S 1 
 
(Utr 0. li Hill library 
 
 North (Carolina &tate llttiupratty 
 
 Special 
 
 Collections 
 
 S411 
 G55 
 
THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE 
 INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB- 
 JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS 
 POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION 
 DESK. 
 
 100M/7-85 
 
GLEANING 
 
 I10M THI 
 
 MOST CELEBRATED BOOKS 
 
 Hufbandry, Gardening, 
 
 RURAL AFFAIRS. 
 
 The improvement of the ground) is the nioit natural way of obtaining 
 riches. / orA Baron. 
 
 Many people wonder, why the curious enquirers into nature will give 
 themfelves Co much trouble aWnrtrcfiV plants j but thev do not fuffici- 
 er.tly confider, that many kinds or grain, many roots, legumes, Jruits, 
 fallads, and trees, in common u.e with us for noonfltmer.t, household 
 utenlils, cloathing, and ornament, are originally exotics. 
 
 S t tiling jteeCs TraBs. 
 
 FROM THE LONDON SECOND EDITION OF 1803. 
 — <g>~ 
 
 Interspersed with Remarks and Observations by a 
 Gentleman of Philadelphia. 
 
 PRINTED AND SOLD BY JAMES HUMPHREYS, 
 
 Ai tke N.fV. Ccrrcr tf Wcl-.u: ard D:.>-P.-ct:x, 
 
Diltncl of Pennfyivaaia,-— to wit. 
 
 BE IT REMEMBERED thai c: -,-frventh day $j 
 
 July, in the tvitntj -eighth year of the Independence cf the United States 
 cf America, "James Humphreys if the /aid diflrtil, hath depcfted in 
 this ojfice, the Title cf a Bock, the right whereof he claims as Proprietor 
 -n the words following, to wit. 
 
 " Gi'eanings from the tncji ctUl rated Books en Hujlandry, 
 Gardening, and Rural Affairs. 
 
 " The improvement cf the ground is the mcjl natural w ay of 
 obtaining riche:. Lord Bacon. 
 
 " Many people wonder why the curious enquirers into nature 
 ivili gi-ve ttery'r.'^ss jo much trouble about exotic plants ; but they 
 do not fufficiently cor.ftacr, that many hinds cf grain, many roots, 
 legumes, fruits, failads, and tre s, in common ufe with us for 
 Hburifbnunt, houfehold uienfls, c'.cathing, and ornament, are ori- 
 ginally exotics. StiJlingfleec's Traces. 
 
 " from the London Second Edition cf 1803. Inierfperfed 
 with Remarks and Objervatiens by a Gentleman of Philadelphia" 
 
 In conformity to the ad of the Congrefs cf the United States, intitled , 
 "An ad for the encouragement cf learning, by fecuring the copies cf 
 maps, charts, and books, t: the anthers and proprietors cf fuch copie: 
 during the rimes therein mentioned." And alfo to an a3, intitled, " An 
 ad Jupplementary to an ad, intitled "An a3 for the encouragement ej 
 learning by J e curing .he copies cf maps, charts, and becks, to the authors 
 zr.J proprietors of fuch ccpie- during the times therein mentioned, and 
 extending the bereft s thereof to the arts cf defgning, engraving, 
 etching hijlorical and other prims." 
 
 D. CALDWELL, 
 C.: ( rk of the Dijhid of Pennjj 
 
USZsfr V t. lr>H^^^ >w T. ^uy^ 
 
 / 
 
 GLEANINGS 
 
 /rem BOOKS on 
 
 AGRICULTURE AND GARDENING, &c. 
 
 The general opinion of this Compendium is difplayed by the immediate 
 Sale of the firj} edition ; its merit is fiamped by the praife of the Reviews 
 (fwo of tuhich are feleSed) ; and the Author's defire to render it more 
 eminently ufeful, is confpieuous, by the introduElian (in the fecond edition) 
 o/" Gardening. This edition has alfo undergone general Revifwn, and 
 under many beads is given considerable increafe of Information. 
 
 F.xtra3 from the MONTHLY REVIEW of Feb. 1802. 
 
 " The Compiler has extra&ed a great Variety of Information, which 
 he has arranged in alphabetical order under dirtinct heads, from A to Z. 
 We think that the publication will be very ufeful to Agricultures. It 
 may be confidcred as a conufc Farmer's Dictionary." 
 
 Extras from the Review in the GENTLEMANS' MAGAZINE, for 
 June 1 801. 
 
 " This little Work gives the EJfence of mojl of the recent Publications 
 of many favourite Authors on Agricultural and Rural Economy, together 
 with the Surveys of the fever al Counties of England, Wales, and Scot- 
 land, drawn up at the Defire of lite Board of Agriculture. Plants are 
 defcribed in their Varieties j Quantity of Seed necejfary per Acre, according 
 to the various Modes of Cultivation; Method of Cultivating, Weeding, 
 Cropping, and Seeding ; and lalrly, the feveral Ufes to which the Produce, 
 whether of Seed or Haulm, can be moft advantageoujly applied, frees, 
 whether of the Fruit or Forejl Kinds, are alfo treated of as to their Varie- 
 ties, the Nature of the Soil they delight in, their Quality and Affections, 
 as to thcr own Growth, or to what may b- in Contact with them; and 
 the various Ufes their BlofToms, Fruit, Lcavrs, or their Wood, are capa- 
 ble of. The Management of Lees, the Dairy, and many other ufeful Ar- 
 tides, are likewfe introduced ; together with a Plate or fome uieful Im- 
 plements for Dra ; ning, frmfptanting ; £rc. The Manner by nvbicb Hay 
 is faved in <wct Seafons in the North of England, bv a practice called 
 Tip/ling. The Whole is arranged ivitb great Concifnefs and Merit, and 
 wul piove a moft defirable Companion to luch as have neither the Meant 
 or Le.furi to perufe the bulky Materials from which this cheap Tuft is 
 judieim/ly fcicfled." 
 
 o 
 
 
A LIST OF THE BOOKS OUT OF WKlCHj PRINCIPALLY, WET.£ 
 SELECTED MATERIALS FOR THE FOLLOWING WORK. 
 
 General Pienvs cf the Agriculture of the different Counties cf England, 
 Wales, and Sc.Aana ; crau.n up a: the Difire cf the Board cf Agri- 
 culture 
 
 Tran/adicns cf the Society ir.ftituted in London for the Encouragement cf 
 Arts, Manufactures, ana Commerce. 
 
 Tranjaclicns cf the Bath Agriculture Society. 
 
 7ranj. di'.ns of the Highland Society. 
 
 Tr^nj actions of the Dublin Socuxy. 
 
 Stanftical Survey of the Cn .:;;, cf Dul'ir.. 
 
 General Fieiu cf the Agriculture, C?V. oj the County of Wicklovj. 
 
 Marfbad's Rural Economy. 
 
 Young's Tours. 
 
 Hunter's Gnrgisal Effays. 
 
 Cur tie'- Praai.al Ot/rr^ c: i CK; cn the Britifh Grafts. 
 
 Ne<v; Farmer's Calendar, by M r . La-u.rer.ce. 
 
 Donufiic Encychpadia, by DoQcr WilH*h. 
 
 Darwin's Ph. to cgia 
 
 Witkering's Botanical Arrangement of all the Vegttahles naturally 
 growing in Great Bri am. 
 
 And the Work cf the fcl'Unuing Writers on Gardening, viz. Eveyr. , 
 Braaley, Miller, Aber.r emtio, Kennedy, Kyis, Prefcn, &c. 
 
 The different methods of euitivat : ng each Plant or Tree, are ar- 
 ringed nnder the Several beads «f Soil, Seed, Plant, or Tare, 
 with a ft tgle letter in Italic btfore each ; and for concifer.efs nearly 
 cn the pian of Cr&nfedt's Mireralogy. 
 
 CJ' The Remarks, &c. interfperfed through the following WcrL 
 nd embraced as " ;hus" are by the American Editor. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS, 
 
 Referring to the different Pages in which th? fame Article is men- 
 tioned or treated ot, &c. 
 
 Alder, 2. 
 Almond, 4. 
 Ale, 61.181.270. 
 Angelica, 5. 
 Angling-rods, IC9.153. 
 
 36.. 
 An if orbutb, 121.180. 
 Ants, Z14. 
 Ap 1c, 6. 10. -4. 
 
 . ii. 
 Aohij, 176.-534. 
 Am >tta, 1 j. 
 
 ., :^. 
 14. 
 A . . 14. 
 
 do (Jeruf-lem) 165. 
 Architect, 192. 
 A(h, 16.174. 
 
 do (poifjn) iS. 
 Ai'pjrijui, 19. 
 AiTa.c id :, ao. 
 Airbnna, 138. 
 
 . 260. 
 Axle-trees, 26.274. ;6x. 
 Axarole, 21. 
 B 
 Banks, 3. 
 Baby-roulTa, 315. 
 Barn-owl, 332. 
 Bafil, 14. -5. 
 BiJ.r.:, 14. ;6. 
 Barley, 21,23 79. 
 Baroracter, 24. 
 
 Baa ks, 25. 
 
 Baikcti, 42.145. 192.261. 
 
 283. 
 Bacon, 270.316.356.357 
 Balfarr. . 
 
 B.IT4!, 
 
 Barns, 1;!. 
 
 Bali-mats, 192. 
 Bee , 10.33. 
 Beech, 30 
 Beer, 31.1C 
 
 Bees, 31.42. 43. 84. 192. 
 
 Be in 
 
 Bean*, 26*. 181. 
 Berbr- 
 Bitch, 35. 
 
 Birdlirnr, I 58. 
 
 Bl rn, 8.309. 
 
 . Canker, js 
 Bla k (dyej 3.4. 17. no. 
 
 I 1) 1-. 171. 227. 
 
 3S9- 
 
 9.37.176. 
 27.lO3.jS1. 
 
 Bord.i , 
 
 '» 38. 
 B I , :-2. 
 
 144.i4vi4it.1i1J.2G9. 
 
 Erewiu 
 
 B' at 1* •••! I 108. 
 Bri :ges, 
 
 Br»om, 4 1. 
 Broomcorn, 43. 
 
 , (dye) 1 10.171. 
 
 Banc ..:"! ji. 
 
 89.186.199.239 
 
 205.328. 
 
 • •neat, 43. 
 I 
 
 Bull, 44. 
 Bulla: . 
 
 iting, 45. 
 
 . 46. 
 I)u ter-bur, 49. 
 Burgundy pitch, i;o, 
 Bullocks, 1 
 
 C 
 Canker, 9.; 
 
 .316. 
 Cabb; Be, 49.113.156. 
 
 56. 
 '•<. n-, 17.77 
 
 • , 56. 
 Ci'fiium, 5S. 
 
 way, 58. 
 Caibon, 59. 
 59. 
 
 • 63- 
 
 I 118. 
 
 Ca'terpilhrs, 156. 
 , 221. 
 
 . yc) 22T. 
 
 Capon*, 272. 
 
 Ccieriac, 66. 
 Celery, 66. 
 
 Crurcoil, 3. 4. 26.36.59. 
 153..C,;. 
 late, 5.153. 
 Cheefc, 13.52.53.68.89. 
 144.186.239.269.282. 
 292. 
 Clicrrv, 36.73. 
 CbajL 67. 
 
 utters, 6-. 
 Cheinut, 7 v ib2. 
 
 • '* s i 153- 
 CiJer, 6.10. 1 1. 
 Cichory, 76. 
 Cinquefbii, 77. 
 Cion, 77. 
 
 C lir-bu tjiiw, 28S. 
 Cives, 77- 
 Cl -ver, 78.80. 
 Cofmci s, 5.163. 
 a, 8. 
 ii. 
 Coffee, 31.227.2- : 
 290. 
 
 84. 
 d> (Sea) 85. 
 Coriander, 85. 
 Cork i'ree, 86. 
 Tree, 87. 
 ■ J57« 
 C u, U ^2 58.269.346. 
 
 do (Chined) 90. 
 C w-pox, 91. 
 
 v Ind'un) 196. 
 Wild Irifli) 145. 
 ^uinea 1 148. 
 Cird-ge, 156. 
 Confumption, 252. 
 Crab /in trees) 91. 
 
 ■ . qi. 
 Creffet, 92. 
 
 -,56. 
 
 • T 53- 
 
 . 03. 
 Crop- . 
 
 ■ °3 
 
Contents. 
 
 Crows, 332. 
 
 Cucumber, 05.HI. 
 Cultivator, 97. 
 Culrer, 98. 
 Currants, 98. 
 Curl, 267. 
 Cy»refs, qS. 
 Cjtifus ^RomaB) ico. 
 
 Dairy. 1 00. 
 
 Deer, 47.113 163. 
 
 Dibbiinr, 10c. 
 
 Diet, ici. 
 
 Dogbane, 101. 
 
 Dogberry tree, 87. 
 
 Doves, i»i. 
 
 Drains, 102. 
 
 Drifl, ic6. 
 
 EroT-fy in Sheep, 42. 
 
 Dry-rot n Timber, 3;?. 
 
 Pqtcfa Pink. 349. 
 
 Duck;, 107.272. 
 
 Dyes, 2.3.4.6.11. 34.35. 
 S2.S7-94-i1c.113.145. 
 162. i-c. 106. 315.22c 
 227.244.25-.274.2R1. 
 
 2S6.2G2. 3IO. 342.349. 
 359- - . « 
 
 Dyfentery in cattle, 2«e. 
 
 Edifii, 108. 
 Egiftmen's, icS. 
 Eglantine, icS. 
 Elder, 109. 
 Elm, 1 10. 
 Endive, 113. 
 Engravers, 153. 
 Exotics, 361. 
 
 Fair and foul Weather, 24 
 Fallo-.vs, 1:5. 
 Facten. ng c tt'e, c-,.--6- 
 Fencing, 3.17.109.J 1 5. 
 
 158.273-280.310. 
 Fennel, 115. 
 Filberts, 74.15*. 
 Fig, 117- 
 Fir, 119. 
 
 Fish, 122.326.2;?. 
 Fiih-por.ds, 361. 
 Flax, 124.J-C 
 Flaxfeed-jelly, 126. 
 Flutes, 26. 
 Fly-lime, 158. 
 Foa!. 15 
 Frrft, 17.37. 
 F'uit-tree^. : 
 Furrow, 12-. 
 Fact, 12". 
 Furze, i;«. 
 
 Gates, 35.76.113.357. 
 
 361. 
 Geefe, 131.258. 
 Gerkins, 97. 
 Gin, 179. 
 Ginfeng, 137; 
 Glafs, rti. 
 Goats, 130.262. 
 Gold of Pleafure, 131. 
 G'i n rod, 1 co. 
 Goofeoirry, 133. 
 Gourd, 1^4. 
 Grafting, 7.78.94.135. 
 
 168.287.318. 
 GraiTes, 77. 78. 152. 104. 
 
 2S2.294. 
 Grafs-plot, 140. 
 Grapes, 337. 
 Green-houfe, 148. 
 Green (dye) 2.4.17.8?. 
 
 145.17c.349. 
 Guinea-corn, 148. 
 Guinea-hen, 149. 
 Gunpowder, 4. 
 
 H 
 
 Harrowing, 97.234. 
 
 Hazle, 151. 
 
 Hats, zz-. 
 
 Herges, 3. 6. 35. item. 
 
 112. 122. 152. x 5 3 . 1 £ >' . 
 
 161. 192. 217.273. 274. 
 
 310.357. 
 Headlands, 38. 
 Head-sen, 109. 
 
 -hog, 332. 
 Heifer, IC4. 
 
 Hemp, 154. 170.176. 
 156. 
 . 2S.126.131. 16;. 
 163. 1-2.173. lie. 134. 
 : 7.1(9.346. 
 Hops, -4.158. 
 
 CS, I".";. 
 
 Hoops, 17.35.153. 35-. 
 Hone;, 31.84,324.337. 
 
 ■ J 5"- 
 
 158. 
 cam, 161. 
 
 Hot-houfe, 165. 
 Hurdle;, 76.113. : 
 Hur.garv-wcter, |] 
 HyiTop, 14.166. 
 aster, S3. 
 
 I & J 
 fee, 167. 
 
 c -rr-.3:c. 
 Inarching, 16?. 
 
 171. 
 
 Indigenous Phnu, i63. 
 Infects, 37.46.134.172. 
 
 3*7- 
 Irrigation, 2.177. 
 Itch on Cattle, 36. 
 Juniper, 170, 
 
 Kelp, 180. 
 Ketchup, 21S. 
 Kitchen Garden, 1S4. 
 
 . 1S6.336. 
 Larch, 187. 
 Lavender, 14.18S. 
 
 - I 
 Lampbhck, 36. 
 Lawns, 140. 
 Lady-cows, 177. 
 Laburnum, iSc. 
 Lact meter, 185. 
 Leather (tanning) 2. 11. 
 
 55.42.76.77.12: 
 
 226. 
 Leather (dye yellow) 34. 
 Leather (Ruffian) 36. 
 Lemon (dte) 94. 
 Leek, 189. 
 189. 
 • 190. 
 Lice on Cattle, 36. 
 Lime, 59.2c:. 
 Linen, 76.125.160.:-^, 
 Lime-tree, 191. 
 Liquerke, 102. 
 Locuft Tree, 193. 
 Lote. . 
 
 Love-apple, 194. 
 Luce:-., £1.1:4. 
 
 II 
 
 — , 3.11.116 
 
 r, IU5. 
 
 . 18. 
 
 - : : : . 
 dads, :-r.. 
 : -. 
 Hat;, 145. 192.285. 
 Ma:: : 
 
 Mangel Worse!, 190, 
 Maw-feed, 1 
 JMedici-e, 6-1 
 
 ; 2J2. 
 
 ... 
 
 .: '. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Vll 
 
 Mrit-piej. 16. 
 
 Milk, 16.47. 88. 39.94. 
 
 100. 1 85.10 ' 
 
 '» 9- 
 Mint, 14.313. 
 Millet, 113. 
 . 16.331. 
 
 9.114.239. 
 Morells, 114. 
 Mole-hills, 214. 
 
 331. 
 Mutton, 47. 
 Mulhrooms, 165. 117. 252 
 Mdb;rr>, 215. 
 Mummy, 21-. 
 MuiUrd, 118. 
 al Inftrum 
 121.: 
 
 Myrtle, 
 
 ums, 123. 
 
 1 94- 
 Nets, 145.156. 
 Net needles, icg. 
 Nettarin-j, 16522. 1 . 
 
 Nut (Earth) 1 
 
 Oak, 220.224. 
 
 Jj. Evergreen, 127. 
 . 218. 
 
 on, $.13.31.1557.65. 
 
 87.110.121.125.171. 
 
 153.156.170.180.1S8. 
 
 219.232.235.251.263. 
 
 280.328.339.342. 
 Oil-cakes, 125. 
 Okra, 231. 
 Olive, »]t. 
 
 it, 19.232. 
 Opium, 191.162. 
 Orange (dye) 94.171- 
 Oranges, 165. 
 Orgeat, 212. 
 Orchard, 234. 
 
 -.280. 
 
 P 
 
 :, 47.23S. 
 Parfni.., 
 Parflcy, 
 Palmi Chnfti, 13'. 
 
 I.I70. 
 
 153. 
 1 1, 
 
 Pears, 8.241. 
 241. 
 
 iC;.239. 
 Peas, 158.: 
 
 1 2 - .2: 1 5- 
 
 PflMOckj 24J. 
 Pheafant, 24S. 
 
 i|, 9. 
 Pickles, 33.34.42.58.59. 
 . 87-97- i94-2'7-**3- J 3- 
 
 Pine-appl-i, 165. 
 
 • *37- i6 3- 
 
 Pigeons, 249.33;. 
 
 ;er, 250. 
 Pirtachla Tree and Nut, 
 
 Pi:ch, 120.151. 
 Pipe (laves, 188. 
 
 Ploughs, 35.^7.103.254. 
 
 3.6. 
 Ploughing, 234. 
 Plane i rer, 
 
 j;n, 152. 
 Plum, ;5v 
 Poles, 17.99.113. 
 Potalh, 17.31. 110.245. 
 
 i A A, 18. 
 Poultry, 109. 149. 213. 
 
 27 1.290. 
 Potatoes, 116.263. 
 Put-herbs, 168. 
 
 Potters. 
 Poplar, 259. 
 Poppy, 261. 
 Polecat", 331. 
 
 . nate, 25-. 
 . 157. 
 Preferves, : 
 Printers Ink, 56. 
 
 193. 
 Purple (dye) S7.no.171. 
 Puddings, 213. 
 Punch, 281. 
 
 <*. 
 
 Quickfer, 2-2. 
 . 274. 
 
 Rabbits, 47.261.2-5. 
 
 357- 
 279. 
 
 Rati, 331. 
 
 13.1?. 
 0.48.52.56. 
 
 T.94. 114.134.171 
 
 193.201.2 
 
 292.312.320.j26.3a8. 
 
 33313"- 
 Renne', 16.94.282. 
 
 •1 >n) 1S1. 
 Reed (fea) 281. 
 Reedfrafs, 382. 
 Red (dye) 3.171.196.310 
 Rciin, 251. 
 Rhu arb 283, 
 Ricks, 81. 
 Ri e, 286. 
 Roletnary, 14.287. 
 Rot (in Sheep) 47. j 1. . 
 
 29c. 348. 359. 
 Rot (in Timber\ 520. 
 Ropes 1 1 1- 1? 1 145.156. 
 
 179.193.388. 
 Rncamb^h, 287. 
 Rootgrafting, 28- 
 Ruthc*., 28S. 
 289.361. 
 
 •*>aee, 14.293. 
 
 I ,296. 
 Sal.tds, 33.88.93 ,j A . ,,. 
 
 1 68.2 14.220. 22 3. 24S. 
 
 263.192.344. 
 Saftrnn, 291. 
 Salatfoin, 294. 
 Salt, 296. 
 
 . 296. 
 Seedi (to prepare :.. 
 
 ferve) 82.299. 
 Seaf>ns, 298. 
 Sea Peas, 169. 
 Sea Weed, 180. 
 Seedline, 124. 
 Scab (in flieeo) 179. 311. 
 Si; i'y-root, 199. 
 St a! linn;, 1 
 Sheep, 42 4^. 5 1.68.83. 
 
 1 10.131.179.237.262. 
 
 2S0.302.321. 
 Shingl' 
 
 Silk-w, rmt, 21-. 
 
 Skufllc :. 
 
 . 230. 
 
 S ",09. 
 
 Sloe, 
 
 Sma.1 
 
 ■ 
 
 . : : lit. 
 17. 
 
 
Vlll 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Sparrows, 333. 
 Squafn, 134. 
 Straw, 27.67. 
 Stacks, 41.57.8r. 
 Starch, 76. 163.27c. 
 Staves, 188.226. 
 S:ee-; for Wheat, 312. 
 Strawberry, 313. 
 Stotes, ^3 1. 
 Swine, 83. S7. 221.263. 
 
 270.3:5. 
 Sweetmea s, 6. 
 Sweet Briar, icS. 
 
 ' l 'g a > 34-IC2.2IC. 
 
 Sycamore, 316. 
 
 Tares, 317. 
 
 Tanning, 2. 11.17. 35.42. 
 
 76.77.121.220.226. 
 
 25c.32r.357. 
 Tarts, 283. 
 Teafel, 3:7. 
 Terebration, 318. 
 Thatch, 4 -.5 7. 1 ,-6.125. 
 
 145. 281.288. 290. 
 Thermometer 319. 
 Threfhinj, 318. 
 Thyme, 319. 
 Tipde, 8r. 
 Timber, 32c. 
 
 Tomat", 104. 
 Tobacco, 321. 
 Tranfplanter, 325. 
 Tree, 322. 
 Turr.ep, 27.rrc 324. 
 Tu-pcntine, 120. 121. 188 
 
 2 5 r. 
 
 d;> (Straflsurgh) 122. 
 Tulip tree, 323. 
 Twine, 156. 
 
 U & V 
 
 Underwood, 36.75.16r. 
 
 341. 
 Valerias, 330. 
 Veijuice, -. 
 Vermin, 22c. 331. 
 Vetch, 335. 
 Vine, 337. 
 Vlaeya ds, 540. 
 Vinegar, 6.J1.II0.2IO. 
 
 W 
 
 Walnut, 341. 
 Warring. 34.3. 
 Water creffts, 344. 
 Max, 221. 
 Weazle, 331. 
 Weather, 24. 
 Weeds, 344. 
 
 Weld, 34*. 
 White Thorn, %. 
 Wheat, 79.100.26r.3i2j 
 
 349- 
 Whycrvhaale, rr:. 
 Wheel for fpnning Ropes 
 
 re 6. 
 White wax, 175. 
 V. i Figs, ir-. 
 Wine, 36.30.rro.r79. 
 
 2ro.274.275.28r.3ro. 
 
 342- 
 Willow, 3:5. 
 Wool, 34.221.227.305. 
 Wo d peckers, 332. 
 Woad, 35?. 
 
 Yarrow, 360. 
 Yams, 359. 
 Y ic.and, 359. 
 Yeaft, r 53.248. 
 Yellows in Cows, 9c. 
 Yellow (dye 4-6.jr.34. 
 35.162.17c.17r.3r5. 
 
 22I.244-257-342-349* 
 Yew, 360. 
 
 Zeugometer, 361. 
 
GLEANINGS 
 
 AGRICULTURE, &c. 
 
 •• \cr!cui.tl*re ate may thank for our Property — our 
 Municipal Rights— Mr mildness of our Maimer* — our Scien- 
 ces — and our Arts." 
 
 AC. 
 
 ACCOUNTS 
 
 Kept of country bufinefs, are important; and when a 
 little familiarized by use, become highly inter efting and 
 advantageous to farmers and hufbandmen. 
 
 ACRE. 
 
 A term ufed for a certain quantity of land, by which 
 the fize of a farm is calculated, and let b\ . 
 
 1. Englifi — Contains 160 perches, of \b\ feet, or 40 
 perches long, and 4 broad; or 4840 fquare yards* or 
 
 . ;6o fquare feet. 
 
 2. Scotch — Contains 5760 fquare yards of 37 inches 
 each; hence the proportion between the Scotch and 
 
 ngtijh acre, is very nearly as 5 to 4. 
 1 ijb — Contains 160 fquare perches. 
 The proportionable quantity of feed, is as i\ bufhels 
 an Englifn acre, to 4 bufhels an Irijb acre. 
 
 [ • 1 
 
 i 
 N. C. College 
 
: AF. AL 
 
 AFTERMATH, 
 
 The fecond growth of grafs on a field, of which the 
 herbage has already been mown for hay. 
 
 i. N Near London when the Latter-meath is to be made 
 into hay, the fields are fhut up for the firft crop by 
 Lady-day : if to be fed, not till the latter end of April. 
 
 1. Irrigation produces a fine latter-meath. 
 
 3. The field manured as foon as the hay is carried of, 
 and the cattle not turned in till September or October. 
 
 4. Hay made of the Latter-meath is fofter than the firft 
 crop, and deemed better for Cows than Horfes. 
 
 Latter-meath is called by different names in various 
 parts of England, as, Aftermath, Roughings, Aver- 
 age, Eddifh, Grafton, Rowen. 
 
 ALDER. 
 
 1. Common Alder. (Eetula Jlnus.) 
 
 Var. — Scarlet} Black; Hoary-leaved j Indented or 
 Elm-leaved j Curled-leaved j Broad curled- leaved : 
 White. 
 
 2. Black-berry bearing Alder. (Rhamnusfrangula.) 
 Culture, csV. of the Common Alder. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 £. Flourifhes belt in lowmarfhy fituations; will not live 
 in a chalky foil. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed. 
 
 b. By taking up old roots, and dividing them into fe- 
 veral parts. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. The wood foft and brittle. 
 
 b. The poles fit for ufe at 16 or 20 years growth. 
 
 c. Grafs grows well beneath its fnade. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The berries dye green. 
 
 b. The leaves have been ufed in tanning leather, and 
 alfo medicinally. 
 
 According to Linnseus, the leaves are acceptable as 
 fodder to fheep in winter are alfo eaten by goats, hor- 
 fes, and oxen. 
 
AL. 3 
 
 The bark gives a red colour; with the addition of 
 copperas a black — It is alfo ufcd by lilhermen to ftain 
 their nets. 
 
 d. Planted for hedges. 
 
 e. The wood is ufed for rafters; pattens; clogs; fhoe- 
 Jieels; turners ware; hurdles; rails for fencing; and 
 chairs, which are very handibme, and of the colour 
 of mahogany. 
 
 The knots furnifh a beautiful veined wood for cabi- 
 nets ; and the branches make good charcoal. 
 /. The wood endures a long time under water, and there- 
 fore is ufcd for pipes ; and to lay under the foundati- 
 ons of buildings fituated upon bogs; where it turns 
 black like ebony. 
 g. In the Highlands of Scotland, the boughs cut in the 
 fummer, fpread over the fields, and left during the win- 
 ter to rot, are found to anfwer as manure; in March 
 the ground is cleared of the undecayed parts, and then 
 ploughed. 
 
 In Norway the young twigs are ufed to feed cattle 
 and horfes, when other fodder is fcarce. 
 b. Arc planted on the loofe ground of the Duke of 
 Bridgeware's canal, by way of fecurity to the banks, 
 and not only anfwers the original purpofe, but has pro- 
 ved a profitable plantation, admitting of being cut 
 down every four or five ycar^. 
 
 Shrubs planted on high sloping banks, on the fides 
 of roads, occ. prevents the earth from mouldering down. 
 
 Culture, idc. of the black-berry bearing Alder. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 a. A wet foil and made. 
 
 i. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed, which fhould be lb wn as foon as they are 
 ripe, and then the plants will come up the fprinor follow- 
 ing; but if they are kept out of the ground till fpring, 
 the plans will not come up till the fecond year. 
 
 b. Bv la I cuttings, but the fcedling plants are beft 
 — Grows wild in woods and wet hedges. 
 
 3. Tr 
 j. The wood when young is foft and yellow; but be- 
 and light-red with age. 
 
4 AL. 
 
 4. Use. 
 . The berries gathered before they are ripe, dye wool 
 green ; and a very beautiful green has been procured 
 vrom the ripe berries. 
 
 b. Tae bark dves yellow ; and with iron black. 
 
 c. Charcoal prepared from the wood is preferred by the 
 makers of gunpowder. 
 
 ALEXANDERS. (Smyrnium Olufatrum.) 
 
 -. 6f*. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 Sown both in autumn and in the fpring; the firft pro- 
 :es the ftrongeft plants: the feed of the fpring 
 :ng 3 often lay a year in the ground. 
 2. Plant. 
 a. The plants of the autumn fowing, thinned in the 
 fpring to 10 inches or a foot; and the following Fe- 
 bruary earthed up to blanch them : or they may be 
 planted and treated in trenches like celery. 
 3. Use- 
 m. This was formerly eaten as celery is; but on the in- 
 troduction of celery inro our gardens, this being infe- 
 rior to it, is now feldom cultivated. — Has been ufed 
 in phyfic. 
 
 ALMOND. (Amygdalus Communis.') 
 
 t . Common Bitter Almond. 
 
 2. Sweet Almond. 
 
 Thefe two arife from the fruit of the fame tree. 
 
 3. Jordan Almond. 
 
 The fhell is tender, the kernel large and fweet; the 
 leaves broader than the common fort, and their edges 
 crenared : the S naU, pale, and inclining to white. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Will fucceed in any common foil of our gardens, 
 but require, for the fake of the blofibms, a fheltered 
 fanny fituation. 
 
 2 Increased. 
 a. By planting the almonds in the fhells in the fpring, 
 .in drills two inches deep, and in rows a foot afunder. 
 
AN. 5 
 
 In three years from this they bear, a.i the peachy It is 
 beil to plant them where wanted to remain. \ 
 b. By budding or inoculation in July ; into plum-uocks 
 for wet ground ; and into peach or almond ior dry. 
 
 In the middle States of America, plant the feeds to 
 grow, the trees in the coldeft clay foil for preventing 
 the blojfoms coming too forward. The tree need fcaae- 
 ly be flickered but from flickers of other trees or kn- 
 ees, fome little way oh 1 *, for breaking bleak winds. 
 
 3; Tki 
 Is much of the nature of the peach-tree, and is h 
 
 a. Are planted either as whole or half itandards, at froitn 
 4 to 7 feet high, and 20 or 30 feet diftance; or aga 
 walls and as efpalier , which produce larger and for- 
 warder fruit. \ 
 
 b. Bears principally on the young fhoots. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The fruit. 
 
 b. The fweet almond has been ufed as a fubftitute for 
 cocoa-nuts, in making -i kind of chocolate, 
 
 c. An oil is drawn from the kernel. / 
 
 d. A cofmetic is made of the bitter almond J 
 
 e. As an ornamental tree. / 
 
 There is a dwarf kind (A. Nana) on If' about three 
 feet high, which is increafed by fuckers, /nd is kept in 
 gardens for the lake of the bloflbms; winch appeal in 
 April. 
 
 ANGELICA. (Angelica Arcbcfigelica.) 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. ■ 
 a. A moift rich foil, as the banks of cj/tches. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 a. Should be fown loon after it is ripe. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. Planted three feet afunder. 
 
 b. The flowering Items (which do not appear till the 
 fecond year) (hould be cut down in May, which will 
 occafion their putting out heads from the fides of the 
 roots, whereby they may be continued lor three or four 
 years; whereas if they are permitted to feed, their roots 
 will perifh foon after. 
 
6 AP. 
 
 c. When cultivated for the feed, new plantations fhould 
 be made annually. 
 
 4, Use. 
 The plant is ufed in medicine, as is alfo the feed; and 
 hfc confectioners make a \eat with the tender 
 
 / (talks, cut in May. — In Raftald's Englifh Houfckeep- 
 er, is directions how to candy them. 
 
 / 
 
 APPLE. (Pyruc Malus.) 
 
 1. Wild Apple or Crab; of this there are two varieties 
 of fruit, one is ^bitc, and the other purple towards 
 the lun. 
 
 2. Apple, this fruit (or at lead the bell: cider kinds) 
 are laid to have been brought from Norman. 
 
 Some of the beft cider apples, as the Red-ftreak, 
 Golden Pippin and Redmus, are nearly loft, few grafts 
 taken from them producing fruit equal to the old trees 
 — the following are now reckoned among the beft cider 
 fruit, viz. Oxford Pippin, Red Kernel, Black Fox 
 Whelp, Foreft Sire, Skerm's Kernel, Ma. in Apple, 
 Stone Piopin, Xever-fail, Baftard or Winter Pearmain, 
 Winter Merchant, Iberton's Streaking, Bunch Pippin, 
 Pitt Crab, Ladbrook's Red-ftreak. 
 
 of the Wild Apfle or Crab. 
 1. Tr 
 iTounfne. better on declivities and in fhady places, 
 than in opei expofures or boggy 
 • . Gfafs grovs well beneath ::. 
 :. Use. 
 ^ich to ingraft : ;:nds of 
 
 apples. 
 b. For hedges. 
 e. The bark affords a yellow dye. 
 
 d. The wood is tolerably hard: it turn? very- clean, and 
 
 n made into cogs for wheels, obtains a polifh and 
 wears a long t?me-. 
 
 e. n ith a proper addition of fugar, it is fuppofed that 
 2 very grateful liquor may be made with the juice, but 
 little inferior to Old Hock. 
 
 ade in the following manner of the fruit 
 — To one peck of crabs bruiied, put nine gallons of 
 
A P. 7 
 
 cold fpring water in a tub; let them (land about nine 
 days ; cover them over with a cloth, ftir the crabs once, 
 at lcatt, every dav; then ftrain it through a hair cloth, 
 and put it into a cafk, iron bound and painted. 
 every gallon of the liquor, put one pound of fugar, and 
 ftir it in the cafk a few times, to diflblve the fugar — 
 Let the cafk (land where it will have as much of the 
 fun as poffible; and cover it with a tile, to keep infects 
 and rain out. 
 g. The juice, called by the country people Verjuice, is 
 much ufed in recent Sprains, and in other cafes as an 
 aftringent and repellant — Kept three or four years, it 
 becomes an excellent palatable liquor. 
 
 Culture, &c. of the Apple. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 
 a. A loamy clay foil eftee.ned the befl, the cider being 
 better and keeping longer than from trees growing on 
 other foils. 
 
 b. Saidy or light foil — The cider made from this foil is 
 pleafant and good for the rirfl year, and often the fc- 
 cond, but is apt to get acid in long keeping. 
 
 INCREASED FROM PIPS OR KERNELS. 
 
 *. After the apples are ground in a mill, and the juice 
 for cider prelFed out, the rind, core and kernels (or 
 mufty as it is called) fhould be crumbled very fmall, 
 and laid thin on a board floor to dry; for if it be 1 
 thick, it will heat and dellroy the vegetation of the 
 kernels. To prevent its heating, it mould often be 
 turned with a malt-shovel — In February or March lay 
 it on a well dug piece of ground, and fhovel turn it 
 in, that it may be two inches deep; in abou: fix wetks 
 the young plants will appear, and mull be kept clean 
 of weeds. 
 
 J. Increased by grafting. 
 
 a. Crab-flocks preferred by fotr.e to Apple-flocks for 
 grafting; a* I. fucceeding in fliiT cold, moifl ground, 
 where the apple-flock will canker and die. 2. Becaufc 
 its roots are neither killed by frofl, nor eaten by field- 
 mice. J. Does not vegetate fo early as the apple, 
 which may prefcrve the flower from the bla be 
 
 the means of faving a fine crop of fruit. 
 
8 AP. 
 
 b. Apples and Pears have been grafted on the White- 
 thorn. 
 
 c. Take a cutting from the wild crab, and graft it on a 
 black thorn (lock: from the offspring take a cutting, 
 graft it on a white thorn flock : from the tree thus pro- 
 duced, take a cutting, and graft it on a wild crab 
 flock, and this tree will produce apples. By a number 
 of repetitions of this operation, have all the varieties 
 
 of apples been originaliv produced. View of die 
 
 agriculture of Hereford fh ire. 
 
 d. Graft?, from flrong feedling apple trees, do not bear 
 fruit till they are 12 or 20 years old; while the grafts 
 from old trees will bear copioufly in 2 or 3 years. 
 
 c. Very large, and even old trees, may be grafted, fo 
 as to bear fine heads of other forts; and thus they will 
 produce a crop of fruit, quicker than by any other 
 method. 
 
 -t. INCREASED FROM CUTTINGS OR SLIPS. 
 
 0. Near Bury, in Suflex, is a fingular variety of the ap- 
 ple tree, called : apple - t it is often exceeded in 
 height by filbert bufnes; but what is very remarkable, 
 it grows freely from , or rather flips, plucked 
 from the boug 
 
 b. The Stive Apple is propagated by fuck- 
 
 ers; or rather young wood pulled out of the crown 
 of the tree. 
 
 • 5. Tree. 
 
 a. Trees raijed frcn pips or kernels are, after remaining 
 two or three years in the feed beds, to be taken up, the 
 tap-rcot cut off and fome of the fpreading branches; 
 and planted in rows 1 foo: apart, and the trees 8 or 10 
 inches from eac/ arc to remain three years, 
 
 -ufl again be taken up, the roots and tops 
 t, and planted 18 inches diftant in the rows, and 4 
 feet the rows; in this nurfery they mufl remain 
 
 till : :rom 10 to 15 years old, according to their 
 
 fize, to be carefully trained up ftraight, and every 
 fpring five or fix of the largeft knots or fprays cut off. 
 ;hey are to be planted in fields, 20 or 22 yards 
 from each other; and fenced from cattle. — No animal 
 will touch them if painted annually with human or- 
 dure. 
 
A PP. y 
 
 Apples grown on trees not grafted, are called Pip- 
 pins, or Kernel fruit. 
 
 b. In Kent they find the trees are advanced in their 
 growth, by keeping the land under tillage. 
 
 i. Young apple trees, which are found to bear ordinary 
 fruit, mould be reduced to ttocks for the more valua- 
 ble forts. 
 
 d. If hide- bound, they are to be relieved by cutting the 
 bark with the point of a knife, from the bottom to the 
 top of the ftem. 
 
 e. Canker — tranlplanting young trees often flops it, or 
 cutting out the cankered part; it is occafioned by the 
 root ftriking into a bad foil, which alio fpots the fruit. 
 — A vapour arifes from cankered trees, which affects 
 the found ones. 
 
 /. Mifletoe, which is frequently fatal to apple-trees, 
 
 mould be pulled out with hooks in frofty weather, 
 
 when, bein^ brittle, it readily breaks ofr from the 
 
 branches — Sheep are very food of this plant. 
 
 g. In new plantations, care fhould be taken, not to place 
 
 ' trees too deep; more mifchief arifing from that one 
 
 ■rce, than all the other combined caufes. 
 b. Trees overgrown with mofs, and infelted with infects, 
 fhould have the mofs carefully brufhed off, and the in- 
 fected trees anointed with the following mixture, about 
 the latter end of March — To ico gallons of human 
 urine, and I buihel of lime, add cow-dung fufficient 
 to bring it to the confillence of paint. 
 6. Blossom. 
 
 1 preferve from blights, form heaps of fward or 
 fpind, in the nature of demifhiring or burn-baiting, or 
 heap:, of long dung, wet itraw, weeds, or any other 
 like matters, at different intervals all round, /'. e. yn 
 every fide, and likewife fome in different parts of the 
 orchjrd. Iran ealt win i blow*, let fire to fome of the 
 heaps on the cafl fide, and fome within the body of the 
 orchard j if a fouth wind, then on the fouth fide- and 
 
 oecafionally on different fides, as the wind may hap- 
 pen to vary; but always on that fide from whence the 
 wind happens to blow, fo that the fmoke from the fmo- 
 
 ; ing of the heaps, may blow through and fumigate 
 
 [ » 1 
 
io APP. 
 
 the orchard for Tome weeks ; beginning the latter end 
 of March. 
 b. Botanifts impute the fall of the blofibm to rain fpoil- 
 ins: the anther* — Thev alfo condemn fmoking the 
 trees, as it dries up the moifture cf the ftigma. 
 7. Fruit. 
 
 a. Apples for Cider mould be gathered when full ripe, 
 and will quit the tree by gentle making; if gathered 
 before ripe, the cider will be rough and hard, and fel- 
 dom pleafant or good flavoured. Lay them on a 
 gravel walk (fome put them under cover) that the 
 wet may the eafier run from them, and not thicker than 
 io or 12 inches; though fome pile them in heaps — 
 Care fhould be taken to place fruits of equal ripenefs 
 and good qualities bv themfelves; for, if of different 
 ripenefs, die cider will be apt to ferment too much, 
 which will cauie it to grow hard, and never be rich, 
 full, and fine- flavoured. 
 
 b. A mixture of apples is efteemed by fome to make the 
 beft cider. 
 
 c. Rotten apples fnouid be picked cut, and attentive ma- 
 nagers break off the ftalks. 
 
 d. In fome places the apples arefplit, and two kinds of 
 cider made; that with the red fide, being cf . 
 quality, to what the whole apple would make. 
 
 e. To fore apples — Gather them when the trees and 
 fruit are quite dry; the proper time of the day is from 
 ii to 4: Take care not to bruife them; put them in a 
 dry place in heaps for about a fortnight to fweat; wipe 
 them carefully ; next lay them upon clean draw, 2 or 
 3 layers thick; but if there is not plenty of room, there 
 may be feveral layers one upon another, covering the 
 whole with dry ftraw a foot thick at lead, to e:; 
 
 the damp air and froft. — Some only lay a coarie linen 
 cloth between the layers. 
 
 3. Gibi 
 
 a. After it has been in hogfheads a few days, i: 
 
 work and throw up a thick jubilance at the bung-hole 
 
 fomewhat like barm, but of a darker colour; when this 
 
 appears it generally is dropt fine, and fhould be imme- 
 
 atcly racked into a clean cafk; fo long as it remains 
 
A PP. ii 
 
 fine and free from fermenting, it may remain in the 
 
 ifk, but if it ferments much, it Jhould be racked, and 
 the ground or k< \ it; it often requires four 
 
 or five rackings. After the whole is done, a bung may 
 be placed over the bung-hole, but mould not be clofc 
 flopped un:il February or March, when ic will be fit 
 for file or ufe. 
 
 The Zees may be dropt through a bag or bags, or 
 coarle cloth, made in form of a jelly bag, with a hoop 
 
 v.n round the top to hold abouc a pail-full; by doing 
 this, very little cider will be walled, and the droppings 
 
 ;ded to the cider, will be a means to keep it from fer- 
 menting, and will alfo help the colour. 
 
 To refine cider — For one hogfhead of ioo gallons, 
 beat about one ounce and a half of iftnglafs, and pull 
 it to pieces; add to it about two quarts of liquor, and 
 whilk it together; next day add more liquor, and whilk 
 it together; repeat this until it be difiblved, and beaten 
 fine. Rack your foul liquor, throw in the difiblved 
 
 ifs, and flir it together with a (tick. As foon as it 
 ps fine, rack it off in a clean cafk. 
 
 Jer be bottled before it be 1 6 or 1 8 months old, 
 it endangers the breaking of the bottles. 
 
 d. Cider (particularly fuch as is of an acid tendency) 
 placed in the fun, becomes very fir ong vinegar in a fhort 
 time; and i lb. of honey to a gallon of cider will, after 
 ftanding fome months, become fuch powerful vinegar, 
 that it muft be mixed with water for common ufe. 
 
 e. Lead ufed about the mill or prefs is laid to affect the 
 cider lb much, as to bring on thofe that drink it, Palfy, 
 Colicky I 
 
 f The cheefe or pummice is by fome prefTed by a lever 
 lo c lofe and dry, as to bear being cut into narrow ftrips, 
 and burnt. " It is better in a manure." 
 g. A fp'trit is faid to be drawn from the refeduum of the 
 prefs, macerated in water, and diftilled in the ufual 
 manner; and added to the cider to give it a body. 
 9. Use. 
 The Fruit. 
 
 bark tans leather; and dyes yellow. 
 
12 APR. 
 
 APRICOT. (Primus Armeniaca.) 
 
 i. With fmall but early fruit, ripening in July. — 
 i. Early white Mufculine. 2. Early red Mufculine. 
 
 %. With fruit larger and of a fuperior flavour, but not 
 ripening till the beginning or middle of Auguft — 
 i. Algiers, 2. Orange. 3. Roman. 4. Turkey. 
 5. Temple. 
 
 3. With large and well flavoured fruit, but not ripening 
 till the middle or end of Auguft; and fucceeds in cf- 
 paliers and as ftandards. 1. Breda. 2. Bruffels. 
 
 Culture 3 &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Succeed well in any common good foil of a garden. 
 h. A light loam. 
 
 Much dung makes them gum and canker. 
 :. Increased. 
 a. By budding in July or Auguft, on any fort of plum 
 ftccks. 
 
 Near Aleppo, is grown a kind, which has a fweet 
 kernel, and is an exceeding good fruit ; it is ingrafted 
 upon the almond, and its delicacy is reckoned to pro- 
 ceed from that particular circumfiance. 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. To be tranfplanted in open weather from the end of 
 October till fpring, and will bear it at feveral years 
 growth : For wall or efpaliers mould be planted from 1 5 
 to 25 feet diftancej the laft the beft: The Turkey re- 
 res 30 feet. 
 
 b. Produces fruit principally upon the young wood of a 
 year old, immediately from the eyes of the fhoots, and 
 often upon fmail fpurs on the fecond or third years 
 wood. 
 
 It is recommended to prevent the forming of fpurs, 
 as the bloflbms on them are far off the wali, and more 
 liable to luffer from the froft, than thofe on the bran- 
 ches, befides producing fmaller fruit. 
 c Pruning. 
 (1) Summer — confifts in regulating the moots of the 
 year oniy, retrenching the bad, and training in the 
 ufeful, and fhould be begun in May. (2) Winter- 
 may be performed from the end of October till the be- 
 
ARN. i; 
 
 ginning of March ; cutting the fmaller fboots to 6, 
 8, or 10 inches in length, the middle growths to a 
 foot or 15 inches, and the (trongefl: fhoots to h 
 yard or 2 feet long; preferving all the eligible imall 
 fruit-fpurs, rifing on the two or three year's wood : 
 cutting dole all confiderable projecting old fpurs, all 
 dead wood, and old Humps. 
 
 (3) Slanders, after being beaded dozvn the firjl year, re- 
 quire no other care, than in winter reddcing any long, 
 rambling, very irregular, or crowded branches ; and 
 removing dead wood. 
 d. When there is a great redundancy of fruit \ thin 
 them, when about the fize of fmall cherries, or goofe- 
 berries, leaving not more than two or thiee on the 
 fmaller (hoots, three or four on the larger, and lb in 
 proportion. 
 
 4. Use 
 
 a. The fruit, both ripe and unripe. " Tarts are made 
 of the unripe." 
 
 b. The Chinde extract an excellent oil from the kernel, 
 and ufe it in lieu of olive oil. 
 
 ARNOTTA. (#. e. the red pulp that covers the 
 feeds of Bixa Orellana.) 
 
 Used for colouring Cheese. 
 
 1 . If a confiderable part of the cream of the night's milk 
 be taken for butter, more colouring will be requifite; 
 the leaner the cheefe is, the more colouring it requires. 
 
 1. The weight of a guinea and a half of real Spanifh 
 arnotta, is deemed in Chefhire fufficient for a cheefe 
 60 lbs. weight. In Glouceflerfhire 1 ounce is deemed 
 fufficient for 200 lbs. of cheefe. An adulterated kind 
 is expofed for fale in almoft every fhop. 
 
 3. The manner of ufing arnotta, is to tie up, in a linen 
 the quantity deemed fufficient, and put it into a 
 pint of warm water over night ; the infufion is put into 
 the tub of milk in the morning, (with the fteep in- 
 fufion) dipping the rag into the milk, and rubbing 
 in againft: the palm of the iiand as long as any colour 
 comes out. 
 
 uceller cheefe is coloured on the outfide with 
 
 Spanifh brown, and Indian red-, lcrr.ctirr.es mixed; 
 
i 4 ARO. 
 
 fometimes ufed feparately : The method varies ; fome 
 " dab" on the colouring, wee, with a cloth ; others 3 
 while the furface is moift, throw it on, dry, in " pin- 
 ches," irregularly ; rubbing it with the hand — The 
 fatter is allowed to be the mod miftrefsly manner. The 
 winter- made cheefe in Wiltfhire is alio painted, it be- 
 ing difficult to get rid of the white fcurfy coat, which 
 it generally throws out any other way. 
 
 AROMATIC PLANTS, 
 
 Are Rofemary, Sage, Thyme, Savoury, Bafd, Laven- 
 der, Hyjfop, Baum, &c. 
 i. Should be cultivated on a dry foil. 
 
 2. Their virtues improved by drying. 
 
 3. Are in highert perfection when juft coming into 
 flower, and confequently fhould be then cut, both for 
 drying and diftilling ; they fhould be cut alfo in dry 
 weather ; and thofe intended for keeping, fpread or 
 hung up in a dry airy place, out of the reach of the 
 fun, and kept for ufe in paper bags. 
 
 It is a fingular circumftance, that the fmeil is in- 
 creafed, in thofe varieties of Bafil, Mint, &c. which 
 have curled leaves. 
 
 ARROW-HEAD. (Saggitaria Sagitti folia.) 
 
 This is a native plant, growing in wet " branches/' 
 ditches, and on banks of rivers: there is always a 
 bulb at the lower part of the root, growing in the folid 
 earth, beneath the mud ; this bulb conftitutes a confi- 
 derable 'part of the food of the Chineje, and the inhabitants 
 of fome parts of America, and upon that account they 
 sultivate it : and it has been recommended to attempt 
 it here, as it grows in places, where no other ufeful 
 plant will. — As the roots of the foreign greatly exceeds 
 ours in fize, it would doubtlefs be better to get fome 
 from abroad, than to attempt to improve our own. 
 
 ARROW-ROOT. (Maranta Galanga.) 
 
 The roots of this plant received about Midfummer from 
 the Weft Indies, continued to grow in the open 
 ground till the froft fet in, with which the leaves were 
 
ART. 15 
 
 not Co Toon injured, as thole of the poutoc: The roots, 
 after the (hoots died down, continued till the ! 
 without decaying, when th< y v. ere defl n \ cd bv too much 
 
 — It remains therefore doubtful, whether, 
 better management, ir w< r this climate, or nor. 
 
 ffcj? Of che roots is made the fine v. Lite Hour, fold 
 by grocers, and which is efteemed remarkably nutri- 
 tious. 
 
 (Cynara.Va/y^v/.) 
 
 i. Globe A. This hath large round heads, with brown 
 (bales, which turn inwards. 
 :. Freaeb A. The ftalks of this generally grow taller 
 than the former; the heads are fmallcr, and 
 more conical; the fcales are narrower, of a greeniflh 
 colour, and frequently turned outward; it hath lefs 
 flefh, which hath a difagreeable perfumed tafte. 
 
 ic fcales of the cup of the common Milk Thiftle 
 (Carduus Marianus) are laid to be as good as thole of 
 the Artichoke. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 I. Soil. 
 a. A rich moift foil — In a wet foil the roots feldom out- 
 live the wini 
 
 Z. Increased. 
 a. By young fuckers, planted in March or July, in rows 
 4 -J feet afunder, by 3 in the rows, and 4 inches deep 
 — A thin crop of fpinnagc may be fown before they 
 are planted. 
 
 NT, 
 
 a. To be kept clear of weeds, and hoed during; fummer. 
 If any of the fpring planting lliouhl not fruit in au- 
 tumn, at the feafon of earthing up the roots, tie up 
 the leaves with willow twigs, and lay the earth dole up 
 to them, fo that the top of the plant may be ab 
 ground; and when the froft comes on, cover the top 
 with a little flraw, or peas-haulm, to guard off the 
 froll: thefe plants will produce fruit in winter, 01 
 ly in the fpring. 
 
 After gathering the heads, break down the ftalks, to 
 encourage moots from the bottom mon illy be- 
 
 fore winter. 
 
i6 ASH. 
 
 d. The heads cut in November with the full (talk, and 
 fluck in fand under cover, will continue good a long 
 time. 
 
 e. The leaves of old plants bleached like cardoons, and 
 preferved under a bed of fand, lofe their bitter tafte. 
 
 /. White beet'fown among the plants to draw mice from 
 them. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. In England the full heads only are eaten, always 
 boiled; in Italy they eat the young heads raw, with 
 oil, fait and pepper. The French dry the heads of 
 the fecond crop on a firing, like beads, with paper be- 
 tween ; and ufe them with mufhrooms in meat pies. 
 
 b. The (talks are eaten in France and Germany boiled, 
 and feafoned with butter and vinegar. 
 
 c. The flowers have the property of rennet, in ciydling 
 of milk. 
 
 d. The roots in medicine. 
 
 ASH. 
 j. Common Afh. (Fraxinus Excelfior.) 
 
 2. Flowering Afh or Ornus. (F. Ornus.) 
 
 3. Mountain Afh. (Sorbus Ancuparia.) 
 
 The varieties of the Common Afh are, 1. with 
 white or yellow flriped leaves. 2. Yellow coloured 
 Am tree. 
 
 Culture, &>V. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Will grow aimofl on any foil. 
 
 b. In damp meadows or moorifh. foils, becomes light, 
 ipongy, brittle, and of fmall value in comparifon of 
 that on dry and healthy fpots. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 a. From keys or feeds, which muft be buried one year 
 in beds or pots of fand, before they are fown. — Four 
 buihels are furncient for an acre. 
 3. Tree. 
 vied when 10 or 12 feet high, the grain ac- 
 quires a degree of tenacity very prejudicial to the tim- 
 ' ; and will not cleave into hoops. 
 In open groves they run to great lengths, are free 
 ; and make valuable timber. 
 
ASH. i 7 
 
 e. Endures well the tea-winds, and may therefore be 
 planted upon the fhores, where few other trees will grow. 
 
 ./. I: llihg afh be planted at 4 feet diftance, and a 
 :rs old cut within 4 inches of the ground, the 
 ftools will 10 years after afford poles, generally three 
 from each (tool. The firft five years they require 
 weeding, after that no further trouble. — Thele poles 
 ferve for hurdle , hop poles, hoops, laths, feeing, and 
 what is termed poft and billet for colleries. 1 las been 
 known t*> (hoot 10 fee: the tirll feafon after cutting. 
 
 e. Is ufutlly fit for (heep cribs at 9 or 1 2 years old, for 
 hop poles from 11 to 14; but for carpenters and 
 others ufe mud ftand from 16 to 20 years. 
 
 /. Should not be planted in dairy fields, as the leaves 
 communicate an incurable bad tafte to the butter, du- 
 ring the time of their dropping in autumn. 
 
 g. Linnzus lavs, that, {£$' while the ajh is leafing there 
 is Jcarcely any more frojl ; therefore greenhoufe plants 
 ought to be broughc into the open air — /'. e. about the 
 i of April. 
 
 4- Use. 
 
 a. For coachmakers, wheelwrights, coopers, &c. Hop- 
 poles, fpade-handles, rake-ftems, pick-ftems, and o- 
 ther implements of hufbandry are made of it. — The 
 fhavings give to wool, prepared with bifmuth, the 
 true and permanent vigogne colour. 
 
 b. In Lancathire they lop the tops of this tree to feed 
 the cattle in autumn, when the grafs is upon the de- 
 cline ; the cattle peeling off the bark as food. This 
 tree bears lopping. Horfes and iheep arc fond of the 
 leaves. 
 
 i he afhes of the wood afford very good pot-afh. 
 
 d. The bark is ufed for tanning calf lkins ; and dying 
 green, black, and blue. 
 
 e. In warm climates a kind of fweet gum, called Man- 
 na, dirtils from this tree. 
 
 Culture, &c. of the Flowering Am or Ornus. 
 1. Tree. 
 1 i ■ been a long time planted in this country, but 
 does not grow higher than 15 or 16 feet. 
 
 [ 3 1 
 
18 - ASH. 
 
 2. Use. 
 a. In Calabria they procure Manna from the Ornus, or 
 fmall leaved flowering A(h, by making a horizontal 
 gam, inclining upwards, in the bole of the tree. As 
 the liquor never oozes out the firft day, another cut is 
 given on the fecond, and then the ftalk of a maple 
 leaf is fixed in the upper wound, and the end of the 
 leaf in the lower one, fo as to form a cup to receive 
 the gum as it exftils from each flafh. All the ftrong 
 Items that grow above the thicknefs of a man's leg are 
 cut down. 
 
 Culture, t£c. of the Mountain Am. 
 i. Tree. 
 
 a. Is a native tree, and grows weli in woods or open 
 fields, and attains to a large fize. It is cultivated in 
 nurfery gardens, and fold as a flowering fhrub. 
 
 b. The wood is hard and durable. 
 
 c . Plants grow well in its made. 
 
 i. Use. 
 
 a. The wood is fit for many ceconomical purpofes, fuch 
 as mill- work, fcrews for prefTes, fpokes for wheels, 
 chairs, &c. 
 
 b. The roots are formed into handles for knives, and 
 wooden fpoons. 
 
 c. The Highlanders, who ufe bog or turf holes in place 
 of tan pits, aid the tanning principle of the bog wa- 
 ter, with the bark of this tree. 
 
 d. Bread has been made with the dried powdered ber- 
 ries — In fome parts of the Highlands a good fpirit is 
 diftilled from them — Under proper management, make 
 an acid liquor fomewhat like perry — The poorer fort 
 of people in Wales make a drink, called diodgriafel, 
 by infufing the berries in water. 
 
 " Poifon Afh. 
 
 " A fhrub or fmall tree, growing in muddy branches 
 of water,and tempting travellers to break off their tufts 
 of white flowers, which occafio.ns them to fwell and 
 break out in fores. cc 
 
ASP. 19 
 
 ASPARAGUS. (Afparagus Officinalis.) 
 
 Grows wild in fields near the fea, and in the fens of 
 Lincoln (hi re. 
 
 Culture, &c. of Natural or late Grafs. 
 1. Son.. 
 a. Mu(t not be too ftrong, but luch as is moderately 
 light and pliable ; and a good quantity of dung trench- 
 ed t a or 15 inches below the furface. 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown broad call in March or early in April, on beds 
 4 feet wide, trod in, and covered with fome of the 
 earth of the alleys. 
 
 A thin crop of onions, to be drawn young, may be 
 fown with them. 
 
 b. Two or three feeds fown inflead of planting a root 
 in forming the beds, when the plants are up, thinned 
 to one in a place. 
 
 This is a good method, but the plants are not fit 
 to cut fo foon by a year, as from roots. 
 3. Plants. 
 
 a. The firft year to be kept well weeded, and occafion- 
 ally watered. 
 
 b. When one year old, or at moft two, to be planted 
 in March, in beds 4!- feet wide, with alleys 2 feet 
 
 ie ; the plants to be 9 inches from the edge, and 
 10 or 12 inches apart; to be planted againfl; a ridge, 
 formed by drawing trendies 6 inches deep, and the 
 roots earthed with the hand. 
 
 c. Should not be cut till the third year, after which, 
 the beds will continue to bear 10 or 12 years. 
 
 The (hoots to be cut with a proper knife, when 
 from 2 to 4 inches above ground, and at about 6 in- 
 ches under the earth ; flipping the knife dole to the 
 ftem, to avoid wounding the young buds. 
 
 d. The beds to be dug to a moderate depth the middle 
 or latter end of March, with a fiat three-pronged fork, 
 with blunt ends ; and raked fmootli. 
 
 e. In June weed the beds, and foon after the 20th or 
 
 , terminate the general cutting for the year. 
 
20 ASS. 
 
 /.In October the ftalks to be cut down clofe, the beds 
 weeded, and a fpade deep of earth out of the alleys 
 fpread even over them. 
 
 Old beds fhould have a dreffing of very rotten dung 
 once in two or three years, before the earth of the al- 
 leys is put on. 
 
 g. Gardeners generally after the October drefllng, plant 
 colewerts or cabbages in the alleys ; and a row of 
 early beans, on the north or eaft fide of the alleys ; 
 according to the direction in which the beds run, fo as 
 bell to protect them from cold winds. 
 
 Culture, fcrV. of Forced or early Grafs. 
 i. Plant. 
 
 a. Roots three or four years old are to be planted on 
 hot beds from November till February ; the dung be- 
 ing covered with earth 6 or 7 inches deep, and the 
 roors placed clofe together, (previoufly railing a ridge 
 pi earth to place the roots againft) and earthed with 
 the hand j a bank of moid earth is then to be raifed 
 round the outfide roots, as high as the tops; and then 
 cover the crown of all with light rich earth. When 
 the bu is appear, add another covering of mould 3 or 
 4 inches deep, having firft bound the bed with ftraw 
 bands fattened by wooden pegs, to keep up this earth, 
 and to receive the frame; if prior to this, fnow or much 
 rain falls, the beds muft be covered with mats or ftraw: 
 when it is judged all danger of burning is over, put on 
 the frame and lights, raifing them as there is occafion 
 about an inch high; to give the fleam vent, and to ad- 
 mit air; efpecially when the buds firft begin to appear. 
 
 A bed will produce in four or five weeks, and con- 
 tinue about three weeks, giving under a frame of three 
 lights, 300 or 400 a week. 
 
 b. The moots muft not be cut, but broke off with the 
 fingers clofe to the roots. 
 
 2. U:e. 
 a. The young moots are very univerfally efteemed for 
 their fiavo ir, and nutritious qualities. 
 
 ASSAF.ETIDA. (Ferula AJfa fatida.) 
 This plant appears to be hardy enough for cultivation 
 in England — The gum-refin procured from it is efteem- 
 
AZA. BAR. 21 
 
 Irug: the Perfians alio ufc it as ajfhe 
 with their food. 
 
 AROLE. (Crataegus Azarolus.) 
 
 i. Common Azarole. 
 
 :. Oriental parfley-leaved Azarole. (C. A. Aronia.) 
 
 3". Without fpincs. 
 
 Culture t I 
 
 I. INCREASED. 
 
 a. By lowing the berries or feed in autumn or winter 
 which feldom all grow, till the fecond fpring. 
 
 b. By budding or grafting. 
 f. By layers. 
 
 i. Tree. 
 
 a. Generally trained as fmall ltandards of 3, 4, or 5 feet 
 items, with bufhy heads. 
 
 b. Planted in gardens, orchards, pleafure grounds, &c. 
 20 or 30 feet afunder. 
 
 3. Use. 
 a. The fruit — This is a large red or yellow berry, which 
 ripens in autumn, and has an agreeable acid flavour. 
 
 BARLEY. 
 
 1. Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare). 
 
 a. Rath-ripe Barley. This is a variety of the former, 
 occalioned by being cultivated upon warm gravelly 
 lands: the feeds when fown in cold or itrong land, will, 
 toe firft year, ripen near a fortnight earlier than the 
 feeds taken from Itrong land, but lofes wholly this ad- 
 rintage when the fame la\\ is cultivated two or three 
 years — Often ripen to nine weeks after lowing. 
 
 2. Long- eared Barley (1 [ord< um Zeocriton). This 
 much efteemed for malting; but from the heavinefs of 
 the ears it is apt to lod; 
 
 3. Sprat ', or Battledore Barley (Hordeum Dijlicboi:). 
 
 ie ltraw is fhort and coarie, lb not very good fodder 
 for cattle. It has been fown with fuccefs in wet and 
 dry grounds. 
 
 f. ff'inu-r, Square, Big, or Bear Barley (Hordeum 
 Hexafucb'jv). This is a hardy fpecies, but not fo good 
 
22 BAR. 
 
 for malting as the former — has four or fix rows of 
 grain — is fown in autumn. 
 
 Winter barley is chiefly fown in the north of England, 
 in Scotland, and in Ireland -, being found to be more 
 prolific in cold barren fandy lands, than the common 
 barley. 
 
 5. Siberian Barley. 
 
 6. Zealand Barley. 
 
 7. In the Weftern Iflands of Scotland is cultivated a 
 kind of barley, which, on land manured either with fea 
 weed or marie, produces from 20 to 25 fold; a fingle 
 grain will throw up from 7 to 14 flalksj many of which 
 carry 5 ears. 
 
 Culture, e?f. of Spring Barley. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Should be rather light than ftiff, but of fufficient 
 tenacity and ftrength to retain the moifture — On clays 
 the grains are coarfe and brown. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Should be of a pale lively colour and brightifh caft, 
 without any deep rednefs or black tinge at the tail; if 
 the rind be a little fhrivelled it is the better. 
 
 b. Requires being changed more than any other grain. 
 
 c. In a dry feafon, if foaked in clean or ftagnate water 
 for 24 hours, it will come up a fortnight earlier than 
 dry feed : the light corn that floats mould be fkimmed 
 off. Some little riik attends foaked feed, it being apt to 
 burft if much rain fall before it is come up. 
 
 Barley that has been wetted for malting, and begins 
 to fprout, will foon come up. 
 
 d. In a trial made between fowing it drilled and broad- 
 can:, the extra produce of the drilled crop was about 20 
 bufhels per acre ; belides near two bufnels of feed faved. 
 A fingle grain let or drilled will fometimes produce 80 
 (talks. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. Rolling it makes it tiller into a greater number of 
 ftalks. 
 
 b. If the blade grows rank, mowing is better than feed- 
 
BAR. 23 
 
 ing with fheep, as the ftieep arc apt to bite iu low as to 
 injure its future growth. 
 
 c. In a periodical publication we have an account of a 
 field near Longton, in Cumberland, producing (in 
 1801) two very productive crops of barley. The firlt 
 
 II reaped on the 25th of July, and the fecond (which 
 grew from the old roots) on the 1 5th of September. 
 
 d. Barley cut before it is full ripe, is laid to be thereby 
 thinner fkinned, paler coloured, and to give the fame 
 quantity of flour. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The Rath-ripe having the thinned chaff, is the bed 
 for Malt. 
 
 b. For making bread, principally the Winter Barley ; 
 the meal is alio ufed for fattening fwine. 
 
 The meal for bread is either ufed alone, or mixed with 
 wheat flour in the proportion of one-half, one fourth, 
 or one-third ; and with oatmeal in an equal propor- 
 tion. 
 
 c. Pearl Barley. 
 
 A variety of the long eared barley is cultivated in 
 Northumberland, whofe awns modly drop, or are eafily 
 fliaken off when ripe ; from the grain being fhorter, 
 plumper, and rounder bodied, than the common fort; 
 it is preferred by the millers for making into pearl bar- 
 lev — It ripens later than the common fort, by near 
 a fortnight. 
 
 d. In Spain, and other hot countries, they give barley 
 in Head of oats, to horfes, mules, and afles ; and in 
 Spain alfo in fmall quantities to working oxen. 
 
 r. The draw as fodder. 
 
 Gives a bittcrnefs to butter, which is done away, if, 
 inllead of putting the cream immediately as it is (kim- 
 med off the milk, into the jar or other retaining vefTel, 
 it is fird poured upon hot water, and having itood till 
 cool, i.i Hummed oil the water. This alio removes 
 the raocidnefs of turnep butter. 
 
 Culture of Siberian Dan 
 
 I. Soil. 
 a. Requires a good rich foil. 
 
^4 BAR. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Dibbled more productive than broad-caft, in the pro- 
 portion of about one-tenth. 
 
 b. Increafed from a feed fown nearly 40 from 1. 
 
 c The grains not fo numerous but heavier than the 
 common Barley. 
 
 d. Ripens a fortnigh; earlier than the common Barley. 
 
 e. The hufk is left in the ear when threfhed. 
 
 3. Use. 
 a. Makes fweet and pleafanr bread, if mixed in the 
 proportion of two-thirds barley, and one-third wheat. 
 
 BAROMETER. 
 
 The Hoards generally engraved on the plates of the 
 barometer, rather ferve to miflead than to inform, for 
 the changes of the weather depend rather on the rifing 
 and falling of the mercury, than on its (landing at any 
 particular height. When the mercury is as high as Fair, 
 or at 30 degrees, and the furface of it is concave, begin- 
 ning to defcend, it very often rains ; and on the contrary, 
 when even the mercury is at 29 degrees, oppofite to rain, 
 when the furface of it is convex, beginning to rife, fair 
 weather may be expected. Thefe circumftances not 
 being known, or not duly attended to, is the principal 
 caufe that farmers and others have not a proper confi- 
 dence in this inltrument. 
 
 It muft alfo be obferved, that ceteris paribus, the 
 mercury is higher in cold than in warm w r eather, and 
 commonly early in the morning, or late in the evening, 
 than at noon, which feems cccafioned by the obvious 
 caufes of the atmofpbere being condenfed by the cold 
 of the night, and rarehed by the heat of the day. 
 
 The following obfervatior.s of Mr. Fa trick feems 
 confirmed bv experience. 
 
 1 . The fifing of the mercury prefages, in general, fair 
 weather-, and us failing foul weather, as rain, fnow, 
 high winds, and ftorms. 
 
 2. In bet weather the fall of the mercury indicates thun- 
 der. 
 
 3. In winter the rifing -prefages frojl; and in frcfty 
 weather, if the mercury falls three or four divifiens, 
 
 Library 
 N. C. State College 
 
BAS. BA1 . 25 
 
 there will certainly follow a thaw ; but in a continued 
 froft, if the mercury rifes, it will certainly fnow. 
 
 4. When foul weather happens Joon after the fulling 
 of the , expect but little of it, and, on the con- 
 trary, expect but little fair weather when it proves fair 
 Ihortiy after the mercury has lifen. 
 
 5. /;; foul ken the rtffy much and 
 
 and (b tontikues for two or three days before the 
 fo> ver is quite over, then ex 1 eel a continuance of 
 
 fair weather to follow. 
 
 6. In fair weather, when the mercury falls much and 
 low, and thus continues for two or three days before the 
 rain comes, then expect a great deal of wet } and pro- 
 bably high winds. 
 
 7. The unjettled motion of the mercury denotes uncertain 
 and changeable we a' her. 
 
 From Capper on the Winds and Monfoons. 
 
 BASIL. (Ocymum Bsfilicum.) 
 
 Culture^ &V. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 
 a. By iced fown in March upon a moderate hot -bed. 
 
 b. By cuttings planted in May upon a hot-bed. 
 
 1. Plants. 
 i'he plants from iced to be loon tranlphintcd upon 
 a fecond moderate hor-bed, and gradually inured to 
 the air : and transplanted in May, on warm borders, 
 with a ball of earth about their roots. 
 3. Use. 
 In medicine and in the kitchen. 
 There are leveral varieties of this plant ■, one of 
 which fmells like fennel, another like a citron. 
 
 BAULKS. 
 
 Narrow Jlrip s of grafs I ridges of com : \ 
 
 pernicious cuftom much abolifhed, but llill to be I 
 in many open fields, in Oxfordshire, &c. The word 
 lib applied to grafi ground, near hedges in ploughed 
 fes to turn the [lough horfeson. 
 
 [ ■ 1 
 
26 BAU. BEA. 
 
 EAUM. (Mcliffa Officinalis.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 i. Plant. 
 
 a. Is propagated by parting the roots in October, and 
 planting them two feet afunder. 
 
 b. The plants muft be kept clean from weeds; the 
 decayed ftalks cut off in September, and the ground 
 ftirred between them. 
 
 " By feeds, moft readily." 
 
 2. Use. 
 a. As a medicinal and culinary herb. 
 " Diftilled, its water is delicately tine, is fuperior to 
 the freih herb, after even a year or two keeping in 
 bottles. Is an excellent family article to have conti- 
 nually for the fick: Proved by recent experience." 
 
 TVHTTE BEAM-TREE. (Crataegus Aria.) 
 
 Culture, &£. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 a. Grows naturally on chalk hills. 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed fown when ripe. 
 
 b. By layers. 
 
 c. By grafting on the pear, which may alfo be grafted 
 on it — Will fometimes alfo take upon the medlar. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Will grow to 30 or 40 feet high, with a large trunk. 
 
 b. The wood is white, hard, tough, and fmooth. 
 
 c . Bears lopping, and permits grafs to grow beneath it. 
 
 4. Ule. 
 
 a. The wood, for axle-trees, w 7 heels, cogs for mills, car- 
 • penters and other tools ; and is excellent for flutes — 
 
 From its folidity makes the belt of charcoal. 
 
 b. The fruit is eatable when mellowed by the autum- 
 nal frofts. — An ardent fpirit may be diftilled from it. 
 
 Seldom bears a good crop of fruit two years to- 
 gether. 
 
 BEANS. (Vicia Faba.) 
 
 Field Beans. 
 
 1. Small Horfe Bean. French Tick. 
 
 2. Tick. 
 
BRA. 27 
 
 '..' :ffagan Beau, not fo productive as the tick, but 
 >r more, and ripens three \Neeks iboncr. 
 
 4, Long-pod Bean. 
 
 5. Dutch B drows 5 feet high, has from co to 70 
 pods i the number of feeds from one fingle bean 1 1 4, 
 
 lich on allowing of an average of three beans and 
 a half to a i 199. "A white bean.-- 
 
 This bean mould be lbwn tbin, and as early as 
 poifible, that in wet fummers it may ripen in due time 
 for wheat to follow. 
 
 Great variety is produced by planting different forts 
 near each other. 
 
 Culture, 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Thrives beft in ftrong, moiil, clayey coils j will not 
 fuit light, fandy lands, or late climates. 
 
 b. The root of fomc being above a foot long require 
 that dep:h of foil. 
 
 Seed. 
 a. Bread c aft two bufhels and a half; four bufhels, five 
 bufhels; ploughed or harrowed in. 
 Set from two bufhels and a half to three bufhels. 
 
 c. Drilled 4 inches apart, in rov/s 2 feet 6 inches dis- 
 tant. 
 
 d. In double rows 1 foot afunder, with alleys 3 feet 
 wide. 
 
 e. Drilled two furrows upon 3 foot ridges. 
 
 /. Pea/e, fetches, or Turncps fown between the rows, 
 the lait not then attacked by the fly. 
 
 mixture (called Majhlomj) of oats, barley, rve, 
 peafe, ms, was, till of late, cultivated in Dum- 
 
 barf> >r bread, by almoft irmer — Some 
 
 ail fields are yet cropped with this mixture. 
 g. K end of February, in March, or begins 
 
 of 
 
 lied or planted lb early as the month of 
 
 I the advantage 
 ; in which cafe the ftraw will be 
 n that from a later planting or dril 
 
28 BEA. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 a. Weeded by turning fheep into them ; or with the 
 
 horfe and hand hoe. " Would not fheep pafture upon 
 
 them ?" 
 k When in rows to be earthed up. 
 
 c. 'tops of the beans taken offjuft as the blojfoms are Jet, 
 not only improves the quality ', but increafes the quan- 
 tity f and caufes them to ripen Jooner. It alfo deftroys 
 a black, infect on their tops. 
 
 d. Beans are generally cut off above ground with a 
 fey the or reaping kcok ; but if the haulm is fhort (as 
 that of the long pod and mafiagan is) they are, in fome 
 places, pulled up by the roots. 
 
 e. Should remain in the flack till Chriftmas to harden. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. A more hearty and profitable food for horfes than 
 oats — Are frequently crufhed in a mill for them. 
 
 b. Bean meal ahfwers for fattening oxen. 
 
 c. The haulm ufed as fodder for working horfes and 
 cattle. 
 
 d. Soap boilers ufe the aihes of the burnt haulm, as do 
 bleachers. 
 
 Lewis, in his Materia Medica, remarks, that the 
 allies of Bean-ftalks, Broom, and Worm-wood, yield 
 a pure alkaline fait ■, whereas in divers other vegetables, 
 there is a large mixture of other /aline matter. 
 
 Garden Beans. 
 1. Early Mazagon — A great bearer, and a good fort 
 The feed is procured from Portugal : after being plant- 
 ed two ye^rs in England, the feed grows larger, and 
 does not ripen fo foon ; which is called a degeneracy. 
 1.. Early Spanifh or Lifbon — A fmall and fweet bean. 
 
 3. Sandwich — A good bearer, and hardier than the 
 Wind for. 
 
 4. IVindjor — One of our belt tafced beans when young; 
 not a hai dy kind. 
 
 5. White blojfom — A good fort and bears well. The 
 feed when old, black, and apt to degenerate if not 
 faved with c:ire. 
 
 6. Green Genoa. Seed when old, green. A late bean. 
 
 7. Bog, Fan, or Clafler — Grows only from 6 to 12 in- 
 ches high. 
 
29 
 
 8. Early long pod. 
 
 9. Large long pod. 
 10. True /word ; 
 
 1 I. Mam ford. * 
 
 1 :. Broad Spanijh. 
 
 Toker. A good bearer. 
 1 
 1 5. Willow-leaved, 
 
 ..'.'•f, cirY. 
 
 1. SliED. 
 
 rt. For an early crop — Sow on a border under a S. wall, 
 or fence, from the I k in October to the 
 
 end of November: if the border is 5 or 6 feet \ 
 fqw crofsways in rows i\ feet afunder ; if ch< 
 is narrow, one row near the wall, and t! 
 feet from it. 
 
 In the firft: cafe, a row fliould be \ 
 ill, which often furvives the winter; while thofe at a 
 rer diilance xxc cut 
 
 b. Sown :ro:n December till June in open ground. 
 
 c. Beans may be forwarded by lowing thick on a warm 
 border, and planting out. 
 
 d. The feed lor late crops, mould be planted in rows 
 3 feet afunder, and according to the fize irom 4 to 6 
 inches apart, and 2! inches deep. 
 
 •. In double rows 4 or 6 inches apart, and alleys 1 or 
 3 feet. 
 
 2. Plant. 
 
 a. To be earthed up; elpecially the early ones, to pro- 
 reel them from froll. 
 
 b. If planted in lows 1 foot afunder, and when 5 or 6 
 inches high, every other row is cut off 2 or 3 in 
 from the ground, they will produce two crops ; the 
 uncut in July, and the cut in Auguft or September. 
 
 If the (talks are cut off within 6 inches of the 
 ground, when the beans are fit fo ufc . fill iV.oot 
 
 up feveral (talks, and ; i crop. 
 
 3- ' 
 
 The feed whilft green for the table. 
 b. Seedfmen biake all kinds of unfold garden beans 
 for horfes; or grind them into n 
 
jo BEE. 
 
 BEECH. (Fagus Sylvatica.) 
 
 i. Common Beech, bark fmooth, white. 
 
 2. A variety has lately been jobferved with the bark of 
 the trunk, and larger branches formed like that of the 
 oak j and the tree has likewife the crooked and pro- 
 portionally mort branches of the oak : fo that a fpec- 
 tator at fome diftance, or in the winter feafon, would 
 undoubtedly take it for fuch. 
 
 3. Striped leaved B. 
 
 4. Scarlet B. (F. 8. Sylv. /anguine a.) 
 
 Culture, &(. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Delights in a chalky foil, and lofty fituation. 
 
 b. Bed raifed ori a poor gravelly bottom. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 a. By feed, (called Beech Mad) to be fown as foon as 
 ripe, two or three bufhels to an acre. 
 
 In a favourable feafon, for ripening of the feed> 
 one buihel and a half has produced, 1 50,000 young 
 trees. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Is a free grower •, and thereby injures oak if plant- 
 ed with it — Nothing but holly will grow under its 
 drip. 
 
 b. A beech, at the age of 60, was found to contain 
 100 feet of timber ; and calculated to contain 212 in 
 24 years after -, that is, more in the laft 24 years, than 
 in the 60 preceding. 
 
 c. The wood is brittle, but clofe grained, and of a 
 firm texture. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The lecmes gathered in autumn before they are much 
 injured by the froft, make infinitely better maltrejfes 
 than draw or chaff, and endure for fcven or eight 
 years. 
 
 b. It is unparalleled in water works, for when conftantly 
 kept wet, it appears as perfectly found at 40 years 
 end, as when immerfed. 
 
 c. The wood is formed into tool handles, planes, chairs, 
 bedfteds, fpokes, ' bowls, large fcrews, &c. 
 
3i 
 
 The fellies of the London carts are made of it, be- 
 caufe it tears more difficultly thnn even alii. 
 
 It is excellent fuel, and when burnt, it affords a Erge 
 quantity of pot-afh. 
 
 The malt or feeds yield a good oil for lamps : twine 
 are fond of them, but their fat is foft, and boils ato 
 unlefs hardened before they are killed, by fomc other 
 
 J. They have been toalled as a fuccedaneum for 
 coffee. 
 
 The hulls of the feed are collected by the poor fo. 
 winter fin 
 /. 1 is lopping, and may be trained to form 
 
 very lofty hedges. 
 
 " BEER. 
 
 Small Heir, the belt family drink : Malt and hops 
 
 productions of the Farm. Cyder being precarious, 
 
 >», an intemporate liquor, is unhappily rdorted to 
 
 for ler. The ingredients of Beer, (better 
 
 than either) are always in the power of the Hufband- 
 
 ES. 
 
 i. Hive. 
 
 Yorkfhire it is the cultom to c::rry the hives from 
 the marginal heights, into tin- and in uinumn, 
 
 to be filled up with honey ; a practice which, lingu- 
 lar as it may appear, has been followed with fuccefs. 
 b. In the tranfactions of the London Society for the en- 
 couragement of Arts, &c. i >, mention is made of 
 ig of two cylinders, feparated 
 from each other by lattices, lor collecting the honey 
 without deflroying the I Graving is preferved 
 
 in the Socu lection. 
 
 i. \ betaken without :ng the bees, by 
 
 putting under the hive another with * ■ 
 
 the top, and a fquare hole in the middli bets to 
 
 deicend th. e mud be a Qiding fhuttej 
 
 -hole to ck>(c ir, when the bees hu\ e defcended 
 into the lower one — They will ; netim fill thii >.\fo, 
 kcond to be put undei — The rime for 
 g, the end of June or beginning of J 
 
32 BEE. 
 
 d. In Rufiia, hives are made for Wild Bees in the fol- 
 lowing manner — They look out for the flrongefl and 
 flruteit tree, and of the hardeft wood, on which they 
 contlrufl the bee-houfe, by hollowing out the trunk, 
 plain and fmooth, with a tool refembling a chifTel; 
 doling trie aperture with a board, in which are left lit- 
 tle holes for the bees to enter at. The height of the 
 tree, is to prevent bears getting at the honey. 
 2. Honey 
 
 a. Collected from the flowers of heath, is brown, ftrong- 
 ly flavored, and of the confiftency of melted rofin; the 
 wax is brown. 
 
 b. Collected from the flowers growing in meadows, paf- 
 ture lands, trees, and cultivated crops, is almofl as 
 limped as the purefl oil, and the wax nearly as white 
 as fnow. " Collected from Buckwheat, is harm." 
 
 c. Is collected from what is improperly called honey- 
 dew, as well as from flowers. 
 
 d. Taken only once in two years is richer and more folid, 
 and will keep better than what is taken every year. 
 
 3. Bees 
 
 a. When their flores are exhaufted, mould be fed with 
 honey hard preffed from the comb; which contains bee- 
 bread as well as honey. — Cannot be kept alhe with 
 pure boney alone. 
 
 Fed by covering a plate with thin cut comb, and 
 filling the cells, either with honey or coarfe fugar, mix- 
 ed with middle beer — it mull not be too thick. 
 
 €. A flock will fwarm twice; the firfl fwarm again twice, 
 and the fecond once. 
 
 Some vears a ftock, will increafe itfelf to fix flocks. 
 
 d. The bees of one fociety will attack thofe of another 
 fociety, plunder them of their honey, and deilroy mofl 
 of them, perhaps ail of them, in battle. The bed me- 
 thod of putting a flop to thefe battles, is to remove the 
 attacked hive to a diflant part of the garden. 
 
 HUMBLE BEES. 
 
 If a nefl of the common Humble Bee (Apis Terref- 
 tris), or of the black Humble Bee (A. Subterrcnea), 
 is taken late in the evening, and confined for the nighr 
 
BEE. 
 
 in a hive or box; they will not afterwards forfakc it, but 
 increafe their comb and breed. 
 
 BEET. (Beta Vulgaris.) 
 
 i. With a red root. 
 
 a. Common red B. • 
 
 b. Turnep-root red B. 
 
 c. Green-leaved red B. 
 2. With a white root. 
 
 a. White- leaved. 
 
 b. Green-leaved. 
 
 c. Swifs or Chard B. 
 
 d. Cicla (B. V. Ciela.) 
 
 Culture, &fr. of Red Beet. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 a. Requires a deep light foil, and open fituation. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a . Sown in March or April broad calt on rough ground, 
 and trod in before the ground is raked. 
 
 b. Sown either alone, or with carrots, parfnips, or onions, 
 which mud be drawn voung. 
 
 c. Drilled. 
 
 3. Plants. 
 
 a. The broad-caft to be thinned to a foot diftance, or in 
 very good land to 1^ foot. 
 
 b. The drilled to be thinned by degrees to 1 foot apart. 
 
 c. The roots may be either taken up in November, and 
 prefer ved like carrots in fand, or left in the ground. 
 
 d. Old roots to be planted in February two feet afunder, 
 for feed. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The root is either ufed as a pickle, eaten boiled, or 
 frefh in falads. 
 
 b. Is ufed to improve the colour of claret. 
 Culture, fiff. of White Beet. 
 
 1. Plant. 
 a. The culture is the fame as that of the red beet. 
 
 2. Use. 
 a. The leaves in foups; the mid-rib of very large leaver 
 are peeled, ftewed, and eaten like afparagus. 
 
 [ $ 1 
 
34 B£E. 
 
 The largeft leaves fhould be firft gathered, leaving 
 the (mailer to grow larger. 
 
 The roots are called Chards. 
 b. The roots of variety d are ufed medicinally} and in 
 Pruffia to make fugar — no lbs. of the roots wafhed, 
 peeled, cleaned, and then grated, produced, by a cer- 
 tain procefs, 4 lbs. of white fugar, and 2>\ quarts of" a 
 fpirit refembling rum. The red is alfo ufed for the fame 
 purpofe, 1500 quintals of which have produced 5952 
 lbs. of fugar in grofs, 450 quintals of hufky matter, and 
 100 oz. of fyrup: the fqueezed fubftance mayferve as a 
 fort of coffee, and for diftilling brandy? and is more pro- 
 fitable for the feeding of cattle, than the beets them- 
 felves. (See, poft, Mangel Wurzel, or Scarcity-root.) 
 
 BERBERRY. (Berberis Vulgaris.) 
 Var. 1. Red with ftoney f -u.it. 1. Red without ft ones. 
 
 3. White. 4. Sweet black B. 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed — Sow the ripe berries in autumn, in drills 
 an inch or more deep; probably moft of them will lay 
 in the ground till the fecond fpring. 
 
 b. By fuckers taken from the root in autumn, with as 
 much roots as pofiible. 
 
 c. By layers — Choofe young branches of laft fummer, 
 and lay them in autumn or winter, and by the autumn 
 following they will be rooted. 
 
 2. Tree. 
 
 a. Planted of four or five feet high; and at any time 
 from November till March. 
 
 b. Prune irregular and crouded branches, fhoots from 
 the ftem, and fuckers from the root. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. The fruit for pickling; and boiled with fugar form 
 a moft agreeable rob or jelly. 
 
 b. The inner bark of the items dyes linen of a fine yel- 
 low with the afiiftance of allum. 
 
 In Poland they dye leather of a moft beautiful yel- 
 low with the bark of the root. 
 
 c. The roots boiled in lye dye wool yellow. 
 
 d. The inner bark is ufed medicinallv. 
 
BIR. is 
 
 BIRCH. (Bctula Alt*) 
 
 Culture, &V. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 
 a. Grows in all kinds of foil; but bell in fhady places. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed, which is eafily taken from bearing trees, by 
 cutting the branches before it is qu te ripe in Auguit; 
 an J may be thrafhed out like corn, as foon as the bran- 
 ches dry a littic. 
 
 The feed to be fown broad-caft in autumn — two 
 bufhels per acre. 
 
 b. By layers. 
 
 j. Tree. 
 
 a. The wood is firm, tough and white. 
 
 b. As underwood, mould be felled before March to pre- 
 vent its bleeding. 
 
 c. Bears removing with fafety of the height of fix or 
 feven feet. 
 
 d. Is hurtful to pafturage. 
 
 e. Is ready to plulh as hedges in four years after planting. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The wood is ufed by the wheelwright for ploughs, 
 carts, and moil of the ruftic implements ; by the tur- 
 ner for trenchers, bowls, ladles, fmall fcrews, &c. by 
 the cooper for hoops. The wood is alio ufed by clog- 
 makers and fnoe-heel cutters; and alfo fcrves for light 
 gates end rails. 
 
 b. The knotty excrefcencies afford a beautiful veined 
 wood. 
 
 c . Befoms are made of the twigs, and the branches ferve 
 for handles. 
 
 d. Makes ftrong hedges. 
 
 The leaves yield a yellow dye; but thofe of the Dwaj ( 
 Birch (B. Nana.) afford a better. 
 /. The bark has been ufed to tan leather, and even rim- 
 ing nets, dnJ fails j which it renders more durable: and 
 alfo to make ropes. The outer rind is, in Scotland, 
 fomctimes burnt inftead of candles. 
 
 The inhabitants of Poland dill.l from the bark per 
 defcenfum, an oil of an empyicumatic ftrong fmdl, 
 which they ule in fprains, and to help limbs that i. 
 
SS BIR. 
 
 fuffered by cold; and to heal wounds^ and deftroy the 
 itch, and lice on cattle. 
 
 g. Ruffian leather is drefied with a kind of tar, extracted 
 by fire from the bark of this tree ; which is then dyed 
 with log-wood. 
 
 h. The white bark or rind is of fo firm a texture, that 
 it will efcape putrefaction for many years, even in the 
 damped places ; and is therefore fpread by the Norwe- 
 gian peafants over the planks with which their houfes 
 are covered, and upon this rind they lay green fward 
 or turf for the fake of warmth. 
 
