Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from NCSU Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/handbookformappiOOwilm INSERT FOLDOUT HERE ( ( i^iaiu alt^ Urn amenta I ■\ 1 r MAPPING, CONSISTING or EVERY STYLE OF EMBELLISHMENT AND WRITING a¥IL& MECffli^WlCAL EWCaillEKS CONTAINING MANY ORIGINAL DESIGNS AND SKETCHES FOR H ILLS, TREES . CLIFFS , ROCKS, NORTH-POINTS, SCROLLS, BORDERS. & TITLES FOR ESTATE «■ PARISH MAPS, RAILWAY PLANS, AND SECTIO -S, « N D EVERY DESCRIPTION OF ORNAMENT REQUIRED IN THE ABOVE PROFESSIONS. / liL WajS — " Cilul-Cfnamccr S: Sivrlirnor. L O J^ E) O J^J , PUBLISHED BY JOHN tyEHLE, 59. HIGH HOLSOKN AND SOLD BY M. TAYLOR. WELLINGTON STREET. STRAND. VY. H. REID. CHARING CROSS. HEBERT, CHEAPSIPE. MILLER & C9 BRIDGE ROAD. LAMBETH. ECERTONSM ILITARY LIBRARY . CHARING CROSS DUBLIN. CURRY * C9. SJ. MACHIN CLASCOVY. NEYIN JUNf. EDINBURGH GRANT i SONS NEW YORK. WILEY i PUTfiAM. BOSTON M" BROWN 1B4'1. 19. Gill spur S' HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ENGINEERING, AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, IN WHICH MAPS OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS ARE ANALYZED, AND THEIR SEVERAL USES FULLY EXPLAINED. INTENDED FOR THE USE OF notions •^ -* L J J -^^xn regard to console themselves with the reflection that (as to the calculating part) if they can work *<■ engineering ^ O I / 7 profession. out a rule of three sum, having learned that at school, they can surely enter on any other calculation with equal facility. '■'As to the field work it may he desirable to have a months practice, but it is most likely that a fortnights traininq ivill suffice." Such are a few of the observations frequently offered by those who would take the profession by storm. As the author does not profess to teach either the necessary calculations or field work, neither the science or practice of engineering or surveying in this book — he has no remark to make relative to those pursuits, further than to state it, as not only his a INTRODUCTION. bumble belief, but also as the opinion of more e.\])erienced practitioners, that persons entertaining such pleasing ideas are not likely to find them realized. As far as survey- ing may be acquired from a perusal of books on the subject, the student may certainly possess himself of a goodly library *. Observing the want of a book of this description, the author has for many years devoted the little leisure time at his command to its pro- duction. It is presumed that in this volume will be found information of a truly prac- tical nature, aud such as will enable any person of ordinary capacity, and possessing a taste for such pursuits, to qualify himself to fill the situation of a draughtsman. If \\c examine the maps drawn by surveyoi-s generally, we cannot but perceive a very great difference in the execution of them ; an almost total Avant of system is observable. With few exceptions, no general principles are adhered to ; the maps so constructed have a slovenly apj)earance, a want of finish throughout, or an unnecessary display of finish in one or more of the component parts. It is considered necessary to offer a few general remarks on the faults usually to be found with maps constructed in this country, and afterwards to submit some observations calculated to regulate the drawing of maps Fauiuinmap bv rule. Somc drauditsmeu are deficient in one part of drawing, some in another. drawing. •' Some can draw good lines, but cannot write, or form good letters ; some are adepts at colouring, but cannot either draw good lines or write well ; others can only write, but make a most miserable attempt at the remaining parts. And it is notorious that many draughtsmen, if occasionally required to step out of their f particular department, are * The student of surveying is recommended to possess himself of " Williams's Practical Geodesy," published by Parker, Strand. This is an excellent work, and may be s;ifely consulted ; it is more- over a modem publication. Inefficiency of + So deficient are ninny draughtsmen in their profession that it is usual for each office assistant to have draiiRhumen to ^ . „^^„p„;^^ /j„g Qne is an outline dratightsman, a second is a writer, a third is an ornamental draughts- execute more ^ If * ^ than one por- vian, whose department it is to represent the trees, rocks, water, &c., while a fouilh is exclusively an ^^,l5 ornamental writer. In large undertakings draughtsmen professing different branches of the same art may Advantage of be employed with great advantage to the employer, for by keeping each assistant for any considerable time 'sumt'to^a di'f- *° '^'^ "^^^ department or particulai- branch, he must acquire a very great facility of execution, and will ferent bnincli. doubtless work quicker and better than he would if engaged alike on every part. The work if properly directed progresses in a systematic and expeditious manner imattainable by other means. It would be idle to repudiate this practice, which experience teaches us to appreciate and commend. There are, how- ever, good reasons why ever}' draughtsman should be perfect m every part of the art. Among other Advantages of reasons it may be urged, 1st. That he who is able to perform the whole will always be preferred to him who T"!"" can only perform a part, if only from the fact of his being able at all times to fill up a vacancy which may pletc in all that occur through illness or any other cause. ^ !ind. He will be able to take the entire management, whether for his employer or for himself. INTRODUCTION. little better than helpless. If we inquire into the cause of this deficiency, we may inefficiency of draughtsmen readily discover that it originates in one or other of the following causes, viz., either accounted for. from a want of systematic instruction having been imparted to the draughtsman, or from his being left altogether to trust to chance to pick up what information he can. The employing persons who are either only half instructed, or totally unskilled in the art they profess, is fraught with serious inconvenience and mischief; for should such per- Mischief result- ing from the sons be intrusted with the charge of business, the result must prove a failure ; and should employment of their employer discover their inefficiency, his time or that of a useful assistant must be sons as draughts- sacrificed in watching and directing their movements. Military engineers and surveyors, educated in large bodies under the best instructors, Superior faciii- ties aftorded and trained to base their works on fixed principles, have a very great advantage over mUitary sur- .... I 1 . . veyors and en- civilians, who have to trust in a great degree to some lucky chance for receiving instruc- gineers for fac- tion. To persons thus excluded from an opportunity of obtaining the requisite instruc- draughtsmen. tion in map drawing, this book is especially recommended, in the firm belief that by them it will be found a desideratum. As youths * are not (according to the present 3rcl. He will derive a much greater degree of satisfaction, from a consciousness of his superior usefulness, when compared with those who can only form a part. 4th. It is sometimes absolutely necessary in order to fill some particular situation. Lithographic and zincographic draughtsmen are rarely competent to execute an entire map or drawing with any degree of excellence ; it seems to be peculiarly advantageous to the employers of this class of draughtsmen, to keep each to a separate branch, as already described. Engravers are divided into different Differ§• inspection of the plate will sufficiently explain their use. Fig. 1 represents the plate, which is usually made of brass. Fig. 2 represents the impression, or letter formed by passing a bni^h (Fig. 3) charged with ink over the plate. Fig. 4 is a facsimile of an impression taken from a stencil plate. It is given here in order to show that whole wwds may be cut in this way, as well as single letters. Fig. 5 shows the stencil plate brush, and the hands Avith the finger and thumb placed in position. It should be borne in mind that the fingers and thumb of the left hand must be always placed as shown in this cut, in order to prevent the plate slipping or shifting while brushing in the letter. The ivhite spaces which are seen in the impression from the stencil plate are caused by the small pieces of brass in these places stopping out the ink. These pieces of brass are necessarily left to keep together those parts which are cut out. The white spaces must be made good with a pen and ink. Letters of all dimensions, even to the very smallest, may be cut in this way. The art of stencilling is not a modern invention; it has been stenciWngnot a modem inven- for a long time used on the Continent for decorative purposes. The Gennans employ tion. this method extensively for painting the walls of their houses with landscapes, figures, &c., and excel in producing by this means a very good effect. I would here suggest the extended use of stencil plates for colouring drawings where large numbers are re- ^^y '"= "^ed '^ ° _ for colouring quired. I have coloured many of the drawings in this book with stencil plates, and dra\vings. have thereby saved a vast deal of valuable time and labour. In most cases it is im- possible to tell where they have been used, even on the closest examination. Stencil plates of letters may be had in London of any of the wood letter makers. The best I have seen I had made at the establishment of Mr. Bentley, No. 234, High Holborn, by Where they .' ' o 'J may be had. whom I had the plates cut for colouring my drawings ; also many sets for the different styles of lettering used on maps. Since writing the foregoing description of stencil plates I have found the following mmUk 32 HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. description of what I Ijelieve to l)e a similar contrivance for lettering, in that valuable work, " Spectacle de la Nature," or Nature Displayed, vol. vii. page 108. OPENED CHARACTERS. " One may write with types of pewter, lead, or brass, which being perforated and applied to paper, are made use of in drawing with a pencil, and in what colour you please, figures agreeable to the apertures of the metal. This writing, though long and tedious in the practice, is nevertheless of some value, on account of the very great neat- ness it may procure in the performance. We are obliged for it to the ancient Monks, who used to get their livelihood by copying of books. This method was chieHy used for title pages and initial letters." I have no doubt but that the opened characters here spoken of ai-e identical with the stencil plates used in the present time, especially as it is given as one of four methods tised in the practice ofwritiiig. I have long and diligently searched for an authentic account of their first introduc- tion, but without success until now. That part of the foregoing extract from Spectacle de la Nature, which says " are made use of in drawing with a pencil, and in what colour you please, figures agreeable to the apertures of the metal," appears to sufficiently identify those opened characters used by the monks of former days with our modern stencil plates. HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. 