large. 
 
 Focal Path in March, 1854. 
 (Arrows indicate the direction of t/ie Conditions.) 
 
 THE GREAT CENTRAI, CONDITION OF THE EARTH. 
 
 " 1. This condition consists of a central body known as the central belt of rain, 
 and two areas or wings of wind, known as the trade-winds— the whole together 
 having a westerly movement. 
 
 " 2. The trade-wind south of the body moves from some point between east 
 and south, toward a corresponding point between the west and north, and the 
 trade-wind north of the body moves from some point between north and west, 
 toward a corresponding point between south and west. 
 
450 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEIilCA. 
 
 " 3. The central condition has an average breadth of about 50°, and a transit 
 north and south averaging more than 25?. Nearly one half of the central jiurtion 
 of the globe is therefore covered by it, at some seasons of the year. 
 
 " 4. The central portion or body, averaging more than five hundrud niilos in 
 width, precipitates rain wherever it may be, and gives to the tropical portions of the 
 earth, as it pa.sses over them in its transits, tlicir rainy seasons. 
 
 Focal Path in April, 1854. 
 
 (Arroirs indirate the direelion of the CoinUtions.) 
 
 "5. The areas covered by the trade-winds, wliile so covorod, are as a rule dry, 
 except as occasional storms or showers, issuing from tlie central bolt in tlic trade, 
 precipitate upon them. 
 
 " (!. The polar zones of rains recede before the advancing areas of trade-winds^ 
 and return after them as they retire. 
 
 " 7. Surfaces which arc not covered by the transits of the central ])elt of rains, 
 nor the tropical extension of the polar zones of rains, continue dry tlirough tlie year, 
 and constitute the principal rainless deserts of the world. 
 
JIJBSBY CATTLE IK AM K RICA. 451 
 
 " 8. The trade-winds blow with substantial constancy night and day, when not 
 iuternipted by passing storms, and contain scud, and both winds and scud resemble 
 the wind and scud of approaching or passing conditions in the polar zones. 
 
 " 9. On the west side of the Atlantic, and also on the west side of the Pacific 
 Ocean, the southeast trades exist in great strength ;niil volume, and blow as 
 surface winds over latitudes which would otherwise Iju co%erud by the iiortlieast 
 
 Akka of Drouth in May, 1S5-1-. 
 
 (Arriiirs iiuUcatc the dindiniL of tin- foni/itwHs.) 
 
 trades, up to and connecting with the polar zones of rains. These two exceptional 
 and remarkable volumes of trade give a large and exceptional supply of moisture 
 and fertility, and a peculiar climatology to soutlieast North America and southeast 
 Asia. And in these remarkable volumes of trade originate the intense hurricanes 
 of the "West Indies and the typhoons of the China Sea and Bay of Bengal. 
 
 " 10. "Where the southeast trades originate on arid areas, like that of Australia, 
 corresponding areas under the north polar zone of rains, like those of southwestern 
 
452 
 
 JERSKY CATTI.I-: IX AMERICA. 
 
 Asia, are dry. And wliero tlii'V oriifiiiato on tlic coiitim'tits that arc well watered, 
 areas under the same ])()hir /.one are less perfeetly sui)j)lied witli iiiuisture than those 
 supplied by ti-ades which originate upon oceans. And where they originate upon 
 continents like that of South America, or upon oceans, and are met in their j)ath by 
 lofty mountains, corresponding areas, like those of southwestern Noi-th America, 
 and the Desert of Gobi in Asia, and Peru in South America, are foimd. 
 
 [i^ f^ 
 
 ___J^i_.-^r^ \ "^^ 
 
 Wfi flf 1 1 
 
 'T^^I^X^ 
 
 w' 
 
 k^j^^x:^ 1 
 
 \ 
 
 \i 
 
 ^^^^M 
 
 '''^ ^-i^g==^^'^r'*''''^jj^j~- \ 
 
 
 % 
 
 prp^^^ 
 
 
 
 -^^4. ^^ '1 f^f)'--^}^'''^^ 
 
 Area of Drouth in June, 1854. 
 
 (Arrmoii indicate ttie direction of the Condilionn.) 
 
 "11. The body of the central condition is coiniioscd. lirst, of an overlying 
 stratum of cirrus and cirro-stratus, extending in a more misty form, to a greater or 
 less extent, out over the trades. This stratum is usually misty or tibro-cirrus in 
 the morning, becoming dense and assuming a cirro-stratus ft)rm as the day advances. 
 Tnder this stratuin the trades pass and afterward overlie each other, and in the 
 trades occasionally — thougli rarely in the morning, but generally in the afternoon or 
 night — thunder-showers form, and furnish the rains peculiar to the belt. These 
 showers have a westerly progression, corresponding to that of the trade in whicli 
 
JERSEY CATTIJ-: IX AMERICA. 453 
 
 they are formed. Beneatli tin- ti'ades wjiere they meet and pass each other it is 
 either cahii or there are si|ii;i,lls (ir gusts or slant winds, incidental to showers or 
 storms, as everywhere. 
 
 " 12. The nortlieni transit of the condition is nsiially completed ahont the li^t 
 of Aiigust, and the southern transit commenced before the. middle of that month. 
 So the southern transit is usually completed about the 1st of February, and tlie 
 
 - / .\^J^^ 
 
 \—\\\ vr\ ^^£.u 
 
 ^,^. I ^ 
 
 
 ^^w \^^ 
 
 [^'%(f ' a| 
 
 Pti \r \ ' "^'', i"''|'f^lf=^ 
 
 
 \ -^ 
 
 ^^$\ 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^^\ 
 
 
 gL' .1 f'^A 
 
 
 
 '^^^1 1 1\'..^ ^iiV-"' 1 
 
 Situation of the Fcjcus of PK^:cn'ITATI0x in July and Au(;ust, 1854. 
 (Arrom indicate the direction of the Conditioim.) 
 
 northern transit commenced l>efore the 15tli. But in respe(-t to these, and also 
 in respect to the rapidity and extent of the transits, there are some irregularities, 
 occasioned by a cause which could not be considered without anticipating. 
 
 " 13. There is no ' vortex ' in the central belt. 
 
 " The theory of Halley was originally but a mere assumption, and it is not 
 supported by any facts since discovered. Observation, analogy, and every known 
 fact, when properly understood, are inconsistent with and adverse to it." 
 
JJJllSKY CATTLK IX AMJJRICA. 
 
 Annvai. Hai.nkai.i. mvkk Pakt 
 
 li.E Vy 
 
 " From tlie action of the central condition, all our incidental conditions, with 
 their attendant phenomena, result ; and irrej^iilarities in the movements and 
 operations of the central condition produce corresponding irregularities in the 
 polar zones. One of the most noticeahle and important irregularities to wliich we 
 are subject is that of drouth. "When extensive, unseamnahlc, and long-continued, 
 drouths wxAy, ]>rlmaf(icii\ lie attrihuted to irregularities in the action of the central 
 condition ; for as our fall of rain at any given ])oint de])ends mainly upon the 
 volume of counter or upper trade jxtsiiiii// ocer It, any ii-regularity in the central 
 
 * See maps 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMEHICA. 455 
 
 condition, which interrupts the usual supply of t/mt trade at that jjoint, must 
 necessarily produce a drouth there. 
 
 " There are four classes of drouth of extensive character, which can be directly 
 traced to irregular action of the central condition. The tirst class occur in spring, 
 when the transit of the central condition to the north is delayed, and the volume 
 of the upper trade remains concentrated upon the Southeastern States. Such drouths 
 are the most common in the early part of the decade, following open winters, and 
 are greatly injurious to crops of hay and winter grain. Such a drouth occurred in 
 the spring of 1862, and it was very dry in all the Northern States, while McClellan 
 and his army were nearly drowned on the Chiclcahominy. 
 
 " This class of drouths is most common in the Northeastern States, because 
 the focal path does not move up there as early as it does to the westward of the 
 mountains, and often seems rather to contract down in March and April. 
 
 " Another class of drouths is produced by an vmusiially extended transit and 
 concentration of the central condition to the north and west in summer, carrying 
 the path of the conditions farther to the west and north, and leaving the 
 southeastern portion of the United States comparatively dry. Such was the drouth 
 of lS5-t. 
 
 " That, too, occurred in an early year of the decade, and was connected with an 
 excessive transit of the central condition. 
 
 " The third class of drouths is meridional, depending upon a concentration of 
 the volume of counter trade, and a succession of storms issuing out of the central 
 belt, and passing up on the eastern coast of the United States. Such a condition of 
 things existed in 1867, when a severe drouth covered the interior States from Texas 
 to Canada, and the Atlantic States were drenched by a succession of tropical storms 
 which passed up the coast, reaching inland a few hundred miles. 
 
 " A fourth class of drouths which sometimes extends as far nortli as New 
 England, is confined mainly to the Atlantic coast. These are accompanied by a 
 dry northeast wind, and are evidently produced by an unusual and temporary 
 extension of the outer limit of the northeast trade, as high up as 41° or 42° off 
 the Atlantic coast. I have known such a temporary extension, with its easterly 
 wind, to last seventeen or eighteen days. But the few others that I have known 
 have ranged from a week to ten days. The heavens are never more brassy than 
 during the short drouths dependent on this cause. 
 
 " There are also limited drouths dependent upon local causes. 
 
 " There is a known tendency to drouths in the summer season in the Gulf 
 States, upon an area which for the time being is left uncovered by the upper trade, 
 in consequence of its extension to the north and west in midsummer. The drouth 
 of 1854 commenced upon that area, and extended north and west. The line between 
 this local drouth and the northern line of the central belt which extends up on to 
 
456 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Florida and the Gulf Coast in midsuinmer, is sometimes very sharply defined. Thus, 
 at \ew Orleans, Tampa Bay, ^[obile, Fort Brook, St. Augustine and Savannah, the 
 rainfall may be heavy, when upon an east and west line, one liimdred miles to the 
 nortli of them, a severe drouth may prevail. This drouth, although apparently local, 
 depends upon a degree of the same action of the central condition as that whicli 
 produced the drouth of 1854. 
 
 " There is a local tendency to drouths upon the southern coast of New England, 
 and the fall of rain is materially less in the summer than upon the more elevated 
 ridges to the north of it. This is so well recognized a fact as to be represented upon 
 all the hyetal charts of the country. 
 
 " It is ])ainf ul to hear people in New England complain of the apparently 
 excessive rainfall of the rainy season in May and June, when there is a certainty 
 that the springs and wells will need it all in July and August. 
 
 "Other local drouths seem to depend upon the manner in which belts i.f 
 showers distribute their rain. The Eastern and Middle States of the Union are 
 supplied with rain in summer, in normal seasons, mainly by passing belts of showers. 
 These belts are very irregular in their action. Sometimes they precipitate heavily in 
 the afternoon and early part of the night only, and then the area over which they pass 
 during the latter part of the night and morning will receive little or no rain from 
 them. Thus the condition of August, 1859, deposited about one and one half inches 
 of rain at Buffalo and Rochester in the afternoon and night of the 3d, and nearly 
 three inches at Amherst, Mass., in the afternoon and night of the ith, but it 
 deposited very little rain at many of the intermediate places where the focus was 
 vertical in the forenoon. Harvard received a tritle more than one inch, and 
 Providence three fourths of an inch. 
 
 " These differences show that the fall is heaviest from belts where their focus is 
 vertical in the latter part of the afternoon and in the evening, and inconsiderable 
 where it is vertical during the early part of the day. In this there is conformity to 
 the manner in which rain falls, under the great central belt of the tropics. 
 Configuration also has an influence. The elevations of the interior of New England 
 receive a larger rainfall in summer than the depressed and more level coast. 
 
 " Hills and mountains increase the intensity and precipitation of the cloud belts 
 as they pass over them, and that precipitation is still further increased by the surface 
 atmosphere and scud, which are drawn to them by the increased intensity, especially 
 if that surface atmosphere is drawn fnjiii an exten.sive moist evaporating surface. 
 
 " The materials and data for a comprehensive and thorough examiiuvtioii of tlie 
 drouths of this country do not exist. The records of the weather ])rior to tiiis 
 century are too few and imperfect, and confined to a few localities. The same is 
 measurably true of the first three decades of this century. The records since 
 accumulated at the Smithsonian Institute and the War Department, if continued, 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 457 
 
 will furnish the next generation ample data for their elucidation, and that may tlirow 
 very much additional light upon the whole subject. 
 
 " Mr. Charles L. Fhnt, Secretary of the Board of Agriculture in Massachusetts, 
 instigated by the extraordinary drouth of 1854, sought out all the old records which 
 could be found, and embodied the result of his examination in his report for the year 
 1854. About fifty severe drouths are noticed, commencing with the year 1623, and 
 extending to 185-4. Of these nearly two thirds were summer drouths, occurring 
 between the middle of Jime and the 1st of September, ending usually with heavy 
 rains in the latter part of August, and apparently owing, like that of 1854, to a 
 concentration of the conditions on the focal path, to the west and north. Nearly one 
 third were spring drouths, apparently due to the detention of the focal path at the 
 south, on the Atlantic coast, and its undue extension to the northwest. 
 
 "A few continued through the whole season, and were probably due to a 
 meridional diversion of the upper trade, like that which occasioned the interior 
 drouth of 1867. The remaining ones were for shorter periods and obviously 
 local. 
 
 SUN-SPOTS. 
 
 "Whatever the uature of the motive-force or its manner of operation maybe, 
 it is certain that it emanates from the sun. The semiannual transits of tlie whole 
 system from south to north and from north to south, following the sun in its transits 
 from tropic to tropic, as well as the time of the diumal changes, showing in a lesser 
 degree, but with equal certainty, its influence, all point unerringly to tliat gz-eat 
 luminary as the controlling source of the power. Irregularities in the operation 
 of the system must of course be referred to irregular action of the power which 
 controls it, as aifected or modified by other influences. Our knowledge of the 
 sun is yet imperfect. "We feel and know its heatiny power ; we know that we are 
 mainly dependent upon it for light , and we can detect and trace its magnetic 
 influence. We know that its surface is not uniformly the same ; that it is sometimes 
 partially obscured by dark spots, and at other times its surface is mottled by dark 
 dots or pores. The former occur in cycles, and increase and decrease with substantial 
 regularity, and their connection with the irregularities in the operation of the 
 atmospheric system is clearly traceable. This part of our subject has great significance, 
 in respect to the laws of the system, as well as to the elements of prognostication. 
 
 " ' When the sun is examined through a telescope, its surface is found to be 
 marked by black spots, edged with a penumbral fringe of uniform shade; they 
 appear sometimes singly, sometimes in groups. These spots are not permanent, but 
 undergo changes from day to day, or even from hoiir to hour, indicating a form of 
 gaseous matter. They seldom last longer than six weeks, and often only a few hours. 
 They are seen to break out and enlarge, or to contract and disappear, and occasionally 
 
458 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 one is observed to divide into several. When they di.sai)])eiir, tlie l)lack centre 
 always vanishes before the ])enuinbra. 
 
 " 'Their size is sometimes enonnous. Meyer records having seen one. in 1758, 
 whose diameter was one twentieth that of the sun, and Secchi thinks some of them 
 are deeper than the earth's radius. 
 
 " ' They are almost entirely contined to a belt of 25° on either side of the sun's 
 e(juati>i-. 
 
 '"They are found to gradtially increase in iiutiiher up to a ceitain jjcriod, and 
 then to decrease to a certain period, and so on. The cycle is conii)leted, according to 
 this investigation, in ten years.' * 
 
 " The table of Schwabe shows that there is, in relation to the number and size 
 of the spots, in different decades, as for e.xamjile : the table commences with the year 
 1820, when the number of spots were but US. 
 
 " In 183(> the number was 272, and in 18-ifi it was but 157. Again, tiie greatest 
 number of spots during the decade from 1820 to 1S;5() was in 1828, but the greatest 
 nundier for the decade from 18;^0 to 184(J occurred in 1837, which was 333, and again 
 in the decade between 181:0 and 1850, in 1848 the number was 333. 
 
 " The spots were not as numerous from 1820 to 1830 as during subsequent 
 decades. That was a very warm decade. It was consequently a period when 
 epidemics were prevalent, and the cholera spread from India all over the northern 
 hemisphere, arriving in this country in 1832. In the solar decade from 1833 to 
 1843 the spots were more nmnerous, and the season correspondingly cold and 
 peculiar in both hemispheres. In every decade the year preceding or succeeding 
 the minimum of sjjots is colder than tliat in wliicl.the minimum occurs. 
 
 VOI.CAXIC ACTK)X. 
 
 " That volcanic action affects tlie weather locally is generally believed. Even 
 earthquakes at a distance from volcanoes seem to exert an influence. 
 
 " Ilittell, on the ' Resources of California,' says : ' Earthquakes, according to the 
 common theory of Californians, are electrical in origin, or closely connected with 
 electrical influences. Many of the strongest shocks have been ]>receded by a condition 
 of the atmosphere very similar to that which jirecedes thunder-stonns in other lands. 
 
 " ' When the weather is sultry and oppressive, peojile say : " Look out for an 
 earthquake!" And it usiuUly comes, perhaps so faint as to l)e l)arely perceptible, 
 and sometimes not till several hours after a change in the weatlier.' 
 
 "According to Mr. Dobson : 
 
 " ' 1. The eruption of submarine volcanoes has produced water-spouts. 
 
 " ' 2. Hurricanes, whirlwinds, and hailstones accompany the paroxysms of 
 volcanoes. 
 
 New American Cyclopwdia. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 459 
 
 " ' 3. In volcanic regions, earthquakes and hurricanes often occur simultaneously, 
 but iu no certaiii order, and without any volcanic eiiiption being observed. 
 
 " ' 4. The breaking of water-spouts on mountains sometimes aceonijjanies 
 hurricanes. 
 
 " ' 5. The fall of an avalanche sometimes produces a hnrricniie. 
 
 " ' 6. Water-spouts occur frequently near active volcanoes. 
 
 " ' 7. Cyclones begin in the immediate neighborhood of active volcanoes. 
 
 " ' 8. Within the troj^ics, cyclones move toward the west ; and in middle 
 latitudes, cyclones and water-spouts move toward the northeast in the northern 
 hemisphere, and toward the soutiieast iu the southern hemisphere." 
 
 I'BOGNOSTICATION. 
 
 "How far and by what means can a local isolated observer prognosticate the 
 weather ? 
 
 " 1. The normal state of the polar zones is still, fair weather. 
 
 " 2. The changes from that state result from the influence of forming 
 approaching or passing conditions. In respect to prognostication, the inquiry must 
 be, how long will that normal state continue undisturbed by a passing condition, or 
 when will the next condition approach and disturb that state by its changes 'i 
 
 " What will be the character and intensity of that condition and its incident 
 changes ? How long will it be in passing away and permitting the normal state to 
 return ? 
 
 " Certainty or regularity iu relation to the intervals lietween the occurrence of 
 the conditions is not ordinarily to be expected. The Californian knows indeed when 
 the focal path of the conditions has moved to the north in summer, that it will not 
 descend until fall, and that a long period of drouth and fair weather is before him. 
 He sees the thin and feeble southern edge of the conditions occasionally pass over 
 him, while their intense and precipitating bodies are far to the north, carried by a 
 law as unchangeable as the transits of the sun. 
 
 " But with respect to the eastern part of the continent, that class of drouths is 
 exceptional. So, too, in the rainy season of spring and early summer, when the 
 conditions are focal over us, and both frequent and intense, and we say, ' It rains very 
 easy now,' and it does so almost every day, and the intervals are short, we can 
 calculate with reasonable certainty on the recurrence of rain. But this also is 
 confined to a season of a few weeks, and is exceptional. 
 
 " Nor is there any certainty in respect to the character or intensity of the next 
 condition on which a local observer can rely. There is 2)rohabiUty, dependent upon 
 the season of the year and the location of the year in the decade, but it is merely 
 probability. 
 
 " Inasmuch, then, as there is no certainty or regularity of interval between the 
 
460 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 conditions, or in respect to the character or intensity of the one which will next pass 
 over the observer, it is philosophically and logically obvious that his only reliance is, 
 and must be, upon the observable chatiges of state which the forming, approaching 
 or passing conditioTis induce ; and as matter of fact, it will be found, on careful 
 examination, that all tlie most important proverbs and signs whicli men have observed 
 or adopted and tradition has preserved are founded on those changes of state ; and 
 that all which ai'c not directly connected with or Indicatii'c of mm^ one of those 
 states are empirical and worthless. 
 
 '' 1. The first element to be considered is the location of the observer. 
 
 " •!. The second preliminary element is the season of the year. This element is 
 closely connected with the jjreceding, and both are connected with the question, 
 where, at the time of observation, is tlie focal path of the system of conditions under 
 which the observer is situated '. Is that focal path over him, or south, or north, or 
 east, or toest of him, and how far ? And what are the probabilities that a condition 
 pursuing the path ^\n\l spread out so as to cover his locality at that season of the 
 year '{ 
 
 " 3. The tliird preliminary element is, wluit yi'ar it is in tlie decade, and what 
 the state of the sim's surface in relation to spots. 
 
 " The presence or absence of spots u])on the sun has an effect in carrying the focal 
 paths of the conditions to the south in winter, and extending them nortli in 
 summer, or contracting them at Ixitii extremities, and affecting the rapidity of their 
 transit in the different portions of tlic decade, and in different decades. 
 
 THE SKVKN STATKS. 
 
 " There are seven states to which we are to look to determine tlie immediate 
 future. 
 
 " 1. The >r,';;/ht of the atmos])]ieri'. 
 
 "2. The temperature. 
 
 " 3. The wmds. 
 
 " 4. The clearness or cloudiness of tlie atmusphere. 
 
 " 5. The humidity. 
 
 "fi. ThQ precipitation, rain, hail, snow. 
 
 " 7. The electrical state. 
 
 " The air has weight, and though exceedingly thin and mobile, is controlled 
 by the attraction of gravitation and unaffected by the revolutions of the earth. 
 
 " The weight of the atmosphere is measured in two ways — by the barometer, 
 and the temperature at which water will boil at tlie time and j)lace. The latter is 
 rarely used. 
 
 "The mercurial iKimmeter is the j)rincipal instfumeiit, and the most certain and 
 reliable. 
 
JERSEY^ VATTLE JjST A3IERICA. 461 
 
 " The barometer at one season of the year, and in one class of conditions, is 
 elevated by the first effect of that influence, and in respect to that class, elevation 
 and not depression is the indication of its approach and the measure of its intensity ; 
 and, again, it has no invariable fair-weather standard, a departure from which, by 
 elevation or depression, will indicate with certainty the cluiracter and intensity of 
 the approaching condition. 
 
 " The mean height of the barometer is stated to be, for the United States, thirty 
 inclies at the sea-level. This is substantially accurate when taken for long periods 
 and for all latitudes, but there is very considerable diversity in different localities. 
 The mean from the northern limits of the trades in the northern hemisphere is 
 higher than in the trades, differing greatly in different places, from several causes, 
 the principal of which is the difference in the volume of the equatorial current, or 
 upper trade, which passes over the locality. 
 
 " The mean of thirty inches is the average of all fair-^weather elevations and 
 foul-weailier depressions, and as the foul-weather depressions are greater in extent 
 than the fair-weather elevations, and the latter differ very greatly in different 
 climates in the same latitude, according to their intensity, it is obvious that thirty 
 inches is not a reliable fair-weather standard for any particular place. The greatest 
 known fluctuations of the barometer were three and a half inches, and of that range 
 at least two thirds was below the mean of thirty. The barometer very rarely rises 
 above thirty-one in this country, and sometimes falls as low as twenty-eight, making 
 a range of three inches, and it would be safe to say that the ranges, as a nde, are 
 twice as great below thirty as above it. And there are other difficulties. The 
 ranges and the mean elevation of the barometer vary in different years, in different 
 months of the same year, and in different localities. The reader must endeavor to 
 get the true fair-weather standard of his locality. 
 
 •• In all latitudes the mean height is low when the passing conditions are intense 
 and frequent, and that is the main reason why it is so low at Cape Horn. For the 
 same reason mainly the mean heiglit of the barometer is lower in Europe than here. 
 
 " They have more frequent though less intense conditions, and the changes in 
 the barometer more frequent, btit the ranges less. At the same time their volume 
 of upper trade is also less. In this country it ranges lower, imder the focal path of 
 the conditions, and during the rainy season, than upon either side of it. 
 
 " The barometer ranges lowest when the focal path of the conditions is over us 
 in its ascent to the north, in the spring and early summer. 
 
 " The barometer ranges highest on the north and south of the focal path of the 
 conditions, and in the winter and autumn. 
 
 " The approach of northeasters is told by a rise of the barometer. It is common 
 in the Eastern States for it to rise from four tenths to six tenths above thirty at sea 
 level when a northeast snow-storm is approaching, and still higher before a thaw. 
 
462 JERSEY CATTLE TX AMERTCA. 
 
 "Wlien the barometer feels the influence of the ai)proacliing condition of 
 a summer belt of showers, it commences falling steadily, and falls rapidly or slowly 
 in proportion to the intensity of the condition and the rapidity of its approach ; 
 rising again slowly after the condition is past. This is trae in respect to conditions 
 which approach overland from the west. It does sometimes rise on the approacli of 
 an intense hnmcane condition \ip the coast, and afterward fall rapidly and very 
 considerably at those places which are covered by the condition. 
 
 " Specific rules for observation cannot be given, but in reference to a fair-weather 
 standard I will say : 
 
 " 1. Your mean fair-weatlier elevation of the barometer will range between thirty 
 and thirty and two tenth inches, deducting therefrom one tenth of an inch for every 
 one hundred feet, or to be perfectly accurate, every ninety-one and seven tenths feet 
 of altitude above the sea-level. 
 
 " 2. That the fair-weather elevation will average higher in winter when the focal 
 path is south of the observer, in normal yearn, than in midsummer, when it is at the 
 north of him. 
 
 "It will average lowest when the focal path is over hiiu in spring and early 
 summer. 
 
 " 3. A fair-weather point cannot be fixed for either period, except approximately. 
 If I should attempt to fix them, I should say, thirty and two tenths for the period 
 when the focal path is farthest wvth, if not unusually concentrated, thirty and one 
 tenth when it i&farthed north, and thirty when centrally focal, deducting, as in rule 
 firet, for altitude, and scaling gradually from one to the other, as the focal path changes 
 its position. But it must be borne in mind that a great contraction and concentration 
 of the upper or counter trade, down upon the Southeastern States, will produce 
 great cold and a low fair-weather barometer west and north of them in very severe 
 winters. 
 
 IKMl'EK.VllKK. 
 
 " Temperature is important in conneeti(m with the other elements, as an 
 indication of the approach of a condition, and important also as furnishing an 
 indication of its character and continuaiure, but still more important to be considered 
 in relation to its changes, when the condition is passing away. 
 
 " In winter, when the normal state of the weather is clear and cold, among 
 the other early indications of the approach of a stormy condition is an increase 
 of temperature. As an indication of the approach of a winter storm which is 
 invariably present, and nearly simultaneoiis with the rise of the barometer and the 
 appearance of cirrus condensation, it should always be looked for and regarded. 
 
 " When the season advances, and the mean daily temperature is above 05°, an 
 elevation of the thermometer is not to be expected upon the approach of a 
 northeaster. In the hottest seasons of the year the temperature never exceeds 70° 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IN' AMERICA. 463 
 
 during a northeast storm. When it ranges above that in the daytime, bnt on a 
 given day fails to rise higher, or, having risen, falls to that point or below, it is as 
 certain an indication of the character of the apjiroaching condition as the precedent 
 sudden and considerable rise of the barometer. 
 
 " During the rainy season changes of temperature, though less distinctly marked, 
 are worthy of note as indications. The prevalent winds, if they occur in spring or 
 early summer, are easterly, and their chUUness proverbial. 
 
 " In relation to the approach of a belt of showers, temperature is an important 
 indication. It always rises high, and above the mean of the season, on the 
 southeasterly side of those belts ; it is therefore a distinguishing characteristic, as well 
 of their approach as their intensity. The 'hot spells,' or 'heated terms,' are an 
 elemental part of the condition, and the excessive heat is created hy the cause 
 which organizes and continues the condition. Very hot weather sometimes occiirs 
 in midsummer, during droiiths, which is not connected with or a part of an 
 approaching condition, but is the mere effect of an unclouded sun operating upon 
 a dry and heated soil. Two characteristics, however, distinguish the incident heat 
 of the condition from the mere heat created by the sun. First, the latter does not 
 rise so high, and it cools off by radiation at night, rarely rising to 90° in the daytime 
 east of the Rocky Mountains, unless there has been a long-continued drouth, and 
 cooling off during the night to 7(*° or below. Second, the incident heat of an 
 approaching condition is both humid and electric, a state which is described as 
 sultry, muggy, close, and the temperature continues high through the night and 
 into the morning when the condition is to arrive. The humid, electric, muggy heat 
 of an approaching conditioii of an intense belt of showers would be scarcely 
 endurable if it was not tempered by the accompanying incident of southerly wind. 
 
 " Temperature is also an important element in relation to the character which 
 the storm will assume. In the middle latitudes of the country it is usually an 
 interesting inquiry whether a coming winter storm will be one of rain or snow, and 
 one of the elements in the answer is temperature. Snow sometimes falls from the 
 northwest scud in squalls, for a few moments or even half an hour, early in the 
 spring or late in the fall, when the thermometer is considerably above the freezing- 
 point. Snow sometimes also falls in the early part of storms after the thermometer 
 has risen above the freezing-point, but unless the thermometer falls again soon the 
 snow will turn to rain, for snow does not often fall for any great length of time 
 mth the thermometer above the freezing-point, and when it does it is usually in 
 large flakes, which indicate that it is about to turn to rain. Snow sometimes 
 falls with the thermometer near zero, but such instances are rare. In a snow-storm 
 in the Arctic regions, described by Dr. Kane, the thermometer rose to near zero. 
 "When a snow-storm is approaching in the middle latitudes of this country, if the 
 thermometer is near zero the temperature generally rises about twenty degrees before 
 
464 JERSEY CATTI.E I\ AMElilCA. 
 
 the 6110W falls. The temperature in snow-storms, between the latitudes thirty-five 
 and fifty-five, is from 20° to 3( t°, between latitudes forty-two and forty-one from 24° 
 to 30° from the commencement to the close of a storm. 
 
 " Rain sometimes falls when the thermometer is low, freezing to the trees, and 
 constituting what is called an ice-storm ; but there, again, the fall of the rain is not 
 caused by the continued low temperature, but by a warm southerly current in the 
 upper part of the surface story, the storm being exceptional, and having its focus 
 to the north. 
 
 " Very warm southeasters sometimes occur, even in severe winters, and one or 
 two may be expected in ordinary winters, for • January thaws ' are proverbial. They 
 are usually southeasters, caused by a very large, concentrated, and e.xceptional 
 eruption of the counter or upper trade west and north of the focal path, having a 
 warm area on their eastern front corresponding to the hot area which they present 
 on the same front in summer. 
 
 " The thermometer may be watched during tiie existence of storms with 
 reference to their continuance. In a northeast storm iu spring or at other seasons, 
 when the focus of the storm is to the southeast of the observer, if the thermometer 
 falls and the wind backs into the north the rain is usually at an end. The wind 
 ^vill continue to back to northwest, and it will soon after light up iu that quarter, 
 and fair weather return as the storm passes away to the eastward. If, however, it 
 veers back to the northeast, it will continue. In those northeastei-s where the 
 focus is over the observer, or to the north of him, the cessation of the rain is tisually 
 accompanied by a rise in the thermometer and a temporary lull in the wind, 
 followed by the wind afterward coming out from the west and hauling slowly 
 into the northwest. A similar lull sometimes occurs in southeasters with a fall in 
 the thermometer. The rain is then over. If the wind has been very heavy from 
 the southeast this lull will be followed by a sudden change to the northwest. 
 This is most common in the intense hurricane storms which come up the coast. 
 In a majority of the southeasters the wind hauls gradually round through the 
 southwest and west to the northwest, the thermometer gradually rising. 
 
 " A very sudden change iu the thermometer is frequently experienced when a 
 belt of showers is passing over us, with or without a change of wind to northward. 
 The southerly wind usually lulls before the precipitating body of the cloud reaches 
 us, and in many, though not perhaps in the m.ajority of instances, there is a heavy 
 gust from the westward preceding the fall of rain and continuing during that fall. 
 Such gusts are often accompanied by a marked fall in temperature. 
 
 " All the conditions which have a soutlierly wind and a warm or hot area on 
 their easterly or southeasterly sides have northerly winds and a cool or cold area on 
 their westerly or northerly sides. Changes in the thermometer in a few hours are 
 sometimes very great. It is impossible to describe in adequate terms the importance 
 
GILDEROY 3d 5043. 
 
 Nuhlf 'I'yitc. 
 
 HOLLY (iltOVK HERD. 
 
 John I. Holi.y, Pi.ainkield. Nkw Jerski 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 465 
 
 of understanding and heeding this fact, for it is thus that the sudden changes from 
 heat to cold are produced. Let it be understood that the frame which is now 
 sweltering in a humid atmosphere of 90° on the hot side of a condition will, as a 
 matter of course, and by the operation of perfectly intelligible and imalterable laws, 
 in a few hours be exposed to the chilling temperature of 60° under the cold side of 
 it, and the additional chill occasioned by a rapid evaporation in its peculiar dry air. 
 And let it be understood that it is by such changes, so occurring, and so capable of 
 being forecasted, but which are unregarded, that many diseases which bring sufEering 
 and death are produced. 
 
 " It is after one of these belts has passed, and after its northerly wind has blown 
 for one or two days, that we have our unseasonable frosts. That is the time to look 
 out for them in August and September. 
 
 " In a majority of cases the dreaded ' first frost ' does not occur early in 
 September, unless the noi'therly wind continues two days ; but it does sometimes come 
 in the first night after the clearing off. Frost makes at the surface of the ground as 
 soon as my thermometer, hanging five feet from the ground, falls below 40°, and if 
 the thermometer is at or below 50° at sundown frost is very probable, when the night 
 is clear and still. After tlie wind has blown from the northward through the day the 
 thermometer falls rapidly after nightfall. 
 
 " Wind or cloudiness prevents frost, but both may disaj^pear before morning and 
 frost ensue. 
 
 THE WINDS. 
 
 " The conditions themselves are characterized as Northeasters, Southeasters, 
 Southwesters and Northwesters ; and that the southerly winds, according to their 
 freshness and earnestness, are reliable indications of the approach and intensity of the 
 showery conditions, we have more than once had occasion to observe. Breezes are 
 often loocd, but there are no fresh, earnest winds, unless created by the influence of 
 some approaching or passing conditioti, and the quarter from which they blow, and 
 their force, are consequently among the most reliable indications we have. 
 Ordinarily, the wind and its direction and force are felt or indicated by the 
 wind-vane ; but it is often observable before it is felt at the surface by its scud, or 
 by sounds. The roar of the surf or breaking of the waves on the shore, when great 
 bodies of water are disturbed by a precedent storm-wind, is often heard before the 
 wind is perceived on the land. Yarious sounds are heard with great distinctness 
 before storms, according to the character of the coming winds. This is undoubtedly 
 moving in a rapid invisible current, not far above us. If from the east or south it 
 betokens rain, if from the western quarter fair weather. 
 
JERSEY (J A TTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 " In the clouds of a condition, when they come in sight, we liave actual, visible 
 evidence of its approach and character. The first cloud seen is ordinarily the cirrus, 
 which overlies the condition, and which is not only first visible because the most 
 elevated, but because it extends in every direction farther than the other strata of a 
 stonn. 
 
 " All the forms of cirrus are seen in the advance condensation of the conditions, 
 except the cumulo-cirrus, or fleecy cloud, which occurs independently in set fair 
 weather. 
 
 " But the early cirrus condensation of the conditions is not always visible. 
 There may be enough of it to aflEcct the brightness of the sun, or tlie moon and stars, 
 or to occasion halos when it is not sutticiently dense to assume the appearance of 
 clouds. It is a turbid or misty condensation rather than visible cloud. Sometimes 
 it is of a smoky character, like that which attends midsummer drouths, or the shorter 
 dry spells of autinun or Indian sununer, and gives the sun a blood-red appearance. 
 But ordinarily, when it constitutes the advance condensation of an approaching 
 condition, it changes the appearance of the sky from a deep azure to that ' lighter hue ' 
 which Humboldt describes as preceding the arrival of the central belt of rains from 
 the south. It was found by Gay Lussac, and has been by otlier aeronauts to have 
 the fonn of cloud at the height of from twenty thousand to tliirty thousand feet, when 
 not visible at the earth except as obscuring mistiness. 
 
 " Thin cirrus cloud, whether misty, linear or fibrous, pales the light of the sun, 
 especially at nightfall. Occasionally in the course of the day, when the cirrus is 
 dense, various coronae and halos appear in it. The lialos of the moon only are of 
 importance. There is at all times a circle round the moon, more or less distinct, 
 produced by the mistiness of tlie atmosphere, but during normal fair weatlier the 
 circle is small and not very distinct. But when the circle is large, perfect, and the 
 rim well defined, it is a certain sign that the cirnis in which it is formed is the advance 
 or lateral condensation of a storm. It is Ijest seen when the moon is nearly vertical. 
 
 KESIIMK. 
 
 " In winter and early spring, when the focal path is at the south, we look at the 
 southwest for the first api)earance of the clouds of the condition. 
 
 " They maybe looked for at all himrs of the day, but if they exist at all will be 
 seen most distinctly at nightfall. r.;itcr. in the spring and early summer, when the 
 focal path has moved to the north, you will look to the west, and in summer and 
 early autumn, when the focal path is north of us, you may look north of west, unless 
 you reside in tlie Atlantic or New England States, and have reason to look for an 
 approaching hurricane condition, which is coming up the coast, and then you will 
 look south-southwest. The appearance may be that of the misty cirrus wliich we 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 467 
 
 have described, discoverable by the aid of the sun, moon or stars ; or the cirrus 
 existing in visible, thready patches or wisps ; or some form of the cirro-stratus ; to be 
 followed by the cunmlo-stratus or thunder-head, or the rain-beariug stratus, according 
 to the season of the year and the character of the condition. 
 
 " Sometimes, though not often, the scud may be seen floating in the southerly 
 or easterly wind, before other cloud condensation is visible, except the misty, formless 
 cirrus. Generally, however, the scud are not seen before tlie cirrus assumes form 
 and patches of cirro-stratus appear. 
 
 " "When in midsummer a belt of showers is approaching from the northwest 
 and the cloud condensation does not show itself above the hoi'izon before nightfall, 
 you may sometimes discover it in the evening or night, as it is illumined Ijy the 
 flashes of lightning which play on its summits. And before the thunder-heads 
 appear above the horizon the flashes of lightning will perhaps be seen, reflected 
 from the milky stratum of cirras, which will cover that part of the sky, and seeming 
 to come from the atmosphere above the horizon. 
 
 HUMIDITY. 
 
 " The atmosphere contains at all times a quantity of watery vapor ; whether 
 combined or uncombined witli the air or its oxygen has been and is still a 
 question. 
 
 " Certain it is that at times there exists a quantity wliich is uncombined and 
 visible, and equally certain it is at other times, when evaporation has been large, a 
 considerable quantity must be contained in the atmosphere, which, if it is not 
 combined, is at least invisible, and undiscoverable by any ordinary test. The subject 
 of evaporation is receiving closer attention than formerly. Mr. Steinmetz lias 
 invented a vaporimeter, to measure evaporation, an excellent instrument. 
 
 " Evaporation is exceedingly rapid in our northwest winds. The excess of 
 evaporation falls in dew. 
 
 " Two very important facts are stated by Steimnetz : First, ' That invariably the 
 greater the evaporation the less the rain, and viae versa, in every month, on all 
 occasions.' Second, ' That evaporation decreases during the hot, sultry period which 
 precedes a thunder-storm.' The importance of these two facts will be seen in 
 connection with another — that humidity, as measured by the hygrometer and 
 perceived by our senses, commences to increase with the first influence of an 
 approaching condition, and continues to increase till the arrival of the rain. Mr. 
 Steinmetz believes the hygrometer the most reliable instrument in the prognostication 
 of the weather. 
 
 " But the hygrometer cannot tell us directly, at any given time, whether the 
 upper trade is saturated or not, for it is flowing in a distinct and isolated stratum far 
 above the earth. I believe in the hygrometer, not because it indicates the state of 
 
4G8 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEPxICA. 
 
 saturation merely, or indicates a fall of rain consequent on the mere saturation of 
 the surface story, but because it indicates the influence of an organized atmospheric 
 condition, which influence produces a humid state of the atmosphere. The mer- 
 curial hygrometer with the moistened bulb is now generally used. 
 
 " The point at which the mercury is depressed by evaporation is called the 
 dew-point. The difference between that and the dry tlieniiometer is the complement 
 of the dew-point, and the existing humidity is measured by that difference. The 
 greater the humidity the lexs that difference. 
 
 " There is another observable evidence of humidity indicative of an approaching 
 condition, especially of a belt of showers in summer and a southeaster in ^yinter — 
 such as the deposition of moisture upon tumblers and other vessels containing 
 water, and upon flagging and other stones connected with the ground. 
 
 " Before a snow-storm the advance cirrus condensation is generally uf the linear 
 kind, existing in long threads or bars, extending from southwest to northeast, and 
 not in wisps or patches, as in summer. The layer of stratus from which tlie snow is 
 to fall is smooth and uniform, and of a lightish hue. There is at the approach and 
 in the commencement of the storm very little wind, and that at flrst southwest, and 
 afterward northeast. The barometer usually rises higher before a snow-storm, and 
 falls with less rapidity. Of rain and hail former chapters may suffice. 
 
 THE ELKt'TRIC STATE. 
 
 " Our knowledge of electricity is not yet such as to furnish alone direct evidence 
 of the approach of a condition, but there are many signs which are founded on the 
 indirect effect of electricity, and are relied upon, even in less intense climates than 
 ours. A collection of nearly all the received and credited English signs was made 
 by Dr. Jenner, and arranged in rhymes. Nearly all of any merit depend upon 
 electricity. 
 
 jennee's signs of rain. 
 " ' The ItoUoio winds begin to blow, 
 
 The clouds look bUick, the glass is hie, 
 
 The soot falls down, the spaniels sleep. 
 
 And spiders from their cobwebs creep. 
 
 Last night the sun went pale to bed, 
 
 The moon in halos hid her head. 
 
 The boding shepherd heaves a sigh. 
 
 For see ! a rainbow spans the sky. 
 
 The walls are damp ; the ditches smell ; 
 
 Closed is the pink-eyed pimpernel. 
 
 Hark 1 how the chairs and tables crark. 
 
 Old Betty's joints are on the rack. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A. 469 
 
 Loud quack the ducks, the peacocks cry ; 
 The distant hills are looking nigh. 
 How restless are the snortiug swine ! 
 The busy tlies disturb the kine. 
 Low o'er the grass the swallow wings ; 
 The cricket, too, how loud it sings ! 
 Puss, on the hearth, with velvet paws 
 Sits smoothing o'er her whiskered jaws. 
 Through the clear stream the flshas rise 
 And nimbly catch the incautious flies ; 
 The sheep were seen at early light 
 Cropping the meads with eager bite. 
 Though June the air is cold and chill ; 
 The mellow blackbird's voice is still. 
 The glow-worms, numerous and bright, 
 Illumed the dewy dell last night ; 
 At dusk the squalid toad was seen 
 Hopping, crawling o'er the green. 
 The frog has lost his yellow vest. 
 And in a dingy suit is dressed. 
 The leech, disturbed, is newly risen 
 Quite to the summit of his prison ; 
 The whirling wind the dust obeys 
 And in the rapid eddy plays. 
 My dog, so altered is his taste. 
 Quits mutton bones on grass to feast ; 
 And see yon rooks, how odd their flight — 
 They imitate the gliding kite. 
 Or seem precipitate to fall. 
 As if they felt the piercing ball. 
 'Twill surely rain. I see, with sorrow. 
 Our jaunt must be put off to-morrow. 
 
 " Most of the signs relate to the feehngs of animals. They cannot be supposed 
 to have any mental conception of an approaching stonn. Man and animals and 
 plants are all sensitive to and exhibit signs of electrical action before storms. 
 
 " Hone added the hnes — 
 
 ' Her corns with shooting pains torment her 
 And to her bed untimely send her.' 
 
 "Howe added another conplet — 
 
 ' The smoke from chimneys right ascends, 
 Then spreading back to earth it bends.' 
 
 " I know of no cause to which this descent of smoke can be attributed excejjt 
 that it is positively electrified and attracted by the negatively electrified earth. 
 
470 JERSEY CATTLE TX AMERICA. 
 
 '' No degree of liuiiiiditv, witli tlie tlieniioiiieter at 70°. can account for the 
 oppressiveness of what is called a muggy, close atmosphere. No degree of humidity, 
 with the thermometer at ^5° — its common spring and autumn register in northeastere 
 —could revive the rheumatism in old Betty's joints or the ])ain in her corns. 
 
 " The renewal of pain in once broken bones or old scars is felt in the dry, 
 warm air of the house and in bed. 
 
 " The down of the dandelion and other ])lants closes fur bad weather. l)Ut expands 
 for sunshine. 
 
 " The trefoil grows more upright, with a swelling stalk, against rainy weather. 
 Before showers the trefoil contracts its leaves, as does the convolvulus and many 
 other ])lants. 
 
 "The ])impernel (.Iwrtj/rtW^.v) closes its petals on the ap])roach of rainy weather. 
 
 " Chickweed {Stellarta) in showery weather is half-shut ; M-licn it is entirely 
 shut we may expect a rainy day. 
 
 " If the flowers of the Siberian sow-thistle remain ()j)en all night we may expect 
 i-ain next day. 
 
 " There are many traditional signs which have no value whatever. Thus, it is 
 connnou to look for storms at the equinoxes, or when, as tlie sailors say, ' the sun 
 crosses the line.' This is aii absurdity. Storms of like character are occurring 
 CIA'/'// (lay in the year, in different and numerous portions of the hemisphere. In 
 some portions of the hemisphere storms nevt'r occur. In neither respect is there 
 any difference on that day. 
 
 KKSUMK. 
 
 "All signs akk fallacies unless connectku with ok koi'nded tpon one 
 
 OK the seven states of the WEAIHEK. 
 
 " When we hear of an existing and distant storm we can tell, within a day, 
 when, if it originated east of the Windward Islands, or over the Caribbean Sea, or 
 the Gulf of Mexico, or Texas, it will pass over any particular point in its path, for 
 we know substantially what its movement per hour, according to its intensity, will 
 be, and wliat its course will be at that season of the year. 
 
 " 1 l)elieve that by the next generation the West India Islands will all i>e 
 connected by wire, and that important representative points of observation in this 
 country will be connected in like manner, and the organization and progress of the 
 conditions be reported to the country from hour to hour. The advantages of such a 
 system, to all our industries, will lie beyond present comprehension. 
 
 DURATION OF CONDITIONS. 
 
 " Scud in the southerly wind, running toward the approaching belt of 
 condensation, if very numerous and large, and ragged at the edges, and moving 
 rapidly, a heavy fall of rain may be anticipated at the point to ivhich they are 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 471 
 
 running. Freshets follow where these scud are rniiniug, and may be predicted 
 without failure. 
 
 " The strength and freshness of the wind which blows toward the focus of the 
 storm, and the number and character of the scud, are all indicative of its strength. 
 
 " How long will a condition continue ? 
 
 " Very weak belts of showers in summer may not be more than twenty miles 
 wide, and pass over in two hours. There is great variety in the width of the belts of 
 showers. "We have no means of judging of that width with certainty except by the 
 telegraph. The character and continuance of the southerly wind, and its scud, the 
 continuance of humidity, and our feelings, will give a partial knowledge. Some 
 belts of showers last twenty-four hours. The average length of time during which 
 rain falls in southeasters is about fifteen hours. 
 
 " It remains cloudy for a much longer period. 
 
 " The northeaster is of longer continuance than any of the other distinct 
 conditions. It is rarely less than forty-eight hours from the time when the first 
 cirrus condensation is visible and its wind begins to blow, to the time when its wind 
 and rain cease. It is frequently twice as long, and sometimes longer still. 
 
 "I have seen the scud run continuously and at the same elevation for more than 
 sixty hours. 
 
 " The wind not infrequently blows forty-eight hours toward an approaching 
 northeaster before its precipitating portion reaches us. 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEM. 
 
 " The organization and motive force of the atmospheric system is invisible. We 
 recognize its existence only in its effects. We see that each organization has its law, 
 and that the whole is governed by a controlling agency ; we see, too, that this agent 
 has IMMENSE POWER ; that it is capable of moving the atmosphere or exerting a force 
 equivalent to moving it, at the rate of six hundred aud eighty-two miles per hour. 
 
 " What is that force ? That it emanates from or is excited by the sun we 
 cannot doubt. We know of one, and but one force capable of exerting such a 
 controlling and immense force, and that is electricity. 
 
 PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 " 1. ' The earth is a magnet, but not a natural magnet,' a magnet by thermal 
 electricity. 
 
 " 2. According to the law of thermo-electricity, currents must be excited at the 
 place where the earth is being heated, and flow to the west, toward the portion of 
 the earth which is coolest. The electric currents thus excited flow around to the 
 west, where it is night, and thus form a permanent succession of currents flowing 
 around the earth from east to west, as it presents its siu-face to the action of the 
 
472 JERSEY CATTLE TN^ AMERICA. 
 
 sun during its daily revolution. By a central belt of currents encircling the earth 
 within the tropics thus excited and operating the earth is constituted a magnet. 
 (This is a theory of Ampere.) 
 
 " 3. Parallel currents of electricity have a tendency to converge toward each 
 other. Doubtless the primarj' central currents flowing to the west exist under the 
 entire central condition, converging toward the centre, where tlie currents are most 
 intense, and where the great central belt of rains is found. 
 
 " 4. As the sun in its transits is more vertical, and acts with greater heating 
 power on the smamer Hide of the central belt, the currents gradually become more 
 intense upon that side and less intense on the other, and thus the central condition 
 with its belt of rains follows the smi in its transits, because the sun is continually 
 creating a new focus of intense currents. And for the same reason the central 
 condition continues to move north or south after the sun has reversed his transit, 
 and until it has heated up the waters on the reverse side. 
 
 " .5. All successive currents of electricity induce secondai-y currents on each side 
 of the primary one, and they flow in an opposite direction to and parallel with the 
 primary current. iSuch currents are produced on either side of the central condition 
 and in the temperate and polar zones, which gives to the atmosphere and all 
 conditions contained in it a tendency or drift to the eastward. 
 
 " t). A second secondary current is sometimes induced by the first secondary, 
 and that too moves parallel with and opposite to the direction of its inducing current. 
 
 " 7. By this method of niagnetization there is also produced in or over the earth 
 a class of lateral currents like those discoverable in all magnets by the aid of iron 
 filings. 
 
 " 8. The magnetic currents or currentsof electricity whicli flow outwardly fmm 
 the earth are recognized by us in various ways. Faraday intercepted them by a 
 revolving wire, which by its revolutions cut them, and obtained from the end of the 
 wire currents of electricity of low intensity but considerable volume. The flow of 
 these currents is variable in quantity, and when the quantity is excessive the Aurora 
 is produced by them in the upper, attenuated atmosphere. Sometimes when the 
 (juantity is very excessive, constituting what Humlioldt calls magnetic storms, they 
 produce an Aurora in all parts of the atmosphere, and the telegraph wires can be 
 worked by them without a battery. Magnetism consists of, or has associated 
 with it, currents of electricity, and all electric currents are lines of force, as Faraday 
 has abundantly demonstrated. 
 
 " 9. All currents of electricity passing througii the atmosphere tend to displace 
 it or to create currents in it. Thus we attribute thunder to the recoil of the air into 
 the vacuum which the curi-ent of electricity has occasioned by carrying the air within 
 its passage downward through the atmosphere. In substantially the same maimer 
 it carries the air upward in a tornado. These magneto-electric currents are constantly 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMEBIC A. 473 
 
 being discharged from trees and mountains, and every object connected with the 
 earth. They have much to do with animal and vegetable life. 
 
 " 10. These lateral currents have much to do in constituting the great, 
 permanent, general movements of the atmosphere ; with the trade-winds while 
 siirface trades, and when constituting the upper trade or equatorial current. But 
 most of the local and special winds are the result of static induction and attraction. 
 
 " 11. Evaporation is an electric process, aided by heat, but existing inde- 
 pendently of it, for ice and snow evaporate in the Arctic regions and everywhere, 
 and at all experienced temperatures. The vapor when evaporated is combined with 
 electricity and oxygen, and exists by force of that combination in the atmosphere ; 
 and the disturbance of the electricity and the combination, by static induction or 
 other action, occasions the condensation of vapor, the formation of vesicles, and the 
 constitution of a cloud, and the diffusion of the electricity thus set free over the 
 surface of the vesicles. 
 
 " 12. The trade-winds are probably produced primarily by the lateral magneto- 
 electric currents of the earth. Upon islands which lie near the outer limits of , the 
 northern trade in summer the surface and upper trade constitute distinct strata of a 
 different character. 
 
 " "When the surface trade is of sufficient volume to cover the elevation of the 
 islands they have xmbroken drouth. As the surface trade recedes in the fall, and 
 the upper trade comes in contact with the elevations, rain falls upon and to the 
 leeward of them, and the line of rain descends the slopes as the surface trade 
 decreases in dej^th. 
 
 " These facts indicate the initiation of the surface trade by the permanent 
 magneto-electric currents. As the surface trades pass on beneath the stratum of 
 cirrus condensation which overlies them they are affected statically, and storms and 
 showers and squalls are produced in them. So the belt of rains is constituted. 
 
 " As they pass on beyond the belt of condensation, if they are in moderate volume 
 they become clear again, and pass as upper or coimter-trades into the opposite 
 hemisphere, but partially deprived of their vapor. Arrived in that hemisphere, they 
 are exposed to the static electric induction of the positive atmosphere of the uj^per 
 story, and' the negative electric induction of the earth. Storms or showers are 
 produced as one or the other influence predominates and ojserates with sufficient force. 
 Thus, in most of our large extensive storms which originate upon the level interior 
 of our country, the incipient condensation is discoverable in the upper story in the 
 form of cirrus, or in the upper part of the trade story in the form of cirro-stratus. 
 Subsequently the stratus is formed in the trade story in its inferior portion, and after 
 that the wind and the scud are, by like induction and by attraction, produced in the 
 surface story. In this class of cases the storm is originated by the positive inductive 
 action of the electricity of the upper atmosphere. 
 
474 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 " As a rule our general storms are initiated in the great central condition or in 
 the polar zone, by the positive electricity of the upper story actinu; by induction upon 
 the upper trade of the second story, surcliargod with tiie vapor of evaporation from 
 the surface where it originated. 
 
 •• Induced electric excitement is felt far in advance of all storms. It influences 
 animal and vegetable life, as we have seen. It checks and stops evaporation, and 
 disturbs the combination of electricity with the vapor of the atmosphere, producing 
 partial condensation and increasing humidity. It is a mistake to assume that the 
 increase of humidity, as indicated by the hygrometer or by its deposition on surfaces, 
 is owing to an actual increase of the amount of water in the atmosphere. Evaporation 
 decreases before an increase of humidity is apparent, and humidity goes on increasing 
 long after evaporation has ceased. This increase of humidity is, as I have said, the 
 eflfect of electric induction disturbing the electricity of the vapor, and causing the 
 apparent increase of humidity. There is, in fact, no sudden increase of the quantity 
 of vapor in the air— it is simply an increase of that which is uncombined. 
 
 " I do not think we have yet arrived at a satisfactory solution of the barometric 
 oscillations, and it may ultimately appear that they are occasioned by electric induction 
 
 " We have seen that the barometric; changes are coincident with the electric and 
 magnetic ones. Certain it is that the changes in the barometer and in the feelings 
 of animals and plants are in advance of thermometric or hygrometric changes which 
 can account for them. I think it is well established that the condensation consists 
 in the formation of an infinite imiuber of small vesicles which electricity can form 
 and cold cannot, and very clear that the formation of cloud is an electric inductive 
 process, and that in all extensive storms the primary inductive action is by the 
 positive electricity of the upper story, and the forming jirocess may generally be 
 observed upon the advance portion of the storm." 
 
 Since Mr. Butler wrote his work the United States Government has established 
 the Weather Bureau at Washington, and a system of Signal Stations throughout the 
 country, which give us daily reports of the weather probabilities. The system will 
 eventually become perfected and of great benefit to the agriculture of America. 
 
 APPARATUS USED IN TIIK STt'DV OK THK ATMOSPU KRIC SYSTEM. 
 
 The re(juisite a])i)aratus for the investigation of the changes of the weather 
 includes the Barometer, Tiiermometer (air and soil). Wind Vane, Anenaometer or 
 Wind Gauge, Rain-band Spectroscope, Hygrometer, A''aporimeter, Rain Gauge, 
 Lysimeter or Drainage Gauge, the Telescope, the Telegraph, and the Mariner's 
 Compiiss. 
 
 Mr. Harding, an English meteorologist, reports in respect to experiments 
 
JERHEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 A.M. PM. A.M. 
 
 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 /O J2 2 4 Hou> 
 
 ^S JDarometer 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 -"■^ 
 
 
 
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 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ihermometer 
 
 Fo. 
 
 y 
 
 Oumueus 
 
 Eie c tf/'c 
 Tension, 
 
 DecJtnatiort 
 o/lVced/o 
 
 Wi'nd 
 Horiz.o7itaL 
 
 Chart showing the Variations durinw an Atmospheric Day in Fair Wkathek. 
 
476 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IX A3IERIVA. 
 
 " of daily weatlier forecasts made with the raiii-baiid spectroscope, that sixty- 
 three per cent, proved approximately true, and oidy fourteen per cent, were false. 
 On two very wet days the spectroscope gave no indication, and on two others it 
 gave valuable warning in contradiction to the barometer." 
 
 The lysimeter, as used at the New York State Experiment Station at Geneva, 
 has aided in demonstrating the benefit of fine surface pulverization in tillage for 
 preventing the loss of moisture by excessive evaporation in drouth. 
 
 AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPEHATUEE IN UNITED STATES. 
 
 Place. 
 
 Jack.^^onville, Florida fii) 
 
 New Orleans, Louisiana 69 
 
 Austin, Te.xas 67 
 
 Mobile, Alabama 66 
 
 Jackson, Mississippi 6-t 
 
 Little Rock, Arkansas 63 
 
 Columbia, South Carolina 62 
 
 Raleigh, North Carolina 59 
 
 Atlanta, Georgia 58 
 
 Nashville, Tennessee 58 
 
 Richmond, Virginia 57 
 
 LouisviUe, Kentucky 56 
 
 San Francisco, California 55 
 
 Washington, D. C 55 
 
 St. Louis, Mis.souri _. 55 
 
 Baltimore, Maryland 51 
 
 Ilarrisburg, Pennsylvania 54 
 
 Wilmington, Delaware 53 
 
 Trenton, New Jersey 53 
 
 Columbus, Ohio 53 
 
 Portland, Oregon 53 
 
 Pl.^ce. Degree. 
 
 Salt Lake City, Utah Territory 52 
 
 Romney, West A^irginia 52 
 
 Indianapolis, Indiana 51 _ 
 
 Leavenworth, Kansas 51 
 
 Hartford, Connecticut 50 
 
 Springfield, Illinois 50 
 
 Camp Scott, Nevada 50 
 
 Des Moines, Iowa 49 
 
 Omaha, Nebraska 49 
 
 Denver, Colorado 48 
 
 Boston, Massachusetts 48 
 
 Albany, New York 48 
 
 Pro\ndence, Rhode Island 48 
 
 Detroit, Michigan 47 
 
 Fort Randall, Dakota Ten-itory 47 
 
 Concord, New Hami)sliire 46 
 
 Augusta, Maine 45 
 
 Madison, Wisconsin 45 
 
 Helena, Montana Territory 43 
 
 Montpelier, Vermont 43 
 
 St. Paul, Minnesota 42 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 477 
 
 AVEEAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL OF DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Prepared hy W. B. Hazen, Brig. Gen., Chief Signed Officer, U. S. A. 
 
 Rainfall. 
 Inches. 
 
 New England. 
 Eastjjort, Me 
 
 49.02 
 38.67 
 83.86 
 48.21 
 52.26 
 50.99 
 New Loudon, Conn I 47.75 
 
 Portland, Me 
 
 Mt. Washington, N. H. 
 
 Boston, Mass 
 
 Block Island, R. I 
 
 New Haven, Conn 
 
 Middle Atlantic States 
 
 Albany, N. Y 
 
 New York, N. Y 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 Atlantic City, N. J 
 
 Barnegat City, N. J 
 
 Cape May, N. J 
 
 Sandy Hook, N. J 
 
 Delaware Breakwater, Del . . , 
 
 Baltimore, Md 
 
 Washington, D. C. , , 
 
 Cape Henry, Ya 
 
 Chincoteague, Va 
 
 Lynchburg, Ya 
 
 Norfolk, Ya 
 
 SoDTH Atlantic States. 
 
 Charlotte, N. C 
 
 Hatteras, N. C 
 
 Kitty Hawk, N. C 
 
 Macon (Fort), N. C 
 
 Smith ville, N. C 
 
 Wilmington,- N. C 
 
 51.24 
 75.44 
 64.90 
 63.81 
 
 52.86 
 57.42 
 
 South Atlantic States. 
 (Contim/efl.) 
 
 Charleston, S. C 
 
 Augusta, Ga 
 
 Savannah, Ga 
 
 59.89 
 49.91 
 52.86 
 Jacksonville, Fla 55.33 
 
 Florida Peninsula. 
 
 Cedar Keys, Fla 
 
 Key West, Fla 
 
 Sanford, Fla 
 
 Punta Rassa, Fla 
 
 Eastern Gulf States 
 
 Atlanta, Ga 
 
 Pensacola, Fla 
 
 Mobile, Ala 
 
 Montgomery, Ala 
 
 Yicksburg, Miss 
 
 New Orleans, La 
 
 58.95 
 40.66 
 44.61 
 42.61 
 
 56.91 
 70.22 
 65.84 
 53.68 
 60.44 
 64.69 
 
 Western Gulf States. 
 
 Shreveport, La , 54.11 
 
 Fort Smith, Ark 46.65 
 
 Little Rock, Ark 57.64 
 
 Galveston, Tex 
 
 Indianola, Tex 
 
 Palestine, Tex 
 
 51.43 
 38.22 
 43.49 
 
 Rio Grande Yalley. 
 
 Brownsville, Tex 
 
 Rio Grande City, T 
 
 32.02 
 25.12 
 
478 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL OF DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF 
 THE UNITED STATES— CW^miw«Z. 
 
 Rainfall. 
 Inches. 
 
 Ohio Valley and Tennessee. 
 
 Chattanooga, Tenn 
 
 Kuoxville, Teiui 
 
 Memphis, Teim 
 
 Nashville, Teuii 
 
 Louisville, Ky 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio 
 
 Columbus, Ohio 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa 
 
 LowEK Lakes. 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y 
 
 Oswego, N. Y 
 
 Rochester, N. Y 
 
 Erie, Pa 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio 
 
 Sandusky, Ohio 
 
 Toledo, Ohio 
 
 Detroit, Mich 
 
 59.42 
 
 53.20 
 55.38 
 53.63 
 48.83 
 47.59 
 44.09 
 44.r.2 
 37.04 
 
 37.03 
 36.05 
 37.23 
 42.39 
 38.40 
 41.78 
 33.07 
 35.27 
 
 Up.i'ek Lakes. 
 
 Alpena, Mich 
 
 Escanaba, Mich 
 
 (THind Haven, Mich 
 
 ^[ackinaw City, Mich. . . 
 
 Manjuctte, Mich 
 
 Port Huron, Mich 
 
 Chicago, 111 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis 
 
 Duluth, Minn 
 
 Uppee Mississippi Valley. 
 
 St. Paul, Minn 
 
 La Crosse, Wis 
 
 38.21 
 35.30 
 39.17 
 38.97 
 32.68 
 35.26 
 37.57 
 33.87 
 33.87 
 
 29.83 
 34.26 
 
 ' Upper Mississippi Valley. 
 I (Continued.) 
 
 I Davenport, Iowa , 35.96 
 
 j Des Moines, Iowa I 42.72 
 
 Dubuque, Iowa 
 
 Keokuk, Iowa 
 
 Cairo, 111 
 
 Springfield, HI 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 
 
 Missouri Valley. 
 
 Leavenworth, Kan 
 
 Omaha, Neb 
 
 Bennett (Fort), Dak 
 
 Huron, Dak 
 
 Yankton, Dak 
 
 39.41 
 38.57 
 46.33 
 48.61 
 
 37.88 
 
 36.45 
 18.17 
 25.68 
 28.21 
 
 Extreme Nokthwest. 
 
 Moorhead, Minn 29.48 
 
 St. Vincent, Miini j 18.62 
 
 Bismarck, Dak 21.27 
 
 Buford (Fort), Dak \ 16.08 
 
 Totten (Fort), Dak 17.36 
 
 Northern Slope. 
 Assiniboine (Fort), Mon. . . . 
 
 Benton (Fort), Mon 
 
 Cu.ster (Fort), Mon 
 
 Helena, Mon 1 15.13 
 
 Maginnis (Fort), Mon 13.29 
 
 Poplar River, Mon 8.24 
 
 13.93 
 12.50 
 14.36 
 
 Shaw (Fort), Mon. 
 Dead wood. Dak . . 
 Cheyenne, Wy. . . . 
 North Platte, Neb. 
 
 13.87 
 26.47 
 10.72 
 19.97 
 
JERHEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 479 
 
 AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL OF DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF 
 THE UNITED STATES— CoMfoViwe^^. 
 
 Rainfall. 
 Inches. 
 
 Middle Slope. 
 
 Denver, Col 
 
 Pike's Peak, Col 
 
 West Les Animas, Col. . . 
 
 Dodge City, Kan 
 
 Elliott (Fort), Tex 
 
 SoDTHERN Slope. 
 
 Sill (Fort), Lid. T 
 
 Concho (Fort), Tex 
 
 Davis (Fort), Tex 
 
 Stockton (Fort), Tex 
 
 Southern Plate a i 
 
 Santa Fe, N. M 
 
 El Paso, Tex 
 
 Apache (Fort), Ariz 
 
 Grant (Fort), Ariz 
 
 Prescott, Ariz 
 
 Thomas (Camp), Ariz. . . 
 Ynma, Ariz 
 
 Middle Plateau. 
 
 Winnemucca, Neb 
 
 Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 14.98 
 3L60 
 13.41 
 20.09 
 21.48 
 
 33.38 
 29.18 
 19.83 
 19.43 
 
 13.89 
 12.11 
 22.75 
 15.71 
 14.51 
 10.31 
 2.04 
 
 16.91 
 
 Northern Plateau. 
 
 Boise City, Idaho 
 
 Lewiston, Idaho 
 
 Dayton, Wash 
 
 Spokane Falls, Wash 
 
 North Papific Coast. 
 
 Canby (Fort), Wash 
 
 Olympia, Wash 
 
 Tatoosh Island, Wash 
 
 Portland, Oregon 
 
 Roseburg, Oregon 
 
 13.30 
 17.85 
 28.11 
 20.31 
 
 45.71 
 
 59.72 
 75.18 
 54.64 
 35.72 
 
 17.1 
 
 Middle Pacific Coast 
 
 Cap Mendocino, Cal 
 
 Red Bluff, Cal 28.27 
 
 Sacramento, Cal 21.68 
 
 San Francisco, Cal 22.80 
 
 South Pacific Coast. 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal 14.56 
 
 San Diego, Cal 9.48 
 
 Office, War Department, 
 
 Washington City, Fel)ruary 14, 1885. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 WET WEATHER TALK. 
 
 liY J. W. KILKY. 
 
 ' It ain't no use to grumble and complain ; 
 
 It's jest as cheap and easy to rejoice. 
 Wlieu God sorts out tlie weather and sends rain, 
 yW'y, rain's my choice. 
 
 ' Men gener'ly to all intents— 
 
 Although they're ap' to grumble some — 
 Puts most their trust in Providence, 
 And take things as they come- 
 That is, the commonality 
 Of men that's lived as long as me 
 Has watched the world enough to learn 
 They're not tlie boss of this concern. 
 
 ' With some, of co\U'sc, it's different. 
 
 I've see'd young men that knowed it all. 
 An' didn't like the way things went 
 On this terrestrial ball ; 
 But, all the same, the rain some way 
 Rained jest as hard on picnic day ; 
 Or when they really wanted it 
 It maybe wouldn't rain a bit I 
 
 ' In thi.s existence, dry and wet 
 Will overtake the best of men — 
 Some little shift o' clouds'll shet 
 The sun ofT now and then. 
 But maybe as you're wonderin' who 
 You've fool-like lent your umbrella to 
 And want it, oufll pop the sun. 
 And you'll be glad you ain't got none. 
 
 ' It aggervates the farmers, too — 
 
 There's too much wet, or loo nmch sun. 
 Or work, or waitin' round to do 
 Before the plowin's done. 
 And maybe, like as not, tlic wheat. 
 Jest as it's lookin' hard to beat. 
 Will ketch the storm — and jest about 
 The time the corn's a jlntin' out ! 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERIGA. 481 
 
 " These here .cyclones a foolin' round — 
 
 And hack'ard crops — and wind and rain — 
 And yit the corn that's wallered down 
 May elbow up again ! 
 
 The' ain't no sense, as I can see, 
 For mortals sich as j'ou and me 
 A faultin' Nature's wise intents 
 And lock'n horns witli Providence ! 
 
 " It ain't no use to grumble and complain ; 
 
 It's jest as cheap and easy to rejoice. 
 When God sorts out the weather and sends rain, 
 Wy, rain's my choice." 
 
PART FIFTH. 
 
 THE JERSEY IN AMERICA. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 It is the province of the historian to give due credit and honor to the individual 
 or the commonwealth whose genius or wisdom has engaged in the initiation of any 
 grand enterjjrise which, once entered upon and developed, causes results of beneficence 
 to accrue in measureless flow to a nation and to mankind. 
 
 Connecticut is a small territory, and occupies hut a speck upon the map of the 
 world, yet how great has been the influence of her people upon American events and 
 history. To the sterling chaVacter of her sons and daughters we may attribute much 
 of the power and glory of national progress and the honor of the American name, 
 as her people have ever been characterized in history for wisdom, inventive genius 
 and patriotism. Among the honored names of her sons to whom we owe grateful 
 remembrance may be mentioned Silas Deane, "through whose efforts Lafayette, 
 Rochambeau, and others were induced to engage in the cause of independence"* 
 during the darkest days of the Revolution. It was " by the learning and eloqiience 
 of William Samuel Johnson, the genuine good sense and discernment of Roger 
 Sherman, and the didactic strength of Oliver Ellsworth, that the Federal Constitution 
 came to be adopted, thereby giving to the people of the United States the l)est 
 system of government upon the face of the earth." 
 
 It was Jonathan Trumbull, the great war governor, who, being the bosom friend 
 and confidential adviser of Wasliington, received from him the appellation which has 
 since become the patronymic for every American, " Brother Jonathan." 
 
 John Trumbull, a son of the governor, became the earliest of American 
 historical painters. 
 
 In poetry no modern writer has appeared " who diired commit his fame to the 
 keeping of so few lines, and no jjoet has seemed so well aware that to write little and 
 well is to write much " as Fitz-Greene Halleck. Eli Whitney invented the cotton- 
 gin, which developed the production of the material and manufactures of a great 
 fabric staple throughout the world. " John Fitch was the first to apply steam to the 
 uses of navigation," aiid " Junius Smith was the originator of the grand project for 
 
 ' Quoted paragraphs are from "History of Connecticut," by G. H. HoUister. 
 
48-i JERSEY CATTLE IX AJfEIilCA. 
 
 navigating the ocean by the same motive power." " Samuel F. B. Morse, of Connecticut 
 parentage and culture, invented the magnetic telegraph, and thus gave to tlie world a 
 courier swifter than tlie light." " Jared Mansfield originated the present mode of 
 surveying puhlic lauds." 
 
 " Ephraim Kirby published the first volume of Law Rejiorts ever issued in the 
 United States." 
 
 " Joseph Bellamy foxmded the first Sunday-school in the world. The first 
 Temperance Society in Christendom was formed in this State. The first Asylum for 
 the Deaf and Dumb ever instituted on this continent was established upon Connecticut 
 soil ; and the seeds of almost all the colleges in the Union have been carried from 
 Connecticut fields and planted by Connecticut citizens." 
 
 " The first British flag that fell into the hands of the American patriots during 
 the Revolutionary War, and the first British flags upon the land as well as on the 
 sea that did homage to our valor in the "War of 1812, were all striick to sons of 
 Connecticut." 
 
 Jonathan Edwards was the most eminent theologian of the eighteenth century 
 in this or any country. 
 
 Noah "Webster, the great lexicographer, by his Spellin(/-B'>ol and Dictionary 
 became the schoolmaster of this Western World, and thus made it possible for the 
 people of a continent to speak one common tongue. 
 
 Thomas B. Butler wi-ote The Atmospherio Syiit<-m, the first and only work that 
 gives a rational and pliilosophical exjjosition of the organization of the atmosphere 
 and the changes of the weather. 
 
 Elihu Burritt, blacksmith and farmer, wlio never went to college, was the first 
 man in the world to acquire a thorough grammatical knowledge of more than fifty 
 languages. 
 
 Maltby Fowler invented tlie ingenious machine which makes pins for all the 
 ■world. 
 
 Alexander C. Twining was the inventor of the only feasible machine for the 
 manufacture of ice. 
 
 E. E. Matteson was the inventor of the hydraulic ])i-ocess for washing out 
 gold in the Tertiary deposits, a system whicli has immensely increased the yield and 
 profitableness of gold-mining in California. 
 
 From Connecticut people, emigrating to other States of the American Union, 
 have descended many of the most illustrious characters of modern times, including the 
 greatest soldier and military commander of the nineteenth century, Ulysses S. Grant ; 
 the scholarly statesman, brilliant soldier, and martyr President, Garfield, and many 
 others pre-eminent for patriotic service to their country, by devoted labors in the times 
 of peace or war. 
 
 The people of Connecticut are also noted for longevity. From Pei-kins' 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 485 
 
 " Encyclopfedia of Longevity" it appears that in the number of centenarians, and in 
 length of human life, the United States leads all the countries of the world, 
 while the State of Connecticut, in the proportion of centenarians, and in human 
 longevity, reaches a higher average than any other portion of the globe. 
 
 It was fitting that Connecticut, the State of the oak and the vine, whose 
 people are no less renowned for their interest in agriculture than all else that tends 
 to build up a State — it was pre-eminently fitting that such a people should be the 
 first in America to admire, appreciate and adopt the Jersey cattle. 
 
 From a Hartford correspondent of the Country Oentleman I quote the following 
 " Keminiscences " : 
 
 "The first importation of Jerseys recorded in the American Jersey Cattle Club 
 Herd Register was made in 1850, in the ship Splendid, by a little club of 
 gentlemen in Hartford. 
 
 " The suggestion was made by Dajstiel Buck, Je. He was familiar with their 
 reputation as dairy cows for quantity, and especially for quality of butter, and in 
 putting this before his friends had no difficulty in getting the order at once for an 
 experimental herd. This was put into the care of John A. Taintoe, also of 
 Hartford, who was then importing Merino sheep. It is believed to have been the 
 first attempt to breed pure Jerseys in America, and Splendens 16 was the first bull 
 purchased on the Island of Jersey for importation into the United States. 
 
 "No better agent could have been found than Mr. Taintor. A perfect 
 gentleman, with a good knowledge of human nature, a good judge of cattle also, a 
 thorough business man, and a cool, judicious buyer, he was exactly the right man to 
 execute a commission of this nature. This was to buy about a dozen of the l^est 
 animals, including the best bull on the island, without limit in price, and without 
 restriction as to color and fancy points. 
 
 " The importation was a great success. It is doubtful if, with all the supposed 
 improvements in breeding during the past few years, there has ever been one of 
 more uniform excellence. Nearly every one of these cows had the reputation of 
 making over two pounds of butter a day, and each gentleman thought his own the 
 best. The quaHty was even more of a surprise than the quantity. The firmness, 
 and the rich color, even in winter, on ordinary feed that was then thought the proper 
 allowance for a cow, was something quite astonishing. 
 
 " The superior dairy quality of the breed soon attracted the attention of the 
 most advanced farmers, and other importations were made. 
 
 " John T. Norton, of Farmington, was one of the first to recognize their merits. 
 He was fortunate in having a friend in Mr. Stetson, of the Astor House, New York, 
 who appreciated and was wiUing to pay for such a superior article any price which 
 Mr. Norton thought he ought to charge for his butter. 
 
 "Mr. Buck's product found ready sale in Hartford, fai- above the prices of what 
 
48(1 JKRSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 were then the best dairies. I believe that Mr. Buck's was the first and Mr. 
 Norton's the second lierd estabhshed in this county. Since that time the number 
 has constantly increased, until there are herds in nearly every town. 
 
 " Mr. Taintor saw Spi-kndid 2 on one of liis trips to the Island of Jersey, and 
 on his return reported him to Mr. Norton as a perfect animal. 
 
 "lie was ordered at once, and for a number of years stood at tlie liuad of Mr. 
 Norton's herd. 
 
 "Mr. Noi-tou liiglily prized liiiii fur tho ricli yellow .skin wliicli sliowud through 
 tlie hair of his white patches." 
 
 I suppose that the two bulls SjJoufi'nx 1(5 and Sjihnd'nl 2 were thus named 
 because of the brig " Splendid," which l)rought them across the ocean. This was 
 indeed a happy augury, both in the vessel anil her rich cargo, as has been well 
 verified, not alone in the descendants of these famous bulls, but in the rich exhibit 
 which the following pages show as tlie result of a genesis so auspicioiisly heralded, 
 whose golden fruitage glows, as the seasons conie and go, with ever-increasing 
 splendor ! 
 
 Of the near descendants of Splendcns 16, none liave recorded butter tests. His 
 great-granddaughter Pansy 1019 made a record of 574-^ pounds of butter in a year. 
 Splendid has left a much stronger and richer imj)ress upoTi the American Jersey 
 records. Among his descendants, botli innnediate and remote, are the names of some 
 of the richest cows ever known, one of them having produced a pound of butter 
 from 5y\ pounds of milk, under an official test, and slie has also made tlie largest 
 yearly record in the world. 
 
 In the first cargo of Jerseys, along with the bull Splendens, were the cows Dot 
 7, Violet 23, Jessie 28, and the Ives Cow. Splendens It; and Dot 7 produced 
 Dolly 1021, the granddam of Pansy loi'.t. 
 
 In the year 1851 Mr. Taintor imported tlie hull Premium 7. in IS.-i-l the bull 
 Commodore 56 and the (afterward) noted bull Czaij 273 in his dam Jennie 686. In 
 1855, among the noted ones, Mr. Norton imported the wonderful cow Pansy 8, 
 whose tested descendants outnundjer those of any other Jersey. Among the noted 
 bulls of later importations were Spi.kndid 2, by Mi-. Norton, St. IIeliek 45, by Mr. 
 O. S. Ilubbell, of Stratford, Rob Roy 17 and Pikkrot 636, by Mr. S. C. Colt, of 
 Hartford. Of tiie imported cows, sometime owned in the State, that have become 
 famous, are Dandelion 2521, Nancy Lee 7618, Coomassie 11,874, Ona 7840, and 
 Princess 2n 8046. Some of the noted bulls bred in the State are McClellan 
 25, Sam 980, Tom Dasher 42(1, Wetiiersfielt) 966, Living Storm 173, Monitor 
 878, Pierrot 2n 1669, Pierrot 7th 1667, Ralph 957, Champion of America 1567, 
 Bekswax 1931, Bristol Chief 1496, Hurrah 2814, Lord Bronx 2d 1730, Oxoli 
 1922, Rex 1330, and Superb 1956. Among the many famous Connecticut-bred 
 cows may be mentioned Pansy 6tii 38, Pansy 1019, Lady Ives 1708, Couch's 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 487 
 
 Lily 3237, Lucky Belle 2214, Volie 19,465, Hazen's Bess 7329, Hazen's Nora 
 4791, CHROiLA. 4572, Evelina of Verna 10,971, Value 2d 6844, and Landseer's 
 Fancy 2876. The first butter test reported in Connecticut was of Rose 240, by 
 Mr. John T. Norton, in tlie year 1853, yielding seventeen pounds of butter in 
 seven days. 
 
 The Ives Cow, in the first importation of 1850, Splendens 16, and 
 Splendid 2, each appear twice in the pedigree of LANDSEER'S FANCY 
 2876, the champion cow of the world, she having made the largest annual yield of 
 butter ever yet recorded. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 According to the Herd Register, the first importation of adult bulls into 
 Massachusetts was made by Mr. Thomas Motley, in the year 1851. This importation 
 included Colonel 76, Typhoon 77, and " Gen. Lyman's Bull" 833, with such noted 
 cows as Flora 113 and Countess 114. In the previous year Mr. Samuel Henshaw, 
 of Boston, had imported the cows Daisy 382 and Buttercup 557 ; and Daniel 
 Webster imported for Mr. F. Haven, of Boston, the cow Jenny Lind 552. The bull 
 Sailor 169 was di'opped on shipboard for Mr. Henshaw, June 12th, 1850. 
 
 Of the later importations, Sam Weller 271, Cceue de Lion 318, Mr. Micawbee 
 556, Broker 873, Lopez 313, and Landseer 331, are worthy of celebrity. 
 
 Of imported cows. Dazzle 379 deserves to be held famous. 
 
 Among noted bulls bred in the State are Dick Swiveller Jr. 276, Cliff 176, 
 YicTOE 3550, and Homer H. 3683. 
 
 Of the famous Bay State bred cows are Maud Lee 2416, Meines 3d 7741, 
 Mink 2548, and Jersey Belle of Soituate 7828, the choicest model of perfection 
 ever known. 
 
 The first butter test ever reported was made in Massachusetts of the cow 
 Flora 118, by Mr. Motley, in February, 1853, when at three years old, eight 
 months from second calf, and two and a half months before third calf, upon 
 average feed, she made fourteen and a half pounds in seven days. After third 
 calf. Flora made five hundred and eleven pounds two ounces of butter in fifty 
 
 other states. 
 
 It appears from the Herd Register that John Glenn, of Baltimore, was the 
 pioneer breeder of Jerseys in Maryland, having imported cows in 1851. 
 
 In the State of New York Samuel Thome, of Thorndale, imported Jerseys in 
 1855, as did also R. L. Colt, of Paterson, in the State of New Jersey, and E. M. 
 Hopkins, of Philadelphia, Penn. 
 
488 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 From tliese apparently feeble beginnings the growth of the Jersey interest has 
 gradually extended, until it now permeates nearly every State of the Union. At the 
 first there were many hindrances to rapid popularity and success ; for although the 
 earliest breeders were men of culture and high character, and possessed with 
 perseverance and persistency of purpose, j'et not until 1868 was there any movement 
 for establishing a pure Herd Kegister, nor any well-organized effort to insure 
 community of interest and establish jjure pedigree breeding upon an infallible basis. 
 The cattle were misnamed " Alderney," in England, and the same appellation was 
 applied liere, no race distinction being made between the cattle of the various Channel 
 Islands, except as they w'ere sometimes called " Jersey Alderney " and " Guernsey 
 Alderney." The majority of American breeders, however, greatly preferred the 
 cattle of Jersey, and bred them pure. Thei-e had been importations of cattle from 
 those islands into Pennsylvania as far back as the year 1817, or earlier, but the cows 
 were bred to native and mongrel bulls, and the value of the animals for all purposes 
 of thorough breeding was dissipated and lost. 
 
 The j)ioneer breeder of Canada was Mr. S. S. Stephens, of ^rontreal. An 
 importation of Jersey cattle made by him August 17th, 1868, consisted of the bull 
 Victor Hugo 197 and five cows from the Island of Jersey, besides the bull Defiance 
 196 and the cows Pride of Windsor -183, Amelia 484, and Juliet 485, from the 
 " Shaw Farm," Windsor Park, England. The Island cows, including Hebe 489, 
 dropped island-bred calves, all heifers, Hebe's calf being the since famous cow 
 Pauline 494. 
 
 These cattle, wOiose l)lood has been combined with the blood of stock imported 
 from England into Vermont, by Peter Leclair, has resulted in the St. Lam])crt strain, 
 that has become so far-famed for great butter tests, in the herd of Mr. Valancey E. 
 Fuller, Hamilton, Ontario. 
 
 THE AMEIilCAN JEESEY CATTLE CLUB. 
 
 The organization of the American Jersey Cattle Chib began, in the year 1868, 
 ■with forty-three members, but not until the year 1875 did the first volume of the 
 Herd Eegister appear in print, containing the names of 539 bulls and 1427 cows, to 
 date of 1871. 
 
 In December, 1874, the number of Club members was 94. The organization was 
 incorporated by statute of the State of New York passed April 19th, 1880. The Club 
 has been very prosperous, and on August 15th, 1885, had an active membership of 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AlfERICA. 489 
 
 370, distributed as follows : Alabama, 4 ; California, 7 ; Connecticut, 32 ; Delaware, 1 ; 
 Georgia, 5 ; Illinois, 8 ; Indiana, 9 ; Iowa, 3 ; Kansas, 1 ; Kentucky, 16 ; Louisiana, 3 ; 
 Maine, 4 ; Maryland, 17 ; Massachusetts, 35 ; Michigan, 2 ; Minnesota, 2 ; Mississippi, 
 10; Missouri, 6 ; New Hampshire, 3 ; New Jersey, 42; New York, 58 ; Ohio, 13 ; 
 Oregon, 1 ; Pennsylvania, 37 ; Khode Island, 10 ; South Carolina, 2 ; Tennessee, 14 ; 
 Texas, 1 ; Vermont, 8 ; Virginia, 2 ; West Virginia, 1 ; "Wisconsin, 9 ; Canada, 6. 
 
 Since its origin, in 1868, four members have resigned and iifty have died. 
 
 This body of men represents more wealth and infliience than any other similar 
 organization in the world. Besides the membership of the Club, there is a large and 
 rapidly increasing nmnber of breeders — about three thousand — scattered in every 
 portion of America. 
 
 HISTORY OF BUTTER TESTS. 
 
 In a prize essay for the Cattle Club written by Colonel George E. "Waring, Jr., 
 and puljlished by the Club in 1871, mention is made of only one butter test, and that, 
 one that had been made eighteen years before the essay was written. The first 
 butter test, as before stated, was that of the cow Flora 113, in the year 1853. In 
 the same year Rose 240 was tested, yielding seventeen pounds in seven days. 
 From all the records and reports of butter tests that have been published, the 
 author of this work has compiled a talile numbering nearly 1100 cows, that have 
 yielded fourteen pounds or more in seven days. After Rose 240, in 1853, I find 
 no dated test vmtil a period of foiirteen years later, when the cow Eureka McIIenry 
 8341 was tested by Mr. A. E. Kapp, Northumberland, Pa., from June 5th to 11th, 
 1867, yielding fourteen pounds of iinsalted butter. 
 
 After another interval of more than five years a test of the imported cow 
 Jennie 766, from September 10th to 16th, 1872, by Mr. "W. B. Dinsmore, of 
 Staatsburgh, N. Y., yielded fourteen pounds nine ounces of butter. 
 
 Aboiit October 1st, 1872, began the test of the noted cow Pansy 1019, by Mr. 
 John H. SutlifF, Bristol, Conn. Pansy was five years old December 13th, 1871, the 
 test being concluded when she was a little more than six and a half years old, and 
 the yield 574f pounds of butter for one season between calves. The feed was, in 
 summer, pasture and two quarts of corn meal daily ; in winter two bushels of cut 
 hay and six quarts of meal daily, divided in two feeds, besides a feed of dry hay at 
 noon. 
 
 The cow Plenty 950 was tested in 1873, with a yield of 14|^ pounds at ten years 
 old. 
 
 The tests of Pansy 1019 and Couch's Lily 3237 gave a new impulse to Jersey 
 breeding, causing many to embark in what were styled " experimental herds." 
 
490 JERSEY CATTLE IX AJfERICA. 
 
 Many of the tests that liave become tixed in Jersey history fail to show the date of 
 the test, tlie amount of feed, weight of milk, or age and weight of cow. 
 
 Of the tests as dated there were, in 1853, 2 ; in IStiT, 1; in 1872, 2 ; in 1873, 1 ; 
 in 1874, 4 ; in 1875, 5 ; in 1870, 6 ; in 1877, 5 ; in 1878, 8 ; in 1879, 4 ; in 1880, 
 14 ; in 1881, 35 ; in 1882, 79 ; in 1883, 185 ; in 1884, 190 ; in 1885, about 175. 
 
 The official tests made under the supervision of committees appointed by the 
 President and Directors of the American Jersey Cattle Club are dated as follows : 
 In 1882, 1 ; in 1883, G ; in 1884, 8 ; in 1885, 13. 
 
 Of the twenty-eight officially tested Jerseys, twenty -five cows gave larger yields 
 than by previously made private tests, and three cows gave smaller j-ields than by 
 private tests, the latter under adverse conditions. 
 
 QUAUTY OF AME14ICAX JERSEYS. 
 
 The American Jersey has been undergoing for many years a jirocess of refining 
 and improving, by the selection of butter bulls containing finer qualities of fibre and 
 anatomical conformation better adapted to produce butter dairy cows of a high 
 order. These qualities can be heightened by continual selection and through better 
 breeding, adliering strictly to butter-producing families and close inbreeding to the 
 best individuals in those families. As an instance of selection, the bull St. Ilelier 
 45 was bred to order on the Island of Jersey by Mr. Philip Quenault, of St. 
 Martin, for Mr. O. S. Ilubbell, of Stratford, Conn., Mr. Hubbell having pre- 
 viously employed competent persons iipon the island to make private butter 
 tests from milk purchased of the best breeders. These tests wei'o carried on for a 
 period of five years, having continued from 1862 to 1867, when St. Ilelier was bred, 
 out of a family that had been started some forty yeare before and inbred 
 continuously, and constituting the best butter-bred herd on the island. The dam of 
 St. Ilelier tested over three pounds of butter daily. For the bull calf dropped in 
 1868 the sum of $1500 was paid, which, with the previous e.xpeuses of testing 
 cows and cost of importation, brought the price up to S2500, then the highest price 
 that had been paid for a Jei-scy. The Jei-sey breed has been built up through 
 centuries of selection, and in certain families and strains has become such a grand 
 type that it cannot be improved by any cross with any other breed of dairy cattle ; 
 but it improves every dairy race upon which it is crossed, so that the best dairy 
 grades, cross-breds or full-breds, may be produced by the use of Jersey sires, 
 whatever may be the race of tlie dam. 
 
 The finest examples of Jersey breeding have been produced in America by 
 American breedei-s. The vicissitudes of our climate, ranging from the frozen 
 regions of Labrador to the orange-groves of Florida, the prairies of the "West, and 
 the mild climate of the Pacific coast, will in time develop new types of the Jersey. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 491 
 
 Already, under the magneto-electric intensity of our climatic conditions, the Jersey 
 of Several generations of American inheritance is of larger size and possessed of a 
 stronger constitution, while the grand characteristic faculty of cream-secretive power 
 has l^een intensified and increased. Selection of rare individuals and their inbred 
 progeny, with regard to increase of constitiitional vigor, will yet bring the average 
 of the Jersey breed to a much higher degree of perfection than has ever been 
 thought attainable by our best breeders. 
 
 JEESEY FOUNTAINS. 
 
 "Each fountain takes the force of vein it coucheth in." — Lidgate. 
 
 The following list of celebrated animals, beginning with the first Jersey bull 
 imported into America, is arranged in historical order of year of birth, or date of 
 importation when age is not given. 
 
 A. J. C. C. H. E. — American Jersey Cattle Club Herd Eegister. 
 
 J. H. B. — Jersey Herd Book. 
 
 E. H. B.— English Herd Book. 
 
 Italics in chart pedigrees or headings indicate imjjorted anhnals. 
 
 H. C. — Highly Commended, Jersey. 
 
 C. — Commended, Jersey. 
 
 E. J. A. S. — Eoyal Jersey Agricultural Society. 
 
 J. F. A. — Jersey Farmers' Association. 
 
 Full-face type indicates official butter tests of the American Jersey Cattle 
 Club. 
 
 Full-face italics indicate official butter tests of the Jersey Farmers' Association, 
 Island of Jersey. 
 
 Full-face capitals indicate that the animal so designated leads in a given 
 class or table. 
 
 Animals not recorded in tlie A. J. C. C. II. E. are designated by a dash . 
 
 The butter tests in the following tables include all that have been reported 
 directly to the author, as well as those reported in the ciuTcnt Jersey literature. 
 
 These tables are designed to include every cow that has made a seven-day test. 
 
 If any cow is included herein upon a partial or a fictitious report, the author 
 will be under great obligations to any one who will furnish connect information 
 regarding such animal, in order to enable him to revise and perfect the tables for 
 future editions of this work. 
 
492 
 
 JERSEY GA TTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 1850. 
 
 BULLS. 
 
 SPLENDENS 16. 
 Color, dark brown, l)lack and white. Imported in Brig Splendid by John A. 
 
 Taiutor, for Daniel Buck, -Ir., TIartford, C( 
 
 the year I85t) 
 
 TKSTEn nKSCENnANl> 
 
 HuTTSR Yield i 
 
 Canto 7194 
 
 25 
 
 15 lbs 
 
 12 
 
 oz. 
 
 Lady Greville 12,930 . 
 
 4iJ 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 . 6 oz 
 
 Pansy 1019 (rated) . . 
 
 13i 
 
 20 " 
 
 
 
 
 Maggie C. 13,316 . . 
 
 4|i 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 6 " 
 
 " O'ear) • • 
 
 
 574 " 
 
 8 
 
 " 
 
 Minnie Lee 2d 13,936 . 
 
 41 J 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 AImeda3842 .... 
 
 12+ 
 
 15 " 
 
 5 
 
 " 
 
 Therese M. 8364 . . . 
 
 4H 
 
 14 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 Herberta8811 . . . . 
 
 10/j 
 
 15 " 
 
 5 
 
 " 
 
 Jessie Leavenworth 8248 
 
 4ii 
 
 14 ■■ 
 
 " 
 
 Webster's Pet 4103 . . 
 
 n 
 
 14 " 
 
 2 
 
 
 VALUE 2d 6844 . . 
 
 3i 
 
 25 " 
 
 21i" 
 
 Maggie Mitchell . 
 
 Oi 
 
 18 " 
 
 13 
 
 
 LANDSEER'S FANCTi 
 
 
 
 
 Hcpsy 3d 12,008 . . . 
 Palestine 3d 1104 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 17 " 
 
 g 
 
 
 2y76 
 
 3i 
 
 21 ' 
 
 16 " 
 
 16 " 
 
 8 
 
 ^_ 
 
 Lily Scituate 13,665 . 
 
 34 
 
 24 " 
 
 9J •■ 
 
 Princess of Mansfield 807( 
 
 6i 
 
 15 •■ 
 
 2 
 
 .. 
 
 Hypathia 2d 14,774 . . 
 
 3i 
 
 19 " 
 
 184 " 
 
 New London Gipsy 11,66 
 
 • 6i 
 
 14 •■ 
 
 8 
 
 
 Colt's La Biche 6399. . 
 
 3i 
 
 17 " 
 
 24 " 
 
 Silveretta 6852 . . . 
 
 •ili 
 
 16 ■' 
 
 9 
 
 
 Marie C. Magnet 22,903 
 
 3i 
 
 15 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Tobira 8400 .... 
 
 415 
 
 15 " 
 
 16 " 
 
 13 
 9* 
 
 
 Palestina 4644 . . . 
 
 3i 
 
 15 " 
 14 ■• 
 
 8 
 
 GILT EDGE 0. 12,223 
 
 Prances C. Magnet 22,904 
 
 34 
 
 134 " 
 
 Princess Sheila 7297. . 
 
 m 
 
 15 " 
 
 8 
 
 
 Pet Clover 14,624 . . 
 
 lA 
 
 16 •■ 
 
 8 " 
 
 Champion's Chloe 12,225 
 
 4H 
 
 15 •' 
 
 5i 
 
 
 Kosabel Hudson 5704 . 
 
 lA 
 
 15 " 
 
 12 " 
 
 Dairy C. 12,227 . . . 
 
 m 
 
 15 " 
 
 Oi 
 
 
 Grandiflora 9953 . . . 
 
 lA 
 
 15 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Arnold's Lulu 7328 . . 
 
 4H 
 
 15 •' 
 
 
 
 
 Rosy Dream 9808 . . 
 
 lA 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 ■• 
 
 Coronilla 8367 . . . 
 
 m 
 
 14 " 
 
 9i 
 
 
 Total, 35 cowis. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1851. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 BULLS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 COLOi 
 
 YEL 76. 
 
 
 
 
 Color, steel gray and white. First prize over Jersey. Dam reputed best cow on 
 island. Imported by Thomas Motley, Jamaica Plains, Mass., May 19th, 1851. He 
 was ricli and stylish, and left a good iinj)ress upon our earliest foundation stock. 
 
 ELORA 113. 
 
 Color, fawn and white. Imported May 19th, 1851, by Thomas Motley. Famous 
 for beauty and richness, and worthy of a place in history as the first cow tested for 
 one week and also for one year. 
 
 Butter yield in seven days, 14 lbs. 8 oz. Fifty weeks, 511 lbs. 2 oz. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 493 
 
 COUNTESS 114. 
 
 Color, fawn and white. Imported by Thomas Motley, 1851. Tested as an aged 
 cow. Butter yield in seven days, 16 lbs. 
 
 Flora 113 and Countess Hi were among the best in quality of the early impor- 
 tations. 
 
 Colonel 76 and Countess 111: form the background in many noted 
 among them Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828 and Moss Eose of Willow Farm 5174. The 
 latter inlierited through four lines 35-^| per cent, of the blood of Countess 114, and 
 was the product of breeding son to dam. 
 
 1854. 
 
 BULLS. 
 
 CZAR 273. 
 Imported in dam Jennie 686, by John A. Taintor, Hartford, Conn., in 1854. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Dolly of Lakeside 10,824 
 
 31i 
 
 Clara of Lakeside 10,637 . 
 
 37tV 
 
 Sylvia 687 
 
 25 
 
 Cressy of Deerfoot 15,324 35 
 
 Jersey Belle of Scituate 
 
 
 7838 
 
 23A 
 
 Minnie of Scituate 17,829 
 
 19|J 
 
 Christmas Nannie 4075 
 
 12i 
 
 Abbie Z. 3d 14,742 . 
 
 13i 
 
 Countess Micawber 1759 
 
 12+ 
 
 Patty of Deerfoot 15,324 . 
 
 13i 
 
 Deerfoot Girl 15,339 . . 
 
 13i 
 
 Darling of Neatham 20,086 13+ 
 
 Polly of Deerfoot 15,328 . 
 
 13i 
 
 Dena of Deerfoot 15,325 . 
 
 12i 
 
 Daisy of Chenango 18,582 
 
 13i 
 
 Gilda 2779 
 
 12+ 
 
 Cressy of Deerfoot 15,324 . 
 
 12+ 
 
 Butter Yield in 
 
 S 
 
 EVEN DaT3. 
 
 14 lbs. 8 oz. 
 
 15 
 
 , Q - 
 
 15 
 
 ' 8 " 
 
 14 
 
 ' " 
 
 25 
 
 ' 3 ■■ 
 
 14 
 
 ■ 4+ •■ 
 
 19 
 
 ' 7 ■■ 
 
 17 
 
 , ., 
 
 16 
 
 , g ., 
 
 16 
 
 • " 
 
 15 
 
 ' 8 " 
 
 15 
 
 • 3 " 
 
 15 
 
 . Q ., 
 
 14 
 
 ■ 8 " 
 
 14 
 
 , -j 
 
 14 
 
 ' 6 " 
 
 14 
 
 • " 
 
 Name. Pee Ceni 
 
 . Seven Dat 
 
 Belle of Scituate 7977 . 
 
 IIH 
 
 18 lbs 
 
 
 
 Pauline's Vivienne 11,305 
 
 IHi 
 
 16 •■ 
 
 13 
 
 Lass of Scituate 9555 . 
 
 IIH 
 
 15 " 
 
 14 
 
 Thorndale Belle 5365 . 
 
 9i 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 
 
 Jenny Dodo H. 14,448 . 
 
 6i 
 
 21 " 
 
 8 
 
 Roland's Bonnie 2d 18,054 
 
 6i 
 
 19 " 
 
 3 
 
 PERCIE 14,937 . . 
 
 «, 
 
 18 •■ 
 14 " 
 
 10 
 
 6+ 
 
 Lily of Burr Oaks 11,001 
 
 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 
 
 Scituate of Woronoco 
 
 
 
 
 18,040 
 
 5fJ 
 
 24 " 
 
 14 
 
 Lily Scituate 12,665 
 
 5|f 
 
 24 •■ 
 
 9i 
 
 Lydia Libby 11,698 . 
 
 4H 
 
 15 ■' 
 
 3 
 
 Deletta 21,305 . . . 
 
 4U 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 15+ 
 
 Hilda A. 2d 11,120 . . 
 
 3i 
 
 20 " 
 
 
 
 Snowdrop P. W. 16,948 
 
 3i 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 
 
 Total, 31 cow%. 
 
 
 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 1856. 
 
 PANSY 8. 
 
 Color, light silver gray fawn. Imported by John A. Taintor for John T. 
 Norton, Farniington, Conn., in 1855. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 Blooii. 
 
 BiTTKB Yield 
 
 y 
 
 NAyi. 
 
 Feb Ce.xt. Sevem Days. 
 
 
 Pansy 1019 (rated) . . 
 
 37i 
 
 20 lbs. 
 
 
 '• " (.year) . . 
 
 37* 
 
 574 
 
 ' 8 
 
 
 Lady Brown 433 .. . 
 
 25 
 
 14 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 Champion Chloe 12,155 
 
 2H 
 
 15 
 
 ' -H 
 
 . 
 
 Maggie 3d 3221 . . . 
 
 18i 
 
 17 
 
 • 8 
 
 
 Peggy Leah 3097. . . 
 
 m 
 
 18 
 
 ' 12 
 
 
 Maggie C. 12,216 . . 
 
 15J 
 
 14 
 
 ■ 6 
 
 
 Maggie May 2d 12.926 . 
 
 155 
 
 14 
 
 ' (! 
 
 ' 
 
 Webster's Pet 4103 . . 
 
 15t 
 
 14 
 
 • 2 
 
 . 
 
 Oktibbeha Duchess 4422 
 
 13* 
 
 16 
 
 • 14 
 
 
 Dimple 3248 ... . 
 
 12i 
 
 16 
 
 • 11 
 
 
 Ciwcadilla 3103 . . . 
 
 12i 
 
 15 
 
 • 12 
 
 
 Mary Clover 9998 . . 
 
 m 
 
 14 
 
 ' 15 
 
 
 Lady Brown 4th 6911 . 
 
 12i 
 
 14 
 
 • 12 
 
 
 Linda 3d 3219 . . . 
 
 12* 
 
 14 
 
 ' 3 
 
 
 Maggie May 3255 . . 
 
 12} 
 
 14 
 
 ' 2i 
 
 
 May Blossom .5657 _. . 
 
 9f 
 
 18 
 
 ' 11 
 
 
 Gabrielle Champion 14,10- 
 
 9f 
 
 17 
 
 ' 8 
 
 
 Silveretta 6852 . . . 
 
 i>« 
 
 10 
 
 • 9 
 
 
 Princess Sheila 7297 . 
 
 »S 
 
 16 
 
 ' 4i 
 
 
 Belle of Vermilion 879H 
 
 n 
 
 15 
 
 ■ 14 
 
 
 Tobira8400 .... 
 
 n 
 
 15 
 
 • 13 
 
 
 OILT EDOE O. 12,223 
 
 9f 
 
 15 
 
 ' 9i 
 
 
 Marie C. Magnet 22,903 
 
 9| 
 
 15 
 
 ' 8 
 
 
 Dairy C. 12,229 . . . 
 
 9f 
 
 15 
 
 ' 0* 
 
 
 Clover Bloom 9783 . . 
 
 9« 
 
 14 
 
 ■ 14i 
 
 
 Coronilla 8367 . . . 
 
 9t 
 
 14 
 
 • 9i 
 
 
 Lady Greville 12,930 . 
 
 91 
 
 14 
 
 • 6 
 
 
 Minnie Lee 2d 12,941 . 
 
 9| 
 
 14 
 
 ' 3 
 
 
 Tlierese M. 8364 . . . 
 
 9« 
 
 14 
 
 ' 2 
 
 
 Jessie Leavenworth 8248 
 
 9« 
 
 14 
 
 • 
 
 
 Ethalka 2d 14,128 . . 
 
 m 
 
 15 
 
 • 
 
 
 Cordelia Baker 8814 
 
 m 
 
 17 
 
 ' 9 
 
 
 Hurrah Pansy 12,153 . 
 
 m 
 
 14 
 
 • li 
 
 
 Celeste Cox 12,948 . . 
 
 m 
 
 20 
 
 • 8 
 
 
 Geranium 2d 7838 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 26 lbs 
 
 4i 
 
 Fadette of Verna 3d 11,122 6i 
 
 22 " 
 
 8+ 
 
 TeneIlaG712 .... 
 
 6i 
 
 22 " 
 
 li 
 
 Croton Maid 5305 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 21 ■■ 
 
 lU 
 
 Optima 6715 .... 
 
 6i 
 
 21 •' 
 
 8i 
 
 CEnone86U .... 
 
 Ci 
 
 18 " 
 
 15 
 
 Princess Jlostar 9700 . 
 
 Ci 
 
 17 " 
 
 3 
 
 Katie Bashford 15,982 . 
 
 Oi 
 
 17 " 
 
 
 
 Valhalla 5300 .... 
 
 6i 
 
 17 " 
 
 
 
 Jersey Cream 3151 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 17 " 
 
 
 
 Belle of Patterson 5664 . 
 
 Oi 
 
 16 " 
 
 10 
 
 Edwina 6713 .... 
 
 fii 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 
 
 Valerie 6044 .... 
 
 6i 
 
 15 ■■ 
 
 13 
 
 Fanny Taylor 6714 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 12 
 
 Signalana 7719 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 4 
 
 Aldarine 5301 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 u 
 
 Oxalis606 
 
 6i 
 
 15 •' 
 
 
 
 01ie4133 
 
 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 
 
 Heartsease 503 . . . 
 
 Ci 
 
 15 " 
 
 
 
 Lady Gray of HilUop 2, 
 
 
 
 
 14,641 
 
 Oi 
 
 14 " 
 
 12 
 
 Bloomfield Lady 6912 . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 12 
 
 Pansy K. 23,889 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 
 
 Deborana4718 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 
 
 La Pera 2d 13,404 . . 
 
 6} 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 
 
 Lilley Rex 9852 . . . 
 
 Ci 
 
 14 " 
 
 7 
 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop :i> 
 
 
 
 
 14,642 
 
 «i 
 
 14 •• 
 
 2 
 
 Creamer 2467 .... 
 
 Oi 
 
 14 " 
 
 1 
 
 Melody 26,891 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 1 
 
 Elmora Mostar 15,9.55 . 
 
 H 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 Pansy 602 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 Pet Clover 14,624 . . 
 
 58J 
 
 16 •' 
 
 8 
 
 Guinevere Sinclair 11,167 
 
 5H 
 
 14 ■• 
 
 9 
 
 Signetilia 16,333 . . . 
 
 m 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IEEJGA. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Polly Clover 7053 . . 
 Orphean 4636 . . . . 
 Chautauqua Queen 26,403 
 Bell Rex 11,700 . . . 
 
 'ER L■E^ 
 
 4H 
 4ii 
 
 Butte 
 
 16 lbs 
 
 15 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 EN Days. 
 15 OZ. 
 
 11 " 
 
 Name. 
 
 Euphorbia 11,239 
 Lady Clarendon 3d 
 Adina 1943 . . 
 
 Blood. Butter Yiel 
 Peh Cent. Seven Da 
 
 . . 34 14 lbs. 91 
 
 7,578 34 14 " 54 
 
 9,1 14 " 4 
 
 14 " 
 
 10 ■■ 
 
 Gem of Sassafras 8434 
 
 . 34 
 
 14 " 
 
 34 
 
 Clover Mel 16.159 
 
 444 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 " 
 
 Helve 4565 .... 
 
 34 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 Kate Daisy 8304 . . . 
 Baby Buttercup 10,888 . 
 Hazen's Nora 4791 . . 
 
 3|t 
 
 14 " 
 14 ■' 
 30 " 
 
 4 " 
 " 
 4 " 
 
 Alice Donald 
 
 Rosona 13,956 . 
 Belmeda 6329 . 
 
 
 • 2jV 
 
 ■ 2ii 
 
 2{4 
 
 14 " 
 16 " 
 
 18 " 
 
 
 13 
 
 TETTE 20,803 . . . 
 
 17 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 Dollie Dale 16,140 
 
 
 . 3H 
 
 15 " 
 
 7 
 
 Flora Lee of Tennessee 769 
 
 t 3|| 
 
 16 " 
 
 
 Fall Leaf 8587 . 
 
 
 ■ 3ii 
 
 14 " 
 
 10 
 
 Frances C. Magnet 23,904 
 
 m 
 
 14 '• 
 
 134 " 
 
 Mollie Garfield 12,173 
 
 . ItV 
 
 22 ■' 
 
 13 
 
 VALUE 2d 6844 . . 
 
 3i 
 
 25 " 
 
 211" 
 
 Alberta Signal 18,611 
 
 . lA 
 
 20 " 
 
 11 
 
 Hazens Bess 7329 . . 
 Atlanta's Beauty 13,949 
 
 3i 
 3i 
 
 34 " 
 
 3 •■ 
 
 Mary Norton 13,053 
 Rosaline of Glenmore 3 
 
 179 1/, 
 
 17 " 
 17 " 
 
 14 
 10 
 
 Lady Mel 2d 1795 . . 
 Fairy of Verna 2d 10,973 
 Hilda A. 2d 10,793 . . 
 
 3| 
 
 31 " 
 
 •0 
 
 Embla 4799 . . . 
 
 • lis 
 
 17 " 
 
 8 
 
 3i 
 
 30 " 
 
 3i " 
 
 Renalba 4117 . . 
 