 ' The Indians and Canadians of North America 
 make Boats of the bark, which are fo light that they 
 ibmetimes carry them wirh them on their journeys from 
 lake to lake. The Indians of Nova Scotia have been 
 known to crofs the Bay of Fundy in them. They alfo 
 make bafkets, boxes, &c. of this bark, and curioufly 
 ornament them with porcupine quills coloured." 
 
 i. Affords excellent fuel, and makes the beft of char- 
 coal; and the foot is a good lamp-black for making 
 printer's ink. 
 
 k. If a hole is bored into the tree when the fap rifes in 
 the fprmg, a f.veet liquor diftils from it, which, pro- 
 perly fomented with the addition of fugar, makes a 
 pleafant wine. — It has been fuppofed, a coarfe fort of 
 fugar might be produced, by boiling the fap. 
 One branch alone will yield a gallon in a day. 
 
 BIRD-CHERRY. 
 
 i. Englifh Bird-Cherry. (Prunus Padus.) 
 2. American Bird-Cherry. (P. Virginiana.) 
 
 Culture, &c. of the Englifh Bird-Cherry. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 a. Grows well in woods, groves, or fields, but not in 
 a moift foil. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By feeds fown in autumn. 
 
 b. By layers, laid down in autumn; they will have good 
 roots by that time twelvemonth. 
 
 3; Tree. 
 a. Grows to or 12 feet high. 
 
Blil. 37 
 
 b. Bears lopping, and fufifcrs the grafs to grow under it. 
 rhe wood is fmooth and tough. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. The wood is ufed for cabinet work. 
 /'. The fruit, which has a nauieous tafte, is eaten in 
 Sweden and kamfchatca. 
 
 c. Makes an exceeding good underwood. 
 
 Culture, &fr. of the American Bird-Cherry. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 a. By the fame methods as the former. 
 
 z. Tree. 
 a. Grows to 30 feet high. 
 . The fruit ii> large and black. 
 J. Use. 
 a. The wood being beautifully veined with black and 
 white, and taking a fmooth polifh, is frequently ul'cd 
 for cabinet work. 
 
 BLIGHT. 
 
 The withering and dropping off of leaves, bloflbms, 
 or fruit; and the death or plants and trees; arifing ei- 
 ther from froft, cold or very hot winds, or inftcts — 
 Gardeners make ute of the following methods to guard 
 tgainft them. 
 
 1. Frost. 
 a. Straw or dung is often laid on the roots; but clean 
 
 mofs is to be preferred for newly planted fruit trees. 
 l>. By lticking between the branches of wall trees, cut- 
 tings of evergreens or fern, till the fruit is fairly fet. 
 . By mats nailed up before the trees, when there is an 
 appearance of frofty nights ; if the froft continues long, 
 and no fun, lc: them remain up in the day alio, but 
 muft be removed at every favourable appearance of mo- 
 derate weather. 
 
 1. Cold Winds. 
 By live hedges; of thefe yew make the belt. 
 /. Reed fereens. 
 
 A dry ho: wind frequently occurs in fummcr, and 
 fcorches the leaves, lb as to make them turn black and 
 britde, but it is often (o weak, as not iu penetrate 
 through a hedge. 
 
 
38 BOR. 
 
 3. Insects 
 
 a. For wall trees — To a hogfhead of clear lime water 
 add 6 lbs. of flour of brinrftone, and 4 lbs. of tobacco 
 duft, or, which is better, a pint of a liquid that is 
 fqueezed from tobacco in prefling : this is to be fprinkled 
 on the trees between (tvtn and nine o'clock in the 
 morning, at lead three times a week, from the time 
 the buds begin to burft. 
 
 h. By fmoaking the trees. (See Apple bloiToms.) 
 
 " BORDERS AND HEAD-LANDS. 
 
 " Too much negletled; but are applicable to enlar- 
 ging the compoft manure, under the moil advantageous 
 circumftances." 
 
 BORECOLE. 
 
 1. Green curled Borecole — There is a variety with va- 
 riegated leaves, which is planted in gardens for orna- 
 ment. 
 
 ■2. Brown or red Borecole. 
 
 3. Siberian Borecole, commonly called Scotch Kale. 
 
 Under this head may be reckoned, 
 1. Jerufalem Kale. 
 1. Bruffels Sprouts. 
 3. Tree Cabbage, leaves nearly flat. 
 
 All the above plants grow tall ^ do not turn in their 
 leaves to form a clofe head; but furnifh numerous fweet 
 and tender fprouts, from the fides of the (talks. 
 
 Culture, &V. 
 
 I. Plant. 
 a. The culture is the fame as that of the Savoy, except 
 
 that the plants mould be fet only 1 foot afunder in rows 
 
 2 feet diftant. 
 h. An Irifh acre of fallow ground, on which they were 
 
 planted at two feet diftance, and hoed in the Tullian 
 
 method, produced plants which weighed about 5 lb. 
 
 10 oz. each, on an average, and the whole produce was 
 
 40,096 lbs. 
 c. Planted between drilled potatoes (after they were well 
 
 hoed) for winter feeding cattle. 
 
BRI. 39 
 
 2. Use. 
 
 a. The borecole is a very profitable table vegetable, but 
 is never eaten till the frott hath rendered it tender, for 
 Otherwiie it is tough and bitter. 
 
 I. It has been recommended CO the attention of the far- 
 mer or grazier, on account of the rapidity of its growth, 
 and the property of zvithftanding the efletl of '/evert 
 frtjl. — Sheep mould not be fullered to depasture fo 
 long, as to injure the (talks. 
 
 BRITISH WIN! 
 
 l. Birch wint (Receipt) In the beginning of March, 
 while the fap is rifing, and before the leaves moot out, 
 bore holes in the bodies or the largeft trees, and put 
 falfets therein, made of elder tticks, with the pith ta- 
 ken our, and then put any velTel under to receive the 
 liquor: if the tree be large, you may tap it in four or 
 five places at a time without hurting it; and thus from 
 feveral trees many gallons of -juice may be gained in a 
 If you have not enough in one day, bottle up 
 cl ill- what you have, till you get a fufficiency for your 
 purpole; but the lboner it is ufed the better. Boil the 
 my fcum rues, (kimming it all the time. 
 To every gallon of liquor put 4 lbs of fugar, and boil 
 it afterwards half an hour, lkimming it well; then put 
 it into an open tub to cool, and when cold, turn it in- 
 to your calk; when it has done working, bung it up 
 clofe, and keep it three months; then either bottle it 
 off, or draw it out of the cafk af:er it is a year old. 
 
 This is a generous and agreeable liquor. 
 :. Black Currant Wine* The procefs of manufacture 
 
 nerely that ot macerating the fruit, in an equal quan- 
 tity of cold water, two or three days, then boiling the 
 whole llowlv, until the fruit is difiblved; when the li- 
 quor is (trained ofF. Rcboil the liquor, gently, a lhort 
 time; and add a quant. ty of fugar, proportioned to 
 the given richnefs of the fruit \ ferment, and lay up, 
 agreeably to the methods pratftiicd with other fruit li- 
 qu< 
 
 This wine approaches v r ed port wine, in co- 
 
 lour and flavour. 
 
40 BRO. 
 
 3. Red Currant Wine. Gather the currants when they 
 are fullv ripe; break them into a tub or vat; then prefs 
 and add two-thirds of water, and to each gallon of that 
 mixture put 3 lbs. of loft fugar; agitate the whole pro- 
 perly till the fugar is difiblved, when it may be barrelled. 
 The juice fhould not be left to (land during the night, 
 as the fermentation ought not to take place, till all the 
 ingredients are compounded. "An excellent proccfs 
 for making it is in the American Philofophical Tranf- 
 a&ions. It is the very bed." 
 
 Sir Richard Worfley has planted a Vineyard in the 
 JJle cf IVight,' of two acres and a half, with the Wl 
 Mujcadine and Plant Verd grapes j from which the na- 
 tives of the weftern parts of France make a light white 
 wine. 
 
 BROCOLI. 
 1. Early purple Italian B. This is by fome preferred to 
 all others. 
 1. Late purple Italian B. 
 
 3. Green Italian B. 
 
 4. White Italian B. 
 
 Some kinds of Italian B. produce bulbs at their roots. 
 
 5. Cauliflower B. In look and tafte is very like the 
 Cauliflower. 
 
 6. Brown or black B. This is very hardy, and grows 
 very high, but is inferior in tafte to the above. 
 
 7. Dwarf purple B. 
 
 8. Brimftone B. The head of this is as large as that of 
 the Cauliflower B. and of a yellow colour j it is efteem- 
 ed a good fort. Said to have been brought firft from 
 Portfmouth. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Succeeds bell in a foil that is rather light than heavy. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. In order to fave good feed, referve a few of the lar- 
 ger!: heads of the firft crop, ftripping conftantly off all 
 under fhoots, leaving only the main ftem to flower and 
 feed (no fort of cabbage fhould be iuffered to feed near 
 them) and tie them to ftrong flakes, to prevent their 
 being broke by winds and heavy rain. 
 
BRO. 4.1 
 
 3. First Crop. 
 Seed to be fown the latter end of May or beginning 
 of June. 
 
 When the plants have eight leaves, to be pricked out 
 into fhady borders, about 3 or 4 inches apart. 
 c. To be again planted the end of July in Tonic flicker- 
 ed fpot, but not under the drip of trees, 1 \ foot in 
 the row, and 2 feet between the rows : the brown or 
 black 2 feet every way. 
 
 4. Second Crop. 
 
 a. The feed to be fown the beginning of July, and the 
 plants treated like the firft crop. 
 
 b. Some do not make two diftinct crops, but fow from 
 February to June, laying however molt ftrefs, on what 
 they fow in April and June, for full crops. 
 
 c. In expofed fituations gardeners, in autumn or fpring, 
 dig a deep doping ditch, lay the plants on it, fo as to 
 be ab^ut 1 foot above ground, and 1 foot apart; on 
 thefe they lav earth, and a fecondrow, &c. or dig deep 
 holes, and plant them in it about half the depth of the 
 Item, and at the common diftance. 
 
 5. Use. 
 a. For the table. 
 
 The heads mould be cut off with about 4 or 5 in- 
 ches of the ftem, and the fkin of the ftem dripped off 
 before they are boiled : The plants will moot out a num- 
 ber of fide fprouts with fmall heads, full as well fla- 
 voured as the large, and are called by fome Italian 
 Ajparagus. 
 . The brown has been cultivated for cattle. 
 
 BROOM. 
 
 1. Common Broom. (Spartium Scoparium). 
 1. Spanifh Broom. (Spartium Junccum). 
 
 Culture, isc. of Common Broom. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Grows naturally in this ifljnd in dry fandv foils. 
 
 :. Use. 
 a. For making brooms. 
 
 [ 6 1 
 
42 BRO. 
 
 b. For tanning of. leather; in which intention the twigs 
 and branches are not inferior to oak-bark. 
 
 c. Is 'preferred to fir aw for covering (lacks, as it admits 
 tfye air more readily into the ftack than draw does, and 
 equally well fee u res it from rain. Is alfo ufed for 
 thatching houfes. 
 
 In Sweden it is cut in autumn, and ufed as litter for 
 houfed fhecp. 
 
 d. The old wood furnifhes the cabinet-makers with 
 moft beautiful materials for veneering. 
 
 e. The tender branches are in fome places mixed with 
 hops for brewing. 
 
 f. The macerated bark is found capable of being manu- 
 factured inro cloth. 
 
 g. The flower buds are pickled and eaten as capers. 
 
 h. Sheep fometimes eat it in winter ; but they are gree- 
 dy of tiie bloflbm ; they alfo eat the young pods. — 
 Shepherds turn them into fields where it grows, to cure 
 them of the dropiy. 
 
 Culture, &c. of Spanijh Broom. 
 
 i. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed fown either in the fpring or autumn. 
 
 b. By laying down the tender branches in March, and 
 cutting them at the joints, after the manner of Car- 
 nation layers : but this way is not fo certain, and mere 
 troublefome, than the raifing of them from feed. 
 
 2. Shrue. 
 a. Should be planted where they are to remain at not 
 more than two years old, as they do not fucceed if 
 they arc removed large. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. The twigs for making bafkets. 
 
 b. The flowers affording much food for bees — The cul- 
 ture of this fhrub is recommended near bee hives, by 
 writers on the management of thofe ufeful infects. 
 
 We raife another fort of Spanifh broom from feed in 
 this country, it is called the white (Spartium Monof- 
 permum); it appears to be too tender to be turned to 
 any account in this country: where it grows naturally 
 it is ufeful \n flopping flying fands i goats eat the leaves 
 
BUC 43 
 
 and voung branches j and the twigs are ufed for tying 
 bundles. 
 
 " BROOM-CORN. 
 
 A ufefuj plant (the chenpclt and befr) for making 
 broom*. ift's, &c. The grain for poultry, 
 
 &c. Some liills or rows of it in gardens fuffice for 
 family purpofes.*' 
 
 CKWl II AT. (Polygonum Fugopyrum.) 
 
 Culture, L~ 
 
 i. Son.. 
 
 a. A light mellow foil fuits it belt. 
 
 b. Does not thrive on a ItifT clay or poachy ground. 
 
 i. Seed. 
 
 a. From one to three bufhels fown per acre. Light land 
 requires the mod feed. 
 
 b. Sown from the fit ft week in May till the beginning 
 of July. 
 
 c. Sown with clover or oth<r grafs feed. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 a. Two crops have been got in a favourable year from 
 
 the lame land — Is mowed. 
 /-. Kills all weeds by being of quick growth. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. The feed makes a nutricious meal, which is not apt 
 to turn four upon the fbomach. 
 
 he meal fattens hogs and poultry. 
 
 c. Ilorjc-s are fond of the grain. 
 
 d. The flowers alFord food for bees at a feafon when 
 the meadows and trees arc nearly ftripped of them. 
 
 Sown ivitb grafs feeds makes a good lay on a light 
 foil. 
 /. Affords draw for fodder or manu, 
 g. When full grown is rolled (or firft fed and trodden 
 down by cattle) and ploughed in as a manu: 
 it a. fallen' crop. 
 
 ;etables that have a fucci. ", inch as buck- 
 
 wheat, vetches, peas and beans, draw a great part of 
 their nourilhment from the air, and on that account 
 > than wheat, oa:s, barley, or 
 rye. 
 
44 BUD. BUL. 
 
 Buckwheat was firft brousht from Africa into France 
 by the Saracens ; and from France into England. — Is 
 called by many French- Wheat. 
 
 BUDDING. 
 
 In performing this kind of grafting, the bark of the 
 ftock is cut on the north fide, perpendicularly, about 
 two or three inches, and gently opened with the handle 
 of the budding knife j and the bud (fuch as contains 
 only the flower) being put in with the greateft care, 
 the bark is clofely tied down with wet bajs or matting. 
 This fhould be done, if pofiible, in a moift or cloudy 
 day, early in the morning, before the heat of the fun 
 prevails, or, in the afternoon, after it has fubfided ; as 
 all hot and fultry feafons are unfriendly to this procefs. 
 — It is ufed for the finer fruits, fuch as peaches, apri- 
 cots, neclarines, &c. Some gardeners call it Inocu- 
 lation. 
 
 BULL. 
 
 The cow -keepers near London allow about one bull 
 to thirty cows — In fome counties they are let leap while 
 yearlings ; and in Suffolk they never keep them more 
 than three years old ; the ill confequence of which is, 
 that before the merit can be known of the ftock gotten, 
 the bull is no more. 
 
 Farmers call the bars of a harrow, in which the teeth 
 are fixed, Bulls. 
 
 BULLACE. (Prunus Infititia.) 
 Varies, with White, Black, and Red Fruit. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 i. Increased. 
 
 a. By ftones of the fruit; if fown an inch or two deep 
 in autumn, they will come up in the fpring; and when 
 a year old mould be planted out in the nurfery. 
 
 b. By grafting or budding on their own, or any fort of 
 plum ftocks. 
 
 2. Tree. 
 a. Trained as a moderate ftandard, with a clean fingle 
 ftem, branching regularly at top to a full head. 
 
B I 45 
 
 b. Planted 20 or 30 feet afunder. 
 wild in hedges. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. The fruit — This does not ripen till September or 
 
 tober, and is the more valuable, as it comes in 
 when molt others of the plum kind are gone; it is ex- 
 cellent for tarts, pies, cvic. and when fully ripe, eat* 
 agreeably as a defert fruit. 
 
 \ conferve is prepared by mixing the pulp with 
 thrice its weight of fugar. 
 
 b. The bark and llowcrs are ufed medicinally. 
 
 BURN-BAITING 
 
 Is the cutting off the turf or furface of the ground, 
 and when fufliciently dry, putting it in final 1 piles, and 
 burning it to allies, which are fpread (in fome places 
 mixed with lime) on the bare furface, and ploughed in: 
 It is in the opinion of many intelligent perfons a dangerous 
 practice, unlefs done very judiciouily, and the land well 
 fupported with manure afterwards; it has even been 
 compared to the ule of fpirituous liquors, in the human 
 fyltem, which is invariably followed by debility and dif- 
 eile. — Under fome circumitances it is however allowed 
 to be of ufe, and at all times produces one or two good 
 crops. 
 
 May be praclifed with advantage, 
 1. On land over-run with furze, broom, bramble, or 
 heath, where the roots would require a long time to rot. 
 On long neglefled pajlurc, with a thick fpongy co- 
 vering of mofs. 
 
 3. A thin chalky foil, is faid to be much improved by it. 
 Iditional ways of burn-baiting, 
 i. I he following way of paring and burning, which 
 is practifed in Shropfhire, differs from the ufual method. 
 The fwarth is pared near two inches thick, and laid 
 round a fmall faggot of wood, large enough, when burnt, 
 to blacken and fcorch the (ward reared round it, the 
 burners not holding it good to reduce it to a red afh ; 
 thus, in its coarfe, but feorched ltate, it is fpread upon 
 the land when ploughed, being rirft got into rows to make 
 way for the plough; and thcle blackened lumps, Sec. do 
 
46 BUR. 
 
 often produce an extraordinary crop of wheat, though 
 upon land not worth more than feven {hillings per acre, 
 and the fucceeding crops generally anfwer as well. 
 
 1. The fod turned upfide down wich the fpade, and 
 xvhen dry, owing to the heath and grafs raifing it a few 
 inches from the ground, burnt, without making it up 
 in heaps — A very good natural grafs followed this me- 
 thod, without ploughing: It was accounted for, from 
 the fire having been thus applied all over the furface, in 
 a ftate of fmothering combufticn. 
 
 BASTARD BURN-BAITING. 
 
 This practice confifts of burning the refufe product of 
 the land, fuch as ftubble,- &c. upon the ground which 
 produced them; or whatever elfe is laid on for that pur- 
 pofe. 
 
 i. Burning of {edge on w ? et land, a fuccefsful practice. 
 1. Burning ftubble upon corn-fields. 
 
 3. Burning of any wafte produce, as broom, &c. on 
 heaths and commons; piling it in heaps, and covering 
 them with the earth raifed in digging up the roots: the 
 afhes fpread and ploughed in. 
 
 4. The bringing of (ticks, ftubble, &c. to impoverifhed 
 land, and burning them there. 
 
 More benefit is fuppofed to arife, from the enliven- 
 ing warmth communicated to the ground by fo many 
 fires, than from the afhes. " Infers and their eggs are 
 deftroyed by burning ftubble ; rake it firft in heaps." 
 
 BURNET, (Poterium Sanguiforba.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Flourifnes on poor, light, landy, or ftoney foils; or 
 even on dry chalk hills. 
 
 b. The land to be prepared as for turneps. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Perfects its feed twice in the fummer. 
 
 b. Sown late in the fpring with barley or oats. 
 
 c. Sown in Auguft after oats; 12 lb. of feed to an acre, 
 — The plants thinned to one foot diftance. 
 
BUR. BUT. 47 
 
 d. In a failure of turneps, land has been fown with Bui 
 ner, and produced, in March following, a fine pafturc 
 for fheep and lambs. 
 t. Sown on a fmall piece of Ian;! ingofjuly; 
 
 1 the plants tranfpl anted in October, in rows 2 feet 
 art, and about 1 foot diftam 
 
 .v be increafed by parting the roots. 
 
 ' s of three mowings in a feafon. 
 
 loes not injure it, nor dofe feeding. 
 €. Harrowed after being ittle. 
 
 4. i 
 a. Proves an excel!: r faftur. dly any 
 
 tbbig elfe vegetates. 
 
 1: h 1 nnftance, that cattle are fond of 
 
 burner railed 1 , but will not touch it 
 
 upon other land, though on a foil (uvular in ap- 
 pearance. If fown With Ray-grafs and White Clover, 
 or with the latter alone, they will be induced the better 
 to like it. 
 
 Is as good as oats for horfes : " And its 
 quantity confnlerable." 
 1. Increafcs the quantity of milk in cows; and makes 
 good but 
 
 d. The mutton of fheep (ed on it, better coloured, more 
 juicy, and better flavoured, than mutton fed on any 
 other food. 
 
 e. A perfe ct cure for the rot in fheep j and recovers fheep 
 that have f 
 
 E xcellent winter food for Deer and Rabbits. 
 
 is plant was introduced into husbandry by the late 
 Mr. Roque, under the patronage of the London Soci- 
 ety of Arts. " It is well won;: the hufbandman's at- 
 tention." 
 
 Meadow Burnet (Sanguhorba Officinalis) grows ve- 
 ry luxuriantly in cold and very pool wrt uplands, and 
 has been thought worth cultivating in fuch filiations. 
 
 BUTTER. 
 
 I. Fresh Butter. 
 In an experiment made to know whether it was mod 
 profitable to churn the whole milk, or only the cream 
 
4 8 BUT. 
 
 which the miik produces, the miik of a particular cow 
 was felected, and it was found, that one days milk 
 churned by itfelf, produced only three-fourths of i ib. 
 of butter; and the cream of two days milk produced 
 3 lbs. 2 oz. of butter; from this, it appears, more pro- 
 fitable to colleul the cream and churn it, than to churn 
 the whole milk together. The cream butter is thought 
 the richest of the two, but will not keep ib long fweet. 
 Refpefling, however, the above experiment, in far- 
 ther explanation of the circumdances, it appears, that 
 the one day's miik was collected from the noon of one 
 day, to the morning of the next, then immediately 
 churned; whereas the two days cream was collected on 
 a Thurfdsry and friaay and remained to ripen till the 
 Monday following, which may, perhaps, account in a 
 great degree, for the difference in the produce. 
 
 b. It is faid, that in fome places famous for making the 
 bed freili winter butter, they fet the pot of cream in 
 warm water fo long as till it has acquired that fmall 
 degree of fournefs, which it very foon has in warm 
 fummer weather, and gives it its agreeable flavour. 
 And in order to give it colour, they grate a well-co- 
 loured carrot into a little milk, which, as foon as dain- 
 ed, is drained from the carrot through a fieve, and then 
 mixed with the cream. 
 
 c. Whey butter — The quality of this is improved, by 
 fcalding each meal of cream, as it is taken off the whey, 
 by hanging it over the fire until fcalding hot; being 
 careful not to let it boil. (See, ante, page 23.) 
 
 2, Salt Butter. 
 a. The following mode of curing butter is prattifed bv 
 fome in the pariih of Udney, in the county of Aber- 
 deen, which gives to it a fuperiority above that of 
 others. 
 
 Take two parts of the bed common fait, one part of 
 fugar, and one part of ialtpetre ; beat them up together, 
 and blend the whole completely : take 1 oz. of this 
 compofition for every 16 oz. of butter, work it well into 
 the mafs, and cloie it up for ufe. 
 
 The butter, cured with this mixture, appears of a 
 rich marrowy confidence, and fine colour, and never 
 
BUT. CAB. 49 
 
 juircs hardnefs, nor talks fait; it cats as fwcct after 
 being kept three years as at firft. It mult be noted, that 
 butter thus cured, requires to (land three weeks or a 
 month before it has begun to be ufed ; if it be lboncr 
 opened, the falts are not fufficiently blended with it; 
 and fometimesthecoolnefsofthe nitre will then be per- 
 ceived, which totally difappears afterwards. (See p. 52. 
 
 BUTTER-BUR. (Tuflllago Petafites.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Plant. 
 a. This is a native plant, growing in wet meadows and 
 by river fides ; the leaves are the largeft of any native 
 plant in Great-Britain ; and in heavy rains are frequent- 
 ly obfcrved to afford a feafonable fhclter to poultry and 
 other (mall animals. 
 
 1. Use. 
 
 a. In Germany, the leaves are bruifed, and mixed with 
 chaff, or cut ftraw ; in which ftate they are fondly 
 eaten by cattle. 
 
 b. It is ufed in medicine. 
 
 CABBAGE. (Braffica Oleracea.) 
 Field Cabbages, 
 t. Turnep Cabbage (B. O. Caulorapa) — Bulb above 
 the furface of the ground — Suppofed to have been 
 brought from the Cape of Good Hope; perhaps from 
 China, where a bulbous rooted cabbage is cultivated ; 
 called by the natives, Pack-Jo-a. 
 
 Turnep-rcoted Cabbage (B. O. Nepobrafllca.) — Bulb 
 under the furface of the ground — Brought from Lap- 
 land. 
 Drum-beaded Cabbage. 
 '4. Scotch Cabbage — The head not quite lb clofe and 
 flat as the laft. 
 
 5. Cole-worts, (fee Colewort.) 
 
 6. North American Cabbage. 
 
 7. Anjou Cabbage. 
 
 Culture, of. of the Turnip Cabbage. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 hts in a dry, elevated, and rather light foil, 
 
 17 ] 
 
50 CAB. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. May be fown from the middle of March, to the firfl 
 or fecond week in May. 
 
 b. Should be fown very thin. 
 
 *". Beft raifed on a feed bed, and tranfplanted from five 
 to fix weeks old. 
 
 d. Ripens about the middle of July. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. Very hardy. 
 
 b. To be planted in rows from 3 to 5 feet apart, and not 
 lefs than 3 feet from plant to plant. 
 
 e. If intended forfpring feeding, fhould be planted at 
 the beginning or middle of July. 
 
 d. The beft time of feeding off the crop, is from the 
 
 middle of March, to the latcft pofTible time the land 
 
 can be fpared. . 
 <?. Not to be planted very deep, or earthed very high, or 
 
 hoed in wet weather. 
 /. The bulbs fit for ufe in October. 
 g. Average weight of the bulbs about 51b. many reach 
 
 81b. or 91b. and fome few 141b. or 15ID. 
 h. The bulbs may be kept a long time in a barn or fried. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. Excellent food for Jbeep, cows, and horfes. 
 
 b. More nutritive than the common turnep, and are 
 readier come at when the ground is covered with 
 fnow. 
 
 c. An excellent fpri?ig food. 
 
 d. The Jprouts may be cut off even when in blofiom, 
 and when withered given to fheep and cows. 
 
 e. For the table the rind muft be taken off, and the bulb 
 cut into fmall pieces, and treated as turneps. — The 
 iprouts are very good. 
 
 Culture, &c. of the Turnep-rooted Cabbage. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. A dry fandy mixed foil lints it beft. 
 
 b. Suited to the uplands and wolds- 
 
 c. The land co be prepared as for turneps. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 a. To be fown the beginning of June- 
 
CAB. 51 
 
 J- Half a pound of feed fown on a feed bed of two or 
 three perch fquare, will raife plants fufficient for an 
 acre If they run too much to ftalk mult be tranf- 
 planted to check them. 
 
 Wood afhes or foot to be fown on the young plants, 
 if attacked by the fly. 
 
 c. Produce from the broad caft has been i\\ tons per 
 acre in April, before their tops had fprouted above 3 
 inches high. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. Very hardy. 
 
 b- To be planted about midfummer at 1 feet diftance. 
 
 c . Hand-hoed at a fortnight, earthed by a common plough 
 paffing up and down each interval : and, laftly, hand- 
 hoed again — The broad caft twice hand-hoed like rur- 
 neps. 
 
 d. The roots weigh from 4-lb. to iolb. — In tafte and 
 confiftnefs refemble the kernel of the cocoa-nut. The 
 rind being very hard, the bulbs mull be cut in half 
 for the cattle. 
 
 e- As the roots arc difficult to pull up, a light mattock- 
 like hook has been ufed, having a claw on one fide of 
 about 9 inches length, with a traniverfe edge at its 
 end, of about 2 inches width, and at the other a kind 
 of hatchet, or more properly cleavei ; with tins, the 
 roots may be taken up with eafe ; its handle, of about 
 feet in length, acYing as a lever for the puipofe. 
 When the root is up, it receives a ftrAe or two with 
 the fide of the implement, by which its fan^s are in a 
 great degree diverted of their dirt j and another, with 
 the hatchet or cleaver on its back, which divides it in 
 two ; by fuch divifion, the fheep's teeth being introdu- 
 ced into the centre of the bulb, they work their way 
 outward to the fhell, and thus, with great facility, de- 
 vour the whole, or nearly, fhell, fangs and all. 
 
 /. If given in winter to fheep they bring on a fort of 
 white flux, of which the fheep foon recover on a 
 change of food ; and fometimes gives to their urine a 
 deep red caft, like the red water, but no harm has 
 ever followed it. 
 
 4 Use. 
 
 $. One great advantage attendant on them is the vaA 
 
52 CAB. 
 
 abundance of food they fupply by their buihy tops in 
 the fpring. 
 
 b. Railed {or feeding Oxen, Ccu;s, Sheep, Hcrfes, and 
 Hogs. 
 
 Are either pulled up and carried to the {tables and 
 ox-houfes, or eaten on the ground ; in this cafe, they 
 are firft fed with the fatting ftock, then the lean, and 
 afterwards with hogs. 
 
 When ewes are penned, the lambs have been furTer- 
 ed to run through holes in the hurdles over the fields, 
 and thereby keep pace with their dams. 
 
 €. We have two instances mentioned of the great quan- 
 tity of food this phnt affords j in the firit, an acre 
 fupported 70 fneep for a month j and in the fecond, 
 140 for the fame time. 
 
 Culture, &c. of the Drum-headed Cabbage. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown the end of February or March on 3 feed bed. 
 
 b. Sown in Auguft, plants fet out in November, and 
 transplanted for good in July. 
 
 A hardy variety has been produced of this cabbage, 
 by planting it alternately with the red ; and when the 
 feed-poJs were perfectly formed, cutting down the red, 
 and leaving the other for feed. This variety was of a 
 deep green colour with purple veins, retaining the fize 
 of the drum-head, and acquiring the hardnefs of the 
 purple. 
 
 2. Plant. 
 
 a. Planted 18 inches diftance every way. 
 
 b. Planted in rows from 3 to 4 feet afunder, and 1 8 to 
 30 inches from plant to plant; hoed by the plough be- 
 tween the rows, and by hand in the rows. 
 
 By giving much room have been brought to grow to 
 fuch a fize as to weigh 92IDS. 
 
 c. Inflead of planting with the dibble, laid carefully 
 on the fide of a furrow, and, as the plough returns, 
 it covers the roots with accuracy and difpatch. 
 
 d. Said to make bad tailed butter. 
 
 The difagreeable flavour of butter or cheefe, arifing 
 from cows feeding upon turneps or cabbages may be 
 prevented; if, when the milk is fet abroad in the leads, 
 
VB. 53 
 
 of bo: • > put to fix gallons of 
 
 IK; or bvdiflolving nitre in fpnng water, and put- 
 ting about a quarter of a pine to 10 or 12 gallons of 
 milk, when warm from tin* cow. Cabbages are laid 
 not to give a bad taftc to butter, if the precaution of 
 breaking off the looie leaves be taken, and only the 
 found heart given to the cows : other cattle will cat 
 die leaves. 
 
 3. Use. 
 a. Inferior to turneps for fattening, but iuperior in the 
 increafe of milk, either of cows or ewes ; and there- 
 fore they are particularly good where there is a dairy, 
 or a breeding flock of fheep. 
 
 Contrarv "to the above, it is afiferted, that they are 
 excellent for fattening cattle; having an aftiingent 
 quality i'o oppofite to that of turneps, that fix weeks 
 are laved in fattening a bead. 
 
 Culture, &c. of the Scotch Cabbage. 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown in April. 
 
 b. Sown in Auguft ; the plants from this are tranfplanted 
 in beds in October, and fet out in the field in March 
 or April, about 3 feet distance, to be hand-hoed and 
 twice horle-hocd during the fummcr. 
 
 1 Plant. 
 Jot arretted by the frolt. 
 
 b. Grows very well on moor land. 
 
 c. Planted immediately after a potatoe crop is ta- 
 ken up. 
 
 3. Use. 
 >r feeding oxen and / 
 
 Culture, toe. of the Anjou Cabbage. 
 
 1. Sebd. 
 a. Sown on a bed in March 5 and the plants from it (ct 
 out the beginning of M 
 
 2. Plant. 
 iltivated in Glamorganihire, &c. 
 Said to be fuperior to any other ; grows faft, flands 
 the moji fevere winter, and produces a fucceflion of 
 «m is in the . and after repeated gather- 
 
 's, will give a great quantity of 
 
54 CAB. 
 
 c. Planted in rows 4 feet afunder, and 2 feet from plant 
 to plant. 
 
 d. To be twice horfe and twice hand-hoed. 
 
 e. The leaves to be gathered for the cattle. 
 
 Cattle will not eat the leaves, when they are wither- 
 ed by frofty nights. 
 /. Grows 7 feet high. 
 
 3. Use. 
 a. Cattle like this plant, and thrive upon it. 
 
 Garden Cabbages. 
 
 1. Early dwarf. 
 
 2. Pen ton. 
 
 3. Early Yorkfhire — not apt to run to feed. 
 
 4. Early Rufiia — the head foon breaks and runs up to 
 feed. 
 
 5. Early dwarf Batterfea. 
 
 6. Early large Batterfea. 
 
 7. Early fugar-loaf — a fine kind for a late fummer cab- 
 bage. 
 
 8. Early Dutch. 
 6. Imperial. 
 
 10. Long-fided — a late fort. 
 
 1 1. Common winter. 
 
 12. Devonfnire. 
 
 13. White. 
 
 14. Red. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Rotten dung fhould be laid on the ground, which 
 fhould be well dug one fpade deep, and the dung 
 properly buried in the bottom of the trenches. 
 
 b. Where manure is fcarce, a fpit or two of earth is ta- 
 ken out (after the ground is dug) at a proper diftance 
 for the plants, and the dung laid at the bottom of the 
 hole. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Should be fown in open expofed ground, diftant from 
 trees, fences or buildings ; for when fown in fuch clofe 
 f;:uations, the plants are drawn up weak and long- 
 {hanked, and are liable to be eaten by vermin. 
 
CAB. 55 
 
 Sown from the latter end of February to the end of 
 April for Spring, Autumn, and Winter ufe - t according 
 to the kind or Iced town. 
 
 If lbwn in February on a moderate hot bed, it will 
 much forward the plants. 
 
 c. Sown between the 6th and 1 2th of Auguft, nor muft 
 it be fown liter, there being an advantage in lowing 
 jult at that ti re : for was the feed lbwn (boner, many 
 of the plants would be apt to run up to Iced in March ; 
 and wis i; to be fown later in the month, the plants, 
 would not get proper ftrength before winter. 
 
 d. Re.l co bs fown from the middle to the end of March. 
 The plants will continue good from Michaelmas to 
 fpring. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. When the young plants have leaves, one or two in- 
 ches wide, tranfplant them into beds, about 3^ feet 
 wide, in an open fituation, but fuch as are to (land the 
 winter in a warm one ■, and the plants 4 or 5 inches 
 ap iter them immediately, and occafionally in 
 dry weather. 
 
 b. In the fpring, the early forts to be planted 2\ feet 
 apart, and the late, a yard j but in fummer half a foot 
 nearer. 
 
 c. The plants to be earthed up. 
 
 d. When the early plants have formed tolerable good 
 heads, and begin to turn their inner leaves for cabba- 
 ging ■, they may be greatly afiifted and brought forward, 
 by gathering their leaves regularly, and binding them 
 round (but not too tight) with ftrong bafs or (mall 
 ofier twigs. 
 
 e. Plant cabbages for feed, from early in November till 
 the end of February : the largeft and bed grown cab- 
 bages mould be chofen (cabbage ftalks with good 
 heads will anfwer the purpofe) divert, them of the large 
 leaves, and if they appear wet, hang them with their 
 heads downwards for a day or two to dry, then plant 
 them at three feet diftance, in trenches lb deep, that 
 they may be buried up to the beginning of the head. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. The green and white forts for boiling. 
 i he red for pickling. 
 
 
56 CAL. 
 
 CALF. 
 To have cattle of fuperior fize and beauty, early 
 tendency to fatten, and more nutritious fkfh, the 
 calves mud be brought up with the milk of the dam — 
 But various fubftirutes have been reforted to, especially 
 with a view to fatten them for the butcher receipts for 
 one or two of which are here given. 
 
 i. Make a jelly of one quart of linfeed, boiled ten mi- 
 nutes in 6 quarts of water, which jelly is afterwards mix- 
 ed with a imall quantity of the bed hay-tea. 
 
 2. Take one gallon of fkimmed milk, and in about a 
 pint of it, add half an oz. of common treacle, ftirring 
 it until it is well mixed ; then take I oz. of linfeed oil- 
 cake, finely pulverized, and with the hand, let it fall 
 gradually in very* fmall quantities into die milk, {tir- 
 ing it, in the mean time, with a fpoon or ladle, until it 
 be thoroughly incorporated : then let the mixture be 
 put into the other part of the milk, and the whole be 
 made nearly as warm as new milk, when it is full taken 
 from the cow; and in that ftate it is fit for ufe. The 
 quantity of oil-cake powder, may, from time to time, 
 be increafed, as occafion may require, and as the calf 
 becomes accuftomed to the flavour of it. 
 
 The ufual method of conveying calves to g\: 
 markets, is, Handing in the b^d of a cart or waggon ; 
 but a different method is purfued in Nbi tanflurc, 
 
 from whence they are (^az into ElTex, being 70 or 80 
 miles, in the following extraordinary manner — Some- 
 times 10, 15, or 20, are put into a cart, being laid on 
 their backs on draw, and their feet tied : and are main- 
 tained frequently for 8 or 10 days together, on nothing 
 hut wheat-flour and gin mixed together, which arc ail- 
 ed gin-balls. 
 
 CANARY. (Phalaris C: is.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. The land mull be made very fine, and light on ; 
 furface. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 &. Sown the firft dry week in February, about four or 
 five gallons per acre. 
 
 
CAN. 
 
 3« Pi. A 
 
 Hoed when necefi Dutch hoe; 
 
 k. Is generally ripe by the beginning of September : 
 requires much time in the field, and leklom fuffers by 
 wet weather; it is tied in lumps of half a fheaf at a 
 p!.. ore it is tic to bind and carry to the barn. 
 
 Continues in the field fometimes till December, for 
 without much expofure, it would be fearce poflible to 
 thraih out canary kx<\, it clings lb remarkably to the 
 hulks. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 c. It is cultivated for the fake of the keds ; which are 
 found to be the bed food for the Canary, and other 
 liiull birds. 
 
 b. From the feed is drawn one of the whiteft, and bed 
 of oils, for the limner's ule. 
 
 c. Its itraw is good for cows, bur fheep will not eat it; 
 for horfes it is indifferent, and therefore ihould be cut 
 into chaff, which is the belt horle food of the kind that 
 comes out of the barns. 
 
 Another grafs of this genus is cultivated in our gar- 
 dens for its beautiful ftriped leaves; called Painted 
 1 .ady-grafs, or Ladies Traces (Phalaris Arundinacea). 
 It is of ufe to thatch ricks or cottages, and endures 
 much longer than itraw. In Scandinavia they mow it 
 twice a vear for their cattle. Grows from 2 to 6 feet 
 high. 
 
 CANKER. 
 
 iifeale to which trees are fubjecTt; it proceeds 
 principally from the nature of the foil, and caufes the 
 bark to decay — The cures are, 
 
 f. Cutting off large boughs at fome dittance from the 
 Item, and fmall ones cloic roit; and then coating the 
 wound with white lead and boiled oil, made into a 
 kind of thick paint, with die addition of fublimate of 
 mercury. 
 -. By tranfplanting the tree. 
 
 When a branch of a valuable tree is likely to be de~ 
 
 ltroyed by the canker, indole the affe&ed part and 
 
 it in a garden pot ol pre- 
 
 r « 1 
 
 ■ 
 
5 3 CAP. CAR. 
 
 vioufly divided, fupported by (takes, and tied together 
 round the branch, which will ftrike roots in the mould; 
 and which after fome months, may be cut off, and 
 planted in the ground : thus preferved, it will produce 
 a new tree. 
 
 CAPSICUM. (Capficum Jnnuum.) 
 
 Culture ', diJV. 
 
 i. Plant. 
 
 a. The feed Ihould be fown in March on a hot-bed; the 
 plants gradually inured to the air, and tranfplanted in a 
 rich fpot of ground and warm fituation in May, about 
 14- foot afunder ; if duly watered in dry weather, and 
 the feafon proves not too cold, they will produce three 
 or four crops. 
 
 i. Use. 
 
 a. As a pickle — The kind called Bell Pepper is the belt 
 for this purpofe, having the fofteft rind ; the fruit fnould 
 be gathered before it is ripe, flit cown one fide to take 
 out the feeds, after which, they ihould be foaked two 
 or three days in fait and water, then drained, and boil- 
 ing vinegar poured on them, fufficient to cover them, 
 and clofely flopped down for two months ; then boiled 
 in vinegar to make them green : they require no addi- 
 tion of any fort of fpice. 
 
 CARAWAY. (Carum Carui.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 i. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown in autumn, when they will more certainly 
 grow than when kept to the fpring. The plants alfo 
 which rife in the autumn generally flower the follow- 
 ing feafon ; fo that a fummer's growth is thereby faved. 
 
 b. Sown with Coriander — which fee. 
 
 2. Use. 
 
 a. The feeds are by fome put into cheefe; and are ufed 
 by the confectioners ; they are alfo ufed medicinally, 
 and pernicioufly diftilled with fpirituous liquors to give 
 them a flavour. , 
 
 b. The roots are faid to be better eating, than thofc of 
 the parfnip, which they refemble in fliape ; they alfo 
 
 
CAR. 59 
 
 afford a very agreeable pickle, when preferred in vi - 
 negar, fugar, &c 
 
 CARBON. 
 
 It is now completely afcertained by Chemifts, that 
 Carbon or Charcoal, diffolved in water, is the chief 
 food of plants : the whole acmofphere contains always 
 a quantity of it, in the form of carbonic acid or fixed 
 air, which, being heavier than common air, is con- 
 ftantly falling down on the earth, particularly in the 
 form of dew : hence, therefore, the great advantage 
 of condantly ftirring the earth between the rows of 
 vegetables, by which it acquires a greater portion of 
 this material, to be conveyed to the roots of plants. 
 
 Ijme has alfo a great tendency to unite with carbon, 
 either in the foil or in the decompofition of vegetable 
 matter, and thus to render it foluble, and fit to enter 
 into the plants as their food. 
 
 CARDOONS. (Cynara.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 a. A light foil ; and a free open fituation . 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown broad-cad in March or early in April. 
 
 b. Sown where the plants arc to remain, in rows 5 (cct 
 afunder, by 4 feet in the row. 
 
 3. Plants, 
 0. Thofe from the broad-cad to be thinned, where too 
 thick, to 5 or 6 inches afunder; the drawn plants may 
 be pricked in a nurfery bed. 
 b. When two months old to be tranfplanted finally in 
 an open fituation, 4 or 5 feet afunder; either Oil level 
 land, or in fhallow holes like a bafon. 
 
 The plants to be gradually earthed up as they ad- 
 ice to their full growth, which is 3 or 4 feet — When 
 the leaves are to be tied together with hay or draw 
 bands. 
 d. In fevere weather lay fome dry litter round the bed 
 plants 5 or fome may be laid horizontally, to be more 
 conveniently covered. 
 
60 CAR. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. The ftalks of the leaves are the part which is ufed for 
 foups and for dewing ; but they muft firft be rendered 
 perfectly white and tender, othenvife they would be in- 
 tolerably bitter. 
 
 The Cardoon is a fpecies of artichoke. 
 
 CARROT. (Daucus Carota.) 
 
 1. Sandwich Carrot. This is the kind cultivated by the 
 Farmer. 
 
 2. Early or Horn Carrot. 
 
 3. YelJow and White-rooted Carrot. 
 
 4. Wild Carrot — not uncommon in fields. 
 
 Culture, &c. of the Field Carrot. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a, Sandy loam, of confiderable depth, the mod proper 
 foil. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Before ("owing mould be rubbed between the hands 
 to take off the beards, which would make them dick 
 together, and come up in patches ; it fhould alfo be 
 mixed with dry fifcsd faw-duft or fand. 
 
 b. End of March the time for fowing. 
 
 c. The quantity of feed to an acre 4lb. or 4-Ub. or even 
 8 lb. broad-caft — 3^'lb. hand drilled — the rows one 
 foot apart — 2 lb. with Mr. Cooke's drill. 
 
 The produce, from 200 to 900 bufhels per acre from 
 the broad-caft — 320 bufheh hand drilled. 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. Grows bed after turneps, as the land is freer from 
 weeds, than after any other crop. 
 
 b. To be hoed three times; at the firft the plants to be 
 \z C ii at the difhnce of 6 inches — Some recommend har- 
 rowing after each hoein^. 
 
 c. J^eftin the ground will continue good till April. 
 
 Thefe cannot be got at in very hard weather. 
 
 d. To preferve in fields : dig a trench about 3 feet wide 
 and 8 or 10 inches deep : the roots being dug up and 
 their tops cut off, they are to be placed as dole to each 
 other (perpendicular) as poflible in the trench. When 
 
CAR. 61 
 
 • trench is full, they are to be covered with ftraw, 
 ! over the ftraw the mould that came out of the 
 trench, by which means they are preferred from the 
 froft, &c. and will continue perfectly good till May 
 or Ju; 
 e. If houfed fhould be dug up in dry days in October 
 (the tops cut off) and put up in final! covered cocks of 
 10 bufhels <iid\ ; when dry are to be piled loofe in out- 
 houfes, and protected from fi oft by a thick covering 
 of draw. 
 /. The belt and heahhiefl roots are felected for feed, 
 and fet out upon the heavieft and ftrongeft land in Ja- 
 uy, 
 
 .;.. Use. 
 
 a. For fattening Oxen and Sheep ■, feeding Cows, Iior- 
 Jes and Hogs, late in th< , after turneps are gone. 
 
 If fheep are half fat when put up, they will be wholly 
 fo in 100 days. One bufhel per diem is an allowance 
 for working horfes inftead of oats — Are efteemed par- 
 ticularly good for broken winded horles. 
 
 b. The tops are equally valuable with the roots for 
 Cows, Sheep, anil Swine. 
 
 Of thefe hay has been made, by cutting them off 
 with a fcythe the latter end of June, but not fo clofe as 
 to injure the crown of the root : the tcps of a good acre 
 11 produce four tons of hay. They mult be taken off 
 the ground to be made in:o hay; the trouble of ma- 
 king which, is little more than clover-hay. 
 
 .npts have been made to convert the cxprcfled 
 
 juice into wine, vinegar and fpirits j the laft was moft 
 
 promifing, leading to a iuppolition, that a good acre 
 
 carrots would produce more fpirits than an acre of 
 
 ley. 
 
 rots have been malted; and alib peas, potatoes, 
 little effe 
 Use of the it. 
 
 a. The lee ureticqu mc- 
 
 di i grateful arum u give 
 
 a flavour to lie. 
 
 rhe IS of Scorl 
 
 ke ufc of the 
 this plant) inftead of Hops, for brewing their 
 
6i CAR. CAT. 
 
 and they fay that it anfwers the end fufficiently well, 
 and gives the drink a good relifh. 
 c. The roots are fweet like the parfnip, and are eaten 
 boiled with flefh meat. 
 
 Culture, fcff. of Garden Carrots. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 a. Lio-ht ground, dug a lpade deep, or double digged 
 two moderate fpades — The feed to be lightly trod in 
 before the ground is raked. 
 
 i. Seed. 
 a. For early carrots, 
 
 (i.) Sown on a moderate hot-bed, 2 feet thick of 
 dung, with earth 8 inches deep, on which the feed is 
 to be fown, and covered an inch deep with mould — 
 The bed to be covered either with a frame, or with 
 hoops and mats -, air mud be given when the weather 
 permits, and the plants thinned to 3 inches afunder. 
 
 (2.) Sown on a warm border from October to the end 
 of January — A precarious crop. 
 h. Sown from February till near the end of Auguft: in 
 open grounds — The main crop from the end of Febru- 
 ary till early in March. 
 c. Sown in January with radiihes. 
 3. Plants. 
 
 a. When intended to be drawn young, to be thinned 
 to 4 or 5 inches afunder •, but if to attain their full 
 growth, to 6 or 7. 
 
 b. In November the roots to be dug up, and preferved 
 in fand for ufe. 
 
 c. Roots for feed, to be planted in February, 2 feet 
 afunder. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. For the table. 
 
 " CARTS. 
 
 " Calculated for me borfe, may be confidered con- 
 fiderably preferable to other carts ; for which fee 
 Modern Treatife on Hufbandry." 
 
 XEJT CATTLE. 
 
 Arranged according to . being ibi mcft c. 
 
 cus char after. 
 
CAT. CAU. 63 
 
 (Sec articles of Cow and Ox for other particulars re- 
 lating to the different breeds.) 
 
 1. With long horns — Thefe have thick hides; afford the 
 richeft milk, but lead: in quantity. 
 
 a. Horns fpread horizontally or upwards. 
 
 (1.) In Devonfhire, Hcrefordlhire, Suffex, &c. 
 (2.) Irilh. 
 
 b. Horns curved downwards — In Staffordshire, War- 
 wickshire, &c. 
 
 Downward horns, denote a heavy fluggifh animal. 
 4. With Jho t horns. 
 
 a. Holdernejs Cattle, breed principally in Yorkfhire — 
 Came originally from Holftein, and the low countries. 
 " A large coftly fed cattle, of a coarfe hard meat; gi- 
 ving the greateft quantity, but the pooreft milk, or 
 water and milk; therefore cow-keepers and milk-fellers 
 prefer them. They arc now re edted by hufbandman." 
 
 b. Lincoln/hire. Generally large and coarfe. 
 
 t. Alderney. " Rather fmall, but give the ricbeft milk, 
 though not great in quantity." 
 
 3. Horns hanging loofe by the fkin — An accidental va- 
 riety, that rarely occurs. 
 
 4. Ilornlefs. 
 
 a. Suffolk Duns. Came originally from Poland. 
 
 b. Scotch. Common in the Highlands. 
 
 There were formerly wild cattle in Great Britain, of 
 a pure white, and had, according to Boethius, manes — 
 Their offspring (but without manes) are at prefent pre- 
 ferved in the woods of Drumlanrig, in N. Britain, and 
 in the park belonging to Chillingham cattle in Northum- 
 berland : they are white, with a black muzzle, and ears; 
 their horns fine, with a bold and elegant bend : are as 
 wild as deer, and never mix with the tame. The weight 
 of an Ox is 38 itone, of a Cow 28. 
 
 CAULIFLOWER. 
 
 Culture, 6fr. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown in January on a hot-bed, for plants to fucceed 
 
 winter (landing plants if deftroyed by froft. 
 
 b. Sown in January on a warm border, for plants t« 
 place out in April and May. 
 
64 CAU. CED. 
 
 c. Sown from March to Jijne, for late :\. nmer and au- 
 tumn crops. 
 
 Radifhes ihould be fr.vn with this crop, which will 
 craw the flies from the plants, an i prevent their eating 
 the leaves full of holes, to the prejudice, andfometimes 
 to the derlruction of the plants. 
 
 d. Sown between the 21ft and 24th of Auguft for plants 
 to be planted in September, in frames, hand-glaiTes, 
 and warm borders. 
 
 2. Plant. 
 
 a. The winter plants on warm borders, to be defended 
 th mars. 
 
 b. Plants wintered in frames, to be planted in March, 
 
 feet afunder, in a compartment of rich ground. 
 
 c. Thofe under hand-glaffes to be planted out in March 
 or Aoril, except two under each glafs, which are to be 
 earthed up, and the glaiTes raifed .3 inches -, and wholly 
 removed in May. 
 
 If bell-glades are incautioufiy put over the plants 
 early in 2 frofty morning, a denfe tranfparent fcalding 
 vapor will be generated, that will burn and kill them. 
 
 d. When the heads appear, the end of the leaves are to 
 be broken down over them, to keep off fun and rain. 
 
 e. In June fome of the beft early plants are to be left to 
 itand for kcd. 
 
 3. Use. 
 a. For the table; both frefh and pickled, 
 
 CEDAR. 
 
 1. Cedar of Libanus (Pinus Cedrus.) 
 
 2. Red Cedar (juniperus Virginiana.) 
 
 Culture, crV. of Cedar of Libanus. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Grows well in a ftrong clay, and lofty Gtu 
 
 b. In a lean hungry foil, mixed with gravel. 
 
 1. I-VCilEASED. 
 
 c. By feed — The cones mould be foaked for 24 hours, 
 and then fplit, by driving a (harp piece of iron through 
 the centre lengthways, when the feeds may be taken out 
 with eafe. 
 
 b. By layers. 
 
c i b. ci i 65 
 
 t . By grafting on the I /arch. 
 
 3, 'I REE. 
 
 Supposed to have been firft planted in England, by 
 . elyn, about 1683. 
 £. The largeft tree in Kngland in 1799, was 70 feet 
 high; greateft circumference of the trunk 20 feet; ho- 
 rizontal extent of the branches, on an average, 100 feet. 
 One, which Maundrel mentions in his travels to have 
 meafurcd on Mount Libanus, was 12 yards 6 inches 
 jirth, and r yards in the lpread of the branches. 
 The wood is very dry, and apt to fplit. 
 4. Use. 
 J. A valuable material in the hands of the joiner and 
 cabinet maker. 
 
 Should be fattened with wooden pins, as it fhrinks 
 from nails. 
 b. The wood is faid to yield an oil, which is famous for 
 prelerving books and writings. 
 
 Culture, 6fr. of the Red Cedar. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 a. By feed — If fown as foon as ripe, they will often 
 1 ome up the following fpring; though fometimes a few 
 will lie a year or two in the ground. 
 2. Tree. 
 
 a. The young trees mould remain two years in the feed 
 beds, and then iranlplanted, either into nurleries, or 
 where they are to remain. 
 
 b. The feedling trees fhoukl be protected from froft, by 
 laying mulch on their roots; and the growing tree's 
 moderately pruned, to make them afpire in height. 
 
 ( . Bears our fevered winter. 
 
 d. This ib a native of N. America, from which country 
 we have other kinds of cedars, whole culture is the 
 fame as the above. 
 
 e. The wood 13 brittle, and lb not fit for ftubborn ufes 
 — It is not eaten by worms. 
 
 j. Use. 
 ngland the wood is uled in making black lead 
 icils — In America (hips are built with it, and it 
 1 wainfeoting houles, and for making many torts 
 .'ils. 
 
 [ 9 1 
 
66 CEL. 
 
 CELERIAC. 
 
 Culture, &JV. 
 
 i. Seed. 
 a. Sown about the end of March or early in April, upon 
 a rich border; and in dry weather conftantly watered, 
 otherwife the feeds will not grow. 
 1. Plant. 
 
 a. When large enough, to be planted in rows 18 inches 
 afunder, and the plants 6 or 8 inches apart, either on 
 level ground, or in very fhallow drills. 
 
 b. The plants to be only once earthed, and that when 
 the roots are nearly grown to their full fize. 
 
 j. Use. 
 a. The part which is eaten is the root, which grows of- 
 ten as large as ordinary turneps; it is cut into flices, 
 and tfoaked a few hours in vinegar, by which fimple 
 preparation, it becomes as mellow as a pine-apple, and 
 affords a delicious, and very nourifhing repaft — By 
 fome this plant is called Turnep-rooted Celery. 
 
 CELERY. 
 
 i. Italian or common C. 
 
 2. Solid Stalk C. 
 
 3. Great upright C. 
 
 4. Curled leaved C. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. A deep, rich, dry and light mould — Trenches are 
 to be dug a moderate fpade deep, a foot broad, and 34 
 ieet apart; the earth taken out, to be fpread even on 
 the lpace between: laftly, fome good rotten dung to be 
 laid at the bottom, and dug in. 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown from the middle of February till the fecond week 
 of May. 
 
 b. Sown broad-caft either before the earth is raked ; or 
 afterwards, and mould fifted over it to the depth of an 
 inch. 
 
 c. The early-fown may be forwarded on a moderate hot- 
 bed; and the late fhould be fcreened from the fun from 
 10 to 3 o'clock, and occafionally watered. 
 
CHA. 67 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 u. When a month or five weeks old, to be 'planted in 
 nurfery beds, 3 feet wide; the plants 3 inches apart, 
 and in rows of 5 or 6 inches width — Here to remain 
 for about fix weeks. 
 
 To be planted in the middle of the trenches, about 
 5 inches apart; and occafionally watered till they have 
 taken root ; and earthed from the top of the fpace be- 
 tween, as they advance in growth. 
 
 r. The tops of the leaves fhould be cut off, and the roots 
 trimmed, before planting; and a double row of lettuces 
 may be planted between the trenches. 
 
 d. When fevere frofty weather fets in, cover fome of the 
 beft plants with long litter; this will protect them, and 
 prevent the ground being frozen ; by which means they 
 may be taken up without difficulty, when wanted : or, 
 they may be kept for ufe, laid in fand or earth, or covered 
 with long litter; either under a fhed, or in a dry cellar. 
 4. Use. 
 
 0, This is a favourite vegetable with mod people. 
 
 CHAFF. 
 
 This word properly fignifies the hujks of corn; but is 
 ufed by farmers for any kind of ftraw cut into fhort 
 pieces, thus refembling chaff: its ufe is to make a fmall 
 quantity of oats, or other corn, go much further in feed- 
 ing cattle, than corn alone will; by being mixed with it. 
 
 1. The engines for cutting it are, 
 
 a. The old one, ftill ufed by many : the knife works like 
 a law, and with it one man will cut 60 bulhels per day. 
 
 b. The late invented charT-cutters have 1, 2, or 3 blades 
 fixed to the fpokes of a perpendicular iron wheel, 
 
 tich is turned round by a handle. One invented by 
 r . 1 Iarmand with 3 blades, cuts a bulhel in a minute. 
 1 1 2 lb. of Jl raw gives iS bufhels of chaff, and 1 1 : 
 lb. of hay 17 bufhels. 
 
 CI IAMOMILE. (Anthcmis tiobilU.) 
 
 :re, fcfe. 
 
 1. !' 
 #. The culture of thin plant, is, planting partings of 
 roots in the fpring, about a foot afundcr. 
 
68 CHA. CHE. 
 
 Is much cultivated (even in fields) about Chefter- 
 field, on a light iandy foil. 
 b. The flowers fhould be gathered of a dry day, fpread 
 to dry in a fhady place, then put up in paper bags. 
 2. Use. 
 
 a. Medicinally. 
 
 The herb people generally fell a variety with dou- 
 ble flowers, which are much larger, but not fo ftrong 
 as the finale. 
 
 b. A favourite food of Jheep. 
 
 It is eafy to judge what plants are moil agreeable to 
 different animals, by obferving which are thofe that 
 they prefer on being turned into a frefh pafture; or 
 what are the plants in common paftures; which the 
 creatures feeding there, never fuflfer to rife to feed. 
 
 CHEESE. 
 
 Method of making, &c. 
 i. Stilton Cheese. 
 
 Take the night's cream and put it to the morning's 
 new milk, with the rennet ; when the curd is come, it 
 is not to be broken, as is done with other cheefe, but 
 take it out with a foil-difh altogether, and place it in a 
 fieve to drain gradually ;' and, as it drains, keep gradu- 
 ally pretTing it till it becomes firm and dry; then place 
 it in a wooden hoop; afterwards to be kept on dry boards, 
 turned frequently, with cloth binders round it, which are 
 to tighten as occafion requires. 
 
 The cheele, after being taken out of the hoop, is to 
 be bound tight with a cloth, which cloth mull be chan- 
 ged everv day, until the cheefe becomes firm enough to 
 fupport itfelf; after the cloth is taken off, they are to be 
 rubbed every day all over for two or three months, with 
 a brufh; and if the weather is damp or moid, twice a 
 day; and even before the cloth is taken off, the top and 
 bottom are to be well rubbed every day. 
 1. Gloucester Cheese. 
 Is made with milk immediately from the cow, but 
 which in fummer is deemed too hor, and is lowered to 
 the defired degree of heat before the rennet be added, 
 by the addition cf fkim mi.k, or if thai wiH not do, 
 
CH 69 
 
 water is added. When the curd is come, it is broken 
 with a double cheefc knife, and with the hand, to free it 
 from the whey which is laded 01F. The curd b< 
 thus freed from the principal part of the whey, but not 
 yet from the whole of it, it is put into naked vats, and 
 the vat let in the prefs for 10 or 15 minutes, to free 
 it the more effectually from the remaining whey : it is 
 then turned out of the vats in:o the cheefc tubs again ; 
 broken fmall and fcalded with water lowered with whey, 
 about three parts water to one part whey; the quantity, 
 a pailful, thrown upon the crumbled curd ; and the whole 
 ftirrcd brifkly about, mixing the curd and the fcalding 
 liquor evenly together; >g flood a few minutes 
 
 for the curd to fublide, the liquor is laded off; the curd 
 collefted an v. hen the vat is half full, a little fair, 
 
 about an ounce, is fcattered over the furface, and worked 
 in among the curd ; the vat filled up, and the mafs turn- 
 ed two or three times in the vat j the edges being pared 
 and the middle rounded up each turning. At length it 
 is turned into a cloth, and placed in the prefs, and car- 
 ried from thence to the (helves, where they are turned 
 generally once a day, till they attain a fufficicnt degree 
 texture to enable them to undergo the operation of 
 ling. See, ante, pa. 13. &c 14. 
 
 3. 1EESE. 
 
 The milk is run as it comes from the cow, or as it hap- 
 pens to be lowered by the little fkim milk which is put 
 into it. The curd is firft broke with the hand and difh : 
 in fome dairies great caution is obferved in the fir ft f; 
 ture of the curd, lb as to let out the v. hey leifurely, to 
 prevent its carrying off with it the "fat" of the caul, 
 thin cheefc it is not broken lb fine as curd is in Glou- 
 felrerfhire; for thick cheefc, Mill finer; and for loaves, 
 it is reduced, as it were, to atoms. The whey is laded 
 offas it riles, and the curd pre fled down ; the mafs of curd 
 is then pared down (lice after flice (about an inch thick) 
 three or four times over, to free it wholly from the v. I 
 and lied — the method of fcalding is fimilar to 
 
 that for Gloucefter cheefc — th laded off*, the 
 
 rcbrokc and laired in the cc 
 1 others, ' or, 
 
70 CHE. 
 
 and faked in the vat : thin cheefes, with a fmall hand- 
 ful, in one layer — thick ones, with two fmall handfuls, 
 in two layers— loaves, with two handfuls, in three or 
 four layers ; — fpreading and rubbing in the fait evenly 
 among the curd. The cheefes are generally faked twice 
 in the prefs, where they remain in proportion to their 
 thicknefs ; thin cheefes, three or four meals ; thick, four 
 or five; and loaves, five or fix. See, ante, pa. 14. 
 4. Cheshire Cheese. 
 The evening milk (of fuppofe 20 cows) having 
 flood all night, the cheefe-maker (in fummer) about 
 fix in the morning, (kirns off the cream, obferving 
 firft to take off all the froth and bubbles ; about three- 
 fourths of a brafs panful (3 or 4 gallons) is placed in a 
 furnace of hot water in the pan, and made fcalding 
 hot; half of this is poured into the cheefe tub, and 
 the other half poured to the cream in another brafs pan : 
 before this is done, feveral bowls full, or perhaps the 
 whole morning's milk, is poured into the cheefe tub, 
 care being taken to (kirn off all air bubbles. The ren- 
 net being added, the whole is well fibred : and a wood- 
 en cover is put over the tub, and over that is thrown 
 a linen cloth ; if the cream rifes to the furface, the whole 
 mufl be flirred ; and if the curd does not come, in about 
 an hour and a half, hot water or hot milk may be poured 
 into it, or hot water in a pan partially immerfed therein : 
 but this mufl be done before it is at all coagulated — The 
 curd, before it is broken by the hand, is firft cut to the 
 depth of a knife blade, at the diflance of about an inch, 
 and again croffwife at right angles to let out the whey : 
 if the curd is tender, inflead of a knife, recourfe is had 
 to the edge of a fkimming difh, and the curd cut gently 
 an inch or two, and turned over till the whole furface is 
 thus turned. The curd being wholly freed from the 
 whey by premng, and laded off; the curd is then cut 
 into nearly three equal parts, one of which is taken into 
 a brafs pan, and broke very fine; but as foon as it is 
 coarfly broken, a large handful of fait is added : when 
 fufliciently broken, it is put into a cheefe vat, and the 
 fecond and third portions are treated in the fame man- 
 ner, and emptied into the vat, except, that into the 
 middle portion, is added eight, nine, or ten times the 
 
CHI . ;, 
 
 quantity of fait, though fome give each portion three 
 large handfuls. The curd being put into the \ it, 
 heaped in a conical form, the corners of the cloth a.e 
 turned over it, to prevent its crumbling down, and the 
 curd prelll-d in with the hands ; when it adheres, a fquarc 
 board, with a corner of the cloth under it, is put on the 
 top, with a oolb. weight on it (fome ufe a lever to 
 prefs it) when the whey does but drop the weight is re- 
 moved, and the curd broken half way ; the weight is 
 then replaced as long as any whey drops. The vat is 
 then drawn from the cheefe, rinced in whey, and another 
 cloth being added, the cheele is replaced, and the whole 
 whey prefTed out, when the cheele is turned out of the 
 , which is rinced as before. It is now wrapped in a 
 finer and larger cloth, which is fo placed, that on one 
 fide it fhaJl be level with the edge of the vat, and the 
 other wrapped over the whole furface, and the edge put 
 within the vat ; as the cheefe is (till too high recourfe 
 is had to a tin binder or hoop, about 3 inches broad ; the 
 cheele is then put into the prefs. When the cheefe 
 is firir. taken out of the prefs, it is the cuftom in fome pla- 
 ces to put it naked into hot or warm whey for an hour or 
 more: it is then taken out, wiped dry, and when cool, 
 returned to the prefs — This is done to harden its coat, 
 and make it Hand the better. In the faking houfe it is 
 placed nearly mid deep in brine ; the upper furface of the 
 cheefe being covered all other with fait, for about three 
 days j being daily turned, and the cloth twice changed j 
 the cheefe is now bound with a hoop, placed on a bench, 
 faked and turned for eight days, at the end wafhed in 
 lukewarm water; when dried with a cloth, it is put on 
 a bench for feven days, wafhed again in warm water with 
 a brufli, wiped dry, fmeared with 1 oz. of fweet whey 
 butter, and placed in the warmed part of the cheefe 
 room. See, ante, pa. 13. 
 
 5. I .MAM CHEF.SE. 
 
 The fuperiority of it is not afcribed to any particular 
 mode in the management of the dairies, but folely to 
 the nature of the herbage on the commons. 
 6. llr\ lse. 
 
 This is made in Dumbartonfhire, and is called bung 
 when the curds ore tied up in a clot!} or net, and, to get 
 
12 CHE. 
 
 quit of the whey, are hung up, inftead of being put un- 
 der the pre fs. 
 
 This kind of cheefe is thought to be richer, or fatter, 
 than had the curds been treated in the ordinary man- 
 ner ; becaufe the whey is not forcibly drawn off, but 
 allowed to drop at leilure. 
 
 7. Skim Cheese. 
 
 The curd is broken up in the whey j the whey, when 
 the curd has fubfided, laded off; the remainder, with 
 the curd, thrown into a coarfe ftrainer; and having lain 
 abroad in this (fpread over a large tray, with a hole in 
 the corner, to let out the whey which drains through the 
 cloth) until quite cool, the corners and loofe part of the 
 ftrainer are gathered together in the hand, the curd 
 fqueezed as hard as the hands can prefs it. The curd 
 in the ftrainer is then put into a vat, and fet in the prefs 
 for a few minutes to difcharge the remaining whey more 
 effectually. The whey having done running, the curd 
 is taken out of the prefs and rebroken, as finely as pof- 
 fible, faked, and returned to the prefs. 
 
 In large dairies a mill is ufed to break the curd. 
 
 8. Cheefe, made of goats milk, is much valued in fome 
 of our mountainous counties, when kept to a proper 
 age ■, but has a peculiar tafte and flavor. 
 
 9. In Cardiganfhire ewe's milk is added to the' cheefe, 
 to give it a tartnefs, which the country people prefer 
 to the milder fort — In Scotland both cheefe and butter 
 are made from ewe's milk only. 
 
 10. There is an inftance in Giraldus Cambrenfts, of a 
 Countefs ofChefter, who kept milch hinds, and made 
 cheefe of their milk j fome of which, fhe prefented to 
 Archbifhop Baldwin, in his itineracy through IVales> 
 in the year 11 88. 
 
 It may be proper to add one general remark on 
 cheefe, viz. That there are few countries which are 
 famous for bad cheefe, where the reafon may not be 
 traced much oftener to a fundamental fault in the pro- 
 cefs of making, and, particularly, in that efTential ar- 
 ticle the rennet, than to any particular local fault of the 
 foil or fituation, or even to want of care and attention in 
 the dairy- woman. See pa, 52. & 53. 
 
CI IF. 73 
 
 CHERR1 
 
 .. Wild black C. 
 
 oroun or large black C. 
 3. Red C. — Thefe three are varieties of the Bird Cher 
 ry (Primus Padus) improved by culture, and are ad- 
 mired by many for their peculiar bitteriih tafte — The 
 Coroun is fuperior to the other two for general culture. 
 4- r'lemilh or early Ktntifh, ripe the end of June. 
 I Icrcfordfhire heart C. July and Auguft. 
 
 6. Black heart C. end of June, and in July. 
 
 7. White heart C. June and July. 
 
 All the above are cultivated in the orchard manner 
 
 in Kent, and from No. 4 to the end of this lift, in 
 
 Gardens, as llandards, wall, and efpalicr trees. Thefe 
 
 are varieties of the P. Cci\iJ)is. 
 
 8 Early May C (Small) May and beginning of June* 
 
 9. May Duke C. end of May. 
 
 10. Amber heart C. July and Auguft. 
 
 i 1 . Bleeding heart C. middle or end of July. 
 
 1 1. Carnation C. end of July. 
 
 13. Crown heart, July. 
 
 Mod of the heart C. being ftrong growers, gene- 
 rally bear more fparingly than the others. 
 
 14. Morello C. Auguft and September — This is com- 
 monly alTigned to a northern afpecT:, though it highly 
 deferves a foutheily expofuion. The other forts ripen 
 their fruit early or late, according as they are planted 
 againft a S. \V. E. or N. walls; forming thereby a 
 fuccelTion of crops from May till September. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Succeeds in any common foil. 
 1. Increased. 
 
 a. By the ftones, fown in autumn, 2 inches deep. 
 
 b. By cleft-grafting in the fpring, and by budding 
 from the middle of July to the middle or Auguft. 
 
 r fmall dwarfs for pots, the Bird -Cherry is the 
 properftocki but for ftandardn, &c, the Wild Cherry 
 the beft, being a hardier, and ftronger grower, than 
 from the beft fruit. 
 [ l 
 
74 CHE, 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Planted as wall fruit, from November till March, 
 at a diftance of 15 or 20 feet — Broken parts of the 
 roots to be previoufly cut away, and any ill fhaped 
 moots of the head. 
 
 b. When planted like ah orchard, the diftance between 
 the trees is from 20 to 30 feet ; and are put in the 
 earth fomewhat deeper than apple-trees. 
 
 c . The beft method of raifing cherry and apple trees, 
 is planting them among hops, by which means they 
 very foon come to perfection : the proportion (in 
 Kent) to an acre, 800 hop hills, 200 filberts, and 40 
 cherry and apple trees. The hops ftand about 12 
 years, and the filberts about 30, by which time the 
 cherries and apples require the whole land. 
 
 d. Planted in alternate rows with apples, and two rows 
 of filberts between each. 
 
 e. Pruning. 
 
 (1.) Summer P. to be performed in May or June, and 
 confifts in difplacing all ufelefs growths of the year, as 
 fore-right fhoots, &c. 
 
 (2.) Winter; cut out worn or dead wood, and train 
 in Iaft fummer's Ihoots to fill up vacancies, cutting 
 out all fupernumerary ones — the branches to be trained 
 moftly at full lengths, and 4 or 5 inches afunder. 
 
 f. Bears fruit on fpurs. 
 
 g. A composition of lime and night-foil, painted on 
 the items of young cherry-trees with a brufh, is faid, 
 to promote the growth of them exceedingly. — It has 
 the fame effect on apple trees. 
 
 4. Use. 
 d. The Fruit. 
 
 b. The wood is hard and tough ; and is ufed by the 
 turner ; and by him formed into chairs, and itained to 
 imitate mahogany. 
 
 c. The gum that exudes from this tree is equal to gum 
 Arabic, 
 
 d. The leaves an excellent article of food for fattening 
 hogs. " Cattle have it is faid, been killed by eating 
 leaves of the wild cherry-tree." 
 
 Cherry-trees, according to Pliny, were not known 
 in Europe, before the battle which Luadlus fought 
 
CHE. 7S 
 
 with Mitbriddtes, and it was ioo years longer before 
 they palled into Kngland. 
 
 They were brought to Italy from Cerajontc in 
 Afia. 
 
 CHESNUT. (Fagus Cajlanca.) 
 
 Culture, fcff. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 
 a. Flourifhcson poor gravelly and Tandy foils, and alfo 
 on loams. 
 
 b. Is a certain and quick grower, in every kind of foil; 
 . ept heavy clays, or foils generally wet, wliere it 
 
 mak indifferent progrefs. 
 
 The land lhould be trenched to a depth from 15 to 
 iS inches: by this procefs, the upper, which is ufually 
 the belt foil, is fubverted, to the great advantage of 
 the roots ; and the under-foil brought up to the bene- 
 ficial influence of the atmofphere. 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. From nuts dibbled in February, 3 or 4 inches deep, 
 having been preferved during winter in land. The 
 quantity to an acre 4 bufhels. 
 
 b. By grafting; this is a more certain way of continu- 
 ing a good kind, than by nuts. 
 
 3. TxEE. 
 
 Grows quick, tall and ftraio;ht ; the wood excellent, 
 much relembling oak, both in colour and quaHty. 
 
 Said to excel oak in two points, viz. tliat it grows 
 filler, and that the lap part of the timber is firmer* 
 and lefs corruptible. It is however allowed, that 
 chefnut-trees of a large fize, or great a^r, ate gene- 
 rally oblerved to be greatly (haken. 
 
 18 or 20 ye »wth — The 
 
 1 lading of woods for thi fe, continuing in 
 
 • for near 30 years. 
 
 kes an excellent underwood •, the fhoots from the 
 flubs being numerous and very luxuriant. 
 d. Trees intended for fruit fhould be railed in nurfe- 
 1 be removed at lealt three times, and have the tap- 
 
 • )ne growing a: Tortworth, in Gloucefterfhire, is 51 
 I to be near iood years old, 
 
6 CIC 
 
 In a warmer climate it attains to a much larger 
 fize, if not a greater age : for we have an account of 
 one, in the travels of a Swede, through Italy, (trans- 
 lated by the late G. R. Fofter) being 144 feet 6 inches 
 in girth. — Brought, according to Pliny, into Italy 
 from Lydia its native place. 
 /. Nothing will thrive under its fhade. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. Timber for building ; and for hop poles ; alfo for 
 hurdles, ftiles and gates ; fome of the latter have been 
 known to laft for 20 years. 
 
 The wood may be ftained to look equal to maho- 
 gany, by rubbing it over firft with allum-water, then 
 laying on, with a bruih, a decoction of log wood 
 chips, and iaftly a decoction of Brazil wood. 
 
 b. It is the beft of woods for fea-walling, or embanks 
 ments againft the fea. If the foil is fandy, the piles 
 will not laft fo long, as in a cohefive ooze. 
 
 c. The nuts, which are agreeable to moft people, are 
 alfo ufed for whitening linen cloth, and for making 
 ftarch. 
 
 In Italy, the inhabitants dry, grind, and knead 
 them into a pafle, and ufe it in lieu of bread. In 
 Portugal, horfes are fed with them, which are found 
 to fatten them very quickly, although it does not in- 
 fpire them with fo much life and vigour as oats or 
 barley. 
 
 d. The Engliih nuts are well rafted, but do not reach 
 in fize, thofe brought from Spain and Portugal. In 
 England, chefnuts are eaten, either raw or roafted ; 
 in Spain they are boiled. 
 
 e. The bark is fometimes ufed for the purpofes of tan- 
 ning ; but it is greatly inferior to that of oak, felling 
 for only half its price. 
 
 The afhes of Chefnut wood are faid to be ufelefs 
 in lye for wafhing, as they damage, and even fpoii 
 the linen. 
 
 CICHORY. (Cichorium Intybus.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Will thrive on moft foils. 
 
CIN. CIO. CIV. 77 
 
 :. Seed. 
 ioIds. per acre. 
 
 The feed was rirft introduced by Mr. Young, who 
 obtained it in France. 
 
 b. Sown with lpring corn, either with or without clo- 
 ver or other grades. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 a. Is a native plant. 
 
 l . 1 las been cut three times in the feafon — firit time 
 about the 20th of May. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. Given as foil to horfes when hard worked without 
 either hay or corn. 
 
 ; . With fheep and pigs it is fuppofed to fucceed even 
 better than with larger cattle. 
 
 c. The Swedes, in time of fcarcity, make a fubftitute 
 for bread from the roots. 
 
 CINQUEFOIL. (Potentilla Reptam.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. A light land. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 a. Five bumels lbwn per acre. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 a. Lies fix years, and in that time gets three hand- 
 drefiings of cinder afhes, at the rate of 50 bufhela 
 per*acrc — This crop is annually mown. 
 
 This plant is known to lbme people by the name 
 of five-Uaved grafs. 
 
 4. Use. 
 w feeding cattle. 
 if. A fine grained calf-leather has been prepared from it. 
 
 " CION. 
 A flip, or young tree. (C 
 
 CI VES. ( A 1 1 i li m Si hanoprajum . ) 
 
 Culture, 
 
 1. Son.. 
 4. A light, rich ground, and (hade. 
 
78 CLE. CLO. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 a. By parting the roots, either in the fpring or autumn, 
 obferving to plant them about 8 inches diftant. 
 3. Use. 
 a. The leaves in winter and fpring fallads. 
 
 This is a kind of Onion which never produces any 
 bulbs, and feldom grows above 6 inches high in the 
 blade, which is very (lender, and collected in bundles. 
 
 CLEFT-GRAFTING. 
 
 Is performed as follows : firft, with a faw cut off 
 the head of the (lock in a fmooth place, at 5, or 5 feet 
 6 inches from the ground, pare it very fmooth ; then 
 with a ftrong knife and mallet, cleave the ftock 14 
 inch down, a little on one fide the heart of the ftock ; 
 draw out the knife and put a wedge, driving it eafy 
 into the flit at the top to keep it a little open. Then 
 with a knife made for that purpofe only, open the flit 
 about 1^ inch long, half an inch wide on the rind, 
 bringing it to a feather-edge near the heart, and to 
 a point at the bottom of the flit. You mult now have 
 your graft or fcion ready, which muft be cut with 
 a keen knife very fmooth to fit, and place it in the 
 cleft, fo that the rind of the graft may exactly meet 
 the rind of the flock. If the ftock be large enough, 
 you may put another graft on the other fide - y when 
 rightly placed, draw out the wedge at top, taking 
 care not to difplace the grafts, and the ftock will clofe 
 in and hold faft the grafts, when you muft have fome 
 fmooth clay, mixed with fine hay, made into pledgets, 
 and wind round the graft and ftock, making it 
 fmooth on the outfide ; this will keep the wet and 
 air out of the crown of the ftock, and the fun from 
 exhaufting the lap. See Grafting. 
 
 CLOVER. 
 
 1. Common Clover. (Trifolium Praienje.) 
 
 2. Red Perennial Clover, or Cow-grafs. (Trifolium 
 Alpefire. Medium ?) 
 
 Cow-grafs appears to be longer in the ftalk, more 
 branching and crooked than the comrnqn Clover; 
 
CLO. 79 
 
 it is later in arriving at its full growth, and tl.c 
 bloflum is larger, and of a deeper pvirple ; the leaves 
 are longer, darker, and narrower ; and the whole plant 
 i , larger and heavier : the root is perennial. 
 j. Hop Clover. (Trifblium sJgrariv.w.) 
 
 4. Dutch Clover. (Tri folium Hybridum,} 
 
 This is fuppoled to have been rirft produced by the 
 dull 01 tiie comm >n Clover, fertilizing the feed-bud 
 of the white Clover. 
 
 5. White Clover. (Trifolium Repens.) 
 
 0. Ruffian Clover — Flowers white, calix red j leaves 
 oval, purple, with a green edge, 
 scarlet flowered Clover. 
 
 Culture, o t. of Common Clover. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Thrives bed on a firm weighty foil. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown alone from February till May, in Scotland as 
 late as July, iolb. to 141b. per acre. 
 
 If often luwn on the fame land, it becomes tired of 
 it, and the crop fails ; mould therefore be changed 
 for trefoil or lucerne. 
 
 b. Sown with wheat in the fpring, at the fame time, 
 and in the ufual quantities as with fpring corn. 
 
 The reafon affigned for this practice is, that in a 
 dry leafon the clover is very apt to overpower the 
 oats or barley -, and on the other hand, when to pre- 
 vent the evil, the clover is fawn late in the feafon, 
 it frequently mifTes plant, and the clover crop is lolt 
 for that feafon. 
 
 c. Sown and harrowed in with barley. 
 
 Sown when the barley is three inches high, and 
 rolled well in. 
 
 Sown with barley along with other feeds, in the 
 following proportion, viz. 1 2lb. of common clover, 
 4lb. of white clover, :1b. of rib-grafs, and 1 bulhel 
 of ray r acre. 
 
 d. Sown with oats from 7 lb. to i61b. pe the 
 fame with bar! 
 
 flferent foils require a gre I 
 feed, a poor one the molt. 
 
80 CLO. 
 
 e. Mixed with ray-grais. 
 
 Thus mixed they are frequently mown, when the 
 ray-grafs begins to flower, which not only increafes 
 the bottom grafs, but a great quantity of excellent 
 hay is obtained. The ray-grafs prevents the froft 
 hurting the clover. 
 
 /.If intended to continue only one year, it is fown 
 alone ; but if three or more in grafs, it is mixed 
 with other grafs feed, in the following proportion, viz. 
 81b. of common clover, 4-lb. of white clover, i 
 bufhel of ray-grafs, to which is added, 2lb. or 31b. 
 of rib-grafs, or yellow clover, per acre, as belt fuits 
 the foil. 
 
 It is objected to lowing clover on land laid down 
 for pafture, that it only lafts two years, and when it 
 wears out, it leaves bear fpaces on which grows 
 weeds. 
 
 g. The feed is ripe, when the (talks and heads change 
 brown ; the bed feed got by not feeding. 
 
 Winlaw's mill, on a fmall fcale, can be ufed to 
 clean out the feed of clover ; the flowers being firfh 
 threfhed off" from the items ; will clean as much in 
 three hours, as a man can perform in a week. It 
 anfwers alio for flax-feed, canary, or any other fmall 
 feed. 
 
 In America they make ufe of two very fimple im- 
 plements to collect the head — fee the plate fig. 11 — 
 the dimenfions are as follow, 1, 2, the fhafts, 4 feet 
 4 long and 3 feet afunder — 3, 4, the hands, 3 feet 
 long and 20 inches apart — 5, the teeth, 13 inches 
 long — the wheels are 16 inches in diameter. This 
 machine is drawn by one horfe, and guided by a man 
 or a boy : it (imply confifts of an open box, about 4 
 feet fquare at the bottom, and about 3 in height, on 
 3 fides ; to the fore parr, which is open, teeth are fix- 
 ed, fimilar to thofe of a cradle, about 3 feet in length, 
 and fo near as to break off the heads from the clover- 
 ftocks between them, which are thrown back into the 
 box as the horfe advances : the box is fixed on an 
 axle tree, fupported by two fmall wheels, 2 feet in 
 diameter -, two handles are afnxed to the hinder parr, 
 
{ 1,0. 3! 
 
 by means of which the driver, while lie manages the 
 horfes, raifes or lowers the teeth of the machine, io as 
 to take off the heads of the grift; and, as often as the 
 box is filled with them, they are thrown out, and the 
 horfe goes on as before. Fig. i 2, is called a cradle^ 
 and is made of an oak board about 1 8 inches in length 
 and 10 in breadth; the fore-part of it, to the length 
 of 9 inches, is fawed into teeth; a handle is inferted 
 behind, inclining towards them, and a clorh put round 
 the back-part of the board, which is cut fomewhat 
 circular, and railed on the handle ; this collects the 
 heads or tops, and prevents them from fcattering, ag 
 they are (truck off from the cradle, which may be 
 made of different fizes ; being fmaller in proportion 
 for women and children. 
 
 i>. Plant. 
 Put up for hay or feed in May or June. 
 
 /'. Clover and Lucerne hay is faved in wet Jeajons in the 
 north of England, by a practice called Tippling'. 
 which is to roll the grafs up immediately after the 
 fcythe, into bundles or Tipples, of the fize of a final I 
 barley fheaf; then draw out a band from one fide 
 (leaving it united), twill as drawn out, and tie it firm 
 round : The tippler being placed betwixt the knees, that 
 part above the band is drawn through the hands with 
 a twill, and the longed graffes drawn out io far as to 
 tie in a knot, which tinjfhes the point of the cone, 
 and forms the Tipple. The advantages are evident, as 
 the rain is carried off fimilar to the thatch of a houfe, 
 and the fun and wind have Juch accefs as to prevent 
 fermentation. (See plate, fig. 2.) 
 . In Scotland, when clover is made into hay, it is put 
 into ricks, containing from 40 to 60 Hone weight,* in 
 two or three days after it is cut; in about two or three 
 weeks afcer, it is collected into long (lacks, f containing 
 fometimes ic,coo (lone. Thcfe arc very rarely hurt 
 by heating, and there is no example ot their takinefirc. 
 4. Use. 
 
 <i. For feeding cattle, (hecp, and pigs. 
 
 « ^onc 14 lb • " 
 
 [ " 
 
82 ' CLO. 
 
 If care is not taken, cattle will eat fo greedily as to 
 be choaked, or hoved as it is called — To prevent it, 
 keep them when turned in, conftantly moving, that 
 the firft ball may (ink into their maw before the next 
 follows. It is faid, that cattle turned into it belly-deep 
 are not injured by it, and that it is only injurious in a 
 younger (tate. 
 
 b. Clover hay preferred to white hay for draught horfes 
 in towns ; and as foil, acts both as food and phyfic, and 
 enables them to (land their work. 
 
 c. Cut into chaff. 
 
 d. The flowering heads are ufed to dye woollen cloths 
 green; with ailum they give a light, with copperas a 
 dark green. 
 
 The firft clover feed was brought by Sir R. Wefton 
 from Brabant or Flanders, about 1645, and fown in 
 Surry; and clover hay fome years after, reduced the 
 price of meadow hay, from =£3. to £1. per load. 
 
 Culture, fcfr. of Red Perennial Clover, or Marie Grafs. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 '. A loamy foil fuits it bed. 
 
 b. Gjows fpontaneoully en marie land. 
 
 c. Delights in a clayey foil. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Common clover frequently fold in the iced fliops for 
 
 it. 
 h. Ten, by fome 12'ibs. of feed per acre, with Ipring 
 
 corn. 
 
 The feeds were firft collected about 50 or 60 years 
 
 ago, by a Mr. James, who lived in the parifh of Chjl- 
 
 compton, Somerfetihire.* 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. Is coniiuered a valuable fubftitute for Common Clo- 
 ver, as it continues much longer in the land, and bears 
 ory weather better. 
 
 Sheep prefer the common clover to it. 
 
 • " It may be well for the hufcandman to attend to the plants of Red 
 Cover in the courfe of its pro-, in : • Some confiderabje variety appe; rs in 
 the charafter of the plants : He mould note them, and low the leeds of a 
 head ot each variety, obfervihs the progrefs of the growth, hirdirefj, &c. 
 Itisthe wrr- of d-.lcr.venng the good forts,— the Beft : The wo; ft the 
 neld had better be cleared ct. £t 
 
CLO. 83 
 
 Culture, &JV. of Hop Clover. 
 
 1. Sitts. 
 
 a. Sown in drills 1 foot apart. 
 
 J he feed bell Town i.i ics black hull. 
 
 2. 1 1 
 
 a. Mixed with common clover it makes incomparable 
 good fodder, on light land. 
 
 b. Cut green for hoiies; fowr<. for feeding fheep — Does 
 not grow high enough for hay. 
 
 This plant is called, in lbme places, Black (. 
 and in others, Nonfuch. 
 Lafts four or five years. " Little known in A 
 
 Culture, &?. of Dutch Clover, or I Ioncy-fu JJc Grafs. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Loves a moift foil, rather ftrong than very In 
 
 2. Seed. 
 n. About 8 lbs. ibwn per acre in March or April. 
 Much of the feed was imported from Flanders, be- 
 fore it was much cultivated here by farmers; though it 
 is a native of Britain and Ireland. 
 3. Plan r. 
 r wears out by being clofc fa], 
 4. Use. 
 a. Makes an extraordinary fweet pafture, agreeable to 
 all forts of cattle; and will maintain, fummer and win- 
 ter, more fheep, than five tirrn .cof the 
 bed fheep downs. — Swine will fatten on it. 
 
 The Leaves are a good ruftic hydrometer, as they are 
 always relaxed and flaccid in dry weather, but erect in 
 moift or rainy. 
 
 Culture, &c. of the White Clov 
 
 1. Soil. 
 . I ight land. 
 
 quenc rolling rr\akes it flourifh abundantly. 
 
 1. S. BD, 
 a. Sown with red clover, rib-grafs,J nonfuch, ray-grafs, 
 and barley. 
 
 Uotli native and mipr. if» appears to be a ical wr 
 
 was it ( . .,m other pljnt*. 1 \x pJaatl ot l lie 
 
 iilly uotoucbed as the native by cattle." 
 
84 COL. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. Yields the fweeteft hay on dry land mixed with non~ 
 fuch and ray-grafs. 
 
 b. The dried powdered flowers of this clover were eaten 
 by the Irifh (being made into bread) before the intro- 
 duction of potatoes, and were reckoned very nourifh- 
 ing. Thev call it Shamrock. They alfo ufed for the 
 fame purpofe, the flowers of the Common Clover.f 
 
 Bears being over-flowed, which the common clover 
 will not. 
 
 This clover appears to be often confounded with 
 the Dutch Clover. 
 
 In a catalogue of the plants in a garden of John 
 Blackburne, Efq. at Orford, in Lancafhire; we have 
 a variety of the White Clover, called Purple-grafs; 
 probably the fame with the Ruffian Clover, which is a 
 creeping plant; it alfo does not grow high, but will 
 fpread near 3 feet fquare, and when the leaves are 
 green, as is fometimes the cafe, a white mark is vifible 
 in them. " The white Clover of America is a rich 
 grafs ; grows clofe, though rather too fhort for cutting 
 intohav." 
 
 COLEWORT. 
 