33 DESIGNS FOR FLOURISHING. It is often desirable to use flourishes in embellishing titles on maps. With the view of assisting draughtsmen, a number of flourishes of different shapes are given in Plate " DESIGNS FOR FLOURISHING." It is presumed that their position on the sheet Mill in some measure point out the method of using them. As a general principle in flourishing, it may be observed that the flourishes on one side of a title should balance those on the opposite side * ; that is to say, the flourishes on either side of a title should be of an equal bulk and corres])onding proportion and shape, as in example Floiu-ishes may be used on handsome estate maps, and on engraved maps of countries, &c. They should be displayed in proportion to the degree of finish bestowed on the other portions of the map ; and while they give a grace and elegance to the title, if used in moderation, care should be taken to prevent their ha.\mg too protninent an appearance. They should not protrude themselves on the attention of the observer, but should be so interwoven with the -writing as to harmonize therewith. Perfect freedom in their ^^^ hand ■J ^ flourishing, how formation is indispensable. The art of forming flourishes with one dash of the pen may performed. be easily acquired by practice, and as easily lost by neglect of it. The best flourishes I have seen were formed in this way. An old and worn quill pen, with a broad nib and long slit, is the best for forming flourishes in the way just named, and which may be tenned/rt'c hand flourishes, k.% no draughtsman can be in the constant practice of forming Mechanical free iiand flourishes, it becomes necessary to resort to mechanical means for their forma- piaiTed™ ^^' * Altliough it is desirable that the quantity of flomishes on either side of a title should be equal iu the aggregate, it is by no means essential, or in keeping with good taste, to have the exact flouiishes repeated at either side in every case ; this would, on the couti'ary, produce a very unpleasiug effect. 9i HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. Freedom ac- quired by Trac- ing. System of balancing the flourishes ex- plained. tion. I shall emleavour, before quitting the subject, to give an example of the method of forming flourishes by means of construction lines. The draughtsman who is totally unacquainted with the art of flourishing should practise by copying the plate "Designs for FluiIe, red, green, and brown. In colouring different properties or parcels of land on plans, it is often necessary to use a number of colours to distinguish each property from tlie adjoining ones. In such cases a set of colours which shall contrast well must be used. In colouring Architectural Drawings a number of colours are required. Although elevations of buildings are frequently washed or tinted with sepia or Indian ink, these colours will not suffice to show all the internal arrangements of buildings. For instance, sections of walls are usually coloured pink (crimson lake), sections of wood-work of roofs, cross timbers, doors, windows, &c. (in fact all wood-work), a yellowish brown (burnt sienna or raw sienna). The latter is preferable. Iron-work, as roofs, liolts, tanks, &:c., should be coloured with indigo or Prussian blue ; for cast-iron use the former blue, for wrought-iron the latter. The three last-named colours are mentioned in this place, because when placed near each other they present a strong contrast. FRENCH CURVES. By means of these ingenious implements curved lines may be copied with extreme accuracy, and with precision and firmness, in cases where no regular arcs of circles ap- pear. By their use the dilliculty of drawing curved lines by hand is obviated, and thus the draughtsman is enabled to draw an easy even-flowing line, in lieu of a tremulous undecided one. French curves may be had of different sizes and prices, particulars of which will be found written on the left hand bottom corner of the plate. MAP DRAWING. Description of There are four methods in use amonjj Surveyors for copvins: or producinir duiilicates four mtthuds of o J I J a I o I producing of maps on the same scale ; the one in most general use is by prickinq off, as it is duplicate plans. ° j d ^ .1/ termed. A description of this method will be found farther on. Another method is r by making a careful tracing, and transferring it to the paper on which the copy is to HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. 43 be made, by means of hlack paper placed between. See Fig. 4. Plate, MAP DRAW- ING. Another method is by means of a -well-known instrument, called a Pentaqraph. For an account of the method of copying a map by means of this instrument, the reader is referred to a " Treatise on Mathematical Instruments," by F. W. Simms. A fourth method is by means of a copyhuj (jlass. For a description of this method, with an illustration of the instrument, see Fig. 7. Plate, MAP DRAWING, &c. Showing the different stages into which a map passes in copying the original, or pro- ducing a duplicate on the same scale. Fig. 1 represents an original map, of which let us suppose a copy to be required on the same scale. The first step will be to either " prick off" the map, as shown in Fio-. 2, or else to make a tracing, and transfer it, as shown in Fig. 4. By the first process or "pricking off" we obtain a number of minute holes ("needle boles") at all the points and angles of the work ; these holes are to be connected, as shoM-n in Fig. 8, by fine pencil* lines. By the second process, viz., tramferriiKj a tracing of the original map, as shown in Fig. 4, we obtain the outline of the map in pencil, by simply passino- a tracing point over the lines on the tracing with a gentle pressure. An examination of the tracing " placed in position for transferring with black, or transferring paper under- neath," will better elucidate the process. It may be well to state here that very great care is requisite in this operation, in adopting this ,, " . , . ..,.,, method of especially m cases where mmute accuracy is indispensable. The process is not by any traDsfemng a means so simple as it might at first sight be supposed to be. The least departure from careTfre^dtite. the line on the tracing is of course transferred to the paper on which the copy is to be made, and such errors are almost certain to be magnified in the inking or penning in. Having obtained the outline in pencil, by either of the processes named above, the next operation is to put it into ink, or to ink it in. This is done by passing a mathematical or drawing pen charged with ink over the pencil lines, with a pressure sufficient to draw the ink from the pen without cutting the paper. See Fig. 5. The next process is to prepare for the writing. * Those lines whicli should in the drawing be done with black lead pencil, are here necessarily repre- sented by fine ink lines. F 2 44 HAXD-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. It would be very desirable that the learner should (before proceeding to arrange letters in the form of lines of writing, whether straight or curved) be made acquainted with the analysis and reconstruction of letters. Our space being limited, unfortunately prevents the subject being treated here. By referring to pages 2 and 3 of a " Manual of Writing and Printing Characters," by the Author of this work, a complete insight, with instructions how to proceed, may be obtained. The Manual is published by Mr. Weale, of 59, High Ilolborn, for the Author, of Mhom it may also be had. Analyeis of letter*. The article in the ^Manual of Writing jnst referred to is illustrated with many plates, showing, first, the component parts of the Round Hand and Roman Printing Hand, upper and lower case and numerals; and secondly, the fitting together of those com- ponent or analytical parts — that is to say, their placing together in the forms of letters. Hulhauser'i Analysis. For the writing text, or round hand, the Analysis of Mulhaiiser is adopted, and the formation of the letters from the elements or analytical parts, is proceeded with in the regular order of their simplicity, thereby leading the learner on from the simplest form to the most complex to be found in the alphabet. The greater portion of the writing on maps should be parall.I with top and bottom edges of Map. How to insnre this parallelism. The great mass of the writing on maps should be parallel with the top and bottom edges of the paper on which the map is drawn ; such vTiting, for instance, as the names of farms, occupiers, towns, names and numbers of fields, contents, the title, the tcriting to the scale, S^-c. In order to insure the parallelism of the writing, it is necessary to rule certain parallel lines in pencil in a horizontal position, and at intervals of two or three inches apart from the top to the bottom of the map, and running entirely across it. These lines should be ruled with a soft pencil ; they are represented in the sketch shoAvn in Fig. 5 by very faint ink lines (as substitute for pencil). It will be obvious that with these long parallel lines for guides shorter ones can easily be ruled wherever it is re- quired to place any writing. For this jnirpose it is only necessary to place the edge of a parallel* ruler along one of these horizontal guide lines, and slide it along till the other edge shall come to the place where the word or words are to be written, when a pencil line can be ruled along such edge ; we can immediately proceed in like manner to rule in the remainder. Besides the parallel writing on maps, it will be necessary to have curved lines rf tcriting, the construction of which let us now consider. * See parallel ruler among the instruments shown on this plate, as required for drawing maps. HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. 45 THE CONSTRUCTION FOR CURVED LINES OF WRITING ON MAPS EXPLAINED. Before proceeding further in our enquiry concerning the " construction " for curved Fi'nfss "f lines of writing, let us stop to consider in what cases such curved lines are brought into ^^ting ZVl use. It will 1)0 time enough to set about the construction when we are satisfied of its *'^'° """'" utility, when we plainly perceive the necessity of adopting it. In certain situations (which shall be named hereafter) curved lines of writing are essential. They also, when beauty of judiciously applied, materially contribute to the beauty of maps. If we take a general «^ting Xn view of maps, we find them abounding with curved lines of writing. These curved lines piieT"'^''^' are not adopted Avithout their proper meaning (as we shall presently find), but are so formed intentionally for one or other of the following reasons, viz. : 1st. That the writing on crooked boundaries on outlines of maps may harmonize with such boundaries, or in other words, as the boundary is curved or contorted, so should the writing be, in order to assimilate with it. 2nd. On irregular or straggling pieces of land, in order to show the extent, connexion, or proprietorship thereof. 3rd. On crooked rivers, lakes, seas, or other pieces of water ; also on crooked roads or streets. 4th. In titles of maps, in order to take off the monotonous appearance presented by a number of straight lines of writing. The above-named cases are the principal ones in which curved lines of wi-iting are mtroduced on maps. If the " construction " be understood for one purpose, it can be easily adapted to the others. 46 HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. // r >;: >: .M- ,:^: Y\^. 