 
 • lij 
 
 17 " 
 
 44 
 
 3i 
 
 30 " 
 
 •• 
 
 Creole Maid 11,017 
 
 
 . lA 
 
 16 ■' 
 
 15 
 
 Gardiner's Ripple 11,693 
 
 34 
 
 19 " 
 
 124 ■' 
 
 Herberta 8811 . 
 
 
 . lA 
 
 16 •• 
 
 15 
 
 EVELINA OF VERN^J 
 
 
 
 
 Joan d'Arc 3163 
 
 
 . lA 
 
 16 •' 
 
 134 
 
 10,971 
 
 3i 
 
 19 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 Willis 3d 4461 . 
 
 
 . lA 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 
 
 Tenella 2d 19,531 . . 
 
 34 
 
 18 " 
 
 12 " 
 
 Dom Pedro's Julian 863 
 
 1 . lA 
 
 16 " 
 
 
 
 Harmony 3d 17,118 . . 
 Signaldella 24,107 . . 
 Reckless 3569 .... 
 ChamomiUa 7553 . . 
 
 3i 
 3i 
 3i 
 34 
 
 18 " 
 18 " 
 17 " 
 16 " 
 
 8 
 
 li " 
 8 " 
 10 " 
 
 Mary Hinman 17,619 
 Arawana Buttercup 605 
 Arawana Poppy 6053 
 Bellini's Maid 15,170 
 
 . lA 
 
 3 • lA 
 
 • lA 
 
 . lA 
 
 15 " 
 15 " 
 15 " 
 15 " 
 
 114 
 5 
 2 
 14 
 
 Belle Mardi 18,363 . . 
 Olie's Lady Teazle 13,307 
 
 34 
 34 
 
 16 " 
 16 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Ampelis 5th 17,548 . 
 Bellini La Biche 15,091 
 
 . lA 
 ■ lA 
 
 15 " 
 14 ■' 
 
 
 
 144 
 
 Gazella 3d 9355 . . . 
 
 34 
 
 16 •• 
 
 3 " 
 
 Chillis of Hillcrest 9067 
 
 . lA 
 
 14 '■ 
 
 13 
 
 Alhena 15,995 . . . 
 
 34 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Thorndale Belle 5365 
 
 ■ lA. 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 8 
 
 Dahlia .... 
 
 34 
 
 16 " 
 
 " 
 
 Belle of Uwchland 8468 
 
 . lA 
 
 14 " 
 
 7 
 
 Pansy Patterson 18,613 
 
 34 
 
 15 " 
 
 15 ■' 
 
 Susie La Biche 3d IS.l"" 
 
 1. lA 
 
 14 '• 
 
 64 
 
 Rupertlna 10,409 . . 
 Ultima 14,456 . . . 
 Friz Cam 14,655 . . . 
 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 
 15 " 
 
 15 " 
 15 " 
 
 124 " 
 13 " 
 
 Marpetra 10,284 . . 
 Lebanon Daughter 610t 
 Prince's Bloom 9729 
 
 . lA 
 . lA 
 • lA 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 14 " 
 14 ■' 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 Enigma 5360 .... 
 Bronze Leaf 14,903 . . 
 
 34 
 
 15 •■ 
 15 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 Lilian Mostar 10,364 
 Lebanon Lass 6108 . 
 
 . lA 
 . lA 
 
 14 " 
 14 " 
 
 3 
 
 Signal Maid 19,361 . . 
 Oxalis 3d 15,631 . . , 
 
 34 
 34 
 
 15 " 
 15 •' 
 
 " 
 
 •■ 
 
 Silene 4307 . . . 
 
 ■ lA 
 
 14 " 
 20 " 
 
 
 
 Hillside Gem 16,640 
 
 • 0^ 
 
 
 
 Earl Cow ... 
 
 34 
 
 15 " 
 
 " 
 
 Goldthread 4945 . . 
 
 ■ Off 
 
 16 •' 
 
 9 
 
 Mary Clover 9998 . . 
 
 34 
 
 14 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 Louvie 3d 6159 . . 
 
 . Off 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 
 
 Duchess of Argyle 3758 
 Cowle's Nonsuch 6199 . 
 
 34 
 34 
 
 14 ■ 
 14 • 
 
 13 " 
 13 •■ 
 
 Roll of Honor 13,610 
 Nannie Fitch 9143 . 
 
 ■ Off 
 
 ■ Off 
 
 14 " 
 14 " 
 
 13 
 4 
 
 Magnibel7976 . . . 
 Jersey Cream 2d 8519 . 
 Reception 3d 11,035 . 
 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 
 14 ' 
 
 14 • 
 14 ' 
 
 13 " 
 12 " 
 10 '■ 
 
 Duchess of Mane 
 30,838 . . . 
 ToUil, 154 cows. 
 
 les 
 
 • Off 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 
 
 given almost a full table of the tested descendants of this noted co'w to 
 
496 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERIVA. 
 
 tlie seventli generation, in order to show the reuuirkable prepotency of tlie Pansy blood. 
 Although none of her near descendants were tested, yet this table shows that her 
 name appears in the pedigree of about one in seven of all the cows that have been 
 tested for butter. Her first calf, imported in dam, was the l)ull York 8, her last 
 calf the bull Living Storm 173. Among her daughters, which were all good cows, 
 were Pansy 2d 259, Pansy 5th 414, Pansy 6th 38, and Pansy 7th 13(). 
 
 Pansy 6tli 38 was the best of her progeny, and gave twenty-four (piarts of milk 
 daily at the flush, but was never tested for butter. 
 
 In order to get Pansy 6th 38, ]\[r. S. W. Bobbins, of "Wetherstield, Conn., 
 purcliased the whole herd of Mr. John T. Norton, comprising thirteen animals, and 
 including Pansy 8, with her daughters Pansy 4th, Pansy 5th, Pansy 6th and Pansy 
 7th. Mr. Robbins says that " Pansy 6th 38 was the handsomest and best cow he 
 ever owned, and that the Pansys were all remarkable for quality of milk, with 
 udders as near perfection as any seen to-day, and grand cows for yield." 
 
 The light silver fawn color of Pansy 8 and Pansy 6th 38, ^vith their peculiar 
 markings, I have seen in their descendants of the sixth and seventh generation, 
 although possessing but as small a fraction as ^^ or -^-^ of the Pansy blood. 
 
 1856. 
 
 SPLENDID 2. 
 
 Color, light fawn and white ; rich yellow skin. Imported l)y John A. Taintor, 
 of Hartford, for John T. Norton, of Farmington, Conn., in the Brig Splendid, May 
 30th, 1856, and kept at the head of the Norton Herd five years, when he was killed. 
 
 The daughters of Splendid were not generally tested, except for quality of 
 milk, some of them producing a pound of butter from less than four quarts of milk, 
 when fed with ordinary farmer's feed rations of that day. He was doubtless the 
 richest bull ever imported from Jersey, and his quality appears very richly in 
 LANDSEER'S FANCY 2876, the chanqjion cow of the world. 
 
 The solid color fashion had not begun to be entertained in his day by Jersey 
 breeders on this side of the Atlantic. His blood is obtainable in small percentage 
 only, but ought to be sought out and concentrated as much as possil)le in a family 
 line. 
 
w 
 
 t 
 
 FLORALIA 6230. 
 
 Gouch's Lily — Clement— C'onius Type. 
 
 HIGHLAND HERD. 
 
 James N. Smith, Litchfield, Connecticut. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJSF A3IERICA. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood. Butter 
 Name. Per Cent. Sevej 
 
 Rose 3d 913 50 16 lbs. 
 
 Rose 2d 239 50 10 " 
 
 Lady Ives 1T08 .... 3T|- 18 " 
 
 Belle of Bloomfield 4331 . 874 14 " 
 
 (Maggie Mitchell) .25 IS " 
 
 Palestine 3d 1104 ... 25 16 " 
 
 Copper 1979 25 15 " 
 
 Maggie 3d 3321 . . . . 18J 17 " 
 
 Lady Ives 3d 6740 . . . 18 J 14 " 
 
 Louvie 3d 6159 .... 11-^^ 14 " 
 
 Maggie Rex 28,623 . . . 15| 17 " 
 
 Chloe Beach 3931 . . . 15| 14 " 
 
 Kate Daisy 8304 . . . . 15f 14 " 
 
 Rosa Miller 4333 .... 14^V 17 " 
 LANDSEER'S FANCY 
 
 2876 12.V 21 ■■ 
 
 Queen Victoria . . 12^ l!l " 
 
 Pansy of Bellewood 2d 890 12A 18 " 
 
 Dusky 2535 12i 16 " 
 
 Couch's Lily 3237 . . . 12A 18 " 
 
 Alhena 15,995 . . . . 12i 16 " 
 
 Canto 7194 12* 15 " 
 
 Palestina 4644 . . . . 12* 15 " 
 
 Arawana Buttercup 6053 . 13^ 15 " 
 
 Rene Ogden 1568 . . . 13* 15 " 
 
 AbbieZ. 14,002 .... 12* 14 " 
 
 Zinal434 12* 14 " 
 
 Lady Fanning 11,169 . .12* 14 " 
 
 Fandango 12,908 . . . . 12i 14 " 
 
 Pretty 2526 12* 14 " 
 
 CARRIE LENA 3d 
 
 20,077 IIJI 16 '• 
 
 Bell Rex OfJ 14 - 
 
 Hazen's Nora 4791 . . . 9| 20 " 
 
 ( 18 " 
 PERCIE 14,937 . . . 9f-; 
 
 ( 14 " 
 
 Hepsy 2d 13,008 . . . . 9| 17 ■' 
 
 Arawaua Queen 5368 . . 9f 16 " 
 
 Calypris 5643 9| 15 " 
 
 Bloomfield Lady 6913 . . 9| 14 " 
 
 Kannie Fitch 9143 . . . 9| 14 •' 
 
 Elsie Lane 13,303 ... 8^ 15 " 
 
 Hazen's Bess 7329 . . . 7i| 34 " 
 
 Princess Belhvorth 6801 . 7jf 15 " 
 
 Favorite Rajah Rex 16,153 7|| 15 " 
 
 758 
 
 Lilley Rex 9853 . 
 
 Lottie Rex 18,757 
 
 .Jeannie Piatt 6005 
 
 Pet Rex 30,166 . 
 
 Dollie Dale 16,140 
 
 Attractive Maid 16,935 
 
 Gold Lace 10 
 
 Kitty Potter i 
 
 Medrena 3939 
 
 Mirth's Blanche 19,5 
 
 Abbie Z. 3d 14,743 , 
 
 Golden Skin 10,861 . 
 
 Sister Rex 13,194 
 
 Polynia 10,753 
 
 Pride of Corisande 53 
 
 Rosabel Hudson 5704 
 
 Myrtle 3d 311 . 
 
 Cascadilla 3103 
 
 Ultima 14,456 . 
 
 Grandiflora 995: 
 
 Usilda 3d 6157 
 
 Rosy Dream 9808 
 
 Duchess of Argyle 
 
 Pansy K. 33,889 . 
 
 Kate Daisy 8304 . 
 
 Gem of Sassafras 8434 
 
 Lucy Gaines Buttercup .5058 6i 
 
 Chautauqua Queen 36,' 
 
 Fall Leaf 8587 . . . 
 
 Mollie Garfield 13,173 . 
 
 Lara 4306 
 
 Renall)a 4117 .... 
 Flora Lee of Tennessee 7 
 Mary Hinman 17,619 . 
 Arawana Poppy 6053 . 
 Bellini's Maid 15,170 . 
 Bellini La Biche 15,091 
 Magnibel 7976 . . . 
 Adinal942 .... 
 Rosy Kate's Rex 13,192 
 Herberta 8811 ... 
 VALUE 2d 6844 . . 
 Queen JIary of Woodlawn 
 
 11,659 . . . 
 Colt's La Biche 
 
 14 lbs. 
 14 " 
 
 14 " 
 14 " 
 
 6i 
 
 16 
 
 6i 
 
 15 
 
 6i 
 
 15 
 
 6i 
 
 15 
 
 6i 
 
 15 
 
 6i 
 
 15 
 
 6i 
 
 15 
 
 6i 
 
 14 
 
 6i 
 
 14 
 
 6i 
 
 14 
 
 6i 
 
 14 
 
 6i 
 
 14 
 
 6i 
 
 14 
 
 m 
 
 14 
 
 m 
 
 14 
 
 m 
 
 22 
 
 4U 
 
 17 
 
 m 
 
 17 
 
 m 
 
 16 
 
 m 
 
 15 
 
 ^ 
 
 15 
 
 m 
 
 15 
 
 m 
 
 14 
 
 m 
 
 14 
 
 4H 
 
 14 
 
 ■m 
 
 18 
 
 m 
 
 16 
 
 3i 
 
 25 
 
 3i 23 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 LOOP, BUTTEB Tit 
 
 Kami. Per Ok: 
 
 Lizzie D. 10,408 . . . . 3i 
 Pride of Mashamoquet 
 
 Farm 6469 3i 
 
 Lady Alice of tlie Wilder- 
 ness 12,207 3i 
 
 Tobira8400 3i 
 
 Rollof Honor 13,610 . . 3i 
 
 Maud Lee 2d 8839 . . . 3i 
 
 Moiiocacy Dimple 9680 . 3i 
 
 Miami Prize 8100 . . . 3i 
 
 Ethalka 2d 14,128 . 2^ 15 
 
 Sister Casli 33,987 . . . 6i 14 
 
 Naue. 
 
 Pl« C»l 
 
 SlVM DaTB. 
 
 Milkmaid Felch 12,839 
 
 . m 
 
 16 lbs 
 
 7i 
 
 Alice Donald . 
 
 ■ m 
 
 14 " 
 
 ■ 
 
 Clover Bloom 9783 . 
 
 ■ m 
 
 14 " 
 
 14i ' 
 
 Belle of Uwchland 8468 . 2^^ 
 
 14 " 
 
 7 ' 
 
 Duchess of Manchester 
 
 
 
 20,832 .... 
 
 . m 
 
 14 " 
 
 ' 
 
 Clover Mel 16,159 . 
 
 . m 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 ' 
 
 Medrie Le Brocq 8888 
 
 ■ h\ 
 
 14 " 
 
 7 ' 
 
 Marpetra 10,284 . . 
 
 ■ lA 
 
 14 '• 
 
 6 ' 
 
 Evaof Snipsic 17,650 
 
 • h\ 
 
 14 " 
 
 1 ' 
 
 PEINCE 55. 
 
 Color, light fawn and white. Dropped 1850. Bred by W. C. Wilson. Sire, 
 Commodore 56. Dam, Duchess 82. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Naue. 
 
 
 Bi.ooi., 
 Pee Ce.s 
 
 Butte 
 
 EN Days. 
 
 Bloob, 
 Name. Per Ce.t) 
 
 Sex- 
 
 Yield i. 
 _N- Davs. 
 
 Grace 2d 919 . . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 20 lbs 
 
 oz. 
 
 Grandiflora 9953 . . . 
 
 91 
 
 is lb.S. 
 
 8 OJ 
 
 Oxalis 606 . 
 
 
 . 50 
 
 
 " 
 
 Ada Minka 15,562 . . 
 
 9# 
 
 14 " 
 
 ' 
 
 Reckless 3569 . 
 
 
 . 37* 
 
 17 " 
 
 8 
 
 Nan Day 17,192 . . . 
 Mary M.Allison 6308 . 
 
 
 20 " 
 
 4 
 
 Memento 1913 
 
 
 . 37i 
 
 14 " 
 
 5 ■' 
 
 20 " 
 
 14 ' 
 
 Haddie 921 . 
 Oxalis 2d 15,631 
 
 
 . 25 
 . 25 
 
 
 " 
 " 
 
 Belle of Prospect 2d 14,32( 
 Florinanna 9862 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 19 •• 
 
 17 " 
 
 ■ 
 5 ' 
 
 Mirth's Blanche 19,592. 
 
 . 184 
 
 
 13} " 
 
 Rose of Rose Lawn 9365 
 
 H 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 * 
 
 AUieMinka 15,562 . . 
 
 . 184 
 
 14 " 
 
 6+ " 
 
 Urbana5597 .... 
 
 6i 
 
 16 " 
 
 ' 
 
 Cigarette 2849 . . . 
 Muezzin 3670 .... 
 
 . 184 
 . 184 
 
 14 " 
 
 4 " 
 " 
 
 Merry Burlington 7600. 
 Dark Cloud 9364 . . . 
 
 6i 
 6i 
 
 15 " 
 15 " 
 
 4 ■ 
 3} ' 
 
 Rosaline of Glenmore 31 
 
 79 12i 
 
 
 10 " 
 
 Enibla Brick 15.690 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 ' 
 
 Embla4799 
 
 . m 
 
 17 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 PET OF ROSE LAWN 
 
 3i 
 
 18 •• 
 
 2i ' 
 
 Maggie May 2d li 
 Naomi Cramer 86 
 Bonnie Yost 7943 
 
 ,926 . 
 
 28. . 
 
 . 12} 
 . 12i 
 . 9* 
 
 18 " 
 
 6 " 
 " 
 3 " 
 
 11,326 
 
 Corn 10,504 .... 
 Total, 28 cows. 
 
 15 " 
 
 16 " 
 
 8} ' 
 2 ' 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBICA. 
 
 1858. 
 
 BULLS. 
 
 PILOT 3. 
 Color, fawn, with little white. Dropped on ship Stalwart, May 2d, 1858. 
 Imported by WilKam F. Potts, June, 1858. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood, Butter Yield 
 
 Name. Per Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 Silver Rose 4753 .... 25 16 llis. 14 < 
 
 Thisbe 607 35 15 " 13 
 
 Adiiial943 35 14 " 4 
 
 Beauty 184 30 " 15 
 
 Reiialba4117 18f 17 " 4+ 
 
 Leoni 11,868 134 18 " 7 
 
 Thisbe 3d 3301 .... 124 19 " \\ 
 
 Creole Maid 11,017 . . .13+ 16 " 15 
 
 Chamomilla 7552 . ... 13+ 16 " 10 
 
 Linda 3d 3319 .... 134 16 " 8 
 
 Flora Lee of Tennessee 7694 134 16 " 5 
 
 Lutea4563 134 16 " 3 
 
 Belle of Vermilion 8798 . 12i 15 " 14 
 
 Romp Ogden 3d 4764 . . 134 15 " 5 
 
 Kalmia4561 12i 15 " 
 
 Opaline 7590 134 14 " 10 
 
 Pixie 4115 134 14 " 
 
 Elmora Mostar 15,955 . . 131 14 " 
 
 Dollie Dale 16,140 . . . 9f 15 " 7 
 
 Alice Donald ... 7^ 14 " 
 
 Mollie Garfield 13,173 . . 6i 33 " 13 
 
 Mary M. Allison 6308 . . 6i 30 " 14 
 
 Roonan5138 6i 30 " 4 
 
 Belle of Prospect 3d 14,336 6J 19 " 
 
 Harmony 3d 17,118 . . . 6i 18 " 3 
 
 Bonnie Yost 7943 . . . 6i 18 " 3 
 
 Kaoli 18,980 6i 17 " 8 
 
 Safrano4568 6i 17 " 8 
 
 CeritaofMeadowbrook5056 6i 17 " 8 
 
 Mhoon Lady, 6560 . . . 6i 17 " 3 
 
 Princess Mostar 9700 . . 6i 17 " 3 
 
 Dudu of Linwood 8336 . 6i 16 " 15 
 
 Auria4567 6i 16 " 13 
 
 Pattie Mc 3d 4754 . . . 6i 16 " 8 
 
 Gossip 6165 6i 16 " 7 
 
 Urbana5597 6i 16 " 
 
 Fleurette of Linwood 13,918 6J 16 " 
 
 Kate Gordon 8387 . . . 6i 15 " 15 
 
 Zoe Henry 6693 . . . . 6i 15 " 14f 
 
 Per ( 
 
 Mary Hinnian 17,619 . 
 Petite Mere 8516 . . . 
 Cenie Wallace 3d 6557 . 
 Bellini's Maid 15,170 . 
 Winsome of Ipswich 9313 
 Clover Bloom 9788 . . 
 Bellini La Biche 15,091 
 Florry Keep 6556 . . 
 Magnibel7976 . . . 
 Charmer 4771 .... 
 Mountain Lass 13,921 . 
 Epiga?a4631 .... 
 Susie La Biche 3d 15,171 
 Jaquenctta 10,958 . . 
 Gem of Sassafras 8434 . 
 Bintana9837 .... 
 Lillian Mostar 10,364 . 
 Lucetta 6856 .... 
 Queen of Prospect 11,997 
 Bathsheba 2556 . . . 
 Elmora Mostar 15,955 . 
 
 Erith 4564 
 
 Scituate of Woronoco 18,040 
 Hazen's Nora 4791 . 
 Jennette Montgomery 5177 
 Volie 19,465 .... 
 TETTE 20,803 . . . 
 Daisy Brown 13,313 . 
 Dot Buttercup 16,358 . 
 Arawana Buttercup 6053 
 Calypris 5643 .... 
 Dora Doon 13,909 . . 
 Fall Leaf 8587 . . . 
 Violet of Glencairn 10,231 
 Adora 18,569 . . . 
 Taglioni 9183 . . 
 Duchess of Manchester 
 
 30,838 3i 
 
 Total, 76 cows. 
 
 Seven Days. 
 15 lbs. 114 O 
 15 " 13 ' 
 15 " 4J 
 15 " H 
 15 " 
 14 ■' 144 
 14 " 144 
 
 6i 
 
 14 ■ 
 
 3 
 
 6i 
 
 14 ' 
 
 3 
 
 6J 
 
 14 ' 
 
 
 6i 
 
 14 • 
 
 
 6i 
 
 14 ' 
 
 
 3i 
 
 34 ' 
 
 14 
 
 3i 
 
 30 ' 
 
 
 3i 
 
 30 ■ 
 
 
 3i 
 
 18 ' 
 
 
 3i 
 
 17 ' 
 
 
 3i 
 
 17 ' 
 
 6 
 
 3i 
 
 16 ' 
 
 3 
 
 3i 
 
 15 ' 
 
 5 
 
 3i 
 
 15 ' 
 
 
 
 3i 
 
 15 ' 
 
 
 
 3i 
 
 14 ' 
 
 8 
 
 3i 
 
 14 ' 
 
 4 
 
 3i 
 
 14 ' 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 14 ' 
 
 1 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICj 
 
 Colur, jcUuw and wli 
 Paterson, N. J. 
 
 PATERSON 11. 
 Dropped 185S. Bred by lieirs of li. L. Colt, 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood. Butter Yi 
 Xake. Pie Cent. S 
 
 Cowslip .5tli 849 .... 50 15 1 
 
 HlaiKlie 594 35 1« 
 
 VALUE 2d 6844 . . . 3U 26 
 
 Cliroiiiii 4572 18J 20 
 
 Vixen 7591 12i 17 
 
 Oktibbeha Duchess 4422 ,12* 17 
 
 Lucky Belle 2d 6037 . . 121 16 
 
 lauthe 8562 12i 16 
 
 Maggie May 3255 . . . 12i 14 
 
 Sue Gallagher 15,945 . . 9f 23 
 
 Geranium 2ii 7838 ... 61- 26 
 
 Fadelte of Verna 3d 11,122 6i 22 
 
 Tenella 6712 6i 32 
 
 Croton Maid 5305 . . . 6i 21 
 
 Optima 6715 6i 21 
 
 Fairy of Verna 2d 10,973 . 6i- 20 
 
 Leoui 11,868 6i 18 
 
 Roonan 5133 ^ 18 
 
 Jersey Cream 3151 . . . 6i 17 
 
 Silver Rose 4753 . . . . 6^ 16 
 
 Valhalla 5300 6i 17 
 
 Kate Gordon 8387 . . . 6i 15 
 
 (Enone 8614 Oi^ 15 
 
 Zithey 9184 6i 16 
 
 Valerie 6044 i.>i 15 
 
 Belle of Patterson 5664 . . Of 10 
 
 Edwina6713 i\\ 15 
 
 Urbana 5597 6^ 16 
 
 Fanny Faylor 6714 . . . 6^ 15 
 
 Signalana 7719 . . . . OJ 15 
 
 Aldarine 5301 6^ 15 
 
 Arnold's Lulu 7338 . . . (i^ 15 
 
 01ie4133 0^ 15 
 
 Cowles' Nonsuch 6199 . . (i^ 14 
 
 Pansy K. 23,889 . . . . ^^ 14 
 
 Maggie May 2d 12,926 . Oi 14 
 
 Maggie C. 12,216 ... 6^ 14 
 
 Kate Daisy 8304 . . . . GJ 14 
 
 Litza6338 6^ 14 
 
 Creamer 3467 6^ 14 
 
 VaricUa of Linwood 10.954 ()^ 14 
 
 Pixie 4115 6i 14 
 
 VlEI.I> IK 
 
 s Dat.s. 
 
 4 oz. 
 
 XA1.E. P 
 
 Guinevere Sinclair 11,167 
 
 Blood. 
 EE CE.N-T 
 
 . 4H 
 
 BuTTEE Yield ii 
 
 Seve.-! Date. 
 
 14 lbs. 9 o 
 
 ■' 
 6 " 
 
 Daisy Hamilton 18,301 . 
 Lady Mel 3d 1795 . . 
 Celeste Cox 12,948 . . 
 
 ■ m 
 . 3i 
 
 14 • 
 21 • 
 20 " 
 
 ' 
 • 
 8 ' 
 
 6 " 
 
 Hilda A. 2d 11,130 . . 
 
 . 34 
 
 20 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 4 " 
 14 " 
 
 Gardiner's Ripple 11,693 
 EVELINA OP VERNj 
 
 . 34 
 
 19 " 
 
 124 • 
 
 10 " 
 
 10.971 
 
 H 
 
 19 " 
 
 lOi • 
 
 2i '■ 
 
 Tcuella 2d 19,531. . . 
 
 34 
 
 18 •• 
 
 12 ' 
 
 4i " 
 
 8i " 
 
 Harmony 2d 17,118 . . 
 Signaldella 34,107 . . 
 Reckless 3569 .... 
 
 34 
 
 . 34 
 
 34 
 
 18 " 
 18 " 
 
 17 '• 
 
 3 • 
 li ' 
 8 ' 
 
 U " 
 
 Patlie iMc 3d 4754 . . 
 
 . 34 
 
 16 " 
 
 8 ' 
 
 Hi " 
 
 Celeste Cox 12,948 . . 
 
 34 
 
 16 " 
 
 4 ' 
 
 8i " 
 
 Gazella3d9355 . . . 
 
 34 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 ' 
 
 3i " 
 
 7 " 
 2 " 
 
 (Dahlia) .... 
 
 Ruperlina 10,409 . . . 
 Ultima 14.456 .... 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 34 
 
 16 " 
 15 " 
 
 • 
 
 124 ' 
 13 ' 
 
 " 
 
 Friz Cam 14,655 . . . 
 
 34 
 
 15 " 
 
 7 * 
 
 14 " 
 
 Sultana 3d 11,798 . . 
 
 34 
 
 15 " 
 
 4 • 
 
 " 
 15 " 
 14 " 
 
 Bronze Leaf 14,903 . . 
 Signal Maid 19,361 . . 
 Earl Cow . . . 
 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 
 15 " 
 15 " 
 15 " 
 
 1 ' 
 ■ 
 * 
 
 7 " 
 
 01ie4133 
 
 34 
 
 15 " 
 
 ■ 
 
 13 •' 
 
 Duchess of Argyle 3758 
 
 34 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 • 
 
 6 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 Jersey Cream 3d 8519 . 
 Reception 3d 11,035 . 
 
 34 
 34 
 
 14 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 12 * 
 10 •• 
 
 " 
 12 " 
 
 Euphorbia 11,229 . . 
 Lady Clarendon 3d 17,578 
 
 34 
 34 
 
 14 " 
 14 " 
 
 9f " 
 .54 •• 
 
 4 " 
 
 Gem of Sassafras 8434 . 
 
 34 
 
 14 ■• 
 
 34 " 
 
 n " 
 
 Signetilia 16,333 . . . 
 
 34 
 
 14 ■• 
 
 3 " 
 
 " 
 
 Fall Leaf 8587 . . . 
 
 2U 
 
 14 •' 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Atlanta's Beauty 12,949 
 
 
 21 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 12 " 
 
 Alberta Signal 18,611 . 
 Polly Clover 7052 . . 
 Olie's Lady Teazle 12,307 
 
 
 20 " 
 16 " 
 16 " 
 
 11 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 6 ■• 
 
 4 " 
 
 Pansy Patterson 18,613 
 Orphean 4636 .... 
 
 
 15 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 15 " 
 7 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Clover Bloom 9788 . . 
 
 lA 
 
 14 '• 
 
 644 " 
 
 1 " 
 1 " 
 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 3( 
 14,642 
 
 h"« 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 2 " 
 
 •• 
 
 Total, 81 com. 
 
 
 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 COM US 54. 
 Color, French gray ; black nose, black around eyes. Imported in dam Diana 
 77, by John A. Taintor, Hartford, for John Eidgely, of Hampton, Baltimore 
 County, Md. Dropped May 3d, 1858. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Bdtte 
 
 t Yield in 
 
 
 Slood, 
 
 BuTTEK Yield m 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pie Cm 
 
 T. SkV 
 
 .N DATS. 
 
 Name. Peb Ceni 
 
 Sev 
 
 EN Days. 
 
 Plenty 950 .... 
 
 50 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 8 oz. 
 
 Cornucopia 3414 .... 
 
 6i 
 
 15 lbs 
 
 12 oz. 
 
 Eugenie Chouteau 6186 
 
 341 
 
 24 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Naomi's Pride 16,745 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 Lillie Pope 8589 . . . 
 
 341 
 
 14 •■ 
 
 5 " 
 
 Bessie Ridgely 8393 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 114 " 
 
 Zampa 2194 . 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 18 " 
 
 •• 
 
 Celia Belle 5865 .... 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Haddie 921 . 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 16 '• 
 
 " 
 
 Ada Minka 15,562 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Allie Minka 2982 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 6+ ■• 
 
 Mary Norton 13,052 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 17 ■' 
 
 14 " 
 
 Turquoise 1129 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 14 '■ 
 
 3 " 
 
 Miami Prize 8100 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Nellie 1507 . 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 Alberta Signal 18,611 . . 
 
 4U 
 
 20 '■ 
 
 11 " 
 
 Mother Carey 11,746 . 
 
 211 
 
 27 " 
 
 H " 
 
 Cerita of Meadowbrook 
 
 
 
 
 Jessie Lee of Labyrintl 
 
 
 
 
 5056 
 
 34 
 
 17 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 5290 
 
 m 
 
 14 " 
 
 7 " 
 
 Maudine of Elmwood 8718 
 Pattie Mc 3d 4754 . . . 
 
 3i 
 3i 
 
 16 " 
 16 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 Sunset of Pleasant View 
 
 
 13,071 
 
 13/s 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Lily of Maple Grove 5079 
 
 3i 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Beulah of Baltimore 3370 
 
 12+ 
 
 14 " 
 
 61 " 
 
 Dot Buttercup 16,358 . . 
 
 3i 
 
 16 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 Buttery 3502 .... 
 
 13i 
 
 14 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 Gledelia 10,524 .... 
 
 3i 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 •' 
 
 Queen of De Soto 13,318 
 
 9| 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 Fancy Juno 6086 . . . 
 
 3i 
 
 15 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 Putnam Belle 13,116 . 
 
 9| 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Oitz 8649 
 
 34 
 
 15 " 
 
 1 ■' 
 
 Valma Hoffman 4500 . 
 
 6i 
 
 31 ■■ 
 
 " 
 
 Alice of the Meadows 20,748 
 
 34 
 
 14 " 
 
 12 " 
 
 The Widow's Daughte 
 
 
 
 
 Gold Princess 8809 . . . 
 
 34 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 11,507 
 
 6i 
 
 19 " 
 
 8i ■' 
 
 Halsie McCurdy 13,379 . 
 
 34 
 
 14 " 
 
 34 " 
 
 Harmony 2d 17,118 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 18 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Litza6338 
 
 34 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Conover's Beauty 12,650 
 
 6i 
 
 18 " 
 
 " 
 
 Pixie 4115 
 
 34 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Cyrene4th480 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 17 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 Rose of Rose Lawn 9365 . 
 
 1t\ 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Lady Josephine 11,560 . 
 
 6i 
 
 16 " 
 
 llf " 
 
 Dark Cloud 9364. . . . 
 
 lA 
 
 15 '■ 
 
 34 " 
 
 Ochra 2d 11,816 
 
 
 
 6i 
 
 16 " 
 
 6i " 
 
 Total, 45 cows. 
 
 
 
 
 1859. 
 
 BULLS. 
 
 DICK SWIVELLER JE. 276. 
 
 Color, fawn and white. Bred by B. D. Godfrey, Milford, Mass. Dropped 
 April, 1859. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood, Butteb Yield in 
 Name. Pee Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 Countessof Lakeside 12,135 75 19 lbs. 7 oz. 
 
 Jersey 3260 50 15 " 6 " 
 
 Minnie of Scituate 17,829 401 14 " 44 " 
 
 Name. Peb Cent. Seves 
 
 Jersey Belle of Scituate 
 
 7838 374 35 lbs. 
 
 Eupidee's Perfection 30,175 374 15 " 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Nake. Pzb Cix: 
 
 Clara of Lakeside 10,827 25 
 Dolly of Lakeside 10,834 35 
 
 Gilda 3779 25 
 
 Belle of Scituate 7977 . . ISJ 
 Pauline's Vivienne 11,305 ISJ 
 Lass of Scituate 9555 . .18} 
 
 Jersey Queen of Barnct 
 
 851 lbs. 1 oz. in one j'car 13+ 
 Lily of Burr Oaks 11,011 . 131 
 Scituate of Woronoco 18,040 m 
 
 BCTTEE TlKI-D IH 
 
 
 BlOOD. 
 
 BCTTEB YiEL 
 
 Seveh Datb. 
 
 Sua. 
 
 Pm CIS- 
 
 r. Seven Dat 
 
 15 lbs. oz. 
 
 Lily Scituate 12,665 . 
 
 . 91 
 
 24 lbs. 9i 
 
 14 " 8 " 
 
 Effie 
 
 . 6i 
 
 23 " 2 
 
 14 " 6 " 
 
 Jenny Dodo H. 14,448 . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 31 " 8 
 
 18 " '• 
 
 Roland's Bonnie 2d 18.054 6i 
 
 19 " 2 
 
 16 " 13 " 
 
 Dove Dee 18,059 . . 
 
 ■ 6i 
 
 15 " 3 
 
 15 " 14 '• 
 
 Snowdrop P. W. 16,948 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 8 
 
 
 Eva 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 19 " 4 •■ 
 
 Nan Day 17,193 . . . 
 
 • 4H 
 
 30 " 4 
 
 15 " 13 " 
 
 
 
 
 COWS. 
 
 PRINCESS 836. 
 Color, dark fawn. Dropped 1859. Imported 1861, from Jersey, by H. Kulin. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, Buttee Yield in 
 Pee Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 Name, 
 
 Blood, Buttee Yield im 
 Feb Ce.\i. Seven Days. 
 
 Wybie 595 75 
 
 17 lbs 
 
 4 oz. 
 
 Lucky Belle 2d 6037 
 
 . 3J 16 lbs 
 
 14 oz. 
 
 Chenie 4570 . . 
 
 
 371 
 
 19 " 
 
 71 " 
 
 Gos.sip (iior> . . . 
 
 . 3J 16 " 
 
 7 " 
 
 Thisbe 607 . . 
 
 
 37A 
 
 15 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 Juli:i Evelyn 0007 . 
 
 . 3J 15 " 
 
 151 " 
 
 Thisbe 2d 2201 . 
 
 
 18f 
 
 
 H " 
 
 GILT EDGE C. 12,23 
 
 3 . 3J 15 " 
 
 94 " 
 
 Chamomilla 7552 
 
 
 18} 
 
 
 10 " 
 
 Valerie 6044 . . . 
 
 . 3J 15 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 Ma Belle 4942 . 
 
 
 18} 
 
 
 " 
 
 Duchess Caroline 3d 60 
 
 11 . 3J 15 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Adina 1942 . . 
 Belle of Ogden Parr 
 Princess Mostar 9700 
 
 nl57C 
 
 18} 
 124 
 91 
 
 W " 
 
 4 " 
 " 
 3 " 
 
 Arawana Buttercup 60^ 
 Arawana Poppy 6053 
 Bettie Di.xon 4527 . 
 
 3 . 3J 15 " 
 . 3J 15 " 
 . 3J 15 " 
 
 5 " 
 2 " 
 " 
 
 Lillian Mostar 10,364 . 
 Elniora Mostar 15,955 . 
 
 9| 
 9| 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 " 
 
 Plorry Keep 6556 . 
 Coronilla 8367 . . 
 
 • 3J 14 " 
 
 • 3J 14 ■' 
 
 14 " 
 91 ■• 
 
 Mamie Coburn 3798 . 
 
 6i 
 
 18 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 Pride of the Hill 4877 
 
 . 3J 14 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Rose of Hillside 3866 . 
 
 6i 
 
 
 31 " 
 
 Maggie May 2d 12.926 
 
 . 3J 14 •• 
 
 6 " 
 
 Maggie May 3255 . . 
 Gilt Edge 3d 4430 . . 
 Maculae 24,277 . . . 
 Hazcn's Nora 4791 . . 
 Rosebud of AUerton 635J 
 
 6i 
 3J 
 
 15 " 
 20 ■' 
 19 " 
 
 21 ■'. 
 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 4 " 
 13 •• 
 
 Maggie C. 12,216 . 
 Plamant 11,270 . . 
 Minnie Lee 3d 6009 . 
 Starkvillo Beauty 4897 
 
 ■ 3J 14 " 
 • 3J 14 " 
 . 3| 14 " 
 . 3J 14 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 2 '■ 
 
 3 •' 
 " 
 
 Marea 10,167 . . 
 
 . 
 
 3J 
 
 17 " 
 
 10 <■ 
 
 Total, 36 ccmi. 
 
 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IIST A3fEJiICA. 503 
 
 1860. 
 
 BULLS. 
 
 SIB CHARLES 131. 
 
 Imported 1860, from Prince Albert's Shaw Farm, Windsor, England, by Com- 
 modore E. F. Stockton, New Jersey. (Age not given.) 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. P 
 
 Monmouth Duchess 4th 
 
 Blood, Bcttee Yield in 
 EB Cent. .Seven Days. 
 
 Blood, 
 Name. Pie Cen 
 
 Monmouth Duchess 3895 . 35 
 
 BuTTEB Yield i 
 
 14 lbs. 7 
 
 7129 
 
 62i 
 
 18 lbs. oz. 
 
 Countess of Warren 3896 . 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 ' 
 
 Tamy2d7135 . . . 
 Monmouth Duchess 3fl 
 
 62+ 
 
 16 
 
 ' 4 .. 
 
 Lady Conover 3d 17,589 . 15i 
 Tamy Lowndes 35,316 . 151 
 
 20 " 
 16 " 
 
 ' 
 3 ' 
 
 4620 
 
 62+ 
 
 14 
 
 ' 7 " 
 
 Countess Lowndes 26,874 . 12+ 
 
 17 " 
 
 8 ' 
 
 Violet 273 
 
 Carrie 3894 .... 
 
 50 
 50 
 
 17 
 16 
 
 ' 8 " 
 ' 8 ■■ 
 
 Lady Warren 12,168 . . 12+ 
 Ida of Bear Lake 6169 . . 12+ 
 
 16 " 
 16 " 
 
 7 
 
 
 Warren's Duchess 4622 
 Tamy 3d 7127 . . . 
 Dot of Bear Lake 6170 
 
 50 
 31i 
 25 
 
 16 
 16 
 19 
 
 ' 1 " 
 ' •' 
 ' 4 .. 
 
 Mary's Silver Drop 14,325 12^ 
 Duchess of Dudley 8670 . 12i 
 Lena Lowndes 23,203 . . 13i 
 
 15 " 
 15 " 
 14 " 
 
 4i ' 
 
 
 7 
 
 Princess Imperial 11,620 
 
 25 
 
 18 
 
 ' 15 " 
 
 Niobe's Alpheanette 33,336 6i 
 
 33 " 
 
 10* ' 
 
 Mary of Bear Lake 6171 
 My Queen 12,614 . . 
 
 25 
 25 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 ' 14 " 
 
 ' 8 " 
 
 Total, 22 cows. 
 
 
 
 MARY LOWNDES 273. 
 
 Imported in autumn of 1860, from Prince Albert's Shaw Farm, Windsor, 
 England, by Commodore R. F. Stockton, New Jersey. (Age not given.) 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Violet 272 50 17 i 
 
 Carrie 3894 50 16 
 
 Monmouth Duchess 4th 
 
 7129 35 18 
 
 Tamy 2d 7125 .... 25 16 
 
 Warren's Duchess 4622 . 35 16 
 
 My Queen 13,614 ... 35 15 
 
 Monmouth Duchess 3895 . 35 14 
 Monmouth Duchess 3d 
 
 4630 25 14 
 
 Countess of Warren 3896 . 35 14 
 
 Dot of Bear Lake 6170 ..13* 19 
 
 Princess Imperial 11,630 . 12* 18 
 
 Yield in 
 
 Blood, 
 
 BUTTEE Yield 
 
 N Days. 
 
 Name. Pee Cent. Seve 
 
 N DATS. 
 
 8 oz. 
 
 Lady Warren 12,168 . . 13* 
 
 16 lbs 
 
 7 
 
 8 " 
 
 Ida of Bear Lake 6169 . . 12* 
 
 16 ■' 
 
 
 
 
 Tamy 3d 7127 .... 12* 
 
 16 " 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 Mary of Bear Lake 6171 . 12* 
 
 15 " 
 
 14 
 
 4 " 
 
 Duchess of Dudley 8670 . 13* 
 
 15 " 
 
 
 
 
 Lena Lowndes 23,202 . . 13* 
 
 14 " 
 
 7 
 
 8 " 
 
 Niobe's Alpheanette 33,336 6i 
 
 33 " 
 
 10* 
 
 7 " 
 
 Lady Conover 2d 17,589 . 6* 
 
 30 " 
 
 ' 
 
 
 Countess Lowndes 26,874 . 6i 
 
 17 " 
 
 8 ' 
 
 7 
 
 Tamy Lowndes 25,316 . . 6J 
 
 16 " 
 
 2 ' 
 
 15 " 
 
 Mary's Silver Drop 14,325 6* 
 
 15 " 
 
 4* ' 
 
 Total, 23 cows. 
 
 
 
504 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEBIC A. 
 
 18G1. 
 
 CHARLESTON 1. 
 
 Color, fawn, dnn, and wliite. Imported in dam Princess 836, September, 1861, 
 by H. Kulm. Dropped October, 1861. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 >'amb. I'EB Cent. Seven Dats. 
 
 Wybie595 50 17 lbs. 4 oz 
 
 Ma Belle 4943 37i 15 " " 
 
 Adinal943 37i 14 " 4 " 
 
 Chenie4570 25 19 " 7i " 
 
 Thisbe607 25 15 " 10 " 
 
 Belle of Ogden Farm 1570 25 14 " " 
 
 Tlilsbe2d2301 . . . . 12i 19 " U " 
 
 Mamie Coburn 3798 ..12^ 18 " 4 " 
 
 Chamomilla 7553 .. . . 12* 16 " 10 " 
 
 Rose of Hillside 3866 . . 12J 14 '■ 3J " 
 
 Maggie May 3355 . . .12* 14 " 2i " 
 
 Gilt Edge 2d 4420 . . . 12i 14 " " 
 
 Hazen's Nora 4791 . . . 6i 20 " 4 " 
 
 Rosebud of Allerton 6353 6i 19 " 12 " 
 
 Marea 10,167 6i 17 " 10 " 
 
 Princess Moster 9700 . . 6i 17 " 3 " 
 
 Lucky Belle 2d 6037 . . 6i 16 " 14 " 
 
 Emma Hudson 12,469 . . 6i 16 " 8 " 
 
 Gossip 6165 6i 16 " 7 " 
 
 .Tulia Evelyn 6007 . . . 6i 15 ■■ 1.5+ " 
 
 Valerie 6044 6i 15 " 13 " 
 
 GILT EDGE O. 12,223 . 6i 16 " 9i " 
 
 Duchess Caroline 3d 6041 6i 15 " 8 " 
 
 Arawana Buttercup 6052 . 6i 15 " 5 " 
 
 1863. 
 
 BULLS. 
 
 McCLELLAN 25. 
 Color, French gray, black muzzle. Bred by William Eedmond, Connecticut. 
 Dropped January 27tli, 1862. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Pansy 1019 (rated) 
 
 574i lbs. in one year. 
 Champion's Chloe 13,335 . 849 
 Lady Mel 2d 1795 
 
 
 Bl/)OD, 
 
 BCTTER Tuld is 
 
 Kami. 
 
 Pee lex- 
 
 r. Seve.-( Datb. 
 
 Arawana Poppy 6053 . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 15 lbs 
 
 2 oz 
 
 Bettie Di.xon 4527 . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 " 
 
 Florry Keep 6556 . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 Coronilla 8367 . . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 9i " 
 
 Pride of the Hill 4877 . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Maggie May 3d 13,936 . 
 
 . 6J 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 Maggie C. 12,216 . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 Minnie Lee 2d 6009 . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Lillian Mostar 10,364 . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Flamant 11.270 . . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Elmora Mostar 15,955 . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Starkville Beauty 4897 . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Vivalia 12,760 . . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Little Han 8004 . . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Atlanta's Beauty 12.949 
 
 • 3 J 
 
 31 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Gabrielle Champion 14, 
 
 102 3J 
 
 17 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Arraon 10,863 . . . 
 
 . 3J 
 
 16 " 
 
 13i " 
 
 Maculae 24,277 . . . 
 
 . 3i 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Mountain Liiss 13,921 . 
 
 . 3J 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 " 
 
 Marpetra 10,384 . . . 
 
 . 3i 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 Therese M. 8364 . . . 
 
 . 3J 
 
 14 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 Le Rosa 10,078 . . . 
 
 • H 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Total, 46 cwBi. 
 
 
 
 
 Blood. Bi-ttek Yield is 
 Feb Cent. Seves Davs. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, Butteb Yield xs 
 PlB Cest. Seven Dats. 
 
 . 37i 20 lbs. OZ. 
 
 Lady Brown 433 . . 
 
 . . 25 14 lbs. OZ. 
 
 
 Ethalka 2d 14,128 . 
 
 . . 22ii 15 " " 
 
 .849 15 " 5i " 
 
 VALUE 2d 6844 . 
 
 . . 18} 26 " 2ii " 
 
 . 35 21 " " 
 
 Maggie 3d 3221 . . 
 
 . . 15S 17 " 8 " 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 
 Blood 
 
 Bdtter Yield 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pek Cen 
 
 T. Seven Days 
 
 Louvie 3d 6159 . . . 
 
 151 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 13 
 
 Maggie May 2d 12,926 . 
 
 15i 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 
 
 Maggie C. 12,316 . . 
 
 151 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 
 
 Webster's Pet 4103 . . 
 
 151 
 
 14 " 
 
 2 
 
 Peggy Leah 3097 . . 
 
 12* 
 
 18 " 
 
 12 
 
 Kitty Potter 9893 . . 
 
 m 
 
 18 " 
 
 5 
 
 Dimple 3248 .... 
 
 13i 
 
 16 '■ 
 
 11 
 
 Cascadilla 3103 . . . 
 
 12+ 
 
 15 " 
 
 12 
 
 Arawana Queen 5368 . 
 
 12i 
 
 15 " 
 
 9 
 
 Romp Ogden 2d 4764 . 
 
 13+ 
 
 15 " 
 
 5 
 
 Mary Clover 9998 . . 
 
 m 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 15 
 
 Lady Brown 4tli 6911 . 
 
 13+ 
 
 14 '■ 
 
 12 
 
 Bloomfield Lady 6913 . 
 
 13+ 
 
 14 " 
 
 12 
 
 Lilley Rex 9853 . . . 
 
 13+ 
 
 14 " 
 
 7 
 
 Halsie McCurdy 12,379 
 
 13+ 
 
 14 ■■ 
 
 3i 
 
 May Blossom 5657 . . 
 
 9| 
 
 18 " 
 
 11 
 
 Gabrielle Champion 14,10 
 
 J 91 
 
 17 " 
 
 8 
 
 Silveretta 6852 . . . 
 
 91 
 
 16 " 
 
 9 
 
 Princess Sheila 7379 . 
 
 91 
 
 16 " 
 
 4+ 
 
 Tobira8400 .... 
 
 91 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 
 
 GILT EDGE C. 12,223 
 
 9* 
 
 15 " 
 
 9* 
 
 Marie C. Magnet 22,903 
 
 9f 
 
 15 " 
 
 Oi 
 
 Coronilla 8367 . . . 
 
 91 
 
 14 " 
 
 9i 
 
 Guinevere Sinclair 11,167 
 
 9f 
 
 14 •• 
 
 9 
 
 Maggie May 2d 12,926 . 
 
 91 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 
 
 Lady Greville 12,930 . 
 
 91 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 6 
 
 Maggie C. 12,316 . . 
 
 91 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 
 
 Minnie Lee 2d 12,941 . 
 
 91 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 
 
 Webster's Pet 4103 . . 
 
 H 
 
 14 " 
 
 2. 
 
 Therese M. 8364 . . . 
 
 91 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 
 
 Jessie Leavenworth 8248 
 Jersey Cream 3151 . . 
 Ultima 14,456 . . . 
 Forget-Me-Not-0 10,564 
 
 01ie4133 
 
 Mary Clover 9998 . . 
 Deborana 4718 . . . 
 La Pora 2d 13,404 . . 
 Creamer 12.467 . . . 
 Romp Ogden 3d 5458 . 
 Fall Leaf 8587 . . . 
 Polly Clover 7053 . . 
 Pet Clover 14,634 . . 
 Alhena 15,995 . . . 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 2d 
 
 14,641 .... 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 3d 
 
 14,643 
 
 Baby Buttercup 10,888 
 Celeste Cox 12,948 . . 
 Hazen's Bess 7329 . . 
 Hazen's Nora 4791 . . 
 CEnone 8614 .... 
 Alfleda6744 .... 
 Pansy Patterson 18,612 
 Frances C. Magnet 22,904 
 Jersey Cream 3d 8519 
 Gem of Sassafras 8434 
 
 Total, 63 cowi. 
 
 4^ 14 
 
 6i 14 ' 
 
 ' 8 
 
 6i 14 ' 
 
 ' 1 
 
 6i 14 ' 
 
 1 
 
 5^ 14 • 
 
 ' 8 
 
 4U 16 ' 
 
 15 
 
 4H 16 ' 
 
 ' 8 
 
 4ii 16 ' 
 
 ' 3 
 
 ^\ 14 
 
 ' 3 
 
 4U 14 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 3i| 30 
 
 ' 8 
 
 3| 24 ' 
 
 ' 11 
 
 3J 20 ' 
 
 ' 4 
 
 31- 18 
 
 ' 15 
 
 %\ 16 
 
 ' 5 
 
 3^ 15 ' 
 
 ' 15 
 
 3i 14 
 
 ' 13J 
 
 %\ 14 ' 
 
 ' 12 
 
 31 14 
 
 ' 3J 
 
 KOXBUKY 247. 
 Color, fawn upon back and sides, shading into gray and black. Dropped 1862, 
 Bred by Jonathan French, Massachusetts. Sire, Commodore 229. Dam, Rose 709. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, Butte 
 Pee Cent. Seve 
 
 1 Yield in 
 
 •J DATS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood 
 PiB Cen 
 
 Buttee Yield 
 
 Angela 1682 . . . 
 
 . . 50 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 3 oz. 
 
 Roonan5133 .... 
 
 . 13+ 
 
 30 lbs. 4 
 
 Belle Dawson 8270 . 
 
 . . 37i 
 
 18 ■' 
 
 3 " 
 
 Lara 4306 
 
 . 13+ 
 
 17 •• 8 
 
 Pattie Mc 3d 4754 . 
 
 . . 87+ 
 
 16 •■ 
 
 8 " 
 
 Kate Gordon 8387 . . 
 
 . 12+ 
 
 15 " 15 
 
 Duchess of Bloomfield 3653 35 
 
 20 " 
 
 0+ '■ 
 
 Lorella 12,913 . . . 
 
 . 13+ 
 
 14 " 7 
 
 SULU4705 . . . 
 
 . . 35 
 
 17 ■■ 
 
 15 " 
 
 Litza6338 
 
 . 12* 
 
 14 " 3 
 
 Vixen 7591 
 
 or, 
 
 17 " 
 
 6 
 
 Variella of Linwood 10 954. 1 o,j 
 
 14 " 1 
 
 Letitia3977 . . . 
 
 . 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 5 " 
 
 Pixie 4115 
 
 . 134 
 
 14 " 
 
 Bathsheba 2556 . . 
 
 . . 35 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 ETHLEEL 2d 33,391 
 
 . 6i 
 
 30 " 15 
 
 Urbana5597 . . . 
 
 . . 18f 
 
 16 " 
 
 " 
 
 Jeunette ^Montgomery 51 
 
 77 6i 
 
 30 " 
 
 Lucetta6856 . . . 
 
 . . 18f 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Bonnie Yost 7943 . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 18 '■ 2 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Leoiii 11,868 .... 
 
 B..OOD. BlTTtE T..LD 
 
 Peu Cknt. Ss\in Dais. 
 6i 18 lbs. 2 c 
 
 Dudu of Linwood 8336 
 
 6i 16 " 15 
 
 Silenta 17,685 . . . 
 
 6i 15 '■ 10 
 
 Fall Leaf 8587 . . . 
 
 6i 14 " 8 
 
 Epigica 4631 .... 
 Jaquenetta 10,958 . . 
 
 6i 14 " 7 
 6J 14 " 6 
 
 Adora 18,509 6i 
 
 Silene4307 6i 
 
 Jule3640 6i 
 
 Lady of Otsego, 26,671 . 6i 
 
 Putnam Belle 12,116 . . ^ 
 Total, 31 cows. 
 
 COWS. 
 PANSY 6th 38. 
 Color, light silver fawn; silver white saddle on withers. 
 Norton, Farmington, Conn. Dropped February 16th, 1862. 
 Dam, Pansy 8. 
 
 Bred by John T. 
 Sire, Paterson 11. 
 
 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 
 
 Blood, 
 Name. Pm Ceu 
 
 Bdtteb Yiild in 
 r. Seven Daib. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Blood, 
 Feb Cen 
 
 BcTTiB Yield 
 r. Seven Days 
 
 Oktibbeha Duchess 4422 
 
 . 25 
 
 17 lbs 
 
 . 4 oz. 
 
 Harmony 3d 17,118 . 
 
 . . 6i 
 
 18 lbs 
 
 . 3 
 
 Lucky Belle 2d 6037 . 
 Maggie May 3255 . . 
 Maggie 3d 3221 . . . 
 Geranium 2d 7838 . . 
 
 25 
 
 . 25 
 
 18i 
 
 12* 
 
 16 ■' 
 
 14 " 
 
 17 " 
 26 •■ 
 
 14 " 
 2i " 
 8 ■' 
 4i " 
 
 Signaldella 24,107 . 
 
 Gazella 3d 9355 . . 
 Pan.sy Patterson 18,613 
 
 . 6i 
 . . 6] 
 . . 6i 
 
 . 6i 
 
 18 " 
 17 •• 
 
 10 •• 
 
 15 '■ 
 
 If 
 6 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 Tenella6712 .... 
 
 12+ 
 
 22 " 
 
 1+ " 
 
 Rupertina 10,409 . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 12+ 
 
 Croton Maid 5305 . . 
 
 12i 
 
 21 ■' 
 
 Hi " 
 
 Ultima 14,456 . . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 15 ■• 
 
 13 
 
 Optima 6715 .... 
 
 13i 
 
 21 " 
 
 8i " 
 
 Friz Cam 14,655 . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 15 '■ 
 
 7 
 
 (Eiione 8614 .... 
 
 12+ 
 
 18 " 
 
 15 •' 
 
 Signal Maid 19,361 . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 
 
 Valhalla 5300 .... 
 
 12+ 
 
 17 " 
 
 " 
 
 OIie4133 .... 
 
 . 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 
 
 Jersey Cream 3151 . . 
 Belle of Patterson 5664 
 
 12+ 
 12+ 
 
 17 ■' 
 16 " 
 
 " 
 6 " 
 
 Duchess of Argyle 375 
 Jersey Cream 2d 8519 
 
 3 . 6i 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 14 •• 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 Edwina 6713 
 
 12+ 
 
 15 " 
 15 " 
 
 13 ■' 
 
 Euphorbia 11,399 . 
 Pansy K. 23,889 . . 
 
 . 6i 
 • 6i- 
 
 14 " 
 14 " 
 
 9} 
 
 Valerie 6044 .... 
 
 12^ 
 
 9 
 
 Fanny Taylor 6714 . . 
 Signalana 7719 . . . 
 
 12+ 
 12+ 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 •■ 
 13 " 
 
 Lady Clarendon 3d 17 
 Gem of Sassafras 8434 
 
 578 6i 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 14 " 
 
 3i 
 
 Aldarine 5301 .... 
 Maggie C. 12,216 . . 
 Maggie May 2d 12,936 . 
 Creamer 2467 .... 
 
 13+ 
 
 15 " 
 
 14 " 
 6 " 
 
 Signetilia 16,333 . . 
 Fall Leaf 8587 
 
 . 6i 
 
 5J£ 
 
 14 " 
 14 " 
 
 3 
 
 12i 
 12+ 
 
 14 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 " 
 1 " 
 
 Alberta Signal 18,611 
 one's Lady Teazle 12,3 
 
 . 3i 
 07. 3i 
 
 20 •' 
 16 " 
 
 11 
 5 
 
 Guim.vcrc Sinclair 11,107 
 
 9f 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 " 
 
 Dahlia . . . 
 
 . 3+ 
 
 16 ■' 
 
 
 
 VALUE 2d (i,s44 . . 
 
 0} 
 
 25 " 
 
 2i; •' 
 
 Orphean 4636 . . . 
 
 . 3i 
 
 15 " 
 
 7 
 
 Fadettcof Vcrna3dll,12i 
 
 6i 
 
 22 " 
 
 8+ " 
 
 Bronze Leaf 14,902 . 
 
 . 34 
 
 15 " 
 
 1 
 
 Atlanta's Beauty 12,949 
 Lady Mel 2d 1795 . . 
 
 6i 
 6i 
 
 21 " 
 21 " 
 
 3 •' 
 " 
 
 Earl Cow . . 
 
 Clover Bloom 9788 . 
 
 . 34 
 . 34 
 
 15 " 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 14* 
 
 Celeste Cox 12,948 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 20 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Louvie 3d 6159 . . 
 
 . 34 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 
 
 Fairy of Verna 2d 10,793 
 Hilda A. 2d 11,120 . . 
 Ganlimr's Uipple 11,093 
 EVELINA OF VERN/ 
 
 6i 
 6J 
 6i 
 
 L 
 
 20 " 
 20 ■■ 
 19 " 
 
 3J " 
 " 
 12i '■ 
 
 Cowle.s' Nonsuch 6199 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 
 14 641 
 
 . 34 
 2d 
 . 34 
 
 14 •• 
 
 14 " 
 14 " 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 Monocacy Dimple 9680 
 
 . 34 
 
 3 
 
 10,971 
 
 Tenella 2d 19,521 . . 
 
 6i 
 6i 
 
 19 " 
 
 18 " 
 
 10+ " 
 
 12 " 
 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 
 14,642 
 
 3d 
 . 34 
 
 14 " 
 
 2 
 
 May Blos,som 5657 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 18 " 
 
 11 " 
 
 Total, 62 cwoa. 
 
 
 
 
JERiiEY CATTLE IJST AMEBIC A. 507 
 
 1863. 
 
 BULLS. 
 
 SAM WELLER 271. 
 Color, fawn, brown and white. Dropped 1863. Imported from Island of 
 Jersey, by E. F. Bowditcli, Massachusetts, August, 1864. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood, 
 Name. Feu Cen 
 
 BoTTEii Yield in 
 . Seven Days. 
 
 Blood, EnxTEn Yield 
 Name. Per Cent. Seven Dats 
 
 Hilda 2d 5447 50 
 
 28 lbs. 5 oz. 
 
 Jer.sey Queen of Barnet — 12* 
 
 19 lbs. 4 
 
 HILDA D. 6683 .... 50 
 Hilda A. 3d 11,130 ... 25 
 Hennie 3335 25 
 
 21 " 2* «' 
 20 " " 
 15 " " 
 
 851 lbs. in one year. 
 Lily of Burr Oaks 11,001 . 12* 
 Niva7523 13+ 
 
 15 " 13 
 15 " 8 
 
 Masena 35,732 . . . . 12i 
 8995i lbs. milk and 892 lbs. 
 
 30 •' 7 " 
 
 Nibbette 11,635 . . . . 13| 
 Nordheim Creamer 9758 . 12^ 
 HuUa 7898 6i 
 
 14 " 7 
 14 " 
 
 3 oz. butter in one year— 
 
 
 Roland's Bonnie 2d 18,054 6i 
 
 19 " 3 
 
 902 lbs. 3 oz. in one year 
 
 
 Snowdrop F. W. 16,948 . 6i 
 
 14 " 8 
 
 and eleven days. 
 
 
 Total, 13 cows. 
 
 
 For Sam Weller type, see portrait of HILDA D. 
 
 EEGINA, P. 32 J. H. B.— H. C. 
 Color, brown and white. Dropped 1863. A noted prize-winner, taking First 
 Prize over Jersey as a yearling. Second Prize over Jersey as a two-year-old. First 
 Prize over Jersey in Aged Cow Class, and reputed to have made eighteen pounds 
 of butter (Jersey weight) in seven days' Sire, Old Noble. Dam, Mignonne. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. Pee Ceit 
 
 . Seve 
 
 N DATS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pee Cen 
 
 . Sev 
 
 N Days. 
 
 Regina 4th 13,732 . . 
 
 50 
 
 17 lbs 
 
 13i OZ. 
 
 Saragossa 33,019 . . . 
 
 . 134 
 
 15 lbs 
 
 . 2 OZ 
 
 Regina3d2475 . . . 
 
 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Kate Pansy 15,177 . . 
 
 . 124 
 
 15 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 Chrome Skin 7881 . . 
 
 35 
 
 20 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 Regina's Guide 16,863 . 
 
 . 124 
 
 14 " 
 
 12 " 
 
 Merry Duchess 13,693 . 
 
 25 
 
 18 " 
 
 94 " 
 
 Ccsetta 15,991 . . . 
 
 . 134 
 
 14 " 
 
 11 " 
 
 Sultane 2d 11,373 . . 
 
 25 
 
 16 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 L'Etoile Du Nord 16,419 
 
 . 124 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 " 
 
 Walkyrie 5708 . . . 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 Tale-Bearer 24,535 . . 
 
 . 134 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 MAMELLE 20,804 . 
 
 12i 
 
 21 " 
 
 8i " 
 
 Brown Princess 30,941 
 
 . 124 
 
 14 '• 
 
 8 " 
 
 Calendine 9415 . . . 
 
 13i 
 
 20 '• 
 
 5 " 
 
 Sultan's Lily 18,099 . 
 
 . 124 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 
 13+ 
 
 17 •• 
 
 6 " 
 
 Signaldella 34,107 . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 18 " 
 
 If " 
 
 Bramballetta 10,451 . . 
 
 12i 
 
 16 '• 
 
 4 " 
 
 Total, 19 coim. 
 
 
 
 
 Butter Yield i 
 
 ALPHEA 171. 
 Color, solid brown fawn ; black points. Sire, Saturn 94. Dam, Ehea 166. Bred 
 by E. M. Hoe, New York. Dropped March 11th, 1863. 
 
508 JEESIJy CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Alpliea made a pound of butter from six quarts of milk when jnelding at 
 the rate of one hundred and eighty quarts of milk in seven days, on grass only, 
 a£ reported by Mr. George Harris, the manager of Colonel Hoe's " Briglitside 
 Farm." Consequently, a full week's test should have yielded thirty pounds of 
 butter. The accounts of her partial tests, as kept by Mr. George Harris, have been 
 examined with great care by Colonel M. C. Weld, and it is his conviction that the 
 above estimate of the butter capacity of Alphea 171 is correct. 
 
 TESTKD DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Xymphffia 5141 . . 
 
 100 
 
 Purest 13.730 . . . 
 
 100 
 
 Clvtemnestra 2455 . 
 
 100 
 
 Richness 16,336 . . 
 
 . 87+ 
 
 Leah Darlington 13,836 
 
 . 871 
 
 MnrvBl m 7S4 
 
 75 
 
 Smoky 13,733 . . . 
 
 
 Ideal Alphea 18.755 . 
 
 . 75 
 
 Alphea Star 16,532 . 
 
 . 75 
 
 Alphetta 16 531 
 
 r.r 
 
 Lernella 22,322 . . 
 
 . 75 
 
 Alphea Jewell 32,331 
 
 . 75 
 
 Reality 16,537 . . . 
 
 . 62i 
 
 Renown 13,729 . . 
 
 . m 
 
 Bessie Bradford 7269 
 
 . 62i 
 
 Iola4627 .... 
 
 . 56i 
 
 Eurotas2454 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 778 lbs. in one year. 
 
 
 Torfrida 3596 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 Idaletta 11,843 . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 Lerna3634. . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 Idalene 11,841 . . 
 
 . .50 
 
 Crust 4775 .... 
 
 . 50 
 
 
 
 Porget-Me-Not 10,56' 
 
 t . 50 
 
 Ideal 11,842 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 Nimble 22,335 . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 Hartwick Belle 7722 
 
 . 50 
 
 Ve8tina2458 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 Ballet Girl 18,750 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 Dove Dee 18.059 . . 
 
 . 43i 
 
 Robinette 7114 . . 
 
 . 43J 
 
 BOMBA 10,330 . . 
 
 . 37* 
 
 Colie8309 .... 
 
 . 37i 
 
 Zitella 3d 11,922 . . 
 
 . 37i 
 
 19 lbs. 13 oz. 
 
 18 '• 7J 
 15 " 4 
 
 1,068 
 
 Ceccola 13,C 
 j Matilda 5th 
 
 ' Malope 2d 11,923 . . . 
 ^ Eupidees Perfection 20,175 
 
 Nazli 10.327 
 
 Honey Drop 10,033 . . . 
 I Mother Hubbard 10,331 . 
 
 Dia 13,658 
 
 Little Torment 15,.581 . . 
 
 Xiobe's Alpheanette 23,336 
 
 Quarhette 17,091 .... 
 
 Typha5870 
 
 Lass Re.\ Alphea 16,965 . 
 
 j Lady Alice of Hill Crest 
 
 7450 
 
 Pride of Corisande 5323 . 
 
 Gray Therese 5322 . . . 
 
 Bessie S. 5002 
 
 Fillpail 16,.530 . . . . 
 
 Niva7523 
 
 Darling of Neatham 20,086 
 
 Forsaken 7520 .... 
 
 Faustlne 10,a54 .... 
 
 Estrella2831 
 
 Belle of Uwchland 8468 . 
 
 Silversides 3857 . . . . 
 
 St. Xick's Flora 16,195 
 
 Silver Belle 4313 . . . . 
 
 Lily of Maple Grove 5079 . 
 
 Princess Mostar 9700 . . 
 
 Rioter Alphea 10,091 . . 
 ! Bertha Black 26,275 . . 
 
 Com 10,.5O4 
 
 Pansy Patterson 18,613 . 
 
 Calpurnia 13.267 .... 
 
 Bessie Bradford 2d 7291 . 
 
 7i 16 lbs. 
 
 7* 15 
 
 n 15 
 
 7i 15 
 
 n 13 
 
 25 22 
 
 35 19 
 
 25 16 
 
 25 16 
 
 25 16 
 
 25 16 
 
 25 16 
 
 25 16 
 
 25 15 
 
 25 15 
 
 25 15 
 
 2.5 15 
 
 25 14 
 
 25 14 
 
 25 14 
 
 35 14 
 
 25 14 
 
 25 14 
 
 15J 16 
 
 12i 17 
 
 13* 16 
 
 12i 17 
 
 12i 16 
 
 12i 15 
 
 12i 15 
 
 13i 15 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBICA. 
 
 Blood, 
 Name. Per Cen 
 
 BuTTEit Yield in 
 Seven Dire. 
 
 Blood. Bdttee Yield 
 Name. Pee Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 - 
 
 Verora 10,766 . . . . 
 
 m 
 
 15 lbs. li oz. 
 
 Lucy Lanier 13,053 . . . 6i 18 lbs. 3 oz. 
 
 Lady Louise 4339 . . 
 
 I'Zi 
 
 15 " " 
 
 Lida Mullin 9198 . . . 6i 16 ' 
 
 ' 8 
 
 
 Peggy Ford 21,713 . . 
 
 13i 
 
 14 " 10 " 
 
 Gabrielle Champion 14,102 6i 17 
 
 ' 8 
 
 
 Lillian Mostar 10,364 . 
 
 12i 
 
 14 " 3 " 
 
 Corinna 2d 6594 . . . . 6i 16 
 
 ' 5 
 
 
 Signetilia 16,333 . . . 
 
 12i 
 
 14 " 3 " 
 
 GILT EDGE C. 13,333 . 6i 15 
 
 • 9* 
 
 
 Elmora Mostar 15,955 . 
 
 12i 
 
 14 " " 
 
 Leoline 3d 18,315 . . . 6i 14 
 
 ' 4 
 
 
 Gilt 4th 4308 .... 
 
 VM 
 
 14 " " 
 
 Sasco Bell 13,601 . . . 6i 14 
 
 ' 
 
 
 Gilt Edge 3d 4430 . . 
 
 12i 
 
 14 ■' " 
 
 Bronze Leaf 14,902 . . . 3| 15 
 
 ' 1 
 
 
 Referette 15,209 . . . 
 
 9| 
 
 15 " 8 " 
 
 Shiloh Daughter 20,378 . Ifs 14 ' 
 
 • n 
 
 
 Lizzie D. 10,408 . . . 
 
 'il 
 
 16 " 15 " 
 
 Goldstraw 3d 14,724 . . 6i 14 ' 
 
 • 12 ' 
 
 
 Alberta Signal 18,611 . 
 
 6i 
 
 20 " 11 " 
 
 Total, 91 cows. 
 
 
 
 1864. 
 
 EIOTEE 746 E. H B. 
 
 Color, mulberry fawn with gray saddle; black points. Dropped February, 
 1864. Fatted 1869. Bred by Philip Dauncey, Horwood Eectory Farm, "Winslow, 
 Bucks, England. Sire, Pedlar 631 E. H. B. Dam, Eita, imported from Jersey. 
 
 TE.STED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 Blood 
 
 Butte 
 
 R Yield in 
 
 Name. Per Cent. Sev 
 
 EN Days. 
 
 La Petite Mere 3d 12,810 
 
 28i 
 
 16 lbs 
 
 7 OZ. 
 
 Eurotas2454 .... 
 
 25 
 
 33 " 
 
 7 " 
 
 Torfrida 3596 .... 
 
 35 
 
 17 ■' 
 
 6i " 
 
 Hebe 3d 3613 .... 
 
 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 " 
 
 Rioter 2d's Venus . . . 
 
 25 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 " 
 
 MATILDA 4th 12,816 
 
 18f 
 
 21 ■• 
 
 Z\ " 
 
 Miunie ot Oxford 13,806 
 
 18* 
 
 16 " 
 
 " 
 
 La Belle Petite .5473 . . 
 
 18f 
 
 15 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Marjoram 3d 13,805 . 
 
 18i 
 
 15 " 
 
 " 
 
 Mintba 12,812 . . . 
 
 I-ItV 
 
 15 " 
 
 " 
 
 Colie8309 
 
 TH 
 
 18 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 Typha5870 .... 
 
 13+ 
 
 16 " 
 
 
 Dia 13,658 
 
 13+ 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 True Inwardness, 10,362 
 
 12i 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 MARY ANNE OF ST. 
 
 
 
 
 LAMBERT 9770 
 
 91 
 
 36 " 
 
 12i ■' 
 
 IDA OF ST. LAMBERT 
 
 
 
 24,990 
 
 91 
 
 30 " 
 
 2+ " 
 
 MERMAID OF ST 
 
 
 
 
 LAMBERT 9771 . 
 
 9f 
 
 25 " 
 
 13+ " 
 
 NAIAD OF ST. LAM- 
 
 
 
 
 BERT 13,965 . . . 
 
 91 
 
 22 " 
 
 2i " 
 
 Blood, Butte: 
 
 Nora of St. Lambert 13,963 
 
 9| 
 
 33 lbs 
 
 
 
 NIOBE OF ST. LAM- 
 
 
 
 
 BERT 12,969 . . . . 
 
 9f 
 
 21 " 
 
 94 
 
 Brenda of Elmhurst 10,763 
 
 91 
 
 30 " 
 
 8 
 
 Honeymoon 
 
 of St. Lambert 
 
 
 
 
 11,231 . . 
 
 
 9f 
 
 30 " 
 
 54 
 
 RIOTER 
 
 PINK OF 
 
 
 
 
 BERLIN 
 
 33,665 . . . 
 
 9f 
 
 19 " 
 
 14 
 
 Crocus of St 
 
 Lambert 8351 
 
 91 
 
 17 '■ 
 
 12 
 
 Cowslip of 
 
 St. Lambert 
 
 
 
 
 8349 
 
 
 9f 
 
 17 " 
 
 n 
 
 Minette of 
 
 St. Lambert 
 
 
 
 9774 . . 
 
 
 91 
 
 17 " 
 
 4 
 
 Diana of St 
 
 Lambert 6636 
 
 9f 
 
 16 " 
 
 8 
 
 Maggie of St 
 
 Lambert 9776 
 
 9f 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 
 
 Moth of St. 
 
 Lambert 9775 
 
 91 
 
 16 " 
 
 2 
 
 Mary Hinman 17,619 . . 
 
 91 
 
 15 " 
 
 11+ 
 
 Rioter's Nora 31,778 . . 
 
 91 
 
 15 " 
 
 9 
 
 Mavourneen of St. Lambert 
 9777 91 
 
 May Day Stoke Pogis 
 28,353 9f 
 
 Cupid of Lee Farm 5997 . 9f 
 
610 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IEJiICA. 
 
 Blood. 
 Nam. Pes Ckxt 
 
 Nancyof St. Lambert 12,964 9f 
 
 BnTTHi YwLD ra 
 
 SCVEK DiT8. 
 
 14 lbs. 5 oz. 
 
 Blood, 
 Nawj. Pm Cest 
 
 Rose of St. Lambert 20,436 4|i 
 
 Bottib Tiild 
 Sevzk Dats. 
 
 21 lbs. 3i c 
 
 z. 
 
 Rioter's Beauty 14,894 . 
 Mother Hubbard 10.331 
 BOMBA 10,330 . . . 
 M:ililii:i 5th 18,068 . . 
 
 7A 
 6i 
 6i 
 6i 
 
 14 ■' 
 34 " 
 21 " 
 16 " 
 
 " 
 U " 
 Hi " 
 
 4 " 
 
 Rioter's Maggie 22,530 . 
 Carrie Pogis 22,568 . . 
 Maggie Sheldon 23,583. 
 Rioter's Ruth 14,883 . 
 
 m 
 
 18 " 6i 
 15 " 9 
 15 ■■ 3 
 14 " 13 
 
 
 EUPHONIA 0783 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 16 '■ 
 
 Oi " 
 
 Daisy Morrison 14,035 . 
 
 3i 
 
 25 ■■ 12i 
 
 
 Leah Darlington 13,836 
 Nazli 10,327 .... 
 Nimble 22,335 . . . 
 
 6i 
 6i 
 
 15 " 
 15 " 
 14 " 
 
 5i " 
 3i " 
 10 " 
 
 Rioter Alphea 10,091 . . 3i 
 Eupidee's Perfection 30,175 3i 
 Dove Dee 18,059 . . . . 3^ 
 
 16 " 7 
 15 " 4 
 15 " 3 
 
 
 Smoky 13,733. . . . 
 Jennie Johnson 3d 6782 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 14 " 
 
 9 " 
 
 ■' 
 
 ToM, 55 cows. 
 
 
 
 
 LIVING STORM 173. 
 
 Color, brown, black and white. Dropped March 20th, 1864. Bred by John 
 T. Norton, Farmington, Conn. Sire, McClellan 25. Dam, Pansy 8. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 Blood. 
 
 BtTTTE 
 
 Yield ih 
 
 
 Blood. 
 
 Bdtte 
 
 R Yield is 
 
 Nahz. Peo Cent 
 
 . Reve 
 
 N Dais. 
 
 Name. 
 
 »ER Cen 
 
 Sev 
 
 EN Days. 
 
 Pansy 1019 
 
 50 
 
 20 lbs 
 
 oz. 
 
 Ethalka 2d 14,138 . . 
 
 124 
 
 15 lbs 
 
 oz 
 
 5744 lbs. in one year. 
 
 
 
 
 Debnrana4718 . . . 
 
 124 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 ■■ 
 
 Peggy Leah 3097 . . 
 
 25 
 
 18 " 
 
 12 " 
 
 Pet Clover 14,634 . . 
 
 n 
 
 16 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Dimple 3248 .... 
 
 25 
 
 16 " 
 
 11 " 
 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 2( 
 
 
 
 
 CascadiUa 3103 . . . 
 
 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 12 " 
 
 14,641 
 
 9S 
 
 14 •• 
 
 12 " 
 
 Gabrielle Champion 14,10; 
 
 18f 
 
 17 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Bell Rex 11,700 . . . 
 
 9| 
 
 14 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 Silveretta 6853 . . . 
 
 18J 
 
 16 " 
 
 9 " 
 
 Chautauqua Queen 26,40 
 
 J 9| 
 
 14 " 
 
 11 " 
 
 Princess Sheila 7379 . 
 
 18} 
 
 16 " 
 
 U '• 
 
 Lillcy Rex 9853 . . . 
 
 9f 
 
 14 " 
 
 7 " 
 
 Tobini 8400 .... 
 
 18J 
 
 15 ■' 
 
 13 " 
 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 3c 
 
 
 
 
 GILT EDGE C. 12,323 
 
 18J 
 
 15 " 
 
 94 •• 
 
 14,643 
 
 9| 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Marie C. Magnet 32,903 
 
 18J 
 
 15 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Hurrali Pansy 12,153 . 
 
 91 
 
 14 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 Champion's Chloe 12,225 
 
 18J 
 
 15 " 
 
 54 " 
 
 Baby Buttercup 10,888 
 
 91 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 " 
 
 Dairy C. 13,227 . . . 
 
 18f 
 
 15 " 
 
 04 " 
 
 Celeste Cox 12,948 . . 
 
 6JI 
 
 20 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Mary Clover 9998 . . 
 
 18} 
 
 14 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 Hazen's Nora 4791 . . 
 
 ^ 
 
 20 •' 
 
 4 " 
 
 Coronilla 8367 . . . . 
 
 184 
 
 14 " 
 
 94 •' 
 
 Cordelia Baker 8814 . 
 
 ej 
 
 17 " 
 
 9 '• 
 
 Maggie C. 12,216 . . 
 
 18} 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 Polly Clover 7053 . . 
 
 6} 
 
 16 ■• 
 
 15 " 
 
 Maggie May 2d 12,926 . 
 
 18} 
 
 14 '■ 
 
 6 " 
 
 Alhena 15,995. . . . 
 
 6} 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Lady Greville 12,930 . 
 
 18} 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 Orphean 4636 .... 
 
 6} 
 
 15 ■' 
 
 7 
 
 Minnie Lee 2d 12.941 . 
 
 181 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 •• 
 
 Frances C. Magnet 32,904 
 
 6} 
 
 14 " 
 
 134 " 
 
 Jessie Leavenworth 8248 
 
 18} 
 
 14 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 Cowles' Nonsuch 6199 . 
 
 6} 
 
 14 ■■ 
 
 12 " 
 
 Webster's Pet 4103 . . 
 
 18} 
 
 14 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 Hillside Gem 16,640. . 
 
 m 
 
 20 " 
 
 " 
 
 Thercse M. 8364 . . . 
 
 18i 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 La Pera 2d 13,404 . . 
 
 4H 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 May Blossom 5657 . . 
 
 124 
 
 18 " 
 
 11 " 
 
 Total. 42 coim. 
 
 
 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 
 
 1865. 
 
 BLUCHER 48. 
 
 Color, dark brown. Bred at Shaw Farm, Windsor Park, England. Imported 
 September 9th, 1865, by R. W. Cameron, Staten Island, New York. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Lilly Cross 13,796 . . . 31i 
 
 Golden Princess 4557 . . 35 
 
 Myrtle 3d 211 35 
 
 Copper 1979 25 
 
 Hulla 7898 12+ 
 
 Floret 9959 12i 
 
 Pride of Mashamoquet 
 
 Farm 6469 12+ 
 
 Grandiflora 9953 .... 12+ 
 Maud Lee 2d 8839 . . .12+ 
 
 Myrtle of Ridgewood 7858 13i 
 
 Gold Lace 10,726 . . . . 6i 
 
 Hillside Gem 16,640 . . 6i 
 
 Belmeda6239 6i 
 
 Lizzie D. 10,408 . . . . 6i 
 
 Lida Mullin 9178 . . . . %\ 
 
 Lady Bidwell 10,303 . . 6J 
 
 Golden Skin 10,861 . . . 6i 
 
 Elsie Lane 13,302 . . . 6i- 
 
 Canto 7194 6i 
 
 Elsie Lane 13,302 . . . 6i 
 
 Butte 
 
 YiEL 
 
 D IN 
 
 
 Blood, 
 
 BuTTZE Yield 
 
 Sbv 
 
 K DATS. 
 
 Name. Pee Ce^ 
 
 r. Seven Dats. 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 3 
 
 
 Little Sister 11,666 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 12 
 
 15 " 
 
 14 
 
 
 Pawtucket Belle 12,406 . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 12 
 
 15 " 
 
 12 
 
 
 Lady Ives 3d 6740 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 8 
 
 15 " 
 
 7 
 
 
 Shiloh Daughter 30,378 . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 74 
 
 19 " 
 
 12 
 
 
 Kate Daisy 8304 .... 
 
 6i 
 
 14 ■■ 
 
 4 
 
 17 '■ 
 
 6 
 
 
 Lucy Gaines Buttercup 5058 6i 
 
 14 •■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Miami Prize 8100 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 16 " 
 
 1* 
 
 
 Queen Mary of Woodlawn 
 
 
 
 
 15 " 
 
 8 
 
 
 11,659 
 
 3i 
 
 22 " 
 
 5 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 
 
 
 Sue Gallagher 15,945 . . 
 
 3i 
 
 23 " 
 
 H 
 
 14 " 
 
 1 
 
 
 Alfleda 6744 
 
 3i 
 
 16 " 
 
 4 
 
 21 " 
 
 1 
 
 
 Topaz of Woodlawn 11,661 
 
 34 
 
 16 " 
 
 4 
 
 20 ■' 
 
 
 
 
 Pierrot's Picture 13,481 . 
 
 3i 
 
 16 " 
 
 
 
 18 " 
 
 13 
 
 
 Lady Alice of the Wil- 
 
 
 
 
 16 " 
 
 15 
 
 
 derness 12,207 .... 
 
 34 
 
 15 " 
 
 14 
 
 16 " 
 
 8 
 
 
 Lady Hayes 10,136 . . . 
 
 34 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 
 
 15 " 
 
 12 
 
 
 Moonah's Pet 7484 . . . 
 
 34 
 
 15 ■' 
 
 6 
 
 16 " 
 
 8 
 
 
 Gold Princess 8809 . . . 
 
 34 
 
 14 " 
 
 12 
 
 15 " 
 15 " 
 15 " 
 
 12 
 
 
 Sister Cash 33,987 . . . 
 
 34 
 
 14 " 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 
 Toial, 37 CWM. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1866. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 BULLS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ALBE 
 
 RT M. 
 
 
 
 
 Color, orange fawn. Bred by W. B. Dinsmore, Staatsburg, N. Y. Dropped 
 July 26th, 1866. Sire, Jerry 15. Dam, Frankie 17. 
 
 Albert ii was remarkable for symmetry and elegance of form. His 
 descendants outnumber those of any other bull. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Bl.OOD, 
 
 Pee Cen 
 
 r. Seven Dats. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, Bottee Yield m 
 Pee Cent. Seven Datb. 
 
 Lady Mel 2d 1795 . 
 
 . . 50 
 
 21 lbs. oz. 
 
 Kitty Colt 2213 . . 
 
 . 50 15 lbs. 9+ oz. 
 
 Couch's Lily 3337 . 
 
 . . 50 
 
 16 " 9 " 
 
 Fragrance 4059 . . 
 
 . 50 15 " 3 " 
 
 Lady Love 3d 2212 . 
 
 . . 50 
 
 16 " 8 " 
 
 Lady Brown 4th 6911 
 
 . 50 14 " 12 " 
 
jer;sey cattle in America. 
 
 Bl-TTEE Yl 
 
 DAT 
 
 2d 
 
 Lady Oniy.if Hilltop 
 t'onlcliti Baker S814 
 CAKRIE LENA 3d 
 
 20,077 .... 
 Countess Poloka 7496 
 Belle Grinnoll 4073 . 
 Rosa Miller 4333 . . , 
 Oktibbeha Uuclicss 4421 
 Jersey Cream 3151 . , 
 Lucky Belle 2d 6037 . 
 Dusky 2535 . . . 
 01ie4133 .... 
 Brightness 3d 14,824 
 Louvie 3d 61D9 . . 
 Bright Lady .5938 
 Lady Gray of nillto]: 
 
 14,641 
 
 Phyllis of Hill Crest 9007 . 25 
 Susette 4068 . 
 Maggie May 3255 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 
 
 14,642 
 
 Rarity 2d 7724 . . 
 Creamer 2467 . . . 
 Pretty 2526 . . . 
 Jersey Cream 3d 8521 
 Elhalka 2d 14,128 . 
 Prince's Bloom . . 
 I'.l Clovir 14,024 . 
 (J.-n.niiim 2,1 7838 . 
 VALUE 2d 6844 . 
 Tenella6712 . . . 
 Croton Maid 5305 . 
 Optima 6715 . . . 
 (EnoDe8614 . . . 
 Peggie Leah 3097 . 
 .May Blossom . . . 
 Siiinnicrliiic 8(101 
 Hepsy 2(1 12,008 . . 
 Jennie of the Vale 9553 
 Floret 9959 . . . 
 Valhalla 5300 . . . 
 Arawana Queen 5368 
 Belle of Paterson 5664 . 12i 
 01ic'.s Lady Teazle 12,307 . 12i 
 May Lankton 15,872 . . 12* 
 
 14 lbs. 12 
 18 " 12 
 
 17 " 9 
 
 16 " 5 
 
 18 " 15 
 
 3d 
 . 25 
 . 25 
 . 25 
 . 25 
 . 18i 
 . 181 
 . 18J 
 • 14A 
 . 12* 
 
 . m 
 
 . 12i 
 
 . 12i 
 
 . 12* 
 
 . 12i 
 
 . 12i 
 
 4J 
 
 H 
 Hi 
 
 8i 
 15 
 12 
 
 Xamb. 
 Ed\vina6713 .... 
 Valerie 6044 .... 
 Funny Taylor 6714 . . 
 Princess Bellworth 6801 
 Etiquette 4300 . . . 
 Signalana 7719 . . . 
 Usilda 2d Gl,57 . . . 
 Aldarine 5301 .... 
 Favorite Rajah Rex 16,153 
 Mary Clover 9998 . . 
 Duchess of Argyle 3758 
 Jersey Cream 2d 8519 . 
 Bell Rex 11,700 . . . 
 Princess Rose 6249 . . 
 Maggie C. 12,216 . . 
 Deborana 4718 . . . 
 Maggie May 2d 12,926 . 
 Jeannie Piatt 6005 . . 
 Lottie Rex 18,757 . . 
 Gem of Sassafras 8434 . 
 Pet Rex 20,166 . . . 
 Belle Grinnell 3d 16,503 
 Kerui Rex 13,671 . . 
 Hurrah Pansy 12,153 . 
 Celeste Cox 12,948 . . 
 Roll of Honor 13,610 . 
 Chautauqua Queen 26,403 
 Signetilia 16,333 . . 
 Fadette of Verna 3d 11,122 
 Atlanta's Beauty 12,949 
 Celeste Cox 12,948 . . 
 Fairy of Verna 2d 10,79£ 
 Hilda A. 2d 11,120 . . 
 Gardiner's Ripple 11,693 
 EVELINA OF VERNA 
 
 10,971 
 
 Tenclla 2d 19,521 . . 
 Harmony 2d 17,118 . . 
 Rosy Kate's Rex 13,192 
 Signaldella 24.107 . . 
 TETTE 20,802 . . . 
 Colts La Biohe 0399 . 
 Maggie Rex 28,623 . . 
 Polly Clover 7052 . . 
 Grinnell Lass 11,859 . 
 Sister Rex 13,194 . . 
 GazeUa3d9355 . . . 
 
 Bm-M YlBLD in 
 
 Sh- 
 
 ES DATS. 
 
 is lbs. 
 
 13 OZ. 
 
 15 " 
 
 18 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 m •• 
 
 15 •■ 
 
 8 '• 
 
 15 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 24 " 
 
 15 ■■ 
 
 H " 
 
 15 ■• 
 
 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 15 •' 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 '• 
 
 14 " 
 
 12 •• 
 
 14 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 '• 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 •■ 
 
 14 •' 
 
 5i •■ 
 
 14 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 34 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 2i " 
 
 14 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 ■' 
 
 14 " 
 
 U " 
 
 20 •' 
 
 8 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 12 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 11 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 •' 
 
 22 " 
 
 8i ■■ 
 
 21 '• 
 
 3 " 
 
 20 ■' 
 
 8 '• 
 
 6} 19 " 12i 
 
 19 •• lOJ 
 
 6] 
 
 18 ' 
 
 IJ 
 
 ei 
 
 17 • 
 
 6 
 
 «1 
 
 17 ■ 
 
 2* 
 
 6] 
 
 17 • 
 
 Oi 
 
 fij 
 
 16 • 
 
 15 
 
 6} 
 
 16 • 
 
 10 
 
 6] 
 
 Ifi ' 
 
 8 
 
 6} 
 
 16 • 
 
 3 
 
COUCH'S LlLy 3237. 
 
 Albert— Splendid Type. 
 
 GREEN MOUNTAIN HEED. 
 
 Moui.TON Brothers, West Randolph, Vr.RjtoNT. 
 
rt^--- 
 
 ALBERT REX 7724. 
 
 AT 4 YEARS OLD. 
 
 Albert — Eurotas Type. 
 
 GREEN MOUNTAIN HEED. 
 
 MouLTON Brothers, West Randolph, Vermont. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 BuTTEU Yield i 
 
 Name. 
 
 Dahlia . . 
 
 Lady Cecilia 24,831 
 Rupertina 10,409 
 Friz Cam 14,655 . 
 
 
 
 6i 
 6i 
 
 r. Sev 
 
 16 lbs 
 
 15 '• 
 15 " 
 
 EN DATS, 
 
 oz. 
 
 12i " 
 
 Susie La Biche 3d 15,171 
 Marpetra 10,384 . . . 
 Lady Clarendon 3d 17,57t 
 Monocacy Dimple 9680 
 
 ER L'INT. SEV 
 
 ^\ 14 lbs 
 6^ 14 " 
 6J 14 " 
 6} 14 " 
 
 EN DATS 
 
 6i 
 6 
 
 5i 
 
 Orpliean 4636 . . 
 Elsie Lane 13,302 
 Earl Cow . 
 
 
 
 6-} 
 6i 
 6J 
 
 15 " 
 15 ■' 
 15 " 
 
 4 " 
 4 " 
 " 
 
 Alberta Signal 18,611 . 
 Guinevere Sinclair 11,167 
 Belmeda 6329 .... 
 
 3i 30 " 
 411 14 " 
 3i 18 ■' 
 
 11 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 Signal Maid 19,361 
 Clover Bloom 9788 
 
 
 
 6J 
 
 6^ 
 
 15 " 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 144 ■■ 
 
 PERCIE 14,937 . . . 
 
 3i-^^' " 
 
 10 
 6i 
 
 Cowles' Nonsuch 6199 
 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 12 •■ 
 
 Lass Rex Alphea 16,965 
 
 3i 16 ■' 
 
 lOJ 
 
 Reception 3d 11,035 
 Sister Cash 33,987 . 
 
 
 6} 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 14 ■• 
 
 10 " 
 10 " 
 
 Rcsoua 13,956 . . . 
 Alfleda 6744 .... 
 
 3i 16 " 
 3i 16 " 
 
 4 
 
 Euphorbia 11,229 
 Lllley Rex 9853 . 
 
 
 
 6i 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 14 ■' 
 
 9i " 
 
 Sue Gallagher 15,945 . 
 Total, 133 ama. 
 
 lA 23 " 
 
 U 
 
 CLEMENT 115 {F. 61 -/. //. B.—IL C). 
 
 Color, light red and white ; hind legs white below hocks. Dropped 1866. 
 Imported October, 1868, by J. H. McHenry, Maryland. Clement sired the bulls 
 Orange Peel 502 (F. 129 J. H. B.— H. C.) and Orange Peel 86i. Clement was 
 half-brother of Lawrence 61. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Joan d' Arc 3163 . . 
 
 Bloop. 
 Pee Cen 
 
 . 50 
 
 Butte 
 
 16 lbs 
 
 B TiELI. IN 
 N DATS. 
 
 3i OZ. 
 
 Alice of Salem 5053. 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Nerissa of Nyack 9693 
 Valma Hoffman 4500 
 
 . 37i 
 . 35 
 
 15 " 
 31 " 
 
 " 
 
 Lucy Lanier 13,053 . 
 Conover's Beauty 12,65 
 Mary Norton 13,052 
 Portia of Nyacli 9690 
 Ochra 2d 11,516 . . 
 
 9 . 35 
 . 35 
 . 25 
 . 25 
 
 18 ■• 
 18 " 
 17 " 
 17 '■ 
 16 " 
 
 " 
 14 " 
 
 9 •' ! 
 6* " I 
 
 Lustre 2063 . . . 
 
 . 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 81 " 
 
 Buttery 3503 . . . 
 Witch Hazel 1360 . 
 
 . 35 
 . 25 
 
 14 " 
 14 " 
 
 1 - i 
 " i 
 
 Alberta Signal 18,611 
 Miami Prize 8100 . 
 
 . 18f 
 . 25 
 
 30 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 11 •• 1 
 " 1 
 
 Beauty of the Grange 75 
 Cora of Linwood 13,91c 
 Rosa of Bellevue 6954 
 
 02. 12i 
 . 12i 
 . 13i 
 
 23 " 
 
 18 " 
 
 : ;: 
 
 7+ " 
 
 Eveline of Jersey 6781 
 Viva Le Brocq 13,702 
 Mary Jane of Bellevue 6 
 Vixen 7591. . . . 
 
 . 124 
 
 . 134 
 
 956 12* 
 
 . 12i 
 
 18 ■• 
 18 " 
 17 " 
 17 " 
 
 : : 
 
 7 " 
 6 •' 1 
 
 Gold Trinket 9518 . . . 13^ 17 
 
 Leonice 3d 8343 . . . .134 16 
 
 Easy Bee 6336 .... 134 16 
 
 Lily of Maple Grove 5079 .134 16 
 
 Dot Buttercup 16,358 . . 12| 16 
 
 Dairy Pride 4th 31,681 . . 134 16 
 
 Witch Hazel 4th 6131 . . 124 15 
 
 Romping Lass 11,021 . . 134 15 
 
 Atricia6039 134 15 
 
 Royal Princess 33,013 . . 134 15 
 
 Dora Doon 13,909 . . . 134 15 
 
 Rosy Dream 9808 . . .134 14 
 
 Gold Princess 8809 . . .134 14 
 Alice of the ' Meadows 
 
 30,748 124 14 
 
 Opaline 7590 134 14 
 
 Caroline 13,019 .... 124 14 
 
 Gilda 3779 134 14 
 
 Denise8381 12i 14 
 
 Fandango 13,908. . . .134 14 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IiY AMERICA. 
 
 Blood. 
 Xaiie. Pm Cex 
 
 Litza 633S 12i 
 
 Robinette 7114 . . . . 12* 
 
 BUT 
 
 . Si 
 
 141 
 14 
 
 rCB TlILD 
 
 FES Dais. 
 3S. 3 
 ' 1 
 
 Romp Ogden 3(1 5458 . . 
 Pixit' 4115 
 
 12i 
 12* 
 
 14 
 14 
 30 
 
 ; 1 
 
 ETHLEBL 2d 33.2i)l . 
 
 9g 
 
 • 15 
 
 Bertha Black 26,275 . . . 
 Rose of Oxford 13,409 . . 
 Moberly Creamer 23,051 . 
 Auntybel 12,582 .... 
 Mother Cirey 11,746 . . 
 Island Stiir 11,876 . . . 
 
 9| 
 
 9| 
 9f 
 6i 
 61 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 14 
 27 
 21 
 
 • 
 ' 14i 
 ' 5 
 ' 9 ' 
 ' H 
 ' 3 
 
 Elhleel 18.724 
 
 6] 
 
 19 
 
 ' 14 
 
 Beauty Romeril 36,090 . . 
 Bounie Yost 7943 . . . 
 
 6] 
 61 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 ■ 9 
 
 Floret 9959 
 
 61 
 
 17 
 
 ' 6 
 
 Floriiiamm 24,354 . . . 
 
 61 
 
 17 
 
 • 5 
 
 Bellita4553 
 
 61 
 
 17 
 
 • 2 
 
 Milkmaid Felch 12,339 . 
 
 61 
 
 16 
 
 ' li 
 
 Troth 6139 
 
 61 
 
 16 
 
 ' 5 
 
 Pear Not 2d 6061 . . . 
 
 6] 
 
 16 
 
 • 2 
 
 Lily of Burr Oaks 1101 . 
 
 61 
 
 15 
 
 ' 13 
 
 Countess Gascla 9571 . . 
 
 61 
 
 15 
 
 ' 11 
 
 Lady of Bellevue 7705 . . 
 Etiquette 4300 .... 
 Belle Dame 2d 22,048 . . 
 
 6 J 
 61 
 61 
 
 15 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 ■ 8 
 • 3 
 
 Nelida 3d 22,043 .... 
 
 6] 
 
 15 
 
 • 3i 
 
 Naomi's Pride 16,745 . . 
 Grace Felch 8291 . . . 
 
 6] 
 61 
 
 15 
 
 ■ 2 
 ' 
 
 Magnolia Ridgely 17,269 . 
 Fall Leaf 8587 .... 
 
 61 
 61 
 
 14 
 14 
 
 ' 8 
 
 Jaquenetta 10,958 . . . 
 Milkmaid of Burr Oaks 903- 
 
 61 
 61 
 
 14 
 14 
 
 
 Lucetta6856 
 
 61 
 
 14 
 
 
 Variella of Linwood 10,954 
 
 61 
 
 14 
 
 
 Comtesse d'Espagna 10,308 
 
 61 
 
 14 
 
 ' 04 
 
 Sa.sco Bell 13,601 . . . 
 I5lite4299 
 
 61 
 61 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 ' 
 ' 
 
 Lizzie D. 10,408 .... 
 
 61 
 
 14 
 
 • 
 
 Gazelle 15.961 .... 
 
 61 
 
 14 
 
 ' 
 
 Cario-s Fancy 14,.591 . . 
 
 61 
 
 14 
 
 ' 
 
 Lotchen 19,823 .... 
 
 ■^u 
 
 10 
 
 ' 7 
 
 Kami. Pu Ceiit. 
 
 Miss Porter 20,300 . . . 4' J 
 
 Young Garenne 3d 13,648 . 4}J 
 
 Prize Rose 16,309 . . . 4} J 
 
 Niobe of Linwoixl 11,134 . 41 J 
 
 Cherokee Rose 20,921 . . 3i 
 
 Jenny Dodo H. 14,448 . . 3i 
 
 Hypathia 2d 14,774 . . . 3i 
 Lady of the Isles 2d 10,653 
 
 (rated) 34 
 
 The Widow's Daughter 
 
 11,507 3i 
 
 Fan's Grouville Beauty 
 
 10,079 34 
 
 LE BROCQ'S CUR- \ \ 
 
 l^£>r 30.697. . . .j ] 
 
 Attractive 5Iaid 16,925 . . 34 
 
 Princess of Ashautee 13.467 34 
 
 Corn 10,504 34 
 
 Eclipse 14,427 34 
 
 Les Marais Dell 20,314 . . 34 
 
 Queen of Ashantee 14,5.54 . 34 
 Stinset of Pleasant View 
 
 13,071 34 
 
 Cicero's Mabel 18,238 . . 34 
 
 Daisy Di.xie 9469 .... 34 
 
 Romping Lass 11,021 . . 34 
 
 Jenny AVilliams 29,058 . . 3i 
 
 Como La.ss 24,309 ... 34 
 
 Medrie Lo Brocq 8888 . . 34 
 
 Bella Delaine 10,356 . . 34 
 
 Leoline 2d 18,315 ... 34 
 
 Nannie Fitch 9143 ... 34 
 
 Kate Pansy 15,177 ... 34 
 
 Birdie Le Brocci 17,633 . 34 
 
 Elinor Wells 13,060 ... 34 
 
 Le Ro.sa 10,078 .... 34 
 
 Nutley's Alma 13,581 . . 34 
 
 Frances C. Magnet 22,904 . 2|1 
 
 Daisy Morrison 14,035 . . l^j 
 
 Total, 116 COTOT. 
 
 16 lbs, 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 • 12h 
 
 16 
 
 ■ 13 
 
 16 
 
 • 12 
 
 16 
 
 • 2 
 
 15 
 
 ' 12 
 
 15 
 
 ' 8 
 
 15 
 
 ■ 2 
 
 15 
 
 ' 2 
 
 15 
 
 • 2 
 
 15 
 
 ' 1 
 
 15 
 
 ' 
 
 15 
 
 ' 
 
 14 
 
 • 9 
 
 14 
 
 ' 7 
 
 14 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 14 
 
 ' 04 
 
 14 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 14 ' 
 
 ' 134 
 
 35 
 
 ■ 124 
 
ji:rsey cattle in America. 515 
 
 SULTAN^, F. 58 J. H. B.— H. C. 
 
 Color, light brown ; white spot on left wither. Dropped 1866. First Prize 
 over Jersey 1867-68. Sire, Prince of "Wales, son of Noble. Dam, Flower 53 
 J. H. B. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. Peg Ce.n 
 
 r. Sev 
 
 EN IlATS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pek Cen 
 
 Sei 
 
 esDa 
 
 Fine (le I'Air 2474 . . 
 
 50 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 oz. 
 
 Queen of Prospect 11,99 
 
 -12+ 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 3 
 
 Arietta 3tl 14,274 . . 
 
 46S 
 
 14 " 
 
 m " 
 
 Grace's Nightingale 19,855 12+ 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 3 
 
 Garenne 24,534 . . . 
 
 37i 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Walkyrie5708 . . . 
 
 . 13+ 
 
 14 " 
 
 1 
 
 Calendine 9415 . . . 
 
 3n 
 
 20 " 
 
 5 " 
 
 Little Torment 15,581 . 
 
 9« 
 
 33 " 
 
 2+ 
 
 Sultane 2d 11,373 . . 
 
 •i\\ 
 
 16 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Fear Not 2d 6059 . . 
 
 9f 
 
 16 '■ 
 
 3 
 
 Bramballettii 10,451 . 
 
 31 1 
 
 16 " 
 
 4 '■ 
 
 Pillp.<iil 16,,530 . . . 
 
 91 
 
 15 " 
 
 11 
 
 Mitteu 13,368 .... 
 
 311- 
 
 15 " 
 
 11 " 
 
 Saragossa 33,019 . . . 
 
 91 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 
 
 Frugal 14,925 .... 
 
 35 
 
 17 " 
 
 2} ■■ 
 15 " 
 
 Cosetta 15,991 .... 
 
 91 
 1 91 
 
 14 " 
 
 ■11 
 
 Thorndale Belle 3d 10,45t 
 
 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 Niobe of Linwood 11,13 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 
 
 Regina2d2475 . . . 
 
 35 
 
 14 '• 
 
 8 ■' 
 
 Sultan's Lily 18,099 . 
 
 9* 
 
 14 •■ 
 
 
 
 Belle Thorne 13,369 . 
 
 25 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 11 " 
 
 MAMBLLE 30,804 . 
 
 • 7^ 
 
 21 " 
 
 8| 
 
 Mary of Gilderoy 11,219 
 
 35 
 
 14 •' 
 
 4 •• 
 
 PRINCESS 2d 8046 . 
 
 ■ 6i 
 
 46 •' 
 
 13-t 
 
 Negress 7651 .... 
 
 35 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Niobe's Alpheanette 33,33 
 
 3 Q\ 
 
 32 " 
 
 10^ 
 
 Rosebud of Allerton 6353 18f 
 
 19 " 
 
 13 ■' 
 
 Reception 8557 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 31 " 
 
 ^ 
 
 Queen of Delaware 17,02£ 
 
 181 
 
 IS ■' 
 
 13 " 
 
 Merry Duchess 13,693 . 
 
 • 6i 
 
 18 " 
 
 9i 
 
 Panatella 4778 . . . 
 
 18} 
 
 18 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Lady Josephine 11,560 
 
 6i 
 
 16 " 
 
 lU 
 
 Regina 4tli 13,733 . . 
 
 18f 
 
 17 ■' 
 
 13+ ■■ 
 
 Nutley Silverelte 33,410 
 
 6i 
 
 15 ■■ 
 
 12} 
 
 Fear Not 6059 . . . 
 
 m 
 
 17 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 Daisy 3d 15,761 . . . 
 
 H 
 
 15 " 
 
 8 
 
 Faultless 13,018 . . . 
 
 m 
 
 17 " 
 
 5A " 
 
 Trudie 3d 4084 . . . 
 
 ^ 
 
 15 " 
 
 .0 
 
 Faith of Oaklands 19,69( 
 
 18} 
 
 17 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 TETTE 20,803 . . . 
 
 6} 
 
 17 " 
 
 6 
 
 Lucilla Kent 8893 . . 
 
 184 
 
 15 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 St. Jeannaise 15,789 . 
 
 •5M 
 
 16 ■' 
 
 4 
 
 Enigma 5360 .... 
 
 18} 
 
 15 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 Eugenie Tourneur 34, 53;^ 
 
 
 
 
 Fan of Grouville 7458 . 
 
 18} 
 151 
 
 15 " 
 
 
 
 (rated) 
 
 3i 
 
 15 " 
 
 2' 
 
 Alfritha 13,673 . . . 
 
 15 " 
 
 
 ETHLEEL 2d 32,291 
 
 30 " 
 
 15 
 
 Mary M. Allison 6308 . 
 
 m 
 
 20 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 Westphalia 24,384 . . 
 
 3i 
 
 34 " 
 
 n 
 
 Chrome Skin 7881 
 
 13+ 
 
 20 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 Ona 7840 
 
 3i 
 
 5 ^ 
 
 00 << 
 
 10+ 
 
 Belle of Prospect 3d 14,33( 
 
 13i 
 
 19 " 
 
 " 
 
 Daisy of St. Peters 18,17 
 
 20 " 
 
 54 
 
 Butter Star 7799 . . 
 
 m 
 
 18 " 
 
 4+ " 
 
 Oakland's Cora 18,853 . 
 
 3i 
 
 19 " 
 
 9+ 
 
 Cream of Sidney 17,038 
 
 m 
 
 17 " 
 
 2+ ■• 
 
 Valentine of Trinity 7460 
 
 3i 
 
 19 " 
 
 4 
 
 Nightingale K. 3d 19,84 
 
 m 
 
 16 " 
 
 14+ ■' 
 
 Fan's Grouville Beauty 
 
 
 
 
 Lednice 2d 8342 
 
 12i 
 13i 
 
 16 " 
 
 8 " 
 5 " 
 
 10,079 
 
 34 
 3i 
 
 19 " 
 
 3 
 
 Corinna 3d 6594 . . . 
 
 16 " 
 
 Beauty Romeril 26,090 
 
 IS " 
 
 9 
 
 Desire 9654 .... 
 
 vu 
 
 16 ■• 
 
 3 " 
 
 Queen of Nubbin Ridge 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 Lady Alice of Hillcrest 
 7450 
 
 
 s 
 
 12* 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 '• 
 
 Lactine 10,680 . . 
 Pyrrha6100 . . . 
 
 
 34 
 34 
 
 il ., 
 
 14 
 
 14i 
 
 Maid of Five Oaks 7178 
 
 12i 
 13i 
 
 15 " 
 15 " 
 
 4 " 
 4 " 
 
 
 16 " 
 16 " 
 
 Merry Burlington 7600 
 
 Daisy Queen 9619 . 
 
 
 4 
 
 Gledelia 10,534 . . . 
 
 12i 
 
 15 •■ 
 
 " 
 
 Dot Buttercup 16,358 
 
 
 34 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 
 
 Magnolia Ridgely 17,369 
 
 VU 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Dairy Pride 4th 31,681 
 
 :34 
 
 16 " 
 
 
 
 Violet of Glencairn 10,22 
 
 13i 
 
 14 ■■ 
 
 4 " 
 
 Brunette Le Gros 9755 
 
 
 34 
 
 15 " 
 
 15 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Nam.. 
 
 Pis Ce.v 
 
 , S.VEN DaT«. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pee Cen 
 
 . Seve 
 
 Jenny Lc Brocq 9757 
 
 . . 3t 
 
 14 lbs 14 ov.. 
 
 Como Lass 24,369 . . 
 
 . 3i 
 
 14 lbs. 
 
 OOCOTTE 11,958 . 
 
 ..' 
 
 14 ■• 12 " 
 14 " 6 " 
 
 Brown Princess 30,941 
 Total, 80 cows. 
 
 . 3i 
 
 14 " 
 
 BROWN PRINCE, F. 85 J. II. B.— H. C. 
 Color, fawn ; white line across withers ; white patch on right rump. Dropped 
 November let, 1866. Sire, Prince of Wales. Dam, Browuey, F. 113 J. H. B.— 
 H. C. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Xamk. 
 
 Per Cen 
 
 Bdtte 
 
 Sev 
 
 I Yield in 
 
 EN DATS. 
 
 Name. P 
 
 Blood, Butte 
 ER Cent. Sev 
 
 E Yield in 
 EN Days. 
 