 A name given by gardeners to a cabbage plant, to be 
 cut for ufe from the time the leaves are as broad as a 
 mans hand, till it begins to form a clofe head. They 
 are generally raifed from feeds of any of the bejl kinds 
 of heading white cabbage ; but thofe of the fugar-loaf 
 are preferable to all others for eating. 
 
 Culture, 6?r. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown early in July for autumn and winter ufe. 
 
 b. Sown the beginning of Auguft for fpring ufe. 
 
 Such of thefe as are not wanted, if they do not fhew 
 a tendency to run up to feed, will cabbage at a very 
 early time. 
 
 f " Yields the finefr hcr.ey in grreat quant-ties. The red or Dutch 
 clover you will fcarcely ever fee a Be* amortgft. vrhilft the ivtite clever 
 fields are alive with rhem in America." 
 
COL. COR. 85 
 
 1. Plant. 
 When fix or feveii weeks old, to be planted in rows 
 1 foot afunder; and 6 or 8 inches between the plants. 
 3. Use. 
 a. The fame as the cabbage. 
 
 SEA COLEWORT. (Crambe Maritima.) 
 
 Culture, &V. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. A fandy or gravelly foil. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 a. To be fown foon after it is ripe. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 a. At Michaelmas mould be covered with fand or gra- 
 vel, about 4 or 5 inches thick, which fhould be repeat- 
 ed every autumn, in the manner praclifed in earthing 
 of afparagus beds. 
 L. Not fit to cut for ufe till it has had one year's growth. 
 
 c. The young (Loots before they break the ground, are 
 the part eatable; the green above ground being tough, 
 bitter, and occafions giddinefs. 
 
 Tins plant grows naturally on the fea fhore, below 
 high-water mark ; when it is obferved to thruft up the 
 gravel, the people cut it. 
 
 d. The gardeners trim it for fale like Celc-ry. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. Is eaten boiled as a great delicacy. 
 
 Was rirft introduced into the London markets by 
 the late Mr. Curtis, in 1795.* 
 
 CORIANDER. (Coriandrum Sativum.) 
 
 Culture, &V. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 a. Sown in March 141b. to an acre. 
 if. Sown with Carraway. 
 
 It requires great care in hoeing to diftinguifli the 
 
 • " It mult be a very recent plant in iti introduction into the London 
 market, fcems a girat cuiiolity, and a good plant lor the tabic, prod* 
 plentifully. It is not nccciTjiy that the Iced lliuuld be luwn and cultivated 
 • n the fea-flio^r, at might feem I npoit if it> nunc." 
 
36 COR. 
 
 plants. The Carraway is not regularly fet out for a 
 crop till the Coriander is harvefted, at which time it 
 mud be hoed. 
 c . Sown with C arrow ay and Tea/el. 
 
 As neither the Carraway or Teafel come completely 
 and regularly the fecond year, both crops are ufually 
 allowed to ftand for the third fummer. 
 2. Plant. 
 a. When /own alone, the plants are fet out to 4 inches. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. The feeds are ufed in medicine, and by the confec- 
 tioner. 
 
 b. Formerly it was cultivated in gardens as a fallet herb. 
 
 CORK-TREE. (Quercus Suber.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 a. By acorns, fown in beds—The plants to remain in 
 a nurfery three or four years, and then planted where 
 they are to remain. 
 
 2. Tree. 
 
 a. Grows to nearly the fize of an oak in Devcnfiire. 
 " So will it then grow in the United States." 
 
 b. The trees muft be barked at ten and at twenty years 
 old, though the bark is then porous and good for little; 
 at the third peeling the bark will be in perfection, and 
 will continue fo for many years, for the beft cork is 
 taken from old trees. 
 
 c. The number of years between the {tripping of old 
 trees, depends on the climate in which they grow; in 
 the north of Spain they peel them but about once in 
 feven or eight years ; but in the fouthern parts every 
 fifth year. 
 
 d. The time of the year July; and it is performed with 
 an inftrument, like that ufed for difbarking oaks. 
 
 3. Use. 
 a. The ufe of the bark is too well known, to be men- 
 tioned here — Burnt, it makes that kind of light colour 
 called Spaniih black. 
 
COR, 87 
 
 1. The acorns arc in greater dlimation than thole of the 
 common oak, for fattening fwine.* 
 
 CORNEL. 
 
 i. Male Cornel or Cornelian Cherry. (Cornus Maf- 
 
 CuLl.) 
 
 2. Female Cornel or Dogberry-tree. (Cornus Sangui- 
 nea.) 
 
 Culture, &c. of the Male Cornel. 
 I. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed: which fliouhl be fown in autumn ; other 
 wife they will lie a year in the ground. 
 
 b. By fuckers, and by laying down of the branches. 
 
 The Female Cornel may be increafed by the fame 
 methods. 
 
 2. Tree. 
 a. Is a foreign tree, that bears our climate, flowering 
 the beginning of February; (in England. ) 
 3. Use. 
 he fruit preferved to make tarts. 
 There are two varieties, which differ in the colour 
 of their fruit ; the red is the mod common. 
 
 Culture j &c. of the Female Cornel. 
 1. Tree. 
 
 c. Grows wild in our woods and hedges. 
 
 :. Use. 
 a. The wood being hard and fmooth, is fit for the tur- 
 ner, and is ufed in wheel-works. 
 
 The berries dye purple j and are alfo preferved as a 
 1 kic — From one bujhel of the kernels , 16 lbs. of lamp 
 oil were obtained by exprclfion. 
 
 il lias been extracted from this tree, which it ap- 
 pears may be of ufe to the arrs, and perhaps to medi 
 tin.-. " Why lias it not continued to yield o:U il 
 
 :c which gi»e« cork from its bark, is a perfcel real oak, pof- 
 Amcrica claims lo tuurih and perfect 
 ■ 
 alfo feeds o: 
 
 f'ul brand 
 
88 COR. COW. 
 
 CORN-SALLET. (Valeriana Lccujla.) 
 
 Culture, cirV. 
 
 i. Plant. 
 a. The cultivation of this plant is fimply fowing the 
 feed, the latter end of Auguftj thinning t'ie plants 
 where too clofe; and keeping them clear of weeds. — 
 Grows wild in corn-fields. " In gardens it fpreads, and 
 fows itfelf." 
 
 2. Use. 
 a. As an early Jallet plant. 
 
 COW. 
 
 i. A good cow for milk is defcribed as having a thin 
 head and neck ; clean chaps, and free from leather ; 
 deep and rather flat carcafe, wide hips, the bones, per- 
 haps, inclining to be pointed; capacious udder, and 
 large plain milk-veins : the two laft figns worth all the 
 reft. 
 
 1. A cow is in her prime for milk, at five years old; 
 but none fhould be turned from the dairy, whilft they 
 milk largely. 
 
 The cow-keepers near London, buy cows when three 
 years old, and with calf; and keep them from four to 
 ieven years, according to their goodnefs. InWiltmire 
 they keep them till they are fourteen or fifteen years 
 old. 
 
 3. Quantity of milk, and times of milking: 
 
 a. Near London, where the Holdernefs breed is moftly 
 kept, being efteemed the befl milkers;* " (they give 
 moft of a thin milk; or water-milk)" the quantity 
 varies, according to the feafon and kind of food : as 
 (i.) Nine quarts a day from October to May — fed 
 on turneps, grains, hay, or rowen.J 
 (2.) Ten quarts from May to September — food, grafs 
 and occafionally grains. f 
 
 * " So e deemed by thofe who can fcarcely be called Farmers and Dairy- 
 people; but are cow-feeders or milk-fellers ; — the quality of the milk 
 being nothing to them as to making butter and cheef; ; being ufed at 
 the table or in the kitchen." 
 
 X "All roots and juicy food, as wafli and drank; and of drank any 
 quantity can be made." 
 
 f ' Or drink ; which can be made to abound on a farm or dairy-farm." 
 
COW. c 9 
 
 (j.) Eight quarts — fed on grains and hay. 
 
 .'. In ilhire, the long-horned breed, give from 
 
 eight to twelve quarts (in forne inftances more) a meal, 
 1 two meals a day. 
 
 This is to be underftood of the prime feafon, viz. 
 May and June ; for they decline afterwards to three- 
 fourths, one-half, and one-fourth of that quantity. 
 
 €. Alderney cows are great milkers, in proportion to 
 their weight ; " and the milk, is rich." 
 
 d. Norfolk cows, which are of the polled or hornlefs 
 kind, are extraordinary milkers ; there is hardly a 
 large dairy that does not contain cows which give, 
 in the height of the feafon, ;'. e. the beginning of Ju- 
 ly, eight gallons of milk in the day ; and fix are com- 
 mon among many, for a large part of the feafon. 
 
 It is obferved, that when the quantity of milk in 
 any breed is very great, that of butter is rarely equal. 
 " the quantity great — the quality thin/' 
 
 c. The time of milking varies indifferent places — Near 
 I>ondon, for the convenience of milk-dealers, from 
 four to half-paft fix o'clock in the morning, zn&from 
 half p aft cue in the afternoon till near three — In 
 Chefhire during fummer y at fix o'clock, both night and 
 morning — In lbme parts of Scotland, three times a 
 day. 
 
 It is faid, that if a cow be milked three times a day, 
 me will yield a greater quantity, and as good, if not 
 better milk, than by drawing her teats only twice, 
 namely, in the morning and evening. 
 
 4. Quantity of cheefe made from one cow. 
 
 a. In North Wiltlhirc, from the long horned breed, 
 fometimes as high as 4' cwt. or near 500 cwt. 
 
 b. In Chefhire (where they have no particular breed) 
 the quantity it is fuppofed, may be ftated at ^oolbs. 
 
 i each cow, the dairy through ; including fuch as 
 their calves, and bad milkers — The quanti; 
 
 ries from 5olbs. to 500IDS. and upwards, from each 
 
 cow on the fame farm. 
 
 nantity of butter from one cow's milk per week. 
 a. In F.fiVx, 61bs. in the prime feafon, 4lbs. at other 
 
 times — No parcicular h\ 
 
90 COW, 
 
 " A Chinefe ccw, now in England gives milk fo 
 very rich, that one pint of it gives as much butter, 4 
 ounces, as 7 pints of a Sujfex cow's milk, both churn- 
 ed immediately from the cows without being fet for 
 cream. The Chinefe cow is fmall, and fays Mr. 
 Young-, the beef is fuperior in fatnefs, and in butter the 
 fuperiority is as 1400 lbs. to acolbs. from a very good 
 country cow. This is fuch a fuperiority in milk and 
 beef, as might make it an object to the owners of Ame- 
 rican mips to China, to import fome breeding cows 
 from thence with calf." 
 
 6. It is generally admitted, that cows bred upon the 
 land, anfwer belt; for when a purchafed cow hap- 
 pens to have been bred upon poorer land than what 
 fhe is brought to, it is generally not till the fe- 
 cond year, at the earlieft, that me comes to her full 
 milk. 
 
 7. In Effex, two acres of prime pafiure are ufually al- 
 lowed, for the confumption cf a milch cow. 
 
 8. A cow goes with young nine months, and from a 
 few days to a fortnight over : generally producer on- 
 ly one calf ; at mod two, in which cafe the females 
 (called free-martins) are barren, and ufually are work- 
 ed with oxen. 
 
 9 Young (lock, unlefs almoft ftarved by fhort paf- 
 turage, run fat, and never ftand the bull. 
 
 30. Cows are liable to (lip calf, which is generally af- 
 cribed to infectious effluvia, proceeding from the 
 falfe birth ; the ill effects of which, is fuppofed to be 
 in a great meafure prevented from fpreading, by im- 
 mediately burying the abortion, burning ftraw di- 
 rectly over the place, and fmearing the hind part of 
 the cow with tar* but above all, keeping her feparate, 
 and as far apart as poflible from other cows, ought ne- 
 ver to be neglected ; various reafons are affigned as the 
 caufe of this accident, but none that appear conclu- 
 five, or fatisfactory, explained. 
 
 The fmelt of carrion, or any fiefh in a putrefcent 
 ftate, will occafion it. 
 
 11. The udders of cows are fubject to two difeafes. 
 
 a. The yellows ; this brings on a falfe quarter, that is 
 a deprivation of milk in one teat, accompanied with 
 
CRA. CRE. <ji 
 
 and inflammation. For this, the follow- 
 ing remedv is laid feldom to fail, viz. flour of muf- 
 Ctrd, mixed with any liquid ; i oz. a dole, and repeat- 
 ing the fame two or three times in the courfe of twenty- 
 four hours. 
 
 )w-pox, this well known d ilea ft is fuppofed to be 
 owing, to the milkers having been 'accultomcd, to 
 drefa horfes which had the Greafe. A cow never has 
 ir twice. 
 
 CRAB. 
 
 difeale which attacks the bark of fruit trees ; it 
 delttoys particularly the inner bark, by reducing it to 
 a blackifli powder. It is fuppofed to arife when 
 tranfplanting trees, by changing them to a differ- 
 ent point of the compafs ; for inflance, by placing the 
 north fide of the trunk towards the fouth ; where the 
 power of the fun parches, and in a manner burn,, the 
 tender bark — The cure, is cutting out the whole 
 difeafed part, and coating it with a plaifler made 
 of equal parts of frelh clay, garden mould, and cow- 
 dung. 
 
 CREAM. 
 
 i. In mod places the milk \sftimwed with a difli ; but 
 in Yorkfhire, the milk is hi o/T through a hole in the 
 centre, leaving the cream in the lead. The pipe, 
 through which the milk eicapes, is fitted with a tall 
 wooden Hopper : previous to drawing the Hopper, a 
 loofe wide leaden pipe, 7 or S inches long, is put 
 over it -, the bale of this is notched, or otherwife made 
 uneven, fo as to admit the milk to Heal away beneath 
 it, without endangering the cfcape of the cream, 
 which (the pipe being removed) is afterwards let down 
 through the lame aperture. 
 2. In EflcXj the milk, after Handing 24 hours, is fleet- 
 and the fkim milk is drawn off from the l< 
 into veHels (not lined with lead, bu;) of an increafod 
 h; this is called doubling: here it remains for 
 if 24 hours, during which time, as the cream ri- 
 fe is fleeted two or three times. It is then tre- 
 bled or put into tubs, or Hill deeper veflels, where it 
 
9 2 CRE. 
 
 is occafionally fkimmed, and kept fo long as any ap- 
 pearance of cream or richer milk is found to form 
 upon the furface — The butter made from the after- 
 fleeting of the milk, is of a paler colour, and of an 
 inferior quality to that made from cream, which 
 the nrft 24 hours : it is generally churned apart, and 
 fold at a lower price. 
 3. To pre/itrve cream fweet for a length of time — Take 
 1 2 oz. of white fugar, and difiblve them in the fmal- 
 left poflible quantity of water, over a moderate fire : 
 after the folution has taken place, the fugar ought to 
 be boiled for about two minutes in an earthen veiTel ; 
 when 12 oz. of new cream mould be immediately ad- 
 ded, and the whole uniformly mixed, while hot : let 
 it then gradually cool, and pour it into a bottle, 
 which muft be carefully corked. If kept in a cool 
 place, and not expofed to the air, it may be pre- 
 served in a fweet itate for fcveral weeks, and even 
 months. 
 
 CRESSES. 
 
 1. Garden Crels. (Lepidium Sativum.) 
 
 2. American Crefs. Grows high, the leaves gad 
 
 3. Broad-leafed Crefs. 
 
 4. Curled Crefs. A variety of the Garden Cre. 
 
 5. Indian Crefs. See Nalturtium. 
 
 Culture, 13 c. of Garden Crels. 
 1. Plant. 
 
 a. This is railed according to the feafon cf the 
 either on a hot-bed, under glaiTes, or in the open 
 ground ; and the feed fown very thick, either in drills, 
 or broad-cail and fine mould fifted over it; in hot 
 weather mull be fhaded and watered : requires to be 
 fown every week. 
 
 b. Either Muftard, Rape, Turr.ep, or Radifh, is fown 
 near it, to be cut at the fame time. 
 
 c. If they raife the earth into a kind of cake upon 
 their tops, it fliould be broke, by whiflcing the earth 
 lightly with the hand, or the end of a fmall fiender 
 birch broom. 
 
 d. The hoar-fro(l mud be warned off before the fun 
 rifes i or the plants will change black, and go ( 
 
CK 93 
 
 :. Use 
 fallets. 
 
 n CROFT. 
 
 " A fmall inclofure." 
 
 CROPS. 
 
 f crops is j i, it is gene 
 
 r.illy a rule, s r or impoverijling crops, 
 
 (hould not be taken immediately following; but a 
 
 rating crcp, ft.culd immediately Jucceed an impo- 
 
 — All crops of corn, or fuch as ftand for 
 
 , arc in general, reckoned to be impovcriJJjers of 
 
 land; and fucculent or juicy plants, that make pade 
 
 and cover the ground, are found to be enricbers of land; 
 
 as turneps, pejU, vetches, and feveraj others. 
 
 CROWFOOT. 
 
 I. Noxious. 
 
 a. Upright Meadow Crowfoot. (Ranunculus Jcris.) 
 This is called, by the common people, Butter-cups 
 and Buct-r-fiowcrs, and this name originated from a 
 iuppofition, that the yellow colour of butter is owing 
 to thefe plants ; that this mould be the cafe, feems 
 fcarce probable, certainly it receives no good tafte 
 from it — Cattle in general will not eat it; yet fome- 
 times when turned hungry into a new field of grafs, 
 or have but a fmall fpot to range in, they will feed 
 on it, and hence their mouths have become fore and 
 bliftered. When made into hay it lofcs itb acrid pro- 
 ty, but is too ftalky and hard to afford good nou- 
 riPnment. It fhould feem, therefore, to be the inter- 
 eft of the farmer, as much as pollible, to root out 
 this plant from his meadows, that its place may be 
 fupplied with good fweet graf;. Many continental 
 bute the fudden death of cattle, which is 
 often inexplicable, to their feeding on this plant; and 
 fully extirpate it from <icld> and mea- 
 ». — Our peafants ufe the frefh roots as an excellent 
 cautery for rheir cattle; 
 
94 CRO. 
 
 b. The Celery-leaved Crowfoot (Ranunculus See- 
 leratus) is fufpected to have proved poifonous to 
 (heep. 
 
 2. Useful. 
 
 a. Various leaved Water Crowfoot (Ranunculus Aqua- 
 tilis.) It is the practice at Ringwood in Hampshire, 
 to feed their cattle almoft intirely with this plant ; (or 
 a variety of the Ranunculus Fluviatilis of John Bau- 
 hin). The cattle relifh it fo highly, that it is thought 
 unfafe, to allow them more than a certain quantity, 
 and they give with this food a fufBcient quantity of 
 good milk. Hogs are alfo fed with the fame plant j 
 and they improve fo well, that it is not neceffary to 
 allow them other fuftenance, till it is proper to put 
 them up to fatten. 
 
 b. Spear-leaved Crowfoot. (Ranunculus Flammula.') 
 Is ufed in many parts of Scotland to prevent rennet 
 from corrupting or fmelling — A handful of the (talks 
 and leaves is cut into fmall bits, and boiled for about 
 the fpace of half an hour in water; not unfrequently 
 a fmall quantity of nettles is likewife added : they are 
 alfo thought to make it itronger, and to be very fer- 
 viceable in preventing the unctuous part of the milk 
 from being carried off with the whey. 
 
 c. Creeping Crowfoot. (Ranunculus Repens.) Cows 
 are very fond of this plant. 
 
 d. Bulbous Crowfoot. (Ranunculus Pulbofus.) The 
 frefh flowers, boiled with allum, dye both filk and 
 worfted of a deep lemon colour. The dry flowers 
 dye ferge, previoully boiled with with allum and wrung 
 out, of an orange colour, by long boiling ; of a le- 
 mon colour, by fhort boiling ; and filk of a beautiful 
 brimftone colour, without allum. Hogs are fond of 
 the roots. 
 
 CROWN-GRAFTING. 
 
 Is performed upon (locks which are two large for 
 cleft-grafting : the head being fawed or cut off ho- 
 rizontally, feveral grafts are inferted around the crown 
 or top, betwixt the rind and wood ; the grafting 
 firffc floped off on one fide, forming a kind of fhoul- 
 der at top, (lit the rind, ajid feparate it from the wood 
 
CRO. CUC. 05 
 
 with a wedge, and introduce the grafts between; then 
 tie and clay them. 
 
 CROWS, (lee vermin.) 
 
 CUCUMBKR. 
 
 i. Common Cucumber. (Cucumis Sativus.) Vai. 
 
 i. Common (ireen; i. Long white Dutch — this is 
 
 better than the firft, being firmer and having few 
 
 feeds. 
 2 Long Turkey C. (C. Flexuofus.) This is greatly 
 
 preferred to the former, but is railed with difficulty. 
 3. Sanfpareil C. Early, prolific, fine flavoured; the 
 
 fruit from 15 to 20 inches long. 
 
 Culture, &c, of the Common Cucumber. 
 1. Increased by Seed. 
 
 a. Should be three or four years old, but if more, pro- 
 vided it will grow the better, as it will produce lei's 
 vigorous plants indeed, but more fruitful. 
 
 b. In dry hot weather foak the feeds for the third crop 
 the night before they are fown, in water or milk — In 
 cold unfavourable weather feme raife this crop upon 
 a hot-bed ; and afterwards tranfplant them with a ball 
 of earth into the open ground. 
 
 c. Seed fhould be got from fruit growing near the root, 
 which mult remain on the vines till ripe, then hung 
 againft a wall till the rind begins to decay, when the 
 feed and pulp is to be fcraped into a vefiel, to remain 
 there for eight or ten days to rot the pulp ; after which, 
 pour feveral waters on them (ftirring it well at bottom) 
 till the feeds are clean ■, and laftly, dry them upon a 
 mat. 
 
 2. INCREASED BY LAYERS. 
 
 ;on as feveral flower-buds appear on a plant, 
 bend the fecond or third joint of a branch below the 
 bloflbm, fatten it firmly into the ground, and cut off 
 the capillary point of the plant ; lr ljxedilv takes root, 
 and mufl be leparated from the parent flock : as each 
 root has only to fapply a lev. fruits with nourifhment, 
 •ves room, labour, and time, and affords a con- 
 usant fupply for eight, twelve, and more month';, 
 
9 6 CCC. 
 
 which is not h liable to degenerate, as if they were 
 raifed from a variety of feeds. 
 
 3. First crop; from seed. 
 
 a. The plants are raifed at or before Chriftmas, in pots, 
 plunged either in a ftove or hot-bed, and tranfplant- 
 ed under frames, two healthy plants ferving for. each 
 light. 
 
 b. The glaffes mould be frequently wiped, to prevent 
 moifture falling on the plant. 
 
 c. Should be watered, and frtfli air admitted v. 
 caution. 
 
 d. When they begin to pufli the firft runner, flop or 
 prune at the firft joint, to promote ftrength. 
 
 e. The male flower fhould be placed upon the female, 
 and gendy preffed down, to impregnate the 
 
 /. The water fhould be fet in the frames, till as wa 
 as the air in the frames. 
 
 4. Second crop. 
 
 r. Is raifed on a hot-bed under bell or hand gla 
 from feed (own about the middle of March or a little 
 later, according to the weather, and pricked out on a 
 more moderate hot-bed, 2 inches diftant from each 
 other, and fhaded till they take root. In April they 
 will be fit to be planted on the ridges, the glaffes to be 
 firft placed 24 hours on hiils, 3- feet or 4 feet afun- 
 der, the middle of the hill is to be hollowed with the 
 hand, and 4 plants fet in each; at firft the glaffes are 
 to be raifed opponte the wind, as the feafon advances, 
 on he foucfa ; when the plants are too large for the 
 gla s, they are to be raifed on bricks or forked 
 flic. »j and wholly removed the latter end of June 
 or beginning of July. 
 
 b. The time for watering is at eight or nine o'clock in 
 the forenoon, and at four or eight in the evening. 
 5. Third crop. 
 
 a. This crop is railed in the open ground, holes being 
 dug and filled with fine earth, hollowed in the middle 
 in form of a bafon, and eight or nine feeds iown in the 
 middle of each ; when the rough leaf begins to appear, 
 only four of the moil promifing and beft fituated is 
 to be left in each hole, ftirring the earth, and adding 
 
CUL. 07 
 
 a little more round the (hanks, and giving a little 
 
 .rcr. 
 
 I'ill the feed leaves expand, they muft be well guard- 
 ed againil fparrows, which are very fond of the young 
 tender heads. 
 
 c The fruit of fuch as are trained up a wall, is freer 
 from fpots than fuch as lay on the ground. 
 
 d. The fruit from this crop is tit for pickling the latter 
 end of July or beginning of Augult — 50 holes will 
 furnilh about 200 twice a week ; fome may be left to 
 grow large for the table. 
 
 e. The London gardeners generally raife this crop be- 
 tween rows of cauliflowers, planted 4 [ feet afunder ; 
 or on beds 3 or 4 feet wide, with a foot alley between 
 each. 
 
 6. Fourth crop. 
 a. Seed fown from the middle of Augufl: till the mid- 
 dle of September, under glalTcs in a hot-bed, to pro- 
 duce fruit in October, November, dec. 
 
 7. Use. 
 a. When frefh, for the table; and alio pickled ; the 
 Ult fc when young, called Gerkins, and when old Man- 
 
 CULTIVATOR. 
 
 An implement in hufbandry which anlwers the pur- 
 
 pofe not only of ploughing, but harrowing likewife, 
 
 without cutting the quick grafs (blue grafs by fome in 
 
 nerica) roots in two; which is an advantage that 
 
 ploughing has not. 
 
 1. Nottinghamfhire C. This has, in common with a 
 plough, abeam, wheels, and handles; inftead of a 
 ire, there are two bulls, the firil 4 feet 6 inche9 
 long, with four teeth ; the fecond 3 feet 9 inches, with 
 five teeth — the teeth are 2 feet loncc, a »d bent near 
 ■ c bottom, for the (hare part to be flat on the earth; 
 the teeth ate 1 2 inches apart, and by interfering the 
 di: reduced to 6, and the breadth of the ihare 
 
 being 3, reduces the intermediate fpaee to a I 
 
 :nfion. — Four horfes and one man, will 
 1 from fix to feven acres per day, in land land. 
 [ I 
 
9 S CUL. CUR, 
 
 2. Cooke's C. Called alfo a Shuffler. — It confifts of a 
 diagonal beam, with from three to feven (hares, of 
 different fizes, for various ufes, applied to two han- 
 dles, by which it is guided laterally, and may alfo be 
 forced into the ground to any given depth at pleafure. 
 It is ufed as a fubititute for ploughing and harrowing, 
 by tearing or lacerating the foil internally, without 
 tearing a furrow. The narrow ihaves or fcarifiers are, 
 in fome cafes, ufed for obtaining a tilth in light foils 
 without ploughing at alii and the broad fhares for cut- 
 ting up a fleece of weeds, and afterwards leaving them 
 to perifh on the furface of the land. In ftrong corn- 
 pad: land one previous ploughing is neceffary. 
 
 " CULVER. 
 " Pigeon or Dove: a Culver-houfe. cc 
 
 CURRANTS. 
 
 i. Common Currant tree. (Ribes Ruhr urn), Var. 
 
 a. With dark or pale red fruit; the laft called Cham- 
 paign Currants. ' The old darker red and imaller 
 currant is a much richer fruit; but is nearly lolj by 
 a preference given to fixe, in the paler and red cur- 
 rant." 
 
 b. With white fruit, 
 
 i. Black Currant-tree. (R. Nigru!):.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 a. The fruit is always beft tailed when they grow in it 
 dry foil, and an open fpot of ground. 
 i. Increased. 
 
 a. By the fame methods as the goofeberry-tree; which 
 fee. 
 
 b. By grafting. 
 
 CYPRESS. 
 
 Culture, &c. of the Levant Cyprefs. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 a. A warm fandy, gravelly foil. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed — Which muft be procured in the cones from 
 
 abroad, and expofed to a gentle heat to make them open. 
 
O 9f 
 
 3. Tree. 
 Grows to a large fize; and Millar thinks it would 
 produce in England, planks rit for life, in as fhort a 
 time as the oak. 
 
 , 4. Use. 
 a. The timber of this tree is very valuable, and is faid 
 to refift the worm, moth, and all putre fad ion, and to 
 latt many years. 
 
 Culture, <5c. of the Virginian Cyprefs. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Grows naturally in fwamps, or where the water co- 
 the ground 3 or 4 feet, 
 ts a boggy foil. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed, procured in the cones from America. 
 
 b. By cuttings, planted in the fpring, before the trees 
 begin ro (hoot. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 a. In America grows to fuch an amazing fize, that boats 
 or pettiaugres, capable of carrying a confiderable bur- 
 den, are formed from the trunk of a fingle tree. 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. Makes choice mingles, poles and boards, of long 
 duration. 
 
 b. From the cones iflfue a moll fragrant balfam, like 
 ball am of Tclu. 
 
 Culture, &e. of Maryland Cyprefs. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. A moid ftrong foil. 
 
 :. Tree. 
 a. According to Millar it is a tree extremely worth cul- 
 -. gland, as it grows in a much colder 
 country, to a confiderable height. 
 3. Use. 
 in ufeful timber. 
 As the above trees have been many years planted in 
 t is to be wifhed, that the public were ac- 
 cd with the fize they have attained to, and the 
 rhe wood. 
 
ioo CYT. DAI. DIB. 
 
 ROMJN CYTISUS. (Colutea Arborefcens.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 i. Increased. 
 a. By fuckers; planted in weak (Kibble land, at 3 feet 
 diftance. 
 
 1. Plant. 
 a. In a little time over-runs the ground to that thick- 
 nefs, that it may be mowed three times a year, not fuf- 
 fering it to grow above a foot high before mowing. 
 3. Use. 
 a. The leaves and flowers, which are to the tafte as fvveet 
 as the richeft Dutch Clover, fpeedily fatten cattle. 
 
 DAIRY. 
 
 1. Should be roomy, airy, and fiaded from the fun, and 
 the windows to face the north ; wherever a ftream of 
 water can be brought through it, the opportunity 
 fhould always be embraced. 
 
 1. Wooden vejfels fuppofed to be the beft for holding 
 milk, but unlefs kept clean, communicates a difagree- 
 able tafte to the milk. 
 
 One of the beft methods of cleaning and feafoning 
 wooden veffels for milk, is, after being well rinfed in 
 cold water, to put them into boiling water for the fpace 
 of about three minutes: then to be kept dry till wanted. 
 
 DIBBLING. 
 
 It is objected to dibbling of feeds, and to tranfplant- 
 mg of any plants with the dibbk, particularly in ftrong 
 land; that in thrufting it down, the earth is fo much 
 comprefTed all around the fide of the hole, that in wet 
 weather the hole ftands filled with water, and in dry 
 weather the fides of the hole become fo hard, that the 
 young tender fibres cannot fpread to collect nourishment 
 for the plant. 
 
 1. Dibbling of Wheat. This is principally practifed in 
 Suffolk, Norfolk, and Lincolnfhire. — The method is, 
 after rolling with a light roller, a man walking back- 
 wards on the fiag, with a dibble of iron, the handle 
 about 3 feet long, in each hand, ftrikes two rows of 
 holes, about 4 inches from one row to the other, on 
 each flag; and he is followed by three or four childr. 
 
DIB. 101 
 
 to drop the grains, three, four, or five in each hole. 
 In this way, from fix to (even pecks ot feeds are depo- 
 sited, at very equal depths, in the centre ot the flag. 
 A brufli harrow follows to cover it; the expencc eight 
 or nine (hillings an acre. There are leveral circum- 
 ftances which render this method fuperior to the broad- 
 caft — the treading lb equally i very beneficial upon 
 light foil; and in dry weather hurtful to none. The 
 feed is laid in at an equal and good depth; and it is all 
 in the flag itfelf, and not dropt in the (earns, where 
 weeds, if any, will arife: and there is fome faviog in 
 feed. The fact is, the crops are fuperior to the com- 
 mon, and the famples more equal. It is not common 
 to hoe, except only when one row is put in inltead of 
 two— -Some ufe a frame, which ftrik.es many holes at a 
 time ; but the work is not fo well done. 
 
 Beans, Nuts, and Potatoes are frequently planted 
 with the dibble, a line being generally drawn acrofs 
 the ridges to guide the people. 
 
 The implements for Beans, Nuts, and Potatoes, 
 are — 
 
 a. The common dibble, about 18 inches long, with a 
 handle like a fpade, and the point fhod with iron. 
 
 b. Long dibble: this is about 3^ lung, and is ufed foi 
 Potatoes. 
 
 c. The following method of making holes for beans, 
 
 i been recommended, viz. Take a plank of oak, 
 of fuch a fize as a man can eafily manage, by a handle 
 fixed upright in the middle of it, and of fuch thick- 
 nefs as not to give way in working; in the under part 
 of this plank, let there be fixed wooden peg:;, of fuch 
 length, and at fuch dillancc from each other, as may 
 form proper holes in the ground for the beans: when 
 1 has been pro;>erlv prepared, the workman mull 
 thrult the peg^ of tins inilrument into the ground, and 
 proceed fide- ways, managing it fo, that there may be 
 ' the fame diftance between the Iaft row of holes made 
 by the firft imprellion, and the fir ft row made by the 
 next, as there is between the rows of any one impref- 
 fion. The youngeft children may be taught to follow 
 the inftrumtnt, and drop a bean into every hole that 
 it makes. 
 
io2 DIE. DOG. DOV. 
 
 " DIET. 
 
 " Ought to be attended to ; and in the country be 
 fimple, plain, and neatly dreffed, unpoifoned with fo- 
 reign, harfh ingredients. Spices, fair, condiments, &c. 
 to be moderately admitted. In FrTays and Notes on 
 Hufbandry are good general rules to the purpoie." 
 
 DOGBANE. (Apocynum Cannabium.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 i. Plant. 
 
 a. This plant is a native of North America, but grows 
 very freely in England, and is propagated by parting 
 of the roots; which are apt to fpread fo much in gar- 
 dens, as to be troublefome. 
 
 i. Use. 
 
 a. In America the people prepare the ftalks in the fame 
 manner as we prepare thoie of Hemp: It is fpun, and 
 feveral kinds of fluff woven from it. 
 
 DOVES. 
 
 i. Ring Dove, Wood Pigeon, or Queeft (Columba 
 Palumbus) — Brown, author of the Compieat Farmer, 
 hatched the eggs of this bird under a tame pigeon; and 
 they kept to the dove-cot, and bred much better than 
 the common pigeons, which they exceeded in fize and 
 hardinefs; in Winter they lived upon ivy-berries, tur- 
 neps, and a great many other things that pigeons will 
 not— As in fimilar attempts, made by others to do- 
 mefticate them, they always took to their native haunts; 
 it would be advifeable to redr them under fancy pige- 
 ons, which do not wander far from home. 
 
 2. Collared Dove. (C. Rijcrid). This bird is frequent- 
 ly kept with us in aviaries, and cages, in both of which 
 they readily breed; and doubtlefs would in any pigeon 
 houfe; being a very hardy bird. 
 
 The ground Dove (C. P offer in a.) which is a na- 
 tive of the Weft India Iflands, and excellent eating, 
 will propagate in a ftate of domefticity, the circum- 
 ftance having been tried at Vienna; and probably 
 would in England^ if introduced. (See Pigeons.) 
 
DRA. k>3 
 
 DRAINS. 
 
 lade with a plough. 
 
 a. For open drains — ( i ) Arbuthnot's draining plough ; 
 im by Rack and Pinion, to vsoik to any width 
 — fee Sharp's figures. (2.) Two draining ploughs, 
 different from the above, are given US in the General 
 Vic v. oi the Agriculture of Leicefterfhire, plate 3, fig. 
 6. — And in that of the county of Durham, plate 1, 
 fig. 2. (3.) Di . Darwin's. 
 
 b. For nude* drains — Scott's Mole plough ; (fee plate 
 fig. 10) this breaks the furface no more than a thin 
 coulter would, drawn along, which mark difappears in 
 a few days: the drain ic makes is from 1 toot to iS 
 inc pj and the bore 2^ inches diameter. Price 
 about two guin 
 
 2. Made with a Roller, or Wheel. 
 
 a. The draining wheel is make of caft iron, four hun- 
 i weight, 4 feet in diameter; the cutting edge, or 
 reme circumference of the wheel, is half an inch 
 thick, which increafing in thicknefs towards the nave 
 or centre, will, at 15 inches deep, fcore out or cut a 
 drain half an inch wide at bottom, and 4 inches wide 
 at the top. This wheel is lb placed in a frame, that 
 it may be loaded at pleafure, to be made to operate to 
 a greater or lejs depth, according to the refinance made 
 by the ground, which thus fcored out in the winter, 
 the wheel-trafls are either then Jilted with jl raw ropes y 
 and lightly covered over; or left to crack wider and 
 deeper, during the enfuing fummer. The fifiures are 
 then filled with twifted ftfaw and bufl:es y and covered 
 lightly with fome of the molt porous earth that may be 
 moft conveniently at hand ; and thus Upon the grafsor 
 ley land, arc hollow drains, formed at little or no ex- 
 pense, and which, upon trial, have been found to an- 
 extremely well. 
 
 3. Brick Drains. 
 
 Mate, fig. 6, reprefents to: a fmall drain, a hollow 
 brick, two ot which, placed one upon the other, form 
 pipe. 
 
 , li_'. 7, reprefents bricks for :: 'rain — 
 
 D D two bricks — ith £ a (lone on 1 
 
i_4 DRA. 
 
 The mould prefiing on the fides of the bricks, keeps 
 m firm in their place: turf is laid upon the ftone, 
 th the grafs C ..ds. 
 
 4. Stone Drains. 
 
 a. The drains cut 10 or 12 inches wide, with perpen- 
 
 -3, and fiat ftones, fo placed, as to leave a 
 .:er-courfe at bottom, by fettingtwo fiat ftones trian- 
 gularly, to meet a: the points — Or by covering the 
 bottoir. le, and then putting three other 
 
 it ftones upright, leaving the water to find its own 
 way between them — in bo: b Ailing up the refidue 
 
 of the drain to the top, or near the top, with loofe 
 ftones. 
 
 .ere gravel is more plentiful than ftones, fcreened 
 c r warned gravel has been found to anfwer the purpofe 
 :ones from the fea-fide are particularly 
 d for filling drains, being fmocrh, and general- 
 round, the water paffes more freely between them. 
 
 b. I — 3 feet deep and 1 8 inches wide ; the 
 bottom laid with flag-ftones, and the fides built up to 
 a fufficient height with ftones, and covered with fiag- 
 ftones, over which are laid fods of turf, with the grafiy 
 fides undermoft: thefe are covered with earth, furfici- 
 ent to admit the plough. 
 
 drains are generally directed, at an a- 
 cute angle, into the main drains. 
 
 5. Sod or Earth Drains. 
 
 a. Dug 1 fpade, or 2 feet deep, then with another in- 
 ftrument (fee plate, fig. 3.) of 4 inches wide, take 
 out the foil of the drain made by the fpade 1 2 inches 
 deeper i cove: 1 the fods firft dug out, if the 
 
 r jund was found ftrong enough to admit of it, other- 
 it in fome black thorns, fufficient to bear the 
 
 It is the opinion, that thofe drains have lafted long- 
 eft, which have the leait wacer-way left at bottom; 
 
 . in tha: te force of the water has been fuffici- 
 ent to clea ..ny little obftacles that might chance 
 to get in. 
 
 - or three fpits deep with a broad fpade, then 
 
 : bottom Liken out with a narrow one, (fig. 3.) and 
 
DRA. io5 
 
 c. A furrow draw with a plough, and cleared by a 
 common fpade; then the draining instrument is in- 
 troduced to the depth of 1 8 inches from the furface ; 
 and after the loofe mould is taken out with the fcoop, 
 (fee plate fig. 4.) black-thorn buihes, or which is bet- 
 ter, heath, are carefully laid along the bottom, covered 
 with Strong wheat-Straw, and the whole clofed in. — 
 Wheat-firaWy twilled to the thicknefs of a man's leg, 
 has been found to be an eafy and cheap way of Sup- 
 plying the want of other materials — fig. 5. is an en- 
 gine ufed to twifi it. 
 
 If land lies upon a declivity, care ftould be taken, 
 that the drains have an eafy, gentle defcent ; for, it 
 they have too quick a fall, they are apt to burjl, or 
 to excavate; and having loft their protection below, 
 the leaft prefifure from above will deftroy the drain. 
 
 d. Two and a half or 3 feet deep, and as narrow as 
 pofilble; a fhatum of fmall ftones about 20 inches 
 thick, laid in the bottom; above thefe, a Stratum of 
 heath or rufhes 6 inches thick, and the remaining 
 vacuity filled up to the furface with earth. — See the 
 plate, fig. 8, and 9, for the order, in which fome place 
 the ftonts. 
 
 e. On (tifFlands hollow drains have been tried without 
 ftones — narrow at the bottom, and covered half way 
 up with lbds, or fquare Spits of the furface fward, 
 refting on ledges cut for ihat purpofe. 
 
 /. Sods raifed up in the drain, and covered with others. 
 Under-drains are fometimes choaked by the Angu- 
 lar mode of under-ground vegetation of the marfh 
 Horfe-tail (Equifetum ■paluftre) : the only effectual 
 remedy, is the fimple expedient of calling the under 
 into open drains. 
 
 g. Open drains are of two kinds, in form either of a 
 ditch, with perpendicular fides ; or of a broad fur- 
 row, having the fides of fo gentle declivity, as to ad- 
 mit the cart and the plough to go over them. 
 
 In fome places the earth or mud thrown out of 
 
 drains, when digging or cleaning of them, is lbwn 
 
 with oats, or planted with potatoes. — If the cloo-s 
 
 dug out are clay, burnt, the allies of them laid abouf 
 
 [ '4] 
 
io6 DRI. 
 
 a foot deep, bind, and form an excellent bottom for 
 farm yards. 
 
 h. To keep clay tillage-ground dry, it is found necef- 
 fary to confult nature, and make the direction of the 
 ridges follow the courfe of the declivity ; making 
 drains acrofs whenever the water does not follow the 
 furrow — Thefe drains mould be always kept free and 
 open with the fpade, the earth being liable to fall in, 
 from various accidents. 
 
 i. Mr. Elkingtons -method is to work the drains up, be- 
 ginning at the fall, and working upwards ; he makes 
 ufe of a borer to find the fpring. 
 
 The borer is of the fame kind, as is the inftrument 
 made ufe of for boring in fearch of pit-coal, &c. the 
 lower part is in the fhape of a large auger, from 24 
 to 3 inches in diameter. It is made in different 
 lengths, and fcrews one to the other, to any length 
 you choofq : it is worked by two men, who, after they 
 have bored one piece into the ground, fcrew on ano- 
 ther length, and lb on till the fpring is found, or as 
 deep as they think proper. The borer above the au- 
 ger part is about an inch fquare ; and the men have 
 each of them an iron bar, one end of which is fitted 
 to the fquare part of the borer, which ferves as a han- 
 dle to amir, in boring. 
 
 DRILL-MACHINES. 
 
 1 . Barrow-drill ; fows a lingle row at a time, and is 
 adapted to all grains or feeds 
 
 2. Horn's ■, this alfo fcatters the feed in the broadcafr 
 manner. 
 
 3. Wellward's; drills feven rows at a time, each 7 in- 
 ches apart, and any required quantity per acre, of any 
 kind of feed ; is drawn by two horfes abreaft, in a 
 double pair of fhafts, is very fimple in conftrudtion, 
 and not liable to get out of order. 
 
 4. Cooke's ; drills fix rows at a time, and thus lows 
 an acre of land in an hour, and is drawn by a fingle 
 .horfe ; and chc quantity of feed confumed, is about 
 fix or feven pecks to an acre, which is about half the 
 quantity ufed, in fowing by the hand in the broad- 
 cast method. 
 
DUC. 107 
 
 5. Dr. Darwin's — This is fimply an improvement of 
 that defcribed in Mr. Tull's book, by enlarging that 
 part of the axle-tree which delivers the grain into a 
 cylinder of fome inches diameter, with excavations 
 in the rim ; which rim rifes above the furface of the 
 corn in the feed-box, and lets drop again into the 
 feed-box whatever grains fill the holes above the le- 
 vel of the rim, as that fide of the cylinder afcends. 
 Whence the quantity delivered is uniform, and no 
 grains are in the way to be bruifed or injured. 
 
 6. Ducket's — This is a kind of plough having ten 
 fmall fhares, 9 inches apart ; thefe cut as many drills, 
 and the (eed is fown broad-caft (but not quite fo much 
 feed as in the common method) over thefe furrows ; 
 and a light pair of harrows, which work upon a kind 
 of hinges in the middle, follows in the fame direc- 
 tion as the drills, levels the furface, ftrikes the feed 
 into the furrows, and covers it with the greateft accu- 
 racy. Harfh and ftubborn lands are inapplicable to 
 this inftrument : it drills wheat, barley, peas, or beans, 
 &c. 
 
 See turneps, for a method of drilling its feed with 
 a plough. 
 
 7. Mure's — This is a drill- plough, with two mould- 
 boards at once going, forms the ridge with the dung 
 in the centre of it, makes a drill, fows the feed, and 
 covers it. It anfwers for turneps, beans, cabbages, 
 and potatoes. The plants being reduced to a proper 
 diftance, with the fhort-hoe, a man with an old horfe 
 with the fame plough, may hoe four acres a day, pare 
 the fides and bottoms of the furrows, mix the foil, 
 lay it up to the plants, and leave not a weed to be 
 feen. Turneps fo grown, exceed in weight per acre 
 the broad-caft method 50 per cent. 
 
 The beft direction for drills or ridges> is N. W. 
 and S. E. 
 
 DUCK. 
 
 1. Mufcovy Duct. (Anas Mofchatus.) Much larger 
 than the common duck, lays more eggs, and fits often- 
 
ioS EDI. EGI. EGL. 
 
 er; the flefli of a very lint favour — Will breed with 
 the common duck. 
 
 2. Common Duck. (A Bofchas.) 
 
 r.. Like the wild duck in fhape and fize, but often 
 differing in colour: a^ white, black, pied, &c. — 
 Some have a downy tuft on rlicir head. 
 
 b. With a ihorter neck, larger head, and broad turned 
 up bill — Lays many eggs. 
 
 o. French or grey D. much larger than the common ; 
 but the flefh not fo fine flavoured. 
 
 d. With a hooked-bill. It ieems only to be kept in 
 England out of curiofity ; but in Germany, it 19 faid, 
 the breed is encouraged, almoft to the exclufion of 
 the common fort. 
 
 The common D. begins to lay in February, and 
 muft be well attended to, or they will lay their eggs 
 abroad; fits about 31 days; the ducklings mould 
 have water in broad difhes, and not be fuffered to go 
 to a pond, till a month old; they alfo fatten lboner 
 by being kept from it when full grown : feed, befides 
 corn, on lettuce and cabbage leaves, and alfo on 
 acorns, which makes them very fat. Hens readily 
 hatch duck eggs, and rear the young ; but are at firft 
 much diltrefied at the ducklings going into the water ; 
 It is obferved, that ducks hatched after Midfummer, 
 ufually get cramps, fprawl about in an odd manner, 
 and throwing themfelves on their backs, die of con- 
 vulfions. 
 
 " EDISH. 
 
 " Grafs after mowing — latter pafture." 
 
 " EGISTMENTS. 
 
 " Cattle taken in and fed or grazed by the week or 
 month." 
 
 EGLANTINE or SWEET-BRIAR. 
 
 Culture > &f. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed — The hips to be kept during winter in a 
 
 tub, when the feed eafily rubs out, and being fown in 
 
ELD. 109 
 
 March, comes up the next year. A crop of peas may 
 be fown with them. 
 b. By dividing the roots of old plants. 
 
 2. Use. 
 
 a. As a fence to fields — This was done in Scotland, 
 by laying the young plants 18 inches apart on the 
 grafs before the dike was made up ; in four or five 
 years they formed a fence fo fcrong, that neither fheep, 
 bl^ck cattle, or horfes could pals : where the fence is 
 thin, it may be thickened, by laying down branches. 
 This fhrub was not known to Limiaus — Light - 
 foot, in his Flora Scotica, names it Rofa Suavifolia. 
 
 ELDER. (Sambucus Nigra.) 
 
 1. With black berries. 
 
 1. With white berries, grows in feveral parts of Staf- 
 fordfhire. 
 
 3. With green berries. 
 
 4. With variegated leaves ; and with Parfley fhaped 
 leaves. 
 
 Culture y &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Will grow upon any foil, or in any fituation. 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By fowing the feed as foon as the fruit is ripe. 
 
 b. By cuttings, planted at any time from September to 
 March. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Should not be planted near habitations, becaufe at 
 the feafon when it is in flower, it emits fuch a ftrong 
 fcent, as will occafion violent pains in the heads of 
 thofe who abide long near them ; and often caufes fe- 
 vers, efpecially if flept under, 
 
 b. No animal will eat it. 
 
 c. The berries faid to be poifonous to poultry. 
 
 d. The wood is hard, tough, and yellow, and where 
 box-wood is fcarce, is ufed to the fame purpofe as that 
 is put to. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. The wood is made into toes for angling rods, nee- 
 dies for weaving nets, &c. It is the principal fuel in 
 the N. of Riiffia. 
 
no ELM. 
 
 The green boughs are judged to be extraordinary 
 ,fuel for making of pot-afti. 
 
 b. If fheep, that have the rot, are placed in a fituation 
 where they can get at the bark and young (hoots, they 
 will foon cure themfelves. 
 
 c. The bark, with copperas, dyes a black colour. 
 
 d. If turneps, cabbages, fruit-trees, or corn (which are 
 fubjec"fc to blights, from a variety of infects) are whip- 
 ped with the green leaves and branches of elder, the 
 infects will not attack them. 
 
 e. Becaufe of its quick growth it is planted for hedges, 
 which in a few years muft be plafhed, as it becomes 
 naked at bottom. 
 
 /. The young umbals before the flowers expand, are, 
 by fome, efteemed for pickling — the full flowers are 
 ufed to give a flavour to vinegar, and to make wine. 
 
 g. The berries dye cloth a brown colour; fiik a peach 
 colour, and, with allum, a deep purple ■, and are em- 
 ployed to give a red colour to raifin or fugar wines. 
 
 Of the berries alfo is made a wine which has 
 fomething of the flavour of Frontiniac j a rob ; and 
 an oil. 
 
 ELM. (Ulmus Co.mpeftris.) 
 
 i. Common Elm. Leaves rough, bark of the trunk 
 cracked and wrinkled : common in the N. W. coun- 
 ties of England. 
 
 2- Wych-hazel. Leaves broad and rough, bark of the 
 young branches fmooth : common in the N. E. coun- 
 ties of England and in Scotland. 
 
 3. Britifti Elm. Leaves oval ; grows in the northern 
 counties. The wood not fo good as the firft fort. 
 
 4. Dutch Elm. Leaves oval, acute pointed, and 
 rough ; a fungus bark : brought from Holland in 
 King William's reign: the wood of no value. 
 
 5. Small-leaved Elm. This is luppofed to have been 
 brought from Germany. 
 
 6. Smooch nai row-leaved Elm. The leaves come out 
 later in the fpring and continue longer than thole of 
 the En lm : this has been called by fome the 
 Irifti Elm. 
 
ELM. in 
 
 Culture, &V. of the Common Elm. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 
 a. Thrives well, and produces the toughed and belt 
 timber in a hazely loam ; will alfo fucctred on gravel 
 or fand j but will not grow well either on chalk or a 
 morafs. 
 
 b. In a gravelly foil the wood is faid to be brittle, and 
 unfit for the wheelwright. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed. 
 
 b. From chips. When elm timber is felled in the 
 fpring, fow the chips made in trimming or hewing 
 them green, on a piece of ground, newly ploughed, 
 as you would corn, and harrow them in. Every chip 
 which has an eye, or bud-knot, and fome bark on it, 
 will immediately fhoot like the cuttings of potatoes ; 
 and the plants thus raifed, having no tap-roots, but 
 (hooting their fibres horizontally in the richeft part of 
 the foil, will be more vigorous, and may be more ea- 
 fily and fafely tranfplanted, than when raifed from 
 feeds, or in any other method. 
 
 c. From fuckers — thefe may be raifed in great num- 
 bers, only by protecting from cattle the ftool of a 
 fallen timber tree : it fhould be earthed up in fpring, 
 and, by the autumn following, the layers or fhoots 
 will have taken root, when they may be feparated 
 from the ftool. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Requires an open fpace, and much room for its 
 roots to fpread in. 
 
 b. May be planted in hedge-rows with lefs injury to 
 the quick hedge than any other tree. 
 
 c. As the value of this timber confifts more in the 
 length and bulk of the fhaft, than in the crooks and 
 contents of its branches, it is the bufinefs of planters 
 to train them up tall and ftra'ight, to keep their fhafts 
 clean, and not to fuffer them to branch till within a 
 few feet of the top. 
 
 The prefent mode of lopping, though conducive 
 to the lengthening of the ihaft, fills it full of rough 
 protuberance, which, by admitting water, are very 
 
Hi ELM. 
 
 prejudicial to the timber, and occafions the defects fo 
 generally complained of. It has alfo been obferved, 
 that the circles, which when the tree is feiied, fhows 
 its annual increafe, are fmaller the year after the tree 
 has been lopped. 
 
 d. Does not injure the grafs that grows under it. 
 
 e. This tree is often attacked by a diieafe, which makes 
 the bark bleed, burrt, and the tree afterwards decays 
 and becomes hollow. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The wood being hard and tough, is ufed to make 
 axle-trees, mill-wheels, keels of boats, chairs, cof- 
 fins, and water pipes: — If boards, cut out of the tree 
 in March, are laid a month in water they will not 
 Ihrink. 
 
 b. For hedges — The plants raifed from chips have 
 greatly the advantage of others, as five or fix, and 
 frequently a greater number of (terns will arife from 
 the fame chip; and fuch plants, when cut down with- 
 in 3 inches of the ground, will multiply their fide 
 fhoots in proportion, and make a hedge thicker, with- 
 out running to naked wood, than by any other me- 
 thod yet practifed. If kept dipt for three or four 
 years, they will be almoit impenetrable. 
 
 c. In Norway the bark is dried, ground, and mixed by 
 the poor among their meal : the powder of the bark 
 is alfo boiled up with other food to fatten hogs, who 
 thrive fo much upon it, that the virtues of the bark, 
 are even proverbial there. 
 
 d. In fome parts of Hertfordfhire they gather the 
 leaves in lacks, for fwine and other cattle. 
 
 Culture, izc. of \Vych-hazel or Wycivelm. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 a. By feed, gathered in fummer, and allowed to dry a 
 few days before it is fown ; the beds covered \ 
 mats till September, and I I over with allies in 
 
 winter. 
 By layers, produced by earthing up frools in fpring. 
 1. Tree. 
 a. Grows very fafl and to a lar is widely 
 
 branched, not tapenng; like the common elm. Is 
 
END. 113 
 
 of fo rapid a growth, that a tree of this kind has 
 been known to grow in thirty years, 60 feet of tim- 
 ber. 
 
 b. The wood is hard and tough, efpecially on a gra- 
 velly bottom. 
 
 €. When planted in coppices, furnifhes fine ftraight 
 poles, at 9, 12, 15, or 20 years growth, according to 
 the ufe they are wanted for, as hurdles, gates, &c. — 
 May not the bark be water rotted, and ufed as a fub- 
 ftitute for hemp for ropes ? fingle fibres have been 20 
 feet long. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. The wood is ufed to make axles, fcrews for prefTes, 
 nave-flocks for wheels, and boards for numberlefs 
 ufes. 
 
 b. In the Highlands of Scotland good ropes are made 
 of the inner bark — they alfo ufe the bark in powder, 
 as a cure for burnings j both which leads to the de- 
 ftruction of the trees. Deer prefer the bark to that 
 of any other tree, and it is given to them as winter 
 food. 
 
 From the bark has been obtained a yellow brownifh 
 dye ; and it has been manufactured into a ftrong brown 
 paper, 
 
 ENDIVE. 
 
 1. Green curled E. the beft for the main crop. 
 
 2. White curled E. 
 
 3. Batavia E. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown from April to the middle of Auguft. 
 
 What is fown before June fhould be in fmall quan- 
 tities, as it foon runs up. 
 
 2. Plant. 
 
 a. To be planted from the feed bed from 12 to 15 in- 
 ches afunder. 
 
 b. When full grown the leaves to be carefully collected 
 together, and tied to blanch. 
 
 c. Earlv in the fpring to be planted for feed. 
 
 [ >5 ] 
 
EXO. EXP. 
 
 d. At Ifleworth, near London, the gardeners adopt the 
 following mode of preftrving endive : In winter time, 
 a bank is railed 3 feet high, and laid Hoping to the 
 fun ; on this bank the endive is planted out in the 
 month of September j at the bottom of the bank 
 peas are ibwn — By this means the endive is prevent- 
 ed from rotting, and the peas are ripened as earlv, 
 as if each iiad been planted in borders under a wall. 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. The green and white as lallet plants ; the Batavia 
 for foups. 
 
 EXOTICS. 
 
 From fo.ne late attempts that have been made to 
 raife plants natives of the Eaft and Weft Indies in the 
 open ground ; it appears, that feveral have flowered 
 and ripened their feeds ; and it is much to he wifhed 
 more efforts were made to increafe the number of our 
 ufeful plants. The late Dr. Fothergill cultivated, 
 with the grcated attention, at Upton, near London, 
 every plain th.it feemed likely to be of ufe in phyfic 
 or manufactures, and which he could procure at any 
 expense ; and it is to be regretted, that the public 
 were not made acquainted with the fruits of his la- 
 bour. The greateft difficulty is over after the plants 
 have once ripened their feeds ; as plants raifed from 
 fuch feeds, grow annually hardier and quicker of 
 growth: 
 
 With refpect to fruit trees, it would be better to 
 procure fuch as have been introduced from the Indies 
 into Italv, Spain, or France, than direct from the 
 Indies into England; ; as for example, the Quinquina, 
 Balm-tree, Sago, Cocoa, and other Palm-trees, by 
 being firft tranfplanted from their native foil into the 
 Canary IJlands, and thence to Andaiufia^ the moil 
 foutiiern province of Spain, at length have been, by 
 fucceffivc transplantation, accuitomed to the climate 
 of Madrid. 
 
 "EXPERIMENTS. 
 " Advantageous to regijier them and all particulars/-' 
 
FAL. FAR. FEN. 115. 
 
 " FALLOWS WITH CROPS. 
 
 " Preferable to naked fallows — thefe laft, expofed 
 more to the fun, are drier and more exhaufted by ex- 
 halation. " 
 
 " FARM. 
 
 " Divided into grain hufbandry, which impoverifhes 
 /oil ; and into live ftock hufiandry, which reftores and 
 invigorates the ground." 
 
 " FARM-YARD. 
 
 " A very important part of the homeftead of a farm ; 
 very earneftly recommended to the better attention of 
 American Farmers, of which fee Mr. Lawrence's new 
 Farmer's Calendar, and EiTays and Notes on Husban- 
 dry." 
 
 " FENCE. 
 
 " A fubject of thefirft and of continual attention ; of 
 which Dr. Anderfon treats well in his Effays on Huf- 
 bandry, as doth Mr. Lawrence in his New Farmer's 
 Callendar." 
 
 FENNEL. (Anethum Fcenicuhm.) 
 
 1. Common Fennel. 
 
 2. Sweet Fennel. The feeds of this are generally im- 
 ported from Germany and Italy j and the plarTt be- 
 ing iweeter than the former, is by many preferred 
 to it. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Plant. 
 a. The cultivation is fimply fowing the feeds as foon 
 as they are ripe ; and keeping the plants when they 
 come up in the fpring clear of weeds. It may alfo 
 be increafed by fuckers, offsets, and partings of the 
 roots. 
 
 2. Use. 
 
 a. The young J>uds for fallets ; and the young ftalks 
 peeled, and fl'.t lengthways, .are eaten like celery 5 as 
 are alfo che blanched roots of the fweet. 
 
 b. The leaves, feeds, and roots, are ufed in medicine. 
 
■ n6 FER. 
 
 FERN. (Pteris Aquilina.) 
 
 i. Destroyed. 
 
 #. By an inftrument of the following defcription — At 
 the end of a (tick a blade is fixec with dull edges ; 
 a woman ufes this to ftrike the ftems and bruife 
 them, and will do feveral acres in a day ■> this is re- 
 peated two or three times in a fummer ; the next 
 morning a gummy confidence is found to exude, and 
 the fern gradually difappears. 
 
 h. When young is deftioyed by twitching off the tops. 
 
 c. By pouring urine upon the tops. 
 
 d. By a very heavy roller. 
 
 2. Use. 
 
 a. For thatch : When ufed for this purpofe, are pulled 
 up by the roots in the beginning of October ■> care 
 muft be taken that they are not brittle. They are ge- 
 nerally ufed with the leaves, when dry, but not wither- 
 ed i for if they are withered, they do not adhere clofe- 
 ly together, and are apt to fail off. They are placed 
 with the root downwards, moftly in rows, about 3 or 
 4 inches diftant, fo that almoft nothing but the root is 
 expofed to the weather. This thatch on the fide of 
 the houfe expofed to the fun, lafts about fix or (even 
 years ; but when in a northern cxpofure, it continues 
 good for upwards of 30 years. 
 
 b. Is an excellent litter for horfes and cows — Cattle 
 will it eat when dry. Should be cut between the mid- 
 dle of Auguil and the middle of September. 
 
 c. Swine are fond of the roots, efpecially if boiled in 
 their w.ifh. In ti.nee of fcarcity bread has been made 
 of them, is in the great dearth in England in 1437. 
 And in Siberia, and fome other Northern countries, 
 the inhabitants brew them in their ale, mixing one- 
 third of the roots to two-thirds of malt. 
 
 d. Is an excellent manure for potatoes, for if buried 
 beneath their roots, it never fails to produce a good 
 crop. 
 
 e. Makes a brifk fire when dry for the purpofes of brew- 
 ing, baking, heating ovens, and burning of lime. 
 
 /. The afhes are ufed by the makers of lbap and glafs. 
 
FIG. 117 
 
 In many parts of England the common people mix 
 the afhes with water, and form them into balls; thefe 
 balls are afterwards made hot in the fire, and then ufed 
 to make lye for fcouring linen. 
 g. Ferns, when in flower, have been ufed to tan leather. 
 Thr Male Fern (Polypodium Felix mas) has near- 
 ly the fame qualities, and is ufed for mod of the fame 
 intentions as the common Fern. In Norway the dried 
 leaves are infufed in hot water, and is then no con- 
 temptible fodder for goats, fheep, and other cattle, 
 which will greedily eat, and fometimes grow fat upon 
 it. 
 
 FIG. (Ficus Carica.) 
 
 1. Ripening in July. 1. Early white. 
 
 2. Ripening in Auguft. 1. Early long blue or purple. 
 1. La^ge brown or chefnut. 3. Large white Genoa. 
 4. Large blue. 5. Black Ifchia. 6. Small brown 
 ditto. 7. Green ditto. 8 Brown Malta. 9. Black 
 Genoa. 10. Brown Madonna or Brunjwick. 
 
 3. Ripening in September. 1. Long brown Naples. 
 1. Several of the Auguft Figs continue through part 
 of September as No. 4, 5, 7, 9. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Succeed in any common foil of a garden, but re- 
 quires a funny expofure. 
 
 b. A fine light rich earth. 
 
 c. If gravelly or fandy, the cleaning of a pond, and rot- 
 ten wood earth, mould be added to make it light and 
 rich. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed — Linnasus tells us, that fig-trees are raifed 
 every year in Holland from the feed, provided the fruit 
 is brought from Italy. But if the fruit grew in France, 
 England, Germany, or Sweden, where there are no 
 wild figs, the feeds produce nothing. 
 
 " Near Cape Henry, Chefapeake, are wild figs." 
 
 b. By fuckers, planted in autumn or fpring, for dwarfs, 
 walls, &c. head them in fpring to 8 or 10 inches, to 
 obtain lateral branches; for ftandards, train them with 
 
u8 - FIG. 
 
 ftem?, 3 to 6 feet high, top them, and let them branch 
 into full heads. 
 
 c . By layers. Lay young branches and {hoots in autumn 
 or fpring 5 or 6 inches deep with the tops out, they 
 will be fit to plant off next autumn — To be managed 
 as fuckers. 
 
 d. By cuttings; young (hoots to be planted either in au- 
 tumn or fpring, from 10 to 15 inches long, their tops 
 entire, on a fhady border, and in rows 2 feet afunder. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Succeed bed when planted young; the time either 
 autumn or fpring': Wall and efpalier- trees at 20 fret 
 diftance, ftandards 20 or 30 — Grows 15 or 20 feet 
 hi^h. 
 
 b. Bears fruit on the former year's wood ; the fame (hoots 
 never bearing but once, but furnifh others for the en- 
 fuing year. 
 
 As the fecorvl crop does not ripen in England, they 
 fhould hi rubbed off the beginning: of winter. 
 
 c. Wounding the buds with a draw or feather dipped 
 in fwee: oil, is faid t) haften the ripening of the fruit, 
 and to make it larger. 
 
 This'is clone in imitation of the mode praclifed in 
 the Levant, of increafing and ripening the fruit by 
 means of infecls; and known bv the name of capri/f- 
 cation: A tree, whofe fruit is thus pierced by infects, 
 will yield nearly 5 do lbs. whereas without it, it would 
 only be about 25 lbs. 
 
 d. Pruning. 
 
 (1.) Summer — either in June, July, or Auguft, cut 
 cut fore-right /boots cf the year, andjuch as cannot be 
 trained) tacking in regular fide (hoots ftrait and clofe. 
 (2.) Spring — Ihould be performed either in February 
 or March, when old naked wood muft be retrenched, 
 and a full fupply of young jhoots retained, which ihould 
 be trained horizontally, 6 or 7 inches afunder. 
 
 Some gardeners prune in October, and cut off at 
 fame time the leaves. 
 (3.) Standards — only cut in fpring any irregular 
 
 f:hs, and the ends of dead Jb ot pro- 
 
 rruit without being ever pri 
 
FIG. FIR. 119 
 
 d. In Germany they untie the fig-trees at the approach 
 of winter from the efpalier, and lay them down, cover- 
 ing them with ftraw or litter, which prevents their 
 ihoots being injured by the froft:; and this covering is 
 taken away gradually in the fpring, but not wholly 
 removed until all the danger of froft is over, by which 
 they generally have a great crop. 
 5. Use. 
 
 a. The fruit. 
 
 b. The bark of the branches and the buds are mixed 
 with hay for cattle in countries where this tree abounds. 
 
 c. The green branches and leaves dye a deep gold co* 
 lour of a brown reddilh ihade. 
 
 " It is a valuable fruit when full ripe; but the Ame- 
 rican rnuft be accuftomed to the ufe of them for fome 
 time before he will admire them." 
 
 FIR. 
 
 1. Scotch Fir. (Pinus Sylvejiris.) Cones about two 
 inches long, upright. 
 1. Weymouth Fir. (Pinus Strobus.) 
 
 3. Spruce Fir. (Pinus Abies.) 
 
 4. Yew leaved or Silver Fir. (Pinus Picea.) 
 
 Culture, fcff. of the Scotch Fir. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Flourifhes bed in a poor fandy foil; on rocks or bogs 
 it feldom attains a large fize; in a black foil it becomes 
 difeafed, and in a chalky foil it dies. 
 
 Firs fucceed bed on the north and call fides of hills-, 
 growing there fafter and taller; the grain of the wood 
 is alfo more compact and the trees fuller of fap. 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed — May be planted by two cuts of a fpade 
 made thus > , the ingle raifed to put the feed under it, 
 and the fod then preffed down. If the ground is ftony 
 a dibble may be ufed ; and if it is mofs, or clay, which 
 is apt to fhrink with drought, an inftrument like a 
 gouge, or borer, is ufed to cut a round hole — the feed 
 to be planted from one to two inches deep. — To pro- 
 cure the feed, expofe the cone to a gentle heat, or foak 
 it for twelve hours in warm water. 
 
no FIR. 
 
 b. By flips twitted. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. In a grove the trunk becomes tall and naked; in 
 funny open places, branched; which makes the wood 
 knotty. They fhould, therefore, be clofe pruned to a 
 reabnable height while the branches are lmall, not all 
 at once* but from time to time. 
 
 b. Should not exceed four years old before they are 
 planted, having been before tranfplanted; if the tap 
 root is broken off the item ceaft-s to fhoot upwards, 
 and the tree for ever remains a dwarf. 
 
 c. The wood of this tree, naturally fown, is greatly fu- 
 perior to that of tranfplanted trees : Some of" the former, 
 after it had been above 300 years in the roof of an old 
 caftle (Cattle Kilchurn, in Glenarchy) was as trefh, 
 and full of fap, as newly imported Memel; and part 
 of it was actually wrought up into new furniture. 
 
 d. Are liable to be deftroyed by Squirrels, who bark 
 the tree all round; all above it dies, and generally is 
 broken off by the firft high wind : And by Hares, 
 (thofe great deftroyers of all young plantations). They 
 may be drawn from them by fowing Liburnum, the 
 young moots of which they prefer to the firs. 
 
 €. Grows fometimes to twelve feet in circumference, and 
 near 60 feet high. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. This tree furnifhes us with the belt red or yellow 
 deal, which is applicable to numberlef purpofes, as 
 for mafts, flooring, wainfcot, tables, boxes, &c. It 
 is ftained to imitate mahogany with a red clay, found 
 at Apefdown, near Newport, in the Ifle of Wight. 
 
 b From the trunk and branches of this, as well as moft 
 others of the pine tribe, tar and pitch is obtained. — 
 By incifion, barras, Burgundy pitch, and turpentine, 
 are acquired and prepared. 
 
 c. The roots divided into fmall fplinters, are ufed in 
 many parts of the Highlands of Scotland, to burn in- 
 ftead of candles; the Laplanders make ropes of them, 
 and alfo few with them the thin planks of fir, of which 
 their portable boats are made. 
 
FIR. i2i 
 
 d. The bark will tan leather ; and ropes are made of the 
 inner bark, by fifhermen, at Lock-Broom, in Rofs-fhire. 
 In times of fcarcity the Norwegians grind the bark, 
 and mixing it with a little oatmeal, make bread of it. 
 
 e. The tender moots are an excellent fubftkute for fod- 
 der for cattle in hard winters. 
 
 /. From the cones is prepared a diuretic oil, like the oil 
 of turpentine, and a rcfinous extract, which has fimi- 
 lar virtues with the balfam of Peru. 
 
 g. An infufion or tea of the buds is highly commended 
 as an antifcorbutic. 
 
 Culture, &c. of the Spruce Fir. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 
 a. Succeeds on the hard dry rock; but frequently decays 
 at the end of 18 or 20 years on ftiff wet clay, and on 
 fandy heathy ground; its mod favourite foil is that 
 which is dry and gravelly. 
 
 b. Succeeds on a loamy foil. 
 
 1. Tree. 
 
 a. Should be planted as it flood before, i. e. the fide 
 which formerly faced the fouth, to be placed again in 
 the fame direction. The leading fhoot in fummer has 
 meafured 3 feet in height. 
 
 b. The wood is very light, white, and rots in tlie air. 
 
 c. There are two forts of this tree, viz. the wnite and 
 the black fpruce. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. Mufical inftruments, packing boxes, &c. are made 
 of the wood. 
 
 b. The branches are ufed in making fpruce-beer. 
 
 c. A fine clear turpentine, of a ftrong fcent, oozes from 
 this tree, with which the Indians of North America are 
 faid to cure green wounds, and fome internal diforders 
 — that particularly of the white, is affirmed to be a fo- 
 vereign remedy in fevers, and pains of the breaft and 
 ftomach. 
 
 Culture, csV. of the Yew-leaved or Silver Fir. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Reo^ires a dry deepifh foil and protection from the 
 north wind. 
 
 [ '6 ] 
 
112 FIR. FIS. 
 
 2. Tree. 
 
 a. The wood is white and foft, and therefore not great- 
 ly efteemed. 
 
 b. Has grown, in between 70 and 80 years after plant- 
 ing, to more than 1 2 feet in circumference. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. The Strafburgh turpentine is drawn from this tree. 
 
 b. In a trial of feveral forrs of firs to make htciges with 
 on the Pyrenees, none anfwtred fo well as this, forming 
 rather a living wall, than a common fence. — It would 
 probably anlwer for the fame purpoi'e in the Highlands 
 of Scotland, and in North Wales. 
 
 c. In Finmark they cut the tops of the branches, mix 
 them with oats, and give them to their horfes in time 
 of fcarcity. 
 
 Fir wood found buried in bogs in Ireland, is fome- 
 times beaten into firings, combed and fpun, and feve- 
 ral ftrings are twitted together to make ropes; which 
 have this particular excellence, that being ufed for 
 cording of beds on damp floors, they are not fubjec^ 
 to rot, as the hempen cords are, by moifture. 
 
 POND FISH. 
 
 1. Carp (Cyprius Carpid) will not thrive in a cold 
 hungry water, but requires a pond with a fat rich foil 
 at bottom j the beft fize for the table is about 1 8 in- 
 ches, but will grow to 2 feet 6 ; fpawns throughout 
 the fummer, and are fuch prodigious breeders, that 
 203,109 roe have been found in one' fifh; frequently 
 mixes its fpawn and roe with thole of the Tench and 
 Bream, and produces a mongrel breed — Its food is 
 worms, grubs, infects, berries, and grafs. 
 
 2. Tench (C. Trinca). The pond fhould have a mud- 
 dy bottom with weeds j fuccced alfo in clay pits; fel- 
 dom exceeds 4 or 5 lbs. Spawns about the beginning 
 of July, and are in feafon from early in September to 
 the end of May. Their food the fame as that of the 
 Carp, and are frequently kept in the lame pond. 
 
 3 Perch (Perca Fluviatilis) like a clear and moderate- 
 ly deep water, with a pebbly, gravelly, or a fandy clay- 
 
FIS. 123 
 
 ey bottom; fpawns the beginning of March; is a deli- 
 cace and firm fifh ; feeds on frogs, worms, and fmall 
 fifh (even thofe of its own fpecies), and is often put 
 into carp ponds, when too full of fry, to thin them. 
 
 4. Crucian (C. Caraffius.) This fifh was brought from 
 Germany by miftake inftead of a better, which goes by 
 the fame name; it is not uncommon in ponds near Lon- 
 don, and in the fouth of England; the meat is coarfe 
 and little efteemed. 
 
 The Pike and Carp are alfo both fuppofed to be na- 
 turalized fifh; the tint being faid to have been brought 
 from Spain, the latter from Germany. 
 
 5. Gold and Silver Fifli-— As this fifh thrives and pro- 
 pagates in ponds, it is propofed to rear them in prefer- 
 ence to carp; on account of their pofTefling a finer fla- 
 vour, and being much better calculated for the table, 
 than the common carp. 
 
 This is a native of China, where it is called Kamni- 
 ko } is there kept in glafs bowls, and fed with a fpecies 
 of plant. 
 
 6. Pike. (Efox Lucius). The pond for this fifh fhould 
 be of a good depth, with weeds growing in it; fpawns 
 in March or April : When in high feafon their colours 
 are very fine, being green fpotted with bright yellow, 
 and the gills of a mofl vivid and full red; feeds on 
 frogs, young ducks, and water rats, and alfo on fifh, 
 even of their own fpecies — To prevent their deftroying 
 each other, they fhould be put into the pond all of the 
 fame fize. 
 
 7. Eels (Mursena Anguilla) never breed in perfect 
 {landing water ; thrive in moats which have the fink 
 of a houfe draining into them. 
 
 8. Bream (C. Brema). Roach (C. Rutilus). Dace 
 (C. Lencifcus); and Minnows (C. Phoxinus); being 
 great breeders, are kept in ponds with Pike and Perch, 
 as food for them. 
 
 We have two other kinds of frefh water fifh that 
 would be worth trying to breed in ponds, viz. (1.) 
 The Ruff* or Pope (P. Cernua), which is much like 
 the Perch, but efteemed better eating ; and (2.) The 
 Gudgeon (C. Gobio), which is reputed almoft equal in 
 
124 FLA. 
 
 goodnefs to the delicate Smelt. (Salmo Eperlanus,)— 
 The Gudgeon delights in a gravelly bottom. 
 
 FLAX. (Linum Uftatijfimum.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 a. New broke up ground reckoned the beft — If not fown 
 more than once in fix years it is fuppofed not to exhauft 
 the land. 
 
 i. Seed. 
 
 a. The bed imported from Riga — Of late much has 
 been imported from Ne* - York and Philadelphia. — 
 The Dutch feed is obferved to produce the fined flax. 
 
 Should not be fown more than three years without 
 changing; fome change every year. 
 
 b. Sown in April and beginning of May. 
 
 c. From two bufhels, to two bufhels and a half j fown 
 broad -cad per acre. 
 
 d. Clover often fown with it. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 :. When weeded fhould be trod as little as pofiible. 
 b. Ripe when in full bloflbm. 
 
 But if intended for feed, not till the leaf drops, and 
 
 the milky iuice of it is dried up. The flax from plants 
 
 tc have fceded, is very inferior to that pulled up when 
 
 in bloffomj and is diftinguilhed by the name of. Jeed- 
 
 4. HOW PREPARED FOR THE MANUFACTURER. 
 
 a. By Ratings i. e. fteeping it in water, in order to 
 loofen the rind, and feparaie it from the (talk. 
 
 T :e early flax is moftly watered, which is done by 
 laying the bundles in a pond or reftrvoir offoft water, 
 and keeping them down by (tones, or any other heavy 
 bodies; in the courfe of feven or eight days the rind 
 will be fufficiently loofened, and they mult be taken 
 out of the water, fpread abroad, and dried. In this 
 part of the operation great (kill and attention are ne- 
 ceffary ; for if it be left in the wan-r too long, the threads 
 become rotten, and ufciefs to the manufacturer; it is 
 therefore more adviftble to take it out tcojooit, than to 
 leave it too long in the pits; which has the lame effect 
 
FLA. 125 
 
 in drawing the oil from the Flax, as ripening the feed 
 has. 
 
 h. By Dew ripening, which is fpreading it on grafs land, 
 and by rain and dew producing the iarne effect as ra- 
 ting. 
 
 c. Thofe who raife flax for the feed and {talk both go 
 through an operation called Rifling; tnis is feparating 
 the feed from the ftalk, by pacing the flax through a 
 kind of comb before it is watered. Thefe combs are 
 made of iron, and the teeth are fo clofe, that the heads 
 cannot pafs through, and are confequently pulkd off. 
 Others beat the feed out in the Held where it grew, 
 by a piece of wood on a ftick, (more heavy than the 
 common flail) and the feed is fitted clean into a large 
 fheet. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. For making linen. 
 
 The coarfe tow is ufed for making wicks of candles, 
 
 b. From the inferior feed, not good enough to be fown, 
 an oil is extracted, by its being firft bruifed in a mill, 
 and then put into hair cloths, and preffed by a heavy 
 weight. This oil is ufed by painters — an inferior oil 
 is afterwards got by heating and prefling again. 
 
 c. The hulks of the feed (called oil cakes) after the oil 
 is drawn out, is much efteemed for feeding cattle. 
 
 d. The feed is ufed for feeding cattle, by boiling it, or 
 firft bruifing it and fteeping it in hot water, which 
 makes a fort of faloop; and where malt grains can be 
 had to mix with it, the food is of a very nourifhing 
 quality- — Given dry or fteeped anfwers exceeding well. 
 
 e. In its green ftate, immediately after the feed has been 
 taken from it, it forms an excellent covering for houfes, 
 to be furpaffed by few others. It mould be put on in 
 a new ftate, and fewed together with a cord well im- 
 pregnated with tar. In a Ihort time it will throw out 
 a glutinous matter, make the contiguous (talks adhere 
 to each other, and form a folid body, impervious to 
 the elements; neither fun, wind, nor rain having any 
 power to affect it. 
 
 /. It is obfervable, that the land on which rated flax is 
 fpread to prepare it for houfing, is greatly improved 
 
126 FLA. FLO. FOA. FOG. FUE. 
 
 thereby ; and if it be fpread on a coarfe four pafture, 
 the herbage will be totally changed, and the bed fort 
 of graffes will make their appearance — Nay, the water 
 in which the flax is immerfed, will, if fprinkled on 
 land by means of watering carts, produce an aftonifh- 
 ing effect; and advance the land in value ten (hillings 
 or fifteen fhillings per acre. If fuffcred to run into 
 
 jlets, it becomes a nuifance, poifoning the fifh. 
 
 Potato? haulms fpread on grafs will produce nearly 
 the fame effect. 
 
 This valuable plant came originally from Egypt — 
 The Egyptian 1 nen is not fo thick as ours, is loft- 
 er, and of a loofer texture; for which reafon it does 
 not wear out fo foon as ours, which frequently wears 
 out the falter on account of its ttiffnefs. 
 
 " FLAXSEED-JELLY. 
 
 *' Is introduced in fattening cattle, in lieu of oil- cake , 
 now become fcarce and dear. The hufbandman fhould 
 look into the valuable properties of this article as food 
 in fattening, and attend to its effects." 
 
 " FLOORS. 
 
 " Cement on ftrong, narrow boards, 3 or 4 inches 
 thick, or on the folid ground, makes the wholefomeft 
 and beft floors in country habitations." 
 
 FOAL. 
 
 Should be weaned before November; fed all winter 
 with a little corn twice a day, or carrots, with hay, oat- 
 ftraw, &c. and allowed a well-littered fhed, or warm 
 ftraw yard. 
 
 FOGGING. 
 
 The (hutting up of paftures from cattle from May to 
 December; or from June to March. — See Pafture (4.) 
 
 FRUIT. (See, poft, Orchard.) 
 
 FUEL. 
 
 Prepared by the farmer and cottager, as a fubftitute for 
 coals and wood. 
 
FU£. FUR. 127 
 
 1. Peat. — There is no great difficulty in the mode of 
 preparing it: In the month of May or June it is cut 
 out with a keen inflrument into the fhape of bricks, 
 left fingle on the ground for a few days to dry, by 
 which time they lofe part of their moifture, and become 
 firm enough for piling in pyramidal heaps, of about a 
 waggon load, each •, in this flate they are compleatly 
 dried.— -Though the ou cr covering or fward of this 
 boggy land will burn, yet it is not much eftcemed as 
 
 fuel, being foon confumed Peat makes a clean and 
 
 pleafant fire, particularly well adapted to the purpofes 
 of the dairy. 
 
 a. A mixture of loamy clay, and fuch fmall coal as will 
 pafs through a pretty wide riddle or fieve, tempered 
 together like mortar, and formed either into balls, 
 dried in the fun, or under a fhedj thefe balls are either 
 burnt in a grate, or piled on a hearth, in form of a 
 cone, with a cylinder fhape hollow within, and a fmall 
 hole like that of a bee-hive at bottom ; a kindling of 
 coals is to be thrown into the hollow, and the kettle 
 flung over the top. — Some, inftead of balls, build the 
 cone with the mortar 6 or 7 inches thick at bottom, 
 and about 5 at top, a few flicks are put into the hollow, 
 and lighted through the hole at bottom. One of thefe 
 will lafl a fortnight, if only ufed for the occafional pur- 
 pofe of dreffing victuals — The expenfe will not exceed 
 fix-pence. 
 
 In Holland they add mofs (a friable kind of peat) 
 to the clay and coal, and mould it into the fhape of 
 bricks j of thefe they put on a great quantity at a time, 
 built with air-holes pafTing through them ; and they 
 make a powerful and lading heat — They only ufe the 
 refufe of the coals they import from England for the 
 purpofe, and apply the coals themfelves to the ufe of 
 manufactures. 
 
 FURROW. 
 
 " The hollow or drain in land left by the plough." 
 The breadth of each furrow /hould not be lefs than 
 7 inches, nor more than 9, in any cafe, except fowin» 
 under furrow; in that cafe 5 inches will be a fufficient 
 
123 FUR. 
 
 breadth j and the proper rule or proportion for the thick- 
 nefs or depth of the furrow is never to exceed two-thirds 
 of its breadth ; therefore, if the furrow is too narrow, 
 the depth will be but trifling. The fin of the fhare 
 outfit to cut under nearly the breadth of the furrow, 
 particularly in ftrong rufhy ground, otherwife the re- 
 (iitance of the uncut part will require a ftrong purchafe 
 to wreft it to its place. 
 
 FURZE. (Ulex Europaa.) 
 
 Culture, csV. of Common Furze. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 a. Will grow in a light dry foil; but the better the land 
 the longer the fhoot will be. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown in February, March, April, or early in May. 
 
 b. Six pound to an acre; the land to be managed the 
 fame way as for fowing grafs — to be (own either alone 
 or with barley, oats, or buck-wheat. 
 
 c. Drilled fo that each plant may {land about a foot or 
 1 3 inches afunder. 
 
 d. In order to fave Furze (atd when it is ripe, the plants 
 mud be (beared, and the part cut off miift be dried in 
 the fhade, and afterwards threfhed and dreiTed. In 
 fome places women are employed to gather the feeds. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. Mowed the year after fowing, beginning in October 
 or fooner, will continue to grow till Chriftmas, and be 
 fit for ufe till March. 
 
 b. Will laft feveral years; only what is the growth of a 
 year is to be cut, and at a time no more than will laft 
 one or two days at moft after being bruifed. 
 
 c. One acre will produce from ten to fifteen tons, which 
 will go as far as the fame quantity of hay. In fome 
 places it is ftacked. 
 
 d. Should be cut for fuel only once in four or five years. 
 
 e. Young plants, or even flips, planted in fpring or 
 Oclober, will readily grow — For hedges they fhould 
 be planted in rows 10 or 20 inches above one another, 
 on the flope of the bank — Banks for Furze fhould be 
 about 4 feet high, and 4 or 6 broad. 
 
FUR. 129 
 
 4. HOW BRUISED. 
 
 a. With a machine of the following conftruction — It 
 confifts of a large circular (lone, fet on its edge (the 
 weightier and bigger the better) with a wooden axis 
 palling through its centre. One end of this axis is 
 fixed upon a pivot, placed in the centre of a circular 
 area, and to the other end of it is tixed a yoke, to 
 which the horfe who is to move it is attached. The 
 (lone being placed on irs edge, when the horfe moves, 
 it revolves round ics axis in a circular grove, or ftone 
 trough, (this trough mould be made of hewn ftone) 
 exactly in the fam- manner as a fugar- baker's or tan- 
 ner's mill. The whins being placed in this trough, are 
 bruifed by the weight of the ftone as it pafles over 
 them, and being raifed up by a three-pronged fork by 
 the attendant, after they have been well flatted down, 
 they rife in a furt of matted cake, which, being fet in 
 lbme meafure upon its edge, is again Imafhed down 
 by the wheel as it revolves round. In this way the 
 operation is continued, by fuccelfively prefenting new 
 furfaces to the aftion of the wheel, till the whole is 
 reduced to a foft pulpy mats, that can eafily be eaten 
 by the animals. During the continuance of this pro- 
 cefs it is neceflary to pour plenty of water upon the 
 furze at different times, without the help of which, 
 they can fcarcely be reduced to a pulp foft enough. 
 Mills for grinding apples., or exprefling oil, will alfo 
 do to bruife furze. 
 
 S >-ne people all chopped ftrawj 100 of ftraw will 
 ferve for a ton of furze. 
 
 b. Poor cottagers only break the prickles, by beat- 
 ing them with large mallets, on blocks of wood \ in 
 this ftate they give it to the cattle, which eat it hear- 
 tily. 
 
 c. An inftrument ufed in Wales for this purpofe is of 
 the fmpleft conduction, confifting or a fquare log 
 of wood with a handle, in which are inferted two fharp 
 blades, interfecting at right angles. It is made to 
 work by either man, horfe, or water — A man will cut 
 as much in two hours as will feed ieven hories for ^ 
 dav. 
 
 [ >7 ] 
 
130 GO A. 
 
 It has been improved in Dublin by making the 
 wheels of caft metal inftead of wood. 
 5. Use. 
 
 a. Bruifed it affords food for horfes, who eat it as rea- 
 dily as hay ; cows alfo that are fed upon it, yield near- 
 ly as much milk as while upon grafs, which is free 
 from any bad tafte. 
 
 b. Goats and fheep alfo feed upon the tender tops. 
 
 The tops gathered free from rain or dew are faid to 
 have a moft grateful fmell, fuperior to any green tea, 
 and ufed like tea, are ic arcely lefs grateful, and pro- 
 bably more wholefome. 
 
 c. Often employed as a fence when (own upon the top 
 of a bank. — WjII thus form a fence upon the bleakeft 
 mountains, and clofe to the fea fide. 
 
 d. On Lord Afliburnham's Carmarthen eftate, an em- 
 bankment was effected by the fimpie procefs of a 
 furze hedge, 7 4- feet high ; which ferved, like the 
 groins on other parts of the coaft, to collect a bo- 
 dy of fand equal to ks height, and Co to break the 
 force of the fea, and prevent its depredations on the 
 more. 
 
 e. Ufed for heating ovens, which it does very foon, 
 burning rapidly and with a great degree of heat. The 
 afhes are ufed to make lye. 
 
 Culture, &c. of French Furze. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Will thrive on a poor fandv foil. 
 2. Plant. 
 
 a. Cut every third year in the month of February. 
 The instruments mould be good, and applied as 
 
 clofe to the ground as pofiible, and the ftem of the 
 furze cut clean oft, with the edge of the tool turning 
 upwards. 
 
 b. An acre will give 4840 faggots. 
 
 French Furze appears to differ only from the com- 
 mon Furze, in being of a taller growth, rifmg with 
 room and a good foil, to 10 feet high. 
 
 GOATS. 
 I. Marmall, in his work entitled the Rural Economy 
 of Gloucefterfhire, mentions a Mr. W. Peacey of 
 
GOL. GOO. 131 
 
 Northleach, who, having loft feveral horfes in the 
 ftaggers, was advifed by a friend, whole experience 
 had led him to believe, that he' had benefited much 
 by what he recommended — to keep a he-goat in his 
 ftables. He got one, and had not for many years 
 another inftance of the diforder; but the goat dying, 
 his horfes again became arflided with this alarming 
 diforder. He procured another goat (which is ftill 
 living) and has not fince had an inftance of the ftag- 
 gers. He has feldom lefs than 2.0 horfes in his ftables. 
 The influence of the goat is not merely that of a 
 charm ; the ftaggers appear, evidently, to be a ner- 
 vous diforder. Odours are found in many cafes, I 
 believe, to act beneficially on the human nerves -, and 
 probably the ftrong fcent of the goat may have a fimi- 
 lar effect on thofe of the horfe. 
 
 2. In Northumberland they have generally a few goats 
 mixed with fheep, for the health of the flock j as it is 
 known they eat, with fafety, plants which to other 
 animals would be poifon. 
 
 3. Large flocks of goats are kept on Snowden for the 
 dairy, and regularly milked. 
 
 GOLD OF PLEASURE. (Myagrum Sativum. 
 
 This plant is frequently found as a weed among 
 Flax: In Germany it is cultivated for the fake of the 
 exprefTed oil of the feeds, which the inhabitants ufe 
 for medicinal, culinary, and oeconomical purpofes. — 
 The feeds are favourite food with Geefe. 
 
 GOOSE. 
 
 1. Chinefe G. (Anas Cynoides.) This is eafily dif- 
 tinguifhed from other geefe, by a large knob on the 
 forehead, and a wattle beneath the throat. 
 
 It is frequently kept in England, and readily breeds 
 with the common geefe — Is called by many the Swan 
 Goofe. 
 
 2. Canada G. (A. Canadexjis.) This is bigger than 
 the common G. from which it may readily be known, 
 by the head and neck being black, with a broad white 
 band like a crefcent under the throat. 
 