9 represents a portion of a crooked bouiulary or outline of a map, placed in such a position with regard to its proximity to the edge of the ])aper, as leaves no choice in the determining the position of the •wTiting. It must be placed cither on a straight line drawn up and down the pai)er (that is to say extending from north to south), or it must be placed on a curved line. The latter is preferable, as being most in keeping with the shape of the " boundary." Let itbedecidcd that a curved line be adopted ; the next step to decide is, whether a regular or irregular curve be used. In this case a regular curve is preferable, and is adopted for a reason w^iich shall be hereafter explained. The curve d c. Fig. 10, is an arc of a circle 4| inches radius. It is drawn at a convenient distance from the boundary. The centre of the space between the points a and h is determined at c, which latter point becomes the centre of the word to be Avrittcn, and from this point c at either side are laid off four equal distances, which are marked by the dotted lines drawn through them. A second arc of a circle is drawn from the same centre, and at such a height or distance from the first arc, to which it will be parallel, as we wish the letters used to have ; on the short dotted line passing through the the point c, the centre letter of the word (which should previously be found by computing) is to be placed. See letter G, Fig. 9. The next letter, R, is now to be written, and so on to the end of the word ; next return, and working back from the centre letter, write all the other letters (placing them on their respective dotted lines) till the first letter of the word shall be written in. HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. 47 OBSERVATIONS ON THIS METHOD OF SPACING. On a careful examination of the foregoing method of spacing, we find that it is best apjilied where along sjmce is to be filled up with a few letters, in other words, where the letters are few and far be- tween ; and for this reason, that the letters of the alphabet are of unequal widths, and consequently the spaces between the letters by this method will be unequal, although the spaces themselves are equidistant. To obviate this difficulty, another method is resorted to, which is as follows. See Fig. 11. The construction lines for the width of the writing are drawn by the same means adopted in Fig. 10. The centre point c is found in a similar way, and the centre letter of the M'ord to be written, G, is placed at the side thereof. Having formed G, an equal distance is to be laid oif at either extremity of that letter, 1 1, 2 2. This done, the letters H R may be written in, and from each of their outer extremities, 3 3, the same distance, 1 1, is to be repeated; write in S and O, and proceed in like manner to the completion of the word. By this method we can insure the letters being equidistant, w hich is essen- tial ; but by referring to Fig. 12, it will be seen that in some cases it will not apply to place the centre letter of the word to be written on the centre line of the space on which it is to be w'ritten. This is owing to the various widths of the letters. The centre of the space a b (in which the word Inishowen is to be written) is shown thus. The centre of the • ■ i ■ j word thus *. The remedy is simple. Iig.U ! ! J !i 1 ! M i i I iM i i OF CURVED LINES OF WRITING ON VERY IRREGULAR BOUNDARIES. We have sometimes to deal with more irregular boundaries than that shown in Fig. 9. :^.J[[|nf ^''"ery In this case it will be necessary "ooked ■ lioundanes. Let us take for example the boundary A B, Fig. 13. to place the writing on an irregular curve. Curves of this description may be best formed by one person holding a steel or other elastic ruler into the form desired, and placing it with its edge on the paper alongside the crooked boundary ruler must be held in this position, while another person rules or marks with a pencil wnfng. along it. In this way curves of all shapes may be formed with the greatest ease, and The elastic How to form curved uneB for 48 HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. possessing a grace and elegance which is scarcely attainable by any other means. This method is no less recommended for the expedition with which it may be practised. In example Fig. 13, the shape of the curved line of writing is adapted to the shapr of the boundary, instead of forming a regular course, as shown in Fig. 9. The centre of the letter U is made the centre of the line of wi-iting. The space between the words 4 4, 5 5, is equal to the ftdl width of six letters, with the necessary spaces be- tween them. The width hctiveen the words may he varied at disci'etion, as may the width between the letters. Fig. 14. We would next direct the reader's attention to the two cuts, Figs. 14 and 15, as an example of the fitness of adopting curved lines for writing in certain cases. It will be readily admitted that the easy flowing and gi-aceful curve used in Fig. 15 is preferable in this case to the stiff and out of character looking straight lines shown in Fig. 14. For an example of crooked writing on rivers, the reader is referred to the "specimen of an estate map." For writing on crooked roads or streets, the rules already laid down will equally apjdy. For an example of cur\-ed MTiting in the titles of maps, see the title — "Plan of the parish of Shot- tisham ;" also the title to the specimen of an estate map. HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. 49 111 engraved maps of counties and large districts, it sometimes occurs that, from the small scale adopted, it is difficult to find room for writing the prin- cipal names, as that of the county for instance, which should be written with the largest letters used on the map. Fig. 16 is an example of the means usually adopted by skilful engravers to surmount the difficulty. This is a very ingenious contrivance. By taking proper care, the letters may be prominently displayed, without obliterating the roads, rivers, houses, small writing, &c. This method is adopted in the Ordnance Survey maps of Eng- land. Engravers and Lithographers generally will do well to practise it. EXPLANATION OF A MODE PRACTISED IN THE PRESENT TIME BY MANY DRAUGHTSMEN, WITH OBSERVATIONS. A A-ery general practice with draughtsmen, in order to expedite the process of M'riting maps, where the number of words is considerable, is after spacing the letters to make two operations of forming them. It is done as follows : — ^'^' '"' Let it be required to write the word " LONDON." Fig. 17'^ ^' ^ ■' '' '^ represents the first operation, or formation of the vertical ■"'°' '" lines. Fig. ] 8 represents the second operation, or forming the ^^ j. ^ v^ a. horizontal and curved * lines. By this method a considerable quantity of time may be saved, in cases where there is much writing on the map. It renders it unnecessary to con- stantly turn the map round, in order to get it into the different positions required for exe- cuting the different positions of the two sets of lines of which the writing is composed. It also admits of a quill pen being used for a longer time than by the old method. A pen which will do very well for the thick vertical or down strokes of letters, will be much too coarse for the delicate horizontal and curved lines, technically denominated " tops and bottoms." This latter portion may be ruled in with a mathematical pen. SPECIMEN OF AN ESTATE MAP. In this specimen will be found examples of the application of many preliminary plates, some useful specimens of writing, &c. * The portions of the letters shown in Fig. 18 are called by writing draughtsmen " tops and bottoms," by engravers the spurs of the letters, and by type-founders and printers they ai-e called seilfs. 50 HAND-BOOK FOR MAPl'ING, ETC. Uses of italic letters ; by engravers and lithopnphers called slump writing. OBSERVATIONS. The italic letter (by Engravers and Lithognipliic writers called stump), is a most useful one for the great mass of the small writing ou maps. Of all descriptions of letters this is the most rapidly formed ; for this reason it is in general use for the names of fields, and contents, (junlitics of land, as aruljle, pasf/nr, &c. It is also occasionally used for other purposes, as to produce variety in the boundary writing, and sometimes in titles. It may be used of different sizes, according to the jjurpose for which it is used- See W. A. Morland, Esq., under PARISH of HORSEMONDEN at the top of this map. The lower case roman hand, with capitals for the first letters of words is frcquenlty used for writing the names of farms, as " Grantham Hall Farm," &c. The object is to form a contrast witli the italic or stfnnp last spoken of; this produces a very pleasing effect. The names of adjoining lands and occupiers may be wi-itten in various hands, as shown in this example. As a general rule, we should endeavour to write these last- named portions as much of the same height as possible : the names of lands adjoining may, for the most part, be formed of roman and italic capitals. In cases where the names of such lands are numerous, recourse may be had to enibellishimj tlie letters of some of the ivords, for variety sake. In resorting to this practice we should be guided by judgment and discretion. My meaning will be understood by referring to the plate, where it will be seen that the embellished words, 1 S O F HORS E OlfJH at tlie top is balanced at cither side by a jMn line of writing, viz. — PARISH OF LAMBERH^^^'^' at one side, and ^ i s u o ^ ^ at the other side. HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. 51 This is a much better arrangement than to embellish one of the plain lines of writing at either end or side of the centre one ; on the other hand a different arrangement might as hapjjily be resorted to for effect sake, which would be to embellish both the plain or side lines, and to leave the PARISH OF HORSEMONDEN plain in the centre. In the case as it stands we have less labour, and it may be questioned whether the effect produced is not quite as pleasing as it would have been with the other arrangement just spoken of. The scale should (when practicable, as in the present example) be drawn in the centre of the space underneath the plan. OF THE COLOURING. Colour is used on maps of this class for one or more of the following reasons, viz. : — for'roa/s"^"^'^'^ to more clearly denote roads, rivers, trees, &c. Roads are colom-ed with burnt sienna, or a mixtm-e of bicvnt sienna and yellow ochre, or some other warm colour, bordering on the same tint. Rivers, ponds and lakes, and other pieces of water, are usually colom-ed blue. Colour proper After repeated trials of many colours, I am inclined to give the 2:)reference to cobalt for this purpose, it is more easily worked or laid on evenly than Prussian blue ; but it is deficient in point of brightness. Different colours are used on maps to distinguish different projjerties. In some cases (as on plain maps) this is effected by means of an edqinq of colour beino- ])laced round each portion of land meant to be distinguished ; on Different pro- •J •' o 1 1 o perties or coloured maps (see the same example in the coloured copy of this book) a wash of colour p^reeis of land is placed entirely over each separate piece of land. In doing this it is very desirable different colours. that a contrast should be produced, which will more clearly point out such division than if colours of the same tint were used. The four colours used to point out the four Contrast of ^ colours, applicA- different properties on this map will serve as an example of the effect of contrast of ^i"" "f- colours. For further information respecting contrasts, the reader is referred to the table colours, No. 2, or a set of contrasts for 18 spaces. Maps of this class are also coloured after nature, or in imitation thereof (see the highly-finished copy of this book)*. This is sometimes done when a gentleman or owner of land desires to have a handsome map or set of maps of his estate. It is also done * It