 Lady Vclvetiiie 15,771 
 
 . 311 
 
 17 lbs 
 
 3 OZ. 
 
 Ona 7840 
 
 6i 
 
 23 lbs 
 
 lOi oz. 
 
 Queen of Ashantce 14,554 28i 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Island Star 11,876 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 21 " 
 
 3 '■ 
 
 Xelly 6456 
 
 . 25 
 
 31 " 
 
 " 
 
 Olymph 17,957 . . . . 
 
 6} 
 
 17 " 
 
 8 •■ 
 
 Ladyof the Isles 3d 16,652 
 
 
 
 Daisy Queen 9619 . . 
 
 6| 
 
 16 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 (rated) 
 
 . 25 
 
 19 •' 
 
 11 " 
 
 Les Cateaux 2d 15,538 . . 
 
 6J 
 
 16 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 Pear Not 6059 . . . 
 Coomassie 11,874 . 
 
 . 25 
 . 35 
 
 16 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 11 " 
 
 Lady Kingscote 36,085 . 
 Lady Jane of St. Peters 747 
 
 6} 
 ) 6} 
 
 15 " 
 15 " 
 
 10 " 
 " 
 
 Queen of Asliantee 14,554 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Lady Vcrtumnus 13,317 
 
 6} 
 
 14 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 Daisy of St. Peters 18, 
 
 175 13i 
 
 30 " 
 
 5i •' 
 
 Auntybcl 13,583 . . . . 
 
 6| 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 " 
 
 Matin 7768 .... 
 
 . 13i 
 
 17 " 
 
 11 " 
 
 La Rouge 13,405 . . . . 
 
 6} 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 •' 
 
 Fear Not 2d 6061 . . 
 
 . m 
 
 16 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 Como La.ss 24,369 . . . 
 
 6J 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 " 
 
 Little Torment 15,581 . 
 
 ■ 91 
 
 23 " 
 
 2i " 
 
 Blonde 2d 9268 . . . . 
 
 6} 
 
 14 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 Daisy Brown 13,213 . 
 St. Jeannai.se 15,789 
 Ruby "Wray . . 
 
 . 91 
 . 9f 
 . 9f 
 
 16 " 
 16 " 
 
 6i " 
 4 " 
 " 
 
 Gazelle 15,961 . . . . 
 Lady Young 16,668 . . . 
 ETHLEEL 2d 33,291 
 
 6} 
 6} 
 
 14 " 
 14 " 
 30 " 
 
 " 
 " 
 15 " 
 
 Rose of Oxford 13,469 . 
 
 . 9« 
 
 15 •■ 
 
 Uk - 
 
 Young Garenne 3d 13,648 . 
 
 m 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 ■* 
 
 Kompiiig Lass 11,021 . 
 
 . 91 
 
 15 " 
 
 " 
 
 Prize Ho.sc 16,309 . . . 
 
 w. 
 
 15 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 Ada Miiika 15,.503 . . 
 
 . 9| 
 
 14 " 
 
 ■• 
 
 
 
 
 
 PRINCESS 2d 8046 . 
 
 ■ 6i 
 
 46 " 
 
 12i '■ 
 
 Total, 35 cows. 
 
 
 
 
 CLIFF 17(1. 
 Color, fawn, with smoky face and sides. Bred by D. B. Fearing, Massaclui- 
 i. Dropped March 29th, 1866. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Thlsbe 3d 3201 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 19 lbs. 
 
 U oz. 
 
 Estrella3831 . . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 
 12 " 
 
 St. Perpetua 3d 5557 . 
 
 . 35 
 
 
 " 
 
 Gossip 6165 . . . . 
 
 . 13i 
 
 
 7 " 
 
 Corinna 3d 6594 . . . 
 
 . 13i 
 
 
 
 Lady Louise 4339 . . 
 
 . 13i 
 
 
 " 
 
 Gilt 4th 4208 . . . . 
 
 . Vil 
 
 
 " 
 
 Gilt Edge 2<1 4430 . . 
 
 . 12i 
 
 
 " 
 
 Gabrielle Champion 14,103 
 
 "I 
 
 17 lbs 
 
 . 8 
 
 GILT EDGE C. 12,233 . 
 
 <5J 
 
 15 •• 
 
 9* 
 
 Cenie Wallace 3d 6557 . . 
 
 CJ 
 
 15 " 
 
 ^ 
 
 Bettie Di.von 4527 . . . 
 
 «f 
 
 15 " 
 
 
 
 Florry Keep 6556 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 14 
 
 Leoline 2d 18,315 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 4 
 
 Sasco Bell 13,601 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 Total, 15 cows. 
 
 
 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEIilCA. 
 
 G(EUR DE LION 318. 
 
 Color, brown fawn, gray and white. Dropped February, 1866. Imported from 
 Island of Jersey, by Thomas Motley, Massachusetts, July 27th, 1868. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 NAira. 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Pee Ce.v 
 
 Butter Yield in 
 T. Seven Days. 
 
 Blood. 
 Nam. Peb Cent 
 
 BCTTER Yield 
 Seven Days 
 
 Maud Lee 2416 . . 
 
 . . 50 
 
 23 lbs. oz. 
 
 Vivalia 12,760 .... 35 
 
 14 lbs. c 
 
 Cornucopia 3414 . . 
 Corinne8518 . . . 
 
 . . 50 
 
 . . 50 
 
 15 '■ 13 " 
 
 14 " 7 " 
 
 Mrs. Knickerbocker 19,367 13| 
 Ochra 3d 11,516 .... 134 
 
 15 " 2 
 
 16 " 61 
 
 Miss BeU 5083 . . 
 
 . . 25 
 
 14 " 15 " 
 
 Total, 7 cowi. 
 
 
 NELLY 55. 
 
 Color, gray and white. Dropped March, 1866. Bred by H. Kuhn. Sire, 
 Charleston 1. Dam, Nannie 4. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Per Cent. Seve 
 
 N DATS. 
 
 Name. Per Cen 
 
 r. Seve 
 
 V Dai 
 
 Mamie Coburn 3798 . 
 
 . 25 
 
 18 \hh 
 
 4 OZ. 
 
 Maggie May 3d 13,926 . 
 
 . 13+ 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 6 
 
 Maggie May 3355 . 
 
 . 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 3+ " 
 
 Maggie C. 13,316 . . 
 
 . 13i 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 6 
 
 Gilt Edge 3d 4430 . 
 
 . 35 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Minnie Lee 3d 6009 . . 
 
 . 12i 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 
 
 Hazen's Nora 4791 . 
 
 . 12+ 
 
 30 " 
 
 4 ■' 
 
 Vivalia 13,760 . . . 
 
 12i 
 
 14 '■ 
 
 
 
 Marea 10,167 . . . 
 
 . m 
 
 17 •• 
 
 10 •' 
 
 Starkville Beauty 4897 
 
 13* 
 
 14 '■ 
 
 
 
 Lucky Belle 3d 6037 
 
 . 13i 
 
 16 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 Little Han 8004 . . . 
 
 134 
 
 14 •■ 
 
 
 
 Emma Hudson 13,469 
 
 . 13+ 
 
 16 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Atlanta's Beauty 13,949 
 
 6i 
 
 31 " 
 
 3 
 
 Julia Evelyn . . . 
 
 . 13+ 
 
 15 " 
 
 15+ " 
 
 Gabrielle Champion 14,10 
 
 J 6i 
 
 17 " 
 
 8 
 
 Valerie 6044 . . . 
 
 . 13.i- 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 Obella B. 10,575 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 17 " 
 
 4 
 
 GILT EDGE O. 13,32 
 
 3 . 12+ 
 
 15 " 
 
 9+ " 
 
 Armon 10,863 .... 
 
 6i 
 
 16 " 
 
 13i 
 
 Duchess Caroline 3d 60 
 
 11 . 13+ 
 
 15 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Mountain Lass 12,921 . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 
 
 Arawana Poppy 6053 
 
 . 13+ 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Marpetra 10,284 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 
 
 Settle Dixon 4527 . 
 
 . 13+ 
 
 15 " 
 
 ■' 
 
 Therese M. 8364 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 
 
 CoronilUi 8367 . . 
 
 . 12+ 
 
 14 " 
 
 9+ " 
 
 La Ro.sa 10.078 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 Pride of the HUl 4877 
 
 . m 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Total, 29 cmxs. 
 
 
 
 
518 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 PANSY 1019. 
 
 (!<jlor, (lark hmwii ; line of back and back of legs liglit l)uff; black points. 
 Bml by .iolm II. Siitlilf. Jiristol, Conn. l)rop]KHl Deconiber i:Uii. iStWj. 
 
 Pansy niade tive hundred and scventy-fonr and a half pi)unds of butter in one 
 year. 
 
 I'A.NSY 1019 AND TKSTKD DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Bi.oop. Bu 
 Name, Pel Ce.vt. 
 
 Pansy 1019 (raud) . . lUO 20 
 
 Gabriolle Champion 14,102 3.") 17 
 
 Silveretta 6852 .... Sf) 16 
 
 Princess Sheila 7279 . . 25 10 
 
 T..l.ira8400 25 ir> 
 
 GILT EDGE O. 12,223 . 25 15 
 
 iMarie C. Magnet 22,903 . 25 15 
 
 Champion's Chloe 12,225 . 25 15 
 
 Dairy C. 12,227 .... 25 15 
 
 CoroniIIa8367 .... 25 14 
 
 Maggie C. 12,216 . . . 25 14 
 
 JIaggie May 2d 12,926 . . 25 14 
 
 Lady Greville 12,930 . . 25 14 
 
 Webster's Pet 4103 ... 25 14 
 
 Tliercse M. 8364 .... 25 14 
 
 Jessie Leavenworth 8248 . 25 14 
 
 BiTTEB Yield i 
 
 oz. 
 
 Minnie Lee 2d 12,941 
 
 
 25 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 3 
 
 8 " 
 
 Frances C. JIagnet 22 
 
 904 
 
 12i 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 
 
 9 " 
 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 
 
 2(1 
 
 
 
 
 4i " 
 
 14,641 .... 
 
 
 12^ 
 
 14 " 
 
 12 
 
 13 '■ 
 
 Bell Hex 11,700 . . 
 
 
 I'-H 
 
 14 " 
 
 10 
 
 9\ •' 
 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 
 
 3d 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 14,642 .... 
 
 
 12A 
 
 14 " 
 
 2 
 
 5i " 
 
 Baby Buttercup 10,888 
 
 
 12i 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 Oi " 
 
 Chautauqua Queen 26,403 
 
 n 
 
 14 " 
 
 11 
 
 9i " 
 
 Kate Daisy 8204 . . 
 
 
 91 
 
 14 " 
 
 4 
 
 6 '■ 
 
 La Pera 2d 18.404 . 
 
 
 7}f 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 
 
 6 •' 
 
 Pet Clover 14,624 . 
 
 
 Ci 
 
 16 " 
 
 8 
 
 6 " 
 
 Ethalka 2d 14,128 . 
 
 
 6i 
 
 15 '■ 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Lilley Rex 9852 . . 
 
 
 6i 
 34 
 
 14 '• 
 
 7 
 
 
 Celeste Cox 12,948 . 
 
 
 20 " 
 
 8 
 
 2 " 
 
 Total, 29 cows. 
 
 
 
 
 
 DAZZLE 37!t. 
 
 Color, fawn and white, 
 linuton, Massaclm.setts, iMan 
 
 Dropped in ISfifi. 
 
 Imported from Jersey by C. "Wel- 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 LANDSEER'S FANCY 
 
 .Jersey Queen of Banicl — 25 
 
 19 ■ 
 
 4 
 
 851 lbs. 1 oz. in one year. 
 
 
 
 Pride of JlaslianKxpiet 
 
 
 
 Farm 6469 25 
 
 16 • 
 
 IS 
 
 Snowdrop F. W. l(i.S48 . 25 
 
 14 ■ 
 
 8 
 
 .lulia Walker 10,133 . . 12i 
 
 15 ' 
 
 12 
 
 Rosabel Hudson 5704 . . 12* 
 
 15 • 
 
 12 
 
 Lady Hayes 10,136 . . .12* 
 
 15 ■ 
 
 12 
 
 Rosy Dream 9808 . . .13* 
 
 14 • 
 
 13 
 
 Gold Princess 8809 . . 
 
 12* 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 12 
 
 Queen Fannie 10,275 . 
 
 12i 
 
 14 •■ 
 
 2 
 
 Miami Prize 8100 . . 
 
 12i 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 
 
 Starlight Rose 8804 . . 
 
 12* 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 
 
 Pride of Eastwood 
 
 H 
 
 20 " 
 
 11 
 
 Emma Hudson 12,469 . 
 
 6i 
 
 16 •■ 
 
 8 
 
 Pierrot's Picture 12,481 
 
 6i 
 
 16 '■ 
 
 
 
 Pierrot's Lady Hayes 11,67 
 
 2 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 12 
 
 Sister Cash 33,987 . . 
 
 6} 
 
 14 " 
 
 10 
 
 Pierrot's Countess 12,480 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 Tohil, 18 cows. 
 
 
 
 
JEMHI^Y CATTLE IJST AMElilCA. 
 
 1867. 
 
 LA WRENCE 61. 
 
 Color, orange fawn and gray ; black points ; white spot on left slionlder. 
 Dropped 1867. Imported from Jersey, 1868, by Thomas J. Hand, New York. 
 Brother to Clement 115. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Memento 1913 . . . 
 Turquoise 1139 . . , 
 Nan Day 17,193 . . . 
 Lady of Bellevue 7705 . 
 Countess of Gasela 9571 
 Witch Hazel 4th 6131 . 
 Bronze Leaf 14,903 . . 
 Ma Belle 4943 . . . 
 Fall Leaf 8587 . . . 
 Lorella 13,913 . . . 
 Irene of Short Hills 5137 
 Allie Miuka 3983 . . 
 
 50 14 
 
 38i 30 
 
 14 lbs. 5 
 3 
 
 Cigarette 3849 
 
 35 
 
 Muezzin 3670 .... 
 
 35 
 
 The Widow's Daughter 
 
 
 11,507 
 
 13* 
 
 Bonnie Yost 7943 . . 
 
 13i 
 
 Grandiflora 9958 . . . 
 
 13i 
 
 Fannie Bugler 19,902 . 
 
 13* 
 
 Rosy Dream 9808 . . 
 
 12i 
 
 Ada Minka 15,563 . . 
 
 131 
 
 Attractive Maid 16,925 . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 lbs 
 14 " 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 15 
 15 
 
 Total, 21 cows. 
 
 BISMARCK 292. 
 
 Color, roan and white ; black switch ; horns crumpled. Dropped 1867. Im- 
 ported by "W. B. Dinsmore, New York, 1868. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, Butteb Yield in 
 Pee Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, Bdttee Yield 
 Pee Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 Tilda 3720 .... 
 
 . 50 
 
 16 lbs 
 
 oz. 
 
 Tobira8400 . . . 
 
 . 121 
 
 15 lbs 
 
 13 
 
 Almeda3843 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 15 " 
 
 5 " 
 
 GILT EDGE O. 13,3 
 
 3 . 12i 
 
 15 " 
 
 9* 
 
 Zina 1434 
 
 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 Marie C. Magnet 33,90 
 Orphean 4636 . . . 
 
 J . 12* 
 . 13i 
 
 15 " 
 
 g 
 
 Hazen's Bess 7339 . 
 
 . 35 
 
 34 " 
 
 11 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 
 Hazen's Nora 7339 . 
 
 . 25 
 
 20 '• 
 
 4 " 
 
 Champion's Chloe 12,33 
 
 5 . 13i 
 
 15 " 
 
 5* 
 
 CEnone 8614 . . . 
 
 . 25 
 
 18 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 Dairy C. 13,227 . . 
 
 . 13i 
 
 15 " 
 
 0* 
 
 Maggie Rex 38,633 . 
 
 . 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 OA " 
 
 Corouilla 4636 . . 
 
 . 13* 
 
 14 " 
 
 n 
 
 Polynia 10,753 . . 
 
 . 35 
 
 16 " 
 
 7 " 
 
 Maggie C. 13,316 . 
 
 . 13* 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 
 
 Deborana 4718 . . 
 
 . 35 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Lady Greville 13,930 
 
 . 12* 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 
 
 Gabrielle Champion 14, 
 Herberta 8811 . . . 
 
 103 12A 
 
 . 13A 
 
 17 " 
 16 " 
 
 15 
 
 Maggie May 3d 13,926 
 Minnie Lee 3d 12,941 
 
 Webster's Pet 4103 . 
 
 . 13* 
 
 12* 
 
 14 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 ' 
 
 Silveretta 6852 . . 
 
 . 12} 
 
 16 " 
 
 9 " 
 
 . 12* 
 
 14 •' 
 
 2 
 
 Princess Slieila 7397 
 
 . 13i 
 
 16 " 
 
 4A " 
 
 Therese M. 8364 . . 
 
 . 12* 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 ' 
 
 Alhena 15,955 . . 
 
 . 13A 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 ■' 
 
 Jessie Leavenworth 824 
 
 S . 12i 
 
 14 " 
 
 2 ' 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 
 
 Beaiilv Bismarck 4967 . . 
 
 m 
 
 14 lbs. 
 
 VALUE 2d (W44 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 25 •• 
 
 BclnKaa6229 
 
 6i 
 
 18 " 
 
 Katie Basliford 15,982 . . 
 
 61 
 
 17 " 
 
 May Lanktoii 15,872 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 16 " 
 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 2d 
 
 
 
 14,641 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 BeU Rex 11,700 . . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 Blood. 
 
 Bdttbe Tiiu) ra 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pie CiLM 
 
 . StVE.S DATB. 
 
 Kate Daisy 8204 . . . 
 
 • 6i 
 
 14 lbs. 4 oz 
 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 
 
 3d 
 
 
 14,642 .... 
 
 • 6} 
 
 14 ■• 2 " 
 
 Hurrah Pansy 12,153 
 
 • ej 
 
 14 •• U " 
 
 Baby Buttercup 10,888 . 
 
 . 6} 
 
 14 " •' 
 
 La Pera 2d 13,404 . 
 
 . ^ 
 
 14 " 8 " 
 
 LiUey Hex 9852 . . 
 
 . H 
 
 14 " 7 " 
 
 Total, 41 com. 
 
 
 
 VICTOR 3550. 
 
 Color, squirrel gray and white. Dropped September, 1S67. Bred by L. H. 
 Bowker, Massachusetts. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Jersey Belle of Scituatc7828 75 
 
 705 lbs. in one year. 
 Minnie of Scituate 17,829 . 68} 
 Belle of Scituate 7977 . . 37J 
 Pauline's Viviennc 11,305 . 37| 
 
 14 '■ 4i 
 18 •• 
 16 " 13 
 
 Lass of Scituate 9555 . . 
 Scituate of Woronoco 
 
 18,040 
 
 Lily Scituate 12,665 . . . 
 Total, 7 coijct. 
 
 U. 15 lbs. 14J oz. 
 
 9* 24 " 14 
 9f 24 " 9i 
 
 by 
 
 FOB ROY 17. 
 
 Color, gray ; black points. Dropped November, ISC'; 
 3. C. Colt, Hartford, Conn., July 10th, 1869. 
 
 Imported from Jersey 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Naue. r 
 
 r.R Cej, 
 
 r. Sev 
 
 E.V Dais. 
 
 Namz. I 
 
 EBCE.-n 
 
 . SZVI.V Dat^ 
 
 Belle Hartford 2718 . . 
 
 50 
 
 15 lbs 
 
 oz. 
 
 Katie Ba.shford 15,982 . 
 
 12i 
 
 nibs 
 
 oz 
 
 Eugenie 2d 1623 . . . 
 
 .50 
 
 14 " 
 
 ■• 
 
 Jersey Cream 3d 8521 . 
 
 m 
 
 16 " 
 
 5 ■ 
 
 Princess Rose 6249 . . 
 
 37i 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Arawana Queen 5368 . 
 
 m 
 
 16 '• 
 
 9 " 
 
 Belle Grinncll 4073 . . 
 
 25 
 
 18 " 
 
 8 '■ 
 
 Lily of Maple Grove 5079 
 
 m 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 White Clover Leaf 4512 
 
 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 Princess Bellworth 6801 
 
 12* 
 
 15 ■■ 
 
 lOi • 
 
 Fair Starlight 1745 . . 
 
 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 71 '• 
 
 Arawana Buttercup 6052 
 
 12i 
 
 15 •' 
 
 5 ' 
 
 Corolla 4392 .... 
 
 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 Usilda2d6157 . . . 
 
 m 
 
 15 ■■ 
 
 2i ' 
 
 Jersey Cream 2d 8519 . 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 12 " 
 
 Favorite Rajah Rex 16,153 12i 
 
 15 " 
 
 ' 
 
 Chloe Beach 3931 . . 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 ^ " 
 
 Louvic 3d 6159 . . . 
 
 m 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 ' 
 
 Lucy Gaines' Buttcrcur 
 
 
 
 
 Bell Rex 11,700 . . . 
 
 . m 
 
 14 " 
 
 10 ' 
 
 5058 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 " 
 
 Jenny of the Vale 9553 
 Jeannie Piatt 6005 . . 
 
 13i 
 12* 
 
 14 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 6* • 
 4 ' 
 
 St. Perpctua 2d 5557 . 
 
 25 
 
 Countess Potoka 7496 . 
 
 12i 
 
 18 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 Lottie Rex 18,757 . . 
 
 . 12A 
 
 14 " 
 
 4 • 
 
 Hepsy 2d 12,008 . . . 
 
 12i 
 
 17 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Pet Rex 20,166 . . . 
 
 . 12i 
 
 14 " 
 
 2i " 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Nave. P 
 
 EB CeN 
 
 r. Sev 
 
 N DaV3 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Per Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 Belle Grinucll 3d 16.503 
 
 131 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 3 
 
 oz. 
 
 Olie's Lady Teazle 12,307 
 
 61 
 
 16 lbs 
 
 5 oz 
 
 Kami Rex 13,671 . . 
 
 13i 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 Lady Cecilia 24,831 
 
 
 61 
 
 16 " 
 
 1 
 
 Hillside Gem 16,640 . 
 
 6i 
 
 30 ■' 
 
 
 
 
 Elsie Lane 13,303 
 
 
 6} 
 
 15 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 Gardiner's Ripple 11,693 
 
 6} 
 
 19 " 
 
 m 
 
 
 Chautauqua Queen 
 
 36,403 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 11 " 
 
 Rosy Kate's Rex 13,193 
 
 6i 
 
 18 " 
 
 8 
 
 
 Sister Cash 33,987 
 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 Maggie Rex 38,363 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 17 " 
 
 0+ 
 
 
 Euphorbia 11,339 
 
 
 61 
 
 14 " 
 
 91 ■' 
 
 Grinnell Lass 11,859 . 
 
 6i 
 
 16 " 
 
 10 
 
 
 Lilley Rex 9853 . 
 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 7 '■ 
 
 Sister Rex 13,194 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 16 " 
 
 8 
 
 
 Prince's Bloom 9739 
 
 
 61 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Lida Mullin 9198 . . 
 
 61 
 
 16 •■ 
 
 8 
 
 
 Lizzie D. 10,408 . 
 
 
 61 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 CARRIE LENA 3d 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ethalka 3d 14,128 
 
 
 3i 
 
 15 " 
 
 " 
 
 20,077 
 
 6i 
 
 16 " 
 
 5 
 
 
 Total 47 cows. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cows. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LADY 
 
 MARY 1148. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Color, pure gray ; black tongue ; black switch. Dropped 1867. Imported 
 from Jersey, .September 21st, 1868, by William H. Scbieffelin, New York. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 Blood. 
 
 Butter Yield in 
 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Botter Yield m 
 
 Name. Per Cent. Seve 
 
 N Days. 
 
 Name. P 
 
 eeCen 
 
 r. Sev 
 
 EN Days. 
 
 Welma5943 .... 
 
 37i 
 
 17 lbs 
 
 8 OZ. 
 
 Fleuretteof Linwood 13,918 
 
 184 
 
 16 lbs 
 
 oz 
 
 Chenda4599 .... 
 
 371 
 
 15 " 
 
 9i '• 
 
 Edwiua6713 
 
 184 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 Calypris 5943 .... 
 
 371 
 
 15 " 
 
 4i " 
 
 Fanny Taylor 6714 . . . 
 
 184 
 
 15 •• 
 
 12 " 
 
 Evri5282 
 
 37i 
 
 15 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 Lisetta Johnson 5331 . . 
 
 184 
 
 15 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 Pussie3035 .... 
 
 25 
 
 19 " 
 
 1 ■■ 
 
 Denise8381 
 
 184 
 
 15 '■ 
 
 9 " 
 
 Lady of Bellevue 7705 . 
 
 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 11 " 
 
 Etiquette 4300 . . . . 
 
 184 
 
 15 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Countess Gasela 9571 . 
 
 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 11 •• 
 
 .Jewell 3d . . . . 
 
 184 
 
 15 ■■ 
 
 4 " 
 
 Witch Hazel 4th 6131 . 
 
 25 
 
 15 ■• 
 
 54 " 
 
 Signalana 7719 . . . . 
 
 184 
 
 15 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 Fall Leaf 8587 . . . 
 
 35 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Aldarine5301 . . . . 
 
 184 
 
 15 " 
 
 1| " 
 
 Lorella 12,913 . . . 
 
 35 
 
 14 " 
 
 7 " 
 
 Jenny Williams 29,058 . 
 
 184 
 
 15 ■' 
 
 " 
 
 Geranium 7838 . . . 
 
 18f 
 
 36 " 
 
 44 •• 
 
 Dora Doou 13,909 . . . 
 
 184 
 
 15 •■ 
 
 " 
 
 Tenella0712 .... 
 
 18f 
 
 32 •■ 
 
 H " 
 
 Opaline 7590 
 
 184 
 
 14 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 Cora of Linwood 12,915 
 
 18i 
 
 33 " 
 
 ■' 
 
 Medrie Le Brocq 8888 . . 
 
 184 
 
 14 " 
 
 7 " 
 
 Croton Maid 5305 . . 
 
 181 
 
 21 " 
 
 \U " 
 
 Marpetra 10,384 . . . . 
 
 184 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 Optima 6715 .... 
 
 184 
 
 21 " 
 
 3i " 
 
 Litza6338 '. 
 
 184 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 •• 
 
 (Enone 8614 .... 
 
 184 
 
 18 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 Fandango 13,908 .... 
 
 184 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Fair Starlight 1745 . . 
 
 184 
 
 17 " 
 
 7i '■ 
 
 Romp Ogden 3d 5458 . . 
 
 184 
 
 14 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 Vixen 7591 
 
 184 
 
 17 " 
 
 6 ■■ 
 
 Comtesse d'Espagna 10,308 
 
 184 
 
 14 " 
 
 01 " 
 
 Beeswax 9807. . . . 
 
 184 
 
 17 " 
 
 5 
 
 Le Rosa 10,078 . . . . 
 
 184 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 " 
 
 Bellita4553 .... 
 
 184 
 
 17 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Elite 4399 
 
 184 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Valhalla 5300 .... 
 
 181 
 
 17 " 
 
 ■' 
 
 ETHLEEL 2d 33,391 . 
 
 14iV 
 
 30 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 Belle of Patterson 5664. 
 
 184 
 
 16 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 Signetilia 16,333 .... 
 
 14iV 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Troth 6139 
 
 184 
 
 16 •■ 
 
 ■■ 
 
 The Widow's Daughter 
 
 
 
 
 Busy Bee 6336 . . . 
 
 184 
 
 16 •■ 
 
 4 " 
 
 11,507 
 
 m 
 
 19 " 
 
 84 " 
 
 EUPHONIA 6783 . . 
 
 184 
 
 16 • 
 
 Oi " 
 
 Fanny Bugler 19,962 . . 
 
 12J 
 
 15 " 
 
 2 " 
 
522 
 
 JEIiSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 TllLD IX 
 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Brrrra Yiilo 
 
 Datb. 
 
 Xaue. I-e 
 
 B Text 
 
 . S.VE 
 
 X Dats. 
 
 13 oz. 
 
 Friz Cam 14,055 .... 
 
 »l 
 
 15 lbs 
 
 7 
 
 10 '• 
 
 AlfritUa 13,673 .... 
 
 9| 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 
 
 8J •• 
 
 Romping Lass 11,021 . . 
 
 91 
 
 15 •• 
 
 
 
 5 •• 
 
 Earl Cow .... 
 
 9f 
 
 15 •• 
 
 
 
 3 " 
 
 Signal Maid 19,361 . . . 
 
 9f 
 
 15 " 
 
 
 
 8 •• 
 
 Belle Thome 13.369 . . 
 
 9| 
 
 14 •• 
 
 11 
 
 3i ■' 
 
 Reception 3(1 10.020 . . 
 
 91 
 
 14 •■ 
 
 10 
 
 " 
 
 Euphorbia 11,229 . . . 
 
 9f 
 
 14 " 
 
 9J 
 
 14 " 
 
 Guinevere Sinclair 11,167 . 
 
 91 
 
 14 •• 
 
 9 
 
 12i •' 
 
 JaquenetUi 10,958 . . . 
 
 9f 
 
 14 •• 
 
 6 
 
 
 Lady Clarendon 3d 17.578 
 
 91 
 
 14 •' 
 
 5i 
 
 lOi •■ 
 
 Variella of Linwood 10.954 
 
 9f 
 
 14 " 
 
 1 
 
 12 " 
 
 Jennie Johnson 3d 6782 . 
 
 n 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 10 •• 
 
 Sadie's Choice 7979 . . . 
 
 9f 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 6i •■ 
 
 Fair Starlight 7745 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 17 •' 
 
 7i 
 
 3 •' 
 
 Daisy Jlorrison 14.035 . . 
 
 ■Hi 
 
 25 " 
 
 124 
 
 IJ '■ 
 
 Alberta Signal 18,611 . . 
 
 ■tH 
 
 20 •' 
 
 11 
 
 li •• 
 
 Pansy Patterson 18.612 
 
 ■tH 
 
 15 " 
 
 15 
 
 " 
 
 Frances C. Magnet 22.904 
 
 HJ 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 13i 
 
 4 " 
 
 Lottie Rex 18.757 . . . 
 
 ■HJ 
 
 14 " 
 
 4 
 
 3 •• 
 
 Dai.sy Hamilton 18,301 . . 
 
 ■I'lO 
 
 14 •' 
 
 
 
 •• 
 
 Duchess of Manchester 
 
 
 
 
 15 •• 
 
 20.838 
 
 ■tu 
 
 14 •• 
 
 
 
 11 •• 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 " 
 
 Tuua. 94 <:«(/■«. 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 68. 
 
 
 
 
 BUI 
 
 .LS. 
 
 
 
 
 r. nEi 
 
 UER 4.-i. 
 
 
 
 
 Rosy Dream 9808 . . . 12J 14 1 
 
 Cherokee Rose 20,921 . . 9| 23 
 
 Fadctte of Vema 3<1 11,122 95 22 
 
 Attractive Maid 16,925 . . 9f 22 
 
 Atlanta's Bejiuty 12,949 . 9| 21 
 
 Celeste Cox 12,948 ... 91 20 
 
 Fairy of Verna 2<1 10,973 . 9| 20 
 
 Hilda A. 2d 11,120 . . . 9| 20 
 
 Ethlecl 18,724 . . . . 9| 19 
 
 GardimrV Ripple 11,693 . 9| 19 
 EVELINA OF VERNA 
 
 10,971 9| 19 
 
 Tenella 2d 19,521 . . . 9| 18 
 
 FERCIB 14,937 . . . 9« -^ 
 
 ( ^* 
 
 Harmony 2d 17,118 . . . 9| 18 
 
 Signaldella 24,107 . . . 9| 18 
 
 Rupertina 10,409 . . . . 9| 15 
 
 Bertha Black 26,275 . . 9« 17 
 
 Troth Plight 10.258 . . . 9| 16 
 
 Gazella 3d 9355 . . . . 9| 16 
 
 Dahlia 9f 16 
 
 Thorndale Belle 3d 10,459 9| 15 
 
 Mitten 13,368 9J 15 
 
 Pinafore 2d 15,072 . . . 9| 15 
 
 ■ST. 
 
 Color, bright salmon fawn and silver gray. Bred to order of (). S. Hnhbell, by 
 Philip Quenanlt, St. Martin, Jersey. Dropped June 30th, 1868. Imported by O. S. 
 Hubbell, Stratford, Conn., June 15th, 18t>9. Mr. Hiibbell kept him at the head of 
 his herd six years, when he ])resented him to General Lincoln, of Worcester, Mass., 
 in 1875, where he was kejrt until his death, in 1879. The dam of St. Ilelier made 
 at the rate of twenty-three pounds of butter in seven days on the Island of Jer.sey. 
 This famous bull was the product of forty years of inbreeding in one line. 
 
 TfCSTKD DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Lcsbie9179 87J 16 lbs. 
 
 Volie 19,465 Bij 18 " 
 
 Renim9181 8U 14 " 
 
 Taglioni 9183 81i 14 " 
 
 Queen of Chenango ; 
 (at 2 years) . . . 
 
 78i 14 lbs. 
 
 Trenie 17,770 (at 2 years) . 78i 14 " 6 
 j Chroma 4572 75 20 " 6 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Ef YIELD IH 
 
 
 Blood 
 
 DUTT 
 
 EB Yield 
 
 VEN DATS. 
 
 Name. Pei. Cent. Seven Days 
 
 s. 6 oz. 
 
 Bessie Bradford 3d 7371 
 
 37i 
 
 15 lbs. 3 c 
 
 ' 3i " 
 
 Nannie Pitcli 9143 . . 
 
 37i 
 
 
 4 
 
 ' 7 '• 
 
 Reckless 3569 .... 
 
 35 
 
 
 8 
 
 ' " 
 
 iVDioon Lady 6560 . . 
 
 35 
 
 
 3 
 
 . 3 „ 
 
 Avis B. 9714 .... 
 
 35 
 
 
 14 
 
 ' Zi " 
 
 Cenie Wallace 3d 6557 . 
 
 25 
 
 
 44 
 
 ' 2 " 
 
 Florry Keep 6556 . . 
 
 35 
 
 
 14 
 
 ' 1 ■' 
 
 Mountain La.ss 13,931 . 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 ' 11 " 
 
 Daisy Hamilton 18,301 . 
 
 18f 
 
 
 
 ' 7i " 
 
 Willis 3d 4461 .... 
 
 1^+ 
 
 
 
 , 3 .. 
 
 Renown 13,739 . . . 
 
 13i 
 
 
 6 
 
 ' " 
 
 Lebanon Daughter 6106 
 
 13i 
 
 
 4 
 
 ' 8 ■• 
 
 Lebanon Lass 6108 . . 
 
 \%\ 
 
 
 3 
 
 ' 8 " 
 
 Reality 16,537 . . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 
 3+ 
 
 ' " 
 
 Marpetra 10,386 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 
 6 
 
 ' 10 ■' 
 
 Total, 39 cows. 
 
 
 
 
 ZAiVBS 
 
 EER 331. 
 
 
 
 
 Pyrola4566 75 18 lbs. 
 
 Safrano4568 75 14 
 
 Zithey 9184 68f 16 
 
 Niplieta9180 68J 16 
 
 Maculae 17,118 . . . . 68i 15 
 
 Bintana9837 68f 14 
 
 Flamant 11,270 .... 59f 14 
 
 Meines 3d 7741 .... 50 30 
 
 Ianthe4563 50 19 
 
 Chenie4570 50 19 
 
 Kaoli 18,980 50 17 
 
 Oxalis 3d 15,631 .... 50 15 
 
 Pavon 12,485 50 14 
 
 Del of Willow Farm 23.461 50 14 
 
 Silene 4307 50 14 
 
 Jule3640 50 14 
 
 Silenta 17,685 43f 15 
 
 Imported in dam Dazzle 379, March 31st, 1868, by C. Wellington, Massachv 
 ;. Dropped September IStli, 1808. 
 
 TESTf:D DESCENDANTS. 
 
 LANDSEER'S FANCY 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 Ills 
 
 
 Pride of Mashamoquet 
 
 
 
 Farm 6469 .... 
 
 50 
 
 16 '• 
 
 1, 
 
 Rosabel Hudson 5704 
 
 
 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 
 
 Julia Walker 10,133 
 
 
 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 
 
 Rosy Dream 9808 . 
 
 
 35 
 
 14 '• 
 
 13 
 
 Little Sister 11,666 . 
 
 
 35 
 
 14 " 
 
 12 
 
 Gold Princess 8809 . 
 
 
 35 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 
 
 Queen Fanny 10,275 
 
 
 35 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 
 
 Miami Prize 8100 . 
 
 
 25 
 
 14 '■ 
 
 
 
 Blood. 
 Name. Pee Cent 
 
 Starlight Rose 8804 ... 25 
 
 BuTTKE Yield 
 Seven Days. 
 
 14 lbs. 
 
 Lady Hayes 10,136 ... 184 
 
 15 " 13 
 
 Pride of Eastwood . 124- 
 
 20 " 11 
 
 Emma Hudson 12,469 . . 121 
 
 16 " 8 
 
 Pierrot's Picture 12,481 . 13+ 
 
 16 " 
 
 Pierrot's Lady Hayes 11,673 13i 
 
 15 " 12 
 
 Sister Ca.sh 33,987 . . . 12| 
 
 14 " 10 
 
 Pierrot's Countess 13,480 . 13i 
 
 14 " 
 
 Hypathia 3d 14,774 . . . 3J 
 
 19 " 13 
 
 RAJAH 3-K). 
 with squirrel gray back 
 
 Color, black and tan 
 Bred by Clement Buesnel, Grouville, Jersey. 
 Island, June 17th, 1869. 
 
 Dropped January 1st, 1868. 
 Imported by John S. Barstow, Khode 
 
 DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Oonan 1485 . 
 Fantine 1271 . 
 
 Per Oe 
 . 50 
 . 50 
 
 23 lbs. 
 15 " 
 
 Spirea 3915 . . 
 Moonah's Pet 7484 
 
 50 14 lbs. 
 37i 15 " 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Nam.. Feb Cm 
 
 T. .S«vzs Datb. 
 
 Pride of the Hill 4877 
 
 37i 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 
 Hazen's Nora 4791 . . 
 
 35 
 
 20 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 Roonan5133 .... 
 
 25 
 
 20 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 Mamie Coburn 3798 . 
 
 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Dudu of Linwood 8330 
 
 25 
 
 10 " 
 
 71 " 
 
 Callie Nan 7959 . . . 
 
 25 
 
 16 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 Roselaine 7167 . . . 
 
 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 7 
 
 Arawana Buttercup 6053 
 
 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Pet Lee 7993 .... 
 
 25 
 
 14 •• 
 
 12 '• 
 
 Enid 2d 10,783 . . . 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 71 •• 
 
 Rose of Hillside 3866 . 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 31 " 
 
 Maggie May 3255 . . 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 21 " 
 
 Myrtle of Ridgewood 785S 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 Gilt Edge 2d 4420 . . 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Little Han 8004 . . . 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 Bennie Hiuman 7166 . 
 
 25 
 
 14 •■ 
 
 •■ 
 
 Calcndine 9415 . . . 
 
 12J 
 
 20 " 
 
 5 •• 
 
 Marea 10,167 .... 
 
 12A 
 
 
 10 ■• 
 
 Lucky Belle 2d 6037 . 
 
 12i 
 
 10 " 
 
 14 •■ 
 
 Arawana Queen 5368 . 
 
 12i 
 
 16 " 
 
 9 " 
 
 Emma Hudson 12.469 . 
 
 12 i 
 
 10 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Braniballctta 10,451 . 
 
 121 
 
 16 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 Valeric 0044 .... 
 
 12i 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 GILT EDGE 0. 13,223 . 
 
 121 
 
 15 " 
 
 91 •• 
 
 Duchess Caroline 3d 6041 
 
 12* 
 
 15 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Julia Evelyn 6007 . . 
 
 121 
 
 15 " 
 
 .51 " 
 
 Calypris 5943 .... 
 
 121 
 
 15 •■ 
 
 41 •• 
 
 Bellini's Maid 15,170 . . 
 
 \%h 
 
 15 lbs 
 
 \\ oz. 
 
 Bettie Di.xon 4527 . . 
 
 121 
 
 15 " 
 
 " 
 
 Bellini La Biche 15,091 
 
 121 
 
 14 " 
 
 14* ". 
 
 Florry Keep 6556 . . 
 
 121 
 
 14 ■• 
 
 14 •■ 
 
 Cosetta 15,991 . . . 
 
 121 
 
 14 " 
 
 11 " 
 
 Coronilla 8367 . . . 
 
 12i 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 91 ■' 
 
 Mountain Lass 12,921 . 
 
 131 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 " 
 
 Susie La Biche 3d 15,171 
 
 121 
 
 14 " 
 
 61 " 
 
 Maggie C. 12,216 . . 
 
 121 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 6 " 
 
 Maggie May 2d 12,926 . 
 
 121 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 Mnnie Lee 2d 12,941 . 
 
 131 
 
 14 •' 
 
 3 " 
 
 Walkyrie 5708 . . . 
 
 121 
 
 14 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 Stark ville Beauty 4897 . 
 
 131 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Vivalia 12,760 . . . 
 
 121 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Scituate of Woronoco 18,040 6i 
 
 24 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 Atlanta's Beauty 12,949 
 
 6i 
 
 21 ■' 
 
 3 " 
 
 Gabrielle Champion 14,10x 
 
 6i 
 
 17 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Obella B. 10,.575 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 17 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 Armon 10,863 .... 
 
 6i 
 
 16 •' 
 
 13i " 
 
 Dora Doon 12,909 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 " 
 
 Favorite Rajah Re.\ 10,15: 
 
 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 " 
 
 Marpetra 10,284 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 Therese M. 8364 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Le Rosa 10,078 . . . 
 
 Oi 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Dai.sy Hamilton 18,301 
 
 6i 
 
 14 '■ 
 
 " 
 
 ToUd, 56 ( 
 
 MR. MWAWBER 5.5fi. 
 
 Color, steol gray. Dropped 1S«8. Imported l)y Tlioinas Motley, 1869. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 BlOOD, BtTTTKB ' 
 
 Name. Peb Cikt. Sive: 
 
 Countess Micawbcr 17.59 . 50 17 lbs. 
 
 Clara of Lakeside 10,827 . 371 15 " 
 
 Mink 2d 3890 25 19 " 
 
 Medrena 3939 25 18 " 
 
 Lady Essex 4749 .... 25 18 " 
 
 Mirtha3437 25 17 " 
 
 Mink 3d 4868 25 14 " 
 
 Dolly of Lakeside 10,284 . 25 14 " 
 
 Woodland Lass 3444 . . 25 14 " 
 
 D^vr. '" 
 
 Blood. 
 Name. Peb Cexi 
 
 Bdtteb Y«u> ra 
 Skvi.v Dat8. 
 
 1 oz. 
 
 Marie C. Magnet 23,903 
 
 121 
 
 15 lbs. 8 oz. 
 
 " 
 
 Dove Dee 18,059 . . . 
 
 121 
 
 15 " 3 " 
 
 11 " 
 
 Village Maid 7069 . . 
 
 12i 
 
 14 ■■ " 
 
 4 " 
 
 Frances C. Magnet 22,904 
 
 91 
 
 14 " 131 " 
 
 OJ " 
 
 Mhoon Lady 6560 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 17 " 3 " 
 
 131 " 
 
 Julia Evelyn 6007 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 15 " 151 " 
 
 9 ■' 
 
 Medrie Le Brocq 8888 . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 7 " 
 
 8 '■ 
 
 Therese M. 8364 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 2 " 
 
 " 
 
 TotaZ, 17 arws. 
 
 
 
JJSBSJEY CATTLE IN AMERICA, 
 
 DOLPHIN %J 468. 
 
 Color, dark fawn ; back and loins tipped with silver gray. Dropped March, 
 18C8. Bred by F. M. Wilson, England. Imported from England, November, 1869, 
 by Colonel E. M. Hoe, ISTew York. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood, Butteb Yield in 
 Name. Pbk Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 Nasie. 
 
 
 
 Blood, 
 Pee Cehi 
 
 Butte 
 Sevi 
 
 Yield 
 N Days. 
 
 Miss Willie Jones 6918 . . 35 
 
 16 lbs. 4 oz. 
 
 Typha 5870 13i 
 
 16 lbs 
 
 11 
 
 Pride of Corisande 5323 . 25 
 
 16 
 
 ' " 
 
 Idaletta 11,843 
 
 
 
 
 13i 
 
 15 " 
 
 141 
 
 Gray Therese 5322 . . .25 
 
 16 
 
 ' 
 
 Dia 13,658 . . 
 
 
 
 
 12i 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 
 
 Zalina8778 25 
 
 15 
 
 , g „ 
 
 Fillpail 16,530 
 
 
 
 
 13i 
 
 15 " 
 
 11 
 
 Forget-Me-Not-0 10,564 . 25 
 
 15 
 
 • 4 " 
 
 Idalene 11,841 
 
 
 
 
 13i 
 
 15 " 
 
 8i 
 
 FanstitiR 10,354 .... 25 
 
 14 
 
 • 14i " 
 
 Calpuruia 13,367 
 
 
 
 
 131 
 
 15 " 
 
 31 
 
 Silversides 3857 .... 25 
 
 14 
 
 ■ 8 " 
 
 Marvel 13,734 . 
 
 
 
 
 121 
 
 15 " 
 
 1 
 
 Pet Rex 20,166 .... 25 
 
 14 
 
 ■ 3* " 
 
 Signetilia 16,333 
 
 
 
 
 13i 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 
 
 Robinette 7114 . . ! . 25 
 
 14 
 
 ' 1 " 
 
 Sadie's Choice 7979 
 
 
 
 12i 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 Silver Bell 4313 .... 35 
 
 14 
 
 ' " 
 
 Alberta Signal 18,611 
 
 
 6i 
 
 20 " 
 
 11 
 
 True Inwardness 10,363 . 35 
 
 14 
 
 ' " 
 
 Smoky 18,933 . . . 
 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 
 
 Niobe's Alpheanette 33,336 13i 
 
 22 
 
 ' lOi " 
 
 
 
 
 Colie8309 13i 
 
 18 
 
 . 4 " 
 
 Total, 24 cow 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VICTOR HUGO 197. 
 
 Color, black and dark brown. Bred by J. DeVeuUe, St. Clement, 
 Imported August, 1868, by S. S. Stephens, Montreal, Canada. 
 
 Jersey. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. Per Cent. Seven Day 
 
 Oaklands Nora 14,880 . . 50 33 lbs. 5 
 Lady Fawn of St. Anne's 
 
 10,930 50 16 " 12i 
 
 Tidy of St. Lambert 31,114 50 14 " 3 
 
 Melia Ann 5444 .... 37* 18 " OA 
 
 Carrie Pogis 33,568 ... 374 15 " 9 
 Moss Rose of St. Lambert 
 
 5114 374 15 " 8i 
 
 Coquette of Glen Rouge 
 
 17,5.59 37i 15 " \\ 
 
 IDA OF ST. LAMBERT 
 
 24,990 35 30 ■' 2i 
 
 Name. Peb Cent, Seven Days. 
 
 Sweet Brier of St. Lambert 
 
 5481 35 23 lbs. 13 oz. 
 
 Brenda of Elnihurst 10,763 25 30 " 8 " 
 
 Rioter's Maggie 33,530 . . 35 18 " 6+ " 
 Cowslip of St. Lambert 
 
 8349 35 17 " 13 " 
 
 Minette of St. Lambert 
 
 9774 35 17 " 4 " 
 
 Jolie of St. Lambert 5136 . 25 15 " 13^ " 
 
 Lucy Dale 5129 .... 25 15 " 13 " 
 Duchess of St. Lambert 
 
 5111 35 15 " 11 " 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEBIC A. 
 
 May Day Stoke Pogis 
 
 
 
 
 28,383 
 
 25 
 
 15 lb.v 
 
 . 3 
 
 Uinta 5743 
 
 25 
 
 14 •• 
 
 10 
 
 Gem of St. Cloud 7342 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 8i 
 
 Nancy of St. Lambert 
 
 
 
 
 12,984 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 5 
 
 Clematis of St. Lambert 
 
 
 
 
 r.478 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 
 
 Bonnie Fawn CVM . . . 
 
 25 
 
 14 •' 
 
 
 
 Kosenf SI. Lambert 20,426 
 
 20A 
 
 21 •■ 
 
 U 
 
 MARY ANNE OF ST. 
 
 
 
 
 LAMBERT 9771) . . 
 
 m 
 
 36 ■ 
 
 12} 
 
 Daisy M,,rris„ri 14,U3r, . . 
 
 m 
 
 25 " 
 
 m 
 
 NAIAD OF ST. LAM- 
 
 
 
 
 BERT 12,095 . . . . 
 
 m 
 
 22 ■' 
 
 2i 
 
 (rcnsof St. Lambert 8351 
 
 m 
 
 17 " 
 
 12 
 
 Maggie Sheldon 28,583 . 
 
 m 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 
 
 Honeysuckle of St. Anne's 
 
 
 
 
 18.fi74 
 
 18} 
 
 14 " 
 
 14 
 
 Kioter's Beauty 14.8!)4 . . 
 
 IS} 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 MERMAID OF ST. 
 
 
 
 
 LAMBERT 9771 . . 
 
 12i 
 
 25 •• 
 
 13i 
 
 Nora of St. Lambert 12,962 124 
 NIOBE OF ST. LAM- 
 
 Honeyi 
 
 lofSt. Lambert 
 
 13i 
 
 Obella B. 10,575 . 
 Tutal, 48 cowa. 
 
 22 lbs. oz. 
 
 RIOTER PINK OF 
 
 BERLIN 23,665 . . . 12i 19 
 Judith Coleman 11,391 . 13i 17 
 Baronetti 8425 . . . . VU 
 Chamorailla 7552 . . . 12* 
 Diana of St. Lambert 6636 12i 
 Cill of Glen Rouge 13,818 13i 
 Moth of St. Lambert 9775 12i 
 Bonnie 2d 5742 . . . . m 
 Pearl of St. Lambert 5527 12i 
 Nordheim Creamer 9758 . 12A 
 Flower of Glen Kouge 
 
 17,560 ^. 9| 23 
 
 AlephJudea 11,389. . *. 9| 
 Rioter's Nora 21,778 . . 9| 
 
 16 • 
 
 ■ 14 
 
 16 ' 
 
 10 
 
 16 ' 
 
 8 
 
 16 ' 
 
 6 
 
 16 • 
 
 3 
 
 14 ' 
 
 11* 
 
 14 • 
 
 2 
 
 14 • 
 
 ' 
 
 23 ' 
 
 14} 
 
 15 • 
 
 1» 
 
 15 • 
 
 9 
 
 6i 17 
 
 PRIDE OF WIXDSOR -ts.3. 
 
 Color, brown. Bred at Shaw Farm, Windsor Park, Eiiirlaiul. Iiiiportfil 
 August 17tli, 1868, by S. S. Stephens, of Montreal, Canada. 
 
 Mr. Valancey E. Fuller writes of Pride of Windsor : " She was a cow of im- 
 mense substance, and milked si.\teen quarts a day at fourteen years, on grass alone." 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. I'kb Cent. S 
 
 Duchess of St. F/ambert 
 
 5111 ,50 15 1 
 
 Lily of St. Lambert 5120 . 50 14 
 Coquette of Glen Rouge 
 
 17,559 43} 15 
 
 Cill of Glen Rouge 13,818 . 37i 16 
 
 Rioter's Nora 31,178 . . 37i 15 
 Honeysuckle of St. Anne's 
 
 18,672 31} M 
 
 VIEI.D 1» 
 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Btn-T.R Ylld 
 
 DaV9. 
 
 Name. I" 
 
 Sweet Brier of St. Lambert 
 
 K Cen 
 
 T. Seve.-. Days. 
 
 13 oz. 
 
 14,880 
 
 25 
 
 22 lbs. 12 
 
 " 
 
 Nora of St. Lambert 12,962 
 Flower of Glen Rouge 
 
 25 
 
 23 " 9 
 
 n " 
 
 17, -^yo 
 
 155 
 
 23 ■■ 14} 
 
 « ■■ 
 
 MERMAID OF ST. 
 
 
 
 9 " 
 
 T.AMBERT 21.!)!I0 
 RIOTER PINK OF 
 
 12i 
 
 26 " 13.t 
 
 14 " 
 
 BERLIN 23,605 . , . 
 
 12i 
 
 19 " 14 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEIilCA. 
 
 527 
 
 Name. Pe 
 
 R CeN 
 
 . Seven Days. 
 
 Kame. Pe 
 
 E OEN 
 
 Seve 
 
 N Days. 
 
 Moth of St. Lambert 9775 
 
 134 
 
 16 lbs. 2 oz. 
 
 NAIAD OF ST. LAM- 
 
 
 
 
 Moss Rose of St. Lambert 
 
 
 
 BERT 13,965 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 22 lbs 
 
 2+ OZ 
 
 
 
 15 " 8i •■ 
 14 "• 3 " 
 
 Rose of St. Lambert 30,436 
 Crocus of St. Lambert 8351 
 
 6i 
 6i 
 
 31 " 
 17 " 
 
 
 Pearl of St. Lambert 5537 
 
 13i 
 
 12 " 
 
 Rioter's Beauty 14,894 . . 
 
 91 
 
 14 " " 
 
 Judith Coleman 11,391 . 
 
 6i 
 
 17 " 
 
 5 " 
 
 MARY ANNE OF ST. 
 
 
 
 AlephJudea 11,389 . . . 
 
 H 
 
 15 " 
 
 If " 
 
 LAMBERT 9770 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 36 '■ 12i " 
 
 Total. 21 com. 
 
 
 
 
 PAULINE 494. 
 
 Bred by Eli Hubert, St. Ouens, Jersey. Imported iii daiu Ilebe, August ITtli, 
 1868. Dropped October 18th, 1868. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood, Buttee Yi. 
 
 jNIelia Ann 5444 .... 
 
 37A 
 
 18 lbs 
 
 Oi 
 
 Oaklands Nora 14,880 . . 
 
 35 
 
 33 " 
 
 5 
 
 Sweelbrier of St. Lambert 
 
 
 
 
 5481 
 
 35 
 
 33 •• 
 
 12 
 
 NIOBE OF ST. LAM- 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 21 • 
 
 18 '• 
 
 
 Rioter's Maggie 22,530 . . 
 
 35 
 
 6+ 
 
 Jolie of St. Lambert 5136 . 
 
 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 
 
 Duchess of St. Lambert 
 
 
 
 
 5111 
 
 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 12 
 
 Uinta 5743 
 
 •^^ 
 
 14 ■■ 
 
 10 
 
 Clemati-s of St. Lambert 
 
 
 
 5478 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 
 
 Bonnie Fawn 6190 . . . 
 
 35 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 Rose of St. Lambert 20,436 
 
 23xV 
 
 21 " 
 
 3+ 
 
 Carrie Pogis 33,568 . . . 
 
 181 
 
 15 •• 
 
 9 
 
 IDA OF ST. LAMBERT 
 
 
 
 
 24 990 
 
 124 
 
 30 " 
 
 S+ 
 
 Daisy Morrison 14,035 . . 
 
 181 
 
 35 " 
 
 13+ 
 
 Nora of St. Lambert 12,962 
 
 12i 
 
 22 •■ 
 
 
 
 Brenda of Elmhurst 10,762 12i 
 
 20 " 
 
 8 
 
 Honeymoon of St. Lambert 
 
 
 
 
 11,221 
 
 12i 
 
 20 ■' 
 
 oi 
 
 Cowslip of St. Lambert 
 
 
 
 
 8349 
 
 12+ 
 
 17 •• 
 
 1'' 
 
 Minnette of St. Lambert 
 
 
 
 9774 
 
 13+ 
 
 17 •• 
 
 4 
 
 Baronetti 8435 .... 
 
 13+ 
 
 16 '• 
 
 14 
 
 Chamomilla 7552 . . . 
 
 13+ 
 
 16 " 
 
 10 
 
 Name. Pee Cent. Seven Dats. 
 
 Diana of St. Lambert 6636 13J 16 lbs. 8 oz. 
 Moss Rose of St. Lambert 
 
 5114 12+ 15 " 8+ " 
 
 Maggie Sheldon 23,583 . .13+ 15 " 3 " 
 May Day Stoke Pogis 
 
 28,383 12+ 15 " 3 " 
 
 •Coquette of Glen Rouge 
 
 17,5.59 12+ 15 " U ■' 
 
 Honeysuckle of St. Anne's 
 
 18,672 13+ 14 •' 14 " 
 
 Bonnie 2d 5743 .... 13+ 14 " 11+ " 
 
 Obella B. 10,575 . . . . 9| 17 " 4 " 
 
 Rioter's Nora 21,178 . . 9| 15 " 9 " 
 
 Rioter's Beauty 14,894 . . 9| 14 " " 
 MARY ANNE OF ST. 
 
 LAMBERT 9770 . . iS{ 36 " 12i " 
 MERMAID OF ST. 
 
 LAMBERT 9771 . . (ii 25 " 13+ " 
 Flower of Glen \V^\\s,^• 
 
 17,560 61- 33 " 141 " 
 
 NAIAD OF ST. LAM- 
 BERT 13,965 .... 6i 22 " 2+ " 
 RIOTER PINK OF 
 
 BERLIN 23,665 . . . 6i 19 " 14 " 
 
 Crocus of St. Lambert 8351 ^\ 17 " 13 " 
 
 Judith Coleman 11,391 . 6i 17 " 5 " 
 
 Aleph Judea 11,.389 . . . 6i- 15 " If " 
 
 Total, 39 cows. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 EMBLEM 90. 
 
 Color. o:ray ; lielly and legs partly white ; dark dish face ; black tongue. 
 Dropped February, 1808. Ured by E. Gibaut, Jersey. Imported by T. J. Hand, 
 New York, October, 1868. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. Per Cent. Skv 
 
 Com of Linwood 13,915 . 25 22 lbs 
 
 Vixen 7591 35 17 " 
 
 Busy Bee 6336 .... 25 16 " 
 
 FleuretteofLiuwood 12,918 25 10 " 
 
 Dcnise8281 25 15 " 
 
 Romping La.s.s 11,021 . . 25 15 " 
 
 Opaline 7590 25 14 " 
 
 Lilza 6338 25 14 " 
 
 Fandango 12,908 .... 25 14 " 
 
 Romp Ogden 3d 5458 . . 25 14 " 
 
 ETHLEEL 2d 32,291 . 18f 30 " 
 
 Clicrokw Rdsi- 20.921 . .12^ 23 '■ 
 
 Ellilccl 18,724 12A 19 " 
 
 Troth 6139 12i 16 " 
 
 Corn 10,504 12i 16 " 
 
 Etiqviette 4300 12i 15 " 
 
 Jaquenetla 10,958 . . . 12J 14 " 
 
 YlI!I.I. IN 
 
 
 Blooi., 
 
 BlTTK 
 
 K YlEL 
 
 s Datb. 
 
 Na>.k. P 
 
 ER C.;s 
 
 Se\ 
 
 E.V Da 
 
 oz. 
 
 Variella of Linwood 10,954 12* 
 
 14 Ib^ 
 
 1 
 
 6 " 
 
 Comtesse d'Espagna 10,308 12i 
 
 14 •• 
 
 Oi 
 
 4 •■ 
 
 Sasco Bell 13,601 . . 
 
 12J 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 ■• 
 
 Bertha Black 36,375 . 
 
 6i 
 
 17 " 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 Attractive Maid 16,925 . 
 
 6i 
 
 16 ■• 
 
 13 
 
 •• 
 
 Troth Plight 10,258 . . 
 
 Gi 
 
 16 ■• 
 
 4 
 
 10 • 
 
 EUPHONIA 6783 . . 
 
 c^ 
 
 16 ■ 
 
 0* 
 
 3 ■• 
 
 Rosy Dream 9808 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 
 
 3 ■• 
 
 Nannie Fitch 9143 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 4 
 
 1 •• 
 
 Daisy Morrison 14,035 . 
 
 34 
 
 25 •' 
 
 12i 
 
 15 " 
 
 10 
 
 PERCIE 14,937 . . 
 
 34- 
 
 18 " 
 14 " 
 
 10 
 6\ 
 
 14 " 
 
 Lottie Rex 18,757 . . 
 
 34 
 
 14 " 
 
 4 
 
 5 " 
 
 Daisy Hamilton 18,301 . 
 
 34 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 2 " 
 
 Duchess of Manchester 
 
 
 
 
 8 '• • 
 
 20.838 
 
 3J 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 6 " 
 
 Total, 31 cows. 
 
 
 
 
 DANDELION 2521. 
 
 Color, pure lemon fawn ; dark face, white star. Dro])ped ilarch lOtli, 1808. 
 Imported by W. II. T. Hughes, for James 15. A\' illiams, (41astoiil)ury, Conn., Ajiril 
 6th, 1870. 
 
 DANDELION AND TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Dandelion 2521 (at 15yrs.) 100 16 lbs. 9 oz. 
 Gentle of GIa.stonbury 4651 50 14 " " 
 Pretty 2526 50 14 " " 
 
 Roll of Honor 13,610 . . 25 14 lbs. 12 oz. 
 Sunset 15,130 15| 16 " 2i " 
 
 Total, 5 eoim. 
 
 For portraits of Dandelion 2521, her son Dandy Boy 7334:, and two daughters, 
 see frontispiece. 
 
.^*^^ 
 
 ■ji^Kf:uv'>>:iv >',c, } if;{ 
 
 
 
 EDDINGTON 2250. 
 
 AT iS YEARS OI.l). 
 
 R/otrr Tiwc 
 
 SIMPSON" IIEIU). 
 
 William Simpson, 5t CiiA-rnAM Strkkt, New York. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 1869. 
 
 RIOTER U 469. 
 
 Color, solid dark fawn and gray. Bred by the Marquis of Bristol, England. 
 Dropped April, 1869. Imported by Colonel E. M. Hoe, New York, November, 
 1869. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pek Cex- 
 
 Se% 
 
 EN DATS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pee Cen 
 
 . Seve 
 
 N DATS. 
 
 Eurotas 2454 . . 
 
 
 50 
 
 33 lbs 
 
 7 oz. 
 
 EUPHONIA 6783 . . 
 
 . m 
 
 16 lbs 
 
 0+ 0% 
 
 and 778 lbs. in on 
 
 e year 
 
 
 
 
 Leah Darlington 13,836 
 
 . 134 
 
 15 ■' 
 
 5* •• 
 
 Torfrida 3596 . . 
 
 
 50 
 
 17 " 
 
 6+ " 
 
 Nazli 10,337 .... 
 
 . 12i 
 
 15 " 
 
 3i " 
 
 Colie8809 . . . 
 
 
 35 
 
 18 ■' 
 
 4 " 
 
 Nimble 33,335 . . . 
 
 . 13i 
 
 14 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 Pyrrha 6100 . . 
 Typha 5870 . . 
 
 
 25 
 
 16 " 
 
 14i " 
 
 Smoky 13 733 
 
 134 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 " 
 
 
 25 
 
 16 " 
 
 11 " 
 
 Jennie Johnson 3d 6783 
 
 . 12i 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Dia 13,658 . . . 
 
 
 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 Daisy Morrison 14,035 . 
 
 • 6i 
 
 25 " 
 
 13^ " 
 
 True Inwardness 10,363 
 
 35 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 Rioter Alphea 10,091 . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 16 " 
 
 7 " 
 
 Mother Hubbard 10,331 
 
 13* 
 
 34 " 
 
 H " 
 
 Eupidee's Perfection 20,1 
 
 75 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 BOMBA 10,330 . 
 
 
 13+ 
 
 21 " 
 
 lU " 
 
 Dove Dee 18,059 . . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Matilda otli 18,068 
 
 
 VU 
 
 16 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 Tohil, 20 cows. 
 
 
 
 
 ORANGE PEEL 502 {F. 129 J. II. B.—Il. C). 
 
 Color, orange fawn and white ; three small white spots below right flank. 
 Bred by John Arthur, St. Mary's, Jersey. Sire, Clement 115. Dam, Cowslip 
 (F. 3.30 J. H. B.— H. C). Dropjjed February, 1869. Imported by A. Kobeson, 
 June 30th, 1870. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Butte 
 
 i Yield in 
 
 Name. Pee Cent. Set 
 
 EN DATS. 
 
 Lustre 3063 
 
 50 
 35 
 
 15 lbs 
 18 " 
 
 8i OZ. 
 
 Rosa of BeUevue 6954 . 
 
 7i " 
 
 Viva Le Brocq 13,702 . 
 
 35 
 
 18 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Mary Jane of Belle vue 695( 
 
 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 7 " 
 
 Gold Trinket 9518 . . 
 
 35 
 
 17 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 Dairy Pride 4th 31,681 . 
 
 35 
 
 16 " 
 
 '• 
 
 Rose of Oxford 13,469 . 
 
 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 144 '■ 
 
 Atricia6039 .... 
 
 35 
 35 
 
 15 " 
 15 " 
 
 O <l 
 
 Naomi's Pride 16,475 . 
 
 2 " 
 
 Caroline 12,019 . 
 
 
 35 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Gilda 2779 
 
 
 25 
 
 184 
 
 14 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 6 
 
 Prize Rose 16,309 
 
 
 1 " 
 
 Island Star 11,876 
 
 
 12i 
 
 21 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Florinanna 24,3.54 
 
 
 13+ 
 
 17 " 
 
 5 " 
 
 Milkmaid Felch 13,339 
 Fear Not 2d 6061 . . 
 Lily of Burr Oaks 1101 
 Countess Gasela 9571 . 
 Grace Felch 8291 . . 
 Charmer 4771 .... 
 Rosebud of Bellevue 7703 
 Magnolia Ridgley 17,269 
 Milkmaid of Burr Oaks 
 
 Lotchen 19,833 . . . 
 Young Garenne 3d 13,648 
 Niobe of Linwood 11,134 
 Cherokee Rose 30,931 . 
 
 12i 
 
 16 ' 
 
 ' 2 
 
 12i 
 
 15 ' 
 
 ' 13 
 
 13i 
 
 15 ' 
 
 ' 11 
 
 13i 
 
 15 ' 
 
 ■ 
 
 12i 
 
 14 ' 
 
 12 
 
 124 
 
 14 ' 
 
 ' 11 
 
 121 
 
 14 ' 
 
 8 
 
 124 
 
 14 ' 
 
 5 
 
 9f 
 
 16 < 
 
 7 
 
 91 
 
 16 ' 
 
 3 
 
 9f 
 
 14 ' 
 
 9 
 
 6i 
 
 23 ' 
 
 10 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Blood, 
 Nauk. riB Cexi 
 
 Jenny Dodo H. 14,448 . . 6J 
 Lady of the Isles 2d 16,653 
 (rated) CJ 
 
 BCTTIK YllLD IK 
 
 Seven Dats. 
 21 lbs. 8 OZ 
 
 19 " 11 " 
 
 Fan's Grouville Beauty 
 
 
 
 
 10,079 
 
 6i 
 
 19 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Beauty Romeril 26,090 . . 
 
 6J 
 
 18 " 
 
 9 '■ 
 
 LE BROCQ'S CUR- 
 FEW 30.697 .... 
 
 H 
 
 18 " 
 13 '• 
 
 •■ 
 12i " 
 
 Fear Not 5059 .... 
 
 6i 
 
 17 ■■ 
 
 10 ■• 
 
 Lady Velvctine 15,771 . . 
 Lady Josephine 11,560. . 
 Corn 10,504 
 
 6i 
 6i 
 
 17 " 
 16 " 
 16 •• 
 
 2 •• 
 
 lis " 
 
 Wakena 19,721 .... 
 
 6i 
 
 16 " 
 
 " 
 
 Eclipse 14,427 
 
 Les Marais Dell 20,314 . . 
 Belle Dame 2d 22,043 . . 
 
 6i 
 6i 
 6i 
 
 15 " 
 15 " 
 15 " 
 
 12 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Queen of Ashantce 14,554 . 
 
 6J 
 
 15 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 Cicero's Mabel 18,238 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 2 •' 
 
 Verora 10,766 .... 
 
 Daisy Di.\ie 9469 . . . 
 
 Jenny Williams 29,058 . 
 
 Jledrie Le Brocq 8888 . 
 
 Island Dots 17,023 . . 
 
 Embla Brick 15,690 . . 
 ' Bella Delaine 10,356 . 
 I Nervine 25,932 . . . 
 
 Birdie Le Brocq 17,263 . 
 ' Elinor Wells 12,060 . . 
 
 Le Rosa 10,078 . . . 
 I Nutley's Alma 13,581 . 
 j Carlo's Fancy 14,591 . 
 
 Frances C. Magnet 22,904 
 
 Moggie Bright 25,891 . 
 
 Liberty 2d 16,717 . . 
 
 Pendule 2d 16,709 . . 
 Total, 59 cows. 
 
 IB CE.>n 
 
 BlTTE. YlEI.1. IS 
 
 Sevex Dats. 
 
 . 6i 
 
 15 lbs. 
 
 U oz. 
 
 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 . 6i 
 
 15 •■ 
 
 " 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 14 " 
 
 7 " 
 
 . H 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 u •• 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 '■ 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 ■' 
 
 . 6J 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 ■ 3i 
 
 14 " 
 16 " 
 
 13* " 
 6 " 
 
 . 3i 
 
 14 " 
 
 6i " 
 
 . 3i 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 MOXAECH OF EOXBUEY 499. 
 
 Dropped July 26tli, 1869. Bred by Thomas Motley. 
 Dam, Nellie 289. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Merry Burlington 
 Topsey Roxbury 7 
 Audrey 1447 . . 
 
 Sire, John Le Bas 398. 
 
 TlELD IN 
 1)*T8. 
 
 Naiie. 
 
 Blood, Bitteh Yield 
 Pee Cent. Seven Dais. 
 
 4 OZ. 
 
 Clover Top 9910 . . 
 
 . . 50 14 lbs. c 
 
 " 
 
 Walkyrie 5708 . . 
 
 . . 13i 14 '• 1 
 
 '■ 
 
 Total, 5 com. 
 
 
 RIOTER 670. 
 
 Color, dark gray brown. Bred by Mr. Alexandre, Jersey. Dropped August, 
 1869. Imported by P. H. Fowler, November, 1871. Purchased by Silas Belts, of 
 Bloomfield Cottage Farm, Camden, N. J. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood, Butter Y'ield i 
 
 Blood, Bctter Yi 
 
 Lady Bloomfield 4704 . . 75 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 m oz. 
 
 Lucetta6856 .... 
 
 25 
 
 14 lbs. 
 
 3 
 
 Duchess of Bloomfield 3653 ,50 
 
 20 " 
 
 Oi '■ 
 
 Elmora Mostar 15,955 . 
 
 18f 
 
 14 " 
 
 ' 
 
 8U LU 4705 .50 
 
 
 16 " 
 
 ETHLEEL 2d 32,291 
 
 12* 
 
 30 •■ 
 
 15 
 
 Leiitia 3977 ,50 
 
 
 5 " 
 
 Celeste Cox 12.948 . . 
 
 12J 
 
 20 " 
 
 8 • 
 
 Princess Mostar 9700 . . 37i 
 
 
 3 " 
 
 Jaquenettu 10,958 . . 
 
 12+ 
 
 14 •' 
 
 6 ' 
 
 Princess Bowen 9699 . . 25 
 
 
 13 " 
 
 Leoline 2d 18,315 . . 
 
 13* 
 
 14 " 
 
 4 • 
 
 Lorella 12,913 .... 25 
 
 
 7 " 
 
 Total, 18 «)«•». 
 
 
 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 COLUMBIAD 534. 
 
 Bred by A. Le Gallais, Jersey. Dropped on ship Hndson, September 7th 
 1869. Imported by Captain Pratt, September 1-ith, 1869. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Aspirante 9272 . . . . 
 PET OP ROSE LAWN \ 
 
 Alluring 5541 . 
 
 )=«*(.. 
 
 14 lbs, 7 
 \ 18 " 2+ 
 
 19 ■■ 5 
 
 Rose of Rose Lawn ! 
 Deoine 6343 . . , 
 Dark Cloud 9364 . 
 Total, 6 cow*. 
 
 16 lbs 
 14 " 
 
 LOPEZ 313. 
 Imported in dam Amy 595, January 29th 
 Massachusetts. Dropped Jime 4th, 1869. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 1869, by H. M. Wellington, 
 
 Namb. Pee Cen 
 
 T. SeVE 
 
 N D 
 
 Bertha Morgan 4770 . . 50 
 
 19 lbs 
 
 6 
 
 Molly Brown 7831 . . .50 
 
 16 " 
 
 
 
 LTDIADARRAOH4903 35 
 
 17 •• 
 
 14 
 
 Violet of Glencalrn 10,231 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 4 
 
 May Lankton 15,872 . . 12i 
 
 16 " 
 
 H 
 
 Lydia Darracli 2d 8056 . 12i 
 
 16 '■ 
 
 
 
 Lydia Darrach 3d 10,662 . 12i 
 
 16 •• 
 
 
 
 Orphean 4636 12i 
 
 15 •• 
 
 7 
 
 Lydia Darrach 5th 16,577 
 
 \%\ 
 
 15 
 
 NIOBE OF ST. LAM- 
 
 
 
 BERT 12,969 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 21 
 
 Behneda 6329 
 
 6i 
 
 18 
 
 Olie's Lady Teazle 12,307 . 
 
 6i 
 
 16 
 
 Gem of Sassafras 8434 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 
 
 TOM DASHER 42u. 
 Dropped January 30th, 1869. Bred by S. W. Robbins, "Wethersfield, Conn. 
 Sire, Albert 44. Dam, Flora 420. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Jersey Cream 3151 . . 
 OUe4133 
 
 Blood, 
 Pee Cen 
 . 50 
 . 50 
 
 Seven Dats. 
 17 Hw. oz. 
 15 " •■ 
 
 Name. P 
 
 Polly Clover 70.52 . . . 
 Olie's Lady Teazle 12,307 
 
 
 BUTIEE Yield 
 Seven Dats. 
 
 16 lbs. 15 
 16 " 5 
 
 Creamer 2467 .... 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 May Lankton 15,872 
 
 
 3U 
 
 16 " 
 
 li 
 
 Jersey Cream 3d 8521 . 
 
 . 37* 
 
 16 " 
 
 5 '■ 
 
 Orphean 4636 .... 
 
 
 m 
 
 15 " 
 
 7 
 
 VALUE 2d 6844 . . 
 
 . 25 
 
 25 " 
 
 2H " 
 
 Cowles' Nonsuch 6199 
 
 
 12i 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 
 
 Peggy Leah 3097 . . 
 May Blossom 5657 . . 
 Duchess of Argyle 3758 
 
 . 25 
 . 35 
 . 25 
 
 18 " 
 18 " 
 14 " 
 
 12 " 
 11 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 
 14 641 
 
 2d 
 
 13+ 
 
 14 " 
 
 12 
 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 
 
 3d 
 
 
 
 Jersey Cream 2d 8519 . 
 Gem of Sassafras 8434 . 
 
 . 25 
 . 35 
 
 14 " 
 14 " 
 
 12 " 
 
 
 
 12i 
 6i 
 
 14 •• 
 20 " 
 
 
 Hillside Gem 16,640 
 
 
 
 
 Katie Bashford 15,982 . 
 
 . 12i 
 
 17 " 
 
 " 
 
 Belmeda6329 . . 
 
 
 6i 
 
 18 " 
 
 12 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Cordelia Baker 8814 
 Rosona 12,956 . . . 
 Ethalka 2<i 14,138 . . 
 Phyllis of llillcri'st 906'; 
 
 
 Blood. Bctteb TraLD 
 
 NiMi;. 
 
 Peb Ckkt. Sbvek Days. 
 
 Roll of Honor 13,610 
 
 . 6i 14 lbs. 13 c 
 
 Celeste Cox 12,948 . 
 
 . . 3i 20 " 8 
 
 Pet Clover 14,634 . 
 
 . 34 16 " 8 
 
 Total, 37 cows. 
 
 
 YOUNG BARON 702. 
 Color, solifl bronze fuwn ; black points. Bred by Mr. Mallett, Jersey. 
 1869. Imported by E. P. P. Fowler, 1871. 
 
 T?;STED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Dropped 
 
 
 Hr.ooD. 
 
 BlTTTEE YIELD IS 
 
 
 Blood 
 
 BUTTEK YlBL 
 
 Kamz. 
 
 Tee Uen 
 
 r. Seven Dats. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pe« cex 
 
 T. Seve.v Dat 
 
 Gipsy May 6259 . . 
 
 . 75 
 
 17 lbs. 8 OZ. 
 
 Peggotty II. 8639 . . 
 
 . 25 
 
 15 lbs. 6 
 
 Pearl Armstrong 2670 
 
 . 50 
 
 21 " 10 " 
 
 Suuuy Lass 6033 . . . 
 
 . 25 
 
 14 " 7 
 
 Amethyst 2699 . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 18 " •■ 
 
 Muezzin 3670 .... 
 
 . 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 Arietta 5115 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 15 " " 
 
 La.ss Rex Alphea 16,965 
 
 . m 
 
 16 " lot 
 
 Bertie Briggs 5213 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 4 " 
 
 
 
 
 Duenna's Duchess 5508 
 
 . 25 
 
 16 " 10 " 
 
 Total. 10 cmcs. 
 
 
 
 MERCURY 432. 
 
 Coliir. solid dark f;;ray, shading to black ; lilaek tiin<rne and switcli. Sire, Jupiter 
 93. Dam, Alphea 171. Bred by R. M. Hoe, New York. Di-opped October 7th, 
 1869. Still in servdce, at sixteea years of age, at the head of the Simpson Herd. 
 Has given from fifty to one hundred per cent, of his blood to twenty -five tested cows. 
 Mercury is the product of full brother and sister, and is a good lesson for those who 
 theorize so energetically against the practice of inbreeding. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Naue. 
 
 Phaedra 2561 . . 
 Nymphica 5141 . 
 Purest 13,730 . . 
 Richness 16,536 . 
 Marvel 13,734 . . 
 Ideal Alphea 18,755 
 Alphea Star 16,532 
 Alphetta 16,.531 . 
 Lernella 22,322 . 
 Alphea Jewell 22,331 
 Reality 16,537 . 
 Smoky 13,733 
 Renown 13.729 
 Idaletta 11,843 
 Lernu 3634 . . 
 
 . Sk> 
 
 E.N DATS 
 
 19 lbs 
 
 13 
 
 18 ■• 
 
 7i • 
 
 15 " 
 
 4 
 
 . 63i 
 . 63i 
 . 63^ 
 . 50 
 
 50 
 
 
 2i 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 3J 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 14* 
 
 
 13 
 
 Idalene 11,841 . 
 Crust 4775 . . . 
 Zalma 8778 . . 
 Clytemnestra 3455 
 Tola 4627 . . . 
 Ideal 11,843 . . 
 Nimble 22,335 . 
 Ilartwick Belle 7731 
 Vestina2458 . . 
 Ballet Girl 18,750 
 Zitella3d 11,933 . 
 Ceccola 13,608 . 
 Malope 3d 11,933 
 Nazli 10.327 . . 
 Robinetle 7114 . 
 
 . 50 
 . 374 
 
 . 374 
 . 374 
 . 374 
 
 15 lbs. 
 
 15 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 15 " 
 14 " 
 14 " 
 14 " 
 14 " 
 
 14 " 
 17 " 
 
 16 " 
 
 15 " 
 15 '■ 
 14 " 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Nam 
 
 Feb < 
 
 Colie 8309 25 18 lbs. 
 
 Bessie S. 5002 25 16 " 
 
 Fillpail 16,530 .... 25 15 " 
 
 Niva7523 25 15 " 
 
 Forsaken 7520 . . . .35 15 " 
 
 Faustine 10,354 .... 25 14 " 
 
 Bessie Bradfoid 7269 . . 25 14 " 
 
 Honeydrop 10,033 ... 25 14 " 
 
 St. Nick's Flora 16,195 . 25 14 " 
 
 Mother Hubbard 10,331 . 12+ 24 " 
 
 Little Torment 1.5,581 . . 12i 23 " 
 
 BOMBA 10,330 .... 12+ 21 " 
 
 Quachette 17,091 .... 12+ 19 " 
 
 Bertha Black 26,275 . . 12+ 17 " 
 
 Matilda 5th 18,068 . . .13+ 16 " 
 
 Lily of Maple Grove 5079 12^ 16 " 
 
 s Days. 
 
 Name. Pee Cent 
 
 Sev 
 
 N Dai 
 
 4 oz. 
 
 Corn 10,504 .... 
 
 13+ 
 
 16 lbs 
 
 3 
 
 " 
 
 Referette 15 309 
 
 12+ 
 
 15 " 
 
 g 
 
 11 " 
 
 Leah Darlington 13,836 
 
 12i 
 
 15 " 
 
 54 
 
 8 " 
 
 Bessie Bradford 2d 7371 
 
 12+ 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 
 
 1 " 
 
 Verora 10,766 . . . 
 
 13i 
 
 15 '• 
 
 H 
 
 14i ■' 
 
 Lucy Lanier 13,053 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 18 " 
 
 3 
 
 2 " 
 
 Lass Rex Alphea 16,965 
 
 6i 
 
 16 " 
 
 lOJ 
 
 Oi " 
 
 Rioter Alphea 10,091 . 
 
 6i 
 
 16 ■■ 
 
 7 
 
 " 
 
 Eupidee's Perfection 20,17 
 
 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 4 
 
 li " 
 
 Dove Dee 18,0.59 . . . 
 
 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 
 
 2* " 
 
 Bronze Leaf 14,903 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 1 
 
 Hi " 
 
 Goldstraw 3d 14,724 . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 
 
 11+ " 
 
 Peggy Ford 21,713 . . 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 10 
 
 " 
 
 Dia 13,658 
 
 3i 
 
 15 '■ 
 
 13 
 
 4 ■' 
 
 Shiloh Daughter 20,378 
 
 lA 
 
 14 " 
 
 % 
 
 3 " 
 
 Total, 61 cowi. 
 
 
 
 
 PIERROT 636. 
 Color, silver gray fawn ; Iilack tongue and tail. 
 S. C. Colt, Hartford, Coini.. 1871. 
 
 Dropped 1869. Imported by 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 Blood, 
 
 BcTTER Yield in 
 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Butter Yield 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pee Cek 
 
 
 N DATS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pee Cen 
 
 . Seve 
 
 N Days. 
 
 Minneola of Elmarch 8 
 
 339 50 
 
 15 lbs 
 
 15 OZ. 
 
 Little Sister 11,666 . . 
 
 . 35 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 12 
 
 Elsie Brown 4021 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 6+ " 
 
 New London Gipsy 11,6 
 
 57 35 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 
 
 Geranium 3963 . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Susie La Biche 3d 15,171 
 
 . 35 
 
 14 " 
 
 64 
 
 Rosy Kate 10,376 . 
 
 . 37+ 
 
 18 '■ 
 
 13 " 
 
 Palestine's Last Daught 
 
 
 
 
 Lady Cecilia 24,821 . 
 
 . 37+ 
 
 16 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 12,603 
 
 . 35 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 
 
 Pierrot's Picture 13,481 
 
 . 374 
 
 16 " 
 
 " 
 
 Lady Fanning 11,169 . 
 
 . 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 
 
 Pierrot's Countess 12,480 . 37+ 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 Rarity 3d 7724 . . . 
 
 . 35 
 
 14 " 
 
 2 
 
 Pierrot's Lady Bacon 12 
 
 483 3U 
 
 16 ■' 
 
 10 " 
 
 Queen Fannie 10,375 . 
 
 . 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 2 
 
 Geranium 2(i 7838 
 
 35 
 
 26 " 
 
 4f " 
 10 " 
 
 Little Han 8004 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 PEROIE 14,937 . . 
 
 . 35 
 
 18 ■■ 
 
 Rosy Kate's Rex 13,193 
 
 . 18f 
 
 18 " 
 
 8 
 
 14 •■ 
 
 6+ " 
 
 Celeste Cox 12,948 . . 
 
 . 134 
 
 30 " 
 
 8 
 
 Jennie of the Vale 9553 
 
 . 35 
 
 17 " 
 
 7+ '■ 
 
 Belmeda 6239 .... 
 
 . 13+ 
 
 18 " 
 
 13 
 
 Colt's La Biche 6399 
 
 . 35 
 
 17 " 
 
 3+ " 
 
 Kitty Potter 9893 . . 
 
 . 134 
 
 18 " 
 
 5 
 
 Polly Clover 7052 . 
 
 . 35 
 
 16 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 Floret 9959 
 
 . 134 
 
 17 ■' 
 
 6 
 
 Hattie Douglass 34,960 
 
 . 35 
 
 16 " 
 
 5 " 
 
 Lida Mullin 9198 . . . 
 
 . 124 
 
 16 " 
 
 18 
 
 Fannie Taylor 6714 . 
 
 . 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 Lizzie D. 10,408 . . . 
 
 . 134 
 
 16 " 
 
 15 
 
 Julia Walker 10,133 
 
 . 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 12 " 
 
 Jersey Cream 3d 8531 . 
 
 . 134 
 
 16 " 
 
 5 
 
 Canto 7194. . . . 
 
 . 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 Lady Hayes 10,136 . . 
 
 . 134 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 
 
 Ultima 14,4.56 . . . 
 
 . 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 12 " 
 
 Pierrot's Lady Hayes 11,6 
 
 72 124 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 
 
 Palestina 4644 . . 
 
 . 25 
 
 15 ■' 
 
 8 " 
 
 Bellini La Biche 15,091 
 
 . 134 
 
 14 " 
 
 144 
 
 Princess of Mansfield 8 
 
 070 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 Pawtucket Belle 13,406 
 
 . 124 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 
 
 Bellini's Maid 15,170 
 
 . 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 H •' 
 
 Yellow Locust 10,679 . 
 
 . 134 
 
 14 " 
 
 104 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Blood. 
 Kami. Per Ceni 
 
 Eva of Snipsic 17,650 . . 12* 
 
 BuTTEli YiELl. I!< 
 
 Skvin DAYe. 
 
 14 lbs. 1 oz. 
 
 BI...OI.. 
 
 Signal Maid 19,361 . . . 6i 
 
 Bi 
 
 15 
 
 Atlanta's Beauty 12,949 . Oi 
 Hypathia 2(1 14,774 . . . 6i 
 Pet Clover 14,624 . . . 6| 
 
 21 •• 3 " 
 19 ■■ 13i " 
 16 •■ 8 •' 
 
 Chautauqua Queen 26,403 6i 
 Leoline 2d 18,315 . . . 6^ 
 Baby Buttercup 10,888 . . 6i 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 14 
 
 Olie's Lady Teazle 12,307 . 6> 
 Pinafore 2tl 15,073 . . . 6i 
 
 16 " 5 " 
 15 '• 8 " 
 
 Tohd, 52 mws. 
 
 
 COUCH'S LILY 3237. 
 Color, light orange fawn ; dark shading around eyes ; black switch. Dropped 
 
 February, 1869. Bred by Joseph M. Waters, Cromwell, Conn. 
 Dam, Lily Dale 3230. 
 
 couch's lily and tested descendants. 
 
 Sire, Albert 44. 
 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Butteb Yield in 
 
 Blood. 
 
 BOTTE 
 
 « Yield in 
 
 Name. 
 
 Peb Cent. Seven Davs. 
 
 Naue. Per Cen 
 
 T. SeV 
 
 en DATS. 
 
 Couch's Lily 3237 
 
 . . 100 
 
 16 lbs 
 
 9 oz. 
 
 Rosy Kates Rex 13,192 . 12A 
 
 18 lbs 
 
 8 oz. 
 
 Ilepsy 2d 13,008 . 
 
 . . 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Maggie Rex 28,623 . . . 12i 
 
 17 " 
 
 Oi ■■ 
 
 Floret 9959 . . 
 
 . . 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 Sister Rex 13,194 . . . 12* 
 
 16 " 
 
 8 •• 
 
 Arawana Queen 5368 . . 25 
 
 16 •• 
 
 9 " 
 
 Elsie Lane 13,302 . . . 12i 
 
 
 4 " 
 
 Princess Bellworth 6801 . 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 lOi •• 
 
 Chautauqua Queen 26,403 \i\ 
 
 
 11 " 
 
 Usilda 2d 6157 . 
 
 . . 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 21 " 
 
 Sister Cash 33,987 ... 12* 
 
 
 10 " 
 
 Favorite Rajah Rex 16,153 25 
 
 15 ■• 
 
 ■' 
 
 Lillcy Rex 9852 . . . . 12J 
 
 
 7 " 
 
 Louvie 3d 6159 . 
 
 . . 25 
 
 14 •• 
 
 13 ■■ 
 
 Lass Rex Alpliea 16,965 . 6] 
 
 16 •• 
 
 lOf " 
 
 Bell Rex 11,700 . 
 
 . . 25 
 
 14 '• 
 
 10 •• 
 
 CARRIE LENA 3d 
 
 
 
 Princess Rose 
 
 . . 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 20,077 6i 
 
 16 •' 
 
 5 " 
 
 Jeannie Piatt 6005 
 
 . . 25 
 
 14 ■• 
 
 4 •• 
 
 Guinevere Sinclair ... 6} 
 
 16 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 Lottie Rex 18,757 
 
 . . 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 Elhalka2.1 14.128 . . . i\\ 
 
 15 " 
 
 " 
 
 Pet Rex 20,166 . 
 
 . . 25 
 
 14 •■ 
 
 2i •■ 
 
 
 
 
 Kerni Rex 13,671 
 
 . . 35 
 
 14 •• 
 
 
 
 Total, 25 evwa. 
 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 BfLLS. 
 
 WELCOME, F. 106 J. 11. B.— H. C. 
 White line on left side ; tail brown, tongue black. Dropped 1870. Second 
 prize over Jersey 1871. First prize over Jersey 1872. 
 
 
 
 tested 
 
 DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 
 Naue. 
 
 Blood. 
 
 BuTTEE Yield 
 Seven Day 
 
 r 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, 
 Pee Ceni 
 
 Bi'TTEE Yield in 
 Seven Date. 
 
 Garenne 24,534 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 16 lbs. 3 
 
 OZ. 
 
 Trudie2d4084 . . . 
 
 . 25 
 
 15 lbs. 10 OZ. 
 
 Lucilla Kent 8892 . . 
 
 . 37i 
 
 15 " 10 
 
 " 
 
 Fan of Grouville 7458 . 
 
 . 25 
 
 15 •' " 
 
 Fear Not 6059 
 
 25 
 
 17 " 10 
 17 •• 4 
 
 
 Lily of Staatsburg 5427 
 Miss Porter 20,300 . . 
 
 . 25 
 
 . 181 
 
 14 " 2i " 
 16 " 6 ■• 
 
 Faith of Oiiklnnds 19,696 
 
 . 25 
 
 Buttercup 17,285 . . . 
 
 . 25 
 
 16 " 8 
 
 
 St. Jcannaise 15,789 . 
 
 . 18J 
 
 16 " 4 •' 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A. 
 
 Eugenie Tourneur 24,533 
 
 (rated) 18f 
 
 PRINCESS 2d 8046 . . 13A 
 Westphalia 24,384 . . .12+ 
 
 Ona7840 13i 
 
 Primrose 11,956 .... 13* 
 Daisy of St. Peters 18,175 12+ 
 Oaklands Cora 18,853 . . 12+ 
 Fan's Grouville Beauty 
 
 10,079 13i 
 
 Blue Bell of Maple Grove 
 
 10,687 13J 
 
 LE BROCQ'S CUR- [ ^ 
 
 FEJF 30.697 ...("* 
 Lactine 10,680 . 
 Pyrrha 6100 . . 
 Daisy Queen 9619 
 Young Garenne 3 
 Desire 34,360 .... 
 Fear Not 3d 6061 . . 
 Dot Buttercup 16,358 . 
 Brunette Le Gros 9755 . 
 Happy Blossom 18,218 . 
 Satin Bird 16,380 . . 
 Jenny Le Brocq 9757 . 
 
 13,648 12J 
 
 12+ 
 
 OOCOTTE ll,95)r 
 
 Corao Lass 34,369 
 Blonde 2d 9268 . 
 Ballet Girl 18,750 
 Nell Gwynn 9654 
 Fillpail 2d 34,388 
 
 EHELULA 17,970 
 
 King's Tru.st 18,946 . 
 Granny's Gem 30,406 
 Roxie R. 13,503 . . 
 
 13+ 
 
 12+ 
 
 12+ 
 
 13+ 
 
 12+ 14 ■ 
 
 
 
 9f 25 • 
 
 2 
 
 ».};:: 
 
 8 
 6+ 
 
 9| 18 • 
 
 
 
 9| 16 • 
 
 •5i 
 
 9f 16 ' 
 
 
 
 1,467 
 
 Name. Pei 
 
 Pendulc 2d 16,709 . . . 
 OXFORD KATE 13,646 
 Little Torment 15,581 . 
 Island Star 11,876 . . 
 Pilot's Veronica 18,917 . 
 Floribundus 2d 14,949 . 
 Arthur's Mistletoe 11,968 
 Daisy Brown 12,313 . 
 Mousy 3d 14,963 . . . 
 Princess of Ashantee 1 
 Dairy Pride 4th 31,68 
 Rose of Oxford 13,46! 
 Calington 22,031 . . 
 Victory 16,379 . . 
 Queen of Ashantee 14,554. 
 Cicero's Mabel 18,338 
 Romping Lass 11,031 
 Beauty 17,414 . . . 
 Lady Fair 33,103. . 
 Rosebud of Bellevue 7702 
 Nimble 22,335 . . . 
 Miss Huelin 22,296 . . 
 Scipio's Lively 19,869 . 
 Belle Grinnell 3d 16,503 
 Lizzie C. 7713 .... 
 Ada Minka 15,562 . . 
 ETHLEEL 2d 33,291 
 Queen Neptune 15,501 , 
 Cetewayo's Silver Bell 18,952 34 
 Rosona 12,956 . . 
 Lotchen 19,833 . 
 Elsie Lane 13,303 
 Prize Rose 16,309 
 Deletta 21,305 . . 
 Betsona 16,776 . 
 Variella of Linwood 10,954 
 Total. 77 cows. 
 
 3i 
 
 Seven Days. 
 
 14 lbs. 6 c 
 39 " 12 ' 
 
 DUKE OF GRAYIIOLDT 1035. 
 
 Dropped 1870. Imported from 
 
 Color, solid gray brown ; black points 
 Jersey 1871, by J. V. Prather. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Duenna's Duchess 5508 
 Verbena of Fernwood 9088 50 
 
 Blood, 
 Pee Ozn 
 
 BuTTEK Yield in 
 . Seven Day8. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, Butter Yie 
 Per Cent. Seven D 
 
 . 50 
 
 16 lbs. 10 oz. 
 
 Morlacchi 2725 . . 
 
 . . 50 14 lbs. 
 
 8 50 
 
 15 " " 
 
 Putnam Belle 13,116 
 
 . . 37+ 14 •• 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Plilox 16,399 25 
 
 Ada S. 18,366 25 
 
 Sunset of Pleasant View 
 
 13,071 25 
 
 Miss Baden Baden 14,760 . 25 
 
 Sunny Lass 6033 .... 25 
 
 21 lbs. 11 oz. 
 
 Marv of Pleasant View 
 
 
 10 ■• 9 •• 
 
 13,448 18f 
 
 141b.s. 6 
 
 
 Belle Mardi 18,362 . . . 12i 
 
 18 " Oi 
 
 15 " 2 " 
 
 Belle of Lynwood 18,364 . 12^ 
 
 17 " 14 
 
 14 •' 14A " 
 
 Lass Rex Alphea 16,965 . 12+ 
 
 16 ■• lOf 
 
 14 " 7 " 
 
 Toua, 13 cows. 
 
 
 Dropped 1870. 
 New York. Sire, 
 J. II. B.— C. 
 
 YANKEE 1003 (/'. 27 ./. //. B.—II. C). 
 
 Imported from Jersey August 15th, 1872, by W. B. Dinsmore, 
 Paddy, F. 97 J. H. B.— C. Dam, Georgette, F. 309 
 
 TESTED DESCENDAlfTS. 
 
 
 Biooi), 
 
 SVTTT. 
 
 a Yield is 
 
 
 Blood. 
 
 BuTTEn Vield 
 
 NiMt. 
 
 Pee Cen 
 
 r. Sevbn DATS. 
 
 Name. Pee Ces 
 
 Sevex Days. 
 
 Ca.ssia 2d 21.307 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 30 lbs. 
 
 10} oz. 
 
 Mother Carey 11,476 . 
 
 12* 
 
 27 lbs 
 
 1 ( 
 
 Chloe4tU4612 . . . 
 
 . .50 
 
 17 ■' 
 
 4 " 
 
 Lady of the Isles 2d 16,652 
 
 
 
 
 Susie Marshall 5782 . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 16 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 (rated) 
 
 12i 
 
 19 •• 
 
 11 
 
 Kitty 5tli 3849 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 16 " 
 
 " 
 
 Mabel of St. Mary's 8627 
 
 m 
 
 16 ■• 
 
 10 
 
 Ida 8tli 5429 .... 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Farmer's Floss 17,773 . 
 
 12* 
 
 15 " 
 
 Ij 
 
 Viva Le Brocq 13,702 . 
 
 . 35 
 
 18 " 
 
 3 .. 
 
 Fall Leaf 8587 . . . 
 
 m 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 8 
 
 Queensborough 24,345 . 
 
 . 35 
 
 17 " 
 
 5 •• 
 
 Adora 18,569 .... 
 
 12+ 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 
 
 Belle Dame 2d 22,043 . 
 
 . 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Lotchen 19,823 . . . 
 
 91 
 
 16 " 
 
 7 
 
 Fancy Fan 13,657 . . 
 
 . 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 Viva Le Brocq 13,702 . 
 
 6} 
 
 17 " 
 
 7 
 
 Lily of the Valley 7439 
 
 . 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Armon 10,862 .... 
 
 6} 
 
 16 " 
 
 13i 
 
 Cleliola 14,042 . . . 
 
 . 35 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Nibbett 16,635 . . . 
 
 61 
 
 14 " 
 
 7 
 
 Queen of De Soto 12,318 
 
 . 18i 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 Belle Grinnell 3d 16,503 
 
 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 2 
 
 Carlo's Fancy 14,591 . 
 
 . 18J 
 
 14 " 
 
 '■ 
 
 Total, 24 cows. 
 
 
 
 
 MOGUL 532. 
 
 Dropped February, 1870. Bred by Mr. Payn, St. Martins, Jersey. Imported 
 by S. J. Sharpless, Pennsylvania, January, 1871. Sire, Sultan, F. 58 J. H. B. — 
 
 n. c. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Buttei 
 
 Yield in 
 
 Blood. 
 
 BlTTE 
 
 . Yield 
 
 Name. ' Pee Cen 
 
 T. Seves Days. 
 
 Name. Pee Cent. Sev 
 
 N DATS. 
 
 Rosebud of Allerton 6352 . 37i 
 
 19 lbs 
 
 12 OZ. 
 
 Thorndale Belle 8d 10,459 25 
 
 15 lbs 
 
 15 
 
 Belle of Prospect 2d 14,326 25 
 
 19 " 
 
 " 
 
 Mitten 13,368 25 
 
 15 ■■ 
 
 11 
 
 Mary M. Allison 6308 . . 25 
 
 20 •• 
 
 14 •■ 
 
 Merry Burlington 7600 . . 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 4 
 
 Calendine 9415 .... 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 9 •• 
 
 Gledelia 10,534 .... 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 
 
 Leonice 2d 8342 . . . . 25 
 
 16 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Belle Thorne 13,369 . . 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 11 
 
 Corinna 2d 6594 .... 25 
 
 16 " 
 
 5 " 
 
 Violet of Glencairn 10,221 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 4 ' 
 
 Bramballetta 10,451 ... 25 
 
 16 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 Mary of Gilderoy 11,219 . 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 4 ' 
 
 Lady Alice of Ilillcrest 
 
 
 
 Queen of Prospect 11,997 . 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 4 ' 
 
 7450 25 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Little Torment 15.581 . . 13* 
 
 23 " 
 
 3i ' 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMEBIOA. 
 
 537 
 
 Name. 
 
 Niobe's Alpheanette 23,3: 
 Lady Josephine 11,560 . 
 
 12i 32 lbs. m 
 m 16 " lU 
 
 Alfritha 13,678 , 
 Nutley Silverette 
 
 . . . 13i 15 lbs. 3 
 ,410 . 6J 15 " 12f 
 
 Tvtal, 31 coies. 
 
 NELUSKO 479. 
 
 Solid color. 
 Sire, Kajah 340. 
 
 Dropped May 20th, 1870. 
 Dam, Nelly 55. 
 
 Bred at Ogden Farm, Newport, R. I. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Kame. Pee Ce 
 
 T. Seven Days. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Per Cin 
 
 r. Seve 
 
 1 Days. 
 
 Maggie May 3255. . . 
 
 50 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 3+ oz. 
 
 Starkville Beauty 4897 . 
 
 . 35 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 
 
 Gilt Edge 2d 4420 . . 
 
 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Atlanta's Beauty 13,949 
 
 . m 
 
 31 " 
 
 3 
 
 Lucky Belle 2d 6037 . 
 
 35 
 
 16 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 Gabrielle Champiqn 14,103 13J 
 
 17 '■ 
 
 8 
 
 Julia Evelyn 6007 . . 
 
 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 154 " 
 
 Obella B. 10,575 . . . 
 
 . 13i 
 
 17 " 
 
 4 
 
 "Valerie 6044 .... 
 
 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 Armon 10,863 .... 
 
 . 13i 
 
 16 " 
 
 134 
 
 Duchess Caroline 3d 6041 
 
 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 GILT EDGE O. 13,33 
 
 5. 13i 
 
 15 " 
 
 9i 
 
 Bettie Dixon 4537 . . 
 
 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 " 
 
 Mountain Lass 13,931 . 
 
 . 134 
 
 14 '■ 
 
 9 
 
 Florry Keep 6556 . . 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 14 •• 
 
 Minnie Lee 3d 12,941 . 
 
 . 13i 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 
 
 CoroniUa 8367 . . . . 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 9| '■ 
 
 Therese M. 8364 . . . 
 
 . 12i 
 
 14 •' 
 
 3 
 
 Pride of the Hill 4871 . 
 
 25 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 8 " 
 
 Vivalia 13,760 . . . . 
 
 . 13i 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 Maggie C. 13,216 . . 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 Marpefra 10,384 . . . 
 
 . H 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 
 
 Maggie May 2d 13,926 . 
 
 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 Total, 33 C0W6. 
 
 
 
 
 Color, dark fawn 
 Bred by John Arthur, Jersey 
 C. Ridgely, of Hampton, Md 
 
 ORANGE PEEL 864. 
 gray head ; black switch ; white on belly. Dropped 1870. 
 Brother of Orange Feel 502. Imported 1871, by 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Valma Hoffman 4500 
 
 Pee Ceijt. Sevej 
 
 . 50 21 lbs. 
 
 Kate Pansy 15,177 ... 50 15 " 
 
 Lady Mary Hampton 4861 50 14 " 
 
 Leonice 2d 8343 .... 25 16 " 
 
 Name. 
 
 Mary Norton 13,0 
 Nelida 3d 8337 . 
 
 13i 17 lbs. 14 
 13i 15 " 3i 
 
 OMAHA 482. 
 Imported in dam Omoo 1247, by S. J. Sliarpless, April 18th, 1870. Dropped 
 June 3d. 1870. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 Blood 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pee Cen 
 
 Metah's Queen 4886 . 
 
 . . 50 
 
 Mendota 3d 36,326 . 
 
 . . 50 
 
 Bryant 4193 
 Metah's Baby ! 
 
 Pee Cent. f 
 . 50 141 
 . 50 14 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 MONlTOIl 878. 
 
 Color, solid dark gray ; black tongue ; mixed switch. Dropped July 8th, 1870. 
 Bred by S. C. Colt, Hartford, Coun. Sire, Rob Roy 17. Dam, Emma 801. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Nakk. 
 
 Hlood. 
 
 BUTTIE YlKLD IN 
 
 Sbvix Days. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, 
 Pke CE.-n 
 
 Bdttie Yield 
 Sevem Datb. 
 
 Belle Grinnell 4073 
 
 . 50 
 
 18 lbs. 8 oz. 
 
 Lady Cecilia 34,821 
 
 . . 12* 
 
 16 lbs. 1 
 
 White Clover Leaf 4513 
 
 . 50 
 
 17 •' 15 " 
 
 Prince's Bloom 9729 
 
 . . 12i 
 
 14 ■• 3 
 
 Belle Grinnell 3d 16,503 
 
 . 25 
 
 14 •• 2 •■ 
 
 Ilypathia 3d 14,774 . 
 
 . . 6i 
 
 19 " 13i 
 
 Grinnell Lass 11,859 . 
 
 . 12* 
 
 16 •' 10 •■ 
 
 
 
 
 Sunset 15,130 .... 
 
 . 12i 
 
 16 " 3i " 
 
 Total. 8 mwa. 
 
 
 
 SON OF ALPIIEA oti2. 
 Color, solid ; black points. Dropped November 17tli, 1870. Bred by R. M. 
 Hoe, New York. Sire, Dolphin 2d 468. Dam, Alphea 171. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Pride of Corisandc .' 
 Gray Therc.se 5322 
 Silversides 3857 . 
 Silver Bell 4313 . 
 
 Niobe's Alpheanette 25 
 
 Calpurnia 13,267 . . 
 
 Alberta Signal 18,611 
 
 Total, 7 cows. 
 
 35 
 
 33 lbs. lOi oz. 
 5 15 " 3J " 
 3i 30 •• 11 " 
 
 ANGELA 1682. 
 Color, deep fawn, nearly solid. Dropped March 22d, 1870. Bred by L. H. 
 Twaddcll, W. Pliiladelplua, Pa. Sire, Roxbury 247. Dam, Europa 121. 
 
 ANGELA AND TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood, 
 Name. Pee Cent 
 
 BiTTTER Yield in 
 .Seven Dats. 
 
 XAME. 
 
 Blood, 
 
 BUTTEB YiE 
 
 DIN 
 
 Angela 1682 .... 100 
 
 14 lbs. 2 OZ. 
 
 Luci-tta3!)17 .... 
 
 25 
 
 14 lbs. 3 
 
 OZ 
 
 Duchess of Bloonitield 3653 50 
 
 20 •■ OS ■• 
 
 ETHLBEL 2d 33,291 
 
 12i 
 
 30 " 16 
 
 
 SU LU 4705 50 
 
 17 " 15 • 
 
 .Jiuiucnctta 10,958 . . 
 
 12* 
 
 14 " 6 
 
 " 
 
 Letitia3917 .50 
 
 15 •■ 3J " 
 
 Lcolinc 2d 18,315 . . 
 
 13i 
 
 14 " 4 
 
 " 
 
 Lorella 12,913 25 
 
 14 " 7 " 
 
 Total, 9 cows. 
 
 
 
 
 LADY OK THE ISLES, F. 992 J. H. B.— H. C. 
 
 Color, light brown and white ; white speck on right slioulder ; wliite speck right 
 of setting of tail. Dropped April, 1870. 
 
 First prize over Jer.sey, 1874, 1875, 1876. Sweepstakes and Silver Cup, 1875. 
 Also Sweepstakes Parish Prizes many years. 
 
JERHEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Bred by J. Arthur, of St. Mary. Sire, Brown Prince, F. 85 J. H. B.— H. C. 
 Dam, Nonsuch, F. 334 J. H. B.— C. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blooh, Butter Yield in i 
 Name. Pee Cekt. Seven Days. Name. 
 
 Lady of the Isles 2d 16,6.53 I Lady Velvetine 15,771 
 
 (rated) 50 19 lbs. 11 oz. Pear Not 3d 6061 . 
 
 Fear Not 5059 .... 50 17 " 10 "I ToM . 4 corns. 
 
 Blood, Botteo Yield l 
 
 50 17 lbs. 3 
 35 16 " 2 
 
 1871. 
 
 MILO 590. 
 Color, nearly solid ; white iieck on eacli shoulder, right hip and left flank ; 
 black switch and tongue. Dropped March 12th, 1871. Bred by T. J. Hand. Sire, 
 Lawrence 61. Dam, Motto 80. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Per Cen 
 
 T. SeVE 
 
 N DATS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Per Cent. Seven D 
 
 Allie Minka 3983 
 
 . . 50 
 
 14 lbs. 
 
 6i OZ. 
 
 Bonnie Yost 7943 . 
 
 . . 35 18 lbs. 3 
 
 Cigarette 3849 . 
 
 . . 50 
 
 14 •• 
 
 4 " 
 
 Ada Minka 15,563 . 
 
 . . 35 14 " 3 
 
 Muezzin 3670 . . 
 
 . . 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 n 
 MAEI1 
 
 Total, 5 mws. 
 [JS 760. 
 
 
 Color, solid gray; black switch and tongue. Dropped April 23d, 1871. Bred 
 by W. H. Schieffeliu, New York. Sire, Willie Boy 434. Dam and granddam, Lady 
 Mary 1148. A model of good breeding, having seventy-five per cent, of Lady Mary 
 1148, his dam, and showing the largest number of tested descendants of any bull of 
 his era. Another grand lesson upon the true art of inbreeding. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Nam 
 
 Per I 
 
 "Welma5943 50 
 
 Chenda4599 50 
 
 Calypris5943 50 
 
 Evri 5283 50 
 
 Geranium 3d 7838 . . 
 Tenella6713 . . . . 
 Cora of Llnwood 13,915 
 Croton Maid 5305 . . 
 Optima 6715 . . . . 
 CEnone 8614 .... 
 Vixen 7591 . . . . 
 
 K DATS. 
 
 Name. Per Cen 
 
 T. SevI 
 
 N I) 
 
 8 oz. 
 
 Beeswax 7805 35 
 
 17 lbs 
 
 5 
 
 9i " 
 
 Bellita 4553 35 
 
 17 " 
 
 3 
 
 4i " 
 
 Valhalla 5300 25 
 
 17 ■' 
 
 
 
 4 " 
 
 Belle of Patterson 5664. . 25 
 
 16 " 
 
 6 
 
 4f " 
 
 Troth 6139 35 
 
 16 " 
 
 5 
 
 li " 
 
 Busy Bee 6336 .... 35 
 
 16 " 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Fleurette of Linwoodl3,918 25 
 
 IG " 
 
 
 
 lU " 
 
 Edwina 6713 25 
 
 15 ■' 
 
 13 
 
 8i ■' 
 
 Fanny Taylor 6714 ... 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 12 
 
 15 " 
 
 Li.setta Johnson 3d 6783 . 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 10 
 
 6 " 
 
 Denise8381 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 9 
 
JERSEY CA rrLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 
 Nav 
 
 Etiquette 4300 .... 2r> 15 lbs. 
 