132 GOO. 
 
 This is frequently kept as an ornament to pieces of 
 water, where it breeds fieely j the young birds are ac- 
 counted good, and the feathers are equal in goodnefs 
 to thofe of other geefe. 
 
 3. Egyptian G. (A. j£gyptiaca.) Size of the com- 
 mon G. On each fide of the head a large rufous fpot, 
 in the middle of which the eyes are placed. 
 
 Not uncommon on Gentlemens' ponds in many 
 parts of this kingdom, being an admired and beauti- 
 ful fpecies. 
 
 4. Cape of Good Hope G. Lefs than the common G. 
 neck proportionably longer ; on the forehead of the 
 gander a fmall knob j plumage white ; grows very 
 fat — This is fometimes to be met with near London in 
 poultry yards j and are brought from the Cape by 
 homeward bound Eaft India mips. 
 
 5. Brent G. (A. Bernicle.) This is one kind of our 
 wild G. but is eafily tarried, and, being fattened, are 
 thought to be a delicate food — Feeds on plants, as the 
 fmall Biftort (Polygonum viviparum), black-berried 
 Heath (Empetrum nigrum), &c. 
 
 6. Common G. (A. sinjer.') Breeds in general only 
 once in a year, I ut will frequently have two hatches 
 in a feafon, i well kept ; the time of fitting is about 
 30 days. They will produce eggs fufficient for three 
 broods, if they are taken away in fucceffion. One 
 gander to five geefe — The goofe crying draw in her 
 bill, is a fign fhe is about to lav — the goflings not to 
 be lent out to graze too early, and always fed before 
 turning out, left they wander beyond their ftrength. 
 Belides corn, feeds on grafs, cabbage and lettuce 
 leaves, and chopped Civts (Gallium sparine.) — For 
 the fake or their quills and feathers, they are ftripped 
 
 ile alive, once in a year for the firft, and no lefs 
 than five times for the laft : the firft plucking is about 
 Lady- Day, for both quills and feathers; the other four 
 between that and Michaelmas, for feathers only; in 
 general the birds are not confiderable fuffcrers, though 
 fometimes, if the cold weather fhould come on, num- 
 bers die in confequence. 
 
GOO. 133 
 
 GOOSEBERRY. (Ribes Grcffularia.) 
 
 Far. In the fize and colour of the fruit, as red, deep 
 red or nearly black, yellow, white and green; of thefe 
 fome forts are fmooth, others hairy. 
 
 We are indebted to a fociety in Lancafhire for the 
 great varieties we have of this fruit, in haying given a 
 premium for feveral years, for raifing of curious new 
 forts, remarkable for fize and flavour. Their cata- 
 logue contained 83 kinds. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Thrive beft in a light dry foil ; and free from the 
 (hade of trees. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By fcedy for new varieties. 
 
 b. By fuckers j or, which form better roof, cuttings j 
 thefe fhould be 6 inches long, planted 3 inches deep 
 and 6 inches apart, the time either January, Febru- 
 ary, or Autumn. In the year following they are to 
 be planted in rows 3 feet diftant, and 1 too: afunder, 
 the roots to be trimmed, and during their growth 
 (from firft planting) all buds and fhoots below the 
 head "are to be taken off. 
 
 c. When feveral ftems arife from the fame root they may 
 be divided into fingle plants. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Tranfplanted in February will bear the fame year. 
 
 b. Three years old the beft age for laft tranfplanting. 
 The diftance of the rows 8 feet, and the trees 6 feet 
 afunder. 
 
 It is the practice of gardeners near London to ma- 
 nure and dig between the rows, planting it with cole- 
 worts for winter and fpring ufe ; in hard winters thefe 
 often efcape, when thofe which are planted in an open 
 enclofure are deftroyed ; in fpring and fu miner fpi- 
 nage, beans or potatoes are raifed between them. 
 
 c. In November cut any crofs-placed or crowded bran- 
 ches, and dead wood ; and the fuperfluous lateral 
 fhoots, except in vacancies, leaving a leader to each 
 mother branch, fliortened moderately or not at all. 
 
J34 GOU. 
 
 d. To free from infects : Take a Scot's pint of tobac- 
 co liquor, which the manufacturers of tobacco gene- 
 rally fell for deftroying bugs, and mix therewith about 
 i oz. of allum ; and when the allum is fufficiently 
 diflblved, put this mixture into a plate or velTcl, wide 
 and long enough to admit of a brufh, and by draw- 
 ing your hand gently over the hairs of the brufh, 
 fprinkle the above liquor on the under fides of the 
 leaves. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The fruit ; either green, ripe, preferved, or made 
 into wine. 
 
 h. It has been propofed to plant it for hedges — Garden- 
 ers near London frequently make up dead hedges, 
 with the old trees. 
 
 GOURD. 
 
 1. Long Gourd. (Cucurbita Lagenaria.) 
 
 2. Warted Gourd. (C. Melopepo.) 
 
 3. Chinefe Gourd — Fruit fmooth, roundifh, yellow. 
 
 Culture } &c. 
 
 1. Plant. 
 
 a. The culture of the Gourds is the fame as that of 
 
 the Pumkin ; except that the leffer varieties require 
 
 being trained up fouth walls, palings, arbours or 
 
 poles. 
 
 2. Use. 
 
 a. The long Gourds if gathered young, while the fkins 
 are tender, and boiled have an agreeable flavour : In 
 the eaftern countries they boil it, and feafon it with 
 vinegar; or fill the (hell with rice, and meat, and 
 thus make a pudding ; the rind of the ripe fruit, when 
 the feeds and pulp are taken out, is ufed to hold 
 water. 
 
 b. The warted Gourd is commonly gathered when they 
 are half grown, and boiled by the inhabitants of Ame- 
 rica, to eat as fauce with their meat. " They are the 
 Cimbline of Maryland, the Squajh of Pennfylvania." 
 
 c. The Chinefe Gourd, which appears to be equally 
 hardy as the long Gourd; is brought from China by 
 the Eaft India Company Ihips ; the pulp is eaten either 
 
GRA. 135 
 
 drefled like maflied turneps, or made into a pie with 
 the juice of a lemon, and is then compared to apples 
 for tafte. 
 
 GRAFTING. 
 
 Is the taking a moot from one tree and inferting it 
 into another, in fuch a manner, as that both may unite 
 clofely, and become one tree : Its ufe is to propagate 
 any curious forts of fruit fo as to be certain of the 
 kinds, which cannot be done by any other method; it 
 alfo renders exotic trees hardy enough to endure the 
 cold of our climate in the open air. 
 
 1. Grafts or Cions, and Stocks. 
 
 a. Grafts fhould be ihoots of the former year ; of heal- 
 thy fruit trees; and from lateral or horizontal bran- 
 ches. 
 
 h. As the grafts mould be cut off from the trees be- 
 fore their buds begin to fwell, which is generally three 
 weeks or a month before the feafon for grafting ; they 
 muft be buried in the ground half their length, and 
 their tops covered with dry litter ; if a fmall joint of 
 the former year's wood is cut off with the cion it will 
 preferve it the better. 
 
 If the cions are to be carried to a considerable dis- 
 tance it will be proper to put their cut-ends into a 
 lump of clay, and to wrap them up in mofs ; which 
 will preferve them frefh for a month or longer. 
 
 c . The beft grafts are from trees raifed from leed ; next 
 thofe raifed from cuttings j but thofe of trees raifed 
 from fuckers fhould be rejected. 
 
 d. The beft flocks are fuch as have been allowed much 
 room in the nurfery ; thofe planted very ciofe have the 
 wood foft ; and the grafts on them, though they fhoot 
 ftrong, are not fruitful. 
 
 2. NecefTary tools for grafcing. 
 
 a. A neat fmall hand faw, to cut off the heads of large 
 flocks. 
 
 b. A good ftrong knife with a thick back, to make 
 clefts in the flocks. 
 
 c A fharp penknife to cut the grafts. 
 d. A grafting chifTel and a fmall mallet. 
 
136 GRA. 
 
 e. Bafs firings, or woollen yarn, to tic the grafts with. 
 /. A quantity of cLy or mummy — See Grafting-Clay 
 for the method of preparing its and alfo Mummy. 
 
 3. Kinds of Gri'.rtinj. 
 
 a. Crown-grafting, Shoulder -grafting, or grafting in 
 the rind. 
 
 b. Cleft-grafting, called alfo Stock or Slit-grafting. 
 (See page 78.) 
 
 The Chir.efe when they ingraft do not flit the (lock 
 as we do, but cut a fmall flice off the ou fide of the 
 fto^k, to which they apply the graft, (being cut Ho- 
 ping on one fide, agreeable to the flice cut from the 
 flock), and bringing up the bark of the flice upon the 
 outfide of the grafr, they tie all together, covering 
 with ftraw and muJ as we do. 
 €. Whip-grafting, which is called alfo Tongue-grafting. 
 
 d. Grafting by approach, or ablactation; this is alio 
 called Inarching, which fee. 
 
 e. Root-grafting. 
 
 /. Budding or Inoculation. 
 
 g. L'.fcutchen-grafting. 
 
 b. Terebration, or boring of trees. 
 
 See the different articles, for the method of perform- 
 ing them. 
 
 4. What trees will take, and thrive upon each other. 
 
 a. Nut-bearing trees may be grafted upon each other. 
 
 b. Plumb- bearing trees; under this head is to be reckon- 
 ed the Almond, Peach, Neclarine, Apricot, &c. 
 
 As thefe trees are very fubject to emit large quanti- 
 ties of gum from thofe parts where they a; e deeply cut 
 and wounded; in the tender trees of this kind, viz. 
 Peaches and Nedlarir.es, (which are moft fubje<5t to it) 
 it is found to be the fureft method, to bud or inocu- 
 late. 
 
 c. Cone-bearing, as the Fir, Larch, Cedar, &c. 
 
 Thefe muft be grafted by approach, for they abound 
 with a great quantity of refin, which is apt to evapo- 
 rate from the graft, if feparated from the trees before 
 it is joined with the (lock, whereby they are often de- 
 flroyed. 
 
 d. Maft-bearing trees. 
 
GRA, GIN, 
 
 t37 
 
 f hole with a tender foft wood Will take upon each 
 other; but thofe of a firm texture, and flow of growth, 
 fhould be grafted by approach. 
 
 The curious furnifh us with feveral extraordinary in- 
 ftances of engrafting; as of apples on the plane, elder, 
 thorn, cabbage-ftalk, &c. and the like of pears, &c. 
 pears on apple trees, elms, &c. cherries oh the laurel, 
 coral-berries on the plumb; beach on the chefnut, oak 
 on the elm, goofeberry on the currant, the vine on the 
 cherry-tree, &c. 
 
 GIN-SENG. (Panax ghtinquefolium.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 i. Seed. 
 a. Though the flowers are hermaphrodites and ripen to 
 appearance their feeds, no effort made either in China 
 or England, could make them grow in a garden. The 
 Chinefe fay the feeds pafs through a bird, like mifieltoe 
 berries through a Thrufh. 
 
 2. Plant. 
 
 a. This is a native of China and North America, but 
 has been introduced into Englifh gardens, and in a 
 lhady fituation and light foil, the plants have thriven, 
 produced flowers, and ripened their feeds. 
 
 b. Grows naturally on rocky mountains, and hear the 
 roots of trees. 
 
 3- Use, 
 
 a. The root is fo valued in China as to fell for its weight 
 in filver: The phyficians there have written whole vo- 
 lumes on its virtues; which appear principally to be, 
 thinning the blood, making it circulate, and warming 
 it; and that it fenfibly ftrengthens. 
 
 b. The leaves ufed inftead of Tea — The colour of it is 
 no lefs agreeable; and when taken two or three times, 
 it has a tafte and flavour which are very pleafant. 
 
 The leaves poflefs the virtues of the root. 
 
 Our phyficians depreciate the virtues of this plant fo 
 much, that notwithstanding it has found a place in our 
 difpenfatory, yet, it is not mentioned in the Pharma- 
 copoeia of the London College, 
 [ '8 ] 
 
138 GIN. GRA. 
 
 " Daniel Prefton of Maryland, well known on Do- 
 ver creek, Harford county, had an afihma from his 
 childhood : Being a land furveyor it become a habit to 
 chew of this plant in the woods, till, unexpectedly, he 
 was considerably better of the difeafe; and he then made 
 it a practice to drink of the leaves and roots in a tea. 
 At about 60 he had been from 15 to 10 years perfectly 
 cured of all complaints." 
 
 GRAM. 
 
 1. Eaft India Gram. Grows about 15 inches high, but 
 fpreads without trailing near 3 feet; has a red pea 
 flower, which is fucceeded by a pod containing only a 
 fingle feed ; but the produce is great, as there are as 
 many pods as leaves, which are like thofe of Burnet: 
 Being a very hardy plant the feed mould be fown ear- 
 ly in March, or even fooner. 
 
 The feeds which are of a deep red colour, and of 
 the fize of a pea, are ufed to feed pigs and poultry — 
 Our Eaft India fhips bring home long (lender poles of 
 very hard wood, which they call Gram flicks. 
 
 2. Spanifh Gram or Caravanfe Pea. This was fown 
 late in the fpring, and grew very well till dry hot wea- 
 ther fet in, when it withered and died; but not before 
 it had ripened a few feeds. It differs principally from 
 the above in the feed, which is of the colour and fize 
 of a marrowfat pea. 
 
 The feeds a r e reckoned more wholefome in foups 
 than thofe of the common pea. — The plant is eaten by 
 cows. 
 
 " It is a defirable plant for America." 
 
 GRASSES. 
 
 Cultivated Grasses. 
 I. Ray-Graf;. (Lolium Perenne.) 
 1. York mire-Grafs. (Holcus Lanatus.) 
 
 3. Sweet-icented Vernal Grafs. (Anthoxanthum Odo- 
 r at urn.) 
 
 4. Meadow Fox-tail Grafs. (Alopecurus Pratenfu.) 
 
 5. Smooth-ftalked Meadow Grafs. (Poa Pratevfis.) 
 
 6. Rough-ftalked Meadow Grafs. (Poa Trivialis.) 
 
 7. Meadow Fefcue-Grafs. (Feftuca Pratenfis.) 
 
GRA. 139 
 
 8. Crefted Dog's-tail-Grafs. (Cynofurus Criftatus.) 
 
 The feeds of the laft fix graffes were firft colle&ed 
 by the late Mr. Curtis; and are (till to be bought at 
 the Botanic Nurfery, Brompton; and at No. 3, St. 
 George's-Crefcent, Black -Friar's-Road. 
 
 9. Timothy-Grafs. (Phelum Pratenje.) 
 
 10. Oat Grafs. (Bromus Mollis.) Cultivated in Staf- 
 ford fhi re. 
 
 Culture, &c, of Ray-grafs. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Suits a ftony foil. 
 
 b. Attains amazing perfection upon bogs properly pre- 
 pared; where it has grown 6 feet in length. 
 
 If fown repeatedly on the fame land it degenerates. 
 The original kind produces a white (talk and feed, and 
 is a perennial grafs; the degenerate kind has a purple 
 ftalk and a blackifh feed, and almoft becomes an an- 
 nual. 
 
 2, Seed. 
 
 a. Mixed with clover feed and fown with barley or oats. 
 
 b. Sown with clover and narrow-leaved plantain. 
 
 One reafon for fowing it with clover is, to preferve 
 the fheep and cows from hoving. 
 3. Plant. 
 a. Is a very indifferent grafs for pafture, on account of 
 the tendency it has to fend out numerous feed-ftalks 
 very early in the feafon, after which no animal will 
 tafte it : moreover it dies out entirely, in five or fix 
 years. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. For pafture and hay. 
 
 The hay does not effect horfes wind like the hay of 
 other graffes. 
 
 Culture, &V. of Torkjhire-Grafs, or White Hay Seed. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. This grafs is excellently adapted for moffy foils; it 
 fpreads quickly and keeps the ground warm. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown with oats inftead of ray -grafs. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. Is good fodder for cattle, but not fo good for horfes. 
 
I4Q GRA. 
 
 Culture y tffV. of Sweet-fcented Vernal-Grafs. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 a. Grows readily in all kinds of foils and fituations. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 a. Not very producYive in feed which ripens in ApriL 
 
 3. Plant. 
 a. In certain fituations, and more efpecially in dry fea- 
 fons, the leaves of this grafs are apt to be blighted, 
 from a difeafe which changes them to an orange hue, 
 and which proves highly injurious to them. 
 b The agreeable fcent of new-made hay arifes entirely 
 from this grafs. The green leaves, when bruifed, rea- 
 dily impart this perfume to the fingers, by which means 
 this grafs may at all times be known. 
 4. Use. 
 a. Cattle are fond of it. 
 
 Culture, &c. of Meadow Fox-tail Grafs. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Grows naturally in a moid foil only. 
 
 b. The beft grafs to low on boggy places that have been 
 drained. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Ripens early and is eafily collected. 
 
 In certain feafons the feeds are deftroyed by a very 
 minute orange coloured larva or maggot. 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. Is of quick growth and flioots very rapidly after mow- 
 ing, producing a very plentiful aftertftathy and where 
 the land is rich and two crops are not thought too much 
 for it to bear; of all our Englifli graffes this appears to 
 be the beft adapted for fuch a purpofe, and ought to 
 form a principal part of the crop. 
 
 b. Is the earlieft of the common meadow grafles, and 
 furnifhes the greater! quantity of hay. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. It is efteemed a good grafs for hay; and is one of the 
 firft dairy grades. 
 
 Culture, Z£c. of Smcotb-ftalked Meadow Grafs. 
 
 1. Son.. 
 a. This grafs rather affects a dry than a moift fituation, 
 and hence it keeps its verdure in long continued dry_ 
 
GRA. 141 
 
 weather better than moll others, but will thrive in ei- 
 ther. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Throws up its flowering Items but once in a feafon, 
 viz, in May. 
 
 From this peculiarity, joined to its hardinefs and ver- 
 dure, it would appear to be a good grafs for lawns or 
 grafs plats. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. The root creeps like the couch-grafs, and is almoft 
 as difficult to extirpate ; it ought, therefore, to be cau- 
 tioufly introduced where the pafturage is not intended 
 to be permanent. 
 
 b. Where early grafs pafturage is a defideratum, it is fup- 
 pofed it cannot be better obtained, than by a combina- 
 tion of this and the two former grafTes; if a crop beat 
 the fame time an object, the Meadow Fox-tail Grafs 
 ihould predominate. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. Is efteemed among our beft grafTes for hay. 
 
 In dry foils the crop from this grafs has been found 
 yearly to diminifh in quantity, and to be at laft very 
 trifling, when its roots are matted together and have 
 exhaufted the ground, which they feem very apt to do; 
 in moift meadows this effect has not been fo obferva- 
 ble. This circumftance lefTens the value of this grafs. 
 
 Culture^ &c. of the Rough-ftalked Meadow -Grafs. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Requires a moift foil, and a fituation that is fhelter- 
 ed. Hence, though there are few grafTes more pro- 
 ductive, or better adapted for hay or pafturage, it is a 
 tender grafs, and liable to be injured by fevere cold, 
 or excefiive drought. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. Is apt to be entangled, as if cobwebs had been inter- 
 mixed with them, which makes it difficult to difperfe 
 them evenly in fowing; the fame happens with the 
 Smooth-ftalked Meadow-Grafs. 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. This is a principal grafs in that uncommonly pro- 
 ductive meadow at Madington, in Wiltfhire; befides 
 
H2 GRA. 
 
 which, are found growing there, equally luxuriantly, 
 Couch-Grafs, (Triticum Repens.) Agroftis Palujiris, 
 Alba? Meadow Fox-tail Grafs, (Alopecurus Pra- 
 tenjis.) Tall Oat, (Avena Elatior.) Flote Fefcue- 
 Grafs, (Fefcuca Fluitans.) Meadow Saxifrage, (Peu- 
 cedanum Silaus.) Upright Meadow Crowfoot, (Ra- 
 nunculus Acris.) &c. The foil of this meadow owes 
 its fertility to being over-run by dreams of water from 
 the ftreets of Tilfhead (about three miles diftant) and 
 the farm yard; it gives four crops in the year; and 
 fattens hogs, which is imputed to the Couch Grafs. 
 Some of the above gralTes are faid to grow 25 feet 
 long, throwing out roots at the joints of the ftalks, about 
 18 inches high; and gives about five tons per acre the 
 firft mowing, and about two the fccond; though fome- 
 times confiderably more: Two crops is all the field 
 gives according to one account, where the place is called 
 Orchefton St. Mary, and faid to be about nine miles 
 from Salifbury — Tne crops of late years have not by any 
 means equalled what they have heretofore been. 
 
 Culture j &c. of Meadow FeJ 'cue- Grafs. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Will thrive not only in very wet, but alfo in dry 
 ground. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 a. Produces its flowing ftems about the middle of June. 
 One quality this grafs has which bids fair to intro- 
 duce it quickly into more general ufe, viz. its produ- 
 cing much feed, which is eafily gathered, and readily 
 grows. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 a. Has much the appearance of the Ray-Grafs, to which, 
 however, it feems in many refpecls greatly fuperior, at 
 lead for the purpofes of forming or improving mea- 
 dows; it is larger and more productive of foliage; it is 
 ftridlly perennial, and very hardy. 
 
 Culture, &c. of Crejled Dogs-tail Grafs. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Grows naturally in dry fituations and will not thrive 
 in meadows that are wet. 
 
GRA. 143 
 
 2. Seed. 
 a. Flowers about the middle of June. — As the flowering 
 items and heads are always lefc untouched by cattle, 
 its feeds may eafily be collected where the pafture is 
 fed. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 a. Produces but little foliage •, its Hems are wiry, and 
 conftantly refufed by cattle : this, with its root being 
 fibrous, and penetrating to no great depth, and its 
 becoming in dry fummers little better than an annual, 
 makes its intrinfic merit inferior to the five former 
 gralTes. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. Is recommended from being a favourite and whole- 
 fome food for fheep and deer j and being found in our 
 founded and beft paftures. 
 Mr. Curtis points out the latter end of Auguft, or 
 beginning of September, for fowing grafs feed : and 
 the following compofition, fown broad-caft, to form a 
 meadow or pafture. 
 
 Meadow Fox-tail, one pint ; Meadow Fejcue, ditto ; 
 Smooth-Talked Meadow, half a pint ; Rough-jlalked 
 Meadow, ditto ; Crejled Dogs -tail, a quarter of a pint; 
 Sweet-Jcented Vernal, ditto ; Dutch Clover (Trifolium 
 Ripens) half a pint ; Wild Red Clover (Trifolium Pra- 
 tenje), or in its (lead, Broad Clover of the mops, dit- 
 to. For wet land, the Crejled Dogs- tail and Smooth- 
 Jlalked Meadow may be omitted, efpecially the for- 
 mer. 
 
 Such a compofition as this, fown in the proportion 
 of about three bufhels to an acre, on a fuitable foil, in 
 a favourable fituation, will form in two years a mod 
 excellent meadow, the land being before well cleared 
 of all other plants. 
 
 Useful Uncultivated Grasses. 
 1. Reed Meadow-Grafs. (Poa Jquatica.) Grows in 
 the fens of Ely 6 feet high, ufually cut when about 4 
 feet, when dry, is bound in Iheaves ; it generally un- 
 dergoes a heat in the rick, which improves it. It is 
 excellent for milch cows j horfes are not fond of it. 
 Is called White-lead, from drying of a white colour. 
 Said to be cultivated in the Ifle of Ely. 
 
144 GRA. 
 
 2. Water Hair-Gr. ra Aquatica.) Cannot be 
 cultivated, as it mull have water to grow in. This 
 grafs contributes greatly to the fweetnefs of Cot- 
 tenham cheefe, and to the firmnefs of Cambridge 
 butter. 
 
 3. Blue Hair-Grafs. (Aira C<trula.) Is made into 
 
 ns. 
 
 4. Sheep Fef cue-Grafs. (Feftuca Ovina.) Is the fa- 
 vourite food of fheep j they prefer it before all other 
 graffes, and fooneft grow fat upon it. The Tartars, 
 who lead a wandering life, tending their ftock and 
 herds, always choofe thofe fpots where this grafs a- 
 bounds. — Is not the fuperiority of the Spanifti and 
 Englifh wool owing to the abundance of this grafs in 
 the hilly paftures where the fheep are kept r V 
 
 ing. 
 
 5. Hardl-1: Fef cue-Grafs. (Feftuca Luriufcula.) Wor- 
 thy of all cultivation ; it afrbrds rich pafture, and 
 makes the fineft hay — grows 3 or 4 feet high. 
 
 6. Marjb A -Grafs. (Poa Palujiris.) A fine 
 exuberant grafs ; perhaps the very belt dairy grafs. 
 Suppofed to be an excellent grafs for laying down 
 fpongy ground. 
 
 7. IVhite Me ado-jo -Grafs. (Poa Annua, Alba f) will 
 come up, bloom and ripen its feed in one month. Is 
 a fweet grafs and generally liked. 
 
 8. Flats Fef cue-Grafs. (Feftuca Fluitans* A moft 
 excellent grafs, and what cattle are lb fond of as to 
 endanger their lives in getting at it ; as it always choo- 
 les water with a miry bottom to grow in it cannot be 
 cultivated. The Cottenham and Chedder cheeies owe 
 their fame in great meafure to this grafs. 
 
 Hogs are as equally fond of it as kine, both frefh 
 and dry. 
 
 9. Annual Darnel. (Lolium Temulentum.) The feed 
 is almoft of the fize of wheat, and in times of fcarcity 
 has been made into bread ; malted and made into beer 
 it foon intoxicates. 
 
 The feed, which is called Seed, affords a 
 
 very pleafing and whole fome nourifhment to man ; 
 when ground into meal it makes bread very little in- 
 ferior to that in common 1. 
 
GRA. 145 
 
 This is not the only grafs whofe feeds affords flour 
 nearly equal to that of wheat : In Iceland is a kind of 
 wild corn or grafs of which the inhabitants make bread, 
 which they will not exchange for foreign ; the ftraw, 
 which is very good, is ufed to thatch houfes. It grows 
 in fand, and the feed that drops off fows itfelf, and 
 produces new corn regularly every year — The wild 
 corn of Ireland is of two fores, viz. Arnndo arenaira, 
 and Arundo foliorum lateribus convolutis. 
 
 10. Sea Meadow-Grafs. (Poa Maratima.) One of 
 the principal graffes in our fait marines. 
 
 11. Rope-Grafs. (Melica Nutans.) Ropes are made 
 of this grafs for fifhing nets, which are remarkable for 
 lading long without rotting. — The Spaniards make 
 bafkets, fhoes, mats, durable ropes which need not be 
 tarred, and cables, of a grafs, called by them, Spar- 
 to, (Stipa Tenaciffima) which would probably grow in 
 England — It needs no preparation for working — Grows 
 on fand hills. 
 
 12. Field Broom-Grafs. (Bromus Secalinus.) The 
 pannacles are ufed for dying green. 
 
 13. Purple Melic-Grafs. (Melica Cceralea of Light- 
 foot). Flourifh.es in abundance in the neighbourhood of 
 the copper mines of Anglejea j where the fumes de- 
 ftroy nearly every thing elfe that vegetates. 
 
 14. Marjh Bent-Grafs. (Agroftis Palujlris.) In 
 Stillingfleet's Obfervations on Graffes, we have an ac- 
 count of a field of about four acres, at Rufcomb, in 
 Berkfhire, which always lay under water, and on 
 which field grew this, and Flote Fef cue-Grafs ; and 
 maintained five farm horfes in good heart from April 
 to the end of harveft, without giving them any other 
 kind of food, and even yielded more than they could 
 eat. 
 
 15. Graffes fuited for grafs-plats, viz. Sheeps Fefcue- 
 Grafs j fine Bent-Grafs. (Agroftis Capillaris.) 
 
 16. Graffes fuppofed to be fuited for fheep-walks— 
 Fine Bent Grafs ; Yellow Oat-Grafs. (Avena Fla- 
 vefcens.) Common Quaking-Grafs. (Briza Media.) 
 
 It will not be amifs, to inform thole who may be in- 
 clined to fave grafs-feed — that the feeds of moft of the 
 
 [ 19] 
 
146 GRA. 
 
 grades fall from the hulks within a fhort time after 
 they are ripe, and many of them before (to appearance) 
 they are To ; fo that if not carefully and conftantly 
 watched, a few days neglect will deprive you of the 
 opportunity of collecting them. The feeds of Tall 
 Fcicue-Grafs, (Feftuca Elatior,) and Darnel Fefcue- 
 Grafs, (Feftuca Loliacea,) not being fertile, thofe 
 grafTes can only be cultivated by parting their roots 
 and planting them out : It has been thought, that 
 meadows would be beft formed, by planting out the 
 roots of grafTes, and other plants, in a regular manner ; 
 this great advantage would attend it; noxious weeds 
 might be more eaftly kept down, until the grafTes and 
 other plants had eftablifhed themfelves. 
 
 Foreign Grasses. 
 i. Bruffels Quaking-Grafs : An annual, growing about 
 
 iS inches high — A field has been fown with it in 
 
 Kent. 
 
 2. Carolina IVinter-Grafs. This is probably only ano- 
 ther name for one of the following grafTes. 
 
 3. American Timothy -Grajs. 
 
 Culture, &rV. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Thrives beft in a wet foil. 
 
 :. Seed. 
 Sown in September — In December the plants will 
 appear with as much ftrength as if it had grown for 
 feveral years. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. Horfes and black cattle are extremely fond of it ; and 
 in many refpecls it is faid to be far fuperior to either 
 Luccrn or Burnet. 
 
 b. Binds boggy ground fo clofe, that in a few months 
 a waggon may be drawn over it. 
 
 4. American Black-Grafs. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 a. Should not be fown before Lady-day. 
 
 5. American Ccck's-foct Grafs. (Dactylis American fit. 
 
 Dr. Anderfon.) 
 
GUI. J47 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 i. Plant. 
 a. Its leaves are broad, firm, and roundifb, but neither 
 
 very long, nor clofe upon one another. 
 6. Chinefe Feather-Grafs— -Cultivated in fome gardens 
 
 as a curious plant ; as it does not grow above a foot 
 
 high, and the leaves are fmall and wiry, it is probably 
 
 of no ufe to cattle. 
 
 In Germany is a grafs called Honey-gra/s, which is 
 
 much valued for milch cows ; it would probably thrive 
 
 in England, at leail it is worth a trial, 
 
 Gl7I/V£^-GRASS. 
 
 From the mildnefs of the winters in Cornwall and 
 Devonfhire, and Myrtles growing every where in the 
 open air, without the aid of green houfes ; the Prefi- 
 dent of the Board of Agriculture has very properly re- 
 commended, from thefe circumftances, the trial of the 
 Guinea-grafs, to the inhabitants of Cornwall and De- 
 vonfhire. 
 
 Th^Guinea-grafs is confidered in Jamaica next the 
 fugar-cane in point of importance ■, the breeding farms 
 throughout the ifland were originally created, and are 
 Hill fupported, chiefly by means of this invaluable her- 
 bage ; which beftows verdure and fertility on lands, that 
 otherwife would not be worth cultivation. The feed 
 was firft brought from the coaft of Guinea to Jamaica 
 as fo )d for fome curious birds, who died before they had 
 confumed the whole; the remaining feed was thrown 
 into a pen or fold, where they fprang up ; and the ea- 
 gernefs with which the cattle were obferved to eat the 
 grafs, led to its being cultivated. 
 
 They have in Jamaica another grafs, called Scot's 
 grafs ; it is an aquatic plant, rifes to 5 or 6 feet in height, 
 with long fucculant joints, and is of a very quick ve- 
 getation — From a fingle acre of this plant, five horfes 
 may be maintained a whole year, allowing 56 lb. a day 
 to each. 
 
 It has been fown in Maryland, but did not ftand 
 the winter, and fcarcely feeded perfectly." 
 
US GRE. GUI. 
 
 " GREEN-DRESSING. (See Top-drcfiing.)« 
 
 GREEN-HOUSE. 
 
 Is defigned to protect during fuch exotic 
 
 plants, fhrub?, and trees, as will bear being expofed 
 to the open air during fumrr 
 
 i. Alped — I A ilar recommends a green -houfe to con- 
 lift of three divisions ; the middle one to have upr 
 glaffes, and to face the South j the wings to have low 
 
 right front glanes, and doping glafs roofs j one 
 
 ing to face S. S. E. the other S. S. W. By this 
 
 plan, from the time of the fun's firft appearance upon 
 
 any part of the building until it goes off at night, it 
 
 is cori.\ Jed from one part to the other. 
 
 2. According to Dr. Hales, plants that will bear being 
 expofed in the open air of our fummers, flourifh moft, 
 
 d make : progrefs in their growth, with 
 
 a heat from 17 to 30 degr; le heat of a green- 
 
 house is k -eping the v. 
 
 dov.s and Quitters ciofe, or [ very fevere 
 
 weather. 
 
 3. P I their leaves require lefs water in 
 
 than thofe that retain tr 
 *' The 1 Mr. I \ inftead 
 
 of* a grrtn-houfe, would fuit various good purpoles 
 in the cou of America. t: 
 
 G: :. (Holcus Sorghum et Sacu 
 
 Culture, ! 
 
 I, S:i~ 
 a. Sown or. April. 
 
 : : 
 a. V be thinned to 
 
 :n the rows, and 
 
 the earth drawn up 
 to the ftems. 
 c. D >es but in a warm feafon, and 
 
 in Scp:r:iiber. 
 naps a hardier v; 
 be care raifed in : 
 
GUI. HAY. 149 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. The grain made into bread, or otherwife ufed, is ef- 
 teemed very wholefome — Is ufed for feeding poultry. 
 
 b. The juice of the {talks is fo agreeably lufcious, that 
 if prepared as the fugar-canes, they would afford an 
 excellent fugar. 
 
 GUINEA-HEN. (Numida Meleagris.) 
 
 Var. 1. Pied, 2. White. 
 
 The native place of this bird is Africa j but is now 
 common in England, the flefh of the young birds being 
 much efteemed. The female lays many eggs in a fea- 
 fon, which by fome are fet under hens, and require care 
 in the bringing up, though in fome feafoRS may be 
 raifed without difficulty. They are fond of having a 
 large range; but if there is much fhelter the hen will 
 fecrete a nefl, and appear on a fudden with more than 
 twenty young ones at her heels, nay fometimes with as 
 many as twenty-feven. 
 
 " HABITATIONS IN THE COUNTRY. 
 
 " Should be«adapted to country affairs, avoiding the 
 excefs, loftinefs, and mew of city habitations." 
 
 HAY. 
 
 1. Hozv made in Middle/ex. 
 
 a. Firft day, all the grafs mowed before nine o'clock in 
 the morning is tedded, broke as much as poflible, and 
 well turned. This is performed before 1 2 o'clock ; 
 and, if hands are plenty, it will be of great advantage 
 to turn it a fecond time. It is then rakvd into wind- 
 rows, and afterwards made into fmall cocks. 
 
 b. Second day, the bufinefs is to ted all the grafs which 
 was mowed the preceding day after nine o'clock, and 
 to ted, and treat as above, all that was mowed on this 
 day before nine o'clock. But before the grafs of this 
 day's work is turned, the fmall cocks of the prflceding 
 day, mould be well fhaken out into fcraddle, or fepa- 
 rate plats, of five or fix yards fquare. If the crop is 
 fo thin as to leave the fpaces between the plats, or 
 ftraddles, pretty large, the fpace muft be raked clean. 
 The next bufinefs is to turn the plats or ftraddles, then 
 
i5o HAY. 
 
 to turn the grafs of the fecond day's mowing, as before 
 directed. This fhould always be done, if there are 
 hands furHcient, before one o'clock, that the people 
 may, as the cuftom is, take one hour for dinner, whilft 
 all the grafs mowed is drying. After dinner the ftrad- 
 dles arc raked into double wind-rows ; the grafs into 
 (ingle wind-rows ; and the hay cocked inro middling 
 field-cock?, called baftard cocks; the grafs is then 
 cocked as before on the preceding t 
 c. Third day, the grafs mowed on the preceding cay, 
 and on the morning of this day, is to be managed as 
 before directed. The grafs made the preceding day, 
 and now in grafs-cocks, is to be managed in the fame 
 manner as on the firft and fecond days. The hay now 
 in baftard cocks is fp:: n into ftraddles, and the 
 
 whole is turned before the people go to dinner, that is, 
 the hay, though laft fpread, is firft turned; next that 
 which was in grafs-cocks, and then the grafs. If the 
 weather fhould have beer, funny and fine, the hay that 
 was laft night in baftard cocks, will on the afternoon 
 of the third day be fit to be carried; but if the weather 
 fhould have been cool and cloudy, no part of it proba- 
 bly will be fit to carry; and, in that cafe, the firft thing 
 done after dinner is to rake the fecond day's hay into 
 double wind-rows; the grafs into (ingle wind-rows ; to 
 make the firft 'Jay's hay into cocks with a fork, putting 
 only one cock in a ftraddle; to rake the ground clean, 
 and put the rakings on the top of each cock. The hay 
 raked into double wind-rows is now put into baftard 
 cocks; and the grafs which is in fingle wind-rows is 
 made into cocks as before. Provided there be no rain, 
 even though the weather fhould have been cloudy, the 
 hay now in great cocks ought to be carried; the hay 
 in baftard cocks put into great cocks; the cks 
 
 made into baftard cock; and that tedded this morning 
 in:o grafs-cocks. 
 
 In the courfc of hay-makir afs cannot be too 
 
 much protected from the night dews or rain by cock- 
 C c alfo fho'.ild be taken to proportion the num- 
 ber of hav- makers to the mowers, fo that there fhould 
 be no more hay or grafs in hand at one time, rhan can 
 . d according to : n. 
 
HAY. 151 
 
 d. Fourth day, the hay is put into ftacks. 
 
 The above method of making hay has been found 
 (if the weather be favourable) by a long courfe of prac- 
 tice and experience, to be attended with almoft inva- 
 riable fuccefs. 
 
 2. The right time of mowing grafs of all kinds for 
 hay, is when it is fairly out in bloom ; if deferred much 
 longer, the blade withers and the flower items grow 
 hard and dry, being deprived of the beft part of its 
 nutritive juices; befides, if cut whilft in a growing 
 ftate, and there mould happen rain, it would take ve- 
 ry little damage, in comparifon with the damage it 
 would fuftain if nearly ripe. 
 
 3 It is contended, that hay made from old grafs, 
 though not fo bulky, yet is of a better quality, and 
 will keep longer in a good condition, than hay made 
 from artificial grafTes, particularly from a mixture of 
 clover and rye-grafs. 
 
 4. Before fields are put up for hay they mould, — 
 
 a. Be carefully gone over in the fpring of the year, and 
 all thirties, docks, nettles, and other large weeds cut up. 
 
 b. After the dung is pretty equally fpread over the 
 fields, a brum harrow mould be drawn over to divide 
 and feparate the lumps, that they may the more rea- 
 dily enter the earth ; and laftly, 
 
 c. Cleaned from ftones and other troublefome matter 
 that may be carried out with the dung. 
 
 5. Dried on pins in barns at the Duke of Argyll's, in 
 Scotland ; the hay thus dried is remarkably green and 
 freih. 
 
 6. Salting hay in the rick reckoned very healthful for 
 cattle, and preferred by them to hay not faked. 
 
 7. Hay barns have been of late erected in many places 
 in Lancafhire fUnding upon pillars, and covered with 
 flates j fometimes with a bottom boarded with planks, 
 open in the joints, perforated with holes, and lying 
 hollow a fpace above ground, to admit a free circula- 
 tion of air all under the hay. 
 
 Thefe buildings are ufeful, cheap, and by their 
 great convenience in bad weather, and great prefer- 
 vation they afford the hay, will foon repay the fix ft ex- 
 pcnfe. 
 
i5= HAZ. 
 
 8. To prevent its heating, a chimney is made in the 
 ftack, (by a bafket being placed in the middle, and 
 drawing it up by a cord as the rick is made) in order 
 to furFcr the air, generated by heat, to efcape, and to 
 prevent the ftack taking fire ; gutters are alio cut in 
 the ground lengthways, and acrofs, covered with 
 planks, in that place where a ftack is to be built : 
 through rhefe trenches, in different directions, the out- 
 ward air may enter, pafs through, then afcend the 
 aperture left in the ftack ; and, this continual circu- 
 lation takes away the general heat or foul air, which, 
 if confined together without any vent, might produce 
 damage to the hay, or worfe effecls j and, by thefe 
 ufeful precautions, the farmer is enabled to col left his 
 hay together at a more early period, and in a more 
 juicy ftate ; by which good practice, time is faved, 
 and the quality of the hay improved. 
 
 HAZLE. (Corylus Avellana.) 
 
 i. Common Hazle-nut Tree. Var. — Large clufter 
 
 wood nut. 
 i. Filbert Tree. Var. — i. With red kernels. 2. With 
 
 white kernels. 
 
 3. Barcelona Nut. 
 
 4. Cob Nut (very large). 
 
 5. Long Nut. 
 
 6. Byfanthian Nut. 
 
 Culture, drV. of the Common Hazle. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Mofly fteep fide of downs. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By planting the nuts, in March. 
 
 b. By dividing the roots into feveral parts. 
 
 c. By fuckers. 
 
 d. By layers. 
 
 e. By grafting — This may be praclifed, to continue and 
 improve any particular fine variety of the Filbert, &c. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 c. Frequently planted in hedges and in coppices. 
 
 b. Cut at from feven to twelve years growth for hur- 
 dles, hoops, Sec. and at fixteen for charcoal and once 
 in three or four vcars for corf-rods. 
 
HAZ. 
 
 *53 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The wood is nfed for fifhing rods, crates, hoops for 
 barrels, dead hedges, &c. 
 
 Fifhing rods fhould be cue between the end of No- 
 vember and Chriftmas, when the fap is gone down 
 into the roots, tied together in a bundle, and let lie 
 on a dry floor, for fifteen months. 
 
 b. The roots for inlaying or (laining. 
 
 c. Charcoal for forges, 
 
 Painters and engravers prepare coals for delineating 
 their defigns thus — They take pieces of hazle about 
 as thick as a man's arm, and 4 or 5 inches long, dry 
 and then cleave them in:o pieces, about as thick as 
 ones ringer. Thefe they put into a large pot full of 
 fand, and then cover the top of the pot with clay. 
 This is expofed in a potter's oven, or any other fuffi- 
 cient degree of heat, and when cooled again, the flicks 
 are found converted into charcoal, which draws freely 
 and eafily rubs out again. 
 
 d. Of the nuts, which are agreeable to molt people, a 
 kind of chocolate has been prepared, and there are in- 
 ftances of their being formed into bread. The oil ex- 
 prefTed from them is little inferior to the oil of al- 
 monds, and is ufed by painters and chernifts, for re- 
 ceiving and retaining odors. 
 
 f. Where yeaft is fcarce, they take the twigs of hazle, 
 and tv/ift them together, fo as to be full of chinks? 
 thefe they fteep in ale during its fermentation ; then 
 hang them up to dry, and when they brew again they 
 put them into the wort inftead of yeaft. — Ii is alfo ufed 
 for making bread, but fuch bread turns four the fe- 
 cond day. 
 
 /. A ftrong ooze in water of the buds, leaves and bran- 
 ches, and boiling a frefh quantity of the fame water, 
 gives wool a lively olive. 
 
 g. The yellow powder of the catkins is ufed by pain- 
 ters among their colours — Itburns in the flame of a 
 candle like fulphur. 
 
 Culture, &c. of the Filbert Tree. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. The beft a (tone fhartery iandy loam 
 
 [ *>] 
 
i 5 4 HEI. HEM, 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By planting the nuts in March. 
 
 b. By cuttings and fuckers, planted from January to 
 April — alio by layers. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Is principally cultivated in Kent, to fupply the Lon- 
 don markets with the nuts ; and are planted among 
 hops. In other parts they are arranged hedge ways, 
 5 feet diftant in the row, afid fuffered to take their na- 
 tural growth— Or planted for variety in efpaliers, 15 
 
 feet afunder. 
 
 b. It is a difadvantage for the trees to grow with great 
 luxuriance, as they bear moft nuts when but moderately 
 ftrong : great fkill is neceflary in pruning, to make 
 them bear well. 
 
 In Italy Hazel-nut Trees are planted in rows, and 
 by drefllng, formed into large buflies of many Items ; 
 every year" the roots are refrefned with new earth, and 
 the draggling moots pruned off with great attention. 
 Tftofi Tr? the neighbourhood of Aveliino, in good 
 years, bring the inhabitants a profit of £1 1,250. 
 
 HEIFER. 
 Some let them take the bull at two years old, others 
 at three— In Wiltfhire they are put to the bull about 
 a year and a half old, it being the prevailing opinion, 
 tha: thofe which are kept a year longer, do not turn 
 out good milkers— The time of the year July.— (See 
 page 89). 
 
 HEMP. 
 I. Common Hemp. (Cannabis Sativa.) 
 1. Chinefe Hemp. (Crotolaria Juncca.) This is faid 
 to be of a quality fuperior to the common hemp. In 
 an attempt to cultivate it in England it grew upwarcs 
 of 1 2 feet high, and nearly 7 inches in circumference; 
 but the feeds will not acquire fufficient maturity to ve- 
 getate, unlefs the plants are forwarded by a hot-bed — 
 The Chineie make paper with it. 
 
HEI. HEM. 155 
 
 Culture, &c. of the Common Hemp* 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. A Tandy loam, moift and putrid, but without being 
 ftiff or tenacious, or old meadows and low bottoms, 
 near rivers — in one word the bed land. 
 Has been Town 70 years on the fame land. 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Time of fowing from the middle of April to the 
 end, but will bear being fown all May — The early 
 fown yields the belt hemp. 
 
 b. Eleven pecks per acre of feed ; in fome places two 
 bufhels. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. Requires no weeding. 
 
 b. Seedling hemp not fo good as others. 
 
 c. In fome places no diftindtion is made between male 
 or female j or fimble and feed hemp ; in others there 
 is, the male (/'. e. without feeds in the head) being 
 ripe in July, about nine weeks after the fowing, is 
 drawn out by the hand -, the female is feldom ripe till 
 the beginning of September, when they are alfo 
 drawn out and tied in bundles, and fet up to dry ; 
 about 10 days afterwards, thefe bundles are untied, 
 the heads held upon a hurdle by one perfon, whilft 
 another beats out the feed with a fmall threihing 
 flail. 
 
 4. Is PREPARED FOR THE MANUFACTURER. 
 
 a. By being laid upon Hubble or pafture ground, to be 
 gradually dew ripened. 
 
 b. Water rotted ; clay pits, preferred for this purpofe 
 to running water, are cleaned out once in feven or 
 eight years ; fome only water five times in the fame 
 hole, which is even thought too much by others. It 
 is generally four days in the water if the weather is 
 warm, if not, five ; but they examine and judge by 
 feeling it. The grading requires about five weeks ; 
 and if there are fhowers, conftantly turned twice a 
 week, if not thrice. This is always on grafs land or 
 layers j it is then tied up in bundles of eight or ten 
 baits, and carted home to a barn or houfe to break 
 directly. 
 
156 HOE. 
 
 The water in which hemp has been foaked, drank 
 Ml large quantities, has been fatal to many. 
 5. Use. 
 c. Made into cloth, twine, cordage, netting, Sec. 
 
 b. The offal, which is called hemp feeaves, makes 
 good fuel. 
 
 c. From the feeds is drawn, by expreflion, an oil, which 
 is very proper for burning. 
 
 Poultry and fmall birds are often fed with the feed, 
 which overloads them with fat, if given in too large 
 quantities, or long continued. It alio changes the 
 plu:mge of Buinnches and Goldfinches to black. 
 
 d. l f fown round ground plamed with cabbages, it is 
 faid no ca:terpiliars will infect them. 
 
 " Karl-hemp, the latter grain hemp bearing feed — fe- 
 male. " 
 
 " Every farmer ought to raife as much hemp, as at 
 lead, will provide him with the rope, bagging, &c. 
 
 ■z may be required for his farm ; alio a fimple rough 
 
 heel, for fbinning his hempen rope, fir a r j) rope, &c. 
 (landing near his houfe, always at hand — The conve- 
 nienc : is very confiderable. .(See tne plate* fig. 5.)" 
 
 Gjlden-rod. (Solidago CantuUnfist) Affords ve- 
 ry ilrong fibres if treated like hemp. This plant is 
 perennial, the ilalks numerous, above 5 feet high, and 
 not branched — Single fibres of the Sun- flower {Heli- 
 hi'.s) are as thick as fmail pack-thread, and full as 
 Ilrong. 
 
 HOEING. 
 
 Is necefTary and beneficial to plants, for two things: 
 full, for deftroying of weeds; ~.iiy, becauie it dif- 
 polcs the ground the better to imbibe the night d< 
 keeps in a coniiant freflinefs, ar.d adds a vigor to the 
 ints and tree?, whofe fruit by that means becomes 
 betccr-conditioned thai id be. 
 
 1. Hano-Hoi 
 ->.oe; leaves the grour.d fniooth ; and is fuited 
 leftroyinj Weeds between plants railed in revs ;' or 
 \i are planted at forr.; other. 
 
 hoe or fpud ; this is ufed for weeding corn, 
 and cutting up weeds in padures. 
 
HOL. 157 
 
 r.. Common-hoe; this is ufed not only to deftroy weeds, 
 but to thin plants, as turneps, &c. it varies in the 
 breadth of the blade, from lefs than 3 inches to above 
 a foot — Is ufed alfo to earth up plants. 
 
 d. A hoe has been invented for the fet and drilled cornj 
 a figure of which may be feen, in the Bath Agriculture 
 Society's Papers, Vol. IV. 
 
 e. Ducket's-hoe; with this a perfon has hoed the fifth 
 part of an acre of barley, drilled at 9 inches, in 36 
 minutes. 
 
 /. Portuguefe-hoe; has a fhort light handle, and the 
 iron-work heavy, and of a conical form; cuts deep 
 without much exertion, the exact reverfe of our com- 
 mon hoe. 
 
 2. Horse-Hoes. 
 
 a. Hewitt's. 
 
 b. Norfolk. 
 
 c. Skim or Kentifh. 
 
 d. Cooke's patent drill is fo conflrucled, as to be capa- 
 ble of being converted into a horfe-hoe, that will weed 
 fix alleys at a time; and with it one man, one boy, and 
 a horfe, will hoe eight or ten acres per day.^ 
 
 e. That expands to all breadths — See Amos's Treatife 
 on Drill Hufbandry. 
 
 HOLLY. (Ilix Jquifolium.) 
 
 Gardeners make upwards of forty varieties, the moft 
 ftriking of which are, 1. With red, white or yellow ber- 
 ries. 2. With the leaves bordered or blotched with yel- 
 low or white. 3. Without fpines. 4. With the furface 
 of the leaves fpiney. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed. The berries mould be buried in the ground 
 one year j and then taken up and fown at Michaelmas ; 
 the following fpring the plants will appear. 
 
 b. By laying along in the ground well rooted fets, a 
 yard or more in length, and ftripping off the leaves 
 and branches; cover with earth, and they will fend out 
 vail quantities of fuckers. 
 
158 HOO. HOP. 
 
 i. Tree. 
 a. If tranfplanted in fummer fcarcely receives a check 
 from the removal. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. The wood is ufed in veneering, and is fometimes 
 ftained black to imitate ebony. Handles for knives, 
 and cogs for mill-wheels, are made of itj and alfo 
 hones for wherting of razors. 
 
 b. Sheep are fed in winter with the croppings. 
 
 c. It makes an impenetrable fence, and bears cropping. 
 
 d. The bark fermented and afterwards wafhed from the 
 woody fibres makes the common birdlime. 
 
 Birdlime is alfo made of Mifletoe berries. 
 
 BefiJes the ufe of birdlime to catch birds; fpread 
 upon brown paper, it is the belt method that can be 
 ufed for deftroying houfe flies. 
 
 HOOK and HINKSj or HOOK and SWIPE. 
 
 A method of cutting peas with two reap- hooks -, that 
 in the right hand cuts themj and that in the left, draws 
 them together in bundles. 
 
 HOP. (Humulus Lupulus.) 
 
 1. Long and fquare Garlic Hop. 
 
 This is a late hop, but hardy and a plentiful bearer. 
 
 2. Long White Hop. 
 
 There is another fort of White Hop, more tender 
 and a lefs plentiful bearer; but it has this advantage, 
 it comes firft to market. 
 
 If the hop-garden be planted with a mixture of fe- 
 veral forts of hops, that ripen at feveral times, it will 
 caufe a great deal of trouble, and be a great detriment 
 to the owner. 
 
 3. Oval Hop. 
 
 Culture, l?c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. The bed Kentifh Hops are raifed on a good rich 
 loamy furface, with a deep fubfoil of a loamy brick 
 earth: but there are fome good grounds where the fur-' 
 face is very flinty, and fome of a gravelly nature, but 
 thefe are verv inferior. 
 
HOP. 159 
 
 b. Thofe raifed on clay arc ftrongcr than the Kentifn, 
 going almoft as far again in ufe ; but thofe that are 
 accuftomed to the latter, object to their flavour as rank. 
 
 c. Good Hops have been grown in Scotland on a red 
 bog ; the holes however filled with a good compoft, 
 from which it may be gathered, that providing the 
 holes are filled with a good mould, it fignifies little, 
 what the furrounding foil is. 
 
 The fea air is not (as has been fuppofed) detrimen- 
 tal to hops. 
 
 2. Plant. 
 
 a. Increafed either by nurfery plants, or by cuttings. 
 
 b. Number of hills to an acre, 800, 1000, or 1200. 
 The hills are formed, by digging in the fpring, holes 
 about the fize of a gallon, which are filled with fine 
 mould. 
 
 c. One, two or three plants are put in each hill ; if 
 cuttings four or five, they are to be about 3 or 4 in- 
 ches in length, and covered an inch deep with fine 
 mould. 
 
 d. Cuttings require no poles the firft year; but plants 
 do of 6 or 7 feet high — The fecond year they have 
 full lized poles from 15 to 20 feet high. 
 
 e. In the fpring the old binds are cut off" fmooth about 
 an inch below the furface, and a little fine mould 
 drawn over the crown. 
 
 /. Two poles at each hill, and two binds upon each 
 
 pole. 
 
 The bind when 2 feet high is to be guided to the 
 
 proper pole, turned round it according to the fun, and 
 
 fattened loofely with withered rufhes. 
 g. The proper time for gathering them is known by the 
 
 leaf of the hop rubbing freely off the ftrig, and the 
 
 feed turning brown. 
 
 3. Hops are frequently injured, if not de- 
 stroyed 
 a. By a fmall fnail or Aug, which eat trfe young bind 
 
 on its firft appearance. 
 
 Manuring with malt-culm is found to prevent this 
 
 injury, by flicking fo faft to the flimy bodies of the 
 
 fnails, that they cannot creep over to the bind. 
 
i6o HOP. 
 
 b. By a fly (Aphis) whole excrement is called the ho- 
 ney-dew. 
 
 Dr. Withering obferves, that this infect fcldom in- 
 creafes To as to endanger the plant, unlels it is in a 
 weak condition, from the larvae of the Ottermoth 
 (Phalcena Humuli) feeding on its root ; to deftroy 
 which, he advifes covering the hop-yards with ftones ; 
 as when the hop grows wild in ftony places, where the 
 moth cannot penetrate to depofit its egos, the hop is 
 never known to fufTer from the honey dew. 
 
 There are two diftempers to which Hops are liable, 
 viz. the Fen, and the Smic, for which no effectual re- 
 medy has been found out. Dr. Hales imputes the Fen 
 to a rainy moift itate of air, without a due mixture of* 
 dry weather ; too much moifture then hovers about the 
 hops, {o as to hinder in a great meafure the kindly 
 perfpiration of the leaves, whereby the ftagnating lap 
 corrupts, and breeds mouldy Fen, which often ipoils 
 vaft quantities of flourishing hop -grounds — Is more 
 fatal to low and fheltered fituations, than to high and 
 open grounds. 
 
 c. The hops are cleared of infects (which would other- 
 wife deftroy them) by putting a fmall quantity of brim- 
 ftone on the fire, when the hops are fir ft placed on the 
 kiln, which not only iuffocates the infects, but occafi- 
 ons a fpeedy evaporation of the fuperfluous moifture. 
 and the hops come off the oaft much brighter in co- 
 lour. 
 
 4. Use. 
 1?. Infufed in wort or boiled along with it prevents the 
 beer growing four. 
 
 b. The young fhoots are eaten early in the fpring as 
 afparagus ; and are fold under the name of Hop-tops. 
 
 c. Strong cloth is made in Sweden from the ftalks : 
 for this porpofe they muft be gathered in autumn, 
 foaked in water all winter; and in March, after being 
 dried in a ftpye, they are drefTed like flax. 
 
 From a trial made in England, in confequence of a 
 premium held out by the London Society, for the en- 
 couragement of Arts, &c. it appears that hop-binds 
 will afford % material for making cloth, that will an- 
 
HOR. i6r 
 
 fwer the purpofe of fine facking and coarfe bagging 
 for hops. 
 
 d. The vines for binding bean fheaves, oats, &c. 
 
 e. Paper has been made from the binds. 
 
 /. The afhes of the (talks is ufed in making glafs. 
 
 g. In Sweden, after the hops are gathered, the ten- 
 drills and leaves are given to fheep, by whom they 
 are eagerly eaten, and are reckoned both as food and 
 phyfic. 
 
 HORNBEAM. (Carpinus Betulus.) 
 
 Culture, &c 
 
 i. Soil. 
 a. Will thrive upon cold, barren, expofed hills. 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed ; when intended for trees. 
 
 The feed fhould be fown as foon as it is ripe -, and 
 the young trees tranfplanted at two years old to where 
 they are defigned to remain. 
 
 b. By layers -, thefe anfwer for hedges and underwood, 
 as well as thofe raifed from feed. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Grows to a large fize. 
 
 b. The wood is very white, very tough, and burns like 
 a candle. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. It is ufeful for turning, and for many implements of 
 hufbandry ; it makes cogs for mill wheels even fupe- 
 rior to yew. 
 
 b. For hedges. 
 
 In Germany the hufbandmen throw up a parapet of 
 earth, with a ditch on each fide, and plant hornbeam 
 in fuch a manner, as that every two plants may be 
 brought to interfe£t each other in the form of a St. 
 Andrew's Crofs. — In that part where the two plants 
 crofs each other, they gently fcrape off the bark, and 
 bind them with ftraw thwart-wife ■, here the two plants 
 confolidate in a fort of indiffoluble knot, and pufh 
 from thence horizontal flaming fhoots, which form a 
 fort of living palifado, or chevaux defriefe. It is not 
 
 [ 21 ] 
 
162 HOR. 
 
 uncommon in Germany, to fee the fides of high road9 
 thus guarded for ten miles together. 
 
 Very neat efpalier hedges, by the fides of garden - 
 walks, are often formed of the young trees. 
 
 c. The inner bark will die yarn of a yellow colour. 
 
 d. Being wounded in the fpring, it yields a liquor like 
 the Birch. 
 
 e. The green boughs are dried for the ufe of cattle. 
 
 We have three foreign Hornbeams, which are very 
 hardy and propagated by layers, viz. i. The Hop 
 Hornbeam (C. Oftrya) ; 2. Virginian flowering 
 Hornbeam ; and, 3. Eallern Hornbeam, which is of 
 an humble growth : the firfl is of a quicker growth 
 than the Englifh, on which the nuriery gardeners have 
 a bad practice of grafting it. 
 
 HORSE. 
 
 The Suffolk breed of horfes are in general efteemed 
 the beft we have for the farmer, be the foil and fitua- 
 tion what it may. 
 
 A late writer has given us the following chief poims 
 in a farming cart-horfe : Neck not long, nor too thick; 
 fhort legs, rather flat, than round and gummy ; fore- 
 feet even, not too diftant; wide chert; fhong, bur 
 not high fhoulders; considerable length of waiit, fup- 
 ported by a wide loin ; quarters full, and rather rai- 
 fed ; ftrong mufcular thigh ; fize, 15 hands 1 inch to 
 16 hands high — Being fomewhat fore-low gives them 
 an advantage in draught; and a moderate length of 
 v/aift aflures fpeed in the walk, very often an object of 
 confequence upon a farm. 
 
 " The fmell of Goats affect horfes (fee Goats)." 
 
 HORSE CHESXUT. (iEfculus Hippo Caftanum.jk 
 
 Culture, £rV. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 a. From nut 
 
 1. Tree. 
 
 a. When thefe trees are trai.fplanted their roots (hould 
 be preferved as entire as poffible. 
 
 b. Grows well in coppices. 
 
HOR. HOT. 163 
 
 c. The wood as good as that of the Chefnut. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. As timber for building. 
 
 b. The nuts are ufed to die with ; and ftarch has been 
 made of them ; they are alfo ufed to whiten cloth, 
 
 c. In Turkey the nuts are ground and mixed with pro- 
 vend- for horfes, efpecially for thofe which are trou- 
 bled with coughs, or are broken winded ; in both 
 which diforders they are accounted very good. — Deer 
 are very fond of them. 
 
 The Horfe Chefnut was brought from the northern 
 parts of Afia about the year 1550. 
 
 HORSE RADISH. (Cochlearia Jrmoracia.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Should be dug two fpits deep or more if it will al- 
 low it. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 a. By the crown of the roots about 1 inches long, 
 planted 4 or 5 inches apart in trenches 10 inches deep, 
 and covered with earth. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 a. The time for planting is October for dry land, and 
 February for moid — The roots are fit for ufe the fe- 
 cond year after planting. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The fcraped root is in common ufe at our tables, as 
 a condiment for filh, roafted beef, &c. and it is ufed 
 for many other culinary purpofes. An infufion of it 
 in cold milk makes one of thefafeft and belt cofmetics. 
 It is alfo ufed medicinally. 
 
 Neither Horfes, Cows, Goats, Sheep, or Swine 
 will eat it. 
 
 RIVER HORSE-TAIL. (Equifetum Hyemale.) 
 
 This plant is in fome places mixed with the fod- 
 der of cows to increafe the quantity of their milk. 
 
 HOT-BEDS. 
 
 Are in general ufe in thefe northern parts of Europe, 
 without which we could not enjoy fo many of the pro- 
 
i6 4 HOT. 
 
 duc*te of warmer climes as we do now ■, nor could we 
 have tables furnifhed with the feveral products of the 
 garden, during the winter and fpring months. 
 
 1. Made with Tamier's bark — This is preferable to 
 that made with dung for all tender exotic plants or 
 fruits which require an even degree of warmth to be 
 continued for feveral months — The manner of making 
 it is as follows : 
 
 There mud be a trench dug in the earth about 3 
 feet deep if the ground be dry ; but if wet it muft not 
 bj above 6 inches, and muft be raifed in proportion 
 above ground, fo as to admit of the tan being laid 3 
 feet thick. The length muft be proportioned to the 
 frames intended to cover it, but there fhould never be 
 lefs than 11 or 12 feet, and the'width not lefs than 6. 
 The trench fhoulJ be bricked up round the fides to 
 the abovementioned height of 3 feet, and fhould be 
 filled with frelh tanner's bark (/. e.) fuch as the tan- 
 ners have lately drawn out of their vats), but fhould 
 firft be laid in a round heap for a week or ten days 
 before it is put into the trench, that the moifture n 
 the better drain out of it, which, if detained in too 
 great a quantity will prevent its fermentation - s then 
 put it into the trench, and .gently beat it down equal- 
 ly with a dung fork, without treading it; put on the 
 frame over the bed, covering it with the glafies, and 
 in a fortnight it will begin to heat, at which time the 
 pots of plants may be plunged into it. 
 
 2. When made of horje-dung: The dung mould be 
 frefh from the liable, and both the long and fhort 
 forked up in a heap or ridge for a week or fortnight, 
 turning it over once or twice in that time when it will 
 be fit for ufe ; make the bed the fize of the frame, and^ 
 from i\ to 2i feet high, and cov^r it with rich earth, 
 from 6 to 10 inches deep — When the bed is too hot, 
 it is to be cooled by making holes with a (take in 
 the fides, which mult be clofed when the beds are of 
 a proper temperature; if too cold, line the fides with 
 frefh dung. — Cucumbers thrive when the heat of the 
 mould is at 56 of the thermometer. 
 
 Befides tanner's bark, and horfe-dung : hot-beds 
 are made with oak-leaves, ftraw ftreped in pond wa- 
 
HOT. HUR. 165 
 
 ter two or three days, coal-afhes, grafs ; and alfo 
 grains of male after brewing thrown together in a heap 
 and well watered, to make it ferment and heat. 
 3. Mufhroom beds are made like the ridge of a houfe, 
 compofed of alternate layers of horfe-dung and earth, 
 covered with litter; in the furface of thefe beds, when 
 they have acquired a fufficient degree of heat, the leeds 
 or {pawn is planted. 
 
 HOT-HOUSE. 
 
 Degrees of heat according to the thermometer, which it 
 is neceffary to keep up, for the growth and ripening of 
 the fruit, of the following trees and plants. 
 
 1. Peach; from the time the forcing is begun till the 
 fruit are about the fize of peas, 55° — from the time 
 that the fruit are of the above fize, increafe it by de- 
 grees to 6o°, and keep it as near to that point as can 
 be done. With fun-heat in winter till the middle of 
 February, keep it about 6o° ; increafe it gradually to 
 70 : In fummer it ought not to exceed 8o°, and but 
 ieldom mould get to that height. 
 
 2. Nectarines the fame. 
 
 3. Oranges require in cold weather, that the mercury 
 mould be between 45 ° and 55 °. 
 
 4. Vines 65 ° with fire, and 7a with fun-heat. 
 
 All the above according to Farenheit's thermometer. 
 
 5. Pine- Apple: Dr. Hales makes the heat 29 degrees 
 above the freezing point— It does not appear what kind 
 of thermometer he ufed. 
 
 HURDLES. 
 
 Moveable fences for fheep. 
 
 1. Clofe hurdles are made of ten or eleven hazle flakes, 
 34 feet high, and 1 foot apart, wattle between with 
 rods of the fame kind of wood — This fort is efteemed 
 the warmed and beft kind of hurdle. 
 
 2. Weljh hurdles, are generally made of fplit oak, and 
 confifts of two upright end pieces, 34. feet high, joined 
 by five mortifed bars 64 feet long; which are ftrength- 
 ened by an upright bar in the middle, and two floping 
 ones. 
 
166 HYA. HY 
 
 In fituatior. fome piaces the practice 
 
 to wattle either furze or ftraw between the bars of fuch 
 hurdles as are fet to windward. 
 
 Raek-burdles, the fame as the laft, leaving out the 
 middle rail and nailing upright pieces acrofs at a pro- 
 
 r diftance, to admit the fheep to put their heads 
 through; they are ufed in feeding off of vetches; a 
 
 :rth being mown in the direction you wifh to plough 
 
 the land, a fufficient number, allowing one to five fheep, 
 
 are fet clofe to it; at noon the fhepherd mows another 
 
 id the fame at night; next morning, a fwarth 
 
 being firft mown, the hurdles are again fet, thus mo- 
 
 :g them once in the twenty-four hours; by this tri- 
 gonal trouble the vetches are eaten clean off, 
 and the land equally benefitted. 
 
 'dies, thefe are u r ed in Yorfhire and in Scot- 
 land; they are made of net-work of fmall cord, the 
 fize of the mefhes 4 or 6 inches ; the width or height 
 of the fence about 3 feet, Supported by (lakes 8 or 10 
 feet afunder. The cod, 4-d. or 4[d. a yard. 
 
 VGZJSH HYACINTH. (Hyacinthus Non- 
 jcriptus.) 
 
 : plant, growing in woods and hedges: 
 
 ■-it roots, which are poifonous, ftarch has been made: 
 
 :ely it has been difcovered, that they yield 
 
 an which is got from them by pounding 
 
 the root, infufing the pulp in water, occafionally fub- 
 
 ., and by evaporation. 
 
 HYSSOP. 
 
 1. Common Hy flop. (Hyflbpus Officinalis.) 
 
 : : Ige Hyffop. (Gratiola Officinalis.) This is ea- 
 
 Jily propagated by parting the roots in autumn, and 
 
 planting them in a moifl foil, and fhady fituation. It' 
 
 has been ufed in medicine, but is not now much ef- 
 
 .. of Common HyiTop. 
 1. Increased, 
 -j. By feed fown in Ma 
 ?. B er in fpring or autvrrnr. 
 
ICE. JER. 167 
 
 2. Plant. 
 a. To be planted 1 foot afunder, if they are not de- 
 signed to remain a long time; if they are, 1 feet — 
 Thrive bed on a poor dry foil. 
 3. Use. 
 c. In medicine; and for culinary purpofes. 
 
 " ICE. 
 
 " It is advantageous, wholefome and comfortable in 
 the country. Particularly ufeful in the Dairy." 
 
 JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE. (Helianthus 
 
 Tuber of us.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Flourifhes in almoft any foil. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By planting the fmaller root, or the larger ones cut 
 to pieces, obferving to preferve a bud to each piece. 
 
 b. May be planted either in the fpring or autumn; in 
 drills 34 f* eet afunder, fets 9 inches. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. To be flat hoed, and twice earthed up. 
 
 b. Produce about 480 Winchefter buihels per acre. 
 
 c. Are proof againfl: the fevered froft, and may be taken 
 out of the ground as occalion may ferve. 
 
 The ground cannot eaflly be freed from them after 
 being once planted. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. Suppofed to be equal in value to potatoes for feeding 
 ftore-pigs, fuch as are not lefs than five or fix months 
 old; for fattening hogs not near fo valuable as pota- 
 toes. 
 
 b. Their chief recommendations are — the certainty of a 
 crop, flourifiiing in ahnofi any foil, being -proof againfi 
 the fevereft frofts, and being taken out of the ground 
 as occafion may ferve. 
 
 c. The boiled roots are common at many tables, being 
 compared for tafte to the heart of the Artichoke, 
 
i6t ISA. IND. 
 
 INARCHING. 
 
 This method of grafting is ufed, when the flock in- 
 tended to graft on, and the tree from which the graft is 
 taken, fland fo near (or can be brought fo near) that 
 they may be joined together. The method of perform- 
 ing it is as follows: 
 
 Take the branch you would inarch, and having fitted 
 it to that part of the flock where you intend to join it, 
 pare away the rind and wood on one fide about 3 inches 
 in length. After the fame manner cut the flock or 
 branch in the place where the graft is to be united, fo 
 that the rind of both may join equally together, that 
 the fap may meet; then cut a little tongue upwards in 
 the graft, and make a flit in the flock downward to ad- 
 mit it; fo that when they are joined, the tongue will 
 prevent their flipping, and the graft will more clofely 
 unite with the flock. Having thus placed them exaclly 
 together they mud be tied with fome bafs ; then cover 
 the place with grafting-clay, to prevent the air from en- 
 tering to drv the wound, or the wet from getting in to 
 rot the flock; you fhould alfo fix a flake in the ground, 
 to which that part of the flock, and alfo the graft, fliould 
 be fattened, to prevent the wind from breaking them a- 
 funder — In this manner they are to remain about four 
 months, when the graft may be cut from the mother 
 tree, doping it oft clofe to the flock, and at the fame' 
 time covering the jointed parts with frefh grafting clay. 
 
 INDIGENOUS PLANTS. 
 
 The ufes of which, are net mentioned in other parts 
 
 of this work. 
 
 1 . As pot herbs. 
 
 a. The young leaves of Bladder Campion (Stellaria 
 Beheri) compared to Peas, Spotted Hawkweed (1 
 gochceris Maailala\ Common Mallow (Maiva Syl- 
 vejlris), Pile wort (Ranunculus Ficaria), Blue moun- 
 tain Sow-Thiflle (Sonchus Oleracccus), White and 
 red dead Nettle (Lamium album & pur} a: cum). 
 . The whole plant as of Giound Afh (^Egopodium 
 Podagraria), Sea Blite (Chenopodium Mar> 
 Charlock. (Sinapis Arvenfis) the tender tops, Chick- 
 
 u 
 
IND. 169 
 
 weed (Alfine Media) compared to Spinach, Comfrey 
 (Symphytum Officinalis, Cowflip (Primula Vulgaris), 
 Herb Gerard (iEgopodium Podagraria), Lovage 
 (Liguflicum Scoticum), Dog's Mercury (Mercurialis 
 Perennis) not wholefome when old, Nettles (Urtica 
 Dioica) when young, Orache (Atriplex Haftata), Ox- 
 tongue (Picris Echioides), Samphire (Crithmum Ma- 
 rat in urn). 
 
 c. The young fhoots peeled of Englifh Mercury (Che- 
 nopodium Bonus Henricus), Sea Holly (Eryngium 
 Maratinum) ; the ftems before the flowers appear, 
 peeled, of Burdock (Arctium Lappa), and of the 
 Thirties ; thofe of the Milk Thiftle (Carduus Mart- 
 anus) to be foaked in water to take out the bitternels. 
 
 d. The roots of yellow Goatfbeard (Tragopogon Pra- 
 tenfe), before the ftems fhoot up, Wood Peas (Orabus 
 Tuber of its), Rampion (Campanula Rampion). 
 
 e. In the year 1655, during a time of great fcarcity, the 
 people about Orford in SufTex, were preferved from 
 periihing, by eating the feeds of Sea Peas (Pifum 
 Maritimum), which grew there in great abundance 
 upon the fea-coaft. 
 
 2. As fa Had herbs. 
 
 a. The young leaves of Burnet (Poterium Sanguifor- 
 ba), Greater Daify (Chryfanthemum Leucanthemum) x 
 Dandelion (Leontodan Taraxacum). 
 
 h. The whole plant of Brooklime (Veronica Becca- 
 bunga), Winter CrefTes (Eryfimum Carbarea), Cow- 
 flip (Primula Vulgaris), Lovage (Ligufticum Scoti- 
 cum), Scurvy-grafs (Cochlearia Officinalis), Whit- 
 low-grafs (Draba Verna). 
 
 Yellow Ston'-'crop and Rock Stonecrop (Sedum 
 Refletlum & Rupeftre) are cultivated in Holland and 
 Germany, to mix with Lettuces in fallads. 
 
 c. The root of Rampion (Campanula Rampion). That 
 of Reedmace (Typha Latifolia) is eaten by the poorer 
 people in Virginia, who are very fond of it, becaufe 
 it has a fweetifh tafte, 
 
 J. As fubftitutes for, 
 
 a. Flour — The dried and ground roots of Marine Bull- 
 rufh (Scirpus Maratimus), Couch-grafs (Triticum 
 
 C 22 ] 
 
170 IN D. 
 
 Repens), Dropwort (Spircea Filipendula), Fern (Pte- 
 ris Aquilina), Wood Peas (Orobus Tuber of us), Smal- 
 ler Snakeweed (Polygonum Viviparur-i), the whole 
 plant oi Iceland Lichen (Lichen Ifllandicus). 
 
 The commifHoners of the royal treafury ar Copen- 
 hagen, declared in 1800, that this lad plant afforded 
 a wholefome, and well-tailed food ; and premiums 
 were offered the fame year, by the economical fociety 
 of Norway, for collecting it — Grows in Great Britain 
 on heaths and mountains. 
 
 b. India Tea — The leaves of Germander (Veronica 
 Cham<edrys) } Rofes, efpecially thole of the Dog Rofe 
 (Rofa Canina), Speedwell (Veronica Officinalis). 
 
 c. Coffee — Seeds of Cleaver (Galium sparine). 
 
 d. Hemp — From the bark of moft of the plants of the 
 Mallow-tribe (Akhcea & Malva), may be procured 
 a fort of Hemp, which, if properly managed, might 
 be wrought into cordage, or into fine ilrong thread of 
 any kind. 
 
 e. Flax — A web from the Hems of Nettles has lately 
 been wove in appearance like linen, and promifing to 
 equal it in durability. Paper has alfo been made of 
 the (terns. 
 
 /. The decoclion of Soapwort (Saponaria Officinalis) 
 is ufed to cleanfe and fcour woollen cloaths; and the 
 poor people in fome countries ufe it inftead of foap for 
 wafning. 
 
 4. For dying. 
 
 a. Green — Rag-wort (Senecio Jacobcca)^ Tanfy (Tana- 
 cetum Wulgare)> the panicles of Broom Grafs (Bromus 
 Hordeaceous), the berries of Privit, and the dried leaves 
 of Devilibit. 
 
 b. Yellow — Trifid water hemp Agrimony (Bidens Tri- 
 
 ), Lifter Burdock (Xantiiium Strumarium) t 
 Devilfbit (Scabiofa Succifa), Goofe-grafs (Galium 
 
 mm) } Lichens (Lichen Juniperinus Vulpinus> & 
 Parictinus), Knapweed (Centaurea Jacea), Hedge 
 Nertle (Stachys Sylvaltca), Water Pepper (Polygonum 
 Hydropiper], Saw-wort (Serratula Tinclcria), Spotted 
 Snakeweed (Polygonum Perficaria), Kidney Vetch 
 
 .•1 thy His Vulnerar 
 
1ND. 171 
 
 The beaked Lichen (L. Prunajlri ?) will dye filk 
 and wool yellow, according to the following receipt — 
 Take half an ounce of the powdered plant, and mix 
 it in a high glafs veffel, with two ounces of ftrong 
 fpirit of nitre, previoufly diluted with eight ounces 
 of water ; let the mixture ftand for a week, and then 
 digeft it in a fand heat for an hour or more, and add 
 four ounces mote of water to it -, filter the folution, 
 which will be of a fine yellow. 
 
 c. Orange — The tops of Heath (Erica Vulgaris) , Yel- ' 
 low Wall Lichen and bearded Lichen (L. & Barba- 
 tus). 
 
 d. Red — The roots of yellow Ladies Bed-ftraw (Ga- 
 lium Verum) dye a fine red, not inferior to madder; 
 the roots alfo of CrofTwort (G. Boreah), and Purple 
 Marih Cinquefoil (Comarum Palujire) dye red. 
 
 e. Fine Claret or Pompadour — Large yellow faucered 
 Dyer's Lychen (L. Tar tar ens.) 
 
 Is much ufed by the Highlanders, who after fcra- 
 ping it from the rocks, clean it, and fleep it in urine 
 for a quarter of a year 5 then take it out, make it 
 into cakes, and hang them up in bags to dry. Thele 
 cakes are afterwards pulverifed, and the powder is 
 ufed to impart the colour, with an addition of allum 
 to fix it. 
 
 /. Redifh brown — Cork or Arcell (L. Ompbalodes) 
 This is ufed by the Highlanders, and treated like the 
 laft. The roots of the white water Lilly (Nymphcea 
 Alba) dye a dark brown. 
 
 g. Blue — Dogs Mercury (Mercurialis Perennis), Blue- 
 bottle (Centaurea Cyanus), the expreffed juice of the 
 petals ftains linen of a beautiful but not permanent 
 blue. Mr. Boyle fays, the juice of the central flo- 
 rets with the addition of a very lmall quantity of allum, 
 makes a lafting tranfparent blue a not inferior to Ultra- 
 marine. 
 
 BASTARD INDIGO. (Amorpha Fruticofa.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Shrub. 
 f This is one ffi our ornamental fhrn.bs, and is pro- 
 
J72 INO. INS. 
 
 pagated by laying down the young branches, which 
 
 in one year will take good root. 
 b. Though the upper parts are frequently killed by the 
 
 froil, they put up plenty of fhoots in the following 
 
 fpring. 
 
 2. Use. 
 a. The inhabitants of Carolina, of which country this 
 
 ihrub is a native, make a fort of Indigo from the 
 
 young Ihoots. 
 
 " INOCULATION— See Budding." 
 
 INSECTS. 
 
 We are ready enough to put a due value on the lar- 
 ger animals, but many look on the minute tribe of in- 
 f< Sts rather created to torment, than to be ufeful to 
 mankind. We grant that they are troublefome to us. 
 But is therefore all care about th<.»m to be given up ? 
 by no vje ins. On the contrary, we ought to contrive 
 means to get rid of them, that they may not deftroy 
 both us and our pofTefllons. This cannot be brought 
 about unlefs we know their nature ; when that is 
 known, we fhall more eafily find out our remedies 
 againft them. 
 I. Injurious or troublefome to cattle. 
 
 a. Breeze, or Gad-fly (Otftrus Povis). This fly de- 
 pofits its eggs under the fkin on the backs of oxen, 
 from which proceeds worms called Warnel-worms, 
 
 and by lome the Wolf." 
 
 In the fouth of Rufiia the decoction of white Helle- 
 bore (Veratum Album) is ufed to deftroy them. 
 
 b. Bot-Fly (O. Hamoridalis), depofits its eggs in the 
 rcdmn of horfes. 
 
 .Linnaeus fays, that the bran of Flote Fefcuegrafs 
 will cure horfes troubled with bots if kept from drink- 
 ing for fome hours. 
 
 c. Grey-fly (O. Ovis), breeds in the frontal fmus of 
 'fheep. Shepherds take out the maggot by trepan- 
 ning. 
 
 The larvae of the Oeftrus are nourifhed the whole 
 Winter in the bodies of cattle ; when full grown they 
 
INS. l73 
 
 let themfelves fall to the ground, and generally pafs 
 the Cryfalis date under cover of the firft ftone they 
 meet with. 
 
 d. New-forefi Fly (Hippobofca Equhia). This is ve- 
 ry troublefome to horfes, and is with difficulty killed. 
 
 Some of the common Flies (Mufca), are very trou- 
 blefome to cattle in paftures, from which they are of- 
 ten freed by the "White Wagtail. 
 
 e. Waffs and Hornets — In the New Farmer's Calendar 
 we have the following inftance of the bad confequences 
 that attended the neglecting to deftroy a neft of thefe 
 infects. — A poor horfe attached to harrows difturbed 
 the neft, and thefe horrible infects inftantly burft out 
 and covered him; the miferable animal, driven to ra- 
 ging madnefs, overturned his fellow, and mangled 
 him dreadfully ; but getting difengaged, he ran over 
 hedge and ditch into the village, where, after doing 
 confiderable damage, and fullering mod cruel torments, 
 he was at length (hot, there being nopoffibility of ap- 
 proaching to lave him. 
 
 /. Tick (Acarus Rediivius). — This infect lives in the 
 wool of iheep; and is frequently found alive in it a 
 long time after it is fhorn. 
 
 It is killed by, I. Camphorated unction. — 2. But- 
 ter and brimftonc. — 3. Turpentine camphorated. — 4. 
 Copperas water. 
 
 1. Injurious to Foreft trees and fhrubs. 
 
 a. Oak. 
 
 jt(i.) The larvae of the Cynips Qjiercus gemma, occa- 
 sions the large imbricated galls on the extreme buds; 
 thofe of the C. 4J. baccarum, fmall galls on the under 
 fide of the leaves; the C. i^. folia, the large galls; 
 and the C. j^J. petioli, the tubercles on the foot ftalks 
 of the leaves. 
 
 b. Elm. 
 
 (1.) The leaves are eaten by a white caterpillar with 
 a black head; other infects caufe galls and bladders on 
 their furface. 
 
 (2.) A white maggot with a brown head eats the bark. 
 (3.) A little black long-fnouted Curculio feeds upon 
 the wood. 
 
174 INS. 
 
 c. Afh — As the trunk of" this and feveral other kind of 
 trees, are not barked when cut down, it is not amifs 
 to obferve, that the fpecies of beetle (Cerambyx Vio- 
 iaceus), which brings on the decay of wood, never at- 
 tacks timber that has been dripped of its bark; a cir- 
 cumftance which ought to be known, and attended to 
 by all perfons who hive concern with this article; and 
 fhews the advantage that would follow barking all trees. 
 
 d. Mountain Afh. 
 
 i. Leaves eaten by a brown C. with a black head 
 and white neck. 
 
 e. Fir. 
 
 i. The larvre of the Chermes Abietis occafions large 
 tubercles on the end of the branches. 
 
 2. A fmall caterpillar feeds upon the pith of the lead- 
 ing branches — The onlv method of destroying them is 
 in young trees to lop off the branch. 
 
 3. The dry wood or deal in houfes is eaten in round 
 winding holes, by the larvas ot the Dermeftes Domcjii- 
 cus — This infect is what is called the Dcrath-watch. 
 
 f. Lime. 
 
 1. The leaves eaten by a colourlefs C. with a black 
 head, and which by its web prevents the young leaves 
 unfolding. 
 
 g. Willow. 
 
 1. The leaves eaten by a pale green C. with a dark 
 green ftripe down the back, and a white one down the 
 fide — The Cynips Caprc-e forms galls on the furface of 
 the leaves. 
 b. Horfe Chefnut." 
 
 1. The leaves eaten by a green C. ftriped down the 
 back with white, head brown. 
 
 1. The flowers eaten by a pale yellow C. with green 
 lines down the back, head white. 
 %. Quickfet. 
 
 i. The leaves eaten by a colourlefs C. with a black 
 head. 
 k. Maple. 
 
 i. The leaves eaten by a pale yellow C. with a green 
 line down the back. 
 
INS. 175 
 
 3. Injurious to fruit trees and Jbrubs. 
 
 a. Apple. 
 
 (1.) A pale green C. with white lines, eats the young 
 
 leaves. 
 
 (2.) Blofibms — Thefe are eat by the former C. and by 
 
 a little black C. which proceed from eggs fixed round 
 
 the ends of the fmaller branches. 
 
 Deilroyed by fmoaking the trees. 
 (3.) The young fruit is eaten By fome kind of grub 
 near the (talk which occafions their falling off the tree. 
 (4.) A fmall blite infect, that fpins a fine cottonny 
 down, draws the fap of the bark, making it crack and 
 fall off, and fpeedily kills the tree. This infect is faid 
 to have been introduced with the Po-Poplar. In Chi- 
 na is an infect whofe defcription comes very near this, 
 and from the down of which the inhabitants procure an 
 ufeful white wax-*— a few fmall drops have been obtain- 
 ed by heat from that on the apple-tree. 
 
 b. Pear. 
 
 (1.) The blofibms by the fame Caterpillars as the ap- 
 ple. 
 
 c. Apricot, 
 
 (j.) The leaves by a fmall grey C. 
 
 d. Peach. 
 
 (1.) The leaves eaten by a greenifh white C. with a 
 black head. 
 
 e. Rafpberry. 
 
 (i.) The leaves eaten by a yellow C. with a black 
 
 head. 
 /. Red Currant. 
 
 (1.) The leaves eaten by a pale yellow C. with a black 
 
 head. 
 g. Black Currant. 
 
 (1.) Leaves eaten by a white C. with a brown head; 
 
 and a light green C. with a dark green (tripe down the 
 
 back. 
 h. Goofeberry. 
 
 (1.) Leaves eaten by the light green C. laft mention- 
 ed. 
 i. Filbert. 
 
 (1.) The leaves eaten by a green C. with white line* 
 
 and a brown head 
 
176 INS. 
 
 2. The nut is eaten by a white maggot and the Cur- 
 culis Nucum. 
 A- Injurious to the productions of the Kitchen-Garden. 
 The Americans about Philadelphia, fix imall boxes 
 at the end of long poles in gardens, about houfes, &c. 
 as a place for the Creeper (Certhia Familiaris) a 
 bird common in England, to bund in ; as it has been 
 fuppofed, that a pair of thefe birds, when they have 
 young ones, have taken from the cabbage, fallad, 
 beans, peas, and other vegetables in the garden, and 
 fruit-trees, at leaft 600 infects in the courfe of one 
 day. 
 
 a. Cabbage. 
 
 1 A yellow C. fpotted with black, feeds upon the 
 loofe leaves, and two orher C. one green, the other 
 white with a row of black dots on each fide, eats the 
 clofe heads in holes like a honey comb. 
 
 2 A fmall white grub occasions tubercles on the 
 roots. — Hemp fown round the beds, and bean^ be- 
 tween the cabbages, are faid to prevent caterpillars. 
 
 b. Cauliflower and Broccoli. 
 
 1 A green C. feeds on the leaves -, and alfo a pale 
 yellowifh green hairy C. which fo injures the heart, 
 that they never form heads, and become, as the gar- 
 deners term it, blind. — The only remedy is fre- 
 quently examining the plants, and killing the cater- 
 pillars. 
 
 c. Radifh. 
 
 1 The leaves of this is eaten by a fmall beetle. 
 
 (Chryfomela Nemo rum.) 
 
 z The root by a white maggot with a fharp black 
 
 head. 
 
 d. Beans. 
 
 1 The leaves by large black C. covered on the back 
 with white hair, and on the fides, and near the head, 
 with tawny ; alfo by a pale green C. with a light red 
 head. 
 •'. Befides the before noticed infects, thofe innumer 
 fmall infects called Blites (Aphis), muft be mention- 
 ed, there being fcarce a tree or plant which is not in- 
 jured by them. — If a few of rhofe little beetles called 
 
IRR. 177 
 
 JLady-Cows (Coccinella) are put on a plant, they 
 will free it of them. 
 
 The following fingular mode of their generation 
 will account for their being fo numerous ; a female 
 once impregnated, can produce young, which will 
 continue to produce others without any frefh impreg- 
 nation, even to the fifth progeny ; afterwards a new- 
 impregnation mud take place. 
 
 IRRIGATION. 
 
 Is the watering of ■pafture land at will. 
 In Spain they thus treat arable land. 
 
 1. If the land flopes, a drain is cut along the fide of the 
 lull, and a fpring or fmall ftream led along it, which 
 is made to overflow the fide, by the end of the ditch 
 being dammed up by a fod ; but as the water would 
 foon ceafe to run equally for any great length, and 
 would wafn the land out in gutters, it has been found 
 necefTary to cut fmall parallel trenches at diftances of 
 co or 30 feet, to catch the water again, and each of 
 thefe being likewife flopped at the end, lets the water 
 over its fide, and diflnbutes it until it is caught by 
 the next, and fo on over all the intermediate beds to 
 the main drain at the bottom of the meadow, which 
 receives the water, and carries it on to water another 
 below; or, if it can be fo contrived, another part of 
 the fame meadow on a lower level. 
 
 2. If the land \sfiat, the firft object is to confider, how 
 .the water is to be got off when once brought on ; and 
 in fuch fituations this can feldom be done without 
 throwing up the land in high ridges, with deep drains 
 between. A main carriage being then taken out of 
 the river at the higher level, {o as to command the 
 tops of thefe ridges, the water is carried by fmall 
 trenches or carriages along the top of each ridge, and, 
 by. means of moveable (tops of earth, is thrown over 
 on each iidp, and received in the drains below, from 
 whence it is collected into a main drain, and carried 
 on to water other meadows, or other parts ot the fame 
 meadow below. One tier of thefe ridges are ufually 
 
 :ered a: once. — The ridges are ufually 30 or 40 fee? 
 
 r. 23 ] 
 
178 1RR. 
 
 wide, or, if water is abundant, perhaps 60 {cct, and 
 9 or 10 poles in length. 
 
 3. Water. 
 
 a. How applied. 
 
 1 Early in November, after a fhower, turn the water 
 
 over the land for about three weeks. 
 1 In December and January the chief care confifts in 
 
 keeping the land fhekered by water, from the feverity 
 
 of frofty nights. 
 
 3 In February, if the water remains for many days, 
 a white (cum arifes, very deftruftive to the grafs ; and 
 if the land is expofed, without water, to fevere frofty 
 nights, me greater part of the grafs will be killed. — 
 The only way to avoid this is, to take the water off", 
 and turn it over at night ; or to take off the water early 
 in the morning, and if the day be very dry, the froft 
 can do no injury ; for it is only when the grafs is wet, 
 that the froft has this pernicious effect. 
 
 4 Early in May, when the fpring feed is eaten off, the 
 water is ufed for a few days, and again when the hay 
 is carried off. 
 
 b. Qualiry of the water. 
 