is intended to produce a few copies of the Hand-Book for Mapping fully Coloured in the most careful manner, under the Author's immediate inspection, which will he offered as perfect models for draughtsmen. As the production of those highly-finished copies must necessarily he a tedious operation, the Author begs to state that they cannot be ready for delivery before the 1st day of June next. G 2 IIAXD-BOOK FOR MAl'l'ING, ETC. by or for aiictioiu-crs, for tlu" purpose of displaying or setting off to the best advantage landed property uliit-h they are enijdoyed to dispose of The various puq)oses for whicli colours are used on such maps as the "Specimen of an Estate Ma])" having been explained, it may be observed that colours are used on several other descriptions of maps, of ^^■hich in their proper places. MATHEMATICAJ. DRAWING INSTRUMENTS. The Conipmses. — Fig. 1 represents a pair of compasses or dividers. Without minutely detailing the many applications of this instrument, it may be stated generally that its principal uses are to determine by measurement the distances between given points, to lay down or plot certain points and distances, and to describe circles *. The Hair Compasses. — Fig. 2 is constructed in the same manner as those described above. This instrument is an improvement on tlic common compasses, inasmuch as l)y means of a screw and spring inserted half way down one limb, the lower or point half of such limb can be moved a very small distance either towards or fi-om the other limb, which meantime is stationary. The smallest distance may be measured or laid off with greater precision than with the common compasses. Fig. 3. A large pair of compasses, with a moveable leg to admit of replacing it with a pencil, pen, or dotting point. The pencil point (Fig. 5) is a tube made to hold a piece of black lead pencil, and is used for describing arcs or circles not meant to be per- manent. The pen point (Fig. 1) is used for drawing circles or arcs with ink. The dotting point is used for drawing dotted circles or arcs with ink. This is effected by filling the drawing pen into Mhich the dotted point is fixed -with ink, and as the wheel (which is constructed like the rowel of a spur) passes through the ink it takes up ink, and discharges it in the form of dots on the paper. For a drawing of this instrument, seeSimms's Book on Mathematical Drawing Instruments already named, also Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, Vol. VIII. part 2, plate CCXXXVII. * For a more detailed account of this and the other dramng instruments, with the method of their construction and manufacture, the reader is referred to a Treatise on the principal Mathematical Drawing Instruments employed by the Engineer, Architect, and Surveyor, by F. W. Simms. Published by Mr.Weale, O'J, High ilulbom. Price 2s. OiZ. HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. 53 A lengthening- bar (Fig. 6) is sometimes used when it is required to strike larger circles or arcs, or measure greater lengths, than could be performed by the compasses without this additional limb. Wholes and Hakes. — Fig. 7. This is a very useful instrument ; it is so constructed that a distance taken between the points at the small end is found to be exactly double at the opposite end ; and, vice versa, as the distance measured at the large end is found to be exactly half at the opposite end of the instrument, it is very useful for dividing lines into any number of equal parts. Trianquhir Compasses. — Fig. 8. Without entering into an explanation of the con- struction of this instrument, it may be briefly stated that by its aid any three points may be transferred from one piece of paper to another. It is very useful to Surveyors for transferring triangles. It is also found serviceable for expediting the process of copying mechanical drawings. Tule Compasses, or Brunei Compasses. — Fig. 9 represents a very ingenious con- trivance for describing circles of large and small diameters. An instrument of the size here shown is capable of describing circles of from ^ of an inch to 14i inches radius. Their invention is attributed to Mr. Brunei. The Douhle-Johded Boiv Pen. — Fig. 10 represents an instrument of very great utility. On examination it will be perceived that the upper limb carries a needle for its point ; this prevents the possibility of large holes being made in the paper. This is a great con- venience, especially when a number of circles or arcs have to be struck from the same centre. The DonMe- Jointed Boiv Pencil. — Fig. 11 represents an instrument of similar con- stniction to the last-named, except that in one limb a pencil is placed instead of a pen. Spring Dividers. — Fig. 12 is particularly useful for repeating divisions of a small but equal extent. The upper part, forming the handle, is made of brass or silver. The lower part is one piece of steel, out of which the two limbs are cut ; thus a tendency to recede from each other exists, which is counteracted by an adjusting screw. Bote Compasses. — Figs. 13 and 14 are so constructed as to admit of much smaller circles being struck with them than could be accomplished Anth those already described, viz.. Figs. 10 and 11. They are like the spring dividers, cut out of one solid piece of steel. 54 IIAND-nOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. Fig. 15 represents a very useful aj)i)ciKlagc to a case of matbematical instruments ; it consists of a knife, file, key, and screw driver. Fig. IG is (1 lu'lievo) an instrument of French construction or introduction. A spring is inserted in the tube part of the instrument, on which the joint plays, so that when pressed against any surface, as paper, it has a tendency to recede towards the top part of the instrument, or within the tube, a very valuable property, and which protects the paper from having holes of large size made in it. This instrument is used by some lithograi)hic draughtsmen. Drawing Pins, or Drmcing-Board Pins. — Figs. 17 and 18 represent two views of a drawing i)in ; they are used to fasten paper to the drawing board, and are more con- venient, especially for small drawings, than weights. Z^mww^ A'«y are made of different constructions. The pen represented by Fig. 19 is one of a good construction, inasmuch as the blade being cut out of a solid piece of steel, a steadiness is obtained which is wanted in Fig. 20. It will be perceived that at the end of the blades of this pen next the handle there is a joint ; this is placed here for the greater facility of cleaning the pen. The Double Drawing Pen (Fig. 21) is a useful instrument in cases where lines of two thicknesses are constantly required, as in drawing plans of towns, also for other purposes. Fig. 22 represents a rinld pen*, constructed or invented by Mr. John Isaac Hawkins. The ends of the blades intended for drawing with are made, as we are told, of " native alloy, which is as much harder than rhodium, as steel is harder than lead, will endure longer than the. ruby — yields inks as freely as the quill — is as easily wiped, and if left unwiped is not corroded." The handle is made of silver, and is so constructed that it forms a case to protect the blades of the pen when not being used. Some few draughtsmen use it for drawing on stone and zinc. It unfortunately does not come within the reach of all. Tiie price is £2 15*. The Dotting Pen. — Fig. 23 is a species of drawing pen used for drawing dotted lines. The dotting wheels, which are made of various patterns, are very useful for rapidly and neatly producing dotted lines. * This instrument may be procured at ]\Ir. Luud's, cutler, 21, Fleet Street. HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. 55 The Road Pen. — Fig. 24 represents the road pen, a most useful and economical in- strument in practised hands. Its use is obviously to draw two lines at once. To do this properly the instrument must be neatly made, and the points set most carefully. The PricJcer or Needle Point. — This is a generally useful instrument for all purposes of plotting, protracting, &c. It is often used in copying drawings, especially maps. See article, Map Drawing, further back. The Proportional Compasses. — This instrument is of such use in enlarging and re- ducing drawings, that no draughtsman should be without it ; whereas the instrument denominated " Wholes and Halves " only admits of enlarging or reducing to one mea- sure. This instrument enables us to increase or diminish to eight times the size of the original, or to one-eighth of it, as the case may be. For a more particular book descrip- tion, the reader is referred to Mr. Simms's book, already spoken of. Its use, however, will be best understood by the learner possessing himself of the instrument. It need hardly be stated that if a person be possessed of the Proportional Compasses, he will not require the Wholes and Halves. Turn-in w Pocket Compasses. — This instrament may be said to comprehend within itself a complete case of drawing instruments. When all the parts of which it is composed are put together, it forms a large pair of compasses (Fig. 27). This is resolvable into a pencil bow ; (Fig. 28) a pen bow ; (Fig. 29) a drawing pen. The point of Fig. 29 a drawing pencil, by placing a piece of pencil in the pencil case limb of Fig. 28 ; a pricker, the sharp point of either Fig. 28 or Fig. 29. 5G IIAXD-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. RAILWAY PLAN DRAWING. SPECIMEN OF THE METHOD OF DRAWING A PARLIAMENTARY PLAN, WITH FULL PAR- TICULARS OF THE ESSENTIAL POINTS TO BE ATTENDED TO IN THEIR CONSTRUCTION OR PREPARATION. Ptauding orders Railwav i)huis (lo not cssentiallj' diftcr from other plans, except it is in their being of Parliauienl ' i . ii . reiatint; to rail ((Generally speaking) less accurate, in consequence or the surveys being usually got up in great haste, and often by an inferior class of surveyors. By the standing orders of the House of Commons, Engineers and Surveyoi-s are required to plot their railway plans at a scale of not less than 20 chains to an inch. The example here referred to is plotted at a 20-chain scale. The width of railway surveys varies from 5 to 20 chains, at the option of the Engineer. One very essential point to be attended to is to carefully survey, plot, and number all houses, fields, &c., within the Ii)tiits of deciafion. The limits of dcviafion are certain lines which mark the space beyond which it is not pro- posed to take power to deviate the line of railway. The limits of deviation are shoMii by a strong dotted line, — the proposed railway line is represented by a strong line. A\"]ien railway plans are drawn at a scale of 20 chains to an inch, it is usual to give enlarged plans of those subdivisions of laud into very small allotments, as gardens, houses, &c., such subdivisions being often rendered indistinct, from the smallness of the scale. The principal object of these enlarged plans is to enable the draughtsman to sufficiently develope the houses, &c., both by drawing and numbering ; a separate number being required for each garden and house, as well as for all fields, roads, rivers, &c. The names of the different parishes through which the line is proposed to be car- ried must be written, and of late days the county name is placed at the top of each sheet. The sheets are numbered 1, 2, 3, &c., and the name of the line of railway is sometimes written over the number of the street, as Elverton, No. 1. The enlarged plan should be placed in each case directly over or under that portion of the small jilan to which it refers. By taking care to get the portion of the railway line on each enlarged plan exactly parallel to the corresponding portion of railway line on the small plan, a very pleasing and convenient arrangement Avill be effected, and we are thus enabled in using the ]ilan to find at once the enlarged jiortions. I have been induced to say so much for the guidance of the young surveyor, from having frequently noticed the slovenly manner in which some surveyors arc in the habit of misplacing the en- larged plans. They are sometimes so jumbled together that it is quite a labour to wade through them. The radii of the curves in miles and fmlongs is required to be HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. 