 Jewell 3d .... 25 15 " 
 
 Signiilana 7719 .... 25 15 " 
 
 Aldimne 5301 25 15 " 
 
 Jenny William.s 29.058 . 25 15 " 
 
 Dora Doon 12,909 ... 25 15 " 
 
 Opaline 7590 25 14 " 
 
 Medrie Lc Brocq 8888 . .25 14 " 
 
 Marpetra 10,284 .... 25 14 " 
 
 Litza6338 25 14 " 
 
 Fandango 12,908 ... 25 14 " 
 
 Romp Ogden 8d 5458 . . 25 14 " 
 
 Comte.s.se d'Espagna 10,308 25 14 " 
 
 felile 4299 25 14 " 
 
 Le HoHii 10,078 .... 25 14 " 
 
 ETHLEEL 2d 32,291 . 18f 30 ' 
 
 Signetilia 10,333 . . . . 18f 14 " 
 
 Clierokec Hose 20,921 . . 12* 23 " 
 
 Fadctte of Verna 3d 11,122 12i 22 " 
 
 Celeste Co.\ 12.948 . . . 12i 20 " 8 
 
 Attractive Maid 16,925 . 12* 20 " 5 
 
 Fairy of Verna 2d 10,793 . 12i 20 " 3J 
 
 Hilda A. 2d 11,120 . . .12* 20 " 
 
 Ethlecl 18,724 . . . . 12i 19 " 14 
 
 Gardiner's Hippie 11,093 . 12i 19 " 12j 
 EVELINA OF VERNA 
 
 10,971 12i 19 
 
 TeneUa 2d 19,521 . . .12* 18 
 
 Harmony 2d 17,118 . . . 12i 18 
 
 Signaldella 24,107 . . . 12* 18 
 
 Bertha Black 26,275 . . 12* 17 
 
 Troth Plight 10,258 . . .12* 16 
 
 Gazella 3d 9355 .... 12* 16 
 
 10* 
 
 Dahlia .... 
 
 Rupertina 10,409 . . . 
 Mitten 13,368 .... 
 Pinafore 2d 15,072 . . 
 Friz Cam 14,655 . . . 
 Alfritha 13,073 . . . 
 Fanny Bugler 19,962 . 
 Romping Lass 11,021 . 
 Signal Alaid 19,361 . . 
 
 Earl Cow . . . 
 
 Belle Thome 13,369 . 
 Reception 3d 11,025 . 
 Euphorbia 11,229 . . 
 Guinevere Sinclair 11,16 
 Jaquenetta 10,958 . . 
 Lady Clarendon 3d 17,5 
 Lottie Rex 18,757 . . 
 Variella of Linwood 10,954 
 Sadie's Choice 7979 . . 
 Daisy Hamilton 19,962 
 Jennie Johnson 3d 6782 
 Daisy Morrison 14,035 . 
 Atlanta's Beauty 12,949 
 Alberta Signal 18,611 . 
 
 PERCIE 14,937 . . 
 
 Pansy Patterson 18,612 
 Frances C. Magnet 22,904 , 
 Duchess of Manchester 
 
 MaquiUa 24,043 . . . 
 TiAal, 84 com. 
 
 Per C«k: 
 12* 
 12* 
 12* 
 
 12* 
 12* 
 12* 
 12* 
 12* 
 12* 
 12* 
 12* 
 12* 
 12* 
 12* 
 12* 
 
 16 lbs. 0* oz. 
 
 GRAND DUKE ALEXIS 1040. 
 Color, solid squirrel gray ; full black points. Imported in dam Victorine La 
 Chaise 2740, by Dr. E. W. Voris, Scarborough, N. Y. Dropped November, 1871. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 N..,. 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Btm-IE TlELD 
 SiVES DATS 
 
 Chrissy2d7720 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 16 lbs. 14 
 
 Polynia 10,753 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 16 •• 7 
 
 Countess of Croton 5307 
 
 . 50 
 
 15 " 12 
 
 Roselaine 7167 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 15 ■• 1 
 
 Cosette3874 . . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 •' 10* 
 
 Name. Peb Ceki 
 
 Hartwick Belle 7722 . . 50 
 
 Corolla 4392 50 
 
 TencUa 6712 25 
 
 Gold Trinket 9518 . . .25 
 Valhalla 5300 25 
 
 Bt-TTEB Yield in 
 Seven DaT8. 
 
 14 lbs. 8 oz. 
 
 14 " 4 " 
 
 22 " 1* " 
 
 17 " 2 " 
 
 17 " " 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IERICA. 
 
 Name. Pee Cekt 
 
 Seve 
 
 U DATS. 
 
 Name. Pek Cen 
 
 Seven Dats. 
 
 Belle of Patterson 5664. . 25 
 
 16 lbs 
 
 6 oz. 
 
 EVELINA OF VERNA 
 
 
 
 Rupertina 10,409 . . . .25 
 
 15 " 
 
 121 " 
 
 10,971 
 
 13J 
 
 leibs. 10| oz 
 
 Azelda 2d 7022 .... 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 '• 
 
 Tenella 3d 19,521 . . 
 
 121 
 
 18 ■' 13 " 
 
 Aldarine 5301 .... 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 li " 
 
 Signaldella 34,107 . . 
 
 124 
 
 18 " If " 
 
 Guinevere Sinclair 11,167 . 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 " 
 
 Pansy Patterson 18,613 
 
 134 
 
 15 " 15 " 
 
 Alphea Jewell 22,331 . . 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Euphorbia 11,329 . . 
 
 134 
 
 14 " 91 " 
 
 Signetilia 16,333 18| 
 
 14 " 
 
 34 " 
 
 Litty8017 
 
 12J 
 
 14 " •• 
 
 Fadette of Verna 3d 11.122 124 
 
 22 " 
 
 84 " 
 
 Sadie's Choice 7979 . . 
 
 134 
 
 14 " " 
 
 Fairy of Verna 2d 10,793 . 12+ 
 
 20 " 
 
 Si " 
 
 Alberta Signal 18,611 . 
 
 6i 
 
 30 " 11 " 
 
 Hilda A. 2d 11,120 . . .12^ 
 
 20 " 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 Gardiner's Ripple 11,693 . 134 
 
 19 " 
 
 131 •' 
 
 Total, 39 cows. 
 
 
 
 G UY MA NN^ERTNG 698. 
 
 Solid color ; white muzzle ; black switch. Imported in dam Bnmette Lass 
 1870, by E. P. P. Fowler, January 14th, 18Y1. Dropped March 24th, 1871. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, 
 Pek Cent 
 
 Butter Yield in 
 Seven Datb. 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Butter Yield in 
 
 FAIR LADY 6733 . . 
 
 . 75 
 
 19 lbs. 1 oz. 
 
 Queen of Nubbin Ridge 
 
 
 May Fair 5184 . . . 
 
 . 75 
 
 16 " 7 " 
 
 14,.538 31J 
 
 17 lbs. oz 
 
 Phlox 16.399 .... 
 
 . 50 
 
 21 " 11 " 
 
 
 
 COTTAGE LASS 5353 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 8 " 
 
 Total, 5 cows. 
 
 
 WETHERSFIELD 966. 
 
 Color, dark gray and brown ; black switch and tongue. Dropped November 27th, 
 1871. Bred by S. W. Eobbins. Sire, Albert 44. Dam, Grinella 2d 1303. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. Peb CEI,^ 
 
 Butter Yield in 
 Seven Dais. 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Butt 
 
 I. Se 
 
 EB Yield in 
 en Dats. 
 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 6850 50 
 
 18 lbs. 13 oz. 
 
 Jennie of the Vale 9553 . 25 
 
 14 lbs. 61 oz 
 
 Summerline 8001 ... 25 
 
 18 ■' 6 " 
 
 Olie's Lady Teazle 12,307 . 25 
 
 16 ' 
 
 5 •■ 
 
 Cordelia Baker 8814 . . 25 
 Mary Clover 9998 . . .25 
 
 17 " 9 " 
 
 14 " 15 " 
 
 PERCIE 14,937 . . . . 131 - 
 
 18 ' 
 14 ' 
 
 10 " 
 
 61 " 
 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 3d 
 
 
 Pet Clover 14,634 ... 131 
 
 16 ' 
 
 8 " 
 
 14,641 25 
 
 14 " 13 " 
 
 Ethalka 2d 14,138 . . .131 
 
 15 ■ 
 
 " 
 
 Deborana4718 .... 35 
 
 14 ■• 8 " 
 
 Cele-ste Cox 13,948 . . . 6i 
 
 20 ' 
 
 8 " 
 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 3d 
 
 
 Chautauqua Queen 36,403 61 
 
 14 ' 
 
 11 " 
 
 14,643 35 
 
 14 " 2 " 
 
 Total, 14 cows. 
 
 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 IRON BANK 1120. 
 
 Nearly solid color ; white on belly. Imported iu dam Birdie 2611, September 
 19th, 1871, by A. M. Herkness, Philadelphia. Dropped December 25th, 1871. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Nawk. 
 
 Blood, 
 Peb Cen 
 
 BvTTEit Yield in 
 . Seven Dats. 
 
 AVillis 2(1 44«1 . . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 16 lbs. 3 OZ 
 
 Vaniah6g97 . . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 15 " 9i " 
 
 Lebanon Daugliter 6106 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 4 " 
 
 Lebanon Lass 6108 . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 2 " 
 
 Royal Sister 12,457 . . 
 Blossie Reynolds 6082 . 
 
 . 37i 
 . 25 
 
 14 " 11 " 
 16 '■ 3i " 
 
 Name. Feb Ce 
 
 Dora Bell of Shelly 's Island 
 
 9394 25 
 
 Dom Pedro's Julian 8631 . 25 
 Home JIatron 6707 ... 25 
 
 ToUd, 9 cows. 
 
 17 lbs. 10 OZ. 
 16 " " 
 14 " " 
 
 LEMON. F. 170 J. H. B. 
 
 Color, dark bro\ra ; -white patch between forelegs. Dropped 1871. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Nelly 6456 . . . 
 Nancy Lee 7618 .... 21 
 Mi.ss Vermont 7698 ... 2: 
 Daisy of St. Peters 18,175 . 2i 
 Royal Beauty 18,908 
 
 I Cent. Seven Dats. I Name. Feb Cent. Seven Dais. 
 
 50 21 lbs. OZ. j Bohemian Gipsy 17,452 . 12i 14 lbs. 11 oz. 
 
 25 26 " 8A " Lizzie C. 7713 m 14 " " 
 
 25 16 " 5 " Variella of Linwood 10,954 6i 14 " 1 " 
 
 " 5i " 
 
 12* 15 " 2J " ToUd,^ eoifs. 
 
 PADDY 899. 
 
 Solid color ; black ])oints. Imported from Jersey by Captain Pratt, November, 
 1871, at two months old. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 Ella of Sidney 4522 . . 
 
 Blood. Bitteb Yield in 
 Pee Cent. Seven Dats. 
 . 50 14 lbs. 7 OZ. 
 
 Rosetta of Sidney 4520 . 
 
 .50 14 " 2 " 
 
 Rosalia of Sidney 4521 . 
 
 . 50 14 " 2 " 
 
 Jefferson Albiua 12,196 
 
 . 37i 14 " 13 •■ 
 
 Moberlv Creamer 23,051 
 
 Cream of Sidney 17,028 . 25 17 lbs. 2i oz. 
 
 Hypathia 2d 14,744 . . . 12i 19 " 131 " 
 
 Queen of Delaware 17,029 12i 18 " 13 •' 
 
 Total, 8 co>cii. 
 
JERtiEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 PERTINATTI 713. 
 Color, neck and head dark ; body gray ; white points. Dropped September, 
 1871. Bred by C. L. Sharijless, Philadelphia, Penn. Sire, Pilot, Jr. 141. Dam, 
 Pert 110. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Pe» Ce> 
 
 T. SeV 
 
 EN Days. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Per Cent. S 
 
 EVEN Days. 
 
 Beauty • 50 
 
 30 lbs 
 
 15 oz. 
 
 Kate Gordon 8387 . 
 
 . 25 
 
 15 lbs. 15 oz 
 
 ReDalba4117 . . . 
 
 
 50 
 
 17 " 
 
 4i " 
 
 Petite MiSre 8516 . . 
 
 . 25 
 
 15 
 
 ' 13 " 
 
 Romp Ogden 2d 4764 
 
 
 50 
 
 15 " 
 
 5 " 
 
 Lucetta6856 . . . 
 
 . 25 
 
 14 
 
 ' 3 " 
 
 Pixie 4115 .... 
 
 
 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 Daisy Brown 13,313 
 Dot Buttercup 16,358 
 Dora Doon 12,909 . 
 
 . 12i 
 
 17 
 
 ' 6| " 
 
 Roonan 5133 . . . 
 
 
 
 30 " 
 
 4 
 
 . 12i 
 
 16 
 
 ' 2 " 
 
 Leoni 11,868 . . . 
 
 
 35 
 
 18 " 
 
 7 
 
 . 12i 
 
 15 
 
 ' " 
 
 Harmony 3d 17,118 . 
 
 
 35 
 
 18 " 
 
 3 ■• 
 
 Fall Leaf 8587 . . 
 
 . 12i 
 
 14 
 
 ' 8 " 
 
 Bonnie Yost 7943 . 
 
 
 25 
 
 18 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 Leoline 2d 18,315 . 
 
 . 121 
 
 14 
 
 ■ 4 
 
 Creole Maid 11,017 . 
 
 
 35 
 
 16 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 Adora 18,659 . . . 
 
 . 12i 
 
 14 
 
 ' 3 " 
 
 Dudu of Linwood 8336 
 
 25 
 
 16 " 
 
 7i •• 
 
 
 
 
 
 FleuretteofLinwoodlS 
 
 91 
 
 B35 
 
 16 " 
 
 ■• 
 
 Total, 20 cows. 
 
 
 
 
 CHIEF JUSTICE 2d 1643. 
 Color, dark on head and sides ; orange twist, light scrotum, white heels, black 
 switch. An inbred Sara Weller Ijnll. Bred by Peter W. Jones, New Hampshire. 
 Dropped November, 1871. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 Blood, Butter Yield in i Blood, Butter Yield in 
 
 Name. Per Cent. Seven Days. Name. Per Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 HILDA D. 6683 ... 100 21 lbs. 2.\ oz. | Hilda 3d 5447 . . 
 Total, 2 com. 
 
 m\ 23 lbs. 5 oz. 
 
 Color, fawn ; white on hind quarters. 
 Dropped July 30th, 1871. 
 
 cows. 
 OONAN 1485. 
 
 Bred at Ogden Farm, Newport, E. I. 
 
 OONAN AND TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Butter Yield in 
 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Butter Yield 
 
 Name, 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Seven Days. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Seven Days. 
 
 Oonan 1485 . . 
 
 . . 100 
 
 22 lbs. 2i oz. 
 
 Callie Nan 7959 . 
 
 . . 50 
 
 16 lbs. 2 c 
 
 Roonan 5133 . . 
 
 ... 50 
 
 30 ■■ 4 " 
 
 Total, 3 cowa. 
 
 
 
 EUEOTAS 2454. 
 Color, dark fawn and gray ; black points. Bred by Colonel E. M. Hoe, New 
 York. Sire, Eioter 2d 469. Dam, Enropa 176. Dropped August 13th, 1871. 
 Dam of eight bulls and two heifers. Eurotas dropped a calf October 30th, 1879, 
 
JJ-ntSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 and began her notable test for a year November lOtli, 1879, her next calf October 
 24:tli, 1880, and the test concluded October loth, 1880, making seven hundred and 
 seventy-eiglit pounds one ounce of butter in eleven months and six days, with 
 calves a little less than a year apart. She was never fed more than six quarts of 
 grain daily, a mixture of maize, oats and wheat bran, with a few potatoes and the 
 best hay in winter, and the best of pasture in summer. 
 
 EUKOTAS AND TESTED DESCEXDAJJTS. 
 
 Blood, Bitteb Yield i.n- 
 Nahi. Pkh Cent. Se^is Days. 
 
 Blood. BirrxER Yield 
 Xahe. Feb Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 Eurotas34o4 .... 100 
 
 23 lbs. 7 oz. 
 
 Leah Darlington 13,836 . 25 15 lbs. 5i c 
 
 778 lbs. 1 oz. in one year. 
 
 
 Nazli 10,327 25 15 •' 3i 
 
 Mother Hubbard 10,331 . 25 
 
 24 ■• li " 
 
 Eupidee's Perfection 20,175 12i 15 " 4 
 
 BOMBA 10,330 .... 2.5 
 Matilda 5th 18,068 . . . 25 
 
 21 •• Hi " 
 16 " 4 " 
 
 Dove Dee 18,059 .... 12i 15 " 3 
 
 Dia 13,658 25 
 
 15 " 13 " 
 
 Total, 9 cows. 
 
 COOMASSIE 11,87-1 (F. 144:.' J. H. I*..— II. C.\ 
 
 Color, brown; figure 7 between hips. Dropped 1871. Imported January 23d, 
 1881, by S. M. Burnham, Saugatuck, Conn. 
 
 Cooinassie, with different judges every year, took the following prizes : 1876, 
 first prize over Jersey, young cow class ; 1877, first prize over Jersey, young cow 
 class; 1878, first prize over Jersey, champion cow class; 1879, first prize over 
 Jersey, champion cow class ; 1880, first prize over Jersey, champion cow class ; also 
 four first parish prizes, 1874 to 1870. 
 
 COOMASSIE AXD DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 TESTS OF 
 
 coo^ 
 
 
 Blood 
 
 BOTTEE YlII 
 
 XiKE. 
 
 Pee Ce.v 
 
 T. SeV 
 
 EH Da 
 
 Coomassie 11,874 . . 
 
 ion 
 
 16 lbs 
 
 . 11 
 
 St. .Jeaniiaisc 15,789 . 
 
 . 37i 
 
 16 " 
 
 4 
 
 PRINOESS 2d 8046 . 
 
 . 25 
 
 46 " 
 
 12i 
 
 Ona 7840 
 
 . 25 
 
 23 •■ 
 
 m 
 
 Island SUir 11,876 . . 
 
 0-, 
 
 21 " 
 
 3 
 
 LEBBOCQ'SCUR 
 
 .;. 
 
 18 " 
 
 
 
 FEtF ■M.di)-; . . . 
 
 IS " 
 
 12i 
 
 Olyniph 17,937 . . . 
 
 . 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 8 
 
 Daisy Brown 12,213 
 
 . 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 6i 
 
 Lady Velvetine 15,771 . 
 
 . 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 2 
 
 Daisy Queen 9619 . . 
 
 . 25 
 
 16 " 
 
 4 
 
 Desire 24,360 . . . . 
 
 . 3.5 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 
 
 Lady Kiugscotc 26,085 
 
 . 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 10 
 
 Lady Verturanus 13,217 
 
 . 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 10 
 
 Auntybel 12,582 . . . 
 
 . 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 
 
 Como Lass 24,369 . . 
 
 . 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, Bcttek Yield 
 Per Cent. Seven Date. 
 
 Blonde 2d 9268 . . . 
 
 25 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 4 
 
 Le Rouge 12,405 . . . 
 Lady Young 16,668 . . 
 Young Garcnnc 3d 13,648 
 OXFORD KATE 13,646 
 
 25 
 25 
 18f 
 12i 
 
 14 " 
 14 ■' 
 16 " 
 39 " 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 12 • 
 
 Westphalia 24,384 . . 
 Little Torment 15,581 . 
 Pilots Veronica 18,917. 
 
 12i 
 . 12i 
 
 24 " 
 23 " 
 30 " 
 
 9i • 
 2i ' 
 2 
 
 Ethleel 18,724 . . . . 
 
 . 12i 
 
 19 " 
 
 14 
 
 Arthurs Mistletoe 11,968 . 12i 
 PrincessofAshantee 13,467 12i 
 
 16 " 
 
 lU 
 12 
 
 Miss Porter 20,300 . . 
 
 . 13i 
 
 16 " 
 
 6 
 
 Pear Not 2d 6061 . . 
 
 m 
 
 16 " 
 
 2 ' 
 
 Thaley 14,299 . . . . 
 Ruby Wray . . 
 
 . 12i 
 . 12i 
 
 16 •■ 
 16 " 
 
 
 
 
 Rose of Oxford 13,469 . 
 
 . m 
 
 15 " 
 
 14i 
 
ISLAND VALEUR 5514. 
 
 AT 4 YEAliK OLD. 
 Comnitme Tape 
 CHEAM ((ITTAGP: IIElil). 
 J. S. HoGKUs, Patkhsox. Xkw Jeus 
 
JERSEY LASSIE 15,945. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJSf AMEBIC A. 
 
 
 Blood, 
 
 BUTTEB 
 
 Yield in 
 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Butte 
 
 » Yjel 
 
 Name. Peu Ceot 
 
 . Seve 
 
 M DaT3. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Per Oek 
 
 Sev 
 
 EN Da 
 
 Happy Blossom 18,318 . 
 
 13* 
 
 15 lbs. 
 
 8 OZ. 
 
 King's Trust 18,946 . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 18 lbs 
 
 
 
 Eugenie Tourneur 24,532 
 
 
 
 
 Toltec's Fancy 7172 . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 17 " 
 
 6 
 
 (rated) 
 
 12+ 
 
 15 " 
 
 3+ •• 
 
 Rosona 13,956 . . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 16 " 
 
 7 
 
 Queen of Ashaatee 14,554 
 
 12A 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Moggie Bright 35,891 . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 16 ■' 
 
 6 
 
 Romping Lass 11,021 . 
 
 13* 
 
 15 " 
 
 " 
 
 Granny's Gem 30,406 . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 16 ■' 
 
 ■>-i 
 
 Lady Fair 22,103 . . 
 
 13+ 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 Roxie R. 13,503 . . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 16 " 
 
 
 
 Pendule 3d 16,709 . . 
 
 13+ 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 ■■ 
 
 Les Marais Dell 20,314 . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 15 ■' 
 
 8 
 
 Nell Gwynn 9654 . . 
 
 12+ 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 ■' 
 
 Elsie Lane 13,302 . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 4 
 
 Ada Minka 15,563 . . 
 
 12* 
 
 14 •■ 
 
 •■ 
 
 Cicero's Mabel 18,238 . 
 
 . Ci 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 
 
 Gazelle 15,961 .... 
 
 13+ 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 Prize Rose 16,309 . 
 
 . 01- 
 
 15 " 
 
 1 
 
 ETHI.TJEIi 2d 32,291 
 
 «i 
 
 30 " 
 
 15 ■■ 
 
 Deletta 21,305. . . . 
 
 . Ci 
 
 14 " 
 
 15+ 
 
 Fillpail2d24,388. . . 
 
 6i 
 
 25 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 Liberty 3d 16,717 . . 
 
 • 61 
 
 14 " 
 
 6+ 
 
 Maquilla 24,043 . . . 
 
 H 
 
 30 •' 
 
 1 " 
 
 Betsona 16,776 . . . 
 
 • 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 
 
 KHELULA 17,970 . . 
 
 6i- 
 
 19 " 
 14 " 
 
 8 " 
 6+ " 
 
 Total, 57 cows. 
 
 
 
 
 JEESEY BELLE OF SCITUATE 7828. 
 
 STORY OF THE MODEL COW. 
 
 I think Kature hath lost the mould 
 Where she her shape did take." — Old Poet. 
 
 In a little liamlet of eastern Massachusetts, on a cold Sunday in February, 1871, 
 two good dames in the village church at the hour of noon, while partaking of their 
 lunch, left the discussion of the morning sermon and all kindred subjects to talk 
 about that which all good housewives allow to have a pre-eminent importance in 
 conversational culture — that is, golden, sweet-flavored butter. 
 
 One of these good dames informed her neighbor that their " Jersey cow Jenny 
 had last week made eleven poimds of butter as yellow as California gold, being fed 
 only upon good hay and beets." 
 
 " What a wonder ! We would like to own something as choice as that, for 
 it is something we have not been able to do — make yellow butter in winter." 
 
 The charmed listener told the story of Jenny, the golden-butter cow, to her son, 
 on arriving home, and he then determined, if possible, to procure some of the 
 progeny of such a cow, so that he could with certainty make yellow butter in winter. 
 By an effort to secure the next calf he was agreeably surprised to receive as a present 
 a fine heifer soon after its birth, July, 1871. The heifer was named Jersey Belle of 
 Scituate. As the time approached when the heifer should have her first calf a 
 neighbor who chanced to be in the barn examining her points exclaimed to the 
 owner: " Have you ever examined this heifer? She is all swollen under her belly 
 clear to her shoulder, and has an enormous bag !" 
 
 After calving her milk was mixed with that of another cow, a Shorthorn grade, 
 
540 JERSEY CATTLE TLV AMERICA. 
 
 and the two cows yielded six Iniiidred and four pounds of butter that year, but it was 
 suspected that the little heifer made the major part of the butter. The next year 
 the milk was kept separate and tlie quality of Jersey Belle as a butter-yielder 
 demonstrated. When six years old her udder measured five feet one inch in 
 circumference, in after years five feet three inches. On March 5th, 1877, she made 
 three pounds six oitnces of butter, and for the week ending March 11th twenty-one 
 pounds five ounces, and for the year ending March 5th, 1878, seven hundi-ed and 
 five pounds of butter. For five months she averaged nineteen pounds a week. 
 
 In 1879 her greatest weekly yield was twenty-two pounds thirteen ounces. In 
 the year 188(t her greatest weekly yield was twenty-five jiounds three ounces. In 
 the color of her butter she was very remarkable. In midwinter it was of so rich a 
 golden hue that those not familiar with it supposed it artificially c(jlored. 
 
 The yield of Jersey Belle of Scituate is also the largest ever known for kind and 
 quality of feed. During her six-year-old test she received in summer, ])asture in 
 cranberry marsh-land and two quarts of wheat bran at night. In winter her feed 
 was rowen hay and two quarts of bran daily. She was an enormous feeder, with 
 an almost insatiable ajjpetite, and wonderful powers of mastication, digestion and 
 assimilation. Iler feed during her best week's test was for tliu tinst four days : 
 pasture by day ; at night cut grass, w^ith one <|uart corn meal and two (piarts wheat 
 shorts ; last three days, pasture by day ; cut grass at night, with twi> quarts corn meal 
 and two quarts wheat shorts, or three and three seventh quarts of grain daily for the 
 seven days. 
 
 This cow was, in almost every point, the ideal of perfection. Her breeding 
 was according to one of the best formulas for inbreeding, the product of sire and 
 daughter, her sire having been the product of brother and sister. 
 
 Her udder was very large and of the perfect spheroidal type, the sole on a line 
 with the belly, and giving in combination with the barrel the best po.ssible illustration 
 of the term "wedge-shape." The udder was of a nankeen color. T!ie teats were 
 perfect in pattern and placing and of a mahogany color. I am iinalilu to give the 
 dimensions of the fore escutcheon. The fore-veins were the most remarkable of any 
 cow ever described. There were two very large tortuous veins on each side of the 
 belly and a fifth shorter vein, two large fountains on each side where but one is 
 usually foiuid, and one large vein upon either side extending along the belly to the 
 chest and upward to the shoulder, terminating about midway between the elbow 
 and the jjoint of the withers. 
 
 The hind escutcheon was of tlie Limousine tyi)e, but witliout buttock feathers, 
 and therefore etpiivalent to a rii-st order curveline, being very wide and deep on the 
 thighs. 
 
 Her skin color was a rich orange within the ear and annotto tint beneath all 
 the white i>atche8. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 547 
 
 She had a clean, thoroughbred appearance. The rump was remarkable for 
 height, and, being level, gave a fine setting to the tail, which hung plumb, without 
 touching the cow at any part. 
 
 The bony structure was of the finest quality, as shown by the thin flat thigh, 
 making a striking contrast with the broad surface of the full udder. The hide was 
 mellow and delightful to the touch, remarkably loose about the belly, and the navel 
 was a most notable feature, because of its great size, observed by many while she was 
 a young heifer. 
 
 The hips were of great breadth and of the finest shape and quality ; the back 
 of great breadth at the loins ; the neck long, thin and clean ; the eyes full and placid ; 
 the temper most notable for equanimity, being wholly occupied with feeding or 
 chewing the cud ; tlie head small, the muzzle fine, the masticatory muscles round and 
 very prominent. 
 
 The cow gave the following measurements at ten years of age : 
 
 "Weight, 952 poimds ; udder, 5 feet, 3 inches ; height at rump, .5i inches ; 
 length of tail and switch, 54 inches ; height at withers, 50 inches ; girth at shoulder, 
 68 inches ; girth at navel, 92 inches (not with calf) ; length of back, 55 inches ; width 
 of hips, 21 inches ; length of neck, 28 inches ; girth of neck, 4Y inches (at shoulders) ; 
 girth of neck at throat, 27 inches ; girth of muzzle, 16 inches ; breadth at eyes, 
 8 inches ; breadth of crown, 7 inches ; length of head, 18 inches ; width of liind 
 escutcheon across the thighs and udder, 18 inches. 
 
 The cow was a marvel for symmetry and beauty of proportions, and well worthy 
 to be ranked as the very choicest model of perfection. 
 
 Not until she made a large record was she registered in the American Jersey 
 Cattle Club Herd Eegister. 
 
 Mr. Charles O. Ellms, of Scituate, Mass., who owned her, refused an offer of 
 twenty thousand ($20,000) dollars for her, and afterward was urged by the late 
 Mr. C. L. Sharpless to name the sum which he would be willing to take for her ; but 
 he had determined to keep her as long as she lived, and refused to name any price 
 for her. While yet a heifer he had offered her to a neighbor for thirty ($30) dollars, 
 who thought the animal not worth the money. 
 
 It will ever be a cause for regret that she was not mated with some of the 
 great bulls, such as Albert 44, St. Helier 45, Sam Weller 271, Mercury 432, 
 Marius 760, Chief Justice 2d 1643, Signal 1170, Stoke Pogis 3d 2238, or Land- 
 eeer 381. There never existed a finer model for the experimenting hand of a 
 skiKul breeder. Jersey Belle was a perpetual milker, and gave twenty-five pounds 
 of milk on the morning of the day of her last calving. 
 
 Her color was strawberry fawn and white ; white saddle on withers ; white across 
 hips, on belly, sides and legs ; white star and switch, with indigo margin bordering 
 the white markings. Bred by E. D. Soliier, Boston, Mass. Sire and grandsire. 
 
548 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Victor 3550. Dam, Jenny 7827. Dropped. July lOth, 1871. Died August, 1881, 
 of colostrum apoplexy. 
 
 JKKSKY BELLK OK SCITUATK AND IIER DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Jersey Belle of Scituatc Lass of Scituate 9555 . . 50 15 lbs. U 
 
 7828 100 25 lbs. 3 oz. Scituate of Woronoco 
 
 Minnie of Scituate 17,829 . 75 14 " 14i " 18,840 12* 24 " 14 
 
 Belle of Scituate 7977 . ..TO 18 "0 "I Lily Scituate 12,665 . . . 12* 34 " 9i 
 
 PauIine'.sViviennp 11,305. .TO 16 " 13 " ' 7'«to?, 7 coir*. 
 
 NOR A J AH 812. 
 
 Color, nearly solid fawn ; white spot in forehead ; white spot back of left 
 shoulder. Dropped June 10th, 1872. Bred at Ogden Farm, Newport, E. I. 
 Sire, Rajah .34(1. Dam. Nora 434. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Hazen's Nora 4751 . 
 Arawana Buttercup t 
 Arawana Poppy 6053 
 
 Blood. Butteb Yield in 
 
 
 Blood 
 
 Bin-TER Yield in 
 
 Pus CiNT. Seven Days. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pee Cen 
 
 r. Seven Days. 
 
 . 50 20 lbs. 4 cz. 
 
 Little Han 8004 . 
 
 . . 50 
 
 14 lbs. oz. 
 
 . .50 15 ■' 5 " 
 
 Arawana Queen 5368 
 
 . . 25 
 
 16 " 9 " 
 
 . 50 15 •• 3 " 
 
 Total, 5 coics. 
 
 
 
 GREY PRINCE, F. 168 J. H. B.— C. 
 
 Color, solid silver gray ; black puint.s. Dropped January, 1872. Bred by 
 W. Alexandre, Trinity, Lsland of Jer.sey. Sire, (4rey of the West. F. 1317 J. H. B. 
 
 Name. Pee Cent. Seven Dai 
 
 Beauty of the Grange 7.502 50 23 ll)s. 9 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Butter Yield in | 
 
 B. Naiii. 
 
 oz. I Eveline of Jersey ( 
 
 Tijtal, 2 
 
 JACQUOT, P. 63 J. H. B.— C. 
 
 Color, light gray and white. Dropped 1872. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood, Butteh Yield in 
 Name. Per Cent. Seven Dat». 
 
 Heception 8557 .... ,50 21 lbs. 4i oz. 
 Dora Neplune 20,318 . . 35 20 " Oi " 
 
 Reception 3d 11,035 
 Total, 3 cowa. 
 
 14 lbs. 10 oz. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 NOBLE 901. 
 
 Solid color ; black points. Imported in bam Fanny of Babylon 23-1:5, by 
 Captain Pratt, November ISth, 1871. Dropped June lOtli, 1872. Bred by J. F. 
 Journeaux, St. Martin, Jersey. Sire, Noble, F. 104 J. H. B.— H. C. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Queen of Delaware '. 
 Cream of Sidney 17,( 
 
 Seven Days. Name. 
 
 18 lbs. 13 oz. Desire 9654 .... 
 17 " 3+ " Daisy of Chenango 18,583 
 Total, 4 cows. 
 
 3 o: 
 7 ' 
 
 PIERROT 2d 1669. 
 
 Color, light fawn and white. Dropped March 10th, 1872. Bred by S. C. Colt, 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 
 ESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood, 
 Name. Per Ckn 
 
 Botte 
 r. Seve 
 
 ! Yield in 
 •« Days. 
 
 Rosy Kate 10,376 . . .75 
 
 18 lbs 
 
 12 oz. 
 
 Julia Walker 10,133 . . 50 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 Palestina 4644 . . .■ . 50 
 
 15 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Princess Mansfield 8070 . 50 
 
 15 •' 
 
 3 " 
 
 Little Sister 11,666 . . . 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 New London Gipsy 11,667 50 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 8 '■ 
 
 Queen Fanny 10,375 . . 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 Rosy Kate's Rex 13,193 . 37+ 
 
 18 " 
 
 8 '■ 
 
 Belmeda 6339 35 
 
 18 " 
 
 12 " 
 
 Floret 9959 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 Lizzie D. 10,408 .... 25 
 Pierrot's Lady Bacon 13,482 25 
 Lida Mullin 9198 . . .35 
 Pierrot's Picture 13,481 . 35 
 Lady Hayes 10,136 ... 35 
 Pierrot's Lady Hayes 11,672 35 
 Pawtucket Belle 13,406 . 35 
 Pierrot's Countess 13,480 . 35 
 Hypathia 2d 14,774 ... 121 
 Total, 19 cows. 
 
 RALPH 957. 
 
 Dropped September 1st, 1872. Bred by O. S. Hubbell, Stratford, Conn. 
 Sire, St. Helier 45. Dam, Ibi 671. 
 
 I'ESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Mhoon Lady 6560 . 
 Cenie Wallace 2d 6557 . 
 
 SB Cent. Seven Dats. 
 
 50 17 lbs. 3 oz 
 50 15 " 4i " 
 
 Florry Keep 6556 
 Total, 3 coirs. 
 
 Butter Yield i 
 
 14 lbs. 14 oz. 
 
fiSO 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IaV AMERICA. 
 
 LORD LISGAR IdGG. 
 
 Solid color. Dropped May 5th, 1872. Bied h; 
 Canada. Sii-e, Victor Hugo 197. Dam, Pauline -lii-i. 
 
 S. S. Stephens, Moutreal, 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood, Bdtteb 
 
 Namk. Pek Cent. Seven 
 
 Carrie Pogis 22,568 . . .62* 15 lbs. 
 Sweetbrier of St. Lambert 
 
 5481 50 22 " 
 
 Jolie of St. Lambert 5126 50 15 " 
 
 Lucy Dale 5129 .... 50 15 " 
 Duchess of St. Lambert 
 
 5111 50 15 •' 
 
 Clematis of St. Lambert 
 
 5478 50 14 ■■ 
 
 Bonnie Fawn 6190 . . .50 14 " 
 
 Rose of St. Lambert 20,426 284 21 " 
 IDA OF ST. LAMBERT 
 
 24,990 25 30 ■■ 
 
 Flower of Glen Rouge 
 
 17,560 25 2:i " 
 
 Nora of St. Lambert 12,962 25 22 •• 
 NIOBE OF ST. liAM- 
 
 BERT 12,969 .... 25 21 " 
 
 Brenda of Elmhurst 10,762 25 20 ' 
 Honeymoon of St. Lambert 
 
 11,221 25 20 •• 
 
 Rioter's Maggie 22,530 . . 25 18 " 
 
 Melia Ann 5444 .... 25 18 " 
 Cowslip of St. Lambert 
 
 8:i49 25 17 " 
 
 Minnette of St. Lambert 
 
 9774 25 17 " 
 
 Baronetti 8425 . . . .25 16 " 
 
 Chamomilla 7552 . . .25 16 • 
 
 Diana of St. Lambert 6636 25 16 " 
 
 oz. I Cill of Glen Rouge 13,818 25 
 j Moss Rose of St. Lambert 
 
 5114 25 
 
 May Day StokePogis 28,383 25 
 Coquette of Glen Rouge 
 
 17,559 25 
 
 Honeysuckle of St. Anne's 
 
 18,674 25 
 
 Bonnie 2d 5742 .... 25 
 
 Gem of St. Cloud 7342 . . 25 
 
 Rioters Beauty 14,894 . . 18} 
 MARY ANNE OF ST. 
 
 LAMBERT 9770 . . 12i 
 MERMAID OF ST. 
 
 LAMBERT 9771 . . 12J 
 Dai,sy Morrison 14,035 . . 12i 
 NAIAD OF ST. LAM- 
 BERT 12,695 . . . . 12i 
 RIOTER PINK OF 
 
 BERLIN 23.6().-) , , . 12i 
 
 Crocus of St. Lambert 8351 12J 
 
 .Tutlith Coleman 11,391 . 12i 
 
 Obella B. 10,575 .... 12* 
 
 Rioter's Nora 21,778 . . 12* 
 
 Maggie Sheldon 23,583 . . 12i 
 
 Aleph Judea 11,389 . . . 12i 
 
 Rioter's Ruth 14,882 . . n\ 
 
 Uinta 5743 12^ 
 
 Total, 42 cows. 
 
 BcTTBB Yield ni 
 
 16 lbs. 6 oz. 
 
 14 ' 
 
 14 
 
 14 ■ 
 
 IH 
 
 14 • 
 
 8i 
 
 14 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 STOKE POGIS 1259. 
 
 Color, dark favrti ; black ]K)ints. Bred by E. J. Coleman, Stoke Park, Bucking- 
 hamshire, England. Dropped 1872. Sire and grandsire. Young Rioter 751 E. II. B. 
 Dam, Essay. Stoke Pogis had eighty-one and a (piarter ])er cent, of the blood of his 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 551 
 
 sire. Imported by Peter Leclair, Winooski, Vt, July 19tb, 1873. A pure Dauneey 
 bull and tbe result of forty-six years of systematic inbreeding, begun in the year 1826 
 and carried out by Philip Dauneey, Horwood Eectory Farm, Winslow, Bucks, 
 England. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. Pek 
 
 La Petite Mere 2d 12,810 
 MATIIiDA 4th 12,816 
 Minnie of 0.xford 13,806 
 La Belle Petite 5473 . . 
 Marjoram 2d 13,805. . 
 Mintha 12,812 . . . 
 MARY ANNE OF ST. 
 
 LAMBERT 9TT0 . . 25 
 IDA OF ST. LAMBERT 
 
 34,990 25 
 
 MERMAID OF ST. 
 
 LAMBERT 9771 . . 25 
 NAIAD OF ST. LAM- 
 BERT 12,965 .... 25 
 Nora of St. Lambert 12,963 25 
 NIOBE OF ST. LAM- 
 
 Blood 
 kCes 
 
 Bdtter Yield 
 T. Seven Days. 
 
 75 
 
 16 lbs. 7 ( 
 
 50 
 
 21 ■■ 8i 
 
 50 
 
 16 " 
 
 50 
 
 15 " 8 
 
 50 
 
 15 ■' 
 
 50 
 
 15 " 
 
 Brendaof Elmhurst 10,762 25 
 Honeymoon of St. Lambert 
 
 11,221 25 
 
 RIOTER PINK OF 
 
 BERLIN 33,665 . . .25 
 Cowslip of St. Lambert 
 
 8349 25 
 
 Blood, Buttek Yield i 
 Name. Per Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 Crocus of St. Lambert 8351 25 17 lbs. 12 c 
 Minnette of St. Lambert 
 
 9774 25 17 
 
 Diana of St. Lambert 6630 25 16 
 
 Maggie of St. Lambert 9776 25 16 " 3 
 
 Moth of St. Lambert 9775 . 25 16 " 3 
 
 Mary Hinman 17,619 . . 25 15 " lU 
 
 Rioter's Nora 21,778 . . 25 15 
 Mavourneen of St. Lambert 
 
 9777 25 15 
 
 May Day Stoke Pogi.s 
 
 28,383 35 15 
 
 Cupid of Lee Farm 5997 . 25 14 
 Nancy of St. Lambert 
 
 12,964 25 14 
 
 Rioter's Beauty 14,894 (two 
 
 years) 18f 14 " 
 
 Rose of St. Lambert 20,426 13+ 21 
 
 Rioter's Maggie 32,530 . . 12^ 18 
 
 Carrie Pogis 22,568 . . . 12| 15 
 
 Maggie Sheldon 33,583. . 12| 15 
 
 Rioter's Ruth 14,882 . . 12i 14 " 12 
 
 DOCTOK H. 2132. 
 
 Color, fa-WTi and white. Dropped December 11th, 1872. 
 Huston, Coatesville, Pa. Sire, St. Malo, Jr. 733. Dam, Julia 2 
 
 Bred by Charles 
 4902. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Lydia Darrach 2d 8056 
 Lydia Darrach 8d 10.66! 
 
 Blood. 
 
 BUTTEE Yield in | Blood, Buttei 
 
 Pee Cent 
 
 Seven Days. Name. Pee Cent. Sev 
 
 . 75 
 
 16 lbs. oz. j Lydia Darrach 5th 16,577 . 75 15 lbs 
 
 . 75 
 
 16 " " LYDIA DARRACH 4903 50 17 " 
 
 
 Total. 4 ams. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 MARJORAM 3239. 
 
 Color, silver gray fawn; full l)lack points. IJivd by "William G.Duncan, 
 Bradwell, Buckinghamsliire. England. Sire, Dr. Syntax. Dam, Magnet. Both sire 
 and dam were descended from stock from the Dauncey herd, at Winslow, and 
 consequently Marjoram 3239 was of kindred blood witli Stoke Pogis 1259. Dropped 
 April, 1872. Imported by Peter Leclair, Winooski, Vt., July 19th, 1873. Marjoram 
 was considered by Mr. Duncan the finest and handsomest heifer he ever bred. 
 
 AIARJORAM 3239 AND 
 
 Blood. Butteb Tibld i 
 Name. Pee Cent. Seven Dats. 
 
 Marjoram 3239 . . . 100 
 
 16 lbs 
 
 
 
 Mai-j..niin id lO.MOr,. . . .50 
 
 15 ■• 
 
 ' 
 
 MARY ANNE OF ST. 
 
 
 
 LAMBUKT lirro . . 2.5 
 
 36 ■• 
 
 m ■ 
 
 IDA OF ST. LAMBERT 
 
 
 
 24.'.l!l() 2.5 
 
 30 ■■ 
 
 2* • 
 
 MERMAID OF ST. 
 
 
 
 LAMBERT !)771 . . 25 
 
 25 •■ 
 
 13A • 
 
 NAIAD OF ST. LAM- 
 
 
 
 BERT 12,905 .... 25 
 
 22 " 
 
 2i • 
 
 Norn of St. Lambert 12,902 25 
 
 22 '• 
 
 
 
 NIOBE OF ST. LAM- 
 
 
 
 BERT 12,969 .... 25 
 
 21 •• 
 
 4* • 
 
 Broiiila of Elmhur.«t 10,702 35 
 
 30 •■ 
 
 8 • 
 
 IIoiu-jiuouu of St. Lambert 
 
 
 
 11,221 25 
 
 20 " 
 
 5i • 
 
 RIOTER PINK OF 
 
 
 
 BERLIN 23,605 . . .25 
 
 19 " 
 
 4 
 
 CowslipotSt.Lambert8349 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 12 • 
 
 Crocus of St. Lambert 8351 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 13 ' 
 
 Minnette of St. Lambert 
 
 
 
 9774 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 4 ' 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood. Butteb Yield i 
 Name. Per Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 Diana of St. Lambert 6636 25 16 lbs. 8 o 
 
 Maggie of St. Lambert 9776 25 16 " 3 ' 
 
 Moth of St. Lambert 9775 25 16 " 2 ' 
 
 Minnie of 0.\ford 12,806 . 2.5 16 " ' 
 
 Mary Hinmau 17,619 . . 25 15 " lU ' 
 
 La Petite M^re 2d 12,810 . 25 15 " 11 ' 
 
 Rioter's Nora 21,778 . . 25 15 " 9 ' 
 Mavourneen of St. Lambert 
 
 9777 25 15 " 7 ' 
 
 MayDayStokePogis28,383 35 15 " 3 ' 
 
 Cupid of Lee Farm 5997 .25 14 " 6 • 
 Nancy of St. Lambert 
 
 12,964 25 14 " 5 ' 
 
 Rioter's Beauty 14,894 (two 
 
 years) 18} 14 " ' 
 
 Roseof St. Lambert 20,426 12* 21 " 3i ' 
 
 Rioter's Maggie 22,530 . . 13* 18 " 6i ' 
 
 Carrie Pogis 33,568 . . . ISJ 15 " 9 ' 
 
 Maggie Sheldon 33,583 . 13* 15 " 3 ' 
 
 Mintha 13,813 .... 13* 15 " ' 
 
 LUCKY BELLE 2214. 
 Nearly solid color. Sire, Albert 44. Dam, Pansy 6th 38. Bred by S. W. 
 Bobbins, Wethersfield, Conn. Dropped February 13th, 1872. 
 
 Oktibbeha Duchcs.s 4433 . .50 
 Lucky Belle 3d 6037 . . 50 
 Maggie May 3355 . . .50 
 Valerie 6044 25 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 
 Bdtter Yield m 
 
 
 Blood. BtrrrER Yit 
 
 Seven Days. Name. 
 
 
 Pee Cent. Seven Da 
 
 17 lbs. 4 oz. Maggie C. 12,216 
 
 
 . m 14 lbs. 6 
 
 16 " 14 " Maggie May 2d 13 
 
 936. 
 
 . 13J 14 " 6 
 
 14 " 3* " 
 
 
 
 15 ■■ 13 ■■ Total. ^ coms. 
 
 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN^ AMERICA. 
 
 553 
 
 MINK 2548. 
 Bred by Thomas Motley, Massachusetts. Dropped March 10th, 1872. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, 
 Pee Cent 
 
 Butter Yiel 
 Seves Day 
 
 Mink 2d 3890 . . . 
 
 . . 50 
 
 19 lbs. 11 
 
 Miuk 3d 4868 . . . 
 
 . . 50 
 
 14 " 9 
 
 Mhoon Lady 6560 . 
 
 . . 35 
 
 17 " 3 
 
 Julia Evelyn 6007 . 
 
 . . 25 
 
 15 " 15i 
 
 Name. 
 
 Marie C. Magnet 22,908 .25 15 ! 
 
 Frances C. Magnet 22,904. 25 14 
 
 Therese M. 8364 . . . . 12^ 14 
 Total, 7 cows. 
 
 BUFFER 2055. 
 
 Color, solid ; black tongue ; black and gray points. Dropped May 11th, ISI 
 Bred by R. H. Stephens. Sire, Lord Monck 304. Dam, Amelia 484. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood, Butter Yi 
 
 Name. Pes Ce, 
 
 Moss Rose of St. Lambert 
 5114 50 
 
 Pearl of St. Lambert 5527 50 
 
 MART ANNE OF ST. 
 LAMBERT 977 . . . 25 
 
 MERMAID OF ST. 
 LAMBERT 9771 . . 25 
 
 NAIAD OF ST. LAM- 
 BERT 24,965 .... 25 
 
 RIOTER PINK OF 
 BERLIN 23,665 . . .35 
 
 Crocus of St. Lambert 8351 25 
 
 15 lbs. 8i oz. 
 
 Blood, Buttee Yield 
 Name. Pee Cent. Seves Dats 
 
 Judith Coleman 11,391 . 25 
 
 171b,s. 5 
 
 Moth of St. Lambert 9775 25 
 
 16 ■' 2 
 
 Aleph Judea 11,389 ... 35 
 Coquette of Glen Rouge 
 17,559 25 
 
 15 " 14 
 
 15 " H 
 
 Honeysuckle of St. Anne's 
 18,674 25 
 
 14 " 14 ' 
 
 Rose of St. Lambert 20,426 12* 
 
 21 " 31 ' 
 
 Rioter's Ruth 14,882 . . 12* 
 
 14 " 12 
 
 Rioter's Beauty 14,894 . . 13* 
 
 14 " • 
 
 HAMILTON 1074. 
 
 Color, gray ; white spot behind right shoulder and on left side and flank ; black 
 switch and tongue. Dropped May 24th, 1873. Bred by T. J. Hand. Sire, Marius 
 760. Dam, Emily Hampton 1912. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, Butteb Yield in 
 Pee Cent. Seven Dats. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, 
 Per Cent 
 
 Butteb Yield in 
 Seven Days. 
 
 Bemta4553 . . . 
 
 . . 50 17 lbs. 2 oz. 
 
 filite4299 .... 
 
 . . 50 
 
 14 lbs. OZ. 
 
 Lisetta Johnson 5321 
 
 . . 50 15 " 10 " 
 
 Pinafore 2d 15,072 . 
 
 . . 25 
 
 15 " 8 " 
 
 Etiquette 4300 . . 
 
 . . 50 15 " 8 " 
 
 EUPHONIA 6783 . 
 
 . . 35 
 
 16 " Oi " 
 
JEIiSEY CATTLE IN AMElilCA. 
 
 Kamx. 
 
 Daisy Hamilton 18,301 . . 25 14 lbs. oz. 
 
 Daisy Morrison 14,035 . . 12i 25 " 12i " 
 
 ) 18 " 10 ■• 
 
 PEROIE 14,937 . . . 12i ^ , ^, „ 
 
 S 14 6i 
 
 Blood. B<n-riR Yiiu> ix 
 Name. Feb Cent. Sives Days. 
 
 Lottie Hex 18,757 . . .12* 14 lbs. 4 oz. 
 Juiinie Johusou 3d 6782 . 12^ 14 " " 
 
 ToUd, 11 cowa. 
 
 1873. 
 
 BULLS. 
 
 ALDINE 1136. 
 
 Sire, Nelusko 479. Dam, Gazelle of Moltile. Bred by W. B. Montgomery, 
 Alabama. Dropped July 7tli, 1873. 
 
 TESTKD DESCKNnANTS. 
 
 Namk. Peb Ce 
 
 Lucky Belle 2cl 6037 . . 50 
 Julia Evelyn 6007 . . .50 
 Duchess Caroline 3d 0039 50 
 Bettie Di.xon 4527 . . . .50 
 Starkvillc Beauty 4897 . . 50 
 Gabrielle Champion 14,102 25 
 
 Armon 10,803 25 
 
 OUiT EDGE O. 12,223 . 25 
 Mountjiin Lass 12,921 . . 25 
 
 Seven Dai 
 16 lbs 14 
 15 " 15i 
 
 Minnie Lee 2a 12,941 
 Therese M. 8364 . . 
 Gilt Edge 2d 4420 . 
 Coronilla 8367 . . 
 Marpetra 10,284 . . 
 Maggie C. 12,316 . 
 Maggie May 2d 12,936 
 Vivalia 12,760 . . 
 Total, 17 cow». 
 
 BuTTEB Yield 
 Seven Dav8. 
 
 14 lbs. 
 
 3 
 
 14 " 
 
 2 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 14 " 
 
 9i 
 
 
 6 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 THE HUB 1009. 
 Dropped March 9th, 1873. Bred by C. S. Sargent. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. Feb Ceni 
 
 Mink 2d 3890 50 
 
 Oktibbeha Duchess 4422 . 50 
 
 Dairy 3fl 5891 50 
 
 Mink 3d 4868 50 
 
 Adora 18,569 50 
 
 Mhoon Lady 6560 . . . 25 
 
 Seve 
 
 N DATS. 
 
 Xahe. 
 
 Pee Cent. Seven Datb. 
 
 19 lbs. 
 
 11 oz. 
 
 Julia Evelyn 6007 . 
 
 . . 25 15 lbs. 15i oz. 
 
 
 
 Valerie 6044 .. . 
 
 . . 25 15 " 13 " 
 
 
 
 Dairy C. 12,227 . . 
 
 . . 12i 15 •' Oi " 
 
 
 
 Marpetra 10,384 . . 
 
 . . 13i 14 " 6 " 
 
 
 
 Therese M. 8364 . . 
 
 . . 12A 14 " 2 " 
 
 17 " 
 
 
 Total. 11 cmos. 
 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 
 
 IKE FELCH 1292. 
 Color, solid dark brown. Bred by Moses Ellis. Dropped May 18th, 1873. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Milkmaid Felch 13,339 . 50 16 lbs. 7i oz. 
 Lily of Burr Oaks 1101 .50 15 " 13 " 
 Grace Felcli 8291 ... 50 15 " " 
 
 Milkmaid of Burr Oaks 
 
 50 14 lbs. 5 oz. 
 12i 16 " " 
 
 REMARKABLE (F. 229 J. H. B.— C.) 
 
 Solid color ; black points. Dropped April, 1873. Double grandson of Orange 
 Peel 502. Sire, Orange Peel 2d (P. 36 J. H. B.— H. C). Dam, Young Rose 
 (P. i3 J. H. B.— H. C). 
 
 
 TESTED 
 
 DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name, Per Ceni 
 
 Butter Yield 
 Seven Days. 
 
 ■" 
 
 Name. 
 
 Rosa of Bellevue 6954 . . 50 
 
 18 lbs. 7+ 
 
 a. 
 
 Rosebud of Bell 
 
 Mary Jane of BeUevue 6956 50 
 
 17 " 7 
 
 
 Cherokee Rose 20 
 
 Countess Gasella 9571 . . 50 
 
 15 ■' 11 
 
 
 
 Caroline 13,019 .... 50 
 
 14 " 8 
 
 " 
 
 Total, 6 cmcs 
 
 CHAMPION OF AMERICA 1567. 
 
 Color, solid brown ; full black points. An inbred Pansy bull. Sire, May Boy 
 705. Dam, Pansy 1019. Bred by John H. Sntliff, Bristol, Conn. Dropped April 
 17th, 1873. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Gabrielle Champion 14,102 50 
 Silveretta 6853 .... 50 
 Princess Sheila 7279 . . 50 
 
 Tobira8400 50 
 
 GILT EDGE C. 13,323 . 50 
 Marie C. Magnet 33,903 . 50 
 Champion's Chloe 13,225 . 50 
 Dairy C. 12,327 .... 50 
 Coronilla 8367 .... 50 
 Maggie C. 13,316 ... 50 
 Maggie May 2d 13,926 . . 50 
 
 17 lbs. 8 oz. 
 
 16 " 9 " 
 
 16 " 4| " 
 
 15 " 13 " 
 
 15 " 9\ " 
 
 15 " 8 " 
 
 BuTTBB Yield i 
 
 Lady GreviUe 12,930 
 Minnie Lee 2d 12,941 
 Jessie Leavenworth 8248 . 50 
 Webster's Pet 4103 ... 50 
 Therese M. 8364 .... 50 
 Prances C. Magnet 23,904 . 25 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 3d 
 
 14,641 35 
 
 Bell Rex 11,700 .... 35 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 3d 
 
 14,643 35 
 
 i Cent. Seve: 
 
 50 14 lbs. 
 50 14 " 
 
 13i 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 ClnrHC. Magnet 31,563 . 
 Hurrah Pansy 12,153 . . 
 Baby Buttercup 10,888 
 Hillside Gem 16,640 . . 
 Chautauqua Queen 26,403 
 
 BlTTEI. YiEl 
 
 Seven Da 
 
 14 lbs. 11 
 14 •• U 
 14 •■ 
 20 " 
 14 ■■ 11 
 
 La Pera 2d 13,404 
 Lilley Rex 9852 . 
 Celeste Cox 12.948 
 
 Total, 28 cows. 
 
 14 lbs. 8 
 14 " 7 
 
 SIGNAL 1170. 
 
 !. llicb orange amber lioms. 
 I'd by Joliii T. Foote, Morris- 
 
 Color, solid mulberry fawn witb gray .sacklL 
 Sire, Marius 760. Dam, Pansy Morris 2060. 13i 
 town, K J. Dropped August 27tb, 1873. 
 
 This bull inherited the butter qualities of a rare line of ant-esturs, including 
 Pansy 8, Paterson 11, Pansy 6th 38, Albert 4-4, Lady Mary 1148, and Marius 760. 
 Transferred to Mr. James A. Ilayt, of Patterson, N. Y., he produced only 
 fourteen daughters, and was killed by his owner before his signal qualities were 
 known, because he sired so many bulls. It is not stated what proportion of his 
 progeny were males. It would be well to preserve all statistics in regard to the sexes, 
 in order to get a clue to breeding for sex. It would also be a matter of interest to 
 know if the greatest bulls, like some of the wonderfid cows, produce a majority of 
 males. Of his fourteen daughters, eleven appear in the accompanying table, with 
 an average weekly test of eighteen pounds eleven and nineteen forty-fourth oimces. 
 Two of the other three met with injuries which caused a loss in one of three 
 quarters of the udder and half the udder in the other, «)nly o\w sound daughter 
 remaining untested. Twenty-two granddaughters and great-granddaughters average 
 seventeen pounds eleven and one fourth ounces in weekly tests. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood, Buttkk \ 
 Name. Per Cent. Seven I 
 
 Geranium 2d 7838 . . . 50 26 lbs. 
 
 Tenella6712 .50 22 " 
 
 Croton Maid 5305 . . . 50 21 " 1 
 
 Optima 6715 .50 21 " 
 
 (Enone8614 50 18 " 1 
 
 Valhalla 5300 .50 17 " 
 
 Belle of Pattenson 5664 .50 16 " 
 
 Edwina6713 .50 15 " 1 
 
 Fanny Taylor 6714 . . ..50 15 " 1 
 
 Bignalana 7719 .... .50 15 " 
 
 Aldarine 5301 .50 15 " 
 
 Signetilia 16,333 . . . .37+ 18 " 
 Fadette of VernaSd 11,122 
 
 (at 31 years) .... 25 22 " 
 
 Blood. Bcttee Yield in 
 
 Pei.( 
 
 Celeste Co.\ 12,948 . . . 
 Fairy of Verna 2d 10,793 . 
 Hilda A. 2d 11,120 . . . 
 Gardiner's Hippie 11,693 . 
 EVELINA OF VERNA 
 
 10,971 .... 
 Tenella 2d 19,.521 
 Harmony 2d 17,118 
 Signaldella 24,107 
 Rupertina 10,409 . 
 Gazella 3d 9355 . 
 
 Dahlia . . 
 
 Signal M'ii<l 19,361 
 Earl Cow . 
 
 Seven Dats. 
 
 Olbs. 8 ( 
 " 3i 
 " 
 9 " 13i 
 
 9 " 101 
 
 8 ■' 12 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERIGA. 
 
 557 
 
 Euphorbia 11,339 . . . 35 14 lbs. 9f oz. 
 
 Guinevere Sinclair 11,167 . 35 14 " 9 
 
 Lady Clarendon 3d 15,578 35 14 " 5i " 
 
 Sadie's Choice 7979 . . . 25 14 " " 
 
 Kaue. 
 
 Blood. 
 Feb Ubn 
 
 Bdtteb Yield 
 Seven Days 
 
 Atlanta's Beauty 13,949 
 
 . 13J 
 
 31 lbs. 3 < 
 
 Alberta Signal 18,611 . 
 
 . 13i 
 
 20 " 11 
 
 Pansy Patterson 18,612 
 
 . m 
 
 15 " 15 
 
 Total, 33 cows. 
 
 
 
 SAUGATUCK 1144. 
 
 Color, solid. Dropped December 12th, 1873. Bred by W. K. McCready, 
 Connecticut. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 Blood, Butter Yield in i Blood, Bdtter Yield in 
 
 Alice Jones 8335 .... 50 
 Alfleda 6744 25 
 
 Seven Dats. Name. 
 
 31 lbs. 13+ oz. I Nannie Fitc:li 9143 
 16 " 4 " i Alfritha 13,673 . 
 Total, 4 CHIPS. 
 
 Feb Cent. Seven Days. 
 . 35 14 lbs. 4 o 
 . VU 15 " 3 ■ 
 
 LANDSEER'S FANCY 2876. 
 
 Color, light fawn and white ; eyelids buffi ; white star ; white on shoulders ; white 
 forefeet, hind legs and belly. Dropped November 23d, 1873. Bred by "W. "W. 
 Billings, New London, Connecticut. Sire, Landseer 331. Dam, Young Fancy 97. 
 
 This is now, for the amount of butter and richness of milk, the champion cow 
 of the world, she having produced the largest amount of butter for tests of thirty 
 days, sixty days, and a year. 
 
 In regard to her oiEcial test, Mr. William J. Webster, in a communication to 
 the Country Gentleman, says : 
 
 " The various tests of this cow are supported by more disinterested proof than 
 any I know of. They have been twice questioned, and each time proved to the 
 satisfaction of the party questioning, who on both occasions became a witness, and 
 made statement giving details of the test. 
 
 " She was tested again one day, December 28th, under care of the clerk of our 
 Circuit Court and Mayor of Columbia, and made on this day sixteen pounds ten ounces 
 of milk, and two pounds fifteen ounces of butter. We tested her again from 15th to 
 21st of May, when her calf was nine months, old, and she was due to calve in three 
 months. She gave one hundred and twenty and a quarter pounds of milk, which was 
 churned in four churnings, and jdelded seventeen pounds of butter. This was worked, 
 and one ounce of salt added to the pound, and then reworked, and weighed when 
 ready for market. 
 
 " After this test was made, knowinij that Mr. Samuel N. Warren doubted her 
 
558 JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 former test, owing to its exceeding great richness, I invited liim to come and conduct 
 a test of one day to bis satisfaction. He is a breeder well known and of bigb 
 reputation in tins State, and is associated witli Major Campbell Brown and Mr. Polk 
 in the ownership of the Clovernook Herd, at Spring Hill, Tenn. She was due 
 to calve in two months after this last test, and her calf was ten months old. She 
 made si.xteen poimds three ounces of milk, which chm-ned two pounds ek'\ l-h and a 
 half ounces of butter, or at the rate of nineteen pounds a week. I regret I did 
 not have her tested officially for a full week at the time, but thought we might be 
 induced to feed her too heavily, and called in Mr. Warren simply to satisfy him as to 
 her yield of one day and the richness of her milk." 
 
 The ratio of milk to butter in the official test of Laiulseer's Fancy was h-^ 
 pounds to one, or 2f quarts of milk to one pound of butter. 
 
 The week's test in May, three months before calving, required 7yV pounds of 
 milk to one pound of butter, and the one-day test, two months before calving, 
 required h^^ poimds of milk, or two and three quarter qixarts to make a pound of 
 l)Utter. 
 
 Her year's test began January 2r)th, 1885, when past twelve years old, and was 
 finished January 25th, 1886, making a record of 111 pounds 15i^ ounces for thii-ty 
 days, 206 pounds 9 ounces for sixty days, 302 pounds 15 ounces for ninety days, and 
 for tlie year 936 pounds l-tf ounces of liutter. 
 
 TEST FOK OXE YEAK. 
 
 " We started her when four months and four days in calf, the test running with 
 the year and not with the calf, to try her powers as a brood cow, as well as capacity 
 as a butter cow. 
 
 " She was served by Pogis Chief 3898, on September 22d, 1884, and dropped 
 a bull, Landseer's Pogis, June 29th, 1885, having carried him over five montlis 
 during the test. She was served by Toltec 6831, September 29th, 1885, and now 
 carries tlie calf. So she carried the two calves nine months during the test. 
 
 "Her usual feed, till May 15th, 1885, was four quarts cornhearts and two 
 quarts bran, over cut hay, twice daily, sometimes more, sometimes less. No 
 iiccurate account of her feed was kept. On May 15th we began to cut down the 
 feed, and took it entirely from her May 30th, and turned her in the meadow, where 
 she cfiuld get plenty of grass and cool out. In doing this many would think I took 
 great risk of milk fever. But I don't believe in starvation at any time. Tiu; 
 record needs no explanation. The weights of milk were not kept till July i:5tli. 
 After July 4th her usual feed was four quarts cornhearts, four quarts oats, and two 
 (juarts bran, till October 24th, when it was two quarts cornhearts, two quarts 
 oats, and two quarts bran, twice daily. She is as great a brood cow as she is in 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IERICA. 
 
 January 36, 27 . 
 
 " 28, 29 . 
 
 " 30, 31 
 February 1, 3 . 
 3, 4. 
 
 5 8 
 
 \ 5 4 
 
 i 5 12 
 
 6 4 
 
 5, 6 5 
 
 7, 8 5 14 
 
 9,10 6 4 
 
 11, 12 * 7 8 
 
 13,14 1 5 4 
 
 15,16 6 4 
 
 17, 18 ■ 5 6 
 
 19, 20 7 4 
 
 " 28 and March 1 6 4 
 
 March 2, 3 5 9 
 
 4. 5 (milk partly wasted).' 4 10 
 
 6. 7 
 
 8, 9 
 
 10, 11. 
 
 13, 13 . 
 
 14, 15 , 
 16, 17 . 
 18, 19 . 
 20, 21 . 
 32, 23 . 
 24, 25 . 
 26 
 
 6 13 
 6 13 
 6 1 
 
 5 9 
 
 6 4 
 
 5 13 
 
 5 12 
 
 3 10 
 
 Amount first 60 days j 180 14 
 
 3 10 
 
 March 27 ... . 
 
 28, 29 . 
 
 30, 31 . 
 April 1, 2 . 
 
 5, 6. 
 
 7, 8 . 
 
 9, 10 . 
 11,12. 
 13, 14 . 
 
 5 8 
 
 6 12 
 6 12 
 6 4 
 5 9 
 
 April 
 
 *15, 16 . 
 +17, 18 . 
 
 19, 20 . 
 
 21, 32 . 
 |33, 34 . 
 §35, 36 . 
 ||37, 38 . 
 
 29, 30 . 
 
 May 
 
 1[3, 4 
 
 5, 6 
 
 **7, 8 
 
 9, 10 
 
 From March 27 to May 10 in 
 
 elusive 
 
 First 60 days forward 
 
 Total for 120 days 299 
 
 This is correct. I superintended this test to 
 this date. L. Taylor, Manager. 
 
 May 11, 12 
 
 " 13,14 
 
 " 15, 16 
 
 " 17,18.... 
 
 " 19,30 
 
 " 20, 21, 33 , 
 
 " 24, 25, 26 . 
 
 " 27, 28, 29, 
 
 Total . 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 4 14 
 3 10 
 
 " The milk of the 33d was not saved, and from 
 
 * Feed reduced on 15th. 
 
 + Feed increased on 17th. 
 
 X Feed reduced on 23d. 
 
 § Feed increased on 25th. 
 
 II Cut down gradually on 27th and 28th. 
 
 ^ Increased on ZA and 4th. 
 
 ** Cut down on 7th. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 the 30th on, although there was one churning of 
 2.19, it was not counted, because too close to 
 calving to be called gilt-edged butter. We no- 
 ticed this churning wa.s a little strong, because 
 she was being milked irregularly to reduce flow 
 of milk and quantity of butter. 
 
 July 
 
 lbe.oz. 11m. oz. 
 
 July 4. 
 
 July 4-16. 
 
 July 11). 
 
 13 
 
 10 8 
 10 11 
 111 6 
 
 ii) :io 1113 
 
 21 |lO 1210 
 
 22 11 210 
 
 21 
 
 20 12 
 30 11 
 
 23 11 
 20 15 
 22 1 
 
 July 16-22. 
 
 5 12 
 
 3 9 
 
 4 8 
 7 6 
 
 4 9i 
 4 4 
 
 " It will be noticed that tJie milk of the 16th 
 and morning of the 17th — three milkings, 31.4 — 
 was churned together on the 18th, and the 
 night'.s milking of the 17th was churned on the 
 30lh. This was caused by our moving from one 
 barn to another on the 17th, and the evening's 
 milk placed in a different house. 
 
 27 112 
 
 28 Il3 
 
 29 'll 
 
 1310 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 112 
 
 21 4 
 33 15 
 
 22 9 
 
 July 
 
 23-29. 
 
 July 30. 
 31. 
 
 August 1 . 
 
 July 3()-August 1 
 
 August 6. , 
 
 8.. 
 
 9.. 
 10., 
 11., 
 
 August 6-12 in- 
 clusive , 
 
 11 Hi 
 1213 8 
 311 10 
 
 3il0 4 
 810 
 211 3 
 710 3 
 
 August 1.3.. 
 
 I Ibe. oz. 
 
 \<i,h\ 3 13 
 
 26 3 13 
 
 27 3 6 
 :28 4 1 
 139 3 11 
 JSO 3 8 
 
 31 3 10 
 
 22 Hi 13 6 
 
 34 4 2 3 10 
 
 22 13 3J 3 8 
 
 23 7 I 4^ 3 7 
 
 21 8 : 5; 3 7 
 23 5 6 4 1 
 
 22 11 I 7I 3 8 
 
 159 IH 
 
 22 15 
 31 13 
 23 
 
 31 7 
 22 11 
 21 8 
 20 7 
 
 9 3 15 
 10 3 6 
 
 3 
 12 3 
 
 13! 3 
 14 3 
 
 28 15i 
 
 August 13-19 
 elusive 
 
 11 1210 
 11 3' 9 
 
 15 3 
 
 16 3 
 
 21 11 
 
 30 10 
 21 
 
 31 6 
 30 3 
 
LANDSEER'S FANCY 2876. 
 
 AT 10 YEARS OLD. 
 
 Dazzle— Splendid Type. 
 Webstee it Morrow, Columbia, Tennessee. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 August 
 
 Aufust 20-26 in- 
 clusive 
 
 September 
 
 13 11 
 10 
 
 9 3 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 10 11 
 13 
 
 10 11 
 8 1 
 10 3 
 10 
 
 August 27 -Sep 
 teuiber 3 
 
 September 3. , 
 4., 
 5. 
 
 11 8 
 11 8 
 9 15 
 10 
 11 
 
 September 3-9 in- 
 clusive 
 
 September 10 10 12 
 
 11 9 
 
 10 
 
 8 13 
 10 10 
 
 30 3 
 22 2 
 22 10 
 
 16 11 
 
 17 9 
 19 9 
 
 129 
 
 18 8 
 
 19 3 
 
 19 11 
 
 17 8 
 
 20 3 
 16 4 
 
 18 6 
 
 39 11 
 
 22 4 
 17 13 
 19 8 
 17 5 
 19 14 
 15 13 
 17 13 
 
 September 10-16, 
 inclusive ' . 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 3 li 
 
 3 4 
 3 15 
 
 3 4 
 3 4 
 
 3 15 
 3 3 
 3 6 
 
 3 7 
 3 14 
 
 September 17-23 
 inclusive 
 
 September 24. . 
 35. 
 36. 
 
 37.. 
 38., 
 
 30., 
 
 September 24-30 
 inclusive . . . 
 
 October 1-7 in 
 elusive 
 
 . lbs. oz. 
 
 17 6 
 19 13 
 
 18 10 
 17 10 
 
 19 3 
 15 8 
 13 15 
 
 3 6 
 
 3 13 
 3 9 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 7 
 10 14 
 
 7 12 
 
 8 1 
 
 8 15 
 5 12 
 
 123 1 
 
 18 3 
 
 14 13 
 
 15 8 
 17 1 
 15 13 
 15 10 
 15 7 
 
 8 1 
 8 11 
 
 7 13 
 
 7 3 
 6 9 
 
 8 11 
 
 9 11 
 11 11 
 
 .' 9 14 
 
 .| 9 13 
 
 21 10 
 
 3 15 
 3 13 
 3 5 
 3 14 
 3 3 
 3 2 
 3 9 
 
 31 13 
 
 3 3 8i 
 
 4 3 6 
 
 5 3 6 
 
 6 3 
 
 7 3 8 
 
 8 3 10 
 
 9 4 4 
 
 33 lOi 
 
 3 13 
 
 4 11 
 3 11 
 3 15 
 3 
 
 October 8-14 in-j 
 elusive 
 
JICRSIJV lATTLK IX AMERICA. 
 
 1885. 
 
 October 15. , 
 
 lbs.c 
 , 11 
 .11 15 
 
 f ' 
 
 ' 9 10 
 9 10 
 10 3 
 
 Octolier V: 
 clu.sivu. . 
 
 October 23-27 in- 
 clusive 
 
 12 2 
 
 6 8 
 
 7 11 
 
 7 4 
 7 11 
 
 7 11 
 
 4 14 
 4 7 
 
 4 7 
 
 5 1 
 5 11 
 5 11 
 
 October 28 -No. 
 veml)cr 
 
 NovenilKT 7-13. 
 
 31 6 3 
 
 01 G 6 
 ISj 6 6 
 
 2| 4 13 
 
 4| 5 
 
 0^ 5 9 
 
 2 6 3 
 e 7 
 6 2 
 5 
 
 Total. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 Butter. 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 19 10 
 
 
 3 10 
 
 18 14 
 
 18 
 
 3 8 
 
 20 12 
 
 19 
 
 3 13 
 
 18 15 
 
 20 
 
 3 3 
 
 19 4 
 
 21 
 
 3 8 
 
 16 -9 
 
 22 
 
 3 5 
 
 15 6 
 
 23 
 
 3 9 
 
 129 6 
 
 
 i! 
 
 23 8 
 
 t 17 
 
 34 
 
 3 12 
 
 10 5 
 
 25 
 
 2 2 t 
 
 12 3 
 
 26 
 
 112 
 
 13 5 
 13 6 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 3 1 
 2 14 
 
 13 6 
 
 39 
 
 3 2 
 
 79 2 
 
 
 1 
 13 11 
 
 14 6 
 
 31 
 
 5 4 
 
 16 6 
 
 
 
 15 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 14 
 
 11 15 
 
 
 
 13 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 2 
 
 13 9 
 
 4 
 
 3 3 
 
 13 5 
 
 5 
 
 3 2 
 
 14 13 
 
 6 
 
 3 1 
 
 15 5 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 13 14 
 
 8 
 
 3 1 
 
 142 
 
 
 38 U 
 
 15 5 
 
 9 
 
 2 12 
 
 14 2 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 14 6 
 
 11 
 
 2 14 
 
 16 4 
 
 12 
 
 3 4 
 
 14 1 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 14 9 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 16 13 
 
 15 
 
 2 10 
 
 105 7 
 
 
 30 8 i 
 
 1885. 
 
 November ] 
 
 November 31-37. 
 November 38 
 
 6 10 
 6 3 
 
 November 14-30. 
 
 11 O, I I 
 
 11 10: 6 15 
 
 9 7 
 
 29 10 8 
 
 30 jlO 
 
 December 1 ,9 5 
 
 2 
 
 6 12 
 4, 
 
 December 5 4 12 4 
 
 5 10 
 
 Nov. 38- Dec. 4 1 95 9 
 
 14 10 16 
 
 14 6 
 14 13 
 15 
 
 14 7 
 13 14 
 
 15 11 132^ 2 11 
 
 103 12 20 12 
 
 16 1 '23 3 13 
 
 16 2 
 
 34 2 13 
 
 15 8 
 
 25 2 14 
 
 16 7 
 
 26 3 3 
 
 18 10 127 3 12 
 18 9 !28 2 8 
 15 11 29 3 3 
 
 117 
 
 j 15 10 
 
 15 10 
 
 15 14 
 
 14 12 
 
 12 1 
 
 12 6 
 
 9 4 
 
 8 13 
 8 3 
 
 5 10, 3 3 
 
 6 4l 3 13 
 6 I 3 1 
 6 3J 3 13 
 6 13 4 8 
 
 6 10 4 8 
 
 7 10 4 7 
 7 12 4 3 
 7 14 5 3 
 7 14 5 11 
 7 4 5 7 
 
 31 3 
 
 30 2 12 
 
 1 3 1 
 
 3 3 13 
 
 3 3 1 
 
 4 4 1 
 
 5 2 7 
 
 6 1 14 
 
 20 1 
 
 5 14 5 
 
 = [! 
 
 1 Il6, 4 
 
 1114J I 
 
 13 1 |18| 4 
 13 9 
 
 12 11 20i 4 
 
 Dec. 5-18 inclusive I |147 11 
 
 I P 
 
JERSEY CATTLE lA^ AMERICA. 
 
 December 19. 
 30. 
 21. 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 December 19-31 
 inclusive 
 
 January 1. 
 
 January 1-7 in- 
 clusive 
 
 lbs. oz, 
 11 9 
 11 10 
 
 11 10 
 13 8 
 15 11 
 13 8 
 
 12 3 
 
 13 6 
 18 3 
 18 10 
 
 12 8 
 
 13 3 
 
 13 4 
 13 4 
 11 12 
 13 
 13 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 3 12 
 
 3 6 
 
 4 14 
 
 4 13 
 
 5 1 
 4 4 
 4 5 
 
 January 
 
 3 1 
 
 4 1 
 
 4 7 
 
 January 8-14 in- 
 clusive 
 
 Januar3' 1.5. 
 16. 
 17. 
 18. 
 19. 
 
 January 15-3.5 in- 
 clusive 
 
 7 13 
 7 4 
 7 7 
 7 9 
 6 14 
 6 14 
 
 4 11* 
 6 3 
 
 5 lOA 
 4 4 
 4 1 
 
 4 2 
 4 
 4 13 
 4 13 
 4 11 
 4 4 
 3 10 
 3 2 
 3 10 
 
 13 3 
 
 13 
 10 7 
 13 5 
 10 10 
 
 11 10 
 11 9 
 11 9 
 11 11 
 II 10 
 
 9 6 
 10 7 
 
 9 4i:2; 
 
 7 6 
 
 7 11 ^27 
 
 114 lU 24 15i 
 
 8 10 
 
 4 8 
 
 5 1 
 
 18 3 
 
 4 13 
 
 4 11 
 
 4 11 
 
 4 11 
 3 lOf 
 
 The foregoing record of Landseer's Fancy 2876, from July 4tb, 1885, to 
 January 25tli, 1886, evenings inclusive, is correct. 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 From January 26th, 1883, to March 26th, 1885, inclusive. 
 From March 17th, 1885, to May 10th, 1885, inclusive 
 
 Ills. oz. 
 
 180 14 
 lis 11 
 
 Total. 
 
 This as per statement of L. Taylor, manager. 
 
 Part spilled. 
 
564 JERSEY CATTLE IN" AMERICA. 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 Carried forward 2!tO 9 
 
 From May llth, 18S5, to May 3Utb, 1885, inclusive 28 5 
 
 This as per statement of W. J. Webster. 
 
 Aiiionnt before dropping calf 327 l-t 
 
 From July 4th to loth, inclusive 36 3 
 
 From July 16tb to 22d, inclusive 29 i 
 
 From July 23d to 29th, inclusive 25 13 
 
 From July 30th to August 5tli, inclusive 2-1 15 
 
 From August 6th to 12th, inclusive 23 15^ 
 
 From August 13th to 19tb, inclusive 21 11^ 
 
 From August 20th to 26tb, inclusive 21 8^ 
 
 From August 27th to September 2d, inclusive 22 4 
 
 From September 3d to 9th, inclusive 22 12 
 
 From September 10th to Kith, inclusive 22 Q^ 
 
 From September 17th to 23d, inclusive 21 10 
 
 From Septemljer 24th to 30th, inclusive 21 13 
 
 From October Ist to 7th, inclusive 23 lOi 
 
 From October 8th to 14th, inclusive 24 C 
 
 From October 1 5th to 21st, inclusive 23 8 
 
 From October 22d to 27th, inclusive 13 11 
 
 From October 28th to November 6th, inclusive 28 11 
 
 From November 7th to 13th, inclusive 20 8 
 
 From November 14th to 20th, inclusive 20 12 
 
 From November 21st to 27th, inclusive 21 2 
 
 From November 28th to December 4th, inclusive 20 1 
 
 From December 5th to 18th, inclusive 27 12 
 
 From December 19th to 31st, inclusive 31 8 
 
 From January 1st, 1886, to January 7th, inchisive 10 4 
 
 From January 8th to 14tli, inclusive 18 3 
 
 From January 15th to 25th, inclusive 24 15f- 
 
 Amount of butter from January 2<It]i, 1885, to evening of January 
 
 25tli, 1886— one year 930 14J 
 
 '' During this year she was out of the dairy from May 30th, 1885, to June 29th, 
 date of calving, and till July 4th after calving, the first day's milk being July 4tli, 
 after dropping bull, Landseer's Pogis." 
 
 On the three hundred and sixty-third day of her year, and tlie three hundred and 
 thirty-eighth of her test, four and a half months in calf, she made 2 pounds lOf oimces 
 of butter from 9 pounds 4^ ounces of milk, a pound of butter from ^-^^ pounds 
 or three pints rf milk. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX A3IEEICA. 
 
 565 
 
 The test for richness of milk was a pul)lic one, conducted by the Tennessee 
 Breeders' Association. 
 
 Mr. Webster says : " A great many think that there must be some unusual 
 treatment to produce such results.. It is much more simple than they suppose. 
 
 " There have several serious mistakes been made during the year, and if she had 
 not been a cow of great recuperative power, she would have broken down. The 
 record shows that our most successful treatment was when she was under good, high 
 feed, but not the highest. I am satisfied that there is more in constant care and 
 watchfulness than in forcing, and the feed should be for butter only. 
 
 '' A cow is not made rich in a week or month, and possibly not the richest even 
 in a year." 
 
 landseee's fancy and tested descendants. 
 
 liANDSEER'S FANC7 | 
 
 2876 I 
 
 Rosy Dream 9808 . . . 
 
 ( 29 lbs. 
 
 (21 
 
 50 19 
 
 Toltec's Fancy 37,172 . . 
 Maquilla 24,043 . . . . 
 
 Total, 4 cows. 
 
 50 17 lbs. 6 oz. 
 25 20 " 1 " 
 
 1874. 
 
 SANS PEUR, F. 201 J. H. B.— H. C. 
 Color, gray ; right foreleg and lower part of arm white ; white line on right 
 stifle. Dropped April, 1874. Sire, Welcome, F. 166 J. H. B.— H. C. Dam, 
 Fanchon, F. 1-432 J. H. B. 
 
 tested descendants. 
 
 Fear Not 6059 50 17 lbs. 10 
 
 Buttercup 17,825 .... 50 16 " 8 
 
 Fan of Grouville 7458 . . 50 13 " 
 
 Fear Not 2d 6061 . . .25 16 " 2 
 
 
 
 Fan's Grouville Beauty 
 
 10,079 25 19 lbs. 3 
 
 Lucilla Kent 8893 ... 35 15 " 10 
 Total, 6 coios. 
 
 DEERFOOT BOY 1926. 
 
 Color, solid gray ; black points. Dropped July 19th, 1874. Bred by 
 E. Burnett. Sire, Albion 490. Dam, Daisy of Deerfoot 3182. 
 
 tested descendants. 
 
 Naiie. 
 
 Blood, 
 Pee Cejt 
 
 BOTTEE TlZLD IN 
 r. SeVEK DATS. 
 
 Blood, 
 Name. Pee Cen 
 
 Butte 
 Seve 
 
 Abbie Z. Sd 14,743 . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 17 lbs. oz. 
 
 Dena of Deerfoot 15,325 . 50 
 
 14 lbs 
 
 Polly of Deerfoot 15,338 
 
 . 50 
 
 15 " " 
 Total, 
 
 Cressy of Deerfoot 15,324 . 50 
 4 cows. 
 
 14 " 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 CLAIMANT, P. Si J. H. B.— C. 
 Color, solid fawn ; black points. Dropped 1874. 
 
 TESTED PESCENDANTS. 
 Butter Yield m I 
 
 Xame. 
 
 Nancy Lee 7618 . . . 
 Royal Beauty 18,908 . 
 Bohemian Gipsy 17,452 
 Lizzie C. 7713 . . . 
 
 26 lbs. 8i 
 15 " 2i 
 U " 11 
 14 " 
 
 BiTTTER Yield ra 
 
 XiME. Peb Ce.vt. Seves 
 
 Lalla Rookh of Sugar Grove 
 
 15,882 12i 20 lbs. 
 
 Variella of Linwood 10,954 12i 14 " 
 Tohd, 6 cows. 
 
 COLUMBIAD 2(1 1515. 
 Solid color; black points. Dropped A]iril lltli, 1S71. Bred by C. and D. 
 Pennington. Paterson. X. J. Sire, Cohimbiad 531. Dam, Celestia 1898. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 14 lbs. 7 oz. 
 
 PET OP ROSE LAWN ( ^18 
 
 11,326 \''^ { 15 
 
 Xame. Feb Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 Alluring 5541 50 19 lbs. 5 02 
 
 Rose of Rose Lawn 9365 . 50 16 " 3 " 
 Total, 4 coin. 
 
 HEKO, P. 90 J. PL B.— LL C. 
 Color, solid dark red ; eyes encircled with orange. Dropped 1871. 
 
 Daisy of St. Peters 18, 
 Satin Bird 16,380 
 Jenny Le Brocq 9757 
 
 COOOTTE 11,958 . 
 
 Westphalia 24,384 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 . 50 14 
 
 . 50 14 
 
 no J 
 
 14 
 
 24 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 rTEB Yield in 
 
 EVES DXTS. 
 
 lbs. 5i oz. 
 " 15A " 
 " 14 " 
 
 50- 
 
 Blood, 
 
 BuTTEB Yield is 
 
 Name. Feb Cexi 
 
 Seves Days. 
 
 Mousy 2d 14,963 .... 25 
 
 nibs. 1 oz. 
 
 Bergcrelia 15,546 . . . 25 
 
 14 •' li " 
 
 Cetewayo's Silver Bell 
 
 
 18,953 12+ 
 
 17 " 2i ■' 
 
 Cetewayo's Dorcas 20,287 . 13i 
 
 16 " 3i " 
 
 Tokil, 9 coica. 
 
 
 CECCO 1673. 
 
 Color, solid dark fawn ; black points. Dropped October 15th, 1871. Bred by 
 Robert Iloe, Tarrytowii, N. Y. Sire, Mercury 132. Dam, Ceres 427. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Ceccola 13,608 .... 50 
 
 Idalettal 1,843 50 
 
 Idalene 11,841 .50 
 
 BuTTEB Yield is 
 Seves Days. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Hlood, Butter Yield is 
 Pes Ce.vt. Seves Day«. 
 
 16 lbs. 13 oz. 
 
 Ideal 11,843 . . . 
 
 . . 50 14 lbs. 12J oz. 
 
 15 " \^ ■• 
 
 Ideal Alphca 18,755 . 
 
 . . 25 14 " 6 " 
 
 15 •• 8i " 
 
 ToUa, 5 ooics. 
 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 PIERROT 7tli lOiiT. 
 Color, dark gray ; black switch ; black tongue. Dropped December 1st, IS 74. 
 Bred by S. C. Colt, Hartford, Conn. Sire, Pierrot 636. Dam, Pet 811. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 Nam 
 
 Palestine Pierrot 34,099 . To 
 Pierrot's Ludy Bacon 13,482 50 
 Pierrot's Picture 13,481 . 50 
 Lady Hayes 10,136 . . . .50 
 Pierrot's Lady Hayes 11,673 50 
 Lady Fanning 11,169 . . 50 
 
 Seven Days. 
 
 Name. Per Cen 
 
 Seven D 
 
 14 lbs. 6 oz. 
 
 Palestine's Last Daughter 
 
 
 16 '• 10 " 
 
 12,603 50 
 
 14 lbs. 6 
 
 16 " " 
 
 Pierrot's Countess 13,480 . 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 16 " " 
 
 Countess of Lome 30,823 . 25 
 
 14 " 14 
 
 15 " 13 ■' 
 14 " 6 ■■ 
 
 Madame Argyle 19,476 . . 35 
 Tutal, 10 cows. 
 
 14 " 1 
 
 RECTOR 1458. 
 Color, .solid. Dropped April 9th, 1874. Bred by Campbell Brown, Spring 
 Hill, Tenn. Sire, Pertiiiatti. Dam, Roxana 2d 2532. 
 
 Bonnie Yost 7943 
 Leoni 11,868 . . 
 Dudu of Linwood i 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 18 lbs. 3 oz. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Lucetta 6856 . 
 
 Dora Doon 13,! 
 
 Total, 5 co\ 
 
 Bi.ooD, Better Yield in 
 Pee Cent. Seven Dats. 
 . .50 14 lbs. 3 OZ. 
 
 . 35 15 " •■ 
 
 HURRAH 2814. 
 Solid fawn ; black points. Bred by S. R. Gridley, Bristol, Conn. Dropped 
 March 11th, 1874. An inbred Tom Dasher 420 and Paterson 11. Sire. Colonel 
 Crockett 1694. Dam Village Girl 5744. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 VALUE 2d 6844 
 
 BoTTEB Yield in 
 
 Blood, 
 Per Cini 
 
 Butter Yield in 
 Seven Days. 
 
 25 lbs. 2H oz. Hurrah Pansy 13,153 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 lbs. li oz. 
 
 Total, 3 C0W.1. 
 
 
 
 JERSEY BOY, P. 92 J. H. B.— H. C. 
 
 Color, solid dark gray. Dropjjed 1874. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Oakland's Cora 18,853 . 
 Sclpio's Lively 19,869 . 
 Queen Neptune 15,501 . 
 Rosona 13,956 . . . . 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 19 lbs. 94 oz. 
 
 14 ■' 7 " 
 
 18 '■ 13i " 
 
 16 " 7 " 
 
 
 Blood, Biitter Yield 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pee Cent. Seven Days 
 
 Lane 13,303 . 
 
 . . m 15 lbs. 4 
 
 na 16,776 . . 
 
 . .m 14 " 3 
 
 Total, 6 < 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 LORD LxUVREXCE UU. 
 
 Color, dark French gray ; black tongue and switch. 
 York. Dropped May lltli, IbT-t. 
 
 TESTED DESCEXDAXTS. 
 
 Bred by T. J. Hand, 2st 
 
 Same. 
 
 Pee CE^ 
 
 T. Seves Days. 
 
 X..KE. Pee Ce.> 
 
 T. Seve.\- Di 
 
 Lady of Bellcvue 7705 
 
 . 50 
 
 15 lbs. 11 OZ. 
 
 The Widow's Daughter 
 
 
 Countess Giiscla 9571 
 
 . 50 
 
 15 ■■ 11 ■' 
 
 11,507 25 
 
 19 lbs. 8 
 
 ■\Vitch Hazel 4th 6131 
 
 . 50 
 
 15 " 5i " 
 
 Fanny Bugler 19,963 . . 25 
 
 15 '• 2 
 
 Fall Leaf 8587 . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 8 " 
 
 Rosy Dream 9808 ... 25 
 
 14 " 13 
 
 Lorella 12,913 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 •' 7 " 
 
 ToUil, 8 cows. 
 
 
 8i OZ. 
 
 LOED BRONX 2d 1730. 
 
 Solid color ; black points. Bred by II. E. Johns. Bloomfield. Conn. Dropped 
 June 10th, 1874. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 Blood, Butteb Yielp ix 
 
 
 Kaiie. 
 
 Pee Ce.\t. Sevex Davs. 
 
 X 
 
 Hazen-s Bess 7329 . 
 
 . . 50 24 lbs. 11 OZ. 
 
 Herberta 8 
 
 Arnold's Lulu 7328 . 
 
 . . 50 15 •' " 
 
 Total, 
 
 16 lbs. 15 OZ. 
 
 OXOLI 1022. 
 
 Color, fawn ; shaded with dun. Sire, grandsire and great-grandsire, eighty 
 seven and a half per cent. St. Helier 45. Bred by Dr. 0. S. Hubbell, Stratford, 
 Conn. Dropped March 3Uth, 1874. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood. Bitteb Yield i 
 Naxe. Feb Ce.vt. Seves Days. 
 
 Volie 19,465 .50 18 lbs. 1 o 
 
 Kaoli 18,980 .50 17 " i 
 
 Zithey9184 .50 16 " ' 
 
 Lesbie9179 ..... 50 16 ' ; 
 
 Maculae 24,277 . . . . .50 15 " ; 
 
 Renini 9181 .50 14 " 1( 
 
 Blood, BnTBB Yield is 
 
 7 50 14 lbs. 3i oz. 
 
 Taglioni 9182 50 14 " 1 " 
 
 Trenie 17,770 37* 14 " 10 " 
 
 Queen of Chenango 17,771 25 14 " 6 " 
 
 Flamant 11,370 .... 25 14 " 2 " 
 Total, 11 cowt. 
 
JERISEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 PEINCE OF WAEREN 1512. 
 
 Solid color ; black points. Bred bj J. 11. McHenry, Baltimore, Md. Dropped 
 July 17th, 1874. Sire, Southampton 117. Dam, Golddrop 222. For Prince of 
 Warren type see portrait of Lady Madeline 10,526 in frontispiece. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pra Ceki 
 
 Sev 
 
 ^^ DATS. 
 
 Name. Feb CEh 
 
 T. Sev 
 
 N DATS. 
 
 Lady Conover2dl7,.589 
 
 . 75 
 
 20 ll)s 
 
 OZ. 
 
 Mary of Bear Lake 6171 . 50 
 
 15 lbs 
 
 14 OZ 
 
 Taniy Lowndes 35,316 . 
 
 . 75 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 ■■ 
 
 Gledelia 10,534 .... 50 
 
 15 " 
 
 " 
 
 Dot of Bear Lake 6170 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 19 " 
 
 .3 " 
 
 Lena Lowndes 23,203 . . 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 7 " 
 
 Coaover's Beauty 12,650 
 
 . 50 
 
 18 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 Countess Lowndes 36,874 . 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Lady "Warren 12,168 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 16 " 
 
 7 " 
 
 Witch Hazel 4th 6131 . . 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 U " 
 
 Tamy3d6127. . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 10 •• 
 
 
 
 Mary's Silver Drop 14,325 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 4* " 
 
 Ida of Bear Lake 6169 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 16 " 
 
 U 
 
 Total, 13 cows. 
 
 
 
 EEX 1330. 
 
 Color, solid orange gray fawn, with dark shadings around eyes ; black switch 
 and tongue. Bred by John O. Couch, Middlefield, Conn. Dropped April 17th, 
 1874. Sire, Colt Jr. 825. Dam, Couch's Lily 3237. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Hepsy 2d 13,008 . . 
 Arawana Queen 5368 . 
 
 Blood 
 Feb Cen 
 . 50 
 . 50 
 
 Butte 
 
 17 lbs 
 
 16 " 
 
 YiEI, 
 
 ekDa 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 Prmcess Bellworth 6801 
 
 . 50 
 
 15 " 
 
 lOi 
 
 Usilda2d6157 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 15 " 
 
 3i 
 
 Favorite Rajah Rex 16, 
 Louvie3d6159 . . . 
 
 53 50 
 . 50 
 
 15 ■' 
 14 " 
 
 
 13 
 
 Bell Rex 11,700 . 
 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 10 
 
 Princess Ro,se 6249 
 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 
 
 Jeannie Piatt 6005 
 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 4 
 
 Lottie Rex 18,757 
 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 4 
 
 Pet Rex 30,166 . 
 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 4 
 
 Kerni Rex 18,671 
 
 
 . .50 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 Rosy Kate's Rex 13, 
 
 93 
 
 . 35 
 
 18 " 
 
 8 
 
 Name. Pek Cek 
 
 Maggie Rex 38,633 . . .35 
 Sister Rex 13,194 . . .25 
 Elsie Lane 13,303 . . .35 
 Chautauqua Queen 26,403 25 
 Si.ster Cash 33,987 . . .35 
 Lilley Rex 9853 .... 25 
 Lady Panalphrex 17,400 . 13i 
 CARRIE LENA 3d 
 
 20,077 13i 
 
 Guinevere Sinclair 11,167 . 12| 
 
 Lass Rex Alphea 16,965 . 12| 
 
 Ethalka 2d 14,138 . 
 
 Total, 34 com. 
 
 17 lbs. Oi OZ. 
 
 131 
 
570 
 
 JERSiEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 SWEEPSTAKES DUKE 19(>5 {P. 76 J. H. B.—II. C.) 
 
 Color, solid gray. Bred on Island of Jei-sey. Won Sweepstakes Prize with 
 complete score, of Island Scale of Points, at one year old, show of 1875. Dropped 
 April, 1S74. Imported by Moses Ellis, Massachusetts, October, 1875. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Fairy Quteii of St. Belades 
 7404 50 
 
 Valentine of Trinity 7409 50 
 
 Queen of Nubbin Ridge 
 14.538 50 
 
 Forget-Me-Xot 5809 
 
 Deertoot Girl 15,329 
 
 Florence Billot 7849 
 
 Energy 23,010 . . 
 
 Lily of the Valley 7439 
 
 Handsome Myra 14,244 
 
 Camelia 3d 11,188 . . 
 
 Lady Velvetine 15,771 . 
 
 Les Cateaux 2d 15,538 
 
 Cassis 13,028 . . . , 
 
 Olyniph 17,957 . . 
 
 Lady Kingscote 26,085 
 
 La Financiere 11,970 . 
 
 Lydia of Libby 11,698 
 
 Forsaken 7530 . . . 
 
 Lady Jane of St. Peters 
 
 Sweetrock 18,356 . . 
 Lady Vertumnus 13,217 
 .Jazel's Maid 11,011 . . 
 La Rouge 12,405 . . . 
 Beulah de Gruchy 13,480 
 
 25 
 
 BCTTE 
 
 Y«I,D IS 
 
 
 Bl.noD, 
 
 Butter Yield is 
 
 Sev 
 
 S DATS. 
 
 Navi. 
 
 Pee Ckxi 
 
 . Sev 
 
 X Days. 
 
 
 
 MAMELUi 20,804 . 
 
 . 124 
 
 211bs 
 
 8i OZ. 
 
 19 lbs. 
 
 7i oz. 
 
 Rozel Lass 20,208 . . 
 
 . 12i 
 
 19 " 
 
 9* " 
 
 19 " 
 
 4 
 
 St. Jeannaise 15,789 . 
 
 . 12* 
 
 16 •■ 
 
 4 " 
 
 
 
 Maritana 12,039 . . . 
 
 . 13* 
 
 16 " 
 
 3* " 
 
 17 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Fear Not 2d 6061 . . 
 
 . 13i 
 
 16 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 8 •' 
 
 Geneva 13,220 . . . 
 
 . 13* 
 
 15 " 
 
 11 •• 
 
 15 " 
 
 " 
 
 Farmer's Floss 17,773 . 
 
 . 13* 
 
 15 " 
 
 11 •' 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 Happy Blossom 18,318 . 
 
 . 13* 
 
 15 " 
 
 8 •• 
 
 14 " 
 
 5 '• 
 
 Jlarie S. 12,043 . . . 
 
 . 13i 
 
 15 " 
 
 •' 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 Kate Pansy 15,177 . . 
 
 . 13* 
 
 15 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 20 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 Sweet SLxteen 10,683 . 
 
 . 13* 
 
 14 " 
 
 15 •' 
 
 20 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Regina'.s Guide 16,863 . 
 
 . 13* 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 17 " 
 
 o <. 
 
 Peggy Ford 31,713 . . 
 
 . 13* 
 
 14 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 16 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 L'Etoile du Nord 16,419 
 
 . 12* 
 
 14 " 
 
 9 " 
 
 16 " 
 
 " 
 
 Tale-Bearer 34,535 . . 
 
 . 12* 
 
 14 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 Lady Young 16,668 . . 
 
 . 12* 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 Well Done 25,987 . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 19 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 5i " 
 
 Signaldella 24,107 . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 18 " 
 
 If " 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Glory of Elmarch 31,.521 
 
 . 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 13* " 
 
 15 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 Cicero's JIabel 18,338 . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 
 
 Les JIarais Dell 30,314 . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 8 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 " 
 
 Baron's Rosette 35,988 . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 15 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 lU " 
 
 Lady Fair 32,103 . . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 
 
 13 " 
 
 14 •• 
 
 10 " 
 
 Pendule 2d 16,709 . . 
 
 . Oi 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 14 •• 
 14 " 
 23 " 
 
 •• 
 
 Nervine 25,933 . , . 
 
 . Oi 
 
 14 ' 
 
 1* " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Total, 49 rotts. 
 
 
 
 
 TOP SAWYEIl 1404. 
 
 Color, solid squirrel gray ; black points. Dropped ^lay 19th, 1S74. Bred by 
 T. J. Hand, New York. Sire, Marius 760. Dam, Emblem !Mi. 
 
 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, 
 Peb Ce.n 
 
 BiTTEE Yield i.-« 
 . Seven- Days. Name. 
 
 
 Blood. 
 Per Cex 
 
 Butter Yield 
 r. Sevex Dat». 
 
 Cora of Linwood 13,915 
 
 . 50 
 
 23 lbs. oz. Busy Bee 7590 . 
 
 
 . 50 
 
 16 lbs. 4 
 
 Vi.\en 7.591 .... 
 
 . 50 
 
 17 '• " Fleurette of Linwo 
 
 )dl2 
 
 ,918 .50 
 
 16 •• 
 
 Beeswax 9807 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 17 " 5 " Dora Doon 13,909 
 
 
 . 50 
 
 15 " 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Br.oor 
 Naue. Feb Ce! 
 
 Opaline 7590 50 
 
 Denise8381 50 
 
 Litza 6338 50 
 
 Fandango 13,908 .... 50 
 Romp Ogden 3d 5458 . . 50 
 ETHLEEL 2d 32,391 . 37* 
 Maquilla 34,043 .... 35 
 
 Butt 
 
 N Days. 
 
 Blood, 
 Name. Pee Cen 
 
 Butter Yield 
 r. Seven Days. 
 
 14 lbs. 
 
 10 OZ. 
 
 Ethleel 18,734 35 
 
 19 lbs. 14 
 
 14 " 
 
 44 ■• 
 
 Cherokee Rose 20,931 . . 25 
 
 23 " 10 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Romping Lass 11,021 . . 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Jaquenetta 10,958 ... 25 
 
 14 " 6 
 
 14 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 Variella of Linwood 10,954 35 
 
 14 " 1 
 
 30 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 
 
 30 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 Total, 18 cows. 
 
 
 CLIVE DUKE 1901. 
 Color, solid. Dropped -Time 19th, 1874. Bred by T. S. Kennedy, Lonisville, 
 Ky. Sire, Prize Duke 942. Dam, Welcome Beauty 1268. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Oitz 8fi49 . 
 Peggotty H. 
 
 15 lbs. 
 15 " 
 
 Name. 
 
 Halsie McCurdy 13,379 
 Total, 3 cows. 
 
 . 50 14 lbs. 34 oz. 
 
 AZELDxi 3872. 
 Solid color; black points. Sire, Grand Duke Alexis 1040. Dam, Grand 
 Duchess of St. Peters 2733. Bred by J. A. Hayt, Patterson, N". Y. Dropped 
 March 13th, 1874. 
 
 Name. Per Ce 
 
 Gold Trinket 9.518 ... 50 
 
 Valhalla 5300 50 
 
 Belle of Patterson 5664 . . 50 
 Azelda 2d 7033 .... 50 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 Butter Yield 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pansy Patterson .... 35 15 lbs. 15 
 
 Guinevere Sinclair 11, 167. 35 14 " 9 
 
 Alberta Signal .... 13* 30 " 11 
 Total, 7 cows. 
 
 1875. 
 
 DUKE OF DAPtLINGTON 2460. 
 Color, solid gray; black points. Sire, Sarpedon 930. Dam, Eurotas 2454. 
 Bred by A. B. Darhng, Kamseys, jST. J. Dropped April 1st, 1875. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Butter Yield ra 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Butter Yield in 
 
 Name. 
 
 Per Ce.m 
 
 T. Seven Days. 
 
 Name. Per Cent 
 
 Seven Days. 
 
 rsrother Hubbard 10,331 
 
 . 50 
 
 24 lbs. U oz. 
 
 Nazli 10,.327 50 
 
 15 lbs. 34 oz. 
 
 BOMBA 10,330 . . . 
 
 . .50 
 
 21 " 114 " 
 
 Eupidee's Perfection 20,175 25 
 
 15 " 4 " 
 
 Matilda 5th 18,068 . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 16 " 4 " 
 
 Dove Dee 18,059 .... 25 
 
 15 " 3 " 
 
 Leah Darlington 13,836 
 
 . 50 
 
 15 " 54 " 
 
 Total, 7 cows. 
 
 
JERSfJY CATTLE IX A .VESICA. 
 
 KIIEDm:, P. 103 J. 11. B.— H. C. 
 
 Color, solid light fawn. 
 Cooniassie ll.ST-t. 
 
 Dropped 1S75. Sire, Leo F. 198— H. C. Dam, 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood, Bitter YitLD is 
 XAur. Pee Cent. Seven Dam. 
 
 Xa»e. 
 
 Blood, 
 Per C-En 
 
 BrrrtB Yield ix 
 
 . SEVE.X DATS. 
 
 PRINCESS 2d 8046 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 46 1b. 
 
 .12i oz. 
 
 Romping Lass 11,021 
 
 . 25 
 
 15 lbs 
 
 oz. 
 
 Oua 7840 
 
 . 50 
 
 22 " 
 
 lOi ■' 
 
 Nell Gwjnn 96.54 . 
 
 . 25 
 
 14 " 
 
 " 
 
 LEBROCQ'SCUR- 
 
 h 
 
 18 • 
 
 " 
 
 Ada Minka 15.562 . 
 
 . 25 
 
 14 •• 
 
 " 
 
 J^£»r 30,967 . . . 
 
 15 
 
 12i " 
 
 ETHLEEL 2d 32,291 
 
 . 12i 
 
 30 •• 
 
 15 " 
 
 Daisy Qiiwii 9619 . . 
 
 .50 
 
 16 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 Fillpail 2d 24,388 . 
 
 . 12A 
 
 25 •• 
 
 2 " 
 
 Desire 24,360 .... 
 
 50 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 •■ 
 
 MaquiUa 24,043 . . 
 
 . 12i 
 
 20 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 Blonde 2<I 9268 . . . 
 St. Jeannaise 15,789 . 
 
 50 
 37i 
 
 14 " 
 16 •' 
 
 4 •' 
 4 " 
 
 KHELULA 17,970 
 
 .12, 
 
 19" 
 14 " 
 
 8 " 
 6+ •• 
 
 OXFORD KATE 13.646 
 
 25 
 
 39 " 
 
 12 " 
 
 King's Trust 18,946 . 
 
 . 12i 
 
 18 ■' 
 
 " 
 
 Weslphalia 34,384 . . 
 
 25 
 
 24 " 
 
 H •■ 
 
 Toltec's Fancy 27,172 
 
 . m 
 
 17 " 
 
 6 •• 
 
 Little Torment 15,.581 . 
 
 25 
 
 23 " 
 
 2i " 
 
 Rosona 12,956 . . . 
 
 . m 
 
 16 " 
 
 7 " 
 
 Pilot's Veronica 18,917. 
 
 25 
 
 20 " 
 
 3 " 
 
 Granny's Gem 30,406 
 
 . m 
 
 16 " 
 
 5} '■ 
 
 Ethleel 18,724 . . . 
 
 25 
 
 19 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 Bessie R. 13,503 . . 
 
 . 12+ 
 
 16 " 
 
 " 
 
 Arthur's Mistletoe 11.968 
 
 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 in '•' 
 
 Elsie Lane 13,302 . 
 
 . 12.i 
 
 15 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 Daisy Brown 12,213 . 
 
 25 
 
 17 " 
 
 6i '• 
 
 Prize Rose 16,309 . 
 
 . 12+ 
 
 15 •• 
 
 1 " 
 
 Prince-ss of Ashantee 13,467 25 
 
 16 ■■ 
 
 12 " 
 
 Deletta 21,305 . . . 
 
 . 12+ 
 
 14 " 
 
 15+ •• 
 
 Miss Porter 20,300 . . 
 
 25 
 
 16 " 
 
 6 ■• 
 
 Betsoua 16,776 . . 
 
 . 13+ 
 
 14 - 
 
 3 " 
 
 Ruby Wray . . . 
 
 25 
 
 16 " 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rose of Oxford 13,469 . 
 
 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 14+ '■ 
 
 Totiil, 34 coics. 
 
 
 
 
 SILVER MINE 1658. 
 Color, solid fawn ; black tongue. Dropped January 28th, 1875. Bred by Dr. 
 A D. Newell, New Jersey. Sire, Silverlocks Jr. 699. Dam, Minerva 1529. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Nancy Lovelock 15,511 
 Siloam 17,623 .... 
 Countess Coomassie 19,3 
 
 Blood, BirrrEK Yield in 
 Pee Cext. Setes Days. 
 
 Blood, Bitter Yield in- 
 Name. Per Cent. Seven- Dats. 
 
 . 75 17 lbs. 9 oz. 
 
 Queen of Nubbin Ridge 
 
 . 50 18 " 10 " 
 
 14,528 25 17 lbs. oz. 
 
 39 50 16 ■' 10 " 
 
 Total, 4 cows. 
 
 BARONET 22-10. 
 Color, dark gray. Dropped April 12th, 1875. Bred by R. II. Stephens, Montreal, 
 Canada. Sire, Lord Li.sgar 1066. Dam, Amelia 484. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Baronetti 8425 . . 
 Chamomilla 7552 . . 
 Bonnie 2d 5742 . . 
 
 1"ER Cbkt. Sevex Days. 
 