 1 Thick and muddy water the beft, efpecially what is 
 
 obtained in autumn. 
 1 Clear and fimple water, efpecially if it proceeds 
 
 from a fpring in the fame field, produces early and 
 
 plentiful grafs, but not of a good quality ; and the 
 
 land remains unimproved after many years watering. 
 3 Water running from mines, being impregnated with 
 
 vitriolic acid, &c. is highly inimical to vegetation. 
 4. The Advantages of Irrigation. 
 a. It is fuppofed to aft as a hot-bed, and produces early 
 
 grafs. 
 b In a very dry fummer there is nearly as much grafs 
 
 as in a more favourable feafon. 
 
 c. The land thus treated is continually improving-, its 
 herbage, if coarfe, is fined j its foil, if fwampy, be- 
 comes found ; and an addition is made annually both 
 to the depth and quality of its mould. 
 
 d. In a vear not particularly favourable, the fpring-! 
 
 of a field about fix and a half acres, let for feven gui- 
 
J UN. i 79 
 
 neas, and well fupported 150 fheep for two months ; 
 the hay was fold for thirty-two guineas ; and the after- 
 math for fix. 
 
 JUNIPER. (Juniperus Communis.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Grows naturally in woods and on heaths, and on the 
 fide of mountains. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 a. By fowing the feed in March, which will come up in 
 two months ; fome recommend their being fown as 
 foon as they are ripe. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Is eafily tranfplanted ; the time the beginning of 
 October. 
 
 b. Has grown above 40 feet high. 
 
 c. Grafs will not grow beneath it, but the meadow oat 
 deftroys it. 
 
 d. The wood is hard, durable, and of a reddifh colour 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The wood, when large enough, is ufed in mar- 
 quetry, and veneering, and in making cups, cabi- 
 nets, &c. 
 
 b. The bark may be made into ropes. In warm cli- 
 mates there fometimes exudes from its clefts a refinous 
 gum, called by the Arabs, Sandaracha, which is ufect 
 in varnifhing. In England it exudes a hard fat juice, 
 and not much gummy. - 
 
 c. In Carniola, and fome parts of France, the inhabi- 
 tants make a wine of the berries fteeped in water. In 
 Norway a very valuable oil is extracted from them. 
 The true Geneva or Gin, is a malt-J-pirit, difiilled a 
 
 Jecond time with the addition of Juniper-berries. — 
 The berries are two years in ripening. 
 
 d. The fhepherds in Spain cure the fcab in fheep with 
 an ointment made of the trunks and roots, by break- 
 ing them into fmall pieces and infufing them in wa- 
 ter, without adding any thing elfe. 
 
IVY. KEL. 
 
 IVY. 
 
 i. Common I vy. (Hedera Hdix.) 
 a-. The leaves are gathered by fhepherds for feeding 
 ewes, whofe milk they increafe. 
 
 Are faid to cure the rot and red-water. 
 
 b. The roots are ufed by leather-cutters tc 
 knives upon. 
 
 :". Binds dry walls. 
 
 Vnglers anoint their baits with an oil drawn from the 
 berries h or infufion. 
 
 2. Ground Ivy. (Glecoma Hfdernaa.') 
 
 tre thrown into the vat with ale to clarify 
 it, and to give it a flavour. 
 
 Ale thus prepared is often drank as 
 bu:ic. 
 
 The expreffed juice, mixed with a littlr and 
 
 applied morning and evening, deftroys the 
 ipecks upon horfes' eves. 
 
 I: is laid to be hurtful to horfes if they eat it 
 of it. 
 
 KELP 
 
 Is a lb:: Itj obtained by the burning of fea- 
 
 eds, and confifts chiefly of the fixed vegetable al- 
 ..;, in a pre:: ate. 
 
 I. S£A-Wl 
 
 c. The three numerous genera of Fucus, Ulva, 
 Confer jle of burning to afford Kelp; but 
 the four following plants : the molt ; viz. Sea 
 Oak (. ), Bell Wrack (1 :)\ 
 Serrated Wra-- ; and Tangle (b . digi- 
 
 I/. It :s obferved of thefe plan:-, t. That they are 
 always of a quicker growth upon fhores expofed to a 
 current than in more quiet teds 
 
 which grow in cr -ford a larger proportion of 
 
 Kelp than the . Jead bav . j. 
 
 Tha: the weec much frelh 
 
 iter, neither yield io much Kelp as where the water 
 is perf. , nor of 
 
KID. 1S1 
 
 t. The cultivation of fuci upon fhores becoming an 
 object of fome confeque nee, it has therefore been re- 
 commended to cover the gravelly, fandy, or fleechy 
 fhores, efpecially near the mark of ebb j with loofe 
 ftones, from 2 to joolbs. weight, or upwards, and not 
 more than 2 feet diftant from each other. 
 
 Various kinds of (tones have been tried, as whin- 
 ftone, fand ftone, and lime-ftone j this laft is by ma- 
 ny reckoned the beft, and next to it whin-ftone. — A 
 beach treated in this manner, will, in four years, yield 
 as good a crop as the natural ihore. 
 
 d. They are cut from the rocks in the months of May, 
 June, and July j and mould be dried as quickly as 
 poffible, and burnt as foon as they are ready for the 
 kiln. — Care fhould be taken to prevent all fand, earth, 
 fhells, &c. from mixing with them. 
 2." Kiln. 
 
 a. The common kilns are generally about 4 feet dia- 
 meter, and 9 inches deep ; and the mafs of kelp 
 burnt at a time, is uiually from 1 to jcolbs. weight. 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. In manufacturing of glafs, ibap, and allum. 
 
 b. In bleaching of linen cloth. 
 
 c. As a manure. 
 
 KIDNEY-BEANS. (Phafeolus Vulgaris.) 
 
 Runners. 
 1. Rifing without feed lobs, and having fcarlet flowers. 
 
 a. Common-Seeds black and purple ; continues to bear 
 till the froft fets in. 
 
 b. Weft India-Seeds fmaller than the laft, and whol- 
 ly black : brought from Antigua, and has been cul- 
 tivated two years in England ; is a great bearer, fome 
 of the flower ftalks having near thirty flowers on them. 
 
 1. Rifing with feed lobs. 
 
 a. Large Dutch. — Flowers and feeds white j grows as 
 high as the common fcarlet. 
 
 b. Common white. 
 
 c. Blue beans. — This is common to moft of the Weft 
 India Iflands; it grows well in England; is a weak 
 plant, and an indifferent bearer, having only about 
 
i32 KID. 
 
 feven flowers on a (talk ; the feeds are about half an 
 inch long, of a wide com prefled fhape, and of a cr 
 colour ma; ked with black lines and dots; flowers a 
 reddifh lilac. 
 
 d. See- 4 s purple fpeckled with pale yellow ; pods about 
 fcven inches long. 
 
 f. German — Several kinds were brought from Gerrr. 
 to this country in 1801, when the F.nglifh feed was 
 lb fcarcc as to fell for fi quirt ; none of 
 
 ; fpotted, but v.ined in colour, as deep 
 red, orange v. de yellow, light brown, wjute, 
 
 of the lafl one fort was of a narrow kidney fhape; the 
 flowers of ail were v. :y bear well, but the 
 
 pods very foon fwelled with the feeds. 
 
 f. Sv/::zer'and — Pods very !ai 
 
 row's egg — This has a I "pie flower, 
 
 feed fmall, roundifii, and of a bluifh \\\ lied 
 
 own ; pods fmall. 
 
 i. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown from May till the beginning of Jul 
 
 b. Plan:ed about 5 cr 6 inches apart, and an 11 
 deep ; the drills for the larger kinds to be 5 feet afun- 
 dzr. 
 
 2. Plant. 
 a. Require long poles, pea-fticks, or pack-thread peg- 
 ged tight in the ground, and fattened to the top of a 
 wall, or other fence. — The Scarlet and Dutch v 
 .v upwards of 15 feet high. 
 h. The plants to be earthed up ; and when the roots 
 are expofed to the fun, covered with frefli horfe dung. 
 
 c. Thofe without feed lobs , a:lier than 
 thofe with ; for if the firft fhoot be cut off by the 
 froft, the root will throw up two or three more 
 
 Dwarfs. 
 
 1. Seeds vbitt — Of this colour there is the early, 
 
 late forts, called the Canterbury and Batterfeaj 
 fe produce their flowers near the root, and bear well 
 
 ne ; the Batterfea is the forwarded, bur 
 • r continues bearing Ion 
 
 2. Negro, feed . 1 land, and good bea: 
 
KID. 183 
 
 3 Black or purple, fpeckled with white or yellow ; 
 hardy, and a good bearer; Mowers purple, or flefli co- 
 lour; pods above 5 inches long. 
 
 4. Red and white ; flowers white. 
 
 5. Yellowiili green. 
 
 6. American — Brought from Bofton in New England ; 
 the feed of the ftze and fhape of a horfe bean, and of 
 a dull purplifh red colour ; flower flcih colour; a weak 
 plant, and indifferent bearer. 
 
 7. German — The feed is about the fize of that of the 
 tare; white, and of a roundifh inapt ; flowers white; 
 branches long, weak, and ftraggling; pods only 1^ 
 inches long. 
 
 8. Chinefe — The feeds of this, when firft brought to 
 England, were of a reddifh yellow, marked with dark- 
 er lines of the fame colour ; but in the firft year of 
 cultivation in England, they changed to white with 
 deep purple lines. — Is a good fort of bean, and bears 
 well. 
 
 ^ Culture, cjtV. 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown in hot-beds from January till March — They 
 fhould have but a moderate heat, much room, and as 
 much air as can fafely be admitted to the plants. 
 
 b. Sown thick in pots in April and May, and the pots 
 plunged in a hot-bed ; and when the beans are an 
 inch or two high, tranfpianted in rows, in a warm 
 border. — A fortnight is gained in their growth by this 
 merhod. 
 
 c. The early kinds to be fown on a warm border in A- 
 pril ; and all kinds in the open ground from May till 
 Auguft. 
 
 d. Sown an inch deep and 4 inches afunder, the rows 
 from 2[- to 3 feet apart. 
 
 e. In dry hot weather firft water the drills, or foak the 
 beans — To preferve the Cetd from too much wet in 
 rainy weather, draw a drill, and plant alternately on 
 each fide. 
 
 1. Plant. 
 
 a. To be early earthed up. 
 
 b. No beans ihould be gathered from plants intended 
 to five feed from, which mould be of the Utit lea- 
 
i84 KIT. 
 
 fonj when ripe they mould be pulled up by the roots 
 and hung to dry, before the feeds are threfhed out. 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. The green pods boiled. 
 
 b. The feeds are eaten like beans before they are hard, 
 and alfo when dry, in foups, for which purpofe they 
 are much ufed on board foreign (hips. 
 
 KITCHEN-GARDEN. 
 
 I. Should be cxpofed to the fun, and not overfhadowed 
 with trees or buildings. — A plantation (at fome dif- 
 tance) to defend it from the N. Wind, will greatly 
 preferve the early crops. 
 
 1. The foil fhould be of a pliable nature and eafy to 
 work j but by no means wet ; and two feet, at leaft, 
 deep. 
 
 3. Should be as near the (tables as poflible, for the con- 
 veniency of carrying the ek ng in;o it. — Gardeners near 
 London manure generally twice a year. 
 
 4. An acre and an half is ncceffary for a fmall family, 
 and four or five for a large one. 
 
 5. Should be walled in, both as a defence, and for wall 
 fruit, 10 or 12 feet high. 
 
 6. The bed fhape for the quarters, a fquare or oblong 
 bed 28 feet wide divided by walks ; the mean one 6 
 or 10 feet wide, and the bye ones from 3 to 4 feet; 
 the beit. materials a binding fund or road ftuff, as they 
 can be eafily cleared of weeds with the Dutch hoc. — 
 A border next the S. wall fhould be made 8 or 10 feet 
 wide for early crops ; and no tap-rooted plants fhould 
 be raifed near fruit trees. 
 
 7. All refufe leaves of cabbages, &c. mould be carried 
 off the ground and given to cattle, or they w.ll g 
 
 a bad iinell to the garden. 
 
 The art of gardening was introduced into Englanel 
 from the Continent, about the year 1509; prior to 
 which time, mod of the prefent produce of our kitchen 
 gardens were imported from the Netherlands, 
 
LAB. LAC. 185 
 
 Broad-leaved LABURNUM. (Cytifus Labur- 
 num.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Sok. 
 a. Will grow very well upon a poor fhallow foil, and 
 in expofed fituations. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed, which if fown in March the plants will ap- 
 pear the following month. If fown in autumn, not 
 till the following fpring — Will grow 1 2 feet high in 
 four years. 
 
 b. As the breaking or cutting of the roots greatly re- 
 tard the growth of the tree, it is beft to fow the feed 
 where the tree is to remain. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Grows to a large tree with a ftraight Item. 
 
 b. The wood is very hard, of a fine colour, and will 
 polifh very well ; it approaches near to green ebony. 
 
 t. Hares and rabbits are great enemies to thefe trees, 
 by barking them in winter. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. It is frequently nfed on the Continent, and in the 
 highlands of Scotland, for making different kinds of 
 houfehold furniture ■, as chairs, tables, and bedfteads, 
 which are faid to equal the fineft mahogany in beauty. 
 The wood is alfo ufed for veneering. 
 
 This tree, as an ornament to our gardens, has been 
 fupplanted by the Long-fpiked Laburnum, which, 
 having longer bunches of flowers, is more ornament- 
 al ; its not growing fo large and ftrong is alfo ano- 
 ther recommendation. The firft is known to many by 
 the name of Caledonian Laburnum. 
 
 LACTOMETER. 
 
 An inftrument invented by the late J. Dicas, of Li- 
 verpool, for afcertaining the goodnefs of milk : It pro- 
 fefles to difcover, 
 
 1. What breed of Cattle are moft advantageous. 
 
 2. What food is bell: in the Winter Seafon. 
 
 3. What the effects of the different Paftures may be. 
 
 [ 24 ] 
 
186 LAM. 
 
 4. How far particular Farms are bell adapted for ma- 
 king Butter and Cheefe. 
 
 5. How far the inconvenience, particularly in Chefhire, 
 of Large Cheefes, in fome Dairies being too rich to 
 ftand, may be prevented, by difcovering when the Re- 
 dundancy of Richnefs exifts in the Milk. 
 
 6. And if thought proper, for fixing ^Standard for the 
 fale of this ufeful Article of Life. 
 
 LAMBS, 
 
 Are generally weaned in three months, the males 
 having been caftrated early, unlefs in cafe of great weak- 
 ness, when the operation is better deferred awhile. Af- 
 ter '.yeaning, the dams may be milked two or three 
 timts, to cafe their udders. 
 
 Houje-Lamb is thus reared — The ewes being brought 
 to lamb about Michaelmas-, the lambs are kept in the 
 houfe with great care and attention ; the mothers are 
 turned in every night at eight o'clock, to their off- 
 spring -, at fix in the morning the mothers are feparated 
 from their lambs, and turned into the paftures. And 
 at eight, fuch ewes as have loft their own lambs, and 
 thofe ewes whofe lambs have been fold, are brought in, 
 and held by die head till the lambs by turns fuck them 
 clean ; they are then turned into the pafture ; and at 
 twelve the mothers of the lambs are driven into the 
 lamb-houfe for an hour, in the courfe of which time 
 each lamb is luckled by its mother - t at four, all the 
 ewes that have not lambs of their own, are again 
 brought into the lamb-houfe, and held for the lambs 
 to fuck; and at eight the mothers are brought to them 
 for the night. — Chalk (uiuaily previously baked in an 
 oven) both in lump and powder, is provided for them 
 to lick, in order to prevent loofenefs ; and againft 
 gnawing the boards, or eating each other's wool, a lit- 
 tle wheat ftraw is placed, with the ears downwards, in 
 a rack within their reach, with which they will amufe 
 themfelves, and of which they eat a fmall quantity. 
 
 It ib faid to be the practice in fome parts of England 
 f :»r 1 he lambs to fuck cows. 
 
LAR. i8 7 
 
 LARCH. (Pinus Larix.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 a. Grows better on cold, meagre, gravelly, or ftony 
 lands, provided the roots can find depth to penetrate 
 downward, than on a rich moift foil. 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed — Some recommend to bury a whole cone 
 at a depth of 3 inches, and not to fow fingle ieeds. 
 
 b. By young plants which fpring from the flumps of old 
 decayed trees. 
 
 Two years old the beft age for tranfplanting; and 
 immediately after fhedding the leaf, the beft time. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Grows flowly the firft four years ; but in 20 years 
 will exceed a fir tree in girth and height, that is dou- 
 bly older. 
 
 One planted in Scotland in 1734, (the fize when 
 planted not mentioned) was, 54 years after, 7 feet 6 
 inches in circumference 3 feet from the ground - t 97 
 feet high; and its cubic contents 130 feet. 
 
 b. The mod proper feafon for felling Larch, as well as 
 other Firs, is in the month of July and Auguft; as 
 the liquid which oozes out at that time of the year, 
 almoft immediately turns to a fort of refin, which ope- 
 rates as a ftiptic ; fo that the wood is not fo much 
 drained as at other feafons, but hardens and comes 
 into ufe fooner. 
 
 t. The wood reckoned equal to the beft Norway Fir. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. Is of lingular ufe in ftrengthening the wooden frame- 
 work of bridges, or, where there is occafion to mor* 
 tice woods into walls or earth. Under water it almoft 
 petrifies, and is capable of fupporting a furprifing 
 
 weight. 
 
 b. Houfes built with it are faid to look white for two 
 or three years; after which the outfide turns black, 
 whilft all the joints and chinks are. clofed with refin, 
 extracted from the pores of the wood by the fun's heat, 
 which refin forms a kind of varnifh, hardened by the 
 
i«« LAV. 
 
 air, and of a bright polifh no-ways unpleafing to the 
 
 e. No wood affords fuch durable pipe-ftaves for cafks, 
 which, at the fame time, preferves the good tafte of 
 wine. 
 
 i. In the general view of the agriculture of Perthfliire 
 mention is made of a Larch hedge. 
 
 e. The bark, upon incifion, yields the pureft Vene- 
 tian turpentine. 
 
 /. The large branches produce feveral fmall grains like 
 fugar, which, poflefling the purgative quality of 
 manna y has likewife obtained its name. 
 
 The Larch is a native of the Alps and Pyrenean 
 mountains. 
 
 " It is now much propagated in Scotland and Eng- 
 land ; many millions of plants yearly. See Mr. An- 
 derfon's very high commendation of it, and very ex- 
 cellent account of its moft valuable properties, in his 
 3d vol. of Efiayson Hufbandry." 
 
 " It is alfo a native of Nova Scotia, and by the in- 
 habitants is frequently called Hackmatack. A Beer 
 far fuperior to Spruce beer is made of it by the inhabi- 
 tants of Nova Scotia." 
 
 LAVENDER. (Lavandula Spicata.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. A dry, gravelly, or ftoney foil, produces the ftrong- 
 eft fcented kind. 
 
 b. Will not furvive the winter in a light, rich, moift: 
 foil. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 a. By flips ; planted in March in a fhady fituation, or 
 fhaded by mats ; when they have taken root to be ex- 
 pofed to the fun, and when they have obtained ftrength, 
 removed to where they are to remain. 
 3. Use. 
 a. From the flowers is diitilled a water; and an oil is alfo 
 drawn from them: 
 
 The oil has lately been ufed with other ingredients; 
 in making a permanent black, and red ink. 
 
LEE. LEN. 189 
 
 LEEK. (Alium Porrum.) 
 
 Var. 1. London Leek. 2. Common L. 3. French L. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Requires good dry ground. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a> Sown in March — Should be fown before the ground 
 is raked, and in a light foil trod in. 
 
 b. Sown thin with onions. The onions to be drawn 
 out in Auguft, which will leave full fcope for the 
 leeks to grow to a large iize. — The two frequently 
 fown in equal quantities. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. To be planted in June or July from the feed bed 
 into open ground, in rows 8 or 9 inches afunder, and 
 about 6 inches between the plants. 
 
 b. In September the leaves to be cut off at half their 
 length. 
 
 c. For feed, plant fome of the beft roots about 8 in- 
 ches afunder in rows near fome warm hedge, pale or 
 wall ; and fupport the flalks with (lakes ; when ripe, 
 the head mould be cut off, and hung in a dry place 
 till after Chriftmas — The feeds are eafieft got out by 
 rubbing the head hard againft a rough tile. 
 
 If feed is faved from old roots it will degenerate. 
 4. Use. 
 a. As a culinary herb. 
 
 LENTIL. (Ervum Lens.) 
 
 1. Common Lentil. 
 
 2. French Lentil, or Tills. 
 
 This istwice the fize of the former, both in plant 
 and feed, and is fuppofed to be a diftindr. fpecies. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Affects a dry foil. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. From one bufhel and a half to two bufhels broad 
 caft — The time March. 
 
19° LET. 
 
 b. Drilled one foot and a half afunder, to allow room 
 for the Dutch hoe to clean the ground between them. 
 
 c. Sown with oats or barley, in the proportion of two 
 bufhels of lentils, mixed with one bufhel of oats or 
 barley — Some fow only half a bufhel with oats. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. The feed for foups; and for feeding pigeons, and 
 fwine. 
 
 In times of fcarcity> Lentils have been ground 
 either alone, or mixed with barley, for making bread. 
 
 b. Fodder for cattle. Horfes foon grow fat upon them. 
 
 When grown with oats or barley, mould be mown 
 when they are in full fap, and when well faved, are 
 an inviting food, though of a hot and feverifh na- 
 ture. 
 
 LETTUCE. (La&uca Sativa.) 
 
 1. Cos — White, green, Egyptian, brown, fpotted, 
 dwarf. 
 
 2. Cabbage — Common, Kammerfmith, brown Dutch, 
 Silefian, Grand Admiral, Roman, Button. 
 
 The Cos Lettuce differs from the Cabbage Lettuce, 
 in having longer and narrower leaves. 
 
 " The Imperial Lettuce of the Germans near Phi- 
 ladelphia, feemc beft for Country Gardens; lafting 
 long, with little attendance." 
 
 Culture ', &c. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. To be fown on hot-beds in January and February — 
 The feedling plants to be pricked into a gentle hot- 
 bed, to forward for final tranfplanting. 
 
 b. In the natural ground — On a warm border in Janu- 
 ary and February ; and in the more open ground till 
 September ; the plants from the September fowing to 
 be planted till November, either on warm borders in 
 frames, or in beds ; and to be fhdtered by mats for 
 winter and fpring life. 
 
 c. Sown in fpring with Onions. 
 
 2. Plant. 
 a. In frames or under hand glaflfes, give the full air in 
 all mild dry days, and defend with the glafTes at 
 nig'r.s, and keep clofe in frofty weather. 
 
LIM. 191 
 
 b. Force in January the largeft plants in borders^ by 
 tranfplanting them into hot-beds. 
 
 c. In February or early in March if the vfeather is 
 mild, tranfplant from the fecond hot-bed, into warm 
 borders. 
 
 d. In open ground fhould be planted at 1 foot afunder, 
 and well watered ; generally a drill is drawn to pre- 
 vent the water running from the roots. 
 
 e. Cofs lettuces mould have their leaves tied together 
 with bafs, to forward their cabbaging. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. As a fallad herb. 
 
 b. A drug like opium is obtained from the milky 
 juice — t l is alfo procured from the ftrong-fcented 
 Wild lettuce, (L. Virofa), by catching it in Ihells, 
 and d-;-ing it in a gentle heat. This plant grows wild 
 
 in flQyjM & c * 
 ... Tb rf ufe leaves are good food for geefe and ducks. 
 
 LIME-TREE. (Tilia Europaa.) 
 
 'Julture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. The beft a good loam. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed, which produces the beft trees. 
 
 b. By layers — the time to lay them down, and to re- 
 move them, is when the leaves begin to fall. 
 
 c. By cuttings. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Grows to an immenfe fize, and attains a great age. 
 
 Millar meafured one which was near 10 yards girth 
 1 feet above the ground, and was then in a thriving 
 ftate : and Sir T. Brown mentions one which grew in 
 Norfolk, that was 16 yards in circuit 1^ feet above 
 ground, in height 30 yards, and in the leaft part of 
 the trunk it was 84- yards. 
 
 b. The wood is light, fmooth, of a fpongy texture, and 
 does not eafily bend. 
 
 c. "Will grow if planted upfide down, when the bran- 
 ches will become roots, and the roots put forth leaves. 
 
i$2 LIQ^ 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The wood is ufed by carvers ; and by architects for 
 framing the models of their buildings ; the turner 
 makes light bowls, difhes, &c. it alio ferves for 
 wainfcotting rooms, but it is too foft for any ftrong 
 purpofes. 
 
 b. Makes the beft of charcoal for gunpowder, and for 
 defigners. 
 
 c. The twigs are fit for making bajkets. 
 
 d. In Norway the peafants make with the bark, very 
 elegant butter-bafkets ; likewife when macerated, lines 
 for hufbandry and for filhing ; of the inner bark is 
 made the bafs-mats, lb uicful to gardeners ■, " and 
 mould therefore be propagated." 
 
 e. The fap infpiffated affords a quantity of fugar. 
 
 f. The flowers are reckoned among the beft for bees to 
 collect honey from j and an artificial wax has been 
 obtained from them by a chemical procefs. 
 
 g. Are planted for clipped hedges ; and from their early 
 leafing, and the fragrancy of their flowers, are pecu- 
 liarly proper for public walks. 
 
 LIQUORICE. (Glycyrrhiza Glabra.) 
 
 Culture, C5V. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Requires a light fandy and very deep foil, which 
 fhould be well manured, and dug three fpade deep. 
 
 b. Grows in Spain on low grounds near rivers. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. Seldom by feed, which rarely ripens in England. 
 
 b. By plants taken from the fides or heads of the old 
 plants, each having a good bud or eye •, and mould 
 be 8 or 10 inches long. 
 
 They are to be planted in February or beginning 
 of March, fodeep that the head fhould be about an 
 inch under the furface ; the plants about an inch afun- 
 der, and the row 1 or 3 feet apart ; or on ridges 3 
 feet wide, on which are 3 rows ; and the plants 3 or 
 4 inches apart, according to the foil. 
 3. Plant. 
 a. The firft year onions or carrots may be fown, but 
 kept well weeded — This is allowed rather to hurt the 
 
LOC. 193 
 
 crop~Early lettuces may be planted each fucceeding 
 year between the rows; and coleworts the firft year 
 for autumn ufe, 
 
 b. In October, when the young fhoots are decayed,, 
 the ground is to be covered with rotten dung, which 
 is to be lightly dug in between the rows in March. 
 
 c. The roots mould remain three years in the ground 
 after planting, and not dug up till the (talks are per- 
 fectly decayed; for when it is taken up too foon, it is 
 
 . Subject to fhrink greatly, and lofe of its weight. 
 
 d. May be planted among fhrubs. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. Is cultivated for medicine. 
 
 The following is the method of extracting the juice 
 of this plant, at Corigliano in Italy — The root is cut 
 into pieces, moiftened, and crufhed in a mill ; being 
 by this means formed into a mafs like dough, it is put 
 into a boiler, and boiled for eight hours; during that 
 time they pour water on it, it is then twice preffed, and 
 the refinous juice fqueezed, which muft then be boiled 
 in another cauldron for 24 hours, to give it the proper 
 degree of toughnefs; after that it is cut into cakes or 
 fquares, and packed in chefts with bay-leaves, for fale 
 in England, &c. 
 
 b. Is the bafis of an agreeable liquor, called Ptifan. 
 
 LOCUST-TREE. (Gleditfia Tri 'acanthus.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. A deep loamy foil, and fneltered fituation; for when 
 they are much expofed to winds, their branches are 
 frequently broken; 
 
 2i Increased. 
 a. By_ feed received from North America, which muft 
 be fown in the fpring upon a bed of light earth, and if 
 the feafon be dry frequently watered; otherwife they 
 will not come up the firft year. 
 3. Tree. 
 a. Should not remain in the nurfery more than two years, 
 as it will not bear removing when large. 
 
 Late in the fpring the time for tranfplanting. 
 
 [ 25 ] 
 
194 LOV. LUC. 
 
 b. Grows in England to a large fize; and is of a very 
 quick growth. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. It makes excellent timber. 
 
 This tree, is frequently called, Three-thorned Acacia. 
 
 LOVE-APPLE. (Solanum Lycoperfuum.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 a. Sown on a hot-bed in March. 
 2. Plant. 
 
 a. In April the plants are to be pricked out into a fe- 
 cond hot-bed 4 inches apart, and in May into a warm 
 border 5 or 10 feet diftant. 
 
 b. Unl'efs the plants are trained up a wall or ftakes the 
 fruit will not ripen. 
 
 There are two varieties, one with yellow, the other 
 with red fruit. 
 
 3. Use. 
 a. The fruit in medicine ; alfo for fauces, foups, and 
 pickling. 
 
 " I: is called by fome Tomato." 
 
 LUCERN. 
 
 1. Lucern. (Medicago Satha.) 
 
 Var. — With violet-coloured flowers (this is the beft 
 to cultivate); with yellow flowers; with yellow and 
 violet flowers mixed; with variegated flowers. 
 
 2. Yellow Medic or Butterjags. (Medicago Falcata.) 
 
 Withering fays this plant, which grows wild in hot, 
 dry, barren, fandy places, is well worth the trouble of 
 fowing for the purpofe of making hay; a practice long 
 fince adopted in fome parts of Sweden. 
 
 Cows, Horfes, Goats, and Sheep eat it. 
 Culture, &c. of Lucern. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Requires good land; as a deep rich dry loam. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Drilled in rows, from 1 foot to 18 inches or 2 feeC 
 diftant, and the intervals horfe-hoed. 
 
 b. Sown in Kent broad-calt, and faid to lad 20 vears. 
 
MAD. 195 
 
 c. Barley Town with it, but not too thick, leaft it fhould 
 injure the young lucern. 
 
 d. Drilled 1 foot afunder on a field Town with buck 
 wheat when the laft was off, the fpaces between the 
 rows cultivated with the horfe-hoe. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. Will laft from 15 to 30 years. 
 
 b. Hay made of it — Is lefs hurt by the fcythe than by 
 feeding. 
 
 c. In Spain they cut one day what will be wanted the 
 next, and laying it in a heap, fprinkle it with fait wa- 
 ter. This they think renders it more wholefome to 
 cattle, which like it the better for being faked. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. For cutting and carrying to horfes, cows, and black 
 cattle, is preferable to any other grafs : an acre of it in 
 good ground, will, from early in May to Michaelmas, 
 maintain twice the number of cattle that an acre of 
 good meadow will. The Lucern field is, however, in 
 effea, a ftubble from October to May. 
 
 b. Sheep thrive upon it, and Swine fatten without any 
 other food, but the laft do not like it fo well il cut for 
 them. 
 
 It has been fuppofed that the roots which are extreme- 
 ly large, and afford a faccharine juice, would be very 
 nourifhing to fome forts of animals. 
 
 Lucern and Saintfoin were firft introduced into Eng- 
 land from France in 1653. 
 
 " Lucern is too coftly in its culture for other than lots 
 or fmall pieces of it. It is no where in field-hufbandry." 
 
 MADDER. (Rubia Tinftorum.) 
 
 Is of feveral forts, differing greatly from each other in 
 appearance and value. The Turkey is more vigorous 
 and of a darker green than the common fort; it likewife 
 produces abundance of feed which the common fort does 
 not; it alio puts out many vigorous and folid runners, 
 whereas the runners of the common kind are hollow, 
 and produce none of the beft part of the Madder, which 
 is contained in the woody part of the root, 
 
19 6 MAD. MAI. 
 
 Culture, fsc. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 a. A deep light foil. 
 I. In Holland it is planted on ftrong heavy land. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 a. By young fhoots taken from the mother plant, with 
 as much root as poffible. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. The fhoots to be planted with a dibble in April or 
 May, 1 foot apart; thofe in the fecond row to be op- 
 pofite the middle of thofe in the firft row; the fecond 
 row to be j-i foot from the firft, and the third 5 feet 
 from the fecond ; thus there will be a third row at five 
 feet dillance from the fecond, and at 64. from the firft; 
 the line is then to be moved 14 foot, and another, be- 
 ing a fourth row, is to be planted oppofire the middle 
 diftance of the laft; and in this manner the whole 
 ground is to be planted — If the feaibn is dry the fets 
 muft be watered. 
 
 b. To be carefully weeded. 
 
 c. Are fometimes dug up the fecond year, but more ge- 
 nerally are allowed to grow three fummers. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. For dying and ftaining linens a red colour — A fim- 
 ple and certain method has been difcovered of procu- 
 ring from it, of the greateft beauty and. folidity, the 
 colour called Adrianople red. 
 
 b. Fodder for cattle. 
 
 In Miller's Gardeners' Dictionary, we have a very 
 full account of the method of cultivating Madder in 
 Zealand, with a figure of the plant, and plans of the 
 kilns and houfes for pounding and curing it. 
 
 " Better accounts are fmce given in the late books 
 of hufbandry, rfrbuthnet was the chief madder plant- 
 er of the beft for: in England/ 1 
 
 MAIZE. (Zea Mays.) 
 
 1. India Maize — Grows 8 or 10 feet high; the ears be- 
 fore they are quite ripe are eaten, roafted. 
 
 2. Portugal Maize. This grows alfo in Spain and Ita- 
 ly — Thefe two are cultivated in our gardens, more for 
 
MAI. 197 
 
 curiofity than ufe; and are fovvn en a moderate hot-bed 
 in March or April, and tranfplanted into the open 
 ground in May. 
 
 3. German Maize. This has been cultivated in the* 
 field, both in England and Ireland, with fuccefs. 
 
 4. North American Maize. The Americans cultivate 
 five or fix forts, which grow of different heights, A 
 fhort kind, called Mohawks-Corn, ripens its feed in 
 the more northern parts though fown fo late as June. 
 
 The American feed varies very much in colour, and 
 that not only in the fame field, but in the fame ear: 
 this may be prevented, by fowing only one colour, at 
 a good diftance from fields containing another coloured 
 corn. 
 
 Culture, &c. of German and American Maize. 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Thrives belt in a light and fandy foil. 
 
 b. Is a great impoveri flier of land; efpeclally, if the 
 land is not ploughed when the corn is cut. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. To be fown the latter end of March in light warm 
 ground ; and in cold ground the middle or end of A- 
 pril. 
 
 h. There are different ways of fowing the feed, viz. 
 1. Having levelled the ground, little hills are raifed 
 in croflings at 3 or 4 feet diftance, into each of which 
 is put 1 or 3 good feeds, and covered about an inch 
 thick with earth, continuing to do the fame till the 
 whole ground is planted. 
 
 1. At the third ploughing the furrows are made a foot 
 and a half afunder, (and the clods broken) and holes 
 made at the fame diftance in the bottom of them, and 
 two grains dropped in each; when both grow, the 
 weakeft to be pulled up, and where both fail, frefh 
 grains to be fown — In the fecond furrow, &c. the holes 
 to be made fo that the plants may grow in form of a 
 quincunx. 
 
 3. Single furrows about fix feet diftant through the 
 whole field, theie crofTed at the fame diftance; where 
 they meet, rhe corn to be thrown in and covered, ei- 
 ther with the hoe, or by running another furrow with 
 
198 MAI. 
 
 the plough. When the weeds begin to overtop the 
 corn, the ground between to be horfe-hoed or ploughed 
 over to bury them — this is to be repeated, as the ground 
 is thereby berter loofened than with the hoe. 
 4. Sown thick, for fodder — In this cafe, all the female 
 flowers are barren, and produce no grain. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 -- Muft be hand hoed and horfe hoed repeatedly, and 
 kept free from weeds. 
 
 The feeds of feveral plants are fbmetimes fown be- 
 tween the corn, as kidney- beans, and the homony bean 
 to run up its ftalk, &c. 
 
 b. When cut, the ears are to be gathered by hand with 
 their fheath on, and laid in the air for the feed to har- 
 den ; and afterwards freed of the fheath, and fpread 
 on a barn floor. 
 
 c. The grain is either threfhed out with a flail, which 
 breaks and bruifos it 3 or the ears rubbed hard againft 
 the edge of a flat piece of iron, which eafily feparates 
 the grain from the hulks, without hurting them. 
 
 i. This plant is particularly adapted to the horfe-hoeing 
 hufbani 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 <*-. The grain is either eater, whole, or ground into meal 
 
 for bread ; in making of which, fome add a half, or a 
 
 third of W T heat or Barley-flour: The grain is alfo 
 
 malted for beer; and anfwers very well for feeding of 
 
 :le, poultry, and fwine. 
 
 b. The whole plant (after harvefting the corn) as fod- 
 drr for cattle : " The ftalks cut up are rich fodder." 
 
 c. Mowed green and made into hay. 
 
 d. The ftalks anfwer the fame purpofes as reeds in ma- 
 king of fences. 
 
 An Agricultural Society has been lately eftablifhed 
 
 Margate for the exnrefs purpofe of growing Indian 
 
 Q orr , — Jr appears that fome plants have been produced 
 
 in that neighbourhood, equal to what has been feen tq 
 
 grow -rica or the Weft Indies. 
 
MAN. 199 
 
 MANGEL-WURZEL or SCARCITY-ROOT. 
 (Beta Vulgaris. ?) 
 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown in April or May. 
 
 As this is only a variety of the common Beet, great 
 attention fhould be paid to the kind of feed fown. 
 
 b. One or two feeds dropped in each hole, and the dif- 
 tance of the holes from 8 to 18 inches. 
 
 A fhort roller has been invented with wooden pins 
 or pegs to dib the holes. 
 
 2. Plant. 
 
 a. Not a hardy plant. 
 
 b. Will not bear tranfplanting. 
 
 c. The roots grow to 18 inches in circumference, and 
 22lb. weight. 
 
 d. Infects never injure either the roots or leaves. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a . Cows, horfes, fheep, and hogs, are fond of the leaves ; 
 which muft: be cut off the plant for cows and hogs, 
 both of which are faid not to like them frefh. 
 
 b. Cattle eat the roots, but they muft be cut in pieces 
 for them, being very hard and firm. 
 
 c. Gives a fuperior fweetnefs to cream and butter. 
 
 The quantity not fo great as from cows fed upon 
 turneps, or the turnep-rooted cabbage. 
 
 d. The leaves eat like fpinage. 
 
 e. The {talks of the leaves are drefifed like Afparagus. 
 (See Beet, p. 33.) 
 
 MANURES. 
 
 1. Animal. 
 
 a. Horfe-dungy ftronger in towns than in farm yards. 
 
 b. Ox-dungy beft made by beafls fed with oil cakes and 
 rape. 
 
 c. Hogs' -dungy for cold wet clays. 
 
 A good manure for potatoes on a poor gravelly foil. 
 
 d. Sheeps' -dungy it is obierved that the dung of fheep is 
 Angularly beneficial to land, which has not been folded 
 on before. 
 
 Dung of animals that chew the cud, being more tho- 
 roughly putrified than that of others, is fit to be mixed 
 
2oo MAN. 
 
 with the foil without needing to be collected into dung- 
 hills — This circumdance fnev/s the utility of folding 
 fheep on arable land, for manuring the foil. 
 
 e. Dogs' -dung accounted the next belt drefiing to pige- 
 ons'-dung;. 
 
 f. Rabbits' -dung, procured by fweeping of warrens, was 
 found, on a trial with pigeons'-dung, to be better, 
 and more lading as a top drefiing on grafs — 2 loads to 
 an acre. 
 
 The earth from an old rabbit warren is good manure. 
 
 g. Pigeons'-dung. Ufed on light land as a top drefiing, 
 viz. four quarters on turneps, four or five on grafs, on 
 wheat three quarters, on barley ten ftrikes ; on lime- 
 llone land two quarters per acre, ploughed in very thin 
 with feeds. 
 
 Sown on ftrong land with wheat-, and ploughed un- 
 der furrow, proves very advantageous to the crop; bur 
 more than from 50 to 60 bufhels per acre, would pro- 
 duce too much bulk of draw. 
 
 h. Poultry-dung. Not quite fo good and hot as pigeons 
 dung: a fop drefiing for corn and grafs laid on about 
 Chridmas. 
 
 Is frequently mixed with chaff, malt-dud, fhort 
 horfe-dung, &c. by putting any of them under where 
 thefe fowls rood, that they may incorporate and rot 
 together, fo as greatly to increafe a large quantity of 
 excellent hand-d reding. 
 
 t. Goofe-d»r>g. A good manure, and not noxious or 
 diiagreeable to cattle, as has been fuppofed. 
 
 " Gcefe penned on litter, yield confiderable dung." 
 
 k. Wild-fowis'-dung — Fo-wly ifland, in Lancafhire, a 
 place fo called from the abundance of wild-fowl conti- 
 nually found on it, is fo enriched with their dung, that 
 it fattens fiieep in a furprifing manner. 
 
 Is confidered, in S. America, as a very rich manure. 
 
 /. Soil of privies, fuppofed to exceed every other kind 
 of manure for the fiid year after it is laid on; in the 
 fecond it is of fome fervicc; but in the third year its 
 effects very nearly or entirely ceafe. Anfwers well on 
 a cold, hungry foil. 
 
 On the continent, where it is more ufed than in 
 England, it is kept till it has lod its festid quality 
 
MAN. 201 
 
 pics, for i , 2, 3, or 4 years ; that of 4 years they 
 account the beft, and that of 3 years tolerable, but 
 the others not fit for ufe, 
 
 m. Fijk — -When herrings, pilchards, and mackarel, 
 have been a drug upon the coaft, they have been 
 ufed as a manure, and have produced a very florid 
 crop — On the coaft of Norfolk the farmers have 
 manured with a fmall oily filh called Stat ties (un- 
 fit for human food), fovving from 30 to 50 bufhels per 
 acre ; they particularly repay for turneps followed by 
 barley. 
 
 In fome parts of Cambridgefhire, Sticklebacks 
 (Gafterofteus Aculeatus) are ufed for the fame purpofe, 
 at the rate of 20 bufhels per acre. 
 
 n. Sea-MaJcleSy when tried as a manure, have, befides 
 the difficulty of procuring them in fufficient quantities, 
 been found not to be durable. 
 
 0. Shells. 
 
 (1) Shells collected on the feafhore, make ftifF clays 
 work better, and greatly improve the foil. 
 
 (2) Shell-lime, laid on thick, anfwers upon afparagus 
 beds in winter. 
 
 (3) Fojfil-Jhells are dug in fufficient quantity near 
 Woodbridge, in Suflex, to be ufed as manure, 25 
 cart-loads per acre j dreffing a hungry fandy foil for 7 
 or 1 2 years — This manure is called Crag. 
 
 (4) Shell-Sand, a rich manure. 
 
 Shells are burnt into lime in the following fim- 
 pie manner. A hole is made in the ground wherein 
 they put furze, upon that wood, upon the wood 
 fmall ftone coal, and then a layer of fhells, and fo 
 fhells and coals, Jlratum Japer jlratam, and then put 
 fire to them. 
 p. Bones, broke or ground very fmall, faid to be fu- 
 perior to all other manures ; the quantity 60 bufhels 
 to an acre. It is thought a judicious practice to put 
 a cart-load of afhes to 30 or 40 bufhels of bones j 
 when they have heated for 24 hours, to be turned; 
 and after laying 10 days longer are fit for ufe. Whole 
 bones are not of the leaft fervice. 
 
 [ »« ] 
 
202 Man. 
 
 At Sheffield it is now become a trade to grind bones 
 for the ufe of the farmer — If bones are mixed in a 
 heap of lime, they will in a fhort time be reduced to 
 powder. The Chinefe ufe the allies of burnt bones as 
 a top drefling to their rice fields. 
 
 q. Feathers (old ones may be procured from uphollter- 
 ers) reckoned a good manure for arable land. 
 
 r. Furriers chipping;, fown by hand from the feed 
 fcuttle, on land intended to be fown with wheat or 
 barley, and immediately ploughed in ; after which the 
 feed is fown and harrowed in. The quantity two or 
 three quarters to an acre -, anfwers well on dry light 
 foils, but have little effect on wet — Rabbit clippings a 
 good drefling, harrowed in with corn. 
 
 Such pieces as are left upon the ground muft be 
 pufhed in, as dos;s and crows greedily fcize on them. 
 
 /. Hoofs forced into the earth with (ticks, prefently af- 
 ter the wheat, barley, or rye, is fown, at about 6 in- 
 ches or a foot diftant, is a drefling for fix years to 
 chalk, gravel, and loam. 
 
 t. Hcrn-Jhavings — I. Small or turner's-fhavings. :, 
 Large or refuie. pieces of horn. The firft the belt. 
 Is ufed in the fame way and quantity as the laft 
 article. The large is ploughed into the land three 
 months before lowing wheat or barley. They anfwer 
 in moil foils ; except very dry ones, when they 
 not work. 
 
 The cores of horns, crufhed in a mill, have been 
 ufed as a manure. 
 
 u. Sheeps trotters, and fellmongers' cuttings, are ukd 
 in the fame way as furriers' clippings, from 20 to 40 
 bufhete per acre. They need pricking in, as dogs and 
 crows are very fond of them. Does not anfwer well 
 on wet land. 
 
 ;. ■'.'oolliii-rags — thefe are to be chopped, fown by' 
 hand, and ploughed in three months before fowing of 
 wheat or barley; the quantity from 6 to 10 cwt. per 
 acre. In Kent they fpread about a ton per acre, eve- 
 ry third year, for hops. As they hold moifture, they 
 are adapted tor dry gravelly or chalky foils, and fuc- 
 ceed belt in dry feafons. 
 The danger of catching the fmall pox, in chop- 
 
MAN. 20J 
 
 ping and fowing them, deters many farmers from tfceir 
 ufe. 
 
 w. Wool (the dirty locks, or trimmings, &c. of fheep) 
 is ufed in Surry as a manure for hops. 
 
 x. Hog's hair a good drefling for light foils, harrowed 
 in with wheat, rye, or barley. 
 
 y. Blood y according to Evelyn, is an excellent manure 
 for fruit trees, 
 
 z. In Cornwall is ufed bruifed and decayed pilchards, 
 and the refufe bay fait ufed in curing of them, mixed 
 with from 150 to 200 feams of fand and earth, with 
 which they are left to ferment and incorporate, and is 
 frequently turned over and mixed, before it is laid on 
 the land. 
 
 After a drefling of this kind for barley, on fome 
 lands near the Lizard, h is faid, that 90 bufhels of 
 barley, Winchefter meafure, have been produced on 
 a ftatute acre; and it is not uncommon to have from 
 70 to 80 bufhels j 75 bufhels they confider as a mid- 
 dling crop. 
 
 2. Vegetable. 
 
 a, Sea-weed— The belt is that cut from the rocks ; when 
 driven on fhore, the beft is the peafy fort; the worft, 
 that with the long ftalk ; it is ufed either frefh, or laid 
 up in heaps to putrify. 
 
 Is an excellent manure for gardens, and deftroys all 
 kinds of vermin. 
 
 On the mores of the ifland of Jerfey grows a wee4 
 called by the inhabitants Uriac, which they cut twice 
 a year, in fummer and about the vernal equinox : The 
 fummer Uriac is firft dried well by the fun on the 
 fhore, then ferves for kitchen fuel in country houfes, 
 and makes a glowing fire ; and the afhes being care- 
 fully preferved, ferve for manure ; and is held equal 
 
 ' to a like quantity of lime. The winter Uriac is 
 fpread and ploughed in, and is efleemed an excellent 
 manure. 
 
 b River-weeds, particularly the Conferva, (this plant 
 refembles fmall fibres) fucceed very well, when 
 ploughed in for turneps or wheat, if the foil is fandy ; 
 but do not fuit land that is fpringy, or liable to inun- 
 dation. 
 
204 MAN. 
 
 c . Fetches, Buckwheat, Clover, Grey Peas, and Rape, 
 are turned in upon old ploughed lands, and much be- 
 nefit has been derived from their vegetable fermen- 
 tation. 
 
 Turneps much injured by the f reft, has been plough- 
 ed in as a manure, and anfwered. It has been fuppofed 
 that they would prove a good fmothering to feedling 
 weeds on heaps of dung, and dug in affifts fermen- 
 tation. 
 
 d. Rape-cake, when ufed as manure for wheat, is re- 
 duced to a pulverifed (late, by means of two mills, 
 worked by two women, each mill being formed of 
 two cylinders, revolving towards each other : the fiift 
 breaks the cake into pieces the fize of a walnut, by 
 the operation of cogged cylinders : the fecond is con- 
 flicted of plain iron cylinders, fimilar to thofe ufed 
 for grinding clay to make bricks. 
 
 e. Rape-duft, as a top dreffing for turneps, iooo weight 
 to an acre. 
 
 Top drejfings are either fpread out of carts with a 
 fhovel, or fown by hand. 
 
 f. Malt-duft, is fown by hand, from 24 to 32 bufhels 
 per acre, with barley, and harrowed in with the feed. 
 It fuits moft foils and feafons ; quickly fpends itfelf, 
 and is therefore never fown with wheat. 
 
 Black malt-duft, or fuch as falls through the kiln 
 plate in drying, is greatly preferred to the white, on 
 account of the feeds of Charlock, &c. with which it 
 abounds, being killed by the heat. 
 
 g. Malt- combs, for feeds and tillage, fix quarter an acre 
 for turneps. 
 
 h. Soap boiler's afies, or wood afhes, from which lye 
 has been made, has a very good effect on cold fward 
 or rufhy wet land ; laid on in autumn, three bufhelc. 
 
 i. Ajhes procured by burning fern, ftubble, bean-ftalks, 
 heath, furze, and fedge ; alio afhes from kilns where 
 ftraw or furze are burnt ; is ufed as a top dreffing for 
 corn and grafs ; mould not be laid on in windy wea- 
 ther. Succeeds beft juft before rain or fnow falls, as 
 thefe warn them into the foil. Two loads are fufficient 
 for an acre. 
 
MAN. 205 
 
 One load of dry afhes will be equally efficacious, 
 with two loads that have been kept wet, ano>.the falts 
 thereby warned out. 
 k. Kelp-ajbes, 40 bufhels for an acre; the improvement 
 by them very great. 
 
 Afhes defend plants from the depredation of infers 
 and Jlugs. 
 I. Rotten-woody and faw-duft when rotten, a very good 
 manure for ftrong lands, becaufe it loofens the parts of 
 the earth, and renders it light. 
 
 m. Charcoal has been tried as a manure, but did not 
 anfwer. 
 
 Is confidered a good manure in N. America. 
 3. Fossil. 
 
 a. Clay. 
 
 (1) As dug; a better manure than marie on fand. 
 
 (2) Burnt; a good manure as a top dreffing. 
 
 To burn it, make four gutters or funnels with ftones 
 or bricks, and in them place faggots or culm, over 
 which put clay, and when one layer is thoroughly 
 heated and burnt, add another. &c. till it is raifed 
 into a large mound. 
 
 b. Ofe, fea-mud, fait clod, or fea-fludge, as it is vari- 
 oufly called — A good manure. 
 
 c. Marie. 
 
 (1) White marie for light fandy foils, from 80 # 100 
 load to an acre, laid on clover and ray-grafs, or ray- 
 grafs ftubble or layer, a year before it is ploughed in; 
 after the firft dreffing with marie alone, it is to be fix- 
 ed with dung. 
 
 The goodnefs of marie determined by fubfiding 
 quick in water. 
 
 (2) Hard blue marie, 20 waggon loads, of 40 bufhels 
 each, laid on an acre, the good effect of which is faid 
 to be very apparent 30 years after. 
 
 Suits a light gravelly and dry chalky foil, and is 
 ufed not only to reftore, but to alter the nature of the 
 foil. 
 
 (3) Burnt, and then bruifed into a kind of powder, 
 and fown as a top dreffing, about 10 bufhels to an 
 acre. 
 
izS •• X. 
 
 It has been burnt in a kiln after the manner of lime; 
 or laid over a gutter, under which faggots, &c. for 
 fuel have been laid ; it has alfo been burnt in a com- 
 mon oven. 
 d. Chalky lightens clay and binds fand, 30 waggon 
 loads of 40 buQiels each, or 100 cart loads of 32 
 bufhels each, laid on an acre ; mould lay on the 
 
 ound great part of the winter, that the froft may 
 make it run and incorporate the better with the foil ; 
 the benefit of chalk will laft from 10 to 15 years. 
 
 Tie opinion that land once chalked would never be 
 benefited by a fecond coat, found fallaceous by expe- 
 rience. 
 
 Chalk is burnt into lime. 
 r. G 9/ Paris, ground as fine as meal, 
 
 an excellent top dreffing on light foils, for lucern, 
 faintfoin, and clover; fix bu fuels per acre laid on in 
 May. Gypfum is dug on Beacon Hill, near Newark, 
 at the junction of the Trent and Soar ; and alfo near 
 
 }rthwich, in Chefhire. The powder of both the 
 Englifh and French may be had in London. 
 f. Lime is of two forts — 1. That made from Magne- 
 fian Limetlone, which is hot, and if laid on in large 
 quantities, deftroys vegetation for feveral years ; it 
 may be diftinguifhed from the following by the flow- 
 neftiof its folution in acids. 2. Lime made of purely 
 calcarious limeftone; this maybe laid on in large 
 proportions, without diminifhing the fertility of the 
 foil — Twenty Winchefter bufhels, in flour, of the 
 firft, is reckoned fufficient for an acre, whereas dou- 
 ble the quantity of the fecond has been direfted. 
 
 If laid on alone, faid to exhauft the foil of its moft 
 fertile juice and particles; is mixed by forming fmall 
 heaps of lime, covered with a coat of earth ; when 
 the earth by its moifture has (lacked the lime, the 
 heaps to be opened, and as much farm yard dung bu- 
 ried in each as it will cover. 
 
 ien lime is not immediately wanted it fhould be 
 thrown up in ridges or heaps, and preferved from the 
 ■weather, either by being thatched or covered with a 
 cord of earth. 
 
MAN. 207 
 
 g. Stones— Plott, in his hiftory of Oxfordfhire, menti- 
 ons the clippings of the ftone they hew in the quarry 
 at Hornton, near Banbury, as being a good manure ; 
 and Buhamel fays the fame of limeftone on grafs ; the 
 obfervations of the laft, probably led the late Lord 
 Kaims, with other commifiioners of forfeited eftates in 
 Scotland, to erect a mill for grinding of lime-ftone for 
 manure; but it was unfortunately carried away by the 
 burn which had worked it, and, confequently, it re- 
 mains doubtful whether it would be advantageous to 
 grind lime-ftone for manure. 
 
 b. Sand for clay or bog; fea-fand (the goodnefs increa- 
 feth the farther from high water mark) the beft, next 
 what is wafhed down by rain on gravelly foils ; dry and 
 light the worft; fmall gritty gravel good. 
 
 One of our Agricultural Societies required to gain 
 their premium, that 1 50 cuftomary cart loads, contain- 
 ing 25 Winchefter bulhels o( /and, mould be laid up- 
 on an acre of clay ; and the fame quantity of clay upon 
 an acre of fand. 
 
 i. Coal-ajhes — open and meliorate clayey lands, and 
 correct their ungenial qualities; mould not be plough- 
 ed in very deep. 
 
 As a top drefling, from 50 to 60 bulhels per acre ; 
 fucceed well on clover, in March or April on dry chalk- 
 ey lands; alfo anfwer on fward, applied either in win- 
 ter or fpring, and deftroy the rufhes. 
 
 k. Soot — As a top drefling, fcattered like grain, from 
 20 to 40 bufhels per acre; if the land is manured, on- 
 ly half the quantity. Anfwers beft on wheat in April; 
 it likewife fucceeds on peas, ray-grafs, or clover, in 
 the fame month, and has a good effect fown with bar- 
 ley, in the beginning of April, and harrowed in. Three 
 quarters an acre on wheat ; lure to fucceed on cold land. 
 Good alfo for faintfoin and ray-grafs. 
 
 Soot from wood is not near fo good as from coals. 
 
 /. Peat. 
 (1) Peat-afhes, as a top drefling in the fpring for corn, 
 clover, grafs, faintfoin, alfo peas, tares, and other fuc- 
 culent plants ; the quantity per acre, 15, 25, 40 bu- 
 lhels ; faid to anfwer beft on dry chalky foils — Seven 
 
208 MAN. 
 
 bufliels of peat-afhes from Newberry, is equal to from 
 15 to 30 bufhels from other places; hence the quanti- 
 ty of afhes per acre, muft be regulated in proportion 
 to the corrofive acid fait they contain after calcination. 
 (2) Peat-duff, put to the fame ufe as the laft, is ef- 
 teemed the bed pofiible drefiing for an onion bed. 
 The fward has been pared off, and when the peat 
 
 * was dug, relayed, fo that the field became meadow 
 land again. 
 
 m. Black bog earth \ 60 loads of it has been laid on feeds 
 with fucceis; but tried on turneps did not fucceed. 
 
 „. Salt—The good efTed of it on grafs vifible 30 years 
 
 after. 
 
 Suppofed to be the mod grateful to vegetation of all 
 manures, and that cattle fed on the produce of land 
 manured by it, will fatten in two-thirds of the time 
 they will where fait is not ufed : the animal food to the 
 perfon who eats of it, is much finer flavoured than 
 where no fait is ufed as manure. It alio makes corn 
 uncommonly productive, the draw ftrong, and the grain 
 thin hulled, heavy, and of a finer fample; it likewife 
 fweetens four paftures, and makes the herbage come 
 thick, (at firft flops all vegetation) and confiderably 
 more in quantity. 
 
 Notwithstanding the above high character, there are 
 thofe, who, after trying it as a manure, will not allow 
 that it improves the foil, or makes vegetables grow. 
 
 " Quantity of fait, and qualities of the foil, make 
 a difference. Too much fait burns; too little is inef- 
 fectual." 
 
 Deftroys infects. 
 
 4. Liquid. 
 
 a. Stagnate water from ponds into which drains run 
 from llables, &c. a good manure for arable and pallure 
 land.— Spread bv means of a watering cart. 
 
 b. Frejlo water, 'in many places land is floated at will 
 with it, (fee the Bath Agriculture Societies papers, 
 vol. II. p. 85 and 142, for the method of watering 
 paftures) and thereby raifed two-thirds in their annual 
 value; is fuppoled to act as a hot-bed; and produces 
 early grafs. See Irrigation. 
 
MAN. 209 
 
 -;. Sea water applied to manures is found to poflefs 
 powerful effects in promoting putrefaction, and would 
 prove highly beneficial to all farmers near the lea fide — 
 A ton of fea water contains from a bufhel to a bufhel 
 and a quarter of fea fait. 
 
 d. Urine. This calls for a careful management on all 
 forts of grafs, corn, or tree roots, as it furioufly af- 
 fifts or deftroys, as it is difcreetly or indifcreetly appli- 
 ed j its right ufe being not only in a fmall quantity, 
 but at a proper feafon ; in the firft it mould be no 
 more than fprinkled ; in the latter it is to be done in 
 January, February, or before May is over, that the 
 dry heat of the weather may not add to the fiery parts 
 of the dale. 
 
 e. To prepare a very ufeful liquid manure for gardens — 
 Put up a full bufhel of frefh pigeons' -dung in an old 
 bag, and immerfe this in a hogfhead of foft water j 
 move the bag very much every day for a week, when 
 it will be fit for ufe. It muff be given to the flowers, 
 plants, &c. as common water, only taking care that 
 it is applied to the roots only, and not iuffered to 
 fall on the leaves and flems of the plants. The bag 
 of pigeons'-dung will impregnate a fecond hogfhead 
 of water. 
 
 N. B. It is fuppofed this liquid manure may be ap- 
 plied with great advantage, to promote the early ve- 
 getation of the feeds of onions, carrots, cabbages, 
 &c. In France wheat is fleeped in a ley of poultry- 
 dung. 
 
 It has been found, that after a farm has been long ufed 
 to a fettled ccurfe of manuring, variety is of great con- 
 fequence ; infomuch that the introduction of a new ma- 
 nure has operated greatly more than its proportion of 
 the old one would have done. 
 
 Drilling and Horfe-Hoeing has been fuppofed by 
 fome admirers of thofe implements, to make manuring 
 unneceiTary. 
 
 The aforegoing forts and all forts manure of ac- 
 cumulated in a general compofi, anfwer beft." 
 
 [ =7 ] 
 
r. S< 
 
 a. ' :s rr.oft in d 
 
 I fiourifbes more on Hills than cr 
 i. Ircreasi 
 c. Br feer., which docs not cr till the fee 
 
 fuckers, and roots. 
 c. By cuttings — 
 
 ch falls 
 " The 
 
 - 
 make muQcal s. When filled 
 
 .c cabinet : 
 ke cs, trer . 
 
 :he vedeis 
 
 make both ;rfrom: 
 
 .r. cc 
 
 i. C 
 
 m: 
 
 2. / 
 
 :^ht for - . the fe^ .er. 
 
 j as an 
 
 than an Or firir, buth?. 
 
MEL. 2ii 
 
 5. Small Portugal, or Dormer Melon. Is a pretty 
 good fruit, and a good bearer. May be cultivated 
 for an early crop. 
 
 6. Black Galloivay. This was brought from Portugal 
 by Lord Galloway. The beft for an early crop, and 
 the fruit ripens lboner than any other — Has greatly de- 
 generated by being fullered to grow near other fort:, 
 
 7. Egyptian. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Seed: 
 
 a. Should be procured from good Melons produced in 
 fome diftant garden, for if fown on the place or near 
 where it was railed and ripened, it is very apt to de- 
 generate. 
 
 This degeneracy is fuppofed rather to proceed from 
 growing near an inferior fort; or too near Cucumber?, 
 Gourds, &c. " No doubt remains of their degenerat- 
 ing fromthis crate." 
 
 b. Seed mould be at lead 3 years old, and is the better 
 for being 6 or 7 but not more — Light feed produces 
 weak plants. 
 
 The management of Melons being nearly the fame 
 as that of Cucumbers, the reader is defired to turn to 
 that article ; the few particulars wherein they differ ara 
 here mentioned. 
 ' 2. Firft Crop, or thofe grown in frames. 
 
 a. The feed for this crop may be fown from January to 
 the end of March — One plant in each light, 
 
 b. i'/hen they have gotten 4 leaves, the tops fhoidd be 
 pinched off with the finger and thumb j and again when 
 they have 2 or more lateral jhojts, the tops of them 
 lhould be pinched off 'when they have 2 or more joints, 
 to force out more. 
 
 f. To procure fine fruit x pinch off all the other, fruit ex- 
 cept the one with the longejl Jlalk, arid pinch ojf the end 
 cf the runner at the third joint above the fruit ; and 
 hew runners alfj that appear below the fruit fhculd he 
 checj 
 
 d- When the fruit is about the fize cf a tennis bail, a 
 piece of tile mould be put under each, and as they 
 approach to ripening mould be turned iV/eral time?, 
 that they m.iy ripen equally. 
 
MIC. 
 
 The practice of taking off the leaves about the t 
 
 is the fruit being always the worfe for it, and 
 
 the fkin harder and tougher. 
 e. Melons require a greater fhare of air, and lefs water 
 
 than Cucumbers. 
 /. The frames fhould be very wide, and when the fea- 
 
 fon will allow of it, raifed about 3 inches for the 
 
 vines to iun under thtm. 
 
 3. Second Crop, or thofe raifed under bell or hand 
 glafTts, or frames covered with oiled papers. 
 
 a. The feed for this crop is fown the end of March, or 
 firft week in April. 
 
 b. Two plants to be planted on each hill, (which fhould 
 be 18 inches high) and when they have taken root the 
 weak eft to be removed. 
 
 c. When grown beyond the glaifes, fhould be fheltered 
 with mats at night; and the ridges widened when the 
 plants reach the edge, with old dung covered with 
 earth to a level with the bed. 
 
 d. Covering the plants with mats when the leaves droop, 
 refrefhes them more than water: 
 
 e. When thi ars the plants fhould be but 
 flightly watered, but the earth about the beds well 
 moiflened. 
 
 f. The gkfTes fhould be continued over the roots of the 
 plants s and glaffes alio placed over the fruit in unfa- 
 vourable weather. 
 
 4. Third Crop. 
 
 a. Seed has been fown on a hot-bed the 3d of May, 
 the plants not transplanted, and covered with oil pa- 
 per; the fruit of which continued from the end of 
 Aus;ufl to the end of October. 
 
 5. Use. 
 The fruit ripe ; and fuch of the lateft fruit as are 
 not likeiy to ripen, are pickled and called 
 goes. 
 
 b. Orgeat is compofed, for the rnoft part, of Melon- 
 feeds mixed with fugar ne perfumed 
 
 tcr. 
 
 MICE — See -. 
 
MIL. MIN. 213 
 
 MILLET. (Milium.) 
 
 I; With black feeds. 
 2. With white feeds. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. A warm dry foil, or light fand. 
 
 b. Is reckoned a great impoverifher of the earth. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. To be fown early in April, but not very thick ; as 
 the plants branch much. 
 
 b. Muft: be well dried, or it will not keep. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. Requires, when firft up, to be kept clear of weeds, 
 after which they will get the better of them. 
 
 b. W T hen it begins to ripen muft be protected from 
 birds, or they will foon devour it. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. Though it generally ripens its feed very well in Eng- 
 land, it has been feldom cultivated," but by wav of cu- 
 riofity ; and in fmall gardens, for feeding poultry and 
 Canary birds. 
 
 It is imported, and frequentiy ufed in families for 
 making puddings, &c. and.it forms a principal part 
 of the food of the natives of warmer climates. 
 
 b. Is mowed for hay. 
 
 MINT. (Mentha Viridis.) 
 Var. With curled leaves. 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 a. Is eafily propagated by parting the roots in the 
 fpring, and planting off-fets or cuttings in the fum- 
 mer months in a moid foil. 
 
 2. Plant. 
 
 a. Should be planted 8 inches apart en beds about 4 
 feet wide, allowing a path 2 feet broad. — New beds 
 fhould be made every three years. 
 
 b. For winter and fpring ufe fhould be taken up be- 
 fore Chriftmas, and planted upon a moderate hot-bed 
 clofe together. 
 
214 MOL. MOR. MOS. 
 
 c. For medicinal ufe fhould be cut in a very dr 
 fon, juft when in flower, and hung up to dry in a fha- 
 dy place. 
 
 3. Use. 
 :. For culinary purpofcs, fillets, &c. and medic 
 purpofes. 
 
 This plant is called by fprac Spear-Minr, Y 
 :r, or Roman-Mint. 
 
 MOLE or ANT-HILLS. 
 
 1. Mole or Ant-hills are removed by chopping re 
 them with a heavy adze or grubbing hoe, the cutting 
 edgetfi . is circular, and 10'- inches v.-ide ; the 
 depth of the blade, including itu neck to the eye, (or 
 
 1 handle is fattened) is 84- inches j from half 
 
 a dozen to half a fcore tbokes will belt the largeft 
 
 hill, and loofen it from its feat, which is always left 
 
 lower than the adjoining furface, to receive and hold 
 
 ich dcitroys the ants. 
 
 2. With a plough. See the plate, fig. 10. (1) The 
 beam 9 feet long and 4 inches fquare. (2.) The two 
 flat i-hzres of iron 4 icet long and 5 inches wide. (3.) 
 The fide pieces 5 fctz long and 5 inches broad, by 4 
 thick. (4.) The handles 4 feec 6 inches long. (5.) 
 The four ilandards 2 fee: high from the ground, fa 
 fize as beam. 
 
 2- T :., by irrigation. 
 
 The hills are commonly flrft made by Mules, and 
 afterwards poffrffed by innumerable companies of Ants, 
 who, by. long polie/Tion, increafc them to a 
 fize. (See vermin.) 
 
 MORELL. (Phallus tUs.) 
 
 This has been fuccekfully cultivated in the manner 
 of Mufhrooms. As they arc obu-rved tu be in zhz 
 greatci: ;-!enty where riro have be.. fprcad- 
 
 ingof :.:obably contribute 
 
 incre 
 
 ;SSES. 
 
 I. DlSTROVED. 
 J. 
 
MOS. MUL. 215 
 
 Soot found effectual againft mofs, applied in Novem- 
 ber, 40 bufhcls per acre. 
 
 c. By manuring with marie or lime; or ftrewing fund cr 
 turf allies. 
 
 d. By irrigation or watering the land. 
 
 The land mod fubject to mofs is commonly a ftrong 
 loam, or fome other binding foil, where the crop has 
 been long carried ofF the field, without any amend- 
 ment being given by the addition of any kind of ma- 
 nure. 
 
 e. On trees, bv draining the land; or by digging round 
 the tree in winter, and bringing frefh mould from the 
 bottom of ponds, roads, cr old walls, previously pre- 
 pared by pulverization, and placing it round the roots 
 ot the tree, before the earth be thrown back. 
 
 2. Use. 
 A decoction of the Fir Club-mofs (Lycopodium Se- 
 ct) is ufed to kill lice upon cows and {wine. 
 vVTien the Grey Thread-mofs (Bryum Rurale) takes 
 to grow upon thatched buildings, fo as to cover the 
 thatch, inftead of lading but about 10 years, it will 
 endure for an age. 
 
 c. In fome parts of Scotland the Club-mofs is ufed in- 
 stead of alium, to fix the colours in dying. 
 
 Of this mofs alio mats are made. 
 
 d. Cyprefs-mofs, (Hypnum CupreJJifcnne) dyes yellow. 
 p. It is generally believed that the roots and decayed 
 
 1kg of the Bog-mofs (Sphagnum Paluftre), confti- 
 tute the principal part of that ufeful bituminous fub- 
 ftance, called Peat. 
 
 The kind of Peat, called Mofs 3 which after long 
 rains has fpread and deftroyed many hundreds of acres, 
 (as at Solway, where it lies to the depth of 15 feet) it 
 has been found, is only to be removed by floating it 
 off by the afiiilance of a liream of water, introduced 
 from the higher Grounds. 
 
 MULBERRY. 
 
 f. Black Mulberry- (Morus Nigra.) 
 
 i. White Mulberry (M. Alba) Thefe two are very 
 har 
 
2i6 MUL 
 
 3. With the leaves fo unequally fawed, that the-. 
 
 to have been eaten by infers (M. Mica.) There is 
 a tree of this kind in Kew Gardens. 
 
 4. Paper Mulberry (M. Pyfyriferd) Thrives well in our 
 climate, except in very fcvere winters, which do not 
 appear wholly to kill it — The Chinefe make paper of 
 the b.trkj one kind of their paper, probably rr,ade from 
 it, is fo^r, of a pale yellow colour, and readily tears. 
 
 5. A fhrub mulberry has lately been introduced into 
 England. 
 
 ' :. of the Black y. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed. 
 
 b. By laying down the branches, which take roc 
 
 :r, and are then feparated from the old tree. 
 
 c. By cuttings; thefe fnould be fhocts of the former 
 year, with one joint of the two years old wood at t 
 torn; the bed feafon for planting them is March. 
 
 2. Tree. 
 
 a. Grows to a large fize. 
 
 b. When defigned to feed filk worms, fhou'd neve: 
 fuffered to grow tall, but kept in a fort of hedge. 
 
 c. The leaves ihould not be pulled off fingly, but (bear- 
 ed off together with their young branches ; which is 
 fooner done, and not fo injurious to the tree. 
 
 Culture > civ. of the White Mulberry. 
 1. Increased. 
 
 a. May be propagated like the black; but the quid; 
 way is from iced {own on a moderate hot- bed — The 
 young plants to be guarded from the froft the firll win- 
 ter. 
 
 b. In Spain the feeds are obtained by rubbing a rope of 
 efparlo over heaps of ripe mulberries, which 
 buried two inches under ground. 
 
 As the young plants come up, they arc and 
 
 tranfplanted ; and afterwards fet cut in rows in the 
 fields; where they a:e general': fecond 
 
 year, though fame never prune them. 
 2. Use of both the bla 
 The fruit — The fruit mi:;. 
 • able liquor. 
 
MUM. MUS. 217 
 
 b. The leaves for feeding Silk-worms. 
 
 In Italy, in order to provide food for the filk worms 
 in cafe of a blight among the mulberry-trees, o:her 
 leaves have been tried ; and bramble tops have been 
 found the beft fuccedaneum. 
 
 c. For hedges. 
 
 MUMMY. 
 
 Mummy, among gardeners, is a kind of wax ufed (in 
 lieu of clay) in grafting, and planting the roots of trees; 
 and is made of 1 lb. of common black pitch, and a quar- 
 ter of a lb. of common turpentine, put into an earchen 
 pot, and feton the fire in the open air; in doing this, you 
 ought to hold a cover in your hand, in order to quench 
 it, by putting it on; which is to be done feveral times, 
 fetting it on the fire again, that the nitrous and volatile 
 parts may be evaporated : The way to know when it is 
 done enough, is by pouring a little of it upon a pewter 
 plate, and if it be fo it will coagulate prefentlyj when 
 the melted pitch is to be poured into another pot, and a 
 little common wax added to it, mixing them well toge- 
 ther; and then to be kept for ufe. 
 
 MUSHROOMS. (Agaricus Campeftris.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 t. Soil. 
 a. Grows naturally in dry paftures after rain. 
 a. Increased by Gardeners. 
 
 a. From Seed; thefe are lodged between the gills, but 
 being too minute to collect, a piece of the gill is plant- 
 ed. 
 
 b. From Spawn, i. e. the white fibrous radicles found 
 about their roots, or among horfe-litter, in form of 
 long white firings, thefe produce tubercles in the man- 
 ner of potatoes. 
 
 The feed or fpawn is fown on a hot-bed, in Septem- 
 ber; for the making of which fee the article Hot- 
 Beds. 
 
 3. Use. 
 a. Are eaten either frefh, ftewed, or boiled, and prefer- 
 ved, pickled, or pulverized. 
 [ 28 ] 
 
ai8 MUS. 
 
 Of its juice, with wine, fait, and fpices, is made 
 the fauce called Catchup. 
 
 Befides the above there are feveral other kinds of Mu(h-» 
 rooms eaten, which, there is reafon for believing, 
 might with equal eale be cultivated; viz. 
 
 i. Yellow Mufhroom or Chanterelle (A. Chant arellus). 
 Grows in woods: has a pleafant fmell, fomething like 
 a ripe plumb, and when properly ftewed, a favoury 
 tafte and fine flavour; otherwife tough and fubacrid. 
 
 2. Equal-gilled Mufhroom (A. Integer.} Grows in 
 woods; the fubftance breaks fhort, and is a little acrid, 
 but is frequently eaten in Germany and Rujfia. 
 
 3. Milky Mufhroom (A. Latlifluus.) In woods fre- 
 quent. This is reputed to be one of the beft kinds 
 for the table, though not eaten in England. 
 
 4. Violet Mufhroom (A. Violaceus.) Grows in woods. 
 It is a firm fubltance, and is eaten by the Ruiffans and 
 Germans. 
 
 5. Little Champignion or Fairy Mufhroom. (A. Co- 
 riaccus.) In dry paftures, and frequently in thofe green 
 circles of grafs called Fairy Rings. The French call 
 it Moujferon, and efleem it one of the beft for the ta- 
 ble. 
 
 6. Efculent Mufhroom (A. Efculentus. Ray.) This 
 grows with the common, to which it is little inferior in 
 lafte. The top and gills white. 
 
 7. Green Mufhroom (A. Viridis. Ray.) In Hornfey-* 
 wood. This is of a whitifh green colour. Flefh of a 
 fine flavour. 
 
 Should any perfon be inclined to cultivate either of 
 the above, he is referred to Lightfoot's Flora Scotica ; 
 or Whitherrng's Botanical Arrangement of Vegetables 
 naturally growing in Great Britain, for a defcription of 
 them ; with which they mould be carefully compared, 
 as there are feveral kinds of Mufhrooms which are poi- 
 ibnous — To perfons fufferingfrom eating fuch, the moft 
 approved and fpeedy remedy, is to life emetics and ca- 
 thartics : To prevent, however, any accidents of this 
 kind, perhaps the beft advice would be to caution per- 
 fons in general, to meddle with no other fort than the 
 common field Mufhroom, which is generally cultivated, 
 
MUS. -219 
 
 and rather to procure fuch of thofe who cultivate them, 
 than of thofe who may occafionally offer them to fale. 
 The falfe mufhroom is a terrible poifon greatly to 
 be dreaded; therefore beware." 
 
 MUSTARD. 
 
 i. White Muftard. (Sinapis Alba.) 
 
 1. Common Muftard. (S. Nigra.) Of this the fauce 
 called Muftard is made. 
 
 3. Wild Muftard or Charlock. (S. Arvenfis.) The feed 
 fold under the name of Durham Muftard-feed — varies, 
 1. With cut leaves. — 2. With entire leaves. 
 
 Culture, 6JV. of the common Muftard, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Requires rather a heavy foil, which muft by tillage- 
 be brought into a nice mould. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. White or reddifh. 
 
 b. Sown broad-caft in March at one buihel per acrej by 
 fome a peck and a half; the fame of brown. 
 
 c. Sown in drills a foot afunder. 
 
 d. The white fown in the manner of garden crefs; which 
 fee. 
 
 3. Plant 
 
 a. Hoed always twice, and frequently three times ; the 
 plants fet about 10 inches apart. 
 
 b. Reaped in Auguft. 
 
 c. Medium produce three quarters per acre. 
 
 d. Muftard never fallows rhuftard, but may be fown on 
 the fame land again in the third year. Leaves the land 
 in fufficient tilth for any other crop. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. The well known fubftance called Muftard, is made 
 
 of the feed. 
 3. Of the refufe orhufks of muftard feed, which cannot 
 be reduced to powder, a coarfe oil is extracted by means 
 of a moift heat. 
 
 An oil poilefled of the acrimony proper to the muf- 
 tard, and ufeful both in fall ads and in medicine, is ex- 
 prefled from the feed powdered and put into bags, by 
 
220 MYR. 
 
 the mere mechanical force of the wedge in a mill, with- 
 out any hear, 
 f. The feed-leaves. of the white for fmall falleting. 
 
 MYRTLE. 
 
 1. Common Myrtle. (Myrtus Communis.) 
 
 2. Dutch Myrtle. (Myrica Gale.) 
 
 3. Candleberry Myrtle. (Myrica Cerifera.) 
 
 Culture, oJV. of Common Myrtle. 
 1. Shrub. 
 
 a. In Cornwall and Devonfhire grows every where in the 
 open air, without the aid of green-houfes, particularly 
 on the fouthern coaft; in other parts of this ifland re- 
 quires the protection of a green-houfe. 
 
 2. Use. 
 
 a. Armftrong, in his hiftory of the ifland of Minorca, 
 confidering myrtles as natives of Cornwall recommends 
 the cultivation of them, with a view to prevent oaks 
 being cut down at an improper feafon, for the fake of 
 more eafily dripping off" the bark; the tops of myrtle 
 being ufed for tanning in Minorca. 
 
 b. The young tops are ufed in dying. 
 
 c. The berries are eaten by the natives of Minorca. 
 
 Culture, ferr. of Dutch Myrtle or Gale. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Grows fpontanepufly in this country on marfhy bar- 
 ren ground. 
 
 2. Shrub. 
 a. Grows ereel, and is about 2 or 3 feet high; the leaves 
 have a fweet, agreeable, myrtle-like odour. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. Is ufed inftead of hops; but unltfs it is boiled along 
 time it is apt to occafion head-ach. 
 
 b. The cones boiled in water will yield a fcum like bees 
 wax, capable of being made into candles. 
 
 c. This plant would be ufeful in cotton fpinning manu- 
 factures, which, in hot weather, are expofed to the bi- 
 ting aflault of a fpecies of vermin (Pi'.lex), which 
 breeds in the duft, and other refute, neceflarily produ- 
 ced in the operation of fpinning; the fmell of it being 
 
NEC. in, 
 
 fo obnoxious to thefe vermin and moths, that they 
 precipitately fly its approach. Hog-fties littered with 
 it, frees fwine from lice. 
 
 d. Gathered in the autumn it dies wool yellow. 
 
 e. It is ufed to tan calf-fkins. 
 
 /. Linnasus, from the fmell of the plant, is induced 
 to fufpect, that Camphor might poffibly be prepared 
 from it. 
 
 Culture, &c. of Candleberry Myrtle. 
 
 i. Increased. 
 a. By feed fown in the fpring ; the young plants muft 
 be fcreened from the froft the firft winter. 
 i. Tree. 
 a. Bears very well our climate. 
 3. Use. 
 a. In America the berries are boiled in water, when the 
 water is cold, they fkim off the wax that proceeds from 
 the berries, and make candles of it. 
 
 NECTARINE. (Amygdalus Perfica.) 
 
 1. Fruit ripening in Auguft. 1. Fairchild's early. 2. 
 Elrouge. 3. Violet. 
 
 1, Ripening in September. 1. Newington. 2. Tem- 
 ple. 3. Red Roman. 4. Murry. 5. Brugnon, or 
 Italian. 6. Scarlet. 7. Tawny. 8. Golden. 
 
 3. Ripening in October. 1. Virmafh, or Peterbo- 
 rough. 
 
 4. The following are the mod efteemed for forcing, ar- 
 ranged in the order in which they ripen, viz. 1. El- 
 rouge. 2. Newington. 3. Roman. 
 
 The Nectarine is confidered by botanifts as only a 
 variety of the Peach, both having, it is affirmed, been 
 feen growing naturally on the fame tree. 
 
 Culture, csV. 
 
 !. Soil. 
 
 a. Will fucceed in any good garden foil. 
 
 b. If the natural foil is bad, pave the furface with flag 
 Hones, flates, or tiles, and raife a border of good earth 
 of a proper height for the roots to ftrike in. 
 
NEC. 
 
 In-creased. 
 a. By b principally on plums, as being the har- 
 
 dieft and mod fuccefsful (locks for the general fup- 
 plv- and occafionally on Almond, Peach, Apricot, 
 or its own feedling (lock ; the (tones for which fhould 
 be planted in autumn. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Is a hardy tree in refpect to growth, rifes to 15 feet 
 
 or more high ; and begins to bear when 3 years old. 
 
 To be transplanted from the nurfery into the border 
 in October ; the diftance never to be lefs than 1 2 
 feet, and in very good ground 14; fome allow from 
 
 ie middle of liber is the proper time to 
 
 them into the forcing-houfe. 
 
 c. Bears fruit on the young wood, Ihoots of a year 
 old only, and immediately from the eyes of the faid 
 
 its. 
 
 d. Pruning. 
 
 (1) In fummer train the bed placed young wood of 
 c fummer at full length, cutting out all foreright 
 and luxuriant wood. 
 
 a winter felect the bed placed laft Cummer's 
 fh : every part, quite from the bottom upward ; 
 
 cut out the irregular and fuperabundant ones, toge- 
 
 f the old bearers, down to the young wood; 
 
 and fhorten the fupply of new (hoots from 6 to 8, to 
 
 or 18 inches, according to their ftrength ; and nail 
 
 es diftance. 
 
 (3) In the forcing houfe, the proper time to fhorten 
 
 len the blofibm appears. 
 
 e. When forced trees produce fuch abundance of fruit 
 as to have 6 or 7 in a clufter, cut the :, when 
 {ct, through the middie with a pair of narrow-pointed 
 fcil :hen decay, and by this method the 
 foot-f* it are left will no: be wourr 
 Cut off alfo fuch leaves (allowing a little of their foot 
 ftalks to remain) as entirely exclude the fruit from 
 fun. 
 
 4. 1 
 a. The fruit. 
 
NAS. NET. 223 
 
 NASTURTIUM. (Tropseolum Majus.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Plant. 
 
 a. The culture of this plant is limply lowing the feed 
 in April, where the plants are to remain j which fhould 
 be near fomething for them to climb up. 
 
 b. This plant, which in England is an annual, in a 
 warmer climate is perennial, and fhrubby; as is the 
 cafe alfo with beet, marjorum, &c. 
 
 Often cultivated as a flower. 
 
 2. Use. 
 
 a. The Flowers are frequently eaten in fallads, and are 
 
 efteemed very wholefome i the berries are pickled, and 
 
 by fome are preferred to moft kinds of pickles for 
 
 fauce. 
 
 NETTLE-TREE. (Celtis Occidentalism 
 Culture, &V. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Delights in a moift rich foil. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 a. By feed, beft fown as foon as ripe. 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. For the firft two winters after they come up from 
 feed, they require a little protection — Two years old 
 the beft time to plant them where they are to remain, 
 as they have fpreading roots which would be much in- 
 jured by late planting — Require to be watered at the 
 time of planting, and in dry weather till they have ta- 
 ken root. 
 
 b. This is a native of America^ where it grows to a 
 large tree. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. The wood being tough and pliable, makes the beft 
 of fhafts, and coach-makers alfo efteem it for the 
 frames of their carriages. 
 x his tree is alfo named Lote. 
 
224 NUT. OAK. 
 
 EARTH NUT.* (Arachis Hypcgcca.) 
 
 This is a native of Africa ; from whence it has 
 been carried by the negroes, to the Weft Indies, Ca- 
 rolina, &c. 
 
 Culture, &V. in England. 
 
 i. Seed. 
 
 a. The feed or kernels fhould be fown in the fpring in 
 a hor-bed, and when the weather gets warm, the 
 plants expofed gradually to the open air. 
 
 b. In fummer, the feed will readily grow in the open 
 ground. 
 
 2. Plant. 
 a. Trails along the ground, and when the germen is 
 formed, it thrufts icfelf into the earth (which fhould 
 be very light), and there the pod is formed and ri- 
 pened. 
 
 2. Use. 
 g. The kernels, which are eaten roafted like chefnuts ; 
 are called Pindalls by many. Yield very pure fallad 
 oil. 
 
 OAK. (Quercus Rober.) 
 
 i . With only one or two acorns together, and thefe fup- 
 ported on long footftalks. 
 
 2. With fix or feveo acorns in a duller, fupported on 
 very (hort footftalks, the leaves lefs divided than the 
 former, and of a more laurel-like texture ; the tree it- 
 ielf is more humble, and the timber harder and high- 
 er-coloured. The firft is by fome called the female 
 oak, and the latter the male oak. 
 
 Obs. The var. 2, grows principally in the wilds 
 of Kent and Efifex, and is rarely met with in other 
 parts of the kingdom. Though fome make it of more 
 humble growth than var. i, others defcribe it as the 
 larger tree, having a better appearance, and confe- 
 quently more fuited for parks and plantations. 
 
 • " Angela Negro*?, — Cola or A~f 
 
f OAK. 225 
 
 Thtture, &V. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Grows well in rich black earth; in ftrong moift 
 loams ; in fandy loams or fands, with a flratum of 
 clay beneath j and black moorifh-land, where long 
 heath grows. 
 
 b. Grows fpontaneoufiy on four land. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. The furveyors of Dean Forefl propofed to turn fods 
 upfide down, at 3 feet apart, to plant one or two 
 acorns in each fod with a dibber, thinning the trees 
 at 10, 15, 25, 35, and 45 years growth, leaving at 
 lafl only 75 trees upon an acre. 
 
 b. Sown on land firft brought into good tilt > from four 
 to fix buihels per acre. 
 
 c. In StarTordfhire plantations are fometimes made by 
 fowing acorns with wheat, after a fummer fallow. 
 
 d. It has been recommended to plant the acorns under 
 buihes, which would protect the young trees till they 
 rife above the bite of cattle. 
 
 e. When a wood is cut, the replanting is effected by 
 finking in, with a pick-axe, a fufficient number of 
 acorns, and other feeds of foreft trees. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. When very young may be tranfplanted twice, or 
 thrice, if each time the tap or principal root is cut 
 off. 
 
 Oaks raifed from the acorn without removing, on 
 account of the tap-root linking down into the ground, 
 where there is lefs nourifhment, grow flowly, but are, 
 when they arrive at timber, the bed ; being generally 
 fuller at heart, and more compact, flrong, and lafl- 
 ing. 
 
 b. Oak plants of one Or two years growth, after they 
 have taken the ground, are often cut oft a little above 
 the ground, if they are ftunted or crooked ; and the 
 fecond fhoot is trufted to for the tree ; as it is found to 
 grow with greater luxuriance than the firft. 
 
 c. It is fuppofed that oak, in a good foil and fituation, 
 may, at 75 years from the acorn, have acquired 40 
 feet length of fhaft, being 14 inches girth at the bale, 
 
 [ 29 ] 
 
OAK. 
 
 12 in the middle, and 10 inches at the top — or one 
 ton of timber; and that in 75 years more it would 
 
 /roduce above feven times as much in quantity. 
 The largcft oak now growing in England, (the fa- 
 mous Fairlop Oak, in Hainault Foreft), meafures, 
 3 feet from the ground, about 36 feet in girth ; 
 and the boughs extend about 500 feet in circumfe- 
 rer. . 
 
 In Whinncld foreft, near Appleby, Weftmorland, 
 is an old hollow trunk of an oak, called the three 
 brethren tree, whofe circumference is 42 feet, and 
 will a man and horfe to ride within the fame. 
 
 ♦ . In A :hcy cut a ring of bark from the trunks 
 
 of Oaks, ice. a little above the ground ; this checks 
 their growth, and renders the wood more firm and va- 
 luable after they are cut down ; this is generally done 
 a year or two before they begin to fell the wood, 
 4. Use. 
 The wood being hard, tough, tolerably flexible, 
 and not eafily fplintering, makes it to be prefer- 
 red to all other timber for building fnips of war ; 
 it is alfo adapted to almoft every purpofe of the car- 
 penter - 3 it alfo ferves for Haves, laths, and fpokes for 
 
 teels. 
 . The bark is univerfaUy ufed for tanning leather ; and 
 afterwards for hot-beds, fuel, and manure. If for the 
 lad purpofe lime be mixed with ir, in two or three 
 jriths it will be reduced to a fine black earth ; bur, 
 if it were only laid in heaps, as many years would be 
 s fpontaneous fermentation, or pu- 
 trefaction. 
 
 Bark older than 40 or 50 years, begins to be corky, 
 and bad for tanning leather. 
 c. The ; and even the leaves, have been found 
 
 capable of tanning, though much inferior to the bark 
 fe. — A patent has lately been taken out 
 for tanning with a liquor made from oak faw-dufr, in- 
 om oak bark. 
 From experiments made, it appears, that half a 
 if leaves contain nearly as much aftringent 
 matter as a pound of bark. The leaves make excel- 
 lent hot-beds for n 
 
•OAK. -27 
 
 d. An infufion of the bark, with a fmall quantity of 
 copperas, is ufed by the common people to dye wool- 
 len of a purpiiih blue. The bark alfo has been fub- 
 ftiiuted for gall nuts (and even faid to be better) for 
 dying of hats. 
 
 e. Oak faw-duft is ufed in dying fuftian and drabs, the 
 different (hades of brown. 
 
 /. Oak apples are ufed in dying as a fubftitute for galls, 
 but are not fo durable. The cxpreffed juice, mixed 
 with vitriol and gum-arabic, will make ink. 
 
 £. Horfes, cows, fheep, and goats, eat the leaves ; 
 (wine and deer fatten on the acorns. — The acorns have 
 been roafted as a fubftitute for Coffee in the following 
 manner — Take found and ripe acorns, dry them gra- 
 dually, and then road them in a clofe vefTel or roafter, 
 keeping them continually (tarring, in doing of which, 
 efpecial care muft be taken that they be not burnt 
 or roafted too much, both which would be hurtful. — 
 In the North of Europe bread has been made with 
 them. 
 
 h. On the bark of our Engliih Oak, and alfo on that 
 of the Plumb, Cherry, and Vine ; have been found a 
 kind of kermes, about the fize of half a grey pea, 
 which ftrikes a carnation colour that (lands with lye — 
 Rubbed upon white paper, it tinges it with a beauti- 
 ful purple, or murry. 
 
 LUCOMBE OAK. 
 