57 written in each case where curves occur. When the plan is drawn at a scale of 20 Proportion "f '■ the enlarged chains to an inch, the enlarged plans are usually plotted at a scale of 5 chains to an inch. p=^'* '" ""= general plan. The scale of 6 chains to an inch is one frequently adopted for Parliamentary railway plans ; but they are seldom drawn to a larger scale than 5 chains to the inch. The relative merits of the large and small scales may be fairly taken as follows ; viz., when the survey has been carefully taken, the scale cannot be too large ; but if it be care- lessly done, as is too frequently the case, it becomes necessary (as it is technically de- nominated) to fudge it, and in such cases it is frequently plotted or reduced to a 20-chain scale. This is done with a view to obscure, as much as possible, the in- accuracies of the survey. The merits of the large and small scales may also be taken in another light, viz., when there is a sufficiency of time to admit of plans being drawn at a large scale, it is desirable to use it, but if the time be short, the work will be sooner done at a small scale. Again, for the duplicate plans ; this becomes a consideration. Lithographers charge i-Hhographed duplicate maps. a less sum for lithographing and printing plans at a small scale, than at a large one. Lithography has of late years become a very favourite medium with Engineers and Surveyors, for the production of duplicate plans for Parliamentary deposit. It cer- tainly has much to recommend it, and in proper hands, it would be a most invaluable medium. It is to be regi-etted that this art, (as applied to the purpose above named,) almost essential to the surveyor, has fallen into the hands of an ignorant class of per- sons, viz., the picture-copiers and lithographic printers. It were impossible to detail the mischief armually done by persons being intrusted with this class of business, who are totally ignorant of the construction or use of maps. The numerous railway schemes brought before Parliament during the last two sessions have compelled engineers and other persons intrusted with the getting up of plans and sections to employ a miscellane- ous collection of persons, who had never before been similarly engaged. A proportionate amount of mischief has been the consequence. It is painful to see even the professed picture-copiers or lithographic artists attempt to copy plans. The most ridiculous blunders are made, as might be expected ; but of this no more. The remedy is simple ; at least the evil may, to a great extent, be lessened, if not altogether removed. Let Sur- veyors lithograph their own plans, or employ their draughtsmen upon them ; much time and expense would thus be saved. The picture-copiers and lithogi-aphic artists would no longer have their brains addled with pursuits above their capacity; and the litho- graphic printers would have the plans put into their hands in a perfect state, instead of being obliged to send them back to the lithographic ignoramus for every alteration of his blunders required to be made by the Engineer, on examining proofs. In fact, by the method recommended above, the necessity of proving may be in a great measure dispensed with. 58 HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. SPECIMEN OF THE METHOD OF DRAWING A PARLIAMENTARY RAILWAY SECTION. This is a section of the foregoing plan, and is prepared in compliance with the stand- ing orders. It may be used wiih. every confidence as a MODEL for future productions being a portion of a section which I had lithographed for ParUamentary purposes. To prevent disappointment to those persons who may expect a better stj/le of drawing, it may be well to state, for their infonnation, that it is purposely done in the style in which such drawings are usually, or ought to be prepared. The principal point to be at- tended to in getting up such drawings is to draw them accurately. There is seldom time for pains-taking with embellishment, and the plainest style of execution is quite as useful as the most elaborately finished production. HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. 59 OF ENLARGING AND REDUCING MAPS AND DRAWINGS. A very well known and accurate method of enlarging and reducing Maps and Drawings, is by means of squares. Let it be required to reduce Fig. 1, Plate B B., to half the size. First, construct on the given figure a series of squares of any even mea- sure, as an inch each ; next, construct a like number of squares of half an inch long, and on these last, or small squares, measure or draw in the work, as in Example Fig. 2. Another method by which the same operation may be performed, is that shown in Figs. 3, 4. As this method may not be clearly understood without explanation, being now for the first time introduced, I shall eudeavour to describe it. Let it be required to reduce Fig. 3 to half the size. Select any point, as F, outside the figiu-e. From the point F, draw straight lines with black lead pencil, through all the points or angles of the figure, as a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, 1, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v. Next plot or lay off upon the pencil lines half the distance between the point F and each of the points or angles of Fig. 3, which half distances are represented by the figures 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26. Connect these last-named points, as shown in Fig. 4, and a drawing will be produced being in every particular half the size of Fig. 3. This may be satisfactorily proved, either by measuring each boundary line, or by measuring diagonal lines, as those laid out for that purpose on Figs. 3, 4, and shown by a long and short dot. To enlarge Fig. 3 to double the size, produce the lines connecting the point F with all the points or angles of Fig. 3, till you can lay off double such lengths, as F G, F H, &c. Mark such points as are shown by the crosses on Fig. 5, connect these last-named points, and Fig. 3 will be enlarged to double the size, as represented by Fig. 5. By producing the construction lines to the left of the point F, a second series of construction lines may be formed upon which reversed copies may be drawn. This method of enlarging and reducing is best suited for di-awings in which the lines are for the most part either straight or regularly curved. It will be found very serviceable by those who are not possessed of a pentagraph, for a description of which instrument the reader is again referred to Mr. Simms's book. The extreme accuracy of the method introduced above, induced me to apply it in practice ; and I had two parish plans of considerable magnitude reduced in my office. At first it was found troublesome, especially where much small work had to H 2 60 HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPIXG, ETC. be dealt with ; but after a little time tlie draughtsman preferred it to any other method. I hope to treat this subject more fully in the second edition, and to introduce an instru- ment which I am at present constructing to facilitate its general adoption. The lines which as stated above should be drawn with a black lead pencil, are repre- sented in the accompanying drawing by finely dotted lines. HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. 61 WORKING DRAWINGS. BRIDGE UNDER RAILWAY. The accompanying diagram represents an example of a working drawing of a railway bridge, and is of a similar character to those prepared by the engineer directing the works, for the use of the contractor. It will be oliserved that in order to economize time and space, but half of the plan, section, and elevation is shown ; this practice (to those who are accustomed to read drawings) is found convenient from its being so concise; but the student on com- mencing his studies should avoid this practice, from its liability to confuse and lead him into error; he should invariably make each of the requisite portions of his design sepa- rate and complete in themselves. g2 HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. DIRECTIONS FOR MOUNTING PLANS AND DRAWINGS. By niuunting plans and drawings is meant the pasting them ou linen. This practice Uses. is resorted to in cases where plans and drawings are likely to be much used, in order to preserve them from being torn. Plans and drawings Avhich have not been thus pre- served in the first instance — that is to say when first made — are frequently so much in- jured by continual use and other causes as to render it necessary to finally resort to this practice in order to preserve them from further decay. It is very usual to plot surveys on mounted pajier, but it would be very imprudent to mount plotted plans after plotting, inasmuch as the operation of mounting (as will be shown hereafter) would alter Of the colouring, the scale of the plan very materially. If it be determined to mount a plan, drawing, or tracing on which colour is to be used, it were better not to apply the colour till the drawing or tracing shall be not only mounted on the linen, but perfectly dry also. Were the colour laid on before mounting, it would be liable to be started or smudged during the operation ; but by laying on the colour before removing the mounted draw- ing from the board, it may be laid on in perfectly even washes. The process recom- Dircctions for mended is as follows, viz. : — Stretch a piece of linen evenly over a board of sufficient mounrng. ^.^^ ^^ admit of a margin being left of about two or more inches all round ; stretch the linen perfectly even, so that not a crease shall appear ; now take the drawing and turn the face on to a perfectly clean table, dip a sponge into a basin of clear water and wash the back of the drawing over evenly, taking care not to omit wetting the least portion. If the paper be thick, the sheet may be allowed to remain soaking for five minutes. The paste may be applied as soon as the water shall dry off the paper, but not sooner, as otherwise the water mixing with the paste would impoverish the latter and prevent its holding the drawing to the linen. When the sheet shall be completely stretched, it may be placed on the linen in the following manner : — Let the board containing the linen meant to receive the drawing, be tilted or slanted forward in such manner that the top shall considerably overhang the bottom ; let the top edge of the drawing be hung or stuck on to the top edge of the Unen — which may be effected by a gentle pressure of the hand ; — having well secured the top edge of the drawing, the assistant still holding the board in the inclined position, take hold of the drawing by the bottom corners, and laying it out evenly over the linen, fasten the corners with a gentle pressure of the hands ; ne.xt fasten the drawing in the centre, lay a clean sheet of paper over the entire drawing, and with a soft cloth or silk handkerchief rub hard, so as to make the drawing adhere to the hnen in all parts; continue the operation of rubbing for some minutes; HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. 