 . 50 16 lbs. 14 O 
 . 50 16 •' 10 ' 
 . .50 14 " lU ' 
 
 Uinta 5743 . . . 
 
 Bonnie Fawn 6190 
 
 Total, 5 cows. 
 
 50 14 lbs. 10 oz. 
 50 14 " •• 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST A3IERIGA. 
 
 573 
 
 GUY FAWKES, F. 251 J. IL B.— H. C. 
 
 Color, solid light gray, except white spot on forehead ; black points. Dropped 
 December, 1875. Bred by Philip Godeaux, Trinity, Jersey. Sire, Koffee, F. 233 
 J. H. B. Dam, Angelica, F. 1T3S J. H. B. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. Peb Cest. Seve 
 
 Island Star 11,876 . . 
 
 50 21 lbs 
 
 Thaley 14,299 . . . 
 
 50 16 " 
 
 Queen of Ashantee 14,554 
 
 50 15 " 
 
 Auntybel 15,582 . . . 
 
 50 14 " 
 
 Moggie Bright 35.891 . 
 
 25 16 " 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Butter Yiel 
 
 Name. Feb Ces 
 
 T. Seven Da 
 
 Young Garenne 3d 13,648 . 25 
 
 16 lbs. 3 
 
 Liberty 2d 16,717 ... 35 
 
 14 " 6* 
 
 Pendule 2d 16,709 . . . 25 
 
 14 " 6 
 
 Total, 8 I 
 
 STOKE POGIS 3d 2238. 
 
 Bred by Peter 
 
 Leclair, Winooski, Vt. 
 
 Color, mulberry fawn ; black switch. 
 Dropped March 29th, 1875. 
 
 Just previous to the announcement of the test of Mary Anne of St. Lambert 
 9770 the owner of Stoke Pogis 3d 2238, living near Montreal, killed him "because 
 he made such a nice lot of beef ; " he " dressed seventeen hundred pounds." 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood, Bcttee Yield in 
 Name, Pek Cent Seven Days. 
 
 MARY ANNE OF ST. 
 
 LAMBERT 9770 . . 50 36 lbs. 12i oz 
 IDA OF ST. LAMBERT 
 
 24,990 50 30 " 2i " 
 
 MERMAID OF ST. 
 
 LAMBERT 9771 . . 50 25 " 13i " 
 
 NAIAD OF ST. LAM- 
 BERT 12,965 .... 50 22 " 2| " 
 
 Noraof St. Lambert 12,963 .50 33 " 
 
 NIOBE OF ST. LAM- 
 BERT 13,969 .... 50 21 " 4* " 
 
 Brenda of Elmhurst 10,763 50 30 " 8 " 
 
 Honeymoon of St. Lambert 
 
 11,231 .50 20 " 5J " 
 
 RIOTER PINK OF 
 
 BERLIN 33,665 ... 50 19 " 14 " 
 
 Cowslip of St. Lambert 
 8849 50 17 " 13 " 
 
 Minnette of St. Lambert 
 9774 50 17 " 4 " 
 
 Name. Pee Cen 
 
 1. Seve 
 
 nDat 
 
 Crocus of St. Lambert 8351 50 
 
 17 lbs 
 
 12 
 
 Diana of St. Lambert 6636 50 
 
 16 " 
 
 8 
 
 Maggie of St. Lambert 9776 50 
 
 16 " 
 
 3 
 
 Moth of St. Lambert 9775 50 
 
 16 " 
 
 2 
 
 Rioter's Nora 21,778 . . 50 
 
 15 " 
 
 9 
 
 La Belle Petite 5473 . . 50 
 
 15 " 
 
 8 
 
 Mavourneen of St. Lambert 
 
 
 
 9777 50 
 
 15 " 
 
 7 
 
 May Day Stoke Pogis 
 
 
 
 38,333 50 
 
 15 " 
 
 8 
 
 Cupid of Lee Farm 5997 . 50 
 
 14 '■ 
 
 6 
 
 Nancy of St. Lambert 
 
 
 
 13,964 50 
 
 14 " 
 
 5 
 
 Rioter's Beauty 14,894 . . 37* 
 
 14 " 
 
 
 
 Rose of St. Lambert 30,436 35 
 
 21 " 
 
 3* 
 
 Rioter's Maggie 23,530 . . 25 
 
 18 " 
 
 6i 
 
 Carrie Pogis 32,568 ... 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 9 
 
 Maggie Sheldon 23,583 . 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 
 
 Mintha 12,813 .... 25 
 
 15 " 
 
 
 
 ToUil, 37 cows. 
 
 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 SUPERB 1956. 
 
 Xearlv solid color. Sire. Pierrot 2d 1G09. Dam, Myrtle 2d 211. Bred by 
 Thoiuas Fitch, New London, Conn. Dropped Jnne 16th, 1875. 
 
 Belraeda 6229 
 Floret 9959 . 
 
 TESTED DESCEXDAXTS. 
 
 18 lbs. 12 oz. Lida Mullin 9198 
 
 17 " 6 " Lizzie D. 10,408 
 
 Total, 4 coins. 
 
 Blood, Butter Yield is 
 PZB Cest. Seves Days. 
 . 50 16 lbs. 8 OZ. 
 
 . 50 14 " " 
 
 cows. 
 MOSTAPv 6971. 
 
 Color, fawn, with pray shading.s, a little white. Bred by James Young, Jr. 
 Pennsylvania. Dropped April 27th, 1875. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 liLOOD 
 I-EB CeN 
 
 Bt-TTEB TiELD 
 T. SeVES DaT8 
 
 rincess Mostar 9700 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 nibs. 3 
 
 illian Mostar 10,304 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 3 
 
 El Mora aiostar 15,955 . . 50 14 lbs. oz. 
 ToM, 3 cows. 
 
 1876. 
 
 NIOBE DUKE 2364. 
 
 Solid color ; black points. Sire, Jeweler 1.385. Dam, Niobe 6th 3516. Bred 
 by J. S. Jenkins. Dro])ped April 24th, 1876. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Thorndale Belle 3d 10,459 . 50 
 
 Jlitlen 13,368 .50 
 
 Belle Thornp 13,.369 . . .50 
 
 15 llw. 15 
 15 " 11 
 14 " 11 
 
 Alfritha 13,673 .... 25 
 Pegjry Ford 21,713 . . . 25 
 Total, 5 coies. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A. 575 
 
 CASH BOY 2248. 
 
 Color, nearly solid ; a faint white spot on right side ; dark switch. Dropped 
 January 1-tth, 1876. Bred by Lyman A. Mills. Sire, Eex 1330. Dam, Dido of 
 Middlefield 3416. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Rosy Kate's Rex 13,193 
 Maggie Rex 28,623 . . 
 Sister Rex 13,19-1 . . 
 
 Blood, Butteh Yi] 
 
 Pee Cent. 
 
 Seven Days. 
 
 .50 18 lbs. 8 oz. Sister Cash 33,987 . . . .50 14 lbs. 10 
 50 17 " Oi " CARRIE LENA 3d 
 
 50 16 '■ 8 "I 20,077 2.5 16 " 5 
 
 Total, 5 coios. 
 
 GEEY KING, P. 169 J. H. B.— H. C. 
 
 Dropped 181 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 BuTTEn Yield i 
 
 Name. Per Cent. Seve 
 
 Camelia 3d 11,188 ... 50 20 lbs. 
 
 Cassis 13,038 .50 16 " 
 
 La Pinanciere 11,970 . . .50 15 " 
 Lady Jane of St. Peters 
 
 7475 .50 15 " 
 
 Beulali de Gruchy 13,480 . 25 22 " 
 
 Rozel Lass 20,368 ... 25 19 " 
 
 Maritana 13,039 .... 25 16 '• 
 
 Geneva 13,220 .... 25 15 " 
 
 Farmer's Floss 17,773 . . 25 15 " 
 
 9i " 
 3+ " 
 
 Marie S. 13,043 .... 35 
 Beauty of the Grange 7503 \2l 
 Well Done 25,987 . . .121 
 Eveline of .Jersey 6781 . . 124 
 Glory of Ehnarch 21, .521 . 12* 
 Baron's Rosette 25,988 . . 12+ 
 Queen ofAshantee 2d 16,6.59 13+ 
 Nervine 35,933 .... 12+ 
 
 Total, 17 cows. 
 
 BrTTER Y'l 
 
 Seven I 
 
 lolb.s. 6 
 
 VERTUMNUS, P. 161 J. H. B.— II. C. 
 
 Color, brown ; white jJatch in forehead. Drojjped February, 1876. Bred by 
 Philip Godeaux, Trinity, Jersey. Sire, Sioeepstahes Dnlie 1595 (P. 76 J. II. B. — 
 H. C.) Dam, Coojnassie 11,874 — the two most noted prize-winners of Jersey. 
 
 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, Butter Yield in 
 Per Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, 
 Per Cekt 
 
 Seven Dats. 
 
 Olyinph 17,957 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 17 lbs. 3 OZ. 
 
 St. Jeannaise 15,789 . 
 
 . 25 
 
 16 lbs. 4 
 
 Lady Velvetine 15,771 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 17 " 3 " 
 
 Fear Not 2d 6061 . . 
 
 . 25 
 
 16 " 2 ' 
 
 Les Cateaux 2d 15,.538 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 17 " 2 " 
 
 Happy Blossom 18,318 . 
 
 • 25 
 
 15 " 8 ' 
 
 Lady Kingscote 36,085 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 15 " 10 " 
 
 Les Marais Dell 30,314 . 
 
 . 12+ 
 
 15 " S ' 
 
 Lady Vertumnus 13,317 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 10 " 
 
 Cicero's Mabel 18,338 . 
 
 . 12+ 
 
 15 " 2 ' 
 
 La Rouge 12,405 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 ■■ 2 " 
 
 Pendule 2d 16,709 . . 
 
 . 12+ 
 
 14 " 6 ' 
 
 Lady Young 16,668 . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " " 
 
 Total, 13 cows. 
 
 
 
JERtiEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 BROWNY, P. 15S J. II. I).— 11. C. 
 
 Color, light brown ; black switch ; tongue black and wliite. Dro])ped March, 
 1876. Sire, Tom 77 J. 11. B. Dam, Fairy 96-i J. H. B. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 liLoon. Butter Yield is I 
 
 Miss Browny 7288 ... 50 
 
 Rojal Beauty 18,908 . . .'iO 
 
 Beauty 7414 50 
 
 Rosebud of Bcllcvuc 7702 . .10 
 
 Lizzie C. 7713 .... 50 
 
 But 
 
 24 ■• 
 " 
 
 Naue. Peb Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 Cherokee Rose 20,921 . . 25 23 lbs. 10 oz. 
 Graniiy'.s Gem 30,406 . . 25 16 " 5i " 
 Variella of Linwood 10,954 25 14 ' 1 " 
 
 THORN DALE 2582. 
 
 Solid light fawn ; l^lack switcli. Dropped November 18th, 1S70. Bred by 
 E. Tliorne, New York. Sire, Balsora 2357. Dam, Katinka 5204. 
 
 Maggie McM. 14,073 . . 51) 
 
 Jennie 50 
 
 Almah of Oak lands 11,102 .50 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 ButterYiei.d 1 
 
 Oakland Girl 11,103 
 
 Florie May 10,728 . 
 
 Total, 5 covis. 
 
 50 14 lbs. 12* oz. 
 50 14 " 8 " 
 
 DUKE OF BRANDYWINE 2213. 
 
 Color, brown, tinged with gray ; star in face ; white sptit on l)ack ; lower part 
 of legs white. Dropped Jnly 11th, ls7t;. ]5red l)y Isaac Morgan, Barkersville, 
 Pa. Sire, Doctor II. 2132. Dam, Lillie Morgan +752. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood, Butter Yield in Blood, Butter Yield in 
 
 Name. Per Cent. Seven Days. Name. Per C'e.nt. Seven Dath, 
 
 Lydia Darrach 2d 8056 . .50 l(ni)s. oz. Lydia Darracb .5th 16,577 . 50 15 lbs. oz. 
 Lydia Darrach 3d 10,662 . 50 Hi " " Tut<il, S eoics. 
 
 VICTOR (P. US J. II. 1?.— 11. C.) 
 Color, brown ; wliite on left Hank ; black switch. Dropjied Ajiril, 1876. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Floribundiis 2d 14,949 
 Dairy Pride 4th 21,681 
 Miss Iluclin 22,296 . , 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Butter Yiel 
 
 D IN 
 
 
 Blood. Butter Yield I 
 
 •er Cexi 
 
 Seven Da 
 
 H. 
 
 Na«e. 
 
 Per Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 . 50 
 
 18 lbs. 8 
 
 OZ. 
 
 Lalla Rookh of 
 
 Sugar 
 
 . 50 
 
 16 " 
 
 
 Grove 15,882 . 
 
 ... 25 20 lbs. 1 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 9 
 
 " 
 
 Total, 4 cows. 
 
 
OAKLAND GIRL 11,103. 
 
 Thorndale Type. 
 
 HIGHLAND HERD. 
 
 James N. Smith, Litchfield, Connecticut. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IEEICA. 577 
 
 GILDEROY 2107. 
 
 Bred by II. Bordeu-Bowen, Rhode Island. Dropped May 7tli, 1876. Sire, 
 Magnetic 1428. Dam, Jeanne Le Bas 2176. 
 
 The following is a description of Gilderoy 2107 as the antlior saw him at 
 " Ferrycliflfe," the farm of Dr. H. M. Howe, in July, 1885 : 
 
 This noted bull, destined through his progeny to become a famous fountain 
 of richness, is a rare model of symmetry, and at nine years of age well illustrates the 
 remarkable vital energy inherent in an inbred Jersey bull. Every feature indicates 
 a superlative thoroughbred quality, constitution and potency. The barrel is long 
 and well-ribbed ; the back straight ; the loin very broad ; the hips prominent ; the 
 withers thin ; the rump long and high ; the thighs broad and flat ; the forearm 
 powerful ; the legs neat and small ; the neck grandly crested and admirably set upon 
 oblique, sloping shoulders ; the throat clean ; the head shapely, and having a well- 
 arched crown and slender waxy horns ; the face dished ; the eyes mild. The fore 
 escutcheon is large ; the hind escutcheon a good curveline ; the rudimentary udder 
 and teats well-marked ; the scrotum very large ; the foreveins unusually large and 
 prominent ; the tail fine. The hide is delightfully mellow, and of just the right 
 degree of thinness ; the hair one twelfth to one sixteenth of an inch in length, and 
 his whole surface as unctuous and soft to the touch as vaseline. The ears are 
 handsomely fringed with black. His color of coat is mahogany fawn upon the back, 
 dark mulberry or purple black on the head, face, neck and sides. He has some 
 white markings which are bordered with a margin of blue ; the white saddle upon 
 the withers, which is a characteristic feature of many famous historic Jerseys ; white 
 on belly, chest, flanks, and legs, and a white switch. His most remarkable 
 characteristic is his very rich skin color. Within the ears, beneath the elbows, 
 upon the scrotum, the escutcheons, the tip of tail, and from beneath the white 
 markings, there is a brilUant glow of the richest cadmium orange color, and from 
 his dark mulberry face there exudes a golden powder that looks like pollen 
 upon a honey-bee. All his progeny have the handsome, black-fringed, orange- 
 glowing ears and orange-coloi-ed skin ; and the Gilderoy cows yield a rich, buff- 
 colored cream, and brilliant, orange-tinted butter. Gilderoy is not excelled by any 
 living bull in this rare coloring, and I know of no herd that approaches that of 
 " Ferrycliffe" in the prevalence of this very desirable feature. All the yearlings and 
 calves in the herd of Dr. Howe show the rich orange-tinted skin. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 14 lbs. 4 oz. 
 
 Kame. 
 
 
 liLoon, 
 Peb Cen- 
 
 rincess Mary 
 
 of 
 
 Wood- 
 
 
 lawn 11,663. 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 Name. Pbe Ceot 
 
 BtiTTEE Yield i 
 p. Seven Dats. 
 
 Queen Mary of Woodlawn 
 
 
 11,659 50 
 
 32 lbs. 5 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMEHIC'A. 
 
 Chrome Skin 7881 . . . 5U 
 Lacaine 10,682 .... 50 
 Topaz of Woodlawn 11,661 50 
 Lady Alice of the Wilder- 
 ness 12,207 50 
 
 Daisy's Daughter . . 50 
 
 Sweet Sixteen 10,682 . . 50 
 Gold Mask 10,727 ... 50 
 
 BirTTEB TlILD IN 
 
 
 Blood 
 
 
 SlVI.1 DATS. 
 
 Naxi. 
 
 Pm Cist. Skvim Datb. 
 
 20 lbs. 10 oz. 
 
 Yellow Locu.st 10,679 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 lbs. lOi oz 
 
 17 " U •' 
 
 Clover Mel 16,159 . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 9 •■ 
 
 16 " 4 •• 
 
 Eugenic 2<1 12,733 . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 2 " 
 
 
 Mary of Gilderoy 11,219 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 4 " 
 
 15 •• 14 ■' 
 
 MAMELLE 20,804 . 
 
 . 25 
 
 21 ■ 8i " 
 
 15 •• 3 •■ 
 
 
 . 25 
 
 17 ■■ 6 " 
 
 14 " 15 ■■ 
 
 
 
 
 14 •• 14 •■ 
 
 Total, 15 cows. 
 
 
 
 MASEXA 25,732. 
 
 
 
 Color, fawn and white ; white on brisket, right shoulder, left side, hips, flanks, 
 belly and legs; white switch; white tongue. Dropped March 8th, 1876. Bred 
 by II. Talcott. Sire, Kago 1353. Uani, Highland Mary 3d 19,876. 
 
 TEST OF MASENA. 
 
 Masena was tested at intervals for one year and eleven days, under the 
 supervision of her owner, Mr. P. P. Paddock, the test ending four days previous to 
 dropping her calf, making the time between calves one year and fifteen days. 
 The yield was as follows : * 
 
 One year, 8995 lbs. 8 oz. of milk 892 lbs. 2 oz. of butter. 
 
 The ne.xt eleven days, 105 lbs. 8 uz. of milk lu " 1 " " " 
 
 Liust four days, milk not used ; total 902 lbs. 3 oz. of butter, from 
 
 9101 lbs. of milk, or ten and one quarter (lOJ) lbs. of milk to a pound of butter. 
 Cost of feed for one year and fifteen days : 
 
 To 1500 lbs. middlings $18.75 
 
 " 1600 " corn meal 20.00 
 
 " 1100 " barley meal 13.75 
 
 " 600 " bran (JOO 
 
 " 450 " ground oats 5.(J2 
 
 " 30 Inishels potatoes 7.50 
 
 " 1800 lb.s. hay ' iq'so 
 
 " Pasturing 10.00 
 
 T'-tal ^.»^.42 
 
 902 lbs. 3 oz. butter 27(1.65 
 
 ^'i^f profit $178.23 
 
 • Estimated in part. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 
 
 MOLLIE GARFIELD 12,172. 
 
 Color, dark fawn ; little white. Dropped 1876. Sire, Bell Caliph 1432. Dam, 
 Maple Dale 2907. 
 
 MOLLIE GAEFIELD AJSTD TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Bi.ooD, BoTTEE Yield in I Blood, Bdttee Yield in 
 
 Name. Pee Cent. Seven Days. Name. Pee Cent. Seven Dats. 
 
 Mollie Garfield 13, 173 . 100 33 lbs. 13 oz. Duchess of Manchester 
 
 MoUie Garfield 3d 18,663 100 15 " 14 " , 30,838 50 14 lbs. oz. 
 
 Dollle Dale 16,140 . . 100 15 "7 "I Total, i cows. 
 
 NANCY LEE Y618. 
 
 Color, cream fawn ; black points. Dropped 1876. Imported by E. P. P. 
 Fowler, 1878. 
 
 NANCY LEE AND TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Nancy Lee 7618 
 
 8i oz. I Lizzie C. 7713 . 
 Total, 2 cows. 
 
 14 lbs. oz. 
 
 1877. 
 
 TORMENTOR 3533. 
 
 Color, gray, with dai-k shadings ; small star ; white on belly, front of hind legs, 
 and fore-ankles. Dropped March, 1877. Bred by John Arthur, St. Mary's, Jersey. 
 Imported August 23d, 1878, by Campbell Brown, Spring Hill, Tenn. Sire, 
 Khedive, P. 103 J. H. B.— 11. C. Dam, Angela, F. 1607 J. H. B. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 
 Blood, 
 
 BuTTEB Yield in 
 
 
 Blood, 
 
 BOTTEB Y'lILD IS 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pee Cehi 
 
 Seven Days. 
 
 Name. 1 
 
 ee Cent. Seven Dats. 
 
 Little Torment 15,581 
 
 . 50 
 
 33 lbs. 3+ OZ. 
 
 ETHLBEL 2d 83,391 
 
 35 
 
 30 lbs. 15 oz 
 
 Ethleell8,724 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 19 " 14 " 
 
 Maquilla 24,043 . . . 
 
 35 
 
 30 " 1 ■' 
 
 Daisy Brown 12,213 
 
 . 50 
 
 17 " 6i " 
 
 Toltec's Fancy 27,172 . 
 
 35 
 
 17 " 6 " 
 
 Ruby Wray . 
 
 . 50 
 
 16 •' " 
 
 Prize Rose 16,309 . . 
 
 35 
 
 15 " 1 " 
 
 Rose of O-xford 13,469 
 
 . 50 
 
 15 •' 14| " 
 
 Deletta 31,305. . . . 
 
 35 
 
 14 '■ 1.51 " 
 
 Romping Lass 11,081 
 
 . 50 
 
 15 " " 
 
 
 
 
 Ada Minka 15,562 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " " 
 
 Total, 12 coim. 
 
 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IiY AMERICA. 
 
 WAXDEIlEIi ^014. 
 
 Color, solid; l.lack points. Dropped xMarcli ir)tli, l> 
 Sire, Signal 117»i. Dam, Cosctte 3874. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDAKTS. 
 
 I3LOOD. BiJTTEE YiELD IN 
 
 Name. Peb Cest. Sevex Datb. 
 
 Fadclte of Verna 3d 11,122 50 23 lbs. 8* ov.. 
 Fairy of Verua 2d 10,973 .50 20 " 31 " 
 Hilda A. 3d 11,130 ... 50 20 " " 
 
 Bred l)v .1. A. IIa>-t. 
 
 Blood, Butteh Yi 
 
 EVELINA or VERNA 
 
 10,971 ">U 19 lbs. lOi 
 
 ToUil, 4 cows. 
 
 SAMSON JR. 2723. 
 
 Solid color, excej)! switch. Drojiped ^lan 
 
 Bred by W. B. 
 
 Dinsmore, New York. Sire, Dexter of Staatsburgli lil42. Dam, Susie 2d 778. 
 
 TESTED I)KSCKNn.\NTS. 
 
 Blood, Buttee Yiel 
 Name. Pek Cent. Seven- Dat 
 
 °,.'-"' 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, 
 Peu <'es 
 
 BCTTEB Yield in 
 r. Seven Davd. 
 
 Calista of Newark 13,296 . .50 15 lbs. 9 
 
 oz. 
 
 Flora Lee 13,294 . . 
 
 . . 50 
 
 14 lbs. 1 OZ 
 
 Plufbe N. 35,401 ... 50 15 " 3 
 
 
 ToUil, 3 cows. 
 
 
 
 LE BROCQ'S PRIZE 33.50. 
 
 Color, dark l.ruwn ; l)lack points. Sire, Horace (P. 94 J. II. B.— H. C.) 
 Dam, Matin 182!). Le Brocq's Prize, dropped 1877, won First Prize over Jersey 
 in 1878. Imported by Colonel George E. "Waring, Jr., 1878, for Churchman & 
 Jackson. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Blood, 
 Name. Peb Cent 
 
 Fan's Qrouvillc Beauty 
 
 BUTTEB Yield ih 
 Seven Days. 
 
 Blood, 
 Name, Peb Cent 
 Bir.li(! L(^ Brocq 17,363 . 50 
 
 Bctteb Yield in 
 
 Seven Datb. 
 
 14 lbs. OZ 
 
 10,079 
 
 .50 
 
 I!) lbs. 3 OZ. 
 
 Elinor Wells 12,060 ... 50 
 
 14 •• •• 
 
 Marea 10,167 .... 
 
 50 
 
 17 " 10 " 
 
 Le Rosa 10,078 .... 50 
 
 14 '• " 
 
 Viva Le Brocq 13,702 . 
 Eclip.se 14,437 . . . . 
 
 50 
 50 
 
 17 " 7 •■ 
 15 ■• 12 " 
 
 Nutley's Alma 13,581 . . 50 
 Island Dots 17,003 . . . 25 
 
 14 •• " 
 14 ■■ 9 " 
 
 Prize Ro.se 16,309 . . 
 .Jennie Williams 29,058 
 
 .50 
 50 
 
 15 '• 1 " 
 15 " " 
 
 Frances C. Ma.^net 22,904 . 13J 
 
 14 •• 13i " 
 
 Jledrie Le Brocq 8888 . 
 
 .50 
 
 14 " 7 
 
 ToUil, 13 colts. 
 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 PRINCESS 2d 8046. 
 
 Color, light buckskin fawn ; white on belly ; black tongue ; white switch ; 
 yellow skin; large spheroidal udder; selvedge escutcheon of the first order. 
 Dropped February 22d, 1877. Sire, Khedive, P. 103 J. H. B.— H. C. Dam, 
 Princess 402. Imported by Edward P. P. Fowler, 1879. 
 
 Sold at auction in New York, 1882, for $4800. Tested February 2Uth to 27th, 
 1884, by John V. N". Willis ; for seven days yielded twenty-seven pounds ten ounces 
 of butter. Officially tested by Committee of the American Jersey Cattle Club in 
 March, 1885, and yielded in seven days forty-six pounds twelve and one half ounces 
 of butter. 
 
 PANDORA OF STAATSBUEGH M 6497. 
 
 Solid color ; black switch. Dropped April 1st, 1877. Bred by W. B. 
 Dinsmore, New York. Sire, Faro 1749. Dam, Pandora of Staatsburgh 3280. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Maggie McM. 14,073 
 Pandothro 33,383 
 
 Nahe. 
 
 AlmahofOaklaud 11,103. 50 16 lbs. 14 
 Total, 3 coics. 
 
 FARMER'S GL OR Y 
 
 BULLS. 
 
 5196 {F. 274 ./. //. B. 
 
 -E. C.) 
 
 Color, silver gray, with slate shadings ; black points. Dropped March 1st, 1878. 
 Bred by F. Le Brocq, Jersey. Sire, Grey King, P. 169 J. II. B.— H. C. Dam, 
 
 Bonheur 14,942. 
 
 TESTED dp:scendants. 
 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pee Cent 
 
 Beulah de Gruchy 13,480 
 
 . 50 
 
 Rozel Lass 30,368 . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 Maritana 12,039 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 Geneva 13,220 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 Parmer's Floss 17,773 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 Marie S. 13,043 . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 Well Done 35,987 . . 
 
 . 35 
 
 DATS. 
 
 Name. Pee Cem 
 
 T. SEV 
 
 N Days. 
 
 3 oz. 
 
 Glory of Elniarcli 21,531 . 35 
 
 15 lbs. 
 
 13+ oz. 
 
 9i " 
 
 Baron's Rosette 35,988 . . 35 
 
 15 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 3i •■ 
 
 Queen of Ashantee 3d 
 
 
 
 1 " 
 
 16,657 25 
 
 14 ■' 
 
 3+ " 
 
 e ■' 
 
 Nervine 35,933 .... 35 
 
 14 •' 
 
 1+ " 
 
 Ti>liiL 11 COICS. 
 
 For Fanner's Glory Type, see portraits of Fanner's Maid and Surprise of 
 Maple Shade in frontispiece. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 KAMBLER OF ST. LAMBERT 5285. 
 
 Color, light fawn; black switch; black tongue. Dropped June 11th, 1878. 
 Bred by Romeo H. Stephens, St. Lambert. Canada. Sire, Stoke Pogis 3d 2238. 
 Dam, Bessy of St. Lambert 5482. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Kaki. 
 
 Rose of St. Lambert 20.426 50 
 Rioter's Ruth 14,882 . . 50 
 
 21 lbs. 3i 
 14 '• 12 
 
 Name. 
 
 I Rioter's Beauty 14,894 
 I Total, 3 cowa. 
 
 14 lbs. oz. 
 
 1879. 
 
 BULLS. 
 
 CATONO 3761. 
 
 Solid fawn, except white fleck upon left shoulder ; full black points. Dropped 
 January 15th, 1879. Bred by A. E. Renouard, St. Lawrence, Jersey. Sire, Cato, 
 P. 178 J. H. B.— H. C. Dam, Ona 7840. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Rosona 12,956 . . 
 Elsie Lane 13,302 
 
 16 lbs. 7 
 15 ■• 4 
 
 Betsona 16,776 
 Total, 3 mu 
 
 KING, P. 23S J. IL B.— C. 
 
 Color, light brown ; white patch between body and right hind leg. Dropped 
 February, 1879. Bred by F. Le Brocq, Jr., St. Owen. Sire, Young Prince, P. 182 
 J. IL B.— II. C. Dam, Judv, F. 1590 J. II. B.— H. C. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Nak.. 
 
 Blood, 
 PirCis 
 
 BlTTTM YlELI. IN 
 T. SiVEN DaT». 
 
 Name. 
 
 Blood, Bvtteb Viel 
 Pee Cent. Seven Da 
 
 Fillpuil 2d 24,388 . 
 
 . . 50 
 
 25 lbs. 2 oz. 
 
 King's Trust 18,946 . 
 
 . 50 18 lbs. 
 
 KHBLULA 17,970 . 
 
 ■ s 
 
 19 " 8 " 
 14 ■• ^ '• 
 
 Granny's Gem 30,406 
 Total, 4 com. 
 
 . 50 16 '• 5i 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 OXFORD KATE 13,646. 
 
 Color, light brown fawn ; white on flanks, breast, left shoulder and legs ; brown 
 and white switch. Bred by Francis Le Brocq, St. Peters, Jersey. Dropped February 
 20th, 1879. Imported by T. S. Cooper, August, 1881. Bought at auction, New 
 York, for $3550. Oxford Kate has a nearly perfect flandrine escutcheon. She 
 won the First Guenon Prize, a silver cup, at the Royal Jersey Show, May 26th, 
 
 1881. In America she won Sweepstakes Prize, as best cow, New Jersey State Fair, 
 
 1882, and in Virginia, 1885. Made thirty-nine pounds twelve ounces of butter in 
 seven days' official test for Mrs. S. M. Shoemaker, Baltimore. A very choice model 
 of jDerfection in a Jersey. 
 
 MARY ANNE OF ST. LAMBERT 9770. 
 
 Color, smoky bay fawn ; black points. Bred by Romeo H. Stephens, St. 
 Lambert, near Montreal, Canada. Sire, Stoke Pogis 3d 2238. Dam, Lolly of St. 
 Lambert 5480. Dropped March 26th, 1879. This cow is noted for having made the 
 largest annual test and the largest official test for seven days previous to February 
 1885. Her general appearance indicates remarkable strength of constitution, and her 
 wonderful tests fully confirm the evidence of great capacity given by her outward 
 conformation, while her ability to digest and assimilate food is phenomenal, and her 
 power of secretion of cream is marvellous. The cow is large for the breed, weighing 
 one thousand and fifty pounds at six years, very long in the barrel, very deep in the 
 chest and shoulder, very wide in the "crops," and, though styled a cow of 
 the parallel type, shows much of the wedge form, being deep in the loin, and 
 of great breadth behind. Her udder is of the spheroidal type, very long, very broad, 
 but not of great depth. One of her most notable features is a very large fore 
 escutcheon, which extends as far as the long foreveins, and sweeps out upon the 
 sides of the capacious belly. The hind escutcheon would be classed as a selvedge of the 
 third order, although it combines many features of a flandrine of the first order, in 
 having two iidder oval feathers, and in widening out at the top, so as to include the 
 vulva. The cow verifies the theory of Guenon in the quantity of milk she yields 
 and the time of going dry. At from five to six years old she yielded eight hundred 
 and sixty-seven pounds fourteen and three quarter ounces of butter ; in one week, 
 on five qiiarts of grain, twenty-four pounds eleven ounces of butter, and when fed 
 thirty-five quarts of grain, twenty-seven pounds nine ounces. When six and a half 
 years old her official test, elsewhere reported in full, yielded thirty-six pounds twelve 
 
584 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE JX AMERICA. 
 
 and one quarter ounces of butter in seven days. For this test she was prepared by 
 a gradual increase of feed for two months, so that she was able to consume from 
 tliirty-tive to tifty (juarts i»f grain daily. 
 
 1881. 
 
 CHAMPION MAGXET 6480. 
 Color, solid, except white tip to switch. Dropped April 13th, 1881. Bred by 
 "W. B. Montgomery, Starkville, Miss. Sire, Champion of America 1567. Dam 
 Mink 2548. 
 
 TESTED DESCENDANTS. 
 
 ', BUTTBB YrBLD IN 
 
 Marie C. Magnet 33,903 
 Prances C. Magnet 33,904 
 
 Blood, 
 Per Cest 
 
 Butter Yield in 
 
 SeVEH DATS. 
 
 Naue. 
 
 . 50 
 
 15 lbs. 8 oz. 
 
 Clara C. Magnet 31.563 
 
 . 50 
 
 14 " 13i " 
 
 Total, 3 cotes. 
 
 m 14 lbs. 11 oz. 
 
 Clara C. Magnet 31,563 
 Mellie Argyle 30,609 , 
 Bessie R. 13,.503 . . 
 Madame Argyle 19,476 
 Julia Anna 16,463 . 
 
 Additional Tests for previous Tables. 
 PANSY 8. 
 
 Blooi>. Bctter Yield i 
 
 Per Oek 
 
 • -Hi 
 
 ■ 3|i 
 . 311 
 
 ■ 34 
 
 Sevks Da 
 14 lbs. 11 
 14 ■' 6 
 
 16 " 
 14 '• 1 
 
 17 " 
 
 NaUI. PeB CE.VT. 
 
 Duchess of Argj-le 4th 757 1 3i 
 Countess of Lome 30,823 . 3J| 
 Clematis 3(1 6653 . . . . \-^ 
 
 Total. 163 ams. 
 
 14 lbs. 1 
 14 " 14 
 14 " 1 
 
 SPLENDID 
 
 Nancy Rc.\ 11,743 . 
 Toltec's Fancy 37,173 
 Ida of Coal Hill 13,.543 
 .Ma(iuilla 34,043 . . 
 -Mellie Argyle 20,609 
 Celia Belle .5865 . . 
 
 Name. I 
 
 Duchess of Argyle 4th 757: 
 Countess of Lome 20,822 
 Madame Argyle 19,476 . 
 Lady Panalphre.x 17,400 
 Belmeda6229 ... 
 Total. 116 cow». 
 
 3i 14 lbs. 1 
 
 3|i 14 " 14 
 
 2H 14 " 1 
 
 If} 23 " 9 
 
 1t», 18 " 13 
 
 ALBERT 44. 
 
 Nancy Re.\ 11,743 . . . 
 Duchess of Argyle 4th 7571 
 Mellie Argyle 30,609 . . 
 Julia Anna 16,463 . . . 
 Clematis 3d 6653 .... 
 
 Seven Dats. 
 
 16 lbs. 7 OZ. 
 14 " 1 " 
 
 14 " 6 " 
 
 17 " " 
 14 " 1 " 
 
 Butter Vield i 
 
 Countess of Lome 20,822 
 Bessie R. 13,503 . . . 
 Madame Argyle 19,476 . 
 Lady Panalpbrex 17,400 
 Total, 130 cotn. 
 
 lOH 14 
 
 91 16 
 
 7}S 14 
 
 U 23 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMEBICA. 
 
 MCCLELLAN 25. 
 
 MeUie Argyle 30,609 . . 19J| 14 lbs. 6 oz. 
 
 Duchess of Argyle4tli 7571 14iV 14 " 1 " 
 
 Countess of Lome 30,823 . lOf I 14 " 14 " 
 
 Bessie R. 13,503 . . . . 3|f 16 " " 
 
 Madame Argyle 19,476 . 9JJ 14 lbs. 1 
 
 Julia Anna 16,643 . . . 3i 17 " 
 
 Clara C. Magnet 31,563 . 3i 14 " 11 
 Total, 69 cows. 
 
 PANSY 6tli 38. 
 
 
 Blood, Butter Yield it 
 
 Name. 
 
 Per Cent. Seven Datb. 
 
 Duchess of Argyle 4th 
 
 -571 9| 14 lbs. 1 O 
 
 Mellie Argyle 30,609 
 
 . 7H 14 '■ 6 ■ 
 
 Julia Anna 16,643 . 
 
 . 6i 17 •• • 
 
 Bessie R. 13,503 . 
 
 . . 6J 16 " 14 ■ 
 
 Blood, Bdttee Yield i 
 
 Countess of Lome 20,833 . 5^ 14 
 Madame Argyle 19,476 . . 3|| 14 
 
 oz. 
 
 1 ■• 
 
 PIERROT 
 
 Palestine Pierrot 34,C 
 Countess of Lome 20 
 
 37i 14 lbs. 6 
 13i 14 " 14 
 
 Name. Pee Cent. Seven 
 
 Madame Argyle 19,476 . . 13i 14 lbs. 
 Total, 55 cows. 
 
 LANDSEER 331. 
 
 Toltec's Fancy 27,172 
 
 Pee Cent. Seven Days. Nai 
 
 . 35 17 lbs. 6 oz. I Maquilla24,( 
 Total. 30 cows. 
 
 12+ 20 lbs. 1 
 
 LADY MARY 1148. 
 
 Clara C. Magnet 31,563 . 18f 14 lbs. 11 oz, Czaretta 17,358 
 Total, 96 C010S. 
 
 MARIUS 760. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Clara C. Magnet 31,. 
 
 14 lbs. 11 oz. I Czaretta 17,538 
 Total, 86 cows. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 ROB KOY 17. 
 
 NAyi. 
 
 Blood. 
 Pee Curr. 
 
 BnTTKB YlKLD IS 
 SeVIX DATS. 
 
 Blood. 
 Name. Peb Cent 
 
 BuTiEE Yield a 
 Seves Days. 
 
 ■Nancy Rex 11,743 . 
 Mellie Argyle 20,609 
 
 . 12J 
 
 . 12i 
 
 16 lbs. 7 OZ. 
 U ■' 6 " 
 Total, 
 
 Madame Argyle 19,476 . . 12^ 
 Countess of Lome 20,823 . 6i 
 51 cows. 
 
 14 lbs. 1 OZ. 
 14 " 14 " 
 
 TOM DASHER 420. 
 
 Julia Anna 16,463 . . . 25 
 
 Clematis 3d 6653 . . . . 12i 
 
 Duchessof Argyle 4th 7571 12i 
 
 Bessie R. 13,.503 .... 6} 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pee Cesi 
 
 Seve.-! Dais. 
 
 Countess of Lome 20,823 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 lbs. 14 OZ. 
 
 Mollie Argyle 20,609 . 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 •• 6 " 
 
 Madame Argyle 19,476. 
 
 . 6i 
 
 14 " 1 " 
 
 Toua, 34 cows. 
 
 
 
 PIERROT 2d. 
 
 Naue. Per Cent. Sevex Days. Name. 
 
 Countess of Lome 20,822 . 13^ 14 lbs. 14 oz. ] JIadame Argyle 19,47 
 Total, 21 cows. 
 
 Seven Dats. 
 
 14 lbs. 1 OZ. 
 
 EMBLEM 9(.t. 
 
 Blood, Butter Yield in 
 Name. Per Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 La Famine 34,489 .... 25 16 lbs. 8 oz. 
 Duchess of Bloomfleld 3d 
 
 15,.580 181 15 " 1 ■■ 
 
 Maquilla 34,043 . . . . 13i 20 " 1 " 
 
 Rochelle 15,574 
 Czaretta 17,858 
 
 . 12i 15 lbs. 10 OZ. 
 . 6i 14 " 7 " 
 
 Name. 
 
 Toltec's Fancy 27,173 
 
 OONAN 1485. 
 
 Seven Days. 
 17 lbs. 6 OZ. 
 
 COUCH'S LILY 3237. 
 
 Nancy Re.x 11,743 
 
 16 lbs. 7 OZ. I Lady Panalphrcx 17,400 13J 33 lbs. 9 oz. 
 Total, 26 cows. 
 
JEBSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 587 
 
 STANDARD BUTTEE TESTS 
 
 SHOWING GREAT EICHNESS OF QUALITY UPON GRASS ALONE, HAY ALONE, OR GRASS, 
 WITH NOT MORE THAN FOUR QUARTS OF GRAIN DAILY. 
 
 ' ' Ye are the Hebes who dip 
 And lift from the loam to the lip 
 The nectar, whose plethoric flood 
 Is tinted and turned into blood." 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 JERSEY BELLE OF SCITUATE 7838. At six years old 
 
 a test of one year yielded of the best quality of very deep yellow butter, T05 
 Feed : in summer, pasture, two quarts wheat bran daily ; in winter, 
 
 rowen hay, two quarts wheat bran daily. 
 
 At nine years old test for seven days 25 3 
 
 Feed first four days : pasture by day ; at night two quarts wheat 
 
 shorts, one quart corn meal, and cut grass. Feed, last three days : jjast- 
 
 ure by day ; at night two quarts wheat shorts, two quarts corn meal, and 
 
 cut grass, or three and three seventh quarts of grain daily. 
 
 Maud Lee 2416. Feed, good rowen pasture and four and one half 
 
 pounds corn meal daily (equivalent to three quarts) 23 
 
 Jenny Dodo H. 14,448. Grass only, hill pasture 21 8 
 
 Reception 8557. Grass and four quarts corn meal 19 8 
 
 Christmas Nannie 4075. Good pasture, one quart corn meal, three 
 
 quarts wheat middlings daily 19 7 
 
 Brighteyes 2d 2290 (twelve years old). Hay, com stover, pasture, 
 
 beets, carrots, four quarts corn meal 19 6 
 
 Alluring 5541. Grass only 19 5 
 
 Belle of Ingleside . Grass only ■ 19 
 
 Queen OF Delaware 17,029. Good timothy pasture, just heading out. IS 13 
 Gold Ear 2d 3592. Grass, hay, beets, carrots, four quarts corn meal. IS 2 
 
 Pyrola4566. Grass only 18 6 
 
 Mamie Coburn 3798. Grass only IS 4 
 
 VoLiE 19,645. Grass only IS 1 
 
 Melia Ann 5444. Grass only 18 0^ 
 
 Patterson's Beauty 4760. Grass only IS 
 
 Renalba 4117. Pasture, hay, and four quarts of grain 17 144 
 
 Dora Bell of Shelly's Island 9394. Grass only 17 10 
 
 Brunette of Scaesdale 13,276. Grass only 17 8 
 
 Wybie 595. Grass only 17 4^ 
 
688 JERSEY CATTLE TX AMERICA. 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 Attractive Maid lti,!ti>5 (tliree years old). Fair pasture, two .quarts 
 
 cottonseed meal !•' ^-^ 
 
 Dusky 2525. Grass only l'"' 1" 
 
 Couch's Lily 3237. Grass, one pound oatmeal, one half pound eorn 
 
 meal 1'^ '"^ 
 
 Goi.DKN Skin 1(),S(;1. Pasture and green rye lt» 8 
 
 Leomce 2d 8342. Pasture, four quarts of bran 10 S 
 
 Palestine 3d 1104. Grass only 16 S 
 
 ZiTHEY 9184. Grass only 16 7 
 
 Gala 1375. Grass only 16 7 
 
 Belle of Patteeson 5064. Good " blue grass" pasture 16 6 
 
 Olie's Lady Teazle 12,307. " Blue grass" pasture 16 5 
 
 CoRiNNA 2d 6594. Grass, hay, corn stover, beets, carrots, four <juai-ts 
 
 corn meal 16 5 
 
 Flora of St. Peter's 8022. Luceru by day ; pasture by night ... 16 5 
 
 Corn 10,504. Pasture of " blue grass" and white clover 16 2 
 
 Moth of St. Lambert 9775. Test eight and one half niontiis from 
 
 calf. Pasture, two and one half quarts barley meal 16 2 
 
 LvDiA Darrach 2d 8056. Grass only 16 <• 
 
 Lydia Darrach 3d 10,662. Grass only 16 
 
 Tilda 3720. Grass only 16 
 
 Gold Lace 10,726. Grass only 16 
 
 Maid of the Elms 6960. Grass and out; ijuart bran 16 
 
 Thaley 14,299 (Jwo years old). Grass only 16 
 
 Countess 114. Grass only 16 
 
 Cream of Java 23,507. Grass oidy 16 
 
 Lady Alice of the Wilderness 12,2n7. Pasture ami green rye.. . 15 14 
 
 Lucy Gray 2746. Grass only 15 13 
 
 Matilda 5th 18,068. Grass and four (piarts corn meal 15 12 
 
 Sylvia 687. Grass only 15 8 
 
 Pinafore 2d 15,072. Grass only 15 8 
 
 Lustre 2062. Pasture of mi.xed grass 15 8|^ 
 
 Refeuette 15,209. Grass only 15 8 
 
 Kalmia 4561. Grass only 15 8 
 
 Eupidee's Pekkection 2I»,175 (two and one half years old). Gra.ss 
 
 and com fodder 15 4 
 
 Dorothy <»■• Bovina 9373. Pasture 15 4 
 
 Dove Dee 18,059 (two years old). Pasture 15 3 
 
 Lady Adams 2d 6529. Pasture, four (juarts grain daily 15 3 
 
 Grace's Nightingale 19,855. Gi-ass only 15 3 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 589 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 Lassie 1134. Grass only 15 1^ 
 
 Aldaeine 5301. "Blue grass pasture."' 15 1^ 
 
 Hennie 3335. Grass only 15 
 
 OxALis 2d 15,631. Grass only 15 
 
 Ltdia Daeeach 5th 16,577. Grass only 15 
 
 Ma Belle 4942. Dry Hay 15 
 
 Winsome of Ipswich 9213. Grass only 15 
 
 Deletta 21,305. Grass only 14 15^ 
 
 Miss Baden Baden 14,760. Grass only 14 14^ 
 
 Velveteen 7703. Grass only 14 13^ 
 
 Phyllis of Hillceest 9067. Grass only 14 12 
 
 EsTRELLA 2831. Grass only 14 12 
 
 Peggy Ford 21,713. Grass only 14 10 
 
 Kosi 3431. Pasture of mixed grasses 14 7 
 
 Brown Princess 30,941. Grass only 14 8 
 
 Del of Willow Farm 22,461. Grass only 14 8 
 
 Florie May Bakee 10,728. Grass only 14 8 
 
 GiLDA 2779 (at three years old). Grass only 14 6 
 
 Fides 2d 1576. Grass only 14 6 
 
 Lobelia 2d 6650. Timothy and clover pasture 14 6 
 
 LiLLiE Pope 8589. Grass only 14 5 
 
 Lady Palestine 2769. Pasture and bran mash 14 5 
 
 Energy 22,016. Grass only 14 5 
 
 Tidy op St. Lambert 31,114. Four quarts grain 14 2 
 
 Jeannie Platt 6005. Grass onlj- 14 2 
 
 Webster's Pet 4103. Grass only 14 2 
 
 Angela 1682. Grass only 14 2 
 
 Queen of Peospect 11,997. Timothj' and clover pasture 14 2 
 
 Taglioni 9182. Grass only 14 1 
 
 Lady Caeoline of St. Auisins 11,372. Grass only 14 
 
 Erith 4564. Grass only 14 
 
 Daisy of Clermont 3492. Grass only 14 
 
 Olymph 17,957. Grass only 14 
 
 Le Eosa 10,078. Grass only 14 
 
 Sultan's Lily 18,099 (two years old). Four quarts grain 14 
 
 Lady Young 16,668. Grass only 14 
 
 Putnam Belle 12,116. Grass only 14 
 
 Bounty 1606. Grass only 14 
 
 Pet Anna 1608. Good pasture 14 
 
 Fidelia 5817. Grass only 14 
 
590 JEJiSEV VATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 Elinor Wells 12,008. Grass only 1-i 
 
 St. Pkrpetua 2d 5557. Grass only 11 
 
 NioBE 99. Grass only 1-i 
 
 TotdL 97 C01C8. 
 
 OFFICIAL BUTTEK TESTS. 
 
 1882. 
 
 Boniba 10,330. 
 
 KKl'OKT. 
 
 To the Directors of the Amerledn Jei-Heij Cuttle Clul> : 
 
 In accordance with my proposal, wliicli yoii approved at your last meethig, I 
 went to Darlington to witness the test of Mr. Darling's cow JJoinba, and licg to 
 submit to you the following report : 
 
 This test was taken for the week from October Gth to 12th, inclusive, and during 
 this time Eomba was milked in my presence night and morning; her milk was 
 weighed j^ersonally by me directly after each milking, and it was never out of my 
 sight until it was placed under seal in a small cellar room, set apart for that purpose. 
 
 The milk was strained into old-fashioned five-quart pans, and taken out to be 
 churned at the end of four days. No one entered the room except in my presence, 
 the one window being sealed with my private seal, and the door, beside the seal, 
 being fastened with a Swedish padlock. 
 
 The milk and cream at the end of four days, when it became loppered, were 
 chiirned together in a small Blanchard churn. 
 
 Having completed the week's milkings, and superintended the first three 
 churnings, I was obliged to return home ; but Mr. John Mayer, an old personal 
 friend, and manager of Mr. T. A. Havemeyer's Mountain Side Farm, kindly 
 consented to take my key and seal, and to conduct the fourth, fifth and sixth 
 churnings, the results of which he reported to me daily by telegraph. 
 
 The pasture into which Bomba was turned night and morning after niilkinij; 
 contained about four acres, and it had been seeded in the spring with clo\er anil 
 oats. Four or five colts had fed there for the past two months, but the grass was 
 from two to four inches high, and thickly set. The grain I fed to her myself night 
 and morning, just before milking-time. On "Wednesday, October 11th, after Bomba 
 had been out all day in a northeast storm, at my advice she was put into a loose box, 
 and had a warm mash with plenty of corn fodder. You will notice the eifects of 
 this in her last day's yield. 
 
 On Monday, previous to the test, a swelling about the size of a goose-egg was 
 discovered upon Bomba's udder, midway between and just above the two left-hand 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 October 6.. 
 7.. 
 
 8.. 
 
 " 9.. 
 
 " 10.. 
 " 11.. 
 
 " 12.. 
 
 i 
 
 Fog, clearing, 
 
 P.M 
 
 Clear 
 
 Fog, clearing, 
 IOa.m 
 
 Clear and colder 
 
 Cloudy. rain, 
 windN. E.. .. 
 
 Rain, -wind N.E. 
 
 1 
 
 * s w n H s n 
 
 mi 
 
 2 qts. Wheat Middlings. 
 1 qt. Corn Meal. 
 
 3 qts. Wheat Middlings. 
 1 qt. Corn Meal. 
 
 m qts. Middlings. 
 1 qt. Corn Meal. 
 1 pt. Linseed Menl. 
 
 Hi qts. Middlings. 
 1 qt. Corn Meal. 
 
 1 pt. Linseed Meal. 
 
 2 qte. Middlings. 
 1 pt. Corn Meal. 
 
 1 pt. Linseed Meal. 
 
 3 qts. Middlings. 
 1 qt. Corn Meal. 
 
 1 pt. Linseed Meal. 
 Bran Mash. 
 
 3 qts. Middlings. 
 1 pt. Corn Meal. 
 1 pt. Linseed Meal. 
 
 a| 
 
 is 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 16 lbs. 10 oz. 
 15 " 1 " 
 
 13 " 4 ' 
 
 14 " 4 " 
 
 14 " IS " 
 
 1 
 
 •"a 
 
 15 lbs. 1 oz. 
 
 14 " 3 '■ 
 
 13 " 13 " 
 
 14 " 6 " 
 
 15 " 4 " 
 
 16 " S " 
 
 > 
 
 •a 
 g 
 
 October 10. 
 
 11. 
 12. 
 
 " 18. 
 14. 
 
 15. 
 16. 
 
 la 
 
 n f 8 § 2 1 1 
 
 i# 
 
 Sour and lop- 
 pered. 
 
 Sour and lop- 
 pered. 
 Sour. 
 
 Loppered. 
 
 5 
 g. 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 30 minutes. 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 40 
 26 
 
 if 
 
 
 i 
 
592 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 teats; there was some inflammation at that time. l(Ut it gradually subsided, and 
 before the end of the week's test was almost g(jne. 
 
 Bomba 10,330, dropped October 12tli, 1878, by Duke of Darlington 2460, out 
 of Beauty of Darlington 5736; weight, 880 pounds ; last calf, June 16tli, 1882. 
 Her color is fawn, with black points. She is of a jjcrfect wedge shape, with deeji 
 barrel. Her udder is almost perfect in form, with large and wide-spread teats, and 
 meandering milk-veins, larger than a man's thumb, and corresponding milk-holes. 
 
 The escutcheon is curveline, but not remarkable. E.xtending down from the 
 vulva are large swelling veins, so rarely found, except in our best cows. She shows 
 but little richness of skin, and has considerable hair on the udder. The homs are 
 small and without much quality, rather straight, and running up abi-uptly from the 
 head, like the Alphea cows, but her butter is of good quality and color. Her general 
 form is like Jersey Belle of Scituate, with a modified Eurotas head. She shows 
 splendid constitution, and a ])erfect indifference to all surroundings except her feed. 
 
 Lydia Darrach 4J)(>3. 
 
 REPOKT. 
 
 AIk. John I. Holly, President: 
 
 In accordance with the appointment 
 Worth's cow Lydia Darrach, we l)eg to n 
 
 iiadc by you to witness the test of Mr. 
 ike the following report: 
 
 
 Thermometer. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 Thermometer. 
 
 PounUsMilk. 
 
 Cottonseed 
 
 Meal. 
 
 A.M. and P.M. 
 
 
 P..M. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 May 4 
 
 50° 
 54° 
 58° 
 55° 
 59° 
 52° 
 66° 
 
 79° 
 57° 
 63° 
 63° 
 82° 
 68° 
 53° 
 
 1Q\ 
 16i 
 15i 
 
 ITi 
 16i 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 16| 
 
 161 
 
 17| 
 
 171 
 
 • in 
 
 Iqt. 
 
 
 " 6 
 
 ipt- 
 Ipt. 
 1^ pts. 
 
 n pts. 
 Ipt. 
 
 " 8 
 
 " it 
 
 " lit. 
 
 " J 1 
 
 
 .... 
 
 Witli the above varying quantity of cottonseed meal she received regulady, 
 each morning and evening, two quarts of corn meal, two (piarts of ship-stuff, and 
 one peck of cut hay. 
 
BOMBA 10,330. 
 
 Alphea-UwUr Tape. 
 DARLIXfiTOX HEIM). 
 Darling, Hamsey's, New Jersey 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 593 
 
 Total yield of milk, two hundred and thirty-eiglit and a half pounds. Total 
 yield of butter, seventeen pounds fourteen ounces. 
 
 The cow having been milked, as usual, on that morning, the test was begun with 
 the milking of May -ith, and was completed on the morning of May 11th, 18S3. 
 jDuring the seven days Lydia Darrach was fed and milked in my presence every 
 morning and evening at six o'clock ; her milk was weighed personally by me, 
 directly after each milking, and was never out of my sight until it was put in a 
 Cooley Creamer, which was securely fastened by me with lock and key. I carried the 
 key at all times. 
 
 The result for the first half of the week (seven milkings) was one hundred and 
 seventeen pounds of milk, the cream from which was churned in thirty-six hours 
 after the last milking, in a small dash churn, and the butter came in twelve 
 minutes. After it had been thoroughly worked, and before the addition of salt, it 
 weighed nine pounds eight and a half ounces of solid butter. The yield of the last 
 seven milkings, completing the week's test, was one hundred and twenty-one and a 
 half jjounds ; the cream from this was churned twelve hours after the last milking, 
 and the butter did not come until the churning had been going on an hour and 
 thirty minutes. The quality of the butter from both chumings was most excellent, 
 firm, of good grain, and of high color. It was apparent, when too late to remedy the 
 mistake, that the last churning was done before the cream had properly ripened, as 
 four and a half pounds more milk (yielding more cream than was first churned) 
 produced one pound three ounces less butter. The skimming was done by me after 
 the milk had been set twelve hours, by drawing off the milk from the Cooley can ; 
 some milk was retained with the cream at each skimming. 
 
 Lydia Darrach is mulberry fawn. Dropped February 22d, 1880 ; sired by 
 Doctor H. 2132, oiit of Bertha Morgan 4770. She weighed at end of the test eight 
 hundred and fifty-five pounds. She calved February 16th, 1883, and was served 
 April 6th, 1883. 
 
 Note. — Lydia Darrach has lost the use of the left fore-quarter of her udder, and 
 only gives milk out of three teats, which must Ije detrimental to a larger yield. Had 
 her bag not been impaired she must have made a much larger yield of butter. 
 
 Louis M. Lusson. 
 
 Fair Lady 6733 and Cottage Lass 5333. 
 
 To Thomas J. Hand, Secretary : 
 
 Under and by virtue of the letter of "William J. "Webster as to ofiicial test of 
 Fair Lady and other cows of Mr. "William J. "Webster, President of Columbia Jersey 
 Cattle Company, I certify that I tested for Mr. "William J. "Webster the following 
 cows : 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IiV AMERICA. 
 Test of Cottage Lass 5333. 
 
 l\Iay 1«. 
 
 " 17. 
 
 •' 17. 
 
 " IS. 
 
 " 18. 
 
 " lit. 
 
 " lit. 
 
 " 2(t. 
 
 " 2(1. 
 
 " 21. 
 
 " 21. 
 
 >' 00. 
 
 " 22. 
 
 " 23. 
 
 Evening. 
 
 Morning. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Churned. 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 Ihs. oz. 
 
 11)8. (./.. 
 
 11)S. OZ. 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 11 
 
 35 11 
 
 2 3 
 
 May 19. 
 
 15 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 2 
 
 28 11 
 
 2 7 
 
 " 21. 
 
 13 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 11 
 
 28 12 
 
 2 
 
 " 22. 
 
 14 !♦ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ir. 6 
 
 30 15 
 
 2 
 
 " 23. 
 
 13 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IG 
 
 29 14 
 
 1 13 
 
 " 24. 
 
 15 G 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IG 8 
 
 31 14 
 
 2 3 
 
 " 25. 
 
 13 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IS 13 
 
 31 15 
 
 1 14 
 
 " 26. 
 
 217 12 
 
 14 8 
 
 
 This test was made at same continuous testing of Mr. "Webster's cows, as requested, 
 and under supervi8i(jn of the same gentlemen, and, as will be seen, this is a half sistei 
 of Fair Lady. The two cows are handsome and well-formed, fawn color, neat 
 head and horns, and weigh from about eight Imndied to eight hundred and fifty 
 ]K)unds. 
 
 (SiiiiKMl) M. C. Campbell. 
 
 Tkst of Fair Lady 0733. 
 
 The test of Fair Lady was commenced on the evening of May 23d, under the 
 supervision of Mr. C. O. Nicholson, a gentleman of integrity whom I called in to 
 a.ssist in making the test, as I could not be present during the test all of the time. 
 She had commenced a test a week before, and, owing to the fact that slie was in 
 season, and the sickness of her milkman, only made fourteen pounds eleven and a 
 half ounces, and was retested under request of Mr. Wel)ster, the test commencing on 
 the evening of the 23d. She was milked dry at usual time on the morning of the 
 23(1, and evening of 23d commenced saving milk for the te.st. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Test of Fair Lady 6733. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Evening. 
 
 Morning. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Churned. 
 
 May 23 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 17 
 
 19 6 
 
 20 4 
 14 12 
 18 
 
 14 10 
 13 14 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 16 
 
 16 8 
 
 15 1 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 20 8 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 33 8 
 35 14 
 35 10 
 
 30 12 
 31 
 
 31 11 
 
 34 6 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 2 15 
 
 2 7 
 
 3 2 
 2 5 
 2 9 
 2 5 
 2 5 
 
 
 " 24 
 
 May 26. 
 
 " 24. 
 
 " 25 
 
 " 28 
 
 " 25 
 
 
 " 26 
 
 " 28. 
 
 " 26 
 
 
 " 27. 
 
 " 29. 
 
 « 27 
 
 
 « 28 
 
 " 31. 
 
 " 28. 
 
 
 " 29 
 
 
 " 29 
 
 
 " 30 
 
 " 2. 
 
 
 
 
 232 13 
 
 IS 
 
 
 This was dry, imsalted Initter, and when reworked and salted in the presence of 
 T. L. Porter made seventeen pounds eight ounces of merchantal^le gilt-edge butter. 
 
 May 31st. Evening, 28 lbs. 2 oz. ; morning, 13 lbs. oz. ; total, 41 lbs. 2 oz. ; 
 butter, 3 lbs. 12 oz. ; churned June 2d. 
 
 This was one day's milk only. She was milked in the presence of T. L. Porter 
 the evening before, and late the next morning, and at the usual time next evening. 
 This was churned in the presence of T. L. Porter, M. C. Campbell, W. J. Webster, 
 and Eobin Jones. It was milked in the presence of T. L. Porter and Messrs. 
 Schreiber in the morning and T. L. Porter in the evening, and tested under care of 
 T. L. Porter and Eobin Jones. 
 
 I certify that I called in to assist in conducting the test T. L. Porter and Eobin 
 Jones, and I have perfect confidence in them and rely upon their statements 
 implicitly. I was not present during the whole of the test, but visited frequently 
 during the test. 
 
 She was fed lightly during the first part of the week three quarts corn and oats, 
 ground, over half a bucket of cut hay twice daily imtil the evening of the 29th of 
 May, when she was fed five quarts ground oats, and corn morning and evening. 
 
596 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Till the 2d of June the milk of the last two days of tlie first seven was too 
 sour, had whejed badly, and did not churn well. 
 
 The forty-one pounds two ounces were churned before it was fully turned, but 
 was well churned, and yielded, as shown, three pounds twelve ounces of firm unsalted 
 butter. This butter being washed with brine before being weighed, and well 
 worked out, when salted and reworked made three pounds thirteen ounces of 
 printed butter. This gained in salting, because it had already been washed out 
 with brine. Our experience through this week was that, however dry it was worked 
 out, it would lose in salting and working if previously washed out with brine, as is 
 usually done with the butter-worker. Major Dobbins, who had the key, and 
 superintended part of the milking, was present during part of the churning, and was 
 called in by me. 
 
 (Signed) M. ('. Cami'hkll. 
 
 Statements are also made and severally signed by the following gentlemen : 
 
 C. O. Nicholson. 
 Thomas L. Porter. 
 Robin Jones. 
 William J. Webster. 
 Joseph J. Dobbins. 
 
 Test of Su Lu 4705. 
 
 Thomas J. Hand, Esq., St'cnturtj : 
 
 Dear Sir : Under authority given, upon an application of Mr. Campbell 
 Brown, to the President and Board of Directors of the Club, that they a])point some 
 member of the Club to superintend a test «f his Jersey cow Su Lu 4705, I took 
 charge of the test, and report the following result : 
 
 As I was unal)le to be present during all tlie test, Mr. II. J. Fiiscli and Mr. S. 
 N. Warren, of Spring Hill, Tennessee, known to me us tliurouglily reliable gentlenu'ii, 
 acted as my deputies during my absence. 
 
 The cow was milked clean twelve hours before the test began. 
 
 This was cluirned in a small Blanchard churn at a temperature of C2°. 
 
 Tiie butter was thoroughly worked, then weighed, and one ounce of salt to tlie 
 pound added, then it was worked and weighed again. 
 
 The result, stated below, is in butter salted and ready for market. It was, in 
 texture, color and flavor, fully up to the average yield of the herd. 
 
 The cow was on mixed pasture of blue grass and white clover during the test, 
 and was fed twice daily, the ration being as follows : 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IERIGA. 597 
 
 Three and a half pounds chopped oats ; three pounds corn meal ; one pound 
 wheat bran ; one pound cottonseed meal ; one pound cut hay — all mixed with water. 
 
 The cow was milked during the test and for f om- days previously, in the presence 
 of one or more of the undersigned, the milk was weighed by us, and we accompanied 
 it to the dairy, where we saw it placed in a locked box, of which we carried the key. 
 
 The churning was done in our presence and the butter weighed by us. 
 
 The key was never out of our possession during the test. 
 
 THE YIELD FOR THE SEVEN CONSECUTIVE DAYS WAS AS FOLLOWS : 
 
 June 6. 
 
 Total for 7 days . 
 
 Morning. 
 
 Evening. 
 
 lbs. 
 IS 
 IS. 
 17 
 16 
 19 
 19 
 18 
 
 Day. 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 34 14 
 
 35 10 
 33 14 
 
 32 12 
 35 13 
 35 3 
 
 33 10 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 2 7i 
 
 2 15i 
 
 2 m 
 
 2 9i 
 2 4i 
 2 5 
 
 17 15 
 
 Fusch and Warren certify to me in wi'iting the correctness of the above 
 statement. 
 
 I was myself present during part of the test. 
 
 (Signed) H. J. FrscH. 
 
 S. IST. Waeeen. 
 "William J. Webstee. 
 
598 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 1883. 
 
 OFFICIAL EEI'ORT OF THE PUBLIC TEST OF JERSEY COW 
 
 Value 2d 6844. 
 
 Baltimore, June 28, 1883. 
 
 John I. Holly, Esq., President of the American Jersey Cattle Clul : 
 
 Dear Sir : In accordance with your request, I went to Baltimore on the 18th 
 inst. as a Committee for the American Jersey Cattle Club, to witness the testing of 
 the Jersey cow Value 2d (6844), the property of Messrs. "Watts & Seth, Baltimore. 
 I submit tlie following statements and tabulated report : 
 
 I found that the Maryland Live-Stoek Breeders' Association had appointed 
 Messrs. W. H. "West, of Baltimore, and Alexander M. Fulford, of Belair, Md., a 
 committee to inspect the test also, and throiighout the continuance of the test I 
 have received from these gentlemen polite consideration and cordial co-operation in 
 every eifort to make the test accurate in all particulars. 
 
 We each witnessed every milking, and the weighing, setting and skiiiimiiig of 
 the milk, the setting of the cream to " ripen," and the churning, working and 
 weighing of the butter. 
 
 The preliminary milking was made at precisely ten o'clock on the 18th, and 
 after the milker had left the cow I proved that she was milked dry by stripping her 
 out myself. 
 
 The milking was done three times a day — every eight hours^and was 
 commenced each time with almost exact punctuality. 
 
 The scales for weighing the milk and butter were bought on the ISth at tiie 
 warerooms of Fairbanks & Co., in Baltimore, being selected with the advice and 
 co-operation of your committee and that of the Maryland Breeders' Association. I 
 bought also two padlocks at Mr. Seth's request, and provided myself with tape and 
 sealing-wax, and a verified one-pound weight for testing the scales. 
 
 The milk was weighed and then strained into one of the cans of a Moseley 
 Cal)inet Creamer, where it was surrounded by ice-water. The creamer wa.s then 
 closed, surrounded l)y a band of tape, tied and sealed with my seal, and locked also 
 by me with a padlock, and by the Committee of the Breeders' Association with 
 another. 
 
 In this creaniLM- the milk was allowed to remain twenty -four hom'S, when the 
 skim-milk was drawn oil and the cream, with some milk, removed to another 
 creamer, where it remained surrounded by water at a temperature of from 62° to 
 64° to " ripen." This cream-chest was also sealed and doubly locked in the way 
 described above. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IERICA. 599 
 
 Neither the milk nor the cream was ever exposed to view, nor were the locks 
 and seals removed when we, all three, were not present. 
 
 The cream was left about two days to " ripen," and was stirred and well niixi'd 
 whenever the chest was opened. 
 
 Churning took place regularly on the fourth day, after milking, except that 
 Thursday's cream was churned Saturday evening, to avoid churning on Sunday. 
 
 The churn used was a No. 1 Stoddard Barrel Churn — a very satisfactory one 
 for this purpose. 
 
 The butter when it came was gathered only to that degree that, while retaining 
 the granular form, it could be washed easily with cold water in the churn. 
 
 When removed from the churn it was thrown upon a Reid Buttei'-Worker and 
 worked until your committee pronounced it dry and well worked, and the other 
 gentlemen agreed, and weighed unsalted. 
 
 This was the only opportunity which we, who were only witnesses of other 
 operations, had for the exercise of our judgment ; for Mr. Seth continued the 
 working without objection until we were satisfied that the butter was worked as 
 thoroughly as it could be without endangering its quality. And I may add that the 
 dairy-woman uniformly objected to its being worked so much. 
 
 The accuracy of the balance was tested after each weighing, and found to be 
 correct. 
 
 The temperature of the cow was taken at least once daily by me. On Monday 
 evening, the 18th, at the time of the preliminary milking, her temi)erature was found 
 to be alarmingly high (104f °), indicating a feverish condition. 
 
 The weather was excessively hot, sultry and moist, and though retaining her 
 appetite fully, her breath was short and quick. This led to a reduction of her feed, 
 and the weather becoming favorable, she maintained an excellent condition of 
 health throughout the week, but was found to lie in heat the day after the close of 
 the test. 
 
 Mr. Seth has kindly furnished the accompanying statement of his manner of 
 feeding and treatment, and I may add that Value's appetite has really appeared 
 insatiable. "We have repeatedly noticed that all her Ijedding within reach of her head 
 had been consumed. 
 
 The skim-milk tested by the Fesser " Lactoseope" indicated only three quarters 
 of one per cent, of fat, which is much less than common. It was, however, never 
 really blue. The buttermilk was rechurned on two occasions without getting any 
 butter. I conclude, therefore, that there was no loss either in skimming or 
 churning. 
 
 On Saturday, the 23d, after the naorning's milking had been weighed, on 
 attempting to pour it into the can for setting it was discovered that the faucet was 
 open by the milk running out upon the floor. The remaining milk was at once 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
JER^SEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 601 
 
 weighed, and it was thus found that exactly two pounds had been lost. This was 
 the top of the milk in the pail, which had no doubt been standing fifteen minutes 
 or more. It is therefore fair that the butter which it contained (two and two third 
 ounces) should be added to the butter actually weighed out of that day's milk. The 
 calculation is simple, for if forty-six pounds thirteen ounces of milk produce three 
 pounds fourteen and a half ounces of butter, then two pounds of milk will produce 
 two and two third ounces. 
 
 Mr. Thomas Taggart, of Hagerstown, Md., the former owner of Value 2d, by 
 whose test she made twenty-four pounds three ounces in one week with her second 
 calf, was present witnessing the entire test, except the first two milkiugs. 
 
 Other Jersey breeders of the vicinity took great interest in the test, which was 
 in every sense a public one, and were repeatedly present during the operation. 
 
 Yery respectfully, Mason C. Weld. 
 
 As to the feed of Value 2d Mr. Seth writes as follows : " As neither accurate 
 weights nor measures were used, I am unable to say what amount of food was given 
 her. Of grain she had unsifted corn meal, bran, cottonseed meal and linseed meal. 
 She was fed three times a day ; morning and evening, corn, bran and cottonseed, and 
 at noon a small quantity of linseed meal was substituted in the place of the cottonseed. 
 On three nights, after the last milking, she had a small quantity of oatmeal gruel, 
 made of half a pound of dry meal. Her green food consisted of cut clover and 
 orchard grass mixed, and oats and peas mixed on alternate days ; besides, she had the 
 run in the morning of about one acre of old pasture that had been completely 
 grazed off this season ; in the afternoon and night she was put in another lot of about 
 one acre, mostly wood, with a little orchard grass outside of the wood, on which three 
 cows, herself included, had been running for three weeks. These runs were given 
 her for air, shade and water ; of pasturage, strictly speaking, I have none, as I soil 
 my cattle entirely. And for the whole period she was fed with reference to the 
 preservation of good health, luij^iug for as good a yield as consistent therewith." 
 
 State of Pennsylvania, | 
 
 Copy of Affidavit. 
 
 vnt : 
 
 Philadelphia County, S 
 
 I hereby cei-tify that on this sixth day of November, a.d. 1883, before the 
 subscriber, a notary public for the State of Pennsylvania, personally appeared 
 William Daly, and being first duly sworn, deposes and says as follows — that is to say : 
 
 " I was for about seven months herdsman for Mr. T. Alexander Seth, of Baltimore, 
 Md.; that I had chai'ge of his cow Value 2d during the time she was publicly tested 
 for butter by Colonel M. C. Weld, of New York, and Messrs. Fulford and West, of 
 Maryland. During the week of this test — i. e., from June 19th to 25th, inclusive — I 
 
60a JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 bad sole and entire charge of said cow, and gave her all the food she consumed except 
 pasture ; that during said week, and for several weeks before, her grain feed did not 
 exceed twelve pints wheat bran, nine pints corn chop, two pints cottonseed meal, and 
 half a pint of pure linseed meal per day ; that she was fed no milk or cream at 
 this or any other time, and had no drink but water ; that at no time, while I was at 
 Mr. Seth'e place, was Value 2d, or any other cow, fed either milk or cream iiT any 
 form. William Daly. 
 
 Sworn and subscribed to before me, this l 
 
 sixth day of November, a.d. 1883. / K. T. Fraley, Notary Public. 
 
 Chemical tost of a sample of the last day's churning of Value 2d's test, by 
 H. W. Wiley, Chemist of the Agricultural Department. Waslungton, D. C. : 
 
 Water 9.98 per cent. 
 
 Salt 1.64 " " 
 
 Casein 66 " " 
 
 The dry butter fat contained tiltered : 
 
 Soluble fat acid 6.79 per cent. 
 
 Insoluble fat acid 86.70 " " 
 
 Glycerine, etc 6.51 " " 
 
 Sum 100.00 per cent. 
 
 Melting-iJoint of dry butter fat, 35° C, 75° F. 
 Melting-point of insoluble acid, 43° C, about 100° F. 
 
 Mr. Wiley writes : " I have been much interested in this butter, which, as you 
 see by the analysis, is first-class in every respect. I think you have reason to be 
 proud of the quality of the butter made by your cow, as well as of its quantity. 
 Comtnercial butters, as far as we have examined them here, have from twelve to 
 fifteen per cent, water, and about eight per cent, casein. The average melting-point 
 is not far from 33° C. The average soluble fat acids is about five per cent. The 
 points of excellence in your butter are its high melting-point, making it firm in hot 
 weather, its low per cent, of curd and its large per cent, of soluble fat acid." 
 
 Landseer's Fancy 3876. 
 
 At the request of Mr. William ,T. Webster, Columbia, Tenn., for an official 
 test, Mr. .\r. C. Campbell was authorized by the Directors of the Jersey Cattle Club 
 to superintend the test which was made December 14th to 20th, 1883. 
 
 The weather dm-ing the week was " cold, rainy and sleeting." The cow was 
 ten years old, and four months from calving. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 TABULAE EEPOET. 
 
 Date when 
 
 
 Butter. 
 
 
 Churned. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Unsalted. 
 
 Salted. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 Dec. 17 
 
 3 
 
 12i 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 >' 18 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 " 19 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 " 21 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 " 22 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 " 21 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 22 
 
 n 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 (Signed) M. C. Campbell. 
 
 The cow was fed five quarts twice a day of com and oats ground together, over 
 a peck of oats cut from bundles, and had access to a straw-stack. There was very 
 little milk remaining after skimming, and on the last day the entire milk was 
 churned. 
 
 1884. 
 Naiad of St. Lambert 13,965. 
 
 John I. Holly, Esq., President American Jersey Cattle Club : 
 
 Deae Sie : The imdersigned, at your request, as a Committee for the American 
 Jersey Cattle Club, visited " Oaklands," the farm of Valancey E. Fuller, Esq., at 
 Hamilton, Ont., for the purpose of inspecting the test for butter of the cow I^aiad 
 of St. Lambert. 
 
 The results of the milkings and churnings, with the times at which they were 
 done, the character of the weather, its temperature at noon, the temperature of the 
 cow, and the especial witnesses, are presented in tabular form. 
 
 The test was conducted by the manager of the farm and herd, Mr. "William T. 
 Norton, who had the entire management of the test, under the guidance of the 
 proprietor, who was personally present every day at one milking, as well as at the 
 drawing off of the cream, and at the first churning. 
 
 The test commenced at 6 p.m. on Thursday, the 5th of June, at which time the 
 
604 JEltSEY CATTLE IX AMEBIC A. 
 
 cow was milked as usual, and proved to be stripped dry by Mr. "Weld, at exactly 
 6:10. After that she was milked at 6 o'clock, morning and evening, for several days, 
 the last strippings being taken at 6:10 p.m. on Thursday, June 12th. 
 
 The milk was weighed as soon as drawn, on a spring balance hanging in the 
 stable, and used for weighing the milk of other cows. This balance was tested and 
 found reasonably accurate. The milk was taken at once to the dairy, where it was 
 strained into one of the cans of a four-can Cooley Creamer in ice-water. The 
 ci-eamer was locked and sealed at once, being banded M'ith tape after locking, and was 
 perfectly secure. 
 
 The cream was removed once a day, at evening, after the second day, the milk 
 having been set twenty-four and thirty-six hom-s. 
 
 It was placed in another creamer containing two cans, and kept at the ordinary 
 temperature of the atmosphere. This creamer was also securely locked, banded with 
 tape, and sealed. 
 
 The milk before setting, when the locks were off, as well as during skimming 
 and churning the milk, cream and butter, and all the operations, were constantly 
 under the inspection of one or the other, and usually both of us. 
 
 New locks were purchased, and a seal used bearing the initials of the Club. 
 
 The butter from the first churning, when removed from the churn, was very firm 
 and cold, and, though it appeared to be well worked and dry, really contained too 
 nmch water and buttermilk, as shown by the slight gain from salting and 
 reworking. 
 
 The butter from the second churning was not so cold, gained more weight in 
 salting, and is of better quality. We submit samples of both. 
 
 The salt added was an ounce to the pound. 
 
 The table scales used for weighing the butter were tested by a pound weight, 
 purchased as a standard, and having the Canadian official seal in lead upon it. 
 
 Naiad was fed by Mr. Norton at his discretion. She was kept with the herd, 
 both in the stable and at pasture, but brought in to be fed. 
 
 The pasture was, part of the day, a field of heavy red clover, with timothy and 
 other grasses, the clover just coming into bloom at the end of the test, and part of 
 each day and at night the cows were turned into a large lot which had been several 
 years in grass, and from which the clover had nearly disappeared or was no longer 
 conspicuous, but in which a variety of grasses, with the white clover, afforded 
 abundant feed for twice as many cows. 
 
 During the last tliree days of the test we arranged to havea quantity of each kind 
 of meal weighed, and from these weighed quantities Mr. Norton used as much as he 
 pleased, the bags being weighed at evening. ' 
 
 This gave us accurately the amount of grain-feed consumed daily during this 
 part of the test, when the cow was no doubt fed more than before. The various 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 605 
 
 quantities of each kind of feed given daily for the fifth, sixth and seventh days of 
 the test are submitted in tabular form herewith. 
 
 The weather for the first three days was fair, but hot and sultry, while that of the 
 rest of the week was foggy, rainy, and cold for the season. The change seemed favor- 
 able for the production of milk, but the liutter product seems not to have been 
 affected, either by the increase of feed or by the change in the weather. 
 
 The last day there were intimations that Naiad was coming in heat, and on the 
 following day at the morning milking her milk fell off to about ten pounds. 
 (Signed) M. C. Weld. 
 
 New Yoek, June 19, 1884. Henry E. Alvoed. 
 
 Naiad of St. Lambert 12,965, solid gray, shading to fawn, bred by Romeo H. 
 Stephens, is a finely fonned cow, below medium size, four years old in January, and 
 weighs about seven hundred and fifty pounds. M. C. W. 
 
 TABULAR REPORT. 
 
 
 Weather. 
 
 Temper- 
 ature. 
 
 Milk. 
 
 Churning. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 
 
 Air. 
 
 Cow. 
 
 6..«. 
 
 6rM. 
 
 To- 
 tal. 
 
 Un 
 salted. 
 
 Salted. 
 
 
 Junes.... 
 " 6.. 
 " 7.... 
 " 8.... 
 " 9.... 
 " 10.... 
 •' 11.... 
 •■ 12.... 
 
 Fair. 
 
 Showers. 
 Cold rain. 
 Cold fog. 
 Very foggy. 
 
 86° 
 78° 
 86° 
 83° 
 56° 
 58° 
 68° 
 
 102.5° 
 
 102.2° 
 
 102° 
 
 1(«° 
 
 101° 
 
 102.2° 
 
 irj4 
 
 16H 
 
 16M 
 20H 
 21H 
 20 
 
 dry. 
 
 21 
 
 IS 
 
 19!^ 
 
 18^ 
 
 17)^ 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 38H 
 
 34M 
 
 38 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 June 11 and 14 cream 
 from mills of first 
 half of week, 127 
 lbs, yielded 
 
 Cream from milk of 
 last half of week, 
 140 lbs., yielded.... 
 
 lbs.oz. 
 10 12 
 10 111^ 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 10 14H 
 
 11 4 
 
 M. C. Weld. 
 
 Weld and H. E. AIv ord 
 Weld and Alvord. 
 Weld and Alvord. 
 Weld and Alvord. 
 Weld and Alvord. 
 Weld and Alvord. 
 Weld and H. H. Fuller. 
 
 Seven days (average 38'A lbs. a d 
 
 a 
 
 267 
 
 21 7J^ 
 
 22 2M 
 
 
 
 
 
 GRAIN FEED LAST THREE DAYS OF TEST. 
 
 Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, 
 
 June 10. June 11. June 13. 
 
 lbs. lbs. lbs. 
 
 Oats, crushed 21 21 22^ 
 
 Linseed Cake Meal 10 9 Si 
 
 Pea Meal Hi Sf 15^ 
 
 Wheat Bran 5 5 5 
 
 Total 47i 43i 51^ 
 
 M. C. Weld. 
 
 Henry E. Alvord, per W. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Percie li.OST. 
 
 EEPOKT OF OFFICIAL TEST. 
 
 Percie 14,937, aged three years, owned by C. Wellington, East Lexington, 
 Mass. Sire, Golden Lion 5239. Dam, Bellita 2d 10,311. Last calf dropped May 
 22d, 1884. Cow iKjt served at time of test. Estimated weight, 800 pounds. 
 
 Date. 
 
 MiLKIN-GS AT 
 
 Daily 
 
 Total. 
 
 Weekly 
 Total. 
 
 
 
 5:30 A.M. 
 
 12:30 P.M. 
 
 7 p.m. 
 
 i 
 
 17th 
 
 18th 
 
 19th 
 
 2(tth 
 
 21st 
 
 22<1 
 
 23d 
 
 lbs. OZ. 
 
 15 15 
 14 9 
 14 11 
 14 2 
 
 14 12 
 
 15 3 
 14 5 
 
 lbs. OZ. 
 
 11 8 
 
 12 12 
 
 12 15 
 
 13 15 
 13 5 
 11 1 
 11 8 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 10 3 
 9 3 
 9 12 
 9 8 
 
 10 6 
 10 
 
 11 11 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 37 10 
 
 36 8 
 
 37 6 
 
 37 9 
 
 38 7 
 
 36 4 
 
 37 8 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 74 2. 
 Ill 8) 
 149 1 I 
 187 8 I 
 223 12 J 
 361 4 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 27 15 
 
 27 2 
 9 6 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 5 15i 
 
 6 1 
 
 2 6 
 
 Total yield of butter for seven days, ready for market, fourteen pounds six and 
 one half ounces. 
 
 Test began June 17th and ended on the 23d. Feed, daily ration, two quarts 
 corn meal, three quarts line feed, one quart linseed meal, and pasture. 
 
 " I was told by owner and by dairy-woman that this cow had made si.xteen 
 pounds and over of 1)utter the preceding weeks since cahnng. It will be noticed 
 that the last day's yield bears out that statement, which leads lue to t-onsider the 
 result of the test as not re])resenting her full capacity. 
 
 "I was present at each milking, and have had at all times exclusive control of 
 milk and cream." 
 
 (Signed) Okestes Piekce. 
 
 A true copy. Attest. "William Sullivan, J. P. 
 
 Commonwealth ok Massachusetts, Suffolk County, .w. .• 
 
 There personally appeared before me, this twenty -sixth day of June, a.d. 1884, 
 Orestes Pierce, of Baldwin, Me., and made oath that he is the duly appointed agent 
 of the American Jersey Cattle Club for the purpose of testing the Jersey cow 
 Percie 14,937 ; that he has tested the said cow, and that the foregoing statement 
 contains a true statement of the result. 
 
 (Signed) William Sullivan, J. P. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST A3IEIUGA. 
 
 Mermaid of St. Lambert 9771. 
 
 JSTew York, Jiily 11, 1S84. 
 Me. John I. Holly, President American Jersey Cattle Cluh : 
 
 Dear Sir : As the committee appointed by yon to witness the test of Jersey 
 cow Mermaid of St. Lambert 9771, owned by Mr. Yalancey E. Fuller, of Oakland 
 Farm, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, I beg to re^Jort that the test was commenced 
 June 25th, by my seeing that at 6 p.m. of that day she was milked entirely dry. 
 The first milking which was saved for test was made on the morning of the 26th, at 
 6 o'clock. From that time until Jiily 2d, at 6 p.m., inclusive, I saw the said cow 
 milked twice each day, at regular hours, making in the aggregate fovirteen milkings. 
 The product of said milkings was under my personal supervision from the moment 
 it left the cow's udder until securely locked in a Cooley Creamer, taped and sealed 
 by me with private seals and locks, as was the case with each and every milking 
 separately. 
 
 The milk was allowed to remain in the creamer thirty-six (36) hours, after which 
 the cream was removed and put into another creamer, which was locked and sealed 
 by me. At no time was the milk or creamer disturbed, except in my presence, 
 after the seals and locks were removed by me. There were two churnings made of 
 the cream, from seven (7) milkings each. The first churning produced twelve (12) 
 pounds five and one fourth (.5J) ounces unsalted, thoroughly worked butter ; the 
 second, twelve (12) poimds five and one half (5^) ounces of same, making in the 
 aggregate twenty-four (21) pounds, ten and three quarter (lOf) ounces unsalted 
 butter in the seven days. To this was added salt at the rate of one (1) ounce to the 
 pound when reworked. 
 
 The butter was reweighed and produced twenty-five (25) pounds thirteen and a 
 half (13^) ounces of butter ready for market. 
 
 Mermaid of St. Lambert 9771 was dropped April 27th, 1879 ; dropped last calf 
 April 20th, 1881, and was unserved when tested. 
 
 The feeding was under the control of the owner, and only such observations 
 were made by me as convenience permitted. I was informed, however, that she 
 received the following food, in which statement I have full confidence : 
 
 At beginning of test four qiiarts of crushed oats, one quart linseed meal, one 
 quart pea meal, two quarts wheat bran. 
 
 Fed four times daily, and on the third day the feed was increased gradually up 
 to six quarts crushed oats, one quart linseed meal, one quart pea meal — bran omitted. 
 
 From this on she was fed five times a day, excepting one day, when she was 
 fed six times. 
 
 The cow was kept with a part of the hei'd at jiasture, but Ijrought in to l>e fed. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE 7iV AMERICA. 
 
 The accompanying tal)le will give you the details of each stage of the test, 
 as it sufficiently explains itself, I herewith submit it as part of my repm-t : 
 
 and. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Weather. 
 
 Ther- 
 mom- 
 eter at 
 6 a.m. 
 
 Mn.K. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Churning 
 
 Butter. 
 
 6 A.M.Ie P.M. 
 
 July 2d and 5th. 
 
 Unsaltod. 
 
 Salted. 
 
 June 25 . . . 
 
 " 2r,... 
 
 « 27... 
 " 28... 
 " 29 . . . 
 " 30... 
 July 1 . . . . 
 " 2 . . . . 
 
 Cold Rain. 
 Fair 
 
 Shower.s . . 
 Cloudy.... 
 
 62° 
 70° 
 72° 
 74° 
 75° 
 74° 
 73° 
 
 lbs. 
 
 24i 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 m 
 
 lbs. 
 Dry. 
 
 21 
 23 
 22 
 23 
 21 
 23^ 
 
 lbs. 
 
 44 
 41 
 43 
 45 
 46 
 44 
 44 
 
 Cream from Milk 
 of first 3^ days, 
 151 lbs. yielded. 
 
 Cream from Milk 
 of last 3^ days, 
 156 lbs. yielded. 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 12 oi 
 
 12 5i 
 
 lbs. ox. 
 
 12 13i 
 
 13 OOi 
 
 
 307 
 
 24 lOf 
 
 25 13J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Signed) 
 
 W. F. Williams. 
 
 Niobe of St. Lambert 13,969. 
 
 Officially tested July 14tli to 21st, by a committee consisting of Messrs. Thonuis 
 Stock and J. Henry Gest. Niobe of St. Lambert, belonging to ilr. V. E. Fuller, 
 Hamilton, Canada, was a few days past four years old at time of test, and had dropped 
 her calf May 11th, two mouths previous to test. 
 
 The cow was with the herd at pasture and in tlic stable, and fed by ]\rr. "William 
 T. Norton. The pasture was a field of clover very much dried, and supplemented by a 
 feed of green corn-fodder night and morning. The grain feed, as reported to us by 
 Mr. Norton, was from eighteen to twenty-six quarts daily, the highest being 
 thirteen quarts of ground oats, four of wheat bran, four and one half of pea meal, and 
 four and one half of linseed meal. 
 
 During the seven days she gave two hundred and eighty pounds twelve ounces 
 
 of milk, from which was made 1 mtter weighing twenty pounds twelve and a half omices 
 
 unsalted, and twenty-one pounds nine and a quarter ounces salted and ready for 
 
 market. r tt r^ 
 
 J. Henry Gest. 
 
 Thomas Stock. 
 
MERMAID OF ST. LAMBERT 9771. 
 
 AT 5 YEARS OLD. 
 
 Stoke Pogis — Marjovum Type. 
 
 OAKLANDS HERD. 
 
 Yalancey E. Fuller, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Gilt Edge C. 13,333. 
 
 To the Directors of the American Jersey Cattle Club : 
 
 Date. 
 
 Milk. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 July 21 
 
 lbs. 
 38i 
 35i 
 37 
 3(3i 
 34 
 35 
 31f 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 2 8i 
 
 2 
 
 " 22 
 
 " 23 
 
 2 2 
 
 "24 . . 
 
 2 2J 
 
 " 25 
 
 1 13i 
 
 2 1 
 
 " 26 
 
 " 27 
 
 1 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 2471 
 
 14 3^ 
 
 This was well- worked, iinsalted butter. 
 
 The above test was made under the supervision of the undersigned, one or the 
 other being present at each and every milking, skimming and churning, and all under 
 seal except in the presence of one or the other, and sometimes both. She came in 
 heat on the 22d, and her udder was hurt — supposed to be snagged — which caused pain 
 and trouble in milking, preventing thereby a fair test. 
 
 Mat. Mahoenee, 
 A. W. Lampkin, 
 
 Rioter Pink of Berlin 33,665. 
 
 Officially tested from August 9th to loth by N. G. Pond. 
 
 She was at time of test four years two months old ; three months eight days 
 after calving. 
 
 Her yield for the week was nineteen poimds well-washed and worked butter, 
 which when salted one ounce to the pound and reworked weighed nineteen pounds 
 fourteen ounces. The grain rations were in quarts : 9th, pea meal, 3 ; corn meal, 1 ; 
 oil meal, 1 ; oats, ground, 6 ; bran, coarse, 4 ; total, 15. 10th, pea, 4^ ; oil, \\ ; oats, 
 8 ; bran, 4 ; total, 18. 11th, pea, 5 ; oil, 5 ; oats, 8 ; bran, 7i ; total, 25J. 12th, pea, 
 5i ; oil, 2 ; oats, 12^ ; bran, 5 ; total, 25. 13th, pea, 4 ; oil, 1 ; oats, 12 ; bran, 3 ; total, 
 20. 14th, pea, 6; oats, 15; bran, 4; total, 24. 15th, pea, 3; oats, 9; bran, 3; 
 
CIO .TERSE Y CATTLE IX AM ERIiW.. 
 
 total, 1."). Total fur 7 days, 142^. Total cost at Berlin, 82.oS. The feeding was left 
 to tin- judgment of the herdsman, James Harlock. The com- Avas at the town 
 residence of the owner, and was tinder the disadvantage of a shadeless pasture 
 (nearly a mile from the barn, over a stony, hilly road) during the heat of the day, 
 which on the last half of the test was excessive, and yarded during the night fully 
 fourteen hours — conditions that should have heen reversed— and on the evening of 
 the tenth (10th) and during the eleventh (11th) was in heat. 
 
 Rioter Pink is a large, evenly developed cow. weighing nine hundred and fifty 
 pounds, with a wide rear udder, ninning well forward, milking in eight minutes. 
 She is full sister to ]V[ermaid of St. Lambert, therefore fifty per cent. Stoke Pogis 3d, 
 and twelve and a half per cent. Victor Hugo 1!)7, one cross through Buffer 205.5, 
 grandsireof Mary Anne of St. Lambert. Ilcr blood, in common witli ^Mary Anne, 
 is ninety-eight and three quarters per cent. 
 
 (Signed) X. G. Poxn. 
 
 RULES FOR TESTING JERSEY COWS. 
 
 Amendments to By-Laws of the Aiiu'rlcan. Jirxiij Cuttle Cluh, 2>(tsse€l ly the 
 Board of Director's, Aiujust ISih, ISSi, and stihin'dtcd to the Cluh for ajyproval, 
 confirmed hy a large majority of the memhers. 
 
 Article VL 
 
 1. A book shall bo kept by the Secretary, to be known as " The Official Butter 
 Test Book," in which all tests heretofore made by an ajipointec of the Club, or which 
 shall hereafter be made by the Club, shall be entered. 
 
 2. The Executive Committee of the Board of Directors sliall. assoon as possible, 
 appoint testers for each State, Territory or province, to conduct tests on behalf of 
 the Club, who may be removed at any time by a majority of the Board of Directors. 
 
 3. Any person making application for a test by the Club shall bear all the cost 
 thereof, which must be fully paid l)efore the same is entered in " The Official Butter 
 Test Book," or reported ; upon ai)plication a dejiosit of $50 shall be made to apply 
 toward cost of the test and the publication of the result of the same. 
 
 4. Upon such application with such deposit the President of the Clul) shall 
 appoint a committee from among the approved testers, to be appointed under Section 2, 
 or any member of the Club, or any expert (whether resident in the State, Territory or 
 province, or not), at his option. 
 
 5. Such committee shall be jiaid l^y the Club %\i jier day for each day be is 
 necessarily engaged in conducting such test, as also his travelling cxjienses to and 
 from the place where the test is to be conducted. 
 
JEESEY CATTLE IN' AMERICA. 611 
 
 6. Under no circumstances shall any payment or gratuity to the tester be made 
 or permitted from or by the owner of the cow, or any one interested in her, and any 
 violation hereof shall invahdate the test. 
 
 7. The following rules shall be followed in every test : 
 
 («) The committee shall see the cow completely milked out twelve hours before 
 the next succeeding milking. 
 
 (5) The committee shall be present at each milking throughout the entire test, and 
 must see the milk weighed, and keep accurate records of the net weight of each 
 milking and time of milking. 
 
 (<■) Immediately upon the milk being weighed the committee must see the milk 
 placed under lock and seal. In case a creamer is used, the committee must securely 
 lock the creamer containing the milk with a padlock, to be provided by such 
 committee, and miist seal the same by passing a ribbon or band of tape around the 
 creamer, and sealing such tape or band with a seal not furnished by the owner. In 
 case the milk is set in pans or crocks, the room in which it is set must be securely 
 locked hj the committee, and the doors and windows thereto sealed. 
 
 (^7) The committee must be present at the drawing off of the cream, and must 
 retain it securely with the same precautions as are set out in last preceding 
 section. 
 
 {(') "When the owner of the cow considers the cream or whole milk ripe for 
 churning the committee must see the cream or whole milk placed in the churn and 
 remain until it is chunied, thoroughly worked, salted, reworked and reweighed ; he 
 shall weigh the butter before salting, and after being salted and reworked. In 
 salting, one ounce of salt to every pound of butter shall be used, the tester keeping 
 a record, and reporting to the Club the temperature at which the cream or whole 
 milk was churned, and length of time required in churning. The quantity of butter 
 with which the cows shall be credited shall be salted butter ready for market. 
 
 if) The committee shall report, as nearly as possible, the quantity in weight 
 and composition of the food given the cow during her test, but the feeding of the 
 cow and the quantity of feed given shall be left to the judgment of the owner. 
 
 (r/) Two milkings only j^er day shall be made, unless the cow is ineonnnoded 
 thereby. 
 
 8. The report of the committee shall be retained by the Club as a permanent 
 record, and the quantity of butter made by such cow sliall be entered in the 
 " Official Butter Test Book." No test shall be made for a shorter period than seven 
 consecutive days. 
 
 9. In the issue of any herd register hereafter to be published by the Club, in 
 case the dam is reported in the " Official Test Book," her butter record in pounds 
 and ounces shall be added after her herd-book number, or in a foot-note whei'ever 
 her name appears. 
 
C12 JJSnsEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Ida of St. Lambert 24,990. 
 
 Pektii Amik.y, N. J., September 23, 1884. 
 John I. Holly, President: 
 
 My Dear Sie : Kespondlng to j-our request, I started on the 10th inst. for 
 " Oaklands," to supervise the testing of the Jersey cow Ida of St. Lambert Xo. 
 24,990. By the accompanying report you will see that she made the unprecedented 
 amount of thirty pounds two and a half ounces of salted butter in seven days. 
 Neither tlie milk, cream or butter were out of my sight for one moment, from the 
 beginning to the end of the test, unless under lock and sealed with my seal ; and 
 during the test the feeding was left entirely to the discretion of the manager of the 
 " ( )aklands Herd." The cow Ida is a good feeder, and whatever the manager thought 
 tempting he fed her — mangolds, cabbage, carrots, corn fodder ; and for pasture she 
 had an almost burnt-up second-growth clover. Besides tlie foregoing she was fed 
 as high as forty-five imperial quarts of mixed grains per day, and from that down to 
 twenty-si.x quarts per day, the amount being increased or diminished at discretion of 
 the manager. 
 
 The mixed grains were in the following proportions: Crushed oats, four 
 quarts ; ground oil cake, one quart ; wheat bran, two quarts ; and pea meal, two 
 quarts. She was fed as often during the day as the manager thought prudent, and 
 the various ingredients were also varied as he thought fit. 
 
 In this test the whole milk was first cooled, and tlien left to ripen, nieanwhilo 
 being daily stirred ; when thought ripe enough it was put into a barrel churn. 
 
 The first three and a half days' milk was put in at a temperature of 62* 
 and the churn started at 7.05 p.m. ; at 8.37 v.si. the butter separated, and a part 
 of the buttermilk was drawn off and the churn again started slowly ; by 9.23 p.m. 
 the butter had gathered in a great mass, and the buttermilk was drawn off ; cold 
 water was then poured on the mass, and the churn given quarter-revolutions 
 backward and forward. In this way the lump was washed in three waters, the lump 
 breaking into two pieces before the third washing. The butter was then taken out 
 and weighed and salted, one ounce to the pound, and then weighed as salted butter. 
 The entire time from the putting of the milk into the churn until the mass was 
 weighed as unsaltcd butter was two hours and thirty minutes, and from the time it 
 was weighed as unsalted butter until reweighed as salted butter was less than five 
 minutes. 
 
 The second churning was conducted in the same manner, excepting that the 
 milk was reduced from 68° to 62° by the addition of ice-water. This churning 
 separated in one hour and seven minutes, and it gathered in five or six lumps in 
 thirteen minutes more. 
 
 The buttermilk was then drawn off and the process of washing repeateil with 
 two waters, then weighed, salted and reweighed. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE I^ AMERICA. 
 
 613 
 
 The rules for official testing of cows, as projjosed to the Club for adoption, were 
 strictly adhered to in this test, and every precaution taken in the way of locks, tapes, 
 seals, etc. The milk of the 12th, 13th and 14th, and morning of the 15th was 
 churned on the 18th, at 7 p.m., and made foiu-teen pounds salted. The milk of the 
 eve of the 15th and of the 16th, 17th and ISth was churned on the 21st, at 10 a.m., 
 and made sixteen poimds two and one half ounces salted, or a grand total of thirty 
 pounds two and one half ounces for the week. 
 
 Very truly yours, D. A7. Wateous. 
 
 Description of Ida of St. Lambert 34,990. 
 
 Solid light cream fawn, full black points ; upturned horns, black, mottled with 
 white. 
 
 Sire, Stoke Pogis 3d 2238 ; dam, Kathleen of St. Lambert 5122. Last calf 
 dropped in June, 1884. Not in calf when tested. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Milking 
 Time. 
 
 Milk. 
 
 Tem- 
 pera- 
 ture. 
 
 Total 
 
 Unsalted 
 Butter. 
 
 Salted 
 Butter. 
 
 Total 
 Weekly 
 Yield. 
 
 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 deg. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 lbs. OZ. 
 
 Friday, Sept. 12, '84.... 
 
 \ 6.30 a.m. 
 ] 6.30 P.M. 
 
 20 
 
 22 8 
 
 48 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 Saturday, Sept. 13, '84 . . 
 
 f 6.30 A.M. 
 \ 6.30 P.M. 
 
 20 8 
 22 8 
 
 44 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sunday, Sept. 14, '84. . . . 
 
 ( 6.30 A.M. 
 ] 6.30 P.M. 
 
 21 8 
 21 8 
 
 42 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 Monday, Sept. 15, '84 . . . 
 
 \ 6.30 A.M. 
 ] 6.30 P.M. 
 
 20 
 20 8 
 
 48 
 70 
 
 148i 
 
 13 4| 
 
 14 
 
 
 Tuesday, Sept. 16, '84. .. 
 
 ( 6.30 A.M. 
 \ 6.30 P.M. 
 
 22 
 22 8 
 
 72 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wednesday, Sept. 17, '84 
 
 ( 6.30 A.M. 
 ] 6.30 P.M. 
 
 21 8 
 19 
 
 58 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thursday, Sept. 18, '84.. 
 
 \ 6.30 A.M. 
 "i 6.30 P.M. 
 
 16 8 
 
 20 
 
 55 
 
 58 
 
 142 
 
 15 6i 
 
 16 2i 
 
 official, 
 30 2J 
 
 Totals 
 
 290 8 
 
 
 290i 
 
 28 11 
 
 30 2i 
 
 
 
 
 Peeth Ambot, ]Sr. J., September 23, 1SS4. 
 
 D. W. Wateous. 
 
JERtiEY CATTLE IX AMEJilCA. 
 
 Mary Anne of St. Lambert {)770. 
 
 Hamilton, October 2, 1884. 
 Joiix I. UoLLV, Esq., Premlejit American Jersey Cattle Clnh, J^fos. 1 ami 3 
 Broadway, New Yorh, iV. Y., U. S. : 
 
 Dear Sir : Having beeu appointed by you as a coininittee to witness the test 
 of the Jersey cow Mary Anne of St. Lambert 1)770, owned by Mr. Fuller, of 
 " Oaklands Farm," Hamilton, Ontario, we beg to report as follows : The test began 
 September 23d, by "Walter Rutherford seeing that at 6:30 of that day the cow was 
 milked dry. The first milking for tlie test was made at 6:30 p.m. of the same day, 
 in the presence of "Walter Eutherford, and the cow was milked at 6:30 a.m. and 
 6:30 P.M. each day up to and including morning of the 30th ultimo. The cow 
 was, at the dates and times named, milked in the presence of "Walter Rutherford 
 each time, and in the presence of Thomas Stock on the following dates : The 
 evening of the 24th, both milkings of the 25th, both milkings of the 26th, both 
 milkings of the 27th, and botli milkings of the 29th. The milk produced by the 
 cow at each milking — namely, fourteen- — was, from the moment it left the cow's udder 
 until securely locked in a Cooley creamer, under the personal supervision of each of 
 the committee, when pre.sent, and always under the personal supervision and within 
 the sight of "Walter Rutherford (I, "Walter Rutherford, always following close to the 
 pail when taken from the stable to the Cooley creamer) until securely locked in a 
 Cooley creamer, which was fastened -with a tape passed round the creamer and 
 through the hasp of the padlock, and sealed by "Walter Rutherford with a private 
 seal, and locked by "Walter Rutherford with new padlocks purchased by the 
 committee for this test. The milk remained in the creamer for thirty-six hours, and 
 the whole milk was then removed and put in another creamer, which was locked and 
 sealed in the same way as the Cooley creamer, in the presence of both the committee, 
 when both were present, but always in the presence of and by "Walter Rutherford. 
 The seal used for this creamer was the same private seal, and the padlock was a 
 new padlock purchased by the committee for the express purpose. 
 
 Before any fresh milk was put into the creamer, or before any wliolo milk was 
 removed from it, I, "Walter Rutherford, always examined the seals and found them 
 perfect and untamjiered with. The same care was taken to see that the seals of the 
 creamer in which the whole milk was left to ripen had been untampered w-ith, and 
 we found the seals throughout the test perfect. The milk or cream was never 
 disturbed except in the presence of both of us, when both were present (and always 
 in the i)resence of "Walter Rutherford), and until after the seals and locks had 
 been removed by "Walter Rutherford. 
 
 On tlic evening of the 28tli, after tlie uiglit's milkiuir had been brou>,'ht 
 
JERSEY CATTLE ZF A3IERICA. 615 
 
 over from the stalile, in the presence of me, Walter Kutherford, I, "Walter 
 Rutherford, had the milk poured into the creamer between me and the lamp we 
 were using, and to me the whole milk when hot and fresh from the cow had the 
 appearance of cream. Two churnings of the whole milk were made, each churning 
 being of seven milkings. 
 
 Before each churning the seals were examined and broken, by AValter 
 Riitherford, of the creamer in which it was put to ripen, the padlocks were opened 
 in the presence of both the committee by "Walter Rutherford, the whole milk was 
 placed in the churn in the presence of both of the committee at each churning, and 
 both of the committee were present throughout the entire churning. From the 
 time that the milk went into the churn until the butter was gathered of the first 
 churning the time was one hour and a quarter, and it produced seventeen pounds 
 one and a half ounces unsalted, well-worked butter. For the second churning 
 the whole milk was removed in the same way in the presence of both of iis, and 
 both of us were present throughout the whole churning, which took one lioi# and 
 five minutes, producing eighteen pounds seven and a half ounces of well-worked, 
 unsalted butter, the total unsalted butter in seven days being thirty-five pounds 
 eight and three quarter ounces. At each churning salt was added at the rate of one 
 ounce to the pound, in our presence, when the butter was reworked in our presence 
 by the dairy-woman, which we do not tliink was thoroughly worked, but was 
 worked as miich as the dairy-woman believed the butter required for her mode of 
 making. Each churning was reweighed by us after salting and working, the first 
 producing seventeen pounds seven and a half ounces, and the last nineteen pounds 
 four and three quarter oimces, making a total of thirty-six pounds twelve and one 
 quarter ounces of good marketable butter. The butter was of very high color and 
 very good texture. Herewith we send you some of the butter for analysis, and 
 would request you to be good enough to have it analyzed. Mary Anne of St. 
 Lambert 97Y0 was dropped March 26th, 1879 ; dropped her last calf July 23d, 
 1884. She was served for the last time, as we are informed, on August 25th, 
 1884, and we are informed that she was only served once, and as she has never 
 been in season since it is assumed she is in calf. 
 
 The cow was fed by the manager at his discretion, and he informs us that at 
 the beginning of the test she was eating thirty-five imperial quarts of feed per day, 
 consisting of the following : Twenty quarts ground oats, ten quarts pea meal, three 
 quarts ground oil cake, two quarts wheat bran, and that this was increased up to 
 aboiit fifty quarts per day, the composition of the above food being varied. 
 
 She was also fed a small quantity of roots and cabbages and a few apples. "When 
 we saw her fed she always appeared (excepting once) greedy for her food. This was 
 divided ujj into from five to seven feeds. The cow was kept with Ida of St. Lambert in 
 a small pasture of withered clover — very poor feed — with no undergrass at all, and 
 
616 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 which could not produce a flow of milk, but the whole feed was given to enrich it. 
 Marj Anne is long-bodied, with a wedge-shaped, wide-spread barrel ; she is exceedingly 
 deep through the chest, weighing ten hundred and fifty pounds. She is very clean- 
 limbed, very fine head, \vith iiorns turning in, a little long in the face, rather straight, 
 very well spnuig open ril)S ; she is very long from hip to rump ; she has a very large 
 belly escutcheon ; good milk-veins, very large and tortuous, and many udder-veins. 
 
 We are informed that ever since the cow got over her calving the cow lias 
 l>een fed rich food, with the intention of producing rich milk rather than a flow, and 
 keeping iu mind the test that was before her ; and if their statements are correct, she 
 really has been fed for this test for nearly two months, and certainly the color and 
 density of her milk bear out its great richness in butter fat. The scale by which 
 the butter was weighed on each occasion was tested by your connnittee with a pound 
 weight bearing the Government stamp as being a proper pound weight of sixteen 
 ounces to the pound. We send you the accompanying statement, giving you the 
 detaiffe of each stage in the test : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Amount 
 
 
 
 
 Wei 
 
 ffht 
 
 
 Amount 
 
 of Butter 
 
 WEATHEn. 
 
 cter at 
 
 Date of Milking. 
 
 or 1 
 
 Milk. 1 
 
 When Churned. 
 
 of Butter 
 Unsnlted. 
 
 Sailed 
 Rea.iv for 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Market. 
 
 
 deg. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 
 lbs. OZ. 
 
 lbs. OZ. 
 
 Fair 
 
 55 
 
 Sept. 23, 6.30 p.m. 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Rain.... 
 
 71 
 
 " 24, 6.30 A.M. 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 24, 6.30 P.M. 
 
 IS 
 
 s 
 
 Churned togeth- 
 
 
 
 Fair 
 
 60 
 
 " 25, 6.30 A.M. 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 , er on the 29th 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 25, 6.30 P.M. 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 of September, 
 
 
 
 Fair 
 
 57 
 
 " 26, 6.30 A.M. 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 1884. 
 
 17 li 
 
 17 U 
 
 
 
 " 26, 6.30 P.M. 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 Rain.... 
 
 70 
 
 " 27,6.30 a.m. 
 '' 27, 6.30 P.M. 
 
 18 
 15 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Rain.... 
 