 This is an evergreen, raifed about the year t 7 6 5 . 
 by Mr. Lucombe, nurfery-man at St. Thomas's, Exe- 
 ter ; from an acorn of the iron or wainfcot oak. 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Flourishes in all foils; and has been much planted 
 in Devonfhire, Cornwall, and Somerfetfhire. 
 1. Increased. 
 a. By grafting. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Its growth is (Irait and handfome as a fir. 
 
 b. Makes but one (hoot in the year, viz. in May, and 
 continues growing without interruption ; the (hoots 
 
228 OAT. 
 
 in general are from 4 to 5 feet every year, fo that it 
 will, in the fpace o c 30 or 40 years, out-grow in alti- 
 tude and girth the common oak of a 100. 
 4. Use. 
 a. The wood is thought by the beft judges, in hard- 
 nefs and ftrength, to exceed all other oaks. 
 
 OATS. 
 
 1. Oat. (Avena Saliva.) 
 
 a. White, moftly cultivated in the fouth. Greatly im- 
 poverifhes the foil. 
 
 b. Black, moftly cultivated in the north. Tillers more 
 than the white. 
 
 c. Crown or Red Oat — Ripens early and does not fhed 
 its feed; meal good. 
 
 2. Naked Oat or Pilcorn (Avena Nuda.) This grows 
 wild in fome places, but is alfo cultivated, being near- 
 ly as good as the common Oat; making excellent meal: 
 thrives on the pooreft land — It is called Naked Oat, 
 becaufe it thremes clean out of the hufk. 
 
 3. Skcgs (Avena Stipiformis.) 
 
 4. Red Friefland, Dutch, or Holland Oat. 
 
 5. Tartarian, or Siberian Oat. 
 
 6. Poland Oat. Greatly impoverishes the foil. 
 Culture, &c. of the White, Black, and Brown Oat. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. The white requires dry good land. 
 
 /. In fome parts of Weftmorland the land is fometimes 
 ploughed in Auguft or September, and undergoes no 
 other operation previous to the fowing in fpiing — This 
 mode of culture has been found to anfwer very well. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown from the middle of February till June. 
 
 (1.) The black Oat, fown in the fouth, on dry ground 
 in February, and on wet in Ma:ch — Has been fown 
 with fuccefs under furrow in January. 
 (2.) The white Oat being tenderer, is fown in March 
 or April. 
 
 b. Quantity of \tc& per acre frcm four bufhels to a 
 quarter. 
 
OAT. 229 
 
 Oats are picked by hand, by curious perfons, for 
 feed; if the top one is a fingle oat, the reft on that 
 Item will be fo too — The double ones are rejected. 
 f . Sown with 1 2 lb. of clover, and one bu(hel of ray 
 grafs. 
 
 d. Sown broad-call at twice over the 6eld in the fame 
 place. 
 
 e. Dibbled. 
 /. Drilled. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 a. Grows better than any other kind of grain on cold* 
 mountains, and on marfhy land. Is generally the firft 
 crop on breaking up wafte land. 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The grain for horfes — Before the increafe of barley 
 tillage, oats were malted. 
 
 b. The meal is made in broad cakes, of which there are 
 varieties prepared, fome with four leaven, others with- 
 out leaven, and rolled very thin ; it is alfo boiled in 
 water into porridge. 
 
 c. The ftraw ufed for packing, and feeding cattle; the 
 red inferior to the black or white, for the latter pur- 
 pofe. 
 
 There are three ftriking varieties of thefe Oats, as — 
 
 (1) Peebles Oat (From Peebles-fhire, in Scotland). 
 This is a variety of the red oat; it is a very proper oat 
 for hilly diftricts, not only for its earlinefs, but in not 
 being eafily fhaken by the wind; the grains arefmaller 
 than any other oat; but from the very thin fkin it meals 
 better, and is well liked by the millers. 
 
 (2) Angus Oat, (from Angus-mire, is a better bodied 
 grain than the common oat; produces more draw, and 
 anfwers very well in early fituations; and alfo beyond 
 every other in poor, dry, hungry, rabbit-warren foils, 
 from its throwing up fo much more ftraw than any o- 
 ther kind. Ripens later than the common oat. 
 
 (3) Potatoe Oat. This is fo called from having been 
 accidentally found in a field of potatoes, in one of the 
 northern counties of Scotland; it is the beft kind for a 
 loamy foil; and ripens earlier than the common oat; 
 the produce from 10 to 20 fold, and even more — Is 
 much cultivated in the South of Scotland. 
 
230 OAT. 
 
 Culture, iyc. of Skegs. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 c. Will grow on the pooreft land; but are worth culti- 
 :ing on good land. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 a. Two Winchefter bufliels fown per acre. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 a. Yields a crop double that of other oats, in quant 
 but nor more than equal in weight. 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The grain is reckoned remarkable fweet good food 
 for horks. 
 
 b. Given in the draw, in the fpring, to ewes before 
 lambing, and alfo chopped for them. Are remarkable 
 good food for horfes and cows in the draw. 
 
 Culture, 6rV . of the Tartarian, or Reed Oat. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Seems well adapted to land exhauded under bad ma- 
 nagement. 
 
 :. Seed. 
 
 c. The grain inferior to the early or Dutch oat, not 
 yielding an equal proportion of meal. Is late in ri- 
 pening. 
 
 I . The grain has been lately improved on the farm of a 
 curious cultivator, by picking the feed, and fowi 
 only the Ihorteft and plumped kernels. 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. The draw is luxuriant, and the grain not fo liable to 
 be fhaken out by the N. W. gales, as the other forts. 
 
 b. One grain planted has produced, on four ftems, 1 ; 
 grains. 
 
 This is fuppofed to be a didincl fpecies, unnoticed 
 
 . of Friefland an 1 Poland C 
 The diftingi qualities 
 
 land Oats arc, that they ripen I riwe 
 
 only on a very rich foil, g meal i!!, but forr.c:- 
 
 times give a great increafe ; th in ge- 
 
 :n or eight 
 
 theie qu. 
 
OKR. OLI. -31 
 
 do not tiller much; the time of fowing, March or April 
 — The early white Dutch and Poland Oats are always 
 preferred by bog improvers, to the common Scotch or 
 late oats; which are too apt to run to ftraw, and lodge 
 before the grain arrives at maturity. 
 
 A variety of the Poland Oat, called Church's oat, is 
 held in high estimation in Northumberland, as the bed 
 early oat yet known for fowing upon loamy lands, in 
 good condition ; they are very early, very productive, 
 and much liked by the millers. This variety is known 
 by the grains being remarkably fhort, large, plump, 
 round, and well filled, and not in the leaft tailed : a 
 bufhel generally weighs 48 lb. This variety was firft 
 railed in Scotland. 
 
 " OKRA. 
 
 " A valuable garden plant, excellent in cookery, as a 
 fauce; it makes a coffee preferable to the Weft India, 
 and but little inferior to Mocha. Eafily propagated by 
 its feed/' 
 
 OLIVE. (Olea Europe.) 
 
 1. Province O. This is cultivated in the South of 
 France, and is the belt kind for pickling, and for ma- 
 king of oil — The fruit varies, as green, white, and of 
 a fmall roundiih fhape. 
 
 2. Spanifh O. Very large fruit, but makes a ftrong 
 rank flavoured oil. 
 
 3. Italian O. A large hardy tree, which produces, in 
 warm feafons, fome fruit in England. 
 
 4. Cape of Good Hope O. (O. Capenfis) With (mall 
 box like leaves; a hardy fort. 
 
 Culture, &V. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Grows largeft in a moiit foil, but produces moil fruit 
 in a poor. 
 
 b. The fruit, on a chalky foil, gives* the ttneft, and 
 longeft keeping oil. 
 
 2. Increase 
 
 a. By grafting. 
 
 b. By layers. 
 
232 OLI. ONI. 
 
 c. By cutting ftrong fhoots or truncheons from the 
 
 roots, being careful to preferve Tome of the fibres with it. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Is rarely feen with a fingle item, but frequently two 
 or three rifes from the fame root, to the height of 20 
 or 30 feet. 
 
 b. In Devonfhire the Olive has grown for many years in 
 rhe open ground, and been fcldom injured by the froft, 
 but did not ripen their fruit ; but when trained againft 
 warm walls, Miller mentions an initance of a tree at 
 Camden-houfe, near Kenfington, producing one year 
 a good number of fruit, large enough for pickling; 
 and Bradley another in a garden at Hoxton. 
 
 c. In Italy, to forward the ripening of the fruit, they 
 prune the trees into the form of a cup, by cutting out 
 the centric upright branches, in the fame manner as 
 gardeners trim goofeberry bufhes. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. The fruit frefh ; pickled; and for making oil. 
 
 ONION. (Allium Cepa.) 
 
 1. Strafburg; the bed for long keeping. 
 
 2. White and Red Spanifh, or Portugal; require smore 
 room than the reft. 
 
 3. Silver-fkinned or Egyptian. 
 
 4. Blood-red. 
 
 5. Onion that increafes by cloves or off-fet£. 
 
 6. Two years keeping or James Onion. 
 
 7. Onion tree, having bulbs at the end of the leaves . 
 more curious than ufeful. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. A good rich foil. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown the end of February or early in March. 
 
 To be fown thinner for a winter crop than for fuch 
 as are to be drawn during fummer. 
 
 b. 6 lbs. to an acre, but more if a crop is to be drawn 
 out, which gardeners call callings. 
 
 c. Should be Town if poffible in a dry time, and before 
 the ground is raked. In light ground to be rrod in. 
 
ONI. 233 
 
 Sown thick on a bed in Auguft, to furnifh, by thin- 
 ning, youngones for fal lets in fpring; and the remain- 
 ing ones to fupply the houfe, after the winter Onions 
 are over. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. In about fix weeks after fowing, the plants will be 
 high enough for hoeing to the diftance of 2 or 3 in- 
 ches; in a months farther time thin them 4 or 5 inches; 
 in a month or fix weeks, for the laft time, to 6 inches 
 fquare; muft-be kept clean of weeds — The thinning 
 and weeding is to be done in dry weather. 
 
 b. Are at their full growth, when their blades fhrink 
 and fall to the ground. 
 
 r. To preferve — Spread them firft on dry ground for a 
 fortnight, turning them every day to prevent their ta- 
 king root; and then lay them, but not very thick, in 
 a garret or loft, and exclude the air as much as poffi- 
 ble — If their roots are flighdy finged with a hot iron, 
 it will effectually prevent their fhooting. 
 d. For feed — The roots are to be planted early in March, 
 in furrows made with a plough or fpade, and filled with 
 'a hoe, in beds 3 feet wide, the roots to be 9 inches a- 
 part, in rows 1 foot afunder j the ftems are to be fup- 
 ported by flakes 4 feet long, driven into the ground at 
 6 or 8 feet apart, and packthread or rope yarn fatten- 
 ed from one to the other a little below the heads. 
 r. When ripe the heads are to be cut (or the feed will 
 fhed) and fpread in the fun, on coarfe cloths to dry 5 
 being, however, taken under fhelter at night, and in 
 rain; when the feed is beaten out, it is to be dried one 
 day in the fun, and then put in bags to preferve for 
 fowing. 
 
 4. Use, 
 a. As a culinary root. 
 
 WELSH ONION. (Allium Fftulofum.) 
 
 re, fc?r. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 a. Seed to be fown in Auguft, in beds like the common 
 Onion. 
 
 [ 30 ] 
 
234 ORC. OXE. 
 
 2. Plant. 
 
 a. This plant never bulbs. 
 
 b. Is fo hardy as to refill the hardeft frofts — If the 
 leaves ihould fuffer, the root will fprout again in the 
 fpring. 
 
 3. Use. 
 a. Is a very ufeful plant for culinary ufes, before the 
 fpring Onions come in. 
 
 Is called on the continent Ciboule. 
 
 " ORCHARD and FRUIT TREES. 
 " Plant, prune, and train, with confulting Bucknall 
 and Forfyth -, who are great on Fruit-Trees." 
 
 OXEN. 
 
 1 . Compared with horfes. 
 
 a. Superior to horfes. 
 (1.) For ploughing/ 
 
 (2.) Being cheaper at ftrft coil j and harneffed at 1 
 
 expenfe. 
 
 (3.) Their keep much cheaper. 
 
 (4.) If lamed the lofs comparatively fmall, as they 
 
 can be fattened for the butcher. 
 
 (5.) Increafes the flefh meat of the market. 
 
 b. Inferior to horfes. 
 
 (1.) For harrowing and all other purpofcs of the far- 
 mer, but ploughing. 
 
 (2.) For ftrength — Some farmers work three horfes 
 to fix oxen, others reckon their ftrength but as two 
 to fix. 
 
 (3.) Though horfes coft more at firft, yet, if bought 
 at four or five years old, they improve in value as 
 much, if not more, than oxen. 
 
 2. The North Devon breed excel all others in point o£ 
 draft, and quicknefs of pace. 
 
 3. Oxen are worked. 
 
 a. In yokes, which is attended with the difficulty of 
 pairing them of equal ftrength. 
 
 b. By the horns — It is difficult to point out, wherein 
 r he advantage of this method conlilts. 
 
PAL. 
 
 2 3S 
 
 c. Harnefted like horfes — In this way they walk much 
 fafter than in either of the two former, and apparent- 
 ly work with more eafe. 
 
 4. Are frequently (hod Handing j but in many places 
 are thrown for this purpofe. 
 
 " PALMA CHRISTI. 
 
 " A valuable plant. Grows in gardens ; and yields 
 the very valuable family purge, frefh and good, called 
 C aft or Oil." 
 
 PARSLEY. (Apium Petrojelinum.) 
 
 ?. Field and Garden Parfley — viz. 1. With plain 
 leaves. 2. With curled leaves ; this is preferred for 
 gardens, as being more eafily diftinguifhed from Hem- 
 lock, &c. 
 
 1. Hamburgh Parfley. 
 
 Culture, &V. of Field Parfley. 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown among oats, and fed the following year with 
 fheep. 
 
 ^. Two bulhels per acre, fown the end of February in 
 drills about a foot afunder. 
 
 1. Use. 
 
 <i. This plant was tried as a prefervative of fheep from 
 the rot ; ' and there is the greateft reafon to fuppofe 
 the fuccefs confiderable, as the fheep quite round the 
 farm were univerfally rotten, but thofe that fed upon 
 parfley efcaped without attack — Has been given for 
 this purpofe only twice a week for two or three hours 
 each time. 
 
 b. Is efficacious in the recovery of greafy and furfeited 
 horfes. 
 
 Culture, &c. of Garden Parfley. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. In, drills from February till Augufl. 
 
 b. Broad-caft when the roots are defigned for medi- 
 cine. 
 
 1. Plant. 
 .?. The broad-caft hoed out Angle like carrots — Y^. 
 be fit for ufe in July or Auguit. 
 
z^S PAR. 
 
 b. The drilled fhould be cut down clofe in Septemh 
 to come up in a thick growth for winter, and a: the 
 fame time moderately thinned. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. As a culinary herb. 
 
 b. The roots for medicine. 
 
 Cult: of the Hamburgh Parfley. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. A deep light foil. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown thin in drills 6 inches diftance, from Febn 
 
 to April ; or 
 K Broad- caft 2nd raked in. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. To be hoed and thinned to 6 inches diftance. 
 
 b. The roots in perfection in October, kept for winter 
 ufe in fand. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The roors which are palatable and wholefome, 
 
 en like Carrors. 
 
 PARSNIP. 
 
 1. G. irfnip. (Paftinaca Saliva.) 
 
 2. \V:ld Parfnip. 
 
 3. Cow P^rfnip, (Heracleum Spbntdjlium.) 
 
 Culture, iSc. of Field and Garden Parfnip. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 :h deep loam ; next to this, find ; but w< 
 or hide bound land is destructive to them. 
 
 b. If the foil be proper it will require ve: 
 no 
 
 :. 5:zd. 
 
 a. Sown in February or March. 
 
 b. Sown in autumn immediately after the feed is ri] 
 by lowing at this feafon it prevents the plants 
 being cboaked \ 
 
 is or plantc. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 a. If fown broad caft, the 
 inches or a foot afundcr. 
 
PAR. aj7 
 
 h. If drilled, the diftance of the rows to be 18 inches, 
 the plants thinned to the diftance of 10 incheSj horfe- 
 hoed twice, and earthed at the fecond time, but not 
 fo as to cover the leaves the fecond time. 
 
 c. If the tops are cut off, but not fo as to injure the 
 crown, it will increafe the fize of the roots. 
 
 d. Left in the ground are not injured by the froft. 
 
 e. If houfed, are to be dug when the leaves begin to 
 decay, which fhould be cut off three or four days be- 
 fore they are laid up : they are to be put in fand in a 
 dry place. 
 
 The leaves are dangerous to handle, efpecially in a 
 morning while the dew remains upon them ; raifing 
 blifters full of a fcalding liquor, which has proved 
 very troublefome for feveral days. 
 
 f. To be planted for feed in January. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. Are equal, or fuperior to carrots for Pigs, as they 
 make their fie.Cn. whiter ■, and they eat them with more 
 fatisfaclion. 
 
 b. Clean wafhed and diced among bran, Horfes eat 
 them greedily, and thrive therewith ■, nor do they heat 
 them, or, like corn, fill them with diforders. 
 
 c. Fatten fheep and oxen, in a very fbort time. 
 
 According to a propofition of the Jerfey Board of 
 Agriculture, a beafl quite lean, will be rendered quite 
 fat by Parfnips, in three months. 
 
 d. An agreeable liquor is made of the roots boiled in 
 water with hops ; and afterwards fermented with yeaft. 
 
 e. As a culinary root. 
 
 Wild Parfnip. The root and feed of this fort is 
 fometimes ufed in medicine. 
 
 Cow parfnip is collected in fome parts of Sufiex for 
 feeding fwine. Its culture has been recommended, 
 as not only fwine, but cows, fheep, and rabbits, are 
 partial to it. It is of an early and rapid growth, and 
 the feeds are mod eafily collected. Cow Parfnip is 
 alfo called Hog Weed, from Swine being fo fond of it. 
 
 PARTRIDGE. (Tetrao Perdix.) 
 
 With a little encouragement, partridges have been 
 made as tame as common poultry. IVillcughby tells 
 
- 3 PAS. 
 
 us of a ce; man that had, by his induftrv, 
 
 made a covey of partridges fo tame, that he drove 
 
 lem befo: upon a wager, out of that col 
 
 to London, though they were abfolutely free, and had 
 their wings grown. 
 
 Will not breed in a ftate of confinement ; but if 
 
 the eggs are placed under a hen, fhe will hatch them, 
 
 e young as her own chickens — A kind of 
 
 pai cippofed to be the Red Partridge (Tetrao 
 
 Rufus)) is kept tame in fome of the iflands of the 
 
 i 
 
 PASTURE. 
 
 i. Some graziers mix a few fheep and one or two a 
 in eneh pafture, which borh turn to account, and do 
 little injury to the grazing cattle. In lbme cafes, 
 f real benefit, by earing down and deftr : 
 rt (Senecio hich difgraces fome 
 
 of the belt pallures where oxen are only grazed. 
 
 cite of animals, that there is 
 :h is not chofen by fome, and 
 : untouched ers. The following orconc. 
 
 I experiment is well known to the Dutch, that when 
 ; have been in a pafture, and can no lor._ 
 nourishment, two horfes will do verv well there 
 for fome e I when nothing is lc 
 
 four lheep will live upon it ; this not only proceeds 
 : in their choice of plants, but from 
 the formation of their mouths, which are not equally 
 adapted to lay hold of the grafs. 
 
 locked very hard with lheep, curbs the 
 -rial luxuriancy of the feeds, a s the gi 
 
 Dortom, forming a tender and 
 inviting herbage. 
 3. Alternately land greatly im- 
 
 pr- 
 
 :. In Cardiganihire Mid Yorklhire, it is cuftomary to 
 their fi rarly in May as they can, fcx 
 
 ihc fummer fcafon, with no other attention than cradl- 
 ing dock, or cul Own thirties, &:c. In that 
 continue till November cr December, when 
 
PEA. 139 
 
 all the flock is turned in, and every animal is in ex- 
 cellent condition, without the aid of hay, ftraw, or 
 oats, and the butter is as good as in any part of the 
 year. The froft fweetens the grafs, and fnow does not 
 injure j but while it is buried, dry food muft be rc- 
 fortcd to. In the fpring of the year, young (boots of 
 grafs are very forward under the (belter of the old, 
 and both together are eaten with avidity*. The land 
 which was before moffy, from being overftocked and 
 grazed too bare, is foon filledwith palat able and abund- 
 ant food, and the mofs disappears without the aid of 
 the plough, or furface manure. 
 
 5. In turning out horfes to grafs in the fpring, it is 
 ufual to choofe the forenoon of a fine day to do it in ; 
 the natural confequence is, the horfe rills his belly du- 
 ring the funinine, and lays down to reft in the cold of 
 the night; thereby, probably, expofing himfelf to dis- 
 orders. In fome parts of Yorkshire a better prac- 
 tice prevails ; the horfe is turned out at bed-time ; the 
 confequence is, he eats all night, and deeps in the 
 iunfhine of the next day. 
 
 6. In Gloucefterfhire the bed cheefe is made from the 
 coldeft and lead productive foils ; over-run with rufne?, 
 &c. intermixed however with better herbage. And 
 in North Wiltfhire (famous for cheefe) fome dairymen 
 mix fheep with the cows, to impoverifb the paftiire j 
 in the proportion of about one fheep to a cow. 
 
 7. The bottom of an old hay-ilack is efteemed an ex- 
 cellent manure for pafture-land, as befides the nou- 
 rifhment it affords, it contains a quantity of grafs 
 feeds, which furnifhes a new fet of plants -, It fhould 
 never be differed to mix with manure for corn-lands, 
 as it will then raife grafs and other plants, which, 
 though of ufe in the pafture, are weeds among the 
 corn. 
 
 PEACH. (Amygdalus Perfica.) 
 
 j. Fruit ripening in July, Early nutmeg P. Fruit very 
 
 imall. 
 •2. Ripening in Auguft ; Early Anne (fmall). Small 
 
 Migridn. Early purple. White Magdalen. Red 
 
rz 4 o PEA. 
 
 ditto. Great Mignon. Early Newington. Chan- 
 cellor. Montauban. Belle Chevreufe. Yellow Al- 
 berge. 
 3. .' 1 in Se: ; Old Newington. Late 
 purple Belle Garde. La Teton de Venus. Ram- 
 b lui Bourdine. X:\ette. Rofiana. Sion. 
 A 1 ible. Royal. Violet. Royal George. No- 
 
 pening in Oftobef ; Perilque. Catherine (very 
 large and beatiti f\ . i). Cambray. Narbon- 
 
 ne. Monltroi: -. Pavie of Pomponn. large). 
 
 Heath. 
 
 5. The following are the molt efteerfied for forcing, 
 arrang' e order in whit:. ipth in May or 
 
 June, ■• 
 
 Early purple. Montar.ban. Royal George. French 
 Mignon. Red Magdalene. Noblefle. Rambouillet 
 Nivette. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Any good garden earth ; but if of a rich lo^ 
 temperature it may prove an additional advantage. 
 
 b. If the natural ground is gravel lv, ac ^^ one na ^" of 
 itrong loam, and two inches of rotten dung ; if 
 
 dy, which is the worft of all foils for peaches, add 
 three inches of itrong loam to one of the natural 
 earth, and one inch of rotten dung; if a fine light rich 
 earth, add one third of a good ftrong loam — The 
 border fhould always be trenched over three times, 
 after the proper mixtures are laid on before planting. 
 
 c. The foil might be changed as for Nectarines. 
 
 Dung is a great enemy to this tree, making it 
 throughout rambling wood, and caufing it to gum. 
 2. Increased. 
 By budding either on plum, peach, almond, or a: 
 cot itocks. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Grows 15 feet high. 
 
 b. Trained moftly as a wall fruit; though fometin 
 on efpalier.% and as half llandards, theie however ill- 
 
 n bear well, or bring their fruit to perfection. 
 
PEA. 241 
 
 c. Planted at 15 or 20 feet diftance. 
 
 d. Bears fruit along the fides of the young wood of the 
 former fummer, and immediately from the eyes of the 
 moot; the fame wood rarely bears much fruit but once. 
 
 €. Pruning. 
 
 (1) Summer — prune away all the foreright, and pre- 
 serve the regular placed ihoots and branches their full 
 length. 
 
 (2) Winter — fhorten the fummer (hoots, to encourage 
 .. fucceffion bearers from the lower eyes. 
 
 /. As the fruit requires much room, they mould be thin- 
 ned at three different times, beginning when the fize of 
 a pea, by cutting them off with a fharp knife, leaving 
 a piece of fkin on the tree, which will foon drop off 
 4. Use. 
 
 a The fruit. 
 
 PEACOCK. (Pavo Crijiatus.) 
 
 Var, 1. Pied, 2. White. 
 
 A lingular circumftance now and then occurs, in the 
 ales having the external marks of the plumage of the 
 le. — In one inftance, after having bred for lbme years, 
 and then ceafing to lay eggs, me began to put out the 
 male eyed feathers j and at the time of her death appear- 
 ed like a young male. 
 
 The hen lays five or fix' greyifh white eggs, the fize 
 of thofe of a Turkey: thefe, if let alone, (lie lays in 
 fome fecret place, at a diftance from the ufual refort, to 
 prevent their being broken by the male, which he is ape 
 to do, if he finds them; the time of fitting is from twen- 
 ty-feven to thirty days: The young may be fed with 
 curd, chopped leeks, barley-meal, &c. moiftened; and 
 are fond of grafshoppers, and other infects; in five or 
 lis months will feed as the old ones, on wheat, barley, 
 &c. The young are reckoned good eating, and the old 
 ones in a wild Rate. 
 
 PExVR. (Pyrus Communis.) 
 
 j. The mo ft approved Pear for making Perry, is the 
 Squafih (it burfts when it falls). Oldfield. Borland. 
 Red Pear. Sack. Chincay. LaughlarvJ. 
 
 [ 3' 1 
 
242 PEA. 
 
 i. Summer eating Pears, which will not keep long. 
 
 a. Ripening in fuly. Little yellow mufk P. Green 
 Chiflel. Catherine. Red Mufcadella. 
 
 b. Ripening in Auguft. Jargenella (large and fine). 
 Windfor (large and beautiful). Early Ruflelet. Great 
 Blanquette. Little ditto. Mufk Robine. Auguft 
 Mufcat. Orange Mufk. Perfumed. Red Orange. 
 
 c. Ripening in September. Summer Bon Chretien. 
 Summer Bergamot. Orange ditto. Rofe Water. Sal- 
 viati. Crawford. Green Mulk. Long-ftalked Blan- 
 quette. Pear Piper. St. James. Lemon. Red Ad- 
 mirable ( irge), 
 
 3. Autumn P ars of a handfome fize, and that attain 
 perfection foi eating from the end of September till 
 November: Autumn Bergamot. Swifs ditto. Great 
 RufTelet. Brown Beurre. White ditto. Red ditto. 
 Monfieur John. Swans' Egg. Crefane. Mufcat 
 Fleury. RoufTeline. Marquis's Autumn Verte Lon- 
 gue. Beurre Bergamot. French Bergamot. Pound 
 P. Green Sugar. 
 
 4. Winter Pears, both for eating, baking, and other 
 culinary purpofes, beginning to ripen from December 
 till May, nearly in the order in which they are here 
 mentioned. — W 7 inter Bergamot. Martin Sec. Win- 
 ter Beurre. St. Germain. Colmar. Vergouleufe. 
 Spanifh Bon Chretien. Chaumontclle. Winter Verte 
 Longue. Dauphine. Martin Sive. Winter Thorn. 
 Good Lewis. Ambrette. St. Auftin. Holland Ber- 
 gamot. Winter Ruflet. St. Martial. German Muf- 
 cat. Eafter Bergamot. Winter bon Chretien. Eaf- 
 ter St. Germain. 
 
 5- Good baking Pears: Union, or Uvedale's St. Ger- 
 main. Black Pear of Worcefter. Cadillac. Double 
 Fleur. 
 
 6. Plot, in his Hiftory of Oxfordshire, mentions a kind 
 of pear as common in Worceilermire, and one of them 
 growing in Oxford, the fruit of which (except in ve- 
 ry wet years) in hardinefs were little inferior to the 
 younger moots of the tree that bore them ; he kept 
 fome of them ten years without their rotting — They 
 were called Wooden-pears, and Long-lafters. 
 
PEA. *+J 
 
 7. Double-bearing — Plot alfo notices two trees of this 
 lingular kind, called Paradrfe and Hundred-pound 
 Pears, they bloflbmed twice in the year, and bore the 
 firft crop about Midfummer, the fecond near Michael- 
 mas ■, the fecond crop was ibmewhat lefs than the ftrft, 
 and grew in a particular manner, coming forth at the 
 end of the twigs, which was all the pedicles they feem- 
 ed to have; and therefore they did not hang downwards, 
 like thole of the firft crop, but pointed up in the air, 
 or any other way the moots directed them. 
 
 Culture, is 
 
 i. Soil. 
 
 a. Will thrive on molt foilsj even on a flifr clay. 
 
 b. For wall or efpalier trees a ftrong loam is efteemed 
 the bell foil - y fand and gravel are reckoned to produce 
 mofs, canker, and a ftony fruit without flavour. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 a. By the fame method as the apple-tree j and is alfo 
 occafionaliy grafted on the Quince, to form dwarf 
 growers. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. In manv inftance^ they have produced plentiful crops 
 when 100 years old. 
 
 b. Inftances have occurred of a fingle pear tree afford- 
 ing three hogfheads of 100 gallons of perry ; whereas, 
 an apple tree that yields a hogfhead of cider, is deemed 
 a good bearer. 
 
 c. In orchards to be planted at 30 or 40 feet dktance; 
 and for walls or efpalier trees not lefs than zc. 
 
 d. The horizontal branches of wall or efpalier trees to 
 be trained from 6 to 9 inches diftance, according to 
 the fize of the fruit — The fours thinned to two inches, 
 and every year fome of the Jongefl cut clean off. 
 
 e. Formed wich tall items, and fanned heads, againft 
 buildings, or between the common dwarf wall trees. 
 
 Fruit. 
 
 a. Pears are ripe about the beginning of September; 
 
 1 are fhook oft with long poles, having hooks at the 
 end with which to lay hold of the boughs. 
 
 b. If fome kind of Pears are gathered a week before 
 they would ripen on the tree, and are laid on a heap 
 
244 PEA. 
 
 and covered, their juices will become fweet many o 
 fooner than if they had continued on the tree. 
 
 c. Winter pears principally require a funny expofure; 
 and a fire wall improves all kinds beyond conception. 
 
 d. Wafps deftroy the fruit. 
 
 5. Use. 
 a. As a fruit. 
 
 I. For making Perry — This liquor, when in perfection, 
 has been thought very little inferior to the beft wines 
 imported from France j and has even been fold for 
 Champaign. 
 
 The procefs of making perry is the fame as cider. 
 
 c. Beiides perry two other liquors are made with pears 
 — 1. Bv a mixture of pears and apples — 2. By a mix- 
 ture of the common wild crab, and the richer fweeter 
 kind of early pears. 
 
 d. The wood, which is light, fmooth, compact, and 
 pieafingly veined, is ufed by turners, and to make 
 joiner's tools; and for picture frames to be ftained 
 black; it is alfo frequently liained and fubftituted for 
 Ebony. 
 
 e. The bark dyes yellow. 
 
 PEAS. (Pifum Sativum.) 
 
 Field Peas. 
 
 1. Grey Hog Pea — The flowers of grey peas have the 
 upper petal of a red or purplifli white, and the iidc 
 ones either a deep red or purple: the flowers of yellow 
 leeded peas arc white. 
 
 2. White Boiling Pea. 
 
 3. Blue Pea. 
 
 4. Rouncev:.! Pea. 
 
 5. ' (or forty day fpecies) fown in March, will 
 be cu in July$ ana turnep feed may be fown immedi- 
 ately after itj with one flight ploughing. 
 
 ' • 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. The bh\ J fucceed on poor land — the lounce 
 val requires a rich foil. 
 
 b. Light warm i. 
 
PEA. 245 
 
 A calcareous manure the bell. 
 c. Suopofed a proper crop for frefh land. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. From three to five bufhels Town broad-caft. 
 
 b. If drilled at 22 inches, 16 gallons of feed to an acre 
 — Drilled at 16 or 18 inches. 
 
 c. White, blue, or Hotfpur peas, fown in April or May, 
 in drills 6 feet afunder, in the intervals Dutch turneps 
 fown broad caft, or drilled in, and afterwards hoed — ' 
 The land to be cleared in time for wheat. 
 
 d. The various forts are fown from October to the mid- 
 dle of May. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 Ui The drilled peas earthed and weeded twice ; firft, 
 when about an inch above ground ; and fecondly, when 
 4 inches high. 
 b. Some farmers fow feveral (Ironger, and upright grow- 
 ing plants among peas, to fupport them and make 
 them kid better; fometimes oats, but mod. commonly 
 beans ; the latter fucceed bed with grey peas. 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. Peas are ufed for boiling, and for fattening hogs j 
 and were formerly given to horfes in their provender. 
 
 b. Pea haulm or ftraw, faved in a favourable feafon, 
 makes excellent food for horfes, cattle, and fheep. 
 
 A large load of dry pea-flraw, will burn from 400 
 to 450 weight of pot-afh. 
 
 c. Grey peas, fown the end of March, and ploughed in 
 juil before flowering, proved an excellent drefling for 
 wheat. 
 
 Garden- Peas. 
 1. Golden Hotfpur. 
 1. Charlton. 
 
 3. Reading Hotfpur. 
 
 4. Mailer's Hotfpur. 
 
 Thefe are the earlieft natural peas, and are fown on 
 warm borders towards the latter end of October. If 
 cultivated for three or four years in the fame place they 
 are apt to degenerate, and be later in fruiting; for which 
 reafon they lhould be had from a poorer foil, than that 
 in which thev are to be fown, 
 
246 PEA. 
 
 5. Efiex Hotfpur. 
 
 6. Dwarf Pea. This is fown the middle of October 
 under walls or hedges, and at the latter end of Janua- 
 ry or beginning of February tranfplanted into hot-beds: 
 the reaibn for lowing them in common ground, is to 
 check their growth. 
 
 a. About half a foot high, and does not cover more 
 ground than 6 or 7 inches fquare. 
 
 b. A variety double the fize of a. — It is frequently fown 
 in the open ground : the pods 24- inches long, contain 
 fix good fized peas. 
 
 7. Sugar Pea. 
 
 8. Sugar Dwarf. 
 
 9. Marrozvfat. This and other late peas mould be 
 fown every two or three weeks. 
 
 10. Rofe, or Crown Pea. Grows very large. 
 
 11. Rouncival, Egg Pea or Dutch Admiral. 
 
 12. Pruflian Pea. The iced when dry alight green. 
 1.7. SpaniJIj Merc! to. A great bearer, and io hardy as 
 
 to be fown the middle of February ; the rows about 2 
 feet afunder, and the feed an inch apart. 
 
 14. Nonpareil. 
 
 15. Sickle Pea. Moftly cultivated by curious gentle- 
 men for their own tables; and are rarely brought into 
 the market. 
 
 16. Bengal Pea. Grows about 3'- feet high ; the upper 
 petal purpiifh white, fide ones a deep purple ; the pods 
 an inch and a half long, and contain three or four 
 green feeds, about the fize ot a ve: 
 
 The feeds of this was brought from Bengal, by an 
 Eaft India (hip, to feed the poultry; it grew and ri- 
 pened its feed, in the open ground. 
 
 If peas are not very carefully managed, I away 
 
 all thole plan:s that have a tendency to alter before the 
 feeds are formed, they will degenerate into their origi- 
 nal (late; therefore all thofe perfons who are curious in 
 the choice of their feeds, fhould look car. 
 thofe which they defign for feeds at the time when they 
 begin to flower, and draw out all the plants whi 
 they dillike from the others. Thii h what they call 
 Roguing their Peas, meaning hereby, the taking oui 
 
PEA. 247 
 
 all the bad plants from the good, that the farina of the 
 former may not impregnate the latter ; to prevent 
 which, they always do it before the flowers open ; by 
 thus diligently drawing out the bad, referving thole 
 which come earlieft to flower, they have greatly im- 
 proved their Peas, and are conftantly endeavouring to 
 get forwarder varieties. 
 
 Culture, &V, 
 
 i. Seed. 
 
 a. Should be faved from plants in full perfection in 
 
 July. 
 
 b. When the feafon is dry, the peas fhould be foaked 
 in water the night before they are fown -, or the drills 
 watered : this will promote their growth, and caufe 
 them to come up with greater evennefs, and regula- 
 rity. 
 
 c. Sown. 
 
 (i) The tall ones in drills 2 feet or i\ afunder, and 
 the feeds 1 inch ; the Rofeor Crown Pea 4r feet afun- 
 der, and the feeds 8 or 10 inches. 
 (2) The dwarfs in drills 1 feet apart, and the feeds an 
 inch apart; though frequently they are thrown in pret- 
 ty thick. 
 
 The drills of the winter peas to run N. and S. and 
 higheft earthed on the E. fide. 
 
 d. The early fown produces the fweeteft peas. 
 
 e. Beginning of Auguft the lateft time to fow peas to 
 bear the fame year. 
 
 1. Plant. 
 
 a. When they break the ground, may be protected from 
 birds by drawing the earth over them : they will then 
 branch under the loofe earth and be fafe. 
 
 b. To be weeded and earthed like the field peas. 
 
 c. To be flicked when eight or ten inches high. 
 
 The flicks to be cut fan fafhion ; for Rouncevals 7 
 feet, for Marrowfats 6, and for others of lefs growth 
 3 feet high. 
 
 If the rows range E. and W. the fticks fhould be 
 placed on the S. fide, as the plants will naturally in- 
 cline towards the fun ■, a few fticks fhould alfo be pla- 
 ced on the oppofice fide to keep the plants up till they 
 
PIIE. 
 
 • e fattened The common method is 
 
 to m on b crofting at : 
 
 d. I :s have been cv\ or three times, 
 
 and each time fho: -5. 
 
 - 
 c. j he feed for the table, both when green and d 
 rkham, book on Hufbandr 
 
 his time (1635) * e ufed in bread :n L>eicef- 
 
 terihire, Line uhair.mire, and many 
 
 o:her c ;.:../ were ground into 
 
 meal. 
 
 d to lupply the place of 
 
 ikle Pea are eaten like ki_ 
 
 .'. The is, and alfo bo 
 
 Kale. 
 
 Take a fmaJJ tea-cup cr w'u 
 g]af> full of \. 3S, pour on it a pir.: 
 
 iling racer, ;e in a veftel all night 
 
 on the hearth, or any other warm place ; and the wa- 
 
 oth on its top the next morning, 
 
 be good yeaft. Th -'.her the 
 
 J ftand : 
 
 " PEAT— (S^ ¥-tY). Ci 
 
 PH: :T. [Phat -:/j.) 
 
 It appears from HarU 'gacy, that in h 
 
 5 ) theie b bcrs 
 
 poor p. rs ; and 
 
 :ed him, that (he 
 .bring; whereof 
 iter part came to 
 tion : The greatc 
 
 : to 
 -., bour. 
 
 ofe of a 
 
 Jer; 
 . — The 
 
PIG. 
 
 !249 
 
 pheafant frequently breeds ' with the common poul- 
 try ; and there is an inftance of their breeding with the 
 Turkey. 
 
 Befides the common wild Pheafant which was ori- 
 ginally brought into Europe from the banks of the 
 Phafis, a river of Colchis : we breed in our menage- 
 ries a variety called the Ring Pheafant, and alio the 
 Golden P. (P. Piclus) brought from China, where it 
 is called Kin-ki, and the Pencilled P. (P. Nyfibeme- 
 rus) alio a native of China. Both the Ring and 
 Golden Pheafants have been found at large in this 
 kingdom. 
 
 It is definable that as much pains were taken to in- 
 troduce ufeful birds, as is taken to bring over Par- 
 rots, &c. — Among others* may be pointed out the 
 Crefted Ph. in a domeitic flate among the inhabitants 
 of Mexico -, and the tame Parraka Ph. of Cayenne. 
 
 PIGEON. (Columba jEnas.) 
 
 i. Common blue P. i. e. the rock P. domefticated. 
 i. Rough-footed P. 
 
 3. Head crefted. 
 
 4. Jacobin P. The feathers of the head and neck 
 turn forwards, giving the appearance of a cowl. 
 
 5. Laced P. The feathers looie in their webs, and 
 curled. 
 
 6. Turbit P. The feathers of the breaft reflected both 
 ways. 
 
 7. Fan-tail P. This variety has a greater number of 
 feathers in the tail, which it always carries erect — 
 There is a var. with fewer feathers in the tail — 
 The Fan-tail is the kind ufually kept in the Weft 
 Indies. 
 
 3. Tumbler P. Tumbles round while flying ; of thefe 
 the Almond Tumbler is molt valued, 80 guineas ha- 
 ving been given for one. 
 
 9. Carrier P. This is extremely tuberculated about 
 the eyes and bill — This fort is lbmetimes made ufe of 
 for carrying letters ; this is eafily effected, for after 
 one has been confined for fome time, it is carried to a 
 di fiance and let fly, and never fails to find its wav home 
 [ 3* ] 
 
FIX. 
 
 again. The* letter is fattened under its wing. Is faid 
 ro flv miles in an hour. 
 
 id. Powter P. This has the faculty of filling its crop 
 
 l wind till it appears of a monftrous f:ze. 
 J i . Horfeman P. Thefe partake of the two laft ; arc 
 i to be excellent breeders, and never to for fake the 
 piece where bred. On this principle ihey become good 
 Carriers — iz is recorded of a Dragoon P. which is 
 bred between .he Horfemar. and C that it'fltw 
 
 from St v to Bijhopfgatt , in 2{- 
 
 mile^. 
 J :. :.mon Spot P. This has a fpot above the 
 
 . fame colour as the tail. (2) Eaft 
 P. D.ffcrs from the former in having a 
 oiack fpot on the crown of the head, another on the 
 hind part of the neck, and only fome of the middle 
 feathers of the tad black. A good breeder. 
 Jj. The Great-crowned P. (C. Cor on at a) which is of 
 the fizc of a Turkey ; and is faid to be kept in the E. 
 Indies, in court yards; has laid eggs in a menagery 
 in Europe. 
 
 Pigeons breed ten or tw ? elve t'nres a year ; fcldom 
 never lay more than two eggs at a time, and let 
 from fourteen to feventeen days ; it is obferved that one 
 generally proves a male, the other a. female — On a fup- 
 pofition that we allow Pigeons to breed nine times in a 
 produce from a fingle pair, at the end of 
 four years, may amount to the number of 14,762 : 
 UntutHS makes the number amount to more than 
 
 i 8,000. 
 
 Befides Pigeons being efteemed as a delicacy for the 
 table; they are valuable on accounc of their dung, 
 which is a good manure, and is alfo ufed for tanning 
 (he upper leather of fnoes — If the dove-houfe is cleaned 
 L>r . .:, the Pigeons will be but little dif- 
 
 j-zd by it. (See page 102.) 
 
 PIXASTER. (Pinus Cembra.) 
 
 1. Soil. 
 moft trees in growth, upon a poor light 
 land. 
 
PIN. 251 
 
 b. Flourifhes well on the fea-coaft, although expofed in 
 winter even to the fpray of the Tea. 
 1. Increased 
 
 a. By feed — Nurferymen fow the feed in the fpring, 
 but from the cones naturally opening, and dropping 
 their feeds in June ; that month is doubtlefs the proper 
 time. 
 
 b. By cuttings. 
 
 There are fome perfons who are fond of propagating 
 fir-trees from cuttings, which, if properly planted, 
 will take root j but the plants fo raifed, will never ar- 
 rive to near the fize of thofe raifed from feeds : they 
 are alfo never inclined to an upright growth, fending 
 out lateral branches, and becoming bu'hy, Therefore 
 this practice is not worthy of imitation ; and unlefs for 
 fake of multiplying a curious fort, whole, feeds can- 
 not be etfily procured, fhould never be attempted ; 
 nor fhould the inarching of one fort upon another be 
 practifed for the fame reaibn ; for the trees fo pro- 
 pagated will be of flow growth and of fhort dura- 
 tion. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Frequently grows as fait as an alder, or an afh. 
 
 b. Grows to a very large fize, and admits of being cut 
 into very large fcantlings, which are finer grained than 
 other deal. 
 
 c. In about 40 years has grown uowards of 70 feet 
 high. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. From the quicknefs of its growth it has been thought 
 worth planting, with a view of being cut down for 
 fuel. 
 
 b. From it is extracted (by boring) the common turpen- 
 tine, which is chiefly ufed by the farriers, and from 
 which is diftilled the oil of that name. The finer and 
 more valuable part of the distillation comes firft, and 
 is called the fpirit ; what is left at the bottom of the 
 (till is the common refin. 
 
 c. Pitch is drawn from it by fire after the trees ceafe to 
 afford turpentine 5 as by frequent boring they can be 
 put to no ufe as timber, The refufe wood may be 
 charred. 
 
252 PIS. PLA. 
 
 Trees afford turpentine after twenty years growth, 
 and continue to do ib for the fpace of twenty years 
 longer. 
 
 d. Candles are made of the turpentine. 
 
 e. The kernels make a part fometimes in a Szvij's def- 
 fert — They fupply the place of muihroom-buttons in 
 ragouts — And are recommended in confumptive cafes, 
 on account of their balfamic oil. 
 
 PISTACHIA. (Piftacia Terebintbus.) 
 
 i. Increased. 
 a. By nuts planted in pots, and plunged into a mode- 
 
 te hot- bed. 
 h. By fuckers. 
 
 2. Tree. 
 
 a. When firft raifed from the nuts to be gradually in- 
 ured to the open air, to which they mould be wholly 
 expofed the beginning of June, and at the approach 
 of winter fcreened from the froft under a hot bed 
 frame, conftantly expofing them to the air in mild 
 weather. 
 
 b. When the trees have been gradually inured to our 
 climate for three or four years, they are to be planted 
 
 ;inll walls, or in a fheltered firuation. 
 
 c. Is a native of Arabia, Perfia, and Svria. 
 
 3- Use. 
 a. The fru:r ; which r: i England in favour 
 
 ieafons. 
 
 " This tree might well be introduced from Et 
 in: anil very agree- 
 
 le.** 
 
 PLAXE-TRI 
 i. Eaftern Plane-tree. (Plaranus Orientalis.) Var. 
 
 jpapifh -veri P. Leaves larger and not 
 
 deeply cut. 
 z. Occidental or Virginian P. (P. C. J.) 
 
 • Eaitcm Plane-tree. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 ">il near rivt^ 
 
PLA. 153 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed ; which makes the beft trees. 
 
 b. By layers ; thefe will take root in one year, and then 
 mould be planted in a nurfery for two or three years. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. The younger they are planted where they are to re- 
 main, the better they will thrive. 
 
 b. Has grown in Cornwall to a very large fize. 
 
 3. Use. 
 a. The wood is as firm, and folid as the beech. 
 
 This tree is fuppofed to have been introduced by the 
 great Lord Chancellor Bacon, who planted them at 
 Ferulum, near St. Albans. 
 
 Culture, &V. of the Virginian Plane-tree. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 a. Like the above, and alfo from cuttings, planted the 
 beginning of October in a moift foil. 
 2. Tree. 
 
 a. The trunk perfectly {trait, and nearly of the fame 
 fize to a confiderable height. 
 
 b. Has grown in England near 40 feet high, and a fa- 
 thom in circumference. 
 
 PLANTAIN. 
 
 1. Ribwort Plantain or Rib-grafs. (Plantago Lanceo* 
 lata.) The feed of this plant is frequently fown with 
 clover, &c. in laying down land for pafture, in the 
 following proportion, viz. 2 lb. or 3 lb. of ribwort, 
 3 lb. of red clover, 4 lb. of white 3 and one bufhel 
 of rye-grafs per acre. 
 
 Cattle is laid not to eat the leaves of this plant 
 alone; but to be particularly eager after the heads when 
 in feed. They are given to Linnets, and other fmall 
 birds, in cages. 
 
 Dr. Haller, in his Iter Helveticum, attributes the 
 extraordinary richnefs and plenty of the milk, in fome 
 parts of Switzerland, chiefly to this and two other 
 plants; viz. Ladies Mantle (Alchemilla Vulgaris), 
 and the Muttelina of Gefner and Camerarius. 
 
 2. Marine Plantain. (Plantago Marine.) This is cul- 
 tivated, and fown with clover, in North Wales •, it is 
 
254 PLA. PLO. 
 
 greedily eaten by horfes, cows and fheep, the laft are 
 alfo very fond of the roots. The inhabitants of Ice- 
 land eat it. 
 
 The Ribwort Plantain; Yarrow (Achillea Millefo- 
 lium), and Creeping Tormentil (Tormentilla Reptans), 
 were among the few plants that preferved their vegeta- 
 tion in paftures during the dry fummer of 1 800. 
 3. Buckthorn Plantain (P. Ccronopus.) This was for- 
 merly cultivated in gardens as a fallad herb, and the 
 feeds fown very thick in March; but having a rank dif- 
 asreeable flavour, it was banifhed on the introduction 
 of better plants. It was alb in repute as an antidote 
 againft the bite of a mad dog, but is now partly fallen 
 into difufe. 
 
 " The Narrow-leaved Ribwort is a vile weed in 
 the grounds of America — nothing eats it." 
 
 PLOUGHS. 
 
 1. Without wheels — fuited to ftoney uneven foils where 
 the wheel ploughs cannot act, 
 
 a. Suffolk iron plough, worked by two horfes, or two 
 oxen, and one man; fuited to heavy land. 
 
 b. Rotheram P. fuited to all foils. 
 
 c. Turn-wrift P. is adapted to hilly or banky land, the 
 mould board turning fo as to fufFer the plough to make 
 good work on its return, and ftill lay the furrow down 
 the hill. 
 
 2. With one wheel. The advantage of wheels are, that 
 they keep the (hare at an uniform depth. 
 
 a. One-wheeled ploughs are to be met with in mod 
 counties, of different conft.ruCt.ions. 
 
 3. With two wheels. 
 
 a. Norfolk P. the end of the beam is raifed high; it is 
 fuited to light foils, and is worked by two horfes and 
 one man. 
 
 4. With two fhare<=. The hxkjkims the turf y and lays 
 jr in the bottom of the former furrow; and the other 
 brings up frefh mould, in order to cover the turf, by 
 
 .ich eafy procefs the land is immediately prepared to 
 receive the grain, &c. 
 
PLO. PLU. 255 
 
 .1. f hefe have been made by different perfons, and the 
 end of the beam is fupported either by one or two 
 wheels. 
 
 5. With a double mould board — ufed for earthing plants 
 and forming drains. 
 
 6. Double Plough, (fee plate, figs. 13.) This is ufed 
 in Roxburgfhire to clean and earth turnips, and either 
 divides by means of bars into 2 ploughs, to take the 
 earth from the plants previous to hand-hoeing; or clo- 
 fes, and forms a fingle double-moulded plough for 
 earthing them up. See the Farmer's Magazine, No. 
 IV. p. 412, for a defcription of it. 
 
 The Reverend Mr. Lucas has made an improvement 
 to the EfiTex plough, by a double fwillyard, and double 
 foot chain, which, he fays, affords fo much additional 
 fteadiment, as it is called, that it will turn a ftraight 
 deep furrow, 40 yards long, without being touched by 
 the ploughman. 
 
 PLUM. (Prunus Domejiica.) 
 
 1. Ripening in July. — Early white, or Primordium P. 
 Early black damafk. 
 
 2. Ripening in Auguft. — Little black damafk. Orleans, 
 a large round red fruit. Great damafk violet. Green 
 Gage. White Perdrigon. Blue Perdrigon. Black 
 Perdrigon. Roche Courbort (red). Mirabelle (green- 
 ifh-yellow). Royal Red. 
 
 3. Ripening in September. — Queen Claude (green), 
 Little ditto (yellowifh). Blue Gage. Drap d'Cr, or 
 cloth of gold (bright yellow). White Bonum Mao-- 
 num, or egg plum (very large). Red Bonum Mag- 
 num, or great imperial (very large). Fotheringham 
 (large dark red). Brignole (yellowifh). Wentworth 
 (yellowifh). St. Catharine (yellowifh amber.) Chef- 
 ton (blackilh). Imperatrice, or Emprefs (dark red). 
 Apricot (large yellow). Pear (whitifh yellow). Lit- 
 tle green damafk. St. Julian (dark violet). Damaf- 
 cene (dark blue). — The four laft are of an inferior 
 kind. — There is another kind of plum, called the 
 Cherry P. valued chiefly as a curiofity ; it blofibms 
 early, and is often cut olr by the cold. — In Yorkfhire 
 
256 PLU. 
 
 is a fpecies of plum, called the Wine-Jour, which feih 
 when found, for i\J. per peck; that is, 4 guineas per 
 bufhel! 
 
 We are indebted to John Tradefcant, gardener to 
 king Charles the firft, for many kinds of our plums, 
 which he procured from Turkey, and other parts of the 
 world; he alio introduced the Algier Apricot. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Gravelly light foil produces the richefr, but not the 
 largeft fruit. 
 
 b. Strong foils fhould be lightened by a fandy or gra- 
 velly mould. Clay is particularly unfit for plums. 
 
 Increased. 
 a. By grafting or budding on its own (to 
 
 Tree. 
 
 a. Grows 15 or 20 feet high; the green gage, Orleans, 
 &:c. have a fpreading head like that of the apple tree, 
 while fome of the dark violet oval plums have their 
 branches ftraiter, and more upright. 
 
 b. The Orleans, green gage, and fome others, are often 
 planted in the orchard manner, at 25 or 50 feet dif- 
 tance, and they, as well as other kinds, as wall and 
 efpalier trees, 18 or 20 feet afunder. 
 
 c. Produces fruit from the eyes of the fhoots, and on 
 fpurs a-ifing on the fides and ends of the branches, of 
 from two or three, to many years old. 
 
 d. Pruning. 
 
 (1) Summer — Should be performed in June and July, 
 retaining only fome of the regular, moderate growing, 
 fide fhoots, and main leaders, at full length. 
 
 (2) Winter — Retain at full length all regular laft fum- 
 mer moots, advancing below in vacancies, preferving 
 all the fhort natural fpurs on the fides of the branches, 
 &c. but cut out too long, fore-right, projecting ones, 
 old ragged fnags and (lumps. 
 
 (3) Standards — Retrench occafionally any very irregu- 
 lar and fuperabundant crowding growths, very long 
 ramblers, and dead wood, with all fuckers from the 
 root and item, end rambling fhoots in the middle of 
 the head. 
 
POL. POM. PON. 
 
 257 
 
 e. Gardeners haften the ripening of the fruit, by collect- 
 ing it in bafkets; and covering them with nettles. 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The fruit. 
 
 b: The wood is in requeft for handles of knives, an 
 colour is improved to an elegant redn.fs by boil. 
 lye, or with quicklime and urine. 
 
 c. T.e bark is ufed by country people to dye yello 
 
 POLECATS, fee Vermin. 
 
 POMEGRANATE. (Punica Granatum). 
 
 Culture j &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. A rich ftrong foil, and a warm fituation. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 a. By layers in the fpring, which will take fufficient 
 rooc in a year's time. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Grows 18 or 20 feet high. 
 
 b. Belt feafon for tranfplanting is in the fpring, but may 
 be performed in autumn. 
 
 c. It is fo hardy as to refill the fevereft cold of our cli- 
 mate. 
 
 d. Bears fruit at the extremity of the branches. 
 
 e. Pruning when trained as wall trees. 
 
 (1) Summer — Cutting off fore-right moots. 
 
 (2) Michaelmas — Cutting out weak branches of the 
 former year, and fhorten the ftronger. 
 
 The branches to be laid 4 or 5 inches afunder. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 it. The fruit ; which the tree often produces in great 
 quantities in England, and of a full nze^ but not quite 
 fo well flavoured as the foreign. " The rind, a ftrong 
 aftringent, fixes or binds ink with a glofs not removed 
 eafily, and the ink flows well." 
 
 PONDS. 
 
 I. HOW MADE IX DRY PASTURES FOR CATTLE. 
 
 a. After removing the earth and forming a proper bafon, 
 take a auantity of lime, (allies of lime will anfwer the 
 [ 33 3 
 
2$| PON. 
 
 lame purpofe) and fpread the fame over the whole fur- 
 face, about 5 inches thick; upon this bed of lime lay 
 a coat of well tempered clay, 8 inches thick ; this muft 
 be beat down extremely well with wooden hammers, to 
 prevent the clay from cracking. Upon the top of the 
 clay lay a fecond coat of lime, of the fame thicknefs 
 as the firft; the whole is then paved or pitched ^ 
 fmall ltones, to prevent the cattle from injuring the 
 materials of the pondj the chy will naturally hold up 
 the water, and the lime prevents the worms from ftri- 
 king upward, or penetrating downwards to injure the 
 clay. 
 b. Situated (if pofiiblr) where the corner of four grounds 
 meet. The pond mould be made about 20 yards 
 fquare, 10 feet deep in the middle, and doping on all 
 fides. As a fecurity for the water not running out, it 
 mould be puddled, or fecured with clay, over which 
 muft be thrown loofe ftones or foil, and afterwards a 
 pavement. The pond will fill by the rain in winter, 
 and be repleniftied by the fogs during fummer. 
 
 Geefe are by fome farmers reckoned healthful th 
 among cows; not, however, by wav of fweetening the 
 grals; but of purifying the water: The idea feems to 
 be founded in nature; and the practice may have been 
 raifed on experience; the violent agitation which geefe 
 and other water fowls, fometimes communicate to wa- 
 ter, may be laid to be nature's procefs, in purifying 
 flagrant pools — Such water gives to the milk and but- 
 ter of cows, which drink of it, a very bad tafle. 
 1. For Fish. 
 
 a. The bed fuuation is betwixt two hills, as near a flat 
 as pofiible. 
 
 b. The head to be bui!: with clay from a foot or two 
 below the furface of the ground, 3 feet thick, and 
 rammed down clofe, and Hoped inwards ; the top and 
 fides to be covered with earth — The befl time for be- 
 ginning the work is the end of June, or early in July. 
 
 c. To prevent an overflow of water carrying away the 
 filh ; either place at the end, grates with clofe bars, or 
 make channels of divtrfion higher than the current that 
 leads to the pond — The laft v. ill alfo be cf lei vice to 
 keep off the water, when the pond: are laid dry. 
 
PON. POP. 259 
 
 d. The fluices for emptying the ponds mould have vent 
 holes guarded with boxes, perforated fo as water but 
 not fifh may pafs. 
 
 <?. Small ponds of Handing water fliould be cleanfcd 
 once in feven or eight years, and left dry one fummer 
 — Large ponds every two or three years, in Ottober, 
 when the bottom may be ploughed and fown with Oats, 
 and the water returned the Michaelmas following. 
 
 Where there are two or three ponds above each o- 
 cher, only one to be drained at a time : If the mud is 
 very deep, it may be removed, but not quite down to 
 the dead earth. 
 /. No trees, except ofiers or willows, fhould grow near 
 the pond, as the fallen leaves and rotten wood, are per- 
 nicious to the fifh j as is water running from hemp, 
 dunghills, ftables, and wafh-houfes. 
 
 ! POPLAR. 
 
 1. White Poplar. (Populus Alba.) 
 
 1. Trembling Poplar. (Populus Tremula.) 
 
 3. Black Poplar. (Populus Nigra.) 
 
 4. Carolina Poplar. Linnaeus makes this a variety of 
 the Tacamahacca. 
 
 5. Lombardy or Po Poplar. 
 
 6. Black ditto. 
 
 Culture, &c. of the White Poplar. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Will thrive on a gravelly foil, and lofty fituations. 
 
 b. Flourifhes in clay. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 
 a. By young trees mooting from the roots. 
 
 b. By cuttings of one or two years growth planted in 
 rows 3 feet afunder; 18 inches in the row; and 1 foot 
 in the ground ; in two years they may be planted out 
 — This will apply to the other poplars. 
 
 3. Tree, 
 
 a. Of fo quick a growth, that in fome fituations it will 
 attain to full maturity in twenty years. 
 
 b. Subject to warty excrefcences, which, when large, 
 imbibe moifture and bring on decay. 
 
260 POP. 
 
 c. The wood is white, foft, and ftringy; and not fubje<5t 
 ro rhe ravages of the worm. 
 
 d. If any of the Poplars are planted for walks, take on- 
 ly the male plants, for the female will multiply fo faft 
 as to form a nxove inftead of a walk. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. The wood makes good wainfeoating, being but little 
 fubjeel: to (well or fhrink. — Floors, laths, packing box- 
 e 1 :, and turners wares, are made of it. As it burns 
 flowly, and witft difficulty, it is well fuited for laundry 
 floors. It alfo makes very good light carts. 
 
 Turners, as foon as they have cut their work out 
 rorigh, throw it into boiling water, which directly 
 N :ngs out the fap, and then it will keep its white co- 
 I01 
 
 Culture, &c. of the Trembling Poplar. (Afpen.) 
 
 1. Soil. 
 'ill not grow well in clay; thrives in all other foils, 
 and fuccee Is beft in moift fituations. 
 2. Increased. 
 ^5 trees fhooting from the roots. 
 3. Tree. 
 planted, and of fpeedy growth. 
 w umler it. 
 
 idy light, white, fmooth, wool- 
 iurabie in r]ic air. 
 4. Use.' 
 od is ufed ro make pannels or pack-faddles, 
 ins, milk pails, clogs, pattens, &c. 
 lis tree provrs to be almoft incorruptible in the 
 or humid ground, when it is laid down without 
 ftripped of jrs bark, and is therefore much ufed 
 • water pipes, and gutters under ground. 
 
 , &c. of the Black Poplar. 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Loves a moift black foil. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 a. By fuckers. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Grows rapidly and bears cropping. 
 
 b. The wood is light and foft, and not apt to fplinter. 
 
POP. 161 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The buds yield a yellow relinous unguent, formerly 
 ufed in medicine. 
 
 b. Of the cotton down of the feeds paper has been made. 
 
 c. The wood is fometimes ufed by turners. 
 
 d. The bark being light like cork, ferves to fupport the 
 nets of fifhermen. 
 
 e. The roots have been obferved to difTolve into a kind 
 of gelatinous fubftance, and to be coated with a turbu- 
 lar cruftaceous fpar, called by naturalifts, Ofleocolla, 
 formerly much efheemed for bringing on a Callus in 
 fractured bones. 
 
 Culture, &c. of the Lombardy Poplar. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Thrives bed in a dry foil, but will grow very well 
 in a moift one. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 a. Readily by cuttings. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Is of a high towering fhape, and very quick growth, 
 attaining in a few years maturity — One year's (hoot 
 from a pollard tree was S feet high. 
 
 b. The wood is white, foft, and very foon decays in the 
 air, but is more durable under cover. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. Flooring of granaries with the wood, preferves the 
 corn from the Wevil : For firing, the wood is little 
 inferior to deal. 
 
 b. The branches are ufed for making bafkets, but for 
 which purpofe they are too brittle. 
 
 c. The inner bark is a weak kind of bafs. 
 
 d. In Tufcany it is planted to fupport the common 
 vine". (See tulip-tree). 
 
 POPPY. 
 
 1. Opium Poppy. (Papaver Scmniferum.) 
 
 2. Oriental or Eaftern Poppy. (P. Orient ale. ~) 
 
 3. Corn Poppies. (P. Rh<eas & Dubium.) 
 
 4. Sprattling Poppy. (Cucubalus Beben.) A native 
 plant. The leaves have fomething of the flavour of 
 
zoz POP. 
 
 peas, and proved of great ufe to the inhabitants of 
 Minorca when the Locuft had deftroyed the harveft. 
 
 Culture, csV. of Opium Poppy. 
 i. Plant. 
 
 a. Mr. Jones of Enfield fowed in 1799 five acres, kept 
 the plants well weeded ; and, notwithstanding they 
 were injured by unfavourable weather, in May and 
 June, he procured 21 lbs. of Opium from the Survi- 
 ving plants, and obtained abundant teftimony of the 
 fuperior quality of it. 
 
 b. Opium is got by making incifions into the heads 
 when come to maturity, and the milky juice which 
 ifTues from the wounds, is foon thickened by the heat 
 of the fun, and is then gathered and made up into 
 lumps. 
 
 c. Grows wild in England in uncultivated places. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. Opium is a well known drug. 
 
 b. The feeds are fold in the (hops by the name of Maw- 
 feed — The feeds have not the narcotic virtues of other 
 parts of the plant. 
 
 Culture ', fcff. of Eaftern Poppy. 
 1. Plant. 
 a. This is cultivated in our gardens as a flower, and is 
 increafed either by (ctd fown in September, or by part- 
 ing of the tools, being a perennial. 
 
 2. Use. 
 4. The Turks eat the heads by way of delicacy when 
 they are green, though very acrid, and of a hot 
 taft'e. 
 
 Culture, &c. of Corn Poppies, 
 1. Plant. 
 Thefe two forts of Poppies grow wild among corn. 
 1. Use. 
 a. Sheep, Goa's, and efpecially Hogs, are very fond 
 of thefe plants. Sheep and Hogs have been even 
 turned into the field to clear the corn of them. In 
 Berkfhire, where they are called Rediveed, the inha- 
 bitants pull them to feed their fwine at home ; and it 
 is faid 'hat they v/ill increafe fo much the milk of a 
 
POP. POT. ib 3 
 
 Sow, as to enable her to bring up a litter of fucking 
 pigs for the marker, with very little other help. 
 
 b. Rabbits thrive equally well on thefe plants, for whom 
 they have been pulled up when in flower, and made 
 into hay. 
 
 c. The flowers of the P. Rhxas are ufed medicinally. 
 
 d. In fome parts of France they eat poppy oil, drawn 
 from the feeds in their fallets, without any ill effects — 
 The wild poppies of France are the fame as thole that 
 grow in our own fields. 
 
 POTATOE. (Solanum Tuberojum.) 
 
 i. Aylefbury White, moitly planted for the table. 
 
 2. Ox-noble, cultivated for cattle ; planted as late as 
 April in gardens. 
 
 3. Surinam. 
 
 4. Red ; not fubject to the curl — This kind is faid to 
 have borne better for the beds being nearly covered 
 with (tones, bricks, &c. 
 
 5. Kidney. 
 
 6. Howard, or Cluttered Potatoe : a very productive 
 and hardy fort. 
 
 7. Red American Kidney Potatoe. Diftinguifhed by 
 its good qualities, and large quantity of its produce. 
 
 8. Chinefe — A very productive fort -, the roots whitifh, 
 8 or 10 inches long, and of a (lender fhape ; keeps 
 good till Midfummer ; as the roots fpread they 
 ihould not be planted clofe ; are not fubject to the 
 curl. 
 
 9. Altringham Early White ; never blows. The early 
 Potatoe is fuppofed by fome to be a diftinct fpecies. 
 
 Culture, &c. of the late Potatoes. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. The beft a ftrongim loam not quite approaching to 
 clay. 
 
 b. On boggy ground potatoes are not fubject to the 
 curl. 
 
 c . Sheltered by woods and hedges are more fubject to be 
 blighted than in expofed fituations. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 a. From feed — This is got by hanging the apples, 
 
POT. 
 
 crabs, or oukl. re varioufly called) in Octo- 
 
 ber in a warm D Chriftmas; then wafti out the 
 
 feeds, fpread i them on paper, and preferve 
 
 them from damps till March or April, when they 
 fhould be fown. 
 
 From the feed of one plant, Potatoes are often pro- 
 duced, in fhape and colour relembling all the varieties 
 nov. 
 
 Seed Potatoes do not blow till the third year. 
 
 b. From cut roots, each having one or two eyes. 
 
 Some advife their being cut a week, before planting. 
 It requires 10 bufhels and a half to plant an acre 
 j and 37 buihels and a quarter of 
 whole. 
 
 c. From whole potatoes — Small, as being riper, are by 
 many preferred to i-rge; even though no bigger than 
 peas. Putrefaction" does not always erifue with whoje 
 DOtaroes. 
 
 e eyes or 
 
 Three kinds of icoops have been invented for cut- 
 
 tki >uti one refemblcs the half of a bullet- 
 
 mould, another a cheefe knife, and a third has a fhort 
 
 cu: :hc laft. is reckoned the bed ; (fee plate, 
 
 ng. 15.) When the eyes are cut out at a feafon of the 
 
 it would be improper to \cz them, they are 
 
 to be laid on a dry table or floor for 48 hours, by 
 
 which time the outfide of the icooped part will become 
 
 v and covered with a faccarinc powder, after which 
 
 Treated like the earlv Lancashire potatoe s 
 
 the :.u!d be planted clofer than lets. — The 
 
 ving upon large potatoes has been ei ar upwards 
 
 or" upon fmall at leait one-fourth; 
 
 been rcC- 
 only about half ; the produce from tl 
 gre... 
 e. From t 
 anv 
 
 rom potatoes left in the 
 .ant put 
 
 oni the main ones, ever, if open- 
 ir wdl. When a crop fails 
 
POT. i6$ 
 
 in part, amends may ftill be made by laying a little 
 dung upon the knots, and covering them with mould ; 
 when each knot will produce potatoes. 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. Should be changed every year. 
 
 b. Not to be planted deeper than 4 inches and a half. 
 
 c. Planted from March till May or evtn June. 
 
 The early planted are the moft mealy and bed. tafted; 
 the late the fureft crop, as they run no rifk of being 
 injured by the froft. 
 
 d. Hand-earthed three or four times ; or hand and 
 horfe-earthed once each. 
 
 <?. Pieces, planted 18 inches fquare — Whole, 3 feet or 
 2 feet and a halfl 
 
 f. Set at 12 or 14 inches, and the rows 13, which gives 
 room for the horle-hoe. Set 1 foot, rows 2 feet afun- 
 der. 
 
 g. Various methods of planting in beds, &c. 
 
 (1.) The earth dug 12 inches deep, after this, a hole 
 inould be opened about 6 inches deep; horfe-dung, 
 or long litter mould be put therein, about 3 inches 
 thick ; this hole mould not be more than 12 inches 
 in diameter; upon this dung or litter, a whole potatoe 
 mould be planted, upon which a little more dung 
 fhould be fliook, and then the earth mud be put 
 thereon ; in like manner the whole plot of ground 
 muft be planted j taking care that each potatoe be at 
 lead 16 inches apart. They muft be twice earthed. 
 (2.) Where weeds much abound and have not been 
 cleared in the winter, a trench may be opened in a 
 ftraight line the whole length of the ground, and 
 about 6 inches deep ; in this trench the potatoes fhould 
 be planted about 10 inches apart; (cuttings or fmall 
 potatoes will do for this method) ; when they are 
 laid in the trench, the weeds that are on the furface 
 may be pared off on each fide, about to inches from 
 it, and be turned upon the plants; another trench 
 mould then be dug, and the mould that comes out of 
 it turned carefully on the weeds. It muft not be for- 
 go^ that each trench'ihould be regularly dug x that the 
 potatoes may be, throughout the plot, 10 or 12 inches- 
 
 [ 34] 
 
266 POT. 
 
 from each other; they fhould be twice hoed, and earth- 
 ed up in rows. 
 
 (3.) A good crop may be obtained by laying pota- 
 toes upon turf, at about 1 2 or 14 inches apnrr, and 
 upon beds of about 6 feet wide; on each fide of which 
 a trench fhould be opened about 3 feet wide, and the 
 turf that comes from thence, fhould be laid with the 
 graffy fide downwards upon the potatoes; a fpit of 
 mould fhould next be taken from the trendies, and be 
 fpread over the turf, and in like manner the whole plot 
 of ground is to be treated. When the young fhoots 
 appear, another fpit of mould from the trenches fhould 
 be ftrewed over the bed.s, fo as to cover the fhoots. It. 
 will be right to remark, that from the fame ground a 
 much better crop of potatoes may be obtained the fol- 
 lowing year. 
 
 (4.) Planted in beds 5 feet wide, intervals or alleys 3 
 feet, dug and thrown on the bed, and the fets 1 foot 
 apart. 
 
 b. Planted with the plough. 
 (1.) Beginning of April draw furrows with a double- 
 breafted plough, at about 2 feet 8 inches diftance from 
 each other, in which the potatoe fets are to be dropped 
 by hand, at the diftance of from t 2 to 15 inches, and 
 covered by fplitting the ridges with the plough; when 
 the weeds appear in great abundance, a final] common 
 one-wheeled plough is paft up and down each fide of 
 the rows; this operation raifes high ridges in the inter- 
 vals between the rows; when the weeds appear again, 
 the double-breafted plough pafTes again between the 
 rows. 
 
 (2.) Planted upon every furrow at the diftance of 10 
 inches, and about 4 inches deep; to be once hoed and 
 moulded up. 
 
 7. When cultivated on a fmall fcale, potatoes are taken 
 up with a three-pronged fork, with flat tines — On a 
 large fcale, with a plough, the coulter being fir ft ta- 
 ken out that it may not cut them; when thofe that ap- 
 pear to view are picked up, a pair of drags is run over 
 the whole, which feparatcs and expofes the potar< 
 that happen to adhere to the clods. 
 
POT. 267 
 
 Should be taken up in dry weather. 
 
 k. How kept out of doors. 
 (1.) When fuffieiently dry they are to be put together 
 in heaps, in the ihape of a roof of a building, cover- 
 ed clofely wirh ftraw, drawn ftraight and to meet from 
 each fide in a point at the top, about fix inches in thick- 
 nefs, and thin covered with mould, clofely compacted 
 together, by frequent application of the fpade ; fome 
 make holes in the mould, at the fides and top, as deep 
 as the ftraw, for the air to efcape which arifes from the 
 fermentation; after the fermentation has ceafed, the 
 holes are doled to prevent the effects of froft or rain. 
 (2.) The greater part of the potatoes put in a large 
 hole, lined with ftraw, and roofed as above; and alfo 
 thatched with ftraw or the haulm of the potatoe. 
 
 If frozen, they fhould be put into cold water, which 
 will reftore them ; but if put fuddenly into hot water, 
 they will be deftroyed. 
 
 /. Potatoes are fubject to a difeafe called the Curl. 
 (1.) Suppofed to arife from one or more of the follow- 
 ing caufes, either fingly or combined : 1 . By froft, ei- 
 ther before or after the fees are planted — 2. From 
 planting fets from large unripe potatoes — 3. From 
 planting too near the furface, and in old worn out 
 ground — 4. From the firftfhoots of the fets being bro- 
 ken off before planting, by which means there is an 
 incapacity in the planta Jeminalis to fend forth others 
 fuffieiently vigorous to expand fo fully as they ought — 
 and 5. To a white grub or infect feeding on the roots. 
 (2.) it is alfo imputed to ferting potatoes grown in ve- 
 ry rich and highly manured land; and to earthing very 
 high. 
 
 (3.) Dr. Darwin fuppofes it to be owing to too long 
 continuing to increafe them from cutting. 
 
 To prevent the curl, it has been advifed to fteep the 
 fets in a brine, made of W hitters' allies, for two hours. 
 Deep letting is always recommended ; and fait is laid 
 to be che beft preventative againft the grub or infect. 
 
 Culture, &c. of the early Potatoe. 
 
 1. The Altringham (in Chefhire) white. 
 
 a. Planted in January, or as foon as the earth is dry, 
 and the weather mild. 
 
268 POT. 
 
 b. Planted in October, and if there come any fevere 
 froft, without fnow, they are covered with peas haulm, 
 ftraw, or other light covering. The whole crop is crflg 
 up in May, and another fort immediately put in, which 
 is dug up in October following. New potatoes, of the 
 firft crop, have been brought to table in April. 
 
 2. Method of raifing early potatoes in Lancalhire. 
 
 a. Early Iced potatoes are in fome places planted upon 
 the fame ground from which a crop has been already 
 taken, and which after having got up, about Novem- 
 ber are immediately cut up into fet c , and prefervtd in 
 oat-fhells or faw duft, where they remain till March, 
 when they are planted; after having taken off one fprit, 
 it is to b- planted with another of lufficiem length to 
 appear above ground in the fpace of a week. 
 
 b. Another and more approved method, is to cut the 
 fets and put them on a room-floor, where a ftrong cur- 
 rent of air can be introduced at pleafure; the lets laid 
 thin, viz. about two lays in depth, and covered with 
 the like materials, ((hells or faw duft) about 2 inches 
 thick; this fcreens them from the winter frofts, and 
 keeps them moderately warm, cauHng them to vege- 
 tate; but at the fame time admits air to ftrengthen 
 them, and harden their fhoots, which they improve by 
 
 -ning the doors and windows on every opportunity 
 of mild foft weather; they frequently examine them, 
 and when the moots are fprung an inch and a half or 
 two inches, they carefully remove one half of their co- 
 vering with a wooden rake, or with the hands, taking 
 care not to difturb or break the (hoots: In this manner 
 they remain till the planting feafon, giving them all 
 the air pofTible bv the doors and windows, when it can 
 be done fafely from froft; by this method the (hoots at 
 the top become green, leaves are fprung, and mode- 
 rately hardy. They are planted in rows in the ufii.il 
 method, by a fetting-ftick, and the cavities made by 
 the fetting-ftick carefully raked up; by this method 
 they are enabled to bear a little froft without injury. 
 The earlieft potatoe is the iuperfine white kidney; from 
 this fort, upon the fame ground, have been railed four 
 crops; having fets ready from the repofitory, to put in 
 as loon as the other were taken up ; and a fifth crop is 
 
POT. 269 
 
 fometimes raifcd from the fame land of winter lettuce. 
 3. Near Penzance in Cornwall, two crops are got in a 
 year; by planting the kidney P. about Chriftmas or a 
 few weeks before it, and whkh they draw in May; 
 and plant in the fame ground the apple P. They are 
 enabled to do it owing to the mildnefs of the climate. 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. A valuable root at our tables. 
 
 When potatoes were firft introduced into this king- 
 dom, about the latter end of the 16th century, they 
 were roafted under the embers, and eaten with fack and 
 fugar, or baked with marrow, fugar and fpices, or can- 
 died by the comfit makers; in all which ways of dref- 
 fing they were reckoned delicate meat. The poor then 
 eat them raw ; though they are in that date, in a verv 
 fmall degree, poifonous. 
 
 b. For making bread. 
 
 The lofs of weight in the baking, and the time and 
 delicacy of the procefs, makes it far from eligible ceco- 
 nomy for the poor. Dr. Cuthbert Gordon has difco- 
 vered a method of making flour, or meal of potatoes, 
 that keeps found for any length of time, (being imper- 
 vious to the air) which, together with the bread there- 
 of, is grateful to the tafte. 
 
 c. Cheefe is made in Germany of potatoes in the follow- 
 ing manner — The bed mealy P. are felecled, and half 
 boiled in (team; as, by burfting, their flavour and ef- 
 ficacy are diminifhed : when cool, th&y are peeled, and 
 finely grated, or beat into a pulp with a wooden peftle; 
 three parts of this foft mafs, and two parts of fweet 
 curd, after exprefling all its whey, are kneaded toge- 
 ther, and allowed to (land two or three days in warm 
 water, or four or five days in cold weather. The mix- 
 ture is then formed into fmall pieces, like thofe of Weft- 
 phalia cheefe; dried in the open air, being fhifted 
 from place to place every day on the board, in order to 
 promote their maturity. 
 
 d. As food for horfes. 
 
 To every 300 lb. of potatoes, warned and fteamed, 
 is added half a pint of fait, and occafionally a fmall 
 portion of fulphur 5 this quantity will more than fup- 
 
*7o POT. 
 
 port a horfc kept conftantly at work for fix days. Hor- 
 les thus fed will perform with the greateft eafe all the 
 common labour of the farm, without hay or oats. 
 
 *. Bullocks will fat fooner on them than on cabbages or 
 turneps; fame mix about twice their bulk of cut hay 
 or draw. 
 
 /. Cows fed on them will, with one bufhel per day, and 
 a fmall quantity of hay, yield as much, and as fweet 
 butter, as with the belt grak. 
 
 g. Will fat fheep. 
 
 b. Excellent for hogs — But for bacon and hams four 
 bufhel s of pea-meal fhould be incorporated with four 
 bulhels of boiled potatoes, which quantity will fat a hog 
 of i 2 ftone. 
 
 Some recommend their being given to cattle raw — 
 others boiled — In Germany they are baked for hogs. 
 
 /'. For feeding poultry, when boiled. 
 
 k. The fkins may be pounded, and prefTed into excel- 
 lent cake, for cattle. 
 
 /. The (lems cut for cattle. The roots are faid by fome 
 to fcarce grow afterwards ; by others not to be inju- 
 red. 
 
 m. As a fallow crop-^-Frees the land at the fame time 
 from weeds, and the quick grafs. 
 
 n. The apples are pickled; 
 
 o. Paper has been made from the haulm. 
 
 The haulm is alio ufed as litter; and to thatch ho- 
 vels. 
 
 p. It was not uncommon, till forbidden by law, to ex- 
 tract a fpirit from them. 
 
 In an equal quantity of ground occupied by potatoes, 
 and by barley; the firft will yield more fpirits by fer- 
 mentation, than the other, in the proportion of 566 to 
 166. 
 
 ■j. It is faid, that being malted and managed as barley, 
 - liquor like ale has been prepared from them. 
 
 r. for making ltarch; but is inferior to common (larch, 
 the lineo n ling the ftiffhefs fo long, nor acqui- 
 
 rin it. 
 
POT. POU. 271 
 
 SPJtflSTl POTATOE. (Convolvulus Battatus.) 
 
 This plant grows very well in the open ground, and 
 were fome pains taken with it, would probably pro- 
 duce potatoes in England — The roots are imported 
 from Spain and Portugal, by the London fruiterers, 
 who fell them for fixpence per lb. 
 
 " POTTERY. 
 
 ' The quantities ufed in country families, is im- 
 menfe, and all glazed with lead, a bad poiibn, (lightly 
 laid on. It behoves country families to attend to its 
 poifonous effects. Encourage laying on better gla- 
 zing, or avoid the ufe of this ware." 
 
 POULTRY. (Phafianus Gallus.) 
 
 1. Wild — Thefe are fometimes, though rarely, found 
 on moors in the northern counties of Scotland. The 
 colour is commonly red or brown, mixed with fpots 
 of white and grey ; the colour of the chick very much 
 refembles that of a partridge : Both cocks and hens 
 are round crefted, and often the crefts are fo large, 
 that they hang over the eyes, and mud frequently be 
 clipped ; the legs are fmooth, and fhort fpurred - } their 
 eggs nearly double the fize of ordinary eggs, and fo 
 hard, that when fet under another hen, care muit be 
 taken to break the fhell, after it is chipped. 
 
 1. 'Tame. 
 
 a. The above domefticated : In thisilate the hen con- 
 tinues to lay for a long time, and feldom inclines to 
 hatch. They are more eafily fupported than common 
 fowls, being extremely greedy of worms, &c. and 
 will leave their companions of the dung hill, and in 
 fearch of worms, &c. follow any plough that may be 
 going in the neighbourhood. 
 
 b. Crefted — Having a tuft of feathers, inflead of a 
 comb. 
 
 c. Darking — With two toes behind inflead of one. A 
 large breed one has weighed nearly 14 lb. 
 
 d. Frizzled — The ends of the feathers curled up, the 
 Hem faid to be linn and delicate ; a tender kind brought 
 originally from the Eaft Indies. 
 
QUI. 
 
 e. Rumplefs — Without tail feathers. 
 /. Bantam — With feathered legs and toes, a fmall race. 
 g. Silk — The webs of the feathers are fo difunited, that 
 
 they appear like hairs. Brought from China. 
 h. Ships bring fowls from the Eaft Indies and China, 
 
 fome of which have very long legs ; others have black 
 
 bones, and lay light brown eggs. 
 It is to be wiftied fome captain of a fhip would 
 bring home Turkifh cocks and hens, which are defcri- 
 bed as differing from ours; efpecially in the variety and 
 beauty of their colours. 
 
 Four or five hens fhould be kept to one cock ; the 
 hen fci* 21 days, when hatched, the flrongeft chicks 
 fnould be taken away and fecured in wool, till the 
 whole are hatched, and flrong enough to be cooped ; 
 to be fed at firft with fplit-grots, and afterwards with 
 tail wheat ; the befl: food for grown fowls is barley ; to 
 fatten them, barley or wheat-meal and milk. — As it 
 requires a great deal of food to fatten cock chickens, 
 jt would be mod advifable to cut them for capons. — 
 Wherever poulrry abounds, its influence is confiderable 
 in keeping down butchers' meat. 
 
 The eggs of thefe fowls, and alfo of thofe of the 
 turkey, have lately been hatched in England by an 
 artificial heat. — It is fuppofed that ducks would be more- 
 eafy to raife, when thus hatched; the rearing of their 
 chickens is attended with many difficulties. 
 j. Guinea Hens, fee page 149. 
 
 QUICKSET. (Crataegus Oxyncantha.) 
 
 }. Varies, with the leaves and fruit larger; or large 
 fcarlet Hawthorn, or Quickfer. 
 
 2. With double hloffoms, and fmaller fruit. 
 
 3. Blofibming twice a year; once of which is near or 
 at Chriftmas. Called the GL'Jionbury Thorn. 
 
 With white berries; formerly grew at Bampton in 
 Oxford (hire. 
 
 i. Seed. 
 a. The berries to be buried one year in beds or pots of 
 land before they are planted. 
 
QUI. 273 
 
 Four buihels to be fown in an acre. 
 1. Tree. 
 
 a. Planted on the flat of a bank ; or on the front or 
 dope of it. 
 
 b. Planted in a fingle row from 6 inches to a foot afun- 
 der. 
 
 c. Planted in two rows, as •.•.•.•.•.•. » 
 
 d. In ibme parts of Scotland in a barren foil, and expo- 
 fed rituation, it is common to plant a third or fourth 
 part of beeches, intermixed with the thorns ; the for- 
 mer being found to be a hardier and more thriving 
 plant than the latter, and confequently better adapted 
 to ihelter a ftormy country, as well as to ftrengthen 
 the fence. 
 
 e. Hedge and wall — This is performed by building a 
 {lender wall about 3 feet high, immediately before and 
 clofe to the row of young thorns, rifing to the height 
 of 18 inches above the level on which thefe are plant- 
 ed, and compofed of dry (lone, in fome cafes pointed 
 with lime ; it affords a complete fneker to the young 
 plants, and as thefe grow up, their branches project 
 over the wall, and being trained upon a line with it, 
 the united effect of both is to form a fence imper- 
 vious to every kind of cattle, even to dogs and leffer 
 anim.ls. 
 
 This fence is peculiarly adapted to road fides. 
 
 /. Planted both in the fpring and autumn. 
 1. Four or five years old with flrong clean ftems, are 
 always to be preferred to thofe that are younger and 
 fmaller. 
 
 1. In fome places fences are made by grubbing up 
 quicks in the woods and coppices of the length of 
 4. or 5 feet; they are planted in November or March. 
 
 g. To fill up gaps ; bend down (hoots of half a yard 
 or 1 feet long, and where room permits make a hole 
 in the bank with a (hovel, in which the (hoots are 
 to be tied down with hooked (licks and covered over 
 with earth, where they will take root and form a new 
 hedge. 
 
 b. Cut down to the ground to make the edge thick at 
 bottom — Trimmed to a point at top makes them thick 
 
 [ 35 ] 
 
274 QlJf. 
 
 at bottom ; if trimmed with an indrument'like a reap- 
 hook with a long handle, a man will do a great quan- 
 tity in a day. 
 
 As trees fcarcely grow after the foldice, Linnaeus 
 advifes that hedges fhould not be clipped after that 
 time. 
 
 /'. Defended from cattle — i, with pod and rails. — 2. 
 with a double or fingle dead hedge, in the latter cafe 
 the quickfet is wattled in<-o it. — 3, by warning the 
 young hedge with lime-water — and 4. the ha>r from a 
 raw hide, with all the impurities adhering, laid in fmall 
 quantities, near the roots of the thorns, has been found 
 iumcient fecurity from the teeth of cattle. 
 
 k. A tree of this kind has grown to 9 feet 1^ inch in 
 circumference, 4 feet from the ground -, one arm of 
 which tree extended above 7 yards. 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. Makes better hedges than any other fhrub ; on ac- 
 count of the ftiffnefs of its branches, the fharpnefs of 
 its thorns, its roots not fpreading wide, and its ca- 
 pability of bearing the fevered winters, without in- 
 jury. 
 
 b. The wood is tough, and is formed into axletrees, 
 and handles for tools. 
 
 c. A decoction of the bark with copperas, dyes black. 
 
 d. In Kamjchatca thp inhabitants make a wine of the 
 berries. 
 
 QUINCE. (Pyrus Cydonia.) 
 
 Var. 1, Pear-fhaped. 2, Apple-fhaped. 3, Por- 
 tugal with a tender pulp. 4, Eatable, having a ten 
 der pulp, and is fometimes eaten frefh. 
 
 Culture, fcfr. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Will thrive almoft any where ; but they generally 
 affect, a moid fituation, and are therefore often plant- 
 ed along ponds and ditch fides in out grounds, &e. 
 2. Increased. 
 a. By grafting either on its own, pear, or hawthorn 
 dock. 
 
RAB. 275 
 
 h. By cuttings of the young (hoots of the branches, 
 planted either in fpring or autumn. 
 
 c. By layers in autumn, which will be fit to plant off 
 the following year. 
 
 d. By fuckers taken in autumn. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Grows 10 or 15 feet high. 
 
 b. Is trained as efpalier at 1 8 or 20 feet diftance, or 
 planted as ftandards at 20 or 30 feet. 
 
 c. The branches fhould generally be permitted to ex- 
 tend in length, without fhortening them by pruning ; 
 obferving only to keep their ftems clear from fuckers, 
 to cut off crofs branches and upright fnoots. 
 
 d. Dr. Hales, in his Statical efiays, fays, he has ob- 
 ftrvecj the canker produced in this tree by rotten fruit 
 being left hanging on it all the winter. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The fruit, of which is made a marmalade, &c. 
 
 b. In N. America they make a wine or liquor of the 
 fruit, called Quince-drink ; and hkewife draw a plea- 
 fant and grateful fpirit from it. 
 
 RABBITS. 
 1. Sorts. 
 
 a. Common grey wild Rabbit. 
 
 The wool is pared off the pelt as a material for 
 hats. 
 
 b. Silver haired wild Rabbit. 
 
 The colour is a black ground thickly interfperfed 
 
 with fingle white hairs. The fldn of this is dreffed 
 
 as a fur ; and as the (kins fell for about four (hillings 
 
 a dozen more than thofe of the common fort, it is a 
 
 icienc inducement for propagating it. 
 
 c. Orchard Rabbits. Thefe are kept in pits dug like 
 faw-pits, in orchards, &c. and lined on the fidea with 
 hoards or bricks ; and alio boarded at bottom, one 
 plank of which is to be left loofe, ami fet on end, 
 for the Rabbits to burrow ; and to lerve for a trap 
 
 catch them when wanted. The grey is the proper 
 kind, and grows, kept in this manner, to a lage 
 fize, and is little inferior to the wild— Mud be regu- 
 
 ly fed. 
 
c;6 RAB. 
 
 d. Hutch Rabbits — Thefe are kept in cellars, fee. in a 
 box about b{ feet, by i^, and 2 feet high, with a 
 partition for the doe to make her neft in; it has a gra- 
 ted door, and a trough for dry food. — Their food is 
 bran, grains, or oats, and cabbage leaves, malic 
 &rc. Too much of the green food, especially if given 
 wet, occafions their having the rot, or being beared, 
 as it is termed. If fed principally with Juniper, it will 
 give a fine flavour to their flefb, and make it equally 
 good as that of the wild rabbit. A frr.all quantity of 
 milk is by fome given to the does when they have 
 young. 
 