63 now lean the board against the wall, and let it not be exposed to too great a heat, but in a dry situation. If left on all night you may proceed to colour it the following morn- ing; let it remain after this a few hours on the board, when you may cut it off. Tracings on common tracing paper may be pasted at once without first wetting them with water to stretch them, but French tracing paper must be wetted and left a few minutes to soak, like drawing paper. This paper stretches very considerably, and, like drawing paper, if laid on the linen before being allowed a proper time to stretch, it will abound in blisters and be very unsightly. This kind of tracing paper, on being first wetted, rolls up; but on being left soaking a few minutes, will come perfectly even. I 2 64 HAND-BOOK FOR MAPl'ING, ETC. INSTRUCTIONS FOR LITHOGRAPHING PLANS, SECTIONS, AND DRAWINGS. Make a tracing of the plan or drawing to be lithographed, measure the size of it ; you may procure at any of the lithographing establishments a stone of the required dimensions pro- Tianrfetiing the perlv prepared for drawing on. Turn the tracing upside down, or with its face next the drawing. stone ; place between the tracing and the stone a piece of red paper, called transfer paper, (which may also be procured at a lithographer's office,) transfer the tracing to the stone with a tracing point, take up the tracing and you Mill have the outline in red, on the stone; now line it in with lithographic ink ; you may use the mathematical pen for ruling the Lithographic straight liues, the crooked ones must be done with a very fine-pointed brush. For per- sons connnencing this sort of drawing, it will be desirable to engage a lithographic plan draughtsman, who will procure all the necessary imjjlcments of the proper quaUty. A precaution should be attended to, viz., to keep the lithographic drawing as much apart as possible from the drawing on paper. It frequently occurs, where both are practised iu the same office, that the uninitiated will use Indian ink for drawing on stone, and Tobedoneapart yice versa. It Is desirable, if possible, to have the lithography done in a different room. from other draw- a i. j ing». A surveyor's draughtsman should not be disappointed if unsuccessfid in the first attempt, as allowance should be made for getting to work in a new branch. It is certainly very desu-able that plans, architectural and engineering drawings, should be lithographed by, or under the superintendence of those persons who design and plan them. In the pre- sent day there is no scarcity of lithographic draughtsmen well ti-ained in the manipula- tion of the art. Being for the most part mere copyists, a considerable amount of mischief is annually done (as has already been observed), by entrusting the getting up of this class of drawings solely to the hands of lithographers. The necessity for rigidly Litboj.Taphed complving with the essence of the " standing orders of the House of Commons " should plans should be * superintended bo a sufficicut stimulaut to engineers and surveyors to have this class of business per- by surveyors. formed under their own superintendence. They should recollect that as gentlemen, and having their characters at stake, they are bound to study the interests of their em- ployers ; and that in the present state of things they are bound to look closely into this important branch of art. The author of this book being personally known to many most respectable lithographers, would have it understood that he speaks disinterestedly in his advice to engineers and surveyors, and he regrets being obliged to declare his belief that very few of the many lithographers are sufficiently conversant with the con- •itruction or application of maps iu practice to warrant their being intrusted with the HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. 65 entire charge of preparing them. Those who feel themselves competent will not have to repine at any observations here oiFered, and no offence being meant to any one, it is hoped none will be taken. But setting aside the foregoing remarks, it may be observed that to the author's own knowledge many engineers and surveyors have of late years resorted to the practice of employing lithographic draughtsmen in their offices, and this practice is, as it should be, on the increase. With regard to the printing, the case stands very different : this art has arrived at a very great degree of perfection in this country. HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. INSTRUCTIONS FOR ZINCOGRAPHING PLANS, SECTIONS, AND DRAWINGS. Zinc plate must not be breathed How to remove ink or grease spota. Advantages of zinc over stone. Zinc may be drawn on with greater facility than stone. Drawing pen proper for zinc. Transfer a tracing of the ilraAving to l)e zincograplied on to a zinc })late properly pre- pared for drawing on — the transfer is to be made in a manner precisely similar to that employed for lithographing. Having transferred the tracing, take off the latter, and with a perfectly clean silk handkerchief remove the superfluous red chalk which will appear on the plate — draw in the lines and other parts in precisely the same man- ner as on stone. In drawing on zinc be careful not to breathe on it, and keep it at all times in a dry place ; the least damp has a tendency to corrode the metal, when the drawing would be spoiled. Great care is requisite to keep the surface of the ])late free from dirt, even the fingers must not be allowed to touch it, or those places where they arc allowed to rest will be rendered quite unfit for use. It is a veiy good way to keep so much of the plate as is not actually being worked on covered up. If spots of ink or grease sliould' accidentally find their way on to the plate, they may be removed by rub- bing such places with a little clean turpentine and a piece of blotting-paper. Zincogra- phy has much to recommend it in preference to lithography, as regards its use for plans and sections. It is not an invention of as long standing as lithography, and although the use and treatment of the zinc plate in the hands of the draughtsman is perfectly as simple as that of stone, yet with the printer the case is different. Printers in general have not had as much experience of zinc printing as they have had of stone printing, consequently there are fewer available zinc printers ; this will not long be the case, for experience teaches us that zinc is the preferable material for railway plans and sections, and for all works of magnitude requiring speed in the execution. Its extreme porta- bility and cheapness are its principal recommendations. It is much easier drawn on than stone. It is a difficult matter to use the drawing pen without a ruler on stone, the surface being polislied there is a liability to slip ; but the zinc being grained, the grain very much resembling drawing paper, the drawing pen lays hold of it, and crooked or straight lines may be drawn with as great facility as on drawing paper. Drawing on zinc is very destructive to the drawing pen. It will be necessary to set the pen about three or four times a day to insure always drawing fine lines. The best drawing pen to use for drawing on zinc is Haivldns Evcrlasti7}g Poi, described at page .54, and of which a drawing is given, fig. 22, plate " MATHEMATICAL DRAWING INSTRUMENTS." HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. 67 OF ENGRAVING PLANS, SECTIONS, AND DRAWINGS. In the aggregate, engraving is very superior to lithographing where long numbers are required*. This is an art requiring much more training in the manipulation than lithographing. It comes more exclusively within the sphere of the workman, and for that reason it would not perhaps be advisable for the engineer's or surveyor's draughts- man to attempt it. This art may, however, be superintended by the last-named class ; that is to say, it may be done in the engineer's or surveyor's office. Of late days a very of printing en- ingenious contrivance has been resorted to, viz., the transferring from engraved plates the lithographic to stones and plates of zinc prepared in the ordinary way for drawing ; by this means ^'^^*'' drawings are multiplied without damaging tlie engraved plate, from which, should it be required, hundreds of transfers may be taken f. Of the comparative prices of engraving and lithographing it is difficult to form an Comparative estimate ; the prices of both having risen considerably with the increased demand. In ing and litho- ordinary times the price of lithographing does not exceed about one fourth of the price of engraving, but in the present day it would appear that the practitioners of each art endeavour to rival the other in regard to high charges ; in fact, it may be fairly stated that (for the most part) every one tries to get the most he can. As it is impossible that this state of things can last long, we may expect to see prices considerably alter, and settle down to their former level. * By long numbers is meaut, where many impressions are required, as 10,000 or upwards; it is some- times impossible to lithograph, in toto, a very large number of plates ; it is customary to resort to engraving, when a sufficient number of lithographic draughtsmen cannot be procured. When this method is resorted to, in an office where there are not presses adapted for printing from engraved plates, impressions may be taken from the engraved plates — by a copper-plate printer— on India paper, and these impressions may be transferred to stones or zinc plates properly grained for the purpose. f The transfers made on to stones or zinc plates are printed from, and the original engraved plates are preserved in as good condition as when first engraved. graphing. HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. OF THE COMPARATIVE MERITS OF LITHOGRAPHING AND ENGRAVING. Finnness and durability of en- graved work. Uncertainty of alterations standing. Showing by what means al- terations may be successfully ctl'ected. Engravings made on plates of copper or zinc have very much to recommend them in preference to lithographic drawings. Setting aside the question of expense, the en- graving is much to be preferred; 1st, for the firmness or soundness which is usually found to prevail in the work generally; and, 2udly, from its durability. Engraved plates are not liable to be spoiled or rubbed out in use, whereas lithographic or zincographic drawings are very susceptible of injury and are not very easily repaired, nor is the process attended with any certainty. This position may be contradicted — nay, some lithographers may laugh at the assertion, and attribute it to the inex- perience or ignorance of the writer on the subject ; however, I have had quite sufficient experience to justiiy my stating, in general terms, that alterations in lithographic draw- ings are attended with very great inconvenience, delay, and uncertainty; whereas alterations on copper or zinc engraved plates are effected with the greatest ease, by simplv hainmermfj up, as it is termed, the portion requiring the alteration ; a new surface is by this means jiroduced, and it only becomes necessary to remove the portion requiring alterations, and to re-engrave that portion ; but in a lithographic or zincographic draAving it is impossible to alter or mend the least portion without removing a con- siderable quantity of the adjoining work — this work must of course be restored ; in this operation much mischief is apt to be done by not going exactly over the old lines*; frequently the work will not stand, as it