 68 
 
 " 28, 6.30 A.M. 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 Churned togeth- 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 28, 6.30 P.M. 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 1^ er on the 2d 
 
 
 
 Rain .... 
 
 67 
 
 " 29,6.30 a.m. 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 of October, 1 
 
 
 
 
 " 29, 6.30 P.M. 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 1884. 
 
 18 7i 
 
 19 H 
 
 Rain .... 
 
 63 
 
 " 30, 6.30 a.m. 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 Tota 
 
 in sev( 
 
 jn days 
 
 245 
 
 
 
 36 8i 
 
 36 12^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Walter Rutherford. Thomas Stock. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A. 617 
 
 BUTTEE ANALYSES. 
 
 The following is the report of AY. M. Habirshaw, of New York, Chemist to 
 the New York State Agricultural Society, to whom President Holly, of the Amer- 
 ican Jersey Cattle Club, submitted samples of the butter of Mary Anne of St. 
 Lambert 9770 and Ida of St. Lambert 24,990, as sent by the respective committees. 
 Mary Anne of St. Lambert's butter contains equivalent to 
 
 Per ceut. 
 
 Butter Fat* S3.53 
 
 Salt 3.47 
 
 Casein 1.12 
 
 Water (by diff.) 12.88 
 
 Per cent 100.00 
 
 Ida of St. Lambert's butter contains equivalent to • 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Butter Fatt 80.39 
 
 Salt 5.21 
 
 Casein 1.20 
 
 Water (by dili.) 13.20 
 
 Per ceut KtO.OO 
 
 1885., 
 
 PRINCESS 3d 8046. 
 
 John I. Holly, President American Jersey Cattle Cliib, JVeio York : 
 
 Dear Sir : Having been appointed by you to act as Committee of the American 
 Jersey Cattle Club in witnessing the test of the Jersey cow Princess 2d 80-±G, owned 
 by Mrs. S. M. Shoemaker, of Burnside Park, near Baltimore, Md., I respectfully 
 submit the following report : 
 
 The test began at 6:05 p.m. Sunday evening, February 22d, when the cow was 
 milked dry in my presence. The first milking included in the test was that at 
 3 A.M. Monday, February 23d, after which the cow was milked at intervals of eight 
 hours— namely, at 3 a.m., 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. of each day, until the last, Sunday 
 
 * Insoluble fatty acids, 85.99 ; soluble fatty acids and glycerine, 14.01. 
 t Insoluble fatty acids, 85.51 ; soluble fatty acids and glycerine, 14.49. 
 
618 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 evening, March 1st, wlien slie was milked :it <i:n5 p.m., to correspond with tiie time 
 of the preliminary milking. The duration of the test was thus seven days, to tlie 
 minute. 
 
 The cow was milked three times a day, at periods of eight hours, because her 
 udder would not hold the milk she made in twelve hours. 
 
 I was present at each of the twenty-one milkings, and did not lose sight of the 
 milk until after it had been placed in a nine-can [Moseley Cabinet Creamer. The lid 
 of this creamer, the doors and the ventilators were carefully secured each time by 
 tape and seals firmly affixed to the wood, ami each stamped with my private 
 seal. 
 
 The cream, on ])eiiig removed from tlie creamer, was placed in large buckets in 
 a wooden box made at my suggestion, and tliis l)ox was likewise sealed and 
 stamped. 
 
 These various seals remained intact, except when broken In- me to admit the 
 milk of each milking, or to draw off cream. 
 
 I was also present when the cream was placed in the churn, remained while it 
 was being churned, and weighed the unsalted butter, the salt to be added (one ounce 
 l)er pound), and finally the salted butter. The butter was worked to my entire 
 satisfaction, exceedingly dry, as will be seen in the fact that the salt when added 
 made almost a clear gain. 
 
 So that, from the time of milking until the salted butter had been finally 
 weighed, the milk, cream and butter were either within my sight or securely sealed 
 in the creamei* or box described above. 
 
 The scales on which the butter was weighed were bought of Fail-banks ife Co. 
 for this special purpose, after having been tested and guaranteed by them to be 
 accurate by United States standard. Inclosed is a letter from Fairbanks &, Co. to 
 that effect. 
 
 The cow was fed at the discretion of Mr. (). Ilicklefsen, manager of the 
 Bnniside Park Herd, the daily ration being twenty-two quarts ground oats, fifteen 
 quarts pea meal, two quarts linseed-oil cake, one quart wheat bran ; total, forty 
 quarts, besides carrots, beets, and good clover hay. 
 
 Her appetite was constantly good ; in fact, she seemed always ready to eat 
 more. 
 
 The weather during the test was disagreeable, cold and snowy, and interfered 
 somewhat with her daily exercise. 
 
 In the following table are given the details of the test, which resulted in a total 
 yield in seven days of two hundred and ninety-nine and a half poun<ls of milk, from 
 which were churned forty-four poimds one and a half ounces of unsalted butter, 
 which, when salted at the rate of one ounce to tlie jiounil, gave forty-si\ pounds 
 twelve and one half ounces of salted butter ready for market. The great gain by 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 619 
 
 salting is due to tlie fact that tlie iinsalted butter was worked so very dry that when 
 the salt was afterward worked in no water or buttermilk appeared in the bowl. 
 
 It should have been said above that the butter was twice washed in the churn 
 when in the granular form, removing every trace of buttermilk. 
 
 Feb. 22 6.05 p.m. Milked dry. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 " 23 3.00 a.m. 181 1 
 
 11.00 A.M. 11 I 44i lb 
 
 7.00 P.M. 15^ I 
 
 " 2-1 3.00 a.m. ITi 
 
 11.00 A.M. Ill I 41^ lbs. 
 7.00 P.M. 12i 
 
 " 25 3.00 a.m. 13| 
 
 11.00 A.M. 12i I, 40 lbs. 
 7.00 P.M. 14 
 
 " 26 3.00 a.m. 16i 
 
 11.00 a.m. 12| L 43f 
 
 7.00 P.M. 14f J 
 
 " 27 3.00 a.m. 16^ ^ 
 
 11.00 a.m. 12 l44ilbs. 
 
 7.00 p.m. 16 I 
 
 " 28 3.00 A.M. 16i \ 
 
 11.00 A.M. 12 L 42 lbs. 
 
 7.00 p.m. 16 J 
 
 March 1 3.20 a.m. llf T 
 
 11.00 a.m. 15^ l43ilbs. 
 6.05 p.m. 16i 
 
 Churned March 2d and 3d. But- 
 ter, unsalted, 23 lljs. 14 oz. 
 Salted, 1 oz. to lb., 25 lbs. h\ oz. 
 
 Seven days' milk 
 
 . 299* lbs. 
 
 Churned March 4th. Butter, un- 
 salted, 20 lbs. 3^ oz. Salted, 
 21 lbs. 7 oz. 
 
 ( Butter, unsalted, 44 lbs. 1^ oz. 
 
 salted, 46 lbs. 12^ oz. 
 
 Princess 2d 8046 was dropped February 22d, 18,77, and was therefore exactly 
 eight years old when this test began. She is by Khedive P. S. 103, out of Princess 
 F. S. 1294, being a Coomassie-Welcome cow. She is in color light fawn, with 
 white on belly ; white switch, very yellow skin ; has a large selvedge escutcheon ; a 
 large, perfectly formed and very symmetrical udder, with large teats ; large and very 
 prominent tortuous milk-veins. Her weight, Mr. Eicklefsen informs me, is 1125 
 pounds, and she carries no superfliious flesh, being fine in bone and muscle. 
 
 Her last calf was dropped December 31st, 1884, seven and a lialf weeks before 
 
620 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 the beginning of this test, for which she was prepared by six weeks of high feeding, 
 which so enriched her milk that during the test only six and two fifth pounds of 
 milk were required to make a pound of butter. 
 
 Eespectfully, J. IIexey Gesty. 
 
 Ealtijk.re, March 2, 18S5. 
 Mr. IIen-rt Gest : 
 
 Dear Sir: "We desire to say that the scale and weights sold to Mrs. S. M. 
 Shoemaker for the purpose of weighing butter in the test of Princess 2d were 
 sealed to the United States standard, and are guaranteed perfectly accurate in every 
 particular. 
 
 Yours very truly, Fairbanks ct Co. 
 
 J. G. Doox. 
 
 Euphonia 6783. 
 
 John I. Holly, President American Jersey Cattle Club : 
 
 Dear Sir : By your invitation, in behalf of the Club. I visited the farm of 
 Hon. Frederick Billings, "Woodstock, "\'t., to witness the test of the Jersey cow 
 Euphonia 6783. 
 
 I report : The cow was milked dry March 22d, 5:50 p.m., at which time the 
 test began. The rules of the Club pertaining to tests were faithfully complied with. 
 
 Mr. Aitken, manager of the Billings Herd, attests over his signature that the cow 
 received no previous preparation for the test, but that both before and during the 
 week of trial the same treatment as to care and feed was given as was given 
 all other cows in the herd, and no more. 
 
 Preparation and method of feeding grain : corn and cob meal, wheat bran, wheat 
 middlings, oil meal, pea meal, all mixed in equal quantities as to weight, and ten 
 pounds given per day, divided as follows : three and one third pounds on steamed 
 cornstalks at 5 a.m. ; three and one third pounds on one peck of beets at 12 m., 
 and three and one third pounds (ground flaxseed and ground oats substituted for 
 corn and cob meal and oil meal) scalded on steamed cornstalks at 5 a.m. ; hay as 
 required, con-stituted daily feed. The 12 m. ration of grain was given her in week 
 of trial, and not previously. She was milked at 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. ; watered once a 
 day, at 1(J a.m. 
 
 Temj^erature of stable, average, 53° above. 
 
 Temperature of weather : Monday, 5 J° below ; Tuesday, 22° below ; "Wednesday, 
 13° aliove ; Saturday, 28° above ; Sunday, 20° above. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN^ A3IERICA. 621 
 
 MILK KKCOED. 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 Monday . . . . , 1^ 15i 
 
 18 
 
 Tuesday 19 9 
 
 18 11^ 
 
 Wednesday 19 2 
 
 ir 5i 
 
 Thursday 19 7 
 
 17 12 
 
 Friday 20 7 
 
 " ^ 17 7i 
 
 Saturday 20 
 
 16 13 
 
 Sunday 20 1 
 
 " 17 11 
 
 Total 2t)l 6 
 
 The milk was placed in open cans and set in water to height of milk. 
 Temperature of water, average, 53°. 
 
 Kesult : Churned March 30th. Temperature of cream, 60°. Time of churning, 
 eight minutes; seven pounds seven and one half ounces unsalted butter; seven 
 pounds thirteen and one half ounces salted, ready for market. 
 
 Churned April 1st. Temperature of cream, 65°. 
 
 Time of churning, eight minutes ; seven pounds seven and one half ounces 
 unsalted butter ; eight pounds three ounces salted, ready for market. 
 
 Total, sixteen pounds one half oimce. 
 
 Cost of all feed, grain, roots and hay, thirty-two cents per day. 
 
 Cost of butter, per pound, fourteen cents. 
 
 The sire of Euphonia was Gilroy 1653, a cross of Lady Mary (the same Lady 
 Mary whose prepotency is seen in several other cows of this herd) and Rioter 
 strains; dam, imported Eudora 1863, an excellent cow of great constitutional 
 stamina, looking a six-year-old, while just entering her eighteenth year, and has 
 a record of two pounds twelve ounces a day. 
 
 I am all the more pleased to report the above result, believing that the interests 
 of the Jersey will be advanced by such practical tests, and, while phenomenal records 
 may now and then appear to prove the possibilities of a cow's production under 
 excessive stimxilation, results like the above lie within the 'reach of all, and are 
 worthy of the consideration of the dairymen of the country. 
 
 Eespectfully submitted, John O. Cocch. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Oxford Kate 13,646. 
 
 Mk. John I. IIollt, President of the Ameriean Jersey Cattle Chib : 
 
 Dear Sir : In compliance with your request to conduct the test of the Jersey 
 cow Oxford Kate 13,640, owned by Mrs. S. M. Shoeniakor, of Burnside Park, 
 Baltimore County, I herewith respectfully submit the following report : 
 
 The test began at 4 p.m. Ai^ril 1st, when the cow was milked dry in my 
 presence. 
 
 The fii-st milking included in the test was that at 4 a.m., April 2d, after which 
 the cow was milked at intervals of twelve hours, viz., 4 a.m. and 4 p.m. of each day, 
 the last milking being at 4 p.m. of April 8th, to correspond with the preliminary 
 milking. The duration of the test was thus seven days, to the minute. 
 
 I was present at each of the fourteen milkings, and did not lose sight of the 
 milk until after it had been placed in a nine-can Moseley Cabinet Creamer. The litis 
 of this creamer, the doors and the ventilators were carefully secured each time l)v 
 tape and seals firmly affixed to the wood, and each stamped with my ^irivate seal. 
 The cream, upon being removed from the creamer, was ])laced in a box provided for 
 it, and was then securely stamped and sealed. 
 
 These various seals remained intact, except when limken by me to admit the 
 milk of each milking, or to draw oif cream. 
 
 I was also present when the cream was placed in tlie churn, remained while it 
 was being chui-ned, and weighed the unsalted butter, tiie salt to be added (one ounce 
 per pound), and finally the salted butter. 
 
 The butter was worked to my entire satisfaction, exceedingly dry. and my 
 wishes in every re.spect were willingly complied with during tlie test. 
 
 In addition, I can say that from the time of milking until the salted bnttei- had 
 been finally weighed the milk, cream iind butter Mere either witliin my siglit or 
 securely sealed in the creamer or box described alio\e. 
 
 The scales used in weighing the butter were bunght of Fairlianks 6z Co.. and 
 were the same used in the test of Princess 2d. 
 
 The cow was fed at the discretion of Mr. O. Ricklefsen, manager of the Burnside 
 Park Herd, who informs me that her daily ration consisted of twelve quarts of 
 pea meal, sixteen quarts of ground oats, three quarts of linseed-oil cake and four 
 quarts of wheat bran, it being a total of thirty-five quarts, to which was added a 
 plentiful supply of good clover hay, beets and carrots. 
 
 In the following table are given the details of the test, which resulted in a total 
 yield in seven days of two himdred and forty-eight and one half pounds of milk, 
 from which were churned thirty-eight pounds two ounces of unsalted butter, which, 
 when salted at the rate of one ounce to the pound, gave thirty-nine jwunds twelve 
 ounces (3'J lbs. 12 oz.) of salted butter, ready for market. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 
 
 One Week's Test of Oxfoed Kate. 
 
 j CHUKNED APRIL 6. 
 
 April 1, 4 
 
 " 2, 4 
 
 " 2, -i 
 
 '' 3,4 
 
 " 3, 4 
 
 " 4,4 
 
 '•' 4, 4 
 
 " 5,4 
 
 " 5,4 
 
 " 6, 4 
 
 " (5, 4 
 
 " 'i', ^ 
 
 " 8,4 
 
 " 8,4 
 
 1885. 
 p.M milked dry 
 
 A.M 19il 
 
 3 If lbs. 
 
 12i 
 
 ''"[34 1bs. 
 
 nj I" ^^ ^^'• 
 
 ;;;^} 38^ lbs. 
 
 IS i 
 
 38* lbs. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 LInsalted 11 lbs. 1 oz. 
 
 Salted 11 " 9 " 
 
 CHURNED APRIL 8. 
 
 Unsalted 10 lljs. 5 oz. 
 
 Salted 10 " 9 " 
 
 CHURNED APRIL 10. 
 
 Unsalted 16 ll)s. 12 oz. 
 
 Salted IT •• 10 " 
 
 Total 248i lbs. 
 
 UNSALTED. 
 11 lbs. 1 OZ. 
 
 10 " 5 '• 
 IC " 12 " 
 
 38 lbs. 2 oz. 
 
 SALTED. 
 
 11 lbs. 
 
 9 oz. 
 
 10 " 
 
 9 " 
 
 19 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 39 lbs 
 
 12 oz. 
 
 Oxford Kate 13,646 was dropped February 20tli, 1879, and is eonserpiently a 
 little over six years old. She dropped her last calf on the 9th of January, 1885. 
 Her sire is Pilot 188, Jersey Herd Book (C). Her dam was Verclut 1846 F. S. (C), 
 Jersey Herd Brook. 
 
 Her color is a light brown ; crescent on left flank ; In-own and white switch ; 
 first order flandrine escutcheon, with remarkable width on the thighs ; extra large 
 milk- veins ; perfect-shaped udder, very deep ; short legs, and altogether a perfect 
 tyjje of a Jersey cow. 
 
 All of which is respectfully sulnnitted, 
 
 Andrew Banks. 
 
 Baltimore County, April 1<), 1885. 
 
 Carrie Lena 3tl 30,077 and Mary Jane of Bellevue 6956. 
 
 Nashville, Tenn., June 12, 1885. 
 Thomas J. Hand, Secretwry American Jersey Cattle Glith, New YorTc : 
 
 Dear Sib : Having been appointed by the President of the Club to conduct 
 the tests of the cows Mary Jane of Bellevue 6956 and Carrie Lena 3d 20,077, 
 
624 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 belonging to Major Campbell Brown, of Spring Hill, Maury County, Tenn., and 
 being unable to personally superintend it, we, upon consultation with t)tlier members 
 of the Club, selected Mr. C. O. Nicholson, of Columbia, Maury County, Tenn., to 
 act for us. 
 
 We enclose herewith the report made to us by him, which we adopt as our 
 own. We also enclose a statement of liis account, which, ISfajor lirown informs us, 
 is in all things correct. 
 
 Very respectfully, Thomas H. Malone. 
 
 M. M. Gardner. 
 
 Carrie Lena 3d 20,077. 
 
 jSTashville, Texn. 
 
 Messrs. Thomas II. Malone a7id M. M. Gardner : 
 
 Gentlemen : Having been selected by you to conduct the test of the Jersey 
 cow Carrie Lena 3d 20,077, belonging to Major Campbell Brown, of Spring Hill, 
 Tenn., I hereby submit the following report : 
 
 I saw the cow milked dry on the evening of May 20th at 6.30 o'clock, twelve 
 hours previous to the commencement of the test. I afterward saw her milked at 
 6.30 a.m. and 6.30 p.m. each day, from May 21st to May 27th inclusive. I was 
 present at each of tlie fourteen milkings, and the milk was not out of my sight imtil I 
 bad weighed and placed it in a Cooley Cabinet Creamer, which I securely locked with 
 a padlock, and also sealed by placing a band of tape around the creamer. I also 
 sealed all of the screws, etc. I saw the cream drawn off, and I placed it in a box 
 under a padlock and seal in the same manner as the creamer. I used my own seal. 
 These various seals remained intact, except when broken by me to admit the 
 milk of each milking or to draw off cream. I was also present when the cream was 
 churned, and weighed the unsalted butter, added the salt (one ounce per pound), 
 and then weighed the salted butter. 
 
 The cow was fed twice daily, and Mr. Bruce, the herdsman, informed me that 
 the daily ration was two pounds of ground oats, two pounds wheat bran, and eight 
 pounds corn-hearts, a total of twelve pounds daily. He gave her some pea meal once 
 during test, but she would not eat it. She ran on a good blue-grass pasture with 
 the herd. 
 
 The butter was thoroughly worked to my siitisfaction, and was good first-class 
 butter. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IiY A3IEBICA. 
 
 May 
 
 In the following table are given 
 
 the details of the test : 
 
 lbs. oz. lbs. oz. 
 
 21,6.30 A.M., 15 6) 
 
 21, 6.30 P.M., U 10 S 
 22,6.30A.M.,U 8 J 3^^ ^^ 
 
 22, 6.30 P.M., 15 S \ 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 Chiinied May 25. 
 - Unsalted butter, 6 9^ 
 Salted " 7 
 
 23, 6.30 A.M., 14 10 [ 
 
 23, 6.30 P.M., 14 \ 
 
 24, 6.30 A.M., 13 ] 
 
 24, 6.30 P.M., 13 f 
 
 25, 6.30 A.M., 13 10 ) 
 
 25, 6.30 P.M., 12 S \ 
 
 26, 6.30 A.M., 14 8 ^ 
 
 26, 6.30 P.M., 14 4 S 
 
 27, 6.30 A.M., 14 8 ) 
 27, 6.30 P.M., 13 \ 
 
 26 2 
 
 Churned May 29. 
 Unsalted butter. 
 Salted " 
 
 Churned May 28. 
 Unsalted butter, 4 
 Salted " 4 
 
 Temperature, 68°. 
 Time, 15 minutes. 
 
 (Temperature, 69°. 
 Time, 10 minutes. 
 *^ J 
 
 (Temperature, 68°. 
 Time, 15 minutes. 
 
 ^ , .„ ^ , - Unsalted butter, 15 6 
 
 Total milk tor seven days. . 19 < ^ ^. , , 
 
 ■^ j Salted " 16 4 
 
 I would state that all the rules laid down by the Club were strictly carried out 
 in every particular. 
 
 Carrie Lena 3d 20,077 was dropped March 14th, 1883. She dropped her last 
 calf January 10th, 1885. Her sire is Lenox Cash Boy 6804, her dam Carrie Lena 
 3348. Her weight is six hundred and sixty pounds. 
 
 All of which is respectfully submitted. 
 
 May 29, 1886. 
 
 C. O. Nicholson. 
 
 Mary Jane of Bellevue 6956. 
 
 Messes. T. H. Malone and M. M. Gakdnek, Nashville, Tenn. : 
 
 Gentlemen : Having been selected by you to conduct the test of the Jersey 
 cow Mary Jane of Bellevue 6956, the property of Major Camjjbell Brown, of 
 Spring HiU, Maury County, Tenn., I hereby submit the following report : 
 
 1 saw her milked out clean on the evening of May 20th, at 6.30 o'clock, twelve 
 hours before commencing the test. I afterward saw her milked at 6.30 a.m. and 
 6.30 P.M. each day from May 21st to May 27th inclusive. I was present at each of 
 the fourteen milkings, and the milk was not out of my presence until I had weighed 
 it and placed it in a Cooley Cabinet Creamer, which I securely locked witli a padlock, 
 
626 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 and also sealed by j)laciug a baud of tape around the creamer. I also sealed all of 
 the screws, etc. 
 
 The seal used was my own. 
 
 I siiw the cream drawn off and placed in a box under a padlock and seal in the 
 same manner as the creamer. These various seals remained intact, except when 
 broken by me to admit the milk of each milking, or to draw off the cream. I 
 was also j)resent when the cream was churned, and weighed the unsalted butter ; 
 the salt was added (one ounce to the pound), and finally I weighed the salted 
 butter. 
 
 The butter was worked to my satisfaction. 
 
 In the following table are given the details of the test : 
 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 May 
 
 21, 6.30 A.M.. 
 
 , 16 
 
 if 
 
 33 
 
 4 
 
 ] 
 
 lbs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 21, 6.30 I'.M., 
 
 ,17 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 22, 6.30 A.M., 
 
 , IS 
 
 + ) 
 
 
 
 Clmriied May 25. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Time, 16 minutes. 
 
 " 
 
 22, 6.30 P.M.. 
 
 , 14 
 
 "!■ 
 
 32 
 
 4 
 
 J- Unsalted l)ntter, 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Temperature, 68°. 
 
 (( 
 
 23, 6.30 A.M., 
 
 , l'» 
 
 :i 
 
 
 
 Salted 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 J 
 
 
 « 
 
 23, 6.30 P.M.. 
 
 , 15 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 24, 6.30 A.M., 
 
 ,20 
 
 8 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 24, 6.30 P.M., 
 
 ,15 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 Churned May 28. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Time, 15 minutes. 
 
 ] 
 
 25, 6.30 A.M., 
 
 25, 6.30 P.M., 
 
 26, 6.30 A.M., 
 
 , 18 
 ,16 
 , 1!> 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 - Unsalted butter, 
 J Salted " 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 Temperature, 68°. 
 
 U 
 
 26, 6.30 P.M., 
 
 , l-l 
 
 8 \ 
 
 33 
 
 ■^ 
 
 1 Churned May 29. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Time, 15 minute.^. 
 
 « 
 
 27, 6.30 A.M., 
 
 , 20 
 
 " ) 
 
 
 
 V Unsalted butter, 
 
 4 
 
 H 
 
 f 
 
 Temperature, 68°. 
 
 « 
 
 27, 6.30 P.M., 
 
 , 14 
 
 10 } 
 
 34 10 
 
 J Salted 
 
 4 
 
 i) 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / Unsalted butter, 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Toti 
 
 il milk for seven d; 
 
 iiys. . 
 
 2:'.s 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( Salted 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 The cow was fed twice daily, and Mr. L. P. Brown, who fed her, informs me 
 that her daily ration was : Ground oats, 11 lbs. ; bean meal, 5 lbs. ; pea meal, 2 lbs. ; 
 cottonseed meal, 2 lbs. ; cornhearts, 1 lb. ; total, 21 lbs. daily. She ran on a good 
 blue-grass pasture with the rest of the herd. I would state that all the rules laid 
 down by the Club were fully carried out in every particular. Mary Jane of Belle- 
 vue was dropped in the spring of 1876. She dro]iped lier last calf March 30th, 
 1885. Iler sire was Remarkable, F. 229 J. H. B., her dam Nelly, F. 1509 J. U. B. 
 T Would further state that her butter was of very fine quality. 
 
 All of which is respectfully submitted. C. O. Nicholson. 
 
 i[av 29, 1S85. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 627 
 
 Manielle 30,804 and Tette 20,803. 
 
 Nashville, Tenn., June 20, 1885. 
 Mk. F. Bronson, President American Jersey Cattle Clvh : 
 
 Dear Sir : Having been appointed by you to act as a committee of the American 
 Jersey Cattle Club in witnessing the test of the Jersey cows Mamelle 20,804 and 
 Tette 20,802, owned by Mr. Thomas H. Malone, of Nashville, Tenn., I respectfully 
 submit the following report : 
 
 Test of Manielle 20,804. 
 
 I associated with myseK Mr. George H. Harding, of this county, a gentleman 
 of well-known integrity and reliability. 
 
 Mamelle was milked clean in our presence Friday, June 5th, at 6 a.m., giving 
 seventeen pounds ten ounces of milk. 
 
 The first milking included in our test was Friday, 6 p.m., June 5tli. She was 
 milked twice a day, morning and evening, at 6 a.m. and 6 p.m., during the test. 
 
 "We were present at each of the fourteen milkings, and did not lose sight of the 
 milk until after it had been placed in a four-can Cooley creamer. 
 
 The lids of this creamer were securely locked by locks of our own. A tape was 
 then passed around the creamer and through the locks, and seals firmly affixed to the 
 wood, on the tape, and each stamped with our private seals. 
 
 The cream on Ijeing removed from the creamer was placed in tin cans, which 
 were put in a large wooden box made for the purpose. This box was locked with 
 our lock, a tape passing around this box and through the lock, and sealed with our 
 private seal. 
 
 These various seals remained intact, except when broken liy us to admit the 
 milk of each milking, or to diuw ofE the cream. 
 
 We were also present when the cream was placed in the churn, remained while 
 it was being churned, and weighed the unsalted butter ; the salt added was one 
 ounce to the pound, and we then reweighed the salted butter. 
 
 The butter was washed thoroughly, taken out of the churn, and worked as long 
 as any water could be got from it. It was then salted, one oimce to the pound, and 
 reworked. In l)oth instances it was worked to our entire satisfaction, making a first- 
 class article of marketable butter. 
 
 From the time of milking until the butter had been finally weighed, the milk, 
 cream and butter were either in our sight or securely sealed and locked in the 
 creamer or box described above. 
 
 We tested the scales carefully and found them to be correct. 
 
 The cow was fed three times a day on ground oats, corn, and a small quantity 
 
628 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 of cottonseed meal (one quart per day), the whole mixture amounting to twenty-one 
 poimds per day, in three feeds, morning, noon and night. She also had the run of a 
 good blue-grass pasture with the rest of the herd. Her appetite remained good 
 during the entire test, and she would have eaten more, in our judgment, had it been 
 given her. 
 
 Total milk yield of Mamelle for seven days, two hundred and fifty-six pounds 
 one ounce, which churned twenty-two pounds four and one quarter ounces of worked, 
 unsalted butter, which, when salted, one ounce to the pound, and reworked made 
 twenty-one pounds eight and one quarter ounces of butter ready for market. 
 
 In both instances, before and after salting, the l:)utter was worked as long as any 
 water could be drained from it. 
 
 The following is the detailed report of her milk and butter yield : 
 
 June 5, 6 a.m milked dry. 
 
 " 5, 6 p.M 19 lbs. 10 oz. ) 
 
 ,, „' \ 38 lbs. 4 oz. 
 
 " 6, 6 A.M 18 " 10 " \ 
 
 " 6, 6 p.M 19 " 2 " ) ^, ., 
 
 " 7, 6a.m 18 " 2 " ) 
 
 " 7, 6 p.M 17 " 10 " ) 
 
 " 8, 6 A.M 18 " 10 " t ^^ " ** 
 
 " 8, (5 p.M 16 " 12 " ) 
 
 " 9, 6a.m 16 « 10 " } ^^ " ^ 
 
 " 9, 6 p.M 19 " 14 " ) 
 
 " 10, 6a.m 17 " 9J " j ^" " "* " 
 
 " 10, 6 p.M 20 " U '' ) 
 
 « 11 fi .^ . , r < ^ 3^ '• 3* " in heat. 
 
 " 11, 6 A.M 17 '' 10 " \ 
 
 " 11, 6 p.M 17 " 6 " ) 
 
 " 12, 6 A.M 17 " 14 " } ^-^ " ^ 
 
 Seven days' milk 256 lbs. 1 oz. 
 
 First churning, two and a half days' cream, churned at 4 p.m., June 10th ; temper- 
 ature, 59° ; time of churning, fifteen minutes ; worked, unsalted butter, eight pounds 
 eight and one quarter ounces ; salted, one ounce to the pound, and reworked made 
 seven pounds eight and one quarter oimces. 
 
 Second churning, two days' cream, churned at 3.30 p.m. June 12th ; temperature, 
 59° ; time of churning, twenty-one minutes ; worked, unsalted butter, six pounds 
 twelve ounces ; salted, one ounce to the pound, and reworked made seven jwunds. 
 
 Third churning, two days' cream, churned at 3.50 p.m., June 15th ; temperature, 
 58° ; time of churning, twenty minutes ; worked, imsalted butter, seven pounds ; 
 salted, one ounce to tJie pound, and reworked made seven pounds. 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 629 
 
 Making seven days' yield of worlced, salted butter twenty-one pounds eight and 
 one quarter ounces. 
 
 Mamelle 20,804 was dropped March 24:th, 1883, and was tlierefore twenty-six 
 months old when the test began. She dropped her first calf, a heifer, to Gold Basis 
 4038, April 26th, 1885. 
 
 Mamelle is by Gold Basis 4038, out of Jazel's Maid 11,011. 
 
 Gold Basis now stands at tlie head of Mr. Malone's herd. He is by Gilderoy 
 
 2107, out of dam imported Eegina 2d 2475. 
 
 Geokge H. Harding. 
 
 M. M. Gardner. 
 
 Mr. F. Bronson, Pr'esident American Jersey Cattle Club : 
 
 Dear Sir : Having had business to attend to, and not being able to be present 
 
 at the test of Tette, I appointed Mr. George H. Harding, the gentleman who 
 
 assisted me in the test of Mamelle 20,804, to conduct this test, and I vouch for same 
 
 as being correct. 
 
 M. M. Gardner. 
 
 He makes the following report : 
 
 Test of Tette 20,802. 
 
 Tette 20,802 was milked clean in my presence Sunday evening June 7th, 1885. 
 
 The first milking included in test was on Monday, June 8th, 6 a.m. She was 
 milked twice a day during the test, morning and evening, at 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. 
 
 I was present at each of the fourteen milkings, and did not lose sight of the 
 milk until after it had been placed in a four-can Cooley creamer. The lids of the 
 creamer were securely locked by locks of my own ; a tape was then passed entirely 
 around the creamer and through the locks, and seals firmly fixed to the wood, on the 
 tape, and each stamped with my private seal. 
 
 The cream, on being removed from the creamer, was placed in tin cans, which 
 were put in a large wooden box made for the purpose. This box was also locked 
 with my lock, a tape passing around the box and through the lock, and sealed with 
 my private seal. These various seals remained intact, except when broken by me to 
 admit the milk of each milking or to draw off the cream. 
 
 I was also present when the cream was placed in the churn ; remained while it 
 was being churned, and weighed the unsalted butter. The salt added was one ounce 
 to the pound, and after being reworked I then reweighed the salted butter. 
 
 The butter was washed thoroughly, taken out of the churn, and worked as long 
 as any water could be got from it. It was then salted, one ounce to the pound, and 
 reworked. In both instances it was worked to my entire satisfaction, making a first- 
 class article of marketable butter. From the time of milking until the butter had 
 
630 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 been finally weighed the milk, cream and butter were either in my sight or securely 
 sealed and locked in the creamer or box described above. 
 
 I tested the scales and found them to be correct. 
 
 The cow was fed twice a day on ground oats, com, and a small quantity of 
 cottonseed meal (she received of the cottonseed meal three quarters of a quart per 
 day), the whole mixture amounting to fourteen pounds per day in two feeds, morning 
 and evening ; she also had the run of a good blue-grass pasture with the rest of the 
 herd. She ate her feed with a good deal of relish. 
 
 Total miUc j4eld of Tette for seven days, one hundred and eighty-eight pounds 
 four ounces, which churned seventeen pounds six ounces of M-orked, unsalted butter, 
 which when salted, one ounce to the pound, and reworked made seventeen pounds 
 six oimces ready for market. 
 
 In both instances, before and after salting, the butter was worked as long as any 
 water could be drained from it. 
 
 The following is the detailed report of her milk and butter yield : 
 
 June 7, 6 p.m milked dry. 
 
 " 8, 6 A.M 10 lbs. 6 oz. ) 
 
 •' 8,6p.m 11" 2 " [ ^1"- «- 
 
 « 9, 6 A.M 11 " 12 " ) 
 
 S 25 " 8 " 
 " 9, 6 P.M 13 " 12 " i 
 
 " 10, 6 A.M 12 •' 6 " ) 
 
 " 10, 6 P.M 14 " 10 " \ 
 
 " 11, 6 A.M 13 " 2 " I 
 
 \ 27 " 12 " 
 " 11, 6 P.M 14 >' 10 " S 
 
 " 12. 6 A.M 18 " 10 " ) 
 
 ^ 29 " 4 " 
 " 12, 6 P.M 1.5 " 10 " i 
 
 " 13, 6 A.M 13 " 14 " ) 
 
 « 13,6p.m 14^' 6 " f -'" *"-^-t- 
 
 " l-^'^A-M 13" 10 " ) . ^^ 
 
 " 14, 6 P.M 15 « 6 " i 
 
 Seven days' milk 188 lbs. 4 oz. 
 
 First churning, two and a half days' cream, churned 8.40 a.m. June 12th; 
 temperature, 59° ; churned eleven minutes ; worked, unsalted, five pounds ten ounces ; 
 salted, one ounce tt) pound, and reworked, five pounds six ounces. 
 
 Second churning, two and one half days' cream, churned 4.19 p.m. Jime 16th ; 
 temperature, 58° ; churned twelve minutes ; worked, unsalted butter, six pounds 
 eight ounces ; salted, one ounce to pound, and reworked, six pounds twelve ounces. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 631 
 
 Third churning, two days' cream, churned 5.11 p.m. June 16th; temperature, 
 58° ; churned six minutes ; worked, unsalted butter, five pounds four ounces ; salted, 
 one ounce to pound, and reworked made five pounds four ounces, making seven 
 days' yield of worked, salted butter seventeen pounds six ounces. 
 
 Tette 20,802 was dropped November 5th, 1882, and was therefore two years and 
 seven months old when test was made. She dropped her first calf, a bull. May 21st, 
 1885, to Gold Basis 4038. 
 
 Tette is by Gold Basis 4038 and out of Syringa 3d 6778. 
 
 Geoege H. Haeding. 
 
 Hilda D. 6683, Evelina of Veriia 10,971, and Etlessa 31,844. 
 
 Deerfoot Farm, Southboeough, Mass., July 21, 1885. 
 
 T. J. Hand, Esq., Secretary American Jersey Cattle Cluh, 1 and 3 Broadioay, 
 New York : 
 
 Dear Sie: Having been appointed by Messrs. Alvord and Taylor, of the 
 Executive Committee, I went to Verna Farm, Greenfield Hill, Conn., June 22d, to 
 test three cows for the President of the Club, F. Bronson, Esq. — Hilda D. 6683, 
 last calf March 22d, 1885 ; Evelina of Verna 10,971, last calf March 31st, 1885, 
 and Edessa 21,844, a two-year-old heifer, last calf March 14th, 1885. All three 
 were fine animals that would attract attention anywhere, and all had first-class 
 udders. 
 
 At 6 P.M. on the night of my ai-rival I saw the cows milked out dry, and from 
 the next morning everything pertaining to the milk was under my personal 
 supervision and under my private lock and seal. 
 
 The first three days the cows were turned out (only during the day) into a field 
 of about two acres, seeded down last autumn, where the feed was very rank and 
 past the bloom. 
 
 Afterward, at my suggestion, they were turned into an old pasture. 
 
 Hilda D. was very lame during the entire test, and after the first day her grain 
 was reduced. (See tabulated report.) 
 
 AU the butter was thoroughly and carefully worked, ready for market, before 
 the final weighing. 
 
 Professor Babcoek, of the New York Experiment Station, was with me for five 
 days, and his report I add to mine. He was present at all the milkings while at 
 Verna, and took samples of the same for analysis. 
 
 Yours very sincerely, E. Burnett. 
 
632 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IN A3TERICA. 
 
 N. Y. AoRicrLTiRAL Ex. Station, Dk. E. L. Sturtevant, .Director. 
 
 Geneva, K Y., July 16, 1885. 
 
 F. Bronson, Esq., Prenident 'Jersey Cattle Cluh, Xew Tori- City : 
 
 Dear Sir : I herewith forward you the official report by Mr. Babcock of our 
 
 observations at tiie butter tests, commencing June 23d, of Hilda D., Evelina of 
 
 Verna, and Edessa. 
 
 Very truly yours, E. Lewis Sturtevant, Director. 
 
 Geneva, N. Y., July 16, 1885. 
 Dr. E. Lewis Sturtevant, Director l^eio York Agricultural Experiment Station : 
 
 Sir : Through the courtesy of Mr. F. Bronson, of Southport, Conn., and by 
 your orders, I was present as representative of the New York Agricultural 
 Experiment Station during a portion of a "seven-day" butter test of throe of his 
 Jersey cows — Hilda D., Evelina of Verna, and Edessa. 
 
 The test commenced on the morning of June 23d, and was under the official 
 supervision of Mr. Ed-ward Burnett. I was present till June 27th, and made 
 determinations of the solids and fat in the milk of each milking up to that time, 
 and in the skimmed milk and buttermilk. Complete analyses were also made of 
 the well-worked butter from the first and the last churning sis sent to the Station. 
 
 The analytical results are presented in the folk)wing tables : 
 
 Hilda D. 
 Milk. 
 
 Datk. 
 
 Weight of 
 
 M?lk. 
 
 Solids. 
 
 Fat. 
 
 Fat. 
 
 June 23, 5 a.m 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 17 4 
 12 1 
 12 
 12 10 
 
 10 15 
 
 11 12 
 
 12 6 
 
 per cent. 
 15.74 
 16.23 
 15.33 
 15.74 
 15.40 
 16.26 
 15.90 
 16.05 
 15.79 
 15.64 
 15.63 
 15.37 
 
 per cent. 
 5.71 
 6.33 
 5.75 
 5.91 
 5.52 
 5.73 
 5.41 
 6.90 
 5.96 
 5.75 
 5.45 
 5.70 
 
 oz. 
 lo 76 
 
 " 23, 1 r.M 
 
 12.22 
 
 " 23, 9 P.M. 
 
 11 04 
 
 " 24, 5 A.M. 
 
 11 94 
 
 " 24, 1 i".M 
 
 9 66 
 
 " 24, 9 i-.M 
 
 " 25, 5 A.M 
 
 10.7^ 
 
 " 25, 1 p.M 
 
 11 3 
 
 12 2 
 12 11 
 11 2 
 11 15 
 
 
 " 25, 9 p.M 
 
 " 26, 5 A.M 
 
 
 " 26, 1 r.M 
 
 
 " 26, 9 p.M 
 
 
 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Skimrned Milk. 
 
 Per cent, of Solids. 
 
 From milk of June 23, 5 a.m. and 1 p.m 10.53 
 
 " " « " 23, 9 P.M 10.52 
 
 " " " " 24, 5 A.M and 1 p.m 10.28 
 
 Buttermilk from churning of cream of June 23 and 24, 10.80 
 
 Per cent, of Fat. 
 .092 
 
 .091 
 .340* 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Churning of June 37 from 
 
 Cream of June 23-24. Churning of July 1. 
 
 Weight of butter 5 lbs. 8 oz. 
 
 Water, per cent 14.51 21.47 
 
 Ash, per cent 6.42 3.26 
 
 Fat, percent 78.51 74.09 
 
 Caseine, per cent .62 .84 
 
 Fat in butter, ounces 69.09 
 
 Evelina of Veena. 
 Milk. 
 
 June 23, 5 a.m. 
 " 23, 1 P.M. 
 
 " 23, 
 " 24, 
 " 24, 
 " 24, 
 " »25, 
 " 25, 
 
 6 a.m. 
 1 p.m. 
 9 p.m. 
 5 a.m. 
 
 1 P.M. 
 9 P.M. 
 5 A.M. 
 1 P.M. 
 
 Weight of 
 
 Solids. 
 
 Fat. 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 18 7 
 
 14.45 
 
 5.06 
 
 12 10 
 
 16.57 
 
 6.59 
 
 12 2 
 
 15.28 
 
 5.25 
 
 13 4 
 
 14.92 
 
 5.01 
 
 11 12 
 
 15.48 
 
 6.01 
 
 12 6 
 
 15.11 
 
 5.58 
 
 12 9 
 
 15.21 
 
 5.77 
 
 12 2 
 
 15.50 
 
 5.81 
 
 11 14 
 
 14.84 
 
 5.30 
 
 13 1 
 
 14.96 
 
 5.33 
 
 11 15 
 
 15.53 
 
 6.02 
 
 12 1 
 
 14.80 
 
 5.66 
 
 oz. 
 14.93 
 13.31 
 10.19 
 10.62 
 11.30 
 11.05 
 
 Extracted \vith ether and includes any free lactic acid present. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IK AMEItlCA. 
 
 Siimmed Milk. 
 
 From milk of June 23, 5 a.m. and 1 p.m 
 
 « " '• '■ 23, 9 P.M 
 
 " " " " 24, 5 A.M. and 1 p.m 
 
 Buttermilk from churning of June 23d and 2-itli . 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Per ct. of Solids. Per ct. of Fat. 
 
 9.96 .07 
 
 10.00 .U 
 
 .12 
 
 10.22 .63* 
 
 Weight of butter 
 
 Water, per cent 
 
 Ash, per cent 
 
 Fat, per cent 
 
 Caseine, per cent 
 
 Fat in butter, ounces . 
 
 Churning of June 27 
 from Cream of June 23 and 24. Churning of July 1. 
 5 lbs. 5 OZ. 
 
 14.60 
 1.95 
 
 83.21 
 0.51 
 
 70.73 
 
 12.65 
 1.33 
 
 84.91 
 0.69 
 
 Edessa. 
 Milk. 
 
 June 23, 5 a.m. 
 
 23, 5 P.M. 
 
 24, 5 A.M. 
 
 24, 5 P.M. 
 
 25, 5 A.M. 
 
 25, 5 P.M. 
 26,5 a.m. 
 
 26, 5 P.M. 
 
 lbs. OZ. 
 
 12 8 
 
 11 11 
 
 12 10 
 12 2 
 
 
 
 Solids. 
 
 Fat. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 14.25 
 
 5.15 
 
 14.76 
 
 5.68 
 
 14.89 
 
 4.85 
 
 14.64 
 
 4.94 
 
 15.57 
 
 4.98 
 
 14.40 
 
 4.51 
 
 15.31 
 
 4.72 
 
 15.02 
 
 5.21 
 
 10.30 
 10.62 
 
 BiOtenmlk from churning of whole milk of June 23d : Solids, 12.08 ; Fat, 2.23. 
 
 Butter. ^ 
 Churning of Juno 26 
 
 from Whole Jlilk of June 23. Churning of July 1. 
 
 1 11). 4 OZ. 
 
 15.85 14.37 
 
 8.83 5.13 
 
 Weight of butter. 
 Water, per cent . . 
 Ash, per cent 
 
 Extracted with ether and includes any free lactic acid present. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA. 635 
 
 Churning of June 26 
 from Whole Milk of June 33. Churning of July 1. 
 
 Fat, per cent 74.01 79.63 
 
 Caseine, per cent . . 0.52 ' 0.56 
 
 Fat in butter ounces 14.8 
 
 The milk of Hilda D. for June 23d and 24th, which constituted tlie iirst 
 churning, contained in the aggregate, according to the analyses, 71.39 ounces of 
 butter fat, 69.08 ounces or 96.79 per cent, of which was recovered in the butter. 
 
 Evelina's milk for the same time contained 71.4 ounces of butter fat, and there 
 were recovered in the butter 70.78 ounces, or 99 per cent. 
 
 Edessa's milk for June 23d contained 20.92 ounces of fat, and the butter from 
 this milk contained 15.08 ounces, or 79.01 per cent. 
 
 The melting-points of the butter fats in the above samples of butter are as 
 follows : 
 
 Hilda D 96 F. 
 
 EveUna 93 F. 
 
 Edessa 89 F. 
 
 Herd 92 F. 
 
 Further details of the above tests are omitted, as these will appear in the report 
 of the official tester, Mr. Edward Burnett. 
 
 Very truly yours, S. M. Babcock. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 
 
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JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
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JERSEY CATTLE IN^ AJfEBICA. 639 
 
 EULES FOR OFFICIAL BUTTER TESTS. 
 
 [To take effect June 29f/<, 1S85.] 
 Adopted by the Boaed op Dieectoes of the Ameeican Jeeset Cattle Club, 
 
 UNDEE AUTHOEITT OF AmENDED Bt-LawS, SeCTION 7, AeT. VI. 
 
 The following rules shall be followed in every butter test : 
 
 1. The tester shall see the cow connDletely milked out at the beginning of the test. 
 
 2. The tester shall be j^resent at each milking throughout the entire test, and 
 must see the milk weighed, and keep accurate records of the net weight of each 
 milking and time of milldng. 
 
 3. Immediately upon the milk being weighed the tester must see the milk 
 securely placed under lock and seal. In case a creamer is used the tester must 
 securely lock the creamer containing the milk with a padlock to be provided by such 
 tester, and must seal the same by passing a ribbon or band of tape around the creamer, 
 and sealing such tape or band with a seal not furnished by the owner. 
 
 In case the milk is set in pans or crocks the room in which it is so set must be 
 securely locked by the tester and the doors and windows thereto sealed. 
 
 4. The tester must be 2:)resent at the drawing off of the cream, and must retain 
 it securely with the same precautions as are set out in last preceding section. 
 
 5. When the owner of the cow considers the cream or whole milk ripe for 
 churning the tester must see the cream or whole milk placed in the churn and remain 
 until it is churned, see the butter thoroughly worked, weighed, salted, reworked and 
 reweighed ; he shall weigh the butter before salting, and after being salted and 
 reworked. In salting, one ounce of salt to every pound of butter shall be used, the 
 tester keeping a record and rei:)orting to the Club the temperature at which the 
 cream or whole milk was churned, and length of time required in churning. 
 The quantity of butter with which the cow shall be credited shall be salted butter 
 ready for market. The tester may require as many churnings to be made of the 
 cream or whole milk as he may deem necessary. 
 
 6. The tester may leave the feeding of the cow and tlie quantity given to the 
 discretion of the owner, or he may supervise the feeding, in order that no improper 
 ingredient may be given her ; but he shall not in any way limit the quantity of the 
 feed so given. In all cases the affidavit of the feeder of the cow shall be required as 
 to the quantity and composition of the feed so given. The owner of the cow shall 
 also make affidavit as to his or her confidence in the accuracy of the test to the best 
 of his or her knowledge, and as to his or her confidence in the man who fed the cow. 
 
 7. In the event of the owner, or the person in charge of such cow, refusing to 
 comply with the requirements of these regulations, the tester shall discontinue the 
 
640 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 test, and report to the President the facts of the case, and the party so refusing shall 
 forfeit his or her preUminary deposit of ^50. 
 
 8. Two milkings only per day shall be made, unless the cow is incommoded 
 thereby. 
 
 9. A sample of tlie bntter made in tlie test may be taken by the tester in person 
 for analysis by a competent analyst. 
 
 10. The above rules shall apply in all eases to any deputy or deputies appointed 
 in accordance with Section 2, Art. VI., of By-Laws. 
 
 11. These regulations may be altered at any regular meeting of the Board of 
 
 Directors. 
 
 Additional Rules for Butter Tests. 
 
 1. A book shall be kept by the Secretary, to be known as the " Official Butter 
 Test Book," in which all tests heretofore made by an appointee of the Club, or which 
 shall hereafter be made by the Club, shall be entered. 
 
 2. An official tester may be appointed by the Board of Directors, and shall hold 
 his office during its pleasure, and shall receive such compensation iis the Board may 
 fix. Sucli official tester shall have power, subject to the approval of the President, 
 to appoint a deputy or deputies to assist him. 
 
 Pet of Rose Lawn 11,326. 
 
 New York, June 30, 1SS5. 
 F. Brokson, Esq., President of the American Jersey Cattle Chib : 
 
 Dear Sir : In accordance with your letter of the 17th inst. appointing me a 
 committee to conduct the test of the Jersey cow Pet of Rose Lawn 11,32(), I went to 
 Paterson on Saturday, the 2(.ith, and started the test that evening by thoroughly 
 " stripping out " the cow. 
 
 Pet of Rose Lawn was five years old in May, and dropped her foiu-th calf April 
 15th. She is slightly above the medium size, of a light cream fa^vn color of a very 
 uniform tint. She fills the eye as a handsome Jersey cow in most respects, has a 
 capacious barrel, rich skin color, a mellow hide, a large, well-shaped udder and 
 teats, with full and tortuous milk-veins, and a Lunousine escutcheon of the first 
 order. The udder measured over fifty inches in circumference. 
 
 In conducting the test the rules of the Club in regard to precautions against fraud 
 were closely followed, and the results are tabulated in duphcate, as you requested. 
 
 I do not think the test, though accurate in every particular, really does the cow 
 justice, for tlie severe drouth which prevailed so parched the pasture upon which 
 she had been depending for a large portion of her food that it became brown, almost 
 entirely losing its green color, and caused, no doubt, the nearly uniform decrease in 
 milk and butter. 
 
 Very respectfully. Mason C. Weld. 
 
PET OF ROSE LAWN 11,326. 
 
 AT H YKAHS t.l.D. 
 
 Colli iiihiiiil Typi-. 
 CKEAM COTTACiE IIEKD. 
 S. HiHJKUs, I'atkkson. Nkw .Tek^sey. 
 
JEBSEY CATTLE IJST AMEBIC A. 
 
 
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642 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEIilCA. 
 
 Ethleel 2d 32,391. 
 
 Mr. John M. Tlioin]).son, of Xasliville, was elected by the American Jersey- 
 Cattle Clul) to conduct the test. Mr. Thompson appointed Dr. H. B. Titcoml), of 
 Columbia, to personally supervise the test. 
 
 L)k. TrrcoMB's Kepoet. 
 As requested by you and under your appointment, I took charge of the test of 
 the Jersey cow Ethleel 2d 32,291, the property of John A. McEwen, Kashville, 
 Tcnn., at the farm of the Colimibia Jersey Cattle Company, at Columl)ia, Tenn., 
 June 30th, 18S5, at G.20 p.m., at which time I saw the cow milked thoroughly dry. 
 I saw her milked thereafter as follows : 
 
 Timeof Milkiii!;. Amount of Milk. 
 
 Jtdy 1, C.2(» A.M 11 lbs. 5 oz. 
 
 '• ],0.20p.M 11" 7" 
 
 " 2, fi.20 A.M 11 " 12 " 
 
 " 2, G.2U I'.M 11 " 1 " 
 
 « 3, 6.10 A.M 12 " 2 " 
 
 " 3, 6.16 VM *11 " 5 •' 
 
 " 4, 6.25 A.M 11 " 11 " 
 
 " 4, 0.30 p.M 11 '• s '• 
 
 '• .5, 6.30 A.M 10 " 11 " 
 
 '• 5, 6.25 p.M " 12 " 
 
 " 6, 6.35 A.M 10 " 3 " 
 
 " 6, 6.20 p.M 9 " 9 " 
 
 " 7, 6.20 A.M 11 " I' '• 
 
 " 7, 6.30 p.M I'l •• 11" 
 
 Making in all fur seven consecutive days une hundred and lifty-tive ])ounds 
 eleven ounces of milk. At each milking the milk did not leave my sight until it 
 was strained, put in a stone jar, and placed in the test room, the windows of which 
 were ])rotected by iron rods and wire gauze, ujion which I placed my seal, and 
 double locked the door, and placed my seal upon that, and during the entire test no 
 seal was broken except by myself. Neitlier was the milk handled, except in my 
 presence and sight, until it was placed in the churn, churned and the butter worked, 
 weighed, salted, reworked and reweighed. 
 
 July 3d, 18S5, we commenced churning the first da.y"s milk at 3.20 p.m., at the 
 temperature of 63° ; churned sixteen and one half minutes, and took up four pounds 
 
 * A few ouuces spilled. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 643 
 
 three ounces of thorouglily worked butter ; added four ounces of salt, reworked, and 
 had four pounds six ounces of butter. 
 
 I proceeded in the same manner, with the temperature of tlie milk aliout the 
 same, the six succeeding days, with the following results, adding one ounce of salt 
 with each pound of butter : 
 
 July 4th, 2.55 p.m. Churned second day's milk fifteen minutes. Butter worked 
 and taken up, four pounds two ounces : butter salted and reworked, four pounds five 
 ounces. 
 
 July 5th, 3.53 p.m. Churned third day's milk fourteen and one half minutes. 
 Butter worked and taken up, three pounds fourteen ounces ; Ijutter salted and 
 reworked, four pounds one ounce. 
 
 Jidy 6th, 3.07 p.m. Fourth day's milk churned sixteen and one half minutes. 
 Butter worked and taken up, four poimds three ounces ; butter salted and reworked, 
 four pounds five ounces. 
 
 July Yth, 2.45 p.m. Fifth day's milk churned twelve and one half minutes. 
 Butter worked and taken up, four pounds two ounces ; butter salted and reworked, 
 four pounds five ounces. 
 
 July 8th, 3.30 p.m. Sixth day's milk churned ten and one half minutes. 
 Butter worked and taken up, four pounds thirteen ounces ; butter salted and reworked, 
 five pounds. 
 
 July 9th, 3.20 p.m. Seventh day's milk churned thirteen minutes. Butter 
 worked and taken up, iowr pounds five ounces ; butter salted and reworked, four 
 pounds eight ounces. 
 
 Total of reworked bixtter for seven days, thirty pounds fifteen ounces. 
 
 The churn used in the above test was a patent churn called the "Wonderful." 
 
 The milk when jslaced in the test room in the stone jar was piit in running water 
 which ranged at a temperature of from 60° to 61°, and on the evening of the second 
 day the morning and evening milk of each day was put together and remained imtil 
 the next afternoon when churned, adding only enough water at the time of 
 transferring and mixing the morning and evening milk to rinse the cream froni the 
 jars. 
 
 I had a copy of the com2)any's testing rules by me, and go^-erned myself by 
 them. 
 
 At each churning there were several present to witness the taking out and 
 weighing of the butter, among whom were J. M. Mays, President of the First 
 National Bank at Columbia ; Major Campbell Brown ; M. C. Campbell and Horace 
 Polk, of Spring Hill ; Mr. Malone, Edward Baxter and wife, of Nashville ; L. W. 
 Cooper, of New Orleans. 
 
 Ethleel 2d 32,291 is a rather small, smooth, handsome, light gray heifei-. 
 
 She was dropped October 31st, 1882 ; therefore at the beginning of the test, 
 
C,U JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 July 1st, ISSo, she was only two years eight montlis old. Iler sire was Lord Harry 
 3rtt5; her dam Ethleel 18,724. 
 
 AFFIDAVIT. 
 
 I, II. B. Titcouib, do solemnly swear the above test is correct, to the best of my 
 knowledge and belief. 
 
 (Signed) II. B. Titcomb. 
 
 Sworn and subscribed to licforc W. B. Feierson, N. P. 
 
 The feeding of Ethleel 2d during seven days' official test was composed of one 
 gallon of comhearts meal and one half gallon corn bran, fed her morning and 
 evening, permitting her to run on a short pasture during the day with the balance of 
 the herd. This heifer was calved at the Columbia Cattle Company's farm, and sold 
 at their May sale, at Xashville, to Mr. McEwen, for $8^0. Affidavits were given of 
 feed and management by "West Gannaway, Frank Dale and William J. "Webster, 
 and John A. McEwen, owner of the cow. 
 
 Matilda 4:th 13,816. 
 
 Fredekic Bronson, Esq., President of the American Jersey Cattle Club : 
 
 Dear Sir : I have the honor to report the following test of Matilda 4th 12,816, 
 the property of Messrs. Miller and Sibley, of Franklin, Pa., made in my presence 
 and under my private locks and seals. 
 
 Matilda 4th was dropped March 29th, 1880, had her last calf April 1st, 1885, 
 and is not yet served. She is a pure Dauncey cow ; sire. Stoke Pogis 1259 ; dam, 
 imported Matilda 3238. In color she is a bronze fawn, shading to black ; body good 
 length, large barrel, straight back, square rump, short legs, neat head ; rather inclined 
 to flesh, but not beefy ; large, cajjacious udder, well-placed teats, but smaller than 
 desirable for so large a milker ; good constitution, and in general a])pearance closely 
 resembling Eurotas 2454, without her pendent udder. 
 
 At 9 A.M., July 6th, she was stripped dry, and each day thereafter was milked 
 punctually at 5 a.m., 1 p.m. and 9 p.m. I was present at every milking, and the 
 milk and cream were not out of my sight except when iinder lock and seal. 
 
 The feeding was left entirely to the judgment of Mr. George B. Jobson, manager, 
 and one of the herdsmen, "William A. Shorts, whose affidavit as to quantity is hereto 
 annexed. To tliis is also attached Mr. J. C. Sibley's affidavit as to his confidence 
 in the man's statement and his belief in the accuracy of the test. During the 
 test the cow was in the barn at night and on pasture about ten hours each day. The 
 quality of the grass was poor on account of its age, and she appeared to derive but 
 little benefit from it. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IERICA. C45 
 
 While in the barn slie was fed as much clover hay as she would eat with relish. 
 The weather was extremely sultry during most of the test, and its effect was very 
 apparent upon the cow. The milk was set in the Cooley cans, in running spring 
 water, the temperature of which was taken before placing the new milk, and 
 afterward ice was added. Each can was allowed to stand thirty hours, when part of 
 the milk was drawn off, leaving about an equal quantity of milk and cream. The 
 first two days' cream was chxirned on the 11th. After drawing off the buttermilk 
 and washing the butter in the churn it was at once weighed, salted, one oimce to the 
 pound, worked, allowed to stand ten minutes, reworked and reweighed. ^ The second 
 churning consisted of the third day's cream. In this and siibsequent churnings the 
 butter was thoroughly worked before weighing, then salted, worked, allowed to stand 
 ten minutes, reworked and reweighed. The time between end of churning and 
 drawing of biittermilk was about ten minutes in each instance ; between drawing off 
 buttermilk and first weighing, ten minutes (except in the first churning), and ten 
 minutes lietween each weighing. A tabulated statement of the test is hereto annexed. 
 
 The second churning was made July 13th, the third on the IGth, consisting of 
 fourth and fifth day's cream, and the final churning on the ITtli, making a total of 
 twenty-one pounds eight and one half ounces. 
 
 Yours truly, William S. Taylor. 
 
 Feanklin, Pa., July 17, 18S5. 
 
 Franklin, Pa., July 16, 1885. 
 F. Bronson, Esq., President American Jersey Cattle Cluh : 
 
 My Dear Sir: The man who fed the cow Matilda Irth 12,816 during her 
 ofiicial test, Mr. W. A. Shorts, has been in our employ for many years. We therefore 
 give full credence to the statement sworn to by him as to the feed consumed by the 
 cow during the test. 
 
 I desire further to state my full confidence in the accuracy of her test under the 
 supervision of Mr. W. S. Taylor, and hope that all official testers appointed by you 
 may be as careful in their supervision and as watchful of every detail as he has 
 been. 
 
 Pesjoectfully yours, J. C. Sibley, for Miller & Sibley, 
 
 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, County of Venango, ss. : 
 
 Before me, the subscriber, personally appeared the above-named, J. C. Sibley, 
 
 who, upon being legally sworn, says that the foregoing facts are true and correct to 
 
 the best of his knowledge and belief. 
 
 Sworn and subscribed before me this ISth day of July, a.d. 1885. 
 
 W. J. Breene, Notarv Pulilie. 
 
(Ui; JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Statement and Affidavit of William A. Shorts. 
 
 I am in the employ of Messrs. Miller ife Siblej, of Franklin, Pa. 
 
 I had sole charge of the feeding of Matilda -Ith 12,S10, A. J. C. C. H. E., dnring 
 the test, l)eginning at 9 o'clock p.m., July Ctli, and terminating at !• o'clock ]>. m., 
 July 13th, 1885. 
 
 The feed that was fed wet consisted of two quarts sifted oats, two quarts pea 
 meal, one quart oil-cake meal, and one qiiart wheat middlings, making eight pounds, 
 or in that proportion. 
 
 The dry feed consisted of sifted oats, pea meal, and oil-cake meal, mixed in 
 equal parts. 
 
 The following is a true statement of all the feed given to the c^w between the 
 hours and dates given above, viz. : 
 
 Between. Lbs. TVct. Lbs. Dry. 
 
 July ti, 9 P.M. and July 7, 5 a. si s -2^ 
 
 " 7, 5 A. jr. " " 7, 1 P.M. 12 
 
 " 7, 1 P.M. " •' 7, 9 p.M s^ 
 
 •' 7, 9 P.M. " " 8, 5 A.M s 2i 
 
 " 8, 5 A.M. " " 8, 1 p.ji 1.5 2 
 
 " 8, 1 P.M. " " 8, 9 p.M 7 
 
 " 8, 9 P.M. " " 9, 5 A.M 8 
 
 " 9, 5 A.M. " " 9, 1 p.M 8 2 
 
 " 9, 1 P.M. " " 9, 9 p.M 8 
 
 " 9, 9 P.M. " " 10, 5 A.M 8 
 
 " 10, 5 A.M. " " 10, 1 P.M 15 2 
 
 " 10, 1 P.M. " " 10, 9 p.M S 
 
 " 10, 9 P.M. " " 11, 5 A.j[ 8 
 
 " 11, 5 A.M. " " 11, 1 p.M ir, 2 
 
 " 11,1p.m. " " 11, 9 p.M S 
 
 •• 11, it P.M. " " 12, 5 A.M 8 
 
 '' 12, 5 A.M. " " 12, 1 p.M 1(5 2 
 
 " 12, 1 P.M. " " 12, 9 p.M S 
 
 " 12, 9 P.M. " " 13, 5 A.M 4 2 
 
 " 13, 5 A.M. " " 13, 1 p.M 12 2 
 
 " 13, 1 P.M. " " 13, 9 p.M 7 
 
 Total 200J 19 
 
 ■Grand total of feed 219^ lbs. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN' AMERICA. 647 
 
 From 9 p.m. to 5 a.m. the cow was in the barn, and was fed clover hay as she 
 would eat it ; during the day she was in rather poor pastiire about ten hours each 
 
 "^^y- W. A. Shorts. 
 
 Subscribed and sworn to before me, | 
 this 17th day of July, a.d. 1885. i 
 
 E. H. L.UHBEETON, 
 
 [Seal.] Notary Public. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE BUTTEE OF MATILDA 4th 12,816. 
 
 New York Agricultural Experiment Station, 
 Geneva, N. Y., July 28, 1885. 
 
 T. J. Hand, Esq., Secretary American Jersey Cattle Cluh, No. 1 Broadway^ 
 New Yorh : 
 
 Dear Sir : The butter sent by you from the test of Miller & Sibley's arrived 
 with two of the packages broken. The two whole butters gave the following 
 result : 
 
 No. 1, Churned July 11. 
 
 "Water 14.17 
 
 Fat 80.70 
 
 Caseine 0.58 
 
 Ash 4.38 
 
 Melting-point of butter fat 91° F. 
 
 No. 3, Churned July 16. 
 
 Water 14.54 
 
 Fat 81.27 
 
 Caseine 0.54 
 
 Ash 3.61 
 
 Melting-point of butter fat 91° F. 
 
 In sending other samples please put in a little larger quantity, in order that 
 we can have sufficient for duplicate determinations. 
 
 Yery truly yours, 
 
 E. Lewis Sturtevant, 
 
 Birector. 
 
G48 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE ly AMERICA. 
 
 
 
 
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JERSEY CATTLE IN" AMERICA. 649 
 
 1886. 
 Kheliila 17,970. 
 
 Beiaecliff Herd, Jajies Stilljiax, Sing Sing, N". Y. 
 YAUtract:\ 
 Tested Jaimarj 5tli to 12th, 1SS6, yielding 14 His. (\\ oz. of l)iitter. 
 
 EATION. 
 
 Pounds of Grain : Corn msal, 9 lbs. daily, on the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th only. 
 
 Pounds of Grain : Linseed cake as meal, 3 lbs. on the 5th, 6th, Tth, 8th and 9th 
 only. 
 
 Pounds of Grain : Crushed oats, 6 lbs. on the 5th, 6th, Tth, Stli and 9th ; 
 14 lbs. on the 10th and 11th. 
 
 Pounds of Grain : Wheat bran, 6 lbs. on the 5th, Cth, Tth, Sth and 9th ; 14 lbs. 
 on the 10th and 11th. 
 
 Pounds of Hay : Y lbs. every day. 
 
 Pounds of Fodder : Ensilage of corn, 14 lbs. every day. 
 
 Pounds of Poots : Carrots, 15 lbs. every day. 
 
 The cow was fed six times daily, always ate heartily, and would have eaten 
 much more. We considered it evident that the increase of feed changed the 
 secretions from the production of milk and butter to that of fat, and the change of 
 feed on the last two days showed improvement in both milk and apparent butter 
 yield. She came in heat the last day of test. 
 
 (Signed) Mason C. Weld. 
 
 Cocotte 11,958. 
 
 Beiaecliff Herd, James Stillman, Sing Sing, K". Y. 
 \_AUtractJ^ 
 Tested January 5th to 12th, 1886, yielding 14 lbs. 6 oz. of butter. 
 
 ration. 
 
 Pounds of Grain : Corn meal, 9 lbs. daily. 
 
 Pounds of Grain : Wheat bran, T lbs. daily. 
 
 Pounds of Grain : Crushed oats, 6 lbs. daily. 
 
 Pounds of Grain : Linseed-oil cake, 9 lbs. daily. 
 
 Pounds of Hay : 1 llis. daily. 
 
 Pounds of Fodder : Ensilage (corn) 21 lljs. daily. 
 
 Pounds of Eoots : Carrots, Y lbs. daily. 
 
 The cow was fed six times daily, had a persistent appetite, and showed little 
 diminution of milk during the severe weather, but the depth of the cream was much 
 reduced. 
 
 (Signed) Mason C. Weld. 
 
650 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 BUTTER TESTS. 
 
 " Cows arc my passion. What I have ever siglied for has been to retreat to a [dairy] farm, and 
 live entireli' surrounded by cows." — DkkeM. 
 
 FUR ONE TE.VK. Yield. Age. 
 
 lbs. oz. Yre. 
 
 1885-6 1 year, LANDSEER'S FANCY 2870 936 li| 12 
 
 1883-4 1 year, Mary Aimc of St. Lambert 9770 867 lif 4 
 
 1881 1 year, Jersey Queen of Bariiet 851 1 G 
 
 1879-80 1 year, Eiirotas 2454 778 1 8 
 
 1877-8 1 year, Jersey Belle of Scitiiate 7828 705 6 
 
 1880 1 year, Value 2d 6844 671 8 4 
 
 1883 1 year, Cora 580 6 2 
 
 1883 1 year. Pansy 1019 574 8 6 
 
 1853-54 1 year, Flora 113 511 2 4 
 
 1 year, Abbie 486 6 
 
 1885 1 year. Lulu 4th 406 
 
 1 year, Webster Pet 4103 429 0* 
 
 FOR LE.SS THAN ONE TEAK. 
 
 1884 304 days, Belle Steuben 20,115 450 8^ 2 
 
 1884 247 days, Duchess of Bloomfield 3653 5(tl 4 It) 
 
 236 days, Effie 507 S 
 
 1881 227 days, Mollie Garfield 12,172 526 12 5 
 
 1885 207 days, Gold Lace 10,726 433 10 10 
 
 1885 151 day.s, LANDSEER'S FANCY 2876 479 2 
 
 1885 145 days, Lady of Otsego 26,671 227 2 
 
 138 days, Eva 281 
 
 1885 120 days, LANDSEER'S FANCY 2876 392 3 12 
 
 98 days, Goldthread 4015 204 7 
 
 1884 90 days, Masena 25,732, end of year 152 2 8 
 
 1885 91 days. Little Torment 15,581 228 1^ 3 
 
 1885 90 days, LANDSEER'S FANCY 2876 302 15 12 
 
 1879 70 days, Maud Lee 2416 212 9 
 
 1882 62 days, Bomba 10,330 174 4 
 
 1884 62 days, Eoonau 5133 160 8 8^ 
 
 1883 62 days. Fair Lady 6723 150 4i 7 
 
 1875 61 days. Lady 'WiA 2d 1795 183 5 
 
 1885 60 days, LANDSEER'S FANCY 2876 205 9 12 
 
 1884 56 days, Little Torment 15,581 83 5 2 
 
 1881 35 days, Yalma Hoffman 450o 105 3 7 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 FOR THIETY-ONE DAYS 
 
 1883 31 days, Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770 106 12^ 4 
 
 1883 31 days, Nancy Lee 7618 95 3| 7 
 
 1882 31 days, Bomba 10,330 89 li 4 
 
 1883 31 daj^s, Jennette Montgomery 5177 .' . . . 89 9 
 
 1884 31 days, Thorndale Belle 3d 10,459 89 6 
 
 1884 31 days, Hilda A. 2d 11,120 86 4^ 4 
 
 1884 31 days, Hazen's Nora 4791 84 5 9 
 
 1884 31 days, Roonan 6133 86 4^ 8^ 
 
 1881 31 days, Jersey Qiieen of Barnet 84 5 
 
 1885 31 days, Dora Neirtune 20,318 83 6^ 4 
 
 1881 31 days, Mollie Garfield 12,172 82 5 
 
 1883 31 days, Oakland's Cora 18,853 ' 81 5^ 6 
 
 1884 31 days, Siloam 17,623 77 2f 3 
 
 1885 31 days, Pet of Eose Lawn 11,326 75 15 5 
 
 1885 31 days, Gold Lace 10,726 75 10 
 
 1884 31 days, Daisy Brown 12,213 73 4i 3 
 
 1882 31 days, Colt's La Biche 6399 73 2 5 
 
 1874 31 days, Couch's Lily 3237 71 5 
 
 1885 31 days, Signal Maid 19,361 65 11 2 
 
 1883 31 days, Cora 64 1 2 
 
 31 days. Oak Leaf 4769 63 4 
 
 1885 31 days. Sunset of Pleasant View 13,071 61 13 6 
 
 1884 31 days, Rosebud of Belle\^ie 7702 60 4^ 6 
 
 31 days, Robema 3840 54 2 
 
 FOR THIRTY DAY'S. 
 
 1885 30 days, LANDSEER'S FANCY 2876 Ill 15^ 12 
 
 30 days, Effie 98 
 
 1880 30 days, Enrotas 2454 88 8 
 
 1881 30 days, Valma Hoffman 4500 87 9 7 
 
 30 days, Queen Victoria 80 
 
 1885 30 days. Princess Imperial 11,620 76 13 6 
 
 30 days, Jersey Cream 3151 71 4 
 
 1885 30 days, Baronetti 8425 68 7 6 
 
 1885 30 days, Signal Maid 19,361 65 11 2 
 
 30 days, Abbie Z. 14,002 61 2 6 
 
 30 days. Maple Dale 2907 60 4 
 
 1884 30 days. Belle Steuben 20,115 56 4 2 
 
652 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 FOR FOL'E WEEKS. Yield. Age. 
 
 IbB. oz. Yr?. 
 
 1884 28 days, Princess 2d 8046 107 3 
 
 1884 28 days, Fairy Queen of St. Brelades 7404 73 14^ 9 
 
 1885 28 days, Fan's Grouville Beauty 10,079 72 5 3 
 
 1885 28 days, Lady Fawn of St. Anne's 10,920 04 6J 15 
 
 1884 28 days, Pride of Bovina 8050 64 7 
 
 1885 28 days, Lady Fair 22,103 56 12 2 
 
 FOK TIIEEE WEEKS. 
 
 1885 21 days, Cherokee Rose 20,921 61 2 
 
 1884 21 days, Maggie Eex 28,623 47 8i 4 
 
 FOE TWO WEEKS. 
 
 1884 15 days. King's Trust 18,946 36 6J 
 
 1885 14 days, Grace Davy 8292 44 2* 9 
 
 1884 14 days, Viva Le Brocq 13,702 33 13 
 
 1882 14 days, Yalhalla 5300 34 6 
 
 1884 14 days, Chamomilla 7552 3u 11 6 
 
 14 days, Letitia 3977 30 7 
 
 1886 14 days, La Financiere 11,970 29 7i 8 
 
 1884 14 days. Pansy K. 23,889 20 2 2 
 
 1884 14 days, Guinevere Sinclair 11,167 28 10 4 
 
 14 days, Jersey Eosalie 25 3 1 
 
 FOR LESS THAN TWO WEEKS. 
 
 1885 13 days, Khelula 17,970 37 8 5 
 
 1885 10^ days, Optima 6715 30 15J 8 
 
 1878 10 days. Lady Oxford 4860 22 2 4 
 
 1885 10 days, Eugenie Tourneur 24,532 21 12^ 6 
 
 1879 10 days, Miss Blanche 25,157 20 9 8 
 
 10 days. Birdie 2611 20 
 
 1882 8 days. Lady of the Isles 2d 16,652 22 8 4 
 
 1883 8 days, Fair Lady 6723 21 5 6 
 
 1882 8 days, Lady Josephine 11,560 19 2 4 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 653 
 TESTS OF JEESEY COWS FOR SEVEN DAYS. 
 
 Butter Yield in 
 
 GEOUP FIEST : FOETY-SIX-POUND COWS. Seveu Day6. Age. 
 
 lbs. oz. Yrs. 
 
 1885 PRINCESS 3d 8046 46 12^ 8 
 
 GEOUP SECOND : THIETY-NINE-POUND COWS. 
 
 1885 Oxford Kate 13,646 39 12 6 
 
 GEOUP THIED : THIETY-SIX-POUND COWS. 
 
 1884 Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770 36 12^ 6 
 
 GEOUP FOUETH : THIETY-ONE-POUND COWS. 
 
 1885 Alice Jones 8225 ' 31 13^ 7 
 
 GROUP FIFTH : THIETY-POUND COWS. 
 
 1885 Ethleel 3d 32,291 30 15 2 
 
 1884 Ida of St. Lambert 24,990 30 2^ 6 
 
 GEOUP SIXTH : TWENTY-NINE-POUND COWS. 
 
 1885) ^ , , ^ ^„„, ( 29 8 12 
 
 1883 r^^^'^^^^^^^^^"**'^"^ 13115 
 
 GEOUP SEVENTH : TWENTY-SEVEN-POUND COWS. 
 
 1885 Mother Carey 11,746 27 1^ 6 
 
 GROUP EIGHTH : TWENTY'-SIX-POUND COWS. 
 
 1883 Nancy Lee 7618 26 8i 7 
 
 1885 Gerani-am 2d 7838 26 4f 7 
 
 GEOUP NINTH : TWENTY-FIVE-POUND COWS. 
 
 1884 Mermaid of St. Lambert 9771 25 13^ 6 
 
 1885 Daisy Morrison 14,305 25 12^ 4 
 
 1880 Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828 25 3 9 
 
 1883 Value 3d 6844 25 2|i 7 
 
 1885 Fillpail 2d 24,388 25 2 4 
 
 GROUP tenth: twenty-foue-pound cows. 
 
 1885 Scituate of Woronoco 18,040 24 14 2 
 
 1883 Hazen's Bess 7329 24 11 7 
 
 1885 Lily Scituate 12,665 24 9^ 4 
 
 1885 Westphalia 24,384 24 9^ 5 
 
 1885 Eugenie Chouteau 6186 24 8 3 
 
 1885 Mother Hubbard 10,331 25 U 6 
 
23 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 S 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 -H 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 n 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 654 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Butter Yield In 
 GKOUP eleventh: TWEXTV-TIIKEE-POUXD cows. Seven Days. 
 
 lbs. OE. 
 
 1S85 Flower of Glen Kouge 17,560 23 14f 
 
 1885 Cherokee Rose 20,921 
 
 1884 Beauty of the Grange 7502 23 
 
 1885 Lady Panalphrex 17,400 
 
 1885 Fame 17,424 
 
 1884 Hilda 2d 5447 
 
 1885 Oaklands Kora 14,880 
 
 1885 Little Torment 15,581 
 
 1885 Sue Gallagher 15,945 
 
 1885 Moss Rose of Willow Farm 5194 
 
 1879 Maud Lee 2416 
 
 Kaomie 
 
 GKOCP TWELFTH : TWEXTY-TWO-PorXD COWS. 
 
 1884 Sweetbricr of St. Lambert 5481 22 12 
 
 1882 Mollie Garfield 12,172 22 12 
 
 1885 Niobe's Alpheanette 23,330 22 lOi 
 
 1884 Ona 7840 22 lOi 
 
 Effie 
 
 1884 Fadette of Verna 3d 11.122 
 
 1881 Eurotas 2454 
 
 1885 Attractive Maid 16,925 
 
 1885 Grace Davy 8292 
 
 1885 Queen Mary of Woodlawn 11,059 
 
 1882 Oonan 1485 
 
 1884 Naiad of St. Lambert 12,905 
 
 1885 Beulah de Gnichy 13,48(1 22 
 
 1881 Tenella 6712 
 
 1885 Nora of St. Lambert 12,902 
 
 1884 Cora of Linwood 12,915 
 
 GROUP THIRTEENTH : TWENTY-ONE-POrND COWS. 
 
 1882 Boinba lo,330 21 lU 4 
 
 1881 Croton Maid 5305 21 11^ 5 
 
 1884 Phlox 16,399 21 11 7 
 
 1882 Pearl Armstrong 2070 21 10 K* 
 
 1885 Primrose 11,956 21 10 9 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 
 22 
 
 8i 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 5i 
 
 9 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 2i 
 
 11 
 
 22 
 
 2i 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 H 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 3 
 
JEBSET CATTLE lA^ AIIEJilCA. 055 
 
 GEOUP THIRTEENTH. Butter Yield in 
 
 Seveu Days. Age. 
 
 (.Continued.) lbs. oz. Yrs. 
 
 1SS5 Matilda 4tli 12,816 21 Si 5 
 
 1885 Optima 6715 21 S|^ T 
 
 1885 Mamelle 20,804 21 SJ 2 
 
 1883 Jenny Dodo H. 14,41:8 21 8 5 
 
 1884 Niobe of St. Lambert 12,969 21 4i 4 
 
 1884 Eeception 8557 21 4* 9 
 
 1885 Eose of St. Lambert 20,426 21 3^ 4 
 
 1SS5 Atlanta's Beauty 12,949 21 3 3 
 
 1884 Island Star 11,876 21 3 5 
 
 1885 Hilda D. 6683 21 2^ b 
 
 1884 Gold Lace 10,726 21 1 lo 
 
 1881 Valma Hoffman 4500 21 7 
 
 1884 Handsome Myra 14,244 21 4 
 
 1875 Lady Mel 2d 1795 21 7 
 
 1885 Gem of Hope 17,102 21 4 
 
 1881 JSTelly 6546 21 9 
 
 GEOUP FOUETEENTH : TWENTY-POUND COWS. 
 
 Beanty 20 15 
 
 1882 Mary M. Allison 630S 20 14 5 
 
 1885 Alberta Signal 18,611 20 11 3 
 
 1882 Pride of Eastwood 20 11 
 
 1883 Chrome Skin 7SS1 20 10 5 
 
 1885 Cassia 2d 21,370 20 lOJ 9 
 
 1885 Celeste Cox 12,948 20 8 4 
 
 1885 Brenda of Elmhurst 10,762 -20 8 7 
 
 1884 Masena 25,732 20 7 9 
 
 1883 Chroma 4572 20 6 8 
 
 1883 Daisy of St. Peter's 18,175 20 5^- 6 
 
 1884 Honeymoon of St. Lamliert 11,221 20 5J 5 
 
 1885 Calendine 9415 20 5 7 
 
 1884 Hazeu's Nora 4791 20 4 9 
 
 1885 Nan Day 17,192 20 4 3 
 
 1884 Eoonan 5133 20 4 8 
 
 1884 Fairy of Verna 2d 10,973 20 3i 4 
 
 1885 Camelia 2d 11,188 20 3 6 
 
 1885 Pilot's A^erouica 18,917 20 2 6 
 
656 JERSEY CATTLE ly AMERICA. 
 
 GROUP FOURTEENTH. Bnttcr Yield in 
 
 Seven Days. Age. 
 
 {.ConUnued.) lbs. oz. Yre. 
 
 1885 Eose of Eden 13,43 7 20 U 7 
 
 1883 Memes3d7741 20 1 6 
 
 1885 Lalla Rookh of Sugar Grove 15,882 20 1 4 
 
 1885 Maqiiilla 24,043 20 1 
 
 1882 Duchess of Bloomfield 3653 20 Oi 8 
 
 1883 Jennette Montgomery 5177 20 9 
 
 1884 Dora Keptune 20,318 20 3 
 
 1885 Hillside Gem 10,640 20 4 
 
 Lady Couover 2d 17,589 20 
 
 1SS4 Hilda A. 2d 11,120 20 4 
 
 1872 Pansy 1019 (rated by year's test) 20 6 
 
 GROIP FIFTEEXXn : XIXETEEN-POUND COWS. 
 
 1884 Rioter Pink of Berlin 23,6(!5 19 14 3 
 
 1885 Ethleel 18,724 19 14 5 
 
 1885 Hypathia 2d 14,774 19 1.3^ 3 
 
 1882 Phjedra 2561 19 13 9 
 
 1884 Gardiner's Ripple 11,693 19 12^ 5 
 
 1885 Lille Bonne 8108 19 12 9 
 
 1884 Hulla 7898 19 12 6 
 
 1883 Eosebud of Allerton 6352 19 12 6 
 
 1SS5 Quacbette 17,091 19 11^ 3 
 
 lanthe 4562 19 11 
 
 1882 Mink 2d 3890 19 11 7 
 
 1882 Lady of the Isles 2d 16,652 (rated) 19 11 4 
 
 1885 Evelina of Verna 1(».971 19 10| 5 
 
 1883 Oaklands Cora 18.853 19 9^ 5 
 
 1885 Eozel Lass 20,268 19 9f 5 
 
 1885 Maggie McM. 14,073 19 9 4 
 
 1885 The Widow's Daughter 11,.507 19 8^- 4 
 
 1885 Sunimerline 8001 19 8 6 
 
 ;^Jj[Khelula 17,970 \^' ^ ^ 
 
 1885 Fairy Queen of St. Brelades 7464 19 7^ 9 
 
 1882 Countess of Lakeside 12,135 19 7 14 
 
 1883 Christmas Nannie 4075 19 7 9 
 
 1883 Brighteyes 2d 2290 19 6 12 
 
LILLE BONNE'S SON 4418. 
 
 AT 3 YEAHS OLD. 
 
 Lille Bonne— Favorite of the Elms Type. 
 
 billings heed. 
 
 Frederick Billings, Woodstock, Vermont. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IEBICA. 
 
 GROUP FIFTEENTH. 
 
 Butter Yield it 
 Seven Days. 
 ( Continued.) He. oz. 
 
 ! Bertha Morgau 4770 19 6 9 
 
 ! AUuring 5541 19 5 5 
 
 L884 Cherry 3d 19 4^ 
 
 L885 Well Done 25,987 19 4 3 
 
 L880 Jersey Queen of Barnet 19 4 
 
 L885 Valentine of Trinity 7460 19 4 7 
 
 i Dot of Bear Lake 6170 19 4 6 
 
 • Fan's Grouville Beaiity 10,079 19 3 3 
 
 ; Eoland's Bonnie 2d 18,054 • 19 2 4 
 
 I Beauty of Jersey 7850 19 2 6 
 
 I Thisbe2d2201 19 IJ 10 
 
 I Magna 2238 19 1 14 
 
 Pussie 3035 19 1 
 
 • Fair Lady 6723 19 1 6 
 
 L885 Eosy Dream 9808 19 1 6 
 
 L882 Kissa 16,014 19 5 
 
 Queen Victoria 19 
 
 L885 Belle of Prospect 2d 14,326 19 5 
 
 L885 Belle of Ingleside 19 
 
 GEOtIP SIXTEENTH : EIGHTEEN-PODND COWS. 
 
 1886 CEnone 8614 18 15 T 
 
 1882 Countess Potoka 7496 18 15 4 
 
 1885 Princess Imperial 11,620 18 15 6 
 
 1885 Queen Neptune 15,501 18 13^ 5 
 
 1882 Queen of Delaware 17,029 18 13 4 
 
 1884 Tenella 2d 19,521 18 12 4 
 
 1883 Belmeda 6229 IS 12 6 
 
 1880 Maggie Mitchell 18 12 
 
 1882 Lady Gray of Hilltop 6850 18 12 7 
 
 1884 Peggy Leah 3097 18 12 11 
 
 1884 Eosy Kate 10,276 18 12 8 
 
 1883 May Blossom 5657 18 11 6 
 
 1883 Bet Arlington 8970 18 11 5 
 
 Dolly IS 11 
 
 1885 Percie 14,937 Ub 10 4 
 
 U4 6i 
 
658 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 GKOUP SIXTEENTH. 
 
 Butter Yield In 
 
 Seven Days. iLge. 
 
 lbs. oz. Tre. 
 
 1884 Siloam 17,623 18 10 3 
 
 188i Beauty llomerii 26,090 18 9 4 
 
 1882 Belle Grinnell 4073 IS 8 7 
 
 1885 Eosy Kate's Rex 13,192 18 8 5 
 
 1883 Floribundus 2d 14,949 18 8 4 
 
 1884 Nymphffia 5141 18 7^ 9 
 
 1882 Rosa of Bellevue 6954 18 7^ 6 
 
 1884 Leoni 11,868 18 7 4 
 
 1885 Rioter's Maggie 22,?30 18 6J 2 
 
 1883 Pyrola 4566 18 6 7 
 
 1883 Eveline of Jersey 6781 18 6 5 
 
 1884 Kitty Potter 9893 IS 5 5 
 
 1886 Signetilia 16,333 IS 5| 4 
 
 1884 Butter Star 7709 IS 4^ 6 
 
 1884 CoUe8309 18 4 7 
 
 1885 Harmony 2d 7118 18 3 5 
 
 1884 Countess Qtieen 13,519 18 3 3 
 
 1885 Viva Le Brocq 13,702 18 3 4 
 
 1884 Lady Appel 8612 18 3 7 
 
 Pauatilla 4778 18 3 
 
 Jennie — — IS 3 
 
 1884 Belle Dawson 8270 IS 3 6 
 
 1884) ( IS 24 4 
 
 ^g3^|Pet of Ro.e Lawn 11,326 | ^^ ^^ . 
 
 1881 Gold Ear 2d 3592 18 2 7 
 
 1885 Lucy Lanier 13,053 18 2 4 
 
 1882 Blue Belle of Maple Grove 10,687 18 2 3 
 
 1883 Bonnie Yost 7943 IS 2 4 
 
 1885 Signaldella 24,107 IS If 2 
 
 1885 Abbie Clay 15,702 18 1 4 
 
 1883 Volie 19,465 18 1 6 
 
 1885 Belle Mardi 18,362 18 Of 6 
 
 Lady Essex 4749 18 Of 
 
 1883 Melia Ann 5444 18 0^ 8 
 
 1884 Medrena 3939 18 9 
 
 1883 Ida Bashan 4725 18 7 
 
 1884 King's Tnist 18,946 18 3 
 
 Amy 395 18 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST A3IERICA. 659 
 
 GKOTJP SIXTEENTH. Butter Yield in 
 
 Seven Days. Age. 
 
 (.Continued.) lbs. oz. Trs. 
 
 Patterson's Beauty 4760 18 
 
 Conover's Beauty 12,650 18 
 
 Lady Ives 1708 IS 
 
 Belle of Scituate 7977 18 8 
 
 Amethyst 2699 18 
 
 Le Brocq's Curfew 30,697 \^^ ^ 
 
 Pansy of Bellewood 2d 8904 18 
 
 Monmouth Duchess 4th 7129 IS 
 
 GROUP SEVENTEENTH : SEVENTEEN-POUND COWS. 
 
 White Clover Leaf 4512 17 15 
 
 ; Su Lu 4705 17 15 6 
 
 1 Bell of Lynwood 18,364 17 14 3 
 
 ; Mary Norton 18,052 17 14 5 
 
 1 Lytlia Darrach 4903 17 14 7 
 
 ; Mirtha 3437 17 13^ 8 
 
 L883 Mh-th's Blanche 19,572 17 134- 6 
 
 L884 Crocus of St. Lambert 8351 17 12 6 
 
 L884 Cowslip of St. Lambert 8-349 17 12 6 
 
 1881 Royal Princess 2370 17 12 7 
 
 L884 Eoyal Princess 2d 12,346 17 12 6 
 
 1885 Arthur's Mistletoe 11,968 17 11^ 4 
 
 L884 Matin 7768 17 11 9 
 
 Jersey Rosalie 17 10 
 
 L884 Fear Not 6059 17 10 9 
 
 1884 Dora Bell of Shelly's Island 9394 17 10 5 
 
 L885 Mareal0,167 17 10 5 
 
 L881 Rosaline of Glenmore 3179 17 10 8 
 
 L885 Lady Thurlow 12,410 17 10 5 
 
 Empress 6th 3203 17 9| 8 
 
 1885 Nancy Lovelock 15,511 17 9 4 
 
 Oak Leaf 4769 17 9 
 
 L883 Cordelia Baker 8814 17 9 5 
 
 1881 Metah's Qiieen 4886 17 9 5 
 
 1885 Milky Way 18,865 17 8^ 6 
 
G60 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 GEOPP SEVENTEENTH. Batter Yield in 
 
 Seven Days. Age. 
 
 {Continued.) lb« oz. Yre. 
 
 1884 St. Jeannaise 15,789 1" Si ^ 
 
 1884 Zitella 2d 11,922 IT Si 3 
 
 1884 Couutess Lowndes 26,874 17 8 2 
 
 1884 Maud Meliuda 12,120 17 8 5 
 
 Lara 4306 17 8 
 
 Reckless 3569 IT 8 
 
 1885 Queen of Nubbin Eidge 14,528 17 8 
 
 Violet 272 17 8 
 
 1885 Gabrielle Champion 14,102 17 8 4 
 
 1884 Kaoli 18,980 17 8 8 
 
 1882 Welma 5942 17 8 5 
 
 1881 Cerita of Meadow Brook 5050 17 8 5 
 
 Gipsy May 6259 17 8 
 
 Maggie 3d 3221 17 8 
 
 lo 5tli 280 17 8 13 
 
 1878 Mamie Coburn 3798 17 8 4 
 
 1881 Erabla 4799 17 8 6 
 
 1885 Olymph 17,957 17 8 5 
 
 Hepsy 2d 12,008 17 8 
 
 1885 Brunette of Scarsdale 13,276 17 8 4 
 
 1884 Jennie of the Vale 9553 17 7i 5 
 
 1883 Fair Starlight 7745 17 7i 6 
 
 1883 Ro8aMiUer4333 17 7 9 
 
 1884 J „ .. _ _„„„ ^7 7 
 
 )■ Cottage Lass 5332 i 
 
 1883 Torfrida 3596 17 6^ 9 
 
 1884 Daisy Brown 12,213 17 0^ 3 
 
 1885 Tette 20,802 17 2 
 
 1883 Vixen 7591 17 6 5^ 
 
 1885 Floret 9959 17 6 6 
 
 1885 Toltec's Fancy 27,172 17 6 2 
 
 1883 Faultless 12,018 17 5^ 8 
 
 1884 Queensborough 24,345 (Jersey) 17 5 10 
 
 1883 Judith Coleman 13,191 17 5 2 
 
 1885 Richness 10,536 17 5 4 
 
 1883 Florinanna 24,354 (Jersey) 17 5 7 
 
 1885 Pandothro 22,383 17 5 2 
 
 1882 Renalba 4117 17 5 6 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 661 
 
 GEOUP SEVENTEENTH. Butter Yield in 
 
 Seven Days. Age. 
 
 iContimied.) lbs. oz. Trs. 
 
 Beeswax 9807 17 5 
 
 1883 Minnette of St. Lambert 9774 17 4 4 
 
 1883 Faith of Oaklands 19,696 17 4 7 
 
 1882 Oktibbeha Duchess 4422 17 4 7 
 
 18S5 Obella B. 10,575 17 4 6 
 
 1875 Wybie 595 17 4 9 
 
 1885 Chloe 4th 4612 17 4 10 
 
 1883 Mhoon Lady 6560 17 3 5 
 
 1882 Princess Mostar 9700 17 3 5 
 
 1885 Frugall4,925 17 2| 9 
 
 1882 Colt's La Biche 6399 17 2^ 5 
 
 1885 Cetewayo's Silver BeU 18,952 17 2i 4 
 
 1881 Cream of Sidney 17,028 17 2^ 5 
 
 1885 Gold Trinket 9518 17 2 6 
 
 1883 Gipsy 5th 2252 17 2 13 
 
 1885 BeUita 4553 17 2 9 
 
 1884 Lady Velvetine 15,771 17 2 5 
 
 1885 Kupertina 10,409 17 1^ 5 
 
 1884 Lactine 10,680 17 li 4 
 
 1879 Cyrene4th480 17 1 8 
 
 1885 Mousy 2d 14,962 ,. 17 1 6 
 
 1884 Countess Micawber 1759 17 1 12 
 
 1884 LuciUa 3d 9786 17 1 4 
 
 1884 Maggie Eex 28,623 17 Of 4 
 
 1882 Yalhalla 5300 17 6 
 
 Jenny 287 17 
 
 1884 Julia Anna 16,463 1-7 2 
 
 1853 Eose240 17 
 
 1882 Matilda 3238 17 
 
 1885 Katie Bashford 15,982 17 
 
 Fairy 10 17 
 
 1881 Jersey Cream 3151 17 7 
 
 1880 Young Fanny 9032 17 3 
 
 1883 Abbie Z. 3d 14,742 17 4 
 
 1885 Lily Dariing 11,713 17 7 
 
 Butter Prize 17 
 
 1885 Plum 13,228 17 4 
 
 1885 Bertha Black 26,275 17 5 
 
662 JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 
 
 Bntter Yield In 
 
 GROUP EIGHTEENTH : SIXTEEN-POUND COWS. Seven Days. Age. 
 
 Ibe. oz. Yre. 
 
 1885 Herbem 8811 16 15 6 
 
 1884 Lizzie D. 10,408 Ifi 15 4 
 
 Polly Clover 7052 10 15 
 
 1883 Maiidine of Elmwood 8718 16 15 4 
 
 1882 Effie of HiUside 1521 16 15 11 
 
 Creole Maid 11,017 16 15 
 
 1885 Maid of the Elms 18,932 16 14^ 5 
 
 1883 Pyrrha 6100 16 14^ 6 
 
 1885 Grace's Nightingale 19,855 16 14^ 4 
 
 1885 Nightingale K. 2d 19,841 16 14^ 
 
 1885 Trust 23,642 16 14 5 
 
 1884 Chrissy 2d 7720 16 14 6 
 
 1885 Baronetti 8425 16 14 7 
 
 Silver Kose 4753 16 14 
 
 1885 Lulu 2d 16 14 7 
 
 1883 Almah of Oakland 11,102 16 14 3 
 
 1882 Lucky Belle 2d 6037 16 14 5 
 
 Joan d'Arc 2162 16 13^ 
 
 1883 Armon 10,863 16 13^ 3 
 
 1884 Ceccola 13,608 16 13 4 
 
 Miss Browny 7288 16 13 
 
 1885 Lady Fawn of St. Anne's 10,920 16 12i 15 
 
 1884 Pauline's Vivienne 11,305 16 13 5 
 
 1884 Katie Kohlman 7270 16 12 7 
 
 1884 Princess of Ashantee 13,467 16 12 5 
 
 Lady Josephine 11,560 16 11 
 
 1884 Typha 5870 ir. 11 7 
 
 Kitty 5th 3849 16 11 
 
 1875 Dimple 3248 16 11 3 
 
 1878 Coomassie 11,874 (Jersey Test) 16 11 7 
 
 1885 Lass Rex Alphea 16,965 16 lOf 4 
 
 1884 Pierrot's Lady Bacon 12,482 16 10 6 
 
 1882 Grinnell Lass 11,859 16 10 2 
 
 1885 Countess Coomassie 19,339 16 10 4 
 
 1876 Dusky 2525 16 10 5 
 
 Mabel of St. Mary's 8627 16 10 6 
 
 1882 Duenna's Duchess 5508 16 10 5 
 
 1883 Chamomilla 7552 16 10 4 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA. 663 
 
 GEOXn" EIGHTEENTH. Butter Yield in 
 
 Seven Days. Age. 
 
 (Continued.) 'be. oz. Tre. 
 
 1884 Lady Cloud 19,358 16 10 2 
 
 1884 Ada S. 18,366 16 9 3 
 
 1883 Dandelion 2521 16 9 15 
 
 1881 Silveretta 6852 16 9 5 
 
 1881 Gold Thread 4945 16 9 4 
 
 1883 Pride of Bovina 8050 16 9 6 
 
 1883 Arawana Queen 5368 16 9 6 
 
 1874 Coiieh's Lily 3237 16 9 5 
 
 1886 La Petite Mere 3d 12,814 16 9 
 
 1885 Sister Eex 13,194 16 8 4 
 
 Linda 3d 3219 16 8 
 
 1885 Golden Skin 10,861 16 8 6 
 
 1882 Diana of St. Lambert 6636 16 8 5 
 
 1885 Emma Hudson 12,469 16 8 5 
 
 1882 Daisy of Belhurst 3114 16 8 9 
 
 Josephine 2d 3296 16 8 
 
 1882 Lida MulUn 9198 16 8 2 
 
 Patty Mc 3d 4754 16 8 
 
 1880 Leonice 2d 8342 16 8 2 
 
 Princess 1154 16 8 
 
 Palestine 3d 1104 16 8 
 
 1878 Chrissy 1448 16 8 8 
 
 1884 Lady Love 2d 2212 16 8 12 
 
 1877 Lady Bowen 354 16 8 15 
 
 Carrie 3894 16 8 
 
 1885 Pet Clover 14,624 16 8 5 
 
 1879 Sultane 2d 11,373 16 8 4 
 
 1885 Empress of Ely 2d 6771 16 8 9 
 
 Lucy 4877 16 8 
 
 1884 Dudu of Linwood 8336 16 7^ 5 
 
 1884 Milkmaid Felch 12,339 16 7^ 4 
 
 1885 Kosi 3431 16 7 15 
 
 1882 Zithey9184 16 7 3 
 
 1885 Kosona 12,956 16 7 4 
 
 1880 Gala 1375 16 7 11 
 
 1885 Lotchen 19,823 16 7 4 
 
 1883 May Fair 5184 16 7 7 
 
 1885 La Petite Mere 2d 12,810 16 7 6 
 
664 JERf<EY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 GEOrP EIGHTEENTH. Bu^JieMin ^ 
 
 {.Continued.) lbs. oz. Yre. 
 
 1884 Poljnia 10,753 16 7 4 
 
 1885 Rioter Alphea 10,091 16 7 4 
 
 1884 Branettc Lass 1780 16 7 15 
 
 Lady Warren 12,168 16 7 
 
 1885 Gladys of BeUevue 9569 16 7 6 
 
 1886 Nancy Rex 11,743 16 7 6 
 
 Ochra 2d 11,516 16 C^ 
 
 1884 Belle of Patterson 5664 16 6 5 
 
 1884 Moggie Briglit 25,891 16 6 3 
 
 1884 CiU of Glen Rouge 13,818 16 6 2 
 
 1885 Granny's Gem 30,406 16 5^ 3 
 
 18S5 Carrie Lena 3cl 20,077 16 5 2 
 
 1881 Troth 6139 16 5 4 
 
 1885 Jersey Cream 3d 8521 '. 16 5 6 
 
 1884 Lady Superior 22,865 16 5 6 
 
 1883 Olie's Lady Teazle 12,307 16 5 3 
 
 1883 Corinna 2d 6594 16 5 6 
 
 1883 Vieva 3d 7642 16 5 4 
 
 1879 Miss Vermont 7698 16 5 5 
 
 1879 Flora of St. Peter's 8622 16 5 3 
 
 1885 Flora Lee of Tennessee 7694 16 5 6 
 
 1884 Hattie Douglass 24,960 16 5 5 
 
 1883 Princess Sheila 7297 16 4^ 5 
 
 1885 Brambaletta 10,451 16 4 6 
 
 1885 Matilda 5th 18,068 16 4 2 
 
 1883 Alfleda 6744 16 4 5 
 
 1885 Topaz of Woodlawn 11,661 16 4 5 
 
 1883 Miss Willie Jones 6918 16 4 7 
 
 1882 Busy Bee 6336 16 4 4 
 
 Silvia Baker 8793 16 4 
 
 1883 Daisy Queen 9619 16 4 5 
 
 1884 Patty of Deerfoot 15,321 16 4 10 
 
 Tamy 2d 7125 16 4 
 
 1883 Desire 24,360 16 4 4 
 
 1884 Rose of Rose Lawn 9365 16 3 6 
 
 1883 Blossie RejTiolds 6082 16 3^ 6 
 
 1885 Maritana 12,039 16 3i 5 
 
 1884 Lady Alice of Ilillerest 7450 16 3 6 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 GROUP EIGHTEENTH. 
 
 Butter Yield in 
 
 Seven Days. Age. 
 
 (ConSn ««(?.■) lbs. oz. Trs. 
 
 L885 Golden Zoe 3975 16 3 10 
 
 Lily of Maple Grove 5079 16 3 5 
 
 1885 Young Garenne 3d 13,648 16 3 3 
 
 L880 WiUis 2d 4461 16 3 5 
 
 1885 Lesbie9179 16 3 8 
 
 1883 Maggie of St. Lambert 9776 16 3 4 
 
 1884 Alhena 15,995 16 3 6 
 
 Gazella 3d 9355 16 3 5 
 
 1885 Sunset 15,130 16 2| 3 
 
 1885 Cetewayo's Dorcas 20,287 16 2J 4 
 
 1884 Moth of St. Lambert 9775 16 2 5 
 
 1885 Eudora 1863 ;16 2 18 
 
 La Vivienne 2d 1324 16 2 12 
 
 1885 White Frost 17,431 16 2 5 
 
 FearNot 2d 6061 16 2 6 
 
 Susie Marshall 5782 16 2 
 
 Corn 10,504 16 2 3 
 
 Tamy Lowndes 25,316 16 2 
 
 CalKe Nan 7959 16 2 4 
 
 L885 Lady Cecilia 24,821 16 1 6 
 
 "Warren's Duchess 4622 16 1 8 
 
 May Lankton 15,872 16 1^ 7 
 
 Maid of Aniboy 2929 16 1 7 
 
 Les Cateaux 2d 15,538 16 1 
 
 Ariene 1071 16 
 
 Victoria 3175 16 1 
 
 1884 Alcmena 6193 16 1 6 
 
 1885 Euphonia 6783 16 0| 7 
 
 1882 Marjoram 3239 16 9 
 
 1884 Pierrot's Picture 12,481 16 6 
 
 1883 Urbana 5597 16 6 
 
 Tamy 3d 7127 16 
 
 1883 Bessie R. 13,503 16 2 
 
 Rose 3d 913 16 
 
 Blanche 594 16 
 
 1883 Wakena 19,721 16 3 
 
 Molly Brown 7861 16 
 
 Tilda 3720 16 
 
CG6 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 GKOUP EIGHTEENTH. Batter Yield In 
 
 Seven Days. Age. 
 
 (CmHnued.) lbs. oz. Yre. 
 
 1S84 Cream of Java 23,507 16 5 
 
 1SS3 Dairy Pride 4th 21,681 16 4 
 
 1885 Thaley 14,299 16 2 
 
 1885 RubyWray 16 2 
 
 Pride of Corisande 5323 16 
 
 Countess 114 16 
 
 Bessie S. 5002 16 
 
 1881 Ida of Bear Lake 6169 16 5 
 
 Nellie Maitland 4450 16 
 
 Ibex 2724 16 
 
 1881 Dom Pedro's Julian 8631 16 4 
 
 Lady Penn 5314 16 
 
 Rose 2d 239 16 
 
 Victorine La Chaise 2740 16 
 
 1883 Fayette Lady 14,473 16 3 
 
 1877 Maple Dale 2907 16 4 
 
 1884 Merlette 4988 16 6 
 
 Margery Lee 5425 16 
 
 1882 Enfield Rose 3355 16 12 
 
 Haddie 921 16 
 
 Molly 3554 16 
 
 Minnie of Oxford 12,806 16 
 
 1885 Princess of Trinity 23,641 16 6 
 
 1883 Troth Plight 10,258 16 4 
 
 Gray Therese 5322 16 
 
 Arawana Belle 3277 16 
 
 1885 Fleurette of Linwood 12,918 16 4 
 
 1884 Dahlia 16 
 
 1885 Lydia Darrach 2d 8056 16 7 
 
 1885 Lydia Darrach 3d 10,662 16 6 
 
 GEODT nineteenth: fifteen-poitnd cows. 
 
 1883 Julia Evel^^l 6007 15 15^ 6 
 
 1884 Pansy Patterson 18,612 15 15 2 
 
 Minneola of Elmarch 8229 15 15 
 
 1883 Brunette Le Gros 9755 15 15 7 
 
 1883 Kate Gordon 8387 15 15 4 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 66? 
 
 GEOUP NINETEENTH. Butter Yield in 
 
 Seven Days. Age. 
 
 (Contirmed.) lbs. oz. Tre. 
 
 884 Thomdale BeUe 3d 10,459 15 15 6 
 
 884 Oitz8649 15 15 6 
 
 884 Zoe Henry 6693 15 14f 9 
 
 884 Eose of Oxford 13,469 15 14^ 5 
 
 884 Idaletta 11,843 15 14^ 5 
 
 883 Lass of Scitxiate 9555 15 14 5 
 
 885 Mary of Bear Lake 6171 15 14 9 
 
 Nelly 2402. 15 14 
 
 884 Romp Ogden 3d 5458 15 14 7 
 
 884 Belle of Vermilion 8798 15 14 6 
 
 Avis E. 9714 15 14 
 
 885 Lady Alice of the Wilderness 12,207 15 14 7 
 
 884 Mollie Garfield 2d 18,662 15 14 4 
 
 884 Golden Princess 4557 15 14 8 
 
 885 Glory of Elmarch 21,521 15 13^ 3 
 
 883 Jolie of St. Lambert 5126 15 13^ 8 
 
 874 Lucy Gray 2746 15 13 3 
 
 885 Dia 13,658 15 13 6 
 
 882 Tobira 8400 15 13 3 
 
 884 Duchess of St. Lambert 5111 15 13 9 
 
 Magna 5th 3541 15 13 
 
 883 Lily of Burr Oaks 11,001 15 13 3 
 
 881 Edwina 6713 15 13 4 
 
 884 Petite Mere 8516 15 13 6 
 
 882 Valerie 6044 15 13 5 
 
 885 Nutley Silverette 22,410 15 12f 3 
 
 883 Lady Bidwell 10,303 15 12 4 
 
 885 Ultima 14,456 15 12 5 
 
 885 Eclipse 14,427 15 12 6 
 
 885 Lucy Dale 5129 15 12 12 
 
 880 Lerna 3634 15 12 6 
 
 Cornucopia 3414 15 12 
 
 883 St. Clementaise 18,163 15 12 3 
 
 884 Eosabel Hudson 5704 15 12 8 
 
 Thisbe 607 15 12 
 
 884 Pien-ot's Lady Hayes 11,672 15 12 7 
 
 883 Fanny Taylor 6714 15 12 5 
 
 884 Lady Hayes 10,136 15 12 7 
 
668 JERSEY CATTLE IJ^ AMERICA. 
 
 OKOUP NINETEENTH. Butter Yield In 
 
 Seven Days. Age. 
 
 {Continued.) lbs. oz. Yre. 
 
 1884 Minnie 2386 15 12 8 
 
 1884 Julia Walker 10,133 15 12 5 
 
 Caficadilla 3103 15 12 
 
 1875 Myrtle 2d 211 15 12 6 
 
 Countess of Croton 5307 15 12 
 
 1885 Mary Hinman 17,019 15 Hi 3 
 
 1883 Lady of Bellevue 7705 15 11 5 
 
 1883 Countess Gasela 9571 15 H ^ 
 
 1884 Geneva 13,220 15 11 4 
 
 1884 Mitten 13,368 15 11 4 
 
 1884 Fillpail 16,530 15 11 2 
 
 1885 Farmer's Floss 17,773 • 15 11 3 
 
 1883 Princess Bellwortli 6801 15 lOJ 5 
 
 1884 Malope 2d 11,923 15 10 4 
 
 1884 Calington 22,021 15 10 7 
 
 1885 Lisetta Johnson 5321 15 10 9 
 
 1885 KocheUe 15,574 15 10 4 
 
 1883 Fancy Juno 6086 15 10 6 
 
 1883 LuciUa Kent 8892 15 10 7 
 
 1883 Silenta 17,685 15 10 6 
 
 1884 Lady Kingseote 26,085 15 10 6 
 
 1882 Chenda4599 15 9^ 6 
 
 1883 Vaniah 6597 15 9^ S 
 
 1883 Kitty Colt 2213 15 9^ 11 
 
 1884 Kioter's Nora 21,778 15 9 3 
 
 1884 Denise8281 15 9 5 
 
 1885 Carrie Pogis 22,568 15 9 5 
 
 Helen 3556 . . 15 9 
 
 1885 CaUsta of Newark 13,296 15 9 5 
 
 1884 Moss Rose of St. Lambert 5114 15 8^ 9 
 
 1883 Idalene 11,841 15 8^ 5 
 
 1876 Lustre 2062 15 8^ 4 
 
 1885 Referette 15,209 15 8 4 
 
 1884 Black Diamond's Queen 11,865 15 8 5 
 
 1885 Les Marais Dell 20,314 15 8 4 
 
 1881 La Belle Petite 5472 = .... 15 8 5 
 
 1885 Marie C. Magnet 22,903 15 8 2 
 
 Lady Oxford 4860 15 8 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 
 
 GROUP NINETEENTH. 
 