 (i.) The hutch Rabbits vary very much in colour, 
 as white (thefe have often red eyes), black, black 
 and white, yellow ; of the laft they are always fe- 
 males. 
 
 (2.) French Rabbits — Thefe have very long fine 
 hair. 
 
 2. Warren. 
 
 a. Land not worth more than two millings per acre p 
 better as a warren than if cultivated. 
 
 A rich foil is a difadvantage, as a flufh of grafs af- 
 ter a dry fcafbn, is found to produce a fcouring, which 
 carries off great numbers. 
 
 b. In (locking a warren, artificial burrows are in fome 
 places bored with an auger, of a diameter large enough 
 to make a burrow of a fufficient width — Artif. _ 
 burrows are made to reconcile the rabbits to the ground, 
 and to preferve them from vermin, until they have 
 time to make their own burrows. 
 
 c. One male is considered as fufficient for fix or ft 
 
 nales ; : rex they can be brought to that 
 
 proportion, the greater Hock of young ones may be 
 expected ; it being the nature of the males (a;, 
 as it may feem) to deftroy their young ; n ci- 
 
 ally, perhaps, when their proportional number is too 
 great. The above proportion of fexes is to be at- 
 tempted by killing at the clofe of the all 
 the bucks which are taken, and turning loofe all the 
 does. 
 
RAD. 277 
 
 d. Methcid, in Gamhridgejhire, is famous for the bed 
 fort for the table; the foil there is fandv, arid full of 
 moffes, and the Car ax grafs. 
 
 <?. Faggots have been partly fubftitiited for hay in fnow, 
 for rabbits, the peal of which they eat. 
 
 RADISH. (Raphanus Sativus.) 
 
 1. With a fpindle fliaped root. 
 
 a. Sallad Kadilh. 
 
 b. Short-topped R. This fort is fown for early crops. 
 
 c. Long-topped R. Varies in the colour of the root, 
 as a deep or light red ; the laft called Salmon R. 
 
 d. Naples R. Root white. 
 
 2. With a round root. 
 
 a. White Turnep R. Sown from March till Septem- 
 ber. 
 
 b. Red ditto. 
 
 c. Black Spanifh R. Sown from July till September. 
 
 d. White ditto. 
 
 Culture y C5f. in fields. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. Two or three gallons of feed per acre. 
 
 b. Sown in March on furrows made with a two or three- 
 cheped plough about 10 inches apart. 
 
 2. Plant. 
 
 a. As foon as the plants appear every other row is cut 
 up with a horfe-hoe, leaving the rows 20 inches apart. 
 When the plants get two or three rough leaves, they are 
 hoed out to the diftance of from 10 to 15 inches apart 
 in the rows, and then kept clean by a fecond horfe and 
 hand hoeing, if neceflai y. 
 
 b. The crop is feldom fit to reap till October, and fome- 
 times is out in the fields till near Chriftmas, without 
 receiving any injury from the wet weather; it being 
 neceffary that it mould have much rain to rot the pods, 
 that it may threlh well. 
 
 '3. Use. 
 ?. The radifh is cultivated in Kent for feed for the Lon- 
 m market. 
 
27* RAD. 
 
 Culture, (?c. in gardens. 
 
 i. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown on Hot-beds in January and Febri: 
 
 b. Sown in the open ground for winter and early fpring 
 crops. 
 
 (i.) In September among other crops; thefe, if not 
 deftroyed by froft, will be fit for ufe foon after Chrift- 
 mas. 
 
 (:.) The latter end of October, under walls or other 
 fences: Thefe will be fit for ufe the beginning of 
 March. 
 
 (3.) About Chriftmas. Thefe are not to be quite fo 
 much fheltered as the laft, and covered with clean 
 draw ; will be fit to draw the end of March, or begin- 
 ning of April — Rows of beans are fometimes planted 
 with this crop. 
 
 c. Sown with Carrot or Spinagefeed; in the former cafe 
 it fometimes happens, that the Carrots fucceed when 
 the Radifhes are cut off by the froft; when both fuc- 
 ceed, it is neceflary to draw the radifties when very 
 young. 
 
 d. For full crops once a fortnight from March till Au- 
 guft. 
 
 2. Pl, 
 [n frofty weather they are to be covered with clean 
 fir aw, which mould be raked off whenever the weather 
 is mild. 
 
 b. When they have got five or fix leaves to be hoed to 
 3 inches if it is intended to draw them very young; if 
 not, to 6 inches. 
 
 c. For feed : The beft roots to be planted early in May, 
 in rows 2 or 3 feet diftance, and the roots 2 feet afun- 
 der ; and watered till they have taken root. 
 
 is, when ripening, muft be protected from 
 birds. 
 
 The roots may be preferved for ufe during winter, 
 by drawing them before the froft fcts in, and laying 
 them in dry fand. 
 
 3. I 
 a. The roo' c 1 
 
 e. The top* boiled like fpinage. 
 
RAP. 279 
 
 RAPE. (Brafika Napus.) 
 
 Cidturey &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Will grow on alinoft any foil. 
 
 b. Does not impoverifh land. 
 
 c. Should be ploughed N. and S. for the advantage of 
 fun. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. The beft feed is large, black, and free from red ones 
 — Should be kept very dry. 
 
 b. To be fown in June. 
 
 c . 2 lb. of feed per acre, broad call. 
 
 d. Should be fown with two fingers and the thumb ; to 
 prevent its coming up in patches. 
 
 e. Drilled 1 foot, or 14 inches apart. 
 
 /. The practice of fowing Rape and Turneps together, 
 improper. 
 
 g. Sown the middle of June, and the plants tranfplanted 
 the middle of Auguft, in ridges 2 feet afunder, and 16 
 inches between ; the plants to be horfe or hand-hoed ; 
 and the earth drawn round their Items. — A rood will 
 raife fufficient for 10 acres. — In the fpring this crop 
 may be fed with fheep. 
 
 b. The feed ripens from July to September. 
 
 As the feed very loon fheds, it is either threfhed on 
 cloths in the field, or carried to the threfhing-floor in 
 little four-wheeled waggons made with poles, and cloths 
 drained over them; the diameter of the wheels about 
 2 feet; the cloth-body 5 feet wide, 6 long, and 2 deep; 
 and drawn by one horfe; the whole expenfe not more 
 than thirty or forty millings. This method is ufed to 
 favc turnep-feed. 
 
 i. Should not be fown two years running, on the fame 
 land. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. Succeeds bed after beans, turneps, or cabbages. 
 
 b. One acre of Rape, fuppofed to be equal to three of 
 turneps. 
 
 c. Does not injure the quality of the wool of fheep that 
 feed upon it. 
 
23o RAP. RAS. 
 
 d. The plants railed from T he broad caft to be hoed in 
 September to about i footdiftance. 
 
 e. If any fail, to be fupplied from other parts the latter 
 end of Oftober, or beginning of November. 
 
 /. To deftroy the flugs which feed voracioufly on the 
 young plants; drew over them a mixture of Hacked 
 lime and wood-aihes; 10 bufliels of lime and 15 of 
 afhes will do for an acre. 
 g. Will produce frefh leaves after the firft are eat off. 
 In Effex they feed it off with hogs, and then let it 
 (land for a crop. 
 
 4. U 
 
 a. The (ccd furnifh a large quantity of exprelfed oil, 
 called Rape Oil — After the oil is expreffed,, the feeds 
 are ufed to fatten oxen, and manure land. 
 
 0:l-cakes are apt to render the fat yellow and rank; 
 to remedy this, the cattle fhould be fed with dry fod- 
 der for a fortnizht or three weeks before they are kil- 
 led. 
 
 b. Affords winter food for cattle, and is the mod fatten- 
 ing of any winter food for (heep; it is fown alfo for 
 feeding fheep and ewes in the lpring. 
 
 c. The draw and chaff burnt for the afhes; which are 
 as valuable as the belt pot-afhes. 
 
 d. When the draw is flrong it is ufed for inclofing fen- 
 ces in farm-yards; and is always excellent for littering 
 the draw-yards, cow-fheds, and the dall-fed cattle, 
 
 RASPBERRY. 
 1. Common Rafpberry (Rubus Id.vus.) 
 a. With red fruit. 
 . u. With black fruit. 
 
 1. With white fruit; fleeter than the red. 
 
 d. Double bearing; the firft crop ripens in July, and the 
 fecond in October; but thofe of the latter feafon have 
 fcklom much flavour. 
 
 e. Cane-rafpberry. 
 
 /. Without prickles. This produces but few fruit 
 thofe frnall. 
 
 2. \ 1 flowering Rafpberry (R. Occidentalh.) 
 This is cultivated more for its flower than fru 
 
 3 little flavour. 
 
 \ 
 
REE, 281 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 a. The bed a frefli ftrong loam. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 a. By fuckers. 
 
 £. By layers ; trees from thefe have better roots, and 
 are not fo liable to fend out fuch numerous fuckers 
 as the former. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Planted 2 feet afunder, in rows 4 or 5 feet apart — 
 New plantations fhould be made once in three or four 
 years; and planted in March or October. 
 
 b. In July clear off draggling fuckers between the 
 rows, to admit the fun and air to the fruit. 
 
 c. In October cut out the dead moots, lad fummer's 
 bearers ; and thin the young fhoots to three or four 
 each flock ; and prune them at top, at about 4 feet 
 high. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The fruit; of which is alfo made a jam, and wine. 
 The juice, or a fyrup of the wild fruit, is ufed as an 
 agreeable acid for making punch, inftead of oranges 
 or lemons ; and the didilled water is cooling, and very 
 beneficial in fevers. 
 
 REED. 
 
 1. Common Reed. (Arundo Phragmites.) An ex- 
 cellent covering for barns and (tables, as it will pre- 
 ferve the roof twice as long as tile. Screens arc made 
 of it to keep off the cold wind in gardens ; and they 
 are laid acrofs the frame of wood work as the founda- 
 tion for plaider floors. 
 
 The inhabitants of Lapland ufe the panicle to dye 
 cloths a yellowim green colour. 
 
 2. Sea Reed. (Arundo Arenaira.) It grows only on 
 the very dried land upon the fea fhore ; and it pre- 
 vents the wind carrying the fand from the fhore, and 
 difperfmg it over the adjoining fields ; which is not 
 unfrequently the cafe where this reed is wanting. Ma- 
 ny a fertile acre hath been covered, with unprofitable 
 (and, and rendered entirely uielefs, which might have 
 
 E 36 !•" 
 
282 REN. 
 
 been prevented by Towing the feeds of this plant up- 
 on the lho e. It is u ed for thatching; for :. 
 ropes ; and when bleached, for ir 
 
 Qjeca El z ic r s to fuch of herfub- 
 
 jefti .via lived on findy more- :ed the 
 
 ex 
 
 Fortunes which have fincc happened, of having 
 the parifh buried in tnc un rage of 
 
 the tor, 
 3. Reed-Grafs. (Poa Aquatica.*) Is an ex- 
 uk or brooks. 
 
 Tne Dutch fow Sea Mattgrafs, (Nardus 
 on their Gind banks, that the fand may not overwhelm 
 the neighbouring p.irts. And the London Society 
 for the encouragement of Arts, &c. allure 1 
 have been credibly informed, that land has been gained 
 on the coaft of Holland, by fixing rows of whifps 
 of draw upright in the fand, about a foot diftant from 
 each other, or by fixing ftak.es at proper diftar 
 from each other, and wactiu -bands between 
 
 the m. 
 
 RENNET. 
 Used in t mak: 
 
 1. Gloucefter Cheefe — To two gallons of water, made 
 fait enough to bear an egg, add one pennyworth of 
 mace — one pennyworth of cloves — a handful of f 
 briar and hawthorn buds — a fmall quantity of allum 
 (about the bulk of a fmall walnut) the fame quani 
 of fal prunellas — a fmall quantity of cochineal (a fmall 
 " pinch," the bulk of half a hazle nut) — and, if tc 
 had, Euro or three bay leaves. Pound the allum, 
 prunel, Sec. and, having mixed the feveral ingredients 
 with the fait and |dd five veils ; or, if fmall, 
 fix or feven. In about ten days the R . 
 
 for ufe. 
 
 Cheefe (and that as good as any ether mac: 
 the county) h 1 by putting the vellinto 
 
 a little cold water — : to be u: jnd 
 
 time. 
 
 2. Cottenham Cheefe. — N tthing more is necefiary than 
 faking down the bags, in which fl for 
 
RHU. 283 
 
 twelve months ; about fix of thefe bags will make two 
 gallons of brine, ftrong enough to fufpend a new laid, 
 egg, which being put into ajar, is fit for ufe in about 
 a month, when a gill of it to every four gallons of 
 new milk, or warmed as from the cow, is fufficient : 
 The milk mould be of the fame age or mea ! , and 
 much depends upon breaking the cuid with the hands, 
 for unlefs that is done very completely, the whey can- 
 not be expreffed ; any of which remaining in the 
 cheefe, communicates a harfh fiery tafte, produces blue 
 mould, and leaves the cheefe full of holes, or cells; 
 like a honey-comb. 
 
 It has been obferved of the effects of different rennets, 
 that their efficacy reaches no farther than to do away 
 the faintnefs of the veils ; and thereby to render the 
 rennet perfectly fweet. 
 
 RHUBARB. 
 
 1. True or Officinal Rhubarb. (Rheum Palmatum.) 
 1. Common Rhubarb. (Rheum Rbaponticum ) Has 
 been long cultivated in Englifh Gardens for the fake 
 of the foot-ftalks of the leaves, which are frequently 
 ufed for making tarts. 
 
 This and the Rheum Undulatum> were at one time 
 raifed in this country for the true Rhubarb. — It is re- 
 markable, that if the Palmatum and the Undulatum 
 are planted near each other, they will probably pro- 
 duce a mongrel plant, the feeds of which are not fer- 
 tile. 
 Culture, &c, of the True Rhubarb. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. A fandy foil, and fomewhat elevated fituation, is 
 thought to be mofl proper for it. 
 
 The manure formed of one part good rotten dung, 
 one part fifted coal-afhes, and two parts lime, which 
 muft be previoufly flacked, and mixed with a proper 
 quantity of mud or wafte, taken from a mill pond, 
 and often turned. To be ploughed in very deep. 
 
 b. At Suchur, a province of Tartary, where it flou- 
 rifhrs in the greatefl abundance, and from whence the 
 merchants carry it all over the world, the country is 
 
2S4 RHU. 
 
 rocky and mountainous, the foil red, with a ftratum 
 of fixne under ir, fometimes boggy, being every where 
 interfered with numerous rivulets. 
 
 2. I.WREA5ED FROM SEED. 
 
 c. Sown on an early hot-bed; rhe plants to be inured 
 to the weather, after having get their firft leaves j in 
 Oilober or November they arc to be transplanted into 
 the mould intended for the next years hot-bed ; and 
 the February following planted in very deep black gar- 
 den mould, and treated like artichokes. 
 
 b. Sown in the natural gound March the 16th, i 
 transplanted where they are to remain about the 20th. 
 By fome the feed is fown early in February, and trans- 
 planted when of a fize that cabbage plants are fet out 
 for a crop. 
 
 c. The feed may be fown where the plants are to re- 
 main. 
 
 3. INCREASED FROM BUDS, OR EVES. 
 
 a. The taking of thefe with a fmaii part of the root 
 does not injure the root ; h^s the following advantages 
 over towing of feed ; a year is gained in the growth ; 
 is in lefs danger of being eaten by vermin ; not fo 
 uncertain of i.s g.ow ; ng ; is not fo tender, neither 
 does it wa '-her care than keep- 
 ins the ground clear of wee 
 
 b. The crowns of the plants will produce tolerable good 
 Rhubarb in four or five years, bu: not fo large and 
 plentiful as from feed. 
 
 _. Plant. 
 
 a. Bears feed in three or four years, which is ripe in 
 Oitober. 
 
 b. If the roots arc covered with l;:ter, or the earth 
 drawn over them in winter, t: nfe the ftronger 
 in the fpri: 
 
 ;. Th« earlicft period at whi -oors are ufeful is at 
 
 f j but they are fuppofed to increafe 
 
 \-\ virtue, g in the earth fever, eight, ten, 
 
 or even twelve 
 
 lit. 
 
 e. Rckt: :rs old have weighed upwards of 70 lb- 
 
RHU. 285 
 
 5. Method of curing the root. 
 
 a. At Suchur in Tartary — The roors are dug up in 
 winter before they put forth leaves, becaufe they then 
 contain the entire juice and virtue of the plant; the 
 root being thoroughly cleaned, is cut tranfverfcly, and 
 
 . the pieces are placed on long tables, and turned care- 
 fully three or four times a day, that the yellow vifcid 
 juice may incorporate with the fubftance of the root. 
 If the roots are not cut within five or fix, days after 
 they are dug up, they become foft, and decay very 
 fpeedily. Four or five days after they are cut, holes 
 are made through them, and they are hang up on 
 fixings expofed to the air and wind, but are fhekered 
 from the fun-beams. Thus, in about two months, 
 the roots are completely dried, and arrived at their full 
 perfection. 
 
 b. In England — The roots are dug up from fummer 
 to January ; in warm weather they are dried in the 
 fhade ; in cold an artificial heat is neceiTary, as a hot- 
 houfe or moderate heated oven ; if dried too fail, they 
 become wrinkled and horny ; if too flow, they become 
 mouldy and ufelefs. When dug up they are clean 
 warned, the f nail fibres cut off, and the outer rind 
 pared or rafped off"; then divided into pieces about 
 one ounce weight, and the middle cut out — Laftly, 
 they are ftrung on packthread to dry, none of the pie- 
 ces touching each other. 
 
 The rind for tinctures is full as good as the bell 
 part of the root. 
 
 It is the practice of fome to take the roots up early 
 in the fpring, or in autumn, when the leaves are de- 
 cayed ; the roots warned, and rubbed over, after be- 
 ing rafped or filed, with a very fine powder, which the 
 (mail roots furnifh in beautiful perfection. 
 6. Use. 
 a. The ufe of Rhubarb, as a drug, being well known, 
 it will be fuflic ent here to eftabliih the virtue of what 
 is raifed in this kingdom. 
 
 (1.) Mod of the apothecaries in Edinburgh ufe Rhu- 
 barb raifed in Scotland, (from Siberian {t^^l), and for 
 isveral years there has been no other ufed in the Royal 
 
«86 RIC. 
 
 Infirmary there. When a found root of this is weli 
 dried, and properly drelfed, it is in r.c reflect inferior 
 to what comes from Ruffia — Opinion of Dr. Hope of 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 (2.) Rhubarb raifed in Somerfetfhire was little (if at 
 all) inferior to the beft brought from RufTia, or Tur- 
 key, and fully fufficient to P.ipply the place of foreign 
 Rhubarb — Dr. Falconer of Bath. 
 (3.) The London Hofpitals, as Gvy's, St. Tbcmas's, 
 and St. Bartholomew's, ali ufe the Rhubarb grown by 
 Mr. Jones at Enrirld; and a cpmrnitree ac . 1 ies 
 
 Hr.ll have given the moft deciiive teftimony or" i:s equal 
 excellence with the foreign < J >rug. 
 
 b. The feeds of the ] plant contain the medicinal 
 virtue oC the root in an eminent degree. 
 
 c. A ftrong infuiion in \ ne of pieces of the roots, 
 not thick enough for drying, has been given with fuc- 
 cefs in the dyfentery in cattle. 
 
 d. A marmalade \* made of the recent item, and is con- 
 fidercd as a mild and pleai ;ve, and highly fa- 
 lubrious — It is prepared by (tripping c ff the baik, and 
 boiling the pulp with an equal quantity of honey or 
 fugar. 
 
 e. The leaves give to foup an agreeable acidity, like that 
 of lbrrel. 
 
 f. It is fuppofed that it would afford a beautiful red dye 
 — The hulks of the feeds of one fort of Rhubarb gives 
 a very fair and deep purple; and from the underiideof 
 the leaves and ftalks exudes a hard gum. 
 
 RICE. (Oryza Sc.irji.) 
 
 The refult of fome experiments to cultivate Indi3 dry 
 or mountain Rice, was, that it will not produce grain 
 in this climate ; but as the quantity of the blade was 
 uncommonly great, it is not impo'Tibie that it might be 
 advantageous to fow it as food for cattle; for a very 
 large proportion or" rtock might certainly be maintained 
 upon an acre or 
 
 Though the dry rice did not fucceed, p< rhaps, better 
 fuccefs would ateend an attempt, to cultivate in England 
 the Spanifh marfh rice — Ellis, in his voyage to Hudfon's 
 
ROC. ROO. ROS. 287 
 
 bay, mentions a kind of wild rice growing in abundance 
 near our fettlemcnts, by the fides of lakes and rivers; 
 which if cultivated would make good food. 
 
 ROCAMBOLE. (Allium Sccrcdcprafum ?) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Delights in a fandy loam. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 
 a. By cloves and off-fcts of the roots planted in Septem- 
 ber, 6 inches apart. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. The part chiefly made ufe of is the heads of the 
 flower Item, compofed of many bulbs, which as foon 
 as they are ripe fnould be gathered and kept dry. The 
 roots are alio ufed. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a This is a mild fort of garlic, formerly highly efteem- 
 ed for its high relifh in fauces; a fmall quantity of it 
 going further than many onions. 
 
 ROOT- GRAFTING 
 
 Confifts in grafting a fine fruitful branch upon a root 
 — The manner of performing it is to take a graft of the 
 tree you defign to propagate, and a fmall piece of the 
 root of another tree of the fame kind, or very near it, 
 or pieces of roots cut from fuch tree as you tranfplant, 
 and whip-graft them, binding them well together. 
 
 This tree may be planted, where you would have it 
 (land, for the piece of root will draw fap, and feed the 
 graft; as the (lock does in other methods. 
 
 ROSEMARY. (Rofmarinus Officinalis.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Bears fevere weather much better in a poor dry foil, 
 than a rich moifl: one. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By flips or cuttings taken in the fpring of the year, 
 juft before the plants begin to lhoot; thefe fhould be 
 tranfplanted where they are to remain early in Septem- 
 ber. 
 
288 RUS. 
 
 3. Use. 
 a. The flowers, leaves, and feeds, are ufcd in medicine. 
 Hungary water is made of the flowers, dirtilled with 
 reclined fpirit of wine. 
 
 There are feveral varieties, viz. the narrow leaved 
 (the kind ufed); the broad leaved; the white and the 
 yellow ftriped. (See pa. 14.) 
 
 RUSHES. 
 
 1. Destroyed 
 
 a. By taking a fingle crop of oats in the following man- 
 ner ; by ploughing one furrow with a good dit fling of 
 clung, harrowed in, upon which the crop of oats v 
 the grafs feed only. 
 
 With the hodding fcythe. This imj 1 is no- 
 
 thing more than a fhort ftrong fcythe; the blade is a- 
 bout 20 inches in length, but curves in a d.fTerent 
 manner to the common fcythe; the edge is nearly* one 
 way of it, in a ftraight direction from Ik el to point, but 
 the flat part of the blade forms a curvature, which va- 
 ries about 4 inches from a ftraight line. The fneath, 
 or fneyd, to which the blade is fixed, is about 3 feet 6 
 inches long, and has one fey the- like handle placed a- 
 bout 18 inches from the top: "When the wo;k is per- 
 formed, one hand is placed upon the top of the fncath, 
 and with the handle in the other, the crown of the rufn 
 roots, by a fnart ftroke of the implement, is fcooped 
 out by the convex part of the blade. The moft pro- 
 per feafon for this bufmefs is early in the fpring. — The 
 rufh roots fhould be carried off to form a compeft, and 
 the hod holes, or ca\ities, filled level to the furface of 
 the land with foil, and hay feeds to be fown therein. 
 
 c. By a top drefling oi coal or wood afr.es. 
 
 2. Use. 
 
 a. The pith of Clutter flowered Rufn (Juncus Ccrzlc- 
 
 atus) and Common Soft Rum (Juncus Effk/us) is 
 ufcd inllead of cotton to make t;ie wick of Rutti 
 — And both plants are made into ropes and ba(ket$. 
 
 b. Bull-rufh. (Scirpus Lacuftris.} Cottages are fome- 
 times thatched, and pick-f.iddics fluffed with it. E 
 
 ns of chairs are very commonly made of this ri . 
 
RUS. RYE. 289 
 
 if it is cut at one year old it makes the fine bottoms -, 
 coarfe bottoms are made of it at two years old ; and 
 thofe that are ftill older mixed with the leaves of the 
 Yellow Flag, (Iris Pfeud-dcorus), make the coarfeft 
 bottoms of all. Mats are likewife made of it, alone 
 or mixed with the aforefaid leaves. — From the pith a 
 kind of paper may be prepared, by preffing it, and af- 
 terwards giving it confiftence by a proper addition of 
 fize. When fodder is exhaufted, cattle will live upon 
 it, and Twine eat greedily the frefh roots. 
 
 c. Hares -Tail Rufh or Cotton-grafs (Eriophorum 
 Vaginatum.') Springs in February and March. Sheep 
 are remarkably fond of it, not only of the leaves, but 
 of the roots j working in the ground up to the eyes for 
 to get them. Shepherds afifert that fheep reduced by 
 hunger will recover fafter and thrive much better upon 
 this plant than turneps. It is a valuable plant for three 
 or four weeks; but after it has flowered the fheep to- 
 tally neglect it. Wicks of candles are made with it 
 by the poor. 
 
 Grows naturally on moors and bogs. 
 
 d. Rufhes and fedge are mown for litter and for fodder. 
 
 e. Common foft Rufh (J uncus Effufus) are near Farn- 
 ham cut about Midfummer; made or dried as hay; 
 and put up in a fort of mow, under cover, until the 
 tying feafon of Hops, the enfuing fpring ; when they 
 are tough, and well adapted to the purpofe of making 
 bands or ties. 
 
 /. Rufhes were fown on a part of the banks of the Duke 
 of Bridgewater's canal, to keep the earth firm. 
 
 g. Rufhes dug up with all their roots and fome foil, 
 make ftrong banks for rivers. 
 
 RYE. (Secale Cereale.) 
 
 1. Spring, white, or filvery Rye. 
 
 2. Winter, or black Rye. 
 
 Culture^ &c. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 a. Two Winchefler bufhels fown or two bufhels and a 
 half.. 
 
 I 37 ] 
 
290 RYE. 
 
 b. White or filvery rye is Town with fuccefs in the fpring; 
 i. e. in March or April. 
 
 V. Winter rye lbwn in Auguft, in September, or Octo- 
 ber. 
 
 d. Sown with wheat— one peck of rye with one bulhel 
 of wheat — This is called mejlin; it appears to be a 
 
 ry improper mixture, as they feldom ripen together. 
 
 e. Sown among a thin crop of turneps, and both fed off 
 together. 
 
 /. Sown with winter tares for foiling cart horfes — The 
 Rye nouriflies, protects, and draws up the Tares. 
 1. Use. 
 
 a. For making bread, alone (this is not fo general as it 
 ufed to be), or mixed with wheat flour; the effects it 
 has in the latter cafe, is, that it renders the bread 
 fomewhat more moift, and preferves it fomewhat long- 
 er from growing ftale; this mixture is reckoned both 
 wholefome and nutritious. 
 
 b. Ufed by the diftillers. 
 
 c. The plant as early fpring food for fheep. 
 
 Given freely and in large quantities to fheep, it cures 
 them of the rot in a few days, provided they are not far 
 gone with the diforder. 
 
 d. Fed off by horfes and cows in the fpring; or mown 
 and given them in ftables. 
 
 e. In North America it is cut green and made into hay. 
 
 f. The ftraw is excellent for thatching, and is alfo ufed 
 by brick-makers, collar-makers, and for packing. 
 
 g. Is fo much the aver/ion g/ poultry that they even a- 
 void the place where it grows; it is therefore fometimes 
 fown in head-ridges, around the farm-houfes and ya: 
 
 as a protection to the other grain. 
 b. It is laid that a very fmall quantity of rye fown am. 
 
 wheat, prevents the wheat being blighted or mildewed. 
 i. The grain has been prepared in France as coffee, of 
 
 which it has fomething of the fmell, and fome fay of 
 
 the qualities. 
 
 The fpring rye was inrr . 2- 
 
 bout half a century ago; probably from Poland, as it 
 
 is fometimes called Dantzic rve. 
 
SAF. 291 
 
 SAFFRON. 
 
 1. True Saffron (Crocus Sativus.) 
 
 1. Baftard Saffron (Carthamus Tinfforius.) 
 
 3. Turkey Saffron (Colchicum Varigatum.} 
 
 Culture^ &c. of True Saffron. 
 
 r. Soil. 
 
 a. A temperate dry mould. 
 
 b. It is always planted upon fallow ground — That is 
 preferred which has borne barley the year before. 
 
 c. The land to be ploughed three times, 1. about Lady- 
 day, 2. in May, and 3. about midfummer — The fur- 
 rows of the firft ploughing to be drawn clofer together 
 and deeper than for corn — The land to be manured be- 
 
 . fore the fecond ploughing. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 a. By off- lets of the roots, planted commonly in the 
 month of July, a little fooner or later, according to 
 the weather. 
 
 The quantity of off-fets tt» an acre is generally about 
 16 quarters, at 3 inches apart. 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. When they begin to fpire, and are ready to fhew 
 themfelves above ground, the land muft be carefully 
 pared with a fharp hoe, and the weeds, &c. raked in- 
 to the furrows. 
 
 b. The flowers are gathered as well before as after they 
 are full blown, and the molt proper time for it is early 
 in the morning. They are to be fpread upon a table, 
 and the chives picked out with a good part of the ftyle, 
 and the reft of the flower is to be thrown away. — The 
 chives are to be dried on a kiln, and laftly made into 
 fquare cakes. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. In medicine. 
 
 The beft Saffron comes from Smyrna, but Hajfel- 
 quift obferves, that it is frequently adulterated, and as 
 a phvfician is not certain of this drug, he will find it 
 confident with prudence, to prefcribe Englifh Saffron 
 in a larger dofe, than to prefcribe one thing, and get 
 mother. 
 
19* SAF. 
 
 Culture , csV. of Baftard Saffron. 
 
 i. Seed. 
 a. Sown fingly in drills 2{- feet afunder. 
 2. Plant. 
 
 a. At three weeks old the plants fhould be thinned to 6 
 inches apart, and the land cleared of weeds; at the fe- 
 cond hoeing the plants to be left i foot apart, requi- 
 ring afterward a third hoeing, after which they need no 
 farther care. 
 
 b. The flowers are to be cut off when in perfection and 
 when dry; the petals, the part ufed, is to be dried in 
 a kiln like the true Saffron. 
 
 The manner of preparing them in Egypt (from 
 whence Europe is generally fupplied with it, under the 
 name of Saffranon) is as follows; they are gathered 
 frefh, and preffed between two ftones, to extract the 
 crude juice which is thrown away; the flowers after be- 
 ing preffed, are wafhed feveral times in water, which 
 is brackifh in Egypt; by this the remaining acrid juice 
 is warned away ; they are then taken out, as much at 
 a time as a perfon can hold in his hand, and the water 
 is fo well preffed out as to leave the impreflion of the 
 fingers. They are then put on the flat, roofs of houfes, 
 and laid on mats, being now of a yellow colour. In 
 the day time they are covered with rufhes or ftraw, 
 left they fhould dry too fail, and too much by the heat 
 of the fun; but at night they are uncovered, and expo- 
 fed to the air and dew. The dew changes them into 
 deep yellow; they are dried by the moderate heat of 
 the night; and for this reafon there are people conflant- 
 ly employed in turning them. 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. For dying and painting. 
 
 b. The young leaves are ufed as a fall ad in Egypt: at 
 Smyrna they powder them, and put them into milk to 
 coagulate it; and in this manner all cheefe is made in 
 Egypt. 
 
 The feeds are eaten by the Parrot of Alexandria, 
 which is very fond of them ; to other birds or beafls 
 they would be a mortal poifon. 
 
SAG. 293 
 
 Culture, &V. of Turkey Saffron. 
 1. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed. 
 
 b. By off-fets from the roots, which fhould be tranf- 
 planted foon after the leaves decay. 
 
 2. Use. 
 a. The root is fuppofed to be Hermodactyl of the fhops. 
 This is cultivated with us as a flower, which appears 
 after the leaves are gone. 
 
 SAGE. (Salvia Officinalis.) 
 
 1. Common green Sage. Far. 1. Wormwood Sage. 
 2. Red Sage. 3. With a variegated leaf. 
 
 2. Balfamic Sage. This is preferred to all the others 
 for making tea. Stalks very hairy and trailing. 
 
 3. Sage of Virtue. Leaves narrower than the common, 
 and cut into ear- like appendages at the bafe. Should 
 be cut for drying when full of young ihoots, in the 
 middle of a dry day, and laid in the Ihade to preferve 
 for ufe. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed. 
 
 b. By flips, fuckers, and off-fets, planted early in A- 
 pril, in a fhady border, and now and then refrefhed 
 with water. 
 
 2. Plant. 
 a. When the flips, Sec. have taken root, they are to be 
 tranfplanted with balls of earth, into a dry foil, and 
 where they can have the benefit of the fun. 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. For medicinal and culinary purpofes. 
 
 Some perfons eat the frefh leaves with bread and 
 butter. 
 
 b. The juice in cheefe. 
 
 As the wood Sage (Teucrium Scordonia) poffeffes 
 the bitternefs, and a good deal of the aroma of Hops, 
 Dr. Withering thinks it would be worth while to try, 
 if it may not be ufed for the fame purpofej it was 
 formerly ufed in medicine — Will grow in any foil or 
 fituation. (See pa. 14.) 
 
SAL 
 
 SAINTFOLV (Hedyfarum /j.) 
 
 Var. — White 9 . Purple flov. 
 
 ec .J flowered; and Long- leaved r iint- 
 
 foin. 
 
 The French, to whom we owe our firit kn 
 of this plant, call : 
 
 ng wholefome, and foin hay, beca. ob- 
 
 ferve that it agrees ex. -il kinds of 
 
 Culture^ <s 
 
 i. 
 
 a. Grows beft on chalky, and dry (tone lhattery land. 
 
 b. Drynefs of more cc. e, than ric. 
 land. 
 
 c. Succ ■ re is a hardfub- 
 J}rata> near the fur face, t I the 
 roors; which will weeper land, 
 ftrike to an amazing d its ftrerr 
 unproruabiy be:.. 
 
 : : :d. 
 
 a. The hufk fnould be of a bright colour, the kernel 
 
 , of a grey or bluish colour, without, and if : 
 
 b. Sown in March or b g of Apr: I — 
 four bulhels per 3cre. 
 
 c. . feet apa h faves half 
 
 \ one bufhel being aft, 
 
 and only half that c 
 
 d. S th barley from one to three bufhels per acre j 
 to 
 
 p:< ::ing a head till : has 
 
 eft .4 
 
 e. S 'i clover, with cats, or buck 
 
 /. By fbme i deep. 
 
 g. The b apt to ferment, and be 
 
 is neci nong clean ftraw, in la 
 
 ftr \ keep the feed 
 
 cool, of a good colour, and preven: eming. 
 
 a. If the pi oom, a finele one will produce 
 
 half a pound of 
 
SAL SAL. 295 
 
 3. Takes more time than any other hay to make. 
 
 c. Rich land produces two crops in a year ; but a good 
 crop is not to be expected the ft; ft year. 
 
 No cattle mould feed it the firft winter, as their feet 
 injures it — (at this time a top-dreffing of foapers* afhes 
 will be of fervice) — nor mould be fed by fheep the fe- 
 cond furnmer, as they bite the crown. 
 
 d. Will laft from 10 ro 15 years, but at feven or eight 
 requires a dreiling of dung, or if fandy, of marie. 
 
 e. If the firft feaf >n for cutting proves wet, mould be 
 left to (land for feed. 
 
 /. Mowed before it is in full bloftbm is detrimental. 
 g. Should be cut for feed when the firft bloom is ripe 
 
 and the laft bloom begins to open: and alfo cut in the 
 
 morning or evening, when the dews render the ftalks 
 
 tender. ' 
 b. Increafe of produce exceeds common grafs land, a- 
 
 bout thirty times. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. Increafes prodigioufly milk in cows, nearly double ; 
 the milk is alio better, yields more cream than when 
 fed on any other grafs ; and the butter alfo better co- 
 loured, and flavoured. 
 
 b. Cut before it blooms is an admirable food for horn- 
 ed cattle ; and will yield a fecond crop the fame year. 
 
 It is a received opinion in Kent, that the aftermath 
 of Saintfoin fhould be froft- nipped, before any ftock 
 be put upon it. 
 
 c. Fattens fheep fader than any other food. 
 
 d. Horfes require no oats, though hard worked, while 
 they are fed with it. 
 
 e. A peck of the feed will go as far as a peck and a half 
 of oats with horfes. 
 
 The author of the New Syjiem of Agriculture men- 
 tions having feen in feveral parts of Berkfhire, Wilt- 
 fhire, Somerfetfhire, and many other counties, a baf- 
 tard fort; much inferior to the true; the feeds of which 
 we receive from France — The French call the baftard 
 fort Effarcet. 
 
 S ALL AD, fee Lettuce, 
 
296 SAL. SAV. 
 
 SALT. 
 
 1. Rufhy and four land manured with it, prevents the 
 rot in meep. 
 
 2. Dr. Derwin makes the following obfervation upon 
 fait as a manure — After a time I fufpeft vegetables will 
 always be liable to difeafe from this ftimulating innu- 
 tritive material; and that though it may increafe die 
 early growth of the plant, it will injure its flowering or 
 feed-bearing; and that hence, if it be ufed at all, it 
 fhould be a little before the time that the plant would 
 acquire that part of its growth which is wanted. Thus 
 if the herb or young ftem only be wanted, as in fpi- 
 nage, mercury, afparagus, apply fait early; if the flower 
 be wanted, as in brocoli and artichoke, or in tulip or 
 hyacinth, moiften them with a flight folution of fait, 
 when the flower-bud is formed. When the fruit or 
 feed is wanted, as in melons or cucumbers, or peas and 
 beans, apply the folution of fait ftill later, and at all 
 times with rather a parfimonious hand. 
 
 SAVORY. 
 
 i. Summer Savory. (Satureja Hortenfis.) 
 2. Winter Savory. (S. Montane.) 
 
 Culture* &c. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 
 a. The Winter Savory bears fevere weather better in a 
 dry lean foil, than in a moift rich one. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 *. The Summer Savory, by feeds fown early in April. 
 
 b. The Winter; both by feeds and flips, fown and 
 planted in the fpring. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 a. To be thinned or tranfplanted to 6 inches diftance. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. Cultivated both for the kitchen, and medicinal ufe. 
 (See pa. 14-) 
 
 SAVOY. (Braflica QUrccea fabauda.) 
 1. Large green curled Savoy: This is to be preferred 
 for the main crop. 
 
SAV. SCA. 
 
 297 
 
 2. Dwarf green Savoy. 
 
 3. Yellow curled Savoy. 
 
 4. White Savoy. 
 
 The Savoy differs from the Cabbage, principally, in 
 having wrinkled leaves. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. To be fown from the end of February to early in A- 
 pril, for full iized plants; and in June for Savoy Cole- 
 worts. 
 
 2. Plant. 
 
 a. When they have got eight leaves, to be pricked out 
 (in a fhady border) about 3 or 4 inches fquare. 
 
 b. For a full crop to be planted in July in an open fitu- 
 ation, and 24- feet apart — The Savoy Coleworts in Sep- 
 tember, 1 foot apart. 
 
 c. Where there is no ground vacant, the full crop may 
 be planted between rows of forward beans, early cau- 
 liflowers, or fuch like crops as (land diftant in rows, 
 and are foon to come off the ground. 
 
 d. In January or February fome of the old plants to be 
 fet out for feed, in the manner of cabbages, which fee, 
 page 49. 
 
 3. Use. ^ 
 
 a. This is one of our moft ufeful winter vegetables; anS 
 is efteemed the better for being pinched by the froft. 
 
 SCALLION. (Allium Jfcalonkum?) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 a. By parting the roots, either in fpring or autumn; 
 the latter feafon to be preferred. 
 
 Should be planted three or four in a hole, at about 
 6 inches diftant, in beds or borders 3 feet wide. 
 2. Use. 
 a. Chiefly ufed in the fpring for green onions. 
 
 This fort of Onion being known to few people, the 
 gardeners near London, fubftitute thofe Onions which 
 decay and fprout in the houfe ; thefe they plant in a 
 bed in the fpring, which in a fhort time will grow large 
 
 [ 38 ] 
 
298 SEA. 
 
 enough for ufe; when they draw them up, and after 
 pulling off all the outer coat of the root, they tie them 
 up in bunches and fell them in the market for Seal- 
 lions, though the latter never form any bulbs. 
 
 SEASONS. 
 
 It is frequently afTerted, that the feafons of late years, 
 are considerably altered, and the fummers not fo warm 
 as they have formerly been — The following obferva- 
 tions made at Greenlaw, by Paifley (in i792)> feems 
 to confirm that afTertion. 
 
 i. Trees and Shrubs that have not outlived the winter, 
 in that neighbourhood, from the year 1777, which 
 they did prior to that, viz. 
 
 Tamarifk, Siliquaftrum, 
 
 Candle-berry Myrtle, Lauriitinus, 
 
 Evergreen Cytifus, Pyracantha, 
 
 Agnus Callus, Arbutus, 
 
 Myrtle-leaved Sumach, Portugal Laurel, 
 
 Venus Sumach, Phylarea, 
 
 Acacia, Alaternus. 
 
 2. The following have not outlived the winter fince 
 1784. 
 
 Sweet Bay, Cyprefs, Rofemary. 
 
 3. The following feldom outlive the winter. 
 Jafmine, Laurel Bay, Alh leaved Maple. 
 
 4. The following fruits have not ripened fince 1763, in 
 the open air, which they did before that. 
 
 Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots. 
 
 5. The following have not ripened fince 1768. 
 Walnuts, Figs. 
 
 6. Goofeberrics and Currants have moftly been deftioy- 
 ed by the Caterpillar fince 1784. 
 
 7- Oak-horn (Acorns) have feldom ripened fince 1784. 
 The following changes have taken place in the animal 
 kingdom. 
 
 1. Bees with difficulty get through the winter. 
 
 2. The horfe-fly is much more rare than formerly. 
 
 3. Houfe-flies are not near fo numerous. 
 
 4. Bats feldom feen. 
 
 5. Swallows not near (o numerous. 
 
SEA. SEE. 
 
 299 
 
 In the Phil. Tranf. Vol. LVIII. p. 58, is a paper 
 by the late Hon. Daines Barrington, wherein it is pro- 
 ved, that countries now more than temperate, were in 
 former ages intenfely cold : the change has been impu- 
 ted by fome to the clearing and draining of land. 
 
 SEA-WEED, fee Kelp. 
 
 SEED. 
 
 A feed is defined by botanifts to be a deciduous part of 
 a plant, containing the rudiments of a new vegetable. 
 
 1 . The fooner feeds are fown after the ground is plough- 
 ed or dug, the quicker it will grow. 
 
 2. Depth to be fown. 
 
 a. Corn, from 2 to 4 inches, deepeft in light foils. 
 
 b. Kidney beans an inch, garden beans i±, acorns two 
 inches. 
 
 : Small feed only on the furface, and raked in. 
 
 Evelyn fays, feeds cannot be fown too fhallow, fo 
 they are prcferved from birds, for nature never covers 
 them — The following curious paffage in Robin/on 's 
 Nat. Hift. of Weftmoreland and Cumberland, proves 
 the contrary in refpett to acorns ; viz. Early in the 
 morning, I obferved a great number of Crows (Rooks) 
 very bufy at their work, upon a declining ground of a 
 moffy furface j I went out of my way on purpofe to 
 view their labour, and I found thev were planting a 
 grove of Oaks: The manner of their planting was thus, 
 they firft made little holes in the earth with their bills, 
 going about and about, till the hole was deep enough, 
 and then they dropped in the Acorn, and covered it 
 with earth and mofs: This young plantation grew in 
 about 25 years, to a thick grove of oaks, fit for ufe, 
 and of a height for the crows to build in. I told it to 
 the owner of the ground, who obferved them fpring 
 up y took care to fecure their growth and rifing. The 
 feafon was the latter end of autumn, when all feeds 
 are fully ripe, 
 
 3. Length of time in the ground. 
 
 a. Lefs than a year — The following garden feeds fown 
 the firft of May, came up thus; Crefs and muflard in 
 
3<do SEE. 
 
 fix days; lettuce, broccoli, turnep, radifh, in eight; 
 fpinage nine; peas ten; beans fourteen; dwarf kidney 
 beans fifteen ; parfley twenty. — Muftard fown the 20th 
 of February was thirteen days in the ground with mild 
 weather. 
 
 b. One year — Peach, almond, walnut, chefnut, &c. 
 
 Many kinds of feeds that remain a twelve month 
 in the ground, if fown in the fpring, as foon as they 
 are ripe, will come up in 6 months. 
 
 c. Two years — Hazel, yew, quickfet. 
 
 Bradley was informed by Sir JJaac Newton, that 
 feeds which lie long in the ground, may be forwarded 
 in their germination, by mixing them in a bufhel of 
 bran, wet well with rain or pond water; and let remain 
 for ten days without any difturbance in a veffel of wood 
 or flone. About three days after the mixture has been 
 prepared it will begin to heat, and fo continue to fer- 
 ment for thirty or forty days, if it be carefully fprink- 
 led from time to time with warm water, as it begins to 
 dry. The heat of this wet bran will prepare the ber- 
 ries mixed with it, to a vegetable ftate, in about a 
 week after the ferment has begun, and then they may 
 be fown in the Nurfery. 
 4 Will degenerate if often fown in the fame ground 
 they were faved from — The change of feed of vail con - 
 fequence to the farmer. 
 5. Altered by plants feeding not far from others near 
 akin to them. 
 
 In Ray's Hift. of Plants, we have the following a- 
 necdote — One Richard Baal, a gardener at Brentford, 
 fold a great quantity of cauliflower feed which he rai- 
 fed in his own garden, to feveral gardeners in the fub- 
 urbs of London, who carefully fowed the feed in good 
 ground, but they produced nothing but the common 
 long leaved cabbage; for which reafon they complain- 
 ed that they were impofed upon, and commenced a 
 fuit againft the aforefaid Baal, in Wertminfter-hall; the 
 judge's opinion was, that Baal muft return the garden- 
 ers their money, and alfo make good their lofs of time 
 and crops — This cheat we ought not to lay to the poor 
 gardener's charge, for it is wholly to be afcribed tc 
 
SEE. 301 
 
 good plants being impregnated by the common cab- 
 bage: Wherefore, if any one has an excellent fort of 
 cabbage, he ought not to let it flower in the fame bed 
 with any other of an inferior fort ; lead the good fort 
 Ihould be impregnated with the dull of the other, and 
 the feeds produce a degenerate race. 
 
 6. How to be preferved. 
 
 a. The dry kinds are beft kept in their pods or cover- 
 ing — Where only one feed is in a hufk, it is not ne- 
 ceflary to clear the feed before fowing. 
 
 b. The feeds of foft fruits, as the cucumber, melon, 
 &c. muft be cleaned from the pulp and mucilage 
 which furround them, otherwife the rotting of thofe 
 parts will corrupt the feed. 
 
 c. The fruit of ftrawberries, mulberries, &c. may be 
 fqueezed together and dried. 
 
 d. Seeds mould be hardened in the air, before they are 
 houfed. 
 
 7. Duration of feeds. 
 
 a. Seeds of cucumbers, melons, gourds, &c. which have 
 thick horny coverings, and the oil of the feed of a cold 
 nature; will 'continue good for ten, fifteen, or even 
 twenty years, unlefs they are kept in a very warm place, 
 which will exbauft the vegetable nutriment in a twelve 
 month. 
 
 b. Oily feeds, whofe coats, though they are not fo hard 
 and clofe as the former, yet abounding with oil of a 
 warmer nature, will continue good three or four years, 
 as radifh, turnep, rape, milliard, &c. 
 
 c. Seeds of umbelliferous plams, which are for the moft 
 part of a warm nature, lofe their growing faculty in 
 one or, at moft, two years, as parfley, carrots, parf- 
 nips, &c. 
 
 d. Fir feeds kept in the cone, will grow at ten or twelve 
 years; but when they are out of their cones, they fel- 
 dom grow well after two years, and fome forts after one 
 year. 
 
 8. How to be kept in long voyages. 
 
 a. Packed up in abforbenr paper, furrounding the fame 
 with raifins, or brown moiil fugar; which, by experi- 
 ment, feems to afford that genial moiflure, requifite to 
 preferve the feeds in a dare fit for vegetation. 
 
SHE. 
 
 "rom diftant parts, even from 
 Uoran.v-B . . •'orfoik-Ifland, in a perfect Itare of 
 
 iteration, which have been merely wrapped in com- 
 mon brown p 1 . is of feveral kinds of feeds, 
 carrier ■ to Orv xd with rofin, none 
 grew but muftard {^d. 
 
 I'. 
 
 '.Ing bor-' 
 
 T . V, 
 
 a. On two farms in Kintyre^ Invernefs-fhire; two of the 
 horns rife almo rsdiculariy, the other two turn 
 in below the ears. 
 
 2. V 
 
 a- , ^ r g e horns ; black face and legs; of an im- 
 
 patien: Jii'pofition ; good turnep fheep, always feeding 
 quid; j murron very good ; fine (hort wool, average 
 weigh: per fleece 3 lb. price is. 5d. per lb. weight of 
 : h .er3 per quarter 18 lbs. at three and a half years 
 old. 
 
 b. I black face and legs; a wild look-* 
 ing eye, an 1 a fhor: firm carcafe; are an active and har- 
 
 I the befl: adapted of all others, to 
 high expofed heathy ui.lricts ; coarfe long wool, ave- 
 gc weight per fleece 3 {-lb. price 6d. per lb. weight 
 of wethers per quarter r 5 lbs. 
 
 c. I lire, horr >er for- 
 
 .-.]; nice and leg ; forehead woolly; a com- 
 
 t breeJ, and h'r;b early; fine (hort wool, average 
 ni the fleece 31 lb. price per lb. is. 2d. 
 
 d. 1 lite face and legs; long wool; average 
 wei .he fleere 6 !b. prtce per lb. 8d. : of 
 
 -wo and a half vears 
 
 ibnne fpeckle J ; 
 — I he J.Vjv.n. nave been in- 
 
 troduce , and anfwer extreirdv well, 
 
 1 of two of the Hamplhire. 
 tain $. a ior ;, Iif.;ht : oc 1 
 
 . the fleece; mutton exed- 
 ns. 
 
SHIi. 
 
 ;o3 
 
 g. Highland S. 
 (i.) Whice faced; long legged; weighs about 8 lbs. 
 per quarter; the little wool they carry fine. 
 (2.) Black faces and legs; body compact, legsihort; 
 carcafe weighs from Bib. to 141b. per quarter when 
 fed; the fleece is from 2 lb. to 4 lb. of wool, of a 
 coarfe and open texture, and which has more the ap- 
 pearance of hair than wool, and fells only for 6s. or ys. 
 per flone; probably from the injury it receives by 
 fmearing. The lambs are dropped covered with wool, 
 which enables them to withftand the inclemency of the 
 weather. 
 
 (3.) A Crofs with Bakewell rams produced a dull hea- 
 vy animal, unable to go to the high ground in queftof 
 food. 
 
 It has been found in the Wiltftiire horned S. that a 
 crofs with hornlefs tups, have produced an ofBpring 
 which never have horn::. 
 
 3. The Rams only horned. 
 
 a. Spanifh, a flock of Marina fheep belonging to His 
 Majefty are kept in Oatland park, the wool of which 
 fold in 1796, for 2s. per lb. — The wool of the Spanifh 
 fheep does not degenerate in quality in this country, as 
 has been proved in fome kept live years, by Sir Jofeph 
 Banks. 
 
 (1.) A crofs with the Mendip fheep appears to have 
 been a great improvement, not only in the finenefs, 
 but in the weight of the wool. 
 
 Though the wool of the Engllih iheep is improved 
 by one crofs with the Spanifh in quality and quantity, 
 no extraordinary improvement takes place till they have 
 at lead five-fixths of Spanifh blood. 
 
 h. Drayton (in Shropfhire) S. legs and face black; car- 
 cafe light; legs rather long; wool fine. 
 
 4. Hornlefs, called Nats. 
 
 a. Tees-water face and legs white; cur Jargclt and moil 
 prolific fheep have fine bonr, and their flefh fine 
 grained; fine, long, bright, foft wool; average weight 
 of fleece 9 lb. price iod. weight of wrthers per quar- 
 ter, at two years old p 5c Its, 
 
304 S H h. 
 
 b. South-Down, grey face and legs; of a quiet, gentle 
 difpofition; hardy, enduring wet and cold, and a good 
 turnep fheep, mutton excellent; fine fhort wool; ave- 
 rage weight of the fleece 2 4- lb. per lb. 2s. weight of 
 the wether per quarter, at two years old, 18 lbs. 
 
 c. Leicefterihire. 
 
 (1.) Old; white face and legs; of a large, thick, hea- 
 vy make; long combing wool. 
 
 (2.) New; Difhley or Bakewell; a refinement on the 
 old, by crofting with a finer-boned, and finer-wooled 
 ram; remarkable for fhape, and for making a more 
 profitable return for what they con fume, than other 
 Iheep ; long wool, average weight of the fleece, at two 
 years old, 8 lb. price per lb. ind. weight of the we- 
 thers per quarter, at two years old. 25 lbs. 
 
 d. Lincolnshire; white face and legs; a large breed; fa- 
 mous for a great quantity of long wool, average weight 
 per fleece, at three years old, 1 1 lb. price per lb. iod. 
 weight of wether per quarter, at three years old, 25 lbs. 
 (1.) Crofted with the Nottingham foreft. S. fleece 8 lb. 
 — The foreft alone bears but 5 lb. 
 
 (2.) With the Welfh ; when fat at 2 years old, weigh- 
 ed 20 lb. per quarter ; fleece 6 lb. 
 (3.) With the Leicefter, when fat, at two years old, 
 24.1b. per quarter; fleece 81b. 
 
 e. Cheviot: White face and legs; have been introduced 
 with fuccefs into Scotland, being fuited to a moun- 
 tainous country, from being bred on a ridge of moun- 
 tains which runs from N. to S. through Cumberland 
 and Northumberland; fine fhort wool, the average 
 weight per fleece 31b. price per lb. ud. weight of 
 wethers per quarter, at four and a half years old, 16 lbs. 
 
 f. Dartmoor; White face and legs; long wool, average 
 weight per fleece 9 lb. price per lb. 8d. weight of the 
 wethers per quarter, at two and a half years old, 30 lbs. 
 
 g. Herefordfhire: White face and legs; very fine fhorc 
 wool, average weight per fleece 2 lb. price per lb. 2s. 
 9d. average weight of wethers per quarter, two and a 
 half years, 3 lbs. * 
 
 (1.) Improved by a crofs of Wiltfhire tups. 
 b. Herdwick: Speckled face and legs ; fhort wool, a- 
 verage weight per fleece 2 lb. at four years and a half 
 
SIL. 
 
 305 
 
 old, price 6d. weight of wethers per quarter at four 
 years and a half old 10 lbs. 
 /'. Dun-faced j dun face and legs j fine fhort wool, a- 
 verage weight per fleece 14, price per lb. 3s. average 
 weight of wethers per quarter at four years and a half 
 old 7 lbs. 
 k. Shetland j Colour of face and legs various ; fine cot- 
 tony wool ; average weight of fleece per quarter i-ilb. 
 price per lb. 3s. weight of wethers, per quarter at 
 four and a half years old 8 lbs. 
 We meet with the following objervation on wool in 
 the general view of the Agriculture of the county of 
 Radnor — It is found experimentally, that the fame 
 fheep will produce wool of different degrees of finenefs 
 on different farms. The wool-buyers here know very 
 well on what farms to look for the fineft wool. It is 
 the wool of -particular farms , more than any -particular 
 breeds of fheep., that (hey are anxious to purchafe. 
 When a farmer moves and takes his fheep along with 
 him, a change will the firft year be vifible in the wool. 
 That bank by the fide of the river Wye, extending 
 about fixteen miles from the river Edow to Hereford- 
 fhire, is faid to be very congenial to the growth of fine 
 wool. The afpect a S. E. one. The flones of the 
 mountains are of ihefilicious genus ; and the prevailing 
 feature of the foil is a red fand, mixed, however, with 
 a notable quantity of clay. 
 
 SILK- WORM. (Phalcena Mori.) 
 
 From the Mulberry-tree flourifhing well in Corn- 
 wall, and other counties, and bringing its fruit to per- 
 fection ; the Prefident of the Board of Agriculture, has 
 been induced to recommend the experiment of breeding 
 Silk-Worms. 
 
 Not lefs than 5400 lbs. weight of filk has been raifed 
 in one year, in the cold, moftly fandy, territories of 
 Pruflia. 
 
 Kinds. 
 1. Common — Brought originally from India. 
 1. Turin — Thefe have been brought to England, and 
 appear to be a variety quite diftincl; from the common ; 
 I 39 1 
 
jo6 S I L. 
 
 their eggs being fmaller, the worms not fo large, and 
 have fome peculiar marks on them ; the cocoons arc 
 moftly white, or flefh-coloured, and of different and 
 irregular fhapes, ibme of them almoft globular ; the 
 thread fmaller and more delicate, and more firm 
 fluck together with the natural gluten, fo that it can- 
 not be reeled off, but in very hot water. — One pecu- 
 liarity attending the Turin worms, is, that they refufe 
 lettuce leaves, and choofe rather to die than to tafle 
 them. 
 
 3. Chinefe — Thefe have not as yet been brought to 
 this kingdom, though doubtlefs the eggs eafily might, 
 in a leaden box — They feed upon ain leaves, pro- 
 bably on that kind grown by our nurfery-men, and 
 known to them by the title of Fraxinus Excelfior Cor- 
 tice nigricante. The caterpillars fpin a ftrong grey 
 kind of filk. 
 
 Method of breeding. 
 
 t. At Reggis in Italy. 
 
 fi. Houfes are erected upon a particular conftruction for 
 the filk worms — The windows are long, and not above 
 6 inches wide ; this narrownefs prevents too great a 
 quantity of air being admitted at a times which would 
 overpower the tender infects. 
 
 b. Eggs — when thefe are on the point of being hatched, 
 the windows are fhut, and a moderate fire kept up in 
 the room. 
 
 (1.) A fucceffion of eggs is imported from Leghorn 
 and other places to renew the breed, and by frequent 
 changes, to keep up the quality of the filk. 
 
 c. Worms, as foon as they come out of the eggs, are 
 placed vpon beds of reeds, and fed with the black 
 mulberry, which is faid to produce a more compact 
 and heavy filk, than thole that live upon the white. 
 
 ( 1 .) At Reggis they raife but one brood in a year, 
 
 whereas in Tufcany, though many degrees farther 
 
 north, they con:rive to have two. 
 2. Obfervations made by thofe that have reared them in 
 
 England. 
 a. Lightning and cold was found to deftroy them 
 
 — This points out the neceJTity of erecting houfes pur- 
 
 pofely for them, like thofe in Italy. 
 
S I L. 307 
 
 (1.) See the Vllth Vol. of the Tr3nfacYions of the 
 London Society for the Encouragement of Arts * for 
 a figure, and defcription of an apparatus (invented by 
 the Rev. Mr. Swayne) for rearing filk-worms. 
 
 b. As the mulberry tree does not leaf till the latter end 
 of May or beginning of June, it is found necefiary 
 to retard the hatching of the eggs till that time, 
 which is found to be practicable; and even to the mid- 
 dle of June. 
 
 (1.) The inhabitants of Syria and Phcenice, fend 
 the eggs of the filk-worm, as foon as they are laid, 
 to Cannoline, or fome other place of Mount Liba- 
 nus i where they are kept cool, without danger of 
 hatching, till the mulberry buds are ready for them 
 in the ipring — The fame caution is ufed in the ifland 
 of Cyprus, by preferving upon Mount Olympus. 
 
 c. From the time of being hatched to the worms fpin- 
 ning, is about fix weeks. The four firft they have been 
 fed with lettuce leaves j and the filk faid to be as good 
 as from thofe fed only on mulberry leaves ; which are, 
 however, their bell and proper food. 
 
 fi.) Fed upon the black mulberry, pi oduces better 
 
 iilk than when fed upon the white. 
 
 (2.) Are fed in Italy, France, an J Spain upon the 
 
 white — If the leaves of the black are given to the 
 
 worms, after they have eaten fome time of the white, 
 
 they will burft. 
 
 (3.) Eat eagerly the leaves of the Elm. 
 
 (4.) In Italy, in order to provide food for them in 
 
 cafe of a blight among the mulbesrv trees, other 
 
 leaves have been tried, and bramble tops have been 
 
 found the beft fuccedaneum. 
 a. One-fourth part of the price of the filk is judged 
 
 enough to defray the whole expenfe of rearing the 
 
 worms. 
 
 3. Silk. 
 a. The London Society for the Encouragement of Arts, 
 
 &c. offered the following premiums for producing Iilk 
 
 in England. 
 
 1. For the greateft quantity of merchantable filk, not 
 
 lefs than 5 lbs, produced in England, the gold medah 
 
jo? S1L. 
 
 1. For the fecond greateft quantity, not lefs than 
 1 lbs. the filver medal. 
 
 (i.) The firft premium was gained with the filk ob- 
 tained from twelve thoufand worms, of uncommon 
 fize, reared by Mr. Bertezen ; fome of the cocoons 
 were little inferior in fize to a common hen's egg. 
 (2.) A very good cone of the common fort, will 
 produce 404 yards ; and 360 fine cones, an ounce of 
 filk. 
 
 b. King James the firft was a great encourager of filk- 
 worms j he wrote a letter to the Lord Lieutenants of 
 the feveral (hires in England to encourage the plant- 
 ing of Mulberry-trees, and the breeding of Silk- 
 Worms ; and his queen kept filk- worms at the palace 
 at Oatlands, in Surrv. 
 
 c. Silk raifed in England exceeds in quality that of 
 Italy, owing to their being obliged to deftroy the 
 chryfalis by heat, to prevent the moth from eating 
 its way through; while in this country, there is fuf- 
 ficient time to wind off the filk without killing the 
 chryfalis. 
 
 (1.) The moth does not break the thread ; the cones 
 are, however, more difficult to wind, than rhofe wound 
 before the moth has quitted the chryfalis. 
 
 d. In the Ph:lofophical Tranfacuons for 176c, 
 is a figure and defcription of anew improved filk 
 
 and the London Society abovementioned, has offered 
 a premium of a gold medal, or thirty guineas, for the 
 bell machine, fupcrior to any now in ule for c: 
 wafle fiik, equally well as by hand. Among the 
 prefents to the fame fociety, is a fmall wheel for 
 winding filk from the cocoons, and (pinning it at 
 the fame time. See Vol. X. of their Tranfaclic 
 
 4 . USF. 
 
 a. The filk of confiderable importance, in many of our 
 manufactures. 
 
 b. The filk- worms gut ufed by Anglers, is obtain 
 by laying the caterpillars in vinegar a certair. 
 which makes the interlines elaflic and tough. 
 
 c. The loofe filk, which cannot be ftripperi from the 
 cones before winding, can be wove into {lockings .. 
 
SKI. SLO. 309 
 
 gloves — In Perfia it is pounded, and fpun like cotton 
 yarn. 
 
 SKIRRETS. (Sium Si/arum.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. Light and moift. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed fown either in the end of March or early in 
 April ; broad-caft, or in drills 1 foot afunder. 
 
 b. By flips taken from the roots in fpring with a bud to 
 each, and planted in rows 1 foot afunder, and 4 in- 
 ches diftant in the rows. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. Thofe raifed from the broad-caft to be hoed to 2, 3, 
 or 6 inches afunder; thofe in drills to be thinned to 
 the fame diftance — The earth between to be hoed 
 three times to deftroy the weeds. 
 
 The fupernumerary plants may be tranfplanted into 
 another bed, 1 foot apart. 
 
 b. The plants raifed from feed have the beft roots, thefe 
 begin to be fit for ufe in autumn, and may be dug up 
 during winter as wanted. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The roots are eaten boiled, flewed, or baked, and 
 are efteemed wholefome ; but have flatulency ; and its 
 fweet tafle, exceeding that of the Parfnip, is difagree- 
 able to many palates : are by fome eaten raw. 
 
 b. The root has been ufed in medicine. 
 
 It is faid the Emperor Tiberius fo valued them, that 
 he accepted them for tribute. 
 
 SLOE, or BLACK- THORN. (Prunus Spinqfa.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 
 a. By lowing the ftones of the fruit, either in autumn 
 or winter. 
 
 b. By fuckers from the root. 
 
 2. Shrub. 
 a. In gardens are trained as low ilandards, with from 
 3 to 5 feet items, and bulhy heads - y the roots and ftem 
 to be clear of fuckers, and (hoots. 
 
310 SMA. SOI. 
 
 b. For hedges, full grown fhmbs are to be planted on 
 a bank 4 feet high, cutting off the tops to the height 
 of 3 feet — Thus planted the objection to their fpread- 
 ing roots is done away. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. The fruit (which is extremely four) is ufed for culi- 
 nary purpofes i and alfo makes a very grateful and fra- 
 grant wine. 
 
 I. The bark dyes woollens of a red colour ; and the 
 juice of it, with vitriol or copperas will make good 
 ink. 
 
 e. For live and dead hedges — In open fields a flight 
 temporary fence is made, by fimply flicking the bran- 
 ches into the ground. 
 
 SMALL AGE. (Apium Graveolens.) 
 
 This plant grows wild in ditches and marfhes, but is 
 fometimes cultivated in gardens, when the feed is fown 
 in March. 
 
 It is eaten both boiled and raw ; and the roots, 
 leaves, and feeds ufed in medicine. Cellery is only this 
 plant improved by cultivation. 
 
 In a wild flate Smallage is acrid, naufeous, and 
 hurtful j being made mild, and efculent, only by cul- 
 ture, in a drier foil. 
 
 SOIL. 
 
 By Soil is underftcod that part of the land which 
 
 is the bafis of vegetation, and as fuch, the object of 
 
 cultivation. 
 1. Timber trees grow fafter in a wet foil than in a dry ; 
 
 but then the wood is fofter and of lef> value. 
 1. Fruits growing in moift and fhaay places are harfh 
 
 and crude; but in dry warm foils, expofed to the fun, 
 
 are fweet and agreeable to the tafte. 
 
 3. A dry foil renders plants more aromatic ; a moift 
 foil more infipid ; and a watery foil generally co: 
 five. 
 
 4. A poor foil requires more corn feed than a rich 
 
 as the plants do not tiller fo much, i. e. produce fo 
 many (talks, and confequently do not require fo mi 
 room. 
 
SOI. SPI. 311 
 
 " SOILING. 
 
 " Feeding live flock, kept' up, with cut green-food; 
 deferves every thought and attention, till its advanta- 
 ges are experienced and well underjiood in prabJice—- 
 fo promifing it is !" 
 
 SPINAGE. 
 
 i. Spring S. (Spinacia Glabra, Miller). Leaves oval-, 
 feeds finooth. 
 
 Culture produces feveral varieties ; as with leaves 
 remarkably broad and thick j which is called Plantain 
 Spinage, &c. 
 
 2. Winter S. (S. Oleraced). Leaves triangular - 3 feeds 
 prickly. 
 
 3. French S. Leaves of the fhape of the winter S. 
 but the angles more rounded ; feeds round and flat ; 
 grows 6 or 7 feet high. 
 
 4. Mountain S. 
 
 Culture, &c. of Spring Spinage. 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown either broad-call, or in drills a foot afunder, 
 and an inch deep. 
 
 b. Sown on warm dry borders in January and Febru- 
 ary ; and from thence in more open ground till the 
 beginning of Auguft; as the feafon grows warmer, 
 mould be fown as often as every fortnight or three 
 weeks, and in a moid foil. 
 
 c. Sown with radifhes, and alfo between potatoes, cab- 
 bages, beans, &c. 
 
 1. Plant. 
 #. The broad-caft to be hoed to 3 or 4 inches afunder, 
 
 and as they increafe in fize, to be cut up for the table 
 
 to 8 or 10 inches. 
 b. Some plants raifed from the February fowing to be 
 
 left for feed. 
 
 When left for feed, fome gardeners ignorantly pull 
 up all the male plants (or fhe plants as they call them), 
 which makes the feed not fruitful $ a few left rightly fi- 
 liated, will be fufficient, to impregnate a great num- 
 ber of plants. 
 
Jia SPR. STE. 
 
 Culture, &V. of Winter Spinage. 
 
 i. Seed. 
 <i. Sown the end of Auguft, and in September. 
 b. Sown broad-caft either alone ; or between cabba- 
 ges, &c. 
 
 i. Plant. 
 a. To be hoed in dry weather to 3 or 4 inches apart, 
 and kept well weeded. 
 
 3. Use. 
 a. Both the fpring and winter fpinage is generally eaten 
 boiled ; but fometimes frefh in fallads. 
 
 Till fpinage begins to run to feed it is iroft ad- 
 vantageous to gather only the outer leaves. 
 
 Culture, &c. of French Spinage. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown early in April either broad-caft: or in rows 1 
 foot apart. 
 
 b. If the feeds fall when ripe, plants will come up the 
 following fpring. 
 
 2. Use. 
 
 a. Equally good for the table as the common Spi- 
 nage. 
 
 SPRUCE, fee Fir. 
 
 STEEPS FOR WHEAT. 
 
 Steeps are ufed to render the feed more fruitful, as 
 prefervations againfi diftempers in corn, and to prevent 
 the worm from eating it. 
 
 1. Steeped in chamber-ley, and powdered with quick- 
 lime ; the fmut is fcldom or never ieen, where this 
 practice is followed. 
 
 2. Take twenty-eight gallons of water, boil in it lib. 
 of arfenick, then mix all together, and fteep your wheat 
 in it for fix or eight hours ; when taken out, mix well 
 with frefh lime as ufual. The wheat fhould be put 
 through a riddle, and what fwims at top fkimmed 
 off. 
 
 This receipt wholly prevented the fmur, where, be- 
 fore the uie of it, the wheat was very fubjecl: to it. 
 
STR. 3l3 
 
 3. A handful of fait to twelve Scotch pints of cham- 
 ber-ley — It is ufual to lay the grain on the barn floor 
 and throw the pickle upon it; whilft in the mean time, 
 a perfon is employed in turning it over feveral times 
 with a (hovel, till the whole is wet, when a quantity 
 of newly .flacked lime is fprinkled upon it, through 
 a (ieve ; the wheat is in the mean time turned over and 
 over, until every grain has got a thin covering of limef 
 this operation is done immediately before the feed is 
 fown, for if the grain thus treated Rands over night, 
 there is danger that the limy incruftation will injure it 
 much. 
 
 Tull relates that a (hip load of wheat was funk near 
 Briftol, in autumn, and afterwards, at ebbs, all taken 
 up after it had been foaked in fea water; but being 
 unfit for the miller, the whole cargo was bought up 
 by farmers, and fown in different places. At the fol- 
 lowing harveil, all the wheat in England happened to 
 be fmutty, except the produce of this brined feed, and 
 that was all clear from fmuttinefs. This accident has 
 juftified the practice of brining ever fmce, in mod: 
 parts of England. 
 
 STRAW. See Chaff. 
 
 i. Wood S. (Fragaria Vefca.) 
 
 a. With red fruit. 
 
 b. With white fruit, ripens later than the former. 
 
 c. With green fruit, having a faint (hade of led when 
 ripe; called by fome the Pine Apple S. from its rich 
 flavour. 
 
 (1.) Miller mentions a variety raifed from the feed of 
 the Lift, which continued to produce fruit from thefirft 
 feafon for S. till prevented by froft. 
 
 2. Scarlet S. The fruit is by many of good tafte pre- 
 ferred to all other forts — Grows naturally in woods 
 and fields in America. 
 
 3. Hautboy S. Fruit as large as a fmall plum. 
 
 This is a dtoica plant, and unlefs planted judici- 
 oufly, with a few males interfperfed amoneft the fe- 
 [ 4o] 
 
314 STR. 
 
 males (both eafily diftinguifhed) there will be no fruit,- 
 by neglect of this, the males being the ftrongeft plants, 
 and (hooting out the mod vigorous runners, will in 
 a few years overpower the females ; gardeners then 
 call them barren, but do not know why, and root out 
 all the males, which does not, however, mend the 
 matter. 
 
 4. Chili S. Fruit large, firm, and well flavoured ■, 
 leaves hairy and flefhy. 
 
 5. Alpine. 
 
 6. One-leaved S. (F. Mcnopbylla). This wasraifed at 
 Verfailles from a feed of the Wood S. — Not much 
 k,.jwn in England, though a good fort. 
 
 7. Large leaved S. — This was brought into England 
 by J. Tradefcant from Bruffds, but in the courfe of 
 feven years he never faw one berry completely ripe. 
 Perhaps they were like the Hautboy of the Dioecia 
 clafs, and he had only female plants. 
 
 Culture, tiff. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. A moift hazelly loam. 
 
 b. The Chili a ftrong brick land, approaching to clay. 
 
 c. The ground laid out in beds 4 feet broad, with paths 
 2 feet or i\ feet between. 
 
 1. Increased. 
 
 a. by feed. 
 
 b. By runners. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. Diftance of the plants. 
 
 (1 ) Wood S. rows 1 foot apart, the plants 6 inches, 
 planted in a quincunx manner. 
 (2) Scarlets and Hautboys 15 inches both ways. 
 (3.) Chili 1 feet both ways. 
 
 b. Should be kept free from firings and runners. 
 
 c. For forcing ; plants from one to three years old 
 mould be taken up in September, October, or No- 
 
 nber, with a ball of earth, and planted in pots ; 
 which are to be placed in hot-beds or forcing hoi 
 at about two or three weeks interval, from December 
 till the end of April, to produce a fucceffion of crops; 
 the earlieft will be in March. 
 
a. The fruit. 
 
 SWI. 315 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 SWINE. 
 
 1. Cathnefs S. A fmall fierce race, with long prick- 
 ed ears, high backs, long bridles, and (lender nofts 
 — The country being open are tethered in the fields. 
 
 2. Common lopped-eared S. The bed breed in Brrk- 
 fhire, Wiltshire, and Hampfhire ; in the laft county 
 being principally fed upon acorns, and beech mad ; 
 the bacon of them is reckoned fuperior to mod others 
 in the kingdom. 
 
 3. Black African, or Negro S. Colour black, body 
 nearly naked of hair or bridles. 
 
 4. Chinefe S. Pointed erect ears; belly hanging al- 
 mod to the ground ; legs fhort. 
 
 Fatten readily ; but have generally thick hides ; do 
 not bear the cold well, and from their tendernefs, are 
 apt to hide in dable dung, and -,et the mange. 
 
 5. German S. A breed of this kind has been intro- 
 duced in the county of Durham : they are of a round 
 form, and pleafing appearance, fpotted black, red, 
 and white -, but by experience they have been found un- 
 profitable, becaufe they require a greater proportion of 
 food, than our old breed, to fatten them ; and when 
 fat, are deficient in the weight that might have been 
 expected from their bulk. • 
 
 6. Crofs breeds. 
 
 a. The lopped-eared eroded either by the African or 
 Chinefe ; have produced an improved breed. 
 
 b. Two gentlemen in Lancafhire have a breed be- 
 tween the Wild Boar and the Chinele ; they have 
 very light and fmall bellies ; their fizes are but fmall, 
 weighing from ten to fifteen fcore, generally twelve 
 fcore. 
 
 There is an animal kept tame in fome of the Ead 
 India iflands, called Baby-rov.jTa, of the fame genus 
 as the common iwine ; which, if it would bear our 
 climate, would be an ufeful animal, as it lives folely 
 on herbs and leaves of trees, and never ravages gar- 
 dens like fwirte ; the flefh is well tailed, 
 
3i6 SYC. 
 
 Swine are ready for procreation at feveri months old; 
 but the male is unprofitable for that ufe, until twelve, 
 and is in his prime at two years. The lew goes nomi- 
 nally four months, or one hundred and fifteen days, 
 with very few days variation; bringing three litters, of 
 from five to twelve pigs each litter, in about eighteen 
 months, fuppofmg the pigs to be weaned; but in two 
 or three months, lefs time, the pigs being flickled for 
 roafter:,. The old lopped eared make the bed bacon ; 
 the Chinefe and crofles with it the btft pork; for 
 which hey will fatten in four or fix weeks; and killed 
 at eig . or ten months old, are eftcemed more deli - 
 than if they were kept longer in the ftye. 
 Should be reftrained to a certain quantity of water, and 
 kept clean and dry ; for cleanlinefs is as eiTential to 
 the prefervation of their health and well doing, as 
 that of any other animal. 
 
 The cutting away wuji a fharp knife, the griftley or 
 horney part of the fnout, through which the ring is 
 ufually put ; will without the leaft- injury arifmg from 
 ic to the ani nal, effectually prevent its rooting. 
 
 SYCAMORE. (Acer PJcudcplatanus.) 
 
 Culture, &.£. 
 
 i. Soil 
 a. Will thrive in almoft any foil, but chiefly delights 
 in a dry and light>earth. 
 
 2. INCREASED- 
 
 a. From keys, or {ccdi fown in the fpring. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Bears tranfplantation very well in the fpring, and of 
 any fize. 
 
 b. Is extremely ufe ful to make plantations near the Tea, 
 being a tree which r;o dorm or wind can hurt. 
 
 c. The wood is io(:, white, tough, and light, and is 
 held little inferior to aft. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The wood is of great ufe for ploughs, carts, &c. 
 and for all manner of turnery wares. 
 
 b. By tapping in the fpring, itdifcharges a cor.fiderable 
 quantity of a fweetiih watery liquor, which is ufed in 
 
TAR. TEA. 
 
 3*7 
 
 making wine ; and if infpififated, it affords a fine 
 white fugar. 
 
 " TARES. 
 
 " This with other of the pea-kind, is very defirable 
 in the husbandry of America. Let it not pafa year 
 after year unnoticed by the induftrious, improving, 
 A neriean hufbandman." (See Vetch.) 
 
 TEASEL. (Dipfacus Fullonum.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a . A itrong rich clay, or what is generally denomina- 
 ted good wheat land. 
 
 b. It is obferved that in a luxuriant foil, the heads have 
 fewer hooks in the fame fpace, than when they grow 
 in a poorer foil. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown in April — two pecks per acre. 
 
 b. Sown with Coriander and Carraway. See Corian- 
 der. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. Muft be kept clean of weeds. 
 
 Long narrow fpades are ufed for this purpofe in So- 
 merferfhire. 
 
 b. In November, if the plants are too thick, they are to 
 be drawn out to fill up vacancies -, and the plants are 
 to be fet at a foot diftance. 
 
 If after this thinning too many plants remain, ano- 
 ther rWd muft be prepared, into which they are to be 
 tranfplanted ; but thofe plants which are never moved, 
 produce the bed heads. The fecond year the plants 
 are to be earthed up. 
 
 c. In July the uppermoft heads begin to bloflbm, and 
 as foon as the bloflbm falls they are ripe ; when they 
 are to be cut off with a knife -, after a fortnight the 
 ground is to be gone over again, and at a third cutting 
 the bufineis is completed. 
 
 On the day of cutting they are to be carried into 
 a houfe; and if the air is clear they are to be taken 
 out daily and expofed to the fun, till they are completely 
 
ji8 TER. THR. 
 
 dry i great care muft be taken that no rain falls on 
 m. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 -■?. The clothiers employ the crooked awns of the heads 
 
 to raife the knap upon the woollen cloths. For this 
 
 purpofc they are fixed round the circumference of a 
 
 large broad wheel, which is made to turn round, and 
 
 : cloth is held againft them. 
 
 TEREBRATION 
 
 Or boring of trees ; is a kind of grafting ufed by 
 the . and confided in piercing ihrough the 
 
 bark, and then pre e inftrun.ent cow .-.wards I e- 
 
 ren the wood and the bark, to make room ene 
 to recei foot of the Cion 2 or 3 inches ■, by which 
 
 ay the Cion was fed, and ftruck root in the tree ; 
 the foot or bottom part of the Cion was pru ed a lit- 
 tle, fo as ro -r.ake it terminate in a point, and when it 
 was fixed, the orifice was clofed with grafting wax. — 
 Br I it in England, found it would fuc- 
 
 :fl when the ba.k would flip eafily j he found it 
 or" great ufe, efpecially in difficult cafes, 
 
 THRESHING MACHINES. 
 
 1. A portable one by Turbat and Tunftal : With this 
 a man and a boy are capabL- of tnrefhing fifty bufhels 
 per day ; the expenfes no more than two pence per 
 bufhel, and the laving one bufhel in ten. 
 
 I that a man will threfh fix bu- 
 fhels in a day of eight hours work, this machine will 
 quantity in twenty-four minutes ■, and to 
 incomparable greater cicrgree of perfection, than 
 can po.Tibly be done by the flail; the itraw Uabbpre- 
 
 ears being firft cu: off; it is 
 worked by hand. 
 
 r avourab!e circumftances, will 
 threfh and clean from forty to fixty bufhels of wheat 
 pg no corn in :he ftraw ; this is con- 
 jfled on the principle of the flax mill. 
 Some of t:. chines have a winnov 
 
 ne under : threfh and winr 
 
THE. THY. 
 
 319 
 
 twenty-four buuSelsofwheat in an hour; but the quan- 
 tity threfhe.i in a given time depends on the quality 
 of the corn, and the leng h of the draw ; the number 
 of hands required aie, a wiman to feed the machine., 
 another to hand the {"heaves to the feeder, and a third 
 to n j ce<ve and riddle the dreiled corn. 
 
 Threlhing, winnowing, and grinding machines, 
 havf* been fixed one over the other in lofts, and work- 
 ed by the fame machinery. 
 
 THERMOMETER. 
 
 It has its ufes refpecling drought and moifture, as well 
 as of heat and cold. Farenheit's is preferred. 
 
 THYME. 
 
 1. Garden Thyme (Thymus Vulgaris.) 
 
 1. Common Thyme (7". SerpyUum.) 
 
 a. Lemon Thyme. This muft be propagated by cut- 
 tings or flips, as plants raifed from feed, have not the 
 fame agreeable odour. 
 
 Culture, &c. of Garden Thyme. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. On dry, poor, ftony land, it will endure the greatefl 
 cold of this country; but in rich ground is fometimes 
 deftroyed. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed fown in the fpring, neither deep nor thick. 
 
 b. By parting the roots in March or October. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. The plants from feed to be thinned, in June, to 6 
 inches afunder — Plants, from parting the root, to be 
 planted 8 inches diftance. 
 
 b. To be watered in dry weather, and kept weeded. 
 
 4. Use. 
 a. Is cultivated for the kitchen, and alfo for medicine. 
 The common Thyme is put to the fame ufes, and 
 cultivated in the fame manner as the garden Thyme — 
 An opinion prevails, that it gives a fuperior flavour to 
 the flefh of fheep ; but this appears to be a vulgar 
 ,j rror, as they icarce ever eat it. 
 
Tr 
 
 TIMBER. 
 
 i. State and condrion of feveral kinds after being ex- 
 po:'c^ -o the weather te 
 a. ( found. 
 
 h. Larch, heart found, but the fap quite decayed. 
 
 c. Spruce-Fir, found. 
 
 d. S ', in de: 
 
 e. S much decayed. 
 Pineafter, quite rotten. 
 
 g. Chefnut, perfectly found. 
 h. White Poplar, found. 
 i. Brech, ibund. 
 
 . iuc, in decay, 
 jite rotu 
 Green fir timber may btfeafowd and rendered fit for 
 .mediate ufe, by /caking the pjanks or round trees, 
 barked, a few days in lime water; or paying them 
 er with lime alo tcr — Umewatcr is made 
 
 lime in water, and the hotter it is i 
 after the lime is flacked, the better. e American 
 
 Poplar ma oned by fire, immediate, 
 
 fee ElTav, on H y, &c." 
 
 Rot in timber may be prevented by charring the 
 
 ejoints, and fix:ng them in anchorfmiths or 
 
 foundery afhes laid under the flooring. Leaving one 
 
 of the boards of the floor loofe, and rem it at 
 
 rht, is faid to prevent it. 
 
 cllow Fungi, and to 
 a \ ,uld fpread by a plant, refer: c or 
 
 fed 
 
 for j 
 
 to water, and 35 iircd by 
 
 .ich 
 
 d lime, two of :hes, 
 
 efe 
 e, 2nd add as n • oil as 
 
 a confidence foi 
 
 mu!t be taken to 
 — • 
 
TOB. 321 
 
 ment) — two coats are neceffary ; the firft rather thin, 
 the fecond as thick as can conveniently be worked. 
 5. Painting wood before the fap is dry, haftens its de- 
 cay. 
 
 TOBACCO. (Nicotiana Rujlica.) 
 
 Culture, &V. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. Requires a rich forcing foil, and exhaufts the land. 
 In America Tobacco is reckoned better in northern 
 than in fouthern climates ; a pound raifed in New Eng- 
 land is fuppoied to contain as much itrength as 2 lbs. 
 from Virginia. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Should be fown on a feed-bed, as Toon as the wea- 
 ther becomes warm enough to make it vegetate. 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. When the feedling plants are ftrong enough to bear 
 removing, they are to be tranfplanted to the patch on 
 which they are intended to ftand. 
 
 b. Planted in the quincunx manner, 1 foot afunder ; 
 or in rows, 2 feet aparr, and 1 foot afunder in the 
 rows. 
 
 c. To be carefully hoed, and kept free from weeds 
 during the fummer. 
 
 d. In autumn, when the flowers begin to drop off, they 
 are to be cut and dried in the (hade. 
 
 e. When dry, the leaves are to be picked off, and pref- 
 fed down clofe in cafks or other veiTels. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The law does not allow Tobacco to be cultivated for 
 the pipe and pouch -, and only half a rod for the pur- 
 pofes of phyfic and chirurgery. 
 
 A few years ago fome people in Yorkfhire not only 
 cured it properly, but gave it the proper cut j their 
 tobacco was, however, ieized, and publicly burnt, and 
 themfelves feverely fined and imprifoned. 
 
 b. In America Tobacc 1 is reckoned as good, if not fu- 
 perior to oak bark, for tanning. 
 
 c. Shepherds cure the fcab in fheep with an infuHo" 
 of i:. 
 
 [4> ] 
 
322 TRE. 
 
 " TOP-DRESSING and GREEN-DRESSING. 
 
 " Are valuable methods of manuring the ground for 
 plants." 
 
 TREE. 
 
 A tree differs from a Shrub or Plant in rifmg 
 
 very great height, with a fimple, woody, and durable 
 
 fte: , or trunk, 
 i. It has Ken obferved that foreign trees grow in a 
 
 greater variety of foils, and fuuarions, than native 
 
 t ees ; each of which has generally a foil and expolure 
 
 peculiar to it. 
 1. Trar.fflanicd oak and perhaps fome other trees, th 
 
 falter, and produce better timber in 
 
 than thole which have never been . 
 
 A cart has been invemed for tak trees with a 
 
 ball of earth, and carrying them to new p : .- 
 
 3. If the tap root of the 02k (and probably of ft 
 other trees) is cut off, two or three tap roots will gi 
 rally be formed in i:s Head, which affords them 
 opportunity or* r'.miingout the good earth, and in 
 one of them mould be flopped by a Hone or other- 
 wife, the others may be more fortunate, which is 
 the cafe wi h a fingle tap root, and prcbaL 
 
 account for the fuperioiity of trarrfplarited t: 
 
 To plant tap-rooted trees without injuring them, 
 holes have been bored with an iron inilrun.ient, ufed 
 for fixing hop-pole 
 
 4. Trees mould be planted as the :e, i.e. the 
 fide which formerly faced the fouth to be placed again 
 in the fame direction j as a guide the b..rk mould be 
 ma ked before the tree is moved. 
 
 It is to be remarked, that trees : the longeft 
 
 and ftrongeft root towards the S. \Y. in order to fup- 
 port them againft the moft frequent attack of a S. \V. 
 wind; fo that, when a N. E itorm ha[ 
 nu nber of t:ees are blown down, which fall under as 
 great blafts from the oppofite quarter. 
 
 5. Whe.i a young tree makes two or three I om 
 the root they fhould all be preferred and 
 
TUL. 3 22 
 
 as each will attain to nearly the fize of fingle-trunked 
 trees that grow near them. 
 
 6. The ages of the pine, cedar, apple-tree, pear-tree, 
 &c. may be known while growing, by their annual 
 boughs or branches ; and all trees when felled, by 
 the number of the internal concentric circles or rofing 
 rings. 
 
 7. It is an infallible fign of hollownefs, when there is a 
 fwelling vein, which evidently difcovers itfelf above 
 the reft of the trunk, although inverted with bark, and 
 which frequently circles the tree like ivy. 
 
 As the woodpecker has not power to penetrate a 
 found tree -, their perforation of any tree is a warning 
 to the owner to throw it down. 
 
 TULIP TREE. (Tulipifera Liriodendron.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 «. A light loamy foil, not too dry. 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed. 
 
 b. By layers : They are commonly two or three years 
 before they take root, and they feidom grow to flraight 
 trees, though they produce flowers fooner than thofe 
 raifed from iced, which is always the cafe with {tinted 
 plants. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. Seedlings require protection, efpecially from autumn 
 frofts. 
 
 b. Should be planted where they are to remain, at two 
 years old. 
 
 c. Grows beft in woods. 
 
 d. Has grown in England to 41 feet in girth, ana 77 
 feet high. 
 
 Is a native of N. America where it grows to 10 (ttt 
 diameter. " There called the Poplar." 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 ?. The wood makes hanJibme wainfcot, tables, Ihin- 
 gles for houfes, and planks for various purpofes. 
 
324 TUR. 
 
 b. Cattle are fond of its buds, which gives a very odd 
 tafte to the milk. 
 
 "Its bloflbms abound in honey, and in the feafon 
 bees, &c. among the branches, feem to give vociferous 
 life to the trees, with their buzz." 
 
 TURNEP. (Braffica Rapa.) 
 
 Field Turneps. 
 i . Oval White. 
 
 2. Large green-topped; attains to a large fize, is fofc 
 and fweet, but growing much above ground is in dan- 
 ger of fuftaining injury from fevere frofts. 
 
 3. Red or Purple-topped '; has a large root, grows hard; 
 and ltringy fooner than the former. This is a hardy 
 
 fort, ihe roots being more than half covered by the 
 foil, and continues good till the beginning of April. 
 The above are Norfolk Turneps. 
 
 4. Tankard; this \% proof againfi fev ere froft. 
 
 5. Yellow Turnep; this is cultivated principally in Scot- 
 land, North Wales, and Ireland; is fuppofed to con- 
 tain more nutriment than the white, and lafts longer 
 in the fpring without being flicky,, 
 
 6. Swedi/b Turnep or Ruta-Baga. 
 
 As the Swedifh Turnep, when fuffered to feed near 
 the Norfolk white, produces many varieties, it has 
 been fuppofed, that a fort might be obtained by a due 
 admixture, which fhall receive from one a degree of 
 folidity fufficient to enable it to bear our winter; and 
 from the other, an enlargement of fize, and, perhaps, 
 a quicknefs of growth, which at prefent is apparently 
 wanted. 
 
 Culture, &Pr. of the Common Turnep. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 4. Turneps delight in a light foil, confiiling of fand and 
 loam mixed. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. From one to two quarts, fown broad caft. 
 