is termed, when it must be again redrawn, and it is by no means unusual to have an entire drawing lost in the attempt to effect a trifling alteration. Having taken the worst view of the case, the proper method of effecting such alterations shall now be stated at length : — First carefully wash the gum off the stone, or that portion requiring the alteration, and also off a small portion sur- rounding the same ; with a broad-bladed knife remove the surface from that portion where the alteration is to be made, and likewise from a small space round it. Trace down the work to be drawn in and replace the part removed in the ordinary manner, or in the same way in which it was drawn in the first instance. You may now give it into the hands of the printer, who will do the rest, or you may cover the ]iart so mended with gum water, to be laid on with a large flat camel's-hair brush. It has been stated that the first operation is to wash off the gum ; some draughtsmen take the gum off the * Should the old lines be not gone over exactly, there will be a probability of two sets of Unes printing, wliich will of course render the impressions useless. HAND-BOOK FOR MAPPING, ETC. 69 entire stone, some take it only off that part requiring the alteration — in point of fact it matters not which practice be adopted. With regard to erasing the space to be altered, it is necessary to produce a new surface in order to make the ink adhere to the stone, and it is further desirable to erase a little more than the exact space to be altered, for this reason, viz., if only the exact space requiring the alteration were erased, there would be a tendency to make too great a hollow in that particular spot ; but by pre- paring a space somewhat larger this difficulty is not so likely to occur. Were the erasure effected too deep, the scraper used in printing would pass over that particular portion without pressing on it, and consequently the altered portion would not appear on the impression, or as it is technically denominated, would not print up. When the surface to be re-prepared for drawing on is considerable, it is usual to snake it out — that is, to rub it over with a piece of snake stone and some clean water. The erasing knife mentioned above, may be procured at any of the artists' colour shops. ALTERATIONS ON ZINC are effected in the following manner, viz.. Mash the Ho«- to cHect alterations on gum off the entire plate, and rub out the portion to be altered Mith turpentine, held zim- piati^e. either in a short stumpy brush, or taken up at the end of a small piece of blotting paper folded up in the shape of a piece of paper used for lighting a candle. When the old work is quite removed, take up the ink and turpentine remaining on that portion of the plate with a clean piece of blotting paper ; repeat the rubbing with fresh tur- pentine, and having meantime cleaned the brush, absorb the turpentine as before — so far you will have removed the old work. Now apply to the place so cleaned out a mixture of sulphuric acid and water, in the proportion of one part of the former to six parts of the latter, or thereabouts ; you may allow this to remain on for about a minute, when it must be absorbed with clean blotting paper, and the prepared space washed over with a clean sponge and water ; some persons repeat the application of the acid, and again wash the place. Practice and experience alone will enable you to form your own judgment on these matters. The draughtsman who is anxious to become a litho- graphic or zincographic draughtsman, is recommended to take some instruction from a practical lithographer, where he will have an opportunity of seeing the application of the instructions given above, and where many minor points may be inquired into and ascertained. FINIS. INDEX. rage ALPHABETS, Examples of Plain and Ornamental, showing also their mechanical con- struction (plates 14. 21. 28. 30. 31.) Pages 6—20. 27. 30. 32. 44. 49. with references to books in which may be found examples of many curious alphabets of various ages and countries. APPLICATION OF THE DIAGRAMS OF STRATA (see plate 17.) to the projection of Engineering Sections, in which a geological section is exhibited, formed from diagrams to be found in plates 13 and 16 for that purpose . . . . .12 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, Examples of, and instructions for coloring different materials, as Brick-Work, Stone-Work, Wood-Work, Metal, Glass, Slating, Lead, also of Engraving and Lithographing Stone or Brick-Work, and Wood-Work (Plate 26.) 25. 42 BLACK PAPER, or BLACK LEAD PAPER, its use in copying Maps and Drawings (Plate 36.) 43 BLOCK LETTERS, unfit for general use on Maps Introduction BORDERS /or Maps and Drawings, designs for (Plate 2.) .3 BRIDGES, Examples of, showing the conventional methods of representing on plans. Stone Bridges, Wooden Bridges, Iron Bridges, Suspension Bridges, Draw Bridges, Foot Bridges, Flying Bridges, Rope Ferry, Boat Ferry, Horse Ferry, Ford (Plates 12. 37). CLAY SLATE, suitable for various purposes, Exatnples of drawing (Plate 16.) . . 10 CLIFFS, Examples of drawing (Plate 3.) 4 COLORS, their admixture and uses as applied to the coloring of drawings, with reference to the colors best suited for representing particular materials. (Plate 34.) 17. 24. 25. 35 to 42. 51. 52 K 2 INDEX. Page COLORS, Contrasts of, showing by the economic arrangement of a few colors the method of producing a considerable number of contrasts. (See Fig. 8.) . . . .41 CONSTRUCTION OF LETTERS. Mechanical. Instructions for Teachers in teaching their pupils (Plate 28.) 27 CONTOURED PLANS. Method of representing Hills and Valleys by Normal Contours, or by a scries of lines drawn at equal vertical distances and parallel to the Horizon (Plate 18.) 13 COUNTY MAPS, Specimen of delineating in line Engraving, Example taken from Ordnance Survey (Plate 22.) 21 CURVES, French, their uses explained ; on the plate representing them is marked the prices of the various c.irves (Plate 35.) 42 DRAUGHTSMEN, MAP, Inefficiency of Introduction DRAUGHTSMEN, MAP, Different classes of Introduction DRAWING INSTRUMENTS, Mathematical, with particulars of their construction and uses (Plate 38.) 52 to 55 DRAWINGS, Directions for Mounting 62 DRAWINGS, WORKING. Bridge under Railway, Description of .... 61 ENGINEERING DRAWING. Details of Rails and Chairs as laid on the Eastern Coun- ties Railway, from Actual Measurement. An example of Engineering Drawing for practice in copying (Plate 19.) . . . . . .17 ENGINEERING DRAWING, showing the method of coloring stone, brick, earth, and rubblework, Road Metalling and Metal Bridge (Plate 25.) . . . . • . 24 ENGLISH, OLD, ALPHABETS. Examples of large and small letters, or upper and lower case, two different sizes (Plate 31.) 30 ENGRAVERS, Different classes of Introduction INDEX. Page ENGRAVER'S MAP, Specimen of, showing how produced (Plate 24.) . . . .22 ENGRAVING Plans, Sections and Drawings of 67 FENCES, Ejcamples oJ\ showing the conventional methods of representing on plans, plain earthen fences, do. with hedges, do. with hedge and trees, plain fence with gate, do. with bank, Rail fence. Hedge, Hurdle fence. Rail fence and paling. Stone Wall, Chains and Posts. FIGURES, Mechanical Method of constructing (Plate 28.) 27 FLOURISHING, Designs for (Plate 33.) 33 GEOLOGY, Of A Series of Diagrams designed to illustrate such natural productions as are of frequent occurrence in the sections of the Geologist and Agricultural Engineer, comprising Gravels, Sands, Clays, Peat, Spoil-Banks, Bog, Marl, Rocks of various descriptions, &c. (Plates 13. 16. 17.) . . . . . . . . 5. 9 to 12 GERMAN TEXT. Examples of large and small letters, or upper and lower case, two different sizes (Plate 30.) ............ 30 GOTHIC LETTERS AND NUMERALS, Examples of (Plate 21 ) . . . .20 GRANITE, Diagram for Geologically expressing (Plate 16.) .... .10- GRASS, of method of representing on plans by various sorts of lines and by washes of colour (Plates 2. 3. 7. 11. 37.) 4. 36 GUN METAL, how colored, explaining the colors necessary to be mixed to produce it (Plate 25.) 24 HILLS, different methods of representation, viz. by lines radiating from the summit or conical projections ; (Plate 10.) ....... . . .5 and By NORMAL CONTOURS, or a series of lines traced on the ground at equal ver- tical distances and parallel to the Horizon (Plate 18.) . . . . . .13 HINTS TO THE YOUNG OFFICER on the uses of plans and the methods to be adopted in order to become proficient in constructing them . . . . .15 I INDEX. Page HINTS TO THE MAP ENGRAV1;R, on engraving military plans .15 INKING IN, LINING IN, OR PUTTING INTO INK, with full description and illnstiation of the various methods adopted (Fig. 5. Plate •'30.) ..... 43 INSTRUMENTS, of those absolutely essential in Map Drawing (Plate 36). IRON, how colored, with the distinction of colors usually made between cast and wrought iron on Mechanical Drawings (Plate 19.) ........ 36. 42 ITALIC WRITING, Usefulness of Introduction LETTERS AND FIGURES, Mechanical method of constructing (Plate -28.) . . .27 LIGHT ON HILLS, glanced at with reference to works containing treatises on the subject 5. IS LIMESTONE, method of representing on drawings, in section and in masonry, viz. by lines and washes of color (Plates 7. 16. 17. 25.) 4. 9 LINES, considered under the following heads, viz. perfect and dotted, straight and curved, thin and thick, regularly and irregularly curved, of uneven thickness, transition, and various sorts of dotted lines. (See Woodcuts A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O.P.Q.) lto6 LITHOGRAPHER'S MAP, how produced (Plate 24 ) .22 LITHOGRAPHING .\ND ENGRAVING, Compar;itive merit.s of 68 LITHOGRAPHY. Alterations to Drawings, how to effect 68 LITHOGRAPHY. How to lithograph Plans, Sections and Drawings . .64 .M.\P I)R.\WING, ANALYSIS OF 1 to 6 M.AP DRAWING, ol copying or producing du])licates of Maps and Drawings on the same scale ; in which the various methods are familiarly explained and illustrated in full detail, showing each ])rogressive step necessary, from the taking up the plain sheet of ])aper to the production of the finished map or drawing (Plate 36.) . . . .42 t INDEX. Page MAP DRAWING, Faults in Introduction MAP ENGRAVING, Examples of, in the style of the Ordnance Survey Maps (Plates 15. 22. 23.) .. 15. 21. 22 MAP OF AN ESTATE, Specimen of a, Example for practice, in which will be found the application of many preliminary plates, some useful specimens of Writing, Trees from nature, &c. (Plate 37.) 49 to 52 MAPPING, Of Signs used in, a collection of signs used by Civil, Naval, and Military Sm*- veyors, Civil Engineers, &c., selected from the best English and foreign standard works on Civil, Nautical, and Military Surveying, Map, Plan, and Chart drawing, with many original designs, by B. P. Wilme (Plates 12. 27.) 5. 26 MAPS AND DRAWINGS, Of enlarging and reducing, explaining how this may be effected by means of squares, and by a new system now for the first time introduced, illustrated by diagrams of both methods on one large plate (Plate B.B. or 41.) , . 59 MAPS, MANUSCRIPT, Observations on Introduction MARSH LAND, Specimen of engraving (Plate 22). METALS, Examples of conventional methods of representing on plans (Plate 12). MILITARY MAPS ; observations upon their uses 14.15 MOORISH COUNTRY, Method of delinenting by line engravitig. Example taken from Ordnance Survey (Plate 23.) 21 MOUNTAINS, Method of delineating in elevation by line engraving (Plate 15.) . .6 NORTH POINTS, for maps, Description and examples of (Plates 1. 