 Batter Yield in 
 
 Seven Days. Age. 
 
 (Conlinued.) lbs. oz. Trs. 
 
 1885 Mrs. Knickerbocker 19,367 15 8 6 
 
 Sylvia 687 15 8 
 
 1885 Pinafore 2d 15,072 15 8 3 
 
 1884 Happy Blossom 18,218 15 8 3 
 
 1883 Duchess Caroline 3(1 6039 15 S 6 
 
 1880 Mva 7523 15 8 4 
 
 1883 Daisy 2d 15,761 15 8 7 
 
 1883 Palestina 4644 15 8 8 
 
 Young Duchess 497 15 8 
 
 Etiquette 4300 15 8 
 
 1882 Violet 3d 3240 15 8 10 
 
 Jeanne Le Bas 2476 15 8 
 
 1882 My Queen 12,614 15 8 
 
 Forget-Me-Not 5809 15 8 
 
 1883 Grandiflora 9953 15 8 
 
 1886 Safety 13,463 15 8 7 
 
 1885 Beauty 2076 15 7 16 
 
 1883 Orphean 4636 15 7 8 
 
 Topsy Koxbury 7796 15 7 
 
 1878 Copper 1979 15 7 8 
 
 1883 Crust 4775 15 7 G 
 
 1884 Eoselaine 7167 15 7 6 
 
 1884 Marie S. 12,043 15 6 3 
 
 1882 Jersey 3260 15 6 18 
 
 1885 Moonah's Pet 7484 15 6 9 
 
 1882 Anna Smith 10,324 15 6 9 
 
 1885 Mendota 3d 26,326 15 6 10 
 
 1884 Fantinel271 15 6 14 
 
 1880 Enigma 5360 15 6 6 
 
 1886 La Financiere 11,970. 15 5i 8 
 
 1884 Leah Darlington 13,836 15 5^ 3 
 
 1882 Witch Hazel 4th 6131 15 5^ 5 
 
 1884 Champion's Chloe 12,255 15 ^ 6 
 
 Belle of MiddlefielJ 1516 15 5 
 
 1884 Dairy 2d 3891 15 5 9 
 
 1882 AJmeda 3842 15 5 11 
 
 1884 Letitia3977 15 5 10 
 
 1882 Eomp Ogden 2d 4764 15 5 6 
 
670 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 GROUP NINETEENTH. Bntter Yield in 
 
 Seven Days. Age. 
 
 (Continued.) lbs. oz. Yre. 
 
 1883 Zalma 8778 1» » 4 
 
 1881 Ai-awaiia Buttercup 6052 15 5 4 
 
 1884 Calypris 5943 15 4^ 7 
 
 1884 Mary's Silver Drop 14,235 15 4^ 3 
 
 1883 Victory 16,379 15 4^ 5 
 
 1882 Cenie Wallace 2d 6557 15 4^ 4 
 
 1883 Dorothy of Bovina 9373 15 4 5 
 
 1883 Forget-Me-Not-0 10,564 15 4 3 
 
 1883 Maid of Five Oaks 7178 15 4 7 
 
 1884 Cora 15 4 
 
 1883 Merry Burlington 7600 15 4 5 
 
 1883 Purest 13,730 15 4 2 
 
 1884 Jewel 3d 15 4 
 
 Cowslip 5th 849 15 4 
 
 1885 Elsie Lane 13,302 15 4 4 
 
 1885 Evri 5282 15 4 9 
 
 1884 Baron's Rosette 25,988 15 4 2 
 
 1884 Signalana 7719 15 4 6 
 
 1884 Sultana 2d 11,798 15 4 5 
 
 1885 La Fantine 24,489 15 4 2 
 
 ] 885 Calpurnia 13,267 15 3^ 4 
 
 1884 ReaUty 16,537 15 3^ 3 
 
 1883 Nazli 10,327 15 3^ 4 
 
 1884 Clytemnestra 2455 15 3^ 12 
 
 1883 Dark Cloud 9364 15 3^ 6 
 
 1884 Maggie Sheldon 23,583 15 3^ 2 
 
 1884 Dove Dee 18,059 15 3 2 
 
 1885 Phoebe N. 25,401 15 3 5 
 
 1883 Royal Princess 22,013 (Jersey) 15 3 9 
 
 1884 Alfritha 13,673 15 3 3 
 
 1883 Lydia Libby 11,698 15 3 4 
 
 1885 Darling of Neatham 20,086 15 3 2 
 
 1884 May Day Stoke Pogis 28,353 15 8 4 
 
 1883 Lady Adams 2d 6529 15 3 5 
 
 1882 Atricia 6029 15 3 5 
 
 1884 Fragrance 4059 15 3 11 
 
 1883 Nellie Darlington 5956 15 3 11 
 
 1882 Belle Dame 2d 22,043 15 3 3 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 671 
 
 GROUP NINETEENTH. 
 
 Butter Yield i 
 
 Seven Days. Age. 
 
 (Continued.) lbs. oz. Trs. 
 
 885 Maculae 24,277 16 3 2 
 
 886 Belle Gamer 23,862 15 3 
 
 882 Nelida 2d 8227 15 2^ 3 
 
 885 Eugenie Tourneur 24,532 (rated) 15 2^ 6 
 
 882 Iola4627 15 2i 7 
 
 885 Eoyal Beauty 18,908 15 2^ 6 
 
 884 Usilda2d6157 15 2|- 7 
 
 885 Fannie Bugler 19,962 15 2 4 
 
 882 Saragossa 22,019 (Jersey) 15 2 5 
 
 885 Cicero's Mabel 18,238 15 2 3 
 
 883 Arawana Poppy 6053 15 2 5 
 
 883 Fan of Grouville 7458 15 2 8 
 
 883 Pet of .Maplewood Farm 4854 15 2 9 
 
 883 Bessie Bradford 2d 7271 15 2 6 
 
 881 Lady Oaks 2d 5246 15 2 6 
 
 883 Queen of Ashautee 14,554 15 2 4 
 
 883 Naomi's Pride 16,745 15 2 3 
 
 Daisy's Daughter 15 2 
 
 Azelda 2d 7022 15 2 4 
 
 883 Princess of Mansfield 8070 15 2 8 
 
 885 Sunset of Pleasant View 13,071 15 2 6 
 
 883 Aleph Judea 11,389 15 If 3 
 
 884 Lassie 1134 15 1^ 15 
 
 884 Verora 10,766 15 1^ 4 
 
 884 Coquette of Glen Eouge 17,559 15 1^ 3 
 
 882 Aldarine 5301 15 1^ 6 
 
 884 Bellini's Maid 15,170 15 li 3 
 
 884 Kate Pansy 15,177 15 1 4 
 
 885 Nerissa of Nyack 9692 15 1 5 
 
 884 Bronze Leaf 14,902 15 1 4 
 
 884 Prize Eose 16,309 15 1 2 
 
 884 Marvel 13,734 15 1 2 
 
 884 Daisy Dixie 9469 15 1 6 
 
 885 Duchess of Bloomfield 3d 15,580 15 1 3 
 
 883 Dairy C. 12,227 15 OJ 2 
 
 885 Arnold's Lulu 7328 15 8 
 
 884 Clara of Lakeside 10,827 15 7 
 
 Olie 4133 15 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 GROUP NINETEENTH. 
 
 Butter Yield in 
 
 Seven Days. Age. 
 
 Ibe. oz. Yrs. 
 
 1885 Ampelis 5th 17,548 15 3 
 
 1884 Koinping Lass 11,021 15 3 
 
 1885 Signal Maid 19,361 15 2 
 
 1882 Forsaken 7520 15 4 
 
 1885 Favorite Rajah Rex 16,153 15 3 
 
 1883 Maid of Avranches 6559 15 7 
 
 Picture 1533 15 
 
 1883 Beauty 17,414 15 5 
 
 1885 Mintha 12,812 15 5 
 
 Arietta 5115 15 
 
 1885 Jennie WiUiams 29,058 15 2 
 
 1885 Dora Doon 12,909 15 3 
 
 1876 Mischief Le Brocq 7080 15 5 
 
 1885 Winsome of Ipswich 9213 15 6 
 
 1884 Annie Grey 11,712 15 7 
 
 1883 Lady Louise 4339 15 8 
 
 1885 Ethelka 2d 14,128 15 4 
 
 Hennie 3335 15 
 
 1877 Oxalis 2d 15,631 15 5 
 
 1884 Ma Belle 4942 15 8 
 
 1882 Bettie Dixon 4527 15 6 
 
 1883 Verbena of Fernwood 9088 15 4 
 
 Belle Hartford 2718 15 
 
 1882 Arthur s Frolic 4438 15 13 
 
 1882 Grace Felch 8291 15 7 
 
 1882 Trudie2d4084 15 4 
 
 1881 Sister Dorothy 2607 15 lO 
 
 Rene Ogden 1568 15 
 
 1885 Lady Jane of St. Peter's 7475 15 7 
 
 Duchess of Dudley 8670 15 
 
 Gledelia 10,524 15 
 
 1878 Archie 1112 15 10 
 
 1878 Daisy Grant 1445 15 9 
 
 1884 Polly of Decrfoot 15,328 15 7 
 
 1880 Deerfoot Girl 15,329 15 2 
 
 1883 Marjoram 2d 12,805 15 3 
 
 Heartsease 5()3 15 
 
 Hebe 3d 3613 15 
 
JERSEY CATTLE UST AMERICA. 
 
 GROUP NINETEENTH. 
 
 Butter Yield i 
 Seven Days. 
 (Coiitimiea.) Ibe. oz. 
 
 1SS5 Ida of Coal Hill 12,542 15 5 
 
 1885 Lydia Darrach 5th 1G,577 15 4 
 
 Earl Cow 15 
 
 GEOUP TWENTIETH : FOUKTEEN-PpUND COWS. 
 
 1883 Satin Bird 16,-380 14 15^ 6 
 
 1885 Lady Bountiful 1T,946 14 15| 7 
 
 1884 Miss Alexandre 26,041 14 15 5 
 
 1882 Miss Bell 5083 14 15 7 
 
 1883 Mary Clover 9998 14 15 6 
 
 1885 Molly May 17,202 14 15 4 
 
 1883 Sweet Sixteen 10,682 14 15 3 
 
 1884 Bellini La Biche 15,091 14 14^ 3 
 
 1883 Miss Baden Baden 14,760 14 14^ 3 
 
 1883 Faiistiiie 10,354 ]4 14^ 5 
 
 1885 Alice Herrick 8787 14 14 6 
 
 1881 Jenny Le Brocq 9757 14 14 4 
 
 1882 Gold Mark 10,727 14 14 2 
 
 1883 Florry Keep 6556 14 14 6 
 
 1883 Honeysuckle of St. Anne's 18,674 14 14 3 
 
 1884 Island Chrissie 12,007 14 14 5 
 
 1884 Fancy Fan 12,675 14 14 9 
 
 1885 Countess of Lome 20,822 14 14 
 
 1885 Frances C. Magnet 22,904 14 13^ 2 
 
 1885 Arietta 3d 14,274 14 131 5 
 
 1882 Velveteen 7703 14 13^ 4 
 
 1885 Jefferson Albina 12,196 14 13 4 
 
 1882 Queen of De Soto 12,318 14 13 2 
 
 1883 Duchess of Argyle 3758 14 13 10 
 
 1883 Louvie3d6159 14 13 5 
 
 1884 Florence Billot 7849 14 13 8 
 
 1884 Oakland Girl 11,103 14 12^ 4 
 
 1881 Lady Bloorafield 4704 14 12^ 6 
 
 1883 Ideal 11,842 14 12^ 3 
 
 1885 Euby Love 16,915 14 12 4 
 
 1884 Alice of the Meadows 20,748 14 12 3 
 
 1885 Bright Lady 5938 14 12 8 
 
eu JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 GROUP TWENTIETH. Batter Yield In 
 
 Seven Daj-e. Age. 
 
 {Continued.) Ibe. oz. Yre. 
 
 Pet Lee 7993 14 12 
 
 1884 Kegina s Guide 16,862 \^ li 4 
 
 1878 Katy Didn't 2734 14 12 7 
 
 1885 Goldstraw 3d 14,724 14 12 4 
 
 1877 Estrella 2831 14 12 5 
 
 1885 Pawtucket Belle 12,400 .' 14 12 4 
 
 1878 Lady Brown 4tli 6911 14 12 5 
 
 Princess 836 .'. . 14 12 
 
 Maple Leaf 4768 14 12 
 
 1883 Cowles' Nonsuch 6199 14 12 7 
 
 1883 Lady Gray of Hilltop 2.1 14,641 14 12 4 
 
 1883 Content of Linwood 6950 14 12 7 
 
 1883 Princess Bowen 9699 14 12 (5 
 
 1883 Magnibel 7976 14 12 4 
 
 1882 Bloomfield Lady 6912 14 12 f, 
 
 1882 Gold Princess 8809 14 12 3 
 
 1883 Phyllis of Ilillcrest 9067 14 12 3 
 
 1883 Charmer 4771 14 12 7 
 
 1883 Roll of Honor 13,610 14 12 4 
 
 1882 Jersey Cream 2d 8519 14 12 5 
 
 1884) ^^ ^ ( 14 12 8 
 
 ^33^ Cocotte 11,908 ]^^ ^ ^^^ 
 
 1883 Lady Fair 22.103 14 12 2 
 
 1886 Good Friday 20,081 14 12 4 
 
 1886 Inez of Ingleside 28,976 14 12 2 
 
 Stanstead Belle 4709 14 11+ 
 
 1S83 Sweetrock 2d 18,256 14 Hi 4 
 
 1883 Bonnie 2d 5742 14 114 6 
 
 Bessie Ridgely 8293 14 114 
 
 Bohemian Gipsy 17,452 14 11 
 
 1876 Abbie Z. 14,002 14 11 6 
 
 1886 Clara C. Magnet 31.563 14 11 2 
 
 1885 Lizzettc's Mary 12,723 14 11 5 
 
 1878 Maiden of Jersey 2736 14 11 8 
 
 1883 Royal Sister 12,457 14 11 3 
 
 1884 Belle Thome 13,369 14 11 4 
 
 1885 Cosetta 15,991 14 11 7 
 
 1881 Renini 9181 14 104 4 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMEBICA. 675 
 
 GEOUP TWENTIETH. Butter Yield iu 
 
 Seven Days. Age. 
 
 iContinved.) lbs. oz. Yrs. 
 
 Cosette 3874 14 lOJ 
 
 1883 Yellow Locust 10,679 14 10^ 3 
 
 1884 Eosebud of Belleviie 7702 14 lo^ 6 
 
 1883 Opaline 7590 14 K » 5 
 
 1885 Mmble 22,335 14 10 2 
 
 1884 Uinta 5743 , 14 10 7 
 
 1885 Sister Cash 33,987 14 10 2 
 
 1884 Trenie 17,^0 14 K) 2 
 
 1885 Bell Rex 11,700 14 10 4 
 
 1883 Lady Vertumuus 13,217 14 10 4 
 
 1884 Peggy Ford 21,713 14 10 2 
 
 1884 Eeception 3d 11,025 14 10 4 
 
 1884 Euphorbia 11,229 14 U 4 
 
 1884 Coronilla 8367 14 94 5 
 
 1872 Jennie 766 14 9 6 
 
 1884 Guinevere Sinclair 11,167 14 9 4 
 
 1885 Clover Mel 16,159 14 9 3 
 
 1884 Auntybel 12,582 14 9 3 
 
 1882 Como Lass 24,369 (Jersey) 14 9 4 
 
 1884 Mountain Lass 12,921 14 9 5 
 
 1884 Pansy K. 23,889 14 9 2 
 
 1885 Maud Lee 2d 8839 14 9 7 
 
 1883 Mink 3d 4868 14 9 7 
 
 1883 Island Dots 17,003 14 9 If 
 
 1884 Miss Huelin 22,296 14 9 5 
 
 1885 L'Etoile du ISTord 16,419 14 9 5 
 
 1884 Smoky 13,733 14 9 3 
 
 1885 Gem of St. Cloud 7342 14 8^ 8 
 
 Hattie 739 14 8 
 
 1883 Eegina 2d 2475 14 8 6 
 
 1853 Flora 113 (2^ months before 3d calf) 14 8 3 
 
 1882 PavoD 12,485 14 8 2 
 
 Yenus 112 14 8 
 
 1885 Florie May Baker 10,728 14 8 5 
 
 Princess Eose 6249 14 8 
 
 1884 Dena of Deerfoot 15,325 14 8 7 
 
 Deborana 4718 14 8 
 
 1874 Alice of Salem 5053 14 S 4 
 
676 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 GKOUP TWENTIETH. 
 
 Butter Yield i 
 
 Seven Days. Ago, 
 
 (Continued.) lbs. oz. Yre, 
 
 1883 Goddess of Staatsburgli 5252 1-t 8 7 
 
 1883 Dolly of Lakeside 10,824 US 6 
 
 1883 Lady Ives 3d 67-10 1-i 8 
 
 1883 Snowdrop F. W. 16,948 14 8 8 
 
 1881 Bryant 4193 14 8 6 
 
 1883 Hartwick Belle 7722 14 8 4 
 
 1873 Plenty 950 14 S 6 
 
 1882 New London Gipsey 11,667 '. 14 8 6 
 
 1882 Caroline 12,019 14 S 6 
 
 1882 Fall Leaf 8587 US 3 
 
 1884 Del of Willow Farm 22,464 14 8 3 
 
 1874 Lorraine 1435 14 8 3 
 
 1880 Thomdale Belle 5265 14 S 6 
 
 1882 Pride of the Hill 4877 14 S 7 
 
 Chloe Beach 3931 14 8 
 
 1885 Tale Bearer 24,535 14 8 8 
 
 1883 La Pera 2d 13,404 14 8 3 
 
 1882 Enid 2d 10,783 14 74 2 
 
 1885 Shiloh Daughter 20,378 14 7^ 3 
 
 1882 Kosi3431 14 7 12 
 
 1883 Florry of the Oaks 8141 14 7 6 
 
 1884 Milkweed 16,402 14 7 8 
 
 1884 Medrie Le Broeq 8888 14 7 5 
 
 1881 Aspirante 9272 14 7 4 
 
 1885 Lorella 12,913 14 7 4 
 
 Corinne 707 14 7 
 
 1884 Lena Lowndes 23,202 14 7 7 
 
 Monmouth Duchess 3d 4620 14 7 
 
 1882 Sunny Lass 6033 14 7 4 
 
 1884 Scipio's Lively 19,869 14 7 2 
 
 1883 Daisy of Chenango 18,582 14 7 5 
 
 Audrey 1447 14 7 
 
 1883 Nibbette 11,625 14 7 4 
 
 Sal Soda 3721 14 7 
 
 1876 Monmouth Duchess 3895 14 7 6 
 
 1882 Jessie Lee of Labyrinth 5290 14 7 4 
 
 1883 Epigjea 4631 14 7 3 
 
 1884 Belle of Uwchland 8468 14 7 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMEBICA. 677 
 
 GROUP TWENTIETH. Butter Yield in 
 
 Seven Days. Age, 
 
 (Continued.) lbs. oz. Yrs, 
 
 1885 Czaretta 17,358 14 7 3 
 
 Meines 3559 1-1 7 
 
 Elsie Brown 4026 14 6^ 
 
 1884 Susie La Biche 3cl 15,171 14 U 3 
 
 1880 Beulah of Baltimore 3270 14 GJ 7 
 
 1882 Allie Minka 2982 14 6^ 8 
 
 1882 Irene of Short Hills 5137 14 6^ 8 
 
 1885 Liberty 2cl 16,717 14 6^ 3 
 
 Miss Blanclie 2515 (rated) 14 6| 3 
 
 1885 Mary of Pleasant View 13,448 14 6 4 
 
 Fides 2d 1576 14 6 
 
 1883 Lobelia 2d 6650 14 6 8 
 
 1885 Ideal Alpliea 18,755 14 6 2 
 
 1884 Maggie May 2d 12,926 14 6 4 
 
 1885 Pendule 2d 16,709 14 6 3 
 
 1883 Jazel's Maid 11,011 14 6 3 
 
 1884 Maggie C. 12,216 14 6 4 
 
 1883 Eose of Eose Lawn 9365 14 6 5 
 
 1884 Lady Greville 12,930 14 6 3 
 
 1883 Marpetra 10,284 ;...., 14 6 2 
 
 1882 Gilda 2779 14 6 3 
 
 1881 Myth 2837 14 6 7 
 
 1881 Palestine's Last Daughter 12,602 14 6 4 
 
 1885 Palestine Pierrot 2d 24,099 14 6 6 
 
 1885 Mellie Argyle 20,609 14 6 3 
 
 Palestine 26 14 6 
 
 1885 Countess of Scarsdale 18,633 14 6 2 
 
 1884 Lady Fanning 11,169 14 6 6 
 
 1883 Effie of Verna 8928 14 6 6 
 
 1884 Nameless Girl 11,623 14 6 5 
 
 1883 Augerez Girll7,015 14 6 3 
 
 1884 Jacquenetta 10,958 14 6 4 
 
 1883 Lady Clarendon 3d 17,578 14 5A 3 
 
 1883 Memento 1913 li 5 11 
 
 1883 Energy 22,016 14 5 7 
 
 1873 Lady Palestine 2769 14 5 5 
 
 1885 Lillie Pope 8589 14 5 7 
 
 1883 Milkmaid of Burr Oaks 9035 14 5 5 
 
678 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 GROUP TWENTIETH. 
 
 Butter Yield in 
 
 Seven Days. Age. 
 
 (CoiUinued.) lbs. oz. Yr». 
 
 1883 Xancy of St. Lambert 12,9r)-4 14 5 3 
 
 1885 Moberly Creamer 23,051 14 5 3 
 
 1884 Lady Mary Hampton 4861 14 5 10 
 
 1883 Minnie of Scituate 17,829 14 44 5 
 
 1884 Alphea Star 16,532 14 4^ 2 
 
 1884 Kenown 13,729 14 4^ 3 
 
 1885 Lottie Rex 18,757 14 4 2 
 
 1884 Mary of Gilderoy 11,219 14 4 4 
 
 1885 Princess Mary of Woodlawn 11,663 14 4 4 
 
 1883 Violet of Glencaim 10,221 14 4 3 
 
 1885 Bertie Briggs 5213 14 4 10 
 
 1884 Leoliue 2d 18,315 14 4 3 
 
 1885 Metah's Baby 9710 14 4 7 
 
 Cigarette 2849 14 4 
 
 Corolla 4392 14 4 
 
 1883 Blonde 2d 9268 14 4 5 
 
 Nannie Fitch 9143 14 4 
 
 1882 Buckeye Lass 10,355 14 4 5 
 
 1881 Adina 1942 14 4 9 
 
 1882 Jeanuie Piatt 6005 14 4 5 
 
 1883 Vespncia 17,455 14 4 3 
 
 1883 Kate Daisy 8264 14 4 6 
 
 1881 Lebanon Daughter 6106 14 4 5 
 
 Susette 4068 14 4 
 
 1883 Rose of Hillside 3866 14 3^ 9 
 
 1880 Bintana9837 14 3^ 3 
 
 1882 Gem of Sassafras 8434 14 3^ 4 
 
 1885 Halsie MeCnrdy 12,379 14 3i 6 
 
 1884 Gilt Edge C. 12,223 14 3^ 2 
 
 1884 Signetilia 16,333 14 3 2 
 
 1880 Deoine6343 14 3 3 
 
 1885 Betsona 16,776 14 3 3 
 
 1884 Fandango 12,908 14 3 3 
 
 Pride of Winslow 2613 14 3 
 
 1885 Embla Brick 15,690 14 3 3 
 
 1884 Minnie Lee 2d 12,941 14 3 3 
 
 1881 La Rouge 12,405 14 3 3 
 
 Rene Noble 6191 14 3 3 
 
JERS:EY cattle IJST AIIEKICA. 679 
 
 GEOUP TWENTIETH. Butter Yield in 
 
 Seven Days. Age. 
 
 iCmtinned.) lbs. oz. Yrs. 
 
 1883 Adora 18,569 14 3 3 
 
 1883 Lilian Mostar 10,364 14 3 4 
 
 1883 Litza 6338 14 3 5 
 
 Prudence of Bovina 3d 10,749 14 3 
 
 1882 Clematis of St. Lambert 5478 14 3 6 
 
 1SS3 Celia Belle 5865 14 3 6 
 
 Lucetta 6856 14 3 
 
 1885 Monocacy Dimple 9680 14 3 6 
 
 1883 Lilly Cross 13,796 : 14 3 7 
 
 Telka8037 14 3 
 
 Silversides 3857 14 3 
 
 Prince's Bloom 9729 14 3 
 
 1884 Lady Brown 2d 2348 14 3 14 
 
 Chloe B. 8935 14 3 
 
 Turquoise 1129 14 3 
 
 Ida 8th 5409 14 3 
 
 1885 Pet Kex 20,166 14 2^ 2 
 
 1884 Alphetta 16,531 14 2^ 2 
 
 1882 Maggie May 3255 14 2i 8 
 
 Safrano 4568 14 2^ 
 
 1884 Bergerelia 15,546 14 2^ 5 
 
 1883 Lily of Staatsburg 5427 .■ 14 2^ 8 
 
 1885 Eugenie 2d 12,733 14 2 4 
 
 1884 Rosetta of Sidney 4520 14 2 IJ-t 
 
 1885 Grace's Nightingale 19,855 14 2 4 
 
 1880 Queen Fannie 10,275 14 2 4 
 
 1884 Susan 14 2 
 
 1884 Eosaha of Sidney 4521 14 2 li 
 
 1884 Tidy of St. Lambert 31,114 14 2 12 
 
 1884 Melita of Hillcrest 7054 14 2 6 
 
 1884 Vestina 2458 14 2 12 
 
 1882 Pearl of St. Lambert 5527 14 2 6 
 
 1882 Flamant 11,270 14 2 2 
 
 1881 Webster Pet 4103 14 2 6 
 
 Fairy Queen of Verna 6817 14 2 
 
 1883 Queen of Prospect 11,997 U 2 3 
 
 1883 Bella Delaine 10,356 14 2 4 
 
 1881 Parity 2d 7724 14 2 4 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 GROUP TWENTIETH. 
 
 Batter Yield i 
 
 Seven Days. Agt 
 
 (OwWntKd.) lbs. oz. Yre. 
 
 1876 Nellie 150T 11 2 9 
 
 1881 Nightingale of Elmarcli 8312 U 2 7 
 
 1881 There.-se M. 8364 U 2 2 
 
 1881 Lebanon Lass 6108 14 2 5 
 
 1883 Bessie Bradford 7269 14 2 7 
 
 1883 Lady Gray of Hill Top 3d 14,642 14 2 3 
 
 BeUe Grinnell 3d 16.503 14 2 
 
 Angela 1682 14 2 
 
 1885 Lernella 22,322 14 U 2 
 
 1885 Nervine 25,932 14 1^ H 
 
 1884 Hurrah Pansy 12,153 14 1^ 4 
 
 1883 Peggy of Staatshnrgh 2342 14 \\ 10 
 
 Bathsheba 2556 14 1 
 
 Clematis 3d 6653 14 1 
 
 1SS2 Creamer 2467 14 1 9 
 
 1884 Ballet Girl 18,750 14 1 2 
 
 Taglioni 9182 14 1 
 
 1885 Madame Argyle 19,476 14 1 4 
 
 Flora Lee 13,294 14 1 
 
 1885 Duchess of Argyle 4th 7571 14 1 7 
 
 1883 Eobinette 7114 14 1 5 
 
 1883 Nellie Gray of Clermont 10,905 14 1 5 
 
 1885 Eva of Snipsic 17,650 14 1 3 
 
 1882 Myrtle of Eidgewood 7858 14 1 4 
 
 1880 Beauty Bismarck 4967 14 1 5 
 
 1882 Buttery 3502 14 1 7 
 
 1883 Variella of Linwood 10,954 14 1 3 
 
 1883 Walkyrie 5708 14 1 6 
 
 1884 Melody 2689 14 1 12 
 
 1883 Honeydrop 10,033 14 i 6 
 
 1884 Comtesse d'Espagna 10,308 14 ^ 
 
 Bronx 306 14 
 
 1881 Bessie Bradford 3d 11,544 14 2 
 
 1885 Alphea Jewell 22,331 14 2 
 
 Le Rosa 10,078 14 
 
 Muezzin 3670 14 
 
 Ella of Sidney 4522 14 1 
 
 Littv 807 14 
 
JERSEY CATTLE JiV AMERICA. 681 
 
 GEOUP TWENTIETH. Bxsiisi Yield in 
 
 Seven Days. Age. 
 
 (Contlmial.) lbs. oz. Yrs. 
 
 ISSi Elinor Wells 12,068 14 3 
 
 1885 Putnam Belle 12,116 14 5 
 
 1884 Cressy of Deerfoot 15,324 14 T 
 
 1884 Baby Buttercup 10,888 , 14 4 
 
 1884 Birdie Le Brocq 17,263 14 3 
 
 1885 Nutley's Alma 13,581 14 6 
 
 Fille de I'Air 2474 14 
 
 1885 Carlo's Fanny 14,951 14 6 
 
 1882 Lady Yoimg 16,668 14 4 
 
 Lizzie C. 7713 14 
 
 Geranium 3963 14 
 
 1882 Actress 2311 14 10 
 
 1885 Eioter's Beauty 14,894 14 2 
 
 Clover Top 9910 14 
 
 Ada Minka 15,502 14 
 
 1882 Nell Gwjnm 9654 14 3 
 
 1874 Erith 4564 14 2 
 
 Lily of St. Lambert 5120 14 
 
 1885 Alice Donald 14 
 
 Starkville Beauty 4897 14 
 
 1884 Pierrot's Countess 12,480 14 3 
 
 1877 Bounty 1606 14 9 
 
 1877 PetAnnal608 14 6 
 
 1882 Home Matron 6707 14 5 
 
 Topsey K. 22,769 14 
 
 St. Nick's Flora 16,195 14 
 
 Lily of the Valley 7439 14 
 
 Miami Prize 8100 14 
 
 Naomi Cramer 8628 14 
 
 1881 Pixie 4115 14 6 
 
 Negress 7651 14 
 
 1883 El Mora Mostar 15,955 14 2 
 
 Abbie 14 
 
 1884 Elite 4299 14 
 
 Darling 4th 14 
 
 1867 Eureka McHenry 8341 14 7 
 
 Edith 4th 817 14 
 
 1885 Bonnie Fawn 6190 14 
 
JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 GEOUP TWENTIETH. 
 
 Bntter Yield in 
 
 Seven Days. Age. 
 
 {Continued.) Ibe. 02. Yre. 
 
 Lucilla2735 14 
 
 Gentle of Glastonbury 4651 14 
 
 Belle of Ogden Fann 1570 14 
 
 1881 Daisy of Clermont 3492 14 7 
 
 1881 Fidelia 5817 14 12 
 
 1881 Lucy Gaines' Buttercup 5058 14 8 
 
 1879 Witch Hazel 1360 14 9 
 
 1884 Vivalia 12,760 14 (» 6 
 
 1878 Kitty Clover 1113 14 11 
 
 1881 St. Perpetua 2d 5557 14 4 
 
 Kioter 2d's Venus 3658 14 
 
 Birdie 2611 14 
 
 Pansy 602 14 
 
 1876 Countess of Warren 3896 14 5 
 
 1884 Sadie's Choice 7979 14 
 
 1884 Gazelle 15,961 14 8 
 
 1885 Kerni Rex 13,671 14 
 
 Morlacchi 2725 14 
 
 Queen of tlie Xorth 17,973 14 
 
 Village ilaid 7069 14 
 
 1876 Lady Brown 433 14 8 
 
 1885 Duchess of Manchester 20,838 14 3 
 
 1882 Hazalena's Butterfly 10,123 14 8 
 
 1878 Jessie Leavenworth 8248 14 4 
 
 Gazelle of Mobile 1735 14 
 
 Jule 3640 14 
 
 1881 Nordheini Creamer 9758 14 4 
 
 Silver Bell 4313 14 
 
 Little Han 8004 14 
 
 Belle Atwood 5907 14 
 
 1884 Belle Steuben 20,115 14 2 
 
 Jennie Johnson 3d 6782 14 
 
 Gilt Edge 2d 4420 14 
 
 Bonfanti 388 14 
 
 Lady Caroline of St. Auljins 11,372 14 
 
 Spirea 3915 14 
 
 Sasco Bell 13,601 14 
 
 Mattituck 1450 14 
 
JEESEY CATTLE IJSr AMEBIC A. 
 
 GKOUP TWENTIETH. Butter Yield in 
 
 Seven Days. 
 {Continued.) lbs. oz. 
 
 Benuie Hinman 7166 14 
 
 Gilt Uh. 4208 14 
 
 Vesper 1395 14 
 
 Undine of South East 4548 14 
 
 1885 Lady of Otsego 26,671 14 
 
 Niobe 99 14 
 
 TABLE 
 
 SHOWING RATIO OF illLK TO BUTTEK OF TESTED COWS. 
 GROUP ONE. 
 
 Three to Four Pounds of Milk to One Pound of Butter. 
 LANDSEER'S FANCY 3876 3^ 
 
 GEOUP TWO. 
 
 Four to Five Pounds of Milk to One Pound of Butter. 
 Toltec's Fancy 27,173 4i | Fannie Landseer 1969 5 
 
 GEOUP THEEE. 
 
 Five to Six Pounds of Milk to One Pound of Butter. 
 
 Ethleel 2d 33,391 b^\ \ Hypatbia 2d 14,774 . 
 
 Mother Carey 11,746 5 A 
 
 GEOUP FOUE. 
 
 Six to Seven Pounds of Milk to One Pound of Butter. 
 
 Oxford Kate 13,646 . . . . . 6i I Oakland's Nora 14,880 6J 
 
 Princess 2d 8046 6| I Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770 . . . 6| 
 
 Sunset 15,130 ^ \ Atlanta's Beauty 13,949 64f 
 
C84 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 GEOUP FIVE. 
 
 Seven to Eight Pounds of Milk to One Pound of Butter. 
 Rosy Dream 7i | Pride of JIashamoquct Farm 6469 
 
 GROUP SIX. 
 
 Eight to Nine Pounda of Milk to One Pound of Butter. 
 
 Niobe's Alpheanette 23,336 8J 
 
 Sweet Sixteen 10,682 8i 
 
 Jeannie Piatt 6005 8^ 
 
 Alice Jones 8225 8| 
 
 Matilda 5tU 18,068 8| 
 
 Oakland's Cora 18,85 
 Dia 13,658 . . . 
 Rioter's Maggie 22,55 
 Royal Princess 2370 
 
 8i 
 
 GROUP SEVEN. 
 
 Nine to Ten Pounds of Mill- to One Pound of Butter. 
 
 Pavon 12,485 9J 
 
 Mary Norton 13,052 9J 
 
 Oouan 1485 9i 
 
 Geranium 2d 7838 9^ 
 
 Bomba 10,330 9A 
 
 Dclilta 21,305 9j 
 
 Little Torment 1588 9f 
 
 Ida of St. Lambert 24,990 . . . 
 
 Eurotas2454 
 
 Maculae 24,277 
 
 Moss Rose of Willow Farm 5194 
 
 Lucy Lanier 13,053 
 
 Optima 6715 
 
 GROUP EIGHT. 
 
 Ten to Eleven Pounds of Milk to One Powid of Butter. 
 
 Granny's Gem 30,406 lO,^, 
 
 Niobe of St. Lambert 12,969 lOi 
 
 Daisy Morrison 14,035 10^ 
 
 Gabriclle Champion 14,102 lOJ 
 
 Nan Day 17,192 lOJ 
 
 Masena 25,732 lOJ 
 
 Lorella 12,913 lOi 
 
 Rose of St. Lambert 20,426 lOi^ 
 
 May Fair 5184 10| 
 
 Inez of Ingleside 28,976 10* 
 
 Regina 4th 12,732 lOJ 
 
 Alberta Signal 18,611 lOi 
 
 Dot Buttercup 16,358 lOJ 
 
 Rose of Hillside 3866 lOf 
 
 Pandothro 22,383 10} 
 
 Rosaline of Glenmore 3179 lOj^^ 
 
 Eugenie Chouteau 6186 . 
 Belle of Prospect 2d 14,326 
 Maggie McM. 14,073 . 
 Lady of Bellevue 7705 
 Fannie Bugler 19,962 
 Abbie Clay 15,702 . 
 Quaehette 17,091 . 
 Grace Davy 8292 . 
 Bclmcda 6229 . . 
 Chrome Skin 7881 . 
 Flora 113 .... 
 Dot of Bear Lake 6170 
 Ri.ssa 16,014 .... 
 Content of Linwood 69 
 Flower of Glen Rouge 17,560 
 Home Matron 6707 . . . 
 
 10| 
 10^ 
 10^ 
 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 GROUP NINE. 
 
 Eleven to Twelve Pounds of Jfilk to One Pound of Butter. 
 
 Mitten 13,368 II3V 
 
 Tette 20,803 llxV 
 
 Vixen 7591 ll^Sj 
 
 Miss Porter 30,300 ll^V 
 
 Rosa of Bellevue 6954 11 J 
 
 Rose of Eden 13,437 \\\ 
 
 Yellow Locust 10,679 Hi 
 
 Lady Cloud 19,358 \\\ 
 
 Countess Potoka 7496 ....... llx^u 
 
 Roland's Bonnie 2d 18,054 Hi 
 
 Thorndale Belle 3d 10,973 IH 
 
 Viva Le Brocq 13,703 Hi 
 
 Fairy of Verna 3d 10,973 Hi 
 
 Fairy Queen of St. Brelades 7464 . . .Ill- 
 Attractive Maid 16,935 H| 
 
 Naiad of St. Lambert 12,965 . . . . '. lU 
 
 Marea 10,167 lU 
 
 Maid of Avranches 6959 lU 
 
 Mollie Garfield 12,172 lU 
 
 HuUa 7898 Hi 
 
 Belle Garner 33,682 lU 
 
 Jenny Pogis 23,984 11| 
 
 Snowdrop F. W. 16,948 . . . 
 
 Le Gallais Fancy 
 
 Lesbie9179 
 
 Pilot's Veronica 18,917 . . . 
 
 Kosi 3431 
 
 Croton Maid 5305 
 
 Celeste Cox 12,948 
 
 (Enone 8614 
 
 Mamelle 30,804 
 
 Beauty Romeril 36,090 . . . 
 Baron's Rosette 35,988 . . . 
 Mermaid of St. Lambert 9771 
 
 Fair Lady 6733 
 
 Golden Princess 4557 .... 
 
 Lactine 10,680 
 
 Gem of Hope 17,103 . . . . 
 Countess Lowndes 36,874 . . 
 
 Denise 8381 
 
 Creamer 3467 
 
 Carrie Lena 3d 30,077 . . . 
 
 Belle Mardi 18,363 
 
 Scituate of Woronoco 18,040 . 
 
 GEOUP TEN. 
 
 Twelve to Tliirteen Pounds of Milk to One Pound of Butter. 
 
 Walkyrie5708 \^ 
 
 Kate Gordon 8387 13i 
 
 May Blossom 5657 13| 
 
 Les Marais Dell 30,314 13i 
 
 Lizzie D. 10,408 13,\ 
 
 Sister Rex 3194 12y\ 
 
 Nightingale K. 2d 19,841 13i 
 
 Mary M. Allison 6308 13-^ 
 
 Lass of Scituate 9555 13i 
 
 Judith Coleman 13,191 . 
 Lily Darling 11,713 . . 
 Jersey Belle of Scituate 78 
 
 12i 
 
 l'2i 
 
 Belle of Linwood 18,364 13i 
 
 Hilda 3d 5447 13i 
 
 Reception 8557 13+ 
 
 Petite M6re 8516 13+ 
 
 Countess Coomassie 19,339 13+ 
 
 Glory of Elmarch 31,521 13+ 
 
 Bonnie Tost 7943 
 
 Eupidee's Perfection 30,175. . 
 
 Percie 14,937 
 
 Nancy Lovelock 15,511 . . . 
 Lily of Maple Grove 5079 . . 
 
 La Vivienne 1334 
 
 Cetewayo's Silver Bell 18,593 . 
 Naomi's Pride 16,745 . . . . 
 Calistc of Newark 13,396 . . 
 Maggie May 2d 12,936 . . . 
 
 Zoe Henry 6693 
 
 Nellie Darlington 5956 . . . 
 Nancy of St. Lambert 13,964 . 
 Countess of Lakeside 12,135 . 
 
 Grace Felch 8291 
 
 Bintana 9837 
 
 Fan's Grouville Beauty 10,079 . 
 Saf rauo 4568 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA. 
 
 AlphealTl 12^^17 
 
 Thorntliile Belle 5365 12^j 
 
 Pride of Bovina ^'i\\ 
 
 Value 2d 0844 13 
 
 Beauty 17,4U 13 
 
 Ilartwick Belle 13 
 
 Euid 2d 10,783 13 
 
 Myrtle of Ridgewood 7858 13 
 
 Darling of Neatham 20,086 13 
 
 Farmer's Floss 17,773 13 
 
 GROUP ELEVKX. 
 
 Thirteen to Fourteen Poiinih of Milk to One Pound of Butter. 
 
 Princess Sheila 7293 13i»j 
 
 Clover Mel 16,159 l^^s 
 
 Verbena of Fernwood 9088 13^ 
 
 Milkweed 16,403 13i 
 
 Alcmena6193 13i 
 
 Nora of St. Lambert 13,963 13i 
 
 Pixie 4115 
 
 m 
 
 Oxalis 2d 15,631 \^ 
 
 Harmony 2d 17,118 13| 
 
 Beauty 2070 13i 
 
 Gracic's Nightingale 19,855 ...... 13i 
 
 Marie C. Magnet 23,903 13i 
 
 StarkviUe Beauty 4897 13i 
 
 Lydia Darrach 4903 13J 
 
 Phicdra 2561 ISJ 
 
 Frances C. Magnet 22,904 13J 
 
 Lille Bonne 8108 13J 
 
 Sunny Lass 6033 13f 
 
 Gold Lace 10,720 13i 
 
 ■Well Done 25,987 13i 
 
 Purest 13,730 13i 
 
 Lucilla 3d 9786 13* 
 
 Bergerelia 15,546 13J 
 
 Evri 5282 13i 
 
 SuLu4705 m 
 
 Grace Davy 8293 13i 
 
 Viva Le Brocq 13,702 13i 
 
 Evelina of Vema 10,971 13i 
 
 Kate Pansy 15,177 13| 
 
 Lady of the Isles 2d 16,052 Vi\ 
 
 Miss Huelin 23,296 13 /j 
 
 Gardiner's Ripple 11,693 13? 
 
 I Belle Steuben 20,115 13^ 
 
 :Meines 3d 7741 13| 
 
 Bonnie 2d 5742 13^ 
 
 i Melia Ann 5444 13| 
 
 , Friz Cam 14,655 ISj 
 
 Nancy Lee 7618 13j 
 
 Renini9181 13f 
 
 Herberta 8811 13| 
 
 Rosebud of Bellevue 7702 13i 
 
 Ada S. 18,360 13f 
 
 Lady Jane of St. Peter's 7475 13J 
 
 Gem of St. Cloud 7342 13^ 
 
 Cupid of Lee Farm 9365 13| 
 
 Ideal 11,842 13^ 
 
 Webster Pet 4103 13^ 
 
 Bell Rex 11,700 13^ 
 
 Good Friday 20,081 13^V 
 
 Cassia 2d 21,370 13i 
 
 Rioter Pink of BerUn 33,665 13| 
 
 Island Dots 17,203 .... 
 Cctewayo's Dorcas 20,827 . 
 Princess Bowen 9699 . . . 
 Nightingale of Elmarch 8312 
 Ilazen's Bess 7329 .... 
 Hilda A. 2d 11,120 . . . 
 JIaid of the Elms 18,932 . 
 Nordheim Creamer 9758 . . 
 Beulah de Gruchy 13,480 . 
 Lisetta Johnson 5321 . . . 
 Bella of Glencairn 10,322 . 
 Rozel Lass 20,268 .... 
 
 13i 
 
 13f 
 
 13| 
 
 13ft 
 
 Vi\% 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 TESTED COWS, AND THE SIEES AND DAMS OF TESTED COWS 
 THAT AEE THE PEODUCT OF THE VAEIOUS DEGEEES OF 
 INBEEEDING. 
 
 FOE M IT LA ONE 
 
 Son into Dam. 
 
 Model Pedigree for Bulls. 
 
 MARIUS 760. 
 
 Lady Mary 1148. 
 
 Lady Mary 1148. 
 
 Duke of Edineston 6919, Lord Aylmer 1067, Dick 1410. 
 
 Tested Cows. 
 
 MOSS ROSE OF WILLOW FARM 519i, Hilda ad 5447, Gem of 
 
 Hope 17,102, Wybie 595. Duchess of Bloomfield 3d 15,580. 
 
 Dajis of Tested Cows. 
 
 MOSS ROSE OF WILLOW FARM 5194, Hattie 2d 2901, Minnie 2d 
 17,828, Elsie Burnside 5598. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 FOKMULA TWO. 
 
 Gkandsox into Grandam. 
 
 BULLS. 
 
 Model Pedigree. 
 
 \ Romulus P. 181 . 
 
 CETE"WA YO, P. 224 J.H.B. 
 
 Musique, F. 1096. 
 
 NIPHETA 9180. 
 
 Welcome, F. 172. 
 
 Musique, F. 1006. 
 
 FOEMULA THEEE. 
 Sire into Daughter 
 
 BULLS. 
 
 Model Pedigree. 
 
 Toung Rioter 751 B. H. B... 
 
 Stoke Pogia 1250. 
 
 Young Rioter 751 E. H. B. 
 
 Oxoli 1922, Ragliom 175, Bluetooth 1821, Optimus 1607, Marcot 726, New 
 Years 4352, Jason Jr. 3270, Commodore Eoxbury 1586, Thalma 4288. 
 
KING RIOTER 6075. 
 
 AT 3 YEARS OLD. 
 
 Bioier — Stoke Pogis — Marjoram Type. 
 GREEN MOUNTAIN HEED. 
 MouLTON Brotheks, West RANDOLPir, Vermont. 
 
JEESET CATTLE IJ^ A3IERICA. 
 
 TESTED COWS. 
 
 Model Pedigree for Coios. 
 
 VICTOK 3550. 
 
 Dick SwiveUer Jr. 37G. 
 
 I Dick Swiveller Jr. 276. 
 
 VTCTOB 3550. 
 
 Dick Swiveller Jr. 276. 
 
 Czar 373. 
 
 Dick Swiveller Jr. 270. 
 
 Blood per c 
 
 Victor 75. 
 
 Fannie 85. 
 
 Dick Smveller Jr 37)4. 
 
 Czar 33/5. 
 
 Nelly 185i. 
 
 Dadiese 14iV. 
 
 JSTymphsea 5141, Eugenie Choiiteau 6186, Chroma 4572, Pyrola 4566, Nan 
 
 Day 17,192, Lady Conover 2d 17,589, Beauty , Countess of Lakeside 12,135, 
 
 Eosebud of Allerton 6352, Fair Lady 6723, Queen of Delaware 17,029, Eosy Kate 
 
690 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 10,276, Volie 19,405, Nancy Lovelock 15,511, Gipsv May 6259, May Fair 5184, 
 Miss Vermont 7698, Tamy 2(1 7125, Taniy Lowndes 25,316, Maid of Aiuboy 2929, 
 Dollie Dale 16,140, Silenta 17,685, Le Petite Mere 2d 12,810, Purest 13,730, Jeffer- 
 son Albina 12,196, Lady Bloomfield 4704, Renini 9181, Moberly Creamer 23,051, 
 Lillie PoiM 8589, Yespucia 17,455, Princess Mary of "WoodlawTi 11,663, Lilly Cross 
 13,976, Lydia Darracli 2d 8056,Lydia Darracli 3d 10,662, Lydia Darracli 5tli 16,577, 
 Alphea Jewell 22,331, Safrano 4568, Lernella 22,322, Lady Ives 1708, Countess of 
 Lome, 20,822, Clematis 3174. 
 
 DAJIS OF TESTED COWS. 
 
 Leda 799, Motto 80, Belle of Prospect 6627, Aureola 8617, Sukey 2d 1224, 
 Nellie 7825, L-ma 1298, Lady Ives 1708, Fanny 1185, Lily 857, Bell Flower 59, 
 Martinet 6418, Rose of Salem 6476, Chess 6848, Plisedra 2561. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 FORMULA FOUR. 
 
 Grandsiee into Geand-daughter : Pedigree of Cow. 
 Model Pedigree. 
 
 
 
 Saturn 94, 
 
 
 
 
 
 "^"P"'"'^^ 
 
 Ehea 166. 
 
 
 
 
 MEKCITBY432 
 
 AIphealTl 
 
 Mercury 432.. 
 
 Satui-n 94. 
 Rhea 166. 
 
 AlphealTl 
 
 Saturn 94. 
 Rhea 166. 
 
 SaUrn 94. 
 Rhea 166. 
 
 Saturn 94. 
 
 
 Nymptea 5141 
 
 Phaedra 2.561 
 
 19 lbs. 13 oz. 
 
 Mercury 432.. 
 
 Jupiter 93 
 
 Alphea 171 
 
 Jnpiter 93 
 
 Rhea 160. 
 
 Saturn 94. 
 Rhea 166. 
 
 Saturn W. 
 Rhea 166. 
 
 Saturn 94. 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Rhea 166. 
 
 
 
 
 Enropal76 
 
 Alphea 171.... 
 
 Saturn 94. 
 RUa 166. 
 
 New Tears 4352, OxoU 1922. 
 
 TESTED COWS. 
 
 Purest 13,730, Reality 16,.537, Lilly Cross 13,796, Lady Mel 429, Countess of 
 Lome 20,822. 
 
 DAMS OF TESTED COWS. 
 
 Lady Mel 429, Chess 6848. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA 
 
 FORMULA FIVE. 
 Brother into Sister. 
 
 BULLS. 
 
 Model Pedigree. 
 
 Jupiter 93. 
 
 MERCURY 432. 
 
 Alphea 171 
 
 Ehea 166. 
 
 Victor 3550, Sidney 3262, Arnold's Bronx 3309, Alpheus 1168. 
 
 TESTED cows. 
 
 Hilda D. 6683, Phaedra 2561, Volie 19,465, Mintha 12,812, Lady Tlinrlow 
 12,410, Clytemnestra 2455, Taglioni 9182, Arietta 3d 14,274, Renini 9181, Mollie 
 Garfield 2d 18,662, Forget-Me-Not O 10,564, Purest 13,730, Lesbie 9179, Mellie 
 Argylc 20,609. 
 
 DAJIS OF TESTED COWS. 
 
 Clytemnestra 2455, Julia of Deerfoot, Young Patricia, F. 35 II. C, grandani 
 of Le Brocq's Prize. 
 
 FORMULA SIX. 
 Half-Brother into Half-Sister. 
 
 Hurrah 2814, sire of Value 2d 6844 ; Duke of Darlington 2460, sire of 
 Bomba 10,330 ; Magnetic 1428, sire of Gilderoy 2107 ; Remarkable (F. 229 
 II. C— J. H. B.) ; Chief Justice 3d 1543, Sir Samuel Cunard 2231, Paddy Wilsc.n 
 3030, Ontario 865, Date 2624, Kaliela 2859, Fast Boy 2606, Czar 251, King Pin 
 1878, Duke of "Wellington 608, Guy Warwick 1450, Hector 3814, Tamerlane 4287, 
 Abe Lincoln 268, Clive Duke 1901, Sultan of St. Saviour's 5328, Niobe Duke 2364, 
 Brown Prince (F. 85 H. C— J. H. B.), Diana's Rioter 10,481, Miramon 1551. 
 
JJERSJEY CATTLE IJ^ AMEBIC A. 
 
 Model Pedigree. 
 
 HURRAH 2814. 
 
 Colonel Crockett 1694., 
 
 ViUage Girl 67-M. 
 
 Tom Dasher 420. 
 
 Tom Dasher 420. 
 
 Mary Goodenovgh S068. 
 
 Model Pedigree and Chart of Hurrah. 
 
 TESTED COWS. 
 
 Ida of St. Lambert 24,990, Oakland's Nora 14,880, Jersey Queen of 
 
 Barnet , Pet of Eose Lawn 11,326, Island Star 11,876, Conover's Beauty 12,650, 
 
 Butter Star 7799, Ideal Alpliea 18,755, Lady Cloud 19,358, Herberta 8811, Lady 
 Bidwell 10,303, Idaletta 11,843, Lerna 3634, Le Brocq's Curfew 30,697, Lady Hayes 
 10,136, Carrie Lena 3tl 2077, Idalene 11,841, Sunset 15,130, Pierrot's Lady Hayes 
 11,672, Dia 13,658, La Belle Petite 5472, Deoine 6343, Naomi's Pride 16,745, Dolly 
 of Lakeside 10,824, Pride of the Hill 4877, Gem of Sassafras 8434, Litza 6338, 
 Eobinette 7114, Lucy Gaines' Buttercup 5058, Nellie Darlington 5956, Buttery 
 3502, Aleph Judea 11,389, Estrella 2831, lola 4627, Yerbena of Fernwood 9088, 
 Farmer's Floss 17,773, Jennie Pogis 22,984, Marie C. Magnet 22,903, Maple Leaf 
 4768, Phyllis of Hillcrest 9067, Amra 9590, Mink 2548, Eioter's Nora 21,778, Tidy 
 of St. Lambert 31,114, Aspirante 9272, Honeydrop 10,033, Bounty 1606, Topsy K. 
 22,769, Matilda 2408, Bonnie Fawn 6190, La Petite Mere 3d 12,814, Madame 
 Argyle 19,476. 
 
 DAMS OF TESTED COWS. 
 
 YOUNG FANCY 97, dam of LANDSEER'S FANCY 2876; Kathleen of 
 
 St. Lambert 2122, dam of Ida of St. Lambert 24,990 ; Coreopsis 4188, dam of 
 Arnold's Lulu 7328 ; Pi-incess Eoyal 2d 1005, Arietta 14,264, Monmouth Duchess 2d 
 4619, Miss Seelock G614, Pussy Baker 6994, Fannie Booth 12,505, Juliet of St. 
 Lambert 5483, Mink 2548, Pet of St. Lambert 5123, Camelia of St. Lambert 5106, 
 May Day of St. Lambert 5109, Bessy of St. Lambert 5248, Lima 2d 3082, Minka 
 951, Warren's Duchess 4622, Flora Hinman 272, Earity 5923, Edith 4th 817, 
 Marietta 1813, Cora K. 22,768, Hecuba 3155 ; Yioletta, dam of Yiolet 3d 3240 ; 
 Monmouth Duchess 2d 1005 ; Matilda 2405, dam of Maud Lee 2416 ; Zina 3d, dam 
 of Hazen's Bess 7329 ; Beauty of Darlington 5736, dam of Bomba 10,330 ; Nelly 
 6456 ; Witch of St. Lambert 5479, dam of Cowslip of St. Lambert ; Magnet, dam of 
 Marjoram 3239 ; Lilly 2578, dam of bull Beeswax 1931. 
 
JURSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 
 
 FORMULA SEYEK 
 Uncle into Niece. 
 
 Alpha of Clifton 1S2J-, sire of Niobe's Alplicanette 23,336; Aveiiturier 4254, 
 sire of Pet of Rose Lawn 11,320 ; Dash of Glastonbury 1959. 
 
 TESTED COWS. 
 
 Model Pedigree. 
 
 Duchess of Bloom 
 
 field 3053 
 
 30 lbs. 0% oz. 
 
 Ladij Mary 1148. 
 
 I Lady Mary 1148. 
 
 Leo,F.98J.H.B.— H. C. 
 
 Coomas^e 11,874. 
 
 Bthleel 18,- 
 
 724 
 
 lU lbs. 14.0Z. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERIQA. 
 
 TESTED COWS. 
 
 Ethleel 3d 32,291, Monmouth Duchess 4th Y129, Belle of Prospect 2d 14,326, 
 Lady Gray of Hill Top 6850, Phtedra 2561, CoUe 8309, Nida 2d 8227, Eenalba 
 4117, Zitella 2d 11,922, Warren's Duchess 4622, Ceccola 13,608, Lady Louise 4339, 
 Purest 13,730, Malope 2d 11,923, Eoyal Sister 12,457, Monmouth Duchess 3d 
 4620, Eenown 13,729, Moonah's Pet 7484, Lerna 3634, Niobe of Linwood 11,134, 
 Lady Louise 4339, Alphea Star 16,532, Maculae 24,277, Belle Garner 23,682. 
 
 DAMS OF TESTED COWS. 
 
 Value 5433, dam of Value 3cl 6844 ; Magnet, dam of Marjoram 3239 ; La 
 Petite Belle 12,807, Monmouth Duchess 2d 4619, Monmouth Duchess 3d 4620 ; 
 Lady Mel 429, dam of Lady Mel 2d. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 FORMULA EIGHT. 
 Nephew into Aunt. 
 
 GILDEROY 2107 ; Pedlar 631, E. II. B., sire of Rioter 7iC, E. H. B., and 
 grandsire of Rioter 2d 4G9, and Dolphin 2d iOS, double g. grandsire of Stoke Pogis 
 1259. 
 
 Model Pedigree. 
 
 GILDEROY 2107. 
 
 John Le Bas 398. . 
 
 « 
 
 
 John Le Saf 398. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ida 1441. 
 
 Magnetic 14i!8 
 
 
 
 
 
 John Le Bas m. 
 
 
 Azalea 1«3 
 
 
 I Conqueror, F. 35 J. H. B 
 I Patricia, F. 189 J. II. B. 
 
 Prince of Wales. 
 
 Dairy Pride, F. 348 J. 
 
 Prince of "Wales bred to liis dam Duchess, F. 24 J. H. B., produced Patricia, 
 F. 189 J. H. B., dam of John Le Bas. 
 
 Jeanne Le Bas 2476 is also the product of the same formula as her son 
 Gilderoy. 
 
 Champion of America 1567 ; Pacha (64 J. II. B.), sire of Regina 4th 
 12,732 ; Carlo 5559. 
 
 TESTED cows. 
 
 Melia Ann 5444, Jeanne Le Bas 2476, Rosa Miller 4333, Maud Melinda 12,126, 
 Pride of Bovina 8050, Jersey Cream 3d 8521, Trudie 277, Young Garenue 3d 
 13,648, Saragossa 22,019, Violet 3d 3240, Queen of De Soto 12,318, Dolly of 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 697 
 
 Lakeside 10,284, Mintlia 12,812, Lobelia 2d 6650, Miunie of Scituate 17,829, Pride 
 of the HiU, 4ST7. 
 
 DAMS OF TESTED COWS. 
 
 Trudie 277, Bessie Allen 3719, Helvetia , Melia Ann 54:44. 
 
 FOEMULA NINE. 
 
 GeAND-NepHEW into GEAND-AtJNT. 
 BULLS. 
 
 Model Pedigree. 
 
 Sweepstakes Duke 
 
 1905 
 
 Duke P. 76 J. H. B.- 
 H. C. 1st prize. 
 
 Merry Boy, P.61.— H.C, 
 
 Eva, F. 628.— C. 
 
 Noble, F. 104.— n. C. 
 
 Soucique, F. C8. — C. 
 
 Duchess, F. !M.— H. C. 
 
 ROYALIST 2906, Stockwell 2d (P. 24 H. C- J. H. B.), Carlo 5559, Ida's 
 Bioter of St. Lambert. 
 
 TESTED COWS. 
 
 SULTANE 3d 11,373, Chrome Skin 7881, Eegina 4th 12,732, Honeysuckle of 
 St. Anne's 18,674, Bessie Kidgely 8293, Eegina 2d 2475, Queen of Ashantee 14,554, 
 Maggie Eex 28,^23, Duchess of Argyle 4th 7571. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 FOEMULA TEN. 
 Cousin into Cousin. 
 
 BULLS. 
 
 Model Pedigree. 
 
 Jlob lioy 17. 
 
 Couch's Lily 3237 . 
 
 Rhodes' Bull SM. 
 
 Bradley Cow a05-3. 
 
 Tainlor's Butt. 
 
 Bradley Cow iOS. 
 
 REX 1330, Aucliciitorolly 3-i94, Tormentor 3533. 
 
 TESTED COWS. 
 
 FLOWER OF GLEN ROUGE 17,560, Nelly 6456, Yiva Lc Brocq 13,702, 
 Countess Potoka 7496, Obella B. 10,575, Oak Leaf 4769, Dia 13,658, Cordelia Baker 
 8814, Silver Kose 4753, Signal Maid 19,361, Princess Sheila 7297, Fear Not 2d 6061, 
 Louvie 3d 6159, Lady Gray of Hill Top 2d 14,641, Lady Gray of Hill Top 3d 
 14,642, Chloe Beach 3931, Moss Eose of St. Lambert 5114, Jessie Lee of Labyrinth 
 5290, El Mora Mostar 15,955, Lucy Gaines' Buttercup 5058, Olie's May Belle 6567, 
 St. Jeannaise 15,989, Miss Willie Jones 6918, Como Lass 24,369, Ada S. 18,366. 
 
 DAMS OF TESTED COWS. 
 
 Lolly of St. Lambert 5480, dam of Mary Anne of St. Lambert 
 9770, Naiad of St. Lambert 12,965, and Crocus of St. Lambert 8351. 
 
 ADDITIONAL TESTS TO JEESEY FOUNTAINS. 
 Tlie following totals have been added since the forms were cast: 
 
 Comus 54, 50 cows; Alphea 171, 92 cows; Eioter 746 E. H. B., 56 cows; 
 Eioter 2d 469, 21 cows ; Eioter 670, 15 cows ; Victor Hugo 197, 49 cows ; Pauline 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IERICA. 699 
 
 494, 40 cows; Angela 1682, 11 cows; Albei-t 44, a dangliter, 132 cows; Pausy 8, 
 165 cows; Clement 115, 120 cows ; McClellan 25, 72 cows. 
 
 LADY MAEY 1148. 
 
 Bdtteu ' 
 
 Name. Per CEt 
 
 ; of Ely 3d 6771 . 35 
 Gladys of Bellevue 9569 . 35 
 
 La Fantine 14,489 . . . 18| 
 
 Day 
 
 16 lbs. 8 
 16 ■' 7 
 15 " 4 
 
 Lizzette's Mary 13,723 . . 17x\ 14 " 
 
 Blood, Bhttek Yield i 
 Name. Per Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 Roclielle 15,574 . . . . 9f 15 lbs. 10 c 
 Duchess of Bloomfleld 3d 
 
 15,580 9| 15 " 1 ' 
 
 Total, 102 coios. 
 
 MAEIUS 760. 
 
 Name. Per Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 La Fantine 34,489 . . . 35 15 lbs. 4 oz. 
 Duchess of Bloomfleld 3d 
 
 15,580 13i 15 " 1 " 
 
 Name. Per Cent, Seven Days. 
 
 Rochelle 15,574 . . . . 12i 15 lbs. 10 oz. 
 
 Lizzette's Mary 13,733 . . 6i 14 " 11 " 
 
 Total, 90 cows. 
 
 Lawrence 61, 24 cows ; Lord Liegar 1066, 43 cows ; Top Sawyer 1414, 
 21 cows ; Eex 1330, 26 cows ; Couch's Lily 3237, 30 cows. 
 
 LOED LAWEENCE 1414. 
 
 BcTTER Yield i 
 
 Name. Pee Cent. Seven 
 
 Gladys of Bellevue 9569 . 50 16 lbs. 
 Empress of Ely 2d 6771 .35 16 " 
 
 Name. 
 
 Lizzette's Mary 13,' 
 Total, 11 cowa. 
 
 Per Cent. Seven Days. 
 
 . 35 14 lbs. 11 oz. 
 
 IVIEASUEEMENTS OF LANDSEEE'S FANCY 2876. 
 
 The following points relating to the cow Landseer's Fancy 2876 were received 
 too late for insertion in their proper place : 
 
 She has a deep yellow skin and the deepest yellow ear. Her length is 
 87 inches ; girth at heart, 70 inches ; at navel (in calf si.\ months), 85 inches ; girth 
 in front of ndder, 75 inches. 
 
 Breadth across hips, 20J inches. 
 
 Length of quarter from point of hip to first joint of tail, 21^ inches. 
 
 Her weight is estimated at 950 pounds. 
 
rOO JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 STUDY OF THE TABLES. 
 
 Not all of tlie products of inbreeding are sliowii under the preceding ten 
 fonuulas. 
 
 There are many great animals produced by the union of two or more closely 
 inbred lines, as Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770. Her sire, Stoke Pogis 3d .2238, 
 ■was the product of Stoke Pogis 1259, the fruit of forty years of inbreeding, 
 culminating in the formula of sire into daughter, and Marjoram 3239, bringing back 
 two lines of the same Dauncey Herd blood as that of Stoke Pogis. They were both 
 fine animals, the one the best descendant of the original Dauncey herd, and Marjoram 
 the best heifer bred by Mr. Duncan, from a long line of inlireeding. 
 
 Loll}' of St. Lambert 5480, dam of Marj' Anne of St. Lambert, was the product 
 of three lines of Victor Hugo 197, a union of half-brothers and half-sisters. 
 
 St. Helier 4-5 and Albert 44 are claimed to be the result of forty years of close 
 inbreeding on the Island of Jersey. 
 
 It will be observed that the best models, bulls and cows, are the product of 
 inbreeding. Some who have strong prejudices against inbreeding, and have made 
 but a very superficial study of the subject, have assumed to show the contrary, that 
 inbreeding does not produce the finest or best specimens. One writer in Mr. 
 Campbell Brown's " Butter Tests" declares inbreeding to be wrong, and has made 
 a table by which he endeavors to show that the great cows are necessarily " outbred," 
 and makes apparently a very good showing by counting all the cows of which he 
 does not happen to know the pedigree as " outbred," yet all but two of his table of 
 so-called outbred animals have pedigrees so short or incomplete that it cannot be said 
 of any of them that they are not inbred, while several of them have the names of 
 strongly inbred animals in their pedigrees within one, two, or three generations. 
 The breeding of Ethleel 2tl 32,291 is credited to the writer of that article! I 
 have arranged the ten formulas in the order, as I believe, of their importance. "When 
 we have but two or three examples of formiila number one, son into dam, it is hardly 
 fair to challenge this formula Avith its meagre opportunities for exhibition, to rival 
 the world in opposition. The single instance of Marius 7t;0 is a good showing, as 
 also that of Chief Justice 3d lfi43, the former having ninety descendants 
 among the tested cows, and the latter ])roducing f rona his dam the great cow Hilda 
 2d, yielding twenty -three jiounds five ounces in seven days. When a few of the 
 strong model cows shall have been bred to their sons aiid grandsons, and some not 
 very remote generations of butter tests accumulated, it will be a better time than the 
 present to compare the results of inbreeding with those of outbreeding. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AJ/EIilCA. 701 
 
 Outbred animals, however, must eventually becoiue imi^roved as the M-hole 
 breed feels the influence of selection and careful inbreeding. 
 
 I would still say, put a good inbred bull at the head of your herd. My idea of a 
 good bull is that he should be the grandson of his dam, and she a twenty-tive-jwund 
 standard or grass-test cow, and perfect in every point. To inbreed mediocrity and 
 inferiority is as reprehensible as the inbreeding of consunnnate excellence is 
 commendable. 
 
 INBREED TO THE WINNER. 
 
 The table of Standard Tests and the whole of the groups of cows showing 
 richness of milk will greatly aid breeders in the selection of choice pedigree stock for 
 the foundation of herds or the perfection of lines already established. 
 
 THE FUTURE OF AMERICAN JERSEYS. 
 
 The breeder who will first show a herd in which every animal shall have been 
 bred by himself, each of the cows having an ofiicial test of twenty pounds a week or 
 upward, will effectually demonstrate that breeding is a science, and not the result 
 of chance and hazard. 
 
 The stability of the dairy industry and the breeding of choice dairy stock is 
 fixed upon the basis of the progressive civilization of the age. Wherever this 
 industry is cherished it is attended by all the outward evidences of prosperity : 
 improvement in dwellings, better schools, sanitary farm buildings, labor-saving farm 
 apparatus ; while the very best strains of Jersey cattle take the place of all inferior 
 breeds. 
 
 Articles produced by the best dairies that are now considered table luxuries 
 must soon become staple articles of food, and the home demand for dairy products 
 must increase, so that all, or nearly all, of our products will be consumed at home. 
 The income from the dairy must always be sure, and the amount of that income 
 will be increased according to the excellence of quality in the products. The increase 
 of popidation is so great and rapid that the breeding of choice Jerseys can never 
 supply the demand, consequently there will always be room, for all those who have 
 the requisite education and skill, to embark in the enterprise of Jersey breeding, 
 with an absolute assurance of success. Judging by the past, we take our measure 
 of what the future will be. 
 
 Straight onward will be the development of the Jersey interest. The popularity 
 of the Jersey can never be less, but ever an increasing tide. Dotting every hillside 
 and sprinkling every valley, the herds will grace the landscape with beauty, over 
 this vast continent, from Labrador to Mexico, and ^vill yet play an important part 
 in the higher civilization of the latter as well as our own countrv. With better 
 
702 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 metliods in agriculture and in dairying, with better practice in the breeding and 
 management of cattle, with improved medical and sanitary treatment, and a higher 
 standard of excellence in the quality of herds, the Jersey breeders of America have 
 an auspicious prospect of grand achievements before them, which we await with 
 hopeful anticipation. 
 
 I close this volume with the admonition to American farmei-s to clierit;]i the 
 Jersey cow as the best foster-mother of the liuniaii i-ace. a ])Ooii Ijestowed by our 
 Father to show His beneficent cure for the comfort of our earthly pilgrimage. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Abbreviations, 491. 
 
 Aberdeen-Angus Milk, 393, 394. 
 
 Abortion, 294. 
 
 Abortion, Embryonic, 294. 
 
 Abortion, Foetal, 294. 
 
 Abortion, Medical treatment of, 300. 
 
 Abortion, Ovular, 394. 
 
 Abortion, Prevention of, 299. 
 
 Abortion, Symptoms of, 295. 
 
 Absorbing quality of soils, 106, 141. 
 
 Absorption of flavors in butter, 409. 
 
 Absorptive quality of milk, 411. 
 
 Acetic acid in ensilage, 288, 280, 281, 429. 
 
 Accidents to cattle, 287. 
 
 Acclimation fever, 293. 
 
 Acclimation of Jerseys, 298. 
 
 Acute red water, 305. 
 
 Acute red-water. Symptoms of, 306. 
 
 Acute red-water, Treatment of, 806. 
 
 Adoption of Jersey cattle, 485. 
 
 Advantages of drainage, 128. 
 
 Advantages of Centrifuge Creamer, 369. 
 
 Advantages of sweet-corn hay over ensilage, 428. 
 
 429. 
 Advice to American farmers, 701. 
 Advice to Holstein-Friesian breeders of Dutch 
 
 cattle, 853. 
 ^dhumla, 18. 
 
 Aeration of cream in ripening, 409. 
 After-birth, 286, 302, 807. 
 Agamemnon, 16. 
 Agents in cheese-curing, 379. 
 Agriculture, 11. 
 Agricultural implements, 119. 
 Agricultural implements of special merit, 121. 
 Air in stables, 112, 114. 
 Air, indispensable allowance in coldest weather, 
 
 823. 
 Airing cream, 409. 
 
 Airing hay, 425. 
 
 Albert 44, 96, 511, 584, 699. 
 
 Alcohol in ensilage, 238, 280, 281, 429. 
 
 Alderney, 46, 488. 
 
 Aldine 1186, 554. 
 
 Allowance of air for cattle (minimum), 323. 
 
 Allowance of soiling crops, 193. 
 
 Alphea 171, 507, 699. 
 
 Amalgam 15, 360, 359. 
 
 American cultivation of soil, 188. 
 
 American feeding stuffs, 240. 
 
 American Jersey Cattle Club, 46, 488, 489. 
 
 American Savoy cabbage, 355. 
 
 Ammonia, Saving of, 178. 
 
 Amount of butter fat in milk, 339-354 
 
 Amount of casein in milk, 339-354. 
 
 Amount of dung from feed, 168. 
 
 Amount of solids in milk, 339-354. 
 
 Amount of sugar in milk, 339-354. 
 
 Amount of water in milk, 389-354. 
 
 Ampere, Theory of thermal magnetism, 471 
 
 Analysis of American feeding stuffs, 340. 
 
 Analysis of butter, 413, 603, 617, 633, 635, 647. 
 
 Analysis of buttermilk, 633-635. 
 
 Analysis of butter of Edessa 21844, 684. 
 
 Analysis of butter of Evelina of Verna 10971, 633. 
 
 Analysis of butter of Hilda D. 6683, 638. 
 
 Analysis of butter of Ida of St. Lambert 34990, 
 
 617. 
 Analysis of butter of JIary Anne of St. Lambert 
 
 9770, 617. 
 Analysis of butter of Matilda 4th 13816, /. 
 Analysis of butter of Value 2d 6844, 602. 
 Analysis of butter-,salt, 405. 
 Analysis of by-products, 235. 
 Analysis of cheese, 366. 
 Analysis of colostrum, 297. 
 Analysis of cream, 366. 
 Analysis of cow's milk, 340-354, 394-897. 
 Analysis of chaflE and hulls, 234. 
 
704 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE I.V AMERICA. 
 
 Analysis of dairy products, 230. 
 
 Analysis of dairy products of Ilougliton Farm 
 
 Herd, 342, 412. 
 Analysis of dairy products of Verna Herd, 633-635. 
 Analysis of English cheese, 398. 
 Analysis of ensilage, 23«, 280, 281, 429. 
 Analysis of feeding stuffs, 229-240. 
 Anali'sis of grain, 230. 
 Analysis of grains and fruits, 235. 
 Analysis of green plants, 229. 
 Analysis of hay, 231. 
 Analysis of many cheeses, 397, 398. 
 Analysis of milk, 340-354, 632-635. 
 Analysis of mineral constituents 'of plants, 228. 
 Analysis of miscellaneous products, 237. 
 Analysis of roots, 234. 
 ..\jialysi3 of skimmed milk, 633-635. 
 Analysis of straw, 230, 233. 
 Analysis of tubers, 234. 
 Analysis of woman's milk, 354. 
 Apoplexy in colostrum stage, 295, 296. 
 Apparatus for barrenness, 303, 304. 
 Apparatus for butter dairy, 120. 
 Apparatus for cheese dairy, 121. 
 Apparatus for dairy farming, 119. 
 Apparatus of special merit, 121. 
 Apparatus used in study of the weather, 474. 
 Approach of a storm, 466. 
 April ration for cows, 273. 
 Arsenites, 288. 
 Art of butter-making, 400. 
 Art of churning, 403. 
 Art of hay -making, 425. 
 Art of milking, 360. 
 
 Articles of questionable utility in feeding, 237. 
 Articles suitable for feeding Jerseys, 231. 
 Arts of peace, 13. 
 Asaph the Seer, 13. 
 Ash-heap, 166. 
 Atavism, 73, 75, 496. 
 Atlantic coast drouths, 455. 
 Atlantic system of conditions, 445. 
 Atmosphere, Stories of, 435. 
 Atmospheric conditions, 435. 
 Atmospheric day, 475. 
 Atmospheric system, 434. 
 August ration for cows, 271 
 Aurora, 472. 
 
 Average analysis of American feeding stuffs, 240. 
 Average analysis, tables of Collier and Wolff , 231. 
 Average annual rainfall iu parts of United States, 
 
 477. 
 Average annual temperature in United States, 476. 
 Average butter yields of different breeds, 422. 
 Average milk yield of Deerfoot Herd, 355. 
 Average milk yield of Oaklands Herd, 394. 
 A verification of the Guenon theory, 583. 
 Ayrshire cheese curd, 393, 394. 
 Ayrshire milk, 346, 347, 348, 393, 394. 
 Azelda 3872, 571. 
 
 Babine feather, 58. 
 
 Backward seasons, 434. 
 
 Backward spring and larger area of planting, 434. 
 
 Bad flavors in butter, 409-414. 
 
 Barley, Analysis of, 231, 241. 
 
 Barley as a soiling crop, 251-255. 
 
 Barns, Concrete, 109. 
 
 Barns, How to build, 107-109. 
 
 Barometer, 460. 
 
 Baronet 2240, 572. 
 
 Barrenness in cows, 302. 
 
 Barrenness, Medical treatment of, 304. 
 
 Barrenness, Surgical treatment of, 303. 
 
 Batard feather, 60. 
 
 Beach, Charles M., 46. 
 
 Bear in mind, 899. 
 
 Bcattie, 23. 
 
 Bedding, 117. 
 
 Beef breed, 73. 
 
 Beeswax 1931, 487. 
 
 Beets, Analysis of, 229, 234, 240. 
 
 Beets for soiling, 255. 
 
 Belt of showers, 438, 440. 
 
 Best formula for breeding prepotent bull, 96, 687. 
 
 Best separator, 375. 
 
 Beware of pitchforks, 328. 
 
 Bicorn escutcheon, 62. 
 
 Bismarck 292, 519. 
 
 Black-water, 305. 
 
 Black-water, Treatment of, 306. 
 
 Blood of first importation in the cliarapion cow, 
 487. 
 
 Blood percentages of descendants of noted ani- 
 mals, 492. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Bloomfield, Robert, 33. 
 
 Bluclier48, 511. 
 
 Body of the central condition, 452. 
 
 Bone materials in food, 243. 
 
 Bonfoy on cheesemaking, 380. 
 
 Bougie for opening womb, 303. 
 
 Bovine digestion, 343. 
 
 Bovine stomach, 343. 
 
 Bovine temperature, 393. 
 
 Breeders' Calendar, 301. 
 
 Breeding, brother into sister, 692. 
 
 Breeding, cousin into cousin, 698. 
 
 Breeding, Facts about, 93. 
 
 Breeding formulas, 687. 
 
 Breeding, grand-nephew into grand-aunt, 697. 
 
 Breeding, grandsire into grand-daughter, 691. 
 
 Breeding, grandson into grandam, 688. 
 
 Breeding, half-brother into half-sister, 693. 
 
 Breeding, nephew into aunt, 696. 
 
 Breeding, Principles of, 39-73. 
 
 Breeding, sire into daughter, 688. 
 
 son into dam, 687. 
 
 True art of, 94. 
 Breeding, uncle into niece, 694. 
 Breeds, Comparison of, 73, 340-354. 
 Bridal Procession, 34. 
 Brie cheese, 388. 
 Brig Splendid, 485, 486. 
 Bristol Chief 1496, 487. 
 Brittany cattle, 40. 
 Broken horn, 309. 
 Bronchitis, 321. 
 Brother into sister, 693. 
 Brother Jonathan, 483. 
 Brown Prince, F. 85, 516. 
 Browny, P. 158, 576. 
 Bryant, W. C, 13, 33. 
 Buck Jr., Daniel, 44, 485, 493. 
 Buffer 3055, 553. 
 Bull, Care of, 383. 
 Bull exercise, 283. 
 Bull helmet, 384. 
 Bull, Rations for, 377. 
 Bull, Ringing the, 283. 
 Butler, Thomas B., 434, 484. 
 Butter, 398. 
 
 Butter, Analysis of, 412, 603, 617, 633, 64*. 
 Butter color, 424. 
 
 Butter flavor, 409. 
 
 Butter granules, 404. 
 
 Butter in breeds, 421, 422. 
 
 Butterine, 414. 
 
 Butter in milk, 339-354. 
 
 Butter, Jersey, 398. 
 
 Butter-making after cheese, 385. 
 
 Butter-making, Methods of, 400. 
 
 Butter per 100 pounds of milk, 393. 
 
 Butter salt, 404. 
 
 Butter testing, 46, 487, 489. 
 
 Butter tests for four weeks, 653. 
 
 Butter tests for less than one year, 650-653. 
 
 Butter tests for one year, 650. 
 
 Butter tests, First, 487. 
 
 Butter tests for thirty days, 651. 
 
 Butter tests for thirty-one days, 651. 
 
 Butter tests for three weeks, 653. 
 
 Butter tests for two weeks, 653. 
 
 Butter tests. History of, 487, 489. 
 
 Butter tests. Official A. J. C. C, 590. 
 
 Butter tests of seven days, 653. 
 
 Butter tests. Standard, 587. 
 
 Butter yields of noted Jerseys, 493-701. 
 
 Butter yields of herds, 415. 
 
 By-products, Analysis of, 835 
 
 Cabbage, American Savoy, 355. 
 
 Cabbage, Analysis of, 233. 
 
 Cabbage for soiling, 255. 
 
 Cabbage, Quintal variety, 255. 
 
 Cadmium orange tint, 48. 
 
 Calcareous soils, 103, 104. 
 
 Calendar for breeders, 201. 
 
 Calendar for farm-work, 193. 
 
 California irrigation, 335. 
 
 Calves, Diarrhoea in, 317. 
 
 Calves, Indigestion in, 316. 
 
 Calves, Prevention of indigestion in, 316. 
 
 Calves, Rations for, 277, 379. 
 
 Camembert cheese, 388. 
 
 Canada Jerseys, 353, 395, 488. 
 
 Canadian scale of points for dairy shows. 
 
 Capacity of cisterns, 115. 
 Care of bull, 382. 
 Care of calf, 386. 
 
706 
 
 JERtiEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Care of calving cows, 285. 
 
 Care of cows and beifers, 284. 
 
 Care in testing cows, 565. 
 
 Carresine escutcheon, 64. 
 
 Carrots, Analysis of, 234, 340. 
 
 Carrots, Culture of, 256. 
 
 Casein ferment in butter, 411. 
 
 Casein in milk, 339, 354. 
 
 Cash Boy 2248, 575. 
 
 Casualties, 287. 
 
 Catchmcadows, 217. 
 
 Catono 3761, 582. 
 
 Cattle Club, American Jersey, 46, 488. 
 
 Cattle, Digestion in, 343. 
 
 Cattle, Inbreeding of, 81. 
 
 Causes of abortion, 394. 
 
 Causes of accidents and diseases, 297. 
 
 Causes of bad cheese, 379-381. 
 
 Causes of colostrum apoplexy, 295. 
 
 Cecco 1673, 566. 
 
 Central belt of electric currents, 471. 
 
 Central belt of rains, 449. 
 
 Central condition, 449. 
 
 Central system of conditions, 446. 
 
 Centrifuge, 368. 
 
 Centrifuge butter, 400. 
 
 CentrifuLTal Ijutter-washer, 404. 
 
 Chair and hulls aualj-sis, 234. 
 
 Champion cow of the world, 487, 496, 557. 
 
 Champion Drill, 131. 
 
 Champion of America 1567, 486, 555. 
 
 Champion JIagnet 6480, 584. 
 
 Characteristics of modern Jersey. 47. 
 
 Charieston 1, 503. 
 
 Chart of milk yield according to Guenou, 65. 
 
 Chart of milking period, 66. 
 
 Cheap ice-hou.se, 433. 
 
 Cheap stabling, 117. 
 
 Cheap winter ration, 273. 
 
 Cheese, 376. 
 
 Cheese, Analysis of, 366, 397. 
 
 Cheese, Elements of nutrition in, 398. 
 
 Cheese-curd, per 100 pounds of milk, 393, 397. 
 
 Chemical analysis cannot always detect elements 
 in milk causing disease, 411. 
 
 Chemical analysis of butler, 412, 603, 617, 633, 
 647. 
 
 Chemical analysis of cheese, 366, 397. 
 
 Chemical analysis of butter of "Value 2d 6844, 
 
 Chemical analysis of cow's milk, 346, 354, 
 
 Chemical analysis of woman's milk, 354. 
 
 Chemical changes in soils, 101. 
 
 Chief Justice 2d 1643, 543. 
 
 Chlorine gas disinfectant, 330. 
 
 Chlorophyl, 434. 
 
 Chroma 4572, 487. 
 
 Chronic red-water, 305. 
 
 Chronic red-water, Treatment of, 306. 
 
 Churn, 127. 
 
 Churning, 403. 
 
 Churning whole milk, 400. 
 
 Cirrus clouds, 437. 
 
 Cirro-stratus clouds, 437. 
 
 Cisterns, Capacity of, 115. 
 
 Claimant, P. 84, 566. 
 
 Clark's Root-Cutter, 122. 
 
 Classes of drouth, 455. 
 
 Classes of escutcheon, 60. 
 
 Classes of soils, 103. 
 
 Clay, Henry, 12. 
 
 Clay soils, 104. 
 
 Cleaning butter by centrifuge machine, 404. 
 
 Cleanliness in Gloucestershire dairies, 386. 
 
 Cleanliness in stables, 116, 860, 439. 
 
 Clean milking, 360, 863. 
 
 Clement 115, 513. 
 
 Cliff 176, 516. 
 
 Clive Duke 1901, 571. 
 
 Closure of womb, 303. 
 
 Clothing, Disinfection of, 333. 
 
 Clouds, 436-439. 
 
 Clouds as indicators, 466. 
 
 Clouds produced by electric induction, 473. 
 
 Clover, Analysis of, 381, 241. 
 
 Clover and grass hay, 426. 
 
 Clover, Curing, 426. 
 
 Clover for soiling, 351. 
 
 Cceur de Lion, 318, 517. 
 
 Coffee deodorizer, 332. 
 
 Cold, late spring diminishes yield of crops, 434. 
 
 Colic, 289. 
 
 Colic in calves, 318, 319. 
 
 Colonel 76, 487, 493. 
 
 Color in butter, 424. 
 
 Coloring cheese, 377, 383, 384. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 707 
 
 Color in plants, 434. 
 
 Color of Camembert cheese, 391. 
 
 Color of Gilderoy 2107, 577. 
 
 Colors, 41. 48. 
 
 Color tints, 48. 
 
 Colostrum analysis, 397. 
 
 Colostrum apoplexy, 395. 
 
 Colt, S. C.,486. 
 
 Columbiad 534, 531. 
 
 Columbiad 3d 1515, 566. 
 
 Commercial value of manures, 174. 
 
 Comparative studies of milk, 389, 354. 
 
 Comparative chemical tests of milk in breeds, 
 
 350-353. 
 Comparative tables of breeds of dairy cattle, 
 
 423. 
 Competitive tests of dairy cows, 852, 395, 
 
 397. 
 Component elements of butter, 409. 
 Comus, 54. 501, 699. 
 Conclusions regarding butter tests, 565. 
 Concrete, 109. 
 Condensation, Electric, 474. 
 Connecticut, 483. 
 Connecticut bulls, 486, 487. 
 Connecticut cows, 486, 487. 
 Connecticut first to breed Jerseys pure, 485. 
 Connecticut inventions, 484. 
 Connecticut longevity, 485. 
 Connecticut men, 483, 486. 
 Connecticut patriotism, 488. 
 Constipation, 310. 
 Constituents of manures, 168. 
 Construction of dairy, 337. 
 Construction of ice-houses, 423. 
 Consumption, 333. 
 Contrast of breeds, 421, 423. 
 Controlling sex, 90, 556. 
 Cooling milk, 365. 
 Cooling milk for cheese, 383. 
 Coomassie 11,874, 486, 544. 
 Corn analysis, 333-235, 238-241. 
 Corn culture, 254. 
 Corn for soiling, 254. 
 Corn hay, 428. 
 Corn measurement, 204. 
 Cost of sewage irrigation, 183. 
 
 Cotentin cattle, 40. 
 
 Cotter's Saturday Night, 33. 
 
 Couch's Lily 3237, 487, 534, 586. 
 
 Coughs, 321. 
 
 Coulommiers cheese, 388. 
 
 Counterfeit escutcheons, 57-65. 
 
 Countess 114, 487, 492. 
 
 Cousin into cou.sin, 698. 
 
 Covered drains, 136. 
 
 Covered drains. Depth of, 144. 
 
 Covering grass seeds, 258. 
 
 Cow at calving-time, 285. 
 
 " Cow-pea " hay, 437. 
 
 Cowper, William, 33. 
 
 Cream, 366. 
 
 Cream cheese, 888. 
 
 Cream not rising, 403, 403. 
 
 Cream per 100 lbs. milk, 393. 
 
 Cream-separator, 368. 
 
 Cream-separators at London Fair, 37 
 
 Creamery (Stoddard), 135. 
 
 Crops, American system, 191. 
 
 Crops decreased by late season, 434. 
 
 Crops, English system, 191. 
 
 Crops for soOing, 193. 
 
 Crops, Planning for, 193. 
 
 Crops, practical list of, 249. 
 
 Crossbred, 74. 
 
 Cud-chewing, 244. 
 
 Cultivation, American, 188. 
 
 Cultivation of soiling crops, 351. 
 
 Cultivation, Theory of, 186. 
 
 Cultivators, 189. 
 
 Cumulo-cirruS clouds, 437. 
 
 Cumulo-.stratus clouds, 437. 
 
 Curd-breaker, 387. 
 
 Curd-machine, 130. 
 
 Curd per 100 lbs. of milk, 393. 
 
 Cures, Law for selection of, 398. 
 
 Curing Camembert cheese, 890. 
 
 Curing cheese, 381. 
 
 Curing clover, 436. 
 
 Curing corn-fodder, 438. 
 
 Curing millet, 427. 
 
 Curing-room for cheese, 382, 384, 38: 
 
 Cutting corn, 428. 
 
 Czar 373, 486, 498. 
 
708 
 
 JER.SEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Daily variations (fair wciither) in barometer, wind, 
 electric tension, needle and thermometer, 
 475. 
 
 Dairy, 335. 
 
 Dairy breeds, 73, 340-354. 
 
 Dairj- building. Plan of, 336. 
 
 Dairy drainage, 337. 
 
 Dairy farming, 97. 
 
 Dairy farming and weather, 433. 
 
 Dairy farm-work, 193. 
 
 Dairy implements, 130. 
 
 Dairy products. Analysis of, as feed, 23G. 
 
 Dairy tests at Ontario Experiment Farm, 393. 
 
 Dairy tints, 48. 
 
 Dairy utensils, 120, 385. 
 
 Daisy Pogis 23015, 358. 
 
 Dandelion 2521, 56, 486, 528. 
 
 Daniel Buck, Jr., 485. 
 
 Dart feather, 60. 
 
 Dauncey, Philip, 78, 89, 509. 
 
 Dazzle 379, 487, 518. 
 
 Deadlj' poisons, 289. 
 
 Decades of sun-spots and weather, 458-460. 
 
 Declivity of drains, 149. 
 
 Decomposition of rocks, 101. 
 
 Deep-can system for butter, 402. 
 
 Deep-can system for cream, 375. 
 
 Deerfoot Boy 1926, 565. 
 
 Deer, Inbreeding of, 86. 
 
 Definitions of the weather, 435. 
 
 De Laval and other separators, 368, 375. 
 
 Demi-canal, 243. 
 
 Demijohn escutcheon, 63. 
 
 Dent corn, 254. 
 
 Deodorizers, 332. 
 
 Descendants of noted animals, 492-586. 
 
 Devon, 393. 
 
 Dew point, 468. 
 
 Diarrhoea, 317. 
 
 Dick Swiveller Jr. 276, 487, 501. 
 
 Digestion in cattle, 243. 
 
 Digestive juices, 245. 
 
 Direction of drains, 149. 
 
 Diseased milk may not be detected by chemical 
 analysis, 411. 
 
 Diseases from tilth, 429. 
 
 Diseases, Medical treatment of, 298. 
 
 Disinfectants, 330. 
 
 Displacement of womb, 304 
 
 DobeU, Sidney, 27. 
 
 Doctor n. 2132, 551. 
 
 Dogs for manure, 195. 
 
 Dog-traps, 195. 
 
 Dolphin 2d 468, 525. 
 
 Doremus's method of disinfection, 830. 
 
 Dorking fowls, 87. 
 
 Double-selvedge escutcheon, 63. 
 
 Downy fowls, 87. 
 
 Drainage in America, 155. 
 
 Drainage of ice-house, 423. 
 
 Drainage of land, 128. 
 
 Drainage of springs, 138. 
 
 Drains, 134. 
 
 Drains, Covered, 136. 
 
 Drains, Depth of, 144, 145. 
 
 Drains, Frequency of, 147. 
 
 Drains, Laying out of, 150. 
 
 Drains, Open, 134. 
 
 Drains, Outfall, 150. 
 
 Drains, Tile, 137. 
 
 Dr. Collier's analyses, 231. 
 
 Dr. Grant's Jersey cheese, 392. 
 
 Drill, Champion, 121. 
 
 Drills, 189. 
 
 Drouth, 206, 454, 473. 
 
 Dr. Sturtevant on feed and breed, 420. 
 
 Dr. Wolff's tables of chemical analysis of feeding- 
 stuffs, 231. 
 
 Drying cheese, 382, 384, 388. 
 
 Drying off cows, 276. 
 
 Duclaux's experiments with rennet, 316. 
 
 Duke of Brandywine 2213, 576. 
 
 Duke of Darlington 2460, 571. 
 
 Duke of Grayholdt 1035, 535. 
 
 Dung from feed, 163. 
 
 Durability of drains, 137. 
 
 Duration of storms, 464, 470, 471. 
 
 Diiring's theory of sex, 90. 
 
 Dutch or Holstein-Friesian milk, 343, 345, 347, 
 350, 351, 353, 353. 
 
 Earth a thermal magnet, 471. 
 Earth's great central condition, 449. 
 Earthy elements in food, 243. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IIST A3IERICA. 
 
 Echo Farm milk yields, 355. 
 
 Edda, Icelandic, 18. 
 
 Effects of high lands upon rainfall, 456. 
 
 Bfiects of sewage grass upon milk, 411. 
 
 Effects of sewer gas upon milk, 411. 
 
 Effects of worry upon milk, 349. 
 
 Egypt, Out of, 14. 
 
 Egyptians, 16. 
 
 Eighth class escutcheon, 63. 
 
 Electric action upon plants and animals, 469- 
 
 473. 
 Electric currents of the earth, 471. 
 Electric force in condensation, 474. 
 Electric force in evaporation, 473. 
 Electric force in production of cloud forms, 473. 
 Electric force in tornado, 473. 
 Electric force in winds, 473. 
 Electric force produces trade-winds, 473. 
 Electric signs of rain, 468. 
 Electric state, 468. 
 Electro-magnetic storm, 473. 
 Electro-magnetism the organizing force of the 
 
 weather, 471. 
 Elements of butter, 409. 
 Elements of milk, 339-341. 
 Elements of nutrition, 237. 
 Emblem 90, 528, 586. 
 Ensilage, Analysis of, 238, 280, 281, 429. 
 Ensilage experiments at N. T. Ex. Station, 344- 
 
 346. 
 Ensilage, History of, 279. 
 Ensilage, Quality of, 380. 
 Epijonctif, 60. 
 Escutcheon, 57. 
 Escutcheon of buU, 69. 
 Essential points of a good centrifuge, 369. 
 Ethleel 2d 32291, 360. 
 European methods in cheese-making, 379. 
 Eurotas 2454, 356, 543. 
 Evaporation, 207, 473-476. 
 Evaporation from soil checked by fine tillage, 
 
 189, 476. 
 Evelina of Verna 10971, 487, 631-635. 
 Evening in Acadia, 34. 
 Excavations for drains, 151. 
 Excretions, Disinfection of, 332. 
 Experiments in feeding at N. Y. Ex. Station, 
 
 344. 
 
 Expensive method of water-supply, 422. 
 Extrusion of womb, 304. 
 
 Fair-day variations, 475. 
 
 Fair-weather standard of barometer, 462. 
 
 Palling of womb, 304. 
 
 Falling of womb. Treatment of, 305. 
 
 Famous Connecticut cattle, 484-487. 
 
 Famous Connecticut men, 484r-486. 
 
 Famous men, 13, 483. 
 
 Famous Massachusetts cattle, 487. 
 
 Famous pedigrees, 687. 
 
 Farmer's Glory 5196, 581. 
 
 Farm implements, 189. 
 
 Farm-work, Order of, 193. 
 
 Farm-yard manure, 163. 
 
 Farm-yard Song, 37. 
 
 Fastenings, 117. 
 
 Fat from carbo-hydrates in part, 270. 
 
 Fatty degeneration, 84, 93, 289, 304. 
 
 Feather, 58. 
 
 February ration for cows, 273. 
 
 Fecundity, 89. 
 
 Feed and breed of dairy cows, 420. 
 
 Feeding calves, 45, 278, 279. 
 
 Feeding cattle, 327. 
 
 Feeding children, 353. 
 
 Feeding experiments at N. Y. Ex. Station, 417. 
 
 Feeding experiments of Henry Stewart, 418. 
 
 Feeding for butter, 417, 565, 616. 
 
 Feeding for butter flavor, 410. 
 
 Feeding for cheese, 379-381. 
 
 Feeding standard tables, 369. 
 
 Feeding-stuffs, American analysis of, 240. 
 
 Feeding-stuffs, Average composition, 231. 
 
 Ferguson, 26. 
 
 Fibro-cirrus clouds, 437. 
 
 Fifteen-pound cows, 666. 
 
 Fifth-class escutcheon, 62. 
 
 FUth, 429. 
 
 Filth diseases, 439. 
 
 Filthy farming, 439. 
 
 First annual butter test, 489, 493. 
 
 First butter tests, 487, 492. 
 
 First-class escutcheon, 60. 
 
 First importation of Jersey cattle, 485. 
 
710 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IX AJfEBICA. 
 
 First Jersey bull imported, 485. 
 
 First order flandrine escutcheon, 60. 
 
 Flandrine escutcheon, 60. 
 
 Flavor of butter, 409. 
 
 Flavor of butter affected by feed. 410. 
 
 Flavor of cheese, 379. 
 
 Flesh-forming substances, 342. 
 
 Flint corn, 255. 
 
 Flora 113. first cow tested, 487, 493. 
 
 Florida rainfall, 477. 
 
 Focal paths of conditions, 446-448. 
 
 Fodder values, Tanner's table of, 268. 
 
 Fog, 436. 
 
 Food elements, Prof. Voelcker's summarj' of, 
 
 242. 
 Food for butter, 417, 565. 
 ^ood for cheese, 379. 
 
 Food required to produce a pound of meat, 268. 
 Forfc escutcheon, 66. 
 
 Formation of cloud the result of electric force, 473. 
 Formula for concrete, 109. 
 Formula for lacto-rennetine, 317. 
 Formula for treating abortion, 301. 
 Formulas for breeding Jerseys, 687. 
 Formulas for inbreeding, 687. 
 Forty -six-pound cows, 653. 
 Fountains of Jersey blood, 491. 
 Fourteen-pound cows, 673. 
 Fourth-class escutcheon, 62. 
 Fowls, Inbreeding of, 87. 
 Frequency of drains, 147. 
 Frequency of milking, 364, 389. 
 Frequency of milking increases cream, 364. 
 Freshets predicted, 471. 
 Frost, 465. 
 
 Fruits, Analysis of, 235. 
 Full-bred, 74. 
 
 Fuller, Valanccy E., 351, 393, 488. 
 Future of American Jerseys, 701. 
 
 G. 
 Garfield, James A., 12. 
 Garget, 290. 
 
 Garget, Treatment of, 315. 
 Gastric juices, 345. 
 General soiling crops, 251. 
 Genius of Connecticut people, 483. 
 Germicides, 331. 
 
 Gestation tables, 201-204. 
 
 Gilderoy 2107, 88, 96, 577, 696. 
 
 Glands, Parotid, Submaxillary, Salivary, 
 
 Gloucestershire cheese, 383. 
 
 God the Giver of Prosperity, 14. 
 
 God's Beneficence, 15. 
 
 God's Care, 15. 
 
 Goldsmith, Oliver, 21. 
 
 Good cheese, 376. 
 
 Grade, 74, 93. 
 
 Grains, Analysis of, 235. 
 
 Grand Duke Alexis 1040, 540. 
 
 Grand-nephew into grand-aunt, 697. 
 
 Gnmdsire into grand-daughter, 691. 
 
 Grandson into grand-dam, 688. 
 
 Granular butter, 404. 
 
 Grass produced by sewage, 184. 
 
 Grass-seed, covering and germination, 251 
 
 Grass-seeds, Harrows for, 259. 
 
 Grass tests for butter, 587. 
 
 Gray colors, 48. 
 
 Gray's Elegy, 21. 
 
 Great centr.al storm condition, 449. 
 
 Great secret of good cheese, 380. 
 
 Green hay, 425. 
 
 Green maize hay, 428. 
 
 Green millet hay, 427. 
 
 Green oat hay, 427. 
 
 Greenth, 424. 
 
 Greeley, Horace, 13. 
 
 Grey King, P. 169, 575. 
 
 Grey Prince, F. 168, 548. 
 
 Gruyere cheese, 386. 
 
 Gueuon, Francis, 57. 
 
 Guenon system, 57. 
 
 Guenon verified, 583. 
 
 Guernsey, 39. 
 
 Guernsey cattle, 43. 
 
 Guernsey milk, 347, 350, 393, 394. 
 
 Gulf States rainfall, 477. 
 
 Guy Fawkes, F. 251, 573. 
 
 Guy Slannering, 698, 541. 
 
 H. 
 Half-brother into half-sister, 692. 
 Halley theory absurd, 453. 
 Hamilton 1074, 553. 
 Hand, Thomas J., 46. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 711 
 
 Harris on cheese-making, 377. 
 
 Harrowing corn, 254. 
 
 Harrows, 188. 
 
 Hartford, Conn., first importation of Jerseys, 48.5. 
 
 Harvesting thin ice, 423. 
 
 Hay, 425. 
 
 Hay analysis, 231, 240. 
 
 Hay caps, 424, 427. 
 
 Hayloader, 120, 425. 
 
 Hay-making, 425. 
 
 Hay -measurement, 204. 
 
 Hay -mowing, 425. 
 
 Hay-tea ration for calves, 279. 
 
 Hay-tedder, 425. 
 
 Hazen's Bess 7339, 487. 
 
 Hazen's Nora 4791, 487. 
 
 Health, Conditions of, 293. 
 
 Heart-sac, Inflammation of, 314. 
 
 Heat for colostrum fever, 308. 
 
 Heating milk for cheese, 377, 378, 379, 380, 887, 889. 
 
 Heat of sun generates electro-magnetism, 471. 
 
 Heavy milk, 402, 403. 
 
 Height of clouds, 438. 
 
 Help, Helpers, Hirelings, 430. 
 
 Hemans, Felicia, 25. 
 
 Hematuria, 305. 
 
 Hemorrhage in wounds, Treatment of, 329. 
 
 Herd Register, 46. 
 
 Herd yields of butter, 415, 416, 417. 
 
 Herd yields of milk, 855-358. 
 
 Hero, P. 90, 566. 
 
 Herrick, Robert, 20. 
 
 Hesiod, 18. 
 
 High fog, 436, 438. 
 
 Highlands affect rainfall, 456. 
 
 High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire, 29. 
 
 Hints on cheese-making, 380. 
 
 History of butter tests, 489. 
 
 History of Jersey cattle, 39, 483, 701. 
 
 History of Jersey Belle of Scituate 7838, 545, 689. 
 
 Hoe, Col. R. M., 73, 508. 
 
 Hogg, James, 25. 
 
 Hollingsworth, Theory of sex, 91. 
 
 Holstein-Friesian cheese-curd, 393. 
 
 Holstein-Friesian milk, 347, 350, 351, 353, 353, 
 
 393, 394. 
 Holstein-Friesian breeders, Advice to, 353. 
 
 ns retire from dairy contest at Toronto, 397. 
 
 Homer, 16. 
 
 Hoove, 289. 
 
 Hoove, Treatment of, 307. 
 
 Horns, Broken, 329. 
 
 Horns, Cotentin, 41. 
 
 Horns, Jersey, 41. 
 
 Horns, Training of, 381. 
 
 Horses, Inbreeding of, 85. 
 
 Horse-power for centrifuge, 375. 
 
 Hot water for colic and hoove, 314. 
 
 Hot water for colostrum apoplexy, 307. 
 
 Hot water for garget, 815. 
 
 Hot water for inflamed wounds and lockjaw, 339. 
 
 Hot water for sunstroke, 315. 
 
 Hot water injections, 309. 
 
 Hot water treatment, 307. 
 
 Houghton Farm Reports, 343, 343, 359. 
 
 Housing ice, 433. 
 
 Howe, Dr. H. M., 88. 
 
 Hubback, 93. 
 
 Hubbell, O. S. 73, 89, 486, 490, 532. 
 
 Human milk, 353. 
 
 Hume, Alexander, 31. 
 
 Humidity of atmosphere, 467, 474. 
 
 Hungarian grass analysis, 235. 
 
 Hungarian grass for soiling, 258. 
 
 Hurrah 2814, 487, 567, 698. 
 
 Hurricane, 448. 
 
 Huth, Dr. Alfred Heniy, 77-87. 
 
 Hybrid clover, 253. 
 
 Hygrometer, 467. 
 
 Hypochlorite of soda, 331. 
 
 Hyposulphite of mercurj' germicide, 831. 
 
 Hypothetical pedigree, 96. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ice cooling, raising cream by, 375. 
 
 Ice-houses, 423. 
 
 Ice-machine, 424, 484. 
 
 Ice-measurement, 205. 
 
 Ice-storm, 464. 
 
 Ike Felch 1393, 555. 
 
 Iliad, 16. 
 
 Implements, 119. 
 
 Implements for dairy, 130. 
 
 Implements for dairy farm, 119, 121, 189. 
 
 Implements of special merit, 121. 
 
 Importance of ventilation, 112, 114, 328. 
 
712 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 lm|X)rtation of Jersey cattle, 485. 
 
 Improvement of Jersey cattle, 42, 73, 485, 490, 
 
 687, 701. 
 In-and-in breeding, 75. 
 Inand-in breeding of cattle, 73, 81, 88, 485, 687, 
 
 701. 
 In-!ind-in breeding of deer, 86. 
 Inand-in breeding of fowls, 87. 
 In-and-in breeding of horses, 85. 
 In-and-in breeding of Jersey cattle, 73, 88, 485, 
 
 522, 539, 687, 701. 
 In-and-in breeding of man, 75. 
 In-and-in breeding of sheep, 77. 
 In-and-in breeding of swine, 84. 
 In-and-in breeding of wild animals, 77, 82, 87. 
 Inbreeding and fecundity, 89. 
 Inbreeding formulas, 96, 687. 
 Inbreed to the winner, 701. 
 Incorporation of salt in butter, 407. 
 Increased area of planting needful in cold spring, 
 
 434. 
 Indigestion in calves, 316. 
 Individual milk yields, 355. 
 Inductive electric force producing storms, 473. 
 Influence of cattle upon literature, 13. 
 Influence of sex upon offspring, 92. 
 Influences controlling sex, 90. 
 Ingelow, Jean, 28. 
 
 Instruments for barrenness in cows, 303, 304. 
 Instruments for study of weather, 474. 
 Intestinal digestive juices, 245. 
 Inventive genius of Connecticut people, 488. 
 Iron Bank 1120, 542. 
 Irregular weather conditions, 443. 
 Irrigation, 205. 
 
 Irrigation by liquid manures, 178, 223. 
 Irrigation by water-mendows, 211. 
 Irrigation catch-meadows, 217. 
 Irrigation, Crops produced by, 214. 
 Irrigation in California, 225. 
 Irrigation in Kngland and Scotland, 211, 216. 
 Irrigation in Lombardy, 221. 
 Irrigation, Monthly directions for, 218. 
 Irrigation, Plants for, 213. 
 Irrigation, Ridge and furrow, 215. 
 Irrigation, Quality of, 212. 
 Irrigation, Quality of grass, 184, 214. 
 Irrigation, Sewage, 178, 216. 
 
 Irrigjition, underground systems, 178, 216, 226. 
 Italian millet for soiling, 254. 
 Ives Cow, 486, 487. 
 
 Jacob, 12, 72. 
 
 Jacob's cattle, 72. 
 
 Jacquot, P. 63, 548. 
 
 Januar)' ration for cows, 273. 
 
 January thaw, 464. 
 
 JeflFerson, Thomas, 12. 
 
 Jenner's Signs of Rain, 468. 
 
 Jenny Pogis 22984, 358. 
 
 Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828, 48, 89, 95, 90, 356, 
 
 487, 493, 545, 689. 
 Jersey Boy, P. 92, 567. 
 Jersey breeders. Number of, 489. 
 Jersey butter, 398. 
 
 Jersey cattle, 39, 73, 88, 95, 96, 342, 393, 483. 
 Jersey cattle as butter cows, 342, 394, 483, 557. 
 Jersey cattle as cheese cows, 350-353, 393, 394. 
 Jersey Cattle Club, American, 46, 488. 
 Jersey cattle fifty years ago, 43, 483. 
 Jersey cattle, First importations of 485. 
 Jersey cattle shows, 43. 
 Jersey cattle. Inbreeding of, 88, 485, 533, 533, 
 
 539, 687, 701. 
 Jersey cheese, 391. 
 Jersey colors, 41, 48. 
 Jersey cream, 366. 
 Jersey Fountains, 491, 584, 699. 
 Jersey, Island of, 39. 
 Jersey milk, 343-353, 393, 483, 557, 683. 
 Jerseys as milkers, 354. 
 Jerseys at Houghton Farm, 343. 
 Jews, 18, 77. 
 Jews, Viability of, 77. 
 Jolin Alden's Bull, 34. 
 Judging cattle, 72. 
 Juices, Digestive, 245. 
 June and July rations for cows, 271. 
 
 Keats, 26. 
 
 Keeping of Island cattle, 45. 
 