 New feed will come tip three days fooner than old 
 — mould be frequently changed. 
 
 b. Sown between fpring wheat, drilled at 1 feet — The 
 wheat was a very good crop; the turneps were thinned 
 
TUR. 3-5 
 
 with the hand-hoe, and after harveft the weeds were 
 cut up round the turneps with the hand-hoe, and they 
 grew very large and vigorous. 
 (i.) Sown between peas. 
 
 c. In dniis 3 feet afunJer; at the fecond hoeing left one 
 foot apart ; the intervals may eafily be cleared of weeds 
 
 by the horfe-hoe. 
 
 d. Sown in drills, between double rows of beans, about 
 one foot of under, with alleys more than 2 feet wide be- 
 tween the double rows of beans. 
 
 e. Drills made by a light plough 18 inches afunder, and 
 the feed rilled by girls out of half pint phials ; either 
 with the mouth open, or what feems betfiec, through a 
 quill inferted through the cork of the phial. 
 
 /. Sown broad caft, between beans planted in rills, 1 
 feet apart; the beans horfe-hoed and the turneps fown 
 either at the fecond or third hoeing. 
 
 Turneps fown between beat;; are not attacked by the 
 
 fiy- 
 
 g. Sown the latter end of July or beginning of Auguft. 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. Plants from the broad-caft, hoed two or three times 
 with a 7 or 9 inch hoe, and the plants left one foot a- 
 part. 
 
 b. A light harrow run over the field within three days 
 of hoeing, in a direction contrary to that of fowing. 
 
 c. Hoed, when they have got fiv {saves, to fix inches 
 apart i and a month afterwards (or earlier if a wet fea- 
 fon) hoed to at leafl fourteen inches from each other. 
 
 Figure 1, in the plate, repreients a turnip tranfplant- 
 er ufed to fill up fpots in fields where they have failed. 
 The method of ufing it is, to hold the long handle 
 with the left hand, and the fhort handle with the right 
 drawn up; put the inftrument over the plant that is to 
 be taken up, and with your feet force it into the ground ; 
 then give it a twift round, and by drawing it gently 
 up, the earth will adhere to the roots of the plant in a 
 folid body; then with another inftrument of the fame 
 fize, take the earth out where the plant is to be put, 
 and bringing the inftrument with the plant in it, put it 
 ;nto the hole which has been made with the other ; 
 
TUR. 
 
 then keep your right hand fteady, and draw up your 
 left, and the earth and plant will be left in the hole 
 with the root undiftu; bed. 'This is a ufeful Tranf- 
 f lanter of many delicate kinds of plants — melons, Lima 
 beans, &"c.' f 
 
 d. Turneps of the befl form are to be feletled for feed, 
 and tranfpltnted'm the month of October, November, 
 or December, into a piece of ground properly prepared 
 for them j in July or Auguft following it is generally 
 reaped, tied up in (heaves, and when dry put into a 
 long ftack, where it is kept through the winter ; and 
 thremed out in April or May — Seed raijed "without 
 tranfplantin* fells for one-half or one-third the price of 
 tranfplanted feed. 
 
 The feed mould be gathered when the fun fhines, 
 and is frequently like Rape, threfhed abroad. 
 
 e. To py trnefs from the f 
 
 (i.) After drawing them in February, cut off the tops 
 and tap-roots, (which may be given to fheep) and let 
 them lay a few days in the field, as no weather will hurt 
 them; then on a layer of draw next the ground place a 
 ^r of turneps, i feet thick; and then anotner layer of 
 draw, and fo on alternately, til! you have brought the 
 heap to a point. Care mufl be taken to turn up the 
 edges of the lavers o: ilraw to prevent the turneps from 
 rolling out; cover the to; 1 well with draw and ic • 
 ferve as a thatch for the whole; a load ot draw is fuf- 
 ficient to prefer ve forty tons o; . Kept in this 
 
 /ill be nearly as good in May as when 
 firft drawn from the field ; — or cut off the top and roots, 
 and pile the turneps in heaps of about twelve cart loads 
 each, in form of the cone of a wheat i en cover 
 
 a foot thick with Itraw and thatch. " Yet, in America 
 they cannot ftand, :;; tie ground, through winter." 
 
 i drilled; puli up every other row for food, 
 jan 1 : fpaces about 3 feet wide, and with a 
 plough mould up the turnepb on each fide. ' The 
 Id beard plow excels in this; in difpatcl. 
 ] as in 1 n of its work." 
 
 : .ally, if no: 
 
TUR. m 
 
 vents, the danger arifing from the frequently fatal ef- 
 fects of a exiting frojl. 
 
 Thefe ferve as a refource in time of frcfl and fnow. 
 4. Method of preserving turneps from the Fly, 
 
 Slug, Caterpiller, Worm, &c. 
 a. For .. (Aphis.) 
 
 ( 1 . ) i j a quart of turnep-feed add one ounce of brim- 
 ftone finely powdered, putting both in a bottie, large 
 enougn to afford room to (hake them well together e- 
 very da- for four or five days previous to fowing; — 
 keep the horde well corked. 
 
 (2.) Strew foot on the land when the plants are juft 
 come up. 
 
 (3.) Elder boughs, fixed in a harrow, and drawn over 
 the land as foon as the feed is fown or the plants come 
 up. Some bruife the boughs and fumigate ihem with 
 burnt tobacco, mixed with a fmall quantity of afiafce- 
 tida. 
 
 (4-) Want of moiiture, and not the fly, has been fla- 
 ted to be the general caufe of the failure of the turnep 
 crops, and therefore the putting of the feed deeper into 
 the ground than is commonly practifed, has been re- 
 commended. 
 
 (5.) The early fown efcapes the fly ; it is faid to be al- 
 io in fome cafes avoided by fowing the feeds of two dif- 
 ferent years. 
 
 b. For the Slug, (Umax Agreftis); rolling the ground 
 at night is recommended ; and lowing lime with the 
 feed. 
 
 c. For the worm which feeds upon the root, nothing has 
 been devifed. Though they are probably deftroyed by 
 manuring with foapers' afhes, which is faid to preferve 
 the plants; " or with lime." 
 
 d. Black Canker. Some people draw a rope over the 
 ridges, two perfons holding the oppofite ends; this will 
 brufh them oflf. Ducks will alfo clear them. This in- 
 fect, is defcribed as a caterpiller, as black as foot, and 
 at full growth about £ of an inch in length. Turneps 
 are infefled by two other infects, a yellow Tenthedro 
 Fly and a Beetle (Chryfomela Nemo rum.) 
 
 e. The Hanbury. This is a fmall worm in the knobs 
 
328 TUR. 
 
 on the tur.nep roots, and er.ts into their hearts; it is moft 
 common in a dry feafon, and a Tandy foil. 
 5. Use. 
 
 a. For horfes: Thefe when fed upon turneps 
 are induced to eat the barn chaff, and other dry food 
 with a good appetite ; are kept healthy, and will work 
 without corn. 
 
 b. For feeding cattle and jheep. 
 
 (1.) Fed firft with bead, then with wethers, and laftly 
 
 (2.) Carried off the field and given in houfes, farm 
 yards, in a grafs field or unploughcd ftubble. 
 The mutton of met p fed with turneps is not ill-tafted. 
 
 c. For feeding cows. To make fzveet and veil tafled 
 
 tttr from the milk of cows fed upon turneps ; — Let 
 the bowls, either of wood or'lead, be kept constantly 
 clean, and well fcalded with boiling water before ufing. 
 When the milk is brought into the dairy, to every e;ght 
 quarts mix one quart of bo<ling water j then put up 
 the milk into the bowl to ftand for cream. Turneps 
 
 .1 not give a bad tafte to butter if the green tops are 
 carefully cut off before they are given to the Cows. 
 
 d. One bujbel of feed returns two gallons of oil, by ex- 
 preiTjon; which is ufed in tbe wool bufmefs, or for burn- 
 
 y. 
 In China, an oil for common purpofes is drawn from 
 the feed. 
 
 Culture, Id 'c. of the S-wediJb Titrzep, — " or Rcfj-baga. li 
 
 1. The infide white. 
 
 2. The infide yellow ■, a better fort than the white. 
 
 1. Seed. 
 a. Sown from the 15 th of May till the icth of June. 
 . . 2 lb. fown per dcrt. 
 
 c. Drilled 3 feet; and the plants laid out like the com- 
 mon turnep. 
 
 1. Pl.-. 
 
 a. Hoed 9 inches afundcr. 
 
 b. Is bard:. the common turnep, (landing the fe- 
 vereft winter without injury, either when left in the 
 ground, or {lacked. " It has ftood die winters of 
 Per . failure." 
 
TUR. 
 
 3*9 
 
 c. The roots have grown to the weight of 16 lbs. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. As food for draft horfes inftead of corn. 
 
 The turneps are to be put into a barrel or tub and 
 cut fmall with an inftrument like a hoe, with the blade 
 put perpendicularly on to rhe fliaft. A man will cut as 
 much in one hour as fix horfes can eat in 24. The 
 tops and bottoms are to be prcvioufly cut off and given 
 to the pigs. 
 
 b. Makes the coat of horfes fine, and cures the greafe. 
 e. Sheep prefer them to the common turnep. 
 
 d. Eaten by cows and oxen as readily as the common 
 turnep. 
 
 e. Preferred to the common turnep for the table. 
 
 This plant has been fuppofed to be a variety of the 
 rape, rather than of the turnep. 
 
 Garden Turneps. 
 
 1. Early white Dutch — The bed fort for gardens, par- 
 ticularly for the early crop. 
 
 2. Com.-non large white — Very proper for gardens. 
 
 3. Yellow — Very good. 
 
 4. Long-rooted. 
 
 5. Small round French — If not ufed young, they be- 
 come rank and ftringy. 
 
 6. Small round red — For curiofity and for eating. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. A light, fandy, loamy foil, which fhould not be too 
 rich. 
 
 b. A moift foil in fummer. 
 
 c. Are always fweeteft in frefh land. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 a. Two or three ounces will fow 15 or 16 rods or poles 
 of ground. 
 
 b. Only fmall quantities to be fown in February, as they 
 loon run up to feed. , 
 
 c. Full crops from the middle of March to the end of 
 May — In the laft month mould not be fown in dry 
 weather. 
 
 d. Between the 10th and 25th of June for an autumn 
 crop j and 
 
 [ 42 ] 
 
33* VAL. 
 
 e. In July for a crop to laftfrom Michaelmas to Chrifr- 
 mas. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. The young plants to be hoed, when they have rough 
 leaves an inch broad, to the diftance of 7 or S inches — 
 This fhould be performed in dry weather. 
 
 b. It has been obferved that tranfplanted turneps grow- 
 larger than thofe that have not been moved. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. For the table. 
 
 0. As a fubftitute for bread; this was the cafe in 1693, 
 when the dearnefs of all forts of corn, occafioned ma- 
 ny poor people in Effex, to make bread of them; they 
 took the peeled roots, and boiled them in water until 
 ihev were fofr, then ftrongly prefting out their juices, 
 they mixed them with their weight of wheat-meal ; and 
 adding fait, yeaft, and warm water, they kneaded it up 
 as other pafte, which having lain a little while to fer- 
 ment, they ordered and baked it as common bread. 
 
 " In America, attention is wanted to this fo very 
 important an article of food to live-jicck, — The great 
 fupport of the prcduftive powers of the foil!" 
 
 VALERIAN. (Valeriana Phu.) 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Plant. 
 
 a. It is propagated by parting of the roots, either in the 
 fpring or autumn (but the latter is much preferable,) 
 and planting them 2 feet aiunder, keeping them clear 
 of weeds. 
 
 z. Use. 
 
 a. It is cultivated for medicinal ufe, and is called in the 
 fhops by the name of Pbu; the root is the part ufed, 
 which fhould be taken up and dried, when the leaves 
 decay in autumn. 
 
 We have a native Valerian (V. Officii;: ills'), the root 
 of which is ufed medicinally, and is fometimes culti- 
 vated in the fame manner as the above, but it pofieffes 
 moft virtue in a wild Hate. 
 
VER. 33 r 
 
 VERMIN. 
 
 I. Weasels, Stotes, and Polecats. 
 a. Great numbers have been taken in a trap of the fol- 
 lowing conftrucYion — It confifts of a wooden box, or 
 hutch, refembling the dog kennel, which is ufually 
 provided for a yard dog ; its form being that of a barn. 
 It is divided in the middle by an open wire partition 
 running from end to end, and reaching from the edge 
 of the roof to the floor; one fide of this partition is 
 again divided into two parts, or cages; one of them for 
 a tame rabbit, the other for a live fowl, to allure the 
 vermin; the other half of the hutch being formed into 
 a falling box to take them. 
 
 This trap is to be placed in coppices and hedge-rows. 
 
 2. Moles. 
 
 a. Deftroyed by feveral townlhips aiTociating together, 
 and engaging a mole-catcher, at the rate of four-pence 
 per acre, for a term of i'tvcn years. 
 
 This agreement, towards a total extirpation, muft 
 be more efficacious, than the greateft exertions of indi- 
 viduals. 
 
 3. Rats. 
 
 a. May be deftroyed by collecting them with pafte made 
 with wheat flour and fugar, fcented with the oil of car- 
 raway, and formed into a pafte with water; they are 
 to be fed with bits or pieces, at ftated times, till they 
 are all collected; when either a falling trap, or which 
 requires much lefs time and attention, a fufficient quan- 
 tity of arjenic* is added to the pafte, to operate as a 
 poifon — This is to be done in fummer, when the barns 
 are empty; and care muft be taken that the arfenic is 
 not the leaft gritty ; the fcent of the oil is to be com- 
 municated by rubbing it into the palms of the hands, 
 and then rubbing the flour between them. 
 
 b. If the exprefTed juice of the ftalks or leaves of the 
 Deadly Nightfhade, is made into a foft pafte with oat- 
 meal or wheat flour, and placed in the holes or tracks 
 which rats frequent, though they will not eat it, yet it 
 is fo difagreeable to them that they will inftantly leave 
 the premifes. 
 
 • " B:\Y3re of Arfenic." 
 
332 VER. 
 
 c. About a halfpenny has been the afleffed rate for de- 
 ftroying them. 
 
 From the calculations laid before the public by Sir 
 James Wright it appears too evident, that the damage 
 done Ov thefe wide-wafting devcirers of corn, amounts 
 to no lefs than 16,850,000 bufhels annually, which is 
 far more than fufficient for feed to low a year's crop! 
 ani Dr. Arthur Young affirms, that a full fourth of 
 the grain railed in Great Britain is deftroyed by ver- 
 min ; but particularly by rats: They alfo deftroy great 
 numbers of young ducks, and chickens. 
 
 Merchant fhips fometimes bring home" in them the 
 Mutk Rat; and ofrmer from St. Helena, a large fiat 
 headed Rat, called a Bandicote. 
 
 4. Mice. 
 a. Deftroyed with traps; thofe in barns to be baited with 
 ther, greafe, or other animal food; and with cheefe 
 
 ^ers with corn. 
 £0 prevent rheir burrowing under barn-floors, they 
 i on flints or broken cinders; or what is ftill bet- 
 . on p:ers ot brick, 15 or 18 inches high, to permit 
 ;s or cats to pafs under. 
 
 c. Huckfters place the boughs of Knee Holly (Rufcus 
 Acnieatu$\ round bacon and cheefe, to defend them 
 
 % for they cannot make their way through 
 the prickly leaves. 
 
 d. The encouragment of the barn Owl is probably the 
 only in ihod that can ce devifed for deftroying of field- 
 mice, as that bird beats the fields as regularly as a fpa- 
 n;e!, in queft of them; and requires for the rearing of one 
 brood of its voung, many hundreds of mice. 
 
 5. Crows. 
 a. Ti : number jreatly leiTer.ed by a collection of fix- 
 pence a plough, made by a few farmers, for pulling 
 down their nefts. 
 
 " Crojjs are terrible deftroyers of Indian corn. Black- 
 birds and squirrels are alfo great enemies to the corn 
 crop; but the poor ll'God-feckers, accaicd of eating 
 maize in he field, do but dig for snd pick out 11 cytv.s ; 
 which they deferve a premium, . in 
 
 dirFe:ent fhapts and characters, become enemies to \i- 
 getable productions. <c 
 
VER 333 
 
 6. Sparrows. 
 <?. For thefe a iuccefsjul trap is made, on the principle 
 of a fiih pot; it is made of brown impeded ozuis, the 
 diameter abour i feet; the depth 9 inches.; th,e top is 
 fomewhat di(hed, with a tunnel or inverted cone in 
 the centre, reaching; to within about an inch of the dot- 
 torn of the balket ; the aperture, or entrance, fori, 
 by the points of the twigs of which the tunnel is 
 ftructed, being about ji inch in diameter; the belt bait, 
 wheat fcattered in the balket. 
 
 Succeeds beft during the breeding feafon. 
 
 7. Cock-chaffer Grub — which deftroys the roots of 
 Corn, Peas, Beans, and Turneps. 
 
 a. Land very much infefted with them, has been freed 
 by manuring with moory foil.. 
 
 b. Encouraging the breed of Rooks is recommended. 
 
 c. A partial relief has been obtained by perlbns follow- 
 ing, and picking them up as the ground is ploughed. 
 
 d. Destroyed by irrigation. 
 
 8. The keeping of a Hedge-Hog (it is (aid) will 
 free kitchens from beetles, rats, and mice; this is fup- 
 pofed to be effected by the fcent of the hedge-hog be- 
 ing obnoxious to them; for he will feed only on apples, 
 or bread foaked in milk. 
 
 9. Crickets are eafily d enjoyed by making a pafte of 
 po%vdered arfenic, wheat meal, and fcraped carrots; 
 which mud be placed near their habitation. 
 
 10. Vermin which infest plants. 
 
 a. Take of black foap 2| lbs. flour of fulphiir 2-ilbs. 
 mufhrooms of any kind 2 lb. water 60 pints; divide 
 the water into two equal parts, and put one half in a 
 barrel with the foap and the mufhrooms, after having 
 bruifed them a little — The other half of the water is 
 to be boiled in a cauldron, with the fulphur incloied 
 in a bag, and fixed to the bottom of the cauldron by a 
 ftone or other weight. The bag of fulphiir muft be 
 ftirrcd about with a (lick, the better to impregnate the 
 water. By augmenting the quantity of ingredients the 
 effect will be more fenfible. The water that has been 
 thus boiled, muft be poured into the barn I faily 
 
 ftirred with a (tick, until it acquires the higheft degree 
 
334 VER. 
 
 of ranknefs; care being taken to flop up the barrel af- 
 ter the water has been ftirred. This compofition is to 
 be fprinkled, or injected on the plants infefted; and it 
 will, at the firft injection, deftroy the greater number 
 ot the infects ; but it will require frequent repetitions 
 to kill thofe who live under ground; efpecially the 
 ants * to exterminate them, from two to eight pints of 
 the liquor will be neceffary, according to the extent of 
 their nefts — two ounces of nux I'cmica, added to the 
 above compofition, and boiled together with the flour 
 of fulphur, will render the recipe ftill more effectual; 
 especially when ants are to be deftroyed. 
 
 h. Biite injeSIs {Aphis) ; may be deftroyed by the fmoke 
 of tobacco, or by fprinkling with Scotch fnuff. 
 
 Dr. Darwin, in his work named Pbytologia, thinks, 
 that the moft effectual means of counteracting the blite 
 infers, would be the propagation of t of the 
 
 Aphidivoru; 
 
 c. A. kind of bellows has been invented by Mr. Green, 
 of ner Majefty's Flower Garden at Kew, to deftroy the 
 Red Spider, and other noxious in 'eels in Hot-bou/es and 
 Pinerys, with the fumes of burning tobacco. Thefe 
 infects have alfo been deftroyed by burning, at the time 
 of (hutting up the hot-houfe, matches, rnoiftencd with 
 a tincture of AfTafcenda in Spirit of Wine, and rolled 
 in a powder of equal parts of brimftone and Scorch 
 fnuff\ walhing the hot-houfe, frames, &c. wi:h four 
 ounces of Sublimate diffolved in two gallons of water; 
 this mod be clone with great care and cr.niicr., in con- 
 fiderarion of the nature and properties of the V. 
 Sublimate. 
 
 10. To protect ripe wall fruit; place phials tcn- 
 
 ed liquor, to decoy and drown wafps and ' fii-::. Grapes 
 are often covered with bags maJe of paper or gauze to 
 protect them. 
 
 ii. Snails (Helix); may be kept off trees bv bind 
 round the trunks two or three rounds of a horle hair 
 
 • " An'.s are common enemies in the corn-fields of America. They 
 refide about the roots of plants; and ■round and luck the crown of the 
 root of Indian czrn, a 5 ot the IV 3: -ernes in the Well Indies. R-.-. 
 up and burning jluhblt of the final! corn is a very a^ 
 For deftroying thefe ^cd other iuieds and vciro::.." 
 
VET - 33S 
 
 rope; in efpaliers it is neceflary to bind alfo the flakes ; 
 and in wall trees it muft not only be wound round the 
 trunks, but alfo be nailed on the wall in a circle be- 
 yond the ends of the boughs. 
 
 Snails require not only to be guarded againft, but 
 deftroyed ; as they increafe greatly, being hermaphro- 
 dites, and lay each from 60 to no eggs; which they 
 bury in June about an inch deep in loofe mould. 
 
 12. Slugs, (Limax) ; plants are ufually protected from 
 thefe by ftrewing flacked lime, foot, or faw-duft, on 
 and around themj as ducks feed upon them, the turn- 
 ing a few into kitchen gardens would be perhaps the 
 beft way of preventing their depredations. 
 
 13. Worms (Lumbricus terreftris). Gardeners foak 
 the bruifed leaves or hulks of the Walnut tree, in warm 
 water, and when cold pour the water on grafs plats 
 and gravel walks, to kill them ; they greatly disfigure 
 gravel walks, by drawing dead leaves into their holes, 
 they alfo draw fmall tranfplanted plants out of the 
 ground, and are full as injurious to gardens as the Aug. 
 
 14. To preferve young plantations of trees from being 
 injured by Hares, Rabbits, or Rats— take any quan- 
 tity of tar and fix or k\en times as much greafe, ftir- 
 ring and mixing them well together; with this compo- 
 fition brufh the ftems of young trees, as high as hares, 
 &c. can reach, and it will effectually prevent their 
 being barked. 
 
 VETCH or TARE. 
 
 1. Vetch. (Vicia Sativa.) 
 
 a. Summer Vetch. 
 
 b. IVinter Vetch. 
 
 c. Rath-ripe Vetch, or Pebble Vetch. Not much cul- 
 tivated, being tenderer than the common Tare, and 
 does not produce near fo much fodder. The feed is 
 fown in the fpring. 
 
 2. Wood Vetch. (Vicia Syhatica.) 
 
 3. Tufted Vetch. (Vicia Cracca.) This and the pre- 
 ceding fpecies faid to advance ftarven or weak catrk 
 above any thing yet known. 
 
33 6 VLT. 
 
 The Tufted Vetch has been cultivated on a flnall 
 fcale, both bv dividing of the root, and Towing of the 
 feeds the end of March, and ihe increafe was great 
 both ways : This pi in,t is perennial, flowers the iecond 
 year, and grdws aboye two feer high. 
 
 4. (Vicia Sepiura.) This is fuppofed to 
 rival Ltifce oeen cut four times between ihe 16th 
 of M&rch and the 30th of September. The feeds are 
 difficult to procure in a large quantity, as the pods do 
 no ripen together, and when ripe, burft and fcatter the 
 feed around. As it is perennial, might it not be in- 
 creafed by dividing the root? 
 
 5. Chinefe Vetch. Produces four crops in a year of ex- 
 cellent food for cattle j thev grow erect in tufts from 18 
 inches to 2 feet high. Cultivated in Glamorganshire 
 
 Culture, &c. of the Simmer Vetch. 
 1. Seed. 
 
 a. Eight or ten pecks of feed per acre. 
 
 b. Sown about L,ady-day. 
 
 c. S >wn where the clover has died off in the fpiing. 
 
 d. Sown in Scotland with peas and beans. 
 
 e. Sown with a little Wheat, black Oats, or Beans, 
 which nourishes, protefls, and draws up the Tares — 
 May be advantageouQy mixed with Oats or Barley. 
 
 f. The drill requires only about half the quantity fown 
 broad-cad, and the crop is fuperior. 
 
 Rooks and Pigeons are well known to be dreadful 
 enemies to this crop, a orcumilance which forms a 
 ftrong objection to iht broad-caft culture, in which the 
 feed is inlufficiently covered. 
 
 1. Plant. 
 
 a. Cut ivhen the kids begin to fitly then faved, and (lack- 
 ed as hay, and makes a hearty food for cattle; parti- 
 cularly for hoi: 
 
 b. This comes into ufe a fortnight later than the Win 
 ter V. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. For feeding wear, 
 
 b. For foiling horfes and co 
 
 Supplies (for this purpofe) the want between 
 firft and fecond cutting of red clever. 
 
VIN. 
 
 337 
 
 c. The feeds are excellent food :or pigeons. 
 
 d. Bets colkdt much honey from rJ ; - ; not fronn 
 the flower, bu; a frcxall ! a , a black fpbt on it, 
 from which oozes d ne&ftfidus juice. 
 
 Culture, &c. of the IVinte. Vetch. 
 
 i. Seed. 
 
 a. Sown r rom the middle of Aug- ft to the middle of 
 October; earliefl: on poor hind, or expofed fituations. 
 
 b. May be /own in J'pring for foil; but neither this nor 
 the Summer-tare, will ripen their leed, if fown out of 
 their fealbn. 
 
 c. A little rye /own with it, nourishes, protects, and 
 draWb up the Tares. 
 
 i. Plant. 
 a. Covered with loofe ftrawey dung to preferve it from 
 the froit. 
 b. A f -w oats or beans mixed with them to keep them 
 up; black oats reckoned beft, as being lefs liable to be 
 cut off by frofts than white. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. The fame as the fummer vetch. 
 
 In Glouceflerihire they fow it as pajturage for hor/es, 
 and eat it off early enough to allow of turneps being 
 fown the fame year. 
 
 b. As manure, ploughed into the land in May; ahfwers 
 well on chalk land for wheat in the fucceeding autumn. 
 
 When Vetches were firft introduced into this coun- 
 try from Flanders, they were cultivated for the feed, 
 which were given to horfes in the manner of beans; bur 
 no ufe was then made of the plant. 
 
 " This is a plant very defirable, to be introduced 
 into the hufbandry of America" 
 
 VINE. (Vitis Vim/era.) 
 Hardy Vines. 
 
 1. Ripening in Auguft — Black July Grape. Black 
 Sweet Water. White ditto. Black Corinth, or Cur- 
 rant. 
 
 2. Ripening in September — Early White Mufcadine. 
 White Mufcadine Royal, or Chaffelas Blanc. White 
 le Cour Grape, or Mufk Chaflfelas. Red Chaffelas 
 
 [ 43 ] 
 
33* V.I#, 
 
 Black Burgundy. Black Frontiniac. Black clutter, 
 having hoary, whitifh leaves, and fhort compact cluf- 
 ters. 
 
 3. Ripening in October — Red Hamburgh. Black do. 
 The grapes of bom la; 
 
 T er Vines j feldom ripening unlefs the autumn proves 
 very warm and mild; and are therefore often planted 
 ag\inft hot-walls, hot-houles, and forcing-frames. 
 
 1. Ripening in September — Red Frontiniac. Grifly 
 ditto. White ditto. White Mufcat of Alexandria. 
 Red ditto. 
 
 2. Ripening in October — St. Peter's. Tokay. White 
 Syrian (exceeding large clufters). Red Raifin. W T hite 
 dit'O. Clarer. 
 
 " Tokay Grapes are ffouriihing in Marvhnd, from 
 vines imported by Mr. Barnfter C. Carrol. The 
 fruit is excellent, tne vines very Bouriftrmg and hardy. 
 
 The hot-houfe ripens fome of the early forts in May 
 and June ; others in July and Auguft. 
 
 Culture, &JV. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. A light dry warm foil. 
 
 b. If a ftrong moift clay; muft be improved with \ 
 dry materials, as fea-fand, road-flurr", lime-rubl 
 coal-afhes, &c. 
 
 c. In France and Spain they manure the ground about 
 the roots, with cow-dung. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By feed, which readily grows in hot-houfes. 
 
 b. By layers : The greater part is to be buried 5 or 6 
 inches deep, pegged firmly down, and covered with 
 earth ; the top to be fhortened to three or four c 
 
 c. By cuttings : The middle and lower part of young 
 moots, of the former fummer, are the only proper parts 
 for cuttings ; wheh are to be planted in autumn, or 
 early in the fpring. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 a. Planted from November ro March in open weather, 
 and the heads of young trees to be pruned to about 
 three eyes ; of old trees, to three, four, or five. 
 
VI N. 339 
 
 h. A fouth afpect the beft ; but in default of fufficient 
 fcope, may be trained on an eaft or weft. 
 
 c. Bears fruit on young moots of the fame year, which 
 arife from the former year's wood. 
 
 d. Pruning. 
 
 (i.) In fummer commencing in May or as foon as the 
 fruit buds appear, rub off weak, ftraggling, and evi- 
 dently unfruitful moots of the year ; and train the reit 
 at full length. 
 
 (2.) in July the fruit-moots may be topped, to throw 
 a gfeacer fupply of nutriment co the fruit. 
 (3.) In winter fhorten ro a few eyes. 
 (4.) Have been pruned, and the leaves pulled off in 
 September ; thus treated, they have corne the year 
 following a greater plenty of grapes than others, that 
 were not fo managed. 
 
 It has lately been recommended to train the bran- 
 ches in a Terpentine man 
 
 e. It is fiid that when grapes have acquired their expect- 
 ed fize, if the ftalks or each bunch be cut half through, 
 they will the fooner ripen — Su 1 raifins are grapes thus 
 treated abroad, and left on the tree till dry. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The fruit both for the table arri making of wine. 
 
 h. In Italy an ufefu! oil is drawn from the ^rape ftones 
 — In order to fepar re the feeds from the hulks and refufe 
 matter, the mart is put into a bucket with fome water, 
 an.; worked about with hands, till rhe feeds, fro heir 
 fuperior . gbr, have ail fallen to the bo::om < ; the 
 v. lei. Tney are then to be remov 
 fun, or by any oth?r way, as foon as polTible : v\ hen 
 a fufficient quantity is collected, ; - "to be 
 
 ground in [ e kind that is uied for hemp 
 
 and colefeed; being then cold a awn, a fine oil is pro- 
 cured, which is ft :eiy diftinguiftia le from con iron 
 olive oil. The re tter be 1 : leaked in a little 
 
 hot water, yields a . :h portion of oil, though of an 
 inferior quality, wnich burns excellently well in a 
 lamp, giving out no unpleafant odour, an :oke 
 
 than cither rape or colefeed oil. It is alio ufed in 
 the Parmefan, for preparing the bed kind of calf-lkin 
 leather. 
 
340 VI N. 
 
 ENGLISH VINE- YARDS. 
 
 1. In 1718 there was one near Dorking, in Surry, of 
 many acres, which faced the S. and S. \V. Planted 
 by the Honourable Charles Howard, of Norfolk. 
 
 2. About the year 1720, a Mr. Warner, had ajuccefs- 
 ful one of the burgundy grape, at Rotherithe, near 
 London. 
 
 3. Vine-yards fiourifhed near Bath in 1742. 
 
 There was alfo in another part of the county of Sc- 
 merjetf.ire, a vme-yai , that produced annually feme 
 hogfeads of a good be led and palatable ivine. 
 
 4. At Mr. Hamilton's, Pains-Hill, Surry. 
 
 5. At b*ir Richard Woifieys in the IJle of Wight, is at 
 prefenr, a vine-yard of White Mufcadine and Plant 
 Verd vines, which are planted in beds 12 feet wide, 
 with foot paths between , the plants li foot afunder; 
 the ftems 8 inches high ; at firft only two fhoots are 
 fuffered to remain on the ftem, and thofe cut off the 
 
 ig Marcn ; and their place fupplitd by ether 
 
 ones ; the fhoots are not fuffered to run .nto 
 
 but kep: at me length of 2 feet, or i\. 
 
 is head mav be infrrted the fucctfsfui ma- 
 
 n • by fames Gefop, gardener to John 
 
 mitb ; who having in the 
 year 17 :y of exceeding good wine 
 
 fi kic< d to attend very | 
 
 ticul rly to trj { of the vine: His method 
 
 v,. lows.; th n it fi 1 ft came under his 
 
 c. • . v tad been injured more by neglect 
 
 2 id >us managen ent than by years ; he cut 
 
 whole ftem quite away, and 
 if of the remainder of the wood, and the 
 il nop of improved fruit which fucceeded, 
 j h i. n 1 aid his care ; the vine, by continual cut- 
 li g, confifted, in the enfuing year, of almofl: entirely 
 new wood. In the year 1779 he cut down all the old 
 wood which was lefc, and laid the fintft wires he could 
 fekct perpendicularly, about iS inches afunder; fome 
 of them 3, and others 6 feet h-ng; by this means he 
 covered the wall with plenty of well- ripened wood. In 
 the year 178c, according to cuftom, he cut off all the 
 
 I 
 
UND. WAL 341 
 
 old wood, and laid the young wires perpendicularly 
 in the ground, 6 or 7 feet in length, and at the dif- 
 tance of 1 8 inches from each other : Of the full crop 
 of excellent grapes which this culture produced, he 
 made wint in the proportion of 100 gallons to 100 
 yards of wall. 
 
 UNDERWOODS OR COPPICES. 
 
 1. The heads of the (tools fhould be but little, if any, 
 above the furface of the ground. 
 
 2. Should be cut as clofe and fmooth to the (tool as pof- 
 fible, and before the fap is in motion. 
 
 3. The fallen (luff fhould be cleared away, before the 
 young (hoots begin to lpring. 
 
 4. Particular attention fhould be given to the fences, to 
 prevent cattle committing irreparable injury. 
 
 5. Hep-binds laid among the (tools has proved of the 
 greateft fervice, by fuppreiling of weeds and grafs, 
 which would otherwife have exhaufted the foil. 
 
 6. All trees growing among underwood ihould, if de- 
 (jgned to be fallen, be cut with it. 
 
 7- Unthrifty and (tunted trees ihould be removed, and 
 ail healthy young trees and faplings preferved for a 
 fucceffion. 
 
 8. Trees are detrimental to underwood, as their (hade 
 and roots prevent its increa(e. 
 
 WALNUT. (Juglans Regit.) 
 
 Varies. Early oval, common oval, round, lar£re, 
 largeit, French, large double, late-ripe, tender- (helled, 
 hard-ihclled ; The tree that bears the harci-fhelled nut, 
 is the darkeft coloured, and hardied timber. 
 
 Culture, i?c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 .7. Will fucceed in either low or high (ituatlons, and 
 almoft any foil ; but is molt profperous in loamy 
 ground. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 a. By nuts preferved till the February following in dry 
 (and; then planted in lightifh ground, in drills 3 inches 
 deep, and a foot afunder. 
 
WAL. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 
 a. At two years old to be tranfplanted into the nurfery, 
 and the tap root fhortened. 
 
 b. Begins to bear at feven or eight years old, but not 
 confiderable, till they attain a large growth. 
 
 c. Grows 40 or 50 feet high. 
 
 d. The wood is durable, and not attacked by the 
 worm. 
 
 e. Nothing will grow under its made ; but as it does 
 not leaf till about the 21ft of April, gardeners raife 
 early crops under the branches, as coleworts, fpinage, 
 &c. and plant goofeberry trees, whofe fruit is gathered 
 green. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. The timber proves valuable for many purpofes in the 
 cabinet, and joinery branches. 
 
 b. A wine is made from the tree, by boring the trunk ; 
 or which is lets injurious, and produces more liquor, 
 by cutting off the end of fome fuperfluous branch, of 
 fuch a fize as may fit the mouth of a bottle to receive 
 the fap. 
 
 c. The fruit. 
 
 (1.) When about half or three parts grown, is excel- 
 lent for pickling. 
 
 (2.) When .ripe for the table fhould be gathered in 
 heaps to ferment and fweat a few days; when the green 
 covers will feparate from the nuts, rnufr. be kept in a 
 dry room, or in boxes or tubs of land, for ufc. 
 
 If the drieft nuts are (lightly cracked, and foaked 
 for twelve hours in cold water, the kernels will peel as 
 eafily as frefh ones. 
 
 (3.) An oil is drawn from the kernel, which is ufed by 
 painters, for whites and other delicate colours; and al- 
 fo for goki-iize and varnifh ; it likewife (tains wood a 
 dark colour : The lees fatten hogs. 
 
 The feoper the oil is drawn the greater quantity, 
 but the drier the nut the better. 
 
 (4.) The green hufks boiled dye a yellow without any 
 mixture. 
 
 d. Fiftxermen ufc water in which the bruifed leaves have 
 bem foaked, to drive worms out of their holes ; tc 
 
WAR. 343 
 
 which gardeners add the hufks, and pour the water on 
 grafs plats to kill them. 
 
 WARPING 
 
 Is a procefs ufed in Lincolnfhire, and fome other 
 places, for raifing the furface oflow and marfhy lands, 
 by repeatedly flooding them, and allowing a fuccefiion 
 of fediment to be depofited. 
 
 1. Is effected by a cut or canal from the river, having 
 a fluice for the admiflion and difcharge of the w;.ter, 
 which is alfo confined to the grounds intended to be 
 warped, by furrounding banks raifed to the required 
 heigh: ; which may be f om 4 to 7 feet. 
 
 2. A fluice for warping, 5 feet high and 7 wide, will 
 do for 50 acres per annum -, if the land lies near the 
 river, for 70. 
 
 With but one fluice, every other tide only can be 
 ufed ; as the water muft run perfectly off that the fur- 
 face may incruft ; and if the canal be not perfectly 
 empty the ide has no effect. 
 
 3. One tide will leave, on an average, one-eighth of an 
 inch ; and in four years, land has been warped to the 
 depth of 34 fret. The farther the courfe of water, 
 the fmaller the fediment. 
 
 4. Its effect is very lading upon land, which requires 
 no farther manure for many years ; and produces vaft 
 crops. 
 
 a. A wheat Hubble warped, and fown with oats the 
 following April, produced twelve quarters per acre. 
 
 b. Wheat afterwards 36 bufhels. 
 
 c. Oats fcuffled upon the frefh warp, the fcuffle being 
 drawn by eight, and held by one man, produced on 
 3 acres particularly j fourteen quarters, one fack, per 
 acre. 
 
 d. Beans 90 bufhels per acre j one acre meafured to de- 
 cide a wager, yielded 99 bufhels — And 144 pods have 
 been taken from one bean, on four ftalks. 
 
 e. Tartarian Oats have grown 7 feet high. 
 
 /. White clover and hay-feeds, mown twice the firft 
 year ; the firft cutting three tons per acre, the iecond 
 one ton, afterwards an immenfe after -math. 
 
344 WAT. WEF.. 
 
 5. Theexpenfeof warping has been 12I. per acre; but 
 poor knd has been fo railed in value, as to let from 
 50s. to 5I. per acre. 
 
 6. The fediment from tide water is fea-fand and flime; 
 from river water, mud. 
 
 WATERCRESS. (Sifymbrium Najlurtium.) 
 
 Culture, 65V. 
 
 1. Plant. 
 
 d. To cultivate this in gardens requi-es a running ftream 
 with a muddy bottom ; if the land has much flope, 
 the water muft he dammed up in fmall p< h 61 the 
 depth of about a foot; the plants are to be fet to the 
 fpring, and not cut the firfl feafon, but fufrered to run 
 to feed. 
 
 b. Grows naturally in fprings, brooks, and rivulets. 
 
 1. Use. 
 
 a. This is very univerfally ufed as an early and whole 
 fome fpring fallet. 
 
 b. Ufed medicinally. 
 
 WEEDS. 
 
 1. Injurious to arable land. 
 
 a. Couch is the proper name of the Triticum Repens, 
 but is frequently applied to other graffes which have a 
 perennial creeping root; as the Bent graffes, (Agro- 
 ftis's) ; creeping foft Grafs, (Holcus Mollis) ; Tall 
 Oat grafs, (Avena Elatior) ; and fome others. 
 
 They are deftroyed by repeated fummer ploughing:, 
 or by forking them out and burning them. 
 
 Among Sharp's plates, containing figures of new 
 invented implements of hufbandry, is a jointed horfe 
 rake for pulling up Couch- grafs. 
 
 b. Colftfoot. (Tumlago Farfara.) The way to de- 
 Ilroy this weed is by cutting it up in thofc months whtn 
 it begins to throw its flower, i. e. February or March ; 
 at which time it will bleed to death. 
 
 c. Charlock is the Raphanus Rapbaniftfiim ; but the 
 following plants, equally noxious to the farmer, pafs 
 under its name — viz. Wild Muftard, (Sinapis Nigra); 
 
WEE. w 
 
 Wild Rape, (Braffica Napus). Thefe plants are an- 
 nuals ; their feeds will lie in a clod as fafe as in a gra- 
 nary, and vegetate at the end of 20 years, when 
 ploughed up and expofed to moifture. 
 
 They are to be extirpated by ploughing them under 
 when the field is fallow, or by weeding them out of 
 the crop before their feed fhall have been ripened. The 
 fame method muft be purfued with other weeds. See 
 Cultivator. 
 
 d. Melilot, (Trifolium Melilot Officinalis) ; White 
 Darnel, (Lolium Temulentum) ; and Garic, (Allium 
 Oleraceum) ; require particular care to deltrc.y, as t^ty 
 not only injure a wheat crop wiien growing, but lefifi n 
 its value at market, by communicating a molt loath- 
 fome flavour to wheat and other grain, fo as to render 
 it unfit for making bread. Stinking Chamomile) (An- 
 themis Cotula) y where it abounds, is often found to 
 blifter the hands of weeders and icapeis. 
 
 e. Corn Marigold. (Chryfanthemum Segetum.) This 
 noxious weed is faid to be deftroyed by dunging rhe 
 foil where it grows in autumn ; letting it lie fallow one 
 fummer ; and harrowing the ground in about five days 
 aftc fowing the feed for the future crop — Alio by ma- 
 nuring with chalk. 
 
 f. Tbiftles, cut an inch above the ground will not be fo 
 formidable at harveft, as thofe cut at the fame time 
 with the hoe, and below the furfice. In the former 
 cafe, the remaining ftub of the thiftie ge:s filled with 
 water, which refting upon the crown of the plant, in- 
 jures it fo far as to occafion a few feeble fhoots only to 
 rife ; whillt in the latter, ftrong and luxuriant flools 
 fhoot forth. 
 
 (1.) If Tbiftles, Briers, &c. are cut with a mattock 
 in Augufi, they will bleed to death. 
 (2 ) Pear-dud: fcattered upon thirties caufes them to 
 wither, as if fcorched ; but they generally recover un- 
 lefs the dull be repeated. 
 
 g. Berberry. (Perberris Vulgaris.) This (hrub is faid 
 to have the quality of blighting the ears of wheat even 
 to the diftance of 300 or 400 varus acrofs one or more 
 fields. 
 
 L 44] 
 
346 WEE. 
 
 b. A weed, fuppofed to be either the BmJ/ica Muralis 
 of H'.idfon, or a variety of it, begins to infeit the 
 ifland of Thaner, and is not a little alarming to the 
 farmers, as it is of the mod prolirx kinc/, and very 
 difficult to eradicate. It was introduced a few years 
 ago among fome oats, which were imported in a veflel 
 that was wrecked upon the coaft of the ifiand, and were 
 warned by the tides along the fhore among the lea 
 weeds, and with that carried to different farms. It 
 flowers and feeds in autumn. The inhabitants call it 
 the Stink-weedy from its fetid fmeil. 
 ;'. Dodder or Hfiixveed (Cuicuta Enrofi&n.) This is a 
 very fingular plant; as icon as it creeps up ar.othir it 
 quits its root, and is fed by the plant on which it fas- 
 tens, and its branches will thus run from one to another 
 a furlong or more. Hops, Fi.'.x, and Eeans, arc 
 moftly attacked by it. The laft is beft freed from it 
 by turning in fheep, which both break its branches 
 and feed upon it. 
 
 Many weeds are generally intrcduced into fields by 
 that Q'jvenly practice ofjuferimg them to grow andjeed 
 on the dung-heaps, : 
 
 C5= " One year's good weeding, 
 II prevent feeding ; 
 But one year's fee iog, 
 M ;kes leven year's weeding." 
 
 i. Injurious to cattle in pasture lands. 
 
 a. Water Hemlock, (Phellandrium Aquathum) is ge- 
 nerally efteemed a fatal poiibn to horfe , occafioning 
 them to become paralytic ; but this effect is owing to 
 an infect, (Curouiio ParcpUblicus), which generally 
 inhabits within the item. The ufual antidote is j 
 dung: To oxen this plant is both whoicfome and 
 agreeable. Horles are faid to have been killed by 
 eating the Common Wormwood. (Artemifia Ab 
 tbiumJ) 
 
 b. Water Cowbane. (Cicuta J'lrcfa.) Early in the 
 fpring when it grows in the water, Cows often eat of 
 it, and are killed by it ; but as the fummer advances, 
 and its fin ell becomes flronger, they carefully avoid it. 
 
WEE. 347 
 
 Cattle reared in Herefordfhire avoid Meadow Saffron, 
 (Colchicum Autumnale), which grows there in plenty ; 
 but cattle brought from other parts eat of it, and are 
 poifoned. 
 
 c. Water Germander, (Teucrium Scordiutri) ; Blue 
 Sowthiftle, (Sonchus Alpinus) ; Ramfons, (Allium 
 Urftnum) ; Treacle Muftard, (Thlafpi .drvenfis) -, and 
 Common Wormwood, (Artemiiia Ahfinthiuni) ; gives 
 a difag'reeable odour to the milk of Cows that ked on 
 them ; and Corn Mint, (Mentha Arvenenfis), prevents 
 its coagulation. 
 
 d. Wild Angelica, (Angelica Sylvefiris), renders hay 
 ungrateful to cattle : and Wall Barley Grals, (Hordi- 
 um Mxrinum), when mixed in hav, proves highly inju- 
 rious to horfes, the awns or beards of the ears flicking 
 into their mouths, and making them fo fore that they 
 are unable to eat. 
 
 e. Yew. (Taxus Baccata.) The loppings, in a half 
 dried (late, h-ive frequently been fatal ro cattle ; and 
 tiie bark to (hteept ..vtir'.h Marigold, (Calefoa Pak* 
 ftris), occafions inch an inflammation to cows that eat 
 of it, that they generally dfe: Staying Ho.ftail, 
 (Equifetum Hycmale), is reckoned hurtful ro cattle ; 
 fome entertain an opinion, that if cows chance to f.ed 
 upon it their teeth will drop out. 
 
 /. CommAn Loufewort. (Pedicularis Syhatlca.) If 
 the healthieft flock of fheep are fed with it, they become 
 fcabby and fcurfy in a (hort time ; the wool gets loofe, 
 and they will be over-run with vermin. 
 
 g. Common Wormwood, gives a bitter talle to the flefh 
 of ilieep that have eaten it ; as does Sun Spurge, (Eu- 
 phorbia Hdiojcopia.) One fort of Poppy, (Papaver), 
 and Moufe-ear Scorpion Grafs, (Myolbtis Scopicidcs), 
 generally proves fatal to fheep : Dog's Mercury (Mer- 
 curialis Pcrennis), is faid to be hurtful to them j and 
 Wood Anemone (Anemone Nemorofa), brings on a 
 bloody flux to fuch as are unaccuitomed to eat it. In 
 fome part of Cambridgeshire fheep are fubjecT: to a 
 relaxation of the moulder ; this is imputed to their 
 eating an herb or grafs called Cockfpire (Cocksfoot ;) 
 
343 WEL. 
 
 a cure Is effected by renoving to high land on the nrft 
 appearance of the difeafc. 
 h. Shepher s impute the rot in fheep feeding on the 
 K Hind- i (Drofera Rctundifclia' ; Marfl) 
 
 ft . . (HvJrocoryie Vulfuris)\ and Common 
 
 :1a Vu.garn ; all of which 
 But from an c-nt 
 
 •vith the lift, it appeared that t 
 do I: r.ay be made a qucftion, whether the 
 
 nuch • tabid in 
 
 ma ". . . a cal ed a Fluke, 
 
 (VafcioU H i is found in et fitu- 
 
 cring to the ^ian s, and likcwife in the li- 
 s mi biliary dufrs of fheep, that are effected with 
 the rot. 
 i. o.civ Boletus (Boletus Bcvhtus.) In cows and other 
 cattle that have eat of it, it ha 5 been known to create 
 bloo/iy urine, naufrous milk, fuellings of the <•. 
 inflammations in the bowels, ftoppagts, diarrhoeas, 
 an In fh 3r -ng on a Ic.rrhous liver, a 
 
 cough, a general wafting, and drop v. 
 k. Foj Mii.ov\s, Docks, and feme o:her deep-rooted 
 plants, which, though perhaps not noxious to' cattle, 
 are feldo n or nc\ r eaten, and take up the room of 
 wilful plan's; the Docking iron fhoulJ be made ufe 
 of to eradicate them ; of which foe the plate, fig. 14 
 
 Y>"ELD. (Refeda Lutala.) 
 
 1. Soil. 
 a. A ftiff ion 2 loam, ; :t. 
 
 ly foil. 
 - lets the land is very poor it does not require 
 dm 
 
 ich fail Paid to rr.-ke the llalk hollow ana noi fo 
 goo J. 
 
 : Seed. 
 a. Sown with barley and a peck to 
 
 acre — Is pulled up from amcfigtl er the r 
 
WHE. 349 
 
 b. Sown alone in Anguft, one gallon to an acre. 
 
 c. Sown with a (mall portion of turnep and ntpe, which 
 are eat off by fheep in winter or early in April, and 
 the weld let ftand for a crop. 
 
 (i.) Four quarts of weki-feed, with two quarts of 
 Rape-feed, and one quart of Turnep-fced. 
 3. Plant. 
 
 a. When railed alone to be hoed to the diftance of 6 
 inches about two months after they are come up, and 
 on the whole treated like turneps. 
 
 b. Tranlplanted fron feed beds at Midfummer, iland 
 all winter, and ripen the fummer follow.ng. 
 
 c. When in full bloom, are either drawn or cut, dried 
 and laid up for ufe. 
 
 As leaving the plants to ripen their feed injures their 
 dyin^ quality, a piece of ground mould be purpofely 
 allotted to plants intended for feed. 
 4. Usr. 
 
 a. Dyes a beautiful yellow. 
 
 b. Blue cloths, dipped in a decoction of it, become 
 green. 
 
 c. The yellow colour of paint, called Dutch Pink, is 
 got from this plant. 
 
 The tinging quality refides in the ftems and roots. 
 Dried in proper houfes in Scotland the colour was found 
 equal to the foreign. 
 
 WHEAT. 
 
 1. Without beards. 
 
 a. Winter Wheat, (Triticum Hybernum) ; mould not 
 be iown before September, nor later than November. 
 
 b. Spying or Summer Wheat, (Triticum Aejlivum); 
 fown from the middle of April to the nth of May. 
 
 1. Sown with feed. 
 
 Thefe produce finer flour than the bearded wheats. 
 
 1. With beards. 
 a. Grey, Duckbill, Grey Pollard,' or Fullers Wheat, 
 
 (Triticum Turridum) ; apt to lodge if fown thick — 
 
 The grain faid to produce more flour in proportion 
 
 than any other fort of wheat. 
 /'. Cone Wheat. (Triticum Quadratum Miller). This 
 
 is fuited to ftrong wet lands. 
 
350 WHE. 
 
 c. Polonian Wheat, (Triticum Pclonieum) -Apt to lodge 
 if fown thick; produces much flour. 
 
 Of the above there are feveral varieties known to our 
 farmers, but which differ in little befides the colour of 
 the chaff and form of the ears. 
 
 In old books bearded wheat h called French Wheat, 
 and without beards, Not- Wheat. 
 3. Foreign. The'e appear as yet to have had only a 
 partial trial towards determining their value. 
 
 a. Siberian Spring-wheat, ripens full as early as the 
 co.i.v.un Spnng wheat — the increafe twenty-five for 
 one on the iced fown ; gives only half the fiour of the 
 winter wheat. 
 
 b. Switzerland Spring-wheat, ripens a fortnight fooner 
 thin the common Spring-wheat, and as early as any 
 of the autumnal forts 
 
 c. /Egyptian bearded Wheat; fix grains fown produced 
 102 ftems, with large branching ears, and the ears 
 contained, upon an average 102 grains or better; fo 
 that the produce of the fix grains, at the medium of 
 120 grains to each ear, make 12,240, or 2040 from 
 each grain. 
 
 d. Murwaany Wheat, which Dr. Shaw brought from 
 Barbary, and planted in the Phytic garden at Oxford, 
 threw out each 5oftalks — It likewife happens that one 
 of thefe ftaiks will fometimes bear tzvo ears , whilfl: each 
 of thefe ears will as often fhuot out into a number of 
 letter ones* 
 
 e. A fpecies of Spring Wheat fuppefed to be the Ger- 
 man Spelter, was cultivated (oc three years near Edin- 
 burgh; it was fown fo late as the icth of April, and 
 was always amongft the firft grain harvtfled. It item- 
 ed to be well adapted to thole places, where the feve- 
 rity of the winter ftorms, and o:hcr circumftances, pre- 
 vent the cultivation of wheat fown in autumn. The 
 produce the firfr. year was feven bolls an acre, 3nd die 
 next year eight bolls, en land not our eing 
 a very weighty (.Main, it yielded a great deaj or flour. 
 But in 1799 it fail > that it would fi 
 
 to be unable to withftand a fevcre feafon. 
 
 - " Such is the unimportant 
 
 IjiisfiCtion.'' 
 
WHE. J5 i 
 
 /. Zealand JVbeat\ a white and full bodied grain, chaff 
 white, without awns; ears fomewhat large; ftraw I 
 and reedy. This fort is well adapted to weak and 
 middling land: in a rich foil, eJptcially in a motft 
 feafon, it runs too much to ftraw. 
 
 g. In the ifland of Jerfey, they cultivate a fmall fpring 
 wheat, called From nit Treaiais; becaufe it is only three 
 months in the earth. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 
 a. White wheats fuit beft light foils; and brown, ftrong. 
 (i) White wheats are more apt to fprout in the ear 
 from wet fcafons, than the brown or red. 
 
 (2) White wheats when fown repeatedly on ftrong 
 land become gradually browner. 
 
 b. In Norfolk light fandy fo'.ls are held together by ray- 
 grafs, white clover, trefoil, and other ufeful plants ; 
 and the wheat dibbled on the lays ; the fward or flag 
 being firft turned over flat, and rolled. 
 
 c. Wheat has been fown and harrowed in after turneps 
 withou: ploughing — The crop fine and dee from fmut. 
 
 d. Thick fet woolly-eared wheat, owing to its retaining 
 much moifture, is better fuited to a dry foil, and a dry 
 climate; than the thin ki eared, with fmooth chaff. 
 
 2. Increased from seed. 
 
 a. Sown broad-cajl ; this method is fuited to ftrong 
 lands, the quantity three bufhels per acre. 
 
 The broad-caft is unfavourable to the hoe. 
 
 b. Set, — faid to have the advanta e over the broad-caft, 
 by a laving at leaf! of fix peck per acre of wheat; gi- 
 ving cleaner and better corn, and alfo providing a ve- 
 ry lucrative employment for the poor; a fingle family 
 having received two guineas a week, tor fix weeks. 
 
 c. Drilled — Saves half the feed that is ufually fown 
 broad- call, produces a better crop, deftroys more weeds, 
 harveft at lefs expenfe, and leaves the foil better for 
 future crops. Sows the feed at lefs than half the expenfe 
 attending fetting. 
 
 3. Increased by dividing the root. 
 a. The following fuccefsful attempt was made by Mr. 
 Miller to lave feed corn by g the root. 
 
252 "VYHE. 
 
 A fingle p]ant ; taken up the 8th of Auguft, was di- 
 vided into 1 8 parts, and each part panted; between 
 the middle of September and Oflober they were again 
 divided into 67 plants; and again the roos were divi- 
 ded between the middle of March and 12th of April, 
 and produced 500 plants: by this means one fmgle 
 gra.n produced in one feafjn 
 
 In earb 2 1,1 cq 
 
 In number .... 5~o,ooofold! 
 
 In meafure .... 3^ pecks 
 
 In weight 47 pou: 
 
 4. Plant. 
 
 a. Thirty (terns have grown from a f.ngle roo% with 
 ears containing from 90 to igo grains. In another in- 
 flance 20 ftems, proceeding from one root, produced 
 ears containing 968 grains. 
 
 b. The Society for the Encouragement of Arts, &c. 
 gave the filver medal for the {allowing method of har- 
 vefting corn in wet weather: Mr. Palmer, to whom 
 it was aijudg^d, collected as . ere ne- 
 ceffary for the purpofe, ar. : a p rt of them to 
 cut the corn in the common method with fickles, and 
 bind it into fheaves; he employed others to houfe and 
 threfh it. The next morning it was winnowed, and 
 dried in a malt-kiln. A timber ftove or a hop kiln 
 will anfwer the fame purpofe, and the extra-expenfe of 
 this method of harveltinj; is estimated at 9s. an a- 
 viz. 5s. per acie For drying and 4s. for the extra t: -..- 
 lie of threfh ing it. 
 
 c. In Cornwall and in c .hire it is the practice id 
 rainy weather, to build the eat, hz\ 
 and :her grain in the field, into a r folid c>. 
 about 12 feet high; the be 
 
 the but-end only expofed to the weather. '.'ie 
 
 is finiihed by an inverted fheai of reed or corn, tied to 
 the upper re 
 
 ommon e to cut .eat 
 
 before it is quite ripe, efpeciaiiy if there is any app- 
 ance of blight upon the ftraw. In th; 
 it down in gripe (. call it), with the ears hang- 
 
 ing into the funf to receive as much of the 
 
WHE. 
 
 353 
 
 dews as pofTible, and turn it for two or three days to- 
 gether before they bind it into fheaf. This is found 
 to improve the grain in quality, as well as to increafe 
 the quantity. 
 
 5. Distempers, cause of, and cure. 
 
 a. Black-Ruft, is cured by letting the wheat ftand un- 
 cut, three weeks or more after the ufual time at which 
 people in general cut fuch wheat; by which time the 
 fun and air will deilroy the infects that occafioned it; 
 the knots will then open, and the fap paiTing up will 
 recover the grain. 
 
 b. Smut, in wheat m.iy be removed by finking a vefTel 
 that contains the feed beneath the running ftream, or 
 under a pump; ftirring it brifkly with a broom, where- 
 by the balls, if any, of tljns pernicious fubftance will 
 float away, or may be (ki mined off; and if there be 
 not any of them, but fjme of the powder adhering to 
 the feed-wheat, this active ftirring, or brufhing, will 
 cleanfe it from every particle of this infecting matter. 
 The feed will then be in proper condkion for lowing. 
 
 If intended for flour after being thus clesnfed, it muft 
 be dried in a malt-kiln, heated lb as not to exceed the 
 85th degree on Farenheit's thermometer; and it will 
 dry in about 18 hours. 
 
 c. Mildew, this and the ruft, is faid to be occafioned by 
 fungi; and thefmut, a decay of the feed in confluence 
 of its want of impregnation by the male farina. 
 
 6. Preservation of Seed and Plant. 
 a. In granaries corn is fubjecc. to be deftroyed by the 
 Weevil, Moth and Beetle, /'. e. the larva of a Moth 
 (Phalcena E-vonymella), and of a Beetle (Curculio 
 Frumentarius): Frequent fcreening, ftirring, and ex- 
 pofure to draught of wind or frrfh air will prevent thefe 
 infects injuring it, and deftroy their eggs if laid among 
 it — Should this have been neglected, and the infects 
 appear in the winged ftate . — 
 
 (1.) A hen or hens with new hatched chickens, will 
 free it entirely of the infects, without feeding (or very 
 fparingly) on the corn. 
 (2.) It is faid that the leaves of Pellicory of the Wall 
 
 [ 45 1 * 
 
3*4 
 
 WHE. 
 
 will deftroy the Weevil in corn, and that the fmell of 
 lobfters alfo proves fatal to them. 
 (3) When the larva forfake their food and afcend the 
 walls, and alfo the moth, they may be exterminated by 
 clofing up all the doors and windows of the corn- 
 chamber, and filling it with the fumes of Brinjlcm, 
 by leaving it burning on a pan of charcoal, with 
 giving it any vent for 24 hours. Great caution how- 
 ever, muft be ufed, to open the windows and doors, 
 and let all the fumes be entirely gone before any body 
 enters the place, for fear of fuftbcation. The fumes 
 of Sulphur .'.re in no wife hurtful to the corn. 
 (4.) See Poplar. 
 
 b. On fnip-board. — A cheap and efficacious ventilator 
 for prelerving corn on fhip-board from hearing has 
 been invented by Mr. Sou:h; the fuppofed t: 
 
 from 6 to 20 guineas, according to the fize of 
 fhip, which is under 4d. per quarter en the firft cargo; 
 it takes to pieces, and will, if well piir.red, h: 
 years. A full account of this invention may be feen in 
 the VHIth Vol. of the Bath Agricultural Societies* 
 tpers. P. S3 — 68. 
 
 c. Wheat, while growing, is often deftroyed by the red 
 
 re worm, (JjIus), which feeds on zhs principal cr 
 downward root. The remedy is to roll the furfacc 
 ry hard, or to tread it with fheep, either folded or dri- 
 ven on it, between the (owing of the crop and i:s ap- 
 pearing above ground. A top dreffing with 
 the fpnng is alfo laid to deftroy them. 
 
 This infect is equally injurious to turners. 
 
 d. In the dry fummer of iSco, the larva of an in 
 called Lor i Taylors (Tipula «), ciid 
 grea: damage in Scotland to the wheat, a. ro P s i 
 fown upon a clover lea in the fpring of the year, 
 eating the leaves; thefe deftru; -its were princi- 
 pally upon ftrong lands, and moift foils ; fandy 
 foih were perfectly free from them. 
 
 e. The fpur in tne feed proceeds from the impregnation 
 of an infect. 
 
 7. I 
 
 a. The feed for flour and for ftarch. 
 
 b. The ltraw for thatching, litter, and manure. 
 
WIL. 3SS 
 
 WILLOW. 
 
 f. Yellow Willow. (Salix Vatallina.) 
 
 2. Almond-leaved Willow. (Salix Amygdalina.) 
 
 a. Small Red Willow, or Binding Rod. 
 
 b. New kind. 
 
 3. Ofier Willow. (Salix Viminalis.) 
 
 a. Yellow Ofier. 
 
 b. Brown Oiler. 
 
 4. Spaniard. 
 
 5. Broad-leaved red-hearted Huntingtonihire Willow. 
 
 6. Sweet bay-leaved Willow. (Salix Pentandria.) 
 7- Common Sallow. (Salix Caprea.) 
 
 8. Common White Willow. Salix Alba. 
 $. Purple Willow. Salix Purpurea. 
 
 10. Dutch Willow. 
 
 11. Upland or Red Willow. 
 
 12. Hartlib, in his Legacy, mentions a fmall Ofier or 
 Willow at St. Omar's in Flanders, which grows on 
 iflands which float up and down, of which they make 
 curious fine baikets: He advifes the introducing it in- 
 to England ; at the fame time fays, it grew in John 
 Tradefcant's garden at South Lambeth, near London. 
 
 Culture, &c. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. The common Sallow grows beft upon a dry foil, as 
 does the upland Willow. 
 
 b. A moift foil fuits all the above trees, except the Sal- 
 low and Upland Willow. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 
 a. By Cuttings. 
 
 b. By plaining down the ihoots of old Willow (locks. 
 
 3. Tree. 
 a. Willow bed. The ground to be dug a fpade deep, 
 and planted in March with fets 15 or 16 inches long, 
 cut diagonally off" the flrongeft ihoots of the laft year's 
 growth, but not near the top, that being too porous: 
 the rows 2 feet afunder, and the fets iS inches from 
 each other, leaving about 7 inches above the ground; 
 mull be kept well weeded, and the ground not furFer- 
 cd to be long under the tide. The ihoots are to be cut 
 
3$6 WIL. 
 
 clofe the firft year, the fecond next cutting feafon a 
 portion may be left to (land ano.her year, where large 
 fluff is wanted, for the ribs of large bafkets, &c. 
 
 b. The Dutch Willow mud be planted 6 feet from each 
 other — Are cut from 7 to 15 years growth. 
 
 c. Upland or Red Willow : The London Society for 
 the Encouragement of Agriculture, &c. require 1200 
 at lead to be planted on an acre. 
 
 d. Pollard Willows — For thefe are planted in March 
 boughs of the common white Willow, about 10 inches 
 in circumference, and 9 ittx. long, trimmed of the 
 lefllr branches, and a fhort fork, left at the top — they 
 are planted 8 or 9 feet apart near the fides of rivers, 
 and wet ditches. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. Yellow Willow. Being of a tough, but yielding 
 nature, it is ufed by nurfery-men for binding packages 
 of trees and fhrubs, and for tying up the branches of 
 wall and efpalier trees -, it is alfo ufed by crate and baf- 
 ket-makers. 
 
 b* Almond leaved Willow — The variety a. is ufed for 
 binding the produce of garden grounds — var. b. is of 
 a large growth, and produces a great crop. It is ufed 
 both by the bafket-makers and the corn-fieve makers; 
 and, indeed, is fit for any work which requires a firm 
 as well as a tough rod. 
 
 c. Ofier. This is a very pleafant working rod, and pro- 
 duces a great ciopj of it is made bafkets, hoops, 
 crates, birdcages, &c. It is often planted To prevent 
 the banks of rivers from being wafhed away by the 
 force of the current. 
 
 Paper has been made from the bark and leaves. 
 
 d. Spaniard. Uieful in binding brum or underwood. 
 c. Broad-leaved red-hearted Huntingtonfhire Willow. 
 
 For making hurdles, flakes, gates, and other farming 
 implements. The wood is tough and light, and an- 
 fwers for all the purpofes of deal. 
 
 This tree grows fa ft, and to a large fize. On the 
 weftcrn coaft of Scotland, are fome 2 feet or more, in 
 diameter. 
 
WIN. ty 
 
 f Sweet bay-leaved Willow. The down of the feeds, 
 mixed with a third part of cotton, has been proved to 
 be a very good fubftitute for cotton itfclf ; the leaves 
 dye yellow ; and the branches are cut to make fprin- 
 gles. The wood may be made into paper. 
 
 g. Common Sallow. The bark is ufed to tan leather ; 
 the wood is fmooth, foft, white and flexible; it is 
 ufed to make handles for hatchets, prongs, fpades, &c. 
 and furnifhes fhoemakers with cutting-boards and 
 whetting-boards, to fmooth the edge of their knives 
 upon. It alfo makes an excellent coal for painters' 
 fcribets. 
 
 It may be topped every fecond or third year. 
 
 h. Common white Willow. The bark will tan leather, 
 and dye yarn of a cinnamon colour ; of it is alfo made 
 a fort of ropes ; the wood is ufed to make poles, (lakes, 
 hoops for cafks, &c. and for fuel. 
 
 i. Purple Willow. The moots are ufed to make baf- 
 kets, cradles, and all forts of twig-work. 
 
 k. Dutch Wilbw. Are fplit and made ufe of for 
 hoops, chairs, polls, gates, rails, &c. for which they 
 are very excellent ; fome are fent abroad to fupport 
 vines. 
 
 /. Willows make (with oak pods) very durable gates; 
 which have the advantage of lightnefs, and not da- 
 maging themfelves by fhutting to — The wood alfo re- 
 fills water, and remains found many years after mod 
 other woods are totally decayed. 
 
 w. For hedges, being planted crofs or lattice wife, and 
 bound along the top. 
 
 ;?. In Sweden and in Germany fheep a*-e fed partly du- 
 ring the winter with the leaves of trees, of which the 
 bell are thofe of the WmIIow, Ofier, and Sallow ; and 
 alfo of the Maple, Birch, Beech, and Quickfet ; if 
 given in too great quantities they heat them. Sheep 
 will alfo eagerly eat the leaves of the trembling Pop- 
 lar, which are fuppofed to be hurtful. 
 
 WTNE (fee page 29-) 
 
35 8 W.OA. 
 
 WOAD. (Ifatis Tiuttoria.) 
 
 Culture, fcfr. 
 
 i. Soil. 
 
 a. Delights mod in a deep fat loam, with as much fand 
 as to admit of eafy pulverization. 
 
 Exhaufts the land exceedingly, and more than two 
 crops mult not in general be taken. 
 
 b. The land to be ploughed — i. againft winter — 2. in 
 the fpring, when the ridges mould be formed — 3. in 
 June, and the laft in July, or very early in Auguft. 
 In the intervals of the ploughing, harrowing mould 
 take place, to deftroy all weeds. 
 
 2. Seed. 
 
 c. Sown early in Auguft — Aniwers better drilled than 
 broad-cafl. 
 
 3. Plant. 
 
 c. To be hoed when two or three weeks old to at lead 
 the diftance of 6 inches -, fome thin and weed them by 
 hand. 
 
 b. Three or four crops or gatherings will be produced 
 in fuccefllon j but the firft two are the belt. The time 
 of gathering is determined by the full growth of the 
 leaves, and the firft appearance of change of colour at 
 the extremities. The leaves are cut by hand, and ga- 
 thered into bafkets by women and children. 
 
 c. Is cured by throwing it into a mill conftructed with 
 a heavy iron ribbed roller, iomething like that which 
 is ufed for bruifing bark and other fubftances; by this 
 procefs it is cut and bruifed to a pulp. It is then laid 
 in fmall heaps, preffed clofe and fmooth ; and as the 
 cruft formed on the outfide cracks, it is clofed again to 
 prefcrve the ftrength of the fubftance. After laying 
 about a fortnight in this Irate, the heaps are broken up; 
 the outfide worked into a mats, and the whole formed 
 by the hand, and lometimcs by wooden moulds, into 
 oval balls ■, which are then dried on hurdles under a 
 fhed expofcd to the fun. 
 
 They turn black, or of a dark brown on the out- 
 fide, when well manufactured ; and are valued in pro- 
 portion to their fpccifk weigh:, and a purplifh cait In 
 the infide. 
 
YAM. 
 
 3S9 
 
 d. If feed be wanted, after two cuttings, the crop is 
 fuffered to go to feed for the next year ; but if only 
 one crop is taken the feed will be finer. When the 
 pods turn of a dark colour the feed is ripe j the ftalks 
 fhould then be reaped like wheat, and fpread abroad j 
 and if the weather be favourable the feed will be fit 
 for threfhing in four or five days. 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. It is much valued by dyers for its blue colour ; and 
 it is the bafis of many other colours. A French chy- 
 mift has lately published an opinion, that real indigo 
 may be obtained from Woad, and from the blue fca- 
 bious j by treating them like the indigo plant in A- 
 merica. 
 
 b. Is coveted and fed on by fheep, and faid to cure them 
 of the rot. 
 
 YAMS. (Diofcorea Bulbifera ? Saliva .?) 
 
 1. Red. 
 
 2. White, called Tannie in the Weft Indies (Arum 
 E/cu lent urn . ? ) 
 
 3. Weft India Yam (Diofcorea Alata) Will grow in 
 the open ground in England. 
 
 Culture, (3c. of the red and white yams. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 a. They grow on poor foil, even more abundantly than 
 rich, (where they are apt to run too much to item, 
 and to be lefs productive at the root) j and from the 
 conftant verdure which they retain to the lateft period 
 of the feafon, they enrich the ground little lefs than a 
 crop of turneps itfelf. The Yam is cultivated in molt 
 parts of Scotland and in North Wales. 
 
 2. Plant. 
 
 a. Are treated in cultivation like potatoes j are excellent 
 preparations for a wheat crop. 
 
 b. Are very productive ; from 12 to 20 tons an acre is 
 a common return of the red ; the white is a finer fpe- 
 cies, but a lefs luxuriant crop. 
 
 c. The time of planting the end of May or beginning 
 of June j are taken up in October or November, and 
 houfed, or laid up in pits like potatoes. 
 
360 YAR. YEW. 
 
 3. Use. 
 
 a. Cnicfly for milch cows, increafing the produce with- 
 out affecling the quality or tafte of the milk. As cat- 
 tle eat them with the greateft voracity there is a danger 
 attending them, if given in large quantities ; hence, 
 cows are never allowed above half a peck at a time i 
 but this quantity may be repeated twice, or thrice a 
 day, if care is taken to allow a eonfiderable interval 
 between each feed. In the Weft Indies are given to 
 Mules. 
 
 b. The white yam eats tolerable well at table. In the 
 Weft Indies it is ufed to thicken ibups. 
 
 YARD LAND. 
 
 Is a quantity of land, different, in different places; 
 at Wimbleton in Surry, it is 15 acres ; in other coun- 
 ties it is 20, in fome 24, and in others 30 or 40 acres. — 
 It alfo (ignifies the right which a pariih or farmer has, 
 to depafture with fheep, cov\s, or horfes, on wafte 
 land. 
 
 YARROW. (Archillea Millefolium.') 
 
 Sheep are fo particularly fond of this plant, that its 
 cultivation has been recommended ; grows very well 
 in a dry fandy foil, and its deep roots enable it, to keep 
 its verdure in very dry fealbns. 
 
 YEW. (Taxus Baccata.) 
 
 Culture, &fV. 
 
 1. Soil. 
 it. Grows naturally on chalk, and thrives beft on hills. 
 b. Very large trees have grown upon barren cold foils. 
 
 2. Increased. 
 ti. By berr'es fbwn as foon as ripe, with the mucilage 
 that furrounds them. 
 
 3- Tr 
 a. Is of no great height, but the trunk grows to a 
 large fize — Mr. Pennant (in his Scotch Tour) men- 
 tions the remains of one, whofc ruins mtafuivd $6[ 
 feet in circumference. 
 '>. Bears tranfpliintlng even when old. 
 
ZEU. 361 
 
 c. The wood is hard, fmooth, and beautifully veined 
 with red. 
 
 d. The leaves are fatal to the human fpecies ; and the 
 loppings in a half dried ftate to cattle. 
 
 4. Use. 
 
 a. Of the wood is made tops for angling rods, bows, 
 axle-trees, fpoons, cogs for mills, wheels ; and flood- 
 gates for rlfh-ponds which hardly ever decay. 
 
 The wood is lbmetimes found fo hard in bogs in 
 Ireland, as to give fire at the ftroke of a hatchet. 
 
 b. Is the moft proper of all trees for forming hedges for 
 the defiance of exotic plants -, even a better protection 
 than walls, as the winds are not reverberated. 
 
 ZEUGOMETER. 
 
 A fmall pocket inftrument for proving corn, {eed, &c. 
 
 ''From a late Englijh Publication. 
 
 " A difcovery of confiderable importance has been 
 announced, with regard to the prefervation of corn. 
 To preferve Rye and fecure it from infects and rats, no- 
 thing more is necefiary than not to fan it after it is 
 threfhed, and to flow it in the granaries mixed with, the 
 chaff. In this ftate it has been kept more than three 
 years, without experiencing the fmalleft alteration, and 
 even without the neceMity of being turned to preferve it 
 from humidity and fermentation. — Rats and mice may 
 be prevented from entering the barn, by putting fome 
 wild wine or hedge plants upon the heaps ; the f r.ell of 
 this wood is fo offenfive to thole animals that they will 
 not approach it. The experiment has not yet been 
 made with wheat and other kinds of grain, but they 
 may probably be preferved in the chaff with equal ad- 
 vantage." 
 
 Library 
 
 N. C. State College 
 
 [ 46 ] 
 
Pages in which the Figures in the Plate are particu* 
 larly referred to. 
 
 Fig. i. A turnep tranfplanter, page 325. 
 
 2. A tinple, p. 81. 
 
 3. A draining fpade, p. 104. 
 
 4. A draining fcoop, p. 105. 
 
 5. An engine for twilling flraw, p. 105. 
 
 6. A hoilow brick ; two of which form a pipe drain, 
 
 p. 103. 
 
 7. D D two bricks, and E a ftone cover for a drain, 
 
 p. 103. 
 8 and 9. Shews the order in which fome place the 
 ftones in drains, p 105. 
 
 10. A mole plough, p 214. 
 
 11. and 12. American implements for collecting the 
 
 heads of clever, p. 80. 81. 
 13. and 14. Double plough, p. 255. 
 15. An implement for eradicating Dicks, Mallows 
 
 and other deep rooted weeds, p. 348. 
 x6, Potatoe fcoop, p. 264. 
 
ALPHABETICAL TABLE 
 
 OF 
 
 LINNJEAN NAMES. 
 
 Acer Campeflre 
 
 2IO 
 
 Capficum Annuum 
 
 5« 
 
 Pfeudoplatanus 
 
 316 
 
 Crambe Maritima 
 
 «S 
 
 ^fcuhis Hippo Caflav.um 
 
 I62 
 
 Caipinus Betulus 
 
 161 
 
 Agaricus Campefiris 
 
 217 
 
 Cartham'js TinBorious 
 
 291 
 
 Allium Afcalonicum 
 
 297 
 
 Cam til Carui 
 
 58 
 
 Sckcenoprafum 
 
 77 
 
 Celtis Occidentals 
 
 223 
 
 Porrum 
 
 189 
 
 Cichorium Intybus 
 
 76 
 
 Cepa 
 
 232 
 
 Cochlearia Armoracia 
 
 163 
 
 Fijfulofum 
 
 233 
 
 Columba JEnas 
 
 249 
 
 Scorodoprafum 
 
 287 
 
 Palumbus 
 
 IOZ 
 
 AHopecunis Pratetijis 
 
 142 
 
 Biforia 
 
 id. 
 
 Amorpha Fruticofa 
 
 171 
 
 Pajferina 
 
 id. 
 
 Amydalus Communis 
 
 4 
 
 Cohitea Arborefcens 
 
 100 
 
 Perfica 
 
 22 1 
 
 Colchicum Varigatutn 
 
 291 
 
 Perji.a 
 
 *39 
 
 Convolvulus Eatatus 
 
 27c 
 
 Anas Cynoides 
 
 231 
 
 Coriandrum Sativum 
 
 «S 
 
 Canadenfis 
 
 id. 
 
 Cornus Mafcula 
 
 87 
 
 /Egyptiaca 
 
 132 
 
 Sanguinea 
 
 id. 
 
 Barnicle 
 
 id. 
 
 Cory 1 us Avellana 
 
 I 5* 
 
 Anser 
 
 id. 
 
 Cratcegus Oxyacanthus 
 
 7.-JZ. 
 
 Anetlium Fceniculum 
 
 »»5 
 
 Azarolus 
 
 2E 
 
 Anthemis Nobilis 
 
 6 7 
 
 Aria 
 
 7.6 
 
 Anthoxanthum Odoratum 
 
 138 
 
 Crocus Sati'vus 
 
 291 
 
 .Apium Graveoleris 
 
 310 
 
 Crotalaria Juncea 
 
 »54 
 
 Petrofelinum 
 
 235 
 
 Cucub lus Behen 
 
 261 
 
 Apocynum Cannabium 
 
 102 
 
 Cucumis Melo 
 
 210 
 
 Arachis Hypagaea 
 
 224 
 
 Sati'vus 
 
 95 
 
 Arch i 1 le3 Millefolium 
 
 360 
 
 Flexuofus 
 
 id. 
 
 Arundo Phragmites 
 
 281 
 
 Cucurbiia Lagenaria 
 
 *34 
 
 Arenait a 
 
 id. 
 
 Melopepo 
 
 id. 
 
 Afparagus Officinalis 
 
 *9 
 
 Cynara Scolymus 
 
 J 5 
 
 Ave -a Sati'va 
 
 228 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 Nuda 
 
 id. 
 
 Cynofurus Criftatus 
 
 139 
 
 Stipiformis 
 
 id. 
 
 Cypiinus Carpio 
 
 zzz 
 
 
 
 Tinea 
 
 id. 
 
 B 
 
 
 Carajjius 
 
 123 
 
 Berberis Vulgaris 
 
 34 
 
 \ Brema 
 Rufilus 
 
 id. 
 id. 
 
 Beta Vulgaris 
 Betula Alnus 
 Alba 
 Bixa Orellana 
 
 33-'99 
 
 2 
 
 35 
 13 
 
 Le.itifcus 
 Gobio 
 Cytifus Laburnum 
 
 id. 
 id. 
 I8 S 
 
 Braflica Oleracea 
 
 49 
 
 D 
 
 
 Napus 
 
 279 
 
 
 Rapa 
 
 324 
 
 Daucus Carota 
 
 60 
 
 Bromus Molli; 
 
 139 
 
 Diofcorea Eulbijera 
 
 360 
 
3 6 4 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 D>ofcorea Alata 
 Diplacus Fulloitum 
 
 Equifet ile 
 
 Eriophoium Vaginatum 
 En urn Lens 
 Elox Lucius 
 
 Far us Syli'atica 
 Caflanea 
 Ferula Affafattida 
 Feituca Pratenjls 
 Ficue Carica 
 Fragaria Vefca 
 
 Monopbjila 
 Fraxir.us Exlc. 
 Ornus 
 Fixes Ve/iculofus 
 
 ' G 
 
 G!edit/;a Triaeanthus 
 Glyc'yrrhiza Glair a 
 C-r-:iv;i Officinalis 
 
 H 
 Kedera Helix 
 H 3flaruin Onn: 
 • 
 
 ■ ~om Spi 
 Hcicus Ltmatus 
 
 H-rdcum Vulgar: 
 Zcvcriton 
 
 Dij:: 
 
 Huronlus Luf ; 
 
 uhus AV: 
 Kyif pus Off.:; . 
 
 J 
 Ilex Aquifclium 
 Iris PJt 
 
 Ifatis TinSoria 
 ts Reg; a 
 Juncu- Conglomerates 
 Junipe.us Vtrginiand 
 
 fa 
 Lavandula Spi: at a 
 Lep dium Sativum 
 Liux'K UfitatiJJ'mum 
 
 360 
 3»7 
 
 163 
 289 
 189 
 "J 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 13s 
 
 1'7 
 
 3 T 3 
 
 3' + 
 16 
 id. 
 
 180 
 
 *93 
 
 1 So 
 
 •94 
 
 167 
 
 236 
 13S 
 14S 
 
 2 1 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 158 
 i65 
 
 id. 
 
 J57 
 289 
 
 358 
 34i 
 
 64 
 179 
 
 190 
 191 
 ji3 
 
 9- 
 114. 
 
 Lclium Pe 
 Lycopodium Selago 
 
 If 
 
 Marania Galangc 
 
 ca^b Saliva 
 
 Falcata 
 
 Fa Officinalis 
 
 .JiS 
 
 Millinra 
 
 Morus Nigra 
 Alba 
 
 Pyfyrifera 
 x\\:\. Anguilla. 
 rum Sativum 
 Myrica Ga/*j 
 
 Cerifera 
 
 N 
 
 N 3rd os Stride 
 Nicotfana Rujlica 
 bfda Meiea't 
 
 O 
 
 O ymum Baf.i'.. 
 Oica Europma 
 Oiizu Sativa 
 
 Panax Quinquefolium 
 Papaver Somnift 
 
 QrientaJts 
 Rbaras 
 Paftinaca Sativa 
 Pha'ccna Msr; 
 Phalans Car.arienis 
 Phallus Efculentus 
 Phafianus Colekieus 
 
 Galltis 
 Phafe^lus Vulgaris 
 Phelum Prai 
 Pir. us Cedrus 
 
 Sjl'veftris 
 
 " bus 
 Abies 
 Picea 
 Lr.rix 
 Cembra 
 Piftacia T-erebinthus 
 Piiuni Sativum 
 
 ■ go Lanceolcta 
 Llarine 
 Co'onapus 
 Platan us Orier.tal'.s 
 
 Occi.icnialis 
 Poa Aquatics 
 
 »3* 
 
 215 
 
 14 
 194 
 
 id. 
 
 26 
 213 
 213 
 215 
 
 id. 
 2-16 
 123 
 131 
 220 
 
 id. 
 
 18s 
 
 321 
 149 
 
 
 137 
 
 261 
 
 id. 
 236 
 3 = 5 
 
 214. 
 
 ~ ■ Q 
 
 --■ 
 iSr 
 
 M9 
 
 1 9 
 id. 
 
 id. 
 id. 
 
 187 
 
 250 
 
 *5* 
 
 244 
 
 M3 
 
 id. 
 252 
 
 id. 
 z8z 
 

 INDEX. 
 
 365 
 
 Pratenfis 
 
 139 
 
 Salmo Eperlanus 
 
 124. 
 
 Tri-vialis 
 
 id. 
 
 Salvia Officinalis 
 
 293 
 
 Polygonum Fagopyrum 
 
 43 
 
 Sambucus Nigra 
 
 109 
 
 Poly podium Felix mas 
 
 117 
 
 Sanguiforba Officinalis 
 
 47 
 
 Populus Alba 
 
 a 50 
 
 Satureja Hortenjis 
 
 296 
 
 Tremula 
 
 id. 
 
 Montana 
 
 id. 
 
 Nigra 
 
 id. 
 
 Scriptus Lacuflris 
 
 28$ 
 
 Potentilla Reptans 
 
 77 
 
 Secale Cere ale 
 
 289 
 
 Poteri urn Sanguiforba 
 
 46 
 
 Sinapis Alba 
 
 219 
 
 Primus Domeflica 
 
 = 55 
 
 A igra 
 
 id. 
 
 Spina fa 
 
 309 
 
 Ar<venfis 
 
 id. 
 
 Armeniaca 
 
 12 
 
 Sifymbrium Najlurtium 
 
 344 
 
 Padus 
 
 36.73 
 
 Sium Sifarum 
 
 309 
 
 Virginiana 
 
 36 
 
 Smyrnium Olufatrum 
 
 4 
 
 Injititiua 
 
 41 
 
 Solanum Lycoperftcu/n 
 Tuberofum 
 
 194 
 
 Cera/us 
 
 73 
 
 263 
 
 Pteris Aqtiilina 
 
 116 
 
 Spartium Scopariam 
 
 4i 
 
 Punica Granatum 
 
 2 57 
 
 Junceum 
 
 id. 
 
 Pyrus Cy don't a 
 
 274 
 
 Monofpermum 
 
 42 
 
 Mains 
 
 6 
 
 Spinacia Glabra 
 
 311 
 
 Communis 
 
 241 
 
 Oleracea 
 
 id. 
 
 Q. 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 Quercus Saber 
 
 86 
 
 Taxus Baccata 
 
 360 
 
 Rober 
 
 224 
 
 Tetrao Perdix 
 
 237 
 
 
 
 Teucrium Scordonia 
 
 293 
 
 R 
 
 
 Thymus Vulgaris 
 
 319 
 
 Ranunculus Acris 
 
 Sceleratus 
 
 Aquatilis 
 
 Flammula 
 
 93 
 94 
 id. 
 id. 
 
 Serpyllus 
 Tilia Europoea 
 Trifolium rratenfe 
 Alpejlre 
 
 id. 
 
 191 
 
 7S 
 
 id. 
 
 Repens 
 Bulbofus 
 Paphanus Sati'vus 
 Refeda Luteola 
 Rhamnus Frangula 
 
 id. 
 id. 
 
 277 
 
 348 
 
 2 
 
 Agrarium 
 Hybridum 
 Repens 
 Triticum Hybernum 
 Mjli'vum 
 Turgidum 
 SZuadratum 
 Polonicum 
 Tropsolum Majus 
 Tulipifera Liriodendron 
 
 79 
 
 id. 
 id. 
 
 349 
 id. 
 id. 
 
 Rheum Palmatum 
 
 Rhaponticum 
 Undulatum 
 Ribes Rubrtim 
 Nigrum 
 Grofj'ularia 
 
 283 
 
 id." 
 
 id. 
 i"d. 
 98 
 id. 
 *33 
 
 35° 
 223 
 
 3-3 
 
 TufSlago Petafites 
 
 49 
 
 Rofa Sua<vifolia 
 
 109 
 
 u 
 
 
 Rosmarinus - - 
 
 287 
 
 
 
 Rubia Tinilorum 
 
 *95 
 
 Ulex Europaa 
 
 J2g 
 
 Rubus hiatus 
 
 280 
 
 Ulmus Campeftris 
 
 no 
 
 Occidentalis 
 
 id. 
 
 V 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 Valeriana Locufla 
 
 88 
 
 Sagittaria Sagittifolia 
 
 14 
 
 Pbu 
 
 33=» 
 
 Salix Vatallina 
 
 355 
 
 Vicia Faba 
 
 26 
 
 Amygdalina 
 
 id. 
 
 Saliva 
 
 335 
 
 Viminalis 
 
 id. 
 
 Sylvatica 
 
 id. 
 
 Pentandria 
 
 id. 
 
 Cracca 
 
 id. 
 
 Caprea 
 
 id. 
 
 Septum 
 
 5 3^ 
 
 Alba 
 
 id. 
 
 Vitis Vinifera 
 
 337 
 
 Purpurea 
 
 id. 
 
 
 
* 
 
yuft Publijhed and to be Sold by 
 James Humphreys, 
 
 At the N. W. Corner of Walnut and Dock-Jireets. 
 
 AN EPITOME OF 
 
 Forfyth's Treatife on the Culture and Management 
 
 of Fruit Trees : 
 
 With Notes on American Gardening, and Fruits; and 
 Defigns for promoting the Ripening of Fruits, and 
 fecuring them as early Comforts : 
 
 And further 
 
 Of Economical Principles in building Farmer's Habi- 
 tations 
 
 By an American Farmer. 
 The Pleader's Guide, 
 
 A Didatlic Poem, in Two Books; 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 The Conduct of a Suit at Law, with the Arguments 
 of Counfellor Bother'um, and Counfellor Bore'um, in 
 an Action betwixt John-a-Gull and John-a-Gudgeon, 
 for Ailault and Battery, at a late contefted iiledion : 
 
 By the late JOHN SURREBUTTER, Efq. 
 
 Special Pleader and Barrijler at Law. 
 «*»©«■» 
 
 Practical Observations on Vaccination or Inoculation for 
 
 The Cow-Pock, 
 By JOHN REDMAN COXE, M. D, 
 
 With a coloured Engraving from Nature of the various Stages of the 
 Vaccine and Small-Pox. 
 
 -mm<2>*~- 
 
 The Town and Country 
 
 Friend and Phyfician, 
 
 Or an Affe&ionate Addrefs on the Prefervation of Health, 
 and the Removal of Difeafe on its firft Appearance. 
 
A Compendium of the 
 
 Anatomy of the Human Body : 
 
 BY ANDREW FYFE : In Two Volumes. 
 Parkinfon's Chemical Pocket Book; 
 
 Embel/ijhed with Engravings. 
 
 Henry's Epitome of Chemiftry. 
 — -•<©—■- — 
 
 Abbott's Treatifc on the Law relative to 
 
 Merchant Ships and Seamen : 
 
 Enlarged with a Digeft of the Marine Laws of the 
 United States. 
 
 Said Humphreys has now in the Pre/sj and will fhortly 
 
 lifh, 
 
 Commercial and Notarial Precedents: 
 
 Confining cf 
 
 All the moft approved Forms, Common and Special, 
 required in Bufmefsj with an Abftra6l of the exift- 
 ing Laws relative to Bills of Exchange, Injur ance, and 
 Shipping : 
 
 BY JOSHUA MONTEFIORE. 
 
 7*o nuhicb is n)iv added t 
 
 A Number of fuch FORMS as are in ejlallijjjed 
 Ufe in AMERICA. 
 
 The whole reviled and edited by a Gcntlcmau of the Bar 
 in this City. 
 
 C5« Tbt Pnce »f tl.i: 7 ht toujiderably enhanced Ic 
 
 Sub 
 
m 
 
X