8.) . . , .1.2 PLAN, STREET IMPROVEMENT, with a separate description of the different plans re- quired of the Surveyor, Engraver, and Lithographer, illustrated with one large plate and three woodcuts (Plate 24.) 22 PLAN, PORTION OF, Example in Lithography, of grass, water, sand, trees (Plate 7.) . 4 INDEX. Page PLAN, RAILWAY, Example of, in compliance with " Standin(j Orders of the House of Commons" with enlarged plans, &c. (Plate 39.) 56 PLANS, Directions for Mounting • 6-2 RAILWAY, P/«w of portion of (Plate 39.) 56 RAILWAY, Section of, with cross sections, &c. (Plate 40.) 58 ROADS, Examples of conventional methods of representing different sorts, both on draw- ings and engravings, as pared, farm or occupation, l//rn/)i/ce, hye or cross, rail, bridle, raised, sunk, open, footpath (Plate 12.) 5 SAND, Examples of delineating on plans and Sections (Plates 7. 13. 17.) ... 4 SANDSTONE, Various diaf/rams of, for illustrating geological sections, with descriptions of same (Plate 16.) 9 SCALES, Examples of drawing and writing on MS. and engraved maps, with an account of some of the principal scales to whicli Railway plans are ]ilotted, and the reasons for same (Plate 6.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 56 SECTION, Geological, Example of, with description ofits use (Plate 17.) . . . .1-2 SECTION, Railwaij, Example of, with explanation of the method to be adopted in pre- paring, in compliance with the " Standing Orders of the House of Commons'" (Plate 40.) 5S SECTION, through abutment of bridge, Example of (Plate -25). SECTION, through house, Example of, coloured (Plate 26). SECTIONING, of various materials, Examples of, in the manner of coloured drawings and engravings (Plates 13. 16. 17. 18. 19. 24. 25. 26. 27. 37. 42.) 5. 12 SECTIONS, Cross (Plate 40). SECTIONS o/*/?rtj7 and C/mjV, and of Rail (Plate 19.) 17 SLATE, Clay, Examples of representation on Geological Sections (Plate 16.) . . .10 INDEX. STAINFOIL or STENCIL f LATES, Examples of, with the stencil plate, brush, and the ^"^^ method of using them fully explained and illustrated, stating also where to be procured (Plate 32.) 3j STRATA, Contorted, Conventional method of representing on Geological Plans and Sec- tions (Plate 1-2.) STRATA, /J/a^rm/ws o/; Examples of representing on Geological Sections (Plates 13. 16. 17.) 5. 9. 10. 11. 12 STRATA, Dip of. Conventional method of representing on Geological Plans and Sections (Plate 12.) STUMP WRITING, Superior usefulness of ...... . Introduction SURVEYOR'S MAP, Examples of, showing how produced (Plate 24.) .... 22 TITLE, Design for a (Plate 9.) .5 TITLES, Designs for parts of, with description (Plates 4. 5.) . . . . . .4 TITLES, true method of forming, with example for practice (Plate 29.) . . . .29 TITLES, Designs for five, being examples for practice, both plain and ornamental (Plate 20.) 19 TRACING the best Method of leai-ning to draw at first ..... Introduction TRANSFERRING; a method adopted in copying, or producing duplicate drawings (Plate 36.) 43 TREES, Examples for drawing and engraving of Woodland, Trees for rough or plotted Maps, Orchards (Plates 3. 7.) . . . . ■ 3. 4 TREES, from Nature, Examples for practice of different sizes, commencing with large sketches, and reduced to a size suitable for maps at a scale of 3 chains to 1 inch (Plate 11.) .5 TREES, from Nature, on " a specimen of an Estate Map," (Plate 37.), and on the follow- ing plates, not from nature, viz. — 15. 17. 22. 23. 39. INDEX. Pagf WATER, different methods of representation, viz., by lines of various descriptions, and by washes of colour (Plates 3. 7. 10. 12. 15. 17. 18. 22. 23. 24. 25. 27. 37.) . 4 ii. iii. iv. v. vi. 37. 51 WRITING. Of the proper proportion of the different classes of, on Maps Introduction WORDS of frequent occurrence in Map and Plan Drawing (Plates 4.5). WORKS referred to in this book, pages . . 7. 9, 10. 13. 15. 16. 20. 26. 28. 32. 35. 52 ZINCOGRAPHY, how to Zincogiaph Plans, Sections and Drawings ZINCOGRAPHY, alterations to Drawings, how to effect 66 . 69 G. Woodfall and Snn, Printers, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London. 1 Gardner. Zu>co 19. GJtipui B.PWlmf d-lftlittv Diy i.Ka.gheLith''^ to tlie yueer^ "Woodlanrl n/iiei rjtiai.. /.I MUsfHi'- ■'"'■ ^h ■^fi LU- i^^:^i*s 1 13' THE COUNTY OF ^ SURVEY E D 1841 liriVUme Urtt ^fp> ^^pw^ 'n /-A iPTx I ^'^ ri ^ AvA\U(\ tlir of tbc t^ A,ier Zjnco: l£I.Gilupur S^ I." 61^bam$ to an -litrB ^ir^S^^^^^^^^^^"^ on J I ^^AIN S TO AH \^^y H Standut^& C'ZxthffX meUn Wf/mr IW Sumdulai Jc C Lithe Lcndei Gardner, Zunoo 19 GiltspuT S" M L L S 5^^ a. (ricrrjiESQrE) l^'-- 'Wmm ^IR. • From dii Onginal Drawing by B I' WDme ■ W I ti.^T. „..t.,ii :^tf^.-jih '' ' -ir., ii, ri.hf iU)iiJfpjfi Arraii^.o(lKDr;Mvii (o Sj'ule for Mu.ps .V. PLius bv B f Wilui.?. LoT.don mJC The .fjruiJIe.i} Tfi-- ThroiiahimflJif Pimpian is Teconmioided ror I'Ui/M at w waJf uT T}in;f iluunji hem J/nJi. .D©MS ysE© Mi^iPipaiM© i&©. N^'], «:: x rt I I I i—i— I iw7ri <;r Occt/faJtLOri K-. Turnpike H/oads. 3\r cr Cross Heads Real Roouis Srulle AochcU. Toot FcCbh^. Oper\ Roads Su,nk Roods. Rcased. Roads 3233: j^ \r '^cneBridges. (Red; \Vooien- BtxaLges Iron, Bitdges. (Blucj Suspension. Bndfitx. J}raw Bruiges Foot Bridges m JlycngJ}ndges. . Xope ferry lioaZ Ferry. Horse Ferry. Ford. ..Fish W«r . TonyislitfK.HayntOs t^Oumdnes \_:Partskfs — Ihvuns. Hundreds, LaBies,Waperaa}ia. Ridui^sitViviaons a^Counhes. oo ooTarluiznenXaryDvnsiims of Coiaities. so TariA/ururCta.ry 3aroiighs. ■ . MurvUxpal Boroughs . -^ VnrAs. Itiberbes. xxxxxxyxxx uBunii&s of Ciius + ^ + + + +++ + + BisJwpricks +<. +t ++ ^+ -n. +^.^'hvh.J3ls^wpn^:i:s Combina,tiOTi of the Boundary Signs. jH'r.y'i Muraapal. &iTarbam.enZar)' Borough. -o — •— o— •— o— •*o-*— o — • — o— •— o -• -o- O JV&rotry $ Copper. |) l,mA.. 1) _ Sliver. _.... GoU. cf Jrail. ^ T>^- S Bishopric — + + -I- 4- Parish, Hiaidred , IcTarkarmntaiy Divisiffn. «- oo- 00- , ,aJV.» rf-^ ■j^V^n..>.^-t A>^^,>^^;^./~gA/V/V/,A . -^.,t-.l-,-l- 1-I-x- t HailUcen, Fence Starve WaH Rail Fence iiPatui^. Fcna with' Hed,ye,. Fertjce widvSedge. Sedge wi&i Trees. TUwa, Fence miJr &ate ^ ^ Faue vnSv Bank Stmve UW, Had Fence. Hedge. Hurdle Fence. Cliains & Asts. sN\\\\N.\\.^v\\\\\\\v\\s\\\v\s\N\\\\\<»%\'^ I^ibankmerit Kope M'aZk. JvJL.vr. \yi\ %\n.a by B.P.Wxlmc LoTidon.lft4'2. METlRLOiD) of Shcwimg STRATCA im SECTI©!?. as applicable to Engineering DrawiiLg. Clay or 801L. S.md .V .-,r:,vol Shell xMarL \\' ('niiihm.i timi of tlie abcvp TtiagraiiLS Dju vw ; ori Znic Vy £ P M\lme ^ e, A ^ ^ it. ^ / J2 S 4^ Z^' ,S 6 7 S9 ^ ^ 6 7 8 8 1 2 3 * .'» 6 V*, 7 8 9 '\\^ ^ Entfmivd by J- Gardnei ^ i £ STjRaNTA .(^ .AIPPJLIGAIBTLK TT© IEM5TO]ETE]BmiBo Dbsimed kDricvrn ly)' B ± Hm.e.. I .11 don 1842, AppUcatlim oi the Diaor.uus oj STRA'j ^AiLW^y SECT8@a^1l - m RATE OP INCLINATION I IN 4-11 ,1/.'/. //u/i/„. I.I III- C>.,'/i,f Jit'/, IV TrpWalcrofTitn/:!! iionzoiut ^i= _^MiU Skfnrft(/^Jit (red c flint/ Strmii Srulf lrr/.rnr,s t'oTtlie Improve luiMit oKhe UllUT ^IjaUUOn, • '.pet. ifnilflrr frriiikht ^(J Iht I" an fnrh If •<•/. r If -'ft .-,. METHOD OF REPRESEKTING HTL1.S AND VALLIES BY NORMAL CONTOURS. Orbva series of Lines , traced, on -ttie Ground at equal Vertical distances !& Parallel to the HorizoiL Oiainj ■Seal J', ei-' Zenc/thj zt> 3o t^ tScTle cfHeiglils 200 ioo _M£__5ocFea ' I I I I'ejigned St Draym on Zir.c by B P Wiime , LonAcm .lB4;a INSERT FOLDOUT HERE u Ui^ ^^^^Ua^rymm^/^. aalibtfti()fFff|al|l)ti^HIminu ^^•^ff•IM•v•^)I•■\)H•^)^I II 3E ^yyJ-cA. <2:^/^^C(>Ij> Written on Stone by BP'Wilnie, Lciiaonl64-2. A[P [Ej^J GJi/WJj^lG. SPECTMEN foi DELINEATING COUNTY MAPS. i vn„i. <,^f ^ " Kill sl( 1 nil -*-4}>t.'i-.;fe.T .'f nnLIVEATIXG a HIGH MOORISH COCXTRT. STREET IMPROVEMENT PLAN PLAN of PART of the PROPOSED STREET Iwrn (miRCH STREET to YAIJXHALL, Shcwimj tile Property remind for the Itnpimemmt, tietweerv CEURCH STREET and BROAJ) STREET. ByB.P.Wiliue, C.E.aucLArcli! L6,¥eatlieistoue Buildings, Holbom, Loixdou. SPECIMEN OF DRAWING for SURVEYORS . NOTE. tfken, Bnk Cvlair is used iv stuyi the PivjHmd r%ed, the Mmms slunild ht coloured m Bind. , or irith a liylit wash of JMianlnk, or Htdduxi. tfhni the Hauies are colnicred/ in BUirh, or mill II lit/hi wash, of ImtiaTi Ink, or JJatchfd, /hi- I'riJitrxrd iStreel rno^ be cohure.d' IcUpw, or nil) I'lJiir /uiyhl toil . NOTE. The Pivpoeed Street meof also be slinsii jmUwut Coloiirl In' Bdchi)ig drarrn in an cpfM\^ife direction to t/u Rnfihiriij en thi Buddiiips: as in txeonpie. SPECIMEN OF DRAWING for ENGRATEKS and LITHOGRAPHERS, 'i^g Scale of Feet . /fly 2t^ 300 INSERT FOLDOUT HERE INSERT FOLDOUT HERE INSERT FOLDOUT HERE INSERT FOLDOUT HERE THE -v TRUE METHOD of foimino TITLES TOR MAPS and other PIECES OT WRITING, On imarm-ff priuriples,- sJunvouj the Tucexsary canstmrtion Jj7ne-s.^> Original TMe. Model or 3ial mU:Z) Hg 1. ^^,^ '■'^^'^'^' f -^ -Of ^ ■i^-„-=..1^^„ - . A w^j( e^ S,^^^^:^!.:/^^,^^^ ^^^^^^ ^i..=./«-„ P D.E N ,yy'^ ^ ^ 4*,.=.(f..,_ or, THE ^^^^e^wi^^i^^^^^^e:^!^^^ ^„...» D . . . .N.A.D.K N.R. . . ^ SfTLj^^y^ ''•••..N.TO.^--'* Tig. 2. .Y I IJBI.^ sjra i/zh^j drrmri tfais tt ihe cmstructicn Zznes, these hadd be (brawi' in Fatal and/ rubbed/ en the Iftif is ymttm. The letter I ocaipyin^ 2/d. less spate and the letters M.k.W.i/s.more than, ev^ ether letter, ynU nec^sarify throw the middle Zetter of a Zihe in ?nost cases out of the centre,- as t/ie following. CSTDWH ■ R A ILWAY 1 1 J Designed andl^ittea by B.P.'Vmme, C.E. loiidon. IS^a. (&EK.MAK TIEXT AILIPMAIBIETE ;^|p^0f0iJi j l&tp)^;> qr j'sftt^iPJ:;!! ^ On Zinc, ItvBP warn e, Londnu. 184-3 ©IL® BSr^MglBI iJLIPIHrUBlTS ^^€JB€^(i»3'3l % c i\ m «t X 1^ z i^f. ^ i0 € 1 € jrolli jr II f ;llt # (!D f dE JGardner it C^ Ziucog On ZiTic Uy B PWiline, London, la+J. 19, Oiltepur Street Cay STAINFOIL oRisTENciL) PLATES Slu'wuig ^/ir Met/wd of if sin /j fhctn . Eiyb Sleniil f'Idfc Bvusli Fujti. Sim (I I ritite. hh Pninl U»ii'. (ni y^hirh thf Mvrd/i Ic he jninlrd. irre tv T)e fylnrfd a.cuSenmnlnieyfhi^i le^ng lirtuvn thrtmifli Ih^ Btist- <^' exifh Iflt^r. enable.^ iid tv plaa- if xn lU. prcficr vosilion, (m lAf TenciA luieTj.i. Dt'sigued !!»■ Dri.ikrn Ijy B P .^^5;Lmp CWl Kjisiiiooi- London . 184- j . [D)[is[|{S[Nis F©m ^Li^umMum^-. vr AC? Zaux^^: On Ziacby- BP.Wihne, London. IS^B 19. GiUsfur Street. Cl^. AK'.cii]T'.rii?arrs,S!rnRnBTom^,AK]ii) civiul ^mtecihiawic S"E'.v',V': HOW TO produce: the required tints by AI,. U-lNifilNlElEIliS, admixture ---Jl - 1 ANTWERP BLUE 1 rOaALT NAPLES ^f.. LOW "'AMSUCE '^ ^ 1 — "- — — — .O..C.T,.C. ..U,.T.. DP«»VI1,&S ""■"■ '■ -^"-^"'""^ CARMINE CRi'/SON LAKE INDIAN RED LIGHT RED YELLOW OCHRE RAvW SIENNA ir' .,:.,,.; ,,::r-.;;.:--^ ^':::::z::i::::r ■ " Th'^!nt''w ''''•XZz"^^tl^^- *^S£^i;is^ifj^AC O'.IVE CREEN 1 PRUSSIAN GREEN PRUSS BLUE J; GAMBOGE PRU3S. BLUE &FI SIENNA CHROME YELLOW N°l CHROME YELLOW N°; ---"—"- ■---™ rE"MM'"/TaPRuss\"E:i" ™ — - — us.r.L..,-,.OLC., „-..._..,.. StPIA BUBriT SIENNA COLOCNL EARTH BURNTUMBER CHROMf: YELLOW N^3 "'"^=.r;"cr."!rc%'.v.'i"" ^B^BBilBi^ik '■■■'"r:;:k':°r^°jo,T"s""- '^°°s',"o°:3~or.""or~°o^™" o;w:.";.;^:»'Lt';?='L"o"4f ...►.U.-. -.E-.. „■, BRITISH INK 1_AMP BLACK IVORY BLACK BLUE BLACK B.ST.. ''TKd^o''uC|Lt'-!E"'s'^Or "l^^Ns"!""" *"""'"'.^r""''^"'" COV^sTnD.RlZv or COLOR ^i'""z.:z^.. ?.''* TEnTpOL"' EC TINTS SMADO'AS IN URCHITECTL.PE NEUT=iAl. TINT IN C»KE NEUTRAL TINT SHADOW COLOUR PAYNES CREV BROWN MADDER INDELIBLE BROWN INir A OWPOUNDSHAOQWCOLOUrB INOrCO.INO" RED* INO" IN« MOBEL'lAC THANNEUTRAL "'"--"^'^-'" ' Wr^M-ETTUOALDCTilLS On Zmc by B.P Wilme. LondoTi lS4o I i INSERT FOLDOUT HERE I i i INSERT FOLDOUT HERE I INSERT FOLDOUT HERE \ I i INSERT FOLDOUT HERE ^ 1 I INSERT FOLDOUT HERE INSERT FOLDOUT HERE i \ INSERT FOLDOUT HERE i I i INSERT FOLDOUT HERE '^'5f o, %. \