 Keeping quality of Jersey butter, 411. 
 
 Kliedive, P. 103, 572, 
 
 Kicking cows, 363. 
 
 King, P. 338, 582. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA, 
 
 Labor, 430. 
 
 Lacto-reiinetiue for indigestion, 317. 
 
 Lady Ives 1708, 487. 
 
 Lady Mary 1148, 521, 585, 699. 
 
 Lady of the Isles, F. 992, 538. 
 
 Landseer 331, 96, 523, 585. 
 
 Landseer's Fancy 2876, 487, 496, 557, 603. 
 
 La Petite M^re 3d 12810, 358. 
 
 Large clover, 252. 
 
 Largest butter yield of Jersey covr, 557-564. 
 
 Largest butter yield of Jersey heifer, 860. 
 
 Largest milk yield of Jersey cow, 358. 
 
 Largest milk yield of Jersey heifer, 358. 
 
 Late spring requires larger area of crops, 434. 
 
 Lateral electric currents, 473, 478. 
 
 Lawrence 61, 519, 699. 
 
 Laying out drains, 150. 
 
 Lead colic, 289. 
 
 Leaking cows, 364. 
 
 Least quantity of air required in stables in coldest 
 
 weather, 328. 
 Leathery cream, 375, 402. 
 Leclair, Peter, 488. 
 Le Cornu, J., 45. 
 Le Couteur, 43, 44. 
 Left flandrine escutcheon, 61. 
 Legend of types, 491. 
 Lemon, F. 170, 542. 
 Lice upon cattle, 291. 
 Lightning, 290. 
 
 Lightning and barbed wire, 391. 
 Lightning-rods, Rules for setting, 390. 
 Limousine escutcheon, 64. 
 Linear-cirrus clouds, 437. 
 Liquid manure, 177, 316. 
 Listerine, deodorizer, 332. 
 Living Storm 173, 486, 510. 
 Loamy soils, 104. 
 Loamy soils analysis, 105. 
 Local drouths, 455. 
 Lockjaw, 338. 
 Lombardese irrigation, 323. 
 Longevity of Connecticut people, 484, 485. 
 LongfeUow, H. W.,34. 
 Lopez 313, 531. 
 Lord Bronx 2d 1730, 487, 568. 
 Lord Lawrence 1414, 568, 699. 
 
 Lord Lisgar 1066, 550, 699. 
 
 Lord's Day, 430. 
 
 Loss of ammonia, 177. 
 
 Lotions for wounds and sores, 329. 
 
 Lower Lakes rainfall, 488. 
 
 Lower story of atmosphere, 435, 436. 
 
 Low fog, 486, 438. 
 
 Lucky Belle 3214, 487, 553. 
 
 Lysimeter, 474, 476. 
 
 Machines for cream separation, 368. 
 
 Magnetic storm, 472. 
 
 Maiden with a Milking-Pail, 28. 
 
 Maine Jersey cheese, 393. 
 
 Making whole-milk cheese, 882. 
 
 Management of manures, 164. 
 
 Mangers, 117. 
 
 Mangolds, Analysis of, 234 
 
 Mangolds for soiling, 355. 
 
 Man, Inbreeding of, 75. 
 
 Manure, Constituents of, 168. 
 
 Manure heaps, 165. 
 
 Manure, liquid, 177, 316. 
 
 Manure, Saving of, 233. 
 
 Manure sewage, 178, 316. 
 
 Manure value tables, 157, 161, 216, 223. 
 
 Manures, Natural, 176. 
 
 March ration for cows, 373. 
 
 Marius 760, 539, 585, 687, 699. 
 
 Marjoram 3389, 552. 
 
 Marks of Gloucestershire cheese, 384. 
 
 Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770, 48, 66, 67, 
 
 588. 
 Mary Lowndes 378, 503. 
 Masena 35782, 578. 
 Matilda 4th 12816, 858. 
 May ration for cows, 370. 
 McClellan 25, 486, 504, 585. 
 Meadows, 356. 
 
 Meadows, Cultivation of, 257. 
 Meadows, Early, 357. 
 Meadows, English methods, 259. 
 Meadows, Irrigated, 211-331. 
 Meadows, Late, 357. 
 Meadows, Permanent, 360. 
 Meadows, Preservation of, 361. 
 Meadows, Seeding for, 357. 
 
ri4 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 MeosurcmenU of corn, hay, ice and roots, 204. 
 Measurements of Jcrse.v Belle of Scituatc 7828, 547. 
 Measurements of Landseer's Fancy 2876, 699. 
 Mechanical advantages of drainage, 129. 
 Mechanical analysis of butter salt, 405. 
 Mechanical changes in soils, 102. 
 Medical treatment of diseases of cattle, 300. 
 Medicines for abortion, 300. 
 Medicines for acclimation fever, 315. 
 Medicines for apoplexy, 308. 
 Medicines for barrrenness, 305. 
 Medicines for bloody urine, 305. 
 Medicines for broken horn, 309. 
 Medicines for bronchitis, 321. 
 Medicines for colic, 314, 318. 
 Medicines for colostrum dise.isc called "milk I 
 fever," 308. I 
 
 Medicines for constipation, 811. \ 
 
 Medicines for consumption, 334. ! 
 
 Medicines for co\ighs, 321. 
 Medicines for diarrhoea, 317. 
 Medicines for difficult calving, 306. 
 Medicines for extrusion or falling womb, 304. 
 Medicines for garget, 315. 
 Medicines for hoove, 314. 
 Medicines for lockjaw, 328. 
 Medicines for meteorism, 289, 314. 
 Medicines for milk diseases, 310. 
 Medicines for pleuro-pneumonia, 327. 
 Medicines for pneumonia, 323. 
 Medicines for red- water, 306. 
 Medicines for rheumatism, 313. 
 Medicines for sore teats, 315. 
 Medicines for spermatorrhcea, 320. 
 Medicines for sterility, 320. 
 Medicines for sunstroke, 315. 
 Medicines for warts, 315. 
 Members of A. J. C. C, 489. 
 Mercury 432, 96, 532. 
 Meridional drouths, 455. 
 Merrimac River, 36. 
 Metallic tints of coat, 48. 
 Meteorism, 289. 
 Methods in butter-making, 400. 
 Methods in chee.sc-making, 376-388. 
 Methods of cream separation, 368. 
 Methods of saving manures, 161. 
 Middle Atlantic States rainfall, 477. 
 
 Middle Plateau rainfall, 479. 
 
 Middle Slope rainfall, 479. 
 
 Middle story of the atmosphere, 435, 436. 
 
 Milanese irrigation, 220. 
 
 Milk, 338-354. 
 
 Milk analysis, 340-354, 394-397. 
 
 Milk, Cooling of, 365. 
 
 Milk, Digestion of, 245, 246. 
 
 Milk, diseases of udder secretion, 310. 
 
 "Milk fever," 295, 307-309. 
 
 Milk from different breeds of cattle, 346, 
 
 Slilk, How to feed cows' milk to children 
 
 Milk in pleuro-pneumonia. Quality of, 4i 
 
 Milking, Art of, 360. 
 
 Milking-machines, 362. 
 
 Milking-Pail, Maiden with, 28. 
 
 Milk of different teats in same cow, 347, i 
 
 Milk of women, 353, 354. 
 
 Milk-pail, 124. 
 
 Milk, Pounds of, to a pound of butter. 
 
 Milk ration for calf, 269, 270. 
 
 Milking Song, 31, 33, 36. 
 
 Milk yields of Deerfoot Herd, 355. 
 
 Milk yields of Echo Farm Herd, 355. 
 
 Milk yields of famous cows, 356. 
 
 Milk yields of Houghton Farm Herd, i 
 
 Milk yields of Loeser Farm Herd, 358. 
 
 Milk yields of Maplehurst Herd, 357. 
 
 Milk yields of Oaklands Herd, 394. 
 
 Milk yields of Prospect Hill Herd, 358, 
 
 Jlilton, John, 19. 
 
 Millo-maize, 250. 
 
 Millet, 253. 
 
 Millet, Analysis of, 233. 
 
 Millet, culture for hay, 427. 
 
 Millet hay, 427. 
 
 Milo 590, 539. 
 
 Mineral constituents of plants, 228. 
 
 Mineral elements of grain, 230. 
 
 Mineral elements of hay, 228. 
 
 Mineral elements of milk, 339-354. 
 
 Mineral elements of root crops, 229. 
 
 Mineral elements of straw, 230. 
 
 Mineral nutrients, 228. 
 
 ^lincral nutrients in food, 342. 
 
 Jlink 2548, 553. 
 
 Mist, 436, 438. 
 
 Misty-cirrus clovids, 437. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA. 
 
 Valley rainfall, 478. 
 Missouri Valley rainfall, 478. 
 Mixing salt in butter, 406. 
 Mogul 532, 536. 
 Moisture in atmosphere, 467. 
 Mollie Garfield 13172, 579. 
 Monarch of Roxbury 499, 530. 
 Mongrel, 74, 93. 
 Monitor 878, 486, 538. 
 Montafu breed of cattle, 40. 
 Mora's Strainer, 124. 
 Moses, 13, 75. 
 
 Moss Rose of Willow Farm 5174, 493. 
 Mostar 6971, 574. 
 Motive force in tornado, 473. 
 Motive force of the weather, 471-474. 
 Motive force of wind, 472. 
 Motley, Thomas, 44, 487, 493. 
 Mould for butter, 130, 406. 
 Mouldiness in Stilton cheese, 388. 
 Mountain Pictures, 35. 
 Mowing hay, 435. 
 Mowing-machine, 120, 425, 426. 
 Mr. Le Feuvre's Jersey cheese, 393. 
 Mr. Micawber 554, 556. 
 Mrs. Langtry 14994, 359. 
 Mythology, Norse, 18. 
 
 N. 
 Nancy Lee 7618, 486, 579. 
 Natural manures, 176. 
 Nebulo-cirrus cloud, 438. 
 Neglected opportunities in breeding, 95. 
 Nelly 55, 517. 
 Nelusko 479, 537. 
 Nephew into aunt, 696. 
 New England rainfall, 456, 477. 
 NieoUe, 45. 
 
 Ninth-class escutcheon, 64. 
 Nineteen-pound cows, 656. 
 Nlobe Duke 2364, 574. 
 Noble 901, 549. 
 Norajah 812, 548. 
 Norman cattle, 41. 
 Norse mythology, 18. 
 Northeaster, 442. 
 Northeast scud, 436. 
 Northern Plateau rainfall, 479. 
 
 Northern Slope rainfall, 478. 
 
 Northwest scud, 436. 
 
 Northwest Slope rainfall, 478. 
 
 Norton, John T., 44, 485, 486, 489, 494, 496. 
 
 November ration for cows, 373. 
 
 Number of cows to a milker, 364. 
 
 Number of plants upon an acre, 205. 
 
 Nutrition, Elements of, 337. 
 
 Nutrition in cheese, 398. 
 
 O. 
 
 Oats, Analysis of, 231-341. 
 
 Oats, Culture of, 353. 
 
 Oats, Climate for, 353. 
 
 Oats, Enormous yield of, 353. 
 
 Oats for soiling crop, 353. 
 
 Oats with peas, 353. 
 
 October ration for cows, 273. 
 
 Ode to Grecian Urn, 36. 
 
 Official butter tests, A. J. C. C, Rules for, 610, 
 
 Official butter tests, 590. 
 
 Offspring influenced by sex, 93. 
 
 Ohio Valley rainfall, 478. 
 
 Oh, Mary, go and Call the Cattle Home, 37. 
 
 Oil in food, how supplied, 270. 
 
 Oils of plants, 338. 
 
 Ointments, 339. 
 
 Old Noble, 88, 697. 
 
 Oleomargarine flavor, 414. 
 
 Oleomargarine tests, 414, 415. 
 
 Omaha 482, 537. 
 
 Omasum, 243. 
 
 Ona 7840. 486. 
 
 Ontario Ex. Farm Dairy Tests, 393. 
 
 Oonan 1485, 543, 586. 
 
 Open-drain water-courses, 135. 
 
 Operation for barrenness in cows, 303, 804. 
 
 Operation for hoove or tympanitis, 314. 
 
 Operation of cream-separators, 371-376. 
 
 Orange Peel 503, 539. 
 
 Orange Peel 864, 537. 
 
 Orchard grass, Analysis of, 331, 241. 
 
 Orchard grass as a soiling crop, 353. 
 
 Orchard grass hay, 425. 
 
 Order of farm-work, 193. 
 
 Orders of escutcheon, 60. 
 
 Organization of A. J. C. C, 488, 489. 
 
 Organization of the atmosphere, 434, 471. 
 
716 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA. 
 
 Origin of Jersey Cattle, 40. 
 
 Osmazome, 73. 
 
 Os tincoc and Os internum, Obstructions of. 
 
 Our Domain, 11. 
 
 Outfall of drains, 152. 
 
 Out of Egj-pt, 14. 
 
 Oval feather, 58. 
 
 Overfeeding, 289. 
 
 Oxen, 15, 16. 
 
 Oxford Kate 13646, 583. 
 
 Oxoli 1923, 487, 568. 
 
 Pacific Coast rainfall, 479. 
 
 Pacific system of conditions, 446. 
 
 Paddy 899, 542. 
 
 Paint colic, 288, 289. 
 
 Painting cheese, 384. 
 
 Pancreatic juice, 245, 246. 
 
 Pandora of Staatsburg 3d 6497. 581. 
 
 Pansy 8, 486, 494, 495, 496, 584, 699. 
 
 Pan.sy 6th 38, 487, 506, 585. 
 
 Pansy 1019, 486, 487, 489, 517. 
 
 Pan system for butter, 401. 
 
 Pan system for cream, 375. 
 
 Paradise Lost, 19, 20. 
 
 Parallel electric currents, 472. 
 
 Parsnips, Analysis of, 235. 
 
 Parsnips, Culture of, 256. 
 
 Part First, 39. 
 
 Part Second, 97. 
 
 Part Third, 335. 
 
 Part Fourth, 433. 
 
 Part Fifth, 483. 
 
 Parturition, 285. 
 
 Pastoral Anthology, 16. 
 
 Pasturage, 262. 
 
 Pasturage, Essentials for, 262. 
 
 Pasturage, Rules for, 266. 
 
 Pasture fences, 265. 
 
 Pasture, water supply, 265. 
 
 Pastures, Renovation of, 266. 
 
 Pastures, Seeding for, 263. 
 
 Pastures, Southern, 264. 
 
 Paterson 11, 499. 
 
 Paths of conditions, 446. 
 
 Patriotism of Connecticut people, 483. 
 
 Pauline 494, 527. 
 
 Pea manure, 196. 
 
 Peace, 35. 
 
 Pedigree, hypothetical, 96. 
 
 Pedigree of Cctewayo, P. 224 J. H. B., 688. 
 
 Pedigree of Ethleel 3d 32291, 694. 
 
 Pedigree of Gilderoy 2107, 696. 
 
 Pedigree of Hurrah 2814, 693. 
 
 Pedigi'ce of Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828, 689, 
 
 Pedigree of Marius 760, 687. 
 
 Pedigree of Mercury 432, 693. 
 
 Pedigree of Moses, 76. 
 
 Pedigree of Purest 13730, 691. 
 
 Pedigree of Rex 1330, 698. 
 
 Pedigree of Royalist 2906, 697. 
 
 Pedigree of Stoke Pogis 1359, 688. 
 
 Pennington, Studies with germicides, 331. 
 
 Perfect Milk-Pail, 124. 
 
 Perpetual milkers, 60, 61, 63. 
 
 Persistency of Jerseys in milk, 358. 
 
 Persistency of milk in HoughtonFarm heifers, 
 
 Persistency in milk. Escutcheon index of, Se-i 
 
 Person, Disinfection of, 333. 
 
 Pertinatti 713, 543. 
 
 Phenomenal butter yields, 356. 
 
 Phenomenal milk yields, 355, 358. 
 
 Physical qualities of cream, 366. 
 
 Pierrot 636, 486, 533, 585. 
 
 Pierrot 2d 1669, 486, 549, 586. 
 
 Pierrot 7th 1667, 486, 567. 
 
 Pilot 3, 498. 
 
 Pinholes in cheese, 381. 
 
 Placenta, Retention of, 301, 303. 
 
 Plan of dairy for fifty cows, 336. 
 
 Plants, number upon an acre, 305. 
 
 Pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa, 324. 
 
 Plow, 13, 119. 
 
 Plow, Sackett, 188. 
 
 Plowing, 187, 188. 
 
 Plus bull, 94-96. 
 
 Plus cow, 94. 
 
 Plus into plus, 94. 
 
 Pneumonia, 332. 
 
 Points of a good cream-separator, 369-371. 
 
 Points of Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828, 545. 
 
 Points of Landseer's Fancy 2876, 557, 699. 
 
 Points, Scale of, for Jerseys, 44-56. 
 
 Points, Scale for cows at dairy fairs, 54. 
 
 Pope, Alexander, 12, 20. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 717 
 
 Position and size of main drains, 151. 
 
 Position of drains, 150. 
 
 Power for centrifuge cream-separator, 369-375. 
 
 Prayer for Peace, 15. 
 
 Prepotency, 74, 496, 532, 539, 687, 700. 
 
 Prepotent bull, 687, 700. 
 
 Preserving green color in hay, 425. 
 
 Pretty Girl of Loch Dan, 36. 
 
 Prevention of bronchitis, 321. 
 
 Prevention of indigestion in calves, 316. 
 
 Prevention of tuberculosis, 323. 
 
 Preventive treatment for abortion, 299. 
 
 Prices of Camembert cheese, 391. 
 
 Pride of Windsor 483, 536. 
 
 Prince 55, 498. 
 
 Prince of Warren 1512, 569. 
 
 Princess 836, 503. 
 
 Princess 3d 8046, 486, 581. 
 
 Principles of breeding, 39, 72, 94. 
 
 Prints for butter, 120, 406. 
 
 Prizes, 45. 
 
 Professor Fjord's experiments in raising cream, 
 
 376. 
 Professor Thury's theory of sex, 91. 
 Prognostication of freshets, 471. 
 Prognostication of weather, 459. 
 Progress of storms, 470. 
 Prolapsus uteri, 804. 
 Propositions defining the weather, 435. 
 Propositions upon the force in weather, 471. 
 Prosperity, 35. 
 Proverbs, 16, 
 Psalms of Asaph, 11. 
 Psalms of David, 14. 
 Pulse, Bovine, 292. 
 Pulse, Character of, 393. 
 Punctual performance of work, 193. 
 Pure Jer.sey breeding, 485, 488. 
 Purity of air in stables, 112, 114, 333. 
 Purity of Jersey cattle, 43. 
 Purity of Jersey breed. Island Law.s, 43. 
 Purposes of salting butter, 404. 
 Putrid milk from too much manure, 411. 
 
 Q- 
 
 Quality of air in stables, 113, 114, 333. 
 Quality of Alphea 171, 507. 
 Quality of American Jerseys, 490. 
 
 Quality of Camembert cheese, 388. 
 
 Quality of cheese, 376. 
 
 Quality of cream, 366. 
 
 Quality of dairy breeds, 350, 395, 423,487, 650-701. 
 
 Quality of Ethleel 2d 32291, 360. 
 
 Quality of farmyard manure, 176. 
 
 Quality of first importation of Jerseys, 485. 
 
 Quality of Jersey cheese, 392. 
 
 Quality of Jersey butter, 398, 407, 411. 
 
 Quality of Landseer's Fancy 2876, 487, 496, 557, 
 603, 699. 
 
 Quality of medicines, 298. 
 
 Quality of milk for cheese, 378. 
 
 Quality of Pansy blood, 496. 
 
 Quality of salt for cheese, 380. 
 
 Quality of Splendid blood, 496, 557. 
 
 Quantity of air needed for coldest weather in sta- 
 bles, 333. 
 
 Quantity of butter in milk, 339-354, 683. 
 
 Quantity of butter, casein, fat and sugar in milk, 
 
 Quantity of cream in Crystal Spring Herd, 433. 
 Quantity of dung from feed, 163. 
 Quantity of water in milk, 339-354. 
 Quantity and quality of excrements voided, 177 
 Quick milking, 360. 
 
 R. 
 Rain, 133, 464, 468, 471. 
 Rainband spectroscope, 474. 
 Rainfall in United States, 477. 
 Rain in Summer, 34. 
 Rajah 340, 533. 
 Ralph 957, 486, 549. 
 Rambler of St. Lambert 5285, 582. 
 Rancid butter, 414. 
 Rankin theory of controlling sex, 91. 
 Ration 267. 
 
 Ration at Echo Farm, 275. 
 Ration at dairy of Messrs. Darlington, 276. 
 Ration, Cheap, for winter, 373. 
 Ration for buU, 277. 
 Ration for butter cows, 370. 
 Ration for calves, 377. 
 Ration for cows before calving, 375. 
 Ration for life and production, 270. 
 Ration for winter milk, 274. 
 Ration for yellow butter, 274. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN^ AMERICA. 
 
 Ration, Hay-tea, 379. 
 
 Ration, Lacto-reunetine or rennet, 278. 
 
 Ration, Whey. 378. 
 
 Ration of Bomba 10330, 590, 591. 
 
 Ration of Carrie Lena 3d 20077, 621. 
 
 Ration of Cocotte 11958, 649. 
 
 Ration of Cottage Lass 5332, 594. 
 
 Ration of Edessa 21844, 631, 638. 
 
 Ration of Burotus 2454, 543. 
 
 Ration of Euphonia 6783, 620. 
 
 Ration of Ethleel 2d 32291, 644. 
 
 Ration of Evelina of Verna 10971, 631, 637. 
 
 Ration of Fair Lady 6723, 595. 
 
 Ration of Gilt Edge C. 12223, 609. 
 
 Ration of Hilda D. 6683, 681, 636. 
 
 Ration of Ida of St. Lambert 34990, 612. 
 
 Ration of Jersey Belle of Scituatc 7838, 587. 
 
 Ration of Khelula 17970, 649. 
 
 Ration of Landseer's Fancy 2876, 558, 559, 565, 
 
 603. 
 Riition of Lydia Darrach 4903, 592. 
 Ration of Mamelle 20804, 627. 
 Ration of Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770, 615. 
 Ration of Mary Jane of Bellevue 6956, 626. 
 Ration of Matilda 4th 12816, 644, 645, 646, 648. 
 Ration of Mermaid of St. Lambert 9771, 607. 
 Ration of Naiad of St. Lambert 12965, 604, 005. 
 Ration of Niobe of St. Lambert 12969, 608. 
 Ration of O.xford Kate 13646, 622. 
 Ration of Pansy 1019, 489. 
 Ration of Percie 14937, 606. 
 Ration of Pet of Rose Lawn 11326, 641. 
 Ration of Princess 2d 8046, 618. 
 Ration of Prof. Horsfall in experiments, 269. 
 Ration of Rioter Pink of Berlin 23665, 609. 
 Ration of Su Lu 4705, 596. 
 Ration, Standard, 374. 
 Ration of Telle 20802, 630. 
 Ration of Value 3d 6844, 601, 603. 
 Ratio of milk to butler, 683. 
 Rats and flies in buildings, 429. 
 Records of drouths, 456. 
 Rector 1458, 567. 
 Red-water, 305. 
 Regina, P. 33, 507. 
 Relative merits of dairy breeds, 351. 
 Relative value of feeding-stuffs, 242. 
 Remarkable, P. 2295, 555. 
 
 Rennet, 196. 
 
 Rennet for Camembert cheese, 389. 
 
 Rennet for Gloucestershire cheese, 388. 
 
 Rennet for Gruyere cheese, 387. 
 
 Rennet for indigestion, 316. 
 
 Rennet, Harris's method with cheese, 378, 380. 
 
 Rennet, Pure, 392. 
 
 Rennet for Stilton cheese, 387. 
 
 Rennet stomach, 348. 
 
 Requisites to sustain life and liealth, 239. 
 
 Respiration, Bovine, 293. 
 
 Respiratory food, 239. 
 
 Rest and recreation, 430. 
 
 Rest in the Furrow, 34. 
 
 Restoration of soils, 167. 
 
 Results of methods in cream separation, 875. 
 
 Results required in drains, 145. 
 
 Resume of weather prognostications, 466. 
 
 Retention of after-birth, 301. 
 
 Retention of water in soils, 141. 
 
 Reticulum, or reticule stomach, 243. 
 
 Rex 1330, 487, 569. 
 
 Rheumatism, 312. 
 
 Richest cow in the world, 557, 559, 565, 603. 
 
 Richest heifer in the world, 360. 
 
 Richness of Jerseys unrivalled 342-354, 360, 557, 
 
 559, 565, 603, 650, 683. 
 Riglit animals, plants, and seeds, 106. 
 Riley, J. W., 480. 
 Rinsing butter granules, 404. 
 Rio Grande Valley rainfall, 477. 
 Rioter 746, E. H. B., 509. 
 Rioter 3d 469, 529. 
 Rioter 670, 530. 
 
 Ripening cheese, 382, 384, 388, 390. 
 Ripening cream, 400, 401, 403, 409, 
 Ripening milk for cheese, 377. 
 Roberts, Sarah, 35. 
 Rob Roy 17, 486, 520, 586. 
 Rogers, J. S., 87. 
 Rollers, 189. 
 
 Rose of Eden 13437, 352, 396. 
 Rotation of crops, 190. 
 Rotation of crops. Planning for, 192. 
 Rotation for soiling crops, 192. 
 Roots and tubers. Analysis of, 234. 
 Royal Jersey Agricultural Society, 42. 
 Roxbury 247, 505. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA. 
 
 719 
 
 Rules for official tests of cows A. J. C. C, i 
 
 639. 
 Rules for pasturing, 286. 
 Rules for setting lightning-rods, 290. 
 Rumen, 243. 
 Rumination, 244. 
 Rutabagas, Analysis of, 234, 240. 
 Rutabagas, Cultivation of, 256. 
 Rye, Analysis of, 231, 233, 236, 238, 240, 241. 
 Rye, cultivation of, for soiling, 251. 
 
 Sacred psalms, 13-16. 
 
 Saline substances in food, 242. 
 
 Salt dissolved in butter, 407. 
 
 Salt for butter, 404. 
 
 Salt for cheese, 380. 
 
 Salting butter, 404-408. 
 
 Salting cheese, 379, 381, 382, 384, 385. 
 
 Salt undissolved in butter, 408. 
 
 Sam 980, 486. 
 
 Sam Weller 271, 507, 547. 
 
 Samson Jr. 2723, 580. 
 
 Sandy soils, 103. 
 
 Sanitary apparatus, 299. 
 
 Sanitary treatment of colic, 319. 
 
 Sanitary treatment of colostrum disease, 395, 296, 
 
 307, 308. 
 Sanitary uses of hot water, 307, 309, 315, 319, 339. 
 Sans Peur, F. 201, 565. 
 Saugatuck 1144, 557. 
 Saving of fences by soiling, 247. 
 Saving of food by soiling, 247. 
 Saving of health by soiling, 248. 
 Saving of labor by soiling, 248. 
 Saving of land by soiling, 246. 
 Saving of manure by soiling, 247. 
 Saving of manures, 156, 176, 223. 
 Saving of productiveness by soiling, 248. 
 Saving waste manures, 223. 
 Scale of points, 44. 
 Scrub animal, 74. 
 Scud, 436. 
 
 Scud clouds, 436-438. 
 Second-class escutcheon, 61. 
 Secondary electric currents, 472. 
 Second secondary electric currents, 473. 
 Seeds, 106. 
 
 Seeds per acre, 106. 
 
 Self-abuse, 319. 
 
 Self-sucking, 363. 
 
 Selvedge escutcheon, 61. 
 
 Separation of cream, 368. 
 
 Separator contest, 371. 
 
 September ration for cows, 271. 
 
 Seven points of soiling, 246. 
 
 Seven states of the weather, 460. 
 
 Seventeen-pound cows, 659. 
 
 Seven to eight pounds of milk to one pound of 
 
 butter, 684. 
 Seventh-class escutcheon, 63. 
 Sewage manure, 178. 
 Sewage manure, Cost of, 185. 
 Sex, 90. 
 
 Sex, Influence of, upon offspring, 93. 
 Sexton, whole-milk prize cheese, 382. 
 Shakespeare, 18, 19. 
 Sharpless, Samuel J., 46. 
 Sheep, Inbreeding of, 77. 
 Shield of Achilles, 17. 
 Ship Splendid, 485. 
 Shorthorn, 93. 
 Shorthorn milk, 393, 394. 
 Shower-belt peculiarities, 440. 
 Signal 1170, 96, 556. 
 Significance of points, 69. 
 Signs of rain, 468-471. 
 Silver Mine 1658, 573. 
 Simpson, William, 73, 89. 
 Sir Charles 131, 503. 
 Sixteen-pound cows, 663. 
 Sixth-class escutcheon, 63. 
 Six to seven pounds of milk to one pound of 
 
 butter. 
 Size of Jersey Belle of Scituate 7838, 547. 
 Size of Landseer's Fancy 3876, 699. 
 Skill in breeding, 490. 
 Skill in milking, 360. 
 Skill in treating milk, 365. 
 Slaughterhouse fetor of oleomargarine, 414. 
 Slinking, 394-300. 
 Slope of drains, 149. 
 Slovenly farming, 439. 
 Smokers, 360, 431. 
 Smut 362, 294. 
 Smut, Prevention of, 264. 
 
720 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Snow, 463, 468. 
 
 Soft cream cheese, 388. 
 
 Soiling, 250. 
 
 Soiling cattle, 346. 
 
 Soiling crops, 349. 
 
 Soiling, Southern, 350. 
 
 Soils, 98. 
 
 Soils, Characteristics of, 103. 
 
 Soils, Restoration of, 167. 
 
 Solids in milk, 339-354, 393, 394. 
 
 Solomon, 16. 
 
 Son of Alphea 1683, 538. 
 
 Song of Praise, 16. 
 
 Sore teats, 315. 
 
 Sources of manures, 161. 
 
 South Atlantic States rainfall, 477. 
 
 Southeast scud, 436. 
 
 Southeaster and Showerbelt, 438-441. 
 
 Southern Plateau rainfall, 479. 
 
 Southern Slope rainfall, 479. 
 
 Special rules relating to abortion, 301. 
 
 Specific gravity of cream, 366. 
 
 Specific gravity of milk, 340, 354. 
 
 Spectroscope, 475, 476. 
 
 Spermatorrhoea in bull, 319. 
 
 Splendens 16, 485, 486, 487, 492. 
 
 Splendid 2, 486, 487, 496, 584. 
 
 Sponge tent for dilating womb, 303, 304. 
 
 Spring drouths, 455. 
 
 Spring-house for butter, 401. 
 
 Springs, 133. 
 
 Springs, Drainage of. !:«, 135. 
 
 Square escutcheon, 63. 
 
 Stable, 111. 
 
 Stable, Calf, 118. 
 
 Stable, Cheap, 117. 
 
 Stable, Disinfection of, 333. 
 
 Stake for corn-stalks, 428. 
 
 Stalls, 116. 
 
 Stanchions, 117. 
 
 Standard butter tests, 587. 
 
 Standards for feeding, 268. 
 
 States of the weather, 434, 460. 
 
 Sterility in bulls, 319. 
 
 St. Helicr 45, 48, 89, 96, 486, 490, 522. 
 
 Stilton cheese, 387. 
 
 Stoddard Churn, 137, 599. 
 
 Stoddard Creamery, 125. 
 
 Stoke Pogis 1259, 550. 
 
 Stoke Pogis 3d 3238, 96, 573. 
 
 Stories of the atmosphere, 435. 
 
 Storm conditions, 438. 
 
 Storm-stratus clouds, 437, 438. 
 
 Storms, Duration of, 464, 470, 471. 
 
 Storms generated and controlled by electric force, 
 
 473, 474. 
 Story of the model cow, 545. 
 Strange accidents to animals, 287. 
 Stratus clouds, 437. 
 Straw, Analysis of, 233. 
 Study of the tables, 700. 
 Stuyvesant theory of sex, 91. 
 Stylet for dilating womb, 303, 304. 
 Styptic, 329. 
 
 Sucking feeder for calves, 278. 
 Sudden changes in weather, 464. 
 Sugar beets, 255. 
 Sugar beets. Analysis of, 234. 
 Sugar in butter for flavoring, 407. 
 Sugar in milk, 339-354. 
 Sugar in woman's milk, 3.54. 
 Sultau, F. 58, 515. 
 Summary on breeding, 93. 
 Summary of causes of disease, 297. 
 Summarj' of food elements, 242. 
 Summary of uses of disinfectants, 332. 
 Summary of weather prognostication, 466. 
 Summer drouths, 455. 
 Summer feeding, 376. 
 Summer Ramble, 33. 
 Summer rations, 272. 
 Sunlight in stables, 112. 
 Sunspots and weather, 457-460. 
 Sunstroke, 315. 
 Superb 1956, 487, 574. 
 Surface story clouds, 436. 
 Surface story of the atmosphere. 435. 
 Swain, James P., 41. 
 Swearers, 431. 
 Swedish hybrid clover, 252. 
 Sweepstakes Duke 1905, 570. 
 Sweet corn. Analysis of, 235. 
 Sweet corn for soiling, 254. 
 Sweet cream as a luxury, 366. 
 Swine, Inbreeding of, 84. 
 System in dairy, 335. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 
 
 721 
 
 Table of American feeding-stuffs, 240. 
 
 Table of breeding formulas, 687. 
 
 Table of average annual rainfall in United States, 
 
 478. 
 Table of average composition of feeding-stuffs, 
 
 331. 
 Table of butter breeds, 422. 
 Table of clouds, 438. 
 Table of comparative chemical tests of milk, 350- 
 
 351. 
 Table of competitive tests in breeds, 352, 396. 
 Table of crops. United States, 1881, 483. 
 Table of density of cream, 367. 
 Table of digestive juices and ferments, 245. 
 Table of dung from feed, 163. 
 Table of ensilage analysis, 238. 
 Table of feeding for butter, 417, 430. 
 Table of fodder values, 268. 
 Table of germination of grass-seed, 258. 
 Table of inbred Jersey cattle, 687. 
 Table of Jersey Fountains, 491. 
 Table of manure values, 157, 161, 216, 323. 
 Table of measurements, 303. 
 Table of mineral constituents of plants, 338. 
 Table of official butter tests, A. J. C. C, 590. 
 Table of plants upon an acre, 205. 
 Table of ratio of milk to pound of butter, 683. 
 Table of seven-day butter tests, 653. 
 Table of sewage irrigation cost, 185. 
 Table of soiling crops, 349. 
 Table of standard butter tests, 587. 
 Table of seed for meadows, 357. 
 Table of seed for pastures, 363. 
 Table of temperature in United States, 476. 
 Table of tests for less than a year, 650. 
 Table of yearly butter tests, 650. 
 Tables, Study of, 699. 
 Taintor, John A., 44, 485, 493, 494, 496. 
 Telegraph in storms, 470, 471, 473, 474. 
 Temperature in United States, 476. 
 Temperature of blood in cattle, 393. 
 Temperature of separator cream, 373. 
 Temperature of the weather, 463. 
 Temperature of undrained soils, 153. 
 Tennessee rainfall, 478. 
 Ten to eleven pounds of milk to yield a potmd of 
 
 butter, 684. 
 
 Tennyson, 36, 37. 
 
 Tenth-class escutcheon, 84. 
 
 Terms relating to purity of blood, 74. 
 
 Test of density of cream, 367. 
 
 Test of breeds, 341-360, 393-397. 
 
 Test of Landseer's Fancy 3876, 558. 
 
 Test of quality of milk, 339, S 
 
 Test of separators, 371. 
 
 Tests for butter, 46, 47, 489, 587, 590. 
 
 Tested descendants of noted Jersey cattle, 491, 
 
 584. 
 Tetanus, 328. 
 Tethermg, 45, 46, 265. 
 Thaxter, Celia, 35. 
 The Art of Milking, 360. 
 The Atlantic System, 445. 
 The Atmospheric System, 434. 
 The Barefoot Boy, 35. 
 The barn, 107. 
 The Bridal Procession, 34. 
 The Cattle Belong to God, 14. 
 The Central System, 446. 
 The Champion Drill, 121. 
 The Dairy, 335. 
 
 The Parmer of Tilsbury Vale, 25. 
 The Farmer's Boy, 23. 
 The future of American Jerseys, 700. 
 The Gardener's Daughter, 26. 
 The hajonow, 425. 
 
 The High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire, 29. 
 The Hub 1009, 554. 
 The Jersey in America, 483-701. 
 The King would be a Farmer, 19. 
 The Maiden with the Milking-Pail, 38. 
 The Merrimac River, 36. 
 The Milkmaid's Song, 27. 
 The Model Cow, 545. 
 Theory of cultivation, 186. 
 Theory of drainage, 152. 
 Theory of sex, Thury and others, 90, 91. 
 The Pacific System, 446. 
 The Palace of Art. 27. 
 The Perfect Jlilk-Pail, 124. 
 The plan of dairy, 336. 
 Thermometer 462. 
 Thermometer in the dairy, 417. 
 The seven states of the weather, 460. 
 The soil, 98. 
 
722 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 
 
 The udder, 338. 
 
 The Voice of the Grass, 36. 
 
 The weather, 433. 
 
 Thigh feather, 60. 
 
 Thigh ovals, 68. 
 
 Thirteen to fourteen jiounds of milk yield a pound 
 
 of butter, 686. 
 Third-class escutcheon, 61. 
 Thirty-nine-pound cows, 653. 
 Thirty-one-pound cows, 653. 
 Thirty-pound cows, 653. 
 Thomas Quayle, 41. 
 Thompson, James, 20. 
 Thorndale 2.582, 570. 
 Thi-ee to four pounds of milk to a pound of 
 
 butter, 558, 683. 
 Three systems of conditions, 445. 
 Thurber on cheese, 386. 
 Tickell, Thomas, 20. 
 Tile drains, 137. 
 Tillage, 188-190. 
 
 Tillage checking evaporation, 189, 476. 
 Time in making cheese, 377, 381, 388, 390. 
 Time in operating centrifuge, 374. 
 Timothy, Analysis of, 231, 241. 
 Timothy as a soiling crop, 252. 
 Timothy with alsike, 252. 
 Timothy with clover, 252. 
 To bear in mind, 399. 
 Tom Dasher 420, 486, 531, 586. 
 Top SaxN-yer 1404, 96, 570, 699. 
 Tormentor 3533, 579. 
 Tornado, 443, 445. 
 Trade story, 435. 
 Trade story clouds, 437. 
 Trade winds, 449. 
 Training horns, 281. 
 Transit of electric currents, 472. 
 Treatment for abortion, 300. 
 Treatment for acclimation fever, 315. 
 Treatment for apoplexy, 308. 
 Treatment for barrenness, 304. 
 Treatment for bloody urine, 305. 
 Treatment for broken horn, 309. 
 Treatment for bronchitis, 321. 
 Treatment for colic, 314, 318. 
 Treatment for colostrum disease, 808. 
 Treatment for constipation, 311. 
 
 Treatment for consumption, 324. 
 
 Treatment for coughs, 321. 
 
 Treatment for diarrhcBa, 317. 
 
 Treatment for difficult calving, 306. 
 
 Treatment for extrusion of the womb, 304. 
 
 Treatment for garget, 315. 
 
 Treatment for hoove, 314. 
 
 Treatment for lockjaw, 328. 
 
 Treatment for raeteorism, 289, 314 
 
 Treatment for milk diseases, 310. 
 
 Treatment for pleuro-pneumonia, 327. 
 
 Treatment for pneumonia, 323. 
 
 Treatment for red milk, 310. 
 
 Treatment for red-water, 306. 
 
 Treatment for rheumatism, 313. 
 
 Treatment for spermatorrhoea, 320. 
 
 Treatment for sterility, 320. 
 
 Treatment for sunstroke, 315. 
 
 Treatment for warts, 315. 
 
 Treatment of milk in cooling, 365. 
 
 Treatment with drj' heat, 308. 
 
 Treatment with hot water, 307, 309, 314, 315. 
 
 Trocar and canula, 283, 314. 
 
 Tropical currents, 435. 
 
 Trowbridge, John Townsend, 37. 
 
 True art of breeding, 94. 
 
 Tubers, Analysis of, 234. 
 
 Twelve to thirteen pounds of milk jield a pound 
 
 of butter, 685. 
 Twenty-flve-pound cows, 653. 
 Twenty-four-pound cows, 653. 
 Twenty-nine-pound cows, 653. 
 Twenty-onc-pound cows, 654. 
 Twenty-pound cows, 655. 
 Twenty-seven-pound cows, 6.53. 
 Twenty-six-pound cows, 653. 
 Twenty-three-pound cows, 654. 
 Twenty-two-pound cows, 654. 
 Twins, 89, 90. » 
 
 Tympanitis, 289. 
 Tympanitis, Treatment of, 314. 
 
 U. 
 
 Udder, 338. 
 
 Udder, Diseases of, 309, 315. 
 Udder, outline of types, 54, 55, 56. 
 Udder, structure and physiology, 3J 
 Unguents, 329. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Unrivalled richness of Jerseys, 343-354, 360, 487, 
 
 496, 557, 603. 
 Upper Lakes region rainfall, 488. 
 Upper story of atmosphere, 435. 
 Uses of Disinfectants, 333. 
 Utensils for dairy, 120, 131, 385. 
 Utensils for farm, 189, 121. 
 Utensils of special merit, 131. 
 Uterus, Displacement of, 304. 
 Uterus, Treatment of, 805. 
 
 Value of breeds for dairy, 346-354, 393-397, 485, 
 
 650-701. 
 Value of feed tables, 239. 
 Value of manures, 156-161, 216, 223. 
 Value 2d 6884, 487, 598. 
 Vaporimeter, 467. 
 
 Variability of electric currents, 472. 
 Variation, in a fair day, of barometer, cumula- 
 
 stratus clouds, electric tension, fog, force of 
 
 wind, magnetic needle, motion of wind and 
 
 thermometer, 475. 
 Variation in milk of breeds of cattle, 341, 346- 
 
 354, 393-396, 557. 
 Variations in milk of different teats of one cow, 
 
 348. 
 Vegetable tints in Jersey colors, 48. 
 Vegetable moulds. Humus, 103. 
 Velocity in drains, 135. 
 Ventilation, 112, 114, 323. 
 Ventilation of butter dairy, 402. 
 Vertumnus, P. 161, 575. 
 Vetch, Analysis of, 331, 233, 334. 
 Vetch for soiling, 354. 
 Victor 3550, 96, 487, 530. 
 Victor Hugo 197, 535. 
 Victor, P. 148, 576. 
 Vinegar in ensilage, 238, 280, 381, 429. 
 Voelcker, Prof. A., 98. 
 Voice of the Grass, 36. 
 Volcanoes affect weather, 458. 
 Vulvous feather on escutcheon, 60. 
 
 "Walls, Disinfection of, 333. 
 Wanderer 3014, 580. 
 
 Waring, Jr., Col. George j;., 46. 
 
 Warts, Treatment of, 315. 
 
 Washington, George, 13. 
 
 Waste manures. Saving of, 223. 
 
 Water, 306. 
 
 Water, Essay by Prof. Voelcker, 206. 
 
 Water as manure, 208. 
 
 Water in milk, 339-354, 363. 
 
 Water, irrigation, 210. 
 
 Water, Lead pipes for, 209. 
 
 Watermeadows, 211. 
 
 Watermeadows, England, 313. 
 
 Watermeadows, Lombardy, 230. 
 
 Water, Purity of, 309. 
 
 Water, Quality of, 306, 208, 209, 213, 220. 
 
 Water, Rain, 207. 
 
 Water, River, 208. 
 
 Water, Spring, 208. 
 
 Water-supply, 155. 
 
 Water-tanks, Capacity of, 115. 
 
 Water, Well, 208. 
 
 Weather, 433, 482. 
 
 Weather apparatus, 474. 
 
 Weather Bureau, 474. 
 
 Weather prognostications, 459, 470, 471. 
 
 Weather propositions, 433, 471. 
 
 Webster, Daniel, 12. 
 
 Webster, Noah, 484. 
 
 Webster, W. J., 557, 602. 
 
 Weight of atmosphere, 460. 
 
 Weight of milk, 205, 341. 
 
 Weight of milk in scale of points, 54, 352, 395. 
 
 Welcome, F. 166, 534. 
 
 Welcome Oat, 252. 
 
 Wethersfield 966, 486, 541. 
 
 Wet- Weather Talk, 480. 
 
 When the Kye come Hame, 25. 
 
 Whey butter, 385, 392. 
 
 Whey in cheese-making, 377-394. 
 
 Whey ration for calves, 278. 
 
 Whiskey-drinker, 431. 
 
 Whittier, John G., 35. 
 
 Whole-milk butter, 400. 
 
 Whole-milk cheese, 383, 388, 392. 
 
 Width of storm and shower conditions, 441, 443, 
 
 471. 
 Winds, 465, 471, 475. 
 Winter bariey, 351-355. 
 
724 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Winter rj-e, 251-255. 
 
 Winter wheat, 253. 
 
 Wolfl and Collier's tables of feeding stuffs, 231- 
 
 238. 
 Woman's milk, 353. 
 Woman's milk. Analysis of, 8.'>4. 
 Womb, Falling of, 304, 305. 
 Womb, stricture of sphincters, 308. 
 Wordsworth, William, 24. 
 Working butter, 404-408. 
 Worry, Effect of, on cow's milk, 349. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yankee 1003, 536. 
 
 Yelk, 424. 
 
 Yellow butter, 26, 434, 546. 
 
 Yellow skin, 44, 487, 496, 545. 
 
 Yield of Alphea 171, 508. 
 
 Yield of butter in herds, 415. 
 
 Yield of crops diminished by late spring, 434. 
 Yield of descendants of noted Jerseys, 492, 584. 
 Yield of Ethleel 2d 32291, 360. 
 Yield of Eurotas 2454, 356. 
 Yield of famous cows, 3.56. 
 Yield of Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828, 545, 587. 
 Yield of Liindseer's Fancy 2876, 557, 602. 
 Yield of milk at Deerfoot Farm, 355. 
 Yield of milk at Echo Farm, 355. 
 Yield of milk at Houghton Farm, 357. 
 Yield of milk at Loeser Farm, 358. 
 Yield of milk at Maplehurst Farm, 357. 
 Yield of milk at Oaklands Herd, 394. 
 Yield of milk at Prospect Hill Farm, 358. 
 Yield of milk at Saltonstall Farm, 358. 
 Young Baron 702, 533. 
 
 Zebu and Jersey, 40. 
 
INDEX TO JERSEY FOUNTAINS. 
 
 Albert 44, 511, 584, 
 Aldine 1136, 554. 
 
 Baronet 2340, 572. 
 
 Bismarck 293, 519. 
 
 Blucher48, 511. 
 
 Brown Prince, F. 85, J. H. B., 516. 
 
 Browny, P. 158, 576. 
 
 Buffer 2055, 553. 
 
 Casli Boy 3348, 575 
 
 Catono 3761, 583. 
 
 Cecco 1673, 566. 
 
 Champion of America 1567, 555 
 
 Champion Magnet 6480, 584. 
 
 Charleston 1, 503. 
 
 Chief Justice 3d 1643, 543. 
 
 Claimant, P. 84, 566. 
 
 Clement 115, 513, 699. 
 
 Cliff 176, 516. 
 
 Clive Duke 1901, 571. 
 
 Coeur de Lion 318, 517. 
 
 Colonel 76, 492. 
 
 Columbiad 534, 531. 
 
 Columbiad 3d 1515, 566. 
 
 Comus 54, 501, 699. 
 
 Czar 373, 493. 
 
 Deerfoot Boy 1936, 565. 
 Dick Swiveller Jr. 376, 501. 
 Doctor H. 3133, 551. 
 Dolphin 3d 468, 525. 
 
 Duke of Brandywine 3313, 576. 
 Duke of Darlington 2460, 571. 
 Duke of Grayholdt 1035, 535. 
 
 Farmer's Glory 5196, 581. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gilderoy 3107, 577. 
 Grand Duke Alexis 1040, 540. 
 Grey King, P. 169, 575. 
 Grey Prince, F. 168, 548. 
 Guy Fawkes, F. 251, 573. 
 Guy Mannering 698, 541. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hamilton 1074, 553. 
 Hero, P. 90, 566. 
 Homer H. 3683, 743. 
 Hurrah 2814, 567. 
 
 Ike Felch 1392, 555. 
 Iron Bank 1120, 543. 
 
 Jacquot, P. 63, 548. 
 Jersey Boy, P. 92, 567. 
 
 Khedive, P. 103, 573. 
 King, P. 338, 582. 
 
 Landseer 331, 523, 585. 
 Lawrence 61, 519, 699. 
 Le Brocq's Prize 3350, 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Lemon, F. 170, 542. 
 Living Stonn 173, 510. 
 Lopez 313, 531. 
 Lord Bronx 2d 1730, 568. 
 Lord Lawrence 1414, 568, ft 
 Lord Lisgar 1066, 550, 699. 
 
 Mariu8 760, 539, 585, 699. 
 
 McClellan 25, 504, 585. 
 
 Mercury 432, 532. 
 
 MUo 590, 539. 
 
 Mogul 532, 536. 
 
 Monarch of Roxbury 499, 530. 
 
 Monitor 878, 538. 
 
 Mr. Micawber 556, 524. 
 
 Nelu8ko479, 537. 
 Niobe Duke 2364, 574. 
 Noble 901, 549. 
 Norajah 812, 548. 
 
 Omaha 482. 537. 
 Orange Peel 502, 529. 
 Orange Peel 864, 537. 
 Oxoli 1922, 568. 
 
 Paddy 899, 542. 
 Paterson 11, 499. 
 Pertinatti 713, 543. 
 Pierrot 636, 533. .585. 
 Pierrot 2d 1669, 549, 586. 
 Pierrot 7th 1667, 567. 
 Pilot 3, 498. 
 Prince 55, 498. 
 Prince of Warren 1512, 569. 
 
 Rajah 340, 523. 
 Ralph 957, .549. 
 Rambler of St. Lambert 52 
 Rector 14.58, 567. 
 Remarkable, F. 229, 655. 
 Rex 1330, 569, 699. 
 
 Rioter 746 E. H. B., 509, 699. 
 Rioter 670, 530, 699. 
 Rioter 2d 469, 529, 699. 
 Rob Roy 17, 520, 586. 
 Roxbury 247, 505. 
 
 Jr. 2723. 580. 
 Sam Weller, 271, 507. 
 Sans Peur, F. 201, 565. 
 Saugatuck 1144, 557. 
 Signal 1170, 556. 
 Silver Mine 1658, 572. 
 Sir Charles 131, 502. 
 Son of Alphea 562, 538. 
 Splendens 16, 492. 
 Splendid 2, 496, .584. 
 St. Helier 45, 522. 
 Stoke Pogis 1259, 550. 
 Stoke Pogis 3d 2238, 573. 
 Sultan, F. 58, J. H. B., 515. 
 Superb 1956, 574. 
 Sweepstakes Duke 1905, 570. 
 
 T. 
 
 The Hub 1009, 5.54. 
 Tborndale 2582, 576. 
 Tom Dasher 420, 531, 5 
 Top Sawyer 1404, 570, 
 Tormentor 3533, 579. 
 
 Vertumnus, P. 161, 575. 
 Victor 3550, 520. 
 Victor Hugo 197, 525, 69 
 Victor, P., 148,576. 
 
 Wanderer 3014, 580. 
 Welcome, F. 166, 534. 
 Wethersfield 966, 541. 
 
 Yankee 1003, 536. 
 Young Baron 702, 
 
 Total, 124 bvlU. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA. 
 
 Alphea 171, 507, ( 
 Angela 1682, 538 
 Azelda 3873, 571. 
 
 Coomassie 11874, 544. 
 Couch's Lily 3337, 534 
 Countess 114, 493. 
 
 Dandelion 3531, 538. 
 Dazzle 379, 518. 
 
 Emblem 90, 528, 5i 
 Eurotas2454, 543. 
 
 Jersey Belle of Scituate 7838, 545. 
 
 Lady Mary 1148, 531, 585, 699. 
 Lady of the Isles, F. 993, 538. 
 Landseer's Fancy 3876, 557. 
 Lucky BeUe 3314, 552. 
 
 M. 
 Marjoram 3239, 552. 
 Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770, 
 Mary Lowndes 373, 503. 
 Masena 25732, 578. 
 Mink 2548, 553. 
 MoUie Garfield 12172, 589. 
 Mostar 6971, 574. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nancy Lee 7618, 579. 
 Nelly 55, 517. 
 
 Oonan 1485, 543, 58( 
 Oxford Kate 13646. 
 
 Pandora of Staatsburg 3d 6497, 
 Pansy 8, 494, 584. 
 Pansy 6lh 38, 506, 585. 
 Pansy 1019, 517. 
 Pauline 494, 527, 699. 
 Pride of Windsor 483, 626. 
 
 Princess 2d 8046, 581. 
 
 Regina, P. 33, J. H. B., 507. 
 
 Total, 36 C0W8. 
 
INDEX TO TABLE OF STANDARD TESTS. 
 
 Aldarine 5301, 588. 
 Alluring 5541, 587. 
 Angela 1682, 589. 
 Attractive Maid 16925, 587. 
 
 Belle of Ingleside , 587. 
 
 Belle of Patterson 5664, 588. 
 
 Bounty 1606, 589. 
 
 Brighteyes 2d 2290, 587. 
 
 Brown Princess 30941, 589. 
 
 Brunette of Scarsdale 13276, 587. 
 
 Christmas Nannie 4075, 587. 
 
 Corinna 2d 6594, 588. 
 
 Corn 10504, 588. 
 
 Couch's Lily 3237, 588. 
 
 Countess 114, 588. 
 
 Cream of Java 23507, 588. 
 
 Daisy of Clermont 3492, 589. 
 
 Del of Willow Farm 22461, 589. 
 
 Deletta 21305, 589. 
 
 Dora Bell of Shelly's Island 9394, I 
 
 Dorothy of Bovina 9373, 588. 
 
 Dove Dee 18059, 588. 
 
 Di'sky 2525, 588. 
 
 Elinor Wells 12608, 590. 
 
 Energy 22016, 589. 
 
 Erith 4564, 589. 
 
 Estrella 2831, 589. 
 
 Eupidee's Perfection 20175, 588. 
 
 Fidelia 5817, 589. 
 
 Fides 2d 1576, 589. 
 
 Flora of St. Peter's 8622, 588. 
 
 Florie May Baker 10728, 589. 
 
 Gala 1375, 588. 
 
 Gilda 2779, 589. 
 
 Gold Ear 2d 3592, 587. 
 
 Gold Lace 10726, 588. 
 
 Golden Skin 10861, 588. 
 
 Grace's Nightingale 19855, 589. 
 
 Hennie 3335, 589. 
 
 Jeannie Piatt 6005, 589. 
 
 Jennie Dodo H. 14448, 587. 
 
 Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828, 587. 
 
 Kalmia 4.561, 588. 
 
 Kosi 3431, .589. 
 
 Lady Adams 2d 6529, 588. 
 
 Lady Alice of the Wilderness 12207, 
 
 Lady Caroline of St. Aubins 11372, 5 
 
 Lady Palestine 2769, 589. 
 
 Lady Young 16668, 589. 
 
 Lassie 1134, 588. 
 
 Leonice 2d 8342, 588. 
 
 Le Rosa 10078, 589. 
 
 Lillie Pope 8589, 589. 
 
 Lobelia 2d 6650, 589. 
 
 Lucy Gray 2746, 588. 
 
 Lustre 2062, 588. 
 
 Lydia Darrach 2d 8056, 588. 
 
 Lydia Darrach 3d 10662, 588. 
 
 Lydia Darrach 5th 16577, 589. 
 
 Ma Belle 4942, 588. 
 
 Maid of the Elms 6960, 588. 
 
 Mamie Coburn 3798, 587. 
 
 Matilda 5th 18068, 588. 
 
 Maud Lee 2416, 587. 
 
 Melia Ann 5444, 587. 
 
 Miss Baden Baden 14760, 589. 
 
 Moth of St. Lambert 9775, 588. 
 
 Niobe 99, 589. 
 
 Olie's Lady Teazle 12307, 588. 
 
 Olymph 17957, 589. 
 
 0.xalis 2d 15631, 589. 
 
 Palestine 3d 1104, 588. 
 
 Patterson's Beauty 4760, 587. 
 
 Peggy Ford 21713, 588. 
 
 Pet Anna 1608, 589. 
 
 Phyllis of Hillcrcst 9067, 589. 
 
 Pinafore 2d 1.5072, 588. 
 
 Putnam Belle 12116. 589. 
 
 Pyrola 4566, 587. 
 
 Queen of Delaware 17029, 587. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 
 
 Queen of Prospect 11997, 589. 
 Reception 8557, 587. 
 Eeferette 15209, 588. 
 Renalba 4117, 587. 
 St. Perpetua 2d 5557, 590. 
 Sultan's Lily 18099, 589. 
 Sylvia 687, 587. 
 Taglioni 9182, 589. 
 Tlialey 14399, 588. 
 
 Tidy of Si. Lambert 31114, 
 Tilda 3720, 588. 
 Velveteen 7703, 589. 
 Volie 19465, 587. 
 Webster Pet 4103, 589. 
 Winsome of Ipswich 9313, I 
 Wybie 595, 587. 
 Zithey 9184, 588. 
 
 INDEX TO OFFICIAL TESTS OF A. J. C. C. 
 
 Carrie Lena 3d 20077, 623. 
 
 Cocotte 11958, 649. 
 
 Cottage Lass 5332, 594. 
 
 Edessa 31844, 634-638. 
 
 Ethleel 2d 32291, 643. 
 
 Euphonia 6783, 620. 
 
 Evelina of Verna 10971, 633-637. 
 
 Fair Lady 6723, 594. 
 
 Gilt Edge C. 12323, 609. 
 
 Hilda D. 6683, 631, 636. 
 
 Ida of St. Lambert 24990, 613. 
 
 Khelula 17970, 649. 
 
 Landseer's Fancy 2876, 603. 
 
 Lydia Darrach 4903, 592. 
 
 Mamelle 30804, 627. 
 
 Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770, 614. 
 
 Mary Jane of Bellevue 6956, 625. 
 
 Matilda 4th 12816, 644. 
 
 Mermaid of St. Lambert 9771, 607. 
 
 Naiad of St. Lambert 12965, 603. 
 
 Niobe of St. Lambert 12969, 608. 
 
 Oxford Kate 13646, 633. 
 
 Percie 14937, 606. 
 
 Pet of Rose Lawn 11326, 640. 
 
 Princess 3d 8046, 617. 
 
 Rioter Pink of Berlin 33665, 609. 
 
 Su Lu 4705, 596. 
 
 Tette 30803, 639. 
 
 Value 3d 6844, 598. 
 
INDEX TO SEVEN-DAY TESTS. 
 
 Abbie ,681. 
 
 Abbie Clay 15703, 658. 
 Abbie Z. 14003, 674. 
 Abbie Z. 3d 14743, 661. 
 Actress 3311, 681. 
 Ada Minka 15563, 681. 
 Ada S. 18366, 668. 
 Adina 1942, 678. 
 Adora 18569, 679. 
 Alberta Signal 18611, 655. 
 Alcmena 6193, 665. 
 Aldarine 5301, 671. 
 AlephJudea 11889, 671. 
 Alfleda 6744, 664. 
 Alfritha 13673, 670. 
 Alhena 15995, 665. 
 
 Alice Donald , 681. 
 
 Alice Herrick 8787, 673. 
 Alice Jones 8235, 653. 
 Alice of Salem 5053, 675. 
 Alice of the Meadows 20748, 673. 
 Allie Minka 2982, 677. 
 Alluring 5541, 657. 
 Almah of Oakland 11103, 663. 
 Almeda 3842, 669. 
 Alphea Jewell 22831, 680. 
 Alpbea Star 16533, 678. 
 Alphetta 16531, 679. 
 Amethyst 3699, 659. 
 Ampelis 5th 17.548, 672. 
 Amy 395, 6.58. 
 Angela 1682. 680, 699. 
 Anna Smith 10324, 669 
 Annie Gray 14713, 672. 
 .iVrawana Belle 3277, 666. 
 Arawana Buttercup 6053, 670. 
 iVrawana Poppy 6058. 671. 
 Arawana Queen 5868, 663. 
 Archie 1112. 673. 
 
 Ariene 1071, 665. 
 Arietta 5115, 673. 
 Arietta 3d 14374, 673. 
 Armon 10868, 662. 
 Arnold's Lulu 7338, 671. 
 Arthur's Frolic 4488, 673. 
 Arthur's Mistletoe 11968, 65S 
 Aspirante 9373, 676. 
 Atlanta's Beauty 12949, 655. 
 Attractive Maid 16925, 654 
 Attricia 6029, 670. 
 Audrey 1447, 676. 
 Augcrez Girl 17015, 677. 
 Auntybel 12582, 675. 
 Avis E. 9714, 667. 
 Azclda 2d 7023, 671. 
 
 Baby Buttercup 10888, 681. 
 Ballet Girl 18750, 680. 
 Baronetti 8425, 662. 
 Baron's Rosette 25988, 670. 
 Bathsheba 2556, 680. 
 Beauty 2076, 669. 
 
 Beauty , 655. 
 
 Beauty 17414, 672. 
 Beauty Bismarck 4967, 680. 
 Beauty of Jersey 7850, 657. 
 Beauty of the Grange 7502, 654. 
 Beauty Romeril 26090, 658. 
 Beeswax 9807, 661. 
 Bella Delaine 10356, 679. 
 Belle Atwood 5907, 682. 
 Belle Dame 2d 22048, 670. 
 Belle Dawson 8370, 658. 
 Belle Garner 23682, 671. 
 Belle Grinnell 4073, 568. 
 Belle Grinnell 8d 16508, 680. 
 Belle Hartford 2718, 672. 
 Belle Mardi 18363, 658. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 
 
 BeUe of Ingleside , 657. 
 
 Belle of Middlefield 1516, 669. 
 
 Belle of Ogden Farm 1570, 682. 
 
 Belle of Patterson 5664, 664. 
 
 Belle of Prospect 2d 14326, 657. 
 
 Belle of Scituate 7977, 659. 
 
 Belle of Uwchland 8468, 676. 
 
 Belle of Vermilion 8798, 667. 
 
 Belle Steuben 30115, 683. 
 
 Belle Thorne 13369, 674. 
 
 Bellini La Biche 15091, 673. 
 
 Bellini's Maid 15170, 671. 
 
 Bellita 4553, 661. 
 
 Bell of Lynwood 18364, 659. 
 
 Bell Rex 11700, 675. 
 
 Belmeda 6339, 657. 
 
 Bennie Hinman 7166, 683. 
 
 Bergerelia 15546, 679. 
 
 Bertha Black ,26275, 661. 
 
 Bertha Morgan 4770, 657. 
 
 Bertie Briggs 5213, 678. 
 
 Bessie Bradford 7369, 680. 
 
 Bessie Bradford 2d 7271, 671. 
 
 Bessie Bradford 3d 11544, 680. 
 
 Bessie R. 13503, 665. 
 
 Bessie Ridgeley 8293, 674. 
 
 Bessie S. 5003, 666. 
 
 Bet Arlington 8970, 657. 
 
 Betsona 16776, 678. 
 
 Bettie Dixon 4527, 672. 
 
 Beulah de Gruchy 13480, 654. 
 
 Beulah of Baltimore 3270, 677. 
 
 Bintana 9837, 678. 
 
 Birdie 3611, 682. 
 
 Birdie Le Brocq 17363, 681. 
 
 Black Diamond's Queen 11865, 668. 
 
 Blanche 594, 665. 
 
 Bloomfleld Lady 6913, 674. 
 
 Blonde 2d 9268, 678. 
 
 Blossie Reynolds 6083, 664. 
 
 Blue Belle of Maple Grove 10687, 658. 
 
 Bohemian Gipsy 17453, 674. 
 
 Bomba 10330, 654. 
 
 Bonfanti 388, 683. 
 
 Bonnie Fawn 6190, 681. 
 
 Bonnie Tost 7943, 658. 
 
 Bonnie 3d 5742, 674. 
 
 Bounty 1606, 681. 
 
 10451, 664. 
 Brenda of Elmhurst 10763, 61 
 Brighteyes 3d 2290, 656. 
 Bright Lady 5938, 673. 
 Bronx 306, 680. 
 Bronze Leaf 14903, 671. 
 Brunette Lass 1780, 664. 
 Brunette Le Gros 9755, 666. 
 Brunette of Scarsdale 13276, 
 Bryant 4193, 676. 
 Buckeye Lass 10355, 678. 
 Busy Bee 6336, 664. 
 
 Butter Prize , 661. 
 
 Butter Star 7799, 568. 
 Buttery 3503, 680. 
 
 Calendine 9415, 655. 
 Calington 22021. 668. 
 Calista of Newark 13296, 668. 
 Callie Nan 7959, 665. 
 Calpurnia 13267, 670. 
 Calypris 5943, 670. 
 Camelia 3d 11188, 655. 
 Carlo's Fanny 14951, 681. 
 Caroline 12019. 676- 
 Carrie 3894, 663. 
 Carrie Lena 3d 20077, 664 
 Carrie Pogis 23568, 668. 
 CascadUla 3103, 668. 
 Cassia 2d 31370, 655. 
 Ceccola 13608, 663. 
 Celeste Cox 13948, 655. 
 Celia Belle 5865, 679. 
 Cenie Wallace 3d 6557, 670. 
 Cerita of Meadowbrook 5056, 
 Cetewayo's Dorcas 30387, 665. 
 Cetewayo's Silver Bell 18953, 
 Chamomilla 7553, 662. 
 Champion's Chloe 12255, 669. 
 Charmer 4771, 674. 
 Chenda 4599, 668. 
 Cherokee Rose 30921, 654. 
 
 Cherry 3d , 657. 
 
 Chloe B. 8935, 679. 
 Chloe Beach 3931, 676. 
 Chloe 4th 4613, 661. 
 Chrissy 1448, 663. 
 
732 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE LY AMERICA. 
 
 Cbrissy 2d 7730, 662. 
 
 Christmas Nannie 4075, 656. 
 
 Chroma 4572, 655. 
 
 Chrome Sldn 7881, 655. 
 
 Cicero's Mabel 18238, 671. 
 
 Cigarette 2849, 678. 
 
 Cill of Glen Rouge 13818, 664. 
 
 Clara C. Magnet 31563, 674. 
 
 Clara of Lakeside 10837, 671. 
 
 Clematis of St. Lambert 5478, 679. 
 
 Clematis 3d 6653, 680. 
 
 Clover Mel 16159, 675. 
 
 Clover Top 9910, 681. 
 
 Clytemnestra 3455, 670. 
 
 Cocotte 11958, 674. 
 
 Colie 8309, 658. 
 
 Colt's La Biche 6399, 661. 
 
 Como Lass 24369, 675. 
 
 Comtesse D'Espagna 10308, 680. 
 
 Conover's Beauty 12650, 659. 
 
 Content of Linwood 6950, 674. 
 
 Coomassic 11874, 662. 
 
 Copper 1979, 669. 
 
 Coquette of Glen Rouge 17559, 671. 
 
 Cora , 670. 
 
 Cora of Linwood 12915, 6.54. 
 Cordelia Baker 8814, 659. 
 Corinna 2d 6594, 664. 
 Corinne 707, 676. 
 Corn 10504, 665. 
 Corolla 4392, 678. 
 Coronilla 8367, 675. 
 Cornucopia 3414, 667. 
 Cosetta 15991, 674. 
 Cosette 3874, 675. 
 Cottage Lass 5332, 660. 
 Couch's Lily 3237, 663. 
 Countess 114, 666. 
 Countess Coomassie 19339, 662. 
 Countess Gasela 9571, 668. 
 Countess Lowndes 26874, 660. 
 Countess Micawber 1759, 661. 
 Countess of Croton 5307, 668. 
 Countess of Lakeside 12135, 656. 
 Countess of Lome 20832, 673. 
 Countess of Scarsdale 18633, 677. 
 Countess of "Warren 3896, 682. 
 Countess Potoka 7496, 657. 
 
 Countess Queen 13519, 658. 
 Cowles' Nonsuch 6199, 674. 
 Cowslip of St. Lambert 8349, 65 
 Cowslip 5th 849, 670. 
 Cream of Java 23507, 666. 
 Cream of Sidney 17028, 661. 
 Creamer 2467, 680. 
 Creole Maid 11017, 662. 
 Cressy of Deerfoot 15324, 681. 
 Crocus of St. Lambert 8351, 658 
 Croton Maid 5305, 654. 
 Crust 4775, 669. 
 Cyrene 4th 480, 661. 
 Czaretta 17358, 677. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dahlia , 666. 
 
 Dairy C. 12227, 671. 
 Dairy Pride 4th 21681, 666. 
 Dairy 2d 3891, 669. 
 Daisy Brown 12213, 660. 
 Daisy Dixie 9469, 671. 
 Daisy Grant 1445, 672. 
 Daisy Morrison 14305, 653. 
 Daisy of Belhurst 3114, 663. 
 Daisy of Chenango 18583, 676. 
 Daisy of Clermont 3493, 682. 
 Daisy of St. Peter's 18175, 655. 
 Daisy Queen 9619, 664. 
 Daisy 2d 15761, 669. 
 
 Daisy's Daughter , 671. 
 
 Dandelion 3531, 663. 
 Dark Cloud 9364, 670. 
 Darling of Neatham 20086, 670. 
 
 Darling 4th , 681. 
 
 Deborana 4718, 675. 
 
 Deerfoot Girl 15329, 672. 
 
 Del of Willow Farm 22461, 676. 
 
 Dena of Deerfoot 15335, 675. 
 
 Denise8381, 668. 
 
 Dcoine 6343, 678. 
 
 Desire 24360, 664. 
 
 Dia 13658, 667. 
 
 Diana of St. Lambert 6636, 663. 
 
 Dimple 3248, 662. 
 
 Dolly , 657. 
 
 Dolly of Lakeside 10824, 676. 
 Dom Pedro's Julian 8631. 666. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Dora Bell of Shelly's Island 9394, 651 
 Dora Doon 13909, 673. 
 Dora Neptune 30318, 656. 
 Dorothy of Bovina 9373, 670. 
 Dot of Bear Lake 6170, 657. 
 Dove Dee 18059, 670. 
 Duchess Caroline 3d 6039, 669. 
 Duchess of Argyle 3758, 673. 
 Duchess of Argyle 4th 7571, 680. 
 Duchess of Bloomfield 3653, 656. 
 Duchess of Bloomfield 3d 15580, 671. 
 Duchess of Dudley 8670, 673. 
 Duchess of Manchester 30838, 682. 
 Duchess of St. Lambert 5111, 667. 
 Dudu of Lin wood 8336, 663. 
 Duenna's Duchess 5508, 662. 
 Dusky 2525, 662. 
 
 Earl Cow , 678. 
 
 Eclipse 14437, 666. 
 Edith 4th 817, 681. 
 Edwina 6713, 667. 
 
 Effie , 564. 
 
 Effie of Hillside 1521, 662. 
 Effie of Verna 8938, 677. 
 Elinor Wells 13068, 681. 
 Elite 4399, 681. 
 Ella of Sidney 4532, 680. 
 El Mora Mostar 15955, 681. 
 Elsie Brown 4026, 677. 
 Elsie Lane 13302, 670. 
 Embla 4799, 660. 
 Embla Brick 15690, 678. 
 Emma Hudson 12469, 663. 
 Empress of Ely 2d 6771, 66 
 Empress 6th 3203, 659. 
 Energy 32016, 677. 
 Enfield Rose 3355, 666. 
 Enid 2d 10783, 676. 
 Enigma 5360, 669. 
 Epigsea 4631, 676. 
 Erith 4564, 681. 
 Estrella 2831, 674. 
 Ethelka 3d 14138, 672. 
 Ethleel 18731, 656. 
 Ethleel 3d 33291, 653. 
 Etiquette 4300, 669. 
 
 Eudora 1863, 665. ; 
 Eugenie 2d 12733, 679. 
 Eugenie Chouteau 6186, 653. 
 Eugenie Tourneur 24533, 671. 
 Euphonia 6783, 665. 
 Euphorbia 11229, 675. 
 Eureka McHenry 8341, 681. 
 Eurotas 2454, 564. 
 Eva of Snipsic 17650, 680. 
 Evelina of Verna 10971, 656. 
 Eveline of Jersey 6781, 658. 
 Evri 5383, 670. 
 
 Fadette of Verna 3d 11132, 654. 
 
 Fair Lady 6723, 657. 
 
 Fair Starlight 7745, 660. 
 
 Fairy 10, 661. 
 
 Fairy of Verna 2d 10973, 655. 
 
 Fairy Queen of St. Brelades 7464, 656. 
 
 Fairy Queen of Verna 6817, 679. 
 
 Faith of Oaklands 19696, 661. 
 
 Fall Leaf 8587, 676. 
 
 Fame 17434, 654. 
 
 Fancy Fan 13675, 673. 
 
 Fancy Juno 6086, 668. 
 
 Fandango 12908, 678. 
 
 Fannie Bugkr 19963, 671. 
 
 Fanny Taylor 6714, 667. 
 
 Fan of Grouville 7458, 671. 
 
 Fan's Grouville Beauty 10079, 657. 
 
 Fantine 1371, 669. 
 
 Farmer's Floss 17773, 668. 
 
 Faultless 13018, 660. 
 
 Faustine 10354, 673. 
 
 Favorite Rajah Rex 16153, 672. 
 
 Fayette Lady 14473, 666. 
 
 Fear Not 6059, 659. 
 
 Fear Not 2d 6061, 665. 
 
 Fidelia 5817, 683. 
 
 Fides 2d 1576, 677. 
 
 Fille de I'Air 2474, 681. 
 
 Fillpail 16530, 668. 
 
 Fillpail 2d 24388, 653. 
 
 Flamant 11370, 679. 
 
 Fleurette of Linwood 13918, 666. 
 
 Flora 113, 675. 
 
 Flora Lee 13394, 680. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Flora Lee of Tennessee 7694, 664. 
 Flora of St. Peter's 8622, 664. 
 Florence Billot 7849, 673. 
 Floret 9959, 660. 
 Floribundus 2d 14949, 658. 
 Florie Uay Baker 10728, 675. 
 Florinanna 24354, 660. 
 Florry Keep 6556, 673. 
 Florry of the Oaks 8141, 676. 
 Flower of Glen Rouge 17560, 564. 
 Forget-Me-Not 5809, 669. 
 Forgct-Me-Not-O 10564, 670. 
 Forsaken 7520, 672. 
 Fragrance 4059, 671. 
 Frances C. Magnet 22904, 673. 
 Frugal 14925, 661. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gabrlelle Champion 14102, 660. 
 
 Gala 1375, 663. 
 
 Gardiner's Ripple 11693, 656. 
 
 Gazella 3d 9355, 665. 
 
 Gazelle 15961, 682. 
 
 Gazelle of Mobile 1735, 682. 
 
 Gem of Hope 17012, 655. 
 
 Gem of Sassafras 8434, 678. 
 
 Gem of St. Cloud 7342, 675. 
 
 Geneva 13220, 668. 
 
 Gentle of Glastonbury 4651, 682. 
 
 Geranium 3963, 681. 
 
 Geranium 2d 7838, 653. 
 
 Gilda 3779, 677. 
 
 Gilt Edge C. 12233, 678. 
 
 Gilt Edge 3d 4420, 682. 
 
 Gilt 4th 4208, 683. 
 
 Gipsy May 6259, 660. 
 
 Gipsy 5lh 2252, 661. 
 
 Gladys of Bcllevue 9569, 664. 
 
 Gledelia 10524, 672. 
 
 Glory of Elmarch 21521, 667. 
 
 Goddess of Staatsburg 5252, 676. 
 
 Gold Ear 3d 3592, 658. 
 
 Gold Mark 10727, 673. 
 
 Gold Lace 10726, 655. 
 
 Gold Princess 8809, 674. 
 
 Gold Thread 4945, 663. 
 
 Gold Trinket 9518, 661. 
 
 Golden Princess 4557, 667. 
 
 Golden Skin 10861, 663. 
 Golden Zoe 3975, 665. 
 Goldstraw 3d 14724, 674. 
 Good Friday 30081, 674. 
 Grace Davy 8293, 654. 
 Grace Felch 8291, 672. 
 Grace's Nightingale 19855, 662. 
 Grandiflora 9953, 669. 
 Granny's Gem 30406, 664. 
 Gray Therese 5322, 666. 
 Grinnell Lass 11859, 662. 
 Guinevere Sinclair 11167, 675. 
 
 H. 
 
 Haddie 921, 666. 
 
 Handsome Myra 14244, 655. 
 
 Happy Blossom 18218, 669. 
 
 Harmony 3d 7118, 658. 
 
 Hartwick Belle 7723, 676. 
 
 Hattie 739, 675. 
 
 Hattie Douglass 14960, 664. 
 
 Hazalena's Butterfly 10133, 683. 
 
 Hazen's Bess 7329, 653. 
 
 Hazen's Nora 4791, 655. 
 
 Heartsease 503, 672. 
 
 Hebe 3d 3613, 672. 
 
 Helen 3556, 608. 
 
 Hennie 3335, 673. 
 
 Hepsy 3d 12008, 660. 
 
 Herberta 8811, 663. 
 
 Hilda A. 2d 11120, 656. 
 
 HUda D. 6683, 655. 
 
 Hilda 2d 5447, 654. 
 
 Hillside Gem 16640, 656. 
 
 Home Matron 6707, 681. 
 
 Honeydrop 10033, 080 
 
 Honeymoon of St. Lambert 11231, 655. 
 
 Honeysuckle of St. Anne's 18674, 673. 
 
 Hulla 7898, 656. 
 
 Hurrah Pansy 12153, 680. 
 
 Hypathia 2d 14774, 656. 
 
 lanthc 4562, 65(i, 
 Ibe.\ 3724, 606. 
 Ida Bashan 4735, 
 Ida 8th 5409, 679. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Idalene 11841, 668. 
 
 Idaletta 11843, 667. 
 
 Ida of Bear Lake 6169, 666. 
 
 Ida of Coal Hill 13543, 673. 
 
 Ida of St. Lambert 34990, 65S 
 
 Ideal 11843, 673. 
 
 Ideal Alphea 18755, 677. 
 
 Inez of Ingleside 28976, 674. 
 
 lo 5th 380, 660. 
 
 lola 4637, 671. 
 
 Irene of Short Hills 5137, 677 
 
 Island Chrissie 12007, 673. 
 
 Island Dots 17003, 675. 
 
 Island Star 11876, 655. 
 
 Jacquenetta 10958, 677. 
 Jazel's Maid 11011, 677. 
 Jeanne Les Bas 3476, 669. 
 Jeannie Piatt 6005, 678. 
 Jefferson Albma 13196, 673. 
 Jennette Montgomery 5177, 656. 
 Jennie Johnson 3d 6783, 683. 
 
 Jennie , 658. 
 
 Jennie 766, 675. 
 
 Jennie of the Vale 9553, 660. 
 
 Jennie WiUiams 39058, 672. 
 
 Jenny 287, 661. 
 
 Jenny Dodo H. 14448, 655. 
 
 Jenny Le Brocq 9757, 673. 
 
 Jersey 3260, 669. 
 
 Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828, 653. 
 
 Jersey Cream 8151, 661. 
 
 Jersey Cream 3d 8519, 674. 
 
 Jersey Cream 3d 8521, 664. 
 
 Jersey Queen of Barnet , 657 
 
 Jersey Rosalie , 659. 
 
 Jessie Leavenworth 8248, 682. 
 Jessie Lee of LabjTinth 5390, 676. 
 
 Jewel 8d , 670. 
 
 Joan d'Arc 2163, 663. 
 Jolie of St. Lambert 5136, 666. 
 Josephine 2d 3296, 663. 
 Judith Coleman 13191, 660. 
 Jule 3640, 682. 
 Julia Anna 16463, 661. 
 Julia Evelyn 6007, 666. 
 Julia Walker 10133, 668. 
 
 Kaoli 18980, 660. 
 Kate Daisy 8264, 678. 
 Kate Gordon 8387, 666. 
 Kate Pansy 15177, 671. 
 Katie Bashford 15983, 661. 
 Katie Kohlman 7270, 663. 
 Katy Didn't 2734, 674. 
 Kerni Rex 13671, 682. 
 Khelula 17970, 656. 
 King's Trust 18946, 658. 
 Kitty Clover 1113, 682. 
 Kitty Colt 3313, 668. 
 Kitty Potter 9893, 658. 
 Kitty 5th 3849, 663. 
 Kosi 3431, 663. 
 
 La Belle Petite 5472, 668. 
 
 Lactine 10680, 661. 
 
 Lady Adams 2d 6529, 670. 
 
 Lady Alice of Hillcrest 7450, 664. 
 
 Lady Alice of the Wilderness 13307, 666. 
 
 Lady Appel 8613, 658. 
 
 LadyBidwell 10303, 667. 
 
 Lady Bloomfield 4704, 673. 
 
 Lady Bountiful 17946, 673. 
 
 Lady Bowen 354, 663. 
 
 Lady Brown 433, 683. 
 
 Lady Brown 2d 3348, 679. 
 
 Lady Brown 4th 6911, 674. 
 
 Lady Caroline of St. Aubins 11372, 683. 
 
 Lady Cecilia 34831, 665. 
 
 Lady Clarendon 3d 17578, 677. 
 
 Lady Cloud 19358, 663. 
 
 Lady Conovcr 2d 17589, 656. 
 
 Lady Essex 4749, 658. 
 
 Lady Fair, 22103, 674. 
 
 Lady Fanning 11169, 677. 
 
 Lady Fawn of St. Anne's 10930, 663. 
 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 6850, 657. 
 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 3d 14641, 674. 
 
 Lady Gray of Hilltop 3d 14642, 680. 
 
 Lady Greville 12930, 677. 
 
 Lady Hayes 10136, 667. 
 
 Lady Ives 1708, 659. 
 
 Lady Ives 3d 6740, 676. 
 
 Lady Jane of St. Peter's 7475, 672. 
 
736 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Lady Josephine 11560, 6«2. 
 
 Lady Kingscote 26085, 668. 
 
 Lady Louise 4339, 673. 
 
 Lady Love 2d 2212, 668. 
 
 Lady Mary Hampton 4861, 678 
 
 Lady Mel 2d 1795. 655. 
 
 Lady Oaks 2d 5246, 671. 
 
 Lady of Bellevue 7705, 668. 
 
 Lady of the Isles 2d 16653, 656. 
 
 Lady of Otsego 26671, 683. 
 
 Lady O.xford 4860, 668. 
 
 Lady Palestine 2769, 677. 
 
 Lady Panalphrex 17400, 654. 
 
 Lady Penn 5314, 666. 
 
 Lady Superior 22865, 664. 
 
 Lady Thurlow 12410, 659. 
 
 Lady Velvetiue 15771, 661. 
 
 Lady Vertumnus 13217, 675. 
 
 Lady Warren 12168, 664. 
 
 Lady Young 16668, 681. 
 
 La Fantine 34489, 670. 
 
 La Finaneiere 11970, 669. 
 
 Lalla Rookh of Sugar Grove 15882, 656. 
 
 Landseer's Fancy 2876, 653. 
 
 La Pcra 2d 13404, 676. 
 
 La Petite M6re 2d 12810, 663. 
 
 La Petite Mire 3d 12814, 663. 
 
 Lara 4306, 660. 
 
 La Rouge 12405, 678. 
 
 Lass of Scituate 9555, 667. 
 
 Lass Rex Alphea 16965, 662. 
 
 Lassie 1134, 671. 
 
 La Vivienne 2d 1324, 665. 
 
 Leah Darlington 13836, 669. 
 
 Lebanon Daughter 6106, 678. 
 
 Lebanon Lass 6108, 680. 
 
 Le Brocq's Curfew 30697, 659. 
 
 Lena Lowndes 23202, 676. 
 
 Leoline 2<1 18315, 678. 
 
 Leoni 11868, 658. 
 
 Leonice 2d 8342, 688. 
 
 Lerna 3634, 667. 
 
 Lcrnella 22822, 680. 
 
 Le Rosa 1078, 680. 
 
 Lesbie 9179, 665. 
 
 Les Cateaux 3d 15538, 665. 
 
 Les Marais Dell 20814, 668. 
 
 Letitia 3977, 669. 
 
 L'Etoilc Du Nord 16419, 675. 
 
 Liberty 2d 16717, 677. 
 
 Lida Mullin 9198, 663. 
 
 LUian Mostar 10364, 679. 
 
 Lille Bonne 8108, 656. 
 
 Lillie Pope 8589, 677. 
 
 Lilly Cross 13796, 679. 
 
 Lily Darling 11713, 661. 
 
 Lily of Burr Oaks 11001, 667. 
 
 Lily of Maple Grove 5079, 665. 
 
 Lily of Staatsburg 5427, 679. 
 
 Lily of St. Lambert 5120, 681. 
 
 Lily of the Valley 7489, 681. 
 
 Lily Scituate 12665, 658. 
 
 Linda 3d 3219, 663. 
 
 Lissetta Johnson 5321, 668. 
 
 Little Han 8004, 682. 
 
 Little Torment 15581, 6.54. 
 
 Litty 807, 680. 
 
 Litza 6838. 
 
 Lizzette's Mary 12723, 674. 
 
 Lizzie C. 7713, 681. 
 
 Lizzie D. 10408, 662. 
 
 Lobelia 2d 6650, 677. 
 
 Lorella 13918, 676. 
 
 Lorraine 1435, 676. 
 
 Lotchen 19823, 663. 
 
 Lottie Rex 18757, 678. 
 
 Louvie 3d 6159, 673. 
 
 Lucetta 6856, 679. 
 
 Lucilla 2735, 682. 
 
 Lucilla Kent 8892, 668. 
 
 Lucilla 3d 9786, 661. 
 
 Lucky Belle 2d 6037, 662. 
 
 Lucy 4877, 663. 
 
 Lucy Dale 5129. GG7. 
 
 Lucy Gaines' Buttercup 5058, 6 
 
 Lucy Gray 2746, 667. 
 
 Lucy Lanier 13053, 658. 
 
 Lulu 2d , 662. 
 
 Lustre 2062, 668. 
 Lydia Darrach 4903, 659. 
 Lydia Darrach 2d 8056, 666. 
 Lydia Darrach 3d 10662, 666. 
 Lydia Darrach 5th 16577, 678. 
 Lydia Libby 11698. 670. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Ma Belle 4942, 672. 
 Mabel of St. Mary's 8627, 662. 
 Maculae 24277, 671. 
 Madame Argyle 19476, 680. 
 Maggie C. 12216, 677. 
 Maggie May 3255, 679. 
 Maggie May 2d 12926, 677. 
 Maggie McM. 14073, 656. 
 
 Maggie Mitchell , 657. 
 
 Maggie of St. Lambert 9776, 665. 
 
 Maggie Rex 28623, 661. 
 
 Maggie Sheldon 23583, 670. 
 
 Maggie 3d 3221, 660. 
 
 Magna 2238, 657. 
 
 Magna 5th 3541, 667. 
 
 Magnibel 7976, 674. 
 
 Maid of Amboy 2929, 665. 
 
 Maid of Avranches 6559, 672. 
 
 Maid of Five Oaks 7178, 670. 
 
 Maid of the Elms 18932, 662. 
 
 Maiden of Jersey 2736, 674. 
 
 Malope 2d 11923, 668. 
 
 Mamelle 20804, 655. 
 
 Mamie Coburn 3798, 660. 
 
 Maple Dale 2907, 666. 
 
 Maple Leaf 4768, 674. 
 
 Maquilla 24043, 656. 
 
 Marea 10167, 659. 
 
 Margery Lee 5425, 666. 
 
 Marie C. Magnet 22903, 668. 
 
 Marie S. 12043, 669. 
 
 Maritana 12039, 664. 
 
 Marjoram 3239, 665. 
 
 Marjoram 2d 12805, 672. 
 
 Marpetra 10284, 677. 
 
 Marvel 13734, 671. 
 
 Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770, 6' 
 
 Mary Clover 9998, 673. 
 
 Mary Hinman 17619, 668. 
 
 Mary M. Allison 6308, 655. 
 
 Mary Norton 13052, 659. 
 
 Mary of Bear Lake 6171, 667. 
 
 Mary of Gilderoy 11219, 678. 
 
 Mary of Pleasant View 13448, 677 
 
 Mary's Silver Drop 14235, 670. 
 
 Masena 25732, 655. 
 
 Matilda 3238,661. 
 
 Matilda 4th 12816, 655. 
 Matilda 5th 18068, 664. 
 Matin 7768, 659. 
 Mattituck 1450, 682. 
 Maudine of Elmwood 8718, 
 Maud Lee 2416, 654. 
 Maud Lee 2d 8839, 675. 
 Maud Melinda 12126, 660. 
 May Blossom 5657, 657. 
 May Day Stoke Pogis 28353 
 May Fair 5184, 663. 
 May Lankton 15872, 665. 
 Medrena 3939, 658. 
 Medrie Le Brocq 8888, 676. 
 
 Meines3d7741, 656. 
 
 Mei:a Ann 5444, 658. 
 
 Melita of Hillcrest 7054, 679. 
 
 Mellie Argyle 20609, 677. 
 
 Melody 2689, 680. 
 
 Memento 1913, 677. 
 
 Mendota 3d 26326, 669. 
 
 Merlette 4988, 666. 
 
 Mermaid of St. Lambert 9771, 653. 
 
 Merry Burlington 7600, 670. 
 
 Metah's Baby 9710, 678. 
 
 Metah's Queen 4886, 659. 
 
 Mhoon Lady 6560, 661. 
 
 Miami Prize 8100, 681. 
 
 Milkmaid Felch 12339, 663. 
 
 Milkmaid of Burr Oaks 9035, 677. 
 
 Milkweed 16402, 676. 
 
 Milky Way 18865, 659. 
 
 Mink 2d 3890, 656. 
 
 Mink 3d 4868, 675. 
 
 Minneola of Elmarch 8229, 666. 
 
 Minnette of St. Lambert 9774, 661. 
 
 Minnie 2386, 668. 
 
 Minnie Lee 3d 12941, 678. 
 
 Minnie of Oxford 12806, 666. 
 
 Minnie of Scituate 17829, 678. 
 
 Mintha 12812, 672. 
 
 Mirtha 3437, 659. 
 
 Mirth's Blanche 19572, 659. 
 
 Mischief Le Brocq 7680, 673. 
 
 Miss Alexandre 26041, 673. 
 
 Miss Baden Baden 14760, 673. 
 
 Jliss Bell 5083, 673. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Miss Blanche 3515, 677. 
 
 Miss IJrowny 7288, 662. 
 
 Miss Uuelin 22296, 675. 
 
 Miss Vermont 7698, 664. 
 
 Miss WiUie Jones 6918, 664. 
 
 Mitten 13368, 668. 
 
 Mobcrly Creamer 23051, 678. 
 
 ]yi()ggie Bright 25891, 664. 
 
 3IoIlie Garfield 12172, 654. 
 
 Mollic Garfield 2d 18663, 667. 
 
 Mollie Jlay 17202, 673. 
 
 Molly 3554, 666. 
 
 JloUy Brown 7861, 665. 
 
 Monmouth Duchess 3895, 676. 
 
 Monmouth Duchess 3d 4620, 676. 
 
 Monmouth Duchess 4th 7129, 659. 
 
 Monocacy Dimple 9680, 679. 
 
 Moonah's Pet 7484, 669. 
 
 Morlacchi 2725, 682. 
 
 Moss Rose of St. Lambert 5114, 668. 
 
 Moss Rose of Willow Farm 5194, 654 
 
 Mother Cary 11746, 653. 
 
 Mother Hubbard 10331, 653. 
 
 Moth of St. Lambert 9775, 665. 
 
 Mountain Lass 12921, 675. 
 
 Mousy 2d 14962, 601. 
 
 Mrs. Knickerbocker 19367, 669. 
 
 Muezzin 3670, 680. 
 
 My Queen 12615, 669. 
 
 Myrtle of Ridgewood 7858, 680. 
 
 MjTtle 2d 211, 608. 
 
 Myth 2837, 677. 
 
 N. 
 
 Naiad of St. Lambert 12965, 654. 
 Nameless Girl 11623. 677. 
 Nancy Lee 7618, 653. 
 Nancy Lovelock 15511, 659. 
 Nancy of St. Lambert 12964, 678. 
 Nancy Rex 11743, 664. 
 Nan Day 17192, 655. 
 Nannie Fitch 9143, 678. 
 Naomi Cramer 8628, 681. 
 
 Naomie , 564. 
 
 Naomi's Pride 16745, 671. 
 Nazli 10327, 670. 
 Negress 7651, 681. 
 Nelida 3d 8227, 671. 
 
 Nell Gwynn 9654, 681. 
 
 Nellie Darlington 5956, 671. 
 
 Nellie 1507, 680. 
 
 Nellie Gray of Clermont 10905, &i 
 
 Nellie Maitland 4450, 666. 
 
 Nelly 2402, 667. 
 
 Nelly 6546, 655. 
 
 Nerissa of Nyack 9692, 671. 
 
 Nervine 25322, 680. 
 
 New London Gipsey 11667, 676. 
 
 Nibbette 11625, 676. 
 
 Nightingale K. 2d 19841, 663. 
 
 Nightingale of Elmarch 8313, 680. 
 
 Nimble 22335, 675. 
 
 Niobe 99, 683. 
 
 Niobe of St. Lambert 12969, 655. 
 
 Niobe's Alpheanette 33336, 654. 
 
 Niva 7523, 669. 
 
 Nora of St. Lambert 12962, 654. 
 
 Nordheim Creamer 9758, 682. 
 
 Nutley's Alma 13581, 681. 
 
 Nutley Silverette 22410, 667. 
 
 Nympha;a 5141, 658. 
 
 (). 
 Oakland Girl 11103, 673. 
 Oakland's Cora 18853, 656. 
 Oakland's Nora 14880, 654. 
 Oakleaf 4769, 659. 
 Obella B. 10575, 661. 
 Ochra 2d 11516, 664 
 CEnone 8614, 657. 
 Oitz 8649, 667. 
 
 Oktibbeha Duchess 4422, 661. 
 Olio 4133, 671. 
 
 die's Lady Teazle 12307, 664. 
 Olymph 17957, 660. 
 Oua 7840, 654. 
 Oouan 1485, 654. 
 Opaline 7590, 675. 
 Optima 6715, 055. 
 Orphean 4036, 669. 
 Oxalis 2d 15631, 672. 
 Oxford Kate 13646, 053. 
 
 Palestina 4644, 669. 
 Palestine 26, 677. 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA. 
 
 Palestine Pierrot 2d 24099, 677. 
 Palestine 3cl 1104, 663. 
 Palestine's Last Daughter 12602, 677. 
 Panatilla 4778, 658. 
 Pandothro 22383, 660. 
 Pansy 602, 682. 
 Pansy 1019, 656. 
 Pansy K. 23889, 675. 
 Pansy of Bellewood 2d 8904, 659. 
 Pansy Patterson 18621, 666. 
 Patterson's Beauty 4760, 659. 
 Patty Mc 33 4754, 663. 
 Patty of Deerfoot 15821, 664. 
 Pauline's Vivienne 11305, 663 
 Pavon 12485, 675. 
 Pawtucket Belle 12406, 664. 
 Pearl Armstrong 2670, 654. 
 Pearl of St. Lambert 5527, 679. 
 Peggy Ford 31713, 675. 
 Peggy Leah 8097, 657. 
 Peggy of Staatsburg 3342, 680. 
 Pendule 2d 16709, 677. 
 Percie 14937, 657. 
 Pet Anna 1608, 681. 
 Pet Clover 14624, 663. 
 Petite M6re 8516, 667. 
 Pet Lee 7993, 674. 
 Pet of Maplewood Farm 4854, 671. 
 Pet of Rose Lawn 11326, 658. 
 Pet Rex 20166, 679. 
 PhaBdra 3561, 656. 
 Phlox 16399, 654. 
 Phcebe N. 35401, 670. 
 Phyllis of HiUcrest 9067, 674. 
 Picture 1533, 673. 
 Pierrot's Countess 12480, 681. 
 Pierrot's Lady Bacon 12483. 663. 
 Pierrot's Lady Hayes 11672, 667. 
 Pierrot's Picture 13481, 665. 
 Pilot's "Veronica 18917, 655. 
 Pinafore 2d 15072, 669. 
 Pixie 4115, 681. 
 Plenty 950, 676. 
 Plum 13328, 661. 
 Polly Clover 7053, 662. 
 Polly of Deerfoot 15338, 672. 
 'Polynia 10753, 664. 
 Pride of Bovina 8050, 663. 
 
 Pride of Corisande 5333, 666. 
 
 Pride of Eastwood , 655. 
 
 Pride of the Hill 4877, 676. 
 
 Pride of Winslow 3613, 678. 
 
 Primrose 11956, 654. 
 
 Prince's Bloom 9729, 679. 
 
 Princess 836, 674. 
 
 Princess 1154, 663. 
 
 Princess 2d 8046, 653. 
 
 Princess Bellworth 6801, 668. 
 
 Princess Bowen 9699, 674, 
 
 Princess Imperial 11620, 657. 
 
 Princess Mary of Woodlawn 11663, 678. 
 
 Princess Mostar 9700, 661. 
 
 Princess of Ashantee 13467, 662. 
 
 Princess of Mansfield 8070, 671. 
 
 Princess of Trinity 23641, 666. 
 
 Princess Rose 6349, 675. 
 
 Princess Sheila 7397, 664. 
 
 Prize Rose 16309, 671. 
 
 Prudence of Bovina 3d 10749, 679. 
 
 Purest 13730, 670. 
 
 Pussie 3035, 657. 
 
 Putnam Belle 13116, 681. 
 
 Pyrola 4566, 658. 
 
 Pyrrha 6100, 663. 
 
 Quachette 17091, 656. 
 Queen Fannie 10375, 679. 
 Queen Mary of "Woodlawn 11639, 654. 
 Queen Neptune 15501, 657. 
 Queen of Ashantee 14554, 671. 
 Queen of Delaware 17029, 657. 
 Queen of De Soto 13318, 673. 
 Queen of Nubbin Ridge 14528, 660. 
 Queen of Prospect 11997, 679, 
 Queen of the North 17973, 682. 
 
 Queen Victoria , 657. 
 
 Queensborough 24345, 660. 
 
 R. 
 
 Rarity 3d 7734, 679. 
 Reality 16537, 670. 
 Reception 8557, 655. 
 Reception 3d 11035, 675. 
 Reckless 3569, 660. 
 Referette 15309, 668. 
 
740 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 
 
 Regina 2d 2475, 675. 
 Rcgina's Guide 16862, 674. 
 Rcnalba 4117. 660. 
 Rine Noble 61&1, 678. 
 Rene Ogden 1568, 672. 
 Rinini 9181, 674. 
 Renown 13729, 678. 
 Richness 16536, 600. 
 Rioter 2d'.s Venus 3658, 682. 
 Rioter Alphea 10091, 664. 
 Rioter's Beauty 14894, 681. 
 Rioter's Maggie 22530, 658. 
 Rioter's Nora 21778, 668. 
 Ris-sa 16014, 657. 
 Robinettc 7114, 680. 
 Rochelle 15574, 668. 
 Roland's Bonnie 2d 18054, 657. 
 Roll of Honor 13010, 674. 
 Romping Lass 11021, 672. 
 Romp Ogden 2d 4764, 669. 
 Romp Ogden 3d 5458, 667. 
 Roonan 5133, 655. 
 Rosabel Hudson 5704, 667. 
 Rosalia of Sidney 4521, 679. 
 Rosaline of Glenmore 3179, 659. 
 Rosa Miller 4333, 660. 
 Rosa of Bcllevue 6954, 658. 
 Rose 240, 661. 
 Rose 2d 239, 666. 
 Rose 3d 913, 665. 
 Rose of Eden 13437, 656. 
 Rose of Hillside 3866, 678. 
 Rose of Oxford 13469, 667. 
 Rose of St. Lambert 20426, 655. 
 Rosebud of AUerton 6352, 656. 
 Roselaine 3167, 669. 
 Ro.setta of Sidney 4520, 679. 
 Rosona 12956, 663. 
 Rosy Dream 9818, 657. 
 Rosy Kate 10726, 657. 
 Ro.sy Kate's Rex 13192, 658. 
 Royal Beauty 18908, 671. 
 Royal Princess 2370, 659. 
 Royal Princess 22013, 670. 
 Royal Princess 2d 12346, 659. 
 Royal Sister 12457, 674. 
 Rozel La.ss 20268. 656. 
 Ruby Love 16915, 673 
 
 Ruby Wray , 666. 
 
 Rupertina 10409, 661. 
 
 Sadie's Choice 7979, 682. 
 
 Safety 13463, 669. 
 
 Safrano 4568, 679. 
 
 Sal Soda 3721, 676. 
 
 Saragossji 22019, 671. 
 
 Sasco Bell 13601, 682. 
 
 Satin Bird 16380, 673. 
 
 Scipio's Lively 19868, 676. 
 
 Scituate of Woronoco 18040, 653. 
 
 Shiloh Daughter 20378, 676. 
 
 Signalana 7719, 670. 
 
 Signaldella 24,107, 658.. 
 
 Signal Maid 19361, 672. 
 
 Signetilia 16333, 658. 
 
 Silenta 17685, 668. 
 
 Siloam 17623, 658. 
 
 Silver Bell 4313, 682. 
 
 Silveretta 6852, 663. 
 
 Silver Rose 4753, 662. 
 
 Silversides 3857, 679. 
 
 Sih-ia Baker 8793, 664. 
 
 Sister Cash 33987, 675. 
 
 Sister Dorothy 2607, 672. 
 
 Sister Re.\ 13194, 663. 
 
 Smoky 13733, 675. 
 
 Snowdrop F. W. 16948, 676. 
 
 Spirea 3915, 682. 
 
 Stanstcad Belle 4709, 674. 
 
 Starkville Beauty 4897, 681. 
 
 St. Clementaisc 18163. 667. 
 
 St. Nick's Flora 16195, 681. 
 
 St. Jeannaise 15789, 660. 
 
 Sue Gallagher 15945, 654. 
 
 Sultana 2d 11798, 670. 
 
 Sultane2d 11373, 663. 
 
 Su Lu 4705, 659. 
 
 Summerline 8001, 656. 
 
 Sunny Lass 6033, 676. 
 
 Sunset 15130, 665. 
 
 Sunset of Pleasant View 13071, 67 
 
 Susan , 679. 
 
 Susette 4068, 678. 
 
 Susie Marshall 5782, 665. 
 
 Sweet Brier of St. Lambert 5481, ( 
 
JERSEY CATTLE IJST A3IERIVA. 
 
 741 
 
 Sweetrock 3d 18256, 674. 
 Sweet Sixteen 10683, 673. 
 
 Taglioni 9183, 680. 
 
 Tale-Bearer 34535, 676. 
 
 Tamy Lownde.s 25316, 665. 
 
 Tamy 3d 7135, 664. 
 
 Tamy 3d 7127, 665. 
 
 Telka 8037, 679 
 
 Tenella 6713, 654. 
 
 Tenella 2d 19531, 657. 
 
 Tette 20803, 660. 
 
 Thaley 14399, 666. 
 
 Therese M. 8364, 680. 
 
 The "Widow's Daughter 11507, 6J 
 
 Thisbe 607, 667. 
 
 Thisbe2d2301, 657. 
 
 Thorudale Belle 5265, 676. 
 
 Thorndale Belle 3d 10459, 667. 
 
 Tidy of St. Lambert 31114, 679. 
 
 Tilda 3720, 665. 
 
 Tobira 8400, 667. 
 
 Toltec's Fancy 37173, 660. 
 
 Topaz of "Woodlawn 11661, 664. 
 
 Topsey K. 23769, 681. 
 
 Topsy Roxbury 7796, 669. 
 
 Torf rida 3596, 660. 
 
 Trenie 17770, 675. 
 
 Troth 6139, 664. 
 
 Troth Plight 10358, 666. 
 
 Turquoise 1139, 679. 
 
 Typha 5870, 663. 
 
 Uinta 5743, 675. 
 Ultima 14456, 667. 
 Undine of South East 4548, i 
 Urbana 5597, 665. 
 Usilda 2d 6157, 671. 
 
 Valentine of Trinity 7460, 657. 
 "Valerie 6044, 667. 
 Valhalla 5300, 661. 
 Valma Hoffman 4500, 655. 
 
 Value 3d 6844, 653. 
 
 Vaniah 6597, 668. 
 
 Variella of Linwood 10954, 680. 
 
 Velveteen 7703, 673. 
 
 Venus 113, 675. 
 
 Verbena of Fernwood 9088, 673. 
 
 Verora 10766, 671. 
 
 Vesper 1395, 683. 
 
 Vestina 3458, 679. 
 
 Victoria 3175, 665. 
 
 Victorine La Chaise 3740, 666. 
 
 Victory 16379, 670. 
 
 Vieva 3d 7642, 664. 
 
 Village Maid 7069, 683. 
 
 Violet 372, 660. 
 
 Violet of Glencairn 10231, 678. 
 
 Violet 3d 3340, 669. 
 
 Viva Le Brocq 13703, 658. 
 
 Vixen 7591, 660. 
 
 Volie 19465, 658. 
 
 "Wakena 19731, 665. 
 "Walkyrie 5708, 680. 
 "Warren's Duchess 4633, 665. 
 "Webster Pet 4103, 679. 
 "Well Done 35987, 657. 
 "Welma 5943, 660. 
 AVestphalia 34384, 653. 
 White Clover Leaf 4513, 659. 
 "White Frost 17431, 665. 
 "Willis 2d 4461, 665. 
 "Winsome of Ipswich 9313, 673. 
 Witch Hazel 4th 6131, 669. 
 "VVybie 595, 661. 
 
 T. 
 
 Yellow Locust 10679, 675. 
 Young Duchess 497, 669. 
 Young Fanny 9033, 661. 
 Young Garenne 3d 13648, 665, 
 
 Zalma 8788, 670. 
 Zitella 3d 11922, 660. 
 Zithey 9184, 6631. 
 Zoe Henry 6693, 667. 
 
1874. 
 
 HOMER H. 3683.* 
 
 Color, fawn and white ; star ; white on hind legs and fore feet ; scrotnm tipped 
 black. Dropped May 10th, 1874. Bred by G. "W. Homer, Framingham, Mass. 
 Sire, The Squire 1298. Dam, Gilda 2779. 
 
 TESTKn I)?:SCENDA1ITS 
 
 Jenny Dodo H. 14,448 
 
 Blood. 
 
 PiR CE.tl 
 
 . 50 
 
 BbTTE« y«LD IS 
 
 Sevim Datd. 
 
 21 lbs. 8 oz. 
 
 Nai«. 
 Mercedes H. 12,326 
 
 Blood. Butteh Yuld 
 Feb Cist. Sevex Dam 
 . 50 17 lbs. 12 
 
 Zoplmr H. 12,329 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 21 •' 8 '• 
 
 Anita H. 12,324 . . 
 
 . 50 17 " 4 
 
 Willimenm 11. 12,325 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 20 "14 " 
 
 Theresa H. 14,447 . 
 
 . 50 15 " 3 
 
 Madolina H. 12,327 . 
 
 . 50 
 
 19 •• 4 " 
 
 Total, 7 com. 
 
 
 'Addenda to Jersey Fountains, page f 
 
 Last six names not in Index. 
 
 OMISSION. PAGE 664. 
 Favorite of the Elms 1658 Yield of B\ifter in Seven Dnvs, 16 lbs. 4 ^ 
 
Business Established in 1835. 
 ^Che illlbest Homceopathic 3¥le6icine House in the "Uniteb States.^- 
 
 BOERICKE&TAFEL, 
 
 OMffiOPATHIC' PHARMACY, 
 
 NEW YORK, 145 Grand St. and 7 West 42d St 
 PHILADELPHIA, 1011 Arch St. and 1035 Walnut St. 
 WASHINGTON, 938 F St. 
 
 BALTIMORE, 135 West Fayette St. 
 PITTSBURGH, 51 Sixth Ave. 
 
 CHICAGO, 234 Wabash Ave. 
 
 K^eep constantly 'on hand a full assortment of UomceopatMo 
 WorTcs in English, German and French, including Works on 
 Qomestic (Practice and on VETERINARY MEDICINE. Also a 
 complete stocTc of all Somceopathic (Remedies, "cy the single vial or 
 in complete stocks or outfits. 
 
 (Price Current and Catalogue furnished free on application. 
 Address as above. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA MEDALS. 
 
 KEW ORLEANS MEDALS. 
 
 Boericke & Tafel received THE ONLY Prize Medals awarded for Homoeopathic 
 Medicinal Preparations at the World's Expositions in Philadelphia in 1876, and in New 
 Orleans in 1884-5. 
 
R. H. ALLEN COMPANY, 
 
 Agricultural and Horticultural Implements 
 and Machines, 
 
 HARDWARE, * FERTILIZERS t AND * SEEDS, 
 
 189 and 191 Water Street, New York. 
 
 Dairy Farmers, who desire — as all do — to realize the highest price for 
 their products, must use the BEST tools, and such as are proved to be the 
 BEST after practical use. To these we offer the most extensive, as well as 
 the best selected assortment of 
 
 MILKING TUBES, PAILS, CREAMERS, CHURNS, BUTTER 
 
 WORKERS, PRESSES AND BOXES. 
 
 These same Farmers need 
 
 Galtle T-ies, Chains, Leading Staffs, Calf cBeaners and Feeders, Ball Rings, 
 and all Stable Fixtares, 
 
 and for the proper seeding of their crops the BEST FERTILIZERS and 
 the BEST GRASS, GRAIN and ROOT SEEDS, as well as the best 
 
 ^::- CULTIVATING AND HARVESTING TOOLS. -^C-^ 
 
 All these we manufacture and l<eep in stocl<, and of many of these we 
 publish descriptions and illustrations in our LARGE CATALOGUE just issued 
 — a book of 320 pages. This bool<, of interest and value to all, but especially 
 so to Dairy Farmers, we will be happy to send to any one wishing to select 
 from it articles for his use. We shall also be glad to show to all interested 
 our assortment of AGRICULTURAL GOODS in our EXTENSIVE WARE- 
 HOUSES, at 189 & 191 WATER ST., NEW YORK, and to correspond 
 with any desiring information in our line. 
 
 R. H. ALLEN COMPANY, 
 
 <P. O. Bos: S76. JVEW YORl^ CITY. 
 
